W. Maxwell Cowan

William Maxwell Cowan (27 Septemba 1931 - 30 Juun 2002) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akwara ozi na ụbụrụ nke mba Saụt Afrịka a ma ama maka ọrụ ya na mmepe plasticity na njikọ akwara ozi. A na-enye ya otuto maka inye aka na uto nke neuroanatomy nke oge a site na iji usoro nchọpụta anterograde ọhụrụ nke gbanwere ubi ahụ n'afọ 1970.  Site na 1978-2002 Cowan bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Annual Review of Neuroscience .  Cowan bụ osote onye isi oche na onye isi sayensị nke Howard Hughes Medical Institute site na 1987 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2000.

 Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ 
A mụrụ William Maxwell Cowan site n'aka ndị nne na nna Scotland na Johannesburg, South Africa, na 27 Septemba 1931. N'afọ 1920, ezinụlọ Cowan, bụ́ ndị na-arụbu ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ụgbọ mmiri na Scotland, kwagara South Africa ịchọ ọrụ igwu ala na Transvaal Province mgbe gọọmentị Britain mechiri ọtụtụ ebe ha na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri na Glasgow n'oge nsogbu udo. Mgbe ọ tolitere na Johannesburg, Cowan gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Germiston wee gụchaa akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise. Cowan amaghị ihe ọ ga-eme mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị onye n'ezinụlọ ya gara mahadum. E kpebiri na ọ ga-amụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ iwu dị n'ógbè ahụ ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu nwa oge. Agbanyeghị, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ chọpụtara na ọ dị obere, ha gwara ezinụlọ Cowan ka ha debanye aha ya na Mahadum Witwatersrand ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu afọ, ebe ọ ga-amụ akwụkwọ iwu tupu iwu ụlọ na ebumnuche nke ịbụ ọkachamara n'iwu ụlọ.

Mmasị Cowan nwere n'ọrụ iwu n'afọ mbụ ahụ belatara n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ ghọkwara onye maara ma na-enye nsogbu maka enweghị nhata n'etiti ndị ọcha na ndị isi ojii na South Africa. O kpebiri ịgbanwe ọrụ ya ma mụọ ọgwụ kama mgbe otu enyi ezinụlọ tụrụ aro ya dị ka ụzọ o si nyefee ndụ ya iji jeere obodo ozi. Ọ gụrụ ọgwụ na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand (1951, BSc), ọtụtụ afọ tupu Sydney Brenner, onye ọ zutere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'afọ 1953, site na ndụmọdụ nke onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ Raymond Dart, Cowan gara Hertford College, Oxford, iji mụọ neuroanatomy ma mee nchọpụta doctoral n'okpuru Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, nweta DPhil (1956) na BM BCh (1958).

 Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ 
Cowan kụziri na anatomy na Pembroke College, Oxford, site na 1958 ruo 1966. Ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Wisconsin–Madison ruo afọ abụọ, site na 1966 ruo 1968, wee kwaga Mahadum Washington na St. Louis, ebe ọ gara ma mepụta Ngalaba Anatomy na Neurobiology na Mahadum Washington School of Medicine site na 1968 ruo 1980. Dịka Steven E. Hyman si kwuo, Cowan wuru ngalaba ahụ "ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ebe kachasị mkpa maka nyocha neuroscience.". "  Cowan ghọrọ onye nduzi nke neurobiology mmepe na Salk Institute for Biological Studies site na 1980 ruo 1986, ruo mgbe ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Washington dị ka onye isi na osote onye isi. 

 Ụlọ Ọrụ Ahụike Howard Hughes 
Cowan ghọrọ onye otu Medical Advisory Board maka Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) na 1984. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-akwado nyocha ahụike ma were ọtụtụ narị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ọrụ. Ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche na onye isi sayensị na HHMI n'afọ 1987, na-ejide ọkwa ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2000.

 Onye nchịkọta akụkọ 
Cowan nyere aka guzobe neuroscience na 1960s dị ka ụlọ ọrụ interdisciplinary. Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Journal of Comparative Neurology site na 1968 ruo 1980, ọ ghọrọ isi iyi maka nyocha neuroscience.  Cowan bụkwa onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Journal of Neuroscience site na ntọala ya na 1980 ruo 1987.

 Ndụ onwe onye 
Cowan lụrụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ Margaret Sherlock ma ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ na otu nwa nwanyị. Ọ bịanyere aka n'ọrụ ya dị ka "W. Maxwell Cowan", mana ndị enyi ya kpọrọ ya "Max". A maara Cowan maka ikike sayensị ya na nkà nkwurịta okwu ya, echiche ya "nnukwu foto", na àgwà idu ndú ya. O nwere mmetụta ma duzie ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ibe ya, na-enyere aka ịkwalite ọrụ ha. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị ọrịa kansa prostate, Cowan nwụrụ n'ụlọ na Rockville, Maryland, mgbe ọ dị afọ 70.

 Onyinye na nsọpụrụ 

 Onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1976) Keeley, Jim (2 July 2002). W. Maxwell Cowan Dies. HHMI News.  Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
 Onye otu National Academy of Sciences (1981) Keeley, Jim (2 July 2002). W. Maxwell Cowan Dies. HHMI News.  Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
 Ihe nrite Karl Spencer Lashley, American Philosophical Society (1984) 

 Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ 
Maka akwụkwọ sayensị sara mbara, ma ahọpụtara nke akwụkwọ sayensụ site na Cowan, lee The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography (2004), peeji nke 198-208. 

 Dị ka onye edemede 

 Cowan, W.M.; Gottlieb, D.I.; Hendrickson, A.E.; Price, J. L.; Woolsey, T.A.  1972. "The autoradio-graphic demonstration of axonal connections in the central nervous system."  Brain Research, 37 (1): 21–51.   (subscription required)

 Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ 

 Nnyocha na Developmental Neurobiology: Essays in Honor of Viktor Hamburger (1981) 
 Synapses (2000) 

 Hụkwa 

 Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives
 Geoffrey Raisman, naanị nwa akwụkwọ Cowan gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Oxford

 Ihe odide 

 Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 

 Jessell, Thomas; Eric Kandel 2002. "W. Maxwell Cowan 1931-2002." Nature Neuroscience 5 (9): 827. Septemba. : (a chọrọ ndebanye aha)  
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] NINDS na 50: Ememe Afọ 50 nke Nnyocha Ụbụrụ. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 9781888799712.  

 Njikọ mpụga 

 W. Maxwell Cowan Nchịkọta Akwụkwọ, Bernard Becker Medical Library Archive, Washington University School of MedicineỤlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ nke Mahadum Washington
 Ajụjụ ọnụ, nke Society for Neuroscience duziri, Eprel 9-10, 2002.