Norma Merrick Sklarek

Norma Merrick Sklarek (Eprel 15, 1926 - Febụwarị 6, 2012) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ America. Sklarek bụ nwanyị mbụ nke Afrịka America ghọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ikike na steeti New York (1954) na California (1962), yana nwanyị ojii mbụ ghọrọ onye otu American Institute of Architecture (AIA).     Ọrụ ya ndị a ma ama gụnyere ndị nnọchi anya United States na Tokyo, Japan (1976) na ọdụ ọdụ Terminal One na ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa nke Los Angeles (1984).  A na-ekwu na Sklarek bụ onye nyere aka meghee ụzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Onye isi oche AIA Anthony Costello kpọrọ ya "Rosa Parks of architecture" na akwụkwọ akụkọ AIA. 

 Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ 
Norma Merrick Sklarek mụrụ na April 15, 1926 na Harlem, New York. Ndị mụrụ ya, Dr. Walter Ernest Merrick, dọkịta, na Amy Merrick (née Willoughby), onye na-akwa akwa, bụ ndị si Trinidad kwabata.  O tolitere na Crown Heights, Brooklyn .  N’ụlọ, nna Norma tinyere aka n’ọtụtụ ihe omume, gụnyere ịkụ azụ̀, ise ihe, na ịkwa nkà. "Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved 2022-11-30. Maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Norma gara Hunter College High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ magnet nke ụmụ agbọghọ niile nwere ahụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-acha ọcha. Norma mere nke ọma na agụmakwụkwọ, na-agbasosi ike nke ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ.  N'ịchọpụta na Norma nwere mmasị na nka na mgbakọ na mwepụ, nna ya tụrụ aro ka ọ gbasoo ụkpụrụ ụlọ dịka ọrụ. 

Na 1944, Sklarek debara aha na Barnard College .  Mgbe otu afọ gachara, ọ gafere na Mahadum Columbia, bụ ebe ọ gbasoro ọmụmụ ihe ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1950 na Bachelors of Architecture, dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole, na naanị nwanyị Africa America na klas ya.    

 Ọrụ 
Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta ya, a jụrụ Sklarek ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ iri na itoolu.  Ọ natara ọkwa dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke nta na Ngalaba Ọha Ọha na New York. "Biography of Architect Norma Sklarek". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2022-11-30. "Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved 2022-11-30.  Ka afọ anọ nke enweghị afọ ojuju n'ọkwa ahụ gasịrị, Sklarek debara aha maka nyocha akwụkwọ ikike nke onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ New York State, na-atụ anya na asambodo a ga-enye ya ohere ịnweta ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu.  N'afọ 1954, Sklarek ghọrọ nwanyị ojii mbụ ghọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ikike na steeti New York, mgbe ọ gafechara ule ikike na nnwale mbụ ya. "News from California, the nation and world". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-11-30.   N'ime otu afọ nke inweta akwụkwọ ikike ya, e goro ya na Skidmore, Owings &amp; Merrill, ọnọdụ nke kpughere ya n'ọrụ aka, nkà na-ewu ụlọ.  Lewis, Anna M. (2014). Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers (1st ed.). Chicago. ISBN 978-1-61374-509-0. OCLC 867631321.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher Sklarek ga-edobe ọnọdụ a na SOM ruo afọ ise nke ghọrọ ntọala maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ. N'oge a, Sklarek kụzikwara ụkpụrụ ụlọ na New York City Community College .  

Na 1960, Sklarek nakweere ọnọdụ nke nwanyị mbụ osote onye isi oche maka Gruen na Associates na Los Angeles, ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ afọ iri abụọ. "Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved 2022-11-30. Ehrhart-Morrison, Dorothy (1997). No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women. Berkeley, CA: Conari. ISBN 0-943233-98-4. OCLC 35599913. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 1962, Sklarek ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ n'Africa nke nyere ikike na steeti California. "News from California, the nation and world". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-11-30.  Na 1966, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi.   Sklarek bụ onye na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ na-ewe ma na-ahụ maka ọrụ, ebe ọ na-emekọrịta ihe n'otu oge na nnukwu ọrụ nhazi, dị ka California Mart, Pacific Design Center, Fox Hills Mall, San Bernardino City Hall, Leo Baeck Temple na Embassy nke United States na Tokyo .  Lewis, Anna M. (2014). Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers (1st ed.). Chicago. ISBN 978-1-61374-509-0. OCLC 867631321.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher  A na-ekwukarị Sklarek dị ka "onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ" kama ịbụ "ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ" n'ọtụtụ nnukwu ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-etinye aka na usoro nhazi ụlọ. Otu ihe dị iche na nke a bụ otuto ọ natara, n'akụkụ César Pelli, maka ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ Embassy nke United States na Tokyo.  Omume nke ito ndị na-emepụta nwoke n'ihu ndị na-emepụta nwanyị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge ọrụ Sklarek, na-akpali mmasị na ọrụ ya mgbe ọ gasịrị. 

N'afọ 1980, Sklarek ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ Afrịka America ka e buliri ya na College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects, mgbe ọ bụrụla nwanyị mbụ African American so na American Institute of Architects na 1959. "News from California, the nation and world". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-11-30. "Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved 2022-11-30. Ehrhart-Morrison, Dorothy (1997). No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women. Berkeley, CA: Conari. ISBN 0-943233-98-4. OCLC 35599913. 

Site na 1980 ruo 1985, Sklarek rụrụ ọrụ na Welton Becket Associates ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụzi ọrụ nke ihe owuwu nde $ 50 maka ọdụ ọdụ Terminal One na ọdụ ụgbọ elu International Los Angeles . "Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved 2022-11-30. Lewis, Anna M. (2014). Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers (1st ed.). Chicago. ISBN 978-1-61374-509-0. OCLC 867631321.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher Terminal One malitere ọrụ na Jenụwarị 1984, obere oge tupu obodo ahụ anabata asọmpi Olimpik Summer 1984 . "News from California, the nation and world". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-11-30. 

Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Welton Becket Associates na 1985, Sklarek kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ nke ya na Margot Siegel AIA na Katherine Diamond FAIA . "Biography of Architect Norma Sklarek". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2022-11-30. "Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved 2022-11-30. Lewis, Anna M. (2014). Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers (1st ed.). Chicago. ISBN 978-1-61374-509-0. OCLC 867631321.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Siegel Sklarek Diamond, bụ ụlọ ọrụ kachasị nke nwanyị nwere n'oge ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, n'okpuru nduzi Sklarek, ga-aga n'ihu ịrụzu ọrụ dịgasị iche iche n'ofe ndịda California, gụnyere Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndụmọdụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Resource (1988) na Early Childhood Education Center (1989) na Mahadum California Irvine, yana Los Angeles Air Traffic Control Tower (1995). Bailey, Jeff. "Legacy: A Pioneering African-American Architect". Inc.com. Retrieved November 30, 2022.  Siegel Sklarek Diamond nwere ọrụ ọnụ ahịa ruru ihe ruru nde $50 na-aga n'otu oge. Margaret, Mazurkiewicz (2013). Gale Publication (ed.). "Contemporary Black Biography (Vol. 101.)". Gale eBooks. Na-atụ anya ịrụ ọrụ na nnukwu ọrụ ọzọ, Sklarek hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1989 "News from California, the nation and world". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-11-30.  Kaplan, Victoria (2006). Structural inequality : black architects in the United States. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4582-2. OCLC 62732678. iji sonyere Jon Jerde Partnership dị ka onye isi.  Ehrhart-Morrison, Dorothy (1997). No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women. Berkeley, CA: Conari. ISBN 0-943233-98-4. OCLC 35599913. Na njedebe ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ya, Sklarek ga-arụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ahịa America . 

 Ụlọ ndị dị mkpa 
Ọ bụ ezie na ma Sklarek na César Pelli, mgbe nọ na Gruen Associates, bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ịmepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Embassy United States na Tokyo, Pelli bụ isi kwadoro maka ọrụ ahụ, na-ahapụ Sklarek enweghị ike ịmata ya. Morton, Patricia (2020). McLeod, Mary; Rosner, Victoria (eds.). "Norma Merrick Sklarek". Pioneering Woman of American Architecture. Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation. Ọrụ ya abụghị naanị n'ichepụta ụlọ ahụ, kamakwa ilekọta ndị ọrụ na iweta ndị ọrụ.  N'agbanyeghị na o meela ọtụtụ ihe na mmekorita ya na Pelli, a naghị akpọkarị ya aha maka mmezu a. 

Terminal One ọdụ dị na Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) bụ nnukwu ọrụ ọzọ Sklarek na Welton Becket Associates rụzuru na 1984, onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi ọrụ.  Ewubere ọdụ ọdụ Terminal One yana Tom Bradley International Terminal iji kwado ndị njem si mba ofesi, ọkachasị tupu ha aga egwuregwu Olimpik Summer site na Julaị-August nke afọ ahụ.. Woo, Elaine. "Pioneering African American architect". Los Angeles Times, Feb. 10, 2012. Morton, Patricia (2020). McLeod, Mary; Rosner, Victoria (eds.). "Norma Merrick Sklarek". Pioneering Woman of American Architecture. Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation.  A maara ya maka ọmarịcha ụkpụrụ ụlọ ya bụ okirikiri U. Ewubere ọdụ ụgbọ oloko $50 nde ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị iji kwalite ikike.

 Ọrụ ahọpụtara 
Mgbe Sklarek bụ onye nduzi na Gruen Associates, ya na César Pelli rụkọrọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ọrụ.

 1961–66 – Fox Plaza, San Francisco, California
 1961–63 – California Mart, Los Angeles, California
 1963–65 – Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California Woo, Elaine. "Pioneering African American architect". Los Angeles Times, Feb. 10, 2012. Griffith, Susan J. "Normal Merrick Sklarek". Blackpast.org (website). Accessed Oct 27, 2015.
 1972–75 – Pacific Design Center, Los Angeles, California
 1976–78 – Embassy nke United States na Tokyo, Japan
 1980 - Ebe Santa Monica, Santa Monica
 1984 – Terminal One, ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa nke Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Morton, Patricia (2020). McLeod, Mary; Rosner, Victoria (eds.). "Norma Merrick Sklarek". Pioneering Woman of American Architecture. Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation. 
 1989–92 – Nnukwu ụlọ ahịa America, Minneapolis, Minnesota

 Ntụaka 
dịgasị iche iche n'ofe ndịda California, gụnyere Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndụmọdụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Resource (1988) na Early Childhood Education Center (1989) na Mahadum California Irvine, yana Los Angeles Air Traffic Control Tower (1995).   Siegel Sklarek Diamond nwere ọrụ ọnụ ahịa ruru ihe ruru nde $50 na-aga n'otu oge.  Na-atụ anya ịrụ ọrụ na nnukwu ọrụ ọzọ, Sklarek hapụrụ ụlọ

 Ọgụgụ ọzọ 

 Rogers, Laurel Frances. "Norma Merrick Sklarek." Ụmụ nwanyị ndị gbanwere ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ed. Jan Cigliano Hartman. Princeton Architectural Press, 2022. pp, 98-99 .
 Ehrhart-Morrison, Dorothy, Enweghị ugwu dị elu zuru oke: Nzuzo nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka America na-aga nke ọma, Conari Press, 1997

 Summers, Barbara, ed. M nrọ ụwa: Eserese nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ ndị gbanwere America . Foto na ajụjụ ọnụ Brian Lanker. Onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, 1989.
 Lewis, Anna M, Women of Steel and Stone , Chicago Review Press, Inc, 2014. ISBN 978-1613745083

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Ụmụ nwanyị ọsụ ụzọ nke ihe owuwu ụlọ America, Norma Merrick Sklarek
 "Norma Sklarek"
 Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, Nkeji 4: Norma Sklarek: Aka Dị Ike nke ukwuu
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations