Akwụkwọ ozi Khazar

Akwụkwọ ozi Khazar bụ otu akwụkwọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ dị kemgbe afọ 950 ma ọ bụ 960, nakwa na ọ bụ akwụkwọ ozi dị n'etiti Hasdai ibn Shaprut, odeakwụkwọ mba ofesi nke Caliph nke Cordoba, na Joseph Khagan nke ndị Khazars. Akwụkwọ ozi a bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ole na ole e kwuru na ọ bụ onye edemede Khazar, ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ otu n'ime obere isi mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Khazar. 

Nzaghachi Joseph na-enye ma akụkọ banyere ntọghata Khazar gaa na Okpukpe ndị Juu na ọganihu ya n'ọgbọ ndị sochirinụ, yana igosi na n'ime otu ọgbọ nke ọdịda nke alaeze Khazar na 969, steeti Khazar ka dị ike n'agha ma nata ụtụ site n'ọtụtụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. 

A na-agbagha izi ezi nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ihi na a na-ekwu na ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na usoro iheomume, asụsụ, ókèala na akụ na ụba nke ndị Khazars n'oge ahụ, ma nwee obere ihe akaebe na-akwado ihe mgbe ochie.

 Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga 
Akwụkwọ ozi a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Hasdai ibn Shaprut, odeakwụkwọ mba ofesi nke Abd ar-Rahman nke Atọ, onye Umayyad Caliph nke Cordoba na al-Andalus, malitere. A na-ekwu na Hasdai, onye nwere ọtụtụ kọntaktị na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ enweghị oke ego, mụtara na ndị Khazar dị adị site n'aka ndị ahịa Khorasani. Amaghị ihe ọ maara banyere steeti Khazar dị iche, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na ọ bụ ihe na-abụghị eziokwu, ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ onye nwere ike ịmepụta ihe, ma ọ bụ okwu Joseph na-ekwu na e nwere nkwurịta okwu n'etiti obodo abụọ ahụ n'oge gara aga. 

A na-ekwu na onye ozi mbụ Hasdai gara Constantinople, ebe ndị ọchịchị Byzantine jụrụ ikwe ka ọ gaa n'ihu. A na-ekwu na ọ lọtara, ikekwe were akwụkwọ a na-akpọ Schechter Letter (nke Khazar dere ma eleghị anya e bu n'obi maka Hasdai) laghachi ya. N'ikpeazụ, a na-ekwu na e nyere akwụkwọ ozi Hasdai nye ndị Juu nọ n'ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Croatia, wee ruo Khazaria site n'aka onye ozi ọzọ, Isaac ben Eliezer nke Nemetz. (Germany).

Nzaghachi a na-ekwu na Joseph na-enye akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Khazar na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba ya ugbu a (ihe dị ka 960)  Ọ gara n'ihu kpọọ Hasdai ka ọ bịa Khazaria, ọkpụkpọ òkù nke Hasdai nwere ike ọ gaghị anabata. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ adịgidewo na nsụgharị atọ dịtụ iche kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ.

In 1856, the Judaic scholar Abraham Benisch wrote, "Criticism has never doubted the authenticity of the letter of the rabbi [Hasdai], and modern investigators see no reason for doubting the authenticity of the king's reply." In 1995, historian Constantin Zuckerman wrote, "No one contests any more that the two preserved versions [of Joseph's reply], however much tampered with by later editors, go back to an authentic tenth-century document." In 2007, historian Peter Benjamin Golden wrote that "Dunlop and most recently Golb have demonstrated that Hasdai's letter, Joseph's response (dating perhaps from the 950s) and the 'Cambridge Document' are, indeed, authentic." In 2025, history professor David J. Wasserstein wrote, "The surviving remnants of the correspondence between Hasdai and the king of the Khazars, now accepted as genuine, offer precious testimony to Khazar history."

Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Shaul Stampfer ajụla izi ezi nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ a sịrị na ọ natara ya n'aka eze Khazar, na-ekwu maka ọtụtụ asụsụ na ọdịdị ala n'etiti ọganihu nke ederede akụkọ ihe mere e ji eme na ihe adịgboroja na Spain oge ochie. Ihe odide ahụ, nke e dere n'asụsụ Hibru na ọtụtụ ihe Arabic, na-enye usoro iheomume ọtụtụ narị afọ site na ụbọchị alaeze Khazar; ókèala dị nnọọ iche na nke o nwere n'oge ahụ; na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na ọrụ ugbo dị anya site na eziokwu n'oge. Eziokwu nke akụkọ ntọghata ahụ n'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ ka onye ọkà mmụta Talmudic nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ bụ Rabbi Judah ben Barzillai nke Barcelona jụrụ. Stampfer na-ede na "ihe odide akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Alakụba site n'oge Hasdai ibn Shaprut yiri nnọọ akwụkwọ ozi a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya na nchegbu ya banyere njirimara. "  Akụkọ dị otú ahụ ga-abụ ihe bara uru nye ndị isi ndị Juu na-apụta iji gosi na nkwa Bible nke ịbụ eze ndị Juu dị. 

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere Zuckerman na Joshua Olsson, na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ ahịrịokwu dị na ma obere ma ogologo nke nzaghachi Josef bụ ihe ịchọ mma, nakwa na isii n'ime ndị eze iri na anọ edepụtara aha ha, gụnyere Eze Obadaịa, onye na-akwado okpukpe ndị Juu, adịghị adị, karịsịa n'ihi na ndepụta eze e hotara na Sefer ha-Ittim nke Judah ben Barzillai, etinyeghị aha ha. Ọ bụrụ na nke a ziri ezi, nsụgharị nke Judah wepụtara bụ ezigbo akwụkwọ ebe nsụgharị ndị ọzọ fọdụrụnụ bụ nke e ji aka mepụta. Zuckerman kwenyere na ebumnuche nke mgbakwunye na mgbanwe na ederede ahụ bụ iji zoo ihe akaebe maka omume ọ bụla nke ndị Juu Khazar na-eme nke na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ, dị ka ebubo ịchụ àjà na-aga n'ihu nke a kpọtụrụ aha naanị na nsụgharị Judah, na ịkwalite akụkọ nke "usoro okpukpe ndị Juu nke ndị Khazars" nke mgbanwe okpukpe Obadiah mere ka o kwe omume.

 Ihe odide 

 Akwụkwọ ozi Hasdai degaara Eze Josef 

 Mụ onwe m, Hasdai, nwa Aịzik, nwa Ezra, nke Ndị Juu a chụgara na Jerusalem na Sepharad, onye na-ejere nna m ukwu eze ozi, na-ehulata ala n'ihu ya ma na-ehi ụra n'ebe obibi nke Eze gị site n'ala dị anya. Ana m enwe obi ụtọ na ịdị jụụ na ịdị ebube gị ma gbatịa aka m nye Chineke n'eluigwe ka O wee gbatịa ọchịchị gị n'Israel....

 Tooro Chineke dị n'ụzọ dị mma maka ebere ya n'ebe m nọ! Ndị eze nke ụwa, ndị a maara ịdị ebube na ike ya [Abd-ar-Rahman], na-ewetara ya onyinye, na-eme ka ihu ọma ya dị oke ọnụ, dị ka Eze nke Ndị Frank, Eze nke Gebalim, ndị bụ Ndị Germany, Eze nke Constantinople, na ndị ọzọ. Onyinye ha niile na-agafe n'aka m, a na-enyekwa m ụgwọ inye onyinye. [Ibn Shaprut, onye maara ọtụtụ asụsụ, natara ndị nnọchi anya ndị a.] Ka egbugbere ọnụ m too Chineke nke Eluigwe, onye na-agbasa obiọma ịhụnanya ya n'ebe m nọ, n'enweghị uru ọ bụla nke m, mana n'ime obi iru ala ya!

 Ana m ajụọ ndị nnọchi anya ndị eze a mgbe niile bụ ndị na-eweta onyinye banyere ụmụnne anyị ndị Izrel, ndị fọdụrụ n'agbụ, ma ha anụla ihe ọ bụla gbasara nnapụta nke ndị nọ n'aghụghọ ma ha ahụghị ezumike. [Ọ chọsiri ike ịmata ma ọ bụrụ na "Ebe Iri ahụ furu efu" dị ka steeti Hibru nwere onwe ya n'ebe ọ bụla.]

 N'ikpeazụ, ndị ozi ahịa nke Khorasan [ala dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Caspian n'ebe ugwu Iran nke oge a] gwara m na e nwere alaeze Juda nke a na-akpọ al-Khazar. Mana ekwenyeghị m n'okwu ndị a n'ihi na echere m na ha gwara m ihe ndị dị otú ahụ iji nweta obiọma na ihu ọma m. Ya mere, anọ m na-eche echiche, ruo mgbe ndị nnọchi anya Constantinople bịara [n'etiti 944 na 949] na onyinye na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka eze ha nye eze anyị, m jụọ ha ajụjụ banyere okwu a.

 Ha zara m, sị: "Ọ bụ eziokwu, aha alaeze ahụ bụ al-Khazar. Ọ bụ njem ụbọchị iri na ise site n'oké osimiri site na Constantinople, mana site n'ala ọtụtụ mba na-etinye aka n'etiti anyị; aha eze na-achị ugbu a bụ Joseph; ụgbọ mmiri na-abịa mgbe ụfọdụ site na mba anyị iji weta azụ, akpụkpọ anụ, na ngwaahịa nke ụdị ọ bụla [Ndị Khazars, nnukwu ndị ahịa, nwetara agha ha si na Rus gaa n'ebe ugwu.] Ha bụ ndị anyị na-emekọrịta ihe anyị; enwere nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ndị nnọchi anya m; enwere m. N'ihi ya, e gbadatara m ala ma sọpụrụ Chineke nke eluigwe. [Hasdai nwere obi ụtọ: Ndị Kraịst enweghịzi ike ikwu na ndị Juu enweghị mba dị ka ntaramahụhụ maka ịjụ Jizọs.]....

 Ana m ekpe ekpere maka ahụike nke Onyenwe m Eze, nke ezinụlọ ya, na nke ụlọ ya, nakwa ka e guzobe ocheeze ya ruo mgbe ebighi ebi. Ka ụbọchị ya na ụbọchị ụmụ ya gbasaa n'etiti Izrel!

 Azịza Eze Josef 

 Akwụkwọ ozi nke JOSEPH nke Eze, Abụ nke AARON nke Eze, Mkpụrụ obi ya Onye okike na-ebute ya n'elu okpomọkụ nke ASSEMBLY, HasdaI, Abụ nke ISAAC, Abụ nke EZRA

. . . Achọrọ m ịgwa gị na akwụkwọ ozi gị mara mma nke e nyere anyị bụ Isaac, nwa Eliezer, onye Juu si n'ala Germany [Isaac buuru ya na Germany, Hungary, na Kievan Rus gaa Khazaria.] Ị mere anyị obi ụtọ ma anyị na-enwe obi ụtọ na nghọta na amamihe gị.... Ya mere, ka anyị mezigharịa mmekọrịta mmekọrịta nke nna anyị nwetara n'etiti, ka anyị nyefee ihe nketa a nye ụmụ anyị. [Joseph kwenyere na Ndị Khazars nwere mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na Ndị Arab Spanish.]

Ị jụọkwara anyị n'akwụkwọ ozi gị: "Ndị mmadụ ole, ezinụlọ ole, na agbụrụ ole ị bụ?" Maara na anyị sitere na Jafet, site na nwa ya nwoke Togarmah. [N'akwụkwọ ndị Juu, Togarmah bụ nna nke Ndị Turkey niile.] Achọpụtara m n'akwụkwọ usoro ọmụmụ nke ndị nna nna m na Togarmah nwere ụmụ nwoke iri. Ndị a bụ aha ha: nke okenye bụ Ujur, nke abụọ bụ Tauris, nke atọ bụ Avar, nke anọ bụ Uauz, nke ise bụ Bizal, nke isii bụ Tarna, nke asaa bụ Kozar, nke asatọ bụ Janur, nke itoolu bụ Bulgar, nke iri bụ Sawir. [Ndị a bụ ndị guzobere agbụrụ ndị bibu n'ógbè Black na Caspian Seas.] Abụ m nwa Khazar, nwa nwoke nke asaa.

Enwere m ihe ndekọ na ọ bụ ezie na ndị nna anyị dị ole na ole n'ọnụ ọgụgụ, Onye Nsọ a gọziri agọzi ka ọ bụrụ Ọ [nke a bụ aha a na-ahụkarị maka Chineke], nyere ha ike, ike, na ike ka ha wee nwee ike ịga n'ihu n'agha mgbe agha gasịrị na ọtụtụ mba ndị dị ike ma dị ọtụtụ karịa ha. Site n'enyemaka nke Chineke, ha chụpụrụ ha ma weghara mba ha. N'elu ụfọdụ n'ime ha, ha etinyela ọrụ mmanye ọbụna ruo taa. Ala [n'akụkụ Volga] nke m bi ugbu a bụ nke Ndị Bulgaria bibu. Ndị nna nna anyị, ndị Khazars, bịara lụso ha ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na Ndị Bulgaria a dị ọtụtụ dị ka ájá dị n'ikperé mmiri [ihe na-ezo aka n'Akwụkwọ Jọshụa], ha enweghị ike iguzogide ndị Khazar. Ya mere, ha hapụrụ mba ha wee gbalaga ebe ndị Khazars chụpụrụ ha ruo Osimiri Danube. Ruo n'ụbọchị a, ndị Bulgaria mara ụlọikwuu n'akụkụ Danube ma dị nso na Constantinople. Ndị Khazars ebiela n'ala ha ruo ugbu a.

Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọtụtụ ọgbọ gafere ruo mgbe otu Eze bilitere nke aha ya bụ Bulan. Ọ bụ nwoke maara ihe ma na-atụ egwu Chineke, jiri obi ya niile tụkwasị Onye Okike ya obi. Ọ chụpụrụ ndị dibịa afa na ndị na-efe arụsị n'ala wee gbaba na ndò nke nku ya ... Mgbe nke a gasịrị, a gbasara aha ya na mgbasa ozi. Eze nke Ndị Byzantium na Ndị Arab nụrụ banyere ya zigara ndị nnọchi anya ha na ndị nnọchianya ha na nnukwu akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ nnukwu onyinye nye Eze yana ụfọdụ ndị amamihe ha iji tọghata ya n'okpukpe nke ha. [Ndị Byzantium na ndị Arab nwere olileanya ịkwụsị mwakpo nke ndị Khazars site n'ịtọghata ha ma mesịa mee ka ha bụrụ ndị enyi site na okwukwe ha.]

Mana Eze - ka mkpụrụ obi ya bụrụ nke e kegidere n'ime ndụ [okwu olili ozu maka ndị Juu] Ya na Onyenwe anyị Chineke ya - onye maara ihe, zitere maka onye Israel gụrụ akwụkwọ. Eze nyochara, jụọ, ma nyochaa nke ọma ma kpọkọta ndị amamihe ka ha nwee ike ịrụrịta ụka banyere okpukpe ha. Otú ọ dị, onye ọ bụla n'ime ha gbaghaara arụmụka nke onye na-emegide ya ka ha wee ghara ikwekọrịta. Mgbe Eze hụrụ nke a, ọ gwara ha, sị: "Gara n'ụlọ, mana laghachi m n'ụbọchị nke atọ..."

N'ụbọchị nke atọ, ọ kpọrọ ndị amamihe niile ọnụ ma gwa ha. "Kwuo okwu ma rụrịta ụka ma mee ka m doo anya nke bụ okpukpe kachasị mma. " Ha malitere ịlụ ọgụ n'etiti onwe ha n'enweghị nsonaazụ ọ bụla ruo mgbe Eze gwara onye ụkọchukwu Ndị Kraịst "Gịnị ka ị chere? Banyere okpukpe ndị Juu na Ndị Alakụba, nke a ga-ahọrọ?" Onye ụkọchịrị zara, sị: "Okpukpe nke ndị Izrel ka mma karịa nke ndị Alakụbụrụ".

N'elu nke a, Eze kwuru, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ eziokwu, unu abụọ ejirila ọnụ gị kweta na okpukpe ndị Izrel ka mma Ya mere, ịtụkwasị obi na ebere nke Chineke na ike nke Onye Pụrụ Ime Ihe Niile, ahọrọ m okpukpe Izrel, ya bụ, okpukpe Abraham. Ọ bụrụ na Chineke ahụ m tụkwasịrị obi, na onyinyo nke nku ya, ga-enyere m aka, Ọ nwere ike inye m ego, ọlaedo, na ọlaọcha ị kwere nkwa ugbu a n'udo gaa n'ala gị.

Site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu Onye Pụrụ Ime Ihe Niile nyeere Bulan aka, wusie ya ike, ma wusie ya ume. Ọ kpọrọ onwe ya, ndị na-ejere ya ozi, ndị na'elekọta ya ozi, na ndị ya niile úgwù. [Ihe odide Arabic na-ekwu na ezinụlọ eze na ndị a ma ama ghọrọ ndị Juu, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nkịtị emeghị.][?] Mgbe ahụ Bulan zitere ma si n'ebe niile kpọta ndị amamihe nke Israel bụ ndị kọwaara ya Torah ma hazie iwu ndị ahụ n'usoro, ruo taa anyị anọwo n'okpuru okpukpe a. Ka a gọzie aha Chineke ma bulie ncheta ya ruo mgbe ebighi ebi!

Kemgbe ụbọchị ahụ, mgbe nna m banyere n'okpukpe a, Chi nke Israel emeela ka ndị iro ha niile dị ala, na-edo ndị mmadụ na asụsụ niile gburugburu ha, ma ọ bụ Ndị Kraịst, ndị Alakụba, ma ọ bụghị ndị ọgọ mmụọ. Ọ dịghị onye nwere ike iguzo n'ihu ha ruo taa [ihe dị ka 960]. Ha niile bụ ndị na-akwụ ụtụ isi. [Ma naanị ihe dị ka afọ iri ka e mesịrị, Sviatoslav nke Mbụ nke Kiev meriri Josef, 969.]

Mgbe ụbọchị Bulan gasịrị, otu n'ime ụmụ ya biliri, eze Obadaịa aha ya bụ [aha ahụ pụtara "ohu Chineke"], onye haziri alaeze ahụ ma guzobe okpukpe ndị Juu nke ọma na nke ziri ezi. O wuru ụlọ nzukọ na yeshivot, kpọbata ndị ọkà mmụta ndị Juu, ma nye ha ọlaedo na ọlaọcha. [Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị Juu gaara esi Baghdad na Constantinople bịa.] Ha kọwara ya Baịbụl, Mishnah, Talmud na usoro ọrụ Chineke. Eze ahụ bụ nwoke na-asọpụrụ ma hụ Torah n'anya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ezigbo ndị ohu Chineke. Ka Mmụọ Nsọ nye ya ezumike!

Ezezia, nwa ya nwoke nọchiri ya; n'akụkụ ya bụ Manasseh, nwa ya; n"akụkụ ya bụ Hanukkah, nwanne Obadiya; n'azụ ya bụ Aịzik, nwa ya, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, nwa ya bụ Zebulọn; mgbe nke ahụ bụ nwa ya nwoke Moses; mgbe nke a gasịrị nwa ya nwoke bụ Nissi; mgbe nke ya bụ nwa ya bụ Aaron; mgbe nke ọzọ nwa ya nwoke Benjamin; mgbe nke abụọ bụ nwa ya, Josef, eze, abụ m Eze, nwa eze, na nwa ndị eze. Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla m na-amaghị nwere ike ịnọ n'ocheeze nke ndị nna m: nwa ahụ nọchiri nna ahụ. Nke a abụwo omenala anyị na omenala nke ndị nna nna anyị kemgbe ha malitere. Ka ọ bụrụ uche amara nke Onye na-ahọpụta ndị eze niile ka ocheeze nke alaeze m ga-atachi obi ruo mgbe ebighi ebi.

Ị jụọla m maka ihe omume nke mba m na oke alaeze m. Achọrọ m ịgwa gị na m bi n'akụkụ osimiri a maara dị ka Itil [Volga]. N'ọnụ osimiri ahụ, e nwere Oké Osimiri Caspian. Isi mmiri nke osimiri ahụ na-atụgharị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, njem nke ọnwa anọ.

N'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, ọtụtụ ebo bi n'obodo ukwu na obodo nta, n'ebe dị iche iche na ebe e wusiri ike.... Cheta na m bi na ndagwurugwu nke Itil, site n'enyemaka Chineke, ana m eche ọnụ osimiri ahụ nche, anaghịkwa ekwe ka ndị Rus na-abịa n'ụgbọ mmiri banye na Caspian iji ruo ndị Alakụba. Anaghịkwa m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị iro ha [ndị Alakụba] ndị na-abịa site n'ala banye ruo Derbend [Derbend, obodo Arab, bụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke ndị na-akwaga ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Europe na-atụ anya ịgbaga ma wakpo obodo ndị bara ọgaranya nke Asia Minor.] Aghaghị m ịlụso ha agha, n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na m enye ha ohere ọ bụla, ha ga-eme ka ala ndị Alakụba dum tọgbọrọ chakoo ruo Baghdad.

Ị jụkwara m gbasara ebe m bi. Achọrọ m ịgwa gị na, site n'amara Chineke, m bi n'akụkụ osimiri a nke nwere isi obodo atọ. Eze nwanyị bi n'otu n'ime ha; ọ bụ ebe amụrụ m. O buru ibu nke ukwuu, e wuru ya gburugburu dị ka okirikiri, dayameta ya bụ parasangs iri ise. [Eze ahụ biri n'otu agwaetiti dị na Volga; e nwekwara obodo dị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ.]

Ndị Juu, Ndị Kraịst, na ndị Alakụba bi n'obodo nke abụọ. E wezụga ndị a, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ohu nke mba niile nọ na ya. Ọ dị n'etiti, square parasangs asatọ n'ogologo na obosara.

N'ime nke atọ, m bi n'ụlọ ndị isi m, ndị isi m, ndị ohu m, ndị na-ebu ihe ọṅụṅụ na ndị nọ m nso. Ọ dị gburugburu n'ọdịdị ya, dayameta ya dịkwa ka parasangs atọ. Osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime mgbidi ya. Nke a bụ ebe obibi m n'oge oyi. Site n'ọnwa Nisan [Maachị ruo Eprel] gaa n'ihu, anyị na-apụ n'obodo ahụ, onye ọ bụla na-apụkwa n'ubi vaịn ya, ubi ya na ọrụ ya..

Ị na-ekwu n'akwụkwọ ozi gị na ị na-achọsi ike ịhụ ihu m. Ọ ga-amasịkwa m ịhụ ọdịdị gị na ịma mma nke amamihe na ịdị ukwuu gị. Ọ ga-abụ na ọ bụ dịka okwu gị si dị. Ọ bụrụ na e nyere m ka mụ na gị na-emekọrịta ihe ma hụ ihu gị dị mma, mara mma, na nke mara mma mgbe ahụ ị ga-adị ka nna m na mụ dị ka nwa gị nwoke. Dabere na iwu gị, a ga-achịkwa ndị m niile, dịka iwu gị na ndụmọdụ gị si dị, m ga-eduzi ihe niile m na-eme. Ịsị aka gaa nke ọma.

 Ndị Khazars na Spain 
Ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị rabaị Khazar yiri ka ha gụrụ akwụkwọ na Spain. Abraham ibn Daud nke Toledo, n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Book of Tradition (1161), dere, sị:

"Ị ga-ahụ obodo ndị Israel gbasaa na mba ofesi... ruo Dailam na osimiri Itil ebe ndị Khazar bi bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị ntọghata. Eze Khazar Joseph zigara Hasdai ibn-Shaprut akwụkwọ ozi ma gwa ya na ndị ya niile gbasoro okwukwe ndị rabaị. Anyị ahụla ụmụ nke ndị Khazars na Toledo, ụmụ nke ndị amamihe, ha agwara anyị na ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ha bụ nke nkwenkwe ndị rabaị". 

 Hụkwa 

 al-Andalus
 Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
 Agha Khazar na Arab
 Hasdai ibn Shaprut
 Ndị Khazars
 Akwụkwọ ozi Schechter

 Edemsibia 

 Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 








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