Pharming (genetics)

Pharming, portmanteau nke ugbo na ọgwụ, na-ezo aka iji usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa tinye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ede maka ọgwụ bara uru n'ime anụmanụ ma ọ bụ osisi ndị na-agaghị egosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ahụ, si otú a na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gbanwetụrụ (GMO).[1] [2] A na-akpọkwa ọgwụ ọgwụ dị ka ọrụ ugbo molecular, ọgwụ molecular,[3] ma ọ bụ biopharming.

Ngwaahịa nke pharing bụ protein recombinant ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa metabolic ha. A na-ejikarị nje bacteria ma ọ bụ yist na-emepụta protein ndị na-emepụta ihe na bioreactor, ma pharma na-enye ndị na-emepụta ihe uru na ọ dịghị achọ akụrụngwa dị oke ọnụ, na ikike mmepụta nwere ike ịgbatị ngwa ngwa iji gboo mkpa, na-ebelata oke cos.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Protein nke sitere n'osisi nwetaghachi nke mbụ (PDP) bụ serum albumin mmadụ, nke ewepụtara na 1990 na ụtaba transgenic na osisi nduku.[6] Ọnwụnwa na-eto eto n'ọhịa nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a malitere na United States na 1992 ma na-eme kwa afọ kemgbe. Ọ bụ ezie na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States akwadola ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ ọgwụ na steeti ọ bụla, ọtụtụ nnwale emeela na Hawaii, Nebraska, Iowa, na Wisconsin.

Na mbido afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ pharming siri ike. E guzobere ihe akaebe nke echiche maka mmepụta nke ọtụtụ protein ọgwụgwọ, gụnyere ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ, ngwaahịa ọbara, cytokines, Ihe ndị na-eto eto, homonụ, enzymes recombinant na ọgwụ mgbochi mmadụ na anụmanụ.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2003, ọtụtụ ngwaahịa PDP maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa mmadụ nọ na mmepe site n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ biotech 200, gụnyere recombinant gastric lipase maka ọgwụgwọ nke cystic fibrosis, na antibodies maka mgbochi ezé ezé na ọgwụgwọ nke non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 

Otú ọ dị, na ngwụcha afọ 2002, dịka ProdiGene na-eme ka mmepụta nke trypsin dịkwuo elu maka ịmalite azụmahịa  a chọpụtara na a na-ewepụta osisi ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo (nke hapụrụ site na owuwe ihe ubi gara aga) nke otu n'ime ngwaahịa ọka GM ha na ihe ọkụkụ soybean a kụrụ n'ọhịa ahụ. News of contamination   [isi iyi a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya?] A kwụrụ ProdiGene $ 250,000 ma nye iwu ka ọ kwụọ ihe karịrị $ 3 nde na mmefu nhicha. Nke a kpasuru iwe ma mee ka oghere pharming laghachi azụ, n'ụzọ dị egwu. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dara ogbenye ka ụlọ ọrụ na-eche nsogbu inweta ikikere maka ule ule na ndị na-etinye ego gbapụrụ. Na mmeghachi omume, APHIS webatara iwu siri ike maka nnwale pharming na US na 2003. N'afọ 2005, Anheuser-Busch yiri egwu ịkwụsị osikapa a na-akụ na Missouri n'ihi atụmatụ Ventria Bioscience na-akụ osikapa na steeti ahụ. E ruru nkwekọrịta, mana Ventria wepụrụ ikike ya ịkụ osisi na Missouri n'ihi ọnọdụ ndị na-enweghị njikọ.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ gbakee, site n'ilekwasị anya na pharming na osisi ndị dị mfe na-etolite na bioreactors na ịzụlite ihe ọkụkụ GM na greenhouses. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na ìgwè agụmakwụkwọ anọgidewo na-anwale ihe ọkụkụ GM na-emepụta ọgwụ ọjọọ. N'afọ 2006, Dow AgroSciences natara nkwado USDA iji zụọ ọgwụ mgbochi maka ọkụkọ megide Ọrịa Newcastle, nke e mepụtara na mkpụrụ ndụ osisi - ọgwụ mgbochi mbụ e mepụtara site na osisi kwadoro na US.FDA Approval News

 N'ime anụ na-enye nwa ara 

 Ọganihu akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Mmiri ara ehi bụ usoro kachasị tozuru oke iji mepụta protein ndị na-emegharị ahụ site na ntule transgenic. Ọbara, akwa ọcha, plasma seminal, na mmamịrị bụ usoro ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime, mana ha niile nwere ihe ndọghachi azụ. Ọbara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka nke afọ 2012 enweghị ike ịchekwa ọkwa dị elu nke protein recombinant kwụsiri ike, na protein ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ọbara nwere ike ịgbanwe ahụike ụmụ anụmanụ.[16] Nkwupụta n'ime mmiri ara ehi nke anụ ụlọ, dị ka ehi, atụrụ, ma ọ bụ ewu, bụ ngwa a na-ejikarị eme ihe, ebe ọ bụ na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi na-aba ụba na ime ka mmiri ara ehi dị ọcha dị mfe. A na-ejikwa hamsters na rabbits mee ihe ọmụmụ mbido n'ihi na ha na-amụ ngwa ngwa.

Otu ụzọ na nkà na ụzụ a bụ ịmepụta anụ anụ transgenic nke nwere ike ịmepụta biopharmaceutical na mmiri ara ehi ya (ma ọ bụ ọbara ma ọ bụ mmamịrị). Ozugbo e mepụtara anụmanụ, na-ejikarị usoro microinjection pronuclear, ọ na-adị irè iji teknụzụ cloning iji mepụta ụmụ ọzọ nke na-ebu genome emezigharịrị dị mma.[17] Na February 2009 US FDA nyere nkwado ahịa maka ọgwụ mbụ a ga-emepụta n'ime anụ ụlọ ndị gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.[18] A na-akpọ ọgwụ a ATryn, nke bụ protein antithrombin dị ọcha site na mmiri ara ehi nke ewu megharịrị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na Europe nyere ikike ịzụ ahịa na August 2006. 

 Nsogbu nke ikike ikike 
Dị ka e gosiri n'elu, ụfọdụ anụ mamma ndị a na-ejikarị emepụta nri (dị ka ewu, atụrụ, ezì na ehi) ka agbanweela iji mepụta ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị nri, omume a na-akpọ pharming mgbe ụfọdụ. FDA na EMA akwadola iji ewu emezigharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta ATryn, ya bụ recombinant antithrombin, ọgwụ protin na-egbochi ọbara ọgbụgba.[20] Ngwaahịa ndị a "mepụtara site n'ịtụgharị anụmanụ ka ọ bụrụ' igwe na-emepụta ọgwụ site n'ịgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa" na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ biopharmaceuticals.

Ikike ikike nke biopharmaceuticals dị otú ahụ na usoro nrụpụta ha ejighị n'aka. Eleghị anya, biopharmaceuticals n'onwe ha mere bụ enweghị ikike, na-eche na ha yiri ọgwụ ndị dịbu adị nke ha na-eṅomi. Ọtụtụ mkpebi nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States na narị afọ nke 19 na-ekwu na a pụghị ịdepụta ngwaahịa sitere n'okike arụpụtara na mbụ.[21] Enwere ike ịme arụmụka maka patentability nke usoro maka ịmepụta biopharmaceutical, Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na imegharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ụmụ anụmanụ ka ha wee mepụta ọgwụ ahụ dị iche na usoro mmepụta mbụ; Ọzọkwa, otu mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu yiri ka ọ na-emeghe ohere ahụ.The American Wood-Paper case invalidated the product patent but left open the patentability of the process, saying "whatever may be said of their process for obtaining it...." 90 U.S. at 596.

N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-atụ aro na mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na Mayo v. Prometheus[23] nwere ike ịmepụta nsogbu na, dị ka mkpebi ikpe ahụ siri dị, "enwere ike ikwu na ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị dị otú ahụ na-emepụta. protein a n'otu ụzọ ahụ ha na-eme mgbe nile na anụ mam, ha na-emepụta otu ngwaahịa, na nkà na ụzụ mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-eji bụ omenala, nke mere na nzọụkwụ nke usoro 'na-atụkwasịghị ihe ọ bụla n'iwu nke okike nke na-adịghị ugbu a. 24] Ọ bụrụ na arụmụka ahụ meriri n'ụlọ ikpe, usoro ahụ agaghịkwa eru maka nchebe patent ekpebibeghị okwu a n'ụlọ ikpe.

 N'ime osisi 
Ọgwụ na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ (PMPs), nke a na-akpọkwa ya dị ka ọgwụ, bụ ngalaba nke ụlọ ọrụ biotechnology nke gụnyere usoro ihe ọkụkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ka ha wee nwee ike imepụta ụfọdụ ụdị protein dị mkpa na-agwọ ọrịa na ụmụ irighiri ihe jikọrọ ya dị ka peptides na nke abụọ. metabolites. Enwere ike iweta protein na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ahụ wee mepụta ọgwụ.

A na-ejikarị Arabidopsis eme ihe dị ka ihe nlereanya iji mụọ ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na osisi, ebe enwere ike imepụta ya na ọka, osikapa, poteto, ụtaba, flax ma ọ bụ safflower. Ọtaba abụwo nhọrọ a ma ama nke ihe dị ndụ maka ngosipụta nke transgenes, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-agbanwe n'ụzọ dị mfe, na-emepụta ọtụtụ anụ ahụ, ma na-adị ndụ nke ọma in vitro na greenhouses. Uru nke osikapa na flax bụ na ha na-eme ka ha na-amị mkpụrụ, ya mere, a na-ezere nsogbu nke Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (lee n'okpuru). Otú ọ dị, njehie mmadụ ka nwere ike ịkpata ihe ọkụkụ gbanwere agbanwe na-abanye n'ihe oriri. Iji obere ihe ọkụkụ dị ka safflower ma ọ bụ ụtaba na-ezere nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ukwuu na ihe ize ndụ maka nri na-emetụta iji ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị ka agwa ma ọ bụ osikapa. Ngosipụta nke protein na mkpụrụ ndụ osisi ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị mgbọrọgwụ na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke nnyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, mana na ọnụahịa dị elu nke mmepụta. A pụkwara iji ngwakọta na-adịghị ọcha mee ihe maka bioconfinement nke osisi transgenic, ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ike ịmepụta usoro kwụsiri ike. A na-ahọrọ ihe ọkụkụ ọka mgbe ụfọdụ maka pharming n'ihi na ngwaahịa protein ndị a na-elekwasị anya na endosperm nke ọka egosila na ha nwere oke okpomọkụ. Njirimara a na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị maka mmepụta nke Ọgwụ mgbochi a na-eri eri, dịka protein mkpuchi nje a na-echekwa na ọka anaghị achọ nchekwa oyi dị ka ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi na-eme ugbu a. Idebe usoro ọgwụ mgbochi na-achịkwa okpomọkụ na-esikarị ike mgbe ị na-ebute ọgwụ mgbochi gaa mba ndị na-emepe emepe.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eme mgbanwe osisi site na iji Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A na-egosipụtakarị protein nke mmasị n'okpuru njikwa nke kọlịflawa mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S), onye na-akwado ike na-akwalite okwu ịkwọ ụgbọala na osisi.[30] Enwere ike itinye akara ngosi mpaghara na protein nke mmasị iji mee ka mkpokọta na-eme n'otu mpaghara mpaghara mpaghara, dị ka chloroplasts ma ọ bụ vacuoles. A na-eme nke a iji meziwanye mkpụrụ, mee ka ọ dị mfe ime ka ọ dị ọcha, ma ọ bụ ka protein ahụ na-apịaji nke ọma.[31][32] N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, egosipụtara na ntinye nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa antisense n'ime kaseti okwu nwere ike imeziwanye usoro ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Japan ji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa SPK gbanwere osikapa, bụ́ nke na-akpaghasị mkpokọta starch n’ime mkpụrụ osikapa, ka ngwaahịa wee na-agbakọta n’ime sap mmiri nke dị mfe ime ka ọ dị ọcha.

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ osisi ndị na-abụghị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka duckweed Lemna obere ma ọ bụ moss Physcomitrella patens egosila na ọ bara uru maka mmepụta nke biopharmaceuticals. Enwere ike ịzụlite ihe ndị a na-akpa ike na bioreactors (na-emegide ịbụ ndị toro n'ubi), na-ezobe protein ndị gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eto eto ma, ya mere, na-ebelata ibu dị ọcha nke protein n'ịkwadebe proteins recombinant maka ahụike.[34] [35] [36] Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike imepụta ụdị abụọ ahụ iji mee ka nzuzo nke protein na usoro mmadụ nke glycosylation, mmụba karịa usoro ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọkụkụ.[37] [38]. Biolex Therapeutics mepụtara ikpo okwu okwu dabeere na ọbọgwụ; ọ rere Synthon azụmahịa ahụ wee kwupụta enweghị ego na 2012.   [citation needed]

Tụkwasị na nke a, ụlọ ọrụ Israel, Protalix, emepụtala usoro iji mepụta ọgwụgwọ na carrot transgenic ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ụtaba. Protalix na onye mmekọ ya, Pfizer, natara nkwado FDA iji ree ọgwụ ya, taliglucerase alpha (Elelyso), dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa Gaucher, na 2012.

 Nchịkwa 
Nchịkwa nke injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-emetụta usoro gọọmentị na-ewere iji nyochaa ma jikwaa ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara mmepe na ntọhapụ nke ihe ọkụkụ gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ubi. E nwere ọdịiche dị na nhazi nke ihe ọkụkụ GM - gụnyere ndị a na-eji eme pharming - n'etiti mba, na ụfọdụ n'ime ọdịiche ndị a na'etiti USA na Europe. Nchịkwa dịgasị iche na mba a nyere dabere na ojiji a chọrọ iji ngwaahịa nke injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe ọkụkụ a na-ezube iji mee ihe oriri anaghị enyocha ya site n'aka ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa nri.

 Arụmụka 
E nwere esemokwu gburugburu GMOs n'ozuzu ya n'ọtụtụ ọkwa, gụnyere ma ime ha bụ ụkpụrụ omume, okwu gbasara ihe onwunwe ọgụgụ isi na ahịa ahịa; mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe ọkụkụ GM; na ọrụ GM na ọrụ ugbo n'ofe. E nwekwara arụmụka ụfọdụ gbasara pharming.

 Uru ya 
Osisi anaghị ebu nje ndị nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nye ahụike mmadụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, na ọkwa nke protein na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ, enweghị protein na osisi ndị yiri protein mmadụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, osisi ka nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ nke na ha nwere ike ịhazi ma hazie ma anụmanụ na protein mmadụ. Mkpụrụ ha na mkpụrụ ha na-enyekwa akpa nkwakọba ihe na-adịghị mma maka ọgwụgwọ bara uru ma na-ekwe nkwa ndụ nchekwa ụfọdụ.

Mkpa ụwa maka ọgwụ dị na ọkwa a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ. Ịgbasawanye usoro microbial dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-ekwe omume maka ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ọgwụgwọ, abụghị nhọrọ na-eju afọ n'ọtụtụ ihe. Ọtụtụ protein na-adọrọ mmasị dị mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu iji mee ya site na usoro microbial ma ọ bụ site na protein synthesis.   A na-emepụta protein ndị a ugbu a na mkpụrụ ndụ anụmanụ, mana ngwaahịa a na-emepụta na-adịkarị oke ọnụ maka ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa. N'ihi ihe ndị a, sayensị anọwo na-enyocha nhọrọ ndị ọzọ maka ịmepụta protein nke uru ọgwụgwọ.  

Ihe ọkụkụ ọgwụ ndị a nwere ike ịba uru nke ukwuu na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-eme atụmatụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ atọ na-anwụ kwa afọ site na ọrịa a na-egbochi site na ọgwụ mgbochi, karịsịa n'Africa. Ọrịa ndị dị ka kịtịkpa na ịba ọcha n'anya na-eduga n'ọnwụ na mba ebe ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ dị elu nke ọgwụ mgbochi, mana ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike inye aka dozie nsogbu a.

 Ọghọm ya 
Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ugbo bụ otu n'ime ngwa nke Injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, enwere nchegbu pụrụ iche na ya. N'ihe banyere nri gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (GM), nchegbu na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa nke nri maka oriri mmadụ. Na nzaghachi, a na-ekwu na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ dịkwuo mma n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, dị ka iguzogide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ iguzogide ọgwụ ahụhụ, ekwenyeghị na ha anaghị emetụta nri n'onwe ya. Nri GM ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe, dị ka mkpụrụ osisi e mere iji tochaa ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ too, ekwere na ha anaghị emetụta ụmụ mmadụ n'ụzọ dị iche na ụdị ndị na-abụghị GM.

N'ụzọ dị iche, a naghị ebu n'uche ịkọ ugbo maka ihe ọkụkụ maka Usoro nri. Ọ na-emepụta osisi ndị nwere ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-agbakọta na anụ ahụ nke osisi ahụ. N'ihi ya, a na-elekwasị anya nke ukwuu na njide na ịkpachara anya dị mkpa iji chebe ma ahụike ndị na-azụ ahịa na ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi.

Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-eji osisi ndị ahụ emepụta ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ka ndị na-eme ihe ike. Ha na-echegbu onwe ha na ozugbo mmepụta malitere, osisi ndị gbanwere nwere ike ịchọta ụzọ ha n'ime nri ma ọ bụ cross-pollinate na ihe ọkụkụ nkịtị, ndị na-abụghị GM. Nchegbu ndị a nwere nkwado akụkọ ihe mere eme site na ihe omume ProdiGene, na site na ihe mere StarLink, nke ọka GMO na mberede mechara bụrụ ngwaahịa nri azụmahịa. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ike nke azụmahịa. Dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-enyocha Nri nke Canada si kwuo, na akụkọ na-adịbeghị anya, na-ekwu na naanị ọchịchọ US maka ọgwụ biotech na-agbasawanye na pasent 13 kwa afọ ma ruo ọnụ ahịa ahịa nke ijeri $ 28.6 na 2004. A na-atụ anya na Pharming ga-aba ijeri $ 100 n'ụwa niile ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020.

 Ndepụta nke ndị malitere (ụlọ ọrụ na mahadum), ọrụ nyocha na ngwaahịa 
Biko rịba ama na ndepụta a agwụghị agwụ.

 Dow AgroSciences - ọgwụ mgbochi ọkụkọ megide nje ọrịa Newcastle (PMP mbụ a kwadoro maka ahịa site na USDA Center for Veterinary Biologics  Dow ebughị n'obi ire ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ. Margret Engelhard, Kristin Hagen, Felix Thiele (eds). (2007)  Pharming A New Branch of Biotechnology  "'Dow Agrosciences jiri ọgwụ mgbochi anụmanụ mee ihe dị ka ihe atụ iji gbasaa usoro ahụ kpamkpam. A ghaghị ịkwado ikpo okwu ọhụrụ, nke nwere ike isi ike mgbe ndị ọchịchị na-emetụta ya na nke mbụ', ka onye na-ahụ maka ahụike osisi Stefan Schillberg, onye isi nke Molecular Biology Division na Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biological and Applied Ecology Aachen kọwara. "
 Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, nke nwere saịtị dị na Germany, US, na Chile  bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eduga na Pharma Planta consortium nke òtù ndị mmekọ 33 sitere na mba 12 nke Europe na South Africa, nke European Commission kwadoro. Fraunhofer website Pharma Planta na-emepe usoro maka mmepụta osisi nke protein na greenhouses na usoro nchịkwa Europe. Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na Biosimilars na Plantform na PharmaPraxis (lee n'okpuru). Brennan, Zachary. Brazilian JV looks to tap plant-based manufacturing system for biosimilars. BioPharma-Reporter.com, 23-Jul-2014.
 Genzyme - antithrombin III na mmiri ara ewu
 GTC Biotherapeutics - ATryn (recombinant human antithrombin) na mmiri ara ewu 
 Icon Genetics na-emepụta ọgwụgwọ na osisi Nicotiana benthamiana (nke metụtara ụtaba) na-ebute ọrịa na ụlọ akwụkwọ na Halle, Germany   ma ọ bụ n'ọhịa. Ngwaahịa mbụ bụ ọgwụ mgbochi maka ọrịa kansa, lymphoma na-abụghị Hodgkin.
 Mahadum steeti Iowa - protein na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ site na nje bacteria E. coli na ọka na-enweghị ntụ ọka dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa megide E. coli maka ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ   APHIS approval
 Kentucky Bioprocessing weghaara ụlọ ọrụ Large Scale Biology na Owensboro, Kentucky, ma na-enye ọrụ nkwekọrịta biomanufacturing na ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba, nke a na-akụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ n'ọhịa mepere emepe.
 Medicago Inc. - Nnyocha tupu Ọgwụ mgbochi influenza nke e mere na osisi Nicotiana benthamiana (nke metụtara ụtaba) na-ebute ọrịa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Medicago zụlitere ụmụ irighiri nje dị ka nje na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa nke Australia Nicotiana benthamiana, maka mmepe nke ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa megide nje COVID-19,   na-amalite ule ahụike nke Phase I na July 2020.
 PharmaPraxis - Ịmepụta ihe ndị yiri ihe ndị dị ndụ na njikọ aka na PlantForm (lee n'okpuru) na Fraunhofer.
 Pharming - C1 inhibitor, human collagen 1, fibrinogen (na American Red Cross), na lactoferrin na mmiri ara ehi  E nwetara ihe onwunwe ọgụgụ isi n'azụ ọrụ fibrinogen site na PPL Therapeutics mgbe PPL dara ogbenye na 2004. Company website
 Phyton Biotech na-eji usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ osisi emepụta ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-adabere na taxanes, gụnyere paclitaxel na docetaxel 
 Planet Biotechnology - antibodies megide Streptococcus mutans, antibodies gegn doxorubicin, na ICAM 1 receptor na ụtaba Company website
 PlantForm Corporation - Biosimilar trastuzumab na ụtaba  - Ọ na-emepe biosimilars na mmekorita ya na PharmaPraxis (lee n'elu) na Fraunhofer. Company website
 ProdiGene - na-emepụta ọtụtụ protein, gụnyere aprotinin, trypsin na ọgwụ mgbochi TGE nke anụmanụ na ọka. Ọ nọ na usoro nke ịmalite ngwaahịa trypsin na 2002  mgbe e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ihe ọkụkụ ya na-anwale n'ọhịa emetọla ihe ọkụkụ nkịtị.  N'enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ nde $ 3 nke nhicha ahụ, ndị International Oilseed Distributors zụrụ ya na 2003   ndị International Oilbeed Distributers bụ ndị Harry H. Stine na-achịkwa,  onye nwere otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ soybeans genetics na US.Press release from internet archiveBloomberg BusinessWeek Profile ProdiGene's maize-produced trypsin, na akara ahịa TrypZean  bụ nke Sigma-Aldritch na-ere ugbu a dị ka ihe nyocha.    Trademark listingSIgma Info SheetSigma Catalog
 Syngenta - Beta carotene na osikapa (nke a bụ "Golden rice 2"), nke Syngenta nyere onyinye na Golden Rice Project FAQ page
 Mahadum steeti Arizona - Ọgwụ mgbochi Hepatitis C na poteto  
 Ventria Bioscience - lactoferrin na lysozyme na osikapa
 Mahadum Washington State - lactoferrin na lysozyme na ọka bali  Wettstein lab webpage
 European COST Action on Molecular Farming - COST Action FA0804 on Molecular Agriculture na-enye ụlọ ọrụ nhazi pan-European, na-ejikọ ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na gọọmentị si mba 23.COST Action FA0804 Official Website Ebumnuche nke Action bụ ịkwalite mpaghara ahụ site n'ịgba ume mmekọrịta sayensị, inye echiche ọkachamara na ịgba ume mmepe azụmahịa nke ngwaahịa ọhụrụ. COST Action na-enyekwa onyinye na-enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eto eto ohere ileta ụlọ nyocha na Europe maka ọzụzụ sayensị.
 Map Biopharmaceutical na San Diego, California, a kọrọ na August 2014 na-emepụta ZMapp, ọgwụgwọ nnwale maka Ọrịa Ebola na-egbu egbu. A kọrọ na ndị America abụọ butere ọrịa na Liberia na-emeziwanye ọgwụ ahụ. E mere ZMapp site na iji ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba GM mepụtara.Ward, Andrew (8 August 2014) Biotech groups face ethical dilemmas in race for Ebola Cure, Financial Times, Page 4, Internet article retrieved 8 August 2014Langreth, Robert, et al (5 August 2014) Ebola Drug Made From Tobacco Plant Saves U.S. Aid Workers Bloomberg News, Retrieved 8 August 2014

Ọrụ ndị a maara na a hapụrụ

 Agragen, na mmekorita ya na Mahadum Alberta - docosahexaenoic acid na human serum albumin na flaxPublished PCT ApplicationCEO Sam Huttenbauer testified before Congress in 2005 about their GM flax efforts TestimonyWeb search on October 6, 2012, found no website for this company and found that executives are all with other companies.
 Chlorogen, Inc. - ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba, anthrax, na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, albumin, interferon maka ọrịa imeju gụnyere ịba ọcha n'anya C, elastin, 4HB, na Ihe na-eto eto dị ka insulin na chloroplasts ụtaba. Ọ kwụsịrị azụmahịa na 2007.Bloomberg BusinessWeek Profile
 Dow Chemical Company mere nkwekọrịta na Sunol Molecular na 2003 iji mepụta ihe na-alụso ihe na-eme ka anụ ahụ ghara ịdị na osisi na n'ọdịbendị mkpụrụ ndụ na iji ha tụnyere. N'afọ 2005, Sunol rere ihe niile na-emegide anụ ahụ ya na Tanox,   nke Genentech zụrụ n'afọ 2003.Press ReleasePurchase contract Genentech nyere Altor ikikere usoro ihe omume anụ ahụ na 2008  Altor n'onwe ya bụ spinout site na Sunol. Press Release Ngwaahịa a na-emepe emepe, ALT-836, nke a maara na mbụ dị ka TNX-832 na Sunol-cH36,  abụghị ihe na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke osisi mepụtara, kama ọ bụ ihe na-egbochi ọrịa nke anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara, karịa kpọmkwem, ihe na-emegide ọrịa nke a na-emepụta na hybridoma. 
 Epicite - spermicidal antibodies in corn  Biolex zụrụ Epicyte na 2004 mgbe a kọwara akwụkwọ Epicyte dị ka "na-elekwasị anya na nchọpụta na mmepe nke ngwaahịa monoclonal antibody mmadụ dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka ọtụtụ ọrịa na-efe efe na nke na-eme ka ọzịza. 
 Large Scale Biology Corporation (LSBC) (bankrupt)  - jiri nje Tobacco mosaic mepụta reagents na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Papillomavirus vaccine, parvovirus vaccine, alphactosidase maka Ọrịa Fabry, lysosomal acid lipase, aprotinin, interferon Alpha 2a na 2b, G-CSF, na ọgwụ mgwọ ọrịa Hepatitis B na ụtaba. N'afọ 2004, LSBC kwupụtara nkwekọrịta ya na Sigma-Aldritch nke LSB ga-emepụta aprotinin recombinant na osisi nke ezinụlọ ụtaba na Sigma -Aldrich ga-ekesa ngwaahịa recombinant LSBC na ndị ahịa ya na R&D, omenala mkpụrụ ndụ na ahịa.Biomanufacturing Press Release Ka ọ na-erule Ọktoba 2012 SIgma ka nwere protein na ngwaahịa.Sigma catalog Aprotinin
 Meristem Therapeutics - Lipase, lactoferrin, plasma protein, collagen, antibodies (IgA, IgM), allergens na protease inhibitors na ụtaba. E wepụrụ ya na 2008.
 Novoplant GmgH - protein ọgwụgwọ na ụtaba na nri.Cordis entry on Novoplant Nnyocha ubi na US nke nri ahịhịa maka ezì nke mepụtara anti-bacterial antibodies.APHIS approval Onye bụbu CSO nọ ugbu a na ụlọ ọrụ ọzọ;  o yiri ka Novoplant enweghị azụmahịa.
 Monsanto Company - a gbahapụrụ mmepe nke ọka na-emepụta ọgwụ
 PPL Therapeutics - Alpha 1-antitrypsin maka cystic fibrosis na emphysema na mmiri ara atụrụ. Nke a bụ ụlọ ọrụ mepụtara Dolly the Sheep, anụmanụ mbụ e mepụtara. Ọ dara ogbenye n'afọ 2004. Pharming  na otu ndị na-etinye ego gụnyere Mahadum nke Pittsburgh Medical Center nwetara ihe onwunwe.UPMC buys PPL assets
 SemBioSys - Insulin na safflower. Na Mee 2012, SemBioSys kwụsịrị ọrụ ya.

 Hụkwa 

 Biopharmaceutical
 Mgbanwe nke ndụ
 Ihe dị ndụ a gbanwere site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
 Polly na Molly
 International Center for Technology Assessment

 Ebem si dee 

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations