Bolton Brown

Bolton Coit Brown (November 27, 1864 - September 15, 1936) [1] bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye na-ese akwụkwọ na onye na-agba ugwu.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime mbụ ndị akụkọ Byrdcliffe Colony na Woodstock, NY, akwụkwọ nke ihe a na-akpọ ugbu a dị ka Woodstock Art Colony.

 Tupu Woodstock: Stanford na Sierras 
Amuru Brown ma akụkụ na Dresden, na mgbago New York.  Nwanne ya bụ onye na-ese ihe mgbaka Anna B. Nash .  [1] Mgbe ọ gbanwere akara ugo nhọrọ nna ya ukwu na Painting na Mahadum Syracuse, [2] : 16–17 ọ kwagara California na 1891 iji ngalaba nka na Mahadum Stanford .  Brown bụ onye isi ngalaba ahụ ihe ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afụ iri, mana a chụrụ ya n'anya na ngwaọrụ maka ụdị ịgba ịgba na klas.  [2] : 44–47 Agbanyeghi na nka nke Tonalist aesthetic nti nke ya nke ukwuu, ụzọ nkuzi ya, nke dị iche na usoro dị na School of Design dị nso na San Francisco, kwusiri ike na Impressionist credo nke igbu ngwa ngwa nke  "ihe okike" n'ime edemede.  [3] Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agakarị ụlọ studio ya maka nsogbu ụka gbasara ihe dị iche iche gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị agha.  Na 1898 Brown haziri ọnụ ụlọ studio na Stanford's ọhụrụ Art Building, nke akpọ ụdị "radical" ọhụrụ dị ka "otu eriri iko na-aga n'ihu" ụkwụ n'ịdị elu na terracotta gbachiri agbarụ na onye isi a na-arụ na akara.  [4] A na-ekpuchi akwụkwọ ahụ na mmeputakwa na ọrụ mbụ site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe avant-garde nke Paris."  [3] Otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na-aga nke ọma, onye na-ese ihe Jennie V. Cannon, achọta nke ihe ngosi ya na ọtụtụ ndụ dị iche iche ndị na-ekiri ihe dị ike, dị njọ na,  ikike ikike na-esosi ike. Berkeley Daily Gazette (Berkeley, CA): 26 February 1921, p.6; 12 March 1921, p.6; 26 March 1921, p.6; 26 July 1924, p.6.

Brown bụ onye na-arrị elu ugwu ma rite uru site na Stanford dị nso na mpaghara Sierra Nevada, nke John Muir (1838-1914) akpatara nke ọma, onye ahụ Sierra Club, nke Brown bụ onye otu akwụkwọ ikike.  [1] Brown bụ onye mbụ dekọrọ na-arrị elu otu ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu elu na Sierras na, n'ihe abụọ, egosi ya na-achọ ajụjụ bụ Lucy;  Mgbago mbụ ya kacha sie ike bụ Ugwu Clarence King (nke a na-adị ka Ugwu King [2] ) n'August 1896. [3] [4] Dị ka akwụkwọ nke Climber's Guide to the High Sierra si kwuo, nrịgo Brown  nke Ugwu King bụ oge mbụ ejiri usoro ndị mgbago elu mee ihe na North America.  [5] : 247 Ugwu Bolton Brown dị nso (13,491 ft) aha ya;  Brown kpọkwara aha ọtụtụ ọnụ ọnụ na mpaghara Ugwu King. 

 Byrdcliffe 
Nkà Brown dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ahụ n'ụdị wetara ya na uche nke Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead (1854-1929), onye utopian aristocratic bụ onye isi echiche ahụ, ma nye isi obodo, maka Byrdcliffe Colony .  Byrdcliffe bụ obodo ndị nka dabere na echiche na ụdị nke John Ruskin (1819–1900) na ike nka na nka Bekee nyere.  Whitehead zipụrụ Brown na njem njem site na Catskills, na-egosi ebe izu atọ.  [1] Brown kwenyesiri ike na Whitehead na Woodstock, NY, na obi nke Catskill Ugwu, bụ ebe Byrdcliffe kwesịrị ịbụ, ọ bụ ebe na Whitehead zubere na a ebe n'ihu n'ebe ndịda.  [2] Tinyere nka nka Hervey White, bụkwa onye Whitehead goro, Brown isi ma jikwaa akwụkwọ Byrdcliffe site na 1902 ruo 1903, na-arụ ụzọ ụkwụ, sistemu ọkpọ na bungalows.  [1] Mana Brown na White bụ ha abụọ, n'ikpeazụ, ihe ike ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na Whitehead.  Ọcha mmasị nke aka ya;  Brown, ka ọ dị ugbu a, a chụrụ n'anya.  [3] Ọ bụ ebe ahụ mbụ bụ maka fu ego na oge imecha, Brown mechara kwupụta pụta obi ya n'ebumnobi "oge ochie" nke Whitehead, maka anụ ahụ.. Murphy, John. "Athletic Aesthetics: Art, Craft and Bolton Brown," Art in Print Vol. 7 No. 2 (July–August 2017).

 Onye na-ese ihe-ebi akwụkwọ 
Bolton Brown gara n'ihu nghazi ihe osise, na-akwaga n'etiti Woodstock na New York City ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụdị nke bịara mara dị ka Tonalism .  Oወዱ otu na 1913 Armory Show na New York mana, n'agbanyeghị nka na nraranye, ọ dịghị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-ese ihe.  N'afọ 1915, ihe ngosi nke ọrụ Albert Sterner na New York ndụmọdụ ya na lithography, usoro ụkpụrụ nke ga-emecha weghara oge ya na-isi ya ruo n'ókè nke ịdị nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na-enweghị mma.  Mgbe otu afọ nke na England n'okpuru Francis Ernest Jackson, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na onye na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n' ike ya ihe (ruo n'ókè nke na-egwere nkume nzu nke ya mgbe ọ dị mkpa),  ọ la Linux New York na 1916 wee guzobe akwụkwọ ozi nke ya na 146 East 19th.  Okporo ụzọ.  [1] N'ebe ahụ ọka aha ya kasị ukwuu, na-ta ara lithographs maka John Sloan, Rockwell Kent, Arthur B. Davies, George William Eggers na onye a ma ama Woodstock artist George Bellows, [2] onye ọta akaghi aka  na 1925 bụ ma ike na mgbatị uche nye Brown.  .  Na mgbakwunye napụta ọrụ ndị ọzọ a, Brown kere ihe ụmụaka 400 lithographs nke ya, [3] na- anya na okike na ịgba ịgba àmà;  lithographs dị ka Moonlight Bathers (1915), Cloudy Dawn, (1916) na Sifting Shadows (1916) na-nyo anya ikike Brown ị KARỊ Tonalism site na ike n'ime usoro ọkọlọtọ.  [3] E ji ike bi nkepụta ọ llaba, bịanyere aka na ya, ma መቆጣጠሪያ maka ọnụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ ọgụgụ nkezi, dịka Bolton na-a nnukwu ọkwa onye nbipute ukwu.  Ọ kwalitere ndị na-ajụ ihe na- ike ike ịnwụ anwụ, na-anya ahịrị ndị na-ese ihe nke Ruskin debere, na-eto ike anụ ahụ ọ na-ahụ njikwa na ndo nke o kwere, ma na-ekwusi ike na omenala Arts.  na Crafts, na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na nkume nzu.  n'oge m. 

 Ọnwụ 
Brown gburu na 1936 na Woodstock, naanị ya ma daa ogbenye mana ọ dịghị ụzọ ọ la o mgbochi ya.  Na-eche echiche ma na-arụ ọrụ na-nchebeghị eguzobe ike, ọ na- nnukwu ike nke lithographs na ihe odide, akwụkwọ na-eme nchọpụta na lithography na 12 akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ na-edekọ yannwale na-ebi akwụkwọ.  [1] E liri ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Woodstock Artists, na pallet birch dị mfe nke ejiri alaka osisi pine ya n'okpuru okwute nke nhọrọ ya.. Murphy, John. "Athletic Aesthetics: Art, Craft and Bolton Brown," Art in Print Vol. 7 No. 2 (July–August 2017).

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Bolton Brown na British Museum
 Bolton Brown na-ebipụta na eserese na nka nka nke Conrad R. Graeber
 Akụkọ ndụ Bolton Brown, Fletcher Gallery
 Byrdcliffe Art Colony History
 Nnyocha nke Sierra Nevada
 Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sierra Club 1893–1896