Asụsụ Gurindji Kriol

Gurindji Kriol bụ asụsụ agwakọtara nke ndị Gurindji na-asụ na mpaghara Osimiri Victoria nke Northern Territory (Australia). A na-asụkarị ya na Kalkaringi na Daguragu bụ obodo ndị Aboriginal dị na ala ọdịnala Gurindji. Ndị Ngarinyman na Bilinarra na-asụ ụdị agwakọta agbakwunyere na ugwu na Yarralin na Nduru . Ụdị ndị a yiri Gurindji Kriol, mana sere na Ngarinyman na Bilinarra bụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na Gurindji (asụsụ Eastern Ngumpin). 

Gurindji Kriol pụtara na 1970s site na omume mgbanwe koodu zuru ebe niile. Ọ na-ejikọta lexicon na nhazi nke Gurindji na Kriol. Gurindji bụ asụsụ dị n'ihe egwu nke obere otu Ngumpin-Yapa (ezinụlọ Pama-Nyungan ) na Kriol bụ asụsụ bekee-lexifier na-asụ asụsụ mbụ nke ọtụtụ ndị Aboriginal n'ofe ugwu Australia (ewezuga Arnhem Land na mpaghara Osimiri Daly ).

Gurindji Kriol na-egosipụta nkewa n'usoro n'etiti nkebi ahịrịokwu na ngwaa, Gurindji na-atụnye nhazi aha gụnyere akara ikpe, yana ngwaa nhazi gụnyere ihe enyemaka-aspect-mood (TAM) na-abịa site na Kriol. N'akụkụ a, Gurindji Kriol bụ nkewapụtara dị ka ngwaa-noun (VN) asụsụ agwakọtara. Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke asụsụ agwakọtara VN gụnyere Michif na Light Warlpiri . Enwere ike ịhụ mmezi nke Gurindji n'ime asụsụ agwakọtara dị ka ịdịgidere njirimara ndị Aboriginal n'okpuru nnukwu mbubata omenala na-aga n'ihu.
Structural featureLanguage of originLexical featureLanguage of originword orderKriolN-body partsGurindjiTAM auxiliariesKriolN-coloursKriolverb suffixesKriolN-artefactstraditional (Gurindji), 
new (Kriol)case suffixesGurindjiN-peopleKriol/Gurother noun suffixesGurindjiN-kinparents and their siblings (Kriol), 
siblings, grandparents,
in-laws (Gurindji)negationKriolN-foodKriol/Gurregular pronounsKriol/GurN-plantsGurindjiemphatic pronounsGurindjiN-animalsKriol/Gurpossessive pronounsGurindjiV-stateKriol/Gurinterrogative pronounsKriolV-motionGurindjidemonstrativesKriol/GurV-bodily functionsGurindjiconjunctionsKriol/GurV-impactGurindjiinterjectionsGurindjiV-basicKrioldeterminersKriolV-verbalisingKriol/Gur

 ndabere 
Gurindji Kriol sitere na kọntaktị n'etiti ndị na-abụghị ndị amaala obodo na ndị Gurindji . Site na 1855 gaa n'ihu, ndị na-achị obodo na-achọ ebe ịta nri dị mma na-ejide ala ọdịnala nke Gurindji na ndị agbata obi. Mgbe a gbasịrị mbọ igbu ndị mbụ bi na ya, e hibere ọdụ ehi ma kpọbata ndị Gurindji fọdụrụ ka ha rụọ ọrụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị ka ohu na ndị otu Aborigine ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1966, ndị Gurindji malitere ọgbaghara ndị ọrụ iji mee mkpesa megide ọnọdụ ọrụ ha adịghị mma ma mechaa nwetaghachi ikike nke ala ọdịnala ha. A na-akpọ mkpọsa ha Wave Hill Walk-off wee gaa n'ihu ruo afọ itoolu, nke mere ka otu ndị Aborigine dị n'Australia nweta ikike mbụ nke ọma nke ala. Taa, ndị Gurindji ka na-ebi n'ala ọdịnala ha na obodo abụọ bụ isi - Kalkaringi na Daguragu. 

Omume asụsụ nke Gurindji nwere njikọ chiri anya na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ndị a. Tupu echichi ndị Gurindji na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche, na-asụ asụsụ nke otu ndị agbata obi ha na-emekọrịta ihe nke ọma na emume. Nhazi nke ọdụ ehi site n'aka ndị na-achị ehi hụrụ iwebata ebe ọdụ ehi pidgin na emesịa Kriol n'ime akụkọ asụsụ nke Gurindji. N'afọ ndị 1970 Patrick McConvell   chọpụtara na mgbanwe koodu n'etiti Kriol na Gurindji bụ omume asụsụ kachasị nke ndị Gurindji. O yikarịrị ka mgbanwe koodu a na ụfọdụ ọkwa dị n'etiti Gurindji na asụsụ ndị agbata obi nwere njikọ chiri anya dịka Ngarinyman na Bilinarra nyere ala na-eme nri maka nhazi asụsụ agwakọta. N'oge a, mgbanwe yiri nke ahụ na gburugburu asụsụ asụsụ obodo mere n'ebe ndị ọzọ na ugwu Australia ebe Kriol ghọrọ asụsụ a na-achị n'ọtụtụ mpaghara dịka Timber Creek na Katherine. N'agbanyeghị na Kalkaringi, asụsụ agwakọtara si na ọnọdụ a pụta.  Felicity Meakins   na-arụ ụka na mmezi nke Gurindji ọcha n'asụsụ agwakọta na-ejikọta na mmegharị ikike ala na enwere ike were ya dị ka ngosipụta nke nnọgidesi ike nke njirimara nna nna ha. Ọzọkwa McConvell  na-atụ aro na ịdị n'otu nke ọnọdụ asụsụ (otu asụsụ ọdịnala a na-asụ na Kalkaringi) nwekwara ike inye aka n'ịkwado Gurindji.

Gurindji Kriol dị n'ime foto dị mgbagwoju anya nke asụsụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, kọntaktị na mgbanwe koodu . Gurindji na-aga n'ihu na-asụ ndị okenye na asụsụ ọdịnala ndị agbata obi Australia, ndị sitere na Warlpiri na-ejikwa Warlpiri. Standard Australian English bụ asụsụ nke ọrụ gọọmentị na ụlọ akwụkwọ, n'agbanyeghị na ejiri ya naanị na ngalaba ndị a. Ndị ọbịa si n'obodo ndị ọzọ na-asụ Kriol na ndị Aboriginal Bekee.  N'akụkụ a, Gurindji Kriol na-aga n'ihu na-asụ ya n'akụkụ Gurindji na Kriol, ọ bụkwa asụsụ 'symbiotic' agwakọtara . Na mgbakwunye, mgbanwe koodu na-aga n'ihu na-abụ ihe a na-eme kwa ụbọchị na Kalkaringi, ọ na-ahụkarị ịhụ mgbanwe koodu n'etiti Gurindji na Kriol, yana n'etiti Gurindji Kriol na asụsụ ndị sitere na ya.

 Lexicon 
N'okwu gbasara okwu, enwere ngwakọta n'etiti Kriol na Gurindji. N'agbanyeghị ngwaa-noun structural split, ụfọdụ ngwaa sitere na Kriol na ndị ọzọ si Gurindji. N'otu aka ahụ aha sitere na asụsụ abụọ ahụ dị. N'ozuzu, dabere na 200 okwu Swadesh ndepụta, 36.6% nke okwu sitere na Kriol na 35% chọtara mmalite ya na Gurindji. 28.4% fọdụrụ bụ ụdị yiri nke sitere na asụsụ abụọ ahụ, ebe nhọrọ nke okwu dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe gụnyere ndị na-emekọrịta ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ọtụtụ okwu Gurindji eme ihe mgbe a na-agwa ndị Gurindji meworo agadi okwu ma ọ bụ n'ihu ndị mba ọzọ.  Enwere ike ịdeba ama ụfọdụ ọkachamara lexical, dịka ọmụmaatụ  nke pụtara "alaka", "osisi" ma ọ bụ "osisi" na Gurindji na-ejikarị pụtara "alaka" ma ọ bụ "osisi" na Gurindji Kriol ebe Kriol ụdị  eji putara "osisi".

 fonology 
Usoro phonology nke Gurindji Kriol dị nkenke nke ọma, ya bụ na ọ kwadobela ngwa ngwa Gurindji na Kriol dị iche iche, usoro mkpụrụokwu na ọtụtụ usoro ụda olu. 

N'ihe gbasara ụdaume, Gurindji Kriol nwere usoro ụdaume ise. Okwu Gurindji niile nwere naanị fọnịm udaume 3 /ɪ/, /ɐ/ na /ʊ/ nwere diphthong sitere na nchikota nke ụdaume na glides n'okwu ngwa ngwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ /ɐw/> [ɐʊ]. Okwu Kriol na-eji fọnịm ụdaume ise /ɛ/ na /ɔ/ na mgbakwunye na /ɪ/, /ɐ/ na /ʊ/, gbakwunyere diphthong na ụdaume ogologo.
 N'ihu Central Azu Mechie i u N'etiti e ɔ Mepee a
Ngwakọta ngwa ngwa bụ ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke Gurindji na consonants Kriol. Okwu Gurindji sitere nwere ọdịiche dị n'ụzọ atọ maka nkwụsị, imi na akụkụ, yana ọdịiche dị n'etiti rhotic post-alveolar na apical trill (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ dị ka mgbata). Okwu ndị sitere na Kriol dị iche na ndị si Gurindji n'ime ihe mgbakasị ahụ. Ọnweghị ihe dị iche iche a na-eme nkwuputa maka nkwụsị ma ọ bụ esemokwu n'ime okwu Gurindji- ma ọ bụ nke Kriol nwetara; olu na-adabere n'ọnọdụ dị n'ime okwu ma ọ bụ okwu, na ebe a na-ekwu okwu.
 Bilabial Alveolar Post-alveolar Alveopalatal Velar Kwụsị p t ʈ ɟ k Nke na-ese okwu f s ʃ Ihu imi m n ɳ ɲ ŋ N'akụkụ l ɭ ʎ Rhotic r, ɹ﻿Mmanya j w
Nchegbu bụ okwu mbụ maka okwu Gurindji na Kriol sitere. Idozi usoro ụda olu abụọ ahụ pụtara ìhè karịa n'usoro mkpụrụedemede. A na-anabata usoro dị iche iche n'okwu sitere na mmalite abụọ ahụ, dịka CV na CVC, agbanyeghị, a na-anabata mkpụrụedemede VC naanị n'okwu Kriol. Gurindji na Kriol okwu isi mmalite na-adịkwa iche n'ojiji ha na-eji ụyọkọ mgbanaka ngwụcha ngwụcha. Okwu Gurindji na-enye ohere mkpọmkpọmkpọ-ụyọkọ nke ikpeazụ, n'agbanyeghị na amachibidoro nchịkọta ụyọkọ ahụ. Consonant nke mbụ ga-abụrịrị mmiri mmiri na consonant ikpeazụ, nkwụsị nke na-abụghị corronal ma ọ bụ velar imi. Ọbụna n'ụdị acrolectal nke okwu Kriol, ụyọkọ nkwenye ikpeazụ anaghị adị n'ogo elu. N'ikpeazụ, usoro ụda olu dị iche iche na-emetụta asụsụ dị iche iche nke Gurindji Kriol. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'okwu Kriol, a na-edozi usoro plosive mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ebe a na-ekwu okwu. Usoro a anaghị apụta n'okwu sitere na Gurindji.

 Akpaokwu aha 
Nkebi ahịrịokwu Gurindji Kriol nwere isi yana ọtụtụ ndị nwere ike ime mgbanwe. Ndị isi nwere ike ịbụ: aha, aha njirimara, okwu nnochi anya na ngosipụta (nke a / nke ahụ); na ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ ndị na-achọpụta (na/ doro anya, plural/singular) na adjectives. Enwere ike ịmata ndị isi na ndị na-eme mgbanwe site n'ikike ha iburu akara ikpe. E nwere akara n'isi, yana ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe adịghị. Edoziri usoro nke mkpụrụokwu nkebi okwu: DET - MOD - Isi. N'ikpeazụ Gurindji Kriol bụ asụsụ na-anabataghị nhọrọ ebe a na-ahọrọ isiokwu ntụgharị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya yana ihe enweghị akara. 
 amụ ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha. N'ezie, a na-akọwakarị ya dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Bhutan, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nke asụsụ franca. Andvic (2010: 4) na-akọ na "ọtụtụ ndị Bhutanese nwere opekata mpe ihe ọmụma gbasara Tshangla". Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-adịkarị maka Western Bhutanese ịmụta ụfọdụ Tshangla site na ụmụ klas ya na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ (Yang Gyeltshen, pc).ezie na adjectives nwere udi dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị iche iche na nke aka ya, ụfọdụ okwu adjective bụ aha ụtọasụsụ. Nke a dichotomi gbagwojuru anya site n'otu aka ahụ nkebi ahịrịokwu ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka adjectives. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dukpu waktsa pụtara "(nke) nwa dara ogbenye ," na waktsa dukpu pụtara "(nwa) nwa dara ogbenye ." Ụfọdụ nchikota bụ nnọọ aha-adjective, Otú ọ dị.
Gurindji Kriol nwere ọtụtụ ntinye aha, ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na Gurindji. Ndị a gụnyere suffixes ikpe, akara ọnụọgụ na morphology nke ewepụtara. Ọtụtụ n'ime suffixes ndị a nwere ogbo periphasic sitere na Kriol. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike igosipụta suffix privative -murlung site na gat enweghị 'enweghị'.
 Isiokwu Ihe Na-emesi ike Nwere 1st onye otu nanị     na-agụnye    otutu nanị     na-agụnye     Nke abụọ onye otu     abuo   otutu     Nke atọ onye otu     abuo   otutu     reflexive/mmegharị 

 Nkpọaha 
Nnọchiaha oge niile na-ekewapụta mmadụ (1st, 2nd na 3rd) na ọnụọgụ (otu, dual na plural), wee mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti nnochiaha mmadụ 1 nke gụnyere gụnyere na nke naanị ya, n'agbanyeghị syncretism dị n'etiti ụdị isiokwu. Aha aha isiokwu niile sitere na Kriol na nnọchiaha ihe na-achọpụta mmalite ha n'asụsụ abụọ ahụ. Nnochiaha ntughari izugbe/nkwughachi sitere na nnọchiaha Kriol reflexive. E si na Gurindji nweta nnochiaha ndị siri ike ma bụrụ ndị ahọpụtara aha n'ihi na enwere ike ịkara ha akara. A na-esi na Gurindji nweta nnochiaha nwere ikike ma na-ejikwa ya mee ihe dị ka ihe eji eme ihe, dịka nhụnanya 'gị, nye gị'. (Rịba ama na paradaịs a chọrọ ụfọdụ ọrụ).
 Isiokwu Ihe Na-emesi ike Nwere 1st onye otu nanị     na-agụnye    otutu nanị     na-agụnye     Nke abụọ onye otu     abuo   otutu     Nke atọ onye otu     abuo   otutu     reflexive/mmegharị 

 Akpaokwu ngwaa 
Nkebi ahịrịokwu ngwaa nwere ihe inyeaka nke siri ike 1 sochiri modal auxiliary 2 yana ngwaa bụ isi 3 . Ngwaa inyeaka sitere na Kriol na ngwaa bụ isi nwere ike isi na Gurindji ma ọ bụ Kriol pụta:

Gurindji Kriol na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti oge gara aga (bin) na nke ugbu a (efu-akara maka aha, -m maka nnọchiaha) na akara oge n'ọdịnihu site na iji akara nwere ike (garra) nke a na-ejikwa egosipụta ọrụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị inyeaka nwekwara mbelata ụdị nke na-ejikọta na nnọchiaha isiokwu, dị ka ai-rra > ai garra 'M ga-'.
CategoryFormEtymologyFunctiontensebin, inbeenpast -mI'm, ampresent -lI'll, willfutureaspectolweisalwayspresent habitualyustaused topast habitualtilstillprogressivestatstartinceptivemodalgarra, -rragot topotentialbetahad betternecessativehabahave ahabta, labtahave tonecessativekancanabilityshudshouldpossibilitytrainatrying toattemptwana, -nawanna, want todesirevoiceøactivegitgetpassivenegationdondon'timperativekaancan'tability/permissionnebaneversimpletopstopimperativenotnotsimple
Mfọji okwu ọnụ na-ekekọta bụkwa nke sitere na Kriol.
Otu Ụdị Etymology Ọrụ adverbial - agba gbasara idiosyncratic -abta emechaa idiosyncratic -an na oghere, inceptive -ap elu oghere, telic (a) gbara gburugburu oghere -(a) wei pụọ oghere -na pụọ telic -bek azụ oghere, telic -dan gbadaa oghere -oba gafere oghere, telic -ọp gbanyụọ telic na-aga n'ihu -n'ime -ing lexicalized -bat gbasara Kriol trans ngwaa - kara Gurindji na/trans ngwaa -ta Gurindji ngwaa intrans transitive -im ya, ha Kriol trans ngwaa

 Ahịrịokwu dị mfe 
Nkebiokwu na-enweghị nkọwa :

Ihe owuwu nwere bụ nke nnominal na-eme dị ka amụma, na-ewere arụmụka aha ọzọ. N'okwu ndị a, a na-akara isi n'oge. Nhọpụta ndị a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha (akụkụ ahụ na ndị ikwu) bụ naanị akara ụbọchị ọmụmụ. 

Nkebiokwu ọnụ:

Nkejiokwu ngbanwe nwere ngwaa na isiokwu na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe mgbakwunye iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ oge ihe omume.

Nkejiokwu ntụgharị nwere isiokwu nwere akara na nhọrọ na-enweghị nhọrọ (66.5%) yana ihe na-enweghị isi. Usoro okwu bụ SVO (87.6%) na akara ngosi nwere ike ịpụta mgbe onye nnọchite anya bụ postverbal. 

Nkejiokwu ndị na-agafe agafe bụ nke isiokwu nwere akara na nhọrọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma.

Nkejiokwu ditransitive nwere ihe nleba anya na ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè, ma were nkeji okwu nwere ihe ebubo abụọ na-atụgharị.

Nkejiokwu na-agafe agafe nwere ngwaa inyeaka git (< nweta) yana mfu nke akara ngbanwe site na ngwaa bụ isi. Onye nnọchi anya ahụ na-atụfukwa akara ikpe na-ezighi ezi dị ka ihe mgbakwunye wee nweta ikpe ablative kama.


 Ahịrịokwu mgbagwoju anya 
A na-enwekarị akara nkebiokwu jikọtara ọnụ dịka efu dị ka ahịrịokwu na-esote nke e kwuru n'ime otu contour prosodic. Njikọ dị n'etiti nkebiokwu ndị a pụtara.

Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ njikọ sitere na Kriol iji sonyere nkebiokwu ọnụ ma ọ bụ ọnụ aha dịka (na) na o (ma ọ bụ). A na-eji ndị ọzọ akọwa nkebi ahịrịokwu ndị dị ka dumaji (n'ihi), bikos (n'ihi), bat (ma), ib (ọ bụrụ), den (mgbe ahụ).

A na-arụkarị onye na-edo onwe ya n'okpuru site na iji akara-akara akara ngwaa na nkebi dị n'okpuru. Ụdị nrubeisi a sitere na Gurindji. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji akara ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ngbanwe iji gosi na onye nnọchi anya nkebiokwu dị n'okpuru bụ otu ihe nke isi okwu.

Gurindji Kriol nwekwara ihe owuwu ngwaa asymmetrical. Enwere akụkụ atọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ngwaa asymmetrical: inyeaka 1, obere ngwaa 2 na isi ngwaa 3 . 


 Ihe ndetu 

 Ntụaka 


 Njikọ mpụga 

 Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke Gurindji Kriol
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations