Justine W. Polier

Justine Polier ( née Wise; Eprel 12, 1903 - Julaị 31, 1987) bụ onye ọka iwu America, nwanyị izizi ikpe ziri ezi na New York .  Onye nkwuwa okwu na onye ọka ikpe jere ozi afọ 38 n'oche Ụlọikpe Ezinụlọ.   

 ndabere 
A mụrụ Justine Wise na Eprel 12, 1903, na Portland, Oregon, nye Rabbi Stephen Wise na Louise Waterman Wise . Nna ya bụ onye rabaị a ma ama bụ onye nyere aka chọta American Jewish Congress (1918) na NAACP (1909).  Ọ bụkwa onye isi na-akwado obodo ndị Juu na onye na-akwado ọrụ. Nne ya bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-elekọta mmadụ nke tọrọ ntọala Kọmitii Nkuchi Ụlọ Nzukọ Free na 1916 na New York. 

 Ọrụ 
Polier malitere ọrụ afọ ofufo na International Juridicial Association (IJA) na 1933 n'akụkụ di ya n'ọdịnihu bụ Shad Polier . 

Na-ahọrọ iwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ka ọ na-eme iwu, Polier rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ekpe ikpe nwanyị mbụ yana na 1934 Assistant Corporate Council for the Workman's Compensation Division. 

Na 1935, onye isi obodo New York Fiorello H. La Guardia mere Polier ka ọ bụrụ ọkàikpe na Ụlọikpe Mmekọrịta Ụlọ.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-ekpe ikpe na steeti New York.  Ellen Herman, "Justine Wise Polier (1903-1987)", Adoption History Project, Department of History, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon website

N'oge ya na-eje ozi dị ka onye ọka ikpe, Polier tinyere aka nke ukwuu n'ịlụso oke nkewa anya na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ New York na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ebe ọzọ na mpaghara ọha.   Ya na Justice Jane Bolin lụkwara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site n'inyere aka n'ịchọta ụlọ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka ụmụ nwoke ojii na New York.  N'ịgbakwụnye, ọ kwadoro maka usoro mmụta uche n'ọgụ a na-alụ maka mkpochapụ nke ịgbakọ agbụrụ n'oge ule. 

N'afọ 1936, Polier kpebiri In re Vardinakis, bụ ikpe nke ọ kọwara "dị ka 'baptizim mbụ site n'ọkụ okpukpe , na-enweta nkatọ sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị Katọlik mgbe n'otu oge ahụ na-akpụzi itinye aka na ndị Juu n'ọdịnihu nke usoro ntụgharị "ntọala" nke New York. 

Polier bụkwa onye na-akwado ụmụaka ndị Juu na-anwa ịgbapụ na Nazi Germany, na-arụkọ ọrụ na Eleanor Roosevelt, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gaghị eme nke ọma, gbaa Congress ume ka ha kwe ka ụmụaka ndị Juu gbanahụ oke mbata na ọpụpụ. 

Ọ lụkwara ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Subcommittee on Bill of Rights and General Welfare, ebe ọ kwadoro iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè n'ihe gbasara ọrụ na ọdịmma ụmụaka na agụmakwụkwọ.  N'afọ 1942, ya na Ọkaikpe Jane Bolin nyere aka nyefee "Ndozigharị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ" nke di ya dere na mmefu ego nke New York City.  Polier kwadoro Iwu Ives-Quinn, iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke mere New York steeti mbụ na ụlọ ọrụ raara onwe ya nye maka mkpesa ịkpa ókè ọrụ na 1945. 

 Nkeonwe na ọnwụ 
Di mbụ Polier bụ Leon Arthur Tulin, prọfesọ nke iwu mpụ na Yale. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa leukemia na 1932. Na 1933, na International Juridical Association, ọ zutere Shad Polier, onye ọ lụrụ na 1937.  

Omenala amụma ndị Juu nke itinye aka n'ikpe ziri ezi kpaliri ya nke ukwuu. Nchegbu Polier maka ikike ndị Juu pụtara na, dị ka nne na nna ya, ọ bụ onye Zionist nwere obi ike. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka osote onye isi oche nke American Jewish Congress, na onye isi nke ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọ kwenyere na ọtụtụ mmadụ na nkewa nke ụka na steeti bụ "ihe kachasị mkpa nke Americanism." 

 Ihe nketa 
Kọmitii ụmụ amaala maka ụmụaka emeela ihe omume kwa afọ "Justine Wise Polier Symposium" dị ka 2012.   

 Hụkwa 

 Ndepụta nke ndị ọkaiwu na ndị ọkaikpe ụmụnwaanyị mbụ na New York

 Ntụaka 

 Isi mmalite 



 Jewish Women's Archive, "JWA - Justine Wise - Introduction,"  (March 20, 2008).
 Jewish Women's Archive:  Justine Wise Polier
 Women of Valor exhibit on Justine Wise Polier at the Jewish Women's Archive
 Papers, 1892-1990. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
 Guide to the Justine Wise Polier and Eleanor Roosevelt Correspondence Collection at the American Jewish Historical Society, New York, NY.
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations