Asụsụ Chwalim

Olumba Chwalim ( Polish : gwara chwalimska ; Silesian   ) bụ olumba Lechitic a na-asụ ruo ọkara mbụ narị afọ nke 20 na Chwalim nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Poland nke oge a. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, obodo a bụ nke Lower Silesia . Ọ bụ ezie na njirimara olumba bụ nke Silesian, ndị ọkà okwu kwenyere na ha bụ ụmụ Sorbs . [ 1 ] A na-ekewa olumba ahụ dị ka olumba Silesian, [ 2 ] na ndị ọzọ kpọmkwem, otu olumba Silesian Lower, mana na-egosipụta ụfọdụ mmetụta Polish ka ukwuu .

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Na narị afọ nke 19, a kwenyere na ndị bi na Chwalim bụ Wends ndị si na Lower Lusatia kwaga ebe ahụ. Ka o sina dị, Kazimierz Nitsch, n'ihi njirimara asụsụ nke olumba ha, kwenyere na ha bụ ndị Silesia. Site na nleta ya na Chwalim na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ọ mụtara na a maara olumba ahụ nke ọma n'etiti ndị okenye, ebe ndị na-eto eto kwụsịrị ịmụ ya, kama ịhọrọ German, n'agbanyeghị na ha ka ghọtara ya. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ e mere na 1910 si kwuo, ụmụ amaala 117 na Chwalim ka na-asụ ihe a na-akpọ "asụsụ Wendish". [ 1 ]

Ndị ọkà okwu a bụ ndị Protestant na-eleta chọọchị dị n'obodo Kargowa dị nso ma jiri akwụkwọ Polish na-ekpe ekpere. [ 3 ]

 Igwe okwu [ 4 ] 
Usoro phonological nke olumba Chwalim nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na olumba ndị Silesian ndị ọzọ, nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ sitere na olumba Poland Greater.

 Consonants 
Usoro consonant nke olumba Chwalim na-adịkarị ka nke ahụ na Standard Polish, mana enweghi usoro postalveolar/retroflex n'ihi mazuration, nke dị na ụfọdụ olumba Silesian ndị ọzọ. Prothetic adịghị ike  a na-etinyekarị tupu mmalite  .

 Udaume na diphthong 
N'okpuru ebe a, nnukwu ụda olu na-egosi na ụda ahụ bụ ngbanwe nke ụdaume Ochie Polish kwekọrọ. Ọ na-esikwa ike ịchọpụta ma ụdaume diphthongized ọ̀ bụ diphthong phonemic ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.

Udaume imi: ã, õ.

Allophony:

 á na-aghọtakarị dị ka diphthong  mana ọ na-ebelata ka [o] n'ihu consonants imi ma ọ bụ meghee karịa  tupu  ma ọ bụ  ;
 A na-akpọkarị é dị ka [ ɘ lechiri ], dị ka n'asụsụ Silesian ndị ọzọ;
 Mkpọpụta nke o nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti  na  dabere na ụda olu. N'ozuzu, u̯ kachasi ike na mmalite okwu ma na-esighi ike na njedebe nke okwu a:  'smith',  'ọrụ' ( aha ),  '(she) fepu',  'Nwa okorobịa',  'okwu'. N’isiokwu a, e ji akwụkwọ ozi ô gosi otú e si akpọ aha [  ];
 y nwere ike ghọta dị ka  ma ọ  monophthong dabere na ọnọdụ ụda olu (na-emekarị, na njedebe nke okwu ọ bụ diphthong). Tupu  a ghọtara ya dị ka  ;
 A na-aghọtakarị ya dị ka diphthong  mana a na-ebelatakarị ka  n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-edochaghị anya ma ọ bụ tupu  ;
 ị bụ n'ozuzu  dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Polish na Silesian, mana ọ nwere ike imeghe ntakịrị  tupu  na imi;
 a na-akpọkarị ã  ;
 Mkpọpụta õ nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti  na  ;
 A na-akpọkarị m na a dị ka  na  n'otu n'otu, dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Polish na Silesian.

 Evolution sitere na Polish ochie 
N'ime ndepụta dị n'okpuru ebe a, V na-egosi ụdaume ọ bụla, C - consonant ọ bụla, N - consonant ọ bụla nke imi, ogonek - ụda imi na macron - ụdaume ogologo .

 lack of final -aj > -ej, unlike in other Silesian dialetcs;
 ā > á, except in feminine noun endings -niā > -nia;
 ē > é, eN > éN. Sporadically ē, e > i:  '(he) couldn't',  'Protestant';
 ō > ó, oN > óN;
 y > i in few cases, mostly after ;
 ą > ã, ą̄ > õ, ą̄ > õm word-finally;
 in comparative adverbs endings -ēj > -y
 irregular Silesian vowel changes:  – compare Polish igła 'needle',  – compare Polish niosę '(I) carry',  :  (gen.) – compare Polish zegar : zegara 'clock',  – compare Polish w szkole 'in school',  – compare Polish w Austrii 'in Austria';
 due to Greater Polish influence, -ew- after soft consonants is preserved:  'horse (dative)',  'smith (dative)',  'cherry (nueter)' (adjective);
 masuration is regular with a few exceptions:  – compare Polish człowiek 'human',  – compare Polish żelazo 'iron'.  in recent German borrowings is adapted as ;
  >  as in most of Polish and Silesian dialects;
  after consonants is often lost:  > ;
 between two vowels (unless first of them is o or á)  is much weaker. If the vowels are the same or very similar, it can be even completely omitted, contracting the vowels:  '(she) heard' – compare Polish słyszała,  '(she) wasn't taking' – compare Polish ,  '(she) didn't know' – compare Polish nie znała,  'she was here' – compare Polish ona tu była,  '(she) took' – compare Polish wzięła;
 various simplifications of consonant clusters and palatalizations:  'all',  'bee',  'enough, fairly',  'six years',  'to collect' – compare Polish wszystko, pszczoła, dość, sześć lat, zbierać.

 Ụtọasụsụ [ 5 ] 
Ọtụtụ njiri mara olumba Silesian dị na morphology, mana enwere ike ịhụ ụfọdụ mmetụta Sorbian .

 Mbelata 
Ngwucha kachasị maka genitive nwoke otu genitive nke aha bụ - u . A na-echekwa njedebe nke nwoke mgbe ochie - ewi ka mgbọrọgwụ na-ejedebe na consonant dị nro. A na-etolite ebubo ebubo nke nwanyị na - ã .

The nwoke na neuter genitive nke adjectives na-etolite na njedebe - yk si - ēgo, nke sitere na mmetụta Sorbian. [ 2 ]

 Njikọta 
Ngwaa na njedebe njedebe na - j <- ć na - ś <- ść / -źć . Future ụdị nke być ('to be') nwere d na dź simplified n'ime kwekọrọ ekwekọ nasal consonants n, ń dị ka ndị ọzọ Silesian olumba: bãnõm, bãnie, – tụnyere Polish będą, będzie .

Oge njedebe dị ugbu a bụ - ą /- ám maka onye mbụ otu, - my for the first person plural and - cie for the second person plural. Ewubere oge gara aga site na l -otu na nnọchiaha onwe onye; na singular onye mbụ enwere ike ịgbakwunye suffix - ch to personal pronoun ja, nke a na-ahụkarị maka Silesian: jach tam bół (M nọ ebe ahụ), jach słysa 'm nụrụ ( nwanyị )', my cytali (anyị na-agụ), bółś tam ? (ị nọla ebe ahụ?/ị nọ ebe ahụ (otu)). Dị ka ọ dị na Polish na Silesian, prefixes pụrụ iche na-egosi ma akụkụ nke ngwaa ahụ ọ bụ nke zuru oke ma ọ bụ ezughị oke. A na-eji 'ịbụ' wuo n'ọdịnihu n'ụdị ngwaa: bãnõm piáj (ha ga na-agụ), my bãniemy piáj (anyị ga-agụ), ma ọ bụ jiri ụdị ngwaa zuru oke ugbu a.

Njikọ nke ngwaa ole na ole:

 (h)iś 'to go' / pôj (perfective): (h)idõm (ha na-aga/ha na-aga), (h)idźmy, (ka anyị gaa (adịghị ezughị okè)), pódziémy (anyị ga-aga), przisáł (ọ bịa/ọ bịa);
 'nwere ike': môgã (M nwere ike), móg (o nwere ike);
 'to be': jes (he/she/it/there is), my sõm (anyị bụ), bãnie (he/she/it will), bãniemy (anyị ga-), bãnõm (ha ga), bół ((he) was), baa or bełe (she) bụ, beły (ha bụ (nwanyị)).

 Okwu [ 6 ] 
Word (simplified orthography)MeaningNitsch's spellingIPA transcriptionCommentbabawifebaba[ˈbäbä]biáływhiteb́ou̯yi̯[ˈbʲɔwɘ̟i̯]bibleliturgical booksb́ible[ˈbʲiblɛ]bulcepotatoesbulce[ˈbult͡s̪ɛ]cygagoatciga[ˈt͡s̪igä]dãbôkideepdąbuoḱi[d̪ä̃ˈbu̯ɔkʲi]Sorbian influence.dugilongduǵi[ˈd̪ugʲi]Comparative form: dlysyi̯ or dusyi̯.dôśmuch, manyduoś[d̪u̯ɔɕ]Polish dość means 'enough'.dziéwcãdaughterʒ́yfcą[ˈd͡ʑɘ̟ft͡s̪ä̃]Polish dziewczę means 'girl'.gupydumbgupyi̯[ˈgupɘ̟ɪ̯]jachajto go (with a vehicle)i̯aχai̯[ˈjäxäj]jegiáłkapini̯eǵou̯ka[jɛˈgʲɔwkä]jegłaneedlei̯egu̯a[ˈjɛgwä]Charachteristic Silesian word.jeźdźôrôlakei̯eźʒ́uoruo[jɛʑˈd͡ʑu̯ɔru̯ɔ]Probably influenced by neighbouring Greater Polish dialects.jezeliifi̯ezeľi[jɛˈz̪ɛlʲi]This word is used also to make questions. Thus, it replaced semantically Standard Polish czy.knepabuttonknepa[ˈkn̪ɛpä]kôkôtroosterkuokuot[ˈku̯ɔku̯ɔt̪]latôśthis yearlatuoś[ˈlät̪u̯ɔɕ]mayesma[mä]miałkishallowḿau̯kȯu̯ (feminine form)[ˈmʲäwkʲi]miãskajto live; to reside (somewhere)ḿąskai̯[ˈmʲä̃s̪käj]nacõjto beginnacǫi̯[ˈn̪ät͡s̪ɔ̃j]nienońe[ɲɛ]nimiecProtestantńiḿec[ˈɲimʲɛt͡s̪]Polish Niemiec means 'German (man)'.ôbiérajto collect, to gatheru̯ɔb́yrai̯[u̯ɔˈbʲɘ̟räj]Polish uses prefix z-: zbierać.ôciéńshadowu̯oćyń[ˈu̯ɔt͡ɕɘ̟ɲ]ónheu̯yn[u̯ɘ̟n̪]páraa fewpȯu̯rą (accusative form)[ˈpou̯rä]Polish para means 'pair, two of something'.piájto readṕoi̯[pʲɔj]Semantic change from 'to sing' to 'to sing with a liturgical book' to 'to read from a liturgical book' to ultimately 'to read'.pôdwórekyardpuodvůy̯rek[pu̯ɔd̪ˈvu̞ɵ̯rɛk]psołabeepsou̯a[ˈps̪ɔwä]saheresa[s̪ä]Greater Polish influence.siachtaboxśaχta[ˈɕäxt̪ä]skło, sklanôglass bottlesku̯o, sklanuo[s̪ku̯ɔ], [ˈs̪klänu̯ɔ]stáragrandmastȯu̯rȯu̯[ˈs̪t̪ou̯rou̯]Polish stara is feminine form for 'old'.stárygrandpastȯu̯ryi̯[ˈs̪t̪ou̯rɘ̟i̯]Polish stary is masculine form for 'old'.tatafathertata[ˈt̪ät̪ä]teránowterȯu̯[ˈt̪ɛrou̯]ôlicadooru̯oľica[u̯ɔˈlʲit͡s̪ä]Polish ulica means 'street'. The semantic change probably influenced by southern Greater Polish dialects.wadzi sieto arguevaʒ́i śe[ˈväd͡ʑi‿ɕɛ]wielgibigv́elǵi[ˈvʲɛlgʲi]zajitrôday after tomorrowzai̯itruo[z̪äˈjitru̯ɔ]zawrzyjto closezavžyi̯[ˈz̪ävʒ̺ɘ̟j]zegierclockzeǵer[ˈz̪ɛgʲɛr]zielazôironźelazuo[ʑɛˈläzu̯ɔ]

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