Asụsụ Lipan

Lipan ( Lipan Apache   ) bụ asụsụ Eastern Southern Athabaskan nke Lipan Apache na-asụ na steeti Coahuila na Chihuahua na ugwu Mexico, ụfọdụ ndoputa nke New Mexico na akụkụ ndịda Texas. Lipan bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Na-Dene na ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Jicarilla, nke bụkwa akụkụ nke asụsụ ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Athabaska.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 

Na 1981, a kọrọ na na New Mexico, e nwere nanị ndị ọkà okwu 2 ma ọ bụ 3 merela agadi ka dị ndụ. 

Na Machị 22, 2023, e nyere okwu na Lipan n’ụlọ ọrụ tribune nke Chamber of Deputies nke Mexico.

Na Julaị 22, 2023, Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas weputara ma kwado mkpụrụedemede gọọmentị maka Lipan n'Ụlọ Mgbakọ nke Casas Grandes, Chihuahua.

 Nkesa 
Na Mexico, a na-asụkarị Lipan n'obodo ụfọdụ dị na steeti Coahuila na Chihuahua : Na Coahuila, a na-asụkarị ya na Los Lirios na San Antonio de Alanzas na obodo Arteaga, El Remolino na Zaragoza na obodo Zaragoza, Sierra de Santa Rosa de Lima na Múzquiza na obodo Múzquiza nke dị na Múzquiza . Saltillo . Na Chihuahua a na-asụkarị ya na Ciudad Juarez, obodo Chihuahua na obodo ndị ọzọ. 

A na-asụ Lipan na New Mexico na Mescalero Reservation na Texas na nso Mexico-U.S. oke.

 fonology 

 Consonants 
Enwere consonants 30 na Lipan Apache:
BilabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottalplainsibilantlateralNasal ⟨m⟩ ⟨n⟩Stopprenasal ⟨nd⟩voiceless ⟨b⟩ ⟨d⟩ ⟨dz⟩ ⟨dl⟩ ⟨j⟩ ⟨g⟩ ⟨'⟩aspirated ⟨t⟩ ⟨ts⟩ ⟨tł⟩ ⟨ch⟩ ⟨k⟩ejective ⟨t'⟩ ⟨ts'⟩ ⟨tł'⟩ ⟨ch'⟩ ⟨k'⟩Fricativevoiceless ⟨s⟩ ⟨ł⟩ ⟨sh⟩ ⟨x⟩ ⟨h⟩voiced ⟨z⟩ ⟨zh⟩ ⟨gh⟩Approximant ⟨l⟩ ⟨y⟩

 Udaume 
Enwere ụdaume iri na isii na Lipan Apache:

 Ụda 
A na-anọchi anya ụda dị elu , obere , na-ada , na ebili  . Ụda ịrị elu na ọdịda na-eme naanị na ụdaume ogologo.

 Toponymy 
+ Mexico Mehigu Obodo Chihuahua Ją'éłąyá Ciudad Juárez Tsé Tahu'aya / Yaa tu enéé Coahuila Nacika

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Breuninger, Evelyn; Hugar, Elbys; Lathan, Ellen Ann; & Rushforth, Scott. (1982). Mescalero Apache dictionary. Mescalero, NM: Mescalero Apache Tribe.
 Gatschet, Albert S. [1884]. Lipan words, phrases, and sentences. (Unpublished manuscript No. 81, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution).
 Gatschet, Albert S. [1885]. Lipan words, clans, and stories. (Unpublished manuscript No. 114, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution).
 Goddard, Pliny E. [1906]. Lipan texts. (Unpublished manuscript in Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University, Bloomington.)
 Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Lipan texts. (Available from the American Philosophical Society, Chicago.) (Unpublished field notes, includes handwritten transcription and typed versions, 4 texts, one text published as Hoijer 1975).
 Hoijer, Harry.  (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. American Anthropologist, 40 (1), 75–87.
 Hoijer, Harry.  (1942). Phonetic and phonemic change in the Athapaskan languages. Language, 18 (3), 218–220.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (4), 193–203.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (1), 1–13.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (2), 51–59.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1948). Linguistic and cultural change. Language, 24 (4), 335–345.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1956). Athapaskan kinship systems. American Anthropologist, 58 (2), 309–333.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1956). The chronology of the Athapaskan languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 22 (4), 219–232.
 Hoijer, Harry. (1975). The history and customs of the Lipan, as told by Augustina Zuazua. Linguistics: An international review, 161, 5-37.
 Jung, Dagmar. (2000). "Word Order in Apache Narratives." In The Athabaskan Languages. (Eds. Fernald, Theodore and Platero, Paul). Oxford: Oxford UP. 92–100.
 Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38, 620–633.
 Opler, Morris E. (2001). Lipan Apache. In Raymond J. DeMallie (ed.), Plains, 941-952. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
 Webster, Anthony. (1999). "Lisandro Mendez’s ‘Coyote and Deer’: On narrative structures, reciprocity, and interactions." American Indian Quarterly. 23(1): 1-24.

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