Josie Palmer

Josie Mpama (21 Maachị 1903 – 3 Disemba 1979), amụrụ Josephine Palmer, bụ onye South Africa mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye na-akwado ọrụ.

Onye na-eme mkpọsa siri ike megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na maka ọrụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị, a na-ewere ya dị ka nwanyị ojii mbụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na Communist Party nke South Africa.

 Oge ọ malitere 
A mụrụ Josephine Palmer na 1903 na Potchefstroom n'ihe a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka Transvaal Colony, nke bụzi North West Province nke South Africa.

Ndị mụrụ ya bụ Georgina Garson na Stephen Bonny Mpama, onye ntụgharị okwu gọọmentị.[1] Ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka agba; nna ya bụ Zulu, n'agbanyeghị na ezinụlọ ya ahapụla obodo ha wee ghọọ Onye Kraịst, ma nne ya bụ Mfengu, Afrikaner, na moSotho.

A maara ya maka akụkụ ndụ ya dị ka Josie Palmer, na-eji ụdị Anglicized nke aha nna nna ya Zulu. Ọ malitere iji aha Mpama emechaa, na ịkwaga obodo ojii, mana ọ na-eji aha abụọ ahụ mee ihe n'oge ndụ ya niile, dabere na akụkụ ebe ọ bi.

A zụlitere Mpama na Sophiatown, n'èzí Johannesburg, tupu ya akwaghachi na Potchefstroom na 1921. Nne na nna ya gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, ma mesịa nwee ike igbo mkpa onwe ya na nne ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ohu ezinụlọ ndị ọcha..

 Mgbalị 
Na ngwụcha afọ 1920, Mpama ghọrọ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ojii mbụ sonyeere ndị Communist Party nke South Africa, onye bu ụzọ nke South African Communist Party. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ sonyere, ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ alaka nke Communist Party maka Potchefstroom . 

N'afọ 1928, ọ duziri mkpọsa megide ịchọ ka ndị isi ojii bi n'ógbè Potchefstroom nweta ikike obibi maka onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ ha, gụnyere ụmụ ha toro eto. Ọ gara n'ihu na-eme mkpọsa megide ọtụtụ ebe obibi ndị ọzọ na mmachi njem. Mpama sokwa na 1929 Beer Hall Riots.

N'afọ ndị mbụ nke ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ na-asa ákwà maka ezinụlọ ndị ọcha iji nweta ego.

A manyere ya na di ya ịhapụ Potchefstroom na 1931, ha kwagara Johannesburg.Edgar, Robert R. (2020). Josie Mpama/Palmer: Get Up and Get Moving. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-4094-0. OCLC 1155989728. Ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Communist Party na 1937 na Central Committee ya. Ọ ghọkwara onye otu kọmitii Johannesburg nke pati ahụ n'afọ ndị 1940 ma bụrụ onye ndú na ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị nke pati ahụ.

Mpama dere maka Umsebenzi, ụlọ Ọrụ mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke Communist Party, na 1920s na '30s, na-eme ka ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ ojii pụta ìhè. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado òtù ndị ọrụ ma lụọ ọgụ maka ịbawanye ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị nkuzi.  

N'afọ 1935, ọ gara Moscow ịga Seventh World Congress of the Communist International ma mụọ na Mahadum Communist nke Toilers nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ.

Ọrụ Mpama gụnyekwara ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1947, o nyere aka guzobe Transvaal All Women's Union, na-aghọ odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ. O nyere aka guzobe Federation of South African Women na 1954, mechaa duzie alaka Transvaal ya. 

 Afọ ndị sochirinụ 
Mpama chere nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị ọchịchị ihu, gụnyere iwu machibidoro iwu n'etiti afọ 1950 na njide na 1960. E mechara manye ya ịhapụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi iwu mmachibido iwu na nsogbu ahụike. Ọ nọrọ afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya na-ahazi ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị na ụka ya.

Mpama nwụrụ na 3 Disemba 1979, mgbe ụgbọala kụrụ ya mgbe ọ na-echere ịnakwere ezumike nká ya.

 Ndụ onwe onye 
Mpama bụ onye iwu nkịtị lụrụ Thabo Edwin Mofutsanyana, onye ndu na African National Congress na Communist Party nke South Africa, na 1920s.[1][2][3][4] N'ihi na e kewara Mofutsanyana dị ka ndị Africa n'okpuru iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ebe Mpama na-ekewa dị ka agba, n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro mmekọrịta ha mebiri iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Di na nwunye ahụ kewara na ngwụcha afọ 1930.

Ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị mbụ ya, Carol, na nwoke na-acha ọbara ọbara na Doornfontein na 1920. Ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, Francis, na nwoke ọzọ na 1926. 

Ya na Mofutsanyana, ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị ọzọ, Hilda, na 1928.  O mechara mụọ nwa nwoke, Dennis, ma eleghị anya site na mmekọrịta ya na Moses Kotane.

Mpama bụ onye Anglịkan na-eme ihe, ọ na-ekwukwa okwu n'okwukwe ya na enweghị esemokwu n'etiti okwukwe Ndị Kraịst ya na mkpebi ya na ọchịchị Kọmunist.

 Nkwado 
N'afọ 2004, ọ natara Order of Luthuli in Silver mgbe ọ nwụsịrị maka ọrụ ya megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkwado ikike ndị ọrụ.

A na-anọchite anya ya na ihe a tụrụ atụ na National Heritage Monument na Groenkloof Nature Reserve . 

 Ihe odide 

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations