Asụsụ Lake Miwok

Asụsụ Ọdọ Miwok bụ asụsụ ekpochapụla n'iyi nke Northern California, a na-asụkarị na mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Clear . Ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ nke Clear Lake Linguistic Area, yana Patwin, East na South Eastern Pomo, na Wappo . [ 2 ]

 fonology 

 Udaume 
Nkenke Ogologo N'ihu Azu N'ihu Azu Elu (nso) i u iː uː N'etiti e o eː oː Dị ala (meghere) a aː
+Ọmụmatụ nke okwu nwere ụdaume ụdaume Udaume Ọmụmaatụ /i/ paw i h 'ugwu' /iː/ k ii k 'mmiri' /e/ ʔ e laj 'nwa' /eː/ n ee 'nke a' /a/ l a kah 'cottonwood' /aː/ ka ' ọnụ ụzọ' /o/ h o loh 'dabere megide' /oː/ k oo k'ọdụ' /u/ ị 'eze' /uː/ ṣ u l 'ugo'

 Consonants 
Nkwekọrịta nkwenye nke Ọdọ Miwok dị iche na nke a chọtara n'asụsụ Miwok ndị ọzọ. Ebe asụsụ ndị ọzọ nwere naanị otu usoro plosives, Ọdọ Mmiri Miwok nwere anọ: larịị, achọsi ike, ejective na ikwupụta okwu . Ọdọ Mmiri Miwok agbakwunyela ndị mmekọ č, c, čʼ, cʼ, ƛʼ na mmiri mmiri r na ł . Ụda ndị a yiri ka agbaziri site na okwu mbinye ego sitere na asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị njikọ na mpaghara Clear Lake, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha gbasaa na ụfọdụ okwu ọdọ mmiri Miwok. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Usoro okwu nke ọdọ mmiri Miwok bụ n'efu, mana SOV ( isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa ) bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị. [ 4 ]

 Nkọwapụta aha 
 Otu Abụọ Ọtụtụ Onye mbụ ka ʔic ma, ʔim Onye nke abụọ ʔ n'ime moc mon Onye nke atọ anaghị atụgharị uche ʔi koc kon reflexive hana hanakoc ụzọ enweghi ngwụcha ʔan
N'ime ụtọ asụsụ Ọdọ Mmiri Miwok, Callaghan na-akọ na otu ọkà okwu na-ama ọdịiche dị n'etiti ʔoc mmadụ abụọ na-agụnye 1st na ʔic pụrụ iche . Ọkà okwu ọzọ na-echetakwa na ndị ọkà okwu meworo agadi na-enwebu ọdịiche a. [ 5 ]

 Aha morphology 

 Mbugharị ikpe 
Enwere ike ịtụgharị aha maka ikpe iri dị iche iche:

 Okwu Okwu na-egosi aha nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka isiokwu nke ngwaa. Ọ bụrụ na edobere aha isiokwu n'ihu ngwaa ahụ, Isiokwu ahụ nwere allomorph -n mgbe ụdaume (ma ọ bụ ụdaume sochiri /h/), na -Ø mgbe consonants gachara. Ọ bụrụ na edowe aha mgbe ngwaa gachara, Isiokwu bụ -n mgbe ụdaume na -nu gachara consonants. [ 6 ] 

 ikpe nwere bụ -n mgbe ụdaume na -Ø gachara consonants. [ 8 ]  

 Okwu ebumnobi na-egosi aha nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ngwaa. [ 10 ] O nwere allomorph -u (mgbe consonant gasịrị) ma ọ bụ -Ø (mgbe ụdaume gasịrị) mgbe etinyere aha ahụ ozugbo n'ihu ngwaa nke nwere prefix nke mmadụ nke abụọ ʔin- (nke nwere allomorph -n jikọtara ya na aha bu ụzọ ngwaa ahụ; tulee ihe atụ dị n'okpuru) ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ọ bụla prefix isiokwu ọ bụla. [ 10 ] 

 O nwere allomorph -Ø tupu ngwaa nwere prefix isiokwu ọ bụla ọzọ: [ 11 ] 

 Ọ bụrụ na aha ihe anaghị ebute ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ngwaa dị na mkpa, allomorph nke Ebumnuche bụ -uc : [ 11 ] 

 ihe nlegharị anya bụ -ka n'azụ consonant, n'ihu onye mbụ dual prefix ma ọ bụ nke abụọ otu nganiihu, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụdaume ma ọ bụrụ na aha na-na na njedebe nke nkebi ahịrịokwu: [ 13 ].  

 Ọ bụrụ na okwu nke allative pụtara mgbe ụdaume gasịrị, ọtụtụ mgbe n'ọnọdụ na-abụghị nke ikpeazụ, ọ na-apụta dị ka -t : [ 13 ] 
Okwu nlegharị anya nwere nkọwa dị iche iche, mana na-egosipụtakarị ntụzịaka maka ebumnuche. [ 13 ]

A na-ejikarị okwu nke allative na suffix -(m) pa pụtara "na, na, n'ebe": [ 15 ]


 ikpe ebe -m na-enye nhọpụta mpaghara dị obere karịa nke Allative, ma na-apụtakarị obere oge, n'ozuzu ya na mgbakwunye nsonye aha ọnọdụ agbakwunyere, dịka -wa. [ 16 ] Otu ihe atụ: 

 ikpe ablative bụ -mu ma ọ bụ -m dabere n'ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ma na-akara ntụzịaka site na, ma ọ bụ pụọ, ebe. [ 18 ] Otu ihe atụ: 

 ihe eji eme ihe -ṭu na-akara ngwa, eg tumáj -ṭu "(m were osisi kụọ ya).
 ikpe comitative -ni na-asụgharịkarị ka "tinyere", mana enwere ike ijikwa aha aha, dịka na kaʔunúu- ni ka ʔáppi- ni "nnem na nna m".
 okwu olu na-apụta naanị n'okwu ndị ikwu ole na ole, dịka ʔunúu "nne (nne)  )" from ʔúnu "nne".
 The Appositive case bụ nhota ụdị nke nouns.

 Ihe mkpuchi nwere 
Ọdọ Mmiri Miwok na-eji mkpọ okwu ọnụ iji gosi onye nwere aha. Ewezuga onye 3d dị iche iche, ha nwere otu udi dị ka clitics nominative, mana egosighi allomorphy.
 Otu Abụọ Ọtụtụ Onye mbụ ka ʔic ma Onye nke abụọ ʔ n'ime moc mon Onye nke atọ anaghị atụgharị uche ʔiṭi koc kon reflexive hana hanakoc ụzọ enweghi ngwụcha ʔan
Ụdị hana reflexive nwere otu ntụaka dị ka isiokwu nke otu nkebiokwu ahụ, ebe ụdị ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nwere ntụgharị dị iche, dịka:

 hana háju ʔúṭe - "Ọ na-ahụ nkịta nke ya"
 ʔiṭi háju ʔúṭe - "Ọ na-ahụ nkịta (onye ọzọ)"

 Ihe ndetu 

 Ntụaka 
 Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Nlebanya asụsụ Lake Miwok na nyocha nke California na asụsụ ndị India ndị ọzọ
 Ndekọ ọdịyo Lake Miwok na ebe nchekwa Asụsụ California (nbanye chọrọ)

 Ngwa OLAC n'ime yana gbasara asụsụ Ọdọ Miwok
 Ọdọ Mmiri Miwok bụ isi okwu na Global Lexicostatistical Database
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations