Viola Garfield

Viola E. Garfield (Disemba 5, 1899 – Novemba 25, 1983) bụ onye omenka America nke a ma ama maka ọrụ ya gbasara nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ihe nketa plastik nke obodo Tsimshian na British Columbia na Alaska.

 Oge ọ malitere 
Viola Edmundson bụ onye a mụrụ na Des Moines, Iowa. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Coupeville, Washington, na Whidbey Island, mgbe ọ dị afọ ole na ole, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mpaghara.

Ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Washington dị na Seattle na-amalite na 1919, ma nyefee maka ihe kpatara ego na nke bụ ugbu a Western Washington University na Bellingham, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo dịka onye nkụzi. Ọ malitere ọrụ na 1920s na-akụzi ụmụ Tsimshian na Metlakatla, Alaska, na Annette Island. Ọrụ a mere ka ọ gbasie ike n'ịmụta banyere ethnology nke Pacific Northwest Coast.

Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Seattle Chamber of Commerce, ọ ghọrọ onye na-edegharị maka Charles Garfield, onye bụbu onye na-egwu ala na onye na-ere akpụkpọ anụ na Alaska. Ha lụrụ na 1924.

 Ọrụ 
Na afo 1927, Garfield debanyere onwe ya ọzọ na Mahadum Washington. O nwetara B.A. na 1928 na M.A. na anthropology na 1931, na ntụliaka banyere usoro alụmdi na nwunye Tsimshian, dabere na nyocha ọhụụ na Metlakatla. Na U.W. ọ mụrụ n'okpuru Erna Gunther. Maka ọrụ Ph.D. ya (1931–1933), ọ nyefere ọmụmụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke o mere na Mahadum Columbia na New York City na Franz Boas na Ruth Benedict.

N'ụtụtụ afọ 1930s, Garfield mere ọtụtụ nchọpụta e ji eme ihe na Lax Kw'alaams, B.C., ma ọ bụ Port Simpson, dịka e si mara ya n'oge ahụ, bụ nke kasị ukwuu n'ime obodo Tsimshian ndị Canada. Onye na-enyere ya aka bụ William Beynon, onye isi nke ezinụlọ na onye ọrụ ọmụmụ omenala nke zụrụ ọmụmụ. Ọrụ ha na Port Simpson kpuchiri akụkụ nile nke omenala Tsimshian, karịsịa nhazi ọha—nke a n'ihi nkwanye nke Boas, bụ nke akwụkwọ ozi Tsimshian nke aka ya ji Beynon na Marius Barbeau nyochaa ihe ọmụmụ Tsimshian bipụtara gbanwee. Ọ karịrị ịhụnanya Boas. Akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 1935, nke e bipụtara na 1939, bụ Tsimshian Clan and Society, bụ nke ka dị ezigbo mkpa na bara uru.

Mgbe ọ nọ na Port Simpson, a nabatara Garfield n'ime Laxsgiik (ezinụlọ Eagle) ma nye ya aha Tsimshian Diiks.

Ọrụ ya mechara lekwasị anya na nka na egwu. Ọ mụkwara asụsụ Tlingit na Alaska, nke di ya, onye na-asụ Chinook Jargon, kwadoro.

Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, ọ kụziri na Mahadum Washington. Ọ dịghị mgbe e buliri ya n'ọkwa onye osote prọfesọ ma ọ bụ nweta ọrụ. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1983.

N'afọ 1984, Mahadum Washington Press bipụtara Festschrift iji sọpụrụ ya, nke Jay Miller na Carol M. Eastman dezigharịrị.

A na-edebe akwụkwọ Garfield dị ukwuu na Mahadum Washington Special Collections.

 Ọrụ 

 (1931) Mgbanwe na Omenala Alụmdi na Nwunye nke Tsimshian. M.A. thesis, Mahadum Washington, Seattle.
 (1939) "Tsimshian Clan and Society". University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, vol. 7, Nke 3, peeji nke 167-340. 
 (1947) "Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agbụrụ Tlingit na Angoon, Alaska. " American Anthropologist, vol. 49, Nke 3, peeji nke 438-452. 
 (1948) (ya na Linn Forest) Wolf na Raven: Totem Poles nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Alaska. Seattle: Mahadum nke Washington Press.
 (1951; bipụtaghachiri, 1966) (ya na Paul S. Wingert) The Tsimshian and Their Arts. Seattle: Mahadum nke Washington Press.
 (1951) Meet the Totem. Sitka, Alaska: Sitka Printing Company.
 (1953) "Onye nwere ike nke Mmekọrịta Genetic na Northern Pacific Moiety Structures". American Antiquity, mpịakọta. 18, Nke 3, peeji nke 58-61. 
 (1955) "Making a Bird or Chief's Rattle". Davidson Journal of Anthropology, mpịakọta. 1, Nke 11, peeji nke 155-168. 
 (1967) "Tsimshian." Na Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Mahadum nke Chicago.

 Ebe e si nweta ya 

 Miller, Jay (1988) "Viola Edmundson Garfield (1899-1983)." In Women Anthropologists: A Biographical Dictionary, ed. site n'aka Uta Gacs, Aisha Khan, Jerrie McIntyre, na Ruth Weinberg, peeji nke 109-114. New York: Greenwood Press. 
 Miller, Jay, na Carol M. Eastman (ed.) (1984) The Tsimshian and Their Neighbors of the North Pacific Coast. Seattle: Mahadum nke Washington Press.
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations