Asụsụ I'saka

Isaka (I'saka) bụ asụsụ ndị obodo Krisa na-asụ (latitude{ọcha-space:5} 2  141°17′15″E/﻿2.845832°S 141.287516°E﻿ / -2.845832; 141.287516 (Krisa)) na Pasi na mpaghara Sandaun, Papua New Guinea.  A na-akpọkwa ya Krisa, mgbe obodo ahụ gasịrị, n'agbanyeghị na aha a abụghị okwu nwere ike ime n'asụsụ ahụ n'onwe ya.  Naanị ebe e bipụtara maka asụsụ a bụ Donohue and San Roque (2004) (lee ntụaka), ọ bụ ezie na ndị dere nke a achọpụtakwala ihe I’saka n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Donald Laycock na-ebipụtabeghị.

A na-asụ Isaka na obodo Krisa na Pasi nke Bewani/Wutung Onei Rural LLG na Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea .   Ọnụnọ I'saka n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ihe na-adịbeghị anya, ebe ha biri n'ụsọ oké osimiri naanị n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga. 

 fonology 
Ewezuga fọnịm segmental, I'saka ma na-emekwa ihe dị iche iche n'ụda na imi .

 Igwefoto ngalaba 
Enwere consonants ndị a na I'saka:

Ụda , , na mgbe ụfọdụ  a na-anụ ya na mgbanwe n'efu na-enweghị mgbagha, na-eme ka ha tụgharịa nke otu phoneme (ederede  ). Donohue na San Roque (2004) na-atụ aro na e nwere ihe mbụ phonemic ma ọ bụ allophonic iche nke bụ na usoro nke merging, ikekwe n'okpuru mmetụta nke ndị agbata obi asụsụ na Tok Pisin . A na-etinye nkwusị ụda olu (na ọkara ụdaume) n'imi tupu ụdaume imi.

Enwere ụdaume ụda ọnụ ise nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ama ama, ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-ekwu okwu ochie na-amatakwa ụdaume dị elu nke etiti gbara okirikiri  .

Ụdaume na-apụtakwa n'imi, ndị a na-emekwa ka nkwusi okwu pụta n'ihu. Dị ka ihe atụ,  obi (ya na ụda na-ebili) na-akpọ , mgbe  ọ dịghị onye a na-akpọ  .

(Ndị a ka a na-asụpe bou na mou ; mgbe consonants ndị ọzọ gasịrị, a na-asụpe ụdaume nasal na njedebe -ng : ya bụ, enweghị ụda pa, pang, ta, tang, ka, kang, voiced stops ba, ma, da, na, other sa, sung, wa, wang, ya, yang .)

Donohue & San Roque (2004) na-egosi nasality dị ka ihe kachasị elu nke syllable, karịa nke ụdaume.

 Ụda 
Usoro ụda na-eme ka ụda anọ dị iche na otu nkeji okwu, dị elu, dị ala, na-ebili, na ịdaba. Ihe na-erughị ọkara usoro usoro ụda nwere ike ime (4 x 4) nke enwere ike ịtụ anya na mgbọrọgwụ disyllabic ka a na-ahụ n'ezie. Kpọmkwem, ala dị ala bụ naanị usoro nke ụda abụọ yiri ya, a hụbeghị usoro elu elu. Opekempe ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke contour ụda ụda dị ala na-anọchi anya syllable ndị na-enweghị ụda olu ma ọ bụ akọwapụtaghị nke ọma maka uru ụda.

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Nnọchiaha onwe onye na-egosi morphological variants maka ọnụ ọgụgụ (otu, otu, na nke abụọ na onye mbụ na nke abụọ), okike (nwoke ma ọ bụ na-abụghị nwoke, akara na onye nke atọ nnochiaha naanị) na ikpe (lee n'okpuru). Ndabere semantic maka usoro mmụta okike dị ka nke a. Ụdị nwoke na nwanyị na-egosi 'ihe dị ndụ nke nwoke na ihe jikọrọ ha ozugbo', na okike na-abụghị nwoke na-egosi ihe ọ bụla ọzọ, ya bụ otu ụdị, okike ndabara.

I'saka nwere isiokwu siri ike nke ọma - ihe - usoro okwu ngwaa maka ahịrịokwu nkwupụta. Nnọchiaha onwe onye nwere ụdị ikpe enweghị akara, aha, ebubo na enwere. A na-eji nnochite okwu nominative mee ihe maka ihe ndị metụtara ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na ngwa ngwa, okwu ebubo maka ihe ndị ntụgharị. Mkpọaha nọ n'ọrụ a na-edoghị anya na-ewere ụdị ikpe na-enweghị akara. Enwere ike iji ụdị ikpe enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ nnọchiaha aha na nke nwere, mana mkpa nhọrọ ahụ edoghị anya. Nouns enweghị akara ikpe n'ime ọrụ ụtọasụsụ bụ isi, n'agbanyeghị na enwere mgbakwunye maka ngwa ngwa, nkwado/ebe na onye nwe amụma.

Ngwaa nwere akara morphological dị mkpa karịa aha. Enwere prefixes na-ekwenye na isiokwu a. Mpịakọta ngwaa transitive na-aka ihe ha, ma ọ bụ site na suffix ihe, ma ọ bụ site na nchikota nke ngwaa ahụ. Ọtụtụ ngwaa enweghị akara ihe.

 Ntụaka 

   See also the online PDF of a 2003 paper by Donohue and San Roque about I'saka grammar.

 Ihe ndetu 

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations