Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian ( PMP ) bụ nna ochie nke asụsụ Malayo-Polynesian e wughachiri emegharị, nke bụ alaka kachasị ukwuu (site n'aka ndị na-asụ asụsụ Austronesian ugbu a). Proto-Malayo-Polynesian bụ nna ochie nke asụsụ Austronesian niile a na-asụ n'èzí Taiwan, yana asụsụ Yami na Agwaetiti Orchid nke Taiwan. Nrụgharị mbụ nke Proto-Austronesian (" Uraustronesisch ") nke Otto Dempwolff dere dabere na ihe akaebe sitere na asụsụ ndị dị n'èzí Taiwan, ya mere ọ bụ n'ezie nrụgharị mbụ nke ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. 

 Ngụkọta ụdaolu 

 Kọnsonant 
Enwere ike iji mkpụrụedemede ndị a mee ihe ọzọ maka Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009): 
Labial Alveolar Palatal Retroflex E megharịrị ya na palatalt<br id="mwLA"><br><br><br> velar Velar Uvular Glottal Ihe na-egbochi olu *p *t *c /c͡ç/ *k *q Olu na-anaghị ekwe omume *b *d *z /ɟ͡ʝ/ *D /̄/ *j /ɡʲ/ *g Imi *m *n *ñ /ɲ/ *ŋ Nsogbu *s *h Mpụta *l Pịa ma ọ bụ tụọ ihe *r *R /ʀ/ Ihe dị ka *w *y /j/
Uru ụda olu nke ụda ndị e megharịrị emegharị *p, *b, *w, *m, *t, *d, *n, *s, *l, *r, *k, *g, *ŋ, *q, *h bụ dịka mkpụrụokwu si gosi. Akara ndị a *ñ, *y, *z, *D, *j, *R bụ nkwekọrịta orthographic nke Dyen (1947) webatara na mbụ.  E nyere uru ụda olu ndị a chere na ha dị na tebụl.

Usoro a yiri nnọọ usoro Proto-Austronesian ( PAN ) nke nna ochie, mana ejiri njikọta atọ mara ya:

 PAN *t/*C > PMP *t
 PAN *l/*N > PMP *l
 PAN *h/*S > PMP *h

 Ụdaume 
Ụdaume Proto-Austronesia *a, *i, *u, *e (*e na-anọchite anya /ə/) na diphthong ikpeazụ *ay, *aw, *uy, *iw agbanwebeghị. 

 Echiche ndị ọzọ 
N'ime nnyocha nke afọ 2016, Roger Blench  emeela ka e nwee obi abụọ na e nwere otu asụsụ Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Kama nke ahụ, mgbasa Malayo-Polynesian gafee Luzon Strait gụnyere ndị ọrụ agbụrụ dị iche iche na-ebi ngwa ngwa n'ebe dị iche iche na mmiri dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, dịka ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie na asụsụ si kwuo. E nwekwara njem Malayo-Polynesian gaa Hainan ; Blench (2016) kwuru na ma ndị Hlai na ndị Austronesian na-ejikwa eriri azụ azụ nke nwere eriri ụkwụ.

 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu 
N'okpuru ebe a bụ aha anụmanụ na osisi ahọpụtara na Proto-Malayo-Polynesian site na Austronesian Comparative Dictionary . 

 Aha anụmanụ 
+Fish namesNo.Reconstruction levelsCommon nameScientific nameProto-Malayo-Polynesian710PMPa doveDucula spp.?2201PMPa fishScomberoides sp.9215PMPa fish, the fusilierCaesionidae sp.8519PMPa fish, the sea perch, giant rockcod, giant grouperEpinephelus spp.4366PMPa fish: the big-eyed scadTrachiurops crumenophthalmus251PMPa fruit-bearing plantPisonia umbellifera1532PMPa white fish, the tarponMegalops cyprinoides1636PMPbatfishPlatax spp.1635PMPbatfishPlatax spp.4379PMPfish sp.: mullet sp.Neomyxus chaptalli4380PMPfish sp.: the milkfishChanos chanos4378PMPfish sp.: the milkfishChanos chanos2095PMPgoatfishMullidae9513PMPgreen jobfishAprion virescens3187PMPkind of striped or spotted marine fish, grouperEpinephelus spp.9509PMPneedlefishIstiophorus spp.5519PMPporcupine fish, puffer fishDiodon sp.9141PMPSpanish mackerel, kingfishScomberomorini spp.5516PMPsquirrelfishHolocentrus spp.3168PMPsuckerfish, remora; hold on by bitingEcheneis naucrates2492PMPsuckerfish, remora; hold on by bitingEcheneis naucrates11354PMPsurgeonfishAcanthurus spp.11354PMPsurgeonfishAcanthurus spp.10662PMPunicorn fishAcanthurus unicornis4703PMPunicorn fishNaso spp.4699PMPunicorn fishNaso spp.
+Aha anụmanụ ndị ọzọ Mba. Ọkwa nrụgharị Aha a na-akpọkarị Aha sayensị Proto-Malayo-Polynesian 7001 PMP mbe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ Chelonia mydas *penu 9539 PMP ọkpọ azụ̀ eze Halcyon spp. *sikek 6845 PAN, PMP, PWMP enwe nkume Formosan Macaca Cyclopis *luCuŋ 3809 PMP usu mkpụrụ osisi, nkịta ọhịa na-efe efe Pteropus spp. *paniki 9052 PMP nwamba civet na obere anụmanụ ndị yiri ya nke ezinụlọ Viverridae Viverridae *musaŋ 7811 PMP nnukwu klam Nnukwu Tridacna *kima 4842 PMP eriri ududo Lambis lambis *Raŋa 8637 PMP eriri ududo Lambis lambis *Raŋak 8638 PMP eriri ududo Lambis lambis *RaŋaR 4390 PMP nshịkọ aki oyibo Birgus latro *quyu 4224 PMP obere aṅụ Apis indica *qani-Ruan 4283 PMP obere aṅụ Apis indica *qari-nuan 6861 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP ahịhịa ọhịa Haemadipsa spp. *-matek 6864 PMP ahịhịa ọhịa Haemadipsa spp. *qala-matek 1726 PMP ọnya afọ Tinea imbricata *buqeni 3800 PMP ọrịa fungal nke na-emepụta obere ntụpọ n'ahụ akpụkpọ ahụ Tinea flava ma ọ bụ Pityriasis *mpanaw₁

 Aha osisi 
+Selected plant namesNo.Reconstruction levelsCommon nameScientific nameProto-Malayo-Polynesian8724PMPa cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job's tearsCoix lacryma-jobi*zelay4343PMPa climbing plantWedelia biflora*qatay qatay₁11282PMPa cycadCycas rumphii*patuRu3686PMPa fernLygodium spp.*nituq7071PMPa hairy vinePueraria hirsuta*bahay4562PMPa hardwood treeIntsia bijuga, Afzelia bijuga*qipil484PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMPa lily-like plantCrinum asiaticum*bakuŋ₁4206PMPa palmOncosperma sp.?*qanibuŋ8448PMPa plantLeea spp.*mali3566PMPa plantLeea spp.*mali-mali7082PAN, PMP, PWMPa plantPhragmites spp.*qaReNu71PMPa plantPipturus argenteus*adamay11885PMPa plantSolanum nigrum*hameti4039PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMPa plantUrena lobata*puluC11265PMPa plant used to stun fishDerris elliptica*bunat8455PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, POCa plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fishDerris elliptica*tuba590PMPa plant yielding useful fibersThespesia populnea*balu₁1832PMPa shore treeBarringtonia spp.*butun1275PMPa shore treeCalophyllum inophyllum*bitaquR301PMPa shore treeCasuarina equisetifolia*aRuhu4290PMPa shore treeCasuarina equisetifolia*qaRuhu10441PMPa shore tree with edible nutsTerminalia catappa*talisay5317PMPa shrubCordyline, Dracaena*siRi717PMPa small shore treeHibiscus tiliaceus*baRu12684PMPa small tree bearing round, green fruitEhretia spp.*kanawah8398PMPa swamp palmNipa fruticans*nipaq10824PMPa tall forest tree which emits an unpleasant odorSterculia foetida*bubuR₃5189PMPa thorny treeCaesalpinia spp.*sepaŋ612PMPa thorny vineSmilax spp.*banaR₁620PMPa thorny vineSmilax spp.*banaw2257PMPa treeAlstonia scholaris*ditaq3274PMPa treeArtocarpus sp.*kulu₁12727PMPa treeBischofia javanica*tuquR₂2574PMPa treeCordia dichotoma*hanunaŋ4243PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMPa treeCordia dichotoma*qaNuNaŋ3103PMPa treeCordia spp.*kanawa10144PMPa treeCordia spp.*kendal6886PMPa treeCynometra spp.*namut-namut5661PMPa treeDolichandrone spathacea*tui₁2198PMPa treeDracontomelon edule*daqu₁2218PMPa treeErythrina spp.*dedap4279PMPa treeFicus spp.*qaRa₁5384PMPa treeGnetum gnemon*suka₁4220PMPa treeGrewia spp.*qanilaw8451PMPa treeInocarpus spp., possibly the Tahitian chestnut: Inocarpus edulis*gayam3097PMPa treeMurraya sp.*kamuniŋ782PMPa treeNauclea sp.*baŋkal3884PMPa treeOchrosia oppositifolia*pauq3649PMPa treePterocarpus indica*nara3648PMPa treePterocarpus indica*naRah738PMPa treePterospermum sp.*bayuR3126PMPa treeSchleichera trijuga*kasambiʔ3086PMPa treeSterculia foetida*kalumpaŋ2239PMPa treeTrema orientalis*deRuŋ₂3903PMPa treeVitex pubescens*pa(m)pa7098PMPa tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral treeErythrina indica*dapdap₁9114PMPa tree with edible fruit, and medicinal usesBuchanania arborescens?*balunuR3104PMPa tree with fragrant flowersCananga odorata*kanaŋa12774PMPa tree, the Chinese mahogany or Philippine mahoganyShorea albus*bulah2719PMPa vineFlagellaria indica*huaR11109PMPan evergreen tree with decorative flowersCynometra ramiflora*namut1046PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, POCbamboo of very large diameterDendrocalamus sp.?*betuŋ₁9776PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMPbamboo spp.Bambusa spinosa?*kawayan11263PMPbetel pepperPiper betle*bu-bulu8466PMPbracket fungusPolyporus spp.*kulat₂1146PMPcalabash treeCrescentia spp.*bila₁1223PAN, PMP, PWMPcane grassMiscanthus sp.*biRaSu10249PAN, PMP, PWMPcastor beanRicinus communis*katawa1582PMPcowrie shellCypraea mauritiana*buliq₁4358PMPcucumberCucumis sativus*qatimun10768PMPelephant grass, miscanthus grassThemeda gigantea*taŋelaj1255PMPfan palmLicuala rumphii*biRu7972PMPhardwood tree with edible fruit and valuable timberPalaquium spp.*ñatuq7996PMPindigo plant and dyeIndigofera suffruticosa and Indigofera tinctoria*taRum7083PMPkind of fruit treePometia pinnata*tawan6542PMPkind of mangrove, with bark used for dyeingCeriops spp.*teŋeR11007PMPmango tree and its fruitMangifera altissima?*pahuq₁8750PAN, PMP, PWMPmillet sp.Setaria italica (?)*zawa₂1033PMPmillet sp., probably foxtail milletSetaria italica*betem812PMPmillet sp., probably foxtail milletSetaria italica*beteŋ₁7254PAN, PMP, PWMPmulberry tree and fruitMorus formosensis*taNiud11844PMPnew shoots of cogon grassImperata cylindrica*mimis₁1763PMPpalm sp.Corypha elata*buri₁3089PAN, PMP, PWMPplant sp.Diospyros discolor*kamaya3671PMPplant sp.Donax canniformis, used as material for making baskets*niniq₁4614PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, PSHWNG, POCrattanCalamus sp.*quay7169PMPstinging nettleLaportea spp.*la-lateŋ7167PMPstinging nettleLaportea spp.*lateŋ7183PMPstinging nettleLaportea spp.*zalateŋ7185PMPstinging nettleLaportea spp.*zilateŋ4204PMPsugar palmArenga spp.*qanahaw7953PMPsugarcaneSaccharum officinarum*tebuh₁2055PMPsugarcaneSaccharum officinarum*tebuh₂2399PMPsword grassImperata cylindrica*eRiq10161PMPsword grassImperata cylindrica*guRun12663PMPsword grassImperata cylindrica*keRiq4900PAN, PMP, PWMPsword grassImperata cylindrica*Riaq7486PMPtaroColocasia esculenta*tales9775PMPthe candlenut treeAleurites moluccanus*kamiri9775PMPthe candlenut treeAleurites moluccanus*kamiri12248PMPthe Indian cork treeMillingtonia hortensis*taŋga₂11262PMPthe Indian tulip treeThespesia populnea*banaRu3066PMPthe kapok treeBombax ceiba*kabu-kabu3263PMPtree sp.Schoutenia ovata*kukun5653PMPtree sp.Sesbania grandiflora*tudiq8882PMPtree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral treeErythrina indica*depdep9942PMPtree with edible nut, the Canarium almond (or the galip or ngari nut)Canarium indicum[a]*kanari4260PMPtree with leaves like sandpaperFicus spp.*qa(m)pelas3332PMPtree with poisonous sapAntiaris toxicaria?*laji₁4722PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMPtree with sticky fruitsCordia spp.*quNuNaŋ10888PMPtree spp.Barringtonia spp.*putat7652PMPturmericCurcuma longa*kunij1601PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, PSHWNG, POCtype of slender bambooSchizostachyum spp.*buluq₂1219PMPwild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro; sexual itchAlocasia spp.*biRaq₁1219PMPwild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro; sexual itchAlocasia spp.*biRaq₁4625PMPyamDioscorea alata*qubi

 Leekwa 

 Asụsụ Proto-Austronesia
 Asụsụ Proto-Philippine
 Asụsụ Proto-Oceanic
 Asụsụ Proto-Polynesian

 Ihe ndetu 

 Edensibia 

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 Njikọ mpụga 

 ABVD: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
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