William Archer (onye nkatọ)

William Archer (23 Septemba 1856 - 27 Disemba 1924) bụ onye edemede Scotland, onye na-egosi ihe nkiri, na Onye na-eme ntụziaka n'asụsụ Bekee, maka ọtụtụ ọrụ, na London.    Ọ bụ onye na-akwado egwuregwu Henrik Ibsen, na enyi na onye na-ahụ George Bernard Shaw

 Ndụ na ọrụ 
A mụrụ Archer na Perth, ọkpara nke ụmụ itoolu Thomas Archer na nwunye ya Grace, née Morrison.  Thomas kwagara ebe ọzọ na-achọ ọrụ ugboro ugboro, na William gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Perth, Lymington, Reigate na Edinburgh.[1]  O jiri akụkụ ụfọdụ nke nwata ya na ndị ikwu nọ na Norway nọrọ ebe ọ maara asụsụ Norwegian nke ọma wee mara akwụkwọ Henrik Ibsen.

Archer nwetara akwụkwọ ikike na Mahadum Edinburgh iji mụọ akwụkwọ Bekee, nkà ihe ọmụma omume na okike, na mgbakọ na mwepụ.  Mgbe ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Australia na 1872, ọ nọgidere na Scotland dị ka nwa akwụkwọ.  Mgbe ọ ka nọ na mahadum ọ ghọrọ onye ndu-ede akwụkwọ maka Edinburgh Evening News na 1875, na mgbe otu afọ gara leta ezinụlọ ya na Australia, ọ laghachiri na Edinburgh.[1]  Na 1878, dị ka nna ya si chọọ, ọ kwagara London ka ọ zụọ ọzụzụ dịka onye ọka iwu.  Ọ naghị enwe mmasị na iwu, ma ihe nkiri na-amasị ya ugbu a, ma ọ banyere n'Ụlọ Nsọ Middle ma ghọọ onye ọka iwu na 1883: ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-eme ihe.[1]  Ọ kwadoro onwe ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkatọ dị egwu nke London Figaro, na mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ gbasara iwu, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka The World, nke ọ gara n'ihu site na 1884 ruo 1906.[1].  Na London n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ bịara mara nke ọma maka ọrụ ya

Archer keere òkè dị mkpa n'ịkpọbata Ibsen n'ihu ọha Bekee, ntụziaka na ntụziaka ya nke The Pillars of Society, nke e ikpe na Gaiety Theater na 1880. Ọ bụ egwuregwu mbụ Ibsen na London mana a maghị ya nke ọma.[1]  Ọ sitere, naanị ya ma ọ bụ na fim, ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ Ndị Scandinavia: Ibsen's A Doll's House (1889), The Master Builder (1893, ya na Edmund Gosse);  Nleta Edvard Brandes (1892);  Ibsen'l Peer Gynt (1892, ya na Charles Archer);  Georg Brandes "William Shakespeare";  (1895) Obere Eyolf (1895);  na John Gabriel Borkman (1897);  ọ dezi nkọwa Ibsen'S Prose Dramas (1890-1891).[3]

N'afọ 1881, Archer zutere Frances Elizabeth Trickett (1855-1929), nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ nke John Trickett, onye injinia lara ezumike nká. Ha lụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1884; n'afọ sochirinụ ha mụrụ naanị nwa ha, Tom (1885-1918), onye e gburu n'agha n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-adịgide adịgide ma bụrụ nke enyi, ọ bụ ezie na Archer malitere mmekọrịta na 1891, nke dịgidere na ndụ ya niile, ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Elizabeth Robins.

N'afọ 1897, Archer, ya na Robins, Henry William Massingham, na Alfred Sutro, guzobere Kọmitii Provisional iji hazie otu njikọ iji mepụta ihe nkiri ha weere dị ka nke nwere nnukwu uru, dị ka nke Ibsen. A kpọrọ njikọ ahụ "New Century Theatre" mana ọ bụ mmechuihu na 1899, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gara n'ihu ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala 1904.  N'afọ 1899, e guzobere otu òtù na-aga nke ọma, nke akpọrọ Stage Society, iji dochie ya.

Archer bụ enyi mbụ nke George Bernard Shaw, ma hazie ka a sụgharịa egwuregwu ya n'asụsụ German. Mgbalị imekọ ihe ọnụ n'egwuregwu dara, ọ bụ ezie na Shaw mechara jiri echiche ha jikọrọ aka maka ọrụ mbụ ya, Ụlọ Nwunye. Site na mmetụta Archer, Shaw nwetara Ụwa onye na-enyocha nka na akwụkwọ akụkọ The World, tupu ọ ghọọ onye na-akatọ egwu ya. Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ, J. P. Wearing, kwuru banyere mmekọrịta ha:

N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Archer rụrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi agha. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, o nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma ego na egwuregwu ya The Green Goddess, nke Winthrop Ames mepụtara na Booth Theatre na New York City na 1921. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri melodrama, na ihe ịga nke ọma a ma ama, ọ bụ ezie na, ọ kwetara, nke na-adịchaghị mkpa maka nka nke ihe nkiri karịa ọrụ nkatọ ya.

Archer nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị agadi na London na 1924 n'ihi nsogbu ndị na-esite na ịwa ahụ mgbe ewepụchara akpụ nke akụrụ. N'ịtụleghachi ndụ ya na ọrụ ya, nchịkọta Wearing bụ na Archer bụ "nwoke doro anya, nke nwere ezi uche nke ụfọdụ hụrụ dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi", mana onye nwere nghọta, nghọta na echiche. Uwe na-egosi mmetụta dị ukwuu nke Archer dị ka onye nkatọ maka àgwà ndị a na ogologo oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri na nyocha, ọ bụ ezie na

Archer na Walter Ripman chịkọtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ maka usoro mgbanwe mkpụrụ okwu Bekee Nue Spelling,  nke ga-enyere aka na mmepe nke SoundSpel.

 Ọrụ 

 Ndị Bekee na-eme ihe nkiri nke ụbọchị (1882) 
 Henry Irving, ọmụmụ ihe (1883) 
 Banyere Ụlọ Egwuregwu: Essays and Studies (1886) 
 Ihe mkpuchi ma ọ bụ ihu? Nnyocha na Psychology nke Ime ihe nkiri (1888) 
 W. C. Macready, akụkọ ndụ (1890) 
 Nwunye Alan; Ọmụmụ Ihe Egwuregwu Na Atọ (1893) 
 "The Theatrical World for..." (1893-97), na mpịakọta ise
 America To-day, Nlegharị anya na Ntụgharị uche (1900) 
 Ndị na-ede uri nke Ọgbọ Ndị Na-eto Eto (1901) John Lane, Onye isi Bodley, London
 Ezigbo Mkparịta ụka (1904) 
 A National Theatre: Scheme and Estimates, ya na H. Granville Barker, (1907) 
 Site na Afro-America (1910) 
 Ndụ, Ikpe, na Ọnwụ nke Francisco Ferrer (1911) 
 Ime Egwuregwu (1912) 
 India na Ọdịnihu (1917) 
 Ihe nkiri Ochie na Ihe Ọhụrụ (1923) 

 Ihe odide 

 Nnukwu Nnyocha: Arịrịọ Maka Usoro Ụwa Ezi Omume (1912). Okwu Mmalite nke Gilbert Murray

 Egwuregwu 

 Agha bụ Agha (1919) 
 Chi nwanyị Na-acha Akwụkwọ ndụ Akwụkwọ ndụ (1921) 

 Ihe edeturu 

 Edensibia 

  (Mbipụta US: Yale University Press) 




  Isiokwu a na-etinye ederede sitere na mbipụta ugbu a nangalaba ọha na eze: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1911). "Encyclopædia Britannica/Archer, William">Onye na-agba ụta, William". Encyclopædia Britannica. Izu ohi 2 (mbipụta nke iri na otu). Cambridge University Press. peeji nke 362.   

 Njikọ mpụga 

 William Archer na SF Encyclopedia
 Works by William ArchernaỌrụ Gutenberg
 Works by or about William ArchernaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
 Works by William ArchernaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze) 
 Akwụkwọ nke William Archer na Edinburgh U. Library

 Isiokwu nke Martin Quinn na Dictionary of Literary BiographyAkwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke akụkọ ndụ
 William ArchernaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Congress, na 128 ndekọ ndekọ nke ọbá akwụkwọ