Asụsụ Palaung

Palaung ma ọ bụ Ta'ang ( Burmese   ), makwaara dị ka De'ang ( Chinese ; Burmese   ), bụ ụyọkọ olumba Austroasiatic nke ihe karịrị ọkara nde mmadụ na-asụ na Burma ( Shan State ) na mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu. E kewara ndị Palaung gaa na Palé (Ruching), Rumai, na Shwe, nke ọ bụla n’ime ha nwekwara asụsụ nke ya.   A na-akọ na asụsụ Riang enweghị nghọta ma ọ bụ naanị na ọ siri ike nghọta site n'aka ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo nke asụsụ Palaung ndị ọzọ.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka; enwere ndị na-asụ Shwe 150,000 na 1982, ndị na-ekwu okwu Ruching (Palé) 272,000 na 2000, yana ndị na-asụ Rumai 139,000 na ụbọchị edekọghị.  E kewara Palaung dị ka asụsụ "nwere nnukwu nsogbu" na Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger nke UNESCO .   Olumba Rulai a na-asụ n'akụkụ Lashio na-enwe mgbanwe ụda olu mgbe niile yana ụfọdụ ọdịiche dị n'okwuokwu sitere na Ruching . 

 Olumba 

 Yan na Zhou (2012) 
Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ China na-ekewapụta ụdị "De'ang 德昂" (nke a na-asụkarị na Santaishan Ethnic De'ang Township 三台山德昂族乡, Mangshi na Junnong Township 军弄乡, Zhenkang County ) dị ka ndị a ( De'i zhian ). Aha ndị dị na IPA sitere na Yan & Zhou (2012:154–155) 

 Bulei 布雷[  ] (ihe nnọchite anya data: Yunqian 允欠,  Mangshi ): a na-asụ na Luxi
 Bulei 布雷[  ] olumba
 Raojin 饶进[  ] olumba
 Liang 梁[  ] (data nnochite anya: Xiaochanggou 硝厂沟): a na-asụ na Longchuan na Ruili.
 Rumai 汝买[  ],  ) (data nnochite anya: Yechaqing 叶茶箐): a na-asụ na Zhenkang na Baoshan.

Ndị De'ang 德昂 dị iche iche na-ezo onwe ha dị ka , [  ], [  ] na [  ], dabere na olumba (Yan & Zhou 2012:154–155). Ọzọ De'ang autonym bụ , ebe  pụtara 'obodo'. Ndị Dai obodo na-ezo aka na De'ang dị ka  .

Liu (2006)  depụtara nkuzi Palaungic atọ, ya bụ:

 Obodo Guangka, Obodo Mengxiu, Obodo Ruili (瑞丽市勐休乡广卡村);  [  ]; tonal
 Obodo Mengdan, Obodo Santaishan (三台山勐丹村);  [  ]; na-abụghị tonal
 Obodo Guanshuang, Obodo Mengman, Xishuangbanna (西双版纳州勐满乡关双村);  [  ]; tonal

 Ostapirat (2009) 
Weera Ostapirat (2009:74) na-ahazi asụsụ Palaung dịka ndị a.  A na-enye nkọwapụta mgbanwe ụda na mbo.

 Palaung

 Ta-ang
 Rumai-Darang (*-ɔŋ > -ɛŋ; *-uŋ > -ɨŋ)
 Rumai (*-r- > -j-)
 Ra-ang-Darang (*b, *d, *ɟ, *g > p, t, c, k)
 Ra-ang
 Darang (*-na > -uan; *-r > -n)
 Na-ang
 Darang
 Da-ang
 Dara-ang

 Shintani (2008) 
Shintani (2008) matara olumba abụọ nke Palaung, ya bụ Southern Palaung na Northern Palaung. Nkwụsị ndịda Palaung anaghị ekwu okwu kwekọrọ na Northern Palaung kwuputara nkwụsị, nke ikpeazụ Shintani (2008) kwenyere na ọ bụ ndogide sitere na Proto-Palaungic. Asụsụ South Palaung nke Shintani mụrụ (2008) bụ nke:

 Obodo Kentung
 Obodo Waanpao (nke dị nso na Kengtung)
 Obodo Chengphong (nke dị nso na Kengtung)
 Obodo Loikhong (nke dị nso na Mängpeng)
 Mängküng
 Yassaw
 Kalaw

 Deepadung et al. (2015) 
Deepadung et al. (2015)  kewaa olumba Palaung ka ndị a.

 Palaung

 Ta-ang : Namhsan, Khun Hawt, Htan Hsan
 (isi Palaung)
 Pule : Pang Kham, Man Loi, Meng Dan, Chu Dong Gua
 Dara-ang : Pan Paw, Noe Lae, Nyaung Gone, Pong Nuea (?), Xiang Cai Tang 香菜塘
 Rumai : Nan Sang, Guang Ka, Mang Bang
 ? Cha Ye Qing 茶叶箐

 fonology 
Chen, et al. (1986) depụtara consonants ndị a maka Palaung:
 Labial eze / Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Kwụsị voiceless p t tɕ k ʔ aspirated pʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ voiced b d dʑ ɡ imi voiced m n ɲ̟ ŋ ˀn voiceless m̥ n̥ ɲ̟̊ ŋ̊ Nke na-ese okwu voiceless f s ɕ h voiced v  Rhotic voiced rvoiceless r̥  Odika voiced l j voiceless l̥
Enwere ike ịnụ nke ikpeazụ /r/ dị ka ụda enweghị olu [ɹ̥], ma na-eso /u/ a na-anụ ya dị ka [ɫ̥].
 N'ihu Azu Mechie i ɯ u Nso nso ɪ ʊ N'etiti e ɤ o Oghere-etiti ɛ ɔ Mepee ɑ
Enwere ike ịnụ /ɤ/ n'okwu ngwa ngwa dị ka ụdaume etiti [ə], a na-anụkwa ya dị ka [ɤ] n'ebe ọzọ. /a/ nwere ike ịnụ dị ka ihu [æ] tupu /k, ŋ/, na [ɛ] tupu /n, t/.

Dịka Shorto (1960) siri kwuo, /ɤ/ adịghị eme naanị ya n'ime mkpụrụokwu mgbakasị ahụ, kama ọ bụ naanị n'ime mkpụrụokwu enweghị mgbakasị ahụ ma ọ bụ dịka onye nke abụọ nke diphthong. Enwekwara nnukwu ọnụọgụ diphthongs, gụnyere /eo/, /eɤ/, /aɤ/, /ɔɤ/, /oɤ/, /uɤ/, na /iɤ/.

Ọ bụ ezie na Milne (1921) gụnyere ụdaume /ü, ö, ɪ/ na ndegharị ya, Shorto (1960) ahụghị ihe ndị a dị ka fọnịm ụdaume n'ọrụ ya.

(Rịba ama na okwu ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n’okpuru na ngalaba Syntax sitere na Milne (1921 ), ya mere ihe nnọchi anya ụda olu ha nwere ike ịchọ ntụgharị.)

 Syntax 
Ihe atụ ndị dị n'okpuru bụ ụdị Milne (1921).

 Aha na nkebiokwu aha 
Usoro nke ihe dị na nkebi ahịrịokwu bụ N - (onye nwe ya) - (gosipụta).

Tụlee ihe atụ ndị a:
kpoɔn ai ihe nwa anyi abuo nke a nwa anyi a

 Ndabere na nkebiokwu amụma 
Shwe Palaung nwere amụma amụma, dịka na ọmụmaatụ na-esote.
ta kwun hɔɔkhəm ka nnukwu eze nye eze ukwu

 Ahịrịokwu 
Nkejiokwu Shwe Palaung n'ozuzu nwere usoro okwu isiokwu-ngwaa-ihe (SVO).
ihe di d͡ʒüür gaaŋ ọ n'ọdịnihu zụta ụlọ Ọ ga-azụta ụlọ.

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Mpempe okwu dị nkenke nke Rumai, ụdị dị iche iche nke Palaung, bụ Weymuth (2018) depụtara ya. Ngwaa dị na Rumai Palaung na-emegharị kwa oge, akụkụ na ọnọdụ.


 Usoro edemede 
N'oge ọchịchị Briten na Bọma, ndị na-asụ Palaung ji script Shan dee asụsụ ha.  Otu onye ozi ala ọzọ nke America webatara Palaung odide ọhụrụ na 1912, mana edemede ahụ enwetaghị ọnyà. 

N'afọ 1955, Paw San chepụtara edemede ọhụrụ maka asụsụ ahụ, onye isi obodo ahụ, Khun Pan Cing, nyere ya nrite ọla edo maka mbọ ya.  Agbanyeghị, edemede ahụ ewepụghị usoro odide ndị ọzọ ejiri Palaung, ọkachasị n'ihi ikike nke ndị ọchịchị Shan.  Site na 1967 ruo 1968, Kansụl Shan nwere nnọkọ na Taunggyi iji chepụta edemede ọhụrụ wee biri na edemede Burmese iji mee ka ederede Pali nweta ndị na-asụ Palaung. 

A nakweere ụdị edemede a ahaziri ahazi na 1972, a na-ejikwa ya ugbu a na agụmakwụkwọ na-abụghị akwụkwọ na Shan State na Mandalay.   Dabere na mkpụrụedemede Burmese, ọ na-ejigide consonants Burmese niile wee webata ụfọdụ ngwakọta ụdaume ọhụrụ, consonant agbakwunyere (ႎ /v/), yana usoro nrịbama ụda zuru oke nke asụsụ Shan na-emetụta.   Nke a na-enyere aka iji ụdị mbụ ha dee okwu Pali, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị ụda Palaung ka a na-anọchi anya ya.  N'adịghị ka scripts maka Mon ma ọ bụ Burmese, edemede Palaung anaghị egosipụta ọkwa ochie nke asụsụ ahụ.  Ọ na-ekerịta ụfọdụ atụmatụ na edemede Shan.  A na-eji edemede ahụ eme ihe karịsịa maka ụdị Shwe na Rumai dị n'ebe ugwu Palaung, n'agbanyeghị na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmuta na-adịkarị ala n'ihi ọnụnọ nke asụsụ Shan na Burmese dị elu na mpaghara ahụ.  N’oge na-adịbeghị anya, otu obodo dị na Shan Steeti na Mandalay agbaala mbọ iji hazie ihe odide Palaung. 

A na-edekwa ụdị ndịda Palaung, Ruching site na iji edemede Tai Tham, ọ bụ ezie na agụmagụ dị ala, ma ugbu a na-asọmpi na edemede Burmese nwetara.

 Ihe atụ ederede 
Akụkụ na-esonụ nke akụkọ dị na Shwe Palaung sitere na Milne (1921:146–147).
Naaŋ̩ rashöh, naaŋ jü grai ta kwun hɔɔkhəm naaŋ daah, nwanyi teta nwanyi akụkọ: gara aga kwuru ka nnukwu eze nwanyi kwuo Ezenwanyị teta wee sị eze
ihe ka tọm rɪɪnpoo hlai ọ hụ khənjaa ihe ai lɔh shoktee haa ihe oh neg mgbe nrọ ọbụna otu oge onye ọchịchị oh anyi abuo bia ngwa ngwa ebe nke a 'Oh, ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe m rọrọ nrọ (dị ka nke a) mbụ, oh Onye Ọchịchị, (ebe ọ bụ na) anyị abụọ bịara ebe a ibu ọnụ.
Phadiiu nɔ la puru shəŋii, ɔɔ rɪɪnpoo kwun phii leeh taa juputara nke ọma Asaa ụbọchị I nrọ nnukwu mmụọ gbadata Ụbọchị asaa gara aga, ahụrụ m nrọ na mmụọ nsọ ahụ dara
dɛ ɔɔ hɔɔm makmon kəm ŋaam hụ hnjo nye m rie ogologo mango ọla edo ụtọ nke ukwuu o nyekwam ogologo mango ọla-edo ka m rie. Ha na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu. '

 Ntụaka 

 Isi mmalite 

 Ọgụgụ ọzọ 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Saịtị asụsụ Palaung Thailand
 Saịtị asụsụ Palaung Ruch
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations