Étienne-Jules Marey

Étienne-Jules Marey (5 Maachị 1830, Beaune, Côte-d'Or – 15 Mee 1904, Paris) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị France, ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye na-ese foto chronophotographer.

Ọrụ ya dị ịrịba ama na mmepe nke cardiology, ngwá ọrụ anụ ahụ, ụgbọ elu, cinematography na sayensị nke foto ụlọ nyocha.  A na-ele ya anya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ na-ese foto na onye ọsụ ụzọ nwere mmetụta n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sinima.  Ọ bụkwa onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ichepụta usoro eserese dị iche iche maka ngosipụta na nkọwa nke ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ sitere na nha physiological.

 Akụkọ ndụ 
Marey malitere site n'ịmụ nrugharị ọbara n'ime ahụ mmadụ. Mgbe ahụ, ọ gbanwere iji nyochaa ịkụ obi, iku ume, uru ahụ (myography), na mmegharị ahụ. Iji nyere aka n'ọmụmụ ihe ya, o mepụtara ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ maka ịtụ ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1859, ya na onye na-ahụ maka ahụike Auguste Chauveau na onye na'emepụta elekere Breguet, mepụtara Sphygmograph a na-eyi iji tụọ pulse. Sphygmograph a bụ mmelite na mbụ na nke siri ike karịa nke onye Germany na-ahụ maka ahụike Karl von Vierordt. N'afọ 1869, Marey rụrụ ahụhụ aka mere nke ọma iji gosipụta etu ahụhụ si efe na iji gosipụta ọdịdị 8 ọ na-emepụta mgbe ọ na-agagharị nku ya. O tinyere ihe mgbochi ọla edo na nku ụmụ ahụhụ ma mee ka ìhè dị na ya iji mụọ otú nku ahụ si na-efe efe. O jikwa eriri iko kpuchie ájá mee ihe nke e webatara n'okporo ụzọ nku ụmụ ahụhụ iji chọpụta ma ọ gafere nku ahụ n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru site n'inyocha akụkụ ebe e wepụrụ ájá ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, ikuku na-agagharị na-adọrọ mmasị ya wee malite ịmụ nnukwu anụmanụ na-efe efe, dị ka nnụnụ. Ọ nabatara ma gaa n'ihu mepụta Foto animated n'ime mpaghara dị iche nke Chronophotography na 1880s. Echiche mgbanwe ya bụ idekọ ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mmegharị n'otu ebe foto. N'afọ 1890, o bipụtara nnukwu mpịakọta akpọrọ Le Vol des Oiseaux (The Flight of Birds), nke e ji foto, eserese, na eserese mee ihe. O mekwara ihe osise dị egwu nke nnụnụ dị iche iche na-efe efe.

Marey mụọkwara anụmanụ ndị ọzọ.  Ọ bipụtara La Machine Animal na 1873 (a sụgharịa ka "Ụkpụrụ anụmanụ").  Onye na-ese foto Bekee bụ Eadweard Muybridge mere “Nyocha foto” ya na Palo Alto, California, iji gosi na Marey ziri ezi mgbe o dere na ịnyịnya na-agba ọsọ nwa oge nwere ụkwụ anọ n'ala.  Muybridge bipụtara foto ya na 1879 wee nweta ụfọdụ nlebara anya ọha.

Marey nwere olile anya ijikọta anatomy na physiology. Iji ghọtakwuo ihe oyiyi chronophotographic ya, o jiri ha tụnyere ihe oyiyi nke anatomy, ọkpụkpụ, nkwonkwo, na uru ahụ nke otu ụdị ahụ. Marey mepụtara usoro ihe osise na-egosi ịnyịnya na-agba ọsọ ma na-agbagharị, nke mbụ n'ime anụ ahụ wee bụrụ ọkpụkpụ.

Edekọwo ọnụnọ na ọrụ Marey na Naples nke ọma,[1] karịsịa maka akwụkwọ echekwara na ebe nchekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn.Marey malitere ịga Naples n'ihi na mmekọrịta ya na madame Vilbort, nwunye Joseph Vilbort, onye nduzi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ French Le Globe.Madame Vilbort kwagara Naples iji gwọọ ọrịa ya, n'ihi ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, Marey sochiri ya.  Marey na Madame Vilbort zụtara villa Maria na Posillipo na 1880.Marey rụzuru na Naples akụkụ nke ọmụmụ ihe ya bụ n'ịghọta ngwá ọrụ ya tupu eme ihe nkiri na n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Dohrn mụrụ banyere mmegharị azụ ndị a na-akwado na tankị aquarium.N'ime akwụkwọ ozi e dere ụbọchị 1 Nọvemba 1876 Marey rịọrọ Stazione Zoologica ka o weta azụ̀ ray ndụ maka ọmụmụ ihe ya.Otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị na-agba akaebe na mmekorita nke Marey na Anton Dohrn bụ ebe a na-edebe ihe ochie na ọdụ anụmanụ nke na-echekwa foto ebe ha abụọ na-apụta ọnụ n'oge njem nleta ma gosi Marey n'ụgbọ mmiri Dohrn.Ojiji nke egbe chronophotographic, nke Marey ji achụ nnụnụ, ma na-agbapụghị, pụtara ihe ọhụrụ nye ndị obodo na-akpọ Marey mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "onye nzuzu sitere na Posillipo" ("lo scemo di Posillipo").

Ọ tụpụtara "Iwu Marey", iwu nke kwuru na mmụba nke ọbara mgbali na-eme ka mbelata ọnụọgụ obi na ụzọ ọzọ.

O mepụtara "Marey's tambour" maka nnwale physiological.

 Ihe osise 
E mere égbè chronophotographic nke Marey na 1882.  Ngwá ọrụ a nwere ike iwere okpokoro iri na abụọ n'usoro na sekọnd, na okpokoro niile edere n'otu foto ahụ. N'iji foto ndị a nyochaa ịnyịnya, nnụnụ, nkịta, atụrụ, ịnyịnya ibu, enyí, azụ, ihe ndị dị obere, molluscs, ụmụ ahụhụ, anụ na-akpụ akpụ, wdg. Ụfọdụ na-akpọ ya "ogige ntụrụndụ na-eme ihe nkiri" nke Marey. Marey mekwara ọmụmụ ihe a ma ama banyere nwamba na-agbada n'ụkwụ ha mgbe niile.  O mere otu ọkụkọ na nkịta ọmụmụ ihe yiri nke ahụ wee chọpụta na ha nwere ike ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ihe ahụ.  Marey mụtakwara banyere njem mmadụ. O bipụtara akwụkwọ ọzọ Le Mouvement na 1894.

N'afọ 1885, Marey kwuru otu o si nwee ike igwu egwu site na égbè ya site na iji phenakistiscope. N'afọ 1889, o mepụtara igwefoto chronophotographe nke na-ewere foto na fim na ọbụna oghere.Otú ọ dị, o jighị ike kpọghachi ya n'ihi na ọ naghị enwe ike ịgafe n'etiti okpokolo agba n'ụzọ ọ bụla.  Edison gara Marey na 1889 wee nwee ike dozie nsogbu ahụ site na iji usoro ihe nkiri sprocketed na-aga n'ihu yana W.L.  Dickson bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-eji ụdị cylindrical nke  phonograph.

Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke ndụ ya ọ laghachiri n'ịmụ mmegharị nke ụdị adịchaghị adị, dịka bọọlụ na-ada ada.  Nnukwu ọrụ ikpeazụ ya bụ nleba anya na foto nke ụzọ anwụrụ ọkụ. Samuel Pierpont Langley kwadoro nyocha a n'okpuru nkwado nke Smithsonian Institution, mgbe ha abụọ zutere na Paris na Exposition Universelle (1900). N'afọ 1901, o nwere ike iwu igwe anwụrụ ọkụ nwere ụzọ anwụrụ ọkụ 58. Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ụzọ ikuku ikuku mbụ.

 Akwụkwọ 


 Hụkwa 

 Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) 
 Ihe osise
 Ịtụle ọsọ

 Edensibia 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Works by or about Étienne-Jules MareynaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
 Works by Étienne-Jules MareynaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe
 Sayensị nke mmegharị na onyinyo nke oge: ihe ngosi n'ịntanetị site na BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris) , na Collège de France na Pr Marta Braun (Mahadum Ryerson), onye dere Picturing Time: The Work of Etienne-Jules Marey (Mahadum Chicago Press, 1992) 
 Movements of Air, Etienne-Jules Marey, onye na-ese foto nke Fluids
 Ihe ngosi onyonyo, na ihe nkiri, na animation n'ịntanetị
 Etienne-Jules Marey: ọbá akwụkwọ dijitalụ, BIUM (Paris)
 Foto, bibliography, na akụkọ ndụ na Virtual Laboratory nke Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

 Ngwá Ọrụ Anụmanụ
 "Bodies Against Time," bụ edemede nke Zoe Beloff na magazin Triple Canopy n'ịntanetị.
 Ihe ncheta na European Film Gateway Portal
 Nnụnụ Na-efe