Akwụkwọ ozi Schechter

The Schechter Letter, also called the Genizah Letter[2] or Cambridge Document, was discovered in the Cairo Geniza by Solomon Schechter in 1912.[2] It is an anonymous Khazar letter discussing several matters including the wars of the early 940s, involving the Byzantine Empire, the Khazar Khaganate, and Kievan Rus'.[2] Scholars have debated its authenticity.[2]

 Akwụkwọ Ozi ahụ 
A kọwara Akwụkwọ Ozi Schechter dị ka akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka onye edemede Khazar a na-akpọghị aha ruo n'aka onye Juu a ma ama nke a na-amaghị aha ya. Ụfọdụ kwenyere na onye otu Constantinopolitan Khazar degaara Hasdai ibn Shaprut Akwụkwọ Ozi Schechter mgbe ọ gbalịsịrị idegara eze Khazar Joseph akwụkwọ ozi na nke na-enweghị isi mbụ ya (lee Akwụkwọ Ozi Khazar). 

Ụfọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya ekwuola na aha ndị na-ekwughachi ọdịnala ndị Juu dị omimi na enweghị ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere anya ọ bụla na-akwado akụkọ ya nwere ike itinye ya na ọdịnala nke ederede dị egwu banyere agbụrụ ndị furu efu nke Israel.

E tinyere akwụkwọ ozi ahụ n'ime mkpokọta Genizah nke Schechter nyere Mahadum Cambridge na 1898. Ọtụtụ n'ime folio ahụ enweghị ike ịgụ, naanị otu mkpụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ fọdụrụ dị. Nke a na-eme ka ịchọpụta kpọmkwem ọdịdị nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, mkparịta ụka ma ọ bụ akụkọ ifo ahụ doo anya.

 Ihe odide ntọghata 
Akwụkwọ ozi Schechter nwere akụkọ banyere ntọghata Khazar nke dị iche na nke Khazar Correspondence na Kuzari. N'ihe ndekọ Schechter Letter, ndị Juu si Peasia na Armenia kwagara Khazaria iji gbanahụ mkpagbu, ebe ha na ndị Khazars na-akwagharị akwagharị jikọtara, n'ikpeazụ na-agbakọta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam. Mgbe ahụ, onye ndú agha siri ike bilitere (na Schechter Letter, a na-akpọ ya Sabriel), onye nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ka a kpọọ onwe ya onye onye ọchịchị nke ndị Khazars. Sabriel sitere n'agbụrụ ndị Juu mbụ,  nwunye ya Serakh mere ka o kwenye ịnabata okpukpe ndị Juu,  nke ndị ya sochiri ya.[6][7] Ihe na-esote n'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ furu efu ma e wezụga iberibe ole na ole.

Akụkọ banyere alaeze Khazar na-adaba na enweghị isi iyi ndị Alakụba, ndị Juu ma ọ bụ ndị Byzantium site n'oge ahụ gbasara agha nke ịkwaga. Ọ dịkwa iche na isi iyi ọ bụla ọzọ a na-ebo ebubo na Khazar gbanwere gaa na okpukpe ndị Juu na aha ya nke ndị na-achị achị. Aha ndị metụtara, Sabriel bụ aha mmụọ ozi na ọdịnala ihe omimi ndị Juu, Serah bụ onye Bible, na nkwupụta nke agbụrụ Simiọn nke e dekọrọ ọnwụ ya na Bible, na-egosi Shaul Stampfer n'ụzọ siri ike na ederede ahụ bụ isi iyi a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọdịnala ndị Juu bara ọgaranya nke mmezu ọchịchọ na ederede ihe omimi banyere agbụrụ iri furu efu nke Izrel.Stampfer, Shaul (2013). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?". Jewish Social Studies. 19 (3): 1–72. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1. S2CID 161320785.

 HLGW na Romanus 
Akụkụ dị mkpa nke Akwụkwọ Ozi ahụ ka ọ dị ndụ na-akọ maka ihe mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya (nye onye dere ya) - mwakpo nke HLGW (ikekwe Oleg), onyeisi (knyaz) nke Rus, nke Eze Ukwu Byzantine Romanus nke Mbụ Lecapenus kpaliri.[8] Romanus, onye na-akpagbu ndị Juu, nwere ike ịchọ ịgbagha mmegwara Khazar maka amụma ya. Dịka Akwụkwọ Ozi ahụ si kwuo, onye isi Khazar Pesakh meriri HLGW na mpaghara Taman. Mgbe ndị Khazars chere ogbugbu ya ihu, HLGW kwetara ịwakpo Constantinople (n'ezie, mwakpo dị otú ahụ mere na 941), ebe e meriri ya wee gbaga FRS (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya Pesia), ebe ọ nwụrụ. [9] Ọ bụrụ na Oleg bụ Helgi (HLGW) n'ezie ma sonye n'agha ndị a, Akwụkwọ Ozi Genizah na-emegide Primary Chronicle, nke na-ekwu na Oleg nwụrụ na 912, ebe Novgorod First Chronicle na-ekwu ete ọ nwụrụ na 922.[10]

 Mmetụta nke ederede 
Ọ bụrụ na e were ya n'ụzọ nkịtị ma ọ bụghị dị ka akụkọ ifo nke agbụrụ ndị furu efu, akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-agbagha akụkọ ọdịnala nke ndị Khazars. Nke mbụ, nsụgharị ya nke ntọghata ahụ na-egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ ndị Juu maka ndị Khazar oge onye edemede ahụ. Ma nke a bụ akụkọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, ọ na-egosi na ndị Khazars lere onwe ha anya dị ka ndị otu ndị Juu zuru oke.

Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-ekwu na n'ụbọchị ndị mbụ mgbe ndị Khazars tọghatara gaa na okpukpe ndị Juu, ụfọdụ Ndị Alani emeela okpukpe ndị Juu ruo n'ókè nke na Alania bịara ịzọpụta Khazaria n'aka ndị iro ya (ahịrị 52-53). [11] Nke a bụ naanị ihe akaebe na-akwado ihe ndekọ Benjamin nke Tudela banyere okpukpe ndị Juu na Alania.

Tinyere nke ahụ, ọ bụrụ na HLGW dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ na-ezo aka na Oleg (Helgi), ma o sonye n'agha ndị a, Akwụkwọ Genizah ga-emegide Primary Chronicle, nke na-ekwu na Oleg nwụrụ na 912, ebe Novgorod First Chronicle na-ekwu na ọ nwụrụ na 922.[10] Kama onye ga-anọchi ya bụ Igor nke Kiev chịrị site na 912 ruo ogbugbu ya na 944, dịka Primary Chronicle si kwuo, Constantine Zuckerman (1995) kwubiri na Igor chịrị naanị site n'oge ọkọchị nke 941 ruo oge oyi nke 945.[12] N'afọ ndị gara aga, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta elegharala akaụntụ Schechter Letter anya;[2] Zuckerman ekwuola na akụkọ Schechter Letter kwekọrọ na isi mmalite Rus ndị ọzọ, ọ na-egosikwa na ọgụ dị n'ime ọchịchị Rus mbụ n'etiti otu ndị na-akwado Oleg na Igor, ọgụ nke Oleg meriri n'ikpeazụ. Zuckerman kwuru na a ga-ekpebi usoro oge mbụ nke Rus n'ihi isi mmalite ndị a. N'ime nkwenkwe Zuckerman na ndị ọzọ nyochachara isi mmalite ndị a bụ na ndị Khazars efughị ​​Kiev ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 10 (kama ịbụ 882, ụbọchị ọdịnala), na Igor abụghị nwa Rurik kama ọ bụ onye sitere n'agbụrụ dị anya karị, nakwa na Oleg esoghị Rurik ozugbo, kama na e nwere ọgbọ furu efu n'etiti onye nwe Varangian a ma ama na ndị ga-anọchi ya.

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