Ann Bishop (onye na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ)

Ann Bishop (19 Disemba 1899 – 7 Mee 1990) bụ ọkà mmụta ihe banyere ihe ndị Britain sitere na Girton College na Mahadum Cambridge na onye otu Royal Society, otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nke Royal Society. A mụrụ ya na Manchester mana ọ nọrọ na Cambridge maka ọtụtụ ndụ ọkachamara ya. Ọpụrụiche ya bụ protozoology na parasitology; Ọrụ mbụ ya na nje nje ciliate, gụnyere nke na-ebute ọrịa blackhead na toki anụ ụlọ, tọrọ ntọala maka nyocha ya mechara. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka doctorate ya, Bishọp gụrụ parasitic amoebae wee nyochaa chemotherapies nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa amoebic gụnyere ọnyụnyụ amoebic.. 

Ọrụ ya kacha mara amara bụ nyocha zuru oke nke Plasmodium, nje ịba, na nyocha nke ụdị ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche maka ọrịa ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ mụtara nguzogide ọgwụ na nje a, nchọpụta nke baara ndị agha Britain uru n'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ọ chọpụtara na enwere ike iguzogide nje ndị a n'otu oge ahụ. Bishọp chọpụtakwara protozoan Pseudotrichomonas keilini wee soro Aedes aegypti, onye na-ahụ maka ịba, rụọ ọrụ dịka akụkụ nke nyocha ya gbasara ọrịa ahụ. N'ịbụ onye a họpụtara na Royal Society na 1959, Bishop bụ onye guzobere British Society for Parasitology ma jee ozi na Kọmitii Malaria nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa.

 Ndụ 
A mụrụ Bishop na Manchester, England na 19 Disemba 1899.[1] Nna ya, James Kimberly Bishop, bụ onye na-emepụta oche nke nwere ụlọ ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi nke nna ya ketara. Nne ya, Ellen Bishop (née Ginger), si Bedfordshire. Bishop nwere otu nwanne nwoke, amụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 13.[2] Mgbe ọ dị obere, Bishop chọrọ ịga n'ihu na azụmahịa ezinụlọ, ọ bụ ezie na mmasị ya gbanwere ngwa ngwa na sayensị mgbe nna ya gbara ya ume ịga mahadum.[1] N'inwe ekele maka egwu site na nwata, Bishop na-aga ihe ngosi nke Halle Orchestra na Manchester.[3] Dị ka onye nchọpụta, ọ bụ onye na-etinye uche na onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke, na-ahọrọ ịrụ ọrụ naanị ya ma ọ bụ ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ ọ na-ewere dị ka ndị nwere ụkpụrụ dị elu.[4] Ọ bụ onye na-anọkarị na Girton College n'ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya; The Guardian kpọrọ ya "Girtonian of Girtonians" na obituary ya. Onye na-esi nri nke ọma, a makwaara ya maka iwe ya na enweghị usoro sayensị na ntụziaka ọ chọtara.[5]

A matara Bishop na kọleji maka okpu ya pụrụ iche, nke ọ ga-eyi maka nri ụtụtụ kwa ụbọchị tupu ọ gaa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Molteno, nke dị  5.6. Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ịkpụ ihe ma nwee ekele maka nka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ masịghị nka nke oge a. ihe ntụrụndụ ya gụnyere ịga ije na ime njem, ọkachasị na Lake District: Otú ọ dị, ọ naghị ahapụ Britain. Ọ na-anọkwa na London na mbido afọ ọ bụla, na-aga opera na ballet ma na-eleta gallery.[3] Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ndụ ya, mgbe ọ na-ejedebe na ọpụpụ ya, Bishop zụlitere mmasị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ọgwụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mgbe o bipụtara ya na ngalaba ahụ.[6] Ann Bishop nwụrụ n'ọrịa oyi bara ya n'ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 90 mgbe ọ rịasịrị obere ọrịa.[6] E mere emume ncheta ya na ụlọ ekpere kọleji ma jupụta na ọtụtụ ndị enyi ya.[7]

 Mmụta 
áká_èkpè|thumb|Girton College, alma mater nke Bishop, ihe dịka afọ 30 tupu ọ gaa
Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, Bishop wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị onwe onye ruo mgbe ọ gbara afọ itoolu.  [2][8] N'afọ 1909, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, ọ banyere n'Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Fielden na-aga n'ihu n'obodo ya bụ Manchester, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ afọ atọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Manchester High School for Girls . Ọ bụ ezie na Bishop bu n'obi ịmụ kemịkalụ, enweghị agụmakwụkwọ ya na physics pụtara na ọ pụghị ịchụso ọmụmụ ihe kachasị amasị ya na Honours School of Chemistry. Kama nke ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Manchester n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1918 iji mụọ ihe ọkụkụ, kemịkal, na zoology.[2] Ọmụmụ ihe afọ mbụ ahụ na zoology kpaliri mmasị ya na ndụ ya niile na ntinye aka na mpaghara ahụ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na School of Zoology, na-enweta nzere Bachelor of Science na 1921; ọ natara nzere masta ya na 1922. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, n'okpuru nkuzi nke helminthologist R.A. Wardle na protozoologist Geoffrey Lapage, Bishop mụrụ Ciliates nwetara n'ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ. [1] [8]

Afọ abụọ n'ime ọrụ ya, [1] mgbe ọ nwetasịrị John Dalton Natural History Prize nke mahadum nyere ya,  ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, Onye otu Royal Society, Sydney J. Hickson.[8] N'afọ 1932, ọ natara D.Sc." id="mwng" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="D.Sc.">D.Sc. site na Mahadum Manchester,  maka ọrụ ya na blackhead parasite.[9] Ọ natara Sc ya. D. site na Cambridge" id="mwpA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Cambridge">Mahadum Cambridge na 1941, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị na aha: enyeghị ụmụ nwanyị nzere zuru oke na Cambridge n'oge a.[1][1]

 Ọrụ sayensị 

 Ọrụ mbụ 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|An Entamoeba histolytica cyst, isiokwu nke ọrụ mbụ nke Bishop
Ọrụ Bishop na Hickson na-arụ bụ nnukwu nchọpụta mbụ ya, gbasara mmepụta nke [./<i id= Spirostomum]" id="mwsw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Spirostomum">Spirostomum ambiguum, nnukwu ciliate nke a kọwara dị ka "wormlike".  [6][10][11] Na 1909, mgbe ahụ dị afọ iri, ọ banyere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Fielden na-aga n'ihu n'obodo ya bụ Manchester, bụ ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ afọ atọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Manchester High School for Girls. N'agbanyeghị na Bishop bu n'obi ịmụ kemistri, enweghị agụmakwụkwọ ya na physics pụtara na ọ pụghị ịchụso usoro ọ kacha amasị ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Honors nke Chemistry. Kama, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Manchester na Ọktoba 1918 iji mụọ botany, kemistri, na zoology., [1] otu n'ime naanị ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, ha abụọ bụ ndị a na-achụpụ mgbe ụfọdụ.[10] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a naghị ekwe ka ya na ndị ikom nke ngalaba ahụ nọdụ ala na tebụl: kama nke ahụ, ọ nọdụrụ n'elu ihe enyemaka mbụ.[12] N'ebe ahụ, Bishop gara n'ihu na ọrụ ya na Spirostomum dị ka naanị protozoologist na ngalaba ahụ. [6]

Ọ hapụrụ ọnọdụ ahụ na 1926, iji rụọ ọrụ maka Clifford Dobell na National Institute for Medical Research ebe ọ nọrọ n'ebe ahụ afọ atọ.[1] N'okpuru Dobell, Bishop nyochara amoebae parasitic a hụrụ na eriri afọ mmadụ,  na-elekwasị anya na ụdị na-akpata dysentery amoebic, Entamoeba histolytica.[6] Na-elekwasị anya n'ụdị ndị na-akpata ọrịa ọnyụnyụ amoebic, Entamoeba histolytica. Dobell, Bishop, na Patrick Laidlaw mụọ mmetụta nke amoebicides dị ka emetine maka ebumnuche ịgwọ ọrịa amoebal. Mgbe e mesịrị na ọrụ ya, ọ kpọrọ amoeba genus Dobellina aha onye ndụmọdụ ya.[13]

 Ụlọ Ọrụ Molteno 
Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na Cambridge's Molteno Institute for Parasite Biology, ebe ọ laghachiri na 1929.[1] Ọrụ ya n'ebe ahụ bụ ndọtị nke nyocha ya na Dobell, ka ọ na-amụ nkewa nuklia na parasitic flagellate na amoebae nke ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere ma vertebrates na invertebrates. [6] Ọ kewapụrụ otu ụdị protozoan, aerotolerant anaerobes, site na eriri afọ nke Haemopis sanguisuga n'oge a. Bishop chọpụtakwara ụdị ọhụrụ, [./Pseudo<i id=]Trichomonas_keilini" id="mw_Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pseudotrichomonas keilini">Pseudotrichomonas keilini, nke ọ kpọrọ aha iji kweta na onye ọrụ ibe ya David Keilin, yana ọdịdị nke nje ahụ na ụdị Trichomonas. [6][9] Nnyocha ya na Manchester na H.P. Baynon metụtara nchọpụta, ikewapụ, na ọmụmụ nke parasite blackhead turkey ([./<i id= Histomonas]_meleagridis" id="mwAQo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Histomonas meleagridis">Histomonas meleagridis); ọmụmụ a malitere usoro maka ikewapụ na uto parasites site na mmerụ ahụ na imeju. [9] Bishop na Baynon bụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ kewapụrụ Histomonas wee gosipụta ọrụ ya na isi ojii.[14] Nkà Bishop nwere na parasitic protozoa sụgharịrị n'ime ọrụ ya a ma ama, nyocha zuru oke nke nje ịba (Plasmodium) na ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ maka ọrịa ahụ. [6]
áká_èkpè|thumb|Aedes aegypti, ihe na-ebute ịba
N'agbata afọ 1937 na 1938, Bishop nyochara mmetụta nke ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere ihe dị iche na ọbara na okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Ọ nyochakwa ihe ndị nyere aka n'ịmụ Plasmodium.  [6][15] Ọrụ a ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka nyocha na-aga n'ihu na-aga nke ọma banyere ọgwụ mgbochi ịba.[15] Ọrụ ya sochirinụ sitere na mmalite nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. N'oge agha ahụ, ọ nyochara ọgwụgwọ ọzọ maka ịba. Nnyocha ya nyeere mbọ agha ndị Britain aka n'ihi na Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba, quinine, siri ike inweta n'ihi Ndị Japan bi na Dutch West Indies.[10] Site na 1947 ruo 1964, ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka Institute's Chemotherapy Research Institute, nke jikọtara ya na Medical Research Council.[14]

Ọrụ Bishop gbanwere iji tinye ọmụmụ nke ọgwụ na-eguzogide ma parasites na ihe ndị na-elekọta ya, ọmụmụ nke ga-eme ka ọ nweta ọnọdụ na Royal Society. Ọrụ dị mkpa site n'oge a nke ndụ Bishop gụnyere ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na nje ahụ n'onwe ya emeghị ka ọ ghara iguzogide quinine, mana na ihe ndị na-ebute ya nwere ike iguzogide ọgwụ proguanil. Nnyocha ya in vitro gosipụtara na ọ bụ eziokwu mgbe ejiri ọgwụ ndị ọ mụrụ gwọọ ndị ọrịa nwere ịba tertian, ụdị ọrịa nke na-eme kwa ụbọchị atọ.  [6][10] Ọ chọpụtakwara ọgwụ pamaquine na atebrin, tinyere proguanil, ọ bụ ezie na proguanil bụ naanị nke egosiri na ọ na-akpata mmepe nke ọgwụ na-eguzogide.[10][16] Nnyocha ndị ọzọ gosiri na nje ịba nwere ike ịmepụta cross-resistance na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-alụso ịba ọgụ.[14] Bishop rụrụ ọrụ na Molteno ruo 1967. E mechara jiri usoro nyocha ya na nnwale ya mee ihe na ọmụmụ ụmụ oke na nke mmadụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere mgbanwe.[14]

 Nsọpụrụ na ihe nketa 
Bishop natara ọtụtụ utu aha nsọpụrụ na mkpakọrịta n'oge ọrụ ya. N'afọ 1932, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Yallow Fellow nke Girton College, ihe ùgwù o nwere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1990. Bishop bụkwa onye Beit Fellow site na 1929 ruo 1932. [1] Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike nyere ya onyinye na 1937 nke kpaliri ọmụmụ ya banyere Plasmodium. [6] N'afọ 1945 na 1947, o sonyere n'ịhazi Girton College's Working Women's Summer School, ụlọ ọrụ e mere iji nye ụmụ nwanyị ndị agụmakwụkwọ ha kwụsịrị mgbe ha dị afọ iri na anọ.[17] A họpụtara ya na Royal Society na 1959, [1] ma n'otu oge ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii ịba nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa. [14]

E hiwere British Society for Parasitology n'afọ ndị 1950, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi mbọ Bishop gbara.[6] Na mbụ, e nyere ya naanị pound ise na odeakwụkwọ iji malite Society; iji nweta ego Bishop gafere gburugburu efere pudding na nzukọ Society.[12] Ndị otu ahụ bụbu obere otu nke Institute of Biology na Cambridge, mana ọ ghọrọ otu nwere onwe ya na 1960 ma bụrụ nke Bishop duziri.[10] Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke otu ahụ, nke a na-akpọ Institute of Biology Parasitology Group, site na 1960 ruo 1962, onye ndú nke atọ n'ozuzu nke otu ahụ.[18] Ka e mesịrị n'afọ iri ahụ, Ngalaba Biology gwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ngalaba, mana ọ jụrụ n'ihi ọdịdị ọha na eze nke ọrụ ahụ.[10] Ruo afọ 20, akwụkwọ sayensị Parasitology nwere Bishop na ndị ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ.[5] Mmekọrịta ya na Girton College mere ka etinye ihe ncheta nke ndụ ya, nke ihe odide ya, nke Virgil hotara, na-agụ "Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas", Latin maka "Obi ụtọ bụ onye nwere ike ịmara ihe kpatara ihe".[10] N'afọ 1992, British Society for Parasitology mepụtara onyinye n'aha Bishop, Ann Bishop Travelling Award, iji nyere ndị na-eto eto parasitologists aka na njem maka ọrụ ubi ebe parasites ha nwere mmasị. [19]

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