Asụsụ Palau

Palauana tekoi er a BelauNative toPalau, Guam, Northern Mariana IslandsNative speakers17,000 (2008)The figure used here, for all countries, is from Ethnologue. According to the 2005 Palau Census, there are 18,544 people aged 5 years or older residing in the Republic of Palau, of whom 4,718 do not speak Palauan.  There are thus an estimated 13,826 Palauan speakers in Palau as of 2005; the UNSD estimated 12,400 in Palau in 2008.  This number does not include native Palauan speakers residing outside of Palau, who probably comprise several thousand additional speakers (4,000 according to Ethnologue). (See Nuger 2016:13.)Language familyAustronesian
Malayo-Polynesian
 PalauanWriting systemLatin (formerly katakana)Katakana is no longer widely used, since the orthography based on Latin script has received official status and is taught in schools.  But see Matsumoto 2001:90.Official statusOfficial language inlink=|alt=|border|23x23px PalauRegulated byPalau Language CommissionLanguage codesISO 639-2pauISO 639-3pauGlottologpala1344Linguasphere31-PAA-aaclass=notpageimage|250x250px|Approximate location where Palauan is spokenlink=|alt=Approximate location where Palauan is spoken|class=notpageimage|6x6px|PalauanPalauanCoordinates: 7°20′N 134°29′E﻿ / ﻿7.34°N 134.48°E﻿ / 7.34; 134.48This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Palauan (  [ 3 ] ) bụ asụsụ Malayo-Polynesia nke dị na Republic of Palau, ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ gọọmentị abụọ, n'akụkụ bekee . A na-eji ya eme ihe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na mba ahụ. Palauan enweghị njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Malayo-Polynesian ndị ọzọ, edoghị anya na nhazi ya n'ime alaka ahụ.

 Nhazi 
Ọ bụ otu n'ime ngalaba Malayo-Polynesian nke ezinụlọ Austronesian, ma bụrụ otu n'ime asụsụ abụọ amaala na Micronesia na-abụghị akụkụ nke ngalaba Oceanic nke ezinụlọ ahụ, nke ọzọ bụ Chamorro (lee Dempwolff 1934, Blust 1977, Jackson 1986, na Zobel 2002 ).

Roger Blench (2015)  na-arụ ụka na dabere na ihe akaebe sitere na aha azụ, Palauan nwere mmekọrịta mbụ na asụsụ Oceanic site na asụsụ Yapese ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Ndị a na-agụnye aha azụ maka oké osimiri, tuna tuna yellowfin ( Thunnus albacares ), ekpe-anya flounder ( Bothus mancus ), triggerfish, sailfish, barracuda ( Sphyraena barracuda ), damsel azụ ( Abudefduf sp.), squirrelfish ( Holocentrus spp.), unicorn azụ ( abtun Cardma croup ) . ), na wrasse . Nke a na-egosi na ndị ọkà okwu Oceanic emetụtala omenala ịkụ azụ nke Palau, ma na-akụ azụ na ịzụ ahịa n'akụkụ Palau ruo oge ụfọdụ. Blench (2015) na-atụkwa aro na asụsụ Palauan na-egosipụta mmetụta sitere na asụsụ Central Philippine na asụsụ Samalic .

 fonology 
Ndepụta ekwentị nke Palauan nwere consonants 10 na ụdaume 6.  Enyere chaatị ụdaume nke ụdaume na ụdaume ụdaume n'okpuru, na-eji mkpụrụedemede ụda olu mba ụwa (IPA) .

 Allphones 
Ọ bụ ezie na ndekọ ekwentị nke Palauan dị ntakịrị, n'otu aka ahụ, ọtụtụ fọnịm nwere opekata mpe abụọ allophone na-apụta n'ihi usoro ụda olu dị iche iche n'ime asụsụ ahụ. Enyere ndepụta okwu ụdaume zuru oke nke consonants n'okpuru na IPA (nchịkọta ụdaume nke ụdaume, n'elu, zuru ezu).
+DiphthongsIPAExampleEnglish Translation"paper" (German loan)"(singing) voice""dirty""ship""come""width""Koror" (former capital of Palau)"tin""torch""afternoon""horse" (English loan)"door""word""spear""distribute""river""news""pipe" (English loan)"tired""fork"
Ruo n'ókè nke ziri ezi iji kọwaa nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro ụdaume ndị a dị ka diphthongs abụrụla ihe arụmụka, dị ka na Wilson 1972, Flora 1974, Josephs 1975 , na Zuraw 2003 . Otu o sina dị, ọnụọgụ nke usoro dị n'elu, dịka , na-akpa àgwà n'ụzọ doro anya dị ka diphthongs nyere mmekọrịta ha na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke phonology Palauan dị ka mgbanwe nrụgide na mbelata ụdaume. Ndị ọzọ adịghị akpa àgwà ka nke ọma dị ka monosyllabic diphthongs.

 Usoro edemede 
Na mmalite 1970s, Kọmitii Ọkpụkpọ Ọkpụkpụ Palau so ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ si Mahadum Hawaii rụkọọ ọrụ iji chepụta mkpụrụ akwụkwọ dabere na script Latin .  Ọdịbendị nke si na ya pụta dabere n'echiche nke "otu phoneme/otu akara", na-ewepụta mkpụrụedemede nke consonants iri na abụọ, consonants isii maka iji okwu mbinye ego, na ụdaume iri. Usoro ụdaume iri abụọ a depụtara n'okpuru Diphthongs bụkwa ndị amara ahaziri n'ihu ọha n'ọkpụkpụ.

Ọtụtụ n'ime mkpụrụedemede/grapheme ndị e dere ede Palauan kwekọrọ na fọnịm nke enwere ike ịnọchite anya akụkụ ndị dabara na mkpụrụedemede mba ụwa (   dịka Palauan ⟨ b ⟩ bụ fọnịm /b / . Ekwesịrị ikwupụta ihe atọ pụtara ama:

 Nke mbụ bụ ⟨ ch ⟩, nke a na-akpọkarị glottal stop [ ʔ ] . Ch digraph bụ ihe fọdụrụ na usoro ederede mbụ mepụtara n'oge ndị Germany na-arụ ọrụ mgbe a na-akpọ nkwụsị glottal dị ka fricative [ x ] ; ụfọdụ ndị Palauans meworo agadi ka na-echeta nne na nna ha ochie na-akpọ ch otu a. N'ojiji Palauan ọgbara ọhụrụ ejirila [ ʔ ] dochie ụda ] [ ] kpamkpam, mana nsụpe ch na-aga n'ihu.
 Nke abụọ bụ ⟨ ⟩ . Ọ na-anọchi anya mgbe ụfọdụ ụdaume zuru oke [ ɛ ] dị ka ọ dị na   'ubi', na mgbe ụfọdụ a schwa [ ə ], dị ka ọ dị   'nwa'. Nkesa nke mkpọ okwu abụọ a yiri nke  ụdaume bekee : [ ɛ ] dị na mkpCategory:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language textụrụokwu ] ike [ vs  ).
 Ụda abụọ ahụ [ ɛ ] na [ ə ] bụ ndị e ji amata n'otu oge n'ọkpụkpụ, dịka schwa [ ə ] ka e si asụpe ⟨ ⟩, na-eji ogonek : eg   'nwa'. Nke a bụ ihe odide nke Josephs ji mee ihe na ụtọ asụsụ 1975;  ma otu onye edemede ahụ ejirila ihe dị mfe ⟨ e ⟩ n'ọrụ ya mechara, dịka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu 1990 ya. 
 Nke atọ bụ digraph ⟨ ng ⟩, nke bụ (phonemic) velar imi /ŋ / ma nwere ike ime ka a kpọọ ya dị ka [ m ] ma ọ bụ [ n ] .

 Ntụgharị aha 
Aha Palauan na-atụgharị dabere na mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ site na otutu prefix , nke jikọrọ ọnụ na otutu aha mmadụ (lee Josephs 1975   ). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okwu  'onye' bụ aha mmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha otu, ebe aha  ndị mmadụ bụ aha mmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha ọtụtụ. Aha ndị na-abụghị mmadụ anaghị egosipụta ọdịiche a, dịka ọmụmaatụ, okwu maka 'nkume', , nwere ike ịpụta ma otu 'nkume' ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ 'nkume'. 

Ụfọdụ aha ndị nwere aha na Palauan na-atụgharịkwa ikwenye n'ụdị mmadụ, ọnụọgụgụ, na mmadụ nke ndị nwe ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha  enweghị ikike pụtara nanị 'tebulu,' ebe otu n'ime ya nwere ụdị  pụtara 'tebụl m.' A na-edebanye aha nkwekọrịta onye nwe ya mgbe niile site na mgbakwunye nke suffix na aha (na-ebutekwa mgbanwe na nrụgide na suffix). Mgbakwunye nkwekọrịta onye nwe nwere ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche na-adịghị agafe agafe nke na-ejikọta naanị na aha ụfọdụ, na a ga-eburịrị ha n'isi n'usoro aha n'aha (   . Otú ọ dị, e nwere suffixes e-set “ndabara” (lee Josephs 1997  na Nuger 2016  ), egosiri n'okpuru:
+E-set Otu Ọtụtụ Na-agụnye Nanị Onye mbụ    Onye nke abụọ   Onye nke atọ mmadu   na-abụghị mmadụ 
+U-set, I-set, na A-set Otu Ọtụtụ Na-agụnye Nanị Onye mbụ    Onye nke abụọ   Onye nke atọ mmadu   na-abụghị mmadụ  Rịba ama na -V- na-anọchi anya ụdaume -u-, -i-, ma ọ bụ -a- .
Enwere ụfọdụ mgbanwe morphophonological, nke a na-atụghị anya ya, gụnyere: (  

 Otu ụdaume na-ebelata ka ,  (  →  'Nkume m'), ma ọ bụ na-ejikọta ya kpamkpam (  →  'My azụ'), na ole na ole aha anaghị ebelata ụdaume ha (  →  'aka m')
 A na-ebelata ụdaume okpukpu abụọ ka ọ bụrụ otu ụdaume (  →  'm ntu'), mgbe ụfọdụ na-agbada n'ihu na  (  →  ) ma ọ bụ ọbụna syncopated
 N'ihi syncopation, a na-emepụta ọtụtụ ụyọkọ consonant mgbagwoju anya, ma ụfọdụ n'ime ha dị mfe na Palauan (  →  'mmiri m',  →  'obi m')

 Ntinye ngwaa 
Ụdị ngwaa Palauan dị mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu.  'rie', dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike nyochaa ya dị ka prefix ngwaa  + ezughị okè  + , nke  bụ archimorpheme nke pụtara naanị site n'ịtụle ụdị dị iche iche, dịka  'nri' na-echebara ụkpụrụ morphophonemic echiche:  'nkịta ahụ nọ na-eri azụ' (lit. it VerB PREFIX-m eat-PAST INFIX-il- ARTICLE fish Article dog);  'Nkịta na-eri azụ' (lit. it-rie-zuru-ọma-INFIX-m- azụ ARTICLE nkịta). Usoro ngwaa na-arụtụ aka n'ụdị fossilized metụtara asụsụ Philippine.

 Usoro okwu 
A na-echekarị usoro okwu Palauan ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa–ihe – isiokwu (VOS), mana nke a abụrụla okwu nke arụmụka ụfọdụ na akwụkwọ asụsụ.  Ndị na-anabata VOS nyocha nke usoro okwu Palauan n'ozuzu na-emeso Palauan dị ka asụsụ pro-dobe na preverbal isiokwu nkwekọrịta morphemes, ikpeazụ pronominal isiokwu na-ehichapụ (ma ọ bụ efu ).

Ọmụmaatụ 1:   . (pụtara: 'M na-eri apụl.')

N'ihe atụ nke bu ụzọ, nnọchiaha nkịtị efu efu  bụ isiokwu 'M' mgbe nkebi ahịrịokwu-mbụ  bụ onye mbụ otu nkwekọrịta isiokwu morpheme.

N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị nyochara Palauan dị ka SVO bụchaghị jụ pro-dobe analysis, kama nyochaa isiokwu nkwekọrịta morphemes dị ka isiokwu nnọchiaha. N'ihe atụ bu ụzọ, ndị na-akwado SVO na-eche na ọ dịghị pro na na morpheme  bụ naanị okwu pụtara ìhè nke pụtara 'M'. Otu nsogbu nwere ike na nyocha nke a bụ na ọ naghị akọwa ihe kpatara isiokwu (onye nke atọ) ji eme nkebiokwu-n'ikpeazụ n'ihu onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke atọ "okwu nnọchiaha" ---na-emeso okwu okwu ahụ dị ka nkwekọrịta morphemes na-agafe adịghị ike a. Tụlee ihe atụ na-esonụ.

Ọmụmaatụ 2:  . (pụtara: 'Satsuko nọ na-eri apụl.')

Ndị na-akwado nyocha SVO ga-eche na mgbanwe nke isiokwu a  'Satsuko' site na nkebi-mmalite na nkebi-ikpe ikpeazụ ọnọdụ, a ije ọrụ na-enwetabeghị nnabata cross-linguistically, ma hụ Josephs 1975  maka mkparịta ụka.

 Akpaokwu Palauan 
Ụfọdụ mkpụrụokwu na akpaokwu bara uru na Palauan ka edepụtara n'okpuru, yana ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee ha. 
PalauanEnglishHello!Good morning.Good afternoon.Good evening.My name is ___.What's your name?How are you?I'm fine.I'm from ___.PalauU.S.EnglandJapanChinaWhere are you from?Where were you born?PalauanEnglishI was born in ___.How old are you?I am ___ years old.What's your phone number?My phone number is ___.Where do you live?I live ___.Yes.No.Please.Thank you.Where are you going?Goodbye.Thank you very much!pretty flower.

 Ọnụọgụ Palauan 
1 ruo 10:












Ndị Palauans nwere ọnụọgụ dị iche iche maka ihe dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịgụta ndị mmadụ, ọ bụ: , , , , , , , , , na  . Na omenala, e nwere usoro ngụkọ dị iche iche maka ndị mmadụ, ihe, ịgụta ọnụ, ụkpụrụ, ụyọkọ unere, nkeji oge, ihe ogologo, na rafts; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a anaghịzi eji. 

 Ihe ndetu 

 Ntụaka 
 bụ ezie na ọnụnọ nke ikpeazụ na creole abụghị nke a ma ama ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụasụsụ na-asụ na Kalimantan, Indonesia na Sarawak mmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha otu, ebe aha rechad ndị mmadụ bụ aha mmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha ọtụtụ. Aha ndị na-abụghịmmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha otu, ebe aha rechad ndị mmadụ bụ aha mmadụ nke na-enweghị mgbagha ọtụtụ. Aha ndị na-abụghị

 Njikọ mpụga 







 Robert Blust's fieldnotes for Palauan are archived at Kaipuleohone
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations