Asụsụ Baluan-Pam

Baluan-Pam bụ asụsụ Oceanic nke Manus Province, Papua New Guinea . A na-asụ ya na Baluan Island na Pam Island dị nso. Ọnụọgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, dịka atụmatụ kachasị ọhụrụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ 2000, bụ 2,000. Ndị na-ekwu okwu na Baluan Island na-ahọrọ ịtu aka na asụsụ ha na aha ala ya  .

Asụsụ a bụ ụdị nke na-eme mkpọtụ nwere obere mkpụrụ ndụ na-arụpụta ihe. Usoro ihe mejupụtara ya bụ isiokwu-ngwaa-ihe (SVO).

 Ụdị dị iche iche na asụsụ ndị emetụtara 
Ụdị asụsụ Baluan Island na Pam Island nke asụsụ ahụ yiri nke ahụ, ewezuga ọtụtụ ndịiche dị n'okwu. Asụsụ ahụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Lou, a na-asụ na Lou Island . Lou na-etolite agbụ olumba, nke nwere ụdị dị iche iche a na-asụ n'akụkụ dị anya nke agwaetiti ahụ, na-eche ihu Manus mainland, dị iche na Paluai na ndị dị n'akụkụ chere ihu Baluan Island bụ ndị kacha nso.
Na Manus Province, a na-asụ ihe dị ka asụsụ 32, ha niile bụ nke ngalaba Admiralties, otu obere ngalaba nke Oceanic, nke dị na ngalaba Malayo-Polynesian nke Austronesian . Ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ nke Manus Province ka edebeghị nke ọma. E bipụtara ụtọ asụsụ Loniu na 1994. 

Enwere obere ndị na-ekwu okwu Titan na Baluan, ndị kwabatara nso nso a bi na obodo Mouk. Ndị Titan amarawo nke ọma site n'ọrụ Margaret Mead . Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu nwere opekata mpe iwu nke Titan na Lou. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-asụ asụsụ Creole Tok Pisin n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ma ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị mmadụ nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala iwu bụ isi nke Bekee .

 fonology 

 fọnịm consonant 
Tebụlụ dị n'okpuru na-egosi ekwentị consonant n'asụsụ ahụ.
 Labial Coronal Dorsal imi m mʷ n ŋ Plosive p pʷ t k ( kʷ ) Nke na-ese okwu s ( h ) Odika l ( j ) ( w ) Na-ama jijiji ( ɾ ~ r )
N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ Manus, ọ dịghị bibial trill ma ọ bụ prenasalised consonants. Ndepụta consonant dị nnọọ mfe, yana imi labialized na plosive na mgbakwunye na bilabial, apico-alveolar na dorso-velar stops na imi. Enwere naanị otu esemokwu, , ya na  ịbụ fọnịm nke ukwuu.  nwere mgbata ma ọ bụ trill dị ka variant. The glides  na  A na-enyocha dị ka ndị na-abụghị syllabic variants nke  na , n'otu n'otu. [ 3 ]

 Ụdaume 
Udaume nke Baluan-Pam bụ  .

Ndepụta ụdaume nwere akara ụdaume ise a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Oceanic,  nwere akụkụ abụọ ọzọ: open-mid  na , nke na-emekarị ugboro ugboro. Maka ndị na-eto eto,  na-egosi na ọ na-ejikọta ya na  na  ọ dị ka ọ na-ejikọta ya na  .

 Nhazi mkpụrụedemede 
Ihe ndebiri nke mkpụrụokwu bụ (C)V(C). Ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ụdaume na-amalite na ụdaume. N'ihi mfu nke mgbanaka okwu-ikpeazụ na ya mere ụdaume, nke bụ akụkụ nke asụsụ Admiralties ọwụwa anyanwụ,  asụsụ na-enye ohere consonants na syllable code ma nwee ọtụtụ okwu monosyllabic nwere ụdị CVC.

 klaasị okwu 

 Mepee klaasị 
klaasị okwu abụọ mepere emepe bụ aha na ngwaa (ya na klaasị isi nke ngwaa stative), nwere adjectives na adverbs dị ka obere klaasị dị iche na ma aha na ngwaa na site na ibe ya. Ngwaa gaa na aha na ngwaa nye nkọwapụta bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mana ọ bụghị nke ọzọ. Ọtụtụ amụma na-eji ngwaa gbagwojuru anya, mana aha, adjectives, ọnụọgụgụ na ụfọdụ preposition nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka isi amụma. Naanị ngwaa, Otú ọ dị, nwere ike were nnochiaha ejiri kechie wee gbanwee site na irighiri ihe na-erughịrị ala (TAM).

 Klas mechiri emechi 
Isi klas mechiri emechi n'asụsụ ahụ, nwere okwu ọrụ, bụ nnochiaha, ngosi, prepositions, numerals, quantifiers, na okwu ajụjụ . The pronominal usoro na-amata ọdịiche dị otu, dual, paucal and plural number and first, second and three person, ma ọ bụghị okike . Ụdị nkwudo okwu nwere oke, ebe ọ bụ na a na-egosipụta ọtụtụ mmekọrịta gbasara ohere ma ọ bụ site na aha oghere nwere kpọmkwem, ma ọ bụ site na ngwaa usoro ngwaa nwere ntụzịaka.

 Ụtọ asụsụ 

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ morphology 
Asụsụ ahụ enweghị ikpe ma ọ bụ nọmba akara na aha. Naanị aha morphology dị n'asụsụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ iji gosi inwe. A na-eme ihe dị iche n'ime ihe owuwu nwere aha n'etiti ihe onwunwe ozugbo na nke na-apụtaghị ìhè. Nke a jikọtara ya na, mana ọ dakọghị kpamkpam na, ihe dị iche n'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe n'etiti ihe onwunwe enweghị ike ịpụnara ya na nke enweghị ike ịpụ. Site n'inweta ya kpọmkwem, a na-agbakwunye suffix na-egosi onye na ọnụọgụ onye nwe ya ozugbo n'ọnụ okwu aha. Site n'inwe ihe na-apụtachaghị ìhè, a na-agbakwunye mgbakwunye a na urughuru nwe nke ebidoro  . Imirikiti okwu ikwu na okwu akụkụ ahụ nwere ike ma ọ bụ ga-enwerịrị ike iji ya mee ihe n'ime ihe eji arụ ọrụ. Na mgbakwunye, aha oghere, na-ezo aka n'echiche ndị dị ka "n'ime", "n'elu" na "n'azụ", ka a na-eji iwu eji arụ ọrụ nke ọma.

 Ụdị okwu ọnụ 
Mmụpụta mkpụrụokwu ọnụ na-ejedebere na mbido prefix nke na-akpata , ihe nrụgide nke ngwa , na mmụgharị .

 Ihe kpatara ya 
 na-eme transitive ngwaa intransitive . Enwere ike ịmepụta ihe na-akpata ihe na-arụpụta ihe, mana ọ bụ naanị na ngwaa kwụ ọtọ. Ihe na-akpata na-agbakwụnye ihe mgbakwunye "ihe kpatara" A arụmụka, na-eweda arụmụka S mbụ nke ngwaa intransitive ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ O. Ihe atụ bụ  'anwụ anwụ, nwụọ' →  'egbu'.

 Ngwa 
Ihe dị n'asụsụ a bụ valency - nhazigharị kama ịbụ ngwaọrụ na-abawanye valency. Ọ na-akwalite ihe mejupụtara Oblique ngwá ọrụ nke ngwaa gaa na ọnọdụ O. Nke mbụ O adịghị eweda ala, kama ọ na-agbaso ihe mejupụtara akwalite dị ka ihe nke abụọ. A na-ezute ngwa ngwa n'otu ọnọdụ okwu / ozi akọwapụtara. A na-eji ya dị ka ihe anaphorical iji rụtụ aka azụ n'ihe a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ, na-abụkarị n'okwu nke gara aga, dị ka n'ihe atụ dị n'okpuru:


 Mgbanwegharị 
Site na ngwaa ndị na-agafe agafe, enwere ike iji ntugharị zuru oke ma ọ bụ nke akụkụ dị ka ngwaọrụ intransitivising. Site na ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe, mmụgharịgharị na-agbakwunye mpụtara pụtara dị ka akụkụ na-aga n'ihu . Ọrụ nke abụọ nke mmụgharị n'ime klaasị ngwaa bụ iwepụta aha aha .

 Nkpọaha 

 Paradigms 
Enwere paradaịs n'ọnụ anọ: ụdị isiokwu efu, ụdị isiokwu agbakwunyere, ụdị ihe na ụdị nwere. Ha yiri nnọọ. Mkpọaha na-amata ọdịiche dị n'otu, nke abụọ, nọmba paucal na ọtụtụ, ma nwee ihe dị iche iche . Dual na-ezo aka na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ, paucal na-ezo aka na ole na ole (ọnụọgụ ọ bụla n'etiti atọ na ihe dị ka iri), plural na-ezo aka ọtụtụ. Nnọchiaha gụnyere gụnyere onye adreesị ('anyị, gụnyere gị'), ebe ndị pụrụ iche na-ewepụ ha ('anyị, ma ọ bụghị gị'). N'okpuru ebe a, a na-enye paradaịs maka ụdị n'efu.
 Otu Abụọ Paul Ọtụtụ Onye mbụ Exclusive     Inclusive     Onye nke abụọ     Onye nke atọ    
Ya mere, ịbanye n'ime ime obodo pụtara ịrịgo elu, na ịga n'ikpere mmiri pụtara ịgbada. N'ịgbakwụnye, ebe ọ bụ na mmegharị ahụ n'akụkụ oke osimiri (ya bụ ịgbanye axis ala-oké osimiri) na-apụtakarị ịga n'ihu karịa ma ọ bụ karịa otu ọkwa, nke a enwetala ihe nke abụọ pụtara 'ịga n'ọkwa kwụ ọtọ'. N'oké osimiri, a na-ewepụ usoro ahụ: ya mere, maka ịkwaga n'ikpere mmiri, a na-eji otu ntụziaka ahụ eme ihe maka ịkwaga n'ime ala, na ịkwaga n'oké osimiri, a na-eji otu ntụziaka ahụ eme ihe maka ịkwaga n'ikpere mmiri mgbe ọ nọ n'elu ala.

A na-ahazi ntụziaka ndị ahụ n'akụkụ abụọ: zuru oke FoR na deixis . Tebụl dị n'okpuru na-egosi paradaịs.
 ala, oke osimiri (n'elu ala); pụọ n'oké osimiri (n'elu mmiri) elu, ala (n'ala); n'akuku osimiri (n'elu mmiri) yitere n'ikpere mmiri akọwapụtaghị ya pụọ na etiti deictic    ,  n'ebe etiti deictic   Akwụdoghị nke ọma  
Ihe dị iche iche deixis na-eji ihe dị iche iche nke ForR na-agafe, nke mere na a na-akọwapụta usoro ise maka FoR na maka deixis, atọ akọwapụtara maka naanị ForR, na abụọ akọwapụtara maka deixis mana ọ bụghị ForR. Enweghị okwu ọ bụla raara onwe ya nye maka mmegharị ahụ n'ebe etiti deictic dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa okwu a na-akọwapụtaghị nke edobereghị n'ụzọ doro anya (okwu dị otú ahụ agaghị agbakwunye ozi ọ bụla na ngwaa mmegharị ahụ).

 Iji ntuziaka 
Usoro ntụzịaka na-enye usoro ntụnye aka nke ọma yana iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke. Maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ omume niile n'echiche ụfọdụ gụnyere mmegharị (gụnyere omume dabere na nghọta dị ka ịhụ/ile anya, ikwu okwu ma ọ bụ ige ntị), a ga-eji ntụzịaka kọwaa ntụzịaka ihe omume ahụ. Na Paluai, a na-eme nke a site na owuwu ngwaa serial (SVC), nke ntụzịaka ga-ebute ụzọ ma ọ bụ soro ngwaa bụ isi. SVC ntụzịaka bụ akụkụ a na-ahụkarị nke asụsụ Oceanic.  

 Ntụaka 

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations