Horace King

Horace King (mgbe ụfọdụ Horace Godwin ) (Septemba 8, 1807 - Mee 28, 1885) bụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, injinia na onye na-ewu akwa mmiri. Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia
, Horace King Historical Marker , retrieved November 3, 2007. A na-ewere King dị ka onye wuru akwa mmiri na narị afọ nke 19 Deep South, na-arụ ọtụtụ àkwà mmiri na Alabama, Georgia na Mississippi . The New Georgia Encyclopedia, "Horace King (1807-1885)", retrieved November 3, 2007. A mụrụ King na ịgba ohu na South Carolina na 1807. Otu onye na-azụ ahịa ohu resịrị ya otu nwoke hụrụ ihe pụrụ iche na Horace King. Onye nwe ya, bụ́ John Godwin, kụziiri Eze ka e si agụ na otú e si ede ihe nakwa otú e si ewu ụlọ n’oge iwu na-akwadoghị ịkụziri ndị ohu ihe. Eze rụsiri ọrụ ike na n'agbanyeghị agbụ, ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ na ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi, Eze lekwasịrị anya ndụ ya n'ịrụsi ọrụ ike na ịbụ ezigbo nwoke. Eze rụrụ àkwà mmiri, ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, ụlọ na ụlọ ụka. Horace King ghọrọ onye nrụpụta ihe nke ukwuu wee pụta na agha obodo dịka onye omebe iwu na steeti Alabama. A maara nke ọma dị ka Horace “The Bridge Builder” King and the "Prince of Bridge Builders," o jere ozi obodo ya n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa nke obodo." J. David Dameron, Horace King: From Slave to Master Builder and Legislator, Southeast Research Publishing, LLC, 2017.

 Ọrụ mmalite 
A mụrụ Horace King na ịgba ohu na 1807 na Cheraw District nke South Carolina, na Chesterfield County ugbu a. Ezinụlọ eze bụ ngwakọta nke Africa, European, na Catawba .  Onye na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke 19 FL Cherry kọwara ọdịdị ya dị ka ọ na-egosi "ọbara India karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ." Cherry History of Opelika 193, 197. N'ịbụ onye a kụziiri ịgụ na ide ihe n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ ghọwo onye ọkwá nkà na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. 

N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ ohu, e kwere ka Eze na-enweta nnukwu ego n'ọrụ ya. Na 1846, o jiri ụfọdụ n'ime ego ọ na-enweta zụta nnwere onwe ya n'aka ezinụlọ Godwin na Wright. Ma, n'okpuru iwu Alabama nke oge ahụ, a na-ahapụ ohu a tọhapụrụ onwe ya ka ọ nọrọ na steeti ahụ naanị otu afọ ka emechara ya. Jemison, onye jere ozi na Alabama State Senate, mere ndokwa ka ndị omebe iwu steeti nyefee iwu pụrụ iche na-enye Eze nnwere onwe ya ma wepụ ya na iwu manumission. Na 1852, Eze ji nnwere onwe ya zụta ala n'akụkụ nna ya ukwu mbụ. Lupold and French, Deep South Rivers, 123-130. Mgbe Godwin nwụrụ na 1859, Eze mere ihe ncheta n'elu ili ya. 

N'afọ 1849, Alabama State Capitol gbara ọkụ, e goro Eze n'ọrụ iji wuo usoro nke ụlọ isi obodo ọhụrụ, yana imepụta na wuo steepụ ọnụ ụzọ mbata ejima. Eze ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere ihe owuwu àkwà mmiri na-eme ka steepụ nkwado nke steepụ nke mere na steepụ ahụ pụtara ka ọ "na-ese n'elu," na-enweghị nkwado etiti ọ bụla. Lupold and French, Deep South Rivers, 134-135.

N'ihe dị ka afọ 1855, Eze malitere mmekọrịta ya na ndị ikom abụọ ọzọ iji wuo àkwà mmiri, nke a maara dị ka Moore's Bridge, n'elu Chattahoochee n'etiti Newnan na Carrollton, Georgia, na nso Whitesburg . Kama ịnakọta ego maka ọrụ ya, Eze weere ngwaahịa kama, na-enweta mmasị na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ na akwa mmiri. Eze kpọgara nwunye ya na ụmụ ya gaa n'ebe dị nso na akwa mmiri n'ihe dị ka 1858, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere na-aga n'etiti ya na ụlọ ha ọzọ na Alabama. Frances King na ụmụ ha chịkọtara ọnụ ahịa akwa mmiri na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na Moore's Bridge.  Ego enwetara site na Moore's Bridge butere King na ezinụlọ ya ego na-aga n'ihu. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ichepụta na ịrụ nnukwu ọrụ akwa mmiri site n'afọ ndị 1850 fọdụrụnụ, gụnyere nnukwu àkwà mmiri dị na Milledgeville, Georgia na ngafe Chattahoochee nke abụọ na Columbus, Georgia. Lupold and French, Deep South Rivers, 143-150.

 Dị ka ohu 
N'afọ 1850 na Columbus, Eze zụtara ohu nke mechara bụrụ onye a maara dị ka onye na-eme ememme abolitionist J. Sella Martin . Mgbe Eze nwara imeri Martin site n’iti ya ihe, o wutere ya maka nguzogide nwoke ahụ. O resịkwara Martin ngwa ngwa nye onye ahịa ohu.   Dave Gillarm (Executive Director of the Black History Museum of Columbus), quoted by Alva James-Johnson, "Local lynchings discussed at Columbus Tech," Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, February 23, 2016 (page 4).

 Oge agha 
áká_èkpè|thumb| Edenyere Eze ka o nyere aka n'iwu nke Confederate ironclads, gụnyere ụgbọ mmiri a, CSS Muscogee .
Ka Agha Obodo America rutere na 1860, Eze, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ojii nọ na South, megidere nkewa nke steeti ndịda ma bụrụkwa onye Unionist kwadoro. Mgbe esemokwu ahụ kwụsịrị, Eze nwara ịga n'ihu n'azụmahịa ya dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-ewu ụlọ, na-arụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na igwe igwe na Coweta County, Georgia na akwa mmiri na Columbus, Georgia. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na akwa mmiri Columbus, ndị ọchịchị Confederate debara Eze n'ọrụ ịrụ ihe mgbochi na Osimiri Apalachicola, 200 miles (320 km) n'ebe ndịda Columbus iji gbochie mwakpo ndị agha mmiri na obodo ahụ. Mgbe o mechachara ihe mgbochi ahụ na Apalachicola, e nyere Eze ọrụ iwu ihe nchebe na Osimiri Alabama tupu ọ laghachi Columbus na 1863. Lupold and French, Deep South Rivers, 163-167.

N'oge a, Columbus abụrụla nnukwu obodo na-ewu ụgbọ mmiri maka Confederacy. E kenyere Eze na ndị ikom ya inyere aka ịrụ ụgbọ mmiri na Columbus Iron Works and Navy Yard. Na 1863–64, Eze rụrụ igwe igwe igwe maka Iron Work, nke rụpụtara cladding maka ụgbọ mmiri agha nke Confederate. Ndị ọrụ Eze nyekwara osisi na osisi maka Yard Navy. Ha tinyere aka n'akụkụ owuwu nke CSS Muscogee . Lupold and French, Deep South Rivers, 167-169. N'afọ 1864, Eze degaara Jemison akwụkwọ, bụ onye megidekwara nkewa, ma na-eje ozi na Confederate Senate . Ọ jụrụ ihe nwere ike ime ma ọ kwụsị ọrụ ya maka Confederacy. A maghị azịza Jemison. 

Ka agha ahụ na-eru nso na njedebe ya na 1864, ndị agha Union bibiri ọtụtụ n'ime àkwà mmiri Eze. Nke a gụnyere Moore's Bridge, nke Eze nwere. Ndị agha ndị agha Union bibiri Moore's Bridge na July 1864. Frances King nwụrụ na October 1, 1864, na Girard, na-ahapụ Eze onye di ya nwụrụ nke nwere ụmụ ise dị ndụ ka ọ lekọta ya. Ndị na-agba ọsọ n'okpuru Union General James H. Wilson wakporo Columbus n'April 1865, na-ere àkwà mmiri Eze niile dị n'obodo ahụ ọkụ, gụnyere nke ọ rụchara ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ. Lupold and French, Deep South Rivers, 174-175, 178-181. Eze lụrụ ọzọ na June 1865 na Sarah Jane Jones McManus. 

 Eze na nwughari 
Oge agha biri nyekwara Eze ohere ọhụrụ. N'ime ọnwa isii ka agha ahụ biri, Eze na onye ha na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ wuo 32,000-square-foot (3,000 m   Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe owu na Columbus, na King nwere—na nke ugboro atọ — wughachiri akwa Columbus City mbụ. N'ime afọ atọ sochirinụ, Eze ga-ewu àkwà mmiri atọ ọzọ gafee Chattahoochee: na Columbus, na abụọ na West Point, Georgia, gbakwunyere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ abụọ, na Lee County, Alabama ụlọ ikpe. Lupold and French, Deep South Rivers, 182-195, 210.

Mgbe arụrụ ọrụ nrụgharị ahụ na 1867, King ghọrọ onye na-edeba aha maka ndị ntuli aka na Russell County, Alabama . Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ nwara iguzobe ógbè nke ndị nwere onwe ha na Jọjia. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, a họpụtara Eze ka ọ bụrụ Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya Alabama na 1868 dịka onye Republican na-anọchite anya mpaghara Russell. N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ ihe owuwu ya na Columbus, King anọghị n'oche ya ihe karịrị otu afọ, na November 1869. Eze nọgidere bụrụ onye omebe iwu na-enweghị mmasị, na-eme ntuli aka 78% nke oge ahụ ma na-atụ aro naanị ụgwọ atọ-ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha ghọrọ iwu. A họpụtara Eze na 1870, na-atụ aro na ọ dịghị ụgwọ ọ bụla na nnọkọ 1870-71 na nanị ise na nnọkọ 1871-72, otu n'ime ha - mmachibido iwu na ire mmanya na Hurtsboro, Alabama - ghọrọ iwu. King achọghị ntuli aka ọzọ na 1872. Lupold and French, Deep South Rivers, 211-221.

 Afọ ikpeazụ 
King hapụrụ omebe iwu Alabama na 1872 wee soro ezinụlọ ya kwaga LaGrange, Georgia . Mgbe ọ nọ na LaGrange, Eze gara n'ihu na-arụ àkwà mmiri, ma gbasaakwa ịgụnye ọrụ owuwu ndị ọzọ, karịsịa azụmahịa na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti 1870s, Eze amalitela inye ụmụ ya ise ọrụ ihe owuwu akwa mmiri ya, bụ ndị guzobere ụlọ ọrụ King Brothers Bridge. Ahụ ike Eze malitere ịda mba na 1880, ma nwụọ na May 28, 1885, na LaGrange. Lupold and French, Deep South Rivers, 223-239.

Eze nwetara akwụkwọ akụkọ otuto nke ọ bụla n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Georgia, ụkọ maka ndị America America na 1880s South. A kpọbatara ya n'ụlọ ezumezu nke Alabama Engineers na Mahadum Alabama . Nna nna ya, Horace H. King, Jr.  nabatara ihe nrite a n'aha ya maka nka injinia ya na agwa ya. 

 Na-arụ ọrụ 

 Columbus, Georgia Bridge (Iju mmiri bibiri na 1841). (1832–33)
 Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe iri anọ dị na Apalachicola, Florida . (1834)
 West Point, Georgia Bridge. (1838)
 Eufaula, Alabama Bridge (Ebibiri na 1924). (1838–39)
 Florence, Georgia Bridge. (1840)
 Ndochi Columbus, Georgia Bridge. (1841)
 Ụlọ ikpe nke Muscogee County . (1839–41)
 Ụlọ ikpe Russell County . (1839–41)
 Red Oak Creek Covered Bridge, Georgia . depụtara na National Register of Historic ebe na bụ nke ikpeazụ fọdụrụ kpuchie akwa nke Eze mere. (1840s)
 Columbus nke abụọ, akwa Mississippi (ọkụ gbara n'oge agha obodo America ). (1843)
 Wetumpka, Alabama Bridge. (1844)
 Tallassee, Alabama Bridge. (1845)
 3 obere àkwà mmiri dị nso na Steens, Mississippi . (1845)
 Usoro ime ime na steepụ gbagoro agbago nke Alabama State Capitol na Montgomery, Alabama, nke edepụtara na National Register of Historic Places and as a National Historic Landmark . (1850–51)
 Moore's Bridge dị nso na Whitesburg, Georgia (ọkụ gbara n'oge Agha Obodo). (1855)
 Milledgeville, Georgia Bridge. (1850s)
 Ụlọ Bridge (Albany, Georgia) dị na Albany, Georgia, edepụtara na National Register of Historic Places na ugbu a na-eji dị ka Albany Welcome Center. (1858)
 Columbus nke atọ, akwa Mississippi (Ebibiri narị afọ nke 20). (1865)
 Tuscaloosa, Alabama Bridge n'elu Black Warrior River (oké ifufe bibiri na 1880). (1872)

 Hụkwa 

  Reprinted in   In particular pages 193-197 (chapter V). Page numbers in references are from the 1953 reprinting.


 HORACE: The Bridge Builder King (Documentary), Produced by Tom C. Lenard. Part I on YouTube Part II on YouTube Part III on YouTube Part IV on YouTube Part V on YouTube Part VI on YouTube.

 Ntụaka 
Bank na ọdụ ụgbọ elu O'Hare  mere ya onye ọsụ ụzọ na mpaghara a na-emepe emepe ọhụrụ.  Na mgbakwunye na imepụta akara maka Harris Trust Bank na ọdụ ụgbọ elu O'Hare, King nyekwara ọrụ imewe maka usoro okporo ụzọ gọọmenti etiti Triangle Plaza  kwụsịrị I-90, na NorthwestBank na ọdụ ụgbọ elu O'Hare  mere ya onye ọsụ ụzọ na mpaghara a na-emepe emepe ọhụrụ.  Na mgbakwunye na imepụta akara maka Harris Trust Bank na ọdụ ụgbọ elu O'Hare, King nyekwara ọrụ imewe maka usoro okporo ụzọ gọọmenti etiti Triangle Plaza  kwụsịrị I-90, na Northwest
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