Hu Shih

Hu Shih[a] (Chinese: 胡適; 17 Disemba 1891 - 24 Febụwarị 1962) bụ onye China gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye edemede, onye nnọchi anya mba na mba ọzọ, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Hu tinyere aka na nnwere onwe na Mgbanwe asụsụ nke China, ma bụrụkwa onye isi nkwado iji asụsụ China edere ede eme ihe. O sonyere na May Fourth Movement yana New Culture Movement nke China. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Mahadum Peking na Academia Sinica    

Hu bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Free China Journal, nke e mechiri maka ịkatọ Chiang Kai-shek. N'afọ 1919, ọ katọkwara Li Dazhao. Hu kwadoro ka ụwa nabataỌchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ụdị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọzọkwa, Hu katọrọ nkwupụta Sun Yat-sen na ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịchị onwe ha. Hu katọrọ gọọmentị mba ahụ maka ịgọnarị ebumnuche nke Constitutionalism na The Outline of National Reconstruction . [8]

Hu dere ọtụtụ edemede na-ajụ ajụjụ maka inwe ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iwu kwadoro nke Mao Zedong yana òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Communist nke China. N'ụzọ doro anya, Hu kwuru na usoro ọchịchị aka ike nke òtù CCP bụ "nke na-abụghị ụdị nke China" ma megide akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'afọ 1950, Mao na ndị òtù Communist nke China malitere mkpọsa na-akatọ echiche Hu Shih. [9] Mgbe Mao nwụsịrị, aha Hu lọghachiri. A maara ya ugbu a maka ntinye ya nwèrè mmetụta dị ukwuu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agụmakwụkwọ nke China.

 Akụkọ ndụ 

 Ndụ Mmalite 
A mụrụ Hu Shih na 17 Disemba 1891, na Shanghai nye Hu Chuan (胡傳), na nwunye ya nke atọ Feng Shundi. Hu Chuan bụ onye na-ere tii ọňụňụ nke ghọrọ onye ọrụ gọọmentị, na-eje ozi n'ebe ugwu China, Hainan, na Taiwan. N'oge alụmdi na nwunye ha, Feng Shun-di dị ntorobịa karịa ụfọdụ ụmụ Hu Chuan. Mgbe amuchara Hu Shih, Hu Chuan kwagara Taiwan ịrụ ọrụ na 1892, ebe nwunye ya na Hu Shih sonyeere ya na 1893. Obere oge tupu ọnwụ Hu Chuan na 1895, nwunye ya Feng na nwa okorobịa Hu Shih hapụrụ Taiwan gaa n'ụlọ nna nna ha na Anhui.

Na Jenụwarị 1904, mgbe Hu dị afọ iri na otu, nne ya haziri alụmdi na nwunye ya na Chiang Tung-hsiu (江冬秀).  N'otu afọ ahụ, Hu na otu nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye kwagara Shanghai na-achọ agụmakwụkwọ "ọgbara ọhụrụ".

 Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ 
Hu ghọrọ "onye ọkà mmụta mba" site na ego e wepụtara site na Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program. N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1910, e zigara ya ịmụ ọrụ ugbo na Mahadum Cornell dị na United States. N'afọ 1912, ọ gbanwere isi ọmụmụ ya gaa na nkà ihe ọmụma yana akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, a họpụtakwara ya ịbụ Phi Beta Kappa. Ọ bụkwa onye òtù ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi oche nke klọb Cosmopolitan, òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ mba ụwa. Mgbe ọ nọ na Cornell, Hu duziri mkpọsa iji kwalite ụdị asụsụ China nke oge a  dị ọgbaraọhụrụ, dịkwa mfe ịmụta nke nyere aka ịgbasa ịgụ na ide na China. O nyekwara aka guzobe nnukwu nchịkọta akwụkwọ ndị si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia n'ọbá akwụkwọ Cornell.

Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya, ọ gara ịmụ nkà ihe ọmụma na Teachers College, Mahadum Columbia, dị na New York City, ebe prọfesọ ya, John Dewey, nwere mmetụta n'ebe ọ nọ ma malite nnwale edemede.[16] Hu ghọrọ onye nsụgharị Dewey na onye na-akwado Mgbanwe evolushọn, na-enyere Dewey aka na usoro nkuzi ya na 1919 ruo 1921 na China. Hu laghachiri ikuzi na Mahadum Peking. N'oge ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ natara nkwado site n'aka Chen Duxiu, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama New Youth, e sikwa ebe ahụ nụwa aha ya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ngwa ngwa. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Hu ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị isi ụbụrụ na-ahọ nkọ ndị nwere mmetụta n'oge May Fourth Movement na mgbe e mesịrị New Culture Movement.

Hu hapụrụ New Youth na 1920s wee bipụta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na ndị enyi ya. Ihe ntinye ya kachasị mkpa bụ ịkwalite asụsụ Chinese n'akwụkwọ ọgụgụ iji dochie anya asụsụ Chinese oge ochie, nke e bu n'uche ime ka ọ dịrị ndị nkịtị mfe ịgụ. Hu Shih kwuru n'otu oge, "Asụsụ nwụrụ anwụ enweghị ike ịmepụta akwụkwọ ọgụgụ dị ndụ. "  Ihe nke a pụtara maka ọdịbendị China dị ukwuu - dịka John Fairbank si kwuo ya, "ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị oge ochie emebiela."  Hu tinyere ume dị ukwuu iji mee ka mgbanwe asụsụ ndị o wetara gbaa  mgbọrọgwụ na ọdịbendị ọdịnala China kama ịdabere na ihe ndị e wetara site n'owụwa anyanwụ [18] Dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya Jerome Grieder si kwuo ya, ụzọ Hu si eme "mmepeanya pụrụ iche" nke China bụ "nke nkatọ zuru oke mana o nweghị ka ọ di nlelị".  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ mụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị oge ochie nke China, ọkachasị akwụkwọ akụkọ narị afọ nke iri na asatọ Dream of the Red Chamber, dị ka ụzọ isi guzobe asụsụ maka asụsụ izugbe ọgbara ọhụrụ.  Onye ọrụ ibe ya na Mahadum Peking Wen Yuan-ning kpọrọ Hu Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma maka ibu ọdịmma mmadụ ibe ya n'obi yana nkà ya. Na mahadum, Hu ghọrọ prọfesọ a hụrụ n'anya nke ọma, nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ya kachasị mee ofụma gụnyere onye na-enweta ihe nrite na physics bụ Chien-Shiung Wu.  

Hu so na ndị mere mgbanwe nke New Culture Movement bụ ndị nabatara nleta Margaret Sanger mere na China na 1922. O ji aka ya sụgharịa okwu nwanyị ahụ kwuru na Mahadum Mba Beijing nke kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị igbochi ọmụmụ aghara aghara. Akwụkwọ akụkọ The Ladies' Journal na The Women's Review bipụtara nsụgharị Hu. 

A họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences na 1932 na American Philosophical Society na 1936. 

 Ọrụ ọha na eze 
Hu bụ onye nnọchi anya Republic of China na mba United States site na 1938 ruo 1942.[29] A kpọghachiri ya na Septemba 1942 ma jiri Wei Tao-ming dochie ya. Hu jere ozi dị ka onye isi ndị isi nke Mahadum Peking, nke a na-akpọ n'oge ahụ National Peking University, n'etiti 1946 na 1948. N'afọ 1957, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke atọ nke Academia Sinica dị na Taipei, ọkwa ọ nọgidere na ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ bụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke Free China Journal, nke e mechara mechie maka ịkatọ Chiang Kai-shek.

 Ọnwụ na ihe ncheta Ya 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụlọ ọgbakọ Hu Shih na Mahadum Cornell
Ọrụ Hu Shih dara n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ na China ruo mgbe otu edemede nke Ji Xianlin dere na 1986, "A Few Words for Hu Shih", kwetara na Hu Shih mehiere. Isiokwu a mere ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta kwenye nke na o dugara n'ịtụleghachi mmepe nke akwụkwọ ndị China nke oge a. Nhọrọ 15 nke Putonghua Proficiency Test bụ akụkọ banyere Hu Shih ebe ọ na-arụrịta ụka banyere uru nke Asụsụ Chinese e dere ede karịa akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Chinese.

Hu kwukwara na India meriri China n'ọdịbendị ruo afọ puku abụọ site na okpukpe. N'otu oge ahụ, Hu katọrọ okpukpe ndị India maka ịdọla China azụ na sayensị.

Gụnyere redology, o nwere mmasị dịgasị iche iche na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, nkà ihe ọmụma, akụkọ ihe mere eme, nkatọ ederede, na nkuzi. Feng Youlan katọrọ Hu maka ịnakwere usoro pragmatist na ileghara ụlọ akwụkwọ niile nke nkà ihe ọmụma China anya tupu oge ịlụ ọgụ nke ndị steeti. Kama ịkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà ihe ọmụma China, Feng na-ekwu na Hu mere ka onye na-agụ ya chee na "mmepe niile nke China nọ kpamkpam n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi."   Tupu Feng, Hu nwere ike ịbụ onye mbụ kọwara echiche nke Tao site na nkà ihe ọmụma ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a.

Dị ka "otu naa ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell nke China a ma ama", Friedlander, Blaine (23 March 2021).  Hu nwere ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ n'ebe ahụ, gụnyere Hu Shih Prọfesọ na Hu Shih Distinguished lecture. Ụlọ ọgbakọ Hu Shih, ụlọ ọgbakọ dị 103,835-square-foot (9,646.6 m2) nwere ebe obibi, ka a gbapere na Cornell na 2022. 

 Inwe Obi abụọ 
Nye  Hu Shih, a pụghị ikewa inwe obi abụọ na ịdị ichu. N'ederede ya "Introducing My Thoughts", ọ na-ekwu na Thomas H. Huxley bụ otu onye kacha nwee mmetụta n'otu o si eche echiche.Agnosticism nke Huxley bụ ọnọdụ adịghị mma  nye igbo mkpa nke ịdị uchu n'ọrụ Dewey. Usoro "genetic method" nke Huxley n'edemede Hu ghọziri "akparamagwa akụkọ ihe mere eme", akparamagwa na-ahụ nkwụrụ-onwe nke amamihe mmadụ nke na-edugakwa na ịtọ mmadụ n'agbụ yana nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

 Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị 

Mgbanwe Ọdịbendị ỌhụrụIhe ndị mere n'oge gara aga Mmetụta nke Mgbanwe Ọchịchị 1911Mgbanwe ọchịchị nke 1911
 Mgbanwe nke Abụọ
 Okpu eze nke Yuan Shikai
 Agha Nchebe Mba
 Mweghachi Manchu
 Òtù Nchebe Iwu
 Oge Onye Ọchịchị
 Mgbasa nke mmụta ọdịda anyanwụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ
 Mgbanwe Sayensị
 Onyinye agụmakwụkwọ nke onye ọkpọ
 Mgbanwe Ọchịchị nke France
 Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia
 May nke Anọ MovementEchiche Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya
 Sayensị
 Sayensị
 Mmegide nke Confucius
 Okpukpe Darwin nke Ọha
 Anarchism
 Ọdịdị Ọgbara Ọhụrụ
 Nnwere Onwe
 Ọchịchị Ọchịchị
 Ọchịchị Kọmunist
 Humanism ỌhụrụOmume Ọdịda Anyanwụ
 Arụmụka ọdịbendị nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
 Nchịkọta nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ
 Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya
 Ime ka mkpụrụedemede ndị China dị mfe
 Romanization nke asụsụ Chinese
 Ide ihe n'asụsụ Chinese
 Òtù Asụsụ Mba
 Nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ mba ọzọ
 Ịhazi ihe nketa mba
 Òtù ụmụ nwanyị
 Mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọỤlọ akwụkwọ nke echiche Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Oge Ochie Na-enwe Obi abụọ
 Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Xueheng
 Òtù Kọmunist nke China
 Òtù Okike
 Okpukpe Confucius Ọhụrụ
 Òtù Ọnwa Na-eto N'Ụwa
 Njikọ nke Ndị edemede Aka ekpeAkwụkwọ ndị bụ isi Ndị Ntorobịa Ọhụrụ
 Ntụle Ndị Nkatọ
 Akwụkwọ Diary nke Onye Nzuzu
 AgụNdị ama ama Ba Jin
 Chen Duxiu
 Guo Moruo
 Hu Shih
 Lao She
 Li Dazhao
 Lu Xun
 Mao Dun
 Qian Xuantong
 Shen Congwen
 Yu Dafu
 Zhu Ziqing
 Kang Youwei

 Iwu Ụwa 
Hu na Albert Einstein, so na ndị kwadoro Peoples' World Convention (PWC), nke a makwaara dị ka Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), nke mere site na 1950 ruo 1951 na Palais Electoral na Geneva, Switzerland.

 Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ 
Ndị so n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ nke Hu Shih bụ:

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà ihe ọmụma China. Izu ohi 1 (1919).
 The Chinese Renaissance: The Haskell Lectures, 1933.  (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934).
 Hu Shih's Recent Writings on Scholarship.  (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1935). Gụnyere edemede "Introducing My Thoughts" (na-akọwa echiche nke m).
 "The Conflicts of Ideologies" na The Annuals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 218, Nọvemba 1941.

 Akụkọ ndụ Onwe Onye 
Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya dị peeji otu narị na iri asatọ na anọ 'Autobiography at Forty' bụ naanị Akụkọ ndụ onwe onye nke Hu Shih dere n'onwe ya.[64]

 Edensibịa 

 Ebe ndị e si Nweta ihe E dere 

 Ebe e si nweta ya 

 Ndị Mgbakwunye 


 Ndị bu isi 


 Ịgụrụ Gawa 

 Chan, Wing-tsit "Hu Shih na Chinese Philosophy." Philosophy East na West 6.1 (1956): 3-12. n'ịntanetị
 Ndị edemede China na edemede na-egosi Hu Shih. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Arthur Sze  (Trinity University Press, 2010).
 "Dr. Hu Shih, a Philosophe", nke Wen Yuan-ning dere. Nghọta na-ezughị oke: Foto ndị dị n'etiti ndị China a ma ama n'oge a. Nke Christopher Rea dezigharịrị.  (Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2018), peeji nke 41-44. 
 Ndụ nke Mr.pdf Onye ọzọ Mr. Chabuduo English Translation  na Mahadum nke Southern California 
 Bibliography ahọpụtara nke Ihe odide Hu Shih n'asụsụ Bekee

 Ederede Gasị 





 Njikọ mpụga 

 "The Chinese Renaissance": usoro nkuzi Hu Shih nyere na Mahadum Chicago n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1933.  (Lee akwụkwọ Reference depụtara n'elu) 
 "Hu Shih Study" na newconcept.com (n'asụsụ Chinese) 
 "Hu Shih na The Chinese Student Club At Teachers College" [nkwekọrịta nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide] na pk.tc. Columbia.edu 
 Hu Shih Memorial Hall E debere ya na  Wayback Machine na Nangang District, Taipei, Taiwan
 Hu Shi: Foto nke Kong Kai Ming Sète dowe na Portrait Gallery of Chinese Writers (Hong Kong Baptist University Library).

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations