Asụsụ Tuareg

Tuareg asụsụ bụ otu asụsụ na olumba Berber nwere njikọ chiri anya. Ndị Tuareg Berber na-asụ ha n'akụkụ buru ibu nke Mali, Niger,Algeria, Libya, na Burkina Faso, nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu ole na ole, ndị Kinnin, na Chad.[1]

 Nkọwa 
Olumba Tuareg so na South Berber na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ewere ya dị ka otu asụsụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ site na Karl-Gottfried Prasse ). A na-eji mgbanwe ụda ole na ole mara ha nke ọma (karịsịa na-emetụta mkpọpụta z na h mbụ). Ụdị ndị Tuareg bụ ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ụzọ ụfọdụ; ha na-ejigide ụdaume abụọ dị mkpụmkpụ ebe asụsụ Northern-Berber nwere otu ma ọ bụ nke ọ bụla, ma nwee oke nrịanrịa nke okwu mgbazinye Arabic karịa ọtụtụ asụsụ Berber. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

A na-edekarị asụsụ Tuareg n'ụdị mkpụrụedemede Tifinagh . Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikarị edemede Arabic eme ihe na mpaghara ụfọdụ (ma ọ dị kemgbe oge ochie), ebe script Latin bụ ọrụ na Mali na Niger . [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

 Nkewa nke ntakiri 

Ndị na-ekwu okwu Tin Sert (Tetserret) na-akọwapụta dị ka Tuareg, mana asụsụ a bụ Western Berber .

 Ọkpụkpụ 
Enwere ike iji script Tifinagh (Libyco-Berber) oge ochie dee asụsụ Tuareg, script Latin ma ọ bụ nke Arabic . Mmemme mmuta nke mba Mali DNAFLA ewepụtala ụkpụrụ maka mkpụrụedemede Latịn, nke a na-eji emezigharị na Prasse's Lexique na mmemme mmuta gọọmentị na Burkina, ebe na Niger ejiri usoro dị iche. Enwekwara ụfọdụ mgbanwe na Tifinagh na n'edemede Arabic. [ 5 ]

Achọtala ojiji mbụ nke edemede Tifinagh na nka nkume na n'ili dị iche iche. N'ime ndị a bụ ili ncheta afọ 1,500 nke Tuareg matriarch Tin Hinan, bụ ebe a chọtara ihe odide Tifinagh n'otu mgbidi ya. 

Amachibidoro ojiji Tifinagh ugbu a ka ọ bụrụ ịde usoro anwansi, na-ede n'ọbụ aka mgbe achọrọ ịgbachi nkịtị, yana n'edemede leta.  Ndị ebo na-etinye aka na mmụta islam na-ejikarị eme ihe n'asụsụ Arabik, mana amachaghị maka mgbakọ ya. 

 fonology 

 Udaume 
Usoro ụdaume gụnyere ụdaume ogologo ise,  na ụdaume abụọ dị mkpụmkpụ,  (na ibe a,  a na-eji anọchi anya IPA  ). Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdaume ahụ nwere ụda olu mepere emepe nke na-eme ozugbo tupu consonants na-ekwusi ike, dabere na mgbanwe olumba. Allphones ndị a gụnyere  maka  na  (n'agbanyeghị  nwere ike ghara imeghe),  maka  na  (n'agbanyeghị  nwere ike ghara imeghe), na  maka  . [ 17 ] Karl Prasse rụrụ ụka na /e/ na-alaghachi na Proto-Berber, ebe /o/ sitere na /u/.  Ihe akaebe atụnyere na-egosi na /ə/ na-enweta site na njikọta nke Proto-Berber */ĭ/ na */ŭ/.

Sudlow na-eji ụdaume were were klaasị "semivowels" /w, j/, wee detuo diphthongs ndị a nwere ike ime: /əw/ (> [u]), /ăw/, /aw/, /ew/, /iw/, /ow/, /uw/, /iw/, /ow/, /uw/, /əj/ (> [i]), /j /j/ij/, /aj/, /e, /j. [ 19 ]

 Consonants 
Ndepụta nke consonant yiri nke ukwuu nke Arabic: ụda olu dị iche; uvulars, pharyngeal (nke a na-akpọkarị emphatics)  ; na-achọ ka akwara pharynx gbakọọ ma na-emetụta ịkpọpụta ụdaume na-esote, na enweghị olu bilabial plosive . [ 22 ]

Nkwụsị glottal abụghị ụda ụda. Ọ na-apụta na mmalite nke ụdaume-mbụ okwu iji mejupụta ebe consonant mbụ dị n'usoro mkpụrụokwu (lee n'okpuru), ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụrụ na okwu a na-ebute ụzọ na okwu na-agwụ na consonant, ọ na-eme njikọ kama. Nkebiokwu-ikpeazụ /a/ na-esotekwa ụda ụda glottal nkwụsị . [ 23 ]

Gemination dị iche. [ 24 ] Dịkarịa  na-aghọ ,  na-aghọ , na  na-aghọ  . [ 24 ]  na  na-karịsịa geminate. Na mgbakwunye, na Tadɣaq  na-abụkarị geminate, mana na Tudalt singleton  nwere ike ime. [ 24 ]

Nkwekọrịta olu na-eme, yana consonant nke mbụ na-ewere olu nke abụọ (dịka  >  ). [ 25 ]

Mbelata ụyọkọ tụgharịrị okwu/morpheme-ikpeazụ  banye  na  banye  (dịka  >  'Tamasheq' [ ndetu 2 ] ). [ 26 ]

 phonotactics 
Nhazi mkpụrụokwu bụ CV(C)(C), gụnyere glotal stops (lee n'elu). [ 23 ]

 Suprasegmentals 
Nchegbu na-emegiderịta onwe ya nwere ike ime na akụkụ nke ngwaa. [ 17 ]

 Ndịiche olumba 
Olumba dị iche iche nwere ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa dị iche iche. Enwere ike ịza ajụjụ ụfọdụ n'ime ndịiche ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Proto-Berber *h na-efukarị na Ayer Tuareg, ebe a na-echekwa ya n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla na Mali Tuareg. Olumba Iwellemmeden na Ahaggar Tuareg dị n'etiti ọnọdụ ndị a. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Consonant Proto-Berber *z na-apụta n'ụzọ dị iche na olumba dị iche iche, mmepe nke na-egosipụta ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ n'aha olumba. Achọpụtara ya dị ka h na Tamahaq (Tahaggart), dị ka š na Tamasheq na dị ka z dị mfe na olumba Tamajaq Tawallammat na Tayart. Na abụọ ikpeazụ, * z na-aghọta dị ka ž n'ihu palatal ụdaume, na-akọwa ụdị Tamajaq . Na Tawallammat na karịsịa Tayart, ụdị palatalization a anaghị ejide onwe ya na z . N'olumba ndị a, eze n'ozuzu na-ada ụda tupu  na  . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ tidət  na Tayart. 

Ndịiche ndị ọzọ nwere ike ị nwetaghachi n'ụzọ dị mfe na ibiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, agbaziwo pharyngeal Arabic ħ na ` yana okwu mbinye ego Arab site n'olumba ndị ọkachamara na mmụta Islam ( Maraboutic ). Olumba ndị ọzọ na-eji x na ɣ dochie ħ na ʻotu n'otu.

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Usoro usoro okwu bụ isi na Tuareg bụ ngwaa–isiokwu–ihe . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ngwaa n'ime klaasị morphological iri na itoolu; Enwere ike ịkọwa ụfọdụ n'ime klaasị ndị a n'usoro n'usoro. Ngwaa na-ebu ozi gbasara isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu n'ụdị akara aha. Ọ dịghị mfe adjectives dị na Tuareg asụsụ; A na-akọwapụta echiche adjentival site n'iji ngwa ngwa ikwu na-akpọkarị 'participle'. Asụsụ Tuareg emetụtala asụsụ Northern Songhay dị ka Sawaq, ndị na-asụ ya bụ omenala Tuareg mana na-asụ Songhay; mmetụta a na-agụnye isi okwu phonology na mgbe ụfọdụ ụtọ asụsụ yana ọtụtụ okwu mgbazinye ego.

 Syntax 
Tamasheq na-ahọrọ usoro VSO; otu o sila dị o nwere nhazi okwu-okwu (dị ka n'asụsụ ogbi nke America, Hibru ọgbara ọhụrụ, Japanese na Russian), na-enye ohere ka ebu ụzọ tinye echiche ahụ e mesiri ike, ma ọ bụ isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe, nke ikpeazụ na-enye mmetụta dị ka nke Bekee. [ 30 ] Sudlow na-eji ihe atụ ndị a, ihe niile na-egosipụta echiche bụ "Ndị ikom anaghị esi nri porridge" (e na-egosi Sudlow's schwa):
SVOVSO'Porridge, men don't cook it.''It isn't men who cook porridge.''Men are not those who cook porridge.'
Ọzọ dị ka Japanese, a na-eji "pronoun/particle 'a' na nkebi ahịrịokwu na-esonụ iji weta aha na nkebiokwu na mmalite maka imesi ike," ihe owuwu nke a pụrụ iji mesie ọbụna ihe nke prepositions. [ 31 ] Ihe atụ Sudlow (s na-egosi palato-alveolar fricative na-enweghị olu):
'I bought millet.''It was millet that I bought.'
Ihe nrịbama ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè na-ewere ụdị i/y na Tudalt na e/y na Tadɣaq. [ 32 ]

 Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 
Dị ka mgbọrọgwụ na ụkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ asụsụ templaịt, mgbọrọgwụ atọ n'otu n'otu (base consonant bases) bụ nke a na-ahụkarị na Tamasheq. Niels na Regula Christiansen na-eji mgbọrọgwụ ktb (ide) iji gosipụta njikọ akụkụ emechara gara aga:+Mgbakwunye isiokwu Tamasheq [ 33 ] otu otutu Onye mbụ   Onye nke abụọ   Onye nke atọ M   F   Ụdị nsonye, ya bu "onye..." M   F  
+Conjugation of k-t-b 'write'PersonSingularPlural1st2nd(m)(f)3rd(m)(f)
Nkwekọrịta ọnụ na ojiji nke akụkụ; Tamasheq na-eji anọ, dịka Sudlow depụtara:

 Zuru oke: omume zuru oke
 Stative: "State na-adịgide adịgide dị ka nsonaazụ na-aga n'ihu nke mmemme emechara."
 Ezughị okè: omume n'ọdịnihu ma ọ bụ omume nwere ike ime, "a na-ejikarị ngwaa na-egosipụta mmetụta, mkpebi ma ọ bụ echiche," enwere ike iji "'ad'" (akpụkpọ ya na "'a-'" na prepositions).
 Cursive: omume na-aga n'ihu, na-emekarị ihe.

+akụkụ Ngwaa Zuru oke/dị mfe zuru oke Stative/na-akpa ike zuru oke Na-ezughị okè/dị mfe zuru oke ezughị okè nke cursive/na-akpa ike zgr izgr izgr 'Ọ pụrụ' 'Ọ pụọ' bdd ibd ibd 'O biliri' 'O biliri (ya mere o guzoro ọtọ)' ekkeɣ hebu ekkêɣ hebu 'Agara m ahịa' 'Aga m aga ahịa' lmd ad elmedăɣ Tămasăq lammădăɣ Tămasăq 'M ga-amụ Tamasheq' 'Ana m amụ Tamasheq' a-dd-as aseka  'Ọ ga-abịarute (ebe a) echi'  iwan tattănăt alemmoZ  'Ehi na-eri ahịhịa'  ăru tasăɣalăɣ siha  'M na-arụbu ọrụ n'ebe ahụ'
A na-egosipụta iwu na ọnọdụ dị mkpa, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nke akụkụ ahụ na-ezughị okè, ọ gwụla ma a ga-emeghachi omume ahụ ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ gaa n'ihu, na nke a na-ahọrọ akụkụ nke cursive. [ 35 ]

 Ọgụgụ ọzọ 

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Bouchiche, Lamara. (1997) Langues et litteratures berberes des sitere na nos jours. Bibliographie internationale et systematique. Paris: Ibis Press.
 Chaker, Salem, ed. (1988) Etudes touaregues. Bilan des recherches en Sciences sociales. Travaux et Documents de iREMAM no. 5. Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM/LAPMO.
 Leupen, AHA (1978) Akwụkwọ akụkọ des populations touaregues: Sahara et Soudan centraux. Leiden: Afrika Studiecentrum .

 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Peeji 247 nke Dictionnaire Touareg–Français nke 1951, na-egosipụta aka ọdịde ọma nke De Foucauld tinyere nkọwa zuru ezu nke ' osisi ụlọikwuu' na usoro iwu ụlọ ntu ndị ọzọ nke Kel Aggar .

 Charles de Foucauld (1951–1952) Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu touareg–francais . 4 vol. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale de France. [mbipụta facsimile mgbe anwụchara (onye edemede dec. 1916); olumba nke Hoggar, ndịda Algeria]
 Jeffrey Heath (2006) Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu tamachek–anglais–Français . Paris: Karthala. [na-ekpuchi olumba nke ugwu Mali]
 Motylinski, A. (1908). Grammaire, dialogues et dictionnaire touaregs . Alger: P. Fontana.
 Karl-G Prasse, Ghoubeid Alojaly na Ghabdouane Mohamed, (2003) Dictionnaire touareg–francais (Niger) . Edegharịrị mbipụta nke abụọ; 2 vol. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, Mahadum nke Copenhagen. [1st mbipụta 1998; na-ekpuchi olumba abụọ nke Northern Republic of Niger]

 Asụsụ asụsụ 

 Christiansen, Niels, na Regula. "Ụfọdụ njirimara ngwaa morphology nke Tadaksahak." Akwụkwọ ọrụ SIL Electronic. 2002. Ụlọ ọrụ SIL International. Disemba 2, 2007 <  .
 Hanoteau, A. (1896) Essai de grammaire de la langue tamachek' : refermant les principes du langage parlé par les Imouchar' ou Touareg . Alger: A. Jourdan.
 Galand, Lionel. (1974) 'Mmalite grammaticale'. Na: Petites Soeurs de Jesus, Contes touaregs de l'Air (Paris: SELAF), p. 15–41.
 Heath, Jeffrey. 2005. Grammar nke Tamashek (Tuareg nke Mali) . (Mouton Grammar Series.) na Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.

 Prasse, Karl G. (1973) Manuel de grammaire touaregue (tahaggart) . 4 vol. Copenhagen.

 Ederede 

 Ag Erless, Mohamed (1999) "Il n'y a qu'un soleil sur terre". Contes, ilu na devinettes des Touaregs Kel-Adagh. Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM.
 Aghali-Zakara, Mohamed & Jeannine Drouin (1979) Omenala touarègues nigériennes. Paris: Harmattan.
 Albaka, Moussa & Dominique Casajus (1992) Poésies et chant touaregs de l'Ayr. Tandis qu'ils dorment tous, je dis mon chant d'amour . Paris: Harmattan.
 Alojaly, Ghoubeïd (1975) Ǎttarikh ən-Kəl-Dənnəg – Histoire des Kel-Denneg. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
 Casajus, Dominique (1985) Peau d'Âne et autres contes touaregs . Paris: Harmattan.
 Chaker, Salem & Hélène Claudot & Marceau Gast, eds. (1984) Ederede touaregs en prose de Charles de Foucauld et. A. de Calassanto-Motylinski. Aix-en-Provence: Édisud.
 Na-egwu touaregs. Recueillis na traduits nke Charles de Foucauld. Paris, Albin Michel, 1997
 Foucauld, Charles de (1925) Poésies touarègues. Olumba de l'Ahaggar. Paris: Leroux.
 Lettres ma ọ bụ marabout. Ozi touaregs ma ọ bụ Père de Foucauld . Paris, Belin, 1999
 Heath, Jeffrey (2005) Tamashek Ederede sitere na Timbuktu na Kidal . Usoro asụsụ Berber. Cologne: Koeppe Verlag
 Louali-Raynal, Naïma & Nadine Decourt & Ramada Elghamis (1997) Littérature orale touarègue. Contes na ilu. Paris: Harmattan.
 Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (1989) Poèmes touarègues de l'Ayr. 2 vol. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
 Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (2003) əlqissǎt ən-təməddurt-in – Le récit de ma vie. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
 Nicolaisen, Johannes, na Ida Nicolaisen. The Pastoral Tuareg: Ecology, Culture, and Society. Vol. 1,2. New York: Thames na Hudson, Inc, 1997. 2 mpịakọta.
 Nicolas, Francis (1944) Folklore Twareg. Poésies et Chansons de l'Azawarh. BIFAN VI, 1–4, p. 1–463.

 Isiokwu asụsụ 

 Cohen, David (1993) 'Racines'. Na: Drouin & Roth, ed. À la croisée des études libyco-berbères. Mélanges na-enye Paulette Galand-Pernet na Lionel Galand (Paris: Geuthner), 161–175.
 Kossmann, Maarten (1999) Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère . Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
 Prasse, Karl G. (1969) A propos de l'origine de h touareg (tahaggart) . Copenhagen.

 Ntụaka 

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 


 Njikọ mpụga 

 Souag, L.: Ide asụsụ Berber
Otú:All articles with unsourced statements
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations