Totem na Taboo

Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics, ma ọ bụ Totem and Tboo: Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Livages of Savages na Neurotics (German: Totem und Tabu: Einige Uniqueinstimmungen im Seelenleben der Wilden und der Neurog1m akwụkwọ), akwụkwọ der Neurog1m1  psychoanalysis, ebe onye edemede ahụ na-etinye ya na ngalaba nke nkà ihe ochie, Anthropology, na ọkụ agha.  Ọ bụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke sitere n'ike nkwu nke ọrụ Wilhelm Wundt na Carl Jung ma bipụta ya na mbụ na akwụkwọ Imago (1912-13): "The Horror of Incest", "Taboo and Emotional Ambivalence", "Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thoughts", na "The Return of Totemism in Childhood".

Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na a na-ahụ Totem na Taboo dị ka otu n'ime ndị ochie ochie nke anthropology, [ihe odide dị mkpa] nke a na-eji okwukwe Edward Burnett Tylor's Primitive Culture (1871) na Sir James George Frazer's The Golden Bough (1890), ndị anthropologist na-arụ rịta ụka ugbu a.   Onye na-ahụ maka edi Alfred L. Kroeber bụ onye nka mbụ nke Totem na Taboo, na-ahụ nkatọ nke ọrụ ahụ na 1920..

 Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga 
Freud, onye nwere akwụkwọ ogologo oge na nkà mkpa ndị na ibe ya ma tinye onwe ya n'ịmụ ihe mgbe ochie na ihe mere eme, dere na ọrụ Wilhelm Wundt na Carl Jung nyere ya "ihe mkpali mbụ" ya ide edemede ndị dị na Totem na Taboo.  A mmetụta ahụ ugboro abụọ n'asụsụ Bekee, nke mbụ site n'aka Abraham Brill na mgbe e ịhụ site n'afọ James Strachey.[1]  Ọrụ James George Frazer nwere ike n'ahụ Freud, The Golden Bough (1890). 

 Nchịkọta 

 Isi nke 1 
"The Horror of Incest" na-emetụta omenala nke ndị mmadụ na totemism nabatara.

Freud na-usoro nke Totemism n'etiti Ndị Aborigine Australia.  Eziniche ọ ble nwere totem (na- anụmanụ anụmanụ, mgbe ụfọdụ osisi ma ọ bụ ike nke okike) anaghị ekwe ka ndị mmadụ lụo ndị nwere otu totem ahụ dị ka onwe ha.  Freud na-ahụ omume a dị ka omume.  A na-enyefe totem ahụ saịtị n'ihe nketa, ma ọ bụ saịtị na nna ma ọ bụ nne.  na nna nna nna nna ya, mana nwoke ọ llaa nọ n' fim nke, echiche, nwere ike ịbụ nna ya.  Ọ na-akpata nke a na echiche nke , akpọ na-akpọ ndị enyi nne na nna ha niile agwa nne na nna.  E a klas ndị na-eso ụzọ na ndị ọzọ, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo mgba, nke na-achịkọta totems ọnụ, ya mere na- nhọrọ nwoke maka ndị mmekọ.  Ọ na-ekwukwa omume ndị a na-ama n'etiti akara nke Pacific Islands na Africa nke ikpughe.  Otu egwuregwu ekwe ka nwoke ahụ na-egosi na-eme ihe n'ụzọ ọ lla, n'ozuzu mgbe ha rutere n'afọ iri na ụma.  A naghị ekwe ka ụmụ nwoke na nne di ha ikike ha ma ọ bụ kwuo aha ibe ha.  Ọ na-enwe nke a site n'ikwu na mgbe awụ ụfọdụ nri, ndị nne na nna na-ebi ndụ site na ụmụ ha iji tachie obi n'alụmdi na nri ha nakwa na ndị ọgọ ha nwere ike ike ịbịakwute di ha.  Ihe yiri nke a dị n'etiti nna na nwa amụrụ, mana ha na-adị adị site na oge uto ruo mgbe ha kwere nkwa ọlụlụ.

 Isi nke 2 
Na "Taboo na ụgbọ uche ambivalence," Freud na- መሪ nke tabos na totemism.  Freud na-eji echiche ya projection na ambivalence, akwụkwọ n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọrịa na- arịa ọrịa na Vienna, iji ígwè ndị dị n'etiti taboo na totemism..

Dị ka ndị neurotics, ndị 'primitive' na-enwe mmetụta na-emegide ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na ndụ ha, mana ha agaghị ekweta nke a n'onwe ha. Ha agaghị ekweta na, dịka ha hụrụ nne ha n'anya, enwere ihe gbasara ya ha kpọrọ asị. A na-atụle akụkụ a na-egbochi mgbagwoju anya a (akụkụ ịkpọasị) na ndị ọzọ. N'ihe banyere ụmụ amaala, a na-atụle akụkụ ịkpọasị na totem ahụ, dịka na: 'Achọghị m ka nne m nwụọ; totem chọrọ ka ọ nwụọ.'

 Isi nke 3 
N'ime "Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thought" Freud na-egosi animism na narcissistic nke ihe ya na-abụ mbụ nke ndị na-eso ụzọ na ala na-abụghị nke mmepụta libidinal.  Nkwenye na ike na amoosu sitere na oke oke omume uche, ebe a na-etinye ọnọdụ uche n'ime ụwa: oke oke oke a na-adịgide na ụmụ nwoke na ndị na-eme ihe n'ụzọ ụzọ.  Ụdị echiche nke echiche na-achịkwa "ike niile nke echiche", egwuregwu nke ndụ uche dị n'ime ụwa.  A na-ahụkwa ihe a e chepụtara echepụta nke eziokwu n'echiche na-ahụ isi, nsogbu na egwu.  Freud na-ekwu na ike niile nke echiche ka ihe na mpaghara ọnọdụ nke nka.  akwụkwọ ikpeazụ nke ahụ mechiri dị n'etiti ike (nke na-adịghị mma), ụdị na taboo, na-arụ ụka na omume nke animism bụ naanị ihe nke mmegide ebumpụta ụwa (Freud).

 Isi nke 4 
Na "The Return of Totemism in Childhood" Freud kwuru otu n'ime echiche ndị ọzọ Charles Darwin na-akọ njikọ nhazi nke ọha mmadụ mbụ (otu alpha-nwoke gbara ụmụ anụmanụ, yiri nke nhazi ndị ọrụ gorilla) na echiche nke emee àjà nke William Robertson Smith, iji kwubie na-eme nke totemism dị n'otu ihe omume, otu mmemme prehistoric nke ọnwụ onye William Robert na-egbu.   egwu ma na-ekiri.   N'ihe ihe nke a, Freud mpira mini nke post anya Oedipus na anụ nke ọha mmadụ, ma kwuo na ndị niile bụ n'ezie ụdị ikpe mara na ambivalence iji merie ogbugbu nke nna (nke ọ pụta dị ka ezi mbụ mbụ).

 Nnakwere 

 Nnyocha mbụ 
 N'afọ 1914, Totem na Taboo akpata ihe site n'aka Carl Furtmüller na Zentralblatt für Psychologie und Psychotherapie .  isi ndị ọzọ e dere n'etiti 1912 na 1920 nke onye na- mmadụ Uche Wilhelm Stekel na Zentralblatt für Psychologie und Psychotherapie, onye na-ahụ maka akwaa na onye na- ọrịa uche William Alanson White na Psychoanalytic Review, onye na' na'' Francis Hackett na The New Republic, onye na-na'ahụ maka Master na The New Republic, onye na-na-na-ahụ maka Master na The New Republic, onye na-na-na-na-na-na-na-na The New Republic  na onye na'ahụ maka ụmụ ụmụ Alfred L. Kroeber na American Anthropologist.

Furtmüller dere na ọrụ ahụ gosipụtara "ichebe onwe ya na ụwa sayensị" nke Freud. O boro Freud ebubo ileghara nkatọ ndị na-emegide echiche ya anya, ma jụ Freud na-adabere na nyocha ya na ozizi nke Oedipus complex. O nyere Freud otuto maka inye "nnyocha dị mkpirikpi" nke ọnọdụ mgbagwoju anya nke nyocha na totemism, mana o kwenyere na ọ na-esiri ndị na-enyocha uche ike imeso isiokwu ahụ n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ịdabere na nkwubi okwu ha na "ahụmahụ nke aka", nakwa na Freud tinyere oke mkpa na "nkwenye nke totemist acolytes na ha bụ ụmụ nke totem animal". Ọ katọrọ mgbalị Freud na-eme iji kọwaa totemism site na iji ya tụnyere "ndụ uche" nke ụmụaka, na-arụ ụka na nsonaazụ nyocha Freud ji mee ihe ziri ezi ma mee obere ihe iji nye "ngwọta nke nsogbu nke totemism", nakwa na Freud enweghị ike ịkọwa ihe mere e ji nọchite anya totem dị ka anụmanụ. O kwukwara na Freud ezighi ezi ile exogamy anya dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị mkpa nke totemism. Ọ bụ ezie na o kwenyere na Freud gosipụtara "amamihe siri ike", ọ boro ya ebubo itinye aka na "egwuregwu efu" ebe "arụmụka ezi uche dị na ya" dị mkpa na nghọtahie ọrụ Darwin. O dere na Freud kọwara omume ọma dị ka "ihe sitere na nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya" ma jiri mgbagwoju anya Oedipus tụnyere "mmehie mbụ nke agbụrụ mmadụ".

 Echiche nke ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ụmụ mmadụ 
Totem na Taboo mmetụta ndị a ma ama na United States site na njedebe nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ.  Dị ka Annemarie De Waal Malefijt si kwuo, akwụkwọ ahụ akwụkwọ "m nwa iwe" site n'aka ndị na- eje eje ozi na ndabere nke obere aha ya.[1]  na-akatọ ụmụ mmadụ nke Totem na Taboo ikike Kroeber, onye Freud dị ka "onye na-eme ihe ike ma na-akpali akpali n'ime ethnology" mana akpali echiche na echiche Freud nwere ike gosiri ụmụ na ibe ya na usoro evolushọn, [1] Franz Boas, onye weere usoro Freud na Totem na Taboo dị ike ka otu maka ihe na ihe na-eme Robert [1]  onye zoro aka na ọrụ ahụ dị ka "ziri ezi".[3]Claude Lévi-Strauss katọrọ Totem na Taboo na The Elementary Structures of Kinship (1948)). 

Géza Róheim, onye anthropologist nakwa onye psychoanalyst, weere Totem na Taboo dị ka otu n'ime nnukwu ihe mkpagbu na-eme ihe mere eme nke anthropology, nke a na-eji mmetụta akụ Edward Burnett Tylor's Primitive Culture (1871) na Sir James George Frazer's The Golden Bough (1890).   Róheim ndị Totem na Taboo dị ka "nwere na-eme oge" na anthropology na akara ndị na ibe ya n'ozuzu.   Róheim echiche echiche nke Totem na Taboo, mana ostra na-ewere ya dị ka ihe ochie, ọrụ nke ikpe anthropology psychoanalytic.   Wilhelm Reich, na-eso Johann Jakob Bachofen na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ, kwusiri ike na ọha mmadụ mbụ bụ matriarchies na nke a wepụrụ Freud egosi nke ntaanya na Totem na Taboo.   Reich kwuru na echiche Freud na ese anya Oedipus bụ isi ihe na-amalite nke pụtaraanya leghaara nke mbụ Oedipus anya anya, nke, na-adabere n'ỤRỤ Malinowski, ọ dị ada ka ebelata usoro nna ochie..

 Nzaghachi ndị ọzọ 
Onye edemede Jane Ellen Harrison hụrụ Totem na Taboo otu n'ime ọrụ ozi mkpa na ndụ isi ya.  E jirila ọrụ Harrison bụ Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion (1912) ị  Onye na-ede akwụkwọ Thomas Mann dere na Totem na Taboo emetụtala ya iche ọrụ ozi ọzọ Freud, na nke ọrụ Freud niile ọ nwere uru elele mma.[2]  Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ bụ Simone de Beauvoir katọrọ Totem na Taboo na The Second Sex (1949), na-ede na a manyere Freud "ichepụta mmetụta ifo dị egwu" iji dị ahụ site na "onye ọብረ gaa na ọha mmadụ";  ọ Sign nke ike mmetụta a dị ka ike nke psychoanalysis.[3]  Georges Bataille kwuru na "ihe ndị dị elu nke data ethnographical" nke oge ya duhiere Freud n'ikwubi okwu na iwu a na- akara ozu aka n'ozuzu ya na- nhọrọ imetụ ha aka.

Onye na-ede akwụkwọ Norman O. Brown katọrọ ọrụ ahụ na Life Against Death (1959), na-ede na Freud na-usoro usoro nke ike na usoro nke ihe mere eme, si otú ahụ na-ahụ ihe mere mere eme dị ka "usoro nke itolite".  Brown echiche a dị ka "ihe nsogbu na nchekwube na ndị isi nke ike adọ nke iri na , ma ezi na ọ ezughi oke dịka ihe mere eme na psychoanalysis.[1]  Onye na-akọ akụkọ ifo Joseph Campbell weere Freud's Totem na Taboo na Jung's Psychology of the Unconscious (1912) dị ka ọrụ abụọ dị mkpa nke usoro usoro nke ihe ndị na-akpata site na ike a na-ama site na igbu nke ndị nwere nsogbu uche.[2]  Onye nkatọ René Girard dere na Violence and the Sacred (1972) na, n'agbanyeghị Totem na Taboo site na "nkatọ nke oge a", echiche ya nke igbu ọchụ dị nso na isiokwu nke ọrụ ya..

Richard Schechner katọrọ Freud maka iche na Totem na Taboo na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ bụ ndị "primitive" diẹ ndị ọzọ.[1]  Onye ọkà n'akparam ndị mmadụ bụ David P. Barash kwubiri na na Totem na Taboo Freud "na-azụ ihe idiosyncratic, ihe nsogbu nke nta ka ọ bụrụ echiche efu na ihe ọhụrụ".[2]  Anthony Elliott kwuru na ndị nchọpụta Freud ụfọdụ ndị na ibe ya na-akpa nwere njedebe, nakwa na, n'ihi ihe ọmụmụ anthropological nke dị na Totem na Taboo, echiche Freud àgwà aro ugbu a nwere ikike nkwado ole na ole.  Elliott dere na "mgbara Freud na-eme iji kwado ihe ihe anya Oedipus na ihe omume ntọala na- ike ike ya dị mkpa n'ime ike okike nke echiche mmadụ", na-ekwu na ihe ndị mere eme "ihe bụ n'eziedị nke efu".  Elliott gbakwunyere na a ga-eto Freud site n'igosi na "bụ eziokwu nke e nyere oge eruo ma ọ bụ nke okike", kama ọ bụ usoro mmadụ na ibe ya na-abụ nke ụmụ mmadụ, nakwa na "onye ọ mgbasa na ọha mmadụ na-ebute ibe ya ụzọ.".

 Dominique Bourdin dere na Totem na Taboo Freud "na-eme ka echiche nke na-eme ihere nke ndị na-egosi uche ugbu a, mana nke ahụ dị mkpa maka ezi uche nke echiche Freudian: nke Phylogenetics".[1]  Onye ọkà ihe nke Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen na onye ọkà n'akparam ndị mmadụ Sonu Shamdasani kwuru na Totem na Taboo Freud jiri ihe mere eme mee ihe "otu usoro ahụ o ji mee ihe na-edozi nke ihe eji ya iji 'mezi' ihe ndị isi e chefuru echefu ma ihe.

 Hụkwa 

 Guy Rosolato
 Obere Arpad
 Nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya

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 Ihe odide zuru ezu nkeTotem na Taboona Wikisource
 Totem na Taboo German mbipụta, Open Library
 Totem na Tabooakwụkwọ ọdịyo nke ọha na eze naLibriVox