Asụsụ Atakapa

Atakapa / / ˈtækə pə ,​​​ - pɑː /,   nwa afọ   ) bụ asụsụ ekpochapụpụrụ iche nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Louisiana na dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ Texas . Ọ bụ ndị Atakapa (nke a makwaara dị ka Ishak, mgbe okwu ha pụtara maka "ndị mmadụ") kwuru ya. Asụsụ ahụ kwụsịrị ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20. 

 Nhazi 
Mgbe a na-ahụta dị ka onye dịpụrụ adịpụ, enweela mbọ iji jikọọ Atakapa na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. Na 1919 John R. Swanton tụpụtara ezinụlọ asụsụ Tunican nke ga-agụnye Atakapa, Tunica, na Chitimacha ; Morris Swadesh ga-emecha nye ọrụ na-elekwasị anya na njikọ dị n'etiti Atakapa na Chitimacha. Mary Haas mechara gbasaa atụmatụ a site n'ịgbakwunye Natchez na asụsụ Muskogean, echiche a maara dị ka Gulf . Achọpụtabeghị ezinaụlọ ndị a chọrọ. Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America (First paperback ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 344. ISBN 0-521-23228-7. Myirịta dị n'etiti Atakapa na Chitimacha, opekata mpe, nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oge “mkparịta ụka siri ike [n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ ahụ] n'ihi ịdị nso ala ha. Kaufman, David (2014). "Another Look at Atakapa". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 35: 72–78.</ref>

 Olumba 
Dị ka Swanton (1929) na Goddard (1996) si kwuo, Atakapa nwere ike kewaa n'ime ụdị Eastern na Western. </ref> A maara Eastern Atakapa site na nkọwa nkọwa French-Atakapa nwere ndenye 287, nke Martin Duralde chịkọtara na 1802.  Ndị ọkà okwu Duralde gbara ajụjụ ọnụ bi na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala Atakapa, gburugburu Poste des Attakapas (ugbu a Saint Martinville ). 

Western Atakapa bụ nke kacha agba akaebe na ụdị abụọ a. Na 1885, Albert Gatschet chịkọtara okwu, ahịrịokwu, na ederede sitere na ndị ọkà okwu Atakapa abụọ, Louison Huntington na Delilah Moss  na Lake Charles, Louisiana . John R. Swanton na ndị ọkà okwu abụọ ọzọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na nso Lake Charles: Teet Verdine na 1907, na Armojean Reon na 1908.  Ọzọkwa, na 1721, Jean Béranger chịkọtara ntakịrị okwu site n'aka ndị ọkà okwu a dọọrọ n'agha na Galveston Bay .  Eastern Atakapa is known from a French-Atakapa glossary with 287 entries, compiled in 1802 by Martin Duralde.Durald, Martin. Vocabulaire de la Language des Atacapas. Gallatin, 1836.John Swanton rụrụ ụka na okwu Béranger nọchiri anya asụsụ Akokisa, nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo si Galveston Bay na-asụ. Enwere obere ihe akaebe na-akwado nkwupụta ya. 

 fonology 

 Udaume 
Atakapa nwere ụdaume ise dị ka ewepụtara na Swadesh (1946). Ogologo ụdaume dị iche na Atakapa.
 N'ihu Central Azu Mechie i u N'etiti e o Mepee a

 Consonants 
Dịka Swadesh (1946) siri kwuo, Atakapa nwere consonants ewepụtara na eserese na-esonụ.
 Labial eze Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal imi m n ŋ Plosive p t ts ⟨ c ⟩ k Nke na-ese okwu ɬ ⟨ ł ⟩ ʃ ⟨ š ⟩ h Odika w l j ⟨ y ⟩
N'okpuru /ŋ/ na-apụta dị ka [k] mgbe ọ pụtara na njedebe nke syllable. Swadesh gara n'ihu na-ekwu na /m/ na-apụtakarị dị ka [n] ma ọ bụ [ŋ] okwu-n'ikpeazụ na ụfọdụ adjectives, mana "ọdịiche na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ederede [Gatschet]" na-egbochi ya ịkwado ọnọdụ ọ bụla ọzọ maka nke a. Swadesh, Morris (July 1946). "Phonologic Formulas for Atakapa-Chitimacha". International Journal of American Linguistics. 12 (3): 113–132. doi:10.1086/463901. JSTOR 1262991. S2CID 144473306. Ọzọkwa, amabeghị ma /n/ ọ bụ n'ezie fọnịm dị iche na /ŋ/; Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ ikpe, Swadesh na-arụ ụka, mgbe ahụ okwu ndị nwere ikpeazụ /n/ ga-abịarịrị n'oge ọzọ.

Ụyọkọ consonant nwere nkwụsị na-esochi sibilant - n'onwe ha sitere na ụdaume epenthesis - na-ebutekarị na /c/. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kec-k ("imeju") sitere na * keks, nke sitere na epenthesis na usoro mkpochapụ ụdaume ikpeazụ na * kekesi, nke n'onwe ya bụ ụdị * kesi emegharịgharịrị .  Otú ọ dị, e nwere okwu nke suffix - kš pụtara, na-atụ aro na iwu nkwekọrịta a na-agba ọsọ na oge mbụ. 

 Nhazi okwu na nrụgide 
Ụdị mkpụrụokwu Atakapa bụ nke usoro CVC. Swanton (1929) kwuru na ụyọkọ ihe karịrị consonants abụọ dị ụkọ n'asụsụ ahụ. Site na nyocha ya banyere data Gatschet, o kwubiri na anabataghị ụyọkọ consonant nke nha ọ bụla na mbido mkpụrụokwu, mana na anabatara ha na coda. 

Nchegbu bụ "ọrụ nkịtị nke usoro nkebiokwu" na Atakapa; ọ bụkarị mkpụrụokwu ikpeazụ nke nkebiokwu na-anata nrụgide. 

 Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 
Asụsụ Atakapa bụ nke na-abụkarị agglutinative, asụsụ dịtụ polysynthetic nke ụdị templat . Nke a pụtara na asụsụ na-achịkọta (nke bụ n'ime okwu ọnụ) ọtụtụ mpịachi iji kwupụta ebe, tense, aspect, modality, valency correction, and person/nọmba (dị ka ma isiokwu na ihe), nke a na-agbakọta na kpọmkwem usoro. Ịrịba mmadụ akara bụ otu n'ime naanị ihe jikọrọ ọnụ n'asụsụ ahụ, na-ejikọta ma mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ. Nouns nwere naanị obere suffixes ma na-ewerekarị naanị otu suffix n'otu oge. Swanton, John R. (July 1929). "A Sketch of the Atakapa Language". International Journal of American Linguistics. 5 (2/4): 121–149. doi:10.1086/463777. S2CID 143735208.</ref>

Asụsụ a na-akakarị isi ; Otú ọ dị, mmụgharị nke adjentival stem na-egosi na ọ dabere na akara, dịka ọ na-egosipụtakarị ọtụtụ aha nke ọ na-akọwa.

 shāk tol "ezigbo mmadu"
 Shak toltol "ezigbo mmadụ"

A na-edobere nnọchiaha ihe n'ihu ụzọ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa, ebe a na-agbakwunye nnọchiaha isiokwu. Enwere ụdị nọọrọ onwe ya nke nnọchiaha ọ bụla: na onye mbụ otu na ọtụtụ, ụdị a yiri ka ọ dị iche na nke ọ bụla affix, mana n'ime mmadụ nke abụọ na nke atọ, affixes yiri ka ọ na-ejikọta ya na ụdị nọọrọ onwe ya. 

Odika nke grammatical okike adịghị eme na Atakapa, n'agbanyeghị na achọtala ihe akaebe maka ya n'asụsụ dị nso (dịka Chitimacha). 

Tebụl na-esonụ Swanton, John R. (1919). A Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages. Washington: Government Printing Office. nke ụdị aha ka ewepụtara na Swanton (1919).
+ Nọmba Onye Nnwere onwe Ebumnuche Isiokwu Otu 1 wi ndewo- -ọ 2 na na-, n- 3 ha ha- Enweghị ngwụcha ndewo- Ọtụtụ 1 yuukit ic- -tse 2 nka nk - -tem 3 nhata hak- -ūl, -ti (ya na intransitives)
Na mgbakwunye, Swanton na-ekwu na ịdị adị nke okpu prefix na-atụgharị uche- yana nganiihu ikwugharị hak-. Swanton, John R. (1919). A Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages. Washington: Government Printing Office.</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụdị ntụgharị uche nwere ike ịbụ sekọmfix kama ịbụ prefix: Kaufman na-ehota ihe atụ nke okpu-yul-šo ("na-ese onwe ha"), nke ma okpu- na -šo na-egosi reflexivity. 

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ morphology 
Enwere otutu ụzọ iji gosi otutu aha na Atakapa:

 mgbakwunye na aha nke suffix -heu ("ọtụtụ") 
 mgbakwunye na aha nke nganiihu -šak (iji gosi otutu otutu na-adighi aka) 
 mweghachi nke adjective na-eso ya
 ọrụ nke suffix plural na adjective na/ma ọ bụ ngwaa na-eso ya

Dịka Swanton (1919) siri kwuo, ntinye aha na-akpụ affix -nen ma ọ bụ -nan dị na Atakapa. Swanton, John R. (1919). A Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages. Washington: Government Printing Office.</ref>

 Ụdị okwu ọnụ 
Usoro zuru oke  Kaufman, David (2014). "Another Look at Atakapa". Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 35: 72–78. nke morphemes n'ime mgbagwoju ngwaa bụ:

 Mburu ụzọ nnọchite anya
 prefixes ebe (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
 Ngwaa azuokokoosisi
 Plural suffix -m ma ọ bụ ustative suffix -u (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
 Mkpebi enweghị njedebe ma ọ bụ mesiri ike -c (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
 Mgbakwunye n'ọdịnihu -ti (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
 Aspectal suffixes: continuative -k, ụma -n, wdg (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
 Mgbakwunye mkpesa: -š (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
 Mgbakwunye pronominal isiokwu
 Suffixes tense: gara aga izu oke -at, ezughị okè -hinst gara aga (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)
 Na-adịghị mma (ọ bụrụ na ọdabara)

O dochaghị anya ma ọ dị ma ọ bụ na klaasị ngwaa inyeaka dị na Atakapa; ihe dị iche n'etiti ihe owuwu azuokokoosisi-gbakwunyere na ihe owuwu nke ngwaa-abụọ abụghị nke ọma. Swanton, John R. (July 1929). "A Sketch of the Atakapa Language". International Journal of American Linguistics. 5 (2/4): 121–149. doi:10.1086/463777. S2CID 143735208.

Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, enweghị aha maka suffix nkwenye siri ike -š na ọrụ Swanton; Kaufman (2014) na-enweta ya site n'ịtụle Atakapa na Chitimacha . 

 Usoro ngwaa 
Usoro ngwaa bụ usoro na-arụpụta ihe na Atakapa. 

 pam-nima (lit. "beat-die"): tie aka ọnwụ.
 ta-wat-ten (lit. "guzo-abịa-okwu"): kpee ekpere.

 Syntax 
Atakapa na-egosipụta usoro okwu isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa siri ike. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụkarị ngwaa n'ọnọdụ nkebi-ikpe-azụ, ọ na-abụkarị maka mgbakwunye, ma ọ bụ ọbụna nke dị n'okpuru, ịgbaso ngwaa nke isi okwu . A na-eji suffixes -ne na -n egosi nrube isi nke nkebi ahịrịokwu na isi okwu, dị ka na tsanuk micat penene ("o nyere ịnyịnya [maka ịgwọ ya]"). 

Na ewepu oge ụfọdụ, adjectives na-eso aha aha ha na-akọwa. Mgbasa ozi na-eso aha na adjectives, mana na-ebute ngwaa ụzọ. 

 Akara ikpe 
Atakapa na-ede akara naanị ọnọdụ ebe . Asụsụ ahụ nwere suffixes anọ, na mgbakwunye na usoro nbido ọnọdụ ebe. Enwere ike idowe suffixes na postposition ndị a ma aha, adjectives na ngosi. 

 -kin, suffix nke na-emekarị ugboro ugboro, na-egosipụta echiche nke Bekee "na" ma ọ bụ "on," dị ka nọn-kin tōhulāt ("ha bi n'ime obodo").
 -ki (mgbe ufodu -ke ) na-aputa n'okirikiri ahu.
 -ip kwekọrọ na Bekee "na," a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-, "down," iji mepụta nep, "n'okpuru."
 -ik n'ozuzu ya na bekee "na," dị ka hatyūlcō nōhik ("ha na-ese onwe ha na-acha uhie uhie").

 Ntụaka 

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Campbell, Lyle. (1997). Asụsụ ndị India America: Ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Native America . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1 .
 Gatschet, Albert S., na Swanton, John R. (1932) Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Asụsụ Atakapa . Ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian, Bureau nke American Athnology, akwụkwọ akụkọ 108. Washington, DC: Ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ gọọmentị.

 Hopkins, Nicholas A. (2007). Asụsụ ala nna nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ United States . Los Angeles: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI), p. 23–24. Abstract . Ederede zuru oke n'ịntanetị .
 Mithun, Marianne. (1999). Asụsụ ndị obodo North America . Cambridge: Mahadum Mahadum Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk);  .



 Njikọ mpụga 

 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Asụsụ Atakapa nke Albert S. Gatschet na John R. Swanton, nke Portal to Texas History kwadoro

 Obodo Atakapa-Ishak
 Asụsụ India Atakapa
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations