Skaz

Skaz bụ ụdị akụkọ nke Russian ọnụ.  Okwu ahụ sitere na skazátʹ, “ịkọ”, na-emetụtakwa okwu ndị dị ka rasskaz, “akụkọ dị mkpirikpi” na skazka, “akụkọ ifo”.[1]  Okwu a na-eji olumba na ntule were were were n'ụdị mmadụ.[2]  Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikọta okwu ahụ pụrụ iche n'ime akụkọ gbara ya gburugburu, ọ bụghịkwa n'akara nhota.[3]  Skaz abụghị naanị ngwaọrụ agụmagụ, mana a na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe mmewere na ihe ọchị monologue Russia.

Onye Russia na-eme iwu bụ Boris Eikhenbaum kọwara Skaz na ngwụcha 1910. N'ime akụkọ ole na ole e bipụtara n'oge ahụ, Eikhenbaum kọwara ihe ahụ dị ka ụdị okwu na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma.  O tinyere ya kpọmkwem na akụkọ mkpirisi Nikolai Gogol bụ The Overcoat, n'edemede 1919 nke aha ya bụ ka esi emepụta "Overcoat" Gogol .  Eikhenbaum hụrụ skaz dị ka isi na omenala ndị Russia, ma kwenye na akwụkwọ edemede nke mba enweghị ike ịmalite ma ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejikọta ya na omenala ọnụ.  Otu n'ime ndị nkatọ agụmagụ bụ ndị kọwapụtara echiche a n'afọ ndị 1920 bụ Yury Tynyanov, Viktor Vinogradov, na Mikhail Bakhtin .  Nke ikpeazụ na-ekwusi ike na mkpa skaz dị na stylization,  ma na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti skaz dị ka ụdị okwu dị mfe (dị ka a na-ahụ na Turgenev ma ọ bụ Leskov), na skaz nke nwere ụda olu abụọ, ebe ebumnuche parodistic nke onye edemede pụtara (dị ka a na-ahụ na Gogol ma ọ bụ Dostoevsky). 

Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Nikolai Leskov na Pavel Melnikov na-eji ụdị ahụ eme ihe, na mgbakwunye na Gogol. Ndị na-akwado narị afọ nke iri abụọ gụnyere Aleksey Remizov, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Andrei Platonov, na Isaac Babel .  A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ akọwa ihe ndị dị na akwụkwọ nke mba ndị ọzọ; N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, onye Britain na-ede akwụkwọ na onye nkatọ na-ede akwụkwọ bụ David Lodge na-ewu ewu.  John Mullan, onye prọfesọ nke bekee na University College London, chọtara ihe atụ skaz na JD Salinger 's The Catcher in the Rye na DBC Pierre 's Vernon God Little . 

 Hụkwa 

 Igbe Malachite nke Pavel Bazhov chịkọtara, bụ nchịkọta akụkọ nwere ụdị nke " Skaz ".
 Gawęda, omenala ọnụ nke Polish
 Saga

 Ntụaka