Asụsụ Horpa

Horpa (nke a makwaara n'akwụkwọ ụfọdụ dị ka Stau – Chinese: 道孚语Daofu, 爾龔語Ergong ) bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ Gyalrongic nwere njikọ chiri anya nke China . Aghọtara Horpa nke ọma dị ka ụyọkọ nke otu / asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya ma na-aghọtaghị nke ọma na Horpa Shangzhai ma ọ bụ Stodsde skad . Okwu Stodsde skad bụ aha Tibet nke pụtara "asụsụ obodo."

 Aha 
Ethnologue depụtara aha ndị ọzọ na aha olumba maka Horpa dị ka Stau/Daofuhua, Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Dawu, Geshitsa/Geshiza/Geshizahua, Hor, Huo'er, Hórsók, Nyagrong-Minyag, Pawang, Rgu, Western Gyarong/Western Jilongarong'. 

 Nhazi 
Horpa bụ ụdị asụsụ Gyalrongic, ngalaba nke asụsụ Qiangic nke ezinụlọ Sino-Tibet . Gyalrong (nke ọma), Khroskyabs, na Horpa nọ na obere Gyalrongic.  Site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, Horpa bụ alaka dị n'ime West Gyalrongic, nke ọzọ bụ Khroskyabs. Shangzhai bụ sub-ụdị Horpa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, asụsụ Horpa bụ ndị kacha agba akaebe na asụsụ ochie Tangut . 

 Nkesa ala 
A na-asụkarị Horpa na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan, China, gụnyere na Dasang District, Danba County nke Garzê Tibet Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan .  Enwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Horpa 50,000 na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan. A na-asụkwa ya na mpaghara Dawu dị nso, ebe a na-akpọ ya 'Stau', nke a na-akpọ [stawuske]. 

Ergong bụ asụsụ na-abụghị ụda (Sun 2013). 

 Ụdị dị iche iche 
Ụdị dị iche iche nke Horpa gụnyere Shangzhai Horpa na Gexi Horpa (Sun 2013). 

Jackson Sun (2018)  depụtara ụdị Horpa ise ndị a.

 A na-asụ Central Horpa (Stau-Dgebshes) na Rta'u County ( Daofu County道孚县) na Rongbrag County ( Danba County丹巴县), Dkarmdzes Prefecture, yana obodo ole na ole na ọdịda anyanwụ Chuchen County ( Jinchuan County金川 县), Rngaba Prefecture Rngaba. Ọ nwere olumba atọ.
 Rta'u (Daofu 道孚) (na-abụghị tonal). Edekwara ya na Genxia Wengmu (2019). 
 Dgebshesrtsa (Geshezha 革什扎) (na-abụghị ụda)
 Upper Stongdgu (Shang Donggu 上东谷) (nwere phonation constrative)
 A na-asụ Northern Horpa (Stodsde) na ndịda Dzamthang County ( Rangtang County壤塘县), Rngaba Prefecture. Ọ bụ ụdị Horpa kachasị na-echekwa ma na-echekwa ọtụtụ atụmatụ morphological oge ochie. Enwere olumba atọ nwere nghọta. Maka nkuzi a, Ethnologue depụtara aha sTodsde (Shangzhai 上寨, Western Jiarong). Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, sTodsde na-asụ na mpaghara Shangzhai, n'ebe ndịda Rangtang County, ebe a na-asụ ya na obodo Puxi, Shili, na Zongke, na gburugburu Duke na Zhongke osimiri' confluence. Enwere ndị ọkà okwu 4,100 dịka nke 2004. Olumba bụ Dayili (Northern), Zongke (宗科乡; Western), na Puxi (蒲西乡; Eastern). Na ụda olu, olumba ndị ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ yitere ibe ha, ebe asụsụ ọwụwa anyanwụ dị iche iche. Ọzọkwa, Gates (2010)  na-ewere Erkai ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ "Western rGyalrongic" (Horpa-Shangzhai). Jackson Sun na-ekewa Erkai dị ka ụdị sTodsde (Shangzhai) dị iche iche. 
 Phosul (Puxi 蒲西)
 Yunasche (Dayili 大依里)
 Sili-Rtsangkhog (Shili-Zongke 石里-宗科)
 Western Horpa bụ asụsụ ụda gbasasịrị n'ọtụtụ obere mpaghara etiti na ndịda Nyagrong County ( Xinlong County新龙县), Dkarmdzes Prefecture. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-akpọ onwe ha Minyag (mə̀ɲá, mə̀ ɲó, wdg), Western Horpa abụghị otu asụsụ na asụsụ Minyag ma ọ bụ Muya . Enwere olumba atọ dị iche na ibe ya. Van Way (2018) edeela asụsụ Nyagrong Minyag (Western Horpa) asụsụ. 
 rGyarwagshis (Jialaxi 甲拉西)
 Yangslagshis (Youlaxi 尤拉西)
 Bangsmad (Bomei 博美)
 Northwwest Horpa, ụdị Horpa dị n'ihe ize ndụ, ka a na-asụ n'ebe ndịda Brag'go County ( Lihuo County炉霍县) na mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ Rta'u County ( Daofu County道孚县). Enwere mmetụta Tibet siri ike yana obere ọdịiche dị n'ime. Ọ bụghị tonal.
 Eastern Horpa bụ ụdị Horpa dị iche iche a na-asụ na Dpa'bo (Bawang 巴旺) na Nyindkar (Niega 聂嘎) obodo, ọwụwa anyanwụ Rongbrag County ( Danba County丹巴县). Beaudouin & Honkasalo (2023) na-atụ aro na Tangut nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụdị Horpa Eastern nke oge a. 

