Paul Laurence Dunbar

Paul Laurence Dunbar (June 27, 1872 - Febụwarị 9, 1906) bụ onye America na-ede uri, onye edemede na onye edemede akụkọ nke ngwụcha 19th na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Amụrụ na Dayton, Ohio, nye ndị nne na nna bụ ndị gbara ohu na Kentucky tupu agha obodo America, Dunbar malitere ide akụkọ na amaokwu mgbe ọ bụ nwata. O bipụtara abụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 16 n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Dayton, ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke ọha akwụkwọ edemede nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.

Ihe ewu ewu Dunbar mụbara ngwa ngwa mgbe ọrụ ya toro site n'aka William Dean Howells, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-edu ndú jikọtara na Harper's Weekly . Dunbar ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị odee America-Amerika izizi welitere aha mba ụwa. Na mgbakwunye na abụ ya, mkpirisi akụkọ, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, o dekwara egwu maka ihe ọchị egwu In Dahomey (1903), egwu egwu izizi America-African emere na Broadway na New York. Egwu ahụ mechara gagharịa na United States na United Kingdom. N'ịta ahụhụ site na ụkwara nta, nke na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ, Dunbar nwụrụ na Dayton, Ohio, mgbe ọ dị afọ 33.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ Dunbar kacha ewu ewu n'oge ndụ ya ka edere ya na " olumba Negro " jikọtara ya na antebellum South, n'agbanyeghị na o jikwa olumba mpaghara Midwestern nke James Whitcomb Riley . Corrothers, James David. In Spite of the Handicap: An Autobiography. George H. Doran Company, 1916, pp. 143–147. Dunbar dekwara n'asụsụ Bekee a na-ahụkarị na uri na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye edemede sonnet mbụ dị mkpa n'Africa.   or range of pages in which the " ] Kemgbe njedebe narị afọ nke 20, ndị ọkà mmụta enweela mmasị na ọrụ ndị ọzọ ndị a.

 Akụkọ ndụ 

 Ndụ mbido 
A mụrụ Paul Laurence Dunbar na 311 Howard Street na Dayton, Ohio, na June 27, 1872, nye ndị nne na nna bụ ndị gbara ohu na Kentucky tupu agha obodo America . Alexander, 17. Mgbe a tọhapụsịrị ya, nne ya Matilda kwagara Dayton na ndị ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụmụ ya nwoke abụọ Robert na William site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya. Nna Dunbar Joshua gbanarị n'ohu na Kentucky tupu agha ahụ ebie. Ọ gara Massachusetts wee wepụta onwe ya maka 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, otu n'ime nkeji abụọ ojii mbụ jere ozi n'agha ahụ. Dunbar onye okenye jere ozi na 5th Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment . A mụrụ Paul Dunbar ọnwa isii ka agbamakwụkwọ Joshua na Matilda gasịrị na Christmas Eve, 1871. 

Ọlụlụ di na nwunye nke nne na nna Dunbar nwere nsogbu, nne Dunbar hapụrụ Jọshụa obere oge ka ha mụsịrị nwa ha nke abụọ, otu nwa nwanyị. Alexander, 19. Joshua nwụrụ n’August 16, 1885, mgbe Pọl dị afọ 13. Wagner, 75.

Dunbar dere abụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ isii wee kwuo okwu ihu ọha mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. Nne ya nyeere ya aka n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ebe ọ mụtara ịgụ ihe n'ezoghị ọnụ maka nzube ahụ. Ọ na-esokarị ya na-agụ Baịbụl, ma chee na ọ pụrụ ịghọ onye ozi na Chọọchị Episcopal Methodist nke Africa . Best, 13. Ọ bụ ọgbakọ ojii mbụ nwere onwe ya na America, hiwere na Philadelphia na mmalite narị afọ nke 19.

Dunbar bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ Africa-American n'afọ ọ nọ na Central High School na Dayton. Orville Wright bụ nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya na enyi ya. "Paul Laurence Dunbar: Highlights of A Life", Wright State Universities, Special Collections & Archives. N'ịbụ onye nabatara nke ọma, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke ọha akwụkwọ edemede nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ma ghọọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye òtù arụmụka. Best, 13. "Paul Laurence Dunbar", Poetry Foundation.

 Ọrụ ide 
Mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, Dunbar bipụtara abụ "Ndị agha anyị Martyred" na "On The River" na 1888 na akwụkwọ akụkọ Dayton's Herald . Wagner, 75. Na 1890, Dunbar dere ma dezie The Tattler, akwụkwọ akụkọ Africa-American nke mbụ nke Dayton kwa izu. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-eto eto nke ndị ọ maara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Wilbur na Orville Wright bipụtara ya. Akwụkwọ ahụ were izu isii. 

Mgbe Dunbar gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na 1891, Dunbar nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mbuli elu, na-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ nke dollar anọ n'izu. Wagner, 75. Ọ tụrụ anya na ọ ga-amụ iwu, mana o nweghị ike ime ya n'ihi obere ego nne ya nwere. A machibidoro ya n'ọrụ n'ihi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Dunbar bụ onye na-eje ozi mbuli elu n'otu ụlọ ahụ nna Eva Best na-eduzi ụlọ ọrụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ọ makwara Dunbar na mbọ ya na-agụ akwụkwọ site n'ịhụ ya n'ụlọ nna ya. Ọ so na ndị mbụ ghọtara uri Dunbar ma nwee mmetụta n'iweta ya n'ihu ọha. 

N'afọ 1892, Dunbar gwara ndị Wright ka ha bipụta uri olu olu ya n'ụdị akwụkwọ, ma ụmụnna enweghị ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ibi akwụkwọ. Ha tụrụ aro ka ọ gaa United Brethren Publishing House nke, na 1893, bipụtara nchịkọta mbụ nke Dunbar, Oak na Ivy . Fred Howard (1998). Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers. Courier Dover Publications. p. 560. ISBN 0486402975. Dunbar nyere aka n'ibipụta akwụkwọ ahụ, wee nwetaghachi ego ya ngwa ngwa n'ime izu abụọ site n'irere ndị njem n'onwe ya, Wagner, 76. ọtụtụ mgbe nye ndị njem n'elu igwe mbuli elu ya. Alexander, 38.

Akụkụ ka ukwuu nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ngalaba Oak, nwere amaokwu ọdịnala, ebe akụkụ nke nta, Ivy, gosipụtara uri ọkụ e dere n'olumba. Alexander, 38. Ọrụ ahụ dọtara uche James Whitcomb Riley, "Hooseer Poet" na-ewu ewu. Ma Riley na Dunbar dere abụ n'asụsụ bekee na olumba.

Ẹma ẹdiọn̄ọ mme enọ n̄wed esie, ndien mbiowo ẹma ẹnyịme ndin̄wam enye ke okụk. Ọkàiwu Charles A. Thatcher kwere nkwa ịkwụ ụgwọ mahadum, ma Dunbar chọrọ ịnọgide na-ede ihe, n'ihi na ọ na-ere uri agbamume. Thatcher nyere aka kwalite Dunbar, na-ahazi ọrụ ịgụ uri ya na nnukwu obodo Toledo na "ọbá akwụkwọ na mgbakọ akwụkwọ." "Paul Laurence Dunbar", Poetry Foundation. Na mgbakwunye, onye isi mgbaka Henry A. Tobey nwere mmasị ma nyere Dunbar aka site n'inyere aka kesaa akwụkwọ mbụ ya na Toledo na mgbe ụfọdụ na-enye ya enyemaka ego. Ọnụ, Thatcher na Tobey kwadoro nbipụta nke mkpokọta amaokwu nke abụọ nke Dunbar, Majors and Minors (1896). 

N'agbanyeghị na-ebipụta uri ugboro ugboro na mgbe ụfọdụ na-enye agụ ọha, Dunbar nwere ihe isi ike ịkwado onwe ya na nne ya. Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbalị ya akwụghị ụgwọ ma ọ bụ onye na-emefu ego na-enweghị isi, na-ahapụ ya n'ụgwọ n'etiti afọ 1890. Alexander, 94.

Na June 27, 1896, onye na-ede akwụkwọ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye nkatọ William Dean Howells bipụtara nyocha dị mma nke akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Dunbar, Majors and Minors in Harper's Weekly . Mmetụta Howells mere ka mba mba lekwasị anya n'ihe odide onye na-ede uri. Wagner, 77. Ọ bụ ezie na Howell toro "ezi echiche na ezi mmetụta" na uri ọdịnala Dunbar, ọ toro uri olumba ahụ karịsịa. Nettels, 80–81. N'oge a, enwere ekele maka omenala ndị mmadụ, a kwenyere na olumba ojii na-egosipụta otu ụdị nke ahụ. Ihe odide ọhụrụ a ma ama mere ka Dunbar bipụta akwụkwọ abụọ mbụ ya dị ka mpịakọta anakọtara, akpọrọ Lyrics of Lowly Life, nke gụnyere mmeghe nke Howells.

Dunbar nọgidere na-enwe enyi ogologo ndụ ya na ụmụnne Wright. Site na uri ya, o zutere wee soro ndị isi ojii Frederick Douglass na Booker T. Washington, nọkwa nso James D. Corrothers dịkọrọ ndụ. Dunbar ghọkwara enyi Brand Whitlock, onye nta akụkọ na Toledo bụ onye gara ọrụ na Chicago. Whitlock sonyeere gọọmentị steeti wee nwee ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke mba ụwa. 

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 1890s, Dunbar malitere inyocha obere akụkọ na ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ; na nke ikpeazụ, ọ na-egosipụtakarị ndị ọcha na ọha mmadụ.

 Mgbe e mesịrị ọrụ 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| 1897 eserese nke Norman B. Wood
Dunbar bụ ọkaibe n'oge ọrụ ya dị mkpụmkpụ: o bipụtara akwụkwọ iri na abuo nke abụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ anọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ anọ, egwu egwu, na egwuregwu.

Nchịkọta akụkọ akụkọ mbụ ya, Folks From Dixie (1898), mgbe ụfọdụ "nyocha ike nke ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ", nwere nyocha dị mma. "Paul Laurence Dunbar", Poetry Foundation.

Nke a abụghị ikpe maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, The Un called (1898), nke ndị nkatọ kọwara dị ka "na-enweghị isi na enweghị nkwenye". "Paul Laurence Dunbar", Poetry Foundation. Dunbar nyochara mgba ime mmụọ nke onye ozi ọcha bụ Frederick Brent, onye nna ya aṅụrụma gbahapụrụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata ma bụrụ onye ọcha na-acha ọcha, Hester Prime zụlitere. (Ma aha onye ozi na aha nwanyị chetara Nathaniel Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter , bụ nke gosipụtara àgwà etiti aha ya bụ Hester Prynne.)  Site na akwụkwọ akụkọ a, Dunbar achọpụtala dị ka otu n'ime ndị Africa mbụ America gafere " akara agba . "site n'ide ọrụ naanị banyere ọha ọcha. ]Ndị nkatọ n'oge ahụ mere mkpesa banyere njikwa ihe ọ na-eme, ọ bụghị isiokwu ya. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ abụghị ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa.

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

 Nchịkọta uri

 Oak na Ivy (1892)
 Ndị isi na ndị obere (1896)
 Okwu nke Ndụ Dị Ala (1896) Best, 137.
 Ederede nke Hearthside (1899)
 Abụ nke Cabin na Ubi (1899)
 Oge Candle-lightin''' (1901)
 Lyrics nke Ịhụnanya na Ọchị (1903)
 Mgbe Malindy na-abụ abụ (1903)
 Li'l' Gal (1904)
 Howdy, Mmanụ aṅụ, Howdy (1905)
 Ederede nke Sunshine na Shadow (1905)
 Joggin' Erlong (1906)

 Akụkọ mkpirisi na akwụkwọ akụkọ

 Folks From Dixie (1898), nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirisi
 The Un called (1898), akwụkwọ akụkọ
 Obi Ụtọ Ụtọ: Nchịkọta Akụkọ Ike Gideon na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ (1900)
 Ịhụnanya Landry Ndị Fanatics, akwụkwọ akụkọ
 Egwuregwu nke Chukwu (1902), akwụkwọ akụkọ
 Na Old Plantation Days (1903), nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirisi Best, 137.

 Akụkọ

 "Nnọchiteanya American Negroes", na Nsogbu Negro, nke Booker T. Washington, et al.

 Hụkwa 


 " Ode to Ethiopia ", otu uri na mkpokọta Oak na Ivy. Akwụkwọ African-American
 Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park
 Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, onye na-ede egwú ojii

 Ntụaka 

 Nkọwapụta 

 Arụnyere ọrụ 

 Alexander, Eleanor C. Lyrics nke Sunshine na Shadow: Mkpakọrịta ụlọikpe na alụmdi na nwunye nke Paul Laurence Dunbar na Alice Ruth Moore . New York: New York University Press, 2001. ISBN 0814706967 .
 Kasị mma, Felton O. Ịgafe ahịrị agba: Akụkọ ndụ Paul Laurence Dunbar, 1872–1906 . Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1996. ISBN 0787222348 .
 Nettel, Elsa. Asụsụ, agbụrụ, na klaasị ọha na Howells's America . Mahadum Press nke Kentucky, 1988. ISBN 0813116295 .
 Wagner, Jean. Ndị na-ede uri ojii nke United States: Site na Paul Laurence Dunbar ruo Langston Hughes . Mahadum nke Illinois Press, 1973. ISBN 0252003411 .

 Ọgụgụ ọzọ 

 Tim Brooks, Ụda furu efu: Ndị ojii na ọmụmụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ, 1890-1919, p. 260–267. Mahadum nke Illinois Press, 2004. Ndekọ mbụ nke ọrụ ya.
 Lida Keck Wiggins, Ndụ na Ọrụ nke Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Winston-Derek, 1992. ISBN 1555234739 .

 Njikọ mpụga 


 Works by Paul Laurence Dunbar in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
 Works by Paul Laurence Dunbar at Project Gutenberg
 Works by or about Paul Laurence Dunbar at Internet Archive
 Works by Paul Laurence Dunbar at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
 Paul Laurence Dunbar: Online Resources, Library of Congress
 Dunbar House State Historical Site, Ohio Historical Society
 Dunbar House is part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park, which includes both the Wright Brothers bicycle shop and Dunbar's home
 "Paul Laurence Dunbar Library special collection", Wright State University
 "Paul Laurence Dunbar" "Progressives and the Poet: How Toledo 'Discovered' Paul Laurence Dunbar", essay by Timothy Messer-Kruse
 "Dunbar's Legacy of Language", NPR, 2006 program marking the 100th anniversary of Dunbar's death; includes a poetry reading.
 Paul Laurence Dunbar: Profile and Poems
 Paul Laurence Dunbar in the New York Times (1897)
 Part of his life is retold in the 1949 radio drama "Before I Sleep", a presentation from Destination Freedom'', written by Richard Durham
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations