Ịkpa anụ

Sericulture, ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo silk, bụ ihe ọkụkụ nke silkworm iji mepụta silk. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụdị silkworm dị iche iche nke azụmahịa, caterpillar nke silkmoth nke ụlọ bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nke a na-amụsi ike na silkworm. A naghị ahụ ụdị silkmoth a n'ọhịa ebe ọ bụ na e mezigharịrị ha site na ozuzu oke, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị efe efe na enweghị nchebe megide ndị na-eri anụ. Ekwenyere na a na-emepụta silk na mbụ na China dị ka oge Neolithic. Sericulture abụrụla ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ dị mkpa na mba ndị dị ka Brazil, China, France, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia na Thailand. Taa, China na India bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe abụọ, na-enwe ihe karịrị 60% nke mmepụta kwa afọ n'ụwa.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Dị ka ederede Confucian si kwuo, nchọpụta nke mmepụta silk malitere n'ihe dị ka 2700 BCE, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndekọ ihe ochie na-egosi na a na-akọ silk n'oge Yangshao (5000-3000 BCE).  N'afọ 1977, a chọtara otu iberibe ite e kere afọ 5400-5500 gara aga ma mee ya ka ọ dị ka ogwu silkworm na Nancun, Hebei, na-enye ihe akaebe mbụ a maara nke sericulture. Ọzọkwa, site na nyocha nke ọma nke eriri silk nke ihe mgbe ochie a chọtara na ebe Indus Civilization nke malitere na 2450-2000 BCE, a kwenyere na a na-eji silk eme ihe n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke South Asia. Ka ọ na-erule ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke mbụ OA, ọ ruru Khotan oge ochie,  site na usoro mmekọrịta dị n'okporo ụzọ Silk.Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu." 2nd Draft Edition. Appendix A. Ka ọ na-erule 140 OA, e guzobere omume ahụ na India. Na narị afọ nke isii OA, Mbubata nke àkwá silkworm n'ime Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium dugara na nguzobe ya na Mediterenian, na-anọgide na-achịkwa Alaeze Ukwu byzantium ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ (Byzantine silk). N'afọ 1147, n'oge Agha Ntụte nke Abụọ, Roger nke Abụọ nke Sicily (1095-1154) wakporo Kọrịnt na Thebes, ebe abụọ dị mkpa nke mmepụta silk nke Byzantium, weghara ndị na-akpa ákwà na ngwá ọrụ ha ma guzobe silkworks nke ya na Palermo na Calabria,  n'ikpeazụ gbasaa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Western Europe.Muthesius, "Silk in the Medieval World", p. 331.

 Mmepụta 
A na-eji akwụkwọ mulberry na-eri nri silkworms, ma mgbe nke anọ gachara, ha na-arịgoro alaka nke edobere n'akụkụ ha ma na-atụgharị akị silk ha. Silk bụ filament na-aga n'ihu nke nwere protein fibroin, nke e si na gland salivary gland abụọ dị n'isi nke ọ bụla, na chịngọm a na-akpọ sericin, nke na-eme ka eriri ahụ sie ike. A na-ewepụ sericin ahụ site n'itinye aki oyibo na mmiri ọkụ, nke na-eme ka filament silk na-atọhapụ ma na-edozi ha maka ịkwagharị. A maara nke a dị ka usoro degumming.[8] Imikpu na mmiri ọkụ na-egbukwa pupa silkmoth.

A na-ejikọta otu filament ka ọ bụrụ eri, na usoro a na-akpọ "ịtụba", nke a na-adọta n'okpuru esemokwu site n'ọtụtụ nduzi na ọnya n'elu reels. Usoro nke ịtụba ihe na-emepụta yarn dị iche iche dabere na ọnụọgụ na ntụzịaka nke ntụgharị.[9]. Enwere ike pịnye eriri ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ yarn (a na-atụgharị ogologo ogologo oge dị mkpirikpi; lee noil silk). Mgbe ihichachara, a na-akwakọba silk raw dị ka mma si dị.

 Silk na-adịgide adịgide 

 Silk nke udo 
Ihe kachasị ewu ewu na-anọchi anya silk ọdịnala bụ silk udo, nke a makwaara dị ka silk ahimsa. Isi ihe na-eme ka ụdị silk a bụrụ ihe ziri ezi bụ na a na-ekwe ka ụkpara si na cocoons ha pụta ma na-efe efe tupu ọ sie. Ọ na-egosi na ọ dịghị pupa a na-esi na ndụ n'oge nrụpụta. Otú ọ dị, ụmụ ahụhụ silkworms a na-eji eme silk agafeela ọtụtụ puku afọ nke ịzụlite ahọpụtara ma a naghị "mepụta" ha iji pụta na cocoons ha. Ha enweghị ike ichebe onwe ha megide ndị na-eri ibe ha ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị ike ife efe ma ọ bụ hụ nke ọma. Ha na-anwụkarị n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ha si na cocoons ha pụta n'ihi ya.

 Silk ọhịa 
The cocoons of Tussar silkworms, which are found in open woodlands, are used to produce wild silk, also known as Tussar silk. Compared to conventional silk, their cocoons are typically picked after the moths have emerged, making it a more ethical option. Because wild silkworms consume a variety of plants, their fabric is less uniform but more robust. The fabric is made with fewer chemicals as well. The pupae are still inside the cocoons when they are harvested by certain enterprises that employ "wild silk", though.

 Nzọụkwụ nke mmepụta 
Nzọụkwụ nke mmepụta dị ka ndị a:

 Nwanyị silkmoth na-eyi àkwá 300 ruo 500.
 Àkwá silkmoth na-apụta iji mepụta igurube ma ọ bụ igurube, nke a maara dị ka silkworms.
 Igurube na-eri akwụkwọ mulberry.
 Ebe ọ bụ na ọ toro ma na-agbanye ọtụtụ ugboro, ogwu silkw na-ewepụta eriri silk ma mepụta ụgbụ iji jide onwe ya.
 Ọ na-agbanwe onwe ya site n'akụkụ gaa n'akụkụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ '8', na-ekesa asọ nke ga-eme ka silk.
 Silk na-esi ike mgbe ọ na-emetụta ikuku.
 Igurube ahụ na-agbagharị ihe dịka otu kilomita nke eriri ma na-ekpuchi onwe ya kpamkpam n'ime cocoon n'ihe dịka ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke silk dị mma na cocoon ọ bụla dị obere. N'ihi ya, a chọrọ ihe dị ka 2,500 silkworms iji mepụta otu pound nke silk.
 A na-esi cocoons ndị na-enweghị nsogbu, na-egbu pupal silkworm.
 A na-enweta silk site na ịcha cocoon na-emerighị emebi iji chọta njedebe mpụga nke filament.
 Mgbe ahụ, a na-afụkọta eriri silk na reel. Otu cocoon nwere ihe dịka 1,000 yards (910  nke eriri silk. A maara silk n'oge a dị ka silk na-enweghị isi. Otu eriri nwere ihe ruru eriri silk iri anọ na asatọ.

Mahatma Gandhi katọrọ mmepụta silk dabere na nkà ihe ọmụma Ahimsa "ọ bụghị iji merụọ ihe ọ bụla dị ndụ". Ọ kwalite "Ahimsa silk", nke a na-eme n'ebughị ọsụsọ iji nweta silk na silk ọhịa nke e ji cocoons nke silkmoths ọhịa na nke dị ala mee.     [nnyocha dara] The Human League katọkwara sericulture na egwu mbụ ha "Being Boiled". Òtù PETA emeela mkpọsa megide silk.

 Pupae dị ka nri 
Usoro omenala nke mmepụta silk na-ebute ~8 kg nke mmiri silkworm pupae na ~2 kg nke kpọrọ nkụ pupae kwa kilogram nke silk. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị mmadụ na-eri ihe a n'ebe ndị na-emepụta ákwà silk.

 Ihe ngosi 

 Hụkwa 

 Ebe ndebe ihe mgbe ochie silk nke Macclesfield
 Nnukwu ibu
 Ụlọ ọrụ silk na Azerbaijan
 Ụlọ ọrụ silk na China
 Ihe igwe ákwà silk nke Caraglio na Museum

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