Asụsụ Proto-Bantu

Proto-Bantu bụ nna ochie arụgharịrị arụgharịrị nke asụsụ Bantu, otu obere asụsụ ndịda Bantoid .  A na-eche na e burula ụzọ asụ ya n’Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ/Ebe Etiti Africa n’ógbè ebe bụ́ Cameroon ugbu a.  Ihe dị ka afọ 6,000 gara aga, ọ kewara na Proto-Southern Bantoid mgbe mgbasawanye Bantu malitere na ndịda na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.  Ekwupụtawo echiche abụọ banyere otú asụsụ ndị ahụ si gbasaa: otu bụ na ndị na-asụ Bantu bu ụzọ gaa na mpaghara Kongo wee kewaa alaka ụlọ ọrụ wee kwaga East Africa; nke ọzọ (yikarịrị) bụ na otu abụọ ahụ kewara site na mmalite, otu na-aga na mpaghara Congo, na nke ọzọ na East Africa. site na otu nke East Africa

Dị ka asụsụ proto-asụsụ ndị ọzọ, enweghị ndekọ nke Proto-Bantu. Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ wuzigharịrị okwu ya na ịkpọ okwu ya. Site n'okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ nke e wugharịrị na ndabere nke asụsụ Bantu nke oge a, ọ dị ka ọrụ ugbo, ịkụ azụ, na iji ụgbọ mmiri amaralarị ndị Bantu tupu mgbasawanye ha amalite, ma a ka amabeghị ọrụ ígwè. Nke a na-etinye ụbọchị mmalite nke mgbasawanye ebe n'etiti 3000 BC na 800 BC. 

Echiche pere mpe na-eme ka e nwee obi abụọ na Proto-Bantu, dị ka asụsụ ejikọrọ ọnụ, dị adị n'ezie n'oge tupu mgbasawanye Bantu, ma ọ bụ na Proto-Bantu abụghị otu asụsụ kama ọ bụ otu olu olu nwere njikọ. Otu ọkà mmụta, Roger Blench, na-ede, sị: "Arụmụka sitere na nkà mmụta asụsụ ntụnyere nke jikọtara asụsụ dị iche iche nke mpaghara A na ezigbo nrụzigharị adịghị adị. Ọtụtụ ndị na-azọrọ na Proto-Bantu bụ nanị n'otu obere obere, ma ọ bụ na-akwado ya n'èzí Bantu kwesịrị ekwesị."  echiche a si dị, Bantu bụ n'ezie otu polyphyletic na-ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ezinụlọ dị nta nke na-emecha bụrụ nke ezinụlọ (nke ukwuu) Southern Bantoid.

 Urheimat 
Ala nna nke Proto-Bantu yikarịrị ka ọ dị n'akụkụ oke ọhịa dị n'akụkụ osimiri Sanaga na Nyong nke ndịda Cameroon.    A na-echebu na proto-Bantu sitere na mpaghara oke n'etiti Nigeria na Cameroon. Otú ọ dị, nchọpụta ọhụrụ gosiri na ọ ga-abụ ebe mbụ Proto-Southern Bantoid, tupu ọ gbasaa na ndịda na Cameroon ogologo oge tupu Proto-Bantu apụta.   

 fonology 
A na-ewughachi Proto-Bantu ka ọ nwee obere ngwa ahịa nke consonants 11 na ụdaume 7. 

 Consonants 
Igwefoto ekwentị ndị dị n'elu gosipụtara nnukwu allophony, na nghọta nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha amabeghị.

 Consonants na-enweghị olu *p, *t, *k fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'ezie ekwuwapụtara dị ka plosive dị mfe , ,  .
 Mkpịsị aka ụda olu *b na *g nwekwara ike bụrụkwa fricative  (ma ọ bụ  ) na  n'ebe ụfọdụ.
 *d bụ ihe na-adịghị mma  n'ihu ụdaume dị elu (*i, *u) na mpụta  tupu ụdaume ndị ọzọ. 
 *c na *j nwere ike ịbụ plosives  na , affricates  na  ma ọ bụ ọbụna sibilants  na  .  dịkwa ike maka *j.

Consonants enweghị ike ime na njedebe nke syllable, naanị na mmalite ya. Ya mere, usoro mkpụrụokwu na-abụkarị V ma ọ bụ CV, ma enwere naanị mkpụrụokwu mepere emepe . 

Ihe a na-akpọ "pre-nasalised" consonants bụ usoro nke imi na ihe na-esote.  Ha nwere ike ime ebe ọ bụla anabatara otu consonant, gụnyere okwu-mbụ. Consonants na-enweghị olu adịchaghị adị, dịka ekwuru ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Nkwupụta nke imi na-emegharị na nkwupụta nke consonant na-esonụ ka e wee were imi dị ka otu fọnịm imi na-akọwapụtaghị (nke e gosiri dị ka *N ) nke nwere allophone anọ nwere ike ime. Na omenala, a na-ede labial pre-imi *m ebe ndị ọzọ na-ede * n.

 mb, *mp; ụda olu *Nb, *Np
 *nd, *nt; na ụda olu *Nd, *Nt
 *nj,*nc; phonemically *Nj, *Nc (a na-akpọ n'ezie dị ka *ɲj, *ɲc)
 *ng,*nk; phonemically *Ng, *Nk (a na-akpọ n'ezie dị ka *ŋg, *ŋk)

Igwe ekwentị nke mbụ velar , nke dị n'asụsụ Bantoid, furu efu na Proto-Bantu.  Ọ ka na-eme n'ụdị ụda olu n'ime consonants a na-ewepụtabeghị ya mana ọ bụghị dị ka fọnịm.

 Udaume 
 N'ihu Azu Mechie *i *u Nso nso * *ʊ Oghere-etiti *e *o Mepee *a
Nnọchite anya nke ụdaume nwere ike ịdị iche karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ọkwa abụọ "etiti" nke mmechi. Ụfọdụ na-ahọrọ igosi ntọala nso nso dị ka *e na *o, na-egosipụtakwa ihe ndị ọzọ mepere emepe dị ka *ɛ na *ɔ.

Mkpụrụokwu na-akwụsị mgbe niile na ụdaume mana ha nwekwara ike iji otu malite. Ụdaume nwekwara ike ịpụta mgbe ụfọdụ n'usoro mana ha etoliteghị diphthong ; ụdaume abụọ dị n'akụkụ bụ mkpụrụokwu dị iche iche. Ọ bụrụ na abụọ n'ime otu ụdaume jikọtara ọnụ, nke ahụ na-emepụta ụdaume ogologo, mana nke ahụ dị ụkọ.

 Ụda 
Proto-Bantu pụrụ iche ụda abụọ, dị ala na elu. Mkpụrụokwu ọ bụla nwere ma ụda dị ala ma ọ bụ dị elu. A na-egosipụta ụda dị elu ka ọ na-eji nnukwu ụda olu (´), na ụda olu dị ala ka ejiri ụda olu (`) gosi ma ọ bụ enweghị akara ma ọlị.

 Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 

 Klas aha 
Proto-Bantu, dị ka ụmụ ụmụ ya, nwere usoro aha klaasị . E jiri prefix aha tinye akara aha aha iji kọwapụta ihe ha pụtara. Okwu ndị ọzọ metụtara ma ọ bụ na-ezo aka na aha ahụ, dị ka adjectives na ngwaa, nwetakwara nganiihu nke dabara na klas nke aha (" nkwekọrịta " ma ọ bụ "concord").

Maho na-enye nkọwa sara mbara nke ụdị ise nke Bantu concordial sistem.  Enwere ike kewaa asụsụ ndị sitere na Proto-Bantu n'ime ụdị ise nke ọ bụla.

 Ụdị A : Omenala, nke ọma
 Ụdị B : Omenala nwere concords animate izugbe
 Ụdị C : SG/PL-marking dabeere na Animacy
 Ụdị D : naanị akara SG/PL
 Ụdị E : Enweghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla

Tebụl na-esonụ na-enye mwughachi nke usoro nke klaasị ọnụ. Edozila mkpọmkpọ okwu iji jiri akara ɪ na ʊ . Ọrụ izizi Guthrie na-eji y akọwa ọkara ụdaume palatal, nke emeziri ka ọ jiri akara j .  
NumberBleek1869Meinhof1932Meeussen1967Guthrie1971Welmers1974Demuth2000Typical meaning(s)1*mʊ-*mʊ-*mʊ-*mo-*mʊ-*mʊ-Humans, animate2*ba-*ʋa-*ba-*ba-*va-*va-Plural of class 13*mʊ-*mʊ-*mʊ-*mo-*mʊ-*mʊ-Plants, inanimate4*mɪ-*mi-*mɪ-*me-*mɪ-*mɪ-Plural of class 35*dɪ-, *lɪ-*li-*i-*ji-*lɪ-*lɪ-Various6*ma-*ma-*ma-*ma-*ma-*ma-Plural of class 5, liquids (mass nouns)7*kɪ-*ki-*kɪ-*ke-*kɪ-*kɪ-Various, diminutives, manner/way/language8*pi-*ʋɪ-*bi-*bi-*ʋi-, *li- ("8x")*ʋi-, *di-Plural of class 79*n-*ni-*n-*nj-*nɪ-*n-Animals, inanimate10*thin-*lɪ, ni-*n-*nj-*li-nɪ-*di-n-Plural of class 9 and 1111*lʊ-*lʊ-*dʊ-*do-*lʊ-*lʊ-Abstract nouns12*ka- (13)*ka- (13)*ka-*ka-*ka-*ka-Diminutives13*tʊ- (12)*tʊ- (12)*tʊ-*to-*tʊ-*tʊ-Plural of class 1214*bʊ-*ʋʊ-*bʊ-*bo-*ʋʊ-*ʋʊ-Abstract nouns15*kʊ-*kʊ-*kʊ-*ko-*kʊ-*kʊ-Infinitives16*pa-*pa-*pa-*pa-*pa-*pa-Locatives (proximal, exact)17*kʊ-*kʊ-*ko-*kʊ-*kʊ-Locatives (distal, approximate)18*mʊ-*mʊ-*mo-*mʊ-*mʊ-Locatives (interior)19*pɪ-*pi-*pi-*pi-*pi-Diminutives20*ɣu-Putative21*ɣɪ-Augmentative(22)23*i (24)Locative
Ndepụta ọzọ nke klaasị aha Proto-Bantu sitere na Vossen & Dimmendaal (2020:151) bụ nke a: 
Otu (nọmba) Otu (ụdị) Ọtụtụ (nọmba) Ọtụtụ (ụdị) Semantics 1 *mmu- 2 *βà- ụmụ mmadụ 3 *mmu- 4 *mì- osisi, osisi 5 * lị- 6 *mma- agwakọta/cl. 6 mmiri mmiri 7 *kì- 8 *βì̧- agwakọta 9 *nì- 10 *lì̧-nì- anụmanụ, agwakọta 11 *lụ- agwakọta 12 *ka- 13 *otu- augmentative, diminutive, wdg. 14 *βù- abtract 15 *nku- enweghi ngwụcha 16 *pa- ọnọdụ na 17 *nku- ọnọdụ na 18 *mmu- ọnọdụ na 19 *pì̧- mbelata
Nrụgharị Wilhelm Bleek nwere prefixes iri na isii. Carl Meinhof megharịrị prefixes Bleek, na-agbanwe ụfọdụ njiri ụda olu wee gbakwụnye prefixes ndị ọzọ, na-ebute ọnụọgụgụ ahụ na 21. AE Meeussen wedara prefixes Meinhof wughachiri ka ọ bụrụ 19, mana gbakwunyere prefix mpaghara agbakwunyere 23. Malcolm Guthrie mechara wughachi otu klaasị 19 dị ka Meeussen, mana wepụrụ prefix nke mpaghara akara 23. 

Hendrikse na Poulos tụpụtara usoro mmụta semantic continuum maka klaasị aha Bantu. Ọnụọgụgụ na-akọwapụta klaasị aha na tebụl ka e zoro aka na tebụl dị n'elu na-enye mwughachi nke klaasị aha. 
Aha aha → Aha okwu dị ka aha → Aha okwu adverb dị ka aha → Aha aha ngwaa 1/2, 3/4, 9/10 5/6, 7/8, 11 12/13, 19, 20, 21, 22 16, 17, 18, 23 14 15 Concreteness (uche ise) Njirimara (uche abụọ) Nhazi oghere (otu echiche) Nkọwapụta (enweghị uche)
Nhazi a na-enye ohere nkewa klas aha site na ihe ndị na-abụghị asụsụ dị ka nghọta na nghọta. Hendrikse na Poulos achịkọtala otu klas na ọtụtụ (dị ka klaasị 1 na 2) ọnụ, wee kee "ọkwa ngwakọ" n'etiti ụdị dị iche iche (dịka ntinye nke klaasị 14). 

 Njikọ aha klas 
A na-anabatakarị klas 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, na 13 dị ka ọtụtụ ụdị aha na Proto-Bantu. Klas 14 gawa n'ihu enweghị ọtụtụ ụdị akọwara dị ka klaasị 1-13 nwere.

Meeussen tụrụ aro ijikọ 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8, 9/10, 11/10, 12/13, 14/6, 15/6, na "ikekwe" 19/13. 

Guthrie tụrụ aro ijikọ 1/2, 1a/2, 3/4, 3, 5/6, 5, 6, 7/8, 9/10, 9, 11/10, 12/13, 14, 14/6.  

Maho na-ejikọta pairings nke De Wolf, Meeussen, na Guthrie, na-enye ụzọ abụọ ọzọ dị ka 3/10, 3/13, 9/4, 11/4, 12/4, 14/4, 14/10, 15/4, 19/4, na 19/10. 

 Okwu okwu 
N'ime narị afọ gara aga, malite na Carl Meinhof na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, agbala mbọ dị ukwuu iji nyochaa okwu ndị dị ihe dị ka asụsụ Bantu 550 dị ugbu a na ịgbalị ịmaliteghachi ụdị proto-ụdị nke ha chere na ha si bịa. N'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ na nso nso a bụ nke Bastin, Coupez, na Mann, bụ ndị chịkọtara atụ atụnyere okwu 92 dị iche iche sitere na mpaghara asụsụ iri na isii nke Guthrie hibere.  

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ ụfọdụ okwu naanị na mpaghara Guthrie ụfọdụ, a na-ahụ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ọ bụla. Ndị a gụnyere ọmụmaatụ * mbʊ́à 'nkịta', * -lia 'eri', * ma-béele 'ara', * i-kúpa 'ọkpụkpụ', * i-jína 'aha', * -genda 'ije', * mʊ-kíla 'ọdụ', * njɪla 'ụzọ', na ndị ọzọ.  (Asterisks na-egosi na ndị a bụ ụdị arụgharịrị, na-egosi otú e si eche na a na-akpọ okwu ndị ahụ tupu mgbasawanye Bantu amalite.)

A na-achọtakarị okwu ndị ọzọ n'ime otu ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ n'ime isi olumba Bantu abụọ, Western otu (nke na-ekpuchi mpaghara Guthrie A, B, C, H, K, L, R) ma ọ bụ otu Eastern (na-ekpuchi mpaghara D, E, F, G, M, N, P, na S). A na-akpọ okwu ndị e wughachiri maka otu abụọ a dị ka "Proto-Bantu A" ("PB-A") na "Proto-Bantu B" ("PB-B") n'otu n'otu, ebe a na-akpọ ndị na-agbatị mpaghara Bantu dum dị ka "Proto-Bantu X" (ma ọ bụ "PB-X"). 

N'ịwulite ọrụ nke AE Meeussen rụrụ na 1960, nchekwa data a na-enyocha n'ihu ọha nke ihe niile Bantu okwu nke emebere ma ọ bụ tụpụtara ruo ugbu a bụ nke Royal Museum for Central Africa na Tervuren na Belgium na-elekọta (lee njikọ Mpụga).

 Hụkwa 

 Asụsụ Proto-Niger-Congo

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 


 AE Meeussen "Mmụgharị Grammatical Bantu" Africana Linguistica 3, 1967. pp. 79–121.
 "Mgbanwe Lexical Bantu 3". Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Royal maka Central Africa, Tervuren. Ebe nchekwa data enwere ike chọgharịa nke okwu Proto-Bantu arụgharịrị.
 Boston, Koen & Bastin, Yvonne (2016). "Mmụgharị lexical Bantu" . Oxford Handbook Online. Akụkọ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke iwughachi okwu Proto-Bantu.
 Archived ndepụta Proto-Bantu Swadesh   (Schadeberg 2003)
 Bostoen, Koen, de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice, Guérois, Rozenn & Pacchiarotti, Sara (eds.). 2022. Na nrụgharị ụtọ asụsụ Proto-Bantu. (Niger-Congo Comparative Studies 4). Berlin: Ndị nta akụkọ Sayensị Asụsụ. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7560553 https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/373 Mepee ohere.
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations