Curry

Curry bụ efere nwere ihendori ma ọ bụ gravy nwere ngwa nri, nke sitere na ngbanwe nke nri India na uto Europe na nri, malite na Portuguese, ndị Dutch na British sochiri ya, wee bụrụ nke zuru oke na mba ụwa. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ efere ndị a ga-akọwa dị ka curries n'asụsụ bekee na nri obodo dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na East Asia .

Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ime imepụta curry bụ mbata na India nke ose chili na-ekpo ọkụ, yana ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka tomato na poteto, akụkụ nke mgbanwe osisi Columbian n'etiti ụwa ochie na ụwa ọhụrụ . N'oge British Raj, nri Anglo-India mepụtara, na-eduga na nhazi nke narị afọ nke 18 nke Hannah Glasse maka "currey the India way" na England. Mgbe ahụ, Curry gbasara na narị afọ nke 19 site n'aka ndị ọrụ shuga ndị India webatara na Caribbean, na ndị ahịa Britain na-aga Japan. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa mere curry ka ọ bụrụ nri mba ụwa zuru oke.

Ọtụtụ ụdị curry dị na mba dị iche iche. Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, curry na-enwekarị tapawa ose na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. N'India, a na-eghe ngwa nri na mmanụ ma ọ bụ ghee iji mepụta pasta; nke a nwere ike jikọta ya na broth dabeere na mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ aki oyibo. Na China na Korea, curries na-adabere na uzuzu curry azụmahịa. Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Curry na-abụghị obodo ha na-emekarị ka nri ha kwekọọ na mmasị obodo; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Thai na West na-ere curries uhie, odo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ose chili nke agba ndị ahụ, na-ejikọta ya na ngwa nri ndị ọzọ nke otu agba. Na Britain, curry abụrụla nri mba, nke nwere ụdị ụfọdụ nke sitere na India, ndị ọzọ gbanwere ma ọ bụ mepụta ya kpamkpam, dị ka ọkụkọ tikka masala, nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Britain nke Bangladesh kere na narị afọ nke 20.

 Etymology 
Okwu 'curry' anaghị apụta n'asụsụ India ọ bụla. Okwu dị iche iche nwere ụda yiri nke ahụ, dị ka khari na caril, pụtara "ihendori" na ojiji nke oge a, ma eleghị anya ọ pụtara ma otu ngwakọta nke ngwa nri, na efere na-eji ngwakọta ahụ, mgbe Portuguese rutere Goa. Ọkà mmụta omenala nri Lizzie Collingham na-atụ aro na ndị Portuguese nụrụ ma nakweere okwu ahụ, na-emecha nweta ihe ọ pụtara n'oge a nke efere, na-esikarị ose, na ihendori ma ọ bụ gravy.  Collingham dere na: [2]

'Curry' bụ "Enwetere n'ikpeazụ"  site na nchikota ụfọdụ okwu Dravidian nke asụsụ ndịda India.  Otu n'ime okwu ndị ahụ bụ Tamil kaṟi (  ) pụtara 'ihendori' ma ọ bụ 'ihe ụtọ maka osikapa'.    Asụsụ Dravidian ndị ọzọ, ya bụ Malayalam, Kannada na Kodava, nwere okwu ndị yiri ya.  A kọwara Kaṟi n'ime akwụkwọ nri Portuguese nke narị afọ nke 17 site n'aka ndị otu British East India Company,  bụ ndị ha na ndị ahịa Tamil na-ere ahịa n'akụkụ oke osimiri Coromandel nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ India, bụrụ ndị a maara dị ka "ngwakọta ose ... a na-akpọ kari podi. ma ọ bụ curry ntụ ntụ".  Ngosipụta mbụ n'ụdị anglicised ya (spel currey ) dị n'akwụkwọ Hannah Glasse 's 1747 The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy .  

Okwu ahụ bụ "curry" esighị na aha osisi curry, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ curries na-agụnye akwụkwọ curry n'etiti ọtụtụ ngwa nri ndị ọzọ.   O nweghi ihe jikọrọ ya na okwu cury na The Forme of Cury,  akwụkwọ nri Bekee 1390s;  okwu ahụ sitere na Middle French okwu cuire, nke pụtara 'esi nri'. 

 Omenala mgbanwe 

 Azụmahịa ngwa nri oge ochie na Eshia 
Ndị ahịa Austronesia na South East Asia na-ere ahịa ngwa nri n'okporo ụzọ ahia mmiri dị n'etiti South Asia (nke bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke India na Sri Lanka) na East Asia ruo azụ na 5000 TOA.   Ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie nke dị na 2600 TOA sitere na Mohenjo-daro na-atụ aro iji ngwa agha na pestle na paụnd ngwa nri gụnyere mọstad, fennel, cumin, na mkpuru osisi tamarind bụ ndị ha ji eme nri.  Obere ose sitere na subcontinent India na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia ma mara nri India kemgbe opekata mpe 2000 TOA.  Ihe atọ bụ isi e ji stew na-esi ísì ụtọ bụ ginger, galik, na turmeric . N'iji nyocha nke ọka starch, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie chọpụtara na ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ngwa nri ndị a na skeletons na arịa ụrọ sitere na ihe ndị e gwupụtara na India, na-achọpụta na turmeric na ginger nọ.   Achịcha ndị dị na India tupu Columbus nwere ike ịnwe ose ojii ma ọ bụ ogologo ose iji nye ntakịrị okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụghị chili, n'ihi ya, ha anaghị ekpo ọkụ site n'ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. 

 Azụmahịa ọgbara ọhụrụ 
Nguzobe nke Alaeze Ukwu Mughal, na mmalite narị afọ nke 16, metụtara ụfọdụ curries, karịsịa na ugwu. Mmetụta ọzọ bụ nguzobe ụlọ ahịa Portuguese na Goa na 1510, na-ebute iwebata ose chili, tomato na poteto na India site na America, dị ka ihe sitere na Columbian Exchange . Batsha, Nishant (25 June 2020). "Curry Before Columbus". Contingent. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020. Na 1598, nsụgharị Bekee nke akwụkwọ Dutch banyere njem na East Indies kwuru banyere broth "dị ntakịrị utoojoo" a na-akpọ Carriel, nke a na-eri na osikapa.  Okwu Dutch mechara  e ji mee ihe na Dutch East Indies malite na narị afọ nke 19; Ọtụtụ ndị India akwagala Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia mgbe ahụ. 

 Site na mpaghara 

 United Kingdom 
Curry na-ewu ewu na United Kingdom, yana ụlọ curry n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ obodo ọ bụla.   Nke a bụ ewu ewu ya nke na a na-akpọkarị ya "nri mba anabatara".  A na-eme atụmatụ na n'afọ 2016, enwere ụlọ curry 12,000, na-ewe mmadụ 100,000 na-ere ahịa kwa afọ nke £ 4.2. ijeri.  A na-esi nri nri a na-enye ka ọ bụrụ ụtọ ndị Britain, mana na-enwewanye ọchịchọ maka ụdị ndị India ezigbo.  N'afọ 2001, onye odeakwụkwọ mba ofesi nke Britain bụ Robin Cook kọwara chicken tikka masala dị ka "ezigbo nri mba Britain, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe kacha ewu ewu, ma n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe atụ zuru oke nke ụzọ Britain na-esi enweta ma na-emegharị mmetụta mpụga."  Isi mmalite ya ejighị n'aka, mana ọtụtụ ebe na-ekwu na ọ bụ British Asia ; ụfọdụ na-ekwu na Glasgow bụ obodo si malite.    Ọ nwere ike isi na ọkụkọ bọta, ewu ewu na ugwu India. 

A na-enweta curries na Britain akụkụ ụfọdụ site na India yana akụkụ nke ihe mepụtara n'ụlọ nri ndị India dị na mpaghara. Ha na-adịgasị iche site na ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ ruo na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu, nwere aha ndị a na-ahazi n'ofe mba ahụ, mana a na-amaghịkarị na India. 
+Oke ike nke curries Britain  Ike Ọmụmaatụ Ebe esi Ụbọchị mmalite Nkọwa Dị nwayọọ Korma Ụlọ ikpe Mughal, North India Narị afọ nke 16 Dị nwayọọ, ude; nwere ike inwe almond, aki oyibo, ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi Ọkara Madras Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị Bangladesh Afọ 1970 Red, oseose na chili ntụ ntụ Na-ekpo ọkụ Vindaloo Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị Bangladesh [b] Afọ 1970 Obere ose na ose chili na poteto [c] Oke Fall British Bangladesh, Birmingham narị afọ nke 20 ose chili siri ike dị ka scotch bonnet, habanero

 South Asia 

Ọtụtụ efere ndị India na-esi ísì ụtọ. Ngwa nri a na-ahọrọ maka efere bụ nke ọhụrụ na-eghe ya na mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ghee iji mepụta pasta.  Ọdịnaya nke efere na ụdị nkwadebe dịgasị iche site na mpaghara.  A na-eji ngwa nri eme nri ndị a gụnyere ose ojii, cardamom, ose chili, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cumin, mkpụrụ fennel, mkpụrụ mọstad, na turmeric.  Enwere ike iji ihe dị ka ngwa nri iri na ise maka curry anụ.  A na-eghe ngwa nri ndị ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ, mgbe ụfọdụ asuchaa ya, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-apịa ya ma gwakọta ya na mado.  A na-eri nri ndị ahụ site na osikapa e ghere eghe ma ọ bụ achịcha osikapa idli na ndịda India,  na achịcha dị ka chapatis, roti, na naan n'ebe ugwu.  Rogan josh na-ewu ewu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na nri Kashmiri, bụ efere mmiri mmiri nke nwa atụrụ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie nke osisi cockcomb ( mawal ).  Rice na curry bụ nri siri ike nke Sri Lanka. 

 East Asia 
A na-eri curry Japanese dị ka  - curry, osikapa, na akwụkwọ nri ndị a na-esikarị, a na-eje ozi n'otu efere ma jiri ngaji rie ya, nri ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ a na-emekarị n'oge nri ehihie. Ọ dị obere ose na ose karịa ndị India na ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na-abụ nnukwu stew karịa curry. Ndị Britain wetara curry si n'ógbè ndị India na-alọghachi na Britain  ma webata ya na Japan n'oge Meiji (1868 ruo 1912), mgbe Japan kwụsịrị iwu nke ikewapụ onwe ya nke mba ( ), na curry na Japan bụ nke a na-ahazi dị ka nri Western .  A na-ekwu na ọ gbasaa na mba ahụ n'ihi ojiji ya na ndị agha Japan na ndị agha mmiri nke nakweere ya dị ka ebe dị mma na ebe a na-esi nri na mmiri mmiri, na-enye ohere ọbụna ndị si n'ime ime ime obodo nweta efere ahụ. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force na omenala nwere curry kwa Friday maka nri ehihie na ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere ntụziaka nke ha.  Curry Japanese ọkọlọtọ nwere eyịm, karọt, poteto, na mgbe ụfọdụ celery, na anụ a na-esi na nnukwu ite. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbakwunye apụl ma ọ bụ mmanụ aṅụ grated maka ụtọ ọzọ, a na-eji akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ. 

Curry gbasaa na mpaghara Eshia ndị ọzọ. A na-agbakwunye ntụ ntụ curry na nri ụfọdụ n'akụkụ ndịda China. Uzuzu curry a na-ere n'ụlọ ahịa nri ndị China yiri Madras curry ntụ ntụ, mana na mgbakwunye nke anise star na cinnamon.  Obodo ochie Portuguese nke Macau nwere omenala culinary na nri curry, gụnyere Galinha à portuguesa ("ọkụkọ ụdị Portuguese") na nshịkọ curry. Ihendori Portuguese bụ ihendori nke curry na-esi ísì ma were mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo sie ya . 

A na-ewu ewu Curry na nri ndị Korea mgbe Ottogi banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ nri ndị Korea nwere ntụ ntụ curry na-ebubata na 1969.   Curry ntụ ntụ nwere ngwa nri gụnyere cardamom, chili, cinnamon, na turmeric.  A na-eme Curry tteokbokki nke tteok (achịcha osikapa), eomik (achịcha azụ), àkwá, akwụkwọ nri, na gochujang, tapawa chili na-acha uhie uhie fermented. Dị ka ọ dị n'India, ndị ahịa Europe butere chili na Korea. Chili ihendori na-esi ísì ụtọ wee dochie soy sauce nke a na-ejibu na tteokbokki. 

 Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia 
Na nri Burmese, a na-akpọ curries nke ukwuu hin . Curry Burmese nwere anụ amịkọrọ na tapawa curry nwere yabasị, galik, tapawa ahịhịa, tomato na turmeric. Curries Burmese na-adịkarị nwayọọ, na-enweghị chili, yana ntakịrị mmanụ.  

A na-akpọ curries Thai  , na-enwekarị anụ, azụ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri n'ime ihendori dabere na tapawa sitere na chili, yabasị ma ọ bụ shallots, galik, na tapawa ahịhịa .  Nri Thai e ghere eghe ole na ole na-eji  , ụdị India curry ntụ ntụ.  N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, curries Thai na-abụkarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo, na ọbara ọbara, na-enwekarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-adịkarị nwayọọ, na-acha uhie uhie kacha mma. A na-eji chili ndụ ndụ, coriander, kaffir lime, na basil na-esi ísì ụtọ curry green; odo, na-acha odo odo chili na turmeric; na uhie, ya na chili uhie. 

Nri Malaysian ndị India emegharịgharịrị curries (dị ka  , na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) site na mpaghara ndị India bi,  mana ọ ghọwo ihe dị mkpa n'etiti ndị Malay na ndị China ebe ahụ. Curries Malaysian nwere ọtụtụ ụdị, mana a na-esikarị cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, shallots, ose chili na galik. 

Nri Indoneshia nke India nwere mmegharị nke ezigbo efere si India, yana ihe okike izizi sitere na omenala nri Indonesia dị iche iche. Curry na Indonesian bụ kari na na Javanese, kare . Na nri Indonesian karịsịa na Bandung, e nwere efere a na-akpọ lontong kari, ngwakọta nke lontong na beef yellow curry soup.  Na nri Javanese, kare rajungan, blue swimmer crab curry aghọwo nri ụtọ nke Tuban Regency, East Java .  Rendang, nri mba Indonesia, nke sitere na Minang, dị nkụ ma nwee ọtụtụ anụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo karịa curry Malaysian; Hikayat Amir Hamzah kwuru banyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Malay na 1550. 

Na nri Vietnamese, nke ma Thai na nri India na-emetụta, a maara curry dị ka cà ri . A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ya, ntụ ntụ Madras curry nwere ọtụtụ turmeric, na ihe dị iche iche dị ọhụrụ dị ka coriander, lemongrass, na ginger. 

Na Philippines, nri nwere ike bụrụ na ọ sitere na curries India sitere na ya bụ oxtail stew  , ikekwe ndị Sepoy si mba ọzọ na-emetụta ya n'oge nkenke British ọrụ nke Manila (1762-1764), ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na Southeast Asia efere ose.  bụ nri ala nke na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo,   nke dị ka ọ dị na Filipino chicken curry nwere ike ịkpọ 'curry' mgbe a na-agbakwunye ntụ ntụ . 

 South Africa 
Curry gbasaa na South Africa na njem nke ndị mmadụ si na mpaghara India na mpaghara n'oge colonial. Curries Africa, Cape Malay curries na Natal curries gụnyere omenala Natal curry, Curry Durban, Bunny chow, na roti mpịakọta. South African curries yiri ka emepụtara na KwaZulu-Natal na Western Cape, ebe ndị ọzọ mepụtara n'ofe obodo ahụ na njedebe 20th na mmalite narị afọ 21st iji tinye ụdị ekasi, agba, na Afrikaner .  Durban nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị India kacha ukwuu na mpụga India n'ụwa.  Bunny chow ma ọ bụ "set", ọkọlọtọ South Africa, nwere ma nwa atụrụ, ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ bean curry nke a wụsara n'ime ogbe achịcha a na-ekpo ọkụ ka a ga-eji mkpịsị aka ya rie site n'itinye iberibe achịcha ahụ n'ime ya.   'Bunny chow' pụtara 'nri India', sitere na Banian, onye India. Emebere usoro iji nri curry n'ihi na apartheid machibidoro ndị isi ojii iri nri n'ụlọ nri ndị India; Enwere ike iburu ogbe achịcha ahụ ngwa ngwa ma rie n'okporo ámá. [81]

 Hụkwa 

 The Curry Club

 Ihe ndetu 

 Ntụaka 


 Isi mmalite 




 Ọgụgụ ọzọ 

 Achaya, KT Nri India: Mkpakọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme . Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1994.
 Burton, David. Raj na tebụl . London: Faber na Faber, 1993.
 Chapman, Pat . Akwụkwọ Nsọ Pat Chapman's Curry . Hodder &amp; Stoughton, 1997.
 Grove, Peter & Colleen. Ihe ụtọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme . London: Akwụkwọ Godiva, 2011.
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations