Asụsụ teepụ

teepu, nke a makwaara dị ka Maragus, bụ asụsụ Vanuatu nke dị na ndịda Oceanic nke fọrọ nke nta ka ekpochapụ .  Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ teepu na-ebelata ruo ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu iri na ise so n'ọgbọ ochie. Crowley, Terry (2006). Lynch, John (ed.). Tape, a Declining Language of Malakula (Vanuatu). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-575 (inactive 1 November 2024). hdl:1885/146275. ISBN 0-85883-567-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 Asụsụ a bụ akụkụ nke obere ngalaba Oceanic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia . 

Ebe mbụ dị na mpaghara Malakula, gụnyere ụsọ oké osimiri si Anuatakh ruo Lowinsinwei, mpaghara dị n'etiti ndagwurugwu Osimiri Lowisinwei, akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Brenwei, na ugwu dị na ndịda a maara dị ka Pwitarvere. Ebe ọ bụ na akụkụ nke ógbè Tape dị nso n’oké osimiri, o mere ka ndị bi n’ebe ahụ weta nnu nke ha na ndị Tirakh na-azụ ahịa.  Agbanyeghị, ndị teepu na-ebikarị ndụ ha "n'akụkụ ohia," nke pụtara na ndụ ha gbadoro ụkwụ na ala n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ohere ịbanye n'oké osimiri. E gosipụtara nke a n'asụsụ ha n'ihi na ọ bụ ezie na ha bi n'akụkụ oké osimiri, ụmụ ha amachaghị nke ọma ma ọ bụ enweghị ike iwepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke okwu metụtara oké osimiri. 

Na mbụ, enweghị aha pụrụ iche maka asụsụ teepu. Teepu bụ aha ebe ndị na-ekwu okwu biri ebe ndị gara aga a na-akpọ asụsụ ahụ dị ka vengesien Tape, nke pụtara 'asụsụ teepu'. Ka oge na-aga, ndị mmadụ abịala iji wee mata aha asụsụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ "Tape". Asụsụ a nwekwara aha ọzọ ndị a maara dị ka Marakus, Maragus, Maragaus, na Maraakhus, nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Naman bi na mpaghara Litzlitz ji mee ihe. Aha ahụ nwere mgbọrọgwụ abụọ, mar (onye (ebe)) na aakhus (ohia) ma mgbe ejikọtara ha ọnụ, nsụgharị nkịtị aha ahụ bụ 'onye nke ọhịa'. 

 fonology 

 Udaume 
+Tebụl 1: Mgbanwe ụdaume N'ihu Central Azu Elu i ị N'etiti e ọ o Dị ala a
N'asụsụ teepu, enwere ngụkọta nke ụdaume isii /a, e, i, o, u, na ə. / Ọ bụ ezie na schwa (/ə/) bụ akụkụ nke ndepụta ahụ, e nwere ọtụtụ arụmụka banyere ọrụ schwa na-arụ n'asụsụ ahụ. 

Tụnyere ojiji nke /i/ na /e/

 /ičičər/ pụtara '(s) ọ zachara'
 /ičečər/ pụtara '(s) ọ gbadara'
 /čənin/ pụtara ' eriri afọ ya
 /čənen/ pụtara 'n'ihi ya'

Tụnyere ojiji nke /e/ na /a/

Tụnyere ojiji nke /a/ na /o/

 /maren/ pụtara 'echi'
 /mornen/ pụtara 'aka ekpe ya'
 /iɣaɣas/ pụtara na oyi na-atụ'
 /iɣos/ pụtara 'oke'

Tụnyere ojiji nke /o/ na /u/

 /ilo/ pụtara '(s) ọ kụrụ'
 /ilu/ putara '(s) o gbara egbe'
 /nio/ pụtara 'ogwe aka'
 /niu/ putara 'igirigi'

 Ewepụ akwụkwọ ozi 

 Akwụkwọ ozi /i/ 
Mgbe mkpụrụedemede /i/ bụ mkpụrụedemede mbụ wee bịa n'ihu velar fricative /ɣ/, glide palatal na-abịa mgbe e mesịrị. 

 /iɣəč/ ịkpọ [ɨɣəts ~ jɣəts] nke pụtara '(s) he gburu ya'
 /iɣan/ pronounced [ɨɣan ~ jɣan] meaning '(s)he ate'

 /ilaɣ/ mean '(s) ọ lụrụ di'
 /iləɣ/ meaning '(s) he tied it up'
 /nisaɣ/ mean 'banana'
 /nisəɣ/ putara 'kingfisher'

Tụnyere ojiji nke /o/ na /ə/

 /ičpaɣ/ pụtara '(s) ọ squatted'
 /čəpaɣ/ nke pụtara ' oven oven'
 /noɣmo/ mean 'slitgong'
 /nəɣmo/ mean 'island teak'

 /nuɣru/ mean 'Christmas'
 /nəɣsen/ nke pụtara 'aha ya'
 /isusur/ pụtara '(s) ọ ṅụrụ iyi'
 /səsən/ pụtara 'ara ya'

Ọ bụ ezie na schwa (/ə/) bụ ụdaume dị iche n'etiti asụsụ ụfọdụ, ọ bụghị ụdaume eluigwe na ala n'asụsụ niile dị n'ógbè ahụ. N'asụsụ teepu, schwa bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma dị na 16.5% nke lexicon. Schwa bụ ụdaume pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ nweghị ike ibido ma ọ bụ mechie okwu. Ọ nweghịkwa ike iso ma ọ bụ bịa n'ihu ụdaume ọzọ, nke pụtara na a ga-enwerịrịrịrị tupu ya na consonant sochie ya. 

 Consonants 
+Tebụl 2: Consonants dị iche  Ihe mgbochi dị larịị p̃ p t k Akwụsịghị tupu oge eruo b̃ b d ɡ Na-akwado t͡ʃ ~ t͡s (j) Fricatives ṽ v s ɣ Ọnụ imi m n ŋ N'akụkụ l Rhotic r Glides w j (y)
Enwere ọtụtụ myirịta yana ndịiche dị na consonants dị n'asụsụ dị gburugburu mpaghara teepu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, teepu enweghị consonants ọ bụla apicolabial nke yiri asụsụ ndị dị na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Malakua. Asụsụ teepu gụnyekwara ọdịiche palatal afficate, /č/, nke na-adịghị na V'ënen Taut, asụsụ dị nso na teepu. Na mgbakwunye, asụsụ teepu nwere usoro consonants dị iche iche nke asụsụ, V'ënen Taut, Larevat, na Naman enweghị. 

 Ụtọ asụsụ 

 Nhọpụta aha 
Mmadụ nwere ike nweta aha site n'ịgbakwụnye a -ien na mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa. 
Ihe atụ

 mekar pụtara 'ọrụ'
 mekar-ien pụtara 'ọrụ, ọrụ'
 mësit putara 'ọrịa'
 mësit-ien pụtara 'ọrịa, ọrịa'
 vërëng pụtara 'eche echiche'
 vërëng-ien pụtara 'echiche

 ngep pụtara 'ume
 ngev-ien pụtara 'asthma'

Otu nwere ike nweta aha Site na-agbakwụnye në- na ngwaa. 

 jijër putara 'sweep'
 në-jijër putara 'broom'

 Ngwakọta 
Site n'ijikọta aha abụọ ọnụ, otu ga-enwe ike ịmepụta aha ọhụrụ metụtara okwu abụọ ahụ. 

Ịtinye otu ebe ma aha aha na-egosi na aha a na-esi n'ebe ahụ pụta. 


 Nnweta 
N'ọtụtụ asụsụ Oceanic, enwere ihe dị iche n'etiti inwe aha aha na-apụtaghị ìhè na ozugbo. Ihe onwunwe na-apụtachaghị ìhè na-apụtakarị mgbe ịgbakwunye nkebiokwu ma ọ bụ okwu ọzọ gachara aha nwe ya ebe ihe onwunwe na-apụta mgbe ọ na-agbakwunye prefix na aha ọ nwere. 

 Aha ndị nwere na-apụtachaghị ìhè 
Enwere akara pụrụ iche na-egosi ụdị ihe onwunwe dị iche iche dị ka iji ese- maka ihe onwunwe n'ozuzu. E wezụga ihe onwunwe n'ozuzu, enwere ihe onwunwe n'akụkụ, iri nri, ịta ahụhụ na ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ. Site n'ịgbakwunye de-, jomo-, na mëne-, otu na- ezo aka na iri, ịta, na ịṅụ mmanya n'otu n'otu.
+Nnọaha nwere nnukwu aha (Edible)  Otu Abụọ Nnwale Ọtụtụ 1 dok dru detël ded 2 dom - - - 3 den daru darteel dar

+Nnọchiiche nwere nnukwu aha (nke a na-apụghị ịta ahụhụ)  Otu Abụọ Nnwale Ọtụtụ 1 jomok jomodru jomodëtl jomod 2 jomom - - - 3 jomon jomaru jomarttel jomar

+Nnochiaha nwere ikike (nwere ike ịṅụ mmanya)  Otu Abụọ Nnwale Ọtụtụ 1 ihe mmadụ ihe atụ mere 2 mẹnom - - - 3 nne mmadụ nwanyị ihe

+Mkpọaha Izugbe (General)  Otu Abụọ Nnwale Ọtụtụ 1 (g) esek (g) ndu (g) esetịl (g) mkpụrụ 2 (g) eso - - - 3 (g) esen (g) eru (g) ozi (g) agba


 Aha ndị nwere kpọmkwem 
+Mgbakwunye nwere mmetụta  Otu Abụọ Nnwale Ọtụtụ 1 -k -dru -dị -d 2 -m - - - 3 -n -ru -rtl -r
Ọmụmaatụ

 pëti-m (isi - 2SG) nke pụtara 'isi gị'

 Ọnụọgụ 

 isim, isi
 iru
 itel
 ikpu
 ilem
 leenjis
 jiru
 jitelu
 jevet
 isngel
 isngel dụmon isimek
 isngel dụmon iru
 isngel demon itel
 bụ mmụọ ozi
 isngel d'mon ilëm
 isngel dëmon lëmjis
 isngel dụmon jiru
 isngel d'mon jitël
 isngel demon jevet
 ozi
 ingelru demon isig

Mgbe a na-agụ ya site na 1–10, ọ dị ka ịgụta n'asụsụ ọ bụla ọzọ ebe a na-etinye ihe ọ pụtara na-ezighi ezi na okwu. Mgbe a gụchara ya na iri, mmadụ ga-atụkwasịrịrị okwu, isngel na dëmon n'ihu ọnụọgụ 1–9 iji mee ọnụọgụ ndị ntorobịa. Ụdị ahụ, dëmon, enweghị ihe ọ pụtara n'onwe ya n'asụsụ teepu. 

 Ntụaka 
Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Paradaịsc nwere ọtụtụ mkpokọta gụnyere ihe asụsụ Maragus
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations