Asụsụ Muna

Muna bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke a na-asựkarị n'arịrịetiti Muna nakwa n'àgbè Buton nke dị n'ebe ndị mụrụ ọmụmụ nke Sulawesi na Indonesia.[1]  Asụsụ ahụ edere nke ọma, anyị saịtị n'aka onye ọka-ọka akara René van den Berg.  N'afọ 2010, ahụ nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 270,000 na-asụ ya..

 Nchịkọta 
Muna so n'otu Muna-Buton, nke bụ alaka nke nnukwu m Celebic.[1]  N'ime akara Muna-Buton, Muna bụ onye nlekọta n'ime aha Munic, nke gụsịrị obere akwụkwọ dị ka Pancana, Kioko, Liabuku, Kaimbulawa, na Busoa..

Muna na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Sulawesi na Buton na-emepụta asụsụ.

 Asụsụ 
Muna nwere olumba atọ:

 "Standard" Muna bụ nke a na-asụkarị, nke a na'ebe ugwu na etiti nke Muna Island, yana n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Buton Island na 1989 nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 150,000 
 olumba Tiworo, nke a na-asụ na Muna na mpaghara Tikep nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụrụ ya 10,000
 ndịda Muna, nwere asụsụ abụọ: na Siompu (~7000 ndị na-asụ ya) na asụsụ Gumas dị iche iche (~60,000 ndị na-ekwu ya) 

Ihe dị iche n'etiti olumba ndị a bụkarị okwu, kamakwa ụda olu.Van de Berg, René (1989). A Grammar of the Muna Language. Holland: Foris Publications. ISBN 9789067654548.

 Ahụike 
N'ebe nchekwa data Ethnologue, a na-ekewa Muna "egwu" na ngalaba 6b, nke pụtara "A na-eji asụsụ ahụ maka mkparịta ụka ihu na ihu n'ime ọgbọ niile, mana ọ na-efunahụ ndị ọrụ.".

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-eji Indonesian eme ihe n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, Muna bụ izi ozi ma na-asụ ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ niile.  Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na Muna na-asụrụ ahụ nke ọma, mana ọ bụghị ha niile na-aazịpụta Indonesian nke ọma [1] N'agbanyeghị obere ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ihe eji ya dị ka isi ihe na-ahụ ihe n'ibu akwụkwọ, dere Muna yiri ka ọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.  ezi ndị na-asụ ya nke ọma n'ụdịetiti ahụ iwu na- ikesi n'etiti afọ 1989 na 2007. 

 Ọmụmụ ụdaolu 

 Mkpụrụ okwu 
Muna nwere ụdaume ndị a na-esonụ.
+Mkpụrụ okwuAkpụkpọ ahụezé ezéAlveolarPalatalVelarUvularMkpịsị akaPlosivevoicelessplainpt (c) kprenasalizedᵐpⁿtᵑkvoicedplainb__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị⟨dh⟩d (ɟ) gprenasalizedᵐbⁿdᵑgimplosiveN'ihi ya, ọ na-agụ⟨bh⟩Ihe na-esiri ikevoicelessplainfshprenasalizedⁿsvoiced__ibo__ Nkọwa⟨gh⟩Ụgbọ imimn__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ⟨ng⟩Ihe na-atọ ụtọrN'akụkụlIhe atụIhe omuma a⟨w⟩ (j) ⟨y⟩
Ihe odide:

 A na-aghọta ụdaume  dị ka onye na-eru nso  n'ihu ụdaume ndị a na-agbaghị gburugburu, yana dị ka onye dị nso na [βʹ] n'azụ ụdaume ndị gbara gburugburu.
 N'okwu ngwa ngwa, usoro  nwere ụdaolu atọ n'ọnọdụ siri ike.
 Na kọlụm alveolar,  na /nt/ bụ n'ezie apico-dental.Van de Berg, René (1989). A Grammar of the Muna Language. Holland: Foris Publications. ISBN 9789067654548.

 Mkpụrụedemede 
The vowel inventory comprises five vowels: , , , , . They can freely combine into sequences of two or three vowels. Sequences of two like vowels are pronounced as a long vowel, e.g.   'knee'. In sequences of three vowels, there is an optional non-phonemic glottal stop after the first vowel, e.g.   'it has veins'.Van de Berg, René (1989). A Grammar of the Muna Language. Holland: Foris Publications. ISBN 9789067654548.

 Ọdịdị nke ụdaume 
Dịka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ na Sulawesi,[1] Muna nwere naanị mkpụrụokwu mepere emepe nke ụdị CV (consonant-vowel) na V (ụdaume), dịka.  kaindea /ka.i.ⁿde.a/ 'plantation', padamalala /pa.da.ma.la.la/ 'citronella', akumadiuandae /a.ku.ma.di.u.a.ⁿda.e/ 'M ga-eji ya sachaa ha'.[2]  Okwu mbinye sitere na Malay/Indonesian na asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-adaba na usoro nke Muna: karadhaa /karad̪aa/ < Malay kerja 'work', kantori /kaⁿtori/ < Malay kantor 'office' (nke sitere na Dutch kantoor), wakutuu /wakutuu/ < Malay waktu 'time' (site na Arabic')).

 Asụsụ 

 Ngwaa 
A na-gbanwee ngwaa maka ọnọdụ na onye (nke isiokwu na ihe).  Mkpịsị aka onye bụ nke na-ebute ebubo: prefixes nke onye na-egosi na ọ bụ isiokwu nke ngwaa na-agafe agafe na nke na-ahụ agafe agafe, ebe a na-eji suffixes nke onye eme ihe gosi ihe ahụ kpọmkwem na nke na-egosighị ìhè..Van de Berg, René (1989). A Grammar of the Muna Language. Holland: Foris Publications. ISBN 9789067654548.

E nwere klas ngwaa atọ, nke nwere ụdị dịtụ iche maka prefix isiokwu. A na-akpọ klas ndị ahụ aha site na onye mbụ.Van de Berg, René (1989). A Grammar of the Muna Language. Holland: Foris Publications. ISBN 9789067654548.
kla aA na-ahazi yana klasrealizedihe na-abụghị eziokwurealizedihe na-abụghị eziokwurealizedihe na-abụghị eziokwu1.sg.a-a-ae-ae-n'oge na-n'oge na-2.sg.fam.o-o-ome-ome-omo-omo-2.sg.hon.gaa na-ta-te-tae-gaa na-Tao-3.sg.na-abụghịna-na-Na-na-abụghịnao-1.du.incl.mee-da-de-Dae-mee-Dao-1.pl.incl.do- -Vmuda- -Vmude- -Vmudae-Vmudo- -VmuDao-Vmu1.pl.excl.ta-ta-tae-tae-Tao-Tao-2.pl.fam.o- -Vmuo- -Vmuome-Vmuome-Vmuomo-Vmuomo-Vmu2.pl.hon.gaa- -Vmuta-Vmute-Vmutae-Vmugaa- -Vmutao-Vmu3.pl.mee-da-de-Dae-mee-Dao-
Maka ngwaa ae-class na ao-class, a na-amata ọnọdụ site na iji prefix isiokwu dị iche iche: Van de Berg, René (1989). A Grammar of the Muna Language. Holland: Foris Publications. ISBN 9789067654548.

  'anyị na-agụ' (realis) ~  'a ga-agụ'
  'ọ na-ehi ụra' (realis) ~ 'ọ ga-ehihie' (irrealis) 

Site na ngwaa a-class, a na- nsogbu akara <um> mara ọnọdụ na- Mal isi:

  'ọ na-efe efe' (realis) ~  'ọ ga-efe efe" (irrealis) 

Ngwa ndị na-adịghị agafe agafe na- akara akara a-class ma ọ bụ ao-class.  Dị ka iwu n'ozuzu, ngwaa a-class bụ ngwaa intransitive, ebe ngwaa ao-class bụ ngwaa intransitive.  E nso ole na ole, ngwaa na-agafe agafe na-eji prefixes ae-class na ihe a na-egosi ama, mana prefixes a-class nwere ihe a kapịrị ọnụ..Van de Berg, René (1989). A Grammar of the Muna Language. Holland: Foris Publications. ISBN 9789067654548.

  'Ọ were mma' (enweghị njedebe, prefix ae-class) 
 a about="#mwt148" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"mnb"},"2":{"wt":"no-ala-mo kapulu-no"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAk4" title="Muna-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">no-ala-mo kapulu-no 'Ọ were mma ya' (n'ụzọ doro anya, prefix a-class)  Category:Articles containing Muna-language text

E nwere usoro abụọ nke ihe na-esote, na-egosi ihe ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè na ndị na-adịghị ahụ anya.
kpọmkwemna-apụtaghị ìhè1.sg.2.sg.fam.2.sg.hon.3.sg.1.du./pl.incl. --- ---1.pl.excl.2.pl.fam.2.pl.hon.3.pl.
Njikọ nke nsonaazụ abụọ na-e na nsonaazụ ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè + onye nke atọ na-apụghị ịhụ anya -e:

  'M ga-azụta ya maka gị.'

 Ihe odide