Jita asụsụ

Jita bụ asụsụ Bantu nke Tanzania, a na-asụ n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Victoria /Nyanza na n'àgwàetiti Ukerewe .

áká_èkpè|thumb| Ibe aha nke Testament Ọhụrụ na Jita

 Nhazi 
Guthrie (1967) na-ekewa Jita na mpaghara Bantu E, Group 20 n'ihi na, dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara a, o nwere prefixes abụọ (prefixes or augments  ) na aha, "akụ na ụba na-enweghị atụ" nke ngwaa ngwaa na ezi ihe na-adịghị mma nwere prefix ọjọọ pụrụ iche. Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya (Bastin 2003, Maho 2009) na-ekewa Jita dịka akụkụ nke otu Interlacustrine Bantu (Zone J). Karịsịa, Jita bụ onye otu Suguti Bantu, nwere koodu Guthrie JE.25.

Kwaya (KYA, JE.251); Kara (REG), Regi/Leki (ma JE.252); na Ruri/Rori (JE.253) nwere njikọ chiri anya na Jita. Ọ bụ ezie na Glottolog na-ewere Ruri dị ka olumba Kwaya,  Massamba's (1977) ntule nke Jita, Ruri na Kwaya na-atụ aro na Ruri yiri Jita, ebe ma Jita na Ruri na-egosi ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị na Kwaya.

 fonology 

 Udaume na usoro ụdaume 
Jita nwere usoro ụdaume ise - gbakwunyere ogologo ọdịiche - nke egosiri na tebụl dị n'okpuru.
 N'ihu Central Azu Mechie i iː ị ị N'etiti eː o oː Mepee a aː
Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Bantu, nkwekọrịta ịdị elu ụdaume (VHH) na-emetụta ogo ụdaume n'ụdị suffixes, nke mere na ọ bụ naanị mgbọrọgwụ-ụdaume mmalite nke ngwaa na-emegide ịdị mma ụdaume. A na-ewepụ ogologo ụdaume na-eso usoro consonant-glide na usoro NC na-aga n'ihu, ebe a na-ahụ naanị ụdaume ogologo n'ihi usoro a maara n'akwụkwọ Bantu dị ka ịgbatị nkwụghachi ụgwọ . (Lee Downing 1990, 1996 na Nkwupụta Orthography Jita  maka ihe atụ nke usoro ndị a sitere na Jita; lee Hyman 1999 na Odden 2015  maka mkparịta ụka izugbe nke usoro ụda olu ndị a.)

 Consonants 
Jita nwere ekwentị consonant IPA ndị a.
 Labial Labio-velar Alveolar Alveo-palatal Velar Gutural Plosive enweghị olu p t k kwuputara d g Nke na-ese okwu enweghị olu f s ʃ h kwuputara β v z  Mmekọrịta enweghị oluʧ kwuputara ʤ Ihu imi m n ɲ ŋ Mmiri mmiri l/r  Trill  Odika w j
Nkwupụta Orthography Jita "Jita orthography statement" (PDF). kwuru na [p] na [d] na-ahụkarị n'okwu agbaziri. Ọ dị ka enwere mgbanwe dị ukwuu na nghọta nke fọnịm mmiri mmiri. Downing (1990, 1996) na-ekwu na mmiri mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka [l] ma ọ bụ [r] wee họrọ [l] dị ka fọnịm, ebe ọ dị ka ọ bụ variant a na-egosipụtakarị na mgbọrọgwụ (morpheme) ọnọdụ mbụ. Van der Weken (2002) kwuru ọdịiche dị n'etiti [l] na mpụta retroflex [ɭ], kama ịbụ trill [r]. Nkwupụta Orthography Jita  depụtara [r] dị ka fọnịm na ekwughị mgbanwe dị na mmezu ya.

 Ụda 
Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Bantu, Jita bụ ụda olu . Downing (1990), (1996) na (2014) na Rolle (2018) emeela nyocha zuru oke nke usoro ụda Jita.  Na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Downing (2011), Kisseberth & Odden (2003), Marlo (2013) na Philippson (1991) tinyere Jita tonal usoro na a wider Bantu anya.

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ morphology 
Nouns na Jita, nke na-agụnyekwa infinitives, nwere usoro ihe omimi ndị a: Preprefix (PP) - Prefix Agreement Class (CP) - Stem . N'okpuru bụ eserese nke prefixes nkwekọrịta aha. Rịba ama na a na-eji mkpụrụedemede IPA na chaatị niile dị n'isiokwu a; hụ Nkwupụta Orthography nke Jita "Jita orthography statement" (PDF). maka ihe kwekọrọ n'asụsụ Jita. Rịba ama na N na-egosi imi na-ejikọta n'ọnọdụ ya na consonant na-esonụ:
ClassPPCPExampleGloss  1omuomu nuperson  2aβaaβa nupeople  3omuomu fukobag  4emiemi fukobags  5(e)lili naʤicoconut palm  6amaama naʤicoconut palms  7eʧieʧi nuthing  8eβieβi nuthings  9i:(N)i:m beʤoadze10ji:(N)ji:m beʤoadzes11oluolu gójeeyelash  (Cl. 10 plural)12akaaka gójestring13otuotu gójestrings14oβuoβu nénebigness  (no pl.)15okuoku té:kato cook  (no pl.)15aokuoku βókoarm  (Cl. 6 plural)
Na klaasị 5, preprefix na-apụta naanị na ụfọdụ ụdaume-mbụ ma ọ bụ monosyllabic. Na klaasị ndị ọzọ niile, preprefix na-apụta na aha niile. Ngbanwe aha aha na-eso aha. preprefix na klaasị prefixes na-emekwa na adjectives. Ndị na-eme mgbanwe na-abụghị adjectival na-ewere prefixes nkwekọrịta dị iche, nke na-enweghị prefixes:
Klas CP2 1 ị 2 βa 3 gu 4 ʤi 5 li 6 ga 7 i 8 βi 9 i 10 ʤi 11 lu 12 ka 13 tu 14 βu 15,15a ku

 Ụdị okwu ọnụ 
Nhazi morphological maka ngwaa bụ:

Prefix Isiokwu (SP) - (Ngagharị Na-adịghị mma-) Ihe nrịbama / Aspect marker (TAM) - ( Prefixes Object (OP) -) Mgbọrọgwụ - ( Mwepụta Suffixes -) ( Tense Marker (TAM) -) Udaume ikpeazụ .

Mgbọrọgwụ gbakwunyere na-eso suffixes gụnyere azuokokoosisi ; nchịkọta a gbakwunyere ihe prefixes gụnyere Macro-Stem . Jita bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Bantu nke na-enye ohere prefixes abụọ n'ihu n'ihu Stem.

 Nkọwa okwu na ihe 
Nkọwa okwu na ihe prefixes maka ngwaa bụ otu n'ime prefixes CP2 edepụtara n'elu, ma ewezuga Klas 1. Nke mbụ, nke abụọ na nke atọ (Klas nke 1 na 2) onye otu na ọtụtụ isiokwu na prefixes nkwekọrịta ihe maka ngwaa bụ ndị a:
SP/OP (otu) SP/OP (ọtụtụ) I na ~ N / N anyi ʧi / i ị u / ku ị pl. mu/βa onye (Cl.1) a/mu ha (Cl.2) βa / βa -onwe (OP reflexive, singular and plural) i

 Mwepụta al suffixes (mgbakwunye) 
Mwepụta mwepu na Jita, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Bantu ndị ọzọ, na-agbanwe nhazi arụmụka nke ngwaa iji kwupụta echiche ụtọ asụsụ dị ka ihe na-akpata, bara uru, ebe obibi, nkwụghachi, ntughari na nke na-agafe agafe . N'okpuru ebe a ka edepụtara ụfọdụ suffixes okwu (mgbakwunye) na-emekarị na Jita. Rịba ama na ụfọdụ ndọtị nwere ụdị abụọ ekpebiela n'ọnọdụ ọnọdụ n'ihi nkwekọ dị elu nke ụdaume, nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.
 -(bụ) j- / -(bụ) j- na-akpata -ir- / -er- Ọbara uru; ebe -an- imeghari -uru- / -oro- ntughari
Ụdị agbatị nke ụfọdụ Jita Infinitives dị na tebụl dị n'okpuru ( oku- bụ prefix nke enweghị njedebe; nnukwu ụda olu na ụdaume na-egosi ụda dị elu):
oku-má:ma na-ehi ụra; dinara ala oku-ma:m-ír-a na-ehi ụra ebe (etinyere) oku-má:mja ime ka dina ala (na-akpata) oku-βwí:ra ịgwa oku-βwi:r-án-a ịgwa ibe ya (ntụgharị) oku-ʤí:ng-a iji ifufe oku-ʤi:ng-úrur-a itughari (reversive)

 Ndị TAM 
Dị ka Guthrie (1967) siri kwupụta, Jita nwere "akụnụba" nke ngwaa ngwaa / akụkụ / ọnọdụ (TAM) paradigms . Downing (1990, 1996, 2014) na Odom & Robinson (2016) na-enye ndepụta zuru oke nke paradaịs. Rịba ama, Otú ọ dị, na Odom & Robinson (2016) adịghị akara ụda, ọ bụ ezie na usoro ụda olu ụtọ e kenyere ụkpụrụ nke ọ bụla bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke nkwupụta nke TAM. (Lee Odden & Bickmore 2014 maka nkọwapụta njirimara nke ụda olu Bantu.) N'okpuru ebe a bụ Ihe Mgbakwunye sitere na Downing (2014), na-enye nkọwa nke usoro ụda olu ụtọ e kenyere ndị TAM na-ejikarị eme ihe na Jita. Rịba ama na ọ bụghị naanị TAM kamakwa prefix na-adịghị mma, yana ụdị ngwaa ikwu, nwere ike ikpebi ụkpụrụ ụda olu ụtọ:
Ntughari Ụkpụrụ ụda Enweghị ngwụcha na-abụghị melodic  Oge gara aga I ụda olu - penult H Ihe ọjọọ ụda olu - penult H ikwu ụda olu - penult H  Oge gara aga II egwu egwu - ikpeazụ H Ihe ọjọọ egwu egwu - ikpeazụ H ikwu egwu egwu - ikpeazụ H  Zuru oke na-abụghị melodic  Ụnyaahụ gara aga na-abụghị melodic Ihe ọjọọ na-abụghị melodic ikwu na-abụghị melodic  Taa gara aga na-abụghị melodic Ihe ọjọọ na-abụghị melodic ikwu egwu egwu - ikpeazụ H  Na-aga n'ihu ugbu a melodic - 'Chaotic' Ihe ọjọọ na-abụghị melodic  Ọdịnihu dị anya egwu egwu - ikpeazụ H Ihe ọjọọ na-abụghị melodic ikwu egwu egwu - ikpeazụ H  Dị mkpa melodic - 'Chaotic'  Subjunctive melodic - 'Chaotic' 
Mgbe enweghị ike ikpebi ụkpụrụ ụda olu na-agbanwe agbanwe maka ihe atụ, Downing kpọrọ ụkpụrụ ahụ "ọgbaaghara." Rolle (2018) na-etolite nyocha nke ụda olu ụtọ Jita nke na-achọta ụkpụrụ ọbụna na paradaịs "ọgbaaghara"

 Ntụaka 

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Na-arụ ọrụ na Jita/Isi mmalite nke ozi maka akụkọ a 

 Bastin, Yvonne. 2003. Mpaghara Interlacustrine ( Mpaghara J). Na D. Nọọsụ & G. Philippson (eds.), Asụsụ Bantu, 501-528. London: Routledge.
 Downing, Laura J. (1990) Nsogbu na Jita Tonology . Mahadum nke Illinois PhD nyocha.
 Downing, Laura J. (1996) The Tonal Phonology of Jita . Lincom Europa.
 Downing, Laura J. (2014) "Ụdị ụda ngwaa melodic na Jita" . Na asụsụ Africa 20:101-119, Jenụarị 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/aflin.2014.1026
 Nkwupụta Orthography nke Jita: Mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ akwadoro . 2016. Ụlọ ọrụ SIL International.
 Kagaya, Ryohei. 2005. A Jita okwu . (Asian na African Lexicon, 47.) Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Culture of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. xxi+482pp.
 Massamba, David Phineas Bhukanda. 1977. Ọmụmụ ihe atụnyere nke ruri, jita na kwaya "asụsụ" nke ụsọ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Nyanza (Victoria) . Usoro mmụta MA, Mahadum Dar es Salaam; iii+138pp.
 Odom, Shannon Ronit na Robinson, Holly. 2016. The Grammar Basics of Jita . Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 24p. 
 Philippson, Gérard. 1991. Tons et Accent dans les Langues Bantu d'Afrique Orientale: Ụdị Comparative Typologique et Diachronique . Akwụkwọ mmụta doctoral, Université de Paris V - René Descartes.
 van der Veken, A. 2002. Akụkụ nke ọmụmụ asụsụ nke Jita . Akwụkwọ edemede Licentiaat, Mahadum Ghent.

 Ọrụ ndị ọzọ e zoro aka na ya 

 Ụlọ akwụkwọ, LJ 2011. Bantu Tone. Na van Oostendorp, M., CJ Ewen, E. Hume & K. Rice (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Isi nke 14. Cambridge; Oxford: Blackwell.
 Guthrie, Malcolm. 1967. Nhazi nke asụsụ Bantu . London: Dawsons nke Pall Mall maka International African Institute.
 Hyman, Larry M. 1999. Nkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndakọrịta ụdaume na Bantu. Na Jean-Marie Hombert & Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspections . Stanford, CA: CSLI, 235-295 .
 Kissebert, CW & D. Odden. 2003. Ụda. Na D. Nọọsụ & G. Philippson (eds.), Asụsụ Bantu, 59-70. London: Routledge.
 Marlo Michael R. 2013. Ụda ngwaa n'asụsụ Bantu: ụkpụrụ micro-ụdị na ụzọ nyocha. Asụsụ Afrịka 19, 137-234. DOI https://doi.org/10.3406/aflin.2013.1020
 Odden, David. 2015. Igwe okwu Bantu. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Oxford online. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.59
 Odden, David & Lee Bickmore. 2014. Ụda olu dị na Bantu: nyocha. Asụsụ Afrịka 20, 3-13. DOI https://doi.org/10.3406/aflin.2014.1021
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations