Ana Amado

Ana Amado (11 Mee 1946 - 9 Nọvemba 2016) bụ onye odeakụkọ Argentine, onye na-ese ihe nkiri, agụmakwụkwọ na nwanyị. Na Mexico mgbe ọ nọ ná mba ọzọ, ọ rụrụ ihe nkiri n'okpuru aha Cristina Benítez. Amado tolitere n'ime ime obodo Argentina ma, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi, nwetara akara ugo mmụta na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Katọlik nke Santiago del Estero. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta akụkọ telivishọn na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ebe ọ bụ nwata mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ kwagara Buenos Aires mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma rụọ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ telivishọn dị iche iche. Iji ọrụ ya gaa mba ọzọ, ọ gbara ajụjụ ọnụ dịka Fidel Castro na Muammar Gaddafi. N'ihi nkwado ya maka ndị radicals aka ekpe nke Montoneros, ọ ghọrọ ndị otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu Triple A lekwasịrị anya na 1974. E lekwasịrị enyi ya nwoke Nicolás Casullo [es] anya, na-eme ka di na nwunye ahụ lụọ di na nwunye wee gaa biri n'ala ọzọ.

Amado gara Caracas, Venezuela, ebe o mere ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi maka Ministry of Culture ruo afọ abụọ. N'afọ 1976, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Mexico City, ebe o dere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche, nyere aka n'ọtụtụ magazin dị ka onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri, na-egosi akụkọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn, ma mepụta ihe nkiri. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ na Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM, Autonomous Metropolitan University) na Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM, National Autonomoum University of Mexico), ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya. Ka ọ na-emetụta ndị inyom, o mere nnyocha banyere ụmụ nwanyị obodo na  (ILET, Latin American Institute for Transnational Studies) ma kwadebe akwụkwọ edemede ya. Ikike maka ntuli aka nke 1983 iji mee ka a laghachi na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Argentina mere ka di na nwunye ahụ laghachi n'ụlọ n'afọ ahụ.

Mgbe ọ lọtara, Amado zigara akwụkwọ edemede ya na Mahadum nke Buenos Aires, mana a na-egbu oge iji kwado ya ruo mgbe onye ndụmọdụ ya si n'ebe a chụgara ya lọta. Na mbụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ mana e were ya n'ọrụ ịbụ onyeisi ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ nke ILET n'etiti afọ 1987 na 1990. N'ịbụ onye e were n'ọrụ dị ka osote prọfesọ na ngalaba nke nkà ihe ọmụma na akwụkwọ ozi na Mahadum nke Buenos Aires na 1990, o mechara rụọ ọrụ ugboro atọ dị ka onyeisi oche nke nyocha ihe nkiri na nkatọ ihe nkiri na ngalaba nka. N'afọ 1992, ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-agụ akwụkwọ sonyeere iji guzobe usoro Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na akwụkwọ akụkọ Mora. Afọ ise ka e mesịrị, mmemme ahụ ghọrọ  (Interdisciplinary Institute of Gender Studies) na Mahadum nke Buenos Aires. N'afọ 2008, ọ nwetara Ph.D. ya na Mahadum Leiden ma gaa n'ihu na-akụzi na Argentina na mba ofesi ruo n'afọ 2015. Amado nwụrụ na 2016 ma na-echeta ya maka ọrụ ya na-enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Argentina na dịka otu n'ime ndị guzobere ngalaba ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Argentina.

 Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ 
A mụrụ Ana María Amado na 11 May 1946, na Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina. Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ịkpụpụta osisi, nne ya bụkwa onye nkụzi. Ezinụlọ nne ya si Italy bịa Argentina na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na nne na nna nna ya si Siria. Nke kacha okenye n'ime ụmụnne anọ, Amado gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Lugones ruo na klas nke isii, mgbe ezinụlọ ya kwagara Santiago del Estero. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1961 site na nzere nkuzi sitere na Colegio Belén (Belén College), ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik nkeonwe. N'ịga n'ihu n'ọmụmụ ihe, ọ debanyere aha na ọmụmụ sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Katọlik nke Santiago del Estero. E gburu nne na nna ya n'ihe ọghọm n'afọ 1964, ya na ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke gara biri na otu nwanne mama ya.

During her schooling, Amado was assisted by the  ( Foundation), which sent her to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1969. She took courses at Harvard University with Marshall McLuhan, before returning to complete her degree from the Catholic University of Santiago del Estero in 1972. While studying, she went to work at the local television station as a news producer. In 1970, she created  (Our Evening), a program she produced and aired on weekends through 1971. Simultaneously she wrote for the local newspaper, publishing articles on women's issues such as abortion and adoption.

 Ọrụ mbụ (1972-1974) 
Amado kwagara Buenos Aires mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1972. Ọ malitere ịgbasa mmemme egwu, Música en libertad (Music in Freedom) na Channel 9, mana ọ kwagara ngwa ngwa na Channel 13 na-akọ banyere mgbasa ozi ama ama Telenoche. Ọ kwadoro Montoneros, otu Trotskyist nke radical, ndị agha obodo mepere emepe, na-esonye n'òtù ntorobịa ha. Amado malitere ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye nta akụkọ nke ikuku, na-akọ akụkọ maka Channel 7 nke steeti, site na 1973. Ọ kpuchiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma mepụta akụkọ na mba ụwa nke atọ na-aga Romania; Cuba, ebe ọ gbara Fidel Castro ajụjụ ọnụ; na Libya, ebe ọ gbara Muammar Gaddafi ajụjụ ọnụ. Ọ mekwara Norman Briski ihe ngosi were awa abụọ nke na-aga kwa ụbọchị na Radio Belgrano [es].

N’afọ 1974, a kpọrọ Amado ka ya na Ministrị nke Education zukọrọ maka ịtọlite ​​Channel 4 maka mmemme izi ihe. Ọ zutere Nicolás Casullo [es], onye ndụmọdụ Jorge Taiana na Departamento de Cultura y Comunicación (Ngalaba Omenala na Nkwukọrịta). Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ahụ dara, ọ nọgidere na-ezute Casullo banyere ihe omume redio ya, ha malitekwara ịkpa. Mgbe Isabel Perón nọchiri di ya dị ka Onye isi ala Argentina, o kwere ka José López Rega bụrụ onye isi ala. O mebere mkpọsa ndị na-eyi ọha egwu megide ndị aka ekpe, nke mere ka onye isi Amado dọọ ya aka ná ntị ka ọ ghara ịbịa ọrụ na Channel 7. Casullo kwụsịkwara ịga Ministry of Education n'ihi na e debere ya na "ndepụta ọnwụ" nke Triple A. The Di na nwunye lụrụ na nzuzo na November 1974, ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Casullo gawara Cuba. Obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Amado gawara Caracas, Venezuela. [9]

 Ịgba ọsọ ndụ (1974-1983) 
Mgbe o rutere Caracas, Amado bu ụzọ rụọ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi wee malite ime ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi maka Ministry of Culture. Otu n'ime ihe nkiri ya bụ mmepụta banyere mba nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na nke ọzọ gbasara Ndị Barí na ụzọ ndụ ọdịnala ha. Mgbe ọ zutere onye Argentina ibe ya nke chịkọtara ọtụtụ iri afọ nke magazin ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, o mere ihe nkiri ya niile.[12] Ihe nkiri ya,  (Nke na-eme n'isi) nke e mepụtara maka  (Creative Audiovisual Productions), gosipụtara na 1976. [4] Casullo mechara sonyere ya na Venezuela, mana ebe ọ bụ na ọ nweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ iwu, di na nwunye ahụ kpebiri ịkwaga Mexico City n'afọ ahụ, mgbe a na-enye ha ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ na El Universal.[12]

Na mgbakwunye na ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ, e were Amado n'ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ na Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM, Autonomous Metropolitan University) ma rụọ ọrụ n'ọbá akwụkwọ ihe nkiri na Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM, National Autonomoum University of Mexico). Ọrụ ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta ihe nkiri banyere ndị Montoneros. N'iji magazin ndị o mere na Caracas, Amado mepụtara ihe ngosi otu awa  (Montoneros: Akụkọ nke Agha Nnwere Onwe), nke ọ duziri n'okpuru aha njirimara Cristina Benítez na edemede banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Peronism nke Casullo dere, onye jiri aha Hernán Castillo.[13] Ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke okenye Mariana, nwa nwanyị ọzọ, Liza sochiri ya na 1981. [1] [14] E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na 1977. UNAM were ya n'ọrụ ịkụzi na dịka onye nduzi maka  (Resistance Film Group) na ngalaba nke ihe nkiri.[13]

N'agbata afọ 1977 na afọ 1983, Amado dere nyocha ihe nkiri maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Unomásuno ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ  (Nkwurịta okwu na Ọdịbendị). Ọ gara ọmụmụ ihe na UAM ma kụzie klas semiology na UAM na UNAM.[13] N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-eme nnyocha na  (ILET, Latin American Institute for Transnational Studies) na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị. Nnyocha ahụ mere ka ya na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị si Mexico na Chile nwee mmekọrịta na nke mbụ ya, na-agbanwe echiche ya banyere òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ malitere ịkwadebe akwụkwọ edemede ya dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị si n'obodo ndị nwe obodo.[14] Site na ntuli aka nke 1983 na-ekwe nkwa ịlaghachi na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Argentina, di na nwunye ahụ kpebiri ịkpọrọ ezinụlọ ha laa n'ụlọ. [1] [15]

 Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị (1983-2015) 
N'ịnọ na Once de Septiembre na mbido afọ 1983, Amado nwere oge siri ike ịchọta agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke maka ụmụ ya nwanyị n'ihi na n'oge ọchịchị aka ike usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ adaala.[15] Ịkụziri ụmụ ya nwanyị akwụkwọ na itinye akwụkwọ edemede ya,  (The Female Discourse as Alternative Communication), bụ ihe mbụ ọ butere ụzọ. E dechara akwụkwọ edemede ahụ na onye ndụmọdụ Héctor Schmucler [es],  onye  onye otu ngalaba nke ngalaba nkà ihe ọmụma na akwụkwọ ozi na Mahadum Buenos Aires, onye ọ matara na Mexico mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na magazin ya  .  [15][13][16] Schmucler laghachiri Argentina n'afọ 1986,  a nabatara akwụkwọ edemede ya n'afọ 1987. [16][15]

Na mbido, Amado chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na-arụ ọrụ na Perfil na dị ka odeakwụkwọ nchịkọta akụkọ maka magazin Somos [es] na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbe e mesịrị ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị. Na ngwụcha afọ 1983, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na  (Live Magazine) maka Alicia Entel, onye ọ zutere site na ILET.[es] N'oge ahụ, Casullo ghọrọ onye nduzi nke ILET na Alcira Argumedo, Amado duziri ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ nke ILET n'etiti afọ 1987 na 1990. N'afọ 1989, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na Chile ọ matara na Mexico laghachiri n'ụlọ ma guzobe  (FEMPRES, Alternative Network of Women's Press in Latin America), ọ malitekwara ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya ya na Argentina.[15] Magazin ahụ dịgidere ruo 1990 ma lekwasị anya n'ibipụta ozi gbasara nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, na-enyocha ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ na Latin America.[17] Mgbe magazin ahụ mechiri, o nyere aka na mbipụta ndị dị ka Clarín na Página 12.[18]

N'afọ 1990, Amado were ọrụ dị ka osote prọfesọ na ngalaba nkà ihe ọmụma na akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Buenos Aires.[18] Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke nyocha ihe nkiri na nkatọ ihe nkiri na ngalaba nka, [1] a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nduzi ngalaba ugboro atọ, na-eje ozi ruo 1996. N'afọ 1992, a họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke mahadum ahụ.[18] N'afọ ahụ, na-anọchite anya nka, ọ malitere iso ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ, gụnyere onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ Mirta Ana Barbieri; onye nkuzi Nora Domínguez; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Mirta Zaida Lobato, Susana Murphy, na Marcela Nari; na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Margarita Roulet mepụta usoro Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. Na mbụ a maara dị ka  (AIEM, Interdisciplinary Area of Women's Studies), na site na 1997 dị ka Instituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios d'Género (IIEGE, Interdisciplinar Institute of Gender Studies), ha webatara okike dị ka ngalaba ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Buenos Aires wee guzobe akwụkwọ akụkọ Mora.[18][19][20] Ya na Domínguez mepụtara usoro, "" ("Gender Constructions and Narratives in Cinema, Literature and the Written Press"), nke ha nyere site na 1998.[18]

Na mgbakwunye na nkuzi ya na Mahadum Buenos Aires, Amado kụziri dị ka onye prọfesọ nleta na National University of Rosario, UNAM, na Mahadum Princeton, yana Mahadum Duke na 2001. Ya na Domínguez, na 2004 o bipụtara akwụkwọ na-enyocha akwụkwọ. otú e si akọwa ezinụlọ n’akwụkwọ. Na 2008, Amada nwetara PhD na Humanities site na Mahadum Leiden, ebe ọ gụchara akara mmụta doctoral ya, La imagen justa: cine argentino y política, 1980-2007 (Onyinye Dị nnọọ: Argentine Cinema na Politics, 1980-2007) n'okpuru nduzi. nke Luz Rodríguez Carranza, onye Argentine dọọrọ n'agha nke nọgidere na mba ọzọ. Aha ọrụ ahụ bụ egwuregwu n'otu ntabi anya nke okwu ahụ bụ "naanị" - n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ihe nkiri gosiri na ọ bụ ihe oyiyi, ma ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe oyiyi ziri ezi (ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ziri ezi). N'afọ sochirinụ, e bipụtara tesis ya dị ka akwụkwọ n'okpuru otu aha ahụ. Ọ nyochara ụzọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si gbanwee ihe nkiri n'ime oge ahụ, buru ụzọ mepụta akụkọ ifo nke ọchịchị ahụ, wee leghara egwu egwu na mmegbu kpamkpam anya, na n'ikpeazụ na-ajụ ajụjụ ma na-achọ azịza maka enweghị nkọwa. Na 2010, e nyere ya afọ abụọ Guggenheim Fellowship ka ọ gaa n'ihu na nyocha ya nke ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na echiche ọha na eze dị ka e gosipụtara na nkà ihe nkiri Argentine. Ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Buenos Aires na na Instituto de Iberoamérica (Ibero-American Institute) nke Mahadum Salamanca site na njedebe nke 2015.[24]

 Ọnwụ na ihe nketa 
Amado nwụrụ na 9 ma ọ bụ 10 Nọvemba 2016 na Buenos Aires mgbe ọrịa nke ọtụtụ izu gasịrị. A na-echeta ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ site n'aka ndị ọrụ ibe yana onye guzobere ngalaba ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Argentina. Na mgbakwunye na ịtọlite ​​​​akwụkwọ akụkọ Mora na mbipụta nke ya, o nyere aka n'isiakwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ akụkọ ọdịnala ma bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ usoro akwụkwọ Ediciones Colihue na sinima.

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