Duma

Duma (Russian) bụ nzukọ Russia nwere ọrụ ndụmọdụ ma ọ bụ iwu.Russian-language_text" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>

A na-eji okwu Boyar duma eme ihe iji zoo aka na kansụl ndụmọdụ na Russia site na narị afọ nke 10 ruo 17. Malite na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, e guzobere dumas obodo gafee Russia.

Obodo duma nke mbụ mebere iwu bụ Imperial State Duma webatara n'Alaeze Ukwu Russia site n'aka Emperor Nicholas nke Abụọ na 1905. Eze Ukwu ahụ jigidere veto zuru oke ma nwee ike ịchụpụ Duma Duma n'oge ọ bụla maka ezi ihe kpatara ya. Nicholas chụpụrụ Duma nke mbụ (1906) n'ime ụbọchị 75; ntuli aka maka Duma nke abụọ mere n'afọ sochirinụ. Gọọmenti nwa oge nke Rọshịa mebiri Duma nke Imperial State ikpeazụ (Duma nke anọ) na 1917 n'oge Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Rọshịa.

Since 1993, the State Duma () has functioned as the lower legislative house of the Russian Federation.

 Okwu mmalite 
Eketara okwu Rọshịa site na okwu Proto-Slavic *duma nke sitere na arụmụka. Mmalite ya nwere ọtụtụ echiche ndị a tụrụ aro na-enye ihe akaebe doro anya iji kwado mmalite nke ọ bụla a tụrụ aro. Mladenov, Stender-Petersen: Site na Proto-Indo-European * dʰewh₂- ("ịṅụ sịga"), dị ka Proto-Slavic * duti ("ịfụ, ịfụ ọkụ"), * dymъ (" anwụrụ ọkụ "), ikekwe pụtara na mbụ "ume, mmụọ". Tulee Greek ochie θῡμός (thūmós, “mkpụrụ obi, mmetụta”), mgbe ụfọdụ nakwa “echiche, uche”. Vaillant: Nkwekọrịta sitere na echiche *douma <*do- + *umъ (“uche”) + *-a. Tụlee * douměti (“ịghọta”) (ebe Russian надоу́мить (nadoúmitʹ, “ịnye ndụmọdụ”)). Machek: Site na ntụgharị nke mgbọrọgwụ * mewHdʰ-, ma ọ bụghị na-ekwenye Proto-Slavic * myslь ("echiche"), Greek ochie μῦθος (mûthos, "okwu, akụkọ ifo"). Echekwara na o sitere na Proto-Germanic *dōmaz. Okwu ahụ nwekwara njikọ na ngwaa Russian dumat′ (думать) nke pụtara "iche echiche".

 Boyar duma 
The term boyar duma () is used to refer to the councils of boyars and junior boyars (boyar scions) which advised the prince on state matters during the times of Kievan Rus' and the Tsardom of Russia (then tsar). In 1711 Peter the Great transferred its functions to the Governing Senate. Contemporary sources always refer simply to "the boyars" or to "the duma", but never to the "boyar duma". Originally there were ten to twelve boyars and five or six okolnichies. By 1613 the duma had increased to twenty boyars and eight okolnichies. Lesser nobles, "duma gentlemen" (dumnye dvoriane) and secretaries, were added to the duma and the number of okolnichies rose in the latter half of the 17th century. In 1676, the number of boyars increased to 50 – by then they constituted only a third of the duma.

 Ihe ngosi obodo 
N'okpuru ọchịchị Catherine nke Abụọ, mgbanwe na gọọmentị ime obodo mere ka e guzobe obodo dumas n'obodo ukwu Russia.

N'okpuru ọchịchị Alexander nke Abụọ, e mere ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'ime afọ 1860 na 1870. Ndị a gụnyere ịmepụta òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara a maara dị ka zemstvos .  A na-edebanye aha ndị nwe ụlọ niile, ndị ahịa na-akwụ ụtụ isi na ndị ọrụ na ndepụta n'usoro na-agbadata dịka akụ na ụba ha. A na-ekewa ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ n'akụkụ atọ hà nhata, na-anọchite anya ìgwè atọ nke ndị na-eme ntụli aka na-ahaghị nhata, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ahọpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ hà nhata nke ndị nnọchiteanya na duma obodo. Ndị isi nọ n'aka onye isi obodo a họpụtara ahọpụta na onye uprava, nke nwere ọtụtụ ndị otu a họpụtara site na duma. Otú ọ dị, n'okpuru Alexander nke Atọ, site na iwu ndị e wepụtara na 1892 na 1894, a na-edozi dumas obodo n'okpuru ndị gọvanọ n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka zemstvos. N'afọ 1894, e nyere ọtụtụ obodo dị na Siberia ụlọ ọrụ obodo, nke nwere ikike a kpaara ókè, na 1895 nye ụfọdụ na Caucasia.

 Ihe ngosi steeti 

 Alaeze Ukwu Russia 

N'okpuru nrụgide nke Russian Revolution nke 1905, na 6 August 1905, Sergei Witte wepụtara nkwupụta banyere ịkpọkọta Duma, nke e chere na mbụ na ọ bụ òtù ndụmọdụ. Na Manifesto nke Ọktọba sochirinụ, Nicholas nke Abụọ kwere nkwa iwebata Nnwere onwe obodo, nye ohere zuru oke na State Duma, ma nye Duma ikike iwu na nlekọta.

Otú ọ dị, Nicholas nke Abụọ kpebisiri ike ịnọgide na-enwe ike ọchịchị aka ike. Obere oge tupu e kee Duma na Mee 1906, Tsar wepụtara Iwu Ndị Dị Mkpa. O kwuru n'otu akụkụ na ndị minista Tsar enweghị ike ịhọpụta, ma ọ bụghị ọrụ, Duma, si otú a na-agọnahụ gọọmentị nwere ọrụ na ọkwa ndị ozi. Ọzọkwa, Tsar nwere ikike ịchụpụ Duma ma kwupụta ntuli aka ọhụrụ mgbe ọ bụla ọ chọrọ. Na nzukọ mbụ a nke ndị otu Duma tụrụ aro na a ga-atọhapụ ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nye òtù ọrụ aka ikike na mgbanwe ala. Nicholas nke Abụọ jụrụ aro ndị a ma gbasaa nzukọ ahụ na July, 1906. 

A họpụtara Duma nke alaeze ukwu ugboro anọ: na 1906, ugboro abụọ na 1907, na 1912.

 Njikọ Russia 

State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума, Gosudarstvennaya Duma, abbreviation: Госдума, Gosduma) na Russia bụ ụlọ ala nke Federal Assembly of Russia (parliament), ụlọ elu bụ Federation Council of Russia. N'okpuru iwu Russia nke afọ 1993, e nwere ndị nnọchi anya 450 nke State Duma (Nkebi nke 95), nke ọ bụla a họpụtara maka afọ anọ (Nkeji nke 96); a gbanwere nke a ka ọ bụrụ afọ ise na ngwụcha afọ 2008. Na ntuli aka gara aga nke 1993, 1995, 1999 na 2003 a họpụtara otu ọkara nke ndị nnọchi anya site na usoro nnọchiteanya ruru eru na a họpụtara ọkara site na ọtụtụ na mpaghara otu onye. Otú ọ dị, a na-eme ntuli aka Duma nke 2007 n'ụdị ọhụrụ: a họpụtara ndị nnọchi anya 450 niile site na usoro nnọchiteanya. Ụmụ amaala Russia dịkarịa ala afọ 21 ruru eru ịgba ọsọ maka Duma (Nkebi 97).

 Edemsibia 

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations