Richard Leakey

Richard Erskine Frere Leakey FRS  (19 Disemba 1944 - 2 Jenụwarị 2022) bụ onye Kenya paleoanthropologist, onye na-echekwa ihe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.  Leakey nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa gọọmentị na Kenya, ọkachasị na ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe ochie na nchekwa anụ ọhịa. Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke National Museum of Kenya.  Leakey jere ozi n'ọfịs dị ike nke odeakwụkwọ na onye isi ọrụ ọha na eze n'oge ọchịchị onye isi ala Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi.

Leakey so hiwe "Turkana Basin Institute" na mmekorita agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Stony Brook, ebe ọ bụ prọfesọ nkà mmụta ihe gbasara mmadụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke Turkana Basin Institute ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.

 Oge ọ malitere 

 Afọ ndị mbụ 
A mụrụ Richard Erskine Frere Leakey na 19 Disemba 1944 na Nairobi .  Dị ka obere nwa nwoke, Leakey biri na Nairobi na nne na nna ya: Louis Leakey, onye nlekọta nke Coryndon Museum, na Mary Leakey, umukalamba nke nchọpụta Leakey na Olduvai, na ụmụnne ya abụọ, Jonathan na Filip. Ụmụnne Leakey nwere oge nwata na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ụmụ nwoke niile nwere ịnyịnya ibu ma bụrụ ndị otu Langata Pony Club. Mgbe ụfọdụ, klọb ahụ dum bụ ndị ọbịa na Leakeys maka ezumike na ezumike. Nne na nna Leakey guzobere Dalmatian Club of East Africa ma nweta ihe nrite na 1957.  Nkịta na ọtụtụ anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ sooro Leakey biri n'ụlọ. Ụmụ nwoke Leakey sonyere n'egwuregwu ndị okenye na ụmụaka na-eduzi, ebe ha gbalịrị iṅomi ụmụ mmadụ mbụ, na-ejide Springhare na obere antelope n'aka na Serengeti. Ha chụpụrụ ọdụm na nkịta ọhịa site na igbu iji hụ ma ha nwere ike ime ya.

 Okpokoro isi gbajiri agbaji 
N'afọ 1956, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, Leakey si n'ịnyịnya ya daa, gbajie okpokoro isi ya ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwụọ n'ihi ya. N'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, ọ bụ ihe omume a zọpụtara alụmdi na nwunye nne na nna ya.Louis chebaara echiche ịhapụ Mary maka odeakwụkwọ ya, Rosalie Osborn. Ka ọgụ na Mary na-aga n'ihu n'ezinụlọ ahụ, Leakey rịọrọ nna ya ka ọ ghara ịpụ. Nke ahụ bụ ihe kpatara ya. Louis kewara na Rosalie, ezinụlọ ahụ bikwara n'udo ruo afọ ole na ole ọzọ.

 Onye ọchụnta ego nọ n'afọ iri na ụma 
Leakey họọrọ ịkwado onwe ya, gbaziri £500 n'aka ndị mụrụ ya maka Land Rover wee banye n'azụmahịa ịzụ ahịa na inye ihe na Kamoya Kimeu. Ọ bụ onye na-agba ịnyịnya, onye na-arụ ọrụ n'èzí, onye na'ime Land Rover, onye na -amụ ihe mgbe ochie, na onye ndú njem,  ọ mụtara ịmata ọkpụkpụ, nkà nke niile gosipụtara ụzọ ọ na-achọghị ka ọ gaa, naanị n'ihi na nna ya nọ na ya. 

Azụmaahịa ọkpụkpụ ghọrọ azụmaahịa safari na 1961.  N'afọ 1962, ọ nwetara ikikere onye na-anya ụgbọelu onwe ya wee gaa njem na Olduvai Gorge .  Ọ bụ site na nyocha ụgbọ elu na-enweghị isi ka o kwuru na ikike nke ụsọ Ọdọ Mmiri Natron nwere maka paleontology. Ọ gara ịchọ fossils na Land Rover, mana ọ nweghị nke ọ bụla, ruo mgbe ndị mụrụ ya nyere Glynn Isaac ka ọ soro ya gaa. Louis nwere mmasị na nchọpụta ha nke ukwuu nke na o nyere ha ego National Geographic maka njem otu ọnwa. Ha nyochara na nso Peninj dị nso n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ebe Leakey na-ahụ maka nkọwa nchịkwa. N'ịbụ onye ike gwụrụ, ọ laghachiri Nairobi nwa oge, mana n'oge ahụ, Kamoya Kimeu chọpụtara fossil nke Australopithecus boisei. Njem nke abụọ mere ka Leakey chee na a na-ewepụ ya n'akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke ọrụ ahụ, nyocha sayensị.

 Alụmdi na nwunye 
N'afọ 1964, na njem nke abụọ ya na Lake Natron, Leakey zutere onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie aha ya bụ Margaret Cropper.Mgbe Margaret lọtara England, Leakey kpebiri ịgbaso otu a iji gụọ akwụkwọ maka nzere ma mata ya nke ọma. O mechara ihe achọrọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'ime ọnwa isii; ka ọ dịgodị, Margaret nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na Mahadum Edinburgh.. Ọ gafere ule ịbanye na kọleji, mana na 1965 ya na Margaret kpebiri ịlụ ma laghachi Kenya. Nna ya nyere ya ọrụ na Centre for Prehistory and Palaeontology .  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ igwu ala na Lake Baringo ma gaa n'ihu na azụmahịa foto safari ya, na-enweta ego zuru ezu iji zụta ụlọ na Karen, ọmarịcha ógbè Nairobi. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị Anna na 1969, n'otu afọ ahụ Leakey na Margaret gbara alụkwaghịm. Ọ lụrụ onye ọrụ ibe ya Meave Epps na 1970 ma ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Louise (amụrụ 1972) na Samira (1974). 

 Palaeontology 
Richard guzobere Kenya Museum Associates (nke bụzi Kenya Museum Society) na ndị Kenya nwere mmetụta na 1955.  Ha bu n'uche "Kenya" ma melite National Museum. Ha nyere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie £ 5,000, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmefu ego ya kwa afọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-etinye Leakey n'ọnọdụ dị mma, ọ ghọkwara onye na-ekiri ihe na bọọdụ ndị nduzi. Joel Ojal, onye ọrụ gọọmentị na-elekọta ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ, na onye otu Associates, nyere onye isi oche nke bọọdụ ahụ ntụziaka ka ọ malite itinye ndị Kenya na ya.

 Omo 
Atụmatụ maka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ etozughị mgbe Louis, n'amaghị ama ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, chọtara ụzọ iji wepụ nwa ya nwoke na-Etiopia" id="mwwQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Eze Ukwu n'ebe ahụ. Louis so Emperor Haile Selassie na President Jomo Kenyatta rie nri ehihie. Mkparịta ụka ahụ tụgharịrị gaa na fossils, na Emperor chọrọ ịma ihe mere na ọ dịghị onye a hụrụ na Ethiopia. Louis mere nyocha a ka o kwe ka o gwupụta ihe n'Omo River. 

The expedition consisted of three contingents: French, under Camille Arambourg, American, under F. Clark Howell, and Kenyan, led by Richard. Louis could not go because of his arthritis. Crossing the Omo in 1967, Leakey's contingent was attacked by crocodiles, which destroyed their wooden boat. Expedition members barely escaped with their lives. Richard radioed Louis for a new, aluminium boat, which the National Geographic Society was happy to supply.

N'ebe ahụ, Kamoya Kimeu chọtara fossil hominid. Leakey weere ya dị ka Homo erectus, mana Louis kọwara ya dị ka Homo sapiens. Ọ bụ nke kachasị ochie n'ime ụdị ndị a chọtara n'oge ahụ, nke malitere na afọ 160,000, ọ bụkwa nke mbụ a chọtara na Homo neanderthalensis. N'oge usoro njirimara, Leakey bịara chee na ndị ikom kọleji na-akwado ya.

 Koobi n'èzí 
N'oge njem Omo nke 1967, Leakey gara Nairobi ma n'ụgbọelu nloghachi onye na-anya ụgbọelu ahụ ji ụgbọelu gafee Lake Rudolph (nke a kpọrọ Lake Turkana site na 1975) iji zere égbè eluigwe. Maapụ ahụ mere ka Leakey tụọ anya nkume mgbawa ugwu n'okpuru ya mana ọ hụrụ ihe ndị na-adịghị n'ime ala. Mgbe ọ gara mpaghara ahụ na Howell site na helikọpta, ọ hụrụ ngwaọrụ na ihe ndị e ji amịpụta ihe n'ebe niile. N'uche ya, ọ malitere ịmepụta ọrụ ọhụrụ..

N'afọ 1968, Louis na Richard gara nzukọ nke Kọmitii Nnyocha na Nnyocha nke National Geographic Society iji rịọ maka ego maka Omo. Mgbe ọ hụrụ Louis n'anya, Richard rịọrọ kọmitii ahụ ka ha tụgharịa $25,000 e zubere maka Omo gaa n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ọhụrụ a ga-eme n'okpuru nduzi ya na Koobi Fora. Richard meriri, mana onyeisi oche Leonard Carmichael gwara ya na ọ ka mma ịchọta ihe ma ọ bụ ghara ịbịa "na-arịọ arịrịọ n'ọnụ ụzọ anyị ọzọ". Louis ji obiọma kelee Richard.

Ka ọ na-erule n'oge ahụ, ndị Kenya na-akwado Richard jupụtara na bọọdụ nke National Museum. Ha họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nchịkwa. Onye nlekọta, Robert Carcasson, gbara arụkwaghịm iji mee mkpesa,  ma hapụ Leakey na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'okpuru iwu ya, nke ya, dị ka Louis n'ihu ya, jiri dị ka isi ọrụ.  Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere esemokwu enyi na enyi n'etiti Louis na Richard, mmekọrịta dị mma. Onye ọ bụla weghaara onye nke ọzọ mgbe otu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ike, Richard gara n'ihu na-agwa nna ya ozugbo banyere nchọta hominid.

Na njem mbụ gaa Allia Bay na Lake Turkana, ebe ogige Koobi Fora dị, Leakey goro ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eto eto. Ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere John Harris na Bernard Wood.  Ndị ọzọ nọ ebe ahụ bụ otu ndị Afrịka nọ n'okpuru Kamoya: onye na-ahụ maka ala, Paul Abel, na onye na-ese foto, Bob Campbell.  Margaret bụ onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie. N'adịghị ka nna ya, Richard na-eduzi ogige a na-adọ aka ná ntị ma dị mma, ọ bụ ezie na, iji chọta fossils, ọ manyere njem ahụ karịa ka ọ chọrọ.
N'afọ 1969, nchọpụta nke okpokoro isi nke Paranthropus boisei kpatara nnukwu obi ụtọ.  Okpokoro isi Homo rudolfensis (KNM ER 1470) na okpokoro isi Homo erectus (KNM ER 3733), nke a chọpụtara na 1972 na 1975, so n'ihe ndị kachasị mkpa a chọtara na njem Leakey gara aga. N'afọ 1978, a chọtara okpokoro isi nke Homo erectus (KNM ER 3883). "Richard Leakey, Academy Class of 2007, Part 2". Academy of Achievement. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

Donald Johanson na Leakey nwere echiche dị iche iche banyere evolushọn mmadụ. Ha nwere arụmụka na Cronkite's Universe, ihe ngosi okwu nke Walter Cronkite kwadoro, na 1981. 

 Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Turkana 
Nwa okorobịa Turkana, nke Kamoya Kimeu, onye otu ndị otu Leakeys, chọtara n'afọ 1984, bụ ọkpụkpụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke Homo ergaster (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ, gụnyere Leakey, na-akpọ ya erectus) onye nwụrụ afọ nde 1.6 gara aga mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 9-12.. Leakey na Roger Lewin kọwara ahụmịhe nke nchọpụta a na nkọwa ha banyere ya, n'akwụkwọ ha bụ Origins Reconsidered (1992). N'oge na-adịghị anya ka achọpụtara Turkana Boy, Leakey na ndị otu ya mere nchọpụta nke okpokoro isi (KNM WT 17000, nke a maara dị ka "Black Skull") nke ụdị ọhụrụ, Australopithecus aethiopicus (ma ọ bụ Paranthropus aethiopicus). 

Richard hapụrụ paleontology na 1989, mana nwunye ya Meave Leakey na nwa ya nwanyị Louise Leakey na-aga n'ihu na-eme nchọpụta paleontology n'Ebe Ugwu Kenya.

 Nchekwa 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Leakey na 2010
N'afọ 1989, Onyeisiala Daniel Arap Moi họpụtara Richard Leakey dị ka onyeisi ngalaba nchekwa na njikwa anụ ọhịa (WMCD) n'ihi mkpu mba ụwa gbasara ịchụ enyí na mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'anụ ọhịa Kenya. Ngalaba ahụ nọchiri anya Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) na 1990, Leakey ghọkwara onyeisi oche mbụ ya. Site na nzọụkwụ siri ike, Leakey mepụtara ndị na-egbochi ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị pụrụ iche, ndị e nyere ikike ịgba ndị na-achụ nta n"ụzọ iwu na mberede. Egwu ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị belatara nke ukwuu. N'ịbụ onye mgbanwe Leakey nke Kenya Wildlife Service masịrị, Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ụwa kwadoro enyemaka ruru $ 140 nde. Richard Leakey, Onye isi ala Moi, na WMCD mere isi akụkọ mba ụwa mgbe a gbara ụyọkọ nke tọn 12 nke ọdụ́ ọkụ na 1989 na Nairobi National Park.

Ụzọ Richard Leakey si ese okwu gbasara esemokwu mmadụ na anụ ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba emeghị ka ọ bụrụ enyi. Echiche ya bụ na ogige ntụrụndụ bụ usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ nke nwere onwe ha nke a ga-agbachi gburugburu ma gbochie ụmụ mmadụ ịbanye. Àgwà obi ike na nke na-adịghị emebi emebi nke Leakey wutekwara ọtụtụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo ahụ..

Na 2016, The Perfect World Foundation kpọrọ Leakey Onye Nchekwa Ihe nke Afọ ma merie ihe nrite "The Fragile Rhino" na Elephant Ball na Gothenburg, Sweden.

 Ihe mberede ụgbọelu 
In 1993, a small propeller-driven plane piloted by Richard Leakey crashed, crushing his lower legs, both of which were later amputated. Sabotage was suspected but never proven. While in the hospital, Leakey told President Moi, a religious man, not to pray for him, but act on matters pending for the Kenya Wildlife Service. Thereafter, Richard Leakey walked on artificial limbs. Around this time the Kenyan government announced that a secret probe had found evidence of corruption and mismanagement in the Kenya Wildlife Service. An annoyed Leakey resigned publicly in a press conference in January 1994. He was replaced by David Western as the head of the Kenya Wildlife Service.

Richard Leakey dere banyere ahụmịhe ya na Kenya Wildlife Service n'akwụkwọ ya Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures (2001). 

 ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Leakey na 2015
In May 1995, Richard Leakey joined some Kenyan intellectuals in launching a new political party – the Safina Party, which in Swahili means "Noah's Ark". The Safina party was routinely harassed and even its application to become an official political party was not approved until 1997.

In 1997, international donor institutions froze their aid to Kenya because of widespread corruption. To placate the donors, Moi appointed Richard Leakey as Cabinet Secretary and head of the civil service in 1999. Leakey's second stint in the civil service lasted two years. Ọ chụpụrụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị 25,000 ma nweta ego ruru nde £250 n'aka International Monetary Fund na World Bank. However, Leakey found himself sidelined after the money arrived, and his reforms were blocked in the courts. He was sacked from his cabinet post in 2001.</ref>

 United States 
Leakey hapụrụ Kenya gaa US na 2002 wee ghọọ prọfesọ nke anthropology na Mahadum Stony Brook, New York. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Turkana Basin Institute .  N'afọ 2004, Leakey guzobere ma bụrụ onyeisi oche WildlifeDirect, otu ọrụ ebere dị na Kenya. E hiwere ọrụ ebere a iji nye ndị na-echekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ n'Africa nkwado ozugbo site na iji blọgụ. Nke a na-enye ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ohere ịrụ ọrụ kpọmkwem na mmekọrịta n'ịlanarị ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ kacha baa uru n'ụwa. Òtù ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịzọpụta gorilla ugwu nke Democratic Republic of Congo na Virunga National Park na Jenụwarị 2007 mgbe nnupụisi ndị nnupụisi yiri egwu iwepụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu.

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Transparency International's Kenya. N'otu afọ ahụ, a họpụtara Leakey ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Royal Society  ma nata Golden Plate Award nke American Academy of Achievement .  Na June 2013, e nyere Leakey onyinye Isaac Asimov Science Award site na American Humanist Association . 

 Onyinye 
Ọrụ Leakey na-eme ka a mata Afrịka dị ka ebe a mụrụ ụmụ mmadụ, nke nyere aka dị ka ihe akaebe na ụmụ mmadụ mbụ biri na kọntinent Afrịka. A maara ya dị ka onye na-eduzi mkpọsa iji kwụsị ịchụ nta na Kenya. Ewezuga onyinye ya na ọrụ ọha na eze, a maara ya na o nyere aka nke ukwuu na ọrụ ọha; "E wezụga ọrụ ya pụrụ iche na ọrụ ọha, a na-eme Dr Leakey emume maka ọrụ ya dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ nke Kenya ebe o guzobere ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na-elekọta ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, " ka Maazị Kenyatta kwuru.

 Ịlaghachi Kenya 
Na 2015, Onyeisiala Uhuru Kenyatta họpụtara Leakey onyeisi oche nke bọọdụ nke Kenya Wildlife Service. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onyeisi oche kama ịbụ onye nduzi, Leakey rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na amụma KWS... O mere nkwekọrịta maka ịgbatị Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway, na-enye ohere ka ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee Nairobi National Park na viaduct dị mita 18 n'ogologo. Leakey chere na viaduct ahụ ga-esetịpụ ihe nlereanya maka Afrịka ndị ọzọ n'ịkwado mmepe akụ na ụba na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ihe na Kenya emegidewo iwu ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.

Angelina Jolie ga-eduzi ihe nkiri banyere ndụ Leakey, na Leakey na mbido 2016 na-ekwupụta obi ike ya na a ga-agba ihe nkiri ahụ na Kenya.

 Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ 
Leakey na-asụ asụsụ Kiswahili nke ọma ma na-agagharị n'etiti obodo ndị ọcha na ndị isi ojii n'enweghị nsogbu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị ekwukarị gbasara agbụrụ n'ihu ọha, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na enweghị aha nhata nwoke na nwanyị kpasuru ya iwe. Leakey kwuru na ya bụ Onye na-ekweghị na Chineke  na onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ.

Leakey si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie a ma ama. Nne ya, Mary Leakey, chọpụtara ihe akaebe na 1978 na nwoke ahụ gara n'ihu karịa ka e chere. Ya na di ya, Louis Leakey, gwupụtara okpokoro isi nke ụmụ mmadụ mbụ yiri enwe, na-enye ìhè ọhụrụ na ndị nna nna anyị.

A chọpụtara na Leakey nwere ọrịa akụrụ na-egbu egbu na 1969. Afọ iri ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ dara ọrịa nke ukwuu mana nwanne ya nwoke, Philip, gbanwere akụrụ ya, wee gbakee n'ọrịa zuru oke.

Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na mpụga Nairobi, na 2 Jenụwarị 2022,  ihe na-erughị otu ọnwa mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri asaa na asaa.   Dabere na ọchịchọ ya, e liri ya n'elu ugwu dị n'akụkụ Rift Valley.

 Akwụkwọ 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Leakey na 2014
Ọrụ mbụ Leakey bipụtara gụnyere Origins na The People of the Lake (ha abụọ na Roger Lewin dị ka onye edemede), The Illustrated Origin of Species, na The Making of Mankind (1981).

 Mmalite ya(ya na Roger Lewin) (Dutton, 1977) 
 Ndị Ọdọ Mmiri: Ụmụ Mmadụ na Mmalite ya (ya na Roger Lewin) (Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978) 
 Ime nke Ụmụ Mmadụ (Penguin USA, 1981) 
 Otu Ndụ: Akụkọ ndụ (Salem House, 1983) 
 Origins Reconsidered (ya na Roger Lewin) (Doubleday, 1992) 
 Mmalite nke Ụmụ Mmadụ (Perseus Books Group, 1994) 
 The Sixth Extinction (ya na Roger Lewin) (Bantam Dell Pub Group, 1995) 
 Agha Anụ Ọhịa: Agha m iji chekwaa akụ okike nke Africa (ya na Virginia Morell) (St. Martin's Press, 2001) 

 Hụkwa 

 Ndepụta nke ebe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala  (nke nwere ndepụta njikọ)  
 Ndepụta nke fossils evolushọn mmadụ  (nke nwere ihe oyiyi)  

 Edemsibia 

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