Makah asụsụ

Asụsụ Makah bụ asụsụ obodo ndị Makah na-asụ . A naghị asụ Makah dị ka asụsụ mbụ kemgbe 2002, mgbe onye na-asụ ya na-asụ asụsụ nke ikpeazụ nwụrụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-adị ndụ dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ, ebo Makah na-anwa ịtụte asụsụ ahụ, gụnyere site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara.   Ihe njedebe maka Makah bụ qʷi·qʷi·diččaq . 

Makah bi n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Olimpik Peninsula nke Washington n'akụkụ ndịda nke Strait nke Juan de Fuca . Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Nuu-chah-nulth na Ditidaht, ndị bụ asụsụ nke mba mbụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Vancouver Island n'akụkụ ugwu nke strait, na mpaghara Canada nke British Columbia . Makah bụ naanị onye otu ezinụlọ asụsụ Wakashan na United States, yana ndị otu ndị ọzọ na-asụ na British Columbia, site na Vancouver Island ruo mpaghara Central Coast .

Makah, Nuu-chah-nult na Ditidaht bụ ngalaba ndịda Nootkan nke ezinụlọ Wakashan . Asụsụ Northern Wakashan, nke bụ Kwak'wala, Heiltsuk-Oowekyala na Haisla, ka a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu, gafere ókèala Nuu-chah-nulth .

 fonology 
E gosipụtara fọnịm (ụda pụrụ iche) nke Makah n'okpuru mkpụrụedemede Makah; ọ bụrụ na akara nke dị na mkpụrụedemede obodo dị iche na akara IPA, a ga-enye ihe kwekọrọ na IPA na brackets. 

 Consonants 
Labial Alveolar Mkpesa-<br id="mwTA"><br><br><br> alveolar Velar Uvula Glottal plain sibilant lateral plain labial plain labial Na-egbu egbu / Mmekọrịta voiceless   c  ƛ  č       ejective p̓  t̓  c̓  ̓  č̓  k̓  k̓ʷ  q̓  q̓ʷ  voiced    Nke na-ese okwu  ł  na    x̌  x̌ʷ  Odika  y  
Makah enweghị fọnịm imi imi, àgwà a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'etiti asụsụ ụwa nke ọ na-ekerịta asụsụ Quileute gbara agbata obi. 

 Udaume 
+Ụdaume N'ihu Central Azu nkenke ogologo nkenke ogologo nkenke ogologo Mechie     N'etiti      Mepee  ː
Enwere ụdaume ise dị mkpụmkpụ nke ụda olu (nke e dere ⟨aeiou ⟩ ma kpọọ ya , , , , na  ) na ụdaume ise nwere ogologo ogologo oge (nke e dere ⟨a· e· i· o· u·⟩ ma kpọpụta , , , , na  ). Enwekwara diphthong isii (nke e dere ⟨aw ay ey iy oy uy⟩, akpọ , , , , , na  ).

 Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 
Dị ka asụsụ Wakashan ndị ọzọ, Makah na-atụgharị ngwaa maka ihe akaebe, na-egosi ọkwa na isi mmalite nke ihe ọmụma nke ọkà okwu banyere nkwupụta. Egosiri ụfọdụ ọmụmaatụ na tebụl na-esonụ:
Ọmụmaatụ Ntụgharị asụsụ Ihe akaebe hi·dawʔaƛ wa·d "Anụ m na ọ chọtara ya" -wa·t, ikwu okwu pu·pu· q̓adʔi "ọ na-afụ ụfụ" -q̓adi, ntị č̓apac caqil "Ọ dị ka ụgbọ mmiri" -caqił, ihe akaebe anya na-ejighị n'aka, dị ka ịnwa ime ihe dị n'ebe dị anya haʔuk̓aƛ pi·d ic "Ahụrụ m ka ị riri nri" -pi·t, ntinye sitere na ihe akaebe anụ ahụ dudu·k̓aƛ x̌a·š "Ma eleghị anya ọ na-abụ abụ" -x̌a·-š, ihe gbasara puru omume
N'akụkụ ihe atụ ndị ahụ, tulee ahịrịokwu ndị kwekọrọ n'ahịrịokwu na-enweghị ihe akaebe: hi·dawʔal, "Ọ chọtara ya"; č̓apac̓, "ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri"; haʔuk̓alic, "ị na-eri"; dudu·k̓al, "ọ na-abụ abụ"" 

Okwu ndị dị na Makah na-etinye ọtụtụ ozi; Davidson (2002) na-akọwapụta usoro nhazi okwu n'okpuru (pg. 160), 
isi isi suffixes akụkụ mpụta suffixes akụkụ usoro clitic okwu agbasaghị okwu agbasaghị agbasa ogologo okwu
'Okwu a na-agbasaghị' nwere mgbọrọgwụ ('ndabere'), suffixes lexical, na suffixes aspectal. Ọ na-ebu 'akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu pụtara' nke okwu ahụ, ebe clitics na-anọchi anya ihe enwere ike iche dị ka 'ntụgharị' maka edemede edemede ndị ọzọ. 

 Mkpesa nke lexical: Bịa n'ụdị abụọ; nuclear, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe isi ihe pụtara ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke okwu, na mgbochi, nke na-agbakwụnye na isi pụtara na-enweghị ịgbanwe okwu klas.  Nke ikpeazụ gụnyere suffixes ọnọdụ na ntụzịaka.
 Mgbakwunye a na-ahụ anya: Ọ bụ ezie na ha na-adịgasị iche na nghọta, okwu agbatịkwuru nwere ike kaa akara maka akụkụ ndị a, 
 Zuru okè, Na-ezughị okè, Na-agụsị akwụkwọ, Na-adịgide adịgide, Na-aga n'ihu, Na-emegharịghachi, & Na-emegharị

A na-etolite okwu 'gbatịa nke agbasaghị' site na mgbakwunye nke suffix dị n'akụkụ, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ nke okwu ma na-enwekarị uru a na-ahụ anya. Suffixes ndị a 'gafere-ịkpụ' isi/iche nuklia.  Usoro nke usoro clitic bụ nke a: Davidson, Matthew (2002). Studies in Southern Wakashan (Nootkan) Grammar. Ph.D. dissertation, SUNY Buffalo, p. 94, p. 161, p. 222, p. 169, p. 320, p. 256, p. 260

A na-ejikọta modal-pronominal clitics, na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche nke clitics maka ọnọdụ ọ bụla.  Makah bụ akara maka ngosipụta, ebumnobi, nhota, onye nọ n'okpuru, inferential, mirative, ọnọdụ, ikwu, ọdịnaya ajụjụ na ọnọdụ ajụjụ ọnụ. 

 Ntụaka 
mgbe onye na-asụ ya na-asụ asụsụ nke ikpeazụ nwụrụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-adị ndụ dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ, ebo Makah na-anwa ịtụte asụsụ ahụ, gụnyere site na ụlọ akwụkwọ

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Renker, Ann M. na Gunther, Erna (1990). "Maka". Na "Northwest Coast", ed. Wayne Suttles. Vol. 7 nke Handbook of North America India, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, DC: Ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian.

 Njikọ mpụga 


 Ibe mmụta asụsụ Wakashan
 Asụsụ Makah (Qwiqwidicciat), na native-languages.org
 transcript Makah whaling, nwere ọdịyo
 Makah asụsụ, Olympic Peninsula Community Museum
 Klas asụsụ na omenala Makah na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Neah Bay, 2006-2007
 Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Makah
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations