Asụsụ Tayap

Tayap (nke a na-asụkwa Taiap ; nke a na-akpọ Gapun n'akwụkwọ mbụ, mgbe aha obodo a na-asụ ya) bụ asụsụ Papuan dị ize ndụ nke ihe na-erughị mmadụ 50 na-asụ n'obodo Gapun nke Marienberg Rural LLG na East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Onye Europe mbụ kọwara Tayap bụ Georg Höltker [ de ], onye ozi ala ọzọ-asụsụ German, na 1937. Höltker nọrọ awa atọ n'ime obodo wee chịkọta mkpụrụ okwu nke okwu 125, nke o bipụtara na 1938. O dere na "ọ ga-adị obere oge tupu onye nyocha ọ bụla 'gabiga' Gapun, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ naanị n'ihi obere ohere agụmakwụkwọ bara uru na obere obodo a, yana kwa n'ihi ụzọ adịghị mma na nke siri ike na-eduga n'àgwàetiti a nke asụsụ". 

Ndepụta Höltker bụ ihe niile a maara banyere Tayap n'akwụkwọ ruo mmalite 1970s, mgbe onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Australia bụ Donald Laycock mere njem gburugburu Sepik dị ala iji nakọta ndepụta okwu ndị bụ isi nke nyere ya ohere ịchọpụta na ịtụpụta nhazi nke ọtụtụ asụsụ a na-asụ n'ebe ahụ. Ọkachamara gbasara asụsụ Don Kulick enyochala Tayap na ndị na-ekwu okwu ya kemgbe etiti 1980s. A kọwara asụsụ ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na Tayap Grammar na Dictionary: Ndụ na Ọnwụ nke Asụsụ Papuan na na Ọnwụ n'ime ọhịa mmiri ozuzo: Olee otú asụsụ na ụzọ ndụ si bịa na njedebe na Papua New Guinea . [ 6 ] 

Ruo Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, mgbe ndị agha Japan weghaara ógbè ahụ ma mee ka ndị obodo ahụ gbaba n'ime ọhịa mmiri ozuzo, Gapun dị n'elu ugwu nke ọtụtụ puku afọ tupu mgbe ahụ bụ àgwàetiti dị n'oké osimiri nke na-ala azụ ma guzobe Osimiri Sepik nke dị ala. Nke a na-egosi na Tayap nwere ike ịbụ ụmụ agbụrụ nke oge ochie, asụsụ na-achị onwe nke dị adịlarị tupu ebili mmiri dị iche iche nke mbugharị site n'ime ime obodo gaa n'ụsọ oké osimiri malitere ime ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga.  Foley (2018) na-ekwukwa na Tayap nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ buru ibu nke a na-asụ n'agwaetiti ahụ tupu mbata nke ndị na-asụ Sepik Lower. Ka ụsọ mmiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ndị na-ekwu okwu Lower Sepik si n'ebe ndịda ugwu kwaga n'akụkụ ala ọhụrụ nke mmiri na-ala azụ mere. 

 Sociolinguistics 
Ruo 2018, Gapun bụ naanị obodo ebe a na-asụ Tayap, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ bikwa n'obodo ndị gbara agbata obi dị ka Wongan na Watam, ebe ha kwagara ebe ahụ n'ihi alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ n'ihi esemokwu nke ala ma ọ bụ ịgba afa na Gapun. Agbanyeghị, na 2018, a gbara obodo Gapun ọkụ wee gbahapụ ya n'ihi ime ihe ike n'etiti ezinụlọ. Ndị bụbu ndị bibu gbagara n'obodo nta dị nso nke Wongan (

N'ihi ọrụ colonial, [ 11 ] ndị obodo Gapun jiri nlezianya na-ejikọta Tok Pisin na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, ọgbara ọhụrụ na nwoke, na-ejikọta Tayap na ikpere arụsị, "azụ azụ", ịkpaghasị nwanyị na isi ike ụmụaka. N'ihi ya, Tayap na-arịwanye elu, ma ọ bụghị nke ọma ma ọ bụ kpachapụrụ anya, dochie ya Tok Pisin,  n'agbanyeghị na ndị obodo niile na-egosipụta echiche dị mma banyere ya ma na-ekwusi ike na ha chọrọ ka ụmụ ha na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. [ 13 ] Ndị obodo na-ekwupụta mgbakasị ahụ maka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụmụ ha anaghịzi asụ Tayap ike, ma kwenye na ha nwere, n'ihi isi ike, kpebiri ịjụ Tayap kpamkpam, na na ha ahọrọla ịsụ Tok Pisin kama. [ 11 ]

N'adịghị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu patrilineal Lower Sepik-Ramu, ndị na-ekwu okwu Tayap bụ matrilineal.  Tayap dị nnọọ iche na asụsụ Sepik-Ramu Lower agbata obi.

Tayap nwekwara ọtụtụ okwu mbinye sitere na asụsụ Kopar na Adjora . [ 14 ]

 Nhazi 
Tayap enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na asụsụ Sepik Lower gbara agbata obi, n'agbanyeghị na mmekọrịta ya na ezinụlọ Torricelli dị anya ka Usher (2020) tụpụtara ya. 

N'afọ ndị 1970, onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Australia Donald Laycock kewapụrụ Tayap (nke ọ kpọrọ " Gapun ") dị ka sub-phylum nke phylum asụsụ Sepik-Ramu, dabere na ndepụta okwu Georg Höltker nke 1938 na ụdị ngwaa ole na ole Laycock gbakọtara site na ndị ọkà okwu abụọ. 

Kulick na Terrill (2019) ahụghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla na Tayap nwere njikọ na asụsụ Sepik Lower, ngalaba ọzọ nke Sepik-Ramu phylum nke mbụ. Ha kwubiri na Tayap bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, n'agbanyeghị na ha anaghị atụnyere ya na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ na-asụ asụsụ, dịka a ga-achọ ka ha guzobe Tayap dị ka ezinụlọ asụsụ nwere onwe ha. Comparative vocabulary demonstrates the lexical aberrancy of Tayap as similar to the around Lower Sepik languages: eg sene 'two' (cf. proto-Lower Sepik *ri-pa-), neke 'ear' (*kwand-), ŋgino 'eye' (*tambri), tar 'hear' (*and-), min 'breast' (*nɨ̀mp'ne),' (*nɨ̀mpne),' (*nɨ̀mpne) , ' (*nɨ̀mpgay) . 'asụsụ' (*minɨŋ), mayar 'leaf' (*nɨmpramp) n'etiti Holman et al. (2008) ogo nke ndepụta Swadesh . Okwu omenala dị ka 'village', 'canoe', 'oar', 'lime', yana okwu ndị bụ́ isi awin 'water' (cf. *arɨm) na ''' eri' (cf. *am ~ *amb), nwere ike ịkọrọ ya na asụsụ Lower Sepik. A na-ekerịta okwu karep 'ọnwa' kpọmkwem na Kopar ( karep ). Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ ihe ndị bụ isi okwu enweghị ihe pụtara ìhè n'asụsụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu. 

 fonology 
+Consonants [ 6 ]Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar imi m n ŋ Plosive plain p t k prenasal ᵐb ⟨mb⟩ ⁿd ⟨nd⟩ ⁿdʒ ⟨nj⟩ ᵑɡ ⟨ŋg⟩ Nke na-ese okwu s  Mmiri mmiri r  Semivowel w j ⟨y⟩
+Udaume [ 6 ] N'ihu Central Azu Mechie i u N'etiti ɛ ⟨e⟩ ɵ ~ ø ？？ ɔ ⟨o⟩ Azu a

 Nkpọaha 
Mkpọaha Tayap n'efu n'okwu ikpe ziri ezi, yana nkwupụta ihe n'eziokwu bụ: [ 6 ]

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Sepik, Tayap bụ asụsụ sịntetịt . Ngwaa bụ mpaghara kacha akọwawara ụtọ asụsụ. Ha na-agbagwoju anya, fusional and massively suppletive, with opaque verbal morphology including unpredictable conjugation classes, ma n'usoro nke otu na akara akara.

Tayap na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti realis na irrealis ị ga na suffixes. Mgbakwunye ọnụ ọnụ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti Isiokwu/Agent (S/A) na Ihe (O), bụ nke ejiri morpheme na-akwụsị akwụsị na njikọ ụfọdụ. A na-eji nnọchiaha n'efu na nkebiokwu aha akara (A) n'efu, ebe asolutive (S/O) enweghị ụdị akara. Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Papuan na-adịghị mma, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-etinye akara ngosi na-ezighị ezi, n'ihi na ọ bụ nhọrọ. [ 18 ]

 Aha aha 
Aha aha n'ozuzu adịghị akara ọnụ n'onwe ha, n'agbanyeghị na e nwere obere klaasị nke ukwuu n'aha mmadụ nke na-aka ọtụtụ, yana obere klaasị nke na-aka akara abụọ . Nkeji ndị a, ebe akara, ka ejiri akụkụ akụkụ ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke akara. Okwu oblique, nke kariri mpaghara, ka akara akara nke clitics jikọtara na njedebe nke nkebi okwu a na-atụghị anya ya. [ 6 ]

 okike 
Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ nke Sepik - Ramu basin, Tayap nwere nwoke na nwanyị.

E nwere ụdị nwoke abụọ, nwoke na nwanyị, nke edoghị n'aha n'onwe ya kama na deictics, ihe nrịbama na-ezighị ezi, okwu ọnụ na-adọrọ adọrọ na ngwungwu ihe. Ụdị na-enweghị akara, ụdị aha niile, gụnyere aha ndụ, ọbụna mmadụ, bụ nke nwanyị: Otú ọ dị, onye na-ezo aka nwoke nwere ike ịbụ nwoke. Ntụle ọzọ bụ nha na ọdịdị: ogologo, mkpa na nnukwu ndị na-ezo aka na-abụkarị nwoke; obere, stocky na obere ndị na-ezo aka na-abụkarị nwanyị. Ụdị usoro ihe omume nwoke na nwanyị bụ nke mpaghara Sepik. A na-akara nwoke na nwanyị akara naanị n'otu n'otu, ọ dịghị mgbe n'ụdị abụọ ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ.

Okwu Tayap ahọpụtara site na Kulick & Terrill (2019)  :

 Vertebrates 

 Invertebrates 

 Okwu metụtara Sago 
Na Tayap, a ga-ekewa osisi nkwụ sago nke e gbuturu n'ime akụkụ asaa. Edepụtara aha Tayap n'okpuru, site na ntọala ( wot ) ruo okpueze ( mar ). [ 19 ]

 wot wotŋa orom orom ndagŋa orom ndag marŋa orom mar''

 Aha ezinụlọ 
Enwere ezinụlọ Tayap ise:

 Hụkwa 

 Ọmụmụ asụsụ asụsụ #Identity na intersubjectivity
 Gapun
 Don Kulick

 Ihe ndetu 

 Ntụaka 

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations