Asụsụ Brokpa

Brokpa ( Brokpake   ;  Dzongkha   ) bụ asụsụ Tibetic nke ihe ruru mmadụ 5,000 na-asụ.  Ọ bụ ụmụ amaala obodo yakherd na-azụ atụrụ na-asụ ya. 

 Aha 
Okwu Tibet  ྲོག་པ་ `brog pa na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ ndị na-akwagharị ma ọ bụ ndị na-akwagharị n'azụ atụrụ yak na mpaghara Himalaya. 

N'ihi nkesa ha Brokpa nke Merak na Sakteng mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọkwa mera-sakteng-pa ('ndị Merak na Sakteng') na asụsụ ha mera-sakteng-kha ('asụsụ Merak na Sakteng'). 

 Nhazi 
A na-ewere Brokpa ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke obere ụyọkọ Tibeti nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Sino-Tibet . Nkewa nke ime n'ime Tibetic ekpebibeghị nke ọma, nke mere ka amataghị ọnọdụ Brokpa. 

Dabere na nhazi nke Shafer (1955), Brokpa ga-ewere dị ka akụkụ nke ngalaba Central Bodish, yana ndị ọzọ, Dzongkha, Chocangacakha na Tibet Tibet . 

Tournadre (2014) na-ekewa ya dịka akụkụ nke mpaghara ndịda Tibetic. Otú ọ dị, a chọpụtala na Brokpa adịghị ekere òkè ụfọdụ ihe ọhụrụ phonological nke Dzongkha mere na ya mere enweghị ike ijikọta ya na Dzongkha n'usoro kachasị ala nke ezinụlọ. 

 Ojiji 
A na-asụkarị asụsụ a na Bhutanese Gewogs nke Merak na Sakteng na Trashigang District nke Eastern Bhutan yana na mpaghara India nke Tawang na West Kameng na Arunachal Pradesh .   van Driem, George (1993). . London: SOAS. Archived from  on 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2011-01-18.

Dondrup (1993: 3) depụtara obodo Brokpa ndị a.

 West Kameng district
 Lubrung
 Dirme
 Sumrang
 Nyokmadung
 Undra 
 Sengedrong
 Tawang district
 Lagam
 Mago
 Ihe bu
 Lakuthang
 Bhutan
 Sakteng
 Merak

Ọnụọgụ 1981 gụrụ ndị Brokpa dị 1,855 na Arunachal Pradesh .

 fonology 
A na-akọwakarị Brokpa dị ka asụsụ na-echekwa nchekwube ma ọ bụ mgbe ochie, n'agbanyeghị na o mekwara ụfọdụ ihe ọhụrụ.  

Tebụlụ na-esote na-egosi ngwa ahịa consonants Brokpa dịka akọwara na Wangdi (2021: 101–125)
+Brokpa consonants Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive  pʰ b bʱ  tʰ d dʱ   ʰ ɖ ɖʱ  kʰ g gʱ  Mmekọrịta ts tɡsʰ d͡z t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ d͡ʑ Nke na-ese okwu  z  ʑ  ɦ imi     Trill r ̥  Odika  l l̥ 
Rịba ama na Wangdi (2021) anaghị atụle genitive -gi ihe nrịbama ikpe. Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ na-ewere na ihe nnọchianya na ngwá ọrụ dị ka otu akara ngosi. 

Ikpe ahụ zuru oke na-egosi isiokwu intransitive na ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ikpe na-ezighị ezi na-egosi ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ebe ahụ na-egosi arụmụka gbasara oghere na/ma ọ bụ nke nwa oge. Ablative ahụ na-akakwa akara arụmụka ndị dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na mbugharị site na onye ntụgharị dị. Ọ nwekwara ike akara arụmụka mpụta na-enweghị njikọ na oghere na ọnọdụ nwa oge. Ihe eji eme ihe na-egosi arụmụka na ọrụ ngwá ọrụ. Dative na-egosi uru, nnata na ebumnuche, yana ihe ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè. Ntụgharị ahụ na-egosi mmegharị oge ma ọ bụ oghere oghere ihe nrụtụ aka nke akpaokwu aha. A na-eji kọmpụta/akpakọrịta maka nrịbama nrịbama okwu yana nchikota n'ime nkebiokwu aha, nhazi nkebiokwu na njikọ nkebiokwu.

 Nọmba ụtọ asụsụ 
A na-enweta akara ọnụọgụgụ site na nchikota na okwu ọnụ, dị ka  'ọtụtụ', ma ọ bụ okwu ọnụ ọgụgụ. Agbanyeghị, akara nọmba adịghị mkpa nke ukwuu, ma ọ bụrụ na o doro anya site na ọnọdụ. 

Ihe nrịbama Brokpa nke ejikọtara n'ụda bụ: 

 = 
 =  ~ =  ~ = 
 =  ~ = 

The plural markers =  na =  naanị dị iche ruo na =  nwere ike soro akara nrịbama ma a na-agbakarị akaebe na-esochi nkenke, ebe =  mgbe niile na-ebute akara nrịbama.

The morpheme =  n'aka nke ọzọ a na-eji egosipụta 'X na ndị mmekọ' (associative plural).

 Ọnụọgụgụ okwu 
Ọnụọgụ Brokpa site na otu ruo iri bụ: 
+Brokpa nọmba okwu Ọnụọgụgụ Okwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nkịtị 1 ,  2 ,  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  (  (  ))
Rịba ama na n'okwu maka 10 ma ihe abụọ   bụ ezigbo.

A na-emepụta nọmba Kadịnal site na suffixing -  n'ụdị ordinal, ma ewezuga na 1, nke bụ  'mbụ'. A na-emepụta ọnụọgụgụ ugboro ugboro na njikọ njikọ  'oge', dị ka  'ugboro atọ'. A na-emepụta nkesa site na ịgbakwunye -  gaa na nọmba kadinal nke emegharịrị. 

A na-emepụta ọnụọgụgụ sitere na 10 ruo 19 site n'ịgbakwunye nọmba kadinal nke ndị ahụ na kadinal  '10', dị ka egosiri na tebụl na-esonụ. Rịba ama na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-edobe preradical site na mmalite nke asụsụ, nke a pụrụ ịhụ n'ụdị Tibet Edere .  
+Brokpa iri Ọnụọgụgụ Okwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nkịtị Ndị Tibet dere 11  Tibetan 
Enwere ike ịmepụta ọnụọgụgụ ndị dị elu na decimal ma ọ bụ n'usoro vigesimal nwere okwu ntọala  'akara, iri abụọ'.

 okike okike 
Brokpa anaghị klaasị aha site na ụtọasụsụ okike mana ọ nwere ike akara okike okike nke animates. Akara okike nwoke na -  ~-  ~-  na okike nwanyi na -  ~-  ~  . A na-agbakwunye morphemes ndị a na mgbọrọgwụ nke aha aha dị ka  'deer',  -  'nwoke mgbada, hart',  -  'nwanyi mgbada, doe'. Ụdị morphemes  na  nwere ike ime na iche mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka adjective pụtara 'nwoke' na 'nwanyị' n'otu n'otu. 

Ụfọdụ aha na-adịghị ndụ nwere ike were akara okike n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, na-abụkarị okwu uri ma ọ bụ egwu. 

 O doro anya 
Akara nkebi ahịrịokwu ndị doro anya na =  na Brokpa.  Akara enweghị njedebe na =  ~ =  ~ =  , ebe =  na-eso syllable mepere emepe na =  ~ =  soro mkpuruokwu mechiri emechi. 

 Augmentative & diminutive 
Enwere ike ịmepụta ihe na-emewanyewanye aha site na itinye morpheme - , nke sitere na  n'akụkọ ihe mere eme 'nnukwu'. Ọ nwere ike igosi oke ibu, ike karịa na ihe yiri ya. 

A na-emepụta mbelata site na suffixing -  ~ -  ~-  na aha. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụdị ahụ nwere ike isi na okwu  pụta 'nwa'. A na-ejikarị ya egosi anụmanụ dị obere ma ọ bụ maka mmasị. 

 Hụkwa 

 Asụsụ nke Bhutan

 Ihe ndetu 

 Ntụaka 

 Bodt, Timoti. 2012. Ọhụrụ oriọna na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị mmadụ, asụsụ na ọdịnala nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Bhutan na ọwụwa anyanwụ Mon. Wageningen: Monpasang.
 Dondrup, Rinchin, 1993. Ntuziaka asụsụ Brokeh . Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Arunachal Pradesh Gọọmenti.
 van Driem, George. 1998. Dzongkha . Leiden: Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nchọpụta CNWS [Asụsụ nke Greater Himalayan Region 1].
 van Driem, George. 2001. Asụsụ nke Himalaya (Mpịakọta 2). Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill.
 Funk, Damian. 2020. phonology izizi nke Brokpa . Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95m6x4p8
 Funk, Damian/Mittaz, Corinne/Rüfenacht, Sara/Waldis, Sereina. 2020. 'Lexicon Brokpa: Ihe edeturu na mpaghara semantic ahọpụtara'. Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xw1r1sj
 Gerber, Pascal/Grollmann, Selin. 2020. Okwu Mmalite na akụkụ nke Brokpa Grammar . Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/content/qt56c8w718/qt56c8w718.pdf
 Mittaz, Corinne. 2020. Ntụle dị mkpirikpi nke klaasị okwu na Brokpa . Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xw1r1sj
 Rüfenacht, Sara. 2020. Brokpa nominal morphology . Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xw1r1sj
 Rüfenacht, Sara/Waldis, Sereina. 2020. Akụkụ diachronic na mpaghara mpaghara ụda ụda Brokpa . Na: Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 19 (1). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xw1r1sj
 Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. Asụsụ Tibeti na nhazi ha . Na: Owen-Smith, Thomas; na Hill, Nathan W. (eds.), Trans-Himalayan linguistics, 105–129. Berlin: De Gruyter [Trends in Linguistics 266].
 Wangdi, Pema. 2021. A Grammar nke Brokpa: Trans-Himalayan asụsụ nke Bhutan . Nkà mmụta PhD. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/74264/1/JCU_74264_Wangdi_2021_thesis.pdf

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Himalayan Languages Project[usurped]

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations