Daniel 1

Daniel 1 (isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Daniel) na-akọwa otú Daniel na ndị enyi ya atọ si dị n’etiti ndị Nebukadneza nke Abụọ dọọrọ n’agha site na Jerusalem gaa Babilọn ka e were zụọ amamihe nke Babilọn.  N'ebe ahu ka ha juru inara ihe-oriri na manya-vine n'aka eze, Chineke nye-kwa-ra ha ihe-ọmuma na nghọta nke nrọ na ọhù: ma mb͕e ha zisiri ha, ha we gosi na ha ka ndi-ode-akwukwọ di nsọ nile na ndi-dibia nile n'ala-eze mma ub͕ò iri.

Isiokwu Daniel n'ozuzu ya bụ ọbụbụeze Chineke n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[2]  Isi nke 1 na-ewebata Chineke dị ka onye na-achịkwa ihe niile na-eme, onye nwere ọchịchọ na ike: ọ bụ onye nyere Jehoyakim n'aka Nebukadneza ma dọrọ Daniel na ndị enyi ya n'agha na Babilọn, o nyere Daniel "amara na obi ebere," ma nye ndị Juu anọ na-eto eto "ihe ọmụma na nkà ha.

Akwụkwọ Daniel bụ "ihe odide gbakọtara nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enyo enyo sitere n'ụdị dị iche iche", [4] na Daniel n'onwe ya bụ onye a ma ama.[5]  Akwụkwọ nke ọ bụ dike n’ime ya kewara ụzọ abụọ, akụkọ ifo n’isi nke 1–6 site n’oge na-adịghị anya karịa oge ndị Gris (323–30 TOA), na usoro ọhụụ dị na isi 7–12 site n’oge Maccabean (n’etiti narị afọ nke abụọ TOA).[5]  O doro anya na a gbakwụnye isi nke 1 dị ka mmalite nke akụkọ ifo mgbe a chịkọtara ha n'ihe dị ka n'ọgwụgwụ narị afọ nke atọ TOA.

 Nchịkọta 
N’afọ nke atọ nke ọchịchị Jehoyakim nke Juda, Chineke kwere ka alaeze ahụ daa “n’aka” ( Daniel 1:1 ) ma ọ bụ n’okpuru nduzi nke Nebukadneza nke Abụọ, bụ́ eze Babilọn, bụ́ onye buuru ụfọdụ n’ime arịa Ụlọ Nsọ ahụ laa Babịlọn.  Ụfọdụ ndị Juu na-eto eto bụ ndị eze na ọbara a ma ama, ndị gụrụla akwụkwọ (Daniel 1: 4), ka e kụziere ha akwụkwọ na asụsụ nke Babilọn ruo afọ atọ, na njedebe nke a ga-etinye ha n'obí eze.  Ụfọdụ n’ime ụmụ okorobịa ndị a bụ Daniel, Hananaya, Mishael na Azaraịa, ndị e nyere aha ọhụrụ (Hananaya, Mishael na Azaraịa ghọrọ Shedrak, Mishak na Abednego, ebe aha Daniel nke Babilọn bụ Belteshaza) ma kenye òkè nke nri na mmanya.  Ma Daniel kpebisiri ike na ọ gaghi-emeru onwe-ya, o we ju ihe-oriri na manya-vine nke eze, nātọ kwa ufọdu nime inyinya-vine na miri kama.  Chineke nye-kwa-ra ha ihe-ọmuma na nghọta, o we nye Daniel nghọta bayere ọhù na nrọ: ma mb͕e arọ atọ ahu gwusiri, ọ dighi onye nātuyere ha n'amam-ihe na nghọta.

 Ọdịdị na nhazi 
 1. 1 1.0 1.1 Sew 2003, p. 19-20.

2.1 2.0 2.1 Levine 2010, p. 1234.

3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Seow 2003, p. 20-21.

4. Brettler 2005, p. 213.

5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Collins 1984, p. 2, 28 .

6.1 6.0 6.1 6.2 Collins 1984, p. 45.

7. t Collins 1984, p. 29, 34-35.

8. 1 Collins 1984, r. 28.

9.1 Redditt 2009, p. 176-177, 180.

10. ↑ Wesselius 2002, p. 295.

11.1 11.0 11.1 Redditt 2009, p. 177.

12. 1 12.0 12.1 12.2 Sew 2003, p. 20.

13. Crawford 2000, p. 73.

14. Davies 2006, p. 397-406.

15. Carroll 2000, p. 420-421.

16. ↑ Newsom & Breed 2014, p. 63.

17. 1 17.0 17.1 Nelson 2013, p. enweghị akwụkwọ.

18. ↑ Matthews & Moyer 2012, p. 267.

19. ↑ Levine 2010, p. 1235 fn1.8-21.

20. ↑ Collins 1984, p. 45-46 .

21.1 21.0 21.1 Davies 2001, p. 251-252.

Akwụkwọ Daniel malitere dị ka mkpokọta akụkọ ifo n'etiti ndị Juu bi na Babịlọn na Mesopotemia n'oge ndị Peshia na oge mbụ nke ndị Gris (narị afọ nke 5 ruo nke atọ TOA), tupu a gbasaa n'oge Maccabean (n'etiti narị afọ nke abụọ) site na mgbakwunye nke ọhụụ ndị dị na isi 7-12.[7]  Daniel bụ onye a ma ama,[8] eleghị anya a họpụtara ịbụ dike nke akwụkwọ ahụ n'ihi aha ya dị ka onye ọhụ ụzọ maara ihe n'ọdịnala Hibru.[9]  Akụkọ ndị ahụ dị n’olu onye na-akọ akụkọ a na-amaghị aha, ma e wezụga isi 4, nke dị n’ụdị akwụkwọ ozi sitere n’aka eze Nebukadneza.[10]  Isi nile nke 2–7 dị n’ụdị chiasmus, usoro uri nke etinyere isi ihe ma ọ bụ ozi nke akụkụ n’ime etiti ma mekwaa ya site na ikwugharị ọzọ n’akụkụ abụọ:

 A. (2:4b-49) - Nrọ nke alaeze anọ jiri nke ise dochie anya
 B. (3:1-30) - Ndị enyi atọ Daniel nọ n'ọkụ ọkụ
 C. (4:1-37) - Daniel kọwaara Nebukadneza nrọ
 C'.  (5:1-31) - Daniel na-akọwa ihe odide aka dị na mgbidi maka Belshazzar
 B'.  (6:1-28) - Daniel n'ogige ọdụm
 A'.  (7:1-28) - Ọhụụ nke alaeze ụwa anọ nke nke ise dochie

Daniel 1 na-eje ozi dị ka okwu mmeghe nke akwụkwọ ahụ, na-egosi otú Chineke na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ndị mmadụ yiri ka ha dara (ya bụ, otú Chineke si guzoro maka ndị ya mgbe ha nọ n'ala ọzọ ma nọrọ n'okpuru ike ala ọzọ).[12]  Otu akụkụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke akwụkwọ ahụ bụ na akụkọ ndekọta nke isi 2–6 na ọhụụ ndị dị n’isi nke asaa dị n’Aramaic (mgbe e mesịrị ahịrị ole na ole mbụ nke isi 2 n’asụsụ Hibru).  Otú ọ dị, ọhụụ nke isi 8–12 dị n’asụsụ Hibru, dịkwa ka ọ dị ná mmalite, isi 1

 Ụdị 
Akwụkwọ nke Daniel bụ apocalypse, ụdị edemede nke e ji kpughe eziokwu nke eluigwe nye onye nnata;  Ihe e ji mara ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ọhụụ, ihe atụ, onye na-akọwa mmụọ ozi, na imesi ike na ihe omume ọgwụgwụ oge.[13]  Apọkalips bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị site na 300 TOA ruo 100 OA, ọ bụghị nanị n'etiti ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst, kama ndị Gris, ndị Rom, ndị Peasia na ndị Ijipt.[14]  Daniel, dike nke akwụkwọ ahụ, bụ onye nnọchi anya ọhụ ụzọ apocalyptic, onye natara mkpughe nke Chineke.  Ọ jụrụ ịmụta amamihe nke ndị dibịa afa Babilọn ma si otú ahụ karịrị ha, n’ihi na Chineke ya bụ isi iyi nke ihe ọmụma n’ezie.  Akwukwo a bu kwa eschatology, nke putara nkpughe nke di nso gbasara njedebe nke oge di ugbua, oge nke Chineke ga-etinye aka n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme iji webata ala-eze ikpe-azu.

 Isiokwu 
Isi okwu n’ozuzu nke Akwụkwọ Daniel bụ ọbụbụeze Chineke n’akụkọ ihe mere eme, [2] na isiokwu nke akụkọ ifo ndị dị n’isi nke 1–6 bụ na Chineke na-achị ndị eze nile nke ụwa.[16]  Daniel 1 na-ewebata ajụjụ bụ isi nke na-agafe n'akwụkwọ ahụ dum, ka Chineke ga-esi nọgide na-arụ ọrụ ya mgbe ihe niile yiri ka ọ furu efu.[12]  Isi nke 1 na-ewebata Chineke dị ka onye na-achịkwa ihe niile na-eme, onye nwere uche na ike: ọ "na-enye" ​​Jehoiakim n'aka Nebukadneza, ọ "na-enye" ​​Daniel "amara na obi ebere", na ọ bụ ya na-enye ndị Juu anọ na-eto eto "ihe ọmụma na nkà" ha.[12]  Ọ bụ Chineke kpọgara Daniel na ndị enyi ya n’agha na Babilọn, ọ bụkwa Chineke bụ isi iyi nke onyinye na nzọpụta ha.

 Nkọwa 

 Daniel 1 na akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Dị ka amaokwu mmalite nke Daniel 1 si kwuo, a dọọrọ dike ahụ n'agha mgbe Nebukadneza "gburu" Jerusalem n'afọ nke atọ nke Eze Jehoyakimi (606 BCE), mana o siri ike iji mee ka amaokwu ndị a kwekọọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme a maara:

 Dị ka akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị na Bible si kwuo, Nebukadneza amaliteghị ịchị ruo n’afọ nke anọ nke Jehoyakim (Jeremaịa 25:1);
 Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Babilọn kwuru na mkpọsa Nebukadneza mere na Palestine dị ka Onyeisi okpueze tupu nke a, ma ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla na Jerusalem;
 Isi mmalite nile, nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ na nke Babilọn, kwuru banyere mwakpo e busoro Jerusalem na 597, ma ọ dịghị nke mbụ.

Akụkọ Daniel mechiri n’ọhụụ ikpeazụ ya n’afọ nke atọ nke Saịrọs (Daniel 10:1 – isi 11 na 12 nke akwụkwọ ahụ bụ n’ihu n’ihu nke otu ọhụụ ikpeazụ ahụ) Afọ nke atọ nke Saịrọs bụ 536 TOA, ọ bụ ezie na eziokwu ahụ bụ na nke a dabara kpọmkwem afọ 70 mgbe 586 gasịrị nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe dị ịrịba ama (onye dere ya adịghị adọrọ uche gaa na ya), ọ dabara na Daniel 9, bụ́ ebe ọ na-ewebata amụma nke ogologo oge 70 ga-ewe maka ndị a dọọrọ n'agha. O doro anya na ọ dọtara akụkọ ya na 2 Ihe E Mere 36: 5-7, nke kwuru na Nebukadneza na-ebuso Jehoyakiya, onye ghọrọ eze mgbe ọ nwụrụ) na 2 Ndị Eze 24:1, nke kwuru na Jehoyakim jeere Nebukadneza ozi afọ atọ wee nupụ isi. A ga-elebio akụkọ banyere Daniel na ndị enyi ya aka ịdọ aka ná ntị Aịsaịa ka ndị amụma bụrụ onye a na-ahụ maka Eze Hezeka (Aịzaya 39: 7), ọ bụ ezie na nke a apụtaghị na amaokwu a sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ.

 Daniel jụrụ nri eze 
Atụlewo ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe mere Daniel ji jụ ihe oriri eze.  Nkọwa nke eleghị anya a na-ahụkarị bụ na Daniel na ndị enyi ya chọrọ izere imebi iwu okpukpe ndị Juu banyere igbu ọchụ (iwu ndị kosher);[18] n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọ pụrụ ịbụ na ha chọrọ izere anụ na mmanya dị ka ndị a, n'adịghị ka akwụkwọ nri na mmiri, bụ ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'àjà nye chi (na nke a, chi Babilọn).  N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, isi ihe mmụta okpukpe a na-ekwu bụ na ndị ntorobịa ndị Juu nọgidere na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye Chineke Izrel ka ha ka na-ejere eze ala ọzọ ozi.

 Ndị dere Akwụkwọ Daniel 
Nkọwa nke Daniel na ndị enyi ya dị ka ndị ntorobịa a ma ama na ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ pụrụ igosipụta gburugburu ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụ: ndị ntorobịa ndị Juu na-ejere eze ala ọzọ ozi ma nọgide na-agbaso iwu ndị Juu.[20]  A na-amata okirikiri a mgbe e mesịrị n'akwụkwọ ahụ, n'isi nke 11 na 12, dị ka maskilim, "ndị maara ihe", ndị nkuzi ndị "ga-enye nghọta" na "duru ọtụtụ mmadụ n'ezi omume," n'agbanyeghị nhụjuanya ha ga-atachi obi na njedebe oge nke mkpagbu.[21].  Ọ bụ ndị nkụzi amamihe nke narị afọ nke abụọ TOA bụ ndị guzo n'azụ onye dere akwụkwọ Daniel.

 Ihe odide 

 Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ 
 1. 1 1.0 1.1 Sew 2003, p. 19-20.
2.1 2.0 2.1 Levine 2010, p. 1234.

3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Seow 2003, p. 20-21.

4. Brettler 2005, p. 213.

5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Collins 1984, p. 2, 28 .

6.1 6.0 6.1 6.2 Collins 1984, p. 45.

7. t Collins 1984, p. 29, 34-35.

8. 1 Collins 1984, r. 28.

9.1 Redditt 2009, p. 176-177, 180.

10. ↑ Wesselius 2002, p. 295.

11.1 11.0 11.1 Redditt 2009, p. 177.

12. 1 12.0 12.1 12.2 Sew 2003, p. 20.

13. Crawford 2000, p. 73.

14. Davies 2006, p. 397-406.

15. Carroll 2000, p. 420-421.

16. ↑ Newsom & Breed 2014, p. 63.

17. 1 17.0 17.1 Nelson 2013, p. enweghị akwụkwọ.

18. ↑ Matthews & Moyer 2012, p. 267.

19. ↑ Levine 2010, p. 1235 fn1.8-21.

20. ↑ Collins 1984, p. 45-46 .

21.1 21.0 21.1 Davies 2001, p. 251-252.

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Levine, Amy-Jill (2010). "Daniel". Na Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol A. (eds.). Ọhụrụ Oxford ji akwụkwọ Apọkrịfa/Deuterocanonical: New Revised Standard Version degharịa Bible ọhụrụ ahụ. Mahadum Oxford Press. ISBN 9780199370504.

Lucas, Ernest C. (2005). "Daniel, Akwụkwọ nke". Na Vanhoozer, Kevin J.; Bartholomew, Craig G.; Treier, Daniel J. (eds.). Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu maka nkọwa okpukpere chi nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ. Ọmụmụ Baker. ISBN 9780801026942.

Mangano, Mark (2001). Esther & Daniel. College Press.

ICDM 070000000051

Mangano, Mark (2001). Esther & Daniel. College Press.

ISBN 9780899008851.

Matthews, Victor H.; Moyer, James C. (2012). Agba Ochie: Ederede na Okwu. Akwụkwọ Baker.

ISBN 9780801048357.

Nelson, William (2013). Daniel. Akwụkwọ Baker. ISBN 9781441240064.

Newsom, Carol A.; Ụdị, Brennan W. (2014). Daniel: nkọwa. Ụlọ ọrụ Presbyterian Publishing Corp.

ISBN 9780664220808.

Nichol, F., ed. (1954). "Chartị oge". SDA nkọwa Bible. 326-327.

Niskanen, Paul (2004). Mmadụ na Chineke na akụkọ ihe mere eme: Herodotus na Akwụkwọ Daniel. Na-aga n'ihu. ISBN 9780567082138.

Pasachoff, Naomi E.; Littman, Robert J. (2005). Akụkọ nkenke nke ndị Juu. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742543669.

Portier-Young, Anathea E. (2013). Apọkalips megide Alaeze Ukwu: Theology of Resistance in Early Judaism. Eardman. ISBN 9780802837110.

Provan, afọ (2003). "Daniel". Na Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eardmans nkọwa na Bible. Eardman. ISBN 9780802837110.

Redditt, Paul L. (2009). Okwu Mmalite nke Ndị Amụma. Eardman. ISBN 9780802828965.

Reid, Stephen Breck (2000). "Daniel, Akwụkwọ nke". Na Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Eerdmans nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ. Eardman.

ISBN 9789053565032.

Rowland, Christopher (2007). "Akwụkwọ Apọkalips". Na Hass, Andrew; Jasper, Devid; Jay, Elisabeth (eds.). Akwụkwọ Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology. Mahadum Oxford Press. ISBN 9780199271979.

Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper (1998). Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke onyonyo Akwụkwọ Nsọ. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830867332.

Sacchi, Paolo (2004). Akụkọ nke Oge Ụlọ Nsọ nke Abụọ. Na-aga n'ihu. ISBN 9780567044501.

Schwartz, Daniel R. (1992). Ọmụmụ ihe na ndabere nke ndị Juu nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161457982.

Sew, C.L. (2003). Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256753.

Schiffman, Lawrence H. (1991). Site na ederede gaa na ọdịnala: Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ nsọ nke abụọ na okpukpe ndị Juu nke Rabbin. Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ KTAV. ISBN 9780881253726.

Spencer, Richard A. (2002). "Ihe mgbakwunye na Daniel". Na Mills, Watson E.; Wilson,

Spencer, Richard A. (2002). "Ihe mgbakwunye na Daniel". Na Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. (eds.). Deuterocanonicals/Apọkrịfa. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865545106.

Towner, W. Sibley (1993). "Daniel". Na Coogan, Michael D.; Metzger, Bruce M. (eds.). The Oxford Companion na Bible. Mahadum Oxford Press. ISBN 9780199743919.

Towner, W. Sibley (1984). Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664237561.

Vanderkam, James C. (2010). Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ Taa. Eardman. ISBN 9780802864352.

Vanderkam, James C.; Flint, Peter (2013). Ihe akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ pụtara: ihe ha pụtara maka ịghọta Bible, okpukpe ndị Juu, Jizọs, na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062243300.

Weber, Timothy P. (2007). "Millennialism". Na Walls, Jerry L. (ed.). Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Oxford nke Eschatology. Mahadum Oxford Press. ISBN 9780199742486.

Wesselius, Jan-Wim (2002). "Ihe odide Daniel". Na Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). Akwụkwọ Daniel: Ihe mejupụtara na nnabata. BRILL. ISBN 978- 0199742486

Wesselius, Jan-Wim (2002). "Ihe odide Daniel". Na Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). Akwụkwọ Daniel: Ihe mejupụtara na nnabata. BRILL. ISBN 978-0391041288.

Hoehner, Harold W. (1978).

Akụkụ oge nke ndụ Kraịst ([bipụta nke ise] ed.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. p. 115.

ISBN 9780310262114.

Montgomery, James A (1927). Nkọwa Dị Mkpa na Nkọwapụta nke Akwụkwọ Daniel (BiblioBazaar, 2010 Mbipụta ed.). Edinburgh: T & T Clark.

p. 372-404.

ISBN 9781176278707.

Walvoord, nkọwa nke John F. (1989). Daniel: mkpịsị ugodi nke mkpughe amụma (Moody Paperback ed.). Chicago: Moody Press.

ISBN 9780802417534.