Bass guitar

The bass guitar (/ beɪs/), nke a makwaara dị ka gita bass eletriki, bass eletrik, ma ọ bụ naanị bass, bụ onye kachasị dị ala na ezinụlọ guitar. Ọ dị ka n'ọdịdị na ịrụ ọrụ eletrik mana ọ nwere ogologo olu na ogologo ogologo. Gita bass eletrik na-enwekarị eriri anọ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewukwa ụdị eriri ise na isii. Kemgbe etiti 1950s, guitar bass na-edochikarị bass okpukpu abụọ na egwu a ma ama n'ihi ịdị arọ ya dị mfe, obere nha na obere mbugharị dị mfe, ọtụtụ ụdị ntinye nke frets maka ntinye nfe dị mfe, yana pickups electromagnetic maka mmụba.

D-linkid="97" href="./A_(musical_note)" id="mwHG" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="A (musical note)">A na-E otu ụda ahụ dị ka bass abụọ, nke kwekọrọ na ụda otu octave dị ala karịa eriri anọ kachasị ala nke guitar (nke a na-ahụkarị E, A, D, na G). A na-eji mkpịsị aka na mkpịsị ụkwụ ma ọ bụ mkpịsị ugodi na-akpọ ya. 

N'ihi na guitar bass eletrik bụ ngwa dị jụụ, ọ na-achọ nkwalite mpụga, n'ozuzu site na igwe eletriki eletrik ma ọ bụ piezo-electric pickups. Enwere ike iji ya na igbe ntinye ozugbo, oghere ọdịyo, consoles agwakọta, kọmpụta, ma ọ bụ ihe nrụpụta bass nke na-enye jakị ekweisi.

 Okwu 
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians na-ezo aka na ngwá ọrụ a dị ka "Electric bass guitar, na-enwekarị eriri anọ dị arọ nke a na-akpọ E1'-A1'-D2-G2."  Ọ na-akọwa bass dị ka "Bass (iv).  Nchịkọta nke Double bass ma ọ bụ Electric bass guitar. "Mottola's Cyclopedic Dictionary of Lutherie Terms na-amalite nkọwa nke ngwá ọrụ ahụ dị ka "A bass guitar nke na-emepụta ụda karịsịa site n'enyemaka nke ngwaọrụ eletrọniki"  Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị dere ya si kwuo okwu kwesịrị ekwesị bụ "electric bass". Aha ndị a na-ahụkarị maka ngwá egwú ahụ bụ "bass guitar", "electric bass guitar", "Electric bass", na "bass".  [peeji dị mkpa] na ụfọdụ ndị edemede na-ekwu na ha ziri ezi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.  A na-akpọ ụbọ akwara nke olu ya na-enweghị frets bass.

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ 
A na-akọwa ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ nke bass dị ka ogologo nke eriri ndị na-ịma jijiji n'etiti nut na akwa akwa. Na guitar bass nke oge a, a na-ewere 30" (76 cm) ma ọ bụ obere dị mkpirikpi, 32" (81 cm) nke dị n'etiti, 34" (86 cm) ọkọlọtọ na 35" (89 cm) ogologo.

Bass abụọ ahụ bụ "acoustically imperfect" dị ka viola. Maka bass abụọ ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke, ogo ahụ ya ga-abụ okpukpu abụọ karịa nke cello na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị igwu egwu, yabụ a na-eme bass abụọ ka obere iji mee ka ọ bụrụ egwu. Bass eletrik na pickups ya amplifier na-ekwu maka nkwekọrịta nke bass abụọ site na ikwe ka a gbasaa obere ederede na kọmputa.

 Nchịkọta 
A na-etinye pickups bass na ahụ nke guitar ma nọrọ n'okpuru eriri. Ha na-ahụ maka ịmegharị ịma jijiji nke eriri n'ime voltaji eletrik yiri nke a na-eziga dị ka ntinye na amplifier ngwá ọrụ.

 Akara 
A na-eji isi na ntụgharị na ntụgharị ụbọ akwara. Isi bụ waya nke na-agafe n'etiti eriri ahụ ma jiri ígwè, nickel, ma ọ bụ alloy mee ya. Mkpịsị ugodi ahụ bụ obere waya a na-ekpuchi gburugburu isi. Akara guitar bass dịgasị iche site na ihe na ọdịdị nke winding. 

Ụdị eriri ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere roundwound, flatwound, halfwound (groundwound), coated, tapewound na taperwound strings. Akara gburugburu na nke dị larịị nwere ntụgharị gburugburu na nke gbara gburugburu, n'otu n'otu, na ọkara gburugburu bụ ngwakọta n'etiti abụọ ahụ. Akara ndị a na-ekpuchi ekpuchi nwere elu ha na akwa aka ebe eriri tapewound nwere isi ígwè nwere ntụgharị plastik.   Akara Taperwound nwere njedebe dị warara ebe isi ihe a na-ahụ anya na-anọdụ n'elu oche n'enweghị ntụgharị. Nhọrọ nke winding nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ụda nke ngwá ọrụ ahụ, na ụdị winding ụfọdụ na-ahọrọkarị maka ụdị egwu ụfọdụ.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 

 Afọ ndị 1930 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Paul Tutmarc, onye mepụtara guitar bass nke oge a, n'èzí ụlọ ahịa egwu ya na Seattle, Washington
N'afọ ndị 1930, onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-emepụta ihe bụ Paul Tutmarc nke Seattle, Washington, mepụtara guitar bass eletrik mbụ n'ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ngwá egwu nwere eriri anọ e mere ka a kpọọ ya n'ụzọ dị larịị n'ọnọdụ yiri nke guitar. Ndepụta ahịa nke 1935 maka ụlọ ọrụ Tutmarc bụ Audiovox gosipụtara "Model 736 Bass Fiddle", guitar eletrik siri ike nwere eriri anọ, ogologo -inch (775-millimetre), na otu pickup.

 Afọ ndị 1950 
áká_èkpè|thumb|Fender Precision Bass mbụ
N'afọ ndị 1950, Leo Fender na George Fullerton mepụtara guitar bass eletrik mbụ e mepụtara n'ìgwè. Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company malitere imepụta Precision Bass, ma ọ bụ P-Bass, n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1951. Nhazi ahụ gosipụtara "slab" dị mfe (enweghị akụkụ) na otu coil pickup, ihe abụọ ahụ yiri Telecaster. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1957, Precision Bass malitere ịdị ka Fender Stratocaster na akụkụ ahụ ya dị mma maka nkasi obi na pickup gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ọkara dị iche iche nke kewara coil design.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nhazi patent e nyere Leo Fender maka ọgbọ nke abụọ Precision Bass
Fender Bass bụ ngwá ọrụ mgbanwe maka ndị na-egwu egwu na-arụ ọrụ. N'iji ya tụnyere bass kwụ ọtọ, enwere ike ibugharị bass guitar n'ụzọ dị mfe. Mgbe a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo elu, guitar bass dịkwa obere karịa bass acoustic maka nzaghachi ọdịyo. Mgbakwunye nke frets mere ka ndị bassist nwee ike igwu egwu n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa na bass kwụ ọtọ ("ezi" nke ụdị Fender) ma nye ndị guitarist ohere ime mgbanwe n'ụzọ kachasị mfe na ngwá egwu ọhụrụ ahụ.

N'afọ 1953, Mọnk Montgomery ghọrọ onye mbụ na-akụ egwu bass na Fender bass, na Lionel Hampton's postwar big band.   Montgomery nwekwara ike ịbụ onye mbụ na-edekọ bass eletrik, na nnọkọ na July 2, 1953, na Art Farmer Septet. Roy Johnson (ya na Lionel Hampton), na Shifty Henry (ya na Louis Jordan na His Tympany Five), bụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ Fender bass ndị ọzọ. Bill Black, onye ya na Elvis Presley na James Jamerson gụrụ egwu, gbanwere site na bass kwụ ọtọ gaa na Fender Precision Bass n'ihe dị ka afọ 1957. Ebumnuche nke guitar bass bụ iji mee ka ndị na-akpọ ụbọ akwara nakwa ndị na-egwu ụbọ akhara kwụ ọtọ, ọtụtụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ mbụ nke ngwá egwú ahụ, dị ka Joe Osborn, na Paul McCartney bụ ndị na-agụ ụbọ akịrị na mbụ.

N'afọ 1953, Gibson wepụtara bass eletrik mbụ dị mkpirikpi, EB-1, nke nwere pin na-agbatị agbatị ka onye na-akụ bass wee nwee ike ịkpọ ya n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ. N'afọ 1958, Gibson wepụtara EB-2 nke dị n'elu maple nke akọwapụtara na katalọgụ Gibson dị ka "oghere oghere eletrik nke gosipụtara Bass / Baritone pushbutton maka njirimara ụda abụọ dị iche iche". N'afọ 1959, ndị a sochiri EB-0 Bass nke yiri nke ọma. EB-0 yiri nnọọ Gibson SG n'ọdịdị (ọ bụ ezie na ihe atụ ndị mbụ nwere ọdịdị ahụ dị n'akụkụ dị nso na nke Les Paul Special nwere okpukpu abụọ). Ụdị Fender na Gibson jiri bolt-on na set neck.

Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ malitekwara imepụta ụbọ akwara n'afọ ndị 1950. Kay Musical Instrument Company malitere imepụta K162 na 1952. Ọzọkwa na 1956, na ngosi azụmahịa German "Musikmesse Frankfurt", ọdịdị bass pụrụ iche nke Höfner_500/1" id="mw8A" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Höfner 500/1">Höfner 500/1 nke dị ka viola pụtara na mbụ, nke Walter Höfner, onye na-eme violin nke ọgbọ nke abụọ, wuru site na iji usoro violin. N'ihi ojiji Paul McCartney, a maara ya dị ka "Beatle bass". N'afọ 1957, Rickenbacker wepụtara ụdị 4000, bass mbụ iji gosipụta ihe osise olu-site n'ahụ nke olu bụ akụkụ nke osisi ahụ. E webatara Burns London Supersound na 1958.

 Afọ ndị 1960 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Gibson EB-3
Site na mgbawa nke ewu ewu nke Egwú rock na 1960s, ọtụtụ ndị nrụpụta malitere ime bass eletrik, gụnyere Yamaha, Teisco na Guyatone. E webatara na 1960, Fender Jazz Bass, nke a maara na mbụ dị ka "Deluxe Bass", jiri ihe a na-emepụta ahụ nke a maara dị ka úkwù offset nke a hụrụ na mbụ na guitar Jazzmaster na mgbalị imeziwanye nkasi obi mgbe ọ na-egwu n'oche. Jazz bass, ma ọ bụ J-Bass, nwere pickups abụọ.

N'inye ngwá ọrụ "Gibson-scale", karịa   Jazz and Precision, Fender mepụtara Mustang Bass, ngwá ọrụ dị sentimita 30 (762 . Fender VI, bass nke eriri isii, ka a na-atụgharị otu octave dị ala karịa ụda guitar. A tọhapụrụ ya na 1961, Jack Bruce nke Cream kwadoro ya n'oge na-adịghị anya.

Gibson weputara obere   EB-3 na 1961, nke Bruce jikwa mee ihe. EB-3 nwere "mini-humbucker" n'ọnọdụ àkwà mmiri. Gibson bass na-abụkarị ngwá egwú nwere ogologo 30.5" karịa Precision. Gibson emepụtaghị bass dị sentimita 34 (864  ruo 1963 mgbe a tọhapụrụ Thunderbird.

Guitar bass mbụ na-enweghị fret bụ Ampeg AUB-1, nke e webatara na 1966. Na ngwụcha afọ 1960, e webatara bass nwere eriri asatọ, nke nwere usoro octave anọ (dị ka guitar 12), dị ka Hagström H8. 

 Afọ ndị 1970 
N'afọ 1972, Alembic guzobere ihe a maara dị ka "boutique" ma ọ bụ "high-end" electric bass guitars.  Ngwa ndị a dị oke ọnụ, ahaziri ahaziri nke ọma, dị ka Phil Lesh, Jack Casady na Stanley Clarke ji mee ihe, gosipụtara atụmatụ pụrụ iche, ahụ osisi ejirila aka mechaa, yana usoro ihe nrụpụta ọhụrụ dị ka ọtụtụ-laminate olu-site n'ịrụ anụ na olu graphite. Alembic sụrụ ụzọ n'iji igwe eletrọnịkị nọ n'ụgbọ maka nkwalite na nhata.

Ngwa eletrọnịkị na-arụ ọrụ na-abawanye mmepụta nke ngwa ahụ, ma na-enye ohere karịa maka ịchịkwa ụda mgbanwe ụda, na-enye onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ ike ịgbasa yana ibelata ụfọdụ ọnụọgụ ugboro ebe ọ na-eme ka nzaghachi ugboro ugboro n'ozuzu ya (gụnyere ihe ndekọ dị ala na ụda dị elu). 1976 hụrụ ụlọ ọrụ UK Wal na-amalite mmepụta nke ụdị basses na-arụ ọrụ nke ha. Na 1974 Music Man Instruments, tọrọ ntọala site na Tom Walker, Forrest White na Leo Fender, webatara StingRay, bass mbụ emepụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe nwere ngwa elektrọnik arụ ọrụ (ike) arụnyere n'ime ngwa ahụ. Basses nwere ngwá electronic na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịgụnye preamplifier na knobs maka ịkwalite na ịkpụpụ obere na elu.

N'etiti 1970s, basses nwere eriri ise, nwere eriri "B" dị ala, ewebata. N'afọ 1975, bassist Anthony Jackson nyere luthier Carl Thompson iwu ka ọ rụọ bass nwere eriri isii (nke dị ala ruo elu) B0, E1, A1, D2, G2, C3, na-agbakwunye eriri B dị ala na eriri C dị elu..

 Hụkwa 

 Guitar bass na-ada ụda
 Bass na-enweghị ụbọ akwara
 Egwú guitar
 Mgbasawanye nke ngwá egwú bass
 Obere bass
 Mmetụta bass
 Ihe ndị e ji mee
 Ndepụta nke ndị na-emepụta guitar bass
 Ndepụta nke ndị na-akpọ ụbọ akwara

 Edemsibia 

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