Asụsụ Kulina

Kulina (nakwa Kulína, Kulyna, Culina, Curina, Corina, Korina, Culina-Madijá, Madijá, Madija, Madiha, Madihá ) bụ asụsụ Arawan nke Brazil na Peru nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 4,000 Kulina na-asụ. Ebe ndị ọkà okwu ole na ole dị otú ahụ, a na-ewere Kulina dị ka asụsụ egwu. Kulina yiri asụsụ Deni, ebe a na-ewerekwa ha dị ka olumba dị iche iche nke otu asụsụ. Asụsụ abụọ ahụ nwere usoro okwu SOV,  yana ụdị consonants alveolar africate atọ. Ekwenyere na ọnụnọ nke phoneme *s e wugharịrị n'ọnọdụ fricative *s h bụ ihe na-egosi asụsụ Kulina na Deni megidere asụsụ ndị ọzọ na ezinụlọ Arawan. 

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịdị ala 
Ndị Kulina na-ebi na steeti Acre na Amazonas na Brazil na mpaghara Ucayali na Peru. Stefan., Dienst (2014). A Grammar of Kulina. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110339680. OCLC 898770080. Na Acre na Ucayali, a na-ahụ obodo nta ndị ahụ n'akụkụ osimiri Purus na Envira. Na Amazonas, obodo nta ndị ahụ dị gburugburu osimiri Juruá, Tarauacá na Jutaí. 

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Usoro ihe mejupụtara ya bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa . Ọ na-abụkarị asụsụ na-egosi akara nke nwere morphology agglutinative na ụfọdụ ngwakọta. Stefan., Dienst (2014). A Grammar of Kulina. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110339680. OCLC 898770080. Kulina bụ asụsụ ikpeazụ ma nwee ọtụtụ suffixes karịa prefixes .  Enwere klaasị aha abụọ na okike abụọ na nkwekọrịta na ngwaa transitive na-ekpebi site n'ọtụtụ ihe dị mgbagwoju anya, ma syntactic na pragmatic.  N'ahịrịokwu ntụgharị, ngwaa na-ekwenye na ihe dị na okike na isiokwu ahụ n'onwe na ọnụọgụ. N'ahịrịokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe, ngwaa ahụ na-ekwenye na isiokwu ya na mmadụ, ọnụọgụ na okike. 

 fonology 

 Consonants 
 Labial eze Alveolar Velar Glottal Na-egbu egbu / Mmekọrịta kwuputara b d̪ d͡zenweghị olu p t̪ t͡s k achọsi ike pʰ t̪ʰ t͡sʰ kʰ Nke na-ese okwu  h Ihu imi m n Rhotic ɾ Odika β̞ ~ w 
Consonants na-ada /pʰ, t̪, d͡z, t͡s, t͡sʰ, ɾ, β~w/ nwekwara ike ịkpọ dị ka /ɸ~f, t͡ʃ, z~ɟ, s, sʰ~ʃ, l, v/.

 Udaume 
 N'ihu Azu Mechie i ( u ) N'etiti ɛ o Mepee a
Ụda [a] nwekwara ike iru na ụda [ ɨ ] . Ụda ụdaume [u] na-apụta naanị na diphthongs. 

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Boyer, Cindy & Jim Boyer. 2000. Ọkọwa okwu: (sic) Culina - Castellano. Edemede edebeghị.
 Dinst, Stefan. 2014. A Grammar nke Kulina . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
 Dinst, Stefan. 2009. " Sative Verbs na Kulina ". ReVel Revista Virtual nke Estudos de Lingaugem.
 Daalụ, Stefan. 2008 a. "Mmetụta Portuguese na Kulina". Na Thomas Stolz, Dik Bakker & Rosa Salas Palomo (eds.) Akụkụ nke kọntaktị asụsụ. Nchọpụta usoro mmụta ọhụrụ, usoro na ihe nleba anya nwere nlebara anya pụrụ iche na usoro Romancisation, 287-297. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
 Dinst, Stefan. 2008b. "Gịnị kpatara Kulina enweghị ihe mgbochi". Amụma 32: 27-36 .
 Dinst, Stefan. 2005. "Ihe ọhụrụ nke s na Kulina na Deni". Ọkà mmụta asụsụ mmadụ 52: 209-243.
 Monserrat, Ruth Maria Fonini & Abel O. Silva. 1986. Gramática na língua Kulina. Dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo . Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.
 Silva, Abel O. & Ruth MF Monserrat.1984. Dicionário Kulina – Português e Português – Kulina. (Dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo) . Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.
 Tiss, Frank. 2004. Gramática da língua Madiha (Kulina) . São Leopoldo: Oikos.
 Wright, Pamela Sue. 1991. La hipótesis del inacusativo y los verbos mádija (culina). Revista Latino-americana de Estudios Ethnolingüísticos 6: 49-62.
 Wright, Pamela Sue. Madija kwuru. Akwụkwọ ọrụ nke Summer Institute of Linguistics, Mahadum North Dakota 39: 93-140.

 Ntụaka 
na-ekwu na ya na Reginald na Ryan Dennis, emesịa gbawaa koodu na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke asụsụ Tahltan." [1] Dị ka asụsụ Dene, dị ka