Asụsụ Emerillon

Emerillon ( endonym Teko ; nke a makwaara dị ka Emerilon, Emerion, Mereo, Melejo, Mereyo, Teco ) bụ asụsụ nke ezinụlọ Tupi–Guarani, Tritsch, Grenand, Damien (2012). "Construction et restructuration territoriale chez les Wayãpi et Teko de la commune de Camopi, Guyane française". Confins. 16: 1–26 – via ResearchGate.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list otu n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ a na-enyochakarị na Amazonia. Rose, F. "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana". HAL Archives-ouvertes. HAL. Asụsụ ndị metụtara Emerillon kacha nso bụ Waampípukú, Waampí, na Jo'é.

Otu obere obodo bi na mpaghara abụọ nke French Guiana na-asụ Emerillon: Osimiri Maroni na njikọ Oyapock-Camopi. Rose, F. "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana". HAL Archives-ouvertes. HAL. Ndị na-asụ Emerillon na-ezo aka na onwe ha na asụsụ ha Teko . Rose, Gordon (2006). "Émérillon Stress: A Phonetic and Phonological Study". Anthropological Linguistics. 48 (2): 132–168. JSTOR 25132376.

Ọnụọgụ ikpeazụ e dekọrọ nke ndị ọkà okwu Emerillon bụ 410, dịka e dekọrọ na 2010.  Edepụtara asụsụ a ugbu a dị ka nke nọ n'ihe egwu n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị obere. Otú ọ dị, a ka na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ọgbọ ọ bụla ma na-akụzi ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ, na-enwechaghị mmetụta site n'asụsụ ndị a na-asụ n'ógbè ahụ. Rose, F. "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana". HAL Archives-ouvertes. HAL.

 Ọkpụkpụ 
Emerillon ka a na-asụpe n'ụdị ụda olu dabere na mkpụrụedemede ụda olu mba ụwa, ọ bụghị dịka ọkpụkpụ French siri dị. [ 6 ] Nsụpe ahụ na-eji mkpụrụedemede ɨ maka ụdaume etiti na-enweghị okirikiri n'etiti i na u. [ 7 ] e na-akpọkarị é, ụdaume nwere tilde na-abụkarị imi ( ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ ), ö dị ka German O umlaut, na b a na-akpọ mb . A na-akpọ mkpụrụedemede niile. [ 7 ]

 Nhazi 
Emerillon bụ ngalaba asụsụ Tupi–Guarani nke ezinụlọ Tupi. Tritsch, Grenand, Damien (2012). "Construction et restructuration territoriale chez les Wayãpi et Teko de la commune de Camopi, Guyane française". Confins. 16: 1–26 – via ResearchGate.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list N'ime ezinụlọ a, a na-ahụ Emerillon n'ime obere otu nke Asatọ yana asụsụ Wayampi, Wayampípukú, Guajá, na ọtụtụ asụsụ Amazonian ndị ọzọ ( asụsụ Wayampi bụ onye ikwu ya kacha nso na myirịta na nso nso nke ndị na-asụ obodo). Rose, F. "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana". HAL Archives-ouvertes. HAL.

Emerillon ka ekewapụtara dị ka asụsụ nọ n'ihe egwu n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu 400 na-adịkarị ala (ọnụọgụ na-adịbeghị anya na-atụle ndị na-ekwu okwu 410).

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Emerillon bụ asụsụ na-ekekọrịta ọtụtụ ihe na isi mmalite ndị dị n'èzí. Ọ na-enweta okwu sitere na Creoles, French, na asụsụ ndị India America ndị ọzọ (nyere ọnọdụ ya na French Guiana n'akụkụ ebo ndị ọzọ). N'ime ọtụtụ ebo dị na French Guiana, Emerillon na-emekọrịta ihe na ebo ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị mba ọzọ ebe ọ bụ na ha enweela ike ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na-ebelata n'etiti 1900s. Navet, Eric (1998). "Le Parc de la forêt tropicale guyanaise : espace de vie ou dernier avatar du colonialisme ?". Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée. 40: 329–354. doi:10.3406/jatba.1998.3677 – via Persee. Tupu mgbe ahụ, Emerillon sitere na ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ya na nkwurịta okwu agbụrụ n'ime ezinụlọ Tupi-Guarani. Ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ Tupi na-ekerịta ụdị àgwà, dị ka iji SOV syntax na okwu nkịtị. Wayampi bụ asụsụ Emerillon kacha nso na ezinụlọ Tupi, ndị na-asụ ya bụkwa ebo kacha nso na ndị Teko. Mgbe mba ndị bụ́ isi mba ụwa bịarutere, bụ́ nke mbụ Spen si bịa na 1496, mmetụta mba ọzọ masịrị ndị bi n’ebe a na-akpọ French Guiana ugbu a. Mgbe ndị France biri ma chịkwaa ókèala ahụ na 1600s, Emerillon malitere ibiri okwu na usoro okwu.

Tupu mkparịta ụka mbụ dị n'etiti ndị isi mba ofesi n'oge ahụ na ndị na-asụ Emerillon, ọ na-esiri ike ikwu kpọmkwem ebe na mgbe mbụ a malitere asụsụ ahụ na otú o si gbanwee ka oge na-aga, n'ihi na ndị Teko na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara ahụ abanyeghị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ruo mgbe ahụ.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ọmụmụ banyere ndị Teko tupu 1970 na-enye echiche na ndị bi na ya agbadala na ndị na-asụ Emerillon 50. Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha ọhụrụ nke ndị Teko chọpụtara na enwere opekata mpe 400 ndị na-asụ Emerillon na French Guiana. Tritsch, Grenand, Damien (2012). "Construction et restructuration territoriale chez les Wayãpi et Teko de la commune de Camopi, Guyane française". Confins. 16: 1–26 – via ResearchGate.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Otú ọ dị, nke a apụtaghị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Teko adịghị agbada, ma ọ bụ enwebeghị nnukwu mfu. N'afọ ndị 1700 na 1800, oke mbibi malitere. N'ime ezinụlọ ebo niile dị na French Guiana, ezinụlọ Tupi, nke ndị Teko bụ akụkụ nke ha, enweela mfu kacha njọ. N'ezie, ndị Teko nwere mfu nke abụọ kachasị elu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ebo Tupi niile, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 88% kemgbe ahụ. De Souza Aguiar, G (1991). "Ethnohistory, Intertribal Relationships, and Genetic Diversity among Amazonian Indians". Human Biology. 63 (6): 743–762. JSTOR 41464230. PMID 1959909.

Ọtụtụ n'ime mkpochapụ nke ndị Teko na ebo ndị agbata obi bụ n'ihi ọrịa na-egbu egbu dị ka influenza na ịba, na-akpata mbelata ihe ruru 88% na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na narị afọ nke 19.  Ndị agbụrụ Tupi na ndị mba ọzọ butere ọrịa a, bụ nke dịtụ elu karịa ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ.  Ndị si mba ọzọ bi n'ógbè ahụ, ya bụ ndị French, kpalitere agha n'etiti ebo ndị ahụ, kpatara ọnwụ ọzọ. Navet, Eric (1998). "Le Parc de la forêt tropicale guyanaise : espace de vie ou dernier avatar du colonialisme ?". Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée. 40: 329–354. doi:10.3406/jatba.1998.3677 – via Persee.

Oge mmekọ ndị a na ndị France na mba ndị ọzọ metụtara asụsụ ahụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, asụsụ French nwere mmetụta na-erugharị n'ime Emerillon, ọ bụ ezie na na Emerillon, a na-eji nasality mee ihe n'akụkụ n'ime nkebiokwu. Okwu French mechiri na ụdaume imi ga-aghọ imi kpam kpam n'otu Emerillon. Rose, F. "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana". HAL Archives-ouvertes. HAL. Kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke 20, a na-ahụ ndị Teko ka ha na ndị na-asụ Wayampi (Waiãpi) na-ekwurịta okwu. De Souza Aguiar, G (1991). "Ethnohistory, Intertribal Relationships, and Genetic Diversity among Amazonian Indians". Human Biology. 63 (6): 743–762. JSTOR 41464230. PMID 1959909. Asụsụ Wayampi bụkwa asụsụ kachasị nso na Emerillon, a na-aghọtakwa ha abụọ n'otu n'otu. N'afọ ndị 1950, enyemaka ahụike dịịrị ọtụtụ ebo gụnyere Teko, na-enye ohere ka ha kwụsịlata ma dị ize ndụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya. Navet, Eric (1998). "Le Parc de la forêt tropicale guyanaise : espace de vie ou dernier avatar du colonialisme ?". Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée. 40: 329–354. doi:10.3406/jatba.1998.3677 – via Persee. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a fọdụrụ na-agbasi mbọ ike na-agafe asụsụ ahụ site n'ọgbọ ọ bụla, na-ejigide mkpa ya na ọnọdụ ya dị ka asụsụ obodo nke ndị Teko.

N'ịtụle ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nke ndị ọkà okwu Emerillon site na tupu 1970 nke chọpụtara na ọ dị n'okpuru 100 ọkà okwu,  mmeghe nke enyemaka ahụike, na ngụkọ 2010 sochirinụ na-achọpụta na ebe 410 na-ekwu okwu Emerillon na French Guiana,  enwere ihe akaebe nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-abawanye na ọkara narị afọ gara aga. Asụsụ Emerillon bịara nso ikpochapụ.

Omenala Emerillon bara ụba na ịkọ akụkọ na ọdịnala. Ndị Teko na-etinye nnukwu mkpa na akụ sitere n'okike na omenala dabere na ụwa gbara ha gburugburu, nke a pụtara ìhè n'akụkọ ifo na ịkọ akụkọ ha. Otu akụkọ dị otú ahụ na-akọwa akụkọ banyere ikpuru nke na-eleta nwanyị Emerillon, hụrụ ya n'anya, wee ghọọ nwoke iji nweta ya. Nke a worm-nwoke na-aghọta ụdị ndụ siri ike na ịrụsi ọrụ ike nke ndị ya, ma na-akpọga onye hụrụ ya n'anya ọhụrụ na ezinụlọ ya na ndị worm ya ndị kwetara inyere ha aka. Ndị ikpuru na-enye ha nnukwu akụ: ọka, ọka, akpu na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ha na-akụ ụfọdụ n’ime ihe ọkụkụ ha, ma mgbe nwoke idide gwara onye hụrụ ya n’anya ka ọ gaa chọọ ihe ndị ọzọ ha kụrụ, ụjọ na-atụ ya ịchọwa ma ọ gaghị aga ozugbo. Mgbe o mesịrị gaa ileba ihe onwunwe anya, owuwe ihe ubi adịghị ike. Ọzọkwa, nchịkọta nkenke a nke akụkọ ọdịnala Emerillon na-egosi mmesi ike na mkpa ọ dị ịrụsi ọrụ ike na mmekọrịta siri ike na Ụwa na ihe onwunwe ya. Ọ na-egosipụtakwa njikọ miri emi nke asụsụ ahụ na okike. Navet, Eric (1998). "Le Parc de la forêt tropicale guyanaise : espace de vie ou dernier avatar du colonialisme ?". Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée. 40: 329–354. doi:10.3406/jatba.1998.3677 – via Persee.

 Nkesa ala 

 Ọkwa gọọmentị 
Emerillon nọ n'ihe egwu, ọ bụghịkwa asụsụ gọọmentị nke otu obodo. Kama, ndị na-asụ Emerillon (ndị Teko ) bi na obere akụkụ nke French Guiana, ógbè dị na South America nke ndị France biri na njedebe narị afọ nke 16, nke dị n'etiti Suriname na Brazil, nke dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri Atlantic. A na-achọta Teko na mpaghara ndịda nke mba ahụ, ma kewara ya ụzọ abụọ. Otu ìgwè bi n'akụkụ Osimiri Tampoc, nke abụọ dịkwa nso na Camopi .  Ekwenyere na ndị na-ekwu okwu Emerillon nọ na mpaghara ndị a kemgbe afọ 1600, nke nwere ezi ihe kpatara a maara maka ihe kpatara ha ji ebi na ebe abụọ dị iche iche.  Otu abụọ a na-ekwurịta okwu na ibe ha, na oge ụfọdụ ha na ebo ndị agbata obi dị ka Wayampi, ndị Emerillon na-aghọta asụsụ ha. Emerillon ka na-ebufe site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ n'ihi ntakịrị mmetụta dị n'èzí na ndị Teko, na n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị ala, asụsụ ahụ adịghị ka ọ ga-apụ n'anya n'oge na-adịghị anya ma ọ bụrụ na omenala dị.

 Olumba/ụdị dị iche iche 
Emerillon enweghị olumba ama ama, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ aha ọzọ maka asụsụ ahụ dị: Emerilon, Emerion, Mero, Melejo, Mereyo, na Teco.

 fonology 
Emerillon Consonants: p, b, t, h, d, tʃ, dʒ, k, kʷ, g, s, z, w, j, ɾ, ʔ . Rose, Gordon (2006). "Émérillon Stress: A Phonetic and Phonological Study". Anthropological Linguistics. 48 (2): 132–168. JSTOR 25132376.

Enwere ọtụtụ consonants achọtara n'asụsụ Emerillon sitere na asụsụ dị iche iche dị na mpụga na mmetụta. Emerillon na-eji consonant labiovelar kʷ, nke bụ ụda olu a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'Africa na ndịda America. Na Emerillon, a na-akpọkwa "y" dị ka "j." Asụsụ ahụ na-egosipụtakwa nkwụsị glottal n'ụdị consonant " ʔ ." A na-emepụta ụda a site na-emechi ngwa ngwa ikuku na glottis, na-emepụta ụda "nkwụsị". A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke nkwụsị glottal ndị a n'ihe atụ Syntax dị na ibe a.
 Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Ụlọ nyocha. -vel. Glottal Plosive voiceless p t tʃ k kʷ ʔ voiced b d dʒ g Nke na-ese okwu voiceless s h voiced z  Mmiri mmiri ɾ  Semivowel w j
+Mkpọ okwu consonant metụtara Bekee Mkpọ okwu ọnụ dʒ "j" tʃ "ch" kʷ "kwuh (kuh)" ʔ n/a- nkwụsị olu
Udaume Emerillon : i, u, ɨ, e, a, o, na ǝ. 
 N'ihu Central Azu Mechie i ɨ u N'etiti e ə o Mepee a

 Prosody 
Na mgbakwunye na phonology mkpụrụedemede, asụsụ Emerillon nwere nkọwa doro anya nke na-adịkarị n'etiti asụsụ ezinụlọ Tupi ndị ọzọ yiri ya. Okwu pụtara ịpụta ma ọ bụ jide mkpa na-enwekarị ịdịgasị iche n'ụdị ụda olu, ebe a na-edobe isi okwu kachasị elu na ngwaa ma ọ bụ ngwaa. N'ịtụle usoro SOV syntax nke asụsụ ahụ, nke a pụtara na nkebi ahịrịokwu dị ike ga-abawanye na ụda olu ruo mgbe ngwaa, ebe a na-achọta isi okwu. 

 Ụtọ asụsụ 

 Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 
Emerillon, n'otu aka ahụ na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke ezinụlọ Tupi-Guarani, bụ asụsụ agglutinative . Asụsụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ morphemes emegharịrị. A naghị ejikarị prefixes eme ihe, ma mgbe ọ dị ha, ha na-egosikarị okike na ịmata mmadụ. Suffixes bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ma n'ezie, a na-eji megharịa ọtụtụ okwu. Rose, F. "A typological overview of Emerillon, a Tupi-Guarani language from French Guiana". HAL Archives-ouvertes. HAL.

Asụsụ ahụ nwekwara akara nke polysynthesis, ya mere na-ejikarị nchikota ọtụtụ morphemes na suffixes mepụta otu okwu ma ọ bụ okwu. Tonhauser, Colijn, Judith, Erika (2010). "WORD ORDER IN PARAGUAYAN GUARANÍ". International Journal of American Linguistics. 76 (2): 255–288. doi:10.1086/652267. JSTOR 10.1086/652267. S2CID 73554080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list

N'ihe atụ a nke Erika Coljin zoro aka na ya, a na-agbakwunye okwu atọ na morpheme bụ "karu" (iji rie) dị ka a ga-asị na ha na-ejikọta suffixes iji mepụta otu okwu bara uru nke gụnyere ihe omume, oge, nzube, wdg.


 Syntax 
Okwu nke Emerillon na-abụkarị SOV (isiokwu, ihe, ngwaa). Agbanyeghị, nke a anaghị adị mgbe niile ma ọ bụrụ na isiokwu ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe anaghị eme n'ahịrịokwu ahụ. 

Ọmụmaatụ nke usoro okwu Emerillon: 


 Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ 


 Ntụaka 

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 


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 De Souza Aguiar, G. (1991). Ethnohistory, Intertribal Relationships, and Genetic Diversity among Amazonian Indians. Human Biology, 63(6), 743-762. JSTOR 241464230
 Gordon, M., & Rose, F. (2006). Émérillon Stress: A Phonetic and Phonological Study. Anthropological Linguistics, 48(2), 132-168. JSTOR 225132376
 Grenand, P. (1995). Guyane française: Le parc de la forêt tropicale et les amérindiens. Journal De La Société Des Américanistes, 81, 294-298. JSTOR 224605791
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 Larrouy Georges, Y. Marty, Ruffié Jacques. (1965). Étude hémotypologique des populations indiennes de la Guyane française ; I. les groupes érythrocytaires. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XI° Série. Tome 7 fascicule 1, 1965. pp. 107–117.
 Rose, F. (2009). A hierarchical indexation system: the example of Emerillon (Teko). In New challenges in typology: Transcending the borders and refining the distinctions, 63, 83.
 Davy Damien , Isabelle Tritsch & Pierre Grenand. 2012. Construction and territorial restructuring among the Wayãpi and Teko of the commune of Camopi, French Guyana,  Confins [Online], 16.  doi:10.4000/confins.7964
 Tonhauser, J., & Colijn, E. (2010). Word Order In Paraguayan Guaraní. International Journal of American Linguistics, 76(2), 255-288.  doi:10.1086/652267
 Ferraz Gerardi, Fabrício et al. 2021. Tupían Lexical Database: Tekó. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5655343
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations