Asụsụ Raga

Raga (nke a makwaara dị ka Hano ) bụ asụsụ nke ugwu Pentikọst Island na Vanuatu . Dị ka asụsụ Vanuatu niile, Raga so na obere ngalaba Oceanic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia . N'ebe ochie, a na-akpọ asụsụ ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ site n'aha obodo ndị a na-asụ ya, dịka Bwatvenua (Qatvenua), Lamalanga, Vunmarama na Loltong.

Ọ bụ asụsụ Pentikọst Island kachasị mma, ebe ọ na-echekwa ụdaume ikpeazụ ebe ọ na-ejikwa usoro ụdaume ise nke e ketara na Proto-Oceanic, ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-asụ n'agwaetiti ahụ, bụ ndị niile mepụtara ụdaume ndị ọzọ na mgbakwunye na mkpochapụ ụdaume zuru ebe niile.

N’ịbụ ndị e mere atụmatụ na ndị na-asụ obodo dị 6,500 (n’afọ 2000), Raga bụ asụsụ nke abụọ a kasị asụ n’asụsụ Pentikọst ise (mgbe Apma gasịrị), na asụsụ obodo nke asaa kasị ukwuu na Vanuatu n’ozuzu ya. Enwere nnukwu obodo nke ndị na-asụ Raga n'agwaetiti Maewo yana na Port Vila na Luganville n'ihi ọpụpụ na Pentikọst. Walter Lini, onye ndu nnwere onwe nke Vanuatu, bụ onye ọkà okwu Raga.

Raga nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-asụ taa na Bislama, asụsụ obodo Vanuatu na-agwakọta nke ukwuu. Ndị otu ụmụ amaala Turaga, nke dabere na Lavatmanggemu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Pentikọst, agbaala mbọ ịsachapụ asụsụ nke mmetụta mba ọzọ site n'ịchịkọta ma ọ bụ ịchọpụtaghachi okwu obodo maka echiche ewepụtara dị ka "batrị ọkụ" ( vat bongbongi, n'ụzọ nkịtị "nkume abalị") na "awa" ( ngguha, n'ụzọ nkịtị "mmegharị"). Ndị otu ndị otu Turaga na-eji Avoiuli na-ede n'asụsụ Raga, usoro ederede pụrụ iche sitere na eserese aja nke mpaghara.

A na-ewerekarị Raga dị ka asụsụ dị mfe ịsụ na ịmụta, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Vanuatu ndị ọzọ marakwa dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ.

Raga nke oge a bụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, na-enweghị nnukwu mgbanwe olumba. Otu olumba ndịda pụrụ iche nke Raga, Nggasai, adịla n'iyi ugbu a; Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ ya nwụrụ na 1999.

Ebipụtala ọtụtụ eserese grammatical, ndepụta okwu na akwụkwọ mkpirisi na Raga, malite na ọrụ RH Codrington na von der Gabelentz na njedebe narị afọ nke 19, na ọtụtụ ederede okpukpe ka a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ ahụ.

 Aha 
Aha Raga na-ezo aka n'aha obodo Pentikọst Island n'asụsụ ahụ, nke nwere ike ịpụta na akara ebe a-, na-enye Araga . Na Tamambo, nke a na-asụ na Malo Island, ụdị cognate Araha na-ezo aka n'otu agwaetiti ahụ.  Aha Hano pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "ihe".
+Raga consonants Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal larịị labialized Ihu imi m mʷ ⟨ mw ⟩ n ŋ ⟨ n̄ ⟩ Plosive kwuputara b ~ p ⟨ b ⟩ bʷ ⟨ bw ⟩ d ᵑɡ ⟨ ḡ ⟩ enweghị olu t k Nke na-ese okwu v ~ f ⟨ v ⟩ vʷ ~ fʷ ⟨ vw ⟩ s ɣ ~ x ⟨ g ⟩ h Rhotic ɾ ⟨⟩ Sonorant w l
V, vw bụ labiodental, n'adịghị ka na Apma dị nso na ndịda, ebe ha bụ bibial  . Nkọwa na-akọwa v dị ka  na g dị ka  karịa ka  ma ọ bụ , ma o doro anya na e nwere ụfọdụ mgbanwe.

/ɾ/ can be in free variation with a trill .

Raga nwere ụdaume isi ise  . A naghị ekewa ụdaume n'ogologo.

Mgbọrọgwụ okwu na Raga fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe ọ na-eji ụdaume ejedebe. Otú ọ dị, a na-atụbakarị ụdaume okwu-ikpeazụ n'ime akpaokwu, nke mere na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, tanga "basket" na maita "white" na-ejikọta iji mee tang maita "white basket".

Nchegbu na-apụta n'ime mkpụrụokwu penultimate nke okwu.

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Usoro usoro okwu bụ isi na Raga bụ isiokwu-ngwaa-ihe .

 Nkpọaha 
A na-eji mmadụ na nọmba ekewapụta nnọchiaha onwe onye . A naghị ekewa ha site na okike . Nnọchiaha ndị bụ isi bụ ndị a:

 Aha aha 
A na-egosipụta ọtụtụ ihe site n'itinye ira n'ihu aha:

 manu = [nnụnụ].
 ira manu = [the] nnụnụ

Enwere ike itinye aha aha iji gosi onye ihe nwere. Ọmụmaatụ:

 iha = aha
 iha ku = aha m
 iha mma = aha gi
 iha na = aha ya
 iha n ratahigi = aha onye isi

Enwere ike igosi inwe ya site n'iji ihe nhazi nke nwe, okwu dị iche iche na-ebute n'ihu aha ma were suffixes nwe. Ndị a classifiers bụ:

 mba- maka ihe onwunwe n'ozuzu ( , " nkata m")
 bila- maka ihe a na-elekọta, dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ ( , "ezi anyị")
 ga- maka ihe a ga-eri ( , "Taro gị")
 ma- maka ihe a ga-aṅụ mmanya ( , "mmiri ha")

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, enwekwara ihe nhazi ọkwa wa- maka a na-ata okpete ( , "okpete ya"); nke a adaala n'etiti ndị na-eto eto na-ekwu okwu.

Suffixes nwere bụ ndị a:
 Otu Abụọ Ọtụtụ Onye mbụ inclusive -ku ma ọ bụ -nggu -daru -da exclusive -maru -Mai Onye nke abụọ -nwa -miri -miu Onye nke atọ -na -ra N'ozuzu -i
Enwere ike gbanwee ngwaa ka ọ bụrụ aha site na mgbakwunye nke suffix -ana :

 bwalo = ịlụ ọgụ (ngwaa)
 bwaloana = ọgụ (aha)

Ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-abịakarị aha:

 vanua = agwaetiti
 vanua kolo = obere agwaetiti
 vanua gairua = isuo abuo

 Ngwaa 
Ngwaa dị na Raga na-ebutekarị aha isiokwu yana akara nrịbama-akụkụ-mmetụta ọnọdụ .

Okwu nnọchiaha isiokwu bụ ndị a:
 Otu Ọtụtụ Onye mbụ inclusive na- ta- exclusive ga- Onye nke abụọ ga- gi- Onye nke atọ ra -
Ọ nweghị onye nke atọ otu aha aha okwu ("ya/ya/ya").

Raga nwere ihe nrịbama-ụkpụrụ ise:
TAMUsed forMarker (full form)Marker (short form)ImperfectiveActions in the present tenseTemporary or changing statesmwa-mPerfectiveActions in the past tenseFixed statesnu-nPotentialThings that may happen in the futurevi-v or -iProspectiveThings that are about to happenmen-menHypotheticalThings that have not happened and probably won'tsi-s
A na-eji ụdị nrịbama ndị a n'uju n'ime mmadụ nke atọ, mgbe a na-enwekarị nnọchiaha isiokwu:

 mwa lolia = ọ na-eme ya
 nu lolia = o mere ya
 vi lolia = o ga eme ya

N'ebe ọzọ, ụdị mkpirisi nke nrịbama ndị a ka etinyere na nnọchiaha isiokwu:

 na m lolia = m na-eme ya
 na n lolia = emere m ya
 na v lolia = aga m eme ya

Enwekwara ụdị abụọ (mmadụ abụọ) nke na-etinye akụkụ ru "abụọ":

 ram lolia = ha na-eme ya
 ramu ru lolia = ha abuo mere ya

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, e nwere ụdị nnwale (mmadụ atọ) nke gụnyere urughuru dol ma ọ bụ tol, mana ndị a adaala n'ọrụ.

Ihe ndị dị mkpa nwere ike ịgụnye ngwaa na-enweghị akara. N'ụdị mmadụ nke atọ, enwere akara na -:

 Nke a! = bia ebe a!
 Ihamwa na sabuga = Ka aha gi di nso

Enwere usoro nke ngbanwe ngwaa-consonant nke v na mmalite ngwaa na-agbanwe na b, vw ka bw, g na ngg, na t ka d . Mmụba a na-eme n'akụkụ na-ezughị okè, yana n'ihu mama ihe mgbakwunye ihe:

 nan v ano = agara m
 nam b ano = m na-aga

Egosiri ahịrịokwu na-adịghị mma na akara akụkụ abụọ   "ọ bụghị", nke jikọtara ngwaa na ihe ọ bụla agbakwunyere na ya:

 nan hav lolia tehe = Emeghị m ya

Enwere ike ịmepụta olu na-agafe agafe site na itinye suffix -ana na ngwaa:

 nu lolia = o mere ya
 nu lolị ana = e mere ya

Ihe kpọmkwem na-eso ngwaa ahụ ozugbo. Ụfọdụ nnochiaha ihe na-ewere ụdị suffixes jikọtara na ngwaa:
Onye Raga Bekee Onye 1st otu (a) ị "m" Onye 2nd otu -aga "Ị" (otu) Onye nke atọ otu (ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ mmadụ na-adịghị ndụ) -a ma ọ bụ -e "ya" / "ya" / "ya" (ma ọ bụ "ha") Nke atọ mmadụ plural (animate) -ra "ha"
Mgbe ụfọdụ, urughuru -ni- na-etinye aka n'etiti ngwaa na nnọchiaha ihe:

 nam doro ni a = I like it

 Akpaokwu atụ 
EnglishRagaWhere are you going?Gomen van (hala) behe?Where have you come from?Gon mai (hala) behe?Where is it?Mwa ndo (hala) behe?It's hereMwa ndo tetiCome here!Mai teti!Go away!Van dagai!What's your name?Ihamwa be ihei?My name is...Ihaku be...Where are you from?Ginggo ata behe? / Ginggo nin behe?I am from...Inau ata... / Inau nin...How much? / How many?Gaiviha?onetea / gaituvwatwo(gai)ruathree(gai)tolufour(gai)vasifive(gai)limasix(gai)ono seven(gai)bitu eight (gai)vwelunine(gai)sivo tenhangvulu Thank youTabeanaIt's just fineNu tavuha ngano

 Ntụaka 
agagharị nke ukwuu, na-eri ihe ọkụkụ na ịchụ nta. Kama n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị nchịkwa colonial ekepụtala ebe obibi na-adịgide agagharị nke ukwuu, na-eri ihe ọkụkụ na ịchụ nta. Kama n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị nchịkwa colonial ekepụtala ebe obibi na-adịgideagagharị nke ukwuu, na-eri ihe ọkụkụ na ịchụ nta. Kama n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị nchịkwa colonial ekepụtala ebe obibi na-adịgideusoro patrilineal dị ka nke abụọ. Okwu Mortlockese na-agụnye okwu iji gosi ụmụnne na nwanne nne nke otu nwoke na nwanyị, na okwu dị iche iche iji na-ezo aka na ụmụnne na ndị ikwu na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị. Ngwaa nwere ike ịbụ transitive, intransitive (unergative ma ọ bụ unaccusative), ma ọ bụ semitransitive. [1] na ndị ikwu na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị. Ngwaa nwere ike ịbụ transitive, intransitive (unergative ma ọ bụ unaccusative), ma ọ bụ semitransitive. [1]

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Asụsụ Pentikọst Island - ozi na Raga
 Leo huri ganisabuga Oriri Nsọ Anglican sitere na Akwụkwọ nke ekpere nkịtị na Raga, nke Richard Mammana na Charles Wohlers mere digitized.
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations