Arawak

Arawak ( ,  ), nke a makwaara dị ka Lokono ( Lokono Dian, n'ụzọ nkịtị "okwu ndị mmadụ" nke ndị na-asụ ya), bụ asụsụ Arawakan nke ndị Lokono (Arawak) nke South America na-asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, na French Guiana .  Ọ bụ asụsụ a na-akpọ aha ezinụlọ Arawakan.

Lokono bụ asụsụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike . 

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Lokono bụ asụsụ nwere nnukwu nsogbu.  A na-asụkarị asụsụ Lokono na South America. Ụfọdụ obodo a kapịrị ọnụ ebe a na-asụ asụsụ a gụnyere Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, na Venezuela.  Onu ogugu ndi mmadu na-ekwu okwu nke oma nke nwere ezi ihe omuma nke asusu bu 5% nke onu ogugu ndi mmadu.  Enwere obere obodo nke ndị na-asụ ọkara nke nwere ogo nghọta na nghọta dị iche iche na Lokono na-eme ka asụsụ ahụ dị ndụ.  A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 2,500 fọdụrụ (gụnyere ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọma na nke na-asụ asụsụ).  Mbelata nke iji Lokono dị ka asụsụ nzikọrịta ozi bụ n'ihi enweghị mgbasa ozi site n'aka ndị na-asụ okenye na ọgbọ na-abịa. A naghị asụ ụmụntakịrị asụsụ a, ebe a na-akụziri ha ka ha na-asụ asụsụ obodo ha. 

 Nhazi 
Asụsụ Lokono bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawakan buru ibu nke ụmụ amaala South na Central America na Caribbean na-asụ.  Ezinụlọ ahụ gbasara mba anọ nke Central America - Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua - na asatọ nke South America - Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (na bụkwabu Argentina na Paraguay). Ebe ihe dị ka asụsụ 40 dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ kacha ukwuu na Latin America. 

 Etymology 
Arawak bụ aha ebo na-ekwu maka isi nri ihe ọkụkụ, mgbọrọgwụ akpu, nke a na-akpọkarị manioc. Mgbọrọgwụ akpu bụ ihe na-ewu ewu maka ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na South America, Eshia na Africa.  Ọ bụ osisi shrub tolitere n'ebe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ebe okpomọkụ. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Arawak na-akọwakwa onwe ha dị ka , nke sụgharịrị dị ka "ndị mmadụ". Ha na-akpọ asụsụ ha , "Okwu ndị mmadụ". 

Aha ndị ọzọ nke otu asụsụ gụnyere Arawák, Arahuaco, Aruak, Arowak, Arawac, Araguaco, Aruaqui, Arwuak, Arrowukas, Arahuacos, Locono, na Luccumi. </ref>

 Nkesa ala 
Lokono bụ asụsụ Arawakan a na-ahụkarị ka a na-asụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname na French Guiana. Enwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ obodo 2,500 taa. Ndị na-esonụ bụ mpaghara ebe ahụrụla Arawak ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo na-asụ. 

 fonology 

 Consonants 
William Pet hụrụ ihe mgbakwunye  na okwu mgbazinye ego. 

 Udaume 
 N'ihu Central Azu Mechie i ɨ N'etiti e o Mepee a
Pet kwuru na nghota ụda olu nke  dị iche n'etiti [ o ] na [ u ]. 
Eji agwa Ojiji mgbakwunye Akara IPA Mkpọkpọ Arawak a a Dị ka nna . aa a· aː Dị ka naanị jide ogologo. e e Dị ka e ụda na Spanish, dị ka a na  . ee e·, e: eː Dị ka e jide naanị ogologo oge. i i Dị ka m nọ na uwe ojii . ii i·, i: iː Dị ka m ji naanị ogologo oge. o o  u Dị ka o na ndetu ma ọ bụ ị nọ n'ọjà . oo o·, o: oː Dị ka o jigidere ogologo oge. y ị, i ɨ Dị ka e na  . yy y:,uu, ii ɨː Dị ka nke dị n'elu y, naanị ejidere ogologo oge.

 Usoro edemede 
Usoro asụsụ Arawak nwere usoro mkpụrụedemede yiri mkpụrụedemede Rome nwere obere mgbanwe na mgbakwunye ọhụrụ na mkpụrụedemede.
Character UsedAdditional UsageIPA symbolArawak PronunciationbbLike b in boy.čtjt͡ʃLike ch in chair.dd ~ d͡ʒLike d in day. Before i the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the j in jeep.fɸThis sound does not exist in English. It is pronounced by narrowing your lips and blowing through them, as if you were playing a flute.xhhLike h in hay.jjLike y in yes.kc, qukLike the soft k sound in English ski.khk, c, qukhLike the hard k sound in English key.llLike l in light.řrh, lhɽNo exact equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex r, pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. It is found in Indian English. Some American English speakers also pronounce this sound in the middle of the word "hurting."mmLike m in moon.nnLike n in night.ppLike the soft p in spin.rɾLike the r in Spanish pero, somewhat like the tt in American English butter.sz, csLike the s in sun.tt ~ t͡ʃLike the soft t in star. Before i the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ch in cheek.thtth ~ t͡ʃʰLike the hard t in tar. Before i the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the ch in cheek.huwwLike w in way.'ʔA pause sound (glottal stop), like the one in the middle of the word "uh-oh."
Eji agwa Ojiji mgbakwunye Akara IPA Mkpọkpọ Arawak a a Dị ka nna . aa a· aː Dị ka naanị jide ogologo. e e Dị ka e ụda n'asụsụ Spanish, yiri nke a na ọnụ ụzọ ámá . ee e·, e: eː Dị ka e jide naanị ogologo oge. i i Dị ka m nọ na uwe ojii . ii i·, i: iː Dị ka m ji naanị ogologo oge. o o ~ ị Dị ka o na ndetu ma ọ bụ ị nọ n'ọjà . oo o·, o: oː Dị ka o jigidere ogologo oge. y ɨ Dị ka u in on, naanị akpọpụta elu n'ọnụ. yy y: ɨː Dị ka y jigidere ogologo oge.
Akwụkwọ ozi ndị dị na brackets n'okpuru mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla bụ akara IPA maka mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla. 

 Ụtọ asụsụ 
Egosiri nnochiaha onwe onye n'okpuru. Ụdị dị n'aka ekpe bụ ụdị n'efu, nke nwere ike iguzo naanị ya. Ụdị dị n'aka nri bụ ụdị ejikọtara ( prefixes ), nke a ga-etinyerịrị n'ihu nke ngwaa, aha, ma ọ bụ nbido . 
 Otu Ọtụtụ Onye mbụ de, da- anyi, wa- Onye nke abụọ bi, by- ndewo, hy- Onye nke atọ lee, ly- (he)
tho, gi- (she) na, na-

 Mgbakwunye ntụnye aka 
A na-ekewa ngwaa niile n'ime transitive, transitive na-arụ ọrụ, na stive intransitive. 
+Prefixes (A/Sa) na Suffixes (O/So) nke Mgbakwunye ntụaka Cross-Reference prefixes suffixes otu otutu otu otutu Onye mbụ nu- ma ọ bụ ta- wa- -na, -te -wa Onye nke abụọ (p) i- (h) i- -pi - ndewo Onye nke atọ non-formal ri-, i na- ri, -i -na formal , ru- na- -tu,-ru,-u -na 'nke onwe' pa- - - -
A= Sa= nganiihu ntụnye aka gafee

O=So= nkwubi okwu ntughari obe

 Okwu okwu 

 okike 
N'asụsụ Arawak, e nwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị. A na-eji ha na ntinye ntụaka n'ofe, na ngosipụta, na nhọpụta na nnochiaha onwe onye. Ụdị okike ndị a na-ahụkarị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ nwanyị na ndị na-abụghị nke nwanyị. Ihe nrịbama ahụ na-alaghachi na Arawak onye nke atọ na-ezo aka n'obe: nwanyị -(r) u, nwoke -(r) i Hill, Johnathon (2010-10-01). Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252091506. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2020-11-24.</ref>

 Nọmba 
Asụsụ Arawak na-amata ihe dị iche iche na otu, mana ọtụtụ bụ nhọrọ ma ọ bụrụ na onye nrụtụ aka bụ mmadụ. Ihe nrịbama ejiri bụ *-na/-ni (anụmanụ/ọtụtụ mmadụ) na *-pe (na-adịghị ndụ/na-abụghị nke mmadụ). 

 Nnweta 
A na-ekewapụta aha Arawak ka ọ bụrụ nke na-enweghị ike ịpụnara ya na nke enweghị atụ. Aha ndị a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha gụnyere ihe ndị dị ka akụkụ ahụ, okwu maka ikwu na aha nkịtị dị ka nhọrọ nri. Nhọpụta aha okwu bụ nke otu ahụ. Ụdị ihe onwunwe abụọ a nwere akara prefixes (A/Sa). Aha ndị nwere ihe na-enweghị atụ nwere ihe a maara dị ka ụdị "enweghị ikike" (nke a makwaara dị ka "zuru oke") nke akara suffix * -tfi ma ọ bụ * -hV. Aha ndị nwere ahapụrụ iche were otu n'ime suffixes *-ne/ni, *-te, *-re, *i/e, ma ọ bụ *-na. Suffixes niile ejiri dị ka nominalizers. 

 Negation 
Asụsụ Arawak nwere prefix na-adịghị mma ma- na njirimara-ihe nganiihu ka-. Ihe atụ nke ojiji bụ ka-witi-w ("nwanyị nwere anya ọma") na ma-witti-w ("nwanyị nwere anya ọjọọ", ya bụ, nwanyị kpuru ìsì).

 Esemokwu 
A na-agbakwunye oge na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu: a na-egosi oge gara aga na bura ma ọ bụ bora (site na ubura "tupu"), n'ọdịnihu na dikki (site na adiki "mgbe"), ugbu a na-aga n'ihu na-eji loko ma ọ bụ roko .   []

 Ihe atụ 
Bekee Eastern Arawak (Guiana French) Western Arawak (Venezuela, Guyana na Suriname) Otu Ábá Aba Abụọ Bian Biama Atọ Kabun Kabyn Anọ Biti Bithi Nwoke Walili Walili Nwanyị Hiaro Hiaro Nkịta Péero Péero Anyanwụ Hadali Hadali Ọnwa Kati Kathi Mmiri Uini Vuniabu

 Ntụaka 

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 



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