Holden Roberto

Álvaro Holden Roberto (Angolan    ; Jenụarị 12, 1923 – Ọgọst 2, 2007) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Angola onye hibere ma duru otu National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) site na 1962 ruo 1999.

 Oge ọ malitere 
Roberto, nwa Garcia Diasiwa Roberto na Joana Lala Nekaka, na onye sitere na Ezinụlọ Eze nke Alaeze Kongo,  a mụrụ na São Salvador nke dị n'ebe ugwu Angola. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Léopoldville, nke dị na Belgian Kongo, na 1925. Na 1940, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ n’ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Baptist mission. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ministri ego Belgian na Léopoldville, Costermansville, na Stanleyville ruo afọ asatọ. Na 1949, Roberto laghachiri na Léopoldville, ebe o sonyeere nwanne nna ya n'egwuregwu bọọlụ "Nomads" mpaghara. Roberto gara n'ihu na-egwuri egwu maka Daring Club Motema Pembe, n'akụkụ praịm minista Congo, Cyril Adoula.  N'afọ 1951, ọ gara Angola ma hụ ka ndị ọchịchị Pọtugal na-akparị otu agadi nwoke, na-akpali ya ịmalite ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya.

 Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị 
Roberto na Sydney Manuel Barros Nekaka tọrọ ntọala Union of Peoples of Northern Angola (UPNA), emesịa kpọgharịa Union of Peoples of Angola (UPA), na July 14, 1954. Roberto, na-eje ozi dị ka UPA President, nọchitere Angola na All-African. Peoples Congress of Ghana bụ nke ọ gara na nzuzo na Accra, Ghana na December 1958. N'ebe ahụ ọ zutere Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister nke Democratic Republic of the Congo n'ọdịnihu, Kenneth Kaunda, onye isi oche Zambia n'ọdịnihu, na onye Kenya bụ Tom Mboya. O nwetara paspọtụ Guinea wee gaa na United Nations. Jonas Savimbi, onye ndu UNITA n'ọdịnihu, sonyeere UPA na February 1961 na mkpali nke Mboya na Onye isi ala Kenya Jomo Kenyatta. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị Roberto họpụtara Savimbi Secretary General nke UPAWalker, John Frederick (2004). A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola. pp. 146–148.

United States National Security Council malitere inye Roberto enyemaka na 1950s, na-akwụ ya $ 6,000 kwa afọ ruo 1962 mgbe NSC mụbara ụgwọ ọnwa ya ruo $ 10,000 maka nchịkọta nzuzo.

 National Liberation Front nke Angola 
Mgbe ọ gachara United Nations, ọ laghachiri Kinshasa ma hazie ndị agha Bakongo.   Tvedten, Inge (1997). Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. p. 31. Ọ malitere mwakpo n'ime Angola na Machị 15, 1961, na-eduga 4,000 ruo 5,000 militants. Ndị agha ya weghaara ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, na ebe azụmahịa, na-egbu onye ọ bụla ha zutere. Ọ dịkarịa ala 1,000 ndị ọcha na ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-amaghị ama nke ụmụ amaala e gburu. N'ikwu okwu banyere mwakpo ahụ, Roberto kwuru, "n'oge a, ndị ohu ahụ atụghị ụjọ". Ndị ikom ahụ gburu onye ọ bụla ha hụrụ.

Roberto zutere Onye isi ala United States John F. Kennedy na Eprel 25, 1961. Mgbe o tinyere akwụkwọ maka enyemaka n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ site n'aka gọọmentị Ghana, Onye isi ala Kwame Nkrumah jụrụ ya n'ihi na gọọmentị US na-akwụ ya ụgwọ. Roberto jikọtara UPA na Democratic Party of Angola iji guzobe FNLA na Machị 1962, ma izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị guzobe Gọọmentị Mgbanwe nke Angola na Exile (GRAE) na Machị 27, na-ahọpụta Savimbi ka ọ bụrụ Minista Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ọzọ. Roberto guzobere njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Onye isi ala Zairian Mobutu Sese Seko site n'ịgba nwunye ya alụkwaghịm ma lụọ nwanyị si n'obodo nwunye Mobutu.    ref name="grae"></ref> Roberto gara Israel n'afọ ndị 1960 ma nata enyemaka site n'aka Gọọmentị Israel site na 1963 ruo 1969. 

Savimbi hapụrụ FNLA na 1964 wee guzobe UNITA n'ihi na Roberto achọghị ịgbasa agha ahụ na mpụga alaeze ọdịnala nke Kongo.

Zhou Enlai, Premier China Republic, kpọrọ Roberto ka ọ bịa leta PRC na 1964. Roberto anọghị n'ihi na Moise Tshombe, Onye isi ala Katanga, gwara ya na agaghị ekwe ya ịlaghachi na Congo.

N'uhuruchi nke nnwere onwe Angola site na Portugal, Zaire, n'ịchọ ịwụnye ọchịchị pro-Kinshasa ma gbochie ndị People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola's (MPLA) ịkwọ ụgbọala maka ike ọchịchị, ebuga ụgbọ ala agha, ndị agha na-agba ọsọ, na ndị agha atọ na Angola.  Otú ọ dị, mmeri FNLA na Zaire gbochiri site na nnukwu ndị agha Cuban, bụ ndị meriri ha n'ụzọ dị egwu.

N'afọ 1975, MPLA meriri FNLA n'Agha nke Quifangondo na FNLA laghachiri Zaire.

Ọ bụ ezie na atumatu Roberto na Agostinho Neto tụrụ aro maka Angola nweere onwe ya, Roberto nwetara nkwado site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Angola na Neto si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Angola nweta. Neto, n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke ịhụ mba n'anya na ọchịchị Kọmunist, nwetara nkwado site na Soviet Union ebe Roberto, n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke ịhụ mba n'anya na mgbochi ọchịchị Kọmunist, nwetara nkwado site na United States, China, na Zaire. Roberto kwusiri ike na Neto mere ka otu ndị nnupụisi Angola dị n'otu na-emegide Portugal n'ihi na Roberto kwenyere na MPLA ga-etinye uche na FNLA. Ndị FNLA tọọrọ ndị òtù MPLA, kpụga ha Kinshasa, ma gbuo ha.

Na 1991, FNLA na MPLA kwetara na nkwekọrịta Bicesse, na-enye Roberto ohere ịlaghachi Angola. Ọ gbara ọsọ maka onye isi ala, na-enweta naanị 2.1% nke votu ahụ. Otú ọ dị, FNLA meriri oche ise na nzuko omeiwu mana jụrụ isonye na gọọmenti.
Roberto nwụrụ na August 2, 2007, n'ụlọ ya na Luanda. Mgbe Roberto nwụsịrị, President José Eduardo dos Santos eulogized, "Holden Roberto bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke mgba nnwere onwe mba, onye aha ya gbara otu ọgbọ nke Angolan ume ịhọrọ maka iguzogide na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe nke obodo," ma wepụta iwu na-ahọpụta otu kọmishọna. ime ndokwa maka ememe olili ozu. Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọ hapụrụ akwụkwọ ncheta a na-akparaghị ókè.

 Ihe odide 

 Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 

 Chris Dempster, Fire Power (akụkọ nke ndị mba ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ n'akụkụ FNLA) 

Òtù:People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Òtù:People from Zaria Province
Òtù:People from Portuguese Angola
Òtù:National Liberation Front of Angola politicians
Òtù:Genocide perpetrators
Òtù:Expatriates in the Belgian Congo
Òtù:Candidates for President of Angola
Òtù:Belgian Congo people
Òtù:Angola revolutionaries
Òtù:Angola Kongo People
Òtù:Angolan independence activists
Òtù:Angola expatriates
Òtù:Angola Baptists
Òtù:Angola anti-communists
Òtù:African and Black nationalists
Òtù:20th-century Baptists
Òtù:20th-century Angola politicians
Òtù:2007 deaths
Òtù:1923 births