Asụsụ Gurung

Gurung ( Devanagari :  ), makwaara dị ka Tamu Kyi ( , tamu kyī ; Tibet :  ) ma ọ bụ Tamu Bhāṣā ( , tamu bhāṣā ), bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke ndị Gurung bi na Nepal na-asụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị niile na-asụ Gurung na Nepal bụ 227,918 na 1991 na 325,622 na 2011.

Asụsụ gọọmentị Nepal, Nepali, bụ asụsụ Indo-European, ebe Gurung bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet . Gurung bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ndị bụ isi nke Nepal, a na-asụkwa ya na India, Bhutan, yana ndị obodo ndị si mba ọzọ na ebe ndị dị ka Singapore na Hong Kong .

 Nkesa ala 
A na-asụ Gurung na mpaghara ndị a nke Nepal na India ( Ethnologue ):

 Ógbè Gandaki : Kaski District, Syangja District, Lamjung District, Tanahu District, Gorkha District, Manang District na Mustang District.
 Mpaghara Dhawalagiri : Parbat district
 Sikkim : South Sikkim, West Sikkim, East Sikkim

 Nhazi 
N'ọkwa dị elu, Gurung bụ onye otu ezinụlọ Tibeto-Burman (ma ọ bụ Trans-Himalayan). Robert Shafer kewara Gurung n'ime ngalaba Bodic, na-achịkọta nke ahụ na Bodish na West Central Himalayish . N'ime "Ngalaba" Bodish, ọ chọtara asụsụ "Bodish" (gụnyere ụdị Tibet ) yana " Alaka Gurung ", gụnyere Gurung, Tamang (Murmi), na Thakali (Thaksya). Dabere na cognates lexical nke Shafer guzobere na George van Driem emelitere, Shafer wulitere ngalaba Bodish n'ime mpaghara atọ: (1) Western, (2) Central na Southern (aka "ochie Bodish", gụnyere Tibetan), na (3) Eastern (nwere asụsụ "archaic" dị ka Mönpa ).   Noonan zoro aka na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime Bodish dị ka Manange/ Nyeshangte na Nar-Phu na Gurungic (nwere Gurung, Thakali na Chantyal ).   Ọ chọpụtara na Chantyal na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ụdị n'ihi mgbanwe mgbanwe asụsụ sitere na Nepali buru ibu karịa. Sten Konow kewara asụsụ Himalaya TB ka ọ bụrụ aha akpọpụtara na nke anaghị agụ ya, ebe Gurung dị.  Nkewa nke a yiri Voeglin & Voeglin (1965), mana n'ime ezinụlọ " Gyarung - Mishmi " n'ime Sino-Tibetan. 

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Na ụda olu, asụsụ Gurung bụ ụda olu .

Ụfọdụ njiri mara ụtọasụsụ dị iche iche nke asụsụ Gurung bụ:

 Okwu CV, CCV, CCCV
 Nke kacha nke suffixes atọ
 SOV
 Ndozigharị
 Esemokwu grammatị nke ejiri preposition gosipụtara
 Genitives
 Adjectives na ndị ikwu tupu isi aha
 Ọnụọgụ mgbe isi
 Na-ebili nkwutọ na ajụjụ bipolar
 Prefix na ngwaa adịghị mma
 Enweghị isiokwu ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta ihe na ngwaa
 Kewaa ergativity dabere na ike
 Ihe na-akpata
 Uru

 fonology 

 Consonants 
LabialDental/AlveolarRetroflexPost-alv./PalatalVelarGlottalStop()()()()()Affricate***()*()Fricative()()NasalRhoticLateralApproximant

 * - N'ofe olumba, palato-alveolar affricate ụda /tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ, (dʒʱ)/ nwere ike na-ada ụda ụda dị ka apico-alveolar ụda / ts, tsʰ, dz, (dzʱ)/, na mgbe a na-ebu ụzọ a /j/ a na-anụkwa ha n'ekwentị [ʃtoal] tʃʰ, dʒ, dʒʰ]. Glover, Warren W. (1974). 
 A na-anụ ụda olu ume ume [bʱ, dʱ, ɖʱ, ɡʱ, dʒʱ, dzʱ*] site na okwu mgbazinye Nepali.
 /pʰ/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka [f] mgbe ụdaume ihu na-esote ya.
 /kʰ/ nwere ike inwe allophone nke [x].
 /r/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka mgbata [ɾ].
 A na-anụ nkwụsị glottal [ʔ] mgbe enweghị nkwenye mbụ n'ihu ụdaume.
 Enwere ike ịnụ ụda /p, t, k/ ka ewepụtaghị [p̚, t̚, k̚] mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ. 

 Udaume 
 N'ihu Central Azu Elu i u N'etiti e o Dị ala a

 /i, e, a, o/ nwere ike inwe obere allophone nke [ɪ, ɛ, ʌ, ɔ]. 

 Usoro edemede 
Maka asụsụ ụmụ amaala Nepal, gụnyere Gurung, ịrị elu nke pluralism na njiri mara agbụrụ ebutela mmegharị iji wulite na itinye akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo, mana ọ rụpụtakwara mgbanwe na nghọtahie. 

Dị ka Noonan (2005)  na-akọ, na Gurung, a na-eme ya ka ọ bụrụ nke mbụ site n'asụsụ ọzọ, ya mere nhazi nke obodo na-adabere na ụdị asụsụ nke nkwurịta okwu sara mbara. Dị ka Glover (2004) si kwuo,  na-anwa imepe akwụkwọ akụkọ na Gurung laghachiri na 1976, na-arụ ọrụ iji chịkọta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke asụsụ ahụ.  Glover na-akọwa edemede dị iche iche nke ndị obodo na-atụle, nke ọ bụla nwere uru na ihe ịma aka nke ya. Atụpụtala edemede anọ: usoro dabere na edemede Tibet, Devanagari, a Khemaa lipi script (nke a makwaara dị ka Tamu Khema Phri ma ọ bụ Khema Phri ), nke bụ mgbanwe mkpụrụedemede pụrụ iche nke Tibetan na Devanagari,  na edemede Romanized . Glover kọrọ na atụmatụ dị na 2002 maka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na-abịanụ nke Gurung nke gụnyere ma script Devanagari (emegharịrị) yana kwa script Rome, na-erite uru ma Gurungs gụrụ akwụkwọ na Nepal na ndị Gurungs diaspora (28-29).

Ihe atụ nke akwụkwọ ndị a na-asụ n’asụsụ Gurung bụ́ ndị na-eji ihe odide akọwa gụnyere akwụkwọ atọ Tamu bipụtara.    Ndị a na-eji edezi edezi Devanagari, nke gụnyere ntụpọ ndenye aha maka ụdaume imi na akara ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche maka ụyọkọ consonant na ụda ụda na ụda olu dị na Gurung, mana ọ bụghị na Nepali. Agụnyekwara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu 2000 Gurung-Nepali-English nke Tamu Bauddha Sewa Samiti Nepal (Gurung Culture Organisation) mepụtara,  nke na-ejikwa Devanagari emezigharịrị, nke gụnyekwara ọnụọgụgụ (dịka, मी1 /  / 'anya' vs. मी2 /  / 'aha') igosi udi olu maka okwu otu onye. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Gurung-Bekee-Nepali 2020, dabere na ụdị Sikkim nke Gurung na-ejikwa mkpụrụedemede Devanagari emegharịrị, mana anaghị egosi ụda. 

 Hụkwa 

 Asụsụ Nepal
 Asụsụ nke Bhutan

 Ntụaka 

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 J. Burton-Ibe. (1955). Ọmụmụ ihe abụọ na Gurungkura: I. ụda; II. Rhotacization na retroflexion. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Society of Oriental and African Studies 111–19.
 Viktor S.Doherty. (1974). "Ụkpụrụ nhazi nke Gurung Kinship." Kailash . 2.4: 273–301 .
 Warren W. Glover. (1970). Ụda Gurung na ọkwa dị elu. Akwụkwọ oge ụfọdụ nke ọha Wolfenden na Tibeto-Burman Linguistics III, Sistemu ụda asụsụ Tibeto-Burman nke Nepal, Pt. I, ed. nke Austin Hale na Kenneth L. Pike, 52–73. Ọmụmụ ihe na mpaghara ụda na ụda olu. Urbana: Mahadum nke Illinois.
 Warren W. Glover. (1974). Sememic na Grammatical Structures na Gurung (Nepal). Mbipụta Nke 49. Norman, OK: SIL mbipụta.
 Warren W. Glover na Jessie Glover. (1972). Ntuziaka maka Gurung Tone. Kathmandu: Mahadum Tribhuvan na Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 Warren W. Glover na John K. Landon. (1980). "asụsụ Gurung." N'ime akwụkwọ n'asụsụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia Nke 7, nke RL Trail et al., 9-77 deziri. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
 Kristine A. Hildebrandt, DN Dhakal, Oliver Bond, Matt Vallejo na Andrea Fyffe. (2015). "Nnyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke asụsụ Manang, Nepal: ịdị n'otu na ihe egwu." Akwụkwọ akụkọ NFDIN , 14.6: 104-122.
 Pettigrew, Judith. (1999). "Ụdị ala ndị yiri ya: ụkpụrụ omume na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke njem mkpụrụ obi Shamanic" na Himalayan Space: Horizons Cultural and Practices, nke Balthasar Bickel na Martin Gaenszle deziri, 247-271. Zürich: Völkerkundsmuseum


 Njikọ mpụga 

 Ọrụ Manang nke Kristine A. Hildebrandt
 Manange, Western Gurung na ebe nchekwa Asụsụ na Mahadum Tibetan na Ọbá akwụkwọ Himalayan nke Virginia