Asụsụ Bukiyip

Bukiyip (Bukiyúp), ma ọ bụ Mountain Arapesh, bụ asụsụ Arapesh ( Torricelli )  na-asụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 16,000 n'etiti Yangoru na Maprik  na East Sepik Province nke Papua New Guinea . Bukiyip na-eso ụdị SVO.  Asụsụ Arapesh ka amara maka usoro nkwekọrịta nkebiokwu dị mgbagwoju anya ha (Bukiyip nwere 18 n'ime klaasị aha ndị a). 

 Nhazi 
Enwere olumba abụọ bụ isi nke Bukiyip Chamaun-Yabonuh na Ilipeim-Yamil (ọdịda anyanwụ) Juagu, Junny (2008). Bukiyip dictionary. ISBN 978-9980033833. OCLC 892628484. na obere olumba abụọ Buki na Lohuhwim.  N'inye mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'etiti olumba, ọkà mmụta asụsụ Robert Conrad na-atụ aro na Bukiyip nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke agbụ olumba na-agụnyekwa asụsụ Arapesh ndị ọzọ. Dobrin, Lise Miriam. Phonological form, morphological class, and syntactic gender : the noun class systems of Papua New Guinea Arapeshan. OCLC 42975575. Enwere ike ịchịkọta olumba ndị a dị ka Coastal Arapesh na Mountain Bukiyip.  

 fonology 

 Nhazi mkpụrụedemede 
A na-etinyekarị nrụgide syllabic na nkeji okwu penultimate, nke nwere ọkwa dị elu.

Enwere contours innation anọ dị iche.

 Intonation ikpeazụ - ọdịda ụda na nkeji okwu ikpeazụ, na-esote nkwụsịtụ
 Intonation na-abụghị nke ikpeazụ - ọkwa etiti ọkwa na nkeji okwu ikpeazụ, nkwụsịtụ sochiri ya
 Interrogative Intonation - larịị etiti/elu ọkwa na okwu ikpeazụ
 Intonation dị mkpa - ọkwa dị elu na nrụgide dị arọ n'ime nkebiokwu ahụ nwere mbelata ụda ọsọ ọsọ na syllable ikpeazụ Conrad, Robert; Wogiga, Kepas (1991). "An Outline Of Bukiyip Grammar". Pacific Linguistics. C (113). Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-391-3. ISSN 0078-7558.

+Aha aha nkeonwe Onye Otu Abụọ Ọtụtụ 1st yak (eik) ohwak apak Nke abụọ nyak (nanya) bwiepú ipak Nke atọ (nke nwoke) énan/nani umum bwiom omom/mami Nke atọ (nwanyị) okok/kwakwa owo bwuo owo/wawi Nke atọ (mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị) - eche echiche echech/chachi
Nnọchiaha nke nwere ụdị: pronoun + -i + unú (klas nọmba aha)

 Ngwaa 

 Ọdịdị ngwaa 
Ngwaa nwere usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke affixes na-edobe ọnọdụ, ihe, bara uru, na ntụzịaka nke nwere klaasị nke ha ma ọ bụ kwenyerịrị na klas aha. Usoro a bụ: Conrad, Robert; Wogiga, Kepas (1991). "An Outline Of Bukiyip Grammar". Pacific Linguistics. C (113). Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-391-3. ISSN 0078-7558.

Isiokwu (n-) + Mood (u- 'irrealis', a- 'realis') + Ihe (unú-) + Ngwaa Nucleus (ngwaa mgbọrọgwụ 1–6, ngwaa stem 1-2)+ Ihe 2 (-unú) + Ihe 2 (-unú) + Ihe bara uru (-m 'bara uru' +  ma ọ bụ -ag 'ebe a') + Ntụziaka (-u 'chụpụrụ', -i 'n'ebe ọkà okwu', '-uk' na-adịgide adịgide).

Ihe 2 na uru nwere ike ọ gaghị eme na ngwaa niile.

 Prefixes isiokwu ngwaa 
Onye Otu Abụọ Ọtụtụ Mbụ i- w- m- Nke abụọ na- p- p-

 Ihe nrịbama ọnọdụ 
Ngwaa niile (ewezuga klas 6 nwere akara ọnọdụ). Ọnọdụ ezi uche (ihe nrịbama ọnọdụ 'a-') gbasara ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga na ugbu a. Ọnọdụ irrealis (ihe nrịbama ọnọdụ 'u-') gbasara ihe omume n'ọdịnihu na ihe ndị na-emeghị n'oge gara aga (dị ka n'ihe banyere ebe nchekwa hiere ụzọ). Ọnọdụ dị mkpa (eji maka iwu) na ọnọdụ ajụjụ (eji maka ajụjụ) na-etolite site na mgbanwe ngbanwe. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

 Ngwaa ihe suffixes 
Onye Otu Abụọ Ọtụtụ 1st -uwe/-owe -ahu -apú Nke abụọ -enyú/-inyú - -epú Nke atọ (nke nwoke) -unu/-an' - -om Nke atọ (nwanyị) -oke/-uk - - ị Nke atọ (mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị) -nke/-nke - -ech/-iche

 Klas mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa 
 Transitive Intransitive Stative Ihe dị mkpa Ihe Nhọrọ Prefix Suffix Prefix Suffix Isiokwu efu Nhọrọ 1 2 3 4/8 5 6 Okwu efu efu 7
Klas 8 nwere ihe nke abụọ ebe klas 4 nwere naanị otu.

 Adjectives 
Adjectives nwere mkpụrụokwu mgbọrọgwụ na-esochi ya bụ suffix-klas kwesịrị ekwesị (lee tebụl klaasị aha). Conrad, Robert; Wogiga, Kepas (1991). "An Outline Of Bukiyip Grammar". Pacific Linguistics. C (113). Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-391-3. ISSN 0078-7558.

 Okwu okwu 
Enwere klaasị adverb atọ na Bukiyip: '  ' (niile) na ọnọdụ irrealis na '-nubu' (zuru oke) na '-gamu' (nke ọma) na ọnọdụ n'ezie. A na- emegharị okwu mgbasa ozi niile, ma nwee ike ịnwe n'efu ma ọ bụ ejikọta ya dabere na oghere mgbanwe nke etinyere na nkebiokwu, akpaokwu, ma ọ bụ nkebi ahịrịokwu. Conrad, Robert; Wogiga, Kepas (1991). "An Outline Of Bukiyip Grammar". Pacific Linguistics. C (113). Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-391-3. ISSN 0078-7558.

 Usoro ngụkọ 
Enwere mgbọrọgwụ ọnụọgụ abụọ bụ 'atú-' (otu) na 'bia-' (abụọ). A na-agbakwunye prefixes ọnụọgụ ndị a na mkpụrụ okwu mgbọrọgwụ wee banye usoro ọmụmụ (lee ngalaba Morphophonemics ) na-ejikọta ha. Conrad, Robert; Wogiga, Kepas (1991). "An Outline Of Bukiyip Grammar". Pacific Linguistics. C (113). Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-391-3. ISSN 0078-7558. Ọmụmaatụ:

atú + -p + utom → atum → otum

bia + -ch + batowich → biech

Mgbọrọgwụ ọnụọgụgụ ' nobati- ' (anọ) bụ ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ na ụkpụrụ mmekọ a. Na mgbakwunye na mgbọrọgwụ atú na ọnụọgụ abụọ, enwekwara azuokokoosisi éné- nke pụtara otu, otu, ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ dabere n'ọnọdụ ya.

 Akpaokwu 
Enwere nhazi akpaokwu iri abụọ na atọ na Bukiyip. 

 Akpaokwu ngwaa 
1. Akpaokwu ngwaa gbanwegharịrị: Mgbanwe (klas 1-2 adverb) + Isi (ngwaa klaasị 1-7) + Mgbanwe (adverb klaasị 3, akpaokwu adverb)

2. Akpaokwu ngwaa ugboro ugboro: Isi (ngwaa klas 10, ngwaa ngagharị) + Mgbanwe (klas 3 adverb) + Isi (ngwaa klas 10, '-lto') + Mgbanwe

3. Nhazi Ahịrịokwu ngwaa: Isi (ngwaa klaasị 1–5, akpaokwu nhazi) + Isi (ngwaa klaasị 1–5, akpaokwu emeziri) + Mgbanwe

4. Akpaokwu okwu ngwaa: Isi (ngwaa ngagharị, akpaokwu ngwaa) + Isi (ngwaa 3, akpaokwu ngwaa na-ahazi) + Modifier (klas adverb 3)

 Akpaokwu aha 
5. Akpaokwu aha gbanwegharịrị 1: Mgbanwe (ngosipụta, nkebiokwu ọnụọgụ, ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ) + Mgbanwe (adjective klaasị 2, akpaokwu okwu, nkeji aha ahọpụtara, nkebi ahịrịokwu) + nwere (mokwu nwere, nnọchiaha nwere) + Isi (klas 1-15 aha, nhazi okwu)

6. Akpaokwu aha gbanwegharịrị 2: Mgbanwe (aha okwu, klaasị 17-18, akpaokwu mpaghara 3) + Isi (aha)

7. Akpaokwu ntinye aha: Isi (ahokwu ntinye aha, nhazi nkebi ahịrịokwu, ngosipụta, akpaokwu siri ike, klaasị 18, nnọchiaha, okwu oge) + Mkpebi (nkebiokwu, nkebiokwu ahọpụtara, nhazi okwu aha, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, klaasị 17-18 aha aha, klaasị 17-18 aha aha, oge ewepụtara, okwu stem, mkpọ okwu)

8. Nkebiokwu nhazi aha: Isi (ahịrịokwu ntinye aha, nkebi ahịrịokwu gbanwetụrụ, klas 17 aha, pronoun) + Isi (okwu okwu ntinye aha, ahịrịokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, klas 17 aha, pronoun) + Coordinate ('o', 'úli', ⟨ n- ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ + -nú, ⟩ +-ú)

 Akpaokwu aha gbanwechara 
9. Akpaokwu nwere: Isi (mokwu mkpezi, nhazi nkebiokwu aha, ihe ngosi, klaasị 3 nkebiokwu mpaghara, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, klaasị 17-18 aha, mkpụrụ okwu) + nwere (nkpọaha nkeonwe, '-i-')

10. Akpaokwu oke: Isi (adverb, ngosi, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, okwu aha stem, nnọchiaha) + Limiter (at- + <únú>, ati)

11. Akpaokwu kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ: Isi (nkpọaha) + Mgbakwunye ('kénak', 'meho')

12. Akpaokwu ngwa-enye aka: bara uru (umu) + Isi (okwu ngbanwe, nkebi okwu ntụgharị, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ)

13. Nkebi ahịrịokwu: Myiri ('( ko)bwidou(k) ') + Isi (okwu ngbanwe, okwu ntụgharị, ngosipụta, nnochiaha, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ) + Myiri ('-umu')

14. Nkebiokwu nkwado: Isi (nkpọaha, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, nkebiokwu ntinye aha) + Ihe nkwado ('  ')

 Akpaokwu mpaghara 
15. Akpaokwu ebe 1: Ebe (ebe obibi) + Isi (nkebiokwu mpaghara, okwu ebe, klaasị 2-3 akpaokwu ọnọdụ 2, akpaokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, klaasị 18 aha) + Ihe nchọpụta (klas 18 noun)

16. Nkebiokwu ebe 2: Isi (nkebiokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe, nkebi okwu ntụgharị, ebe, aha, nnọchiaha) + Locative ('-umu', '-ahah')

17. Akpaokwu ebe 3: Isi (klas 2 ebe) + Isi (klas 3 ebe)

 Akpaokwu nwa oge 
18. Akpaokwu nwa oge 1: Isi (ụkwụ oge) + nwa oge ('-abali')

19. Akpaokwu nwa oge 2: Mgbanwe ('húlúkati-mu) + Isi (okwu nwa oge)

20. Nkebi ahịrịokwu Oghere Usoro: Isi (okwu nwa oge) + Isi (okwu nwa oge)

 Akpaokwu ọnụọgụgụ 
21. Nkebiokwu ọnụọgụ: Isi (mkpụrụokwu aha gbanwetụrụ, stem ọnụọgụ) + Isi (ụkwụ ọnụọgụ) + Isi (ụkwụ ọnụọgụ)

 Akpaokwu ajụjụ 
22. Akpaokwu ajụjụ: Mgbanwe (okwu ajụjụ) + Isi (aha klaasị 1-14)

 Akpaokwu adjective/adverb 
23. Akpaokwu okwu: Isi (okwu njiri mara) + Isi (ọnụ okwu) 1-14 aha.

 Ntụaka 

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations