Asụsụ Moro

Moro bụ asụsụ Kordofania a na-asụ n'Ugwu Nuba nke South Kordofan, Sudan .  Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Western otu West Central Heiban Kordofonia asụsụ ma bụrụ nke Niger-Congo phylum.  N'afọ 1982, e nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu Moro dị 30,000. Nke a bụ tupu agha obodo Sudan nke abụọ ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na nso nso a nwere ike ịdị iche. Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta nke Arabic na a na-enyo enyo na taa ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke okwu Moro nwere njikọ ma ọ bụ malite na asụsụ Arabic. 

 fonology 
Enwere ụda olu dị iche iche n'asụsụ Moro. Na-emekarị ụdaume "e", "a" na "o" nwere ụda dị ala, ebe ụdaume "i", "u" na "ʌ" nwere ụda dị elu. Udaume “ə” bụ ụdaume Schwa ya mere na-anọpụ iche.

Mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ nkwekọ n'ụdaume, nkwụsị eze, iguzogide ihichapụ na mkpebi vowel hiatus na itinye ụkpụrụ ụda nke nwere ike dochie anya n'ime asụsụ ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na abụọ nke ikpeazụ pụrụ iche na ihe kpatara na Moro (9;2,11). 

 Ndepụta Ngwaahịa 
Moro nwere akara ụdaume asaa,     ahaziri ya na tebụl dị n'okpuru. [ə] nwere ike ịbụ epenthetic ma ọ bụ mbelata nke ụdaume mpụta /ieou/; ọ na-apụtakwa na mgbọrọgwụ na-enweghị isi iyi nke mbelata.  Àgwà nke schwa [ə] na nkwekọ n'ụdaume Moro ka e weere dị ka ihe mere e ji debe ụdaume abụọ [ə] na Moro - nke dị elu nke na-ebuli ụdaume, na nke dị ala nke na-adịghị. 
+Ndepụta ụdaume N'ihu Central Azu Elu i u N'etiti e ọ ʌ o Dị ala a
Na mgbakwunye, a na-agbakwa mgba ọkụ diphthongs dị ka [iə], [eə], [oa], na [uʌ]. Jenks, Peter; Rose, Sharon (2011). "High Tone in Moro: Effects of Prosodic Categories and Morphological Domains". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. 29: 211–250. doi:10.1007/s11049-011-9120-x. S2CID 14067976. Ọkụ diphthong na-agụ dị ka otu nkeji na-ebu ụda. Ogologo ụdaume abụghị ihe dị iche, mana a na-ahụkarị ịgbatị ogologo oge n'ụda olu mepere emepe ma ọ bụ nke mmalite. 

A na-enye ngwa ahịa consonantal nke Moro n'okpuru. Jenks, Peter; Rose, Sharon (2011). "High Tone in Moro: Effects of Prosodic Categories and Morphological Domains". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. 29: 211–250. doi:10.1007/s11049-011-9120-x. S2CID 14067976.
+Ndepụta nke consonantal Labial eze Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Kwụsị p b t̪ d̪ t d k g Mmekọrịta  tʃ dʒ Nke na-ese okwu f v ð s  imi m n ɲ ŋ Trill r  Mpịakọta ɾ ɽ N'akụkụ l  Mmanya w j
Enwere ike ịwepụta consonants, ewezuga [ɾ,ɽ,j]. Nkwụsị ụda na /v/ na-achọpụta dị ka enweghị olu mgbe mkpụrụ osisi. Jenks, Peter; Rose, Sharon (2011). "High Tone in Moro: Effects of Prosodic Categories and Morphological Domains". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. 29: 211–250. doi:10.1007/s11049-011-9120-x. S2CID 14067976.

 Udaume Harmony 

Moro nwere usoro nkwekọ ụdaume dị elu 'otu nzọụkwụ', nke a na-ebuli ụdaume ala / eao/ nke affixes na ndị ibe ha dị elu [i ʌ u] ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ dị elu. Ritchart, Amanda; Rose, Sharon (2015). "Schwas in Moro Vowel Harmony". In Kramer, Ruth; Zsiga, Elizabeth; Tlale Boyer, One (eds.). Selected Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics (PDF). Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 231–242. Na mgbakwunye na nkwekọrịta na-achịkwa mgbọrọgwụ- ma ọ bụ stem, Moro na-egosipụtakwa ụkpụrụ nkwekọ na-achị achị nke ụfọdụ mgbakwunye ndọtị na-akpalite iwelite prefixes bu ụzọ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ, yana suffix na-esote; suffixes nkwekọ na-akpalite ndị a bụ ihe na-akpata -i, ngwa- ət̪, na passive -ən . 

 Schwa na Moro Vowel Harmony 
Ụfọdụ mgbọrọgwụ Moro nwere [ə] na-ebute nkwekọ ụdaume, ebe ndị ọzọ adịghị; N'otu aka ahụ, ebe suffix nke ngwa na nke na-agafe agafe nwere [ə] ma na-ebute nkwekọ nke ụdaume, Moro na-egosipụta suffixes ndị ọzọ nwere [ə], dị ka antipassive - əđ, nke na-adịghị. Ihe omumu ihe omumu gosiputara na schwas nke na-ebute nkwekorita nke udaume na Moro gosiputara usoro F1 di ala nke ukwuu karia ndi na-adighi, na schwas na onodu udaume ewelitere na Moro gosiputara ihe F1 di ala nke ukwuu karia ndi no na onodu eweliteghi. Ritchart, Amanda; Rose, Sharon (2015). "Schwas in Moro Vowel Harmony". In Kramer, Ruth; Zsiga, Elizabeth; Tlale Boyer, One (eds.). Selected Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics (PDF). Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 231–242. Dị ka nke a, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụ ụka na Moro na-agụnye ụdaume schwa abụọ: schwa dị elu, nke na-ebute nkwekọ nke ụdaume, na schwa dị ala, nke na-adịghị. 

 Ụda 


 Ụtọ asụsụ 

 Aha aha na nkebiokwu aha 

 Klas aha 
Enwere ike ekewa Moro n'ime klaasị aha iri na asatọ: 8 isi, 5 obere na 5 enweghị ọnụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime klaasị ndị a nwere prefix klaasị ha n'otu n'otu, otu prefix na concord yana otutu prefix na concord. 
Semantic IDClass prefixSingular prefixSingular concordPlural prefixPlural concordpeopleg/l?/wGLLanimals/body partsl/ŋLLÑÑtreesđ/gĐĐWGcommon thingsg/n?ĐNNThings of shapesl/ŋl/ɽ/ɽrl/ɽ/ɽrŊŊLong thingsđ/rĐĐRR          /g/nĐĐ?GLarge and harmful thingsđ/jĐĐyyDomestic/small animalsŋ/ŋŊ-Ŋ-ÑÑLiquids and abstract nounsŋŊ-Ŋ-EmotionsđđĐCow, goat, irregular nounsr/jrYForeign wordsj/jYy
Enwere ụfọdụ iwu amapụtara maka owuwu nke ọtụtụ dịka klaasị aha ya si dị:

 Syntax 

 Usoro ihe mejupụtara 
Nkejiokwu Moro dị mfe nwere Isiokwu - Ngwaa - Ihe:

Usoro nke akpaokwu aha dị n'usoro nke: Noun - ngosi - ọnụọgụ - Adjective. Klaasị aha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Niger-Congo, ọkachasị n'asụsụ Bantu dịka Kikuyu ma ọ bụ Swahili. 
Nádam N'ezie Ngwọta Nóré Akwụkwọ Ndị ahụ Abụọ uhie

 Mkpesa ọmụmụ 
N'ime asụsụ Moro, e meela ọtụtụ nrịbama dị ka okwu ọnụ si dị. Ka ọ dị ugbu a ka akọwara morphemes ndị a:

 Ihe kpatara: tinye "-i"
 Mgbanwe/ntụgharị uche: “-ən-“ + mgbanwe nke ụdaume ikpeazụ
 Ọmụmaatụ: “raico” = ịwụsa; "raicenu" = a ga-awụsa
 Ngwa: suffix “ət”
 Antipassive: “əđ” 
 Nkwugharị: tinye prefix "ka-"
 Ọmụmaatụ: “arənđo” = ikewa; “akarənđo” = ikewa ọtụtụ ugboro
 N'otu oge: tinye "ta-" na ngwaa tupu nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta
 Akụkọ/usoro: tinye “nə-“ na ngwaa tupu nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta (2.1; 3)
 Adjective: ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere "-nano" na ụfọdụ adjectives, ha nwere ike ịghọ ngwaa
 Ọmụmaatụ: "gaicia" (= ọjọọ) + "nano" = gaicianano 
 Ebe: jiri suffix "e-" ma ọ bụ "i-" n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ụdaume ndị a
 Ọmụmaatụ: é -lógopájá = n'ime iko; í -lútí = na ikwiikwii 

 Usoro edemede 
Tupu ndị ozi ala ọzọ mbụ bịarutere na 1936, e ji mkpụrụedemede Arabic dee Moro, ya mere ndị na-asụ Moro amaghị mkpụrụedemede ukwu Latịn.  Ndị mgbasa ozi-ọma kere usoro ọkpụkpụ nke gụnyere mkpụrụedemede ukwu ma tụgharịkwara Agba Ọhụrụ ka ọ bụrụ Moro n'asụsụ Ləŋorəban. Taa Moro nwere consonants 22 na ụdaume 7 nke otu n'ime ha bụ Schwa. 
+mkpụrụedemede Moro [ 19 ] A B C D Ḏ Đ E Ë Ə F G I J K L M N Ñ Ego O P R Ɽ S T Ṯ U W Y a b c d ḏ đ e ọ ọ f g i j k l m n ñ ŋ o p r ɽ s t ṯ u w y
A na-ejikarị Đ eme ihe n'ụdị a kụrụ ihe n'efere ya, ihe dịka ⟨ d̶ ⟩

 Olumba 
Enwere olumba 7 nke Moro (Onye ọbịa 1997a).  Enyere aha ethnologue n'ime mbo. 

 Laiyənia ma ọ bụ Layenia  (Laiyen)
 Tobəɽelda ma ọ bụ Thetogovela  (Toberelda, Umm Gabralla)
 Ọlụba (Ulba)
 Nnụbụ (Nubwa)
 Nḏərria or Ndërria  (Nderre)
 Ləmwarəŋ (Dhimorong; = Werria)
 Ləŋorəban (Longorban, Umm Dorein)

Olumba ọ bụla dabara na ebo dị iche, ma ewezuga Ləmwarəŋ na Ləŋorəban, bụ́ ndị ejikọtala n'otu ezinụlọ a maara dị ka Wërria. Ya mere, enwere mkpokọta 6 dị iche iche ezinụlọ. Enwere ihe dị iche n'asụsụ dị iche iche, ọkachasị na labial: "t" na "d" ma ọ bụ "ɽ" na "t". N'okwu ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụta "b" nke olumba Ləŋorəban dị ka "f, v, w," na olumba ndị ọzọ.

 Ọmụmatụ: “vomit” n’olumba Ləŋorəban bụ: “bi ɗ u”, ebe n’asụsụ ndị ọzọ ọ bụ: “fiđu” ma ọ bụ “wiđu”.

Enwekwara nnukwu ọdịiche ntụgharị asụsụ na olumba.

 Ọmụmaatụ: “majen” na Ləŋorəban pụtara “ugbu a” mana na olumba ọzọ na-ezo aka na “ogologo oge gara aga”.

Nke a na-eduga ọbụna na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị na-asụ olumba Tobəɽelda enweghị ike ịghọta nsụgharị nke Agba Ọhụrụ nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Ləŋorəban.  Nkọwa maka nke a nwere ike ịbụ, na ndị na-asụ olumba Ləŋorəban yiri ka ha nọpụrụ iche na mpaghara na ndị na-asụ olumba ndị ọzọ ma na-enweta mmetụta site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ ha na-agba gburugburu dị ka Katcha ma ọ bụ Utundi. 

 Ntụaka 

 Ọgụgụ ọzọ 

 Blench, Roger. 2005. A dictionary of the Moro language of the Nuba hills, Sudan. m.s.
 Black, K. & K. Black 1971. The Moro language: grammar and dictionary. Khartoum: Sudan Research Unit. MacDiarmid, P.A. and D.N.
 Edwards, G. 1941. Moro Dictionary. (handwritten m.s.)
 Gibbard, George, Hannah Rohde & Sharon Rose. (2009). Moro Noun Class Morphology. In M. Matondo, F. McLaughlin & E. Potsdam (eds.) Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 106-117.
   m.s.
 Guest, Elizabeth. 1997b. Moro Noun Classes.  m.s.
 Guest, Elizabeth. 1997c. Moro Verbs.  m.s.
 Guest, Elizabeth. 1997d. Moro Verbs Lexicon.  m.s.
 Guest, Elizabeth. 1997e. History of the Moro NT.  m.s.
 Guest, Elizabeth. 1998. Miscellaneous Moro Grammar.  m.s.
 Jenks, Peter. (to appear) Noun phrases in Moro. In R. Blench & T. Schadeberg (eds.) Languages of the Nuba Mountains.
 Jenks, Peter & Sharon Rose (2011). High Tone in Moro: Effects of Prosodic Categories and Morphological Domains. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 29, 211-250.
 Jenks, Peter and Sharon Rose. (to appear) Syllable Weight and High Tone in Moro. Papers from the 45th Chicago Linguistic Society.
 Rose, Sharon. The morphological structure of the Moro verb. In R. Blench & T. Schadeberg (eds.) Languages of the Nuba Mountains.
 MacDiarmid. 1931. The languages of the Nuba Mountains. Sudan Notes and Records 14:149-162.
 Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. A Survey of Kordofanian. Volume 1: The Heiban Group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
 Stevenson, Roland C. 1956-57. "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structures of the Nuba Mountain languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha and Nyimang". Afrika und Übersee 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-153, 171-196.
 Strabone, Andrew & Sharon Rose. (2012). Morpho-phonological properties of the Moro causative. Selected Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
 Moro Marriage notes
 Notes on Language Use in the Moro Community in Khartoum

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Ọrụ Asụsụ Moro (UCSD)
 Moro Story Corpus (UC Berkeley)
 Ngwa Moro (Roger Blench na Elizabeth Guest)
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations