Asụsụ Wintu

Wintu / wɪn ˈtuː / [ 1  asụsụ Wintu nke ndị Wintu nke Northern California na-asụ. Ọ bụ onye kacha ugwu nke ezinụlọ Wintun nke asụsụ. A na-asụ ezinụlọ Wintun nke asụsụ na Shasta County, Trinity County, Sacramento River Valley na n'akụkụ akụkụ ruo Carquinez Strait nke San Francisco Bay . Wintun bụ ngalaba nke phylum asụsụ Penutian ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nke asụsụ ọdịda anyanwụ North America, nwere njikọ chiri anya na ezinụlọ anọ ndị ọzọ nke asụsụ Penutian a na-asụ na California : Maiduan, Miwokan, Yokuts, na Costanoan . 

Dịka nke afọ 2011, onye isi Marc Franco nke Winnemem Wintu na-arụkọ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Asụsụ Indigenous na mweghachi nke asụsụ Winnemem Wintu. 

 fonology 

 Consonants 
Wintu nwere consonants 28 (ruo 30):
LabialAlveolarPost-<br id="mwOA"><br>alveolarVelarUvularGlottalcentrallateralPlosive/Affricatevoiced()aspiratedejective  voiceless ~   Fricative()() NasalTrill Approximant 
Wintu nwere ụdaume iri (ma ọ bụ 11):

 Ọpụ. /+ma ꞏtceki+/ ntị wax.
 Ọpụ. /+maꞏt - ceki - /otu ntiwa kewara.
 Ọpụ. /+ʔelwine+/ ya na, ya na ya.
 Ọpụ. /+ʔel - mmanya - / ile anya ogologo na anya.

 rịkọm rịkọm /,/

Ọ nwere njiri ụda olu abụọ: nkwusioru a ghọtara nke ọma na-esonyere ma ọ bụ buru ya ụzọ site n'ụkpụrụ glottal.

 Oge nkwụsị /./

Ọ bụ nkwubi okwu kachasị ukwuu ma nwee njirimara ụda ụda anọ:

 Nkwụsịtụ aghọtara nke ọma
 Ọdịdị glottal jikọtara ya
 Olu akpaokwu bu ụzọ nke ọnọdụ enweghị atụ
 Ihe nhịahụ n'ọnụ ọnụ nke na-ada nke ọma n'ọkwa ụda na ụda olu

Oge nkwụsị na-amachibido ahịrịokwu ụda olu.

 Ọpụ. net net, nis+λiya. Ha tụrụ m nkume n’ihi na m na-eri nri.
 Ọpụ. baꞏs-bo ꞏ sin+ mat, mis+ λiya. Ha tụbara gị nkume n’ihi na ị na-eri nri.

 Ngụpụta nke phrasal

Ọ nwere ụda olu dị oke elu yana nrụgide dị arọ.

 Ọpụ. Sukuyum+ límcada. = Nkịta m na-arịa ọrịa.
 Ọpụpụ. S ú kuyum+ límcada. = Nkịta m na-arịa ọrịa.

 Usoro ụda olu 
Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke usoro ụda na-eme n'asụsụ Wintu.

 A na-eji ntakịrị esemokwu nke ire na-akpọ velars ndị ahụ glottalized mgbe ha na ụfọdụ ụdaume na-akpakọrịta n'otu ebe.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ,  na-aghọ prevelar tupu  na  mana ọ bụ velar tupu  a kwadokwara ya tupu  na  . N'otu aka ahụ, velar glottalized  a na-akpọkwa esemokwu karịa n'ebe a na-ekwu okwu dị ka  . Ọ nọ n'ihu ihu tupu  na  ma jiri ụdaume ndị ọzọ niile kwadoo ya.

 N'ime consonants nkwụsị naanị , , na  mee n'ikpeazụ yana na mbụ.
 Labiodental  bụ fọnịm na-adịghị ahụkebe ma ọ na-apụta naanị n'ụdị abụọ agbaziri  'Anọ nke Julaị' na  'agwa'.
 Ndị ọkà okwu ochie na-akpọ  dị ka , mgbawa post-alveolar eweghachitere tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe ,  na  ebe ndị ọkà okwu na-eto eto na-eji  ebe nile.
  na-aghọ glottal spirant tupu ,  na , dị ka ọ dị na , ka na-aga n'ihu na-ugbọ.
  bụ trill a na-ekwu okwu mana mgbe ọ na-apụta n'etiti ụdaume ọ na-aghọ flap akpọpụtara, dịka ọmụmaatụ  akwa (ụdị dị mkpa) na  na-adọwa (ụdị enweghị njedebe).
  apical-alveolar mpụta, na-enwe mgbagwoju anya mgbe ụfọdụ na  dị ka ọ dị n'okwu  nri ọka.

 Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 
Wintu nwere morphology ọkaibe nwere ụfọdụ njirimara polysynthetic. Ngwakọta nke morphemes ya n'ime okwu gụnyere ọtụtụ usoro dị ka suffixation, prefixation, compounding, reduplication and consonant and vocalic ablaut. Ka o sina dị, usoro a na-ahụkarị bụ suffixation, nke na-apụta na ngwaa.

 Udaume mebie 
Udaume Ablaut bụ mgbanwe n'ịdị elu (gradation) nke ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ na ọ na-emetụta ọnụọgụ ụdaume. Na Wintu, ụdaume ablaut na-apụta naanị na ngbanwe nke ụfọdụ ụdaume ngwaa (nke a na-akpọ dissimilation), ma ọ bụ na ụfọdụ suffixes na-enweta mgbọrọgwụ (assimilation). Mgbọrọgwụ-ụdaume bụ oyiri site na ịdị elu nke ụdaume dị n'ụdaume na-esonụ, ebe mbịakọta ụdaume suffix na-adabere na ọnụọgụ nke ụdaume dị na syllable bu ụzọ. Ọmụmaatụ nke dissimilation na-ewere ọnọdụ mgbe /e/ na /o/, nke na-apụta naanị n'ime mkpụrụokwu mgbọrọgwụ, na-ebuli elu mgbe otu consonant na-ebute ha ụzọ ma na-esote ụdaume dị ala /a/ n'ime mkpuruokwu na-esote.

Ọpụ. lEla-/lila/ "ịgbanwe" na lElu-/lelu/ "gbanwee".

Ihe atụ nke dissimilation na-ewere ọnọdụ mgbe morphophoneme [V] na-adakọ kpam kpam n'ịdị mma nke ụdaume na-aga n'ihu na syllable gara aga.

Ex.cewVlVlVha=/ceweleleha/ "ọtụtụ ga-emeghe".

 Consonant na-ekwu 
Obere obere consonant ablaut dịkwa na Wintu, dịka ọmụmaatụ tupu okwu juncture /cʼ/ na /b/ gbanwee na /p/.

 Aha aha 
A na-akara ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe maka akụkụ na ikpe. E nwere ụdị ihe abụọ dị iche iche dị iche iche: ndị e si na mgbọrọgwụ pụta ozugbo (nnochiaha, aha ndị na-abụghị ndị nwere, okwu ikwu) na ndị dabere na ụdị mgbagwoju anya sitere na radical na stems (ọtụtụ n'ime aha). Mkpọaha nwere ike ịbụ otu, dual na plural. Ha nwere suffixes pụrụ iche (nwere maka ọrụ akụrụngwa yana maka akara ọtụtụ mmadụ.) Ha yikwara ngwaa. Nouns nwere mgbọrọgwụ dị iche iche, ha bụ klaasị mepere emepe, ha nwere ike gosipụta ọnụọgụ n'ụdị dị ụkọ na ha anaghị ama ọdịiche nke ihe nwere na ọrụ akụrụngwa. Enwere ike ịkewa aha aha n'ime nke nwere na enweghị. Aha a nwere ihe abụọ mejupụtara: a stem na suffix. Ụkwụ ahụ na-abụkarị mgbọrọgwụ. Suffixes na-akọwapụta ọnụọgụgụ, animateness, mmadụ ma ọ bụ nkewa. Ụfọdụ aha nwere otu azuokokoosisi mana ha nwere mpụtara ọnyà dị iche iche. Ọpụ. /tu/ (akụkụ pụrụ iche) anya; (ntụpọ n'ụdị) ihu(s). Mgbakwunye nke aha nwekwara ike inwe ụdị dị iche iche: ihe [um] (sedem-coyote), genitive [un] (seden), ebe [na], ngwá ọrụ [r], nwe [t], ihe onwunwe ike (mmeghari nke syllable ikpeazụ).

Ngwaa bụ klaasị nke okwu na Wintu. Ọzọkwa ọtụtụ aha na-esi na ngwaa nweta. Udi nke ngwaa nwere usoro ọdịdị ọdịdị ọkaibe nke ukwuu. Pitkin (1964) na-akọwapụta ụdị steetị atọ: egosi, mkpa na aha.

 Prefixes : nhọrọ na ọnọdụ, mgbe etinyere ya ozugbo na mgbọrọgwụ na-esote hyphen juncture.
 Mgbọrọgwụ : ọtụtụ akụkụ bụ monosyllabic yana ọdịdị CVC ma ọ bụ CV. Usoro abụọ dị mkpa bụ mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ na mweghachi.
 Suffixes
 Mgbọrọgwụ na-enweta suffixes (mgbakwunye agbakwunyere na mgbọrọgwụ): nkesa, nke na-emegharịghachi, ugboro ugboro, transitive, stative, privative.
 Suffixes Stem (agbakwunyere na ụdị osisi):
 Mgbakwunye stem dị mkpa
 Klas ewepụtara klaasị 1=Mgbakwunye ndị ọrịa, suffix comitative, suffix comitative suffix
 2 ọkwa ọkwa: reflexive
 3 ọnọdụ klas: causative
 klaasị 4: nkwughachi, bara uru
 1 ọnọdụ klaasị inflectional suffixes=ịdọ aka ná ntị, na-agafe agafe
 2 ọkwa ọkwa. Inflectional = ọdịnihu a na-apụghị izere ezere, enwere ike ịmekọrịta nwa oge, ikpe ziri ezi, mgbochi
 klaasị ọnọdụ 3= adịghị mma, ihu abụọ, ihu nwa oge dị mkpa, ajụjụ na-abụghị nke onye, otu oge oge ma ọ bụ ihu ihu, ihe nkeonwe
 Mgbakwunye Stem na-egosi
 1 ọnọdụ mgbagha ngbanwe: ihe akaebe na-adịghị ahụ anya, ihe na-anụ ihe, ihe akaebe na-enweghị isi, ihe akaebe, ihe akaebe, na-ebute ụzọ ihe kpatara ya, nso nso.
 2 ọnọdụ inflectional suffixes: onye mbụ, onye nke abụọ, dubitative, nke zuru oke, na-edo onwe ya n'okpuru nwa oge, na-edobe imekọ ihe na-atụghị anya ya.

 Syntax 
Usoro usoro okwu bụ isi na Wintu na-agbanwe nke ukwuu. Okwu morphological bụ otu nkiti syntactical. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mkpụrụokwu morphological nke bụ ụda ụda otu okwu nwere ike ịbụ okwu abụọ dị iche iche n'otu aka ahụ. Okwu morphological, nwere ike ịbụ clitic ma ọ bụ na-abụghị clitic . Okwu clitic, na-adabere mgbe niile na ndị na-abụghị clitic. Okwu clitic nwere ike ịbụ proclitic na postclitic dabere na ọnọdụ ha. Ụfọdụ okwu morphemic nwere ike ịbụ ma clitics na okwu zuru oke. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: okwu morphemic / ʔel/, na, bụ okwu zuru oke na /qewelʔel/, n'ime ụlọ, na proclitic na /ʔel-qewel/, nke nwere otu ihe pụtara. Nke kacha n'ọnụ ọgụgụ syntactic bụ ahịrịokwu . A na-ahụta ahịrịokwu dị ka usoro nke mkpụrụokwu zuru oke nke kwụsịrị n'otu oge /./. Enwere ike were ahịrịokwu ahụ dị ka nkebiokwu ma ọ bụrụ na o nwere ngwaa, ahịrịokwu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere aha. Ahịrịokwu anaghị enwe ngwaa ndị bụ isi. Nkejiokwu nwere ike ịdabere ma ọ bụ nweere onwe ya. Nke a dabere n'ụdị suffix nke mebere ngwaa ahụ. Ngwaa ndị nọọrọ onwe ha na-ewere suffixes ngbanwe nke onwe ebe ngwaa dabere bụ suffixes subordinating{r},{tan},{ʔa], {n},}{so}, na {ta}. N'ahịrịokwu ndị ahụ, mmekọrịta syntactic dị n'etiti mkpụrụokwu zuru oke na mkpọmkpọ okwu ka egosipụtara site n'usoro okwu yana site n'ịtụgharị uche na mwepụta. Enwere ike ịmata ụdị ọrụ anọ maka ahịrịokwu ndị a: isi, attributive, satịlaịtị, na njikọ . Isi na-abụkarị aha na ọ naghị adabere n'ụdị ndị ọzọ dịka ọmụmaatụ /winthu/Wintu ndị mmadụ. Njirimara ahụ bu ụzọ wee gbanwee isi dịka ọmụmaatụ na /winthuꞏn qewelin/ n'ime ụlọ Wintu. N'aka nke ọzọ, satịlaịtị na-eme naanị na nkebiokwu. Satịlaịtị nwere ike ịbụ isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe ngwaa. Ọ bụrụ na satịlaịtị bụ isiokwu nke ngwaa ahụ, ọ na-ebute ngwaa ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ / poꞏ m yel-hura / ala mebiri emebi, ma ọ bụrụ na satịlaịtị bụ ihe ahụ ma ọ dị na nkebiokwu dabere ma ọ bụ okwu okwu nke nwere njirimara genitive, na-esote. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: /sedet ʔelew'kiyemtiꞏn/ coyote anaghị ekwu okwu amamihe, ma ọ bụ /wayda meꞏm hina/ iju mmiri nke ugwu (ga-abata).

 Hụkwa 

 Asụsụ Wintuan
 Wintu

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 "Beedi Yalumina" (Ahapụla!): Winnemem Wintu Language Project
 Nchịkọta asụsụ Wintu na nyocha nke California na asụsụ India ndị ọzọ
 Asụsụ Wintu na nativeamerican.org
 Wintu na nyocha nke California na asụsụ India ndị ọzọ
 Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Wintu
 Saịtị asụsụ Wintu (na German)

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Golla, Victor (2011). Asụsụ ndị India California . Berkeley: Mahadum California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4 .





Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations