Asụsụ Proto-Turkic

Proto-Turkic bụ nwughari asụsụ nke nna nna nkịtị nke asụsụ Turkic nke ndị Proto-Turks na-asụ tupu ha ekewa n'ime ndị Turkic dị iche iche. Proto-Turkic kewapụrụ n'ime ngalaba Oghur (ọdịda anyanwụ) na ngalaba Turkic (ọwụwa anyanwụ). Ndị Candidates maka ala nna proto-Turkic sitere na Transcaspian Steppe ruo Manchuria,  "The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia." na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na ọ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Central Asia steppe,  "It is generally agreed among historians and linguists that the starting point of the Turkic migrations was located in the eastern part of the Central Asian steppe (see, e.g., Golden 1992, Kljastornyj & Suktanov 2009; Menges 1995:55). Turkologists use various definitions for describing the Proto-Turkic homeland, but most indicate more or less the same region. While Janhunen (1996:26, 2015:293) locates the Proto-Turkic homeland fairly precisely in Eastern Mongolia, Rona-Tas (1998:88), in a rather general manner, places the last habitat of the Turkic speakers before the disintegration of the family "in west and central Siberia and in the region south of it." The latter localization overlaps in large part with that proposed by Tenisev et al. (2006), who associate the Proto-Turkic urheimat with the vast area stretching from the Ordos Desert in Inner Mongolia to the foothils of the Sayan-Altai mountains in Southern Siberia." mgbe otu onye edemede kwuputara na Proto-Turkic sitere na 2,500. afọ gara aga na East Asia . 

Ihe ndekọ kacha ochie nke asụsụ Turkic, ihe odide ochie Turkic Orkhon nke 7th narị afọ Göktürk khaganate, egosilarị njirimara nke Eastern Common Turkic. Ruo ogologo oge, nwughari nke Proto-Turkic dabere na ntụnyere Old Turkic na mmalite mmalite nke alaka Turkic Western Western, dị ka Oghuz na Kypchak, yana Western Oghur kwesịrị ekwesị ( Bulgar, Chuvash, Khazar ). N'ihi na nkwenye mbụ nke asụsụ ndị a na-abụghị ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ na-adịwanye njọ, nrụgharị nke Proto-Turkic ka dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Turkic ochie nke Göktürks, Otú ọ dị, ọ na-agụnyekwa nyocha zuru oke nke ụdị asụsụ niile edere na nke a na-ekwu. [ 7 ]

Asụsụ Proto-Turkic na-egosi ihe akaebe nke mmetụta sitere n'ọtụtụ asụsụ agbata obi, gụnyere Eastern Iranian, Tocharian, na Chinese ochie . [ 8 ]

 fonology 

 Consonants 
Usoro consonant ahụ nwere ọdịiche dị n'ụzọ abụọ nke nkwụsi ike ( fortis vs. lenis ), k, p, t vs. g, b, d . E nwekwara consonant afficate, ç ; ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu sibilant s na sonorants m, n, ń, ŋ, r, l nwere usoro nke consonants imi zuru oke. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ewughachikwa ụda ndị ahụ aṅụrụma ĺ na ŕ maka nhazi akwụkwọ ozi Oghuric /l/ ~ Turkic * š na Oghuric / r/ nkịtị Turkic *z. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta, Otú ọ dị, na-eche na ndị a bụ ntụgharị uche oge nile nke Proto-Turkic *l na *r. [ 9 ] Ya mere, a na-akpọ Oguric mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka Lir-Turkic na Turkic nkịtị dị ka Shaz-Turkic .

Nrụgharị glottochronological dabere na nyocha nke isoglosses na Sinicisms na-arụtụ aka na oge nke r/z kewara na gburugburu 56. BC–48 CE. Dị ka Anna Dybo si tinye ya, nke ahụ nwere ike jikọta yaọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a pụrụ ịhụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Huns 'nkewa na Northern na Southern [otu]: nkewa mbụ na ndọrọ ego nke Northern Hun na ọdịda anyanwụ mere, dị ka e kwuru n'elu, na 56. BC,... Nkewa nke abụọ nke (Eastern) Hun n'ime mpaghara ugwu na ndịda mere na 48 AD. Dybo na-atụ aro na n'ime oge ahụ, alaka Northern si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Mongolia kwaga na Southern Xinjiang n'ebe ugwu Dzungaria wee mesịa banye na Zhetysu nke Kazakhstan ruo narị afọ nke ise. Dybo, A. V. (2007).  (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow. p. 770. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-11.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher
Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)

Enweghị ihe dị iche na fortis-lenis n'ọnọdụ mmalite okwu: nkwụsị mbụ bụ mgbe niile * b, * t, * k, onye mmekọ na-abụkarị * č ( * c ) na sibilant na-abụkarị * s . Na mgbakwunye, imi na mmiri mmiri adịghị eme n'ọnọdụ ahụ. [ 11 ]
 Bilabial Eze ma ọ bụ alveolar Palatal Velar Ihu imi *m *n *ń /nʲ / *ŋ Plosive na mmekọ fortis *p *t *ç /t͡ʃ / *k lenis *b *d *g Sibilant *sMmiri mmiri lateral *l (*ĺ /lʲ / ) rhotic *r (*ŕ /rʲ / ) Semivowel *j
Dị ka n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Turkic ọgbara ọhụrụ, velars /k/, /g/, na ikekwe /ŋ/ yiri ka ha nwere azụ na ihu allophones ( [ k ] na [ q ], [ g ] na [ ɢ ], [ ŋ ] na [ ɴ ] ) dị ka gburugburu ha si dị, na velar allophones na-eme na okwu nwere ụdaume n'ihu, na ụda olu na-eme na ụda ụda olu. Lenis na-akwụsị /b/, /d/ na /g/~/ɢ/ nwere ike bụrụ na ọ na-aga n'ihu na mkparịta ụka. [ 12 ]

 Udaume 
Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ya, Proto-Turkic gosipụtara ndakọrịta ụdaume, na-amata ọdịiche nke àgwà ụdaume a, ï, o, u vs. ä, e, i, ö, ü, yana ụdaume abụọ. N'ebe a, macron na-anọchi anya ụdaume ogologo. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta (dịka Gerhard Doerfer ) na-arụkwakwa otu etiti azụ na-agbaghị gburugburu *ë dabere na cognate sets na Chuvash, Tuvan na Yakut ï kwekọrọ na a n'asụsụ Turkic ndị ọzọ niile, n'agbanyeghị na akwụkwọ ozi ndị a nwekwara ike ịkọwa dị ka nke sitere na * nke nwere mgbanwe ụda na-esote n'asụsụ atọ ahụ. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Ụfọdụ ndị na-ajụkwa ụda ụda nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume abụọ na-enweghị okirikiri, ya bụ n'ihu *i na azụ *ï . [ 14 ]

 Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 

 Aha aha 

 Ọtụtụ 
Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'asụsụ Turkic ọgbara ọhụrụ dị nfe n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ, Proto-Turkic yiri ka ọ nwere ọtụtụ suffixes dị iche iche, yana ikpe eji edoghị anya maka nke ọ bụla.

Otu suffix dị iche iche echekwara na ma Oghuric na nkịtị Turkic bụ *-(I)ŕ, n'okwu ndị dị ka Turkish "ikiz" ma ọ bụ "biz," ma ọ bụ Chuvash "(e) pir."

Mgbakwunye ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ *-(I) t, nke a na-ahụkarị na Old Turkic, yana metụtara Proto-Mongolic *-d na Proto-Tungusic *-tA ; na *-(A)n, echekwara na okwu ole na ole dị ka Turkish "oğlan."

Asụsụ Turkic ndị a na-asụkarị taa na-eji ụmụ ha nke Proto-Common-Turkic plural suffix *-lAr, ebe Chuvash na-eji , nke sitere na Proto-Turkic *sāyin ("ọ bụla").

A maghị ma Proto-Common-Turkik * -lAr, * -(I)t na * -(A)n dị na Proto-Turkic ma furu efu na ngalaba Oghuric, ma ọ bụ mechaa mepụta kpamkpam.

 Suffixes nwere 
Suffixes nwere ike imeghari na Proto-Turkic gụnyere 1SG *-m, 2SG *-ŋ, na 3SG *-(s)i, ọtụtụ ndị nwe bụ *-z n'asụsụ Turkic nkịtị .

 Ngwaa 
Suffixes nwere ike wughari maka ngwaa gụnyere:

 Onye nkuzi : *-Vr
 Gara aga : *-dI
 Mgbakwunye na-adịghị mma: *-mA
 1SG : *-m < *-män < *bän
 2SG : *-n < *sän
 3SG : *-∅ < *ï
 1PL : *-mïz/*-bïz < *bïz
 2PL : *-sïz < *sïz

Proto-Turkic gụnyekwara mwepụta ya na suffixes olu ụtọ asụsụ, dị ka na nkwado * körüš, n'etiti * körün, passive * körül, na causative * körtkür .

 Nkpọaha 
Proto-TurkicTurkishAzeriTurkmenKazakhChuvashKarakhanidUzbekUyghurBashkirKyrgyzSakha (Yakut)I*bë, *bän-ben, ban-mənmenmen, ma-epĕ, man-men, man-menmenminmenminyou*së, *sän-sen, san-sənsensen, sa-, sizesĕ, san-sen, san-sen, sizsen, sizhinsen, sizenhe/she/it*an-, *o-lon-, oon-, oolon-, o-lun-, vălan-, oluuulalkini, olwe*bïŕbizbizbizbizepir, pir-bizbizbizbeðbizbihigiyou (plural)*sïŕsizsizsizsender, sizderesir, sir-sizsizlarsenler, siler, sizlerheðsiler, sizderehigithey*o-laron-laronlarolarolarvĕsem, vĕsen-olarularularularalarkiniler, ollor

 Ọnụọgụ 
Proto-TurkicOghur TurkicCommon TurkicVolga BulgarChuvashKarakhanidTurkishAzeriTurkmenKazakhUzbekUyghurBashkirKyrgyzSakha (Yakut)1*bï̄rبىر (bīr)pĕrbīrbirbirbirbirbirbirberbirbiir2*ëkïاَكِ (eki)ikĕikkīikiikiikiekiikkiikkiikeekiikki3*üçوج (več)viśĕüčüçüçüçüşuchüçösüčüs4*tȫrtتُوات (tüvet)tăvatătȫrtdörtdörddörttörtto'rttörtdürttörttüört5*bë̄ĺ(k)بيال (byel)pilĕkbḗšbeşbeşbäşbesbeshbeşbişbeşbies6*altıاَلطِ (altï)ultăaltï̄altıaltıaltyaltıoltialtealtıaltıalta7*jëtïجىَاتِ (čyeti)śičĕyétīyediyeddiýedijetiyettiyettiyetejetisette8*säkïŕڛَكِڔ (sekir)sakărsekizsekizsəkkizsekizsegizsakkizsekkizhigeðsegizаğıs9*tokuŕطُخِڔ (tuxïr)tăhărtokūzdokuzdoqquzdokuztoğızto'qqiztoqquztuğıðtoguztoğus10*ōnوان (van)vunăōnonononono'nonunonuon20*jëgïrmïجِيِرم (čiyirim)śirĕmyegirmīyirmiiyirmiýigrimijıyırmayigirmayigrimeyegermejıyırmasüürbe30*otuŕوطر (vutur)vătărottuzotuzotuzotuzotızo'ttizottuzutıðotuzotut40*kırkحرح (xïrïx)hĕrĕhkïrkkırkqırxkyrkqırıqqirqqiriqqırqkırk -50*ällïgاَلُّ (ellü)alăelligelliəlliellieliwellikellikilleelüü -60*ältmıĺ -utmălaltmïšaltmışaltmışaltmyşalpısoltmishatmişaltmışaltımış -70*jëtmïĺ -śitmĕlyetmišyetmişyetmişýetmişjetpisyetmishetmişyetmeşjetimiş -80*säkïŕ ōnسكر وان (sekir van)sakăr vunseksȫnseksensəksənsegsenseksensaksonseksenhikhänseksenağıs uon90*tokuŕ ōnطوخر وان (toxïr van)tăhăr vuntoksōndoksandoxsandogsantoqsanto'qsontoqsantuqhantoksontoğus uon100*jǖŕجُور (čǖr)śĕryǖzyüzyüzýüzjüzyuzyüzyöðjüzsüüs1000*bıŋ -pinmiŋbinminmüňmıñmingmiñmeñmiñmuñ

 Ntụaka 

 Isi mmalite 








 Ọgụgụ ọzọ 

 Dybo, AV (2014). " Mkpa kọntaktị nke ndị Turks na nsogbu nke Proto-Turkic nwughari ". Na: Tatarica: Asụsụ, 2, p. 7-17.


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