Tshangla Asụsụ

Tshangla bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke alaka Bodish nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Tibeti . A na-asụkarị Tshangla na Eastern Bhutan ma na-eme dị ka asụsụ franca na mpaghara; A na-asụkwa ya na traktị Tawang dị nso na steeti India nke Arunachal Pradesh na mpaghara Pemako nke Tibet . Tshangla bụ isi asụsụ Bhutan tupu Tibet.  

 Nhazi 
A na-echekarị na Tshangla dị nso na asụsụ Tibeti . Bradley (2002) gụnyere n'etiti asụsụ Bodish East .  Van Driem (2011), Otú ọ dị, hapụrụ ya enweghị nkewa n'ime Sino-Tibet, na-eche n'ihu nnyocha. 

Bodt (2012:188-189)  na-ekewa Tshangla dị ka asụsụ Bodish, mana ọ na-ekwu na Tshangla (dị ka East Bodish ) metụtara, ma ọ bụghị kpọmkwem, sitere na Tibetan oge gboo . [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Grollmann & Gerber (2023) mara na Tshangla enweghị njikọ chiri anya na Bodish ma ọlị na ekwesịrị idobe ya n'akụkụ dị iche nke phylum asụsụ Trans-Himalayan. 

 Ụdị dị iche iche 
Tshangla bụ ụyọkọ olumba nke nwere ụdị asụsụ ole na ole na-enweghị nghọta, gụnyere (Gerber 2018): 

 Trashigang
 Dungsam
 Dirang
 Bjokapakha (Bjoka)

A na-eji ụdị Tshangla dị iche iche nke obodo Trashigang dị ka asụsụ asụsụ . Dungsam bụ mgbanwe, ebe Dirang na Bjokapakha dị iche. 

 Ọnụọgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ na ọkwa asụsụ 
A na-asụkarị Tshangla na East na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Bhutan, ọkachasị na mpaghara Trashigang. A na-akpọ asụsụ a "Sharchopkha" nke pụtara 'ndị bi n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ'  na Dzongkha, asụsụ mba nke Bhutan.

A na-asụkwa ya na Arunachal Pradesh nke India, ebe a na-akpọ ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "Central Monpa", na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Tibet. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4. : 4–6 

Enwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Tshangla 170,000, bi na Bhutan (157,000), India (11,000) na Tibet (7000). A naghị ekwu na ọ dị n'ihe ize ndụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla, n'ihi na a ka nwere ọtụtụ ụmụaka na-amụ ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha. N'ezie, a na-akọwakarị ya dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Bhutan, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nke asụsụ franca. Andvic (2010: 4) na-akọ na "ọtụtụ ndị Bhutanese nwere opekata mpe ihe ọmụma gbasara Tshangla". Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-adịkarị maka Western Bhutanese ịmụta ụfọdụ Tshangla site na ụmụ klas ya na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ (Yang Gyeltshen, pc).

N'agbanyeghị oke ya na ọwụwa anyanwụ Bhutan, Andvik kọwara Tshangla (2010: 4) dị ka "asụsụ edeghị ede", nke pụtara na ọ bụghị na obodo ọ bụla ahaziri site n'ịchịkwa fiat, na-akụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ghọtara dị ka asụsụ gọọmentị, ma ọ bụ ọbụna nye ọkwa dị ka asụsụ nta." Agbanyeghị, Ethnologue na-akọ na 47% nke ndị na-ekwu okwu L1 bụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, ọkachasị na-eji script Tibet Uchen . Ọ bụ ezie na e nweghị akwụkwọ ọ bụla na Tshangla, a na-eji asụsụ ahụ eme ihe na redio na telivishọn. (Ọ ka na-amataghị ụdị edemede a na-eji ede akwụkwọ maka mgbasa ozi ndị ahụ; Yang Gyeltshen, pc)

Asụsụ obodo nke Bhutan bụ Dzongkha, nke sitere na Tibet nke Lama Shabdrung na ndị na-eso ya na-asụ, bụ ndị hapụrụ Tibet wee chọta mba Bhutan na 1600s. Otú ọ dị, Tshangla bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ asụsụ obodo Bhutan ma bụrụkwa nke a kacha asụ n'asụsụ ndị Sino-Tibet.

A na-ahụ Tshangla gbasasịa n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Himalaya yana mpaghara ndịda,  na-asụ gburugburu mmadụ 175,000. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Tshangla bi na Eastern Bhutan ( Trashigang, Eastern Pemagatshel, Samdrup Jongkhar, Eastern Mongar, na Trashiyangtse districts ), ebe ha guzobere otu agbụrụ isi nke mba ahụ, ma eleghị anya na-aza 25-30% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dum. Enwere ike ịhụ ndị na-asụ Tshangla gbasasịa na mba ndị agbata obi nwere aha dị iche iche.

Na steeti India nke Arunachal Pradesh, a na-akpọ ha Kalaktang Monpa (ma dị iche iche n'ụzọ lex). ebe ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Tshangla 7,000 bikwa na Pemako ( Bomê na Mêdog County ) dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Tibet, China na India . van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. p. 915 et seq.  Enwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Kalaktang Monpa 8,000 na obodo Khalaktang, Balimu, na Tomko, ebe nlekọta Kalaktang, mpaghara West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India ( Ethnologue ). Ihe dị ka 1000 ruo 15000 ndị na-ekwu okwu Tsangla bikwa na Tuting Town, Kopu, Bona, Gelling, Bishing n'akụkụ osimiri Tsangpo (Siang) na Nyering, Payingdem, Nyukong, Yortong, Mankota, Tashigong, Singa n'akụkụ osimiri Yangsang Chu, Upper Siang District, Arunachal. Pradesh, India.

Asụsụ 'Olekha nke ugwu ojii nke nwere njikọ tere aka, nke a na-akpọkwa "Monpa" na Dzongkha buru ụzọ, bụ nke asụsụ Sino-Tibetan East Bodish . van Driem, George L. (1993). "Language Policy in Bhutan". London: SOAS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2011-01-18. van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. p. 915 et seq. 'Olekha nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Bumthang ; Ha abụọ bụ asụsụ East Bodish . Tshangla na asụsụ ndị yiri ya na-etolite alaka nwanne ọ bụghị nke East Bodish, kama ọ bụ alaka ụlọ ọrụ Bodish nne na nna ya. Ya mere, okwu a na-edoghị anya bụ "Monpa" na-etinye ihe ize ndụ ikewapụta asụsụ ndị ekwesịrị ịchịkọta ọnụ, ebe a na-ejikọta asụsụ ndị dị iche iche. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4. : 4–7 

 Usoro edemede 
Tshangla bụ omenala edeghị ede na enweghị ọkwa ọchịchị na obodo ọ bụla. Mgbe ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo na-ede ya, a na-atụgharịkarị ya na script Tibet, mana ndị na-asụ asụsụ ewepụtala usoro ederede romanized . Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

 fonology 
N'okpuru ebe a na-egosi tebụl nke consonants Tshangla dị ka Andvik (2010) si kwuo. Igwefoto ndị na-abụghị nke ala, n'ime mpakọ, ka a na-atụnyere naanị obere ntakịrị na ụda ala: /ɬ/ na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ /l/; /dz/ na-aghọ /z/; na /ʑ/ na-aghọ /j/. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4. : 8–12 
+Tshangla consonantsLabialAlveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarGlottalApproximant   Nasal    Plosivevoiceless    aspirated    voiced    Affricatevoiceless  voiced( ) Fricativevoiceless  voiced ( )Lateralvoiceless( )voiced Flap 
Tebụlụ dị n'elu na-akọwakarị consonants mmalite. Ụyọkọ consonant nọ n'ọnọdụ mmalite nwere oke na consonant gbakwunyere /r/, ewezuga mkpụrụokwu /pɕi/, ejiri naanị n'akụkụ abụọ.  Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4. : 14–15 Ndokwa mkparịta ụka nke mmalite ndị a na-achọsi ike /pʰ/ /tʰ/, na /kʰ/ na-ebute lenition na /ɸ/, /θ/, na /x/ ma ọ bụ /h/, n'otu n'otu, ma e wezụga ụfọdụ.  : 10 Mpịakọta okwu-ikpeazụ bụ naanị /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /m/, /n/, na /ŋ/.  : 16 

Udaume Tshangla pụtara na eserese dị n'okpuru ebe a, na-eso Andvik (2010). Udaume dị na akara aka na-apụta n'okwu ndị na-abụghị nke obodo ketara n'aka Tibet, Dzongkha, na ụdị liturgical archaic nke ikpeazụ, Chöke . Udaume ndị gbara gburugburu n'ihu ndị na-abụghị ndị obodo nwere ike ịwepụta dị ka ụdaume n'ihu anaghị agbachi nkịtị. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4. : 12–14 
+Ụdaume Tshangla N'ihu Central Azu na-agbaghị gburugburu gbara okirikiri na-agbaghị gburugburu gbara okirikiri Mechie i ⟨ i
Ụyọkọ ụdaume sitere na lexicon Tshangla bụ /ai/ na /au/, na n'ọnọdụ ndị ewepụtara /oi/ na /ui/ pụtakwara (dịka njedebe ọnụ: /bu-i/, were -IMP ). N'ọnọdụ obodo ndị a, a na-akpọ ikpeazụ /i/ na /u/ dị ka a ga-asị na ha bụ /y/ ma ọ bụ /w/, n'otu n'otu. N'okwu mbinye ego /iu/ na /eu/ anaghị apụta, na-abụkarịkwa ka a na-achọpụta dị ka /iwu/ na /ewu/, n'otu n'otu. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4. : 15–16 
+Okwu Tshangla bụ isi Ekwuru Romanized Nnọọ  Kuzu agha Ka ọ dị  Lassola Ụlọ  Phai Nwa nwoke Za Nwa agbọghọ Zamin Enyi  Charo (Bhutan)/ Tosang Nwanne nke obere  Ịgba ọkpụkpụ Nwanne nke obere  Usa (Bhutan)/ Zi Nwanne nke okenye  Ata Nwanne nke okenye  Ana

 Ụda 
Ọtụtụ olumba nke Tshangla anaghị eme ka okwu dị iche iche dabere na ụda, agbanyeghị, asụsụ n'ozuzu ya nwere ike ịdị na usoro nke tonogenesis . Ụfọdụ olumba dị ka nke Central Monpa na Padma-bkod anọchiwo ọdịiche ndị na-enweghị olu na ụda dị elu dị elu, n'otu n'otu. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4. : 20 

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Ụdaasụsụ Tshangla nwere aha, adjectives, adverbs, na ngwaa . Usoro okwu bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa (SOV). Ụdị ọdịdị ya na-abụkarị agglutinative, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede Tshangla na-enweghị akara nwere otu nkeji okwu ma ọ bụ abụọ. A na-ahazi aha aha ka ọ bụrụ nkebiokwu isi-mbụ ma ọ bụ nke ikpeazụ. Ngosipụta, nkebiokwu ikwu, na nkebi ahịrịokwu na-ebute ụzọ aha, ebe nrịbama maka nkọwapụta, ọnụọgụgụ, isiokwu, elekwasị anya, ikpe, na akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-eso aha ahụ. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

Ọ bụ ezie na adjectives nwere udi dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị iche iche na nke aka ya, ụfọdụ okwu adjective bụ aha ụtọasụsụ. Nke a dichotomi gbagwojuru anya site n'otu aka ahụ nkebi ahịrịokwu ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka adjectives. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dukpu waktsa pụtara "(nke) nwa dara ogbenye ," na waktsa dukpu pụtara "(nwa) nwa dara ogbenye ." Ụfọdụ nchikota bụ nnọọ aha-adjective, Otú ọ dị. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

Tshangla bụ asụsụ pro-dobe, nwere njirimara abụọ ama ama. Nke mbu, ngwaa otutu di iche iche na-atuda ihe n'agbanyeghi na enweghi ike imeghari ha site na onodu ha, site na ngwaa na-ebelata valency ha (dika ibu intransitive ). N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ ebe arụmụka ahụ dị oke mkpa, na ebe mgbagwoju anya na-agaghị ekwe omume, a na-eji nnọchiaha "efu" (nke na-abụghị nke onwe). Ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-eji nnọchiaha mmadụ eme ihe nke ukwuu. Ha pụtara n'okpuru: Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.
+Nkpọaha nkeonwe Tshangla Otu Abụọ Ọtụtụ 1p jang a-ching ai 2p nan na-ching nai 3p ro da-ching rokte
Mgbe ọnụọgụ na-esochi nnọchiaha na-esochi, anaghị eji plurals (dịka ro nyiktsing, "ha abụọ n'ime ha").

Okwu ndị a na-akpọ aha na-agụnye absololutive ( nominative ), agentive ( ergative )/ instrumental ( -gi ), genitive (- ga- ), ablative (- gai ), na dative / ebe ( -ga ). Ihe ndị a zuru ezu na-enweta devoicing n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

Ngwaa na-abụkarị transitive ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe . Mgbanwe nke ngwaa ụfọdụ dabara na nkewa okwu: yekpa pụtara "ịkwu okwu" n'ụzọ ntụgharị, mana "a ga-akpọ ya" n'echiche na-enweghị isi. N'otu aka ahụ, lekpe pụtara "ịracha" n'echiche ntụgharị, mana "ịracha ya" n'echiche na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ebe a na-egbochi onye ọrụ ahụ. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

The copula, nke nwere ọtụtụ ụdị, na-eji nke ukwuu na akara ngwaa Tshangla. A na-edobe ngwaa dị iche iche dabere ma ha bụ predicate (nke nwere oke), ma ọ bụ ikwu ma ọ bụ sonye (na-enweghị oke). Naanị ngwaa nwere oke na-ewere njikọ nke onwe, ebe ụdị dị iche iche na-enweghị ngwụcha na-ezu oke dị iche iche. Mgbasa ozi na-apụta dị ka suffixes n'ụdị ngwaa na-abụghị nke ikpeazụ na nsonye. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

Ngbaghara nke adjectives, aha na ngwaa na-ewere ụdị dị iche iche. Mpempe ahịrị ahịrị-ikpe ikpeazụ gụnyere nrịbama ọnọdụ ajụjụ na nke anaghị ekwupụta. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

 Olumba 
Olumba Tshangla na-anọchi anya otu na-aga n'ihu gbadoro ụkwụ na gburugburu obodo Trashigang, nke ndị na-asụ Tshangla na-ewere olu ya dị ka olumba ugwu. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti olumba anaghị egbochi nghọta n'otu n'otu, na ọtụtụ okwu mbinye sitere na Tibet Classical (Chöke). Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

Na Arunachal Pradesh, ndị Monpa na-asụ Tshangla na mpaghara Kalaktang na Dirang nke West Kameng . Ihe dị ka mmadụ 6,000 na-asụ olumba ebe ahụ, nke a na-akpọ "Central Monpa". Ndị ọzọ na-asụ olumba Tshangla bi na Kathmandu, Darjeeling na Assam . Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

Na Bhutan, Tshangla fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke Tshangla ( Chinese    ) nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Tibet, nke a na-akpọkwa "Mêdog (Bomê) Monpa". Mpaghara Bomê County nke Tibet, nke a na-akpọbu Padma-bkod ma ọ bụ Pemako, nwere ihe fọdụrụ na obodo Tshangla ndị a kewapụrụ na narị kilomita. Andvik, Erik E. (2010). A Grammar of Tshangla. Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 10. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4.

 Hụkwa 

 Ndepụta okwu ntụnyere Tshangla (Wiktionary)
 Asụsụ nke Bhutan
 Asụsụ ndị China

 Ihe ndetu 

 Ntụaka 

 Ọgụgụ ọzọ 

 Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. Nnyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'etiti otu ahọpụtara na Western Arunachal Pradesh: Na-eme ka Monpa pụta ìhè . Akụkọ nyocha eletrọnịkị SIL 2018–009.







 Grollmann, Selin. 2019. Ọdịiche dị n'ime asụsụ Tshangla: Nghọta sitere na Bjokapakha . Akwụkwọ ewepụtara na ISBS Inaugural Conference, Magdalen College, Mahadum Oxford.
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations