Martha Jefferson

Martha Skelton Jefferson (née Wayles; October 30, 1748 - September 6, 1782) bụ nwunye Thomas Jefferson site na 1772 ruo ọnwụ ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka First Lady nke Virginia n'oge Jefferson bụ gọvanọ site na 1779 ruo 1781. Ọ nwụrụ na 1782, afọ 19 tupu ọ bụrụ onye isi ala.Wilson, Gaye (October 10, 1998). "Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson". www.monticello.org. Retrieved January 2, 2020.

N'ime ụmụaka isii Thomas na Martha mụrụ, ọ bụ naanị abụọ ka dị ndụ ruo mgbe ha toro, bụ́ Mata na Meri.  Martha nwụrụ ọnwa anọ ka ọ mụsịrị nwa ikpeazụ ya.[1]  A gbara akwụkwọ ozi di na nwunye ahụ degaara ibe ha ọkụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye a na-amaghị, Thomas anaghị ekwukarị banyere ya, yabụ na ọ ka bụ onye na-enweghị atụ.[2]  (N'otu aka ahụ, Jefferson ekwughị ọtụtụ ihe banyere nne ya, Jane Randolph Jefferson).

Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na dị ka onye di ya nwụrụ, Thomas nwere mmekọrịta ogologo oge na ụmụ na nwanne nwanyị Martha, Sally Hemings, nwanyị ohu nke bụ ndị ọcha atọ n'ụzọ anọ.

 Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ 
A mụrụ Martha Wayles na Ọktoba 30, 1748 (OS Ọktoba 19, 1748), bụ naanị nwa dị ndụ nke amụrụ Martha Eppes Wayles (1721–1748) na John Wayles (1715–1773), [1] na nso Colonial Williamsburg[2] na  Charles City County, Virginia.

Nne Martha, Martha Eppes Wayles, amụọla ejima na 1746, mana ọ dịghị onye dị ndụ; a mụrụ nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwụrụ anwụ na nwa nwoke ahụ nwụrụ awa ole na ole mgbe amuchara ya. A na-akpọ Martha "Patsy". Nna Martha bụ John bụ onye a mụrụ na Lancaster na-akwaga na Thirteen Colonies nke rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na onye ọrụ ugbo na onye na-ere ahịa ohu. Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya ụlọ ọrụ Farrell na Jones nke dị na Bristol, na-arụ ọrụ dịka ịnakọta ụgwọ maka ha. Martha Eppes Wayles bụ nwa nwanyị nke Francis Eppes, onye bi na Bermuda Hundred,   nke bụ ógbè Virginia mbụ e guzobere n'akụkụ Osimiri Appomattox. Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị ihe banyere ndụ Martha Eppes Wayles, ọ nwere ekele maka akwụkwọ dị mma, dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ kachasị amasị ya, Tristram Shandy  na Les Aventures de Télémaque .  (Ntọala ya nke akwụkwọ ahụ, The Adventures of Telemachus, nwere mbinye aka ya na peeji aha ma biri na Library of Congress). 

Martha Wayles nwere nne di abụọ, ọ dịghị onye n'ime ha biri ogologo oge mgbe ha lụsịrị John Wayles, site n'otu nne di ya, o nwere ụmụnne nwanyị anọ. Wayles lụrụ Tabitha Cocke,  [lower-alpha 2] nke Malvern Hill. Ha nwere ụmụ anọ: Sarah, Elizabeth, Tabitha na Anne. Sarah nwụrụ mgbe ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ.[1]  Tabitha na Anne lụrụ ụmụnna Skipwith, Robert na Henry, n'otu n'otu.  Tabitha Skipwith nwụrụ mgbe ọ mụrụ mbụ ya.  Nancy Skipwith, "Aunty Skipwith" nye ụmụaka na ụmụ ụmụ Jefferson, nwụrụ na 1798. [a chọrọ nkọwa] Elizabeth lụrụ Francis Eppes, nwanne nwanne Martha, ma mụọ ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Richard na John Wayles Eppes, onye nke ikpeazụ lụrụ ada nke abụọ Thomas Jefferson.  , Mary Jefferson.[2]  Nwunye nke abụọ Wayles nwụrụ mgbe ọ mụsịrị Anne na August 1756 na tupu ọ lụọ nwunye ya nke atọ na Jenụwarị 1760.

Na Jenụwarị 26, 1760, Wayles lụrụ nwunye ya nke atọ, Elizabeth Lomax Skelton (ọ bụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke Reuben Skelton, nwanne nwoke nke Bathurst Skelton. N'amụtaghị nwa na Wayles, ọ nwụrụ na Febụwarị 10, 1761.  John Wayles wee were Betty Hemings dị ka onye isi nwanyị, ma nye Martha ụmụnne ndị ọzọ.[lower-alpha 4] O yikarịrị ka Martha nwetara agụmakwụkwọ ya - gụnyere akwụkwọ, ịgba egwu, egwu, asụsụ French na ọmụmụ Bible - site n'aka ndị nkuzi onwe onye ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ezinụlọ. Ọ ghọrọ "Lady of the House" mgbe nne nne ya nke abụọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ ma bụrụkwa onye na-elekọta ihe omume John Wayles ma nyere aka jikwaa azụmahịa ya na ihe gbasara ezinụlọ ya. Ọ maara otu esi eme kandụl, ncha, bọta na ọgwụ maka ọrịa.

 Alụmdi na nwunye na ụmụ 
Martha Wayles lụrụ Bathurst Skelton (a mụrụ 1744), onye ọka iwu, na November 20, 1766, mgbe ọ dị afọ 18. A mụrụ nwa ha nwoke, John na November 7, 1767. Skelton nwụrụ na September 30, 1768. Martha laghachiri azụ n'ebe ahụ.  Ọhịa na-eso ọnwụ di ya.  John dị afọ atọ nwụrụ na June 10, 1771.

 Thomas Jefferson 
Nwa nwanne nna ya nke atọ, [1] Thomas Jefferson, nwere ike ịmalite ịlụ Martha na Disemba 1770.[2]  Ha nwere mmasị n'ịnya ịnyịnya, akwụkwọ, na egwú.[3]  Dịka akụkụ nke ụtụ Martha maka agbamakwụkwọ ha Jenụwarị 1, 1772,Thomas na Martha nwetara ihe onwunwe, gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ Elk Hill, ebe Martha bi na di mbụ ya, [1] na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị ohu, nke nyeere Thomas aka ịrụzu ebe obibi Monticello na nhazi ala nke 5,000 acres nke ala ahụ.Mgbe Monticello na-arụ ihe owuwu yana mgbe Thomas anọghị ya, Martha na-anọkarị n'ubi Elk Hill. 

Ha nwere ụmụ isii, mana ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị abụọ toro. Nwa nwoke a na-akpọghị aha, Jane Randolph, na Lucy Elizabeth, onye nwụrụ site na ụkwara, nwụrụ mgbe ha bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. Naanị nke okenye, Martha "Patsy" Jefferson, dị ndụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 26: 

 Martha "Patsy" Jefferson (September 27, 1772 - October 10, 1836)   
 Jane Randolph Jefferson (April 3, 1774 - September 1775)   
 nwa nwoke a na-akpọghị aha  (May 28 - June 14, 1777), biri ndụ ụbọchị 17  
 Mary "Maria ma ọ bụ Polly" Jefferson (August 1, 1778 - April 17, 1804)   
 Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (November 3, 1780 - April 15, 1781)   
 Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (May 8, 1782 - c. October 13, 1784)   

 Ndị ohu na ụlọ Wayles 
Martha na Thomas Jefferson nwetara ọtụtụ ndị ohu dị ka akụkụ nke ụtụ isi ya maka alụmdi na nwunye ya, ma mesịa site na ala John Wayles, nke mere ka Thomas bụrụ onye nke abụọ kachasị nwee ohu na Albemarle County. Onyinye ahụ mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ohu o nwere site na 52 ruo 187. 

N'ime ihe karịrị otu narị ndị ohu ahụ bụ Betty Hemings, onye sitere n'agbụrụ agbụrụ, na ụmụ ya iri na-emekọ ihe ọnụ.  Nke ọdụdụ, nwa ọhụrụ, bụ Sally Hemings.  Ndị ọdụdụ isii bụ ndị ọcha ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ na nna nna na ọkara ụmụnne nke Martha Wayles Jefferson, dịka nna ya mụrụ ha.  Betty nwekwara ụmụ anọ a mụrụ tupu ndị Wayles.  Ndị ezi na ụlọ Hemings niile nwetara ọkwá dị elu n'etiti ndị ohu na Monticello, ebe a zụrụ ha ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ndị ohu ụlọ, ndị isi nri, na ndị ọrụ aka nke ukwuu.[1]  Sally Hemings, onye John Wayles mụrụ, bụ ọkara nwanne Martha Wayles Jefferson, na isiokwu nke asịrị gbasara mmekọrịta ya na Thomas Jefferson.

Nna Martha, bụ́ John Wayles, nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 58 na 1773. Ọ hapụrụ nnukwu ihe onwunwe, gụnyere ndị ohu, ma ụlọ ahụ ji ụgwọ.[1]  Mgbe Wayles nwụsịrị, Betty Hemings na ụmụ ya isii na John Wayles kpaliri "na-egbughị oge" na Monticello iji gbochie Hemings kewapụ.Ala ahụ ruru £30,000 mana ọ ji Farrell na Jones na Briston ụgwọ £11,000.  Wayles ndị ọgọ nwoke atọ, gụnyere Thomas Jefferson, kpebiri imebi ụlọ na ụgwọ ya.[1]  Martha na di ya Thomas Jefferson ketara ihe ubi Willis Creek na Elk Hill na ngụkọta nke mmadụ 135, gụnyere ndị otu ezinụlọ Hemings.[2]  Ha ketarakwa £4,000 n'ụgwọ.[3]  Jefferson na ndị ọzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ahịa Wayles rụrụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ iji kpochapụ ụgwọ ahụ[4] na ụgwọ dị ukwuu butere mbibi ego Thomas Jefferson.

 Nkọwa ndị e dere n'oge ahụ 
Enweghị ihe osise nke Martha Jefferson n'oge ahụ, mana ndị ezinụlọ ya na Isaac Granger Jefferson akọwaala ya dị ka obere, mara mma, ma mara mma, yana dịka nwa ya nwanyị, Mary Jefferson Eppes. Robert Skipwith, di nwanne ya nwanyị, kọwara ya dị ka onye nwere "... nnukwu ego nke ọdịdị ọma ... nke ahụ dị mma na mmetụta nke na-ekwe nkwa ijide n'aka na mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ obi ụtọ kachasị ukwuu. "  Ka Thomas na-ewu Monticello, ọ nwetara piano siri ike site na England maka Martha dị ka onyinye agbamakwụkwọ.  Ọ na-akpọ ụbọ akwara, ebe Thomas Jefferson na-akpọ violin. A kọrọ na Martha kụrụ ụbọ akwara "nke ọma ma bụrụkwa onye, n'akụkụ niile, nwanyị nwere ọgụgụ isi na nke zuru oke, dị ka onye ọrụ Hessian, Jacob Rubsamen, onye gara Monticello na 1780. 
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise mbụ nke Monticello, 1771
Dị ka nwa ya nwanyị si kwuo, Martha Jefferson gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma ma na-agụ egwú, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ mgbe niile, nwere ọdịdị dị mma na iwe dị egwu nke na-ejedebe mgbe ụfọdụ na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ. Ọ hụrụ di ya n'anya nke ukwuu.  Ọ dị ntakịrị karịa 150 centimita n'ogologo, nwere ihe oyiyi lith, ntutu isi na anya hazel.[1][2]  Ọ bụ nwanyị agịga nke ọma, ụfọdụ n'ime akwa ya ka dị.[3][1]  Martha nwere nchịkọta ihe ndetu banyere ọrụ ezinụlọ ya na usoro nri ya, dị ka igbu anụ na ịgwọ anụ na imepụta nnukwu ncha dị nro na nke siri ike, kandụl, na biya.  N'ime afọ mbụ nke alụmdi na nwunye, ọ malitere omume ịsa biya, na-emepụta galọn US 170 (640 L) n'afọ ahụ.170

 Nwanyị mbụ nke Virginia 
alt=Governor's Palace|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Obí Gọvanọ, ebe obibi Gọvanor Jefferson na Williamsburg
Martha Jefferson bụ nwanyị mbụ nke Virginia site na 1779 ruo 1781, n'oge Mgbanwe America.[1]  N'ime ikike ahụ, yana na nzaghachi na arịrịọ Martha Washington, Oriakụ Jefferson duuru ụgbọ ala n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Virginia iji nweta ego na ihe enyemaka maka ndị agha steeti ya na Continental Army ruo n'ókè ahụike ya kwere.Akwụkwọ ozi e degaara nne James Madison, Eleanor Conway Madison, bụ naanị akwụkwọ ozi Martha Jefferson dere nke a maara ugbu a. O bipụtara arịrịọ na Virginia Gazette, na-ekwupụta na a ga-anakọta ihe na chọọchị. Na mba, Ladies Association nwetara $ 300,000 iji zụta uwe ákwà linin maka ndị agha Washington.Kukla, John. Mr. Jefferson's Women, p. 118 (New York: Knopf Books, 2007).

 Nsogbu ahụike 
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ebe ili ozu ezinụlọ Monticello, gụnyere ili Thomas Jefferson
Ijikwa ezinụlọ Jefferson na-esiwanye ike nye Martha Jefferson, bụ onye tachiri obi ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ụdị kịtịkpa, nwere ike nwee ọrịa shuga, ma ọtụtụ afọ ime ya daa mbà, [1] nke ga-emecha gbuo ya.  O nwere mgbakasị ahụ nke inwe ịgbapụ mbuso agha Britain wakporo Richmond na mbido Jenụwarị 1781 na mwakpo na Monticello na June nke afọ ahụ, [3] n'ime oge ya na ụmụ ọhụrụ na-aga njem, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwụrụ.  Ọ maara na ndị Britain nwere mmasị ijide ya ma ọ bụ di ya.

Thomas kpachiri ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya n'ihi ahụike ya.[1]  Jefferson nọ na Philadelphia maka Congress Continental nke abụọ na 1776, bụ ebe o depụtara nkwupụta nke nnwere onwe n'ime izu abụọ na June 1776. Ọ chọrọ ịlaghachikwute ya ozugbo enwere ike.[2]  Thomas jere ozi dịka gọvanọ na n'ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya na Virginia.  Ọ jụrụ ije ozi dị ka kọmishọna na France nke Continental Congress mere mgbe ọ dị ndụ.

 Ọnwụ 
A kọrọ na ọmụmụ nwa ha nke ikpeazụ na Mee 1782 bụ afọ ime kachasị sie ike maka Oriakụ Jefferson, ebe ọ mụrụ nwa buru ibu.[lower-alpha 7] Edmund Randolph dere n'ọnwa ọ nwụrụ na Thomas bụ"enweghị nkasi obi" banyere ahụike na ihe mgbu Martha na-ada. "

Ahụike Mrs. Jefferson kara njọ ma nwụọ na Septemba 6, 1782, ọnwa anọ mgbe amuchara nwa ikpeazụ ya. [lower-alpha 8]

E liri ya na Monticello ma dee okwu Thomas dere na nkume ili ya, mmechi ya na-agụ, sị: "E wepụrụ ya site n'ọnwụ. Septemba 6, 1782. E dere ihe ncheta a nke ịhụnanya ya".

Ka ụmụ ya wee ghara itolite na nne dina nwunye,[1] Martha gwara Thomas Jefferson ka ọ ghara ịlụkwa nwunye ọzọ, ọ dịghịkwa mgbe ọ mere ya.  Arịrịọ ya bụ n'ihi mmekọrịta na-adịghị mma nke ya na ndị nne di ya.  Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọ dị afọ 33;  ọ dị afọ 39. [2]  Thomas Jefferson nwụrụ afọ 43, ọnwa 9 na ụbọchị 28 ka e mesịrị, na Julaị 4, 1826, mgbe ọ dị afọ 83, e liekwa ya n'ebe ahụ

 Ihe Nketa 
Blythe Danner gosipụtara Martha Jefferson na ihe nkiri 1972 1776.

 Ihe edeturu 
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 Edensibia 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Colonial Williamsburg: Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Martha Jefferson, YouTube
 Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, Monticello: Maka ozi ziri ezi, nke oge a nke ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dere ma dozie na Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.
 Martha Jefferson, First Lady Biography
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations