Alva Myrdal

Alva Myrdal (/ ˈmɜːrdɑːl, ˈmɪər- MUR-dahl, MEER-,    ; née Reimer; 31 Jenụwarị 1902 - 1 February 1986) bụ onye ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye Sweden. Ọ bụ onye ndu a ma ama n'òtù mwepu agha. Ya na Alfonso García Robles nwetara Nrite Nobel Peace Prize na 1982. Ọ lụrụ Gunnar Myrdal na 1924; ọ nwetara Nrite Nobel Memorial na Science Economics na 1974, na-eme ka ha bụrụ di na nwunye nke anọ nwetarala ihe nrite Nobel, na ndị mbụ meriri onwe ha n'onwe ha (dịka ihe nrite Nobel nke ndị di na nwunye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekerịta).

 Akụkọ ndụ 

 Ndụ mbụ na ọmụmụ 
A mụrụ Alva Myrdal na Uppsala ma tolite dị ka nwa mbụ nke ezinụlọ dị obi umeala, ada Albert Reimer na Lowa Jonsson. O nwere ụmụnne anọ: Ruth (1904–1980), Folke (1906–1977), Mee (1909–1941) na Stig (1912–1977). Nna ya bụ onye na-elekọta mmadụ na nke oge a na-emesapụ aka. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara ebe dị iche iche. Dị ka ihe atụ, ha bi na Eskilstuna, Älvsjö, na Stockholm. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ya gụnyere nkà mmụta uche na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ sayensị na Stockholm na 1924.

N'afọ 1929, Myrdal na di ya Gunnar Myrdal nwere ohere ịga US dị ka Rockefeller Fellows. Myrdal gara n'ihu na-amụ ihe gbasara akparamàgwà mmadụ, agụmakwụkwọ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mgbe ọ nọ na US. O nwere ohere pụrụ iche ịgbasawanye ihe ọmụma ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka. Nnyocha Myrdal banyere nnukwu ọdịiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba na United States mekwara ka nkwenye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịkwuo elu - "nnukwu" bụ okwu ya na di ya ji kọwaa echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha. Ha wee kwaga Geneva maka ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ, ebe ha malitere ịmụ otú ahụ mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-echegbu ọtụtụ ndị Europe n'oge agha.

 ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ezinụlọ na nsogbu ndị mmadụ 
Myrdal buru ụzọ bata n'ihu ọha na 1930, ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-anya ụgbọ ala n'ịmepụta steeti ọdịmma Sweden. Ọ kwadoro akwụkwọ Crisis in the Population Question (Swedish: Kris i befolkningsfrågan na Gunnar Myrdal na 1934). Ihe bụ isi nke nsogbu nsogbu na ajụjụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ bụ ịchọta ihe mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị mkpa iji nye ohere maka nnwere onwe onye ọ bụla (karịsịa maka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-akwalite ịmụ nwa, na-agba ndị Sweden ume ịmụ ụmụ. Akwụkwọ a kọwakwara mkpa ọ dị oke ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka ma ndị nne na nna yana obodo site n'aka ndị nkuzi ụmụaka a zụrụ azụ.

Myrdal katọrọ nke ukwuu ọganihu na ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara maka ụmụaka na Sweden. N'ihi ya, o bipụtara akwụkwọ Urban Children (1935), ebe o gosipụtara echiche ya maka usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ọhụrụ nke Sweden. O kwuru na nlekọta ụmụaka nke oge a nwere ntụpọ. Usoro a dị n'etiti oke abụọ - usoro nke 'ajọ enyemaka' maka ndị na-abaghị ọgaranya dị iche na usoro ndị ahụ kwadebere ụmụaka si n'ezinụlọ ndị bara ọgaranya maka ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye. O kwusiri ike na e nwere ihe mgbochi ihe onwunwe n'ụzọ nke inweta ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ. Ya mere, mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị mkpa. Myrdal chọrọ ijikọ ma jikọta oke abụọ ahụ.

Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, o nwere ike itinye echiche ya n'ọrụ, ka ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke National Educational Seminar, nke o so guzobe na 1936. O ji aka ya rụọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ dị ka onye nkuzi na onye nkuzi site n'ịzụ ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara. Myrdal mesiri ike enweghị nyocha agụmakwụkwọ na nso nso a gbasara ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara. Ozizi ya gbalịrị ijikọta nchọpụta ọhụrụ na nkà mmụta uche ụmụaka na agụmakwụkwọ. A na-ekwusi ike na ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dị ka ọganihu onwe onye nke ụmụ nwanyị.

Ya na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Sven Markelius, Myrdal chepụtara ụlọ ọrụ Stockholm Collective House na 1937, na-ele anya n'ịzụlite nnwere onwe ụlọ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii maka Nnukwu Nnọchiteanya Ụmụ nwanyị, nke e guzobere na 1937 iji mụbaa nnọchiteanya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị. 

N'afọ 1938, Alva na Gunnar Myrdal kwagara na United States. Mgbe ọ nọ na US, Myrdal bipụtara akwụkwọ Nation and Family (1941) gbasara ezinụlọ Swedish na iwu ndị mmadụ. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ bikwa na Sweden oge ụfọdụ.

 Ọrụ ọ malitere mgbe agha gasịrị 
Onye a ma ama nke Swedish Social Democratic Party ogologo oge, na ngwụcha afọ 1940 ọ banyere n'ihe gbasara mba ụwa na United Nations, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ngalaba ya na iwu ọdịmma na 1949. Site na 1950 ruo 1955 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke UNESCO - nwanyị mbụ nwere ọkwa dị otú ahụ na UN. N'afọ 1955-1956, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya Sweden na New Delhi, India, Yangon, Myanmar na Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Site na 1951 ya na onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Britain bụ Viola Klein rụkọtara ọrụ ma na 1958 ha so dee akwụkwọ Women's Two Roles: Home and Work, nke International Federation of University Women kwadoro "iji mee nyocha mba ụwa banyere mkpa maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụrụ na a ga-etinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọnọdụ iji mee ka ezinụlọ na ndụ ọrụ dịghachi n'otu".

N'afọ 1962, a họpụtara Myrdal ka ọ bụrụ onye Riksdag, n'afọ 1962, e zigara ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya Sweden na nnọkọ UN na Geneva, ọrụ ọ nọgidere na ya ruo n'afọ 1973. N'oge mkparịta ụka na Geneva, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu, na-apụta dị ka onye ndú nke otu mba ndị na-esoghị n'otu nke gbalịrị iweta nrụgide ịnagide ike abụọ ahụ (US na USSR, n'otu n'otu) iji gosipụta nchegbu ka ukwuu maka usoro nkwụsịtụ. Ahụmahụ ya site n'afọ ndị ọ nọrọ na Geneva chọtara ụzọ n'akwụkwọ ya "The game of disarmament", ebe ọ kwupụtara mmechuihu ya na enweghị mmasị nke US na USSR iji wepụ ngwá agha.

Myrdal sonyere n'ịmepụta Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, na-aghọ onye isi oche mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa na 1966. N'afọ 1967, a họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ nke Cabinet maka iwepụ ngwá agha, ọfịs ọ nọrọ ruo n'afọ 1973. Myrdal dekwara akwụkwọ a ma ama The Game of Disarmament, nke e bipụtara na 1976. Onye na-akwado iwepụ ngwá agha, Myrdal natara Nobel Peace Prize na 1982 ya na Alfonso García Robles. N'afọ 1983, Myrdal kwụsịrị esemokwu siri ike banyere ọdịnihu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu Adolf Fredrik, "The AF-fight" (Swedish: AF-striden). 

Myrdal kwalitere mgbanwe na nlekọta ụmụaka ma mesịa ghọọ kọmitii gọọmentị na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na onyeisi oche nke Federation of Business and Professional Women . 

 Ndụ onwe onye 
N'afọ 1924, ọ lụrụ Prọfesọ Gunnar Myrdal. Ha mụrụ ụmụ Jan Myrdal (amụrụ 1927), Sissela Bok (amụrụ 1934) na Kaj Fölster (amụrụ na 1936). 

Ụmụ ụmụ ya gụnyere Hilary Bok na Stefan Fölster.

 Ọnwụ 
Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị ọ gbara afọ iri asatọ na anọ.

 Onyinye na nsọpụrụ 

 West German Peace Prize (1970; ya na di ya Gunnar Myrdal) 
 Ihe nrite Wateler Peace (1973)</ref>
 Royal Institute of Technology's Great Prize (1975) 
 Ihe nrite Monismanien (1976) 
 Ihe nrite udo nke Albert Einstein (1980)
 Ihe nrite Jawaharlal Nehru maka nghọta mba ụwa (1981) 
 Nobel Peace Prize (1982; ya na Alfonso García Robles) 

 Degree nsọpụrụ 

 Mount Holyoke College (1950) 
 Mahadum nke Leeds, Doctor of Letters (1962) 
 Mahadum nke Edinburgh (1964) 
 Mahadum Columbia, Doctor of Humane Letters (1965) Price Davis, Anita; Selvidge, Marla J. (2016). Women Nobel Peace Prize Winners (2nd ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 133. ISBN 9780786499175.
 Mahadum Temple, Doctor of Humane Letters (1968) 
 Gustavus Adolphus College, Doctor of Divinity (1971) 
 Mahadum Brandeis, Doctor of Laws (19 Mee 1974) 
 Mahadum Gothenburg, Doctor of Philosophy (1975) 
 Mahadum nke East Anglia (1976) 
 Mahadum nke Helsinki (1980) 
 Mahadum nke Oslo (1981) 
 Mahadum Linköping, Doctor of Medicine (1982) 

 Ndị otu 

 Onye otu American Philosophical Society (1982) 

 Hụkwa 

 Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị nwetara nrite Nobel
 Injinia mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị) 

 Ihe odide 

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations