Igbe anwụrụ ọkụ

Ite smudge (nke a makwaara dị ka ọkụ choofa ma ọ bụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi) bụ ihe eji eme mmanụ na-ere ọkụ iji gbochie ntu oyi n'osisi mkpụrụ osisi. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ite smudge nwere nnukwu okirikiri gbara gburugburu nke nwere chimni na-esi n'etiti etiti ahụ pụta. A na-etinye ite ahụ n'etiti osisi ndị dị n'ubi mkpụrụ osisi. Mmanụ na-ere ọkụ na-emepụta okpomọkụ, anwụrụ ọkụ, carbon dioxide, na vepo mmiri. A kwenyere na ikpo ọkụ mmanụ a ga-enyere aka mee ka ubi mkpụrụ osisi ghara ịdị jụụ nke ukwuu n'oge oyi na-atụ.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Na 1907, onye na-eto eto na-emepụta ihe, Willis Frederick Charles "W.C." Scheu (Dec 1st, 1868 - Eprel 11, 1942), n'oge ahụ na Grand Junction, Colorado, mepụtara igwe ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ere mmanụ nke dị irè karịa ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ubi mkpụrụ osisi na ubi vine.[1] N'afọ 1911, ọ mepere ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta Scheu na Upland, California, wee malite ịmepụta ahịrị ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ubi mkpụrụ osisi.[2] Scheu Steel ka na-azụ ahịa, na 2021.[3] Ojiji nke ite smudge bịara gbasaa ebe niile mgbe ọgbaghara dị na Southern California, Jenụwarị 4–8, 1913, kpochapụrụ ihe ọkụkụ dum.  Staff, "FROM OVER HILLS COMES COLD BLAST - And Citrus Men Are Hard Hit, Is Claimed", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Tuesday 7 January 1913, Volume XXXVII, Number 84, page 1.

A na-ejikarị ite anwụrụ ọkụ eme ihe ruo afọ iri asaa n'ógbè ndị dị ka ọtụtụ osisi citrus na ubi vaịn nke California. Mpaghara Redlands nwere ihe na-ekpo ọkụ ubi 462,000 maka oge oyi nke 1932-33, ka P. E. Simpson, nke ngalaba na-enye ihe nke California Fruit Growers Exchange, kọrọ, na-achọ galọn mmanụ 3,693,000 maka otu ntinye, ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka ụgbọ ala tankị 330. Iji jupụta ite niile dị na Southern California otu oge chọrọ ibu ụgbọala 2,000."Says Growers Are Prepared Against Frost", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Thursday 1 December 1932, Volume 39, Section 2, Page 13.

Ojiji nke ite anwụrụ ọkụ na Redlands, California groves gara n'ihu n'ime afọ ndị 1970, mana ọ kwụsịrị ihu ọma ka ọnụ ahịa mmanụ na-arị elu na nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-abawanye. Igbe bịara n'ụdị abụọ dị mkpa: otu mkpokọta louvered n'elu ala mmanụ jupụtara, na ụdị dịtụ elu nke gosipụtara cambered, louvered, olu na ọkpọkọ na-enye ume ọhụrụ site n'akụkụ anwụrụ ọkụ nke siphoned gas stack laghachi n'ime ụlọ ọkụ ma mepụta ọkụ zuru oke. Mahadum California mepụtara ihe na-ekpo ọkụ Return-Stack ma bụrụ nke a na-ere n'ihe dị ka afọ 1940.  Leonard, A. S., and Kepner, Robert A., "Return-Stack Orchard Heater", California Agriculture, June 1950, page 8. Filler caps nwere njikwa anwụrụ ọkụ atọ ma ọ bụ anọ. Ogwe osisi ahụ dị n'ime ite ahụ na-enwekarị osisi e ji mmanụ mee ("tube na wick")  nke a na-etinye n'ime olu iji nyere aka n'ime ọkụ nke ite ahụ.Leonard, A. S., and Kepner, Robert A., "Return-Stack Orchard Heater", California Agriculture, June 1950, page 9. A na-enwu ite ọkụ mgbe okpomọkụ ikuku ruru 29 degrees Fahrenheit (-2 degrees Celsius), na maka ogo ọ bụla ọzọ nke ọdịda, a na-emeghe oghere ọzọ na okpu nchịkwa ("draft regulator").  N'okpuru ogo 25, ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ a ga-eme iji bulie mmetụta okpomọkụ.

 Ụdị na ojiji 
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise nke 1924
Ụfọdụ groves na-eji ite gas eme ihe n'ahịrị sitere na isi iyi gas, ma ndị a abụghị "ite ọkụ" n'echiche a na-emekarị, ha na-anọchi anya nanị akụkụ dị nta nke omume ịhịa aka n'ahụ. E mere nnwale ndị a na-eji ọkụ ọkụ sitere n'okike na Rialto, California, na 1912.[11] Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji nnukwu ite smudge na-ekpo ọkụ maka nnukwu ụlọ mepere emepe, dị ka ebe a na-arụ ọrụ igwe. N'Australia, a na-akpọ ha "choofers" n'ihi mkpọtụ ha na-eme mgbe ọkụ: "choofa choofa choofa".

Ịkụnye "choofer" Australia bụ azụmahịa dị aghụghọ. N'ihi nnukwu ígwé ojii nke anwụrụ ojii na-egbuke egbuke ha na-emepụta mgbe oyi na-atụ, a ghaghị ịgbanye ha n'èzí. A na-arụzu nke a site na ijide nkịrịka na-ere ọkụ n'akụkụ oghere na-emeghe na tank mmanụ. Usoro nke ikuku na-esi na chimni pụta ga-adọta ikuku site na mmiri ọkụ na-emeghe n'ime tank mmanụ, ebe elu mmanụ dị n'ime ga-enwu ọkụ ma gbaa ọkụ ozugbo. Ozugbo choofer ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ọma, enwere ike mechie damper ruo mgbe a na-enweta ọkụ ọkụ na-aga n'ihu, mgbe a na-emepụta ụda "choofa choofa choofa". Ọ bụrụ na emechighị damper, choofa nwere ike kpagbu onwe ya site na anwụrụ ọkụ nke ya, na-ebute "mgbawa" nke gas na-adịghị ọkụ na chimni. Mgbawa dị otú ahụ adịghị ize ndụ, ma ha na-eme mkpọtụ ma na-emepụta anwụrụ ọkụ. Ozugbo igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu, anwụrụ ọkụ ga-apụ n'anya, a pụkwara ịdọrọ ite ahụ nwayọọ nwayọọ na nke ọma n'ime ya. Ha ka na-emepụta gas dị ize ndụ, ma a ghaghị iji ya mee ihe na oghere ikuku nke ọma.

Choofers ga-ere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ọ bụla na-ere ọkụ, gụnyere kerosene, mmanụ diesel, ma ọ bụ mmanụ a na-eji eme ihe.

Tupu mmepe nke batrị kwadoro blinkers na ịnya-ịnyịnya, ọtụtụ ngalaba okporo ụzọ na-eji obere ihe nrịbama mmanụ na-ere ọkụ na-egosi mpaghara ọrụ, na ọtụtụ usoro ụgbọ okporo ígwè ka na-adabere na ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ na-agbanye mmanụ, ogologo tubs nke mmanụ ụgbọala na a. wick, nke dabara n'etiti njikọ ahụ ma na-egbochi snow na ice ka ọ ghara imebi isi ihe ngbanwe. A na-ejikarị nke a naanị na ngwa yard. Ndị na-ekpo ọkụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ n'ime mainline.

A na-ejikwa ite smudge ahụ n'ebe a na-ewu ihe na ebe ndị ọzọ oyi na-atụ iji wepụ oyi n'ime ụlọ ka ndị ọrụ wee nwee ahụ iru ala, na ọtụtụ iri afọ (1920s-1970s) a na-eji ha mee ihe dị ka ìhè ọdịda abalị mberede na ọdụ ụgbọelu dịpụrụ adịpụ na-enweghị ọkụ ọkụ eletrik. , na-eme dị ka usoro nke obere ọkụ ọkụ.

 Ojiji n'agha 
Ndị Germany, ndị Japan, na ndị agha mmiri United States jiri ite anwụrụ ọkụ mee ihe n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ,  na ndị North Vietnamese na mwakpo ha na Laos n'oge Agha Vietnam iji chebe ndị bara uru. Morison, Samuel Eliot, "History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume XIII, The Liberation of the Philippines - Luzon, Mindinao, the Visayas 1944-1945, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1959, 1989, Library of Congress card number 47-1571, pages 137-138. Ebumnuche nke anwụrụ ọkụ ojii na-esi n'arịa ndị a apụta bụ iji belata ikike ịchọta ihe a chọrọ. Na Vietnam, a na-eji anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na ite anwụrụ ọkụ mee ihe dị ka ihe nchebe megide bọmbụ laser. Anwụrụ ọkụ ga-agbasa ọkụ laser ma mebie njikọ laser na ebumnuche ya.

 Ihe ndị ọzọ ọ pụtara 

 Igbe smudge na-aghọkarị ihe nrite ihe atụ na asọmpi bọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Southern California. 
 Bonita High School na San Dimas High School, nke jikọtara ya na Bonita Unified School District na Southern California, na-asọ mpi na bọọlụ varsity maka ite smudge ọlaọcha.
 Na Redlands, California, Redlands High School na Redlands East Valley High School na-asọ mpi na bọọlụ kọleji maka ite na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọbara ọbara. A maara egwuregwu ahụ n'etiti ndị na-akwado bọọlụ dị ka 'Smudge Bowl'
 Mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ "ọkụ okporo ụzọ", a na-eji obere ite anwụrụ ọkụ eme ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji dọọ okporo ụzọ na-abịanụ aka ná ntị maka mmezi okporo ụzọ n'abalị.   [citation needed][See talk]

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