Nkume a na-akpọ Toadstone

Nkume toad, nke a dị ka bufo (site na Latn bufo, "toad"), nkume ma ọ bụ nkume ọnụ ọnụ nke e chere na a na-ahụ ya n'isi toad.  E chere na ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ maka ndị ma na nke a ọ dị ka batrachite, nke a na-eche na ọ pụta n'isi awụ.  Toadstones bụ n'ezie ezé fossilized nke Scheenstia (nke a na-akpọbu Lepidotes), ụdị Azụ ray-finned sitere na Oge Jurassic na Cretaceous.  Ha yiri ka ha bụ "nkume zuru oke n'ụdị" ma ndị na-ere ola na Europe mgba ha na mgbaaka akwụkwọ na ụtụmọkpọ site n'oge oge ochie ruo na ncheta afọ nke 18.

 Nkwenkwe Ndị E kweere 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkume ntutu si n'ala Jurassic na Oxfordshire UK
Site n'oge ochie, ndị mmadụ na-echeta ihe ochie na ọla ndị a na-etinye n'ime isi awụ.  Akịrịka ahụ nwere gland na-egbu egbu n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ ya, n'ihi ya, a na-eche na ha bu ọgwụ nke ha nakwa na nke a weere akwụkwọ akụkọ.  Ọ bụ Pliny Onye Ukwu dere ha na mbụ adọ mbụ.

Dị ka ezé shark fossilized nke a mara dị ka tonguestones, a na-eche na toadstones bụ ihe na-ibu nsí ma na-ibu ya isi epilepsy.[1]  Ka ọ na-erule na awụ nke iri na anọ, ndị mmadụ akara iji nkume toadstones ola mma maka ikike ikike ngosi ha.  N'ụdị omenala ha, a mmetụta ka nkume frog n'ime frog ochie mgbe ihe e kere eke ahụ ka dị ndụ.  onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke na ike adọ nke iri na asaa bụ Edward Topsell dere na ike ime nke a site na agụ frog n'elu akwa na-acha ọkụ.

Ndị na-ere ola n'oge ahụ weere ezigbo nkume frog ka ọ mba ndị USD nha aka ma ha dị iche iche na agba site na-acha ọcha ruo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ruo na oji, dabere na ebe e liri ha.[1]  A na-eche na ha elele dị irẹụ nsi mgbe a na-eyi ha nwe akpụkpọ ahụ, n'oge ahụ a na-eche ka ha na-ekpo ọkụ, ọsdị ma elu ụcha.[2]  Ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ na-egbu egbu tara mmadụ, a ga-ahụ nkume toadstone aka n'ihe nkiri ahụ iji mee mmetụta.[3]  N'aka nke ọzọ, Johannes nke Cuba, n' akwụkwọ ya Gart der Gesundheit nke 1485, kwuru na toadstone ga-enyere aka na-egosi na obi ụtọ ụwa..

 Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ 
Duke Senior na-ezo aka na nkume na Shakespeare's As You Like It (1599), na Act 2, Scene 1, ahịrị 12 ruo 14:Sweet are the uses of adversity;
Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.N'ibu dị nke James Branch Cabell "Balthazar's Daughter" (nke ana ozi na The Certain Hour) na egwuregwu ya na-esote The Jewel Merchants, Alessandro nke Medici na-anwa ịrata Graciosa site na idepụta ọla dị oké ọnụ ahịa dị iche iche o nwere, ihe "ihe ndị e ji eji nke awụ".

 Hụkwa 

 Bezoar
 Biomineralization

 Ihe odide 

 Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 

 New Oxford American Dictionary, n'okpuru ntinye "toadstone".
 Ọrụ zuru ezu nke William Shakespeare site na Crown Publishers Inc

 Njikọ mpụga 

 "Toadstones: Ihe edeturu Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Akwụkwọ nke Atọ, isi nke 13"
 nchịkọta nke ihe edeturu nke James Eason nke Mahadum Chicago na-agụnye ihe ndị sitere na Thomas Nicols na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ
 Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times, October 1890
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nnyocha banyere ọnọdụ mbụ na nhazi nke ụwa, peeji nke 184-5, 190 na ff).