Frances Gamble

Frances Gamble (1949-1997) bụ onye South Africa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ihu igwe na ọkà mmụta spele. Ọrụ ya na nchekwa ọgbara ọhụrụ buru ibu na ịsụ ụzọ. Ọ tụlere usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na amụma nchekwa nke dị mkpa iji chebe ha. Gamble bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha Ọgba nke South Africa, bụ nke zubere imeziwanye mmepe sayensị na ọkachamara nke speleology na South Africa. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Association Education Environmental Education Association nke South Africa site na 1986 ruo 1989 na nke South Africa Geographical Society site na 1989 ruo 1991. N'oge Apartheid kpachibidoro mmekorita maka ndị nchọpụta South Africa, o wuru netwọk ụwa iji kwado nyocha.

 Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ 
A mụrụ Frances Niven na 1949 na Pietermaritzburg, Natal Province, South Africa nye Cynthia Mary (née Hosking) na John McGregor "Jack" Niven.[1] Nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta.[2][3] Tupu alụmdi na nwunye ya, nna ya jere ozi na South Africa Air Force na n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ e kenyere Royal Air Force ọrụ na Egypt, Italy, Sudan, na Yugoslavia..[4] Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ gụnyere ụmụnne ya nwanyị Joan na Sheila. [5] N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1950, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Bulawayo, nke dị na Southern Rhodesia, bụ́ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Teacher's College ruo 1965. N'afọ ahụ, ezinụlọ ahụ laghachiri Natal, Jack ghọkwara onye isi nkuzi na Mahadum Natal.[4] Niven debanyere aha na Mahadum nke Natal ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Science na 1969 na postgraduate Honours degree na 1971. [6]

 Ọrụ 
Na Jenụwarị 1972, a họpụtara Niven dị ka Onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na Mahadum Witwatersrand na Ngalaba Geography na Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi.[3][7] Niven rụrụ ọrụ n'ọhịa ma na-eme njem mgbe niile na Pilgrim's Rest maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ya iji nweta ahụmịhe mbụ na nyocha.[3] Ọ lụrụ W. A. L. Gamble ma ha abụọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị Caryn.[3][6] N'afọ 1982, ọ nwetara PhD ya, site na Mahadum Natal na thesis akpọrọ The Management of Karst Cave Ecosystems in the Transvaal . Ọ bụ ọrụ mbụ na South Africa, na dị ka prọfesọ Margaret E. Marker si kwuo, naanị ọrụ ruo ọnwụ Gamble nke nyochara ihu igwe ọgba ma kwado maka nchekwa ọgba.[3]

Gamble malitere ịkụzi nkuzi nwa oge na 1985 na mbụ na ngalaba nke obodo na atụmatụ mpaghara wee na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Mechanical Engineering. Ọ nọgidere na-ejikọta ya na Mahadum Wiwaterrand ruo 1995. [8][9] N'ọrụ ya sara mbara na nchekwa ọgba, ọ tụrụ aro ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị tinye aka na njikwa na ịmepụta ntuziaka maka nchekwa na ojiji nke usoro okike ọgba. Otu n'ime nsogbu ndị o kwuru bụ na ndị njem nleta na ndị na-eme atụmatụ obodo na-akpatakarị mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.[10] N'etiti nsogbu ndị mepere emepe kpatara, ọ chọpụtara mmetọ, gụnyere nsị, mmetọ ugbo, na anwụrụ ọkụ; mgbanwe na ikuku na ikuku; mgbanwe mmiri nke mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ, okporo ụzọ, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala, na ebe a na'ịgba mmiri; na mmebi n'ihi mgbawa.[11] Nsogbu ndị ọbịa webatara ma kpatara gụnyere ihe mkpofu na ihe odide, usoro ọkụ na lampenflora, mgbanwe nke osisi na anụmanụ, na iwepụ ihe dịka guano na Ọdịdị ala.[12]

Gamble malitere ịkụzi ihe n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1985 nke mbụ na Ngalaba nke Obodo na Atụmatụ Ógbè wee gaa na School of Mechanical Engineering. Ọ nọgidere na-ejikọta ya na Mahadum Witwatersrand ruo 1995.[3] Ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi maka ndị ntorobịa gụnyere akwụkwọ, asọmpi, na mgbalị nhicha na saịtị dị iche iche, na-emesi mkpa ọ dị ichebe ọgba ike.  [3][6] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Environmental Education Association of South Africa (EEASA) n'etiti 1986 na 1989 ma bụrụ onye isi nke nzukọ ahụ ruo 1992.[3] A maara ya karịsịa n'oge ọ nọ na EEASA maka ịdọta ndị nkwado iji mee ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ha na-aga n'ihu ma guzobe usoro nchịkwa nke nyere ndị ọkà mmụta South Africa ohere ịnweta mmekọrịta gafee ókèala.[13] Gamble bụ onye guzobere Cave Research Organisation nke South Africa, otu na-elekwasị anya n'ịbawanye ọkachamara na nyocha sayensị na speleology na mba ahụ.[3] Ọ bụkwa onye otu British Cave Research Association na United States-based National Speleological Society. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na International Union of Speleology,  ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke South African Geographical Society n'etiti afọ 1989 na 1991. [6][3]

 Ọnwụ na ihe nketa 
Gamble nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa eriri afọ na 27 Machị 1997 na Brenthurst Clinic na Braamfontein ma lie ya na 14 Eprel na Johannesburg.[14] Ọkà mmụta Stephen A. Craven, kwuru na 1992, na onyinye ya bụ "ọrụ kachasị zuru oke na nchekwa ọgba na South Africa". [10] N'oge iwu Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gbochiri ikike maka ndị ọkà mmụta nọ na South Africa ka ha na ndị nchọpụta mba ụwa na-arụkọ ọrụ,  Gamble webatara usoro mmụta interdisciplinary maka sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand ma wuo netwọk na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa iji mee ka agụmakwụkwọ na nyocha dị mfe. [15][16]

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