Asụsụ Nadahup

Asụsụ Nadahup, nke a makwaara dị ka Makú (Macú) ma ọ bụ Vaupés–Japurá, na-etolite obere ezinụlọ asụsụ na Brazil, Colombia, na Venezuela.  Aha Makú bụ pejorative, nke sitere na okwu Arawakan pụtara "enweghị okwu".  Nadahup bụ okwu mkpọ okwu nke asụsụ ndị mejupụtara.

Ezinụlọ Nadahup ekwesịghị inwe mgbagwoju anya na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-akpọ Makú . Enwere atụmatụ ijikọ asụsụ a enweghị nkewa na Nadahup, mana yana asụsụ ndị ọzọ.

 Mmekọrịta mpụga 
Martins (2005: 342–370) na-achịkọta asụsụ Arawakan na Nadahup ọnụ dịka akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Makúan-Arawakan ( Nadahup-Arawakan''' ) chọrọ,  mana Aikhenvald ajụla atụmatụ a (2006: 237). 

Epps na Bolaños (2017) nabatara ịdị n'otu nke asụsụ anọ Nadahup, mana echela na Puinave nwere njikọ. 

 Mmekọrịta asụsụ 
Jolkesky (2016) na-ekwu na e nwere myirịta akwụkwọ ozi na ezinụlọ Arawa, Guahibo, na Tupi n'ihi kọntaktị.  Enwere ike ịchọta mkparịta ụka nke akwụkwọ ozi lexical na phonological n'etiti asụsụ Nadahup (Vaupés-Japurá) na Tupi na Jolkesky and Cabral (2011).  Asụsụ Nadahup nwekwara okwu mbinye dị iche iche sitere na asụsụ Tucanoan  na Nheengatu . 

 Asụsụ 
Nadahup nwere ihe dị ka asụsụ anọ, dabere na nghọtarịta. Nadeb na Kuyawi, Hup na Yahup, na Nukak na Kakwa, n'agbanyeghị, na-ekekọrịta 90% nke okwu ha ma nwee nghọta n'etiti onwe ha, ya mere asụsụ dị iche iche bụ naanị n'echiche mmekọrịta ọha na eze . Alaka anọ ndị a adịghị nso: Ọ bụ ezie na a tụrụ aro ezinụlọ na mbụ na 1906, ọ bụ nanị 300 cognates ka a chọtara, nke gụnyere nnọchiaha ma ọ dịghị ụdị ụtọ asụsụ ọzọ.
kenkowaputa Ndeb Hup Daw Nịkâk nna     (Kakwa  ) akwa     (Kakwa) mmiri     (Kakwa) eze  (Kuyaw)    ụlọ    
Nadëb nwere ike bụrụ ihe dị iche iche; nke asụsụ ndị ọzọ, enwere nghọtahie na ntinye nke Nikâk . Martins (1999) tụpụtara nhazi ọkwa abụọ, na-eche nyocha ọzọ:

 Martins, amụma A

 Martins, amụma B
Otú ọ dị, Epps na-ewere Hup na Yahup dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, ma na-ekwusi ike na ntinye nke Nukak na Kakwa na-akwadoghị nke ọma na-egosighi na ọ bụ eziokwu nke ukwuu: 

 Epps

 Jolkesky (2016) 
Nhazi nke ime site na Jolkesky (2016): 

A na-emegharị ọkwa a na Nikulin (2019). 

 Ụdị ụdị 
Dâw na Hup—karịsịa Hup—emewo nhazigharị ụtọasụsụ n'okpuru mmetụta Tucano . Ha enwekwaghị prefixes mana ha nwetara suffixes sitere na mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa emebere grammatical . Ha nwekwara mgbọrọgwụ monosyllabic nke ukwuu, dị ka enwere ike ịhụ site na mbelata okwu mbinye ego Portuguese na syllable ha siri ike, dị ka na Dâw yẽl' "ego", sitere na Portuguese dinheiro. Nadëb na Nikâk, n'aka nke ọzọ, nwere mgbọrọgwụ polysyllabic. Nïkâk na-enye ohere otu prefix n'otu okwu, ebe Nadëb, nke dị na mpụga mpaghara asụsụ Vaupés, na-enwe prefix na polysynthetic : Ruo prefixes itoolu maka okwu ọ bụla (nke na-adịghị ahụkebe maka Amazon), yana ntinye aha, prepositions, na adverbs.

 Mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 
Rivet (site na 1920), Kaufman (1994) na Pozzobon (1997) gụnyere Puinave n'ime ezinụlọ. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ekwu na cognate bụ ihe efu. 

Henley, Mattéi-Müller na Reid (1996) na-egosi na asụsụ Hodï (nke a makwaara dị ka Yuwana) nwere njikọ.

Puinavean bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Macro-Puinavean chere echiche yana ezinụlọ Arutani – Sape na asụsụ Máku .

Macro-Puinavean gụnyere na ngwaahịa Macro-Tucanoan nke Joseph Greenberg, mana nke a jụrụ n'ụwa niile. Otu ọzọ dị egwu buru ibu bụ Morris Swadesh 's Macro-Makú .

 Okwu okwu 
Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị a bụ isi okwu maka asụsụ Macú. 
glossQueraríPuináveCuricuriaíDóuTiquiéHúbdeYehúbdePapuryMarahanNadëbPar. Boá-Boáonebignõũhätämadméidméẽtaĩyábaaihúbkoopsét hẽyavúratíbtwotxénõũkántémidtubmmbeʔékognábpowoːbepawóp hẽmagchígthreebexkámänõũhepeyadmtaʔneuápmotuábmóneguapmoraábmanaptamawoob hẽhayoheaduaitíbna-huyádnudeu-nũnúnunũnuxnuuhtoothmäúmo-lógtákideu-tógntágntagntagntangyö-togtëgyi-togwomanyádndeaiaːĩaáeiamáidnaiyabtaeiỹnhmariawatermãédnéxnoːndéndendedexnahörunaëngugnafiretekédndébehaúbehoːndégnhotegntegntenghontëëg hõõtahõtobaccohébxobhóthũúdhóthodhudhotexutahũũtjaguartxamníyotdamyámyampiyámñaámnyaamyaamawatawadduvádtapirhíuibeyaptáxtaxdátatatógöt'ëëngtaígnhousememotáuptobmõimóimóĩmooitobtóbtóba

 Proto-asụsụ 
Maka ndepụta nrụzigharị Proto-Eastern Makú ahọpụtara nke Martins (2005),  hụ edemede Portuguese kwekọrọ.

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Campbell, Lyle. (1997). Asụsụ ndị India America: Ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Native America . New York: Oxford University Press.  .
 Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Asụsụ na America . Stanford: Mahadum Mahadum Stanford.
 Henley, Pọl; Marie-Claude Mattéi-Müller na Howard Reid (1996): "mmekọrịta omenala na asụsụ nke ndị na-eri nri nke North Amazonia: echiche ọhụrụ"; Antropologica 83: 3–37 . Caracas.
 Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Akụkọ gbasara asụsụ na South America: Ihe anyị maara na otu esi amatakwu. Na DL Payne (Ed.), asụsụ Amazonian: Ọmụmụ n'asụsụ ndịda America dị larịị (p. 13–67). Austin: Mahadum Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3 .
 Kaufman, Terrence. (1992) Guta
 Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). Asụsụ ala nna nke South America. Na C. Mosley & RE Asher (Eds.), Atlas nke asụsụ ụwa (p. 46–76). London: Routledge.
 Pozzobon, Jorge (1997). Langue, société et numération chez les Indiens Makú (Haut Rio Negro, Brésil). Akwụkwọ akụkọ de la Société de Américanistes de París 83: 159–172. Paris.
 Rivet, Paul na Constant Tastevin 1920: "Affinités du Makú et du Puinave"; Akwụkwọ akụkọ de la Société des Américanistes de París, ns t XII: 69–82. Paris.
 Rivet, Pọl; PP Kok na C. Tastevin 1925: "Nouvele contributión a l'étude de la langue Makú; International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 3, n. 24, nkp 129–132. New York.

 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu

 Bolaños, K. (2010). Kakua phonology: ụzọ mbụ . Mahadum Texas dị na Austin.
 Conduff, KW (2006). Diccionario situacional del idioma Nukak . Bogotá: Iglesia Cristiana Nuevos Horizontes.
 Erickson, T.; Erickson, CG (1993). Vocabulario Jupda-Español-Português . Santafé de Bogotá: Asociación Summer Institute of Linguistics.
 Maciel, I. (1991). Alguns aspectos fonológicos e morfológicos da língua Máku . Nkà mmụta nna ukwu . Brasilia: Mahadum nke Brasília. Martins, V. (1999). Dicionário Nadëb Português / Português Nadëb . (Ihe odide).
 Martins, V. (2005). Reconstrução Fonológica na Protomaku Oriental . Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. (Nka mmụta doctoral).
 Ramirez, H. (2006). A Língua dos Hupd'äh do Alto Rio Negro: dicionário e guia de conversação . São Paulo: Associação Saúde Sem Limites.
 Migliazza, EC (1965). Fonología Makú. Boletim na MPEG . Antropología, 25:1-17 .
 Mattei-Müller, M. (nd). Vocabulario Comparativo Castellano-Kakwa Vaupes-Guaviare-Hodï'' . (Ihe odide).

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Ndepụta Okwu Hup (sitere na ebe nchekwa data ego mba ụwa)
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations