Huambisa

Huambisa, Huambiza, Wambiza, Jíbaro, Xívaro, Wampis, Maina, ma ọ bụ Shuar-Huampis bụ asụsụ obodo ndị Huambisa bi na Peru . Ndị na-achị Spanish bu ụzọ wepụta aha Xívaro na njedebe narị afọ nke 16 dị ka ụzọ isi mebie ọtụtụ agbụrụ nke ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị yiri nke ahụ n'ime mpaghara ahụ ma na-ezo aka na ha dị ka ndị obi ọjọọ.  Ọ bụ asụsụ a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu Peru. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Achuar-Shiwiar, Shuar, na Aguaruna, ndị niile sitere na ezinụlọ asụsụ Jivaroan.  O nwere ọnọdụ ọchịchị n'ebe a na-asụ ya. 

 Nhazi 
Huambisa bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Jivaroan, obere ezinụlọ asụsụ nke ugwu Peru, kpọmkwem na Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto, na San Martin, na mpaghara Oriente nke Ecuador.

 Nkesa ala 

 Ọnọdụ gọọmentị 
A na-asụkarị asụsụ Huambisa n'etiti mpaghara Condorcanqui nke mpaghara Amazonas na Datem del Marañón Province na mpaghara Loreto,  kpọmkwem n'akụkụ Osimiri Santiago, nke "A na-ewere Central na Upper Santiago dị na mpaghara Wampis."  Dị ka nke 2012, e nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-asụ Huambisa 8,000 n'ụwa nile,  5,000 n'ime ha bi n'akụkụ osimiri Morona na Santiago. Jakway, Martha (2008). Vocabulario Huambisa. Ọ dị ugbu a n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na ngalaba nzikọrịta ozi, ụfọdụ ihe na-agbasa n'ime mgbasa ozi nke Spanish na-achị.  N'afọ 2010, a kpọsara ya na Ngalaba Amazonas yana Aguruna na Chachapoyas Quechua .  A kwadoro mkpụrụedemede ọhụrụ maka asụsụ ahụ n'afọ 2012, nke ga-enye ohere maka ntinye asụsụ obodo n'ime ụwa ọgbara ọhụrụ. 

 Olumba/ụdị dị iche iche 
N'ihi otú asụsụ nke ezinụlọ Jivaroan siri nwee njikọ chiri anya, a na-echekarị na ha ga-emebe n'olumba continuum, nke Achuar na Shiwiar nwere njikọ chiri anya nkewa n'okpuru okwu nche anwụ nke Achuar-Shiwiar, ebe ndị na-asụ Huambisa na-enwe ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'olumba. Ya mere, ndị na-asụ Huambisa na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ dị iche. Ụfọdụ obere mkpirisi asụsụ Huambisa nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị dị ka nke Elu Santiago, Middle Santiago, Katirpisa, na Morona.  David Beasley na Kenneth L. Pike (1957) na-ekwu na mgbe ụfọdụ na mgbanwe asụsụ enwere ntakịrị ọchịchọ na na a na-ekwupụta ụda olu na-eso consonants imi. Beasley, David (1957). "Notes on Huambisa phonemics". Lingua Posnaniensis. 6: 1–8. Ọmụmụ ihe ha bụ kpọmkwem maka olumba Wachiycu. N'ime akwụkwọ nta akụkọ na nso nso a nke Jaime Germán Peña dere, onye mere nyocha ubi n'ime obodo ndị dị na Kanus n'akụkụ osimiri Santiago na-amụ asụsụ mpaghara Santiago, ọ na-emegide mpụta nke mergers ọ bụla ekwuputara na mpaghara olumba ahụ. 

 fonology 
Huambisa nwere njikọ ụda olu na Aguruna .  A mụọla asụsụ Huambisa dị ka isiokwu nke akara ngosi ụda, nke na-ejikọta okwu site n'ụdị ụda ha na nkọwa nkọwa ha.  A na-achọta ya na akwụkwọ ozi asụsụ Huambisa n'etiti nkọwa nke ụda metụtara okwu ndị ha na-akọwa n'ime fọnịm, nke pụtara ụda asụsụ abụghị naanị ihe dị mkpa n'ụzọ nkịtị, kamakwa n'ụzọ ihe atụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe a maara maka ụda olu Huambisan bụ kpọmkwem maka olumba Wachiycu a na-asụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Wachiyacu  na olumba mpaghara osimiri Santiago. 

 Consonants 
Asụsụ Huambisa nwere consonants iri na anọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị olu .  Asụsụ ahụ nwere naanị otu usoro nkwụsị na mmekọ, nke nwere nkwụsị 4, /p/, / ṯ /, /k/, /ʔ/, na 2 affricates, /t͡s/ na /t͡ʃ/, nke ndị isi allophones enweghị olu na enweghị mmasị .  N'ezie, ikwupụta okwu, n'adịghị ka a na-akpọpụta fọnịm ma ọ bụ enweghị olu, bụ ụzọ bụ isi e si amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti consonants phonological. Enwere 3 fricatives, /s/, /ʃ/, /h/, 3 consonants imi, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, otu rhotic phoneme nke na-agbanwe n'etiti flapped [r] na ihe dị nso, [ɺ], nke mgbanwe bụ kpam kpam n'otu n'otu ma flap na-ejikarị eme ihe, na otu onye nwere obere asụsụ ma e wezụga n'asụsụ nke app. n'ihi na dị ka akụkụ nke atọ-mmadụ n'oge gara aga suffix, -ji . Ọrụ kacha ọhụrụ e bipụtara n'asụsụ Huambisa na-ewere akụkụ abụọ ndị ọzọ ọkara ụdaume ka ọ bụrụ allophone, [w] ịbụ njirimara allophonic nke /u/, na /ɰ/ ịbụ nke /ɨ/. Tebụlụ na-esote na-enye ụda consonant ama ama nke asụsụ Huambisa, yana mkpọpụta na ndegharị IPA . 
 Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Kwụsị p t̠ k ʔ Mmekọrịta t tʃ Nke na-ese okwu s ʃ h Ihu imi m n ɲ Rhotic r  Odika j

 Udaume 
Asụsụ Huambisa nwere ụdaume asatọ: ụdaume 4 nke ọnụ /a, i, ɨ, u/, na ogbo imi ha, /ã, ĩ, ɨ̃, ũ/, otu. A na-eji ụdaume Huabisan mara naanị site na "ịdị elu, ihu ihu/azụ, na ọnụ ọnụ/ imi."  Tebụlụ na-esonụ na-egosi usoro ụdaume Huambisa nke ụdaume ọnụ na ndị ibe ha na imi nwere mkpọpụta na ndegharị IPA. 
 N'ihu Central Azu Elu i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ Dị ala a ã

 Ụdị ụda olu 
A na-achọtakarị consonants na mmalite nke nkeji okwu, ewezuga /r/, /ɲ/ na /ʔ/. Naanị consonants nwere mgbe niile na coda bụ imi /n/ na /m/. 

 Ụtọ asụsụ 

 Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 
Enwere ihe dị iche iche pụtara ìhè n'etiti mkpụrụokwu nwere ọbụna ntakịrị mgbanwe ọdịdị ọdịdị, na okwu ndị a akọwapụtara na-ejikọta ya na ọnọdụ ndị akọwapụtara. 

 Syntax 
Asụsụ ahụ nwere usoro iwu ụtọasụsụ zuru oke, gụnyere ụdị ngwaa atọ edoghị anya nke ejiri nhịahụ dị iche iche agbakwunyere na ngwaa mgbọrọgwụ dịka ụdị njikọ. A na-ama ụma tinye suffix -tasa n'okwu mgbọrọgwụ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa, ebe ezuru -mu na -t na-egosi ngwaa a na-akpọ aha ma ọ bụ kpọpụta ya . A naghị ahụkarị suffix ikpeazụ, -t na mgbanwe mgbanwe.  Ihe mere ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ji were na ụdị ngwaa ahụ edoghị anya bụ n'ihi enweghị nkwekọ n'etiti njikọ mgbọrọgwụ na suffix. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, otu ngwaa mgbọrọgwụ nwere ike inwe nkọwa dị iche iche mgbe ụdị atọ dị iche iche nke zuru oke na njedebe. Dị ka ihe atụ: takastasa (ịrụ ọrụ), takamu (mmecha/mechara), na takat (ịkụkọ ihe). N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, okwu mgbọrọgwụ, n'agbanyeghị suffix, na-ejigide ihe pụtara iche kama na-agbaso ụkpụrụ akọwara nke yiri njikọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, atsaktsa, atsakamu, atsakat bụ ụdị okwu ọnụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ/adjective, n'otu n'otu, nke mgbọrọgwụ okwu "mgbakwunye." Asụsụ Huambisa nwekwara ụdị aha abụọ na-ejighịkwa iwu siri ike. Naanị usoro nhọpụta a ma ama nke ọma maka aha aha bụ suffix -n nke na-anọchite anya nhọpụta ma ọ bụ ikpe ebubo nke aha. Otú ọ dị, ọbụna na nhọpụta na n'ikpe ebubo, e nwere oge na-adịghị ezuru ndị ọzọ karịa -n . 

 Okwu okwu 
Asụsụ Huambisa nwere ọtụtụ okwu nke edepụtala nke ukwuu na narị afọ gara aga. Ekwuru na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Huambisan yikwara nke asụsụ Aguruna.  Enwere ike ịdepụta obosara nke okwu Huambisa site na nkọwapụta nke ndị na-ekwu okwu gbasara okwu ha na nhọrọ okwu ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngwaa bekee "imeghe" na-emetụta ụdị ihe dị iche iche nke ọ nwere ike ime na ya, ebe akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Huambisa nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala okwu ise dị iche iche nke pụtara "imeghe," ha niile nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị njikọ atọ. Okwu e ji mee ihe na-adabere na njiri mara ndị akọwapụtara nke ọma. Uritsa/uraimu/urat na-ezo aka n'imeghe ihe dị ka akpa, akwụkwọ, ọnụ ụzọ, wdg Ijakratsa/ijakeamu/jakat na nakaktasa/nakamu/nakat na-ezo aka n'imeghe mkpụrụ osisi dị ka ahụekere, cacao, sapota, wdg "Imeghe" mgbe ị na-ezo aka imeghe anya bụ iimtasa / iimiamu/ imat na-ekwu okwu banyere "imeghe" ọnụ. wagkatsa/wagkamu/waat, mgbe ịsị "imeghe ọnụ" nwere okwu dị iche edobere kpamkpam: iwagtasa/iwagmu/iwat . 

 Ihe ndetu 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 A Grammar nke Wampis, Mahadum Oregon akwụkwọ edemede
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations