Effie A. Southworth

Effie Almira Southworth Spalding(1860–1947), bụ onye American botanist na mycologist, na nwanyị mbụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke Ngalaba Ugbo United States (USDA) goro.  Ihe nchoputa ya kachasi mkpa na 1887 bu nghota ero ero Colletotrichum gossypii dika ihe butere oria owu, oria nke gburu otutu puku acres nke owu ma buru nnukwu ihe iyi egwu aku na uba. Ọ kụziiri botany n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, soro di ya rụọ ọrụ na Desert Botanical Laboratory, ma guzobe ngalaba Herbarium Botany na Mahadum Southern California.

 Ndụ 
A mụrụ Effie Southworth na North Collins, New York, na October 29, 1860, nne na nna Chloe na Nathaniel Southworth. Southworth gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma ma n'ime afọ kọleji ya ọ gụrụ asụsụ mba ọzọ, mgbakọ na mwepụ, zoology, chemistry, astronomy, physics, geology, botany, na physiology. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Allegheny College ruo otu afọ tupu ọ gaa Mahadum Michigan, ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na 1885. N'afọ 1895, ọ lụrụ onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ Volney Morgan Spalding, prọfesọ na Mahadum Michigan. Mgbe a chọpụtara na di ya na-arịa ụkwara nta, ha si Arizona kwaga California ebe ọ nwụrụ na 1918. N'afọ 1922, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na ise, ọ natara nzere masta ya na botany na Mahadum nke Southern California . Southworth nwụrụ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1947, na Los Angeles mgbe ọ dị afọ 87.Ristaino, J.; Peterson, P. (2002). "Pioneering Women in Plant Pathology, Part I: Effie A. Southworth, First Woman Plant Pathologist Hired at USDA". The Plant Health Instructor. doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2002-0201-01.

 Ọrụ 
In 1885, Southworth became an instructor of botany at Bryn Mawr College. During her two years at the college, she also joined the botanical laboratory as a Fellow, worked on the anatomical structure of plants, and was able to understand the development of the fungus Asteroma. In 1887, she became known as the first female researcher to be hired by the Section of Mycology of the USDA. There, she worked as an assistant mycologist with Erwin F. Smith and Beverly T. Galloway and became involved in the study of fungal pathogens. As an assistant mycologist, she was responsible for preparing mycological publications on deceases that were causing a huge impact on the economy. In 1888, she began to study a decease that was destroying cotton farms. Three years later (1891), her major contribution to USDA was when she discovered that the fungus Colletotrichum gossypii was the reason why thousands of acres of cotton were being destroyed yearly. She left the USDA in 1892 to become an assistant in botany professor at Barnard College in New York. From 1905 to 1911 she worked as her husband's assistant at the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Tucson, Arizona. Southworth here focused more on desert plants than plant diseases. After her husband's death she joined the botany faculty of University of Southern California. There, she founded the Herbarium of the Department of Botany in 1922, which focused primarily on California spermatophytes. She is commemorated in the fungal genus Southworthia Ellis & Galloway, 
which is now a synonym for Myriangium floridanum Ellis & Galloway ex Rehm.

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