John Outterbridge

John Outterbridge (March 12, 1933 - Nọvemba 12, 2020) bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-akwado obodo biri ma ọrụ na Los Angeles, California.  Ọrụ ya na-egosi ihe ngosi onwe onye dịka, obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ihe ndị a tụfuru

Ọ bụ onye ntụzi mbụ nke Watts Towers Art Center, wee jee ozi n'ahụ ahụ awụ iri na asaa.  A na-ahụ ọkpụkpụ ya na New York Times, [1] na ọrụ ya bụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi mgbe ochie a ma ama.

 Ndụ onwe onye 
John Wilfred Outterbridge nke dị na Greenville, North Carolina.  Nna ya mere ihe e ji ebi ndụ site n'ịrụ nke igwe na igwe igwe, na Outterbridge arịa ihe eji eji ihe n'ihi ya. 

Agụm akwụkwọ ya nke na Mahadum Agricultural and Technical na Greensboro, North Carolina, ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye injinia .  Otu afɔ ka e gosiri, Outterbridge sonyeere ndị agha, ebe ebe ya na nkà ihe nke ọma.  Ozugbo akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1956, ọ debanyere aha na Chicago Academy of Art na emesịa na American Academy of Art 

Na 1960 Outterbridge ngosi ma kwa Los Angeles.  Ọ́dụr onye na-akwado obodo a na- ire ​​nke ukwuu, onye nkuzi na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Watts Towers Arts site na 1975 ruo 1992.  

N'afọ 1991, Outterbridge lara ezumike nká wee gbasoo mbọ ka ukwuu na nka.

Outterbridge nwụrụ na Nọvemba 12, 2020, na Los Angeles nke ihe kpatara okike mgbe ọ dị afọ 87. 

 Ọrụ nka 
N'oge njem nlegharị anya na Europe, Outterbridge gara leta ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma na-ese ihe nkiri n'okporo ámá site na ndụ n'oge ohere ya. Ihe osise ya nwere mmasị na ya nke ọma, ọ na-esekwa ihe osise na ihe osise maka ụlọ ọrụ, klọb na ụlọ akwụkwọ America. Ueno, Rihoko (October 7, 2016). "A Finding Aid to the John Outterbridge Papers, 1953–1997,in the Archives of American Art" (PDF). aaa.si.edu. Retrieved December 7, 2017.

Ozugbo ọ kwagara LA, Outterbridge hụrụ ijikọta uru na nchịkọta ihe.  Ihe mbụ o mere n'ime ya bụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ụgbọ ala ejiri igwe agba agba nchara si na azụ junk.  O ta na ihe ọha mmadụ ji mee ihe kwuru ọtụtụ ihe gbasara akpata ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ  Isenberg, Barbara S. (2005). State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1-56663-631-0. OCLC 57341997.

Emere ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ izizi ya nke ama n'oge Watts Riots .  Site na 1963 ruo 1971, ọgbaghara ọgba aghara na ndụ obodo dakwasịrị obodo ojii nke mba ahụ, butere nke aka na iwu ikike ikike obodo.  Ọ bụ ihe ihe ama na-emekarị bụ ezigbo nsogbu na USA nke dị mkpa ka e lebara ya anya.  [1] Outterbridge chị achị irighiri ihe ndị kpuchiri okporo ụzọ site na ihe omume ihe mere eme a iji ihe ọkpụkpụ.  Ọrụ ikpeazụ ahụ gbabanyere na ụgbọ agha wee mee ka Outterbridge na-eche ihu ndị ihu na ọrụ ya.  Site na nke a, Outterbridge mere enyi ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị nwere ikike n'otu isiokwu ahụ-dị ka David Hammons, Timothy Washington, na John T. Riddle Jr - wee maliteghachi California Assemblage Movement, ebe ọ ga-abụ onye  a ma ama.  
Usoro ihe eji eme ihe (1968) bụ ihe ọzọ nke Outterbridge mere n'ime mgbakọ. O tolitere site na mmasị na njide na ọchịchọ ịkpaghasị ụkpụrụ ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewusi ya ike. Iji mee nke a, o mebiri akwa akwa ahụ ma jiri ihe ndị dị ka ihe mkpuchi aluminum, bolts, eriri akpụkpọ anụ na agba kpuchie ya. Outterbridge tụkwasara obi na agba eke emechiri emechi nke ihe ọ chọtara ma na-edobe agba ndị siri ike maka isi ihe. 

Ụbọchị na-adịbeghị anya na-akọ ụfọdụ echiche Outterbridge chọpụtara na ihe mbụ mbụ.  Na Dreads (2011), ọ kpọkuru mallet na dreadlocks nke ya kpụrụ akpụ.  Aka nke mallet bụ phallic na dị ka Outterbridge zoro aka n'echiche nke agụụ. Weaver, A.M. (2013). "Reflections on John Outterbridge". Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art. 2014 (35): 32–41. doi:10.1215/10757163-2827976. S2CID 191590946.

Outterbridge webatara ihe mere eme n'ihe ngosi ya.  Case in Point, site na usoro Rag-Man, bụ akpa akpa na-echetara dynamite ma bụrụ ihe atụ nke Mbugharị Ukwu ahụ.  Agbakwunyere na ụdị cylindrical bụ mkpado akpa nke na-ekwu, "ngwugwu na-eme njem dị ka ndị mmadụ".  [1] Ikpe na Point na-eche eziokwu gosiri ókè nke ndị America America aka n'iche ka ha jesịrị obodo ahụ n'agha Korea. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Agbanyeghi na Outterbridge biri ndụ na-aga nke ọma, nchụso ya na nkwado na mmemme ime obodo kpara nnukwu aka n'ahụ nka ya.  [1] Eji ụgbọala ya na nkewa dị nke ụwa nka ruo na ike awụ nke 21, Outterbridge enwetaghị otuto dị ukwuu n'arọ ya na ike West Coast ruo 1994. [2] [3] Ọ nọchiri anya United States na São Paulo Biennale  na ihe ngosi a na-akpọ The Art of Betye Saar na John Outterbridge: Poetics of Politics, Iconography and Spirituality .  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 20 ka ọ tọrọ ntọala ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọhụrụ bịara ike nnukwu ọrụ ya.. 

Outterbridge pụtara n'ọtụtụ otu na ihe ngosi solo, dị ka The Rag Factory (2011) na LAXART, ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya kemgbe 1966. Ụlọ ọrụ Rag bụ ihe nrụnye na-eji akwa akwa nke Outterbridge nakọtara n'okporo ámá na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ime obodo Los Angeles, site na ijikọta, ịkwanye, mpịachi, ikpokọta na ịkwụsịtụ ha. 

 Ihe nrite 
N'afọ 2012, California African American Museum nyere Outterbridge ihe nrite mmeri nke ndụ ha.  [1] Akpọrọ ya aha onye omenkà United States Gracie Fellow maka Arts Visual na 2011. [2] Na 1994, e nyere nzere doctorate site na Otis College of Art and Design .  [3] Na mgbakwunye na ndị a, Outterbridge natara ibu site na Fulbright Foundation, Getty Foundation na National Endowment for Arts. Ueno, Rihoko (October 7, 2016). "A Finding Aid to the John Outterbridge Papers, 1953–1997,in the Archives of American Art" (PDF). aaa.si.edu. Retrieved December 7, 2017.

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 John Outterbridge na ArtCyclopedia
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations