Asụsụ Jad

Jad (Dzad), nke a makwaara dị ka Bhotia na Tchhongsa, bụ asụsụ obodo dị ihe dị ka narị atọ na-asụ na steeti Uttarakhand na Himachal Pradesh, na India.  A na-asụ ya n'ọtụtụ obodo, na obodo atọ bụ isi bụ Jadhang, Nelang na Pulam Sumda na mpaghara Harsil nke Uttarkashi District . Sharma, Suhnu Ram (2001). . Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages. 19 (19): 187–194. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014. Jad nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Lahuli–Spiti, nke bụ asụsụ Tibetic ọzọ.  A na-asụ Jad n'akụkụ Garhwali na Hindi . Mgbanwe koodu n'etiti Jad na Garhwali bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.  Asụsụ a na-enweta ụfọdụ okwu site na Hindi na Garhwali.  Ọ bụ isi asụsụ a na-asụ.

 Ịkpọ aha 
Aha Bhotia pụtara "ndị si n'ebe ugwu", na-ezo aka na mpaghara mpaghara nke ndị bi na-asụ asụsụ ahụ.  Aha Bhotia gụnyere nnukwu asụsụ ma ejiri ya na-ezo aka na ọtụtụ otu, ndị Bhotias nke Nelang na-asụ Jad kpọmkwem. Okwu Bhotia enweghị njikọ na asụsụ nke ndị Bhutan, nke bụ steeti Himalaya nwere onwe ya na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke subcontinent.  Aha Jad sitere na aha obodo oge okpomọkụ, ebe ndị Jad na-anọ n'oge okpomọkụ, nke a na-akpọ Jadhang. 

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Nkuzi nkuzi na Jad na ndi mmadu nwere oke oke. Edobeghị ndị mmadụ nyocha nke ọma ma ọ bụ nyocha. A gbasasịa ọrụ na nke na-ejighị n'aka. N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1977, e nwere ihe abụọ kpatara enweghị akwụkwọ mmụta na asụsụ na ndị mmadụ. Nke mbụ, ndị Bhotias bi n'ebe siri ike iru na mpaghara ala. Nke abuo, a ga-enwetarịrị ikike nchekwa site na Ngalaba Home na Defence nke India tupu ahapụ ndị ọkà mmụta ka ha gaa na ókèala ebe Jad bi.  N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nyocha nke emere bụ oke na oke na oke.

 fonology 

 Udaume 
Tebụlụ na-esonụ na-akọwa ọnọdụ dị n'ọnụ ebe a na-akpọ ụdaume na Jad. 
 N'ihu Central Azu Elu i u N'etiti e ə o Dị ala a
Enweghị diphthong na Jad, mana ụdaume na-emekarị n'usoro. Enweghị iwu siri ike maka ịtụ ụdaume ga-adaba mgbe n'usoro n'usoro, a na-ahụ ọtụtụ iwu dị iche iche na Jad. [ 7 ]

Ụdaume na-adịkarị ka a na-agbapụta imi mgbe ha na-eso consonant nke imi imi, ma na-afụkwa ụda mgbe edobere ha n'ihu ebe a na-akwụsị glottal. [ 8 ]

Ejikọtara ụda dị elu na ụdaume tupu okwu-ikpeazụ  ma ọ bụ mgbe okwu-mmalite retroflex na eze plosives. [ 9 ]

 Consonants 
+Consonants BilabialDentalRetroflexPalatalVelarGlottalNasalPlosivevoiceless()aspiratedvoicedbreathy-voice()()()()FricativeLaterals ()Rhotic ()Semi-vowels
Ọkwa ụda olu nke ume ume  wdg ejighị n'aka. A na-achọta ha naanị na mmalite nke okwu ahụ, ebe enwere ọchịchọ siri ike maka ụda plosives, imi na mmiri mmiri na-achọsi ike. Ndị na-achọsi ike ikwu okwu adịghị, n'ụkpụrụ, dị iche na ndị na-abụghị ndị na-achọsi ike. DD Sharma na-ekwu na ọ dị ka enwere mgbanwe dị iche iche ebe a, na ọdịiche ahụ nwere ike chọpụta nke gụnyere okwu mgbazinye ego, mana agbanyeghị na-ekpebi imecha ha dị ka allophones . [ 11 ]

Achọpụtara fricative glottal / h / dị ka velar fricative / x / n'etiti ụdaume:  ->  'ọrụ'. [ 12 ]

Ọtụtụ consonants nwere ike ịmalite okwu, ewezuga  na  . Naanị consonants nwere ike ịpụta na njedebe nke okwu bụ consonants mmiri (dị ka  na  ), na plosive ndị a na-ekwu okwu  . [ 13 ] A na-akpachapụkarị consonants olu mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ nke okwu ma ọ bụ na-abịa ozugbo n'ihu ụda enweghị olu. A na-akpọkarị plosive ndị a na-akpọghị ụda mgbe ọ na-abịa n'azụ ụda olu. Na ngwụcha okwu ahụ tupu nkwụsịtụ,  na , na ruo n'ókè dị nta, consonants ndị ọzọ a na-ekwu okwu, na-abụkarị nke a na-atụgharị :  ->  . [ 9 ] Dị ka ụdaume dị na Jad, ịkpọ okwu nke consonant ụda na-agbanwe dabere n'ụda ndị gbara consonants.

Enwere ike ịhụ ụyọkọ consonant n'akụkụ mbụ na etiti okwu. Na mbido okwu a, ụyọkọ consonant na-abụkarị ụdị plosive (ma ọ bụ fricative) + otu n'ime ụdaume  :  'akwa',  'ogbenye',  'ọhụrụ'. [ 14 ]

 Nhazi okwu 
Okwu nwere ike ịbụ mono morphemic ma ọ bụ polymorphemic. Okwu na-eso usoro iwu a:

 Okwu nwere ike ibido na consonant ọ bụla ma ṇ na ṛ.
 Okwu obodo na-ejedebe n'ụdaume, ụdaume, imi, ma ọ bụ consonant mmiri mmiri .
 Ọ nweghị okwu obodo na-amalite ma ọ bụ mechie n'ụyọkọ consonant ọzọ karịa ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.
 Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ nweghị consonant a na-achọsi ike, ụda ume ume, ma ọ bụ obere ụdaume na-akwụsị okwu obodo.
 Okwu nwere ntakịrị nkwụsịtụ n'akụkụ abụọ n'ime ha n'ime obere oge nke ikwu okwu. [ 15 ]

A na-ejikwa usoro mkpụrụokwu ndị kwere ekwe kpachie nhazi okwu. Mkpụrụokwu ndị akwadoro bụ /V/, /VC/, /CV/, /CCV/, /CVC/, /CCVC/, na /CVCC/. Enwere ike ijikọta mkpụrụokwu ndị a ka ha mepụta okwu dị ogologo. [ 15 ]

 Aha aha 
Na Jad, aha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe ngwaa. Aha aha dị n'okpuru ọnụọgụgụ, okike, na ikpe. Aha ndị na-adịghị ndụ enweghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ma agbanweghị maka ọnụọgụgụ ọtụtụ. Aha anụmanụ na aha mmadụ nwere usoro dị iche iche maka akara okike. Pluralization bụ maka naanị mmadụ. [ 15 ] Enwere ike ịmepụta aha ọhụrụ site n'ịgbakwunye ị ga-atụgharị ọhụrụ, na-emegharị ị ga-emegharị, ma ọ bụ ịgbakwunye suffixes. [ 15 ]

A na-egosipụta okike n'ụzọ abụọ. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye prefixes iji gosi okike nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ma ọ bụ jiri okwu dị iche iche maka ndị ogbo nwanyị na nwoke. Plurals ka akara na aha ndụ ndụ site n'ịgbakwunye ọtụtụ suffixes. Enwere ike idetu ọtụtụ aha na aha na-adịghị ndụ site n'iji okwu nkọwa nye nkọwa gbasara aha, mana enweghị ike ịgbanwe onwe ha ka ọ nọchite anya ọtụtụ. [ 15 ]

A na-eji okwu dị iche iche nke aha kọwaa ọrụ dị iche iche. Ndị a gụnyere ihe onwunwe, isiokwu, ihe, ụzọ, nzube, uru, nkewa, mmalite, ihe mejupụtara, oge, ebe, wdg. [ 15 ]

 Usoro okwu 
Jad na-agbaso usoro nke aha-adjective. Otu ihe atụ bụ nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ "nkịta ojii nke ukwuu." Na Jad, nkebi okwu a bụ " khi nagpo məŋpo cig ", ma ọ bụ "nkịta ojii nnọọ otu." Nke a na-egosi usoro aha-adjective okwu. Ọ na-edokwa adjectives n'ihu ndị na-akọwa ogo, na-agbaso ụdị nrịbama-ogo syntactic. Mpɛn pii no, susuw sɛnea Jad ne “ nagpo məŋpo ” no kyerɛ no, na nagpo frɛ no mfirihyia apem no. 

 Ederede 
Asụsụ a abụla nke ọnụ. Edere asụsụ Jad site na iji ụdị edemede Tibet dị iche iche nke Ume mgbe ha na Tibet na-azụ ahịa, n'oge ọchịchị Tehri. 

 Ọnọdụ 
Ọ bụ isi asụsụ a na-asụ. Nzikọrịta ozi niile edere bụ na Hindi. Echiche maka Jad adịghị mma na nkwado ụlọ ọrụ dị nta. Agụmakwụkwọ, mgbasa ozi, igwe onyonyo, na isi mmalite niile gọọmentị na-esi enweta ozi dị na Hindi.  Ọ dịghị akwụkwọ a ma ama, ewezuga nsụgharị otu ibe nke akụkọ gbasara nwa mmefu. [ 15 ] Ọ nọ n'ihe egwu siri ike ma nọrọ n'ihe egwu siri ike, amabeghị ma ọnọdụ asụsụ abụọ na mgbanwe koodu ga-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ na Hindi ma ọ bụ Garhwali ga-anọchi Jad kpamkpam. 

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 

  na oru ngo asusu di egwu
  na mmalite nchọpụta asụsụ India nke narị afọ nke 20
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations