Marlon Riggs

Ndụ mbido 
A mụrụ Riggs na Fort Worth, Texas, na February 3, 1957. Ọ bụ nwa nke ndị ọrụ nkịtị nke ndị agha ma jiri nnukwu njem n'oge ọ bụ nwata. O biri na Texas na Georgia tupu ya na ezinụlọ ya kwaga West Germany mgbe ọ dị afọ 11. Ọ bụ nwa Jean (nne) na Alvin Riggs (nna) ma nweekwa nwanne aha ya bụ Sascha.  

Mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ ya, Riggs chetara mmechuihu na ịkpọ aha ọ nwetara na Hephzibah Junior High School na Hephzibah, Georgia . O kwuru na ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na ndị ọcha na-akpọ ya "punk", " fagot ," na " Uncle Tom ." O chere na ọ nọpụrụ iche na onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ: "E jidere m n'etiti ụwa abụọ a ebe ndị ọcha kpọrọ m asị na ndị ojii na-akparị m. Ọ na-ewute m nke ukwuu." 

Riggs nwere oke na Nurnberg American High School, ebe ọ na-egwu bọl ma na-agba ọsọ, a họpụtara ya onyeisi oche nke Varsity Club mgbe ọ bụ nanị sophomore. Ọ rụkwara egwu ntụgharị okwu naanị na ihe ngosi talent ụlọ akwụkwọ nke gosipụtara ahụmịhe ndị ohu America sitere na Africa site na nnwere onwe. Site na 1973 ruo 1974 Riggs gara afọ mmeghe nke Ansbach American High School na Katterbach, Germany. A họpụtara ya onyeisi otu ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha dabere. Na 1974, Riggs laghachiri na United States ịga kọleji. Dịka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ, ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Harvard wee gụchaa magna cum laude na 1978. 

Mgbe ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ na Harvard, Riggs ghọtara na ọ bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke.  N'ihi na ọ dịghị ọmụmụ na-akwado ọmụmụ banyere nwoke idina nwoke, ọ rịọrọ na History Department na natara nkwado ịchụso onwe ọmụmụ banyere ihe ngosi nke "nwoke nwoke idina nwoke na American akụkọ ifo na uri".  Ka ọ malitere ịmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị America, Riggs nwere mmasị n'ịkọrọ echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị a site na ihe nkiri.

Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn mpaghara na Texas ihe dị ka otu afọ, ọ kwagara Oakland, California, ebe ya na onye hụrụ ya n'anya, Jack Vincent biri afọ 15. Riggs banyere ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ  wee nata akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ na ọpụrụiche na fim ihe nkiri na 1981 site na Mahadum California, Berkeley, ebe ya na Peter Webster mekọrịtara / duzie ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ nna ukwu akpọrọ Long Train Running: The Akụkọ banyere Oakland Blues, vidiyo ọkara awa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu blues na Oakland, California . 

 Ọrụ ihe nkiri 
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Riggs malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ mmepụta akwụkwọ onwe ha na mpaghara Bay. O nyeere ndị nduzi akwụkwọ aka na ndị na-emepụta ihe na mbụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-enyere aka na mgbe e mesịrị dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ banyere agbụrụ ndị America, Nicaragua, Central America, mmekọahụ na ikike nkwarụ .  N'ihi nkà ya na teknụzụ vidiyo, ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ntanetị maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta vidiyo, Espresso Productions. N'afọ 1987, e goro ya ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi nwa oge na ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Berkeley ka ọ kụziere ịse ihe nkiri. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ kacha nta na nka na mmadụ na UC Berkeley. 

N'afọ 1987, ọ dechara akwụkwọ akụkọ akụkọ gbasara agbụrụ mbụ ya.  Akwụkwọ akụkọ ewepụtara onwe ya, ihe nkiri a sitere na ihe ngosi nke ihe ncheta ojii na Berkeley Art Center nke echiche ojii sitere na mkpokọta Jan Faulkner. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nkwado teknụzụ (nhazi ntanetị) site na KQED, ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn ọha na eze na San Francisco, ma gosipụta ya na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn ọha na eze na United States dum.  Na agbụrụ agbụrụ, Riggs chọrọ ịchọpụta echiche zuru oke na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke ndị Africa America - ihe oyiyi nke ndị jọgburu onwe ha, ndị obi ọjọọ na ndị ohu nwere obi ụtọ - na omenala ndị America na-ewu ewu na njedebe 19th na mmalite 20th narị afọ.

N'afọ 1989, Riggs dechara ihe nkiri nyocha ihe nkiri Tongues Untied . Akpụchara ya akpụkpọ ụkwụ na PBS nke mba dịka akụkụ nke usoro telivishọn POV  Olu atọ ndị bụ isi nke asụsụ a na-ekewaghị bụ nke Riggs na ndị na-ede uri Essex Hemphill na Joseph Beam. Asụsụ ndị e kewapụrụ n'otu nwere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; Onye omebe iwu Republican Jesse Helms bụ onye ama ama na-arụ ụka ịgbachitere nka mgbe ahapụchara ya. 

Na 1988, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ma na Agba Agba na Asụsụ Akwụsịghị, Achọpụtara Riggs na HIV mgbe ọ gbasịrị ọgwụgwọ maka ọdịda akụrụ dị nso na-egbu egbu na ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Germany.  N'agbanyeghị ahụ ike ya na-akawanye njọ, o kpebiri ịga n'ihu na-akụzi ihe na Berkeley ma na-eme ihe nkiri.

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe emechara Ndozi Agba, Riggs malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ihe ga-abụ ihe nkiri ikpeazụ ya, Black Is ... Black Ain't, ma ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 37 site na nsogbu ndị AIDS kpatara na April 5, 1994, tupu o nwee ike mezue ya.  Emechara oru ngo a ka onye na-emeputa ihe Nicole Atkinson na onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ / onye nchịkọta akụkọ Christiane Badgley, n'okpuru nlekọta nke ndị isi oche nke Signifyin' Works: Herman Gray, Vivian Kleiman na Patricia Turner.

Ihe nkiri ya niile sitere na vidiyo wee bufee na ihe nkiri maka nyocha ọha na ụlọ ihe nkiri, mmemme na ebe ngosi nka. N'oge ahụ, teknụzụ vidiyo adịbeghị maka nyocha maka nnukwu ndị na-ege ntị n'ebe ọha na eze.

 Edemede 
E bipụtara ihe odide Riggs n'oge ngwụcha 1980s na mmalite 1990 na nkà na akwụkwọ edemede dị iche iche dị ka Black American Literature Forum, Art Journal, na High Performance yana akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Nwanna ruo Nwanna: Achịkọtara ederede site na Black Gay Men . [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

N'edemede ya bụ "Black Macho Revisited: Reflections of a SNAP! Queen," Riggs na-atụle otú e si jiri ihe nnọchianya nke ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke na United States na-eme ka echiche ndị America na-eche banyere agbụrụ na mmekọahụ. Ọ na-arụ ụka na ihe ndị America na-ekwusi ike na ọnụ ọgụgụ "black macho" - ụdị dike nke nwoke isi ojii nke dabeere na echiche ụgha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa - na-egosi mwepu nke ụmụ nwoke nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị n'ime obodo Africa-American, nke na-eme ka ha na-eweda ha ala ma na-atụgharị uche. nwoke idina nwoke. 

 Gburugburu na ụdị 
Ihe nkiri Riggs na-ekwu maka ihe nnọchianya nke agbụrụ na mmekọahụ na United States. Riggs katọrọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị America. O jiri ihe nkiri ya gosi ihe onyonyo dị mma nke omenala ndị Africa na America yana nke ịhụnanya anụ ahụ na nke mmụọ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke ojii iji gbanarị ihe nnọchianya nke ndị America America na ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke ojii na omenala a ma ama. 

Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Berkeley, Riggs gụrụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri, nke na-emesi ike ime ihe na iji ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ. Agbanyeghị ụdị ihe nkiri ya mechara gbasaa wee tinye usoro ihe nkiri nke onwe yana nke mmetụta uche.

 Ihe nketa 
Akwụkwọ akụkọ Riggs enwetala otuto dị egwu. Riggs nwetara ihe nrite Emmy nke mba na 1987 maka echiche agbụrụ. Asụsụ Untied enwetara onyinye Teddy na mmemme ihe nkiri Berlin . Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nkwado site na Los Angeles Film Critics Association, New York Documentary Film Festival, American Film and Video Festival, na San Francisco International Lesbian na Gay Film Festival . 

Na 1992, e nyere Riggs ihe nrite nke Maya Daren Lifetime Achievement Award site na American Film Institute . Ọzọkwa, Agba mgbanwe nwetara prestigious George Foster Peabody Award, Erik Barnouw Award from the Organisation of American Historians, International Documentary Association Outstanding Achievement Award, na ihe ngosi nke mbụ na-enyocha Sundance Film Festival . "Mgbanwe agba" nwetara nhọpụta maka ihe nrite Emmy nke mba maka mmezu nke onye ọ bụla pụtara ìhè na nyocha. 

 Esemokwu 
Tupu e wepụta ya n'ihu ọha na telivishọn mba ka ọ gbasịrị n'ememme, mmepụta Riggs bụ Tongues Untied kpalitere esemokwu mba gbasara mgbasa ozi vidiyo na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn ọha nke America. Tinyere ego nke ya, Riggs ejirila onyinye $5,000 kwadoro akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ site na Western State Regional Arts Fund, ụlọ ọrụ na-enyeghachi ego nke National Endowment for Arts kwadoro, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti kwụụrụ onwe ya nke na-enye ego na nkwado maka visual, akwụkwọ edemede., na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nnukwu esemokwu n'ihi ngosipụta ya nke ndị nwoke abụọ na-esusu ọnụ.  

Akụkọ gbasara mgbasa ihe nkiri ahụ kpalitere arụmụka mba maka ma ọ dabara na gọọmentị etiti inye ego maka nka nka nke kpasuru ụfọdụ iwe.  Ndị na-ese ihe kwusiri ike na ikike ha bụ isi nke nnwere onwe ikwu okwu, ịnọchite anya n'ikuku ikuku ọha, ma na-emegide mmechi nke nka ha. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ ndị na-eme iwu gọọmentị United States aka nri na ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa megidere iji ego ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi kwado ihe ha kwuru na ọ bụ ọrụ nka na-asọ oyi. 

Na 1992 Republican president primaries, onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi onye isi ala Pat Buchanan zoro aka na Tongues Untied dị ka ihe atụ nke otu Onye isi ala George HW Bush si etinye "dollar ụtụ isi anyị na- akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na nka nkwulu." Buchanan weputara mgbasa ozi ihe onyonyo mgbochi Bush maka mgbasa ozi ya site na iji obere vidiyo edezigharịrị site na Asụsụ Untied . Ewepụrụ mgbasa ozi ahụ na ọwa telivishọn ka Riggs gosipụtara nke ọma mmebi nwebiisinka Buchanan.

Reverend Donald E. Wildmon, onye isi oche nke American Family Association, megidere PBS na National Endowment for the Arts for airing Tongues Untied ma na-atụ anya na a ga-ahapụ ihe nkiri ahụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọtụtụ ndị America ga-ahụ ya iwe. "Nke a ga-abụ nke mbụ ọtụtụ nde ndị America ga-enwe ohere ịhụ ụdị ihe a na-eji ego ụtụ isi ha na-eme," ka o kwuru. "Nke a bụ nke mbụ ọ nweghị onye ọzọ na-agwa ha ihe na-eme; ha nwere ike ịhụ onwe ha." 

Riggs gbachitere Asụsụ na-edobeghi anya maka ikike ya "ịkwatu ọnụ mba a na-agbachi nkịtị n'ihe gbasara ọdịiche mmekọahụ na agbụrụ." N'ịgbachitere ya, Riggs kwuru na "n'ụzọ doro anya n'okwu a na-arụbiga ọrụ ókè banyere "ụkpụrụ obodo" bụ echiche nke naanị otu obodo etiti na naanị otu ụkpụrụ omenala siri ike nke mmemme telivishọn ga-enwerịrị mmasị na ya." 

 Ọnwụ 
Marlon Riggs nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Eprel 5, 1994. Tom Leonard, onye bụzi onye isi oche nke UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, kwuru na ihe kpatara ọnwụ bụ n'ihi nsogbu sitere na AIDS . 

 Filmography dị ka director 

 Ogologo oge na-agba ọsọ: Akụkọ banyere Oakland Blues (1981, mkpụmkpụ)
 Echiche agbụrụ (1986)
 Tongues Untied (1989) (e mechara gbasaa na POV na 1991 )
 Nkwenye (1990, nkenke)
 Ukwe (1991 mkpirisi)