Adeline Smith

Adeline Smith (Machị 15, 1918 – Machị 19, 2013) ( Ebo Elwha Klallam nke Lower ) bụ okenye Amerịka, onye na-ede akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, onye na- akwado ikike mmadụ, na onye na-echekwa omenala. Ọ bụ onye otu n'ime obodo Klallam anọ nke Pacific Northwest .

Smith bụ otu n'ime mmadụ abụọ ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ Klallam bụ ndị na-asụ ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ ya.  Smith duru mbọ iji mee ka asụsụ Klallam dịghachi ndụ. Adeline Smith mepụtara mkpụrụedemede Klallam mbụ ya na Timothy Montler, prọfesọ nke asụsụ na Mahadum North Texas . Smith na Montler mekwara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Klallam mbụ, nke e bipụtara na Disemba 2012. Ọ bụ ya kacha nye aka, na-enye okwu na ahịrịokwu 12,000 na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ.  Ọrụ ya nke ime ka asụsụ Klallam dị ọhụrụ enyerela aka ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na nkeonwe site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ruo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị asụsụ Klallam.  

Smith kwadokwara ichekwa Tse-whit-zen, obodo nta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Lower Elwha nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 2,700, nke a chọtara ọzọ n'oge ọrụ owuwu n'akụkụ mmiri na Port Angeles, na mweghachi nke Osimiri Elwha . Mwepụ nke ọdọ mmiri Elwha, malite na Septemba 2011, gbapụrụ ọdọ mmiri ọdọ mmiri Aldwell, nke e kere tupu a mụọ ya. Mbibi nke ọdọ mmiri na mmiri mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ kpughere ebe e kere Klallam n'ememe. 

 Akụkọ Ndụ 

 Ndụ mbido 
A mụrụ Smith na Machị 15, 1918. A zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ ya dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Elwha, dị nso na Port Angeles, Washington . Ezinụlọ ya na-asụ naanị Klallam n'ụlọ ha, Smith enweghịkwa aha Bekee ruo mgbe o debanyere aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa.  Ndị nne na nna nna ya ochie kesara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ezinụlọ ahụ na-edeghị ede, nke e dere n'ọnụ site na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18. 

A manyere Smith ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Chemawa Indian School, ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi dị na Salem, Oregon, obere oge tupu ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ n'ihi ọnwụ nne ya na mkpa ezinụlọ ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, ọ kwagara Seattle ya na nwanne ya nwanyị, Bea Charles, ịchọ ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ a na-enwe megide ndị America bi n'oge ahụ. (Bea Charles, onye nwụrụ na 2009, mechara bụrụ ọkachamara n'asụsụ Klallam a ma ama). 

Smith rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche, na-achọta ọrụ dịka onye na-eje ozi na onye ọrụ nke Goodwill Industries . N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Smith rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-agba ígwè n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ụgbọ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri na San Francisco na ụlọ ọrụ Boeing dị na Seattle. 

 Nchekwa asụsụ Klallam 
Smith na-arụ ọrụ na Neah Bay, Washington, dị ka onye na-achịkọta ihe n'ụlọ ahịa mgbe o kpebiri ịlaghachi n'ebe a na-edebe ihe n'ụlọ ahịa Lower Elwha Klallam n'èzí Port Angeles. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'èzí ebe a na-edebe ihe n'ụlọ ahịa ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ n'oge ahụ.  Ozugbo ọ laghachiri na Lower Elwha, ọ malitere ịkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Klallam.

N'afọ 1990, Smith malitere ịnwa ime ka asụsụ Klallam dịghachi ndụ, nke a kwụsịtụrụ iji. O so Timothy Montler, prọfesọ nke asụsụ na Mahadum North Texas mepụta mkpụrụedemede Klallam mbụ. O so Montler rụọ ọrụ n'afọ 1990, 2000, na mmalite afọ 2010 iji mepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke asụsụ Klallam. Smith tinyere okwu 12,000 na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye kacha nye aka na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọhụrụ ahụ. Iji nyochaa ntinye maka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ, Smith dekọrọ ndekọ asụsụ Khallam, nke onye ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwụrụ anwụ bụ́ John Peabody Harrington mere na obodo Khallam na 1942.  Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ were ọnwa ole na ole iji mechaa. 

Akwụkwọ Klallam Dictionary, nke nwere peeji 983, ka Mahadum Washington Press bipụtara na Disemba 2012. Ọ bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ kachasị ukwuu nke UW Press bipụtara.  E kpughere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ na emume emume emere na Port Gamble S'Klallam longhouse na Nọvemba 28, 2012.  Ndị otu obodo Lower Elwha, Jamestown S'Klallam, na Port Gamble Klallam bịara emume ahụ.  Ndị otu gọọmentị ebo atọ ahụ jidere foto Smith, ndị na-enweghị ike ịga, iji sọpụrụ onyinye ya na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ.  Smith ji akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ ya na Jenụwarị 2013. E kesara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ n'ọfịs na ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị ebo Klallam niile. 

Smith zụrụ ndị nkuzi ọhụrụ n'asụsụ na omenala Klallam. Kemgbe afọ 2013, a na-akụzi asụsụ Klallam n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Klallam nkeonwe na nke ọha na eze dị na mpaghara Port Angeles n'ihi mgbalị ya. A na-akụzi klas site na ọkwa praịmarị ruo sekọndrị . 

Smith bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri, Ndụ nke Nwa agbọghọ Klallam nke Na-etolite n'Osimiri Elwha . 

Smith gara n'ihu na-ede akụkọ banyere akụkọ Klallam na akụkọ ya ruo obere oge tupu ọ nwụọ na 2013. 

 Mweghachi Osimiri Elwha 
Adeline Smith pụtara n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti nke mba Amerịka n'aha agbụrụ Lower Elwha Klallam ya. A na-ekwu na mgbalị ya nyeere aka imeri mkpebi ụlọ ikpe Boldt nke afọ 1974, nke kwadoro ikike nke Lower Elwha na ebo ndị ọzọ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta gara aga ruo ọkara nke azụ̀ salmon . 

Na 1992, Smith gbara ndị omeiwu United States ume ka ha mee ntuli aka ịkwatu ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Elwha . Ọ dị ndụ hụ ka ewepụrụ ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ, gụnyere Elwha Dam, site n'osimiri ahụ malite na Septemba 2011, nakwa ka azụ̀ salmon mbụ ahụ laghachi n'osimiri ahụ.    Iwepụ otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ na 2012 mere ka ọdọ mmiri Aldwell, ọdọ mmiri mmadụ mere na 1913, wee kpughee ebe e kere Klallam n'ememe na Julaị 2012. E gwuola ya n'ime mmiri kemgbe e juputara ọdọ mmiri ahụ. 

A na-egosi ya na fim " Unconquering the Last Frontier " nke Robert Lundahl dere, nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Gary Farmer kọrọ, ma hụkwa ya na Televishọn ọha. N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Adeline chetara afọ mbụ ya mgbe ọ na-etolite n'akụkụ Osimiri Elwha, ma kọọ akụkọ gbasara mbibi nke ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ n'ebe ahụ, na mbọ ndị Lower Elwha Klallam gbara iji wepụ ihe mgbochi mmiri abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma weghachi usoro gburugburu ebe obibi osimiri.

 Nchekwa nke Tse-whit-zen 

Smith kwadoro nchekwa nke Tse-whit-zen, obodo Lower Elwha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dị n'ala Ediz Hook, nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 2,700. Ebe a bụ obodo ochie kachasị ukwuu nke ndị America Native America chọtara na steeti Washington ruo taa. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ndị toro eto dọrọ Smith aka ná ntị ka ọ ghara ịga ije ma ọ bụ gwuo egwu na ebe Tse-whit-zen dị, nke Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe na-ewere dị ka ihe dị nsọ. 

Smith mere mkpọsa megide iwu ebe a na-adọba mmiri n'akụkụ mmiri Port Angeles. E bu n'obi ka e jiri ya wuo pontoons na-ese n'elu mmiri maka nnọchi Hood Canal Bridge.  Ọrụ ebe a na-eli ozu, nke gọọmentị steeti Washington na-ewu, zutere nnukwu ebe Tse-whit-zen dị, gụnyere ili ozu ya. E gwupụtara ihe karịrị ozu narị atọ ma wepụ ha n'ebe ahụ tupu Gọvanọ Washington Gary Locke etinye aka ma kwụsị ọrụ owuwu ahụ kpamkpam na Disemba 2004. 

Elwha nke dị n'okpuru ala liri ọzọ narị atọ ahụ. Gọọmentị steeti ahụ nyefere mpaghara Tse-whit-zen n'aka Elwha nke dị n'okpuru ala. 

 Ihe nketa 
Adeline Smith nwụrụ site na nkụda obi na Puyallup, Washington, na Machị 19, 2013, nanị ụbọchị anọ ka ọ gbasịrị afọ 95.   E liri ya n'ili Neah Bay.  Di ya mbụ bụ Roosevelt Suppah, nwa ha nwoke bụ́ Mark Suppah; na di ya nke abụọ bụ́ Roy Smith, na ụmụ ha bụ́ Roy Smith Jr., na Patricia Smith Forbe nwụrụ. 

Mgbe Smith nwụsịrị, Hazel Sampson, dị afọ 103 na Machị 2013, fọdụrụ dị ka onye ikpeazụ dị ndụ na-asụ asụsụ Klallam.  Smith bụ onye ikpeazụ na-asụ Klallam nke kuziri asụsụ ya na Washington's Olympic Peninsula . Smith bu n'obi idekọ akụkọ Klallam ndị ọzọ na oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2013. 

O hapụrụ ihe nketa nke ga-eme ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọ. Ọ gụnyere ọtụtụ ụmụ ụmụ na ụmụ ụmụ ụmụ. (Brian Williams, Wendy Sampson, Zoie Craver, Briana Anderson, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ).

 Edensibia 

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