Ihe na-eme ka ala dị mma

Ihe mkpuchi ala bụ ngwaahịa a na-agbakwunye na ala iji meziwanye àgwà anụ ahụ nke ala, na-emekarị ọmụmụ ya (ikike inye nri maka osisi) na mgbe ụfọdụ ọrụ ya. N'iji ya eme ihe n'ozuzu ya, a na-echekarị okwu ahụ bụ "ihe mkpuchi ala" dị ka akụkụ nke mmezi ala (ma ọ bụ mma ala, ọnọdụ ala), nke a na-aghọtakarị na ọ gụnyere ọtụtụ fatịlaịza na ihe ndị na-abụghị organic. 1] Na onodu nke ewu ala oyi na-akpọkwa ala stabilization.

Enwere ike iji ihe mkpuchi ala mee ka ala dara ogbenye dịkwuo mma, ma ọ bụ wughachi ala nke mebiri emebi site na njikwa ala na-ezighi ezi. Ha nwere ike ime ka ala na-adịghị mma na-eji ya eme ihe, enwere ike iji ya mee ka ala dị n'ogo dị elu.

 Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya 
A kọwawo ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche dị ka ihe na-edozi ala n'ihi ike ha na-eme ka mma ala dị mma. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ gụnyere biochar,[3] nri ọkpụkpụ, nri ọbara, ogige kọfị, compost, tii compost, coir, nri, [4] ahịhịa, peat, sphagnum moss, vermiculite, sọlfọ, lime, hydroabsorbant polymers, [5] na biosolids.

Ọtụtụ ihe nkpuchi ala na-abịa n'ụdị ngwaahịa organic akwadoro, maka ndị mmadụ na-eche maka idobe ihe ọkụkụ organic ma ọ bụ ubi ahịhịa. A na-enweta ihe mkpuchi ala nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkọwa ọ bụla site na ụlọ ahịa dị n'ịntanetị ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara mpaghara yana ụlọ ahịa na-ebubata ubi.

 Polyacrylamides 
A na-enyocha polyacrylamides n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe na-edozi ala.[8] Ewebata ha dị ka "linear ala conditioner" na 1950 site Monsanto Company n'okpuru ahia aha Krilium. E gosipụtara nkà na ụzụ nhazi nke ala na nnọkọ mkparịta ụka na "Mmelite nke Ọdịdị Ala" nke e mere na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania na Disemba 29, 1951. Edebere nkà na ụzụ ahụ nke ọma na e bipụtara ya na mbipụta June 1952 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Soil Science, olu 73, June 1952 nke a raara nye maka ihe mkpuchi ala polymeric. Nhazi mbụ nke polyacrylamide ala conditioners siri ike iji n'ihi na ọ nwere calcium nke jikọtara polymer linear n'okpuru ọnọdụ ubi. Monsanto gbahapụrụ Krilium. Ndị na-edozi ala na-edozi mmiri na-enye uru ndị a: 

 mụbaa oghere dị n'ala nwere ụrọ
 mụbaa mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala nwere ụrọ
 gbochie mkpocha ala
 ịkwụsị erosion na mmiri na-asọba
 mee ka ala na-agbawa agbawa nke dị mfe ịkọ
 mee ka ala kpọọ ngwa ngwa mgbe mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri gasịrị, ka e wee nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ala ngwa ngwa

 osisi ndị siri ike, ndị buru ibu nwere usoro mgbọrọgwụ sara mbara
 mmalite nke mkpụrụ na ntozu nke ihe ọkụkụ
 ojiji mmiri dị irè karị
 iwepụ ahịhịa dị mfe
 mmeghachi omume na fatịlaịza na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ
 obere ọrịa osisi ndị metụtara ikuku na-adịghị mma n'ala
 mbelata ike achọrọ maka ịkọ ugbo

A na-ejikarị ụdị polyacrylamide, nke na-ejigide mmiri nke ukwuu, eme ihe maka ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ ugbo n'okpuru aha azụmahịa dịka Broadleaf P4 na Swell-Gel. Na mgbakwunye na iji ya mee ihe n'ala ugbo, a na-eji polymer ndị a eme ihe n'ebe a na-ewu ihe maka Nchịkwa mbuze, iji chebe ogo mmiri nke osimiri na iyi ndị dị nso.Construction Contract Standards  "Standard Specifications State of California". Dị ka monomer nonionic ọ nwere ike iso anionic mee ihe dịka ọmụmaatụ Acrylic acid na cationic monomer dị ka diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) ma mepụta co-polymer nke nwere ike ịnwe ndakọrịta dị iche iche na ngwa dị iche iche.

A na-ejikwa Polyacrylamide mee ihe n'ala ite ite. Ojiji ọzọ nke polyacrylamide bụ dị ka kemịkal dị n'etiti na mmepụta nke N-methylol acrylamide na N-butoxyacrylamides.

 Ebumnuche 

 Ọdịdị ala 
Ojiji a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-eme ka ala dị mma bụ iji melite ọdịdị ala. Ala na-ejikarị mkpakọ ka oge na-aga. Mkpokọta ala na-egbochi uto mgbọrọgwụ, na-ebelata ikike nke osisi iji nweta ihe oriri na mmiri. Ndị na-edozi ala nwere ike ịgbakwunye loft na ọdịdị iji mee ka ala dị nro.

 Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ n'ala 
Kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị mmadụ anọwo na-agbakwunye ihe na ala na-adịghị mma iji melite ikike ha iji kwado uto osisi dị mma. A ka na-eji ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a, dị ka compost, ụrọ na peat, eme ihe nke ukwuu taa. Ọtụtụ mmezigharị ala na-agbakwunye ihe oriri dịka carbon na nitrogen, yana nje bacteria bara uru.

Ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ, dị ka calcium, magnesium na phosphorus, nwekwara ike ịbawanye site na mmezigharị. Nke a na-eme ka ala baa ọgaranya, na-enye ohere ka osisi too ma sie ike.

 Mgbanwe nke Cation 
Mgbanwe ala nwekwara ike ịbawanye ikike mgbanwe cation (CEC) nke ala. Ala na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ. Ikike nke ala iji chekwaa otu ìgwè ihe na-edozi ahụ, cations. Cations ala ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ calcium, magnesium, potassium, ammonium, Hydrogen, na sodium.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ngụkọta nke cations ala nwere ike ijide, ngụkọta ụgwọ ya, bụ ikike mgbanwe cation nke ala. Ka CEC dị elu, ka ụgwọ na-adịghị mma dị elu na cations ndị ọzọ enwere ike ijide ma gbanwee ya na mgbọrọgwụ osisi, na-enye ha nri ha chọrọ.

 Ịnọgide mmiri 
Enwere ike iji ihe na-eme ka ala dị mma iji melite ijigide mmiri n'ala kpọrọ nkụ, nke na-adịghị ejide mmiri nke ọma. Mgbakwunye nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dịka ọmụmaatụ nwere ike imeziwanye ikike ijide mmiri nke ala ájá ma enwere ike itinye ha iji gbanwee pH nke ala iji gboo mkpa nke osisi ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ iji mee ka ala acid ma ọ bụ alkaline dị elu. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị ọzọ mee ihe iji were ọrụ nke ihe ndị mejupụtara na ụrọ n'imeziwanye ala ka a nyochara na ntọala sayensị na mbido narị afọ nke 20, a na-echepụta okwu ahụ bụ ọnọdụ ala. Ntọala ndị a na-ekpe ikpe ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-abụkarị ọnụ ahịa ha, ikike ha nwere ịbawanye mmiri n'ala ruo ogologo oge, ịkpali ọrụ microbiological, ịbawanye ọkwa nri na imeziwanye ọnụego ndụ osisi.

E webatara ihe mbụ na-eme ka ala dị n'ime ala n'afọ ndị 1950, mgbe polyacrylonitrile nke mmiri na-emepụta bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe. N'ihi ikike ha nwere ịmịkọrọ ọtụtụ narị okpukpu nke ibu ha na mmiri, polyacrylamides na polymethacrylates (nke a makwaara dị ka hydroabsorbent polymers, superabsorbent polymers ma ọ bụ hydrogels) ka a nwalere n'ọrụ ugbo, ọrụ ugbo na ịma mma ala malite na afọ 1960.

Mmasị lara n'iyi mgbe nnwale gosipụtara na ha bụ phytotoxic n'ihi nnukwu acrylamide monomer fọdụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọganihu n'ịmepụta ihe mechara mee ka monomer gbadaa n'okpuru ọkwa na-egbu egbu, akwụkwọ sayensị na-egosi ihe ịga nke ọma ole na ole n'iji polymer ndị a mee ihe maka ịbawanye ogo osisi ma ọ bụ ịdị ndụ. Ọdịdị nke ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ngwaọrụ ndị nwere ike ịdị irè na mbido afọ 1980, gụnyere hydroabsorbent polymers na copolymers sitere na ezinụlọ propenamide na propenamide-propenoate, meghere ọhụụ ọhụrụ.

 Nkwado ala 
N'ihe gbasara iwu ụlọ, e nwere ụfọdụ usoro mmezi ala nke e bu n'uche imeziwanye ike na nguzogide nke ala dị nro, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe ị na-egwu ọwa miri emi maka ụzọ n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ iwu ọwa. A na-ejikwa usoro nkwụsi ike nke ala nke obere nrụgide kemịkal na-abanye n'ime ala maka ntọala dị elu dị ka ihe ọzọ iji kpoo ntọala na mmepe obibi n'elu ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa East River. Mmetụta nrụgide nwere ike isi ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ebe ndị nwere ihe mkpofu ma ọ bụ ala dịgasị iche iche na nke siri ike.

 Ntinye aha 
Enwere ike itinye ihe na-eme ka ala dị nro n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. A na-eji osisi na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala rụọ ọrụ ụfọdụ n'ime ha tupu ha akụ. A na-etinye ndị ọzọ mgbe a kụrụ ha, ma ọ bụ oge ụfọdụ n'oge oge uto. A ga-eme nnwale ala tupu etinye ihe na-eme ka ala dị mma iji mụtakwuo banyere ihe mejupụtara na ọdịdị ala. Nnyocha a ga-ekpebi ihe ndị ga-adaba adaba maka ọnọdụ ndị dịnụ.

 Nchegbu banyere gburugburu ebe obibi 
Ọ bụ ezie na ịgbakwunye ihe na-eme ka ala dị n'ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ n'ubi nwere ike iyi ka ọ bụ ụzọ dị mma iji nweta osisi ndị dị mma, itinye ihe ụfọdụ n'ọrụ gabigara ókè nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnu, nitrogen, ọla na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ nke dị n'ọtụtụ mmezi ala anaghị arụpụta ihe mgbe agbakwunyere ya n'ụzọ gabigara ókè, ọ pụkwara imebi ahụike osisi n'ezie.  (Lee fatịlaịza ọkụ.) Mmiri na-edozi ahụ karịrị akarị n'ime mmiri na-emekwa, nke na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri na, site na ya, gburugburu ebe obibi.

 Ebem si dee 

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations