Ndị na-ejikọ ya na Amsterdam

Ndị Amsterdamse Joffers bụ otu ndị inyom na-ese ihe na-ezukọ kwa izu na Amsterdam na njedebe nke 19th na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20. Ha kwadoro ibe ha na ọrụ ọkachamara ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten ma so na mmegharị nke Amsterdam Impressionists. Onye ọ bụla ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe na-aga nke ọma. Dị ka otu ha nyere aka na nnabata ọha na eze na Netherlands nke ụmụ nwanyị ịghọ ndị ọkachamara ọkachamara.

 Mmalite na mmepe 

 Mmalite 
Na 1894, Lizzy Ansingh na Coby Ritsema malitere ọmụmụ ha na Rijksacademie na klas dị iche maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị.[1] Gburugburu ha, otu ụmụ agbọghọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe, gbakọtara ịhụ okirikiri. Ebumnuche bụ ịgbanwe ahụmịhe dịka ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ ịghọ ọkachamara nka. Ha na-enwe nzukọ kwa izu n'ụlọ Thérèse Schwartze, onye na-ese ihe bụ́ nwanne nwanne Ansingh..

Ha si n’ezinụlọ ndị ọgaranya na ndị na-ese ihe, ha adabereghịkwa n’ise ihe maka ihe ha ji ebi ndụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Rijksakademie wee soro August Allebé, Nicolaas van der Waay na Carel Dake soro ọmụmụ ihe. Suze Robertson bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ wezuga onwe ya na otu ahụ. Ọ bụ okenye, lụrụla di ma ọ bụ nwunye ma mụọ na Delft University of Technology. Nelly Bodenheim bụ onye na-ese ihe, ọ bụghị onye na-ese ihe dị ka ndị otu ndị ọzọ. Ansingh, Ritsema, Robertson, Jacoba Surie na Betsy Westendorp-Osieck bụ ndị otu ndị nka Arti et Amicitiae, kunstvereniging Sint Lucas na Pulchri Studio.

A na-ewere Ritsema dị ka onye kacha nwee nkà n'ime otu ahụ.[1] Ọ nwetara akwụkwọ na mbụ na Haarlem School of Art tupu ọ banye n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị na Rijksakademie. Ndị na-eche echiche Dutch dị ka nwanne ya nwoke bụ Jacob Ritsema, George Hendrik Breitner na Fredrik Theodorus Grabijn metụtara ya. Ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Ritsema bụ Jacoba Surie, Jan van den Hengst, Tine Honey, Victoire Winix na Lize Duyvis.

Malite n'ihe dị ka 1900, na ihe ngosi nka kwa afọ nke ndị na-ese ihe Sint Lucas na Stedelijk Museum, Arti et Amicitiae na Pulchri Studios, gosipụtara ọrụ Ansingh, Ritsema na Robertson ma nabata ya nke ọma.

 Nkwado onwe onye 
N'ime afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20, ndị otu ahụ na-anọkarị na ihe ngosi nka kwa afọ nke ndị na-ese ihe na Amsterdam. N'afọ 1905, Ansing, Ritsema na Marie van Regteren-Altena sonyere n'ihe ngosi na Hamburg. N'afọ 1906, Ansingh natara Willink van Collenprijs, nkwanye ùgwù maka ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe. N'afọ 1907, ndị otu ahụ sonyere n'ihe ngosi nke ndị isi mba ụwa na Stedelijk Museum. N'afọ 1910, Ritsema ritere ọla nchara na Brussels international. N'oge ahụ, ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ bụ ndị na-ese ihe. N'afọ 1919, Ansingh na Ritsema ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nwere ikike ịtụ vootu nke otu ndị na-ese ihe na Arti na Amicitiae. 

 Nkwado mkpokọta: otu ahụ na-anakwere aha 
Albert Plasschaert, onye na-enyocha nka na enyi edemede nke Ansingh, kpọrọ otu ahụ Amsterdamse Joffers n'otu akwụkwọ akụkọ na 1912.  A maara okwu ahụ bụ Amsterdamsche Joffers, dị ka a na-asụ ya n'oge ahụ, n'ihi akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enweghị njikọ nke Marie van Zeggelen site na 1900. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nwere ihe osise nke Ansingh. Aha ahụ kwụsiri ike, ọ bụghị ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ihi na ndị na-ese ihe n'onwe ha, na-eru nso afọ 40, na-eji ya eme ihe ugboro ugboro. Okwu Joffer pụtara nwa agbọghọ, Miss ma ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ. N'afọ 1920 na n'okpuru aha Amsterdam Joffers, otu ahụ gosipụtara ọrụ ha ugboro ugboro na Kunstzaal Frans Buffa, ụlọ ngosi nka nke Amsterdam. Akwụkwọ Johan van Eikeren dere n'afọ 1947 kwadoro okwu ahụ bụ Amsterdamse Joffers na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Dutch. Klas dị iche maka ụmụ nwanyị na Rijksacademie adịla anya.

 Ụdị na isiokwu 
Ndị Amsterdamse Joffers jiri ụdị dị iche iche mee ihe mana n'ozuzu ha bụ akụkụ nke Amsterdam Impressionism art movement. Nhọrọ isiokwu ha na-achịkwa ndụ na ihe osise. Ansing bụ onye a ma ama maka ihe osise ya nke ụmụ bebi.

Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nke Amsterdam Impressionism bụ ndị ọgbọ ọzọ karịa ụmụ nwanyị French na-ese foto Marie Bracquemond (1840-1916), Mary Cassatt (1845-1926), Eva Gonzalès (1847-1893) na Berthe Morisot (1841-1895). Ihe e ji mara ụmụ nwanyị French impressionists bụ ihe dị ike, nke jupụtara na ụcha na-egbuke egbuke. Ndị Joffers jiri agba ndị na-eduga na Dutch impressionist movement, Hague School. Agba ndị a na-agba ọchịchịrị na-emepụta ọnọdụ dị jụụ na nke na-ewute. Ụmụ nwanyị France na-ese ihe na-ahọrọ ise ihe osise nke ụsọ mmiri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ime obodo na ọhụụ nke obodo ahụ, yana ndụ na onyinyo. Ụmụ nwanyị Dutch họọrọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị ndụ na onyinyo. Ụdị na isiokwu nke otu ọ bụla na-egosipụta oge na ọnọdụ ha na-arụ ọrụ, nke bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ isi ihe nke impressionism.

 Ndị otu ahụ 
Akwụkwọ Johan van Eikeren dere n'afọ 1947 gosipụtara ndị omenkà asatọ dị ka Amsterdamse Joffers: Ansingh, Ritsema, van den Berg, Bauer-Stumpff, Bodenheim, Westendorp-Osieck, Surie na van Regteren-Altena. Ndị nyocha ndị ọzọ na-agụnyekarị Robertson na nwanne Ansingh, Sorella Therese. A na-ahụkarị mmetụta nke onye ọbịa na onye nduzi Theresa Schwartz. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ Suze Robertson mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka otu n'ime ndị Joffers, ọ bụghị otu n'etiti ha.

 Lizzy Ansingh (1875-1959) 
 Jo Bauer-Stumpff (1873-1951) 
 Ans van den Berg (1873-1942) 
 Nelly Bodenheim (1874-1951) 
 Marie van Regteren Altena (1868-1958) 
 Jacoba Johanna (Coba) Ritsema (1876-1961) 
 Jacoba Surie (1879-1970) 
 Johanna Elisabeth (Betsy) Westendorp-Osieck (1880-1968) 

 Ndị na-ese ihe ndị metụtara ya 

 Thérèse Ansingh (1883-1968) 
 Elsa van Doesburgh (1875-1957) 
 Thérèse Schwartze (1851-1918), onye nduzi
 Josefa Tepe (1884-1962) 
 Marie Wandscheer (1855-1936) 

 Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ 

 Ihe ngosi nka nke Amsterdamse Joffers 
Ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Netherlands na mba ofesi nwere ọrụ nke Amsterdam Joffers na nchịkọta ha.

 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Breda, Breda
 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Dordrechts, Dordrecht
 Gemeentmuseum, Den Haag
 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Egwuregwu Paume, Paris
 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Boijmans, Rotterdam
 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Stedelijk, Amsterdam
 Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven
 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Central, Utrecht
 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Teylers, Haarlem

 Ihe ngosi 

 1903 Stedelijke internationale tentoonstelling van kunstwerken van levende meesters, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.
 1905 Thérèse Schwartze nọchitere anya na ngosi nke ọrụ nka sitere na Wiesbaden na Biebrich Private Collections 
 1905 Lizzy Ansingh, Jacoba Ritsema na Marie van Regteren Altena na nchịkọta nke "Arti et Amicitiae" na "Pulchri Studio" - Kunstverein na Hamburg zu Hamburg 
 1907 Stedelijke internationale tentoonstelling van kunstwerken van levende meesters, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.
 1912 Stedelijke internationale tentoonstelling van kunstwerken van levende meesters, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.
 1913 Ihe ngosi: Ụmụ nwanyị site na 1813 ruo 1913 - Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
 1955 Suze Robertson - Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
 1984 Suze Robertson - Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
 1991 Lizzy Ansingh na ihe ngosi jikọrọ aka na Amsterdam
 1991 Nelly Bodenheim - Amsterdam Historical Museum
 2003/2004 Suze Robertson - Museum Rijswijk
 2005/2006 Lizzy Ansingh - Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie
 2008/2009 Suze Robertson - Museum Kempenland
 2022 Amsterdamse Joffers - Museum Villa Mondriaan

 Ihe edeturu