Asụsụ Trumai

Trumai bụ asụsụ Brazil dịpụrụ adịpụ. Ọtụtụ ndị Trumai na-asụ asụsụ ndị mmadụ na-enwe nkwurịta okwu nke ọma, ụmụaka anaghị amụtakwa ya nke ọma. 

 ndabere 
Trumai bụ asụsụ ụmụ amaala nke otu aha na-asụ nke dị na Xingu Reserve n'akụkụ Osimiri Upper Xingu dị n'etiti Brazil. Murphy na Quain  kọrọ na ọ bụ naanị mmadụ 25 fọdụrụ na obodo Trumai. Ọ dabara nke ọma, nke a abawanyela ruo 94 dị ka nke 1997, nke mmadụ 51 n'ime ha na-asụ asụsụ Trumai.  Na International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Grimes na-achọpụta na e nwere ndị ọkà okwu 78 dị ka nke 2003.  N'ihi na a na-asụ Portuguese n'etiti ndị obodo,  a na-ewere Trumai ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ dị oke egwu n'ihi na ụmụaka anaghị amụta ịsụ ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ. 

Ndị Trumai batara na mpaghara Upper Xingu n'oge mbụ na narị afọ nke 19 mgbe ndị Xavante chụpụrụ ha na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Brazil. Mmekọrịta mbụ Trumai na onye ọcha nwere bụ na 1884 mgbe Karl von den Steinen nyochara mpaghara Upper Xingu. Murphy, Robert F. (1955). The Trumai Indians of Central Brazil. J. J. Augustin. Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2012). The Languages of the Amazon. Oxford University Press. Ọ hụrụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti omenala Trumai na omenala Xingu ndị ọzọ n'ihi ịkwaga Trumai.  N'ime afọ iri ise ma ọ bụ karịa sochiri nleta mbụ Von den Steinem na Trumai, enwere obere akwụkwọ gbasara obodo n'ihi na ndị nchọpụta gara na mpaghara Xingu họọrọ ịga na ịmụ omenala ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ kama. 

N'oge dị n'etiti mbubata mbụ Trumai na Xingu dị elu na Von den Steinen na kọntaktị mbụ ha na ha, ndị obodo dị na mpaghara ahụ na-awakpo ha mgbe nile, gụnyere Suyá na Ikpeng. Guirardello, Raquel. "History of their occupation in the Xingu". Provos Indigenas no Brasil. Instituto Socioambiental. Retrieved September 30, 2016. N'ịgbaso oge kọntaktị sitere n'aka ndị nchọpụta, gụnyere Buell Quain na 1938, Murphy, Robert F. (1955). The Trumai Indians of Central Brazil. J. J. Augustin. Trumai kwagara ọzọ n'ókèala ọhụrụ, oge a n'ihi ọrịa flu na ọrịa measles.  Ka ha gbakechara na nke a, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị sochirinụ mere ka mpụta obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Trumai na mpaghara Upper Xingu, ebe ógbè ha bụbu abanyela n'obodo ndị ọzọ. 

N'agbanyeghị na agba ya n'asụsụ dị iche iche dị iche iche bụ nke dị n'ahịa anọ bụ isi nke asụsụ amaala Brazil ( Tupi, Arawak, Cariban, na Ge ), Trumai bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ.  Enwere ntule na Trumai bụ nke ngwaahịa asụsụ Equatorial, ebe ọ ka dị anya na asụsụ na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ nọ ebe a.   Frawley, William J. (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press.

Emere nyocha izizi emere na Trumai n'ozuzu nyocha nke omenaala mpaghara Xingu, bụ nke emere site na nyocha lekwasịrị anya na "omenala ihe". Murphy, Robert F. (1955). The Trumai Indians of Central Brazil. J. J. Augustin. Quain bụ onye nchọpụta mbụ lekwasịrị anya na omenala Trumai kpọmkwem, agbanyeghị, nke a bụ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmadụ, ọ bụghị asụsụ.  N'okwu mmalite nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya "A Reference Grammar of Trumaí",  Guirardello na-ekwu na Monod-Becquelin bụ onye mbụ mere ọmụmụ ihe nkọwa na asụsụ Trumai, bụ nke o lekwasịrị anya n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke asụsụ dị ka ergativity  na nsụgharị phonological.  Ọrụ mmalite Monod-Becquelin sochiri nyocha Greenberg, nke gụnyere atụmatụ ya ekwuru na Trumai, kama ịbụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ kpamkpam, bụ nke ngwaahịa Equatorial.  Frawley, William J. (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press.

Guirardello's "A Reference Grammar of Trumai" bụ nkọwa izizi nke ọma gbasara ụtọ asụsụ Trumai,  nke Guirardello dere na ebumnuche ya ịbụ ihe enyemaka maka akwụkwọ nyocha n'ọdịnihu gbasara asụsụ ahụ.  Kemgbe ahụ, nyocha banyere asụsụ Trumai abawanyela, na-eduga n'ọmụmụ ihe dị iche iche nke asụsụ ahụ. Monod-Becquelin gara n'ihu nyocha ya site n'ịchọpụta iji ngwaa transitive na Trumai.  Ọrụ Guirardello gụnyekwara ọmụmụ ihe n'ime ergativity nke Trumai, na-elekwasị anya n'ụkpụrụ ndị na-adịghị mma na ọdịdị ọdịdị ya na mgbagwoju anya nke syntax ya n'ihi usoro nhọpụta-ebubo na-adịkwa. 

Trumai bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ụmụ amaala 24 a mụrụ na South America dịka akụkụ nke usoro mmemme nke DoBeS (Ndekọwapụta Asụsụ Edangered) mere.  DoBeS bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ede akwụkwọ asụsụ na-arụ ọrụ na Brazil, nke Volkswagen Foundation na-akwado ya. 

Omenala Trumai abụwokwa isiokwu ọmụmụ gbasara mmadụ. Nke mbụ bụ Buell Quain mere, bụ onye nọrọ ọnwa anọ na Trumai wee kpokọta ozi na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke omenala na obodo. Murphy, Robert F. (1955). The Trumai Indians of Central Brazil. J. J. Augustin. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, De Vienne emeela ọmụmụ ihe gbasara agbụrụ na Trumai na-elekwasị anya na asụsụ na nkwurịta okwu na obodo, dị ka egwuregwu  na omenala ịbụ abụ. 

 Nkesa 
A na-asụ Trumai n'ime obodo anọ, atọ n'ime ha dị na Parque Indígena do Xingu . Enwere mmadụ iri na abụọ na-asụ asụsụ nke ọma n'etiti agbụrụ ndị dị ihe dị ka otu narị mmadụ.  : 1077 

 Três Lagoas (ya na ezinụlọ ndị si n'obodo nta mbụ nke Terra Preta), na Parque Indígena do Xingu
 Boa Esperança, na Parque Indígena do Xingu
 Steinen, na Parque Indígena do Xingu
 Wani (obodo e hiwere nso nso a), na Terra Indígena Capoto-Jarina

 Mmekọrịta asụsụ 
Jolkesky (2016) na-ekwu na e nwere myirịta okwu na ezinụlọ asụsụ Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Tupi, na Mochika n'ihi kọntaktị. 

Myirịta dị n'asụsụ Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru na asụsụ Tupi-Guarani na-egosi na Trumai sitere na oke osimiri Paraguay . Trumai erutela na Oke Xingu basin site na Osimiri Culuene n'oge narị afọ nke 19 (Villas Bôas & Villas Bôas 1970:27  ).  : 426 

 Ụtọ asụsụ 

 fonology 
 Bilabial eze Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive p t̪ t, d k ʔ Apụghị t̪ʼ tʼ kʼ Mmekọrịta t͡s, t͡sʼ Nke na-ese okwu f s, ɬ ʃ x h Ihu imi m n Odika w ɾ, l j
Ngwaahịa a bụ ihe atụ nke asụsụ Amazonian na consonants ya na-apụ apụ, mpụta fricative , na alveolar- eze iche. Guirardello, onye ọkachamara na Trumai, ewepụtala ngwa dị iche iche nke fọnịm ndị a: Guirardello (1999a)  ndepụta /t̪ t̪' ts s' s/ dị ka eze, na /tt' dnl ɬ ɾ/ dị ka alveolar; ebe Guirardello (1999b) depụtara naanị /t/ na /t'/ dị ka alveolar.  Ndị ọkà okwu na-eto eto anaghị eme ihe dị iche.
 N'ihu Central Azu Elu i ɨ u N'etiti e o Dị ala a
Ndekọ ụda olu bụ / i, e, a, o, u / na / ɨ / . Nhazi nke mkpụrụokwu bụ CVC kachasị, na nchekasị na-adabakarị na mkpụrụokwu ikpeazụ nke okwu.

 Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 
Akụkụ morphological nke Trumai dị ka ekpuchiri ya na ụtọ asụsụ Guirardello nke asụsụ ahụ gụnyere akụkụ nke okwu: aha, ngwaa, na inyeaka . N'okpuru aha, ọ na-enyocha mmetụta nke adjectives, plurality na asụsụ, na agụta versus mass nouns, na ndị ọzọ. N'okpuru ngwaa, ọ na-elekwasị anya na causality, negation, ike, na imperativity na ngwaa particles. Na n'okpuru ndị inyeaka, ọ na-atụle ọnọdụ ahụ, ọnọdụ na akụkụ, yana enyemaka ntụziaka. Isi nke 5 na-enyocha n'ihu nyocha nke akụkụ ndị a nke akụkụ nke okwu n'usoro nke "Mfe Nkwuwapụta Nkejiokwu". 

A na-eji onye, okike, ọnụọgụgụ, na nsonye/mwepu ndị na-ege ntị na aha otutu mmadụ nwere ọdịiche dị na Trumai. Dị ka n'asụsụ bekee, a na-ahụ nwoke na nwanyị na nnochiaha nke onye nke atọ, ebe ọnụọgụgụ na-ekewa dị ka otu, dual, na plural (ebe Bekee nwere naanị otu na ọtụtụ). Ụdị nkebiokwu Noun na-emetụtakwa ha (site ugbu a gaa n'ihu "NP") nke ha pụtara na ( absololutive, ergative, ma ọ bụ dative ), bụ nke a na-eji dị iche na ntinye suffix. Ndị a bụ tebụl nnochiaha Trumai nwere ihe atụ agụnyere maka ikpe ziri ezi: 

1st-mmadụ/akpọrọ aha ahapụrụ iche na , gụnyere , Onye nke abụọ nwere , na nke atọ na  . Egosiri ọnụọgụ abụọ site na suffix -a, yana ọtụtụ site -wan . A na-ama oke nwoke na nwanyị na onye nke atọ. E gosiputara ihe onwunwe nwere ike site na suffix -kte ma ọ bụ -kate na onye nwe ya (  'Njikọ Kumaru'), na ihe onwunwe na-enweghị atụ site na juxtaposition (  'isi nwa agbọghọ',  'isi m'). A na-eji suffixes na-akanye akara ( -ts maka 1sg, ma ọ bụghị -ek/-ak ), dative, ebe, allative, comitative, and instrumental case .

Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na morphology Trumai bụ iji ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'asụsụ ahụ. Guirardello buru ụzọ atụle ha dị ka ụdị nke ịchọpụta ihe na-adị n'ọnọdụ n'ọnọdụ mgbakwunye-mmetụta-ọnọdụ nke ejiri na bekee. Nhazi okwu ndị a bụ , eji maka ugbu a ma ọ bụ na nso nso a, na , maka oge gara aga, mana a na-eji ha naanị mgbe egosipụtaghị ihe ahụ site na gburugburu. N'ahịrịokwu, akụkụ ndị a na-apụta dị ka nke a:

N'ozuzu, a kọwapụtara ihe dị na Trumai dị ka ngwaa modifier nke na-abụghị adverb ma ọ bụ inyeaka kama itinye ya na klas nke ya. Enwere klaasị anọ dị na Trumai: Ike, Negation, Causative, na ike. Ndị na-eme mgbanwe ndị a dabara n'okpuru akara 'particle' n'ihi njirimara ha nke na-ekewa ha na ndị inyeaka. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe ndị inyeaka nwere ike gbanwee naanị ngwaa, Intensity and Negation particles nwekwara ike gbanwee adverbs na quantifiers. 

Ojiji nke inyeaka na Trumai na-adọrọkwa mmasị nke ukwuu. [ <span title="A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (November 2021)">a</span> ] a kọwapụtara ha dị ka ndị na-emegharị ngwaa "ejikọta ya na ngalaba nke akụkụ, ọnọdụ, na nhazi ohere (ngalaba ikpeazụ a na-ekewa n'ime ọnọdụ ahụ nke ihe na-eme ihe omume na ntụziaka nke ihe omume a na-eme)". Nke a bụ ụfọdụ ọmụmaatụ nke ọ bụla n'ime enyemaka ndị a ejiri na ahịrịokwu:

Guirardello na-eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama dị n'etiti inyeaka na ngwaa na Trumai: enweghị usoro arụmụka onwe ya, ọ dịghị ọdịnaya lexical, ụfọdụ ahụmahụ mbelata phonological, na ha na-etolite klaasị mechiri emechi . Ọnọdụ ha syntactic bụ nanị ịgbaso ngwaa dị na VP, nke na-eme ka ha dị iche na adverbs, nke na-ejide ọnọdụ mgbanwe karịa na ahịrịokwu. Ewezuga ịpụta n'ime VP na-eso ngwaa ahụ, ihe onwunwe nke ụfọdụ inyeaka bụ na "ha nwere ike iburu 3Abs enclitic -n/-e ". 

 Syntax 

 Nhazi Asụsụ Ergative-Asọpụrụ 
Trumai bụ asụsụ nwere ọrụ ikpe na-ezighi ezi na ya mere nwere ụdị arụmụka atọ: nke zuru oke, nke anabataghị, na nke nkwuputa. A na-akọwa usoro asụsụ na-adịghị mma-absolutive dị ka nke ahụ "nke isiokwu dị na ihe owuwu intransitive na-aghọta n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka onye ọrịa ma ọ bụ ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe, ma si otú a dị iche na isiokwu ma ọ bụ onye nnọchiteanya na transitive".  A na-egosipụta ya site n'ịka akara, ngwaa na usoro okwu. 

A na-eji ikpe dative mee ihe maka ngwaa dị ka 'rie', 'hụ' na 'soro' kparịta ụka. Enwere ngwaa abụọ maka 'egbu', otu, -fa, nke na-ewere dative, na otu, , nke na-ewe ihe nnọchianya. [ ] [ ọrụ ikpe maka S reverse? ] Usoro ihe mejupụtara bụ isi nzacha-absolutive-ngwaa-dative (SV, SVB, AOV, AOVB). Arụmụka mgbagha na nke dative, nke akara postposition nwere ike ime n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke ngwaa ahụ, mana maka ihe zuru oke iji mee nke a, ọ dị mkpa ka ejiri ke  . [ ] [ postposition? ]

N'okwu nkebiokwu (gụnyere nnochiaha), akara nrịbama mkpụrụokwu ahụ bụ ihe nchikota . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, NP na-adịghị mma ga-ejedebe na -ek ma ọ bụ -k . Akara ikpe site na iji enclitics na-apụtakwa maka ikpe Dative, Locative na Genitive. N'ihe gbasara nnochiaha onwe onye, onye mbụ nnochiaha otu na-enye ohere nke enclitic -ts . A na-agbanwekwa nnochiaha nke onye mbụ site na  n'ọnọdụ zuru oke na  Maka ikpe Ergative na Dative.

Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na syntax Trumai bụ NP morpheme  n'ihi enweghị ọrụ doro anya ya. Ọ na-apụta mgbe niile nkebiokwu-ikpeazụ, dị ka  mgbe naanị aha n'onwe ya ka etinyere na nkebiokwu ahụ, mana dịka  mgbe agụnyere pluralizers ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ lexical. Agbanyeghị, n'agbanyeghị iwu a, a ka nwere oge ebe  na-egosi na NP nwere ihe okwu okwu. Mgbe ọ dị n'ahịrịokwu Ergative na Dative, a ka na-agbakwunye ihe mkpuchi maka ikpe ọ bụla na njedebe nke NP:

Maka nkebi ahịrịokwu ngwaa na Trumai, akara ikpe na-enye ụdị ngwaa anọ: Intransitive, Transitive, Extended Intransitive, and Extended Transitive, ebe ngwaa ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ike inwe ikpe zuru oke, ngwaa ntụgharị nwere ikpe zuru oke na nke Ergative, na ngalaba agbatịkwara nwekwara ikpe Dative n'elu nke a. Guirardello kpọrọ arụmụka dị ka S, A, O, na DAT maka akara ikpe kama okwu dịka onye nnọchite anya na onye ọrịa .

Guirardello hụrụ ụdị nkebiokwu atọ n'ahịrịokwu Trumai. Nkejiokwu ngbanwe na-ejikọta akara ikpe /-ø/ na nkebiokwu S ma ọ bụ tinye onye nke atọ enclitic -n/-e na njedebe nke ngwaa. Nkejiokwu mgbanwe nwere A nke -(V)k na O nwere akara -ø . N'otu aka ahụ na nkebiokwu Intransitive, onye nke atọ enclitic na-agbakwunye na VP mgbe A na-anọghị. N'okwu Ditransitive, otu akara ahụ na-eme maka A na O nke anyị na-ahụ na nkebiokwu ntụgharị. Akara arụmụka DAT site na -(V)tl, -ki, ma ọ bụ -(V)s "dabere na njirimara nke isi nke NP". Enweghị akara ọ bụla agbakwunyere na VP mgbe DAT na-anọghị n'ahịrịokwu ahụ. Nkebi ahịrịokwu ndị a bụ ihe akaebe nke arụmụka Ergative-Absolutive nke Trumai, ka anyị na-ahụ S na O na-enweta otu akara ahụ, ebe A na-emeso ya n'ụzọ dị iche. N'ahịrịokwu, ha ga-apụta dị ka ndị a:

Dị ka a na-ahụ n'elu ebe ole na ole / ntakịrị na-etolite dị ka ọtụtụ / a otutu plus a negation, ọ dịghị okwu maka ọ dịghị, ya mere negation na-agbakwunyere na ya ebe nakwa:

arụ ọrụ Desid Neg man PL YI

Quantifiers (ọnụọgụ na ndị ọzọ) nwekwara ike ịpụta dị ka nkebiokwu predicate ma ọ bụ nkeji lekwasịrị anya, nke ha na-apụta na mmalite nke ahịrịokwu ma na-esochi ya na ihe Focus/Tense.

Mmadụ na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ihe NP ekenyere quantifier na ya. Guirardello na-akọwa na n'ahịrịokwu ebe enwere ma aha / aha mmadụ nke mbụ na nke atọ, o doro anya na quantifier na-ejikọta ya na onye nke atọ. Nke a abụghị ihe doro anya mgbe enwere NP mmadụ abụọ nke atọ n'ahịrịokwu. Iji ghọta nke NP nke quantifier na-agbanwe n'ọnọdụ a, mmadụ ga-elele ụdị NP dị na nkebi ahịrịokwu ya na quantifier ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-agbanwekwa ya site na pluralizer.

 Ntụaka 

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