 fonology 

 Consonants 
LabialAlveolarRetroflexAlveolo-<br id="mwlw"><br>palatalPalatalVelarUvularGlottalNasal()Stop/Affricatevoiceless()aspiratedvoiced()Fricativevoiceless()()()voiced()LateralSonorant

 A na-anụ /q/ dị ka [ɢ] mgbe a na-eso consonant imi.
 A na-anụkwa nkwụsị nke glottal [ʔ], mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọ na-eme tupu mkpụrụokwu mmalite-enweghị ụdaume.
 Enwere ike ịnụ /v/ dị ka enweghị olu [f] mgbe ọ na-ebu ụzọ ma ọ bụ na-eso consonants na-enweghị olu.
 /x/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka glottal [h] na mgbanwe n'efu n'etiti ndị ọkà okwu.
 A na-anụ imi uvula [ɴ] naanị mgbe ọ pụtara ọnụ yana consonants uvular /q/, /qʰ/ na [ɢ].

 Rhotic consonant 
/r/ nwere allophone anọ dị ka retroflex enweghị olu [ʂ] ma ọ bụ kwupụta [ʐ] fricatives, dị ka trill [r], ma ọ bụ n'ihi ụdaume rhotacization [V˞]. A na-anụ ya dị ka [ʂ] mgbe ọ na-ebu ụzọ ma ọ bụ na-eso consonants na-enweghị olu ma ọ bụ kwa dị ka okwu ikpeazụ coda. A na-anụ ya dị ka [ʐ] mgbe ọ na-enwe mgbanwe n'efu na ọnọdụ mbụ ma ọ bụ mgbe ọ na-ebu ụzọ ma ọ bụ na-eso consonants ekwuputara. A na-anụ ihe omume ya dị ka trill [r] okwu-medially mgbe ọ gachara ụdaume na n'ihu consonant, mana ọ bụ nke a na-atụghị anya ya n'ihi na ọ na-adaba na nkesa na [ʂ] na karịsịa [ʐ]. Mgbe a na-anụ okwu nwere /r/ iche, a na-anụ ụda dị ka [ʐ], mana ọ na-aghọ trill [r] mgbe ọ dị na okwu okwu ma ọ bụ n'ime ogige. [r] na-agbanwekwa na [ʂ] mgbe ọ nọ na ọnọdụ okwu-ikpeazụ. Rhotacization nke ụdaume [V˞] na-apụta na ụdaume bu ụzọ tupu /r/ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ, agbanyeghị, a pụkwara ịnụ ya okwu-medially mgbe n'ihu mpụta ihe dị ka /l/. Agbatara rhotacization ahụ na ụdaume /ɛ/, /ə/, /u/ na /ɑ/. Vanderveen, A. Chantel (2015). A phonology of Stau. Trinity Western University.

 Udaume 
 N'ihu Central Azu Mechie i u N'etiti etiti e ə o Oghere-etiti ɛ Mepee æ ɑ

 A na-anụkwa /i/ dị ka [ɪ], mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ site na consonant coda. 

 Okwu okwu 
Tebụlụ ntụnyere ndị a nke ihe okwu nchọpụta Horpa sitere na Sun (2018:4).  The Central Horpa (Rta'u) data sitere na Niwan Village, Dgebshes Township, Rta'u County ( Daofu County ), Sichuan. Asụsụ Rgyalrongic Khroskyabs na Rgyalrong ka enyekwara maka ntụnyere, ebe Horpa bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Rgyalrongic . A na-eme ka cognates pụta ìhè n'atụghị egwu .
GlossCentral Horpa (Rta’u 道孚)Northern Horpa (Rtsangkhog 宗科)Western Horpa (Rgyarwagshis 甲拉西)Eastern Horpa (Dpa’bo 巴旺)Northwestern Horpa (Nyinmo)Khroskyabs (’brongrdzong)Rgyalrong (Tshobdun)sunɣbəʁɟə̀ɣbə̀ʁʷbəɣbəɣnəʔ ~ ʁbjətɐ́-ŋɐwaterɣrəgrə̀ɣrə̀wrəɣrəɣdətə-ciʔpersonvdzivdzìvdzìvdzi-smevdzivɟoʔkə-rnbjoʔmouthjɑɣmúɬóʁmojaqʰotə-ɣmorheartzjarzɟwàʶjzò-rdázdzʌrzʒarsjartə-sniliversʰisʰə̀sʰə̀sʰisifseʔtə-mtsʰimeatbjoŋnoŋbdʒànóntʰúmdʒʌnopcenetʰəmʔʃehorserɣirìrjírjirjibreʔⁿbrichickenɣraχsó-vjá ?wə-rjaɣə́-rapa-kuʔpɣeyellowrȵə-rȵəʁrɲə̀ʶrȵə̀-rȵə́rɲərɲəʁrɲəɣkə-qɐ-rŋɛʔbittersȵa-sȵasɲáʶsɲàsɲæsɲatʃʰaχkə-qjeveatⁿgədzə́dzə́dziⁿgə ~ tsədzeʔⁿdzeillŋoŋòŋúŋwaŋoⁿgenⁿgiʔsleeprgəⁿjáp ~ rgə́rgə́rgərgəjəvrⁿguoneroréɣrérawrəɣrʌɣcettenzʁazʁàʶzʁòzʁazʁasɣə(t)sqeʔ
Jacques et al. (2017)  depụta okwu ndị a dị ka ihe ọhụrụ nke lexical nke Stau na Khroskyabs (Lavrung) kesara, mana ọ bụghị site na asụsụ Core rGyalrong .

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Shangzhai Horpa (Puxi Shangzhai) bụ olumba nke asụsụ Horpa nke otu prefix na-abụghị nke syllabic na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "s-", nke na-eme ka nrụgide dị na sistemụ mmalite agbasawanye ma na-akpalite ọtụtụ mgbanwe ụda olu (Sun 2007).  Asụsụ Gexi Horpa abụghị naanị ekewaala nkwekọrịta ọnụ Sistemu dị ka rGyalrong mana nwekwara usoro ngwakọ gụnyere ihe mgbagwoju anya nke arụ ọrụ na ihe syntactic (Sun 2013). Sun, Jackson T.-S.; Tian, Qianzi (2013). "Verb Agreement in Gexi Horpa". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 7 (2): 203–223. doi:10.1163/2405478X-90000120. Akara ngwaa ndị dị na ezinụlọ rGyalrongic maka mmadụ na nkwekọrịta, asụsụ Horpa nwekwara ụdị nkwekọrịta nhazi ọkwa.

A na-ejikarị Stau dị ka aha ọzọ maka Horpa, mana n'ezie Stau bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Horpa dị iche iche (Jacques et al. 2014).  A na-asụkarị asụsụ Stau na Daofu County nke Ganzi Prefecture, mana a na-asụkwa ya na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara Luhuo yana n'ime obodo Dangling nke ọdịda anyanwụ Danba County. Ugbu a Jesse P. Gates na-ede ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ Stau (Gates ga-apụta). Edemede ndị ọzọ na akụkụ nke ụtọ asụsụ Stau gụnyere Gates (2017),  Gates & Kim (2018),  Gates et al. (2019),  na Gates et al. (2022). 

Asụsụ Stau (Horpa) na-esote àgwà ụfọdụ nke Asụsụ Tibet (Bradley 2012).  Dị ka asụsụ Qiangic, Horpa nwere mgbanwe ngwaa pụrụ iche na ọdịdị ọdịdị dị ka atụmatụ nke ịtụgharị atụmatụ ọchịchọ na nhazi nke oge gara aga na nke na-aga n'ihu (Sun 2000). Sun, Jackson T. S. (2000). "Stem Alternations in Puxi Verb Inflection: Toward Validating the rGyalrongic Subgroup in Qiangic" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 1 (2): 211–232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2017-04-30.

 Ihe atụ 
Nkwekọrịta ngwaa Ngwaa Horpa kwenyere na isiokwu ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, zbəcʰa-i [zbəcʰe], pụtara 'ị na-akụ', na zbəcʰa-u [zbəcʰo], pụtara, 'Amụrụ m ihe'. 

 Hụkwa 

 Ndepụta okwu Horpa (Zongke) (Wiktionary)

 Ntụaka 

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations