Asụsụ Proto-Kra

Proto-Kra bụ nna ochie arụgharịrị nke asụsụ Kra . Weera Ostapirat wughachiri ya na 2000 na Ph.D ya. akwukwo akwukwo.

 Nrụgharị ọkwa dị ala 
Ostapirat (2000) nyere mwugharị ụda olu mmalite maka ọtụtụ ọkwa dị ala tupu ha anwa nwughari nke Proto-Kra.

 Proto-Kra
 Proto-South-Western Kra
 Proto-Western Kra ( Gelao, Lachi )
 Proto-Southern Kra ( Laha )
 Proto-Central-East Kra
 Proto-Central Kra ( Paha )
 Proto-Eastern Kra ( Buyang, Qabiao )

 fonology 

 Consonants 
Proto-Kra nwere ngụkọta nke consonants 32, asaa n'ime ha (akara na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ) nwere ike ime dị ka syllable ikpeazụ (Ostapirat 2000: 224, 236).
+Consonants Proto-Kra Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal Nkwụsị akwụghị ụgwọ       Nkwụsị ụda      imi      Njikọ na-enweghị ụda    Ndị Afrịka nwere olu    Fricative anaghị ekwu okwu    Fricative nwere olu    Odika     Rhotic  

 Miyake (2008, 2021) 
Marc Miyake (2008,  2021 Miyake, Marc (2021-05-20). "Chapter 9: Retroflexion or Disyllabism? A Kra Puzzle". In Kupchik, John; Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés; Miyake, Marc Hideo; Vovin, Alexander (eds.). Studies in Asian historical linguistics, philology and beyond: festschrift presented to Alexander V. Vovin in honor of his 60th birthday. Leiden: Brill. pp. 115–136. ISBN 978-90-04-44856-8. OCLC 1250436437. Retrieved 2023-01-19. ) na-atụ aro ka nwughari ọzọ maka Ostapirat's (2000) Proto-Kra retroflex consonants, na-atụ aro na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ n'ezie ndị na-abụghị retroflexes nke e mmetụta tupu syllables, karịsịa na alveolar consonants intervocalic positions. N'asụsụ Kra synchronic, a na-egosipụtakarị ntugharị uche dị ka okwu nkwuwa okwu, nke Miyake (2021) ekwetaghị na ọ malitere site na mgbanaka retroflex mbụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke nrụgharị Proto-Kra nke Miyake (2008) edegharịrị n'okpuru.

 * ts'm 'otu' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * tʂəm C )
 *tsun 'kuziri' ( Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * tʂun A )
 *N-tsu 'pillar' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *m-tʂu A )
 * nok 'nnụnụ' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * ɳok D )
 * nui 'snow' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * ɳui A )
 *nəl 'abụba' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *(m-)ɳəl A )
 *CV-nəŋh 'salty' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *ʔ-ɳəŋ B )
 * na 'oke' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *C-na A )
 * nak 'nye' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * nak D )
 * klep 'mkpịsị aka' (Ostapirat's Proto-Kra *ʈ-lep D )
 *(k/tV-)loŋ 'akwukwo nri' ( Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * ɖ-loŋ A )

Miyake (2021) na-ewughachi ụfọdụ ụdị lexical disyllabic maka Proto-Kra, gụnyere *mata A 'eye', *manok D' nnụnụ', na *kVtu A1 'Louse'.

Ọzọkwa, Miyake (2008) na-enyocha Ostapirat's Proto-Kra * pwl- dị ka *CV-pl-, *bwl- dị ka *CV-bl-, *m-pl- dị ka *pl-, *(p/d/k) -l- dị ka * (p/d/k) Vl-, *ʈ-l- dị ka kl-, * (p/d/k) Consonants Proto-Kra na Miyake (2021)  ka atụnyere Ostapirat (2000) bụ:
Ostapirat (2000) Miyake (2021) *ʈ- * CVt- *ɖ- * CVd- * ɳ- CVn- * ɭ- CVl- dl- CVl- *tʂ- *CVts- *d- * CVdz- *hr- *hr- *r- *r-

 Udaume 
Proto-Kra nwere ngụkọta nke ụdaume 6 (Ostapirat 2000:235).
+Udaume Proto-Kra Ogologo N'ihu Central Azu Mechie   N'etiti    Mepee 
Proto-Kra nwere diphthong 4, nke anaghị ahụ n'ime mkpụrụokwu mechiri emechi .






 Ụda 
Proto-Kra nwere usoro ụda ụda A–B–C–D nke a na-ahụkarị na asụsụ Tai–Kadai ndị ọzọ ( lee asụsụ Proto-Tai#Tones ). Nkọwa ụda n'okpuru sitere na Ostapirat (2000:237).

 * A : * A bụ otu n'ime ụda a na-ahụkarị.
 *B : *B na *D yiri ụda olu, n'ihi na ntụgharị ụda *D na-adịkarị ka nke *B. Nke a na-emekarị n'asụsụ Kra niile ma ewezuga Qabiao .
 *C : *C na-esonyere ya na mgbachi glottal ma nwee ike na mbụ nwere ogo laryngeal na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ nke siri ike. Ụfọdụ ụdị Gelao na Yalang Buyang na-egosipụta otu ntụgharị maka * B na * C.
 *D : *D bụ naanị ụda na-eme naanị na mkpụrụokwu mechiri emechi .

Tebụl na-esonụ nke njirimara ụda ụda nke Proto-Kra ka e megharịrị site na Ostapirat (2000:237).
+Njirimara Proto-Kra Tonal *A *B *C *D Ụdị nke ikpeazụ ụdaume, ụdaume lax larynx (?) akwara akwara na-akwụsị Ịkpọ ụda kwuputara ekwughi okwu ekwughi okwu ekwughi okwu Ụdọ olu na-ama jijiji sara mbara emeghe mechiri emechi mechiri emechi Ogologo oge ụdaume ogologo ọkara nkenke ọkara

 Lexicon 
N'okpuru ebe a ka arụgharịrị ụdị Proto-Kra sitere na Ostapirat (2000).


 Ihe ndetu 

 Ntụaka 
(Coupe 2004).

 Hụkwa 

 Asụsụ Proto-Austronesia
 Asụsụ Proto-Hlai
 Asụsụ Proto-Kam-Sui
 Asụsụ Proto-Tai
 Asụsụ Austro-Tai

 Njikọ mpụga 


 ABVD: Ndepụta okwu Proto-Kra
 ABVD: ndepụta okwu nke asụsụ Kra-Dai Archived  
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations