John Makumbe

John Mudiwa Washe Makumbe (May 6, 1949—January 27, 2013), nke a na-ebipụtakarị dị ka John Mw Makumbe, bụ ọkà mmụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Zimbabwe, ọkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Zimbabwe ihe karịrị afọ 25, bụrụkwa onye nkuzi ọbịa ugboro ugboro na Mahadum steeti Michigan. Ọ bụ onye na-ede akụkọ echiche na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na onye otu òtù ọha mmadụ na-akatọ Robert Mugabe na ZANU-PF, yana onye na-akwado ọdịmma ndị albino na Zimbabwe. Obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya, ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na Movement for Democratic Change, a na-atụkwa anya na ọ ga-abanye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na ịzọ ọkwa ụlọ omeiwu Buhera West.

 Agụmakwụkwọ na ọnọdụ 
A mụrụ Makumbe n'obodo nta Marenga  na mpaghara Buhera nke Manicaland Province n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Zimbabwe .  N'afọ ndị 1970, Makumbe zụrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ.  O wee nweta nzere B.A. nzere na nchịkwa nchịkwa na Mahadum Botswana, Lesotho na Swaziland.Mgbe Zimbabwe nwetara nnwere onwe na 1980, Makumbe nwetara nzere B.A. nke abụọ na Mahadum nke Zimbabwe. Na 1986, ọ gụchara PhD na Mahadum Tasmania dị na Tasmania, Australia. Akwụkwọ edemede PhD ya bụ Management training institutions in developing countries: proposed criteria for institutional effectiveness.

 Nnyocha 
Makumbe gbasoro ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na Zimbabwe, ebe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ 25 dị ka prọfesọ na Mahadum nke Zimbabwe ma bụrụ onye ọgụgụ isi ọha na eze. Ọ jụrụ ohere ịhapụ Zimbabwe, ọ bụ ezie na n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụ onye nkuzi na-abịa na Mahadum Michigan State. A na-ahụta Makumbe dị ka onye otu obere ọgbọ nke ndị ọkachamara na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya-ndị na-eme ihe ike bụ ndị nwetara PhDs n'oge na-adịghị anya ka Zimbabwe nwesịrị nnwere onwe ma guzobe ntụziaka nke sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nchịkwa na Mahadum Zimbabwe; Ndị ọzọ so n'ìgwè a bụ Elphas Mukonoweshuro na Masipula Sithole.

Makumbe bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. Na 1996, o bipụtara Participatory development: The case of Zimbabwe, na 1999 o dere Democracy and Development in Zimbabwe: Constraints of Decentralisation. Ọ kwadokwara akwụkwọ 2000 Behind the Smokescreen na Daniel Compagnon, bụ nke nyochara ntụpọ dị na usoro ntuli aka Zimbabwe nke ha na-arụ ụka na-enyere aka nzọ nhoputa nke ntuli aka.

N'ikike ya dị ka onye ọgụgụ isi ọha na eze, Makumbe na-ebipụta akụkọ mgbe niile na akwụkwọ akụkọ gụnyere The Zimbabwean .  Nke a na-akpali mkpesa ya ugboro ugboro site n'aka gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi steeti. Ọ dịkarịa ala n'otu oge, ndị agha steeti jidere ya ma tie ya ihe maka isonye na nnọkọ udo na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọ katọrọ Robert Mugabe na ZANU-PF karịsịa, ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ mgbochi nrụrụ aka. N'ọrụ a, ya na Margaret Dongo rụkọrọ ọrụ. Na mgbakwunye na mmegide ọchịchị aka ike, Makumbe bụ onye albino ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwalite ọdịmma nke obodo ahụ na Zimbabwe. Na 1996, o hiwere otu Zimbabwe Association of Albinos, ma bụrụkwa onye otu bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ ndị otu obodo. Makumbe na-ehota ma ọ bụ na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa gụnyere The Washington Times  na The Guardian,  yana na ihe ngosi.

N'afọ 2004, Mahadum nke Birmingham nyere Makumbe nzere LLD.

Makumbe sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change n'ihu ọha na 2011, na-ekwupụta njikọ ọhụrụ ya na emume ncheta afọ iri na abụọ ha na Gwanzura stadium. Ọ bụbu onye ndụmọdụ n'ịmepụta akwụkwọ ntọala nke pati ahụ. Makumbe na-agbasi mbọ ike na-anakọta nkwado iji maa aka onye isi ndị uwe ojii bụ Superintendent Oliver Mandipaka ịnọchite anya ndị omeiwu Buhera West, nke gụnyere obodo ya bụ Marenga.

 Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ 

 Mmepe nke itinye aka: Ikpe nke Zimbabwe (1996) 
 Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mmepe na Zimbabwe: Ihe mgbochi nke Decentralisation (1999) 
 N'azụ Smokescreen, ya na Daniel Compagnon (2000) 

 Ihe nrite ndị a họọrọ 

 Honorary LLD, Mahadum nke Birmingham (2004) .mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

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