Kansụl Mba nke Ụmụ nwanyị France

National Council of French Women (French: Conseil National des femmes françaises, CNFF) bụ ọha mmadụ hibere na 1901 iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị otu mbụ bụ ndị inyom nwere ọganihu bụ ndị kwenyere na iji ụzọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike nweta ikike site n'igosi ikpe ziri ezi nke ihe kpatara ya. Okwu ndị dị na ọkara narị afọ mbụ gụnyere ikike ịme ntuli aka, nha nha nke iwu n'etiti di na nwunye, nkwado ụmụaka nke nna, nkwado mmadụ maka ụmụaka, ohere ọrụ nha anya, ụgwọ ọrụ nha anya maka ọrụ nhata na inweta ụmụ amaala na alụmdi na nwunye. National Council of French Women nwere njikọ na International Council of Women (ICW). Ugbu a nke kacha ochie nke òtù ndị nwanyị French, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka ihe ndị metụtara ikike ụmụ nwanyị.

 Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga 
Eliska Vincent (1841-1914) a na-akwanyere ùgwù na nke a na-akwanyere ùgwù tọrọ ntọala otu nwanyị "Equality of Asnières" na 1888, bụ ndị na-etinye aka n'ụdị ịgba ume maka ntanye ụmụ nwanyị nke nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị bourgeois. Ọ nọchiri anya Hubertine Auclert (1848-1914) dị ka onye ndu a ma ama nke ngagharị ntuli aka na Paris mgbe Auclert kwagara Algeria na 1888.[1]

N'ime 1900 World ngosi na Paris e nwere ọtụtụ ndị inyom congresses na nzukọ. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ndị nna nwere n'ebe ụmụaka ndị na-amachaghị mma nọ, ebe nnabata nna ga-enye nwatakịrị ikike ịza aha nna ya na iketa ya, mana n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ọ ga-enyekwa nna ikike nkpọrọ. N'otu n'ime ogbako Maria Pognon, onye ga-abụ otu n'ime ndị malitere CNFF, rụrụ ụka megide nna nna na maka ego ọmụmụ mba iji kwado ndị nne na-alụbeghị di na ụmụ ha. Ọtụtụ ndị bịaranụ jụrụ aro ya.[3]

Nzukọ 1900 gụnyere philanthropic and education Congress of Women's Works and Institutions (Congrès des Œuvres et Institutions Féminines) na Congress on the Status and Rights of Women (Congrès de la Condition et des Droits de la Femme) nke kpọrọ oku maka nha anya nwoke na nwanyị zuru oke. . Otu abụọ ahụ kpebiri ikpokọta iji guzobe CNFF, nke a kọwara dị ka njikọ nke otu na ebumnuche imeziwanye ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ, akụnụba, ọha mmadụ, ọrụ ebere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'oge a Eliska Vincent akwụsịla ịnụ ọkụ n'obi maka ịha nhata, ma gbaa arụkwaghịm mgbe ọ sonyere na National Council of French Women.[1]

 Ntọala 
Emebere CNFF n'ihu ọha na 18 Eprel 1901. Kọmitii mbụ bụ Isabelle Bogelot bụ onye isi ya. Ọ gụnyere Sarah Monod (1836-1912), Avril de Sainte-Croix (1855-1939) na Julie Siegfried (1848-1922) sitere na Congress of Women's Works and Institutions, na Marie Bonnevial, Madame Wiggishoff na Maria Pognon sitere na Congress. Ọnọdụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na Maria Pognon nwere nchegbu na Sarah Monod bụ maka ọtụtụ "onye na-ebufe Protestantism," nhọrọ nke ọtụtụ bụ maka Sarah Monod ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche n'ihi àgwà ọma ya na ọgụgụ isi ya.[4]

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu kansụl bụ ndị bourgeois Republicans na-agafeghị oke. E nwere ntakịrị ndị na-elekọta mmadụ nke Louise Saumoneau na Élisabeth Renaud na-eduzi, ndị ikike ikike Katọlik nke Marie Maugeret duziri. Onye nkuzi Marie Bonnevial, onye nyere aka na ụbọchị nwanyị La Fronde, na nwanyị ama ama na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, tinyere aka na CNFF na asọmpi French maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị (Ligue française pour le droit des). ụmụ nwanyị). Na nzuko mmalite ya CNFF kwuru na ha nwere otu 35 jikọrọ aka na ndị otu 21,000. Ndị a agụnyeghị otu ndị inyom Katọlik, bụ ndị nwere ike itinye aka na Patriotic League of Frenchwomen (Ligue Patriotique des Françaises). Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Katọlik na-akwado ọrụ ebere nakweere echiche ndị nna ochie banyere ezinụlọ nke chọọchị ha kpọsara, ha esoghịkwa na CNFF.[8]

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 

 Tupu Agha Ụwa Mbụ 
CNFF ruru n'ókè dị elu n'oge tupu Agha Ụwa Mbụ (1914-18), oge mgbe òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-eme nke ọma na Europe na ebe ndị ọzọ.[9]CNFF sonyeere International Council of Women (ICW), nke e guzobere na 1888 na United States. Na 10 Mee 1902 CNFF, nke nwere njikọ 40 na-anọchite anya ndị otu 28,000, mere otu mkpebi na ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe kachasị mkpa n'ihe niile ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ.[2]Site na 1902 Avril de Sainte-Croix bụ onye nkwado siri ike maka ụmụ nwanyị na CNFF.N'afọ 1903, Sainte-Croix bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke CNFF nakwa nke alaka French nke International Abolitionist Federation, nke ọ si n'ụlọ ya na 1 Avenue Malakoff gbaa ọsọ.[11]Pauline Kergomard bụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba CNFF na agụmakwụkwọ site na 1905 ruo 1920.[7]

CNFF mere mkpebi megide ite ime na 1906, na-ezo aka n'ọrụ nne na ọrụ achọghị ọdịmma onwe onye nke ndị nne.[12]Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na France chere na a ga-amanye ndị nna na-emebi iwu nke ụmụ amuma ka ha nye nkwado, mana ha erughị ikike nna.N'afọ 1903, CNFF na French Group for Feminist Studies duziri otu ìgwè nke tụpụtara iwu nke nna ga-adabere na ezi uche dị na ya karịa ihe akaebe zuru oke, a ga-achọ ka nna kwụọ ụgwọ iji kwado nwa ahụ, mana nne ga-ejigide ikike nne na nna.[13]Ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na Chamber of Deputies agaghị anabata aro a, ebe ọ bụ na ha chere na ọ naghị agba alụmdi na nwunye na ibu ọrụ nna ume.Iwu e mere na 1912 chọrọ ihe akaebe nke nna n'akwụkwọ, ekweghị ka a mata ụmụaka nke mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ịkwa iko, ma tụọ ụgwọ dị arọ na ụmụ nwanyị ndị a jụrụ ịnwa igosi nna ha.[13]

CNFF, na mbụ na-ekwu okwu n'ọnọdụ ya, na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'etiti 1909 na 1914 n'ịkwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị.[14]Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1910, CNFF nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu 75,000.[2]Na 11 Nọvemba 1911 Sarah Monod natara Legion of Honor n'aka Senator Camille Ferdinand Dreyfus.[15]Gọọmentị France kwuru ọtụtụ mgbanwe nke CNFF kpaliri ma ọ bụ tụrụ aro ya n'okpuru idu ndú ya:  Julie Siegfried (1848-1922), sitere n'ezinụlọ Protestant na nke Republican, weghaara idu ndú nke CNFF site na Monod na 1912. [16][17]Gabrielle Duchêne, onye ọrụ ebere bara ọgaranya nke nyere aka hazie ndị na-akwa ákwà na Paris, bụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba ọrụ nke CNFF site na 1913 ruo 1915.[18][19]Na mbido Agha Ụwa Mbụ, e nwere otu narị na iri ise na CNFF gụnyere French Union of Woman Suffrage, nke nwere alaka iri asatọ, Society for the Improvement of Women's Lot na Fraternal Union of women.[20]

 Agha Ụwa Mbụ 
Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ (1914-18) malitere, a na-atụ anya ka ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị kwụsị ihe ha chọrọ ma kwado mba ha na ọgụ ya. [9]N'oge agha ahụ, CNFF agaghị akwado ndị na-eme udo. Usoro gọọmentị bụ na ụmụ nwanyị France anọwo na-enwe ọmịiko mgbe niile na pacifism ma chọọ "udo na nghọta mba ụwa, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị n'ụwa niile, ọ dịkarịa ala na Europe. " Otú ọ dị, "ruo mgbe ụmụ nwanyị Germany mere mkpesa megide gọọmentị nke ha megide mmebi iwu mba ụwa na mpụ nke ndị agha ya megide ndị nkịtị, imekọ ihe ọ bụla na ha ga-abụ aghụghọ nke mba ahụ; eziokwu ahụ bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị abụghị ihe ọ bụla".[21]

 Afọ ndị agha biri 
N'adịghị ka mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na France enwetaghị ikike ịtụ vootu mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, mana CNFF nwetara mmetụta na ùgwù.[22]N'afọ 1919, Avril de Sainte-Croix na CNFF sonyere na mkpọsa iji mee ka ndị isi Allied kwenye na Nzukọ Udo nke Versailles iji dozie ụmụ nwanyị na nsogbu ha na akwụkwọ ikike nke Njikọ Mba ọhụrụ, na ihe ịga nke ọma. CNFF rụkwara ọrụ iji mee ka ndị omeiwu France kwenye ka ha mee iwu maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị.[11]Di Julie Siegfried, Jules Siegfries, bụ onye nnọchi anya ma merie ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu na 1919, mana Senate jụrụ iwu ahụ. A na-achọ Julie Siegfried mma na obe Knight nke Legion of Honor site n'aka Alexandre Millerand.[17]

Avril de Sainte-Croix haziri mgbakọ CNFF na 1919. [11]E mere nnọkọ ahụ na Strasbourg n'ụbọchị asatọ ruo itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1919.Na nzukọ a, ọ kpọrọ oku ka a gbanwee iwu ka nwanyị French lụrụ onye mba ọzọ wee nwee ike ịhọrọ ịnọgide na-abụ nwa amaala ya. A tụpụtara mgbanwe n'iwu ahụ nke nwanyị French ga-anọgide na France ọ gwụla ma ọ họọrọ iwere nwa amaala di ya. A mara ọkwa nke a dị ka "nnukwu nzọụkwụ e mere n'ime afọ ole na ole" na nzukọ CNFF na 1922, mana CNFF rịọkwara maka mmeghachi omume, ikike maka nwanyị mba ọzọ lụrụ nwoke French iji nweta ikike ịbụ nwa amaala France. Nke a mechara banye n'iwu nke 10 Ọgọst 1927.[23]

N'oge agha gachara, CNFF kwadebere arụmụka maka mgbanwe nke iwu iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe itinye akwụkwọ nna, ka ọ na-ejigide ikike nne nwere ilekọta nwa ahụ.[24]N'afọ 1919, CNFF chere na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị inye aka na "mgbalị megide mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ", ma chọọ ka e meziwanye enyemaka maka nnukwu ezinụlọ na ọrụ ọdịmma ụmụaka. Ha chọkwara ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ohere ọrụ hà nhata na ụgwọ ọrụ hà nhatị ma ha lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye ma ọ bụ nwee ụmụ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị kwuru na atụmatụ ebe nna ahụ natara ụgwọ nkwado ụmụaka agaghị enwe mmetụta achọrọ.[25]CNFF wepụtara akwụkwọ ọnọdụ na 1919 nke chọrọ njedebe nke ọghọm iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di nọ n'okpuru, na-enye ha ohere ime mkpebi na-enweghị nkwenye nke di ha, ma chọọ ikike nne na nna hà nhata na enweghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla a ga-ekpebi n'ụlọ ikpe.[26]
Na 1922 Avril de Sainte-Croix nọchiri Julie Siegfried dị ka onye isi oche nke CNFF, na-ejide ọnọdụ a ruo 1932 mgbe Marguerite Pichon-Landry nọchiri ya.[11]N'afọ 1925, CNFF nwere ndị otu 125,000. [2]Sainte-Croix mere mkpọsa na 1927 ka ụmụ nwanyị nabata na ndị uwe ojii.[11]Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke CNFF's États-Généraux du Féminisme[lower-alpha 2] congresses na 1929, 1930 na 1931. Nzukọ ndị a lekwasịrị anya n'afọ ndị sochirinụ na ikike iwu ụmụ nwanyị, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na ọnọdụ na mpaghara ndị ahụ.[27]N'afọ 1929, ụlọ ọrụ Estates General of Feminism kwadoro ego ụmụaka.[25]Marguerite Pichon-Landry (1878-1972) bụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba iwu nke CNFF site na 1914 ruo 1927, ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ ukwu site na 1929 ruo 1932.Ọ bụ onye isi ala site na 1932 ruo 1952. E nyere Pichon-Landry ihe nrite nke nguzogide ma mee ya Knight of the Legion of Honor.[28]

 Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị 
Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux (1904-64) nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na CNFF mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.[29]Lefaucheux na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ukwuu na Association of Women of the French Union (Association des Femmes de l'Union Française), ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti nzukọ a na CNFF.[29]Lefaucheux bụ onye isi oche nke CNFF site na 1954 ruo 1964, na onye isi oche of the International Council of Women site na 1957 ruo 1963.[30]Ọ bụkwa onye otu odeakwụkwọ nke Commission on Women of the United Nations na ndị nnọchi anya France na United Nations.[31]O nwetara ọganihu dị ukwuu maka ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka. Françoise Bouteiller, onye isi oche nke CNFF na 1998, gbara akaebe maka otuto e nyere Lafaucheux site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị ọ zutere mgbe ọ gara Africa maka kansụl ahụ na 1975. E guzobere Foundation Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka aka.[31]

N'afọ 1962, CNFF sonyeere European Center nke International Council of Women, nke e guzobere na 1962. [2]CNFF mere mkpọsa megide nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, ịgba akwụna na mgbawa nke ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na 1970s.CNFF na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị nro, na ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'agbata afọ iri na ụma nwere onyinyo ndị ọgaranya.Ọ bụ taa òtù ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ochie na-arụsi ọrụ ike na France.[32]CNFF taa nwere Kọmitii Nchịkwa nke a na-emezigharị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ kwa afọ atọ, nke Nzukọ Ezumezu nke njikọ na ndị otu ọ bụla họpụtara.Nzukọ Ezumezu bụ òtù na-eme mkpebi. Kọmitii Nchịkwa nwere onye isi oche na ndị osote onye isi oche ise, odeakwụkwọ ukwu na osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu, onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na onye na-enyere onye na-elekọta akụ na ụba aka.[33]Ebumnuche nke CNFF na mmekorita ya na òtù ndị otu ya bụ iji kwado ọnọdụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ, iji hụ na a na-akwanyere ikike ha ùgwù, yana inye aka n'iwulite ụwa dị n'otu ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-anọchite anya ha nke ọma.[34]

 Ndị isi ala 
Ndị isi oche nke CNFF bụ: [2]


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