Grim the Collier nke Croydon

Grim na Collier nke Croyden; ma ọ bụ, Ekwensu na Dame ya: ya na Ekwensu na Saint Dunston bụ egwuregwu nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa nke onye edemede na-ejighị n'aka, nke e bipụtara na nke mbụ ya na 1662. Aha egwuregwu a bụ ihe ama ama nke omenala na akụkọ ọdịnala oge ochie nke pụtara n'abụ na akụkọ - otu akụkụ nke egwu egwu ahụ na-adọta. Ụlọ ọrụ coal na unyi London gbadoro ụkwụ na Croydon, nke dị na ndịda London na Surrey;[1] Grimme mbụ ma ọ bụ Grimes ekwuru na ọ bụ ezigbo mmadụ, mana ihe akaebe maka nke a anaghị abịa. 

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Na 6 Mee 1600 akwụkwọ akụkọ Philip Henslowe dekọtara ugwo nye onye na-ede egwuregwu William Haughton maka egwuregwu akpọrọ The Devil and His Dame. H. Dugdale Sykes mere okwu maka akwụkwọ Haughton dere Grim dabere n'ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na egwuregwu Haughton's Englishmen for My Money, [1] bụ ikpe nke ụfọdụ ndị nkọwa nakweere. 

Grim pụtara na mbụ na mbipụta na 1662 na nchịkọta ihe nkiri duodecimo akpọrọ Gratiae Theatrales; ma ọ bụ, A Choice Ternary of English Plays, mpịakọta nke nwekwara ihe nkiri The Marriage Broker na Thorny Abby; ma ọ dị, The London Maid. Nchịkọta ahụ na-enye Grim na "I. T." (nke n'iji ya eme ihe n'oge a nwere ike ịbụ "J. T. "); A tụpụtara John Tatham dị ka otu onye nwere ike ịzọ "I.T. " Akụkọ nke mbipụta mbụ nke Grim, na 1599, 1600, na 1606, egosila na ọ gaghị ekwe omume.

Ntinye nke collier na ekwensu na Grim yiri ka ọ na-ejikọta ya na egwuregwu mbụ nwere otu ihe ahụ. Dị ka Will to Like, egwuregwu ochie (ihe dị ka 1568) nke Ulpian Fulwell, yiri ka ọ bụ Pembroke's Men mere ya na Henslowe's Rose Theatre na 28 Ọktoba 1600; egwuregwu ochie ahụ nwere ike imetụta Grim, ma ọ bụ mweghachi ya nwere ike ịbụ nzaghachi nye ya.  (Egwuregwu Fulwell na-eji abụ ọdịnala "Tom Collier nke Croydon rere coal ya.") Grim the Collier pụtakwara na egwuregwu ochie (ihe dị ka 1565) Damon na Pythias, nke Richard Edwardes;  egwuregwu abụọ ahụ na-eji otu ihe ọchị ahụ, na-akọwa onye ahụ dị ka "onye na-ejikọta ọnụ Eze n'onwe ya. "Otu isi mmalite maka Grim bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Machia Belfagor arcidiavolo;  egwuregwu ahụ na-emeso Saint Dunstan na-adabere na Golden Legend of Jacobus Vorine.

Grim bụ otu n'ime ogologo usoro nke ihe nkiri ekwensu nke jikọtara ihe nkiri Elizabethan na ihe nkiri Medieval nke o si na ya too. Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Dekker's If This Be Not a Good Play the Devil is in It (1611-12) na Jonson's The Devil is an Ass (1616).

 Nkọwa 
Ekwensu Belphagor na-abịa ibi n'ụwa ruo oge ụfọdụ, iji nyochaa akụkọ na ụmụ nwanyị etoola oke n'omume ọjọọ ha ma mee ka alụmdi na nwunye bụrụ ọnụ. Ọ na-agbanwe onwe ya dị ka dọkịta Spanish aha ya bụ Castilano. Ọ na-ekwe nkwa ịgwọ otu nwanyị dara ogbi aha ya bụ Honoria ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-alụ ya n'ọnọdụ - atụmatụ nke nwa agbọghọ ahụ na ezinụlọ ya nabatara. Ozugbo ọ gwọrọ ya, Otú ọ dị, ọ jụrụ nkwa alụmdi na nwunye ya, na-akpọ ya "onye Spaniard" bụ onye ọ na-agaghị ekwe ka ohu ya lụọ. 

Ndị Bekee niile yiri ka ha na-emegide ya: a na-eduhie ya n'àkwà ka ọ lụọ odibo Honoria, onye na-edukhie ya; otu n'ime ndị bụbu ndị na-achọ nwanyị ahụ na-anwa igbu ya; nwunye ya mechara tinye ya nsí. Castiliano nwụrụ dịka oge Belphagor na-eme n'ụwa na-agwụ, ekwensu wee laghachi na Hel na nnukwu ahụ iru ala n'ịgbanahụ ọrụ nke ịdị adị n'ụwa. 

Ihe ngosi nke ekwensu ya dị ịtụnanya; a kọwara ya dị ka "onye nwere ndidi, onye dị nro, na onye Ọmịiko," ma bụrụkwa onye nwere ọmịiko karịa ka ọ dị. Ógbè ọkụ ala mmụọ ya, nke Pluto na-achị, bụ ngwakọta nke ihe Ndị Kraịst na nke oge ochie.

N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Grim the collier bụ mkpụrụ obi dị mfe ma nwee obi ọma nke raara onwe ya nye ịhụnanya ya, Joan nke Badenstock. Mgbe nsogbu ya na Clack the Miller na Parson Shorthose gasịrị, Grim meriri ya na njedebe, site n'enyemaka nke Puck ma ọ bụ Robin Goodfellow (nke a na-akpọ Akercock; na egwuregwu a, ekwensu dị ka Belphagor).

 Grim-the-collier dị ka aha a na-ahụkarị maka Pilosella aurantiaca 
Grim-the-collier bụkwa aha a na-ahụkarị maka Pilosella aurantiaca (mgbe ụfọdụ n'okpuru ụdị Hieracium). Aha ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị bụ Orange Hawkweed, Fox na Cubs, Devil's paintbrush na Red devil.

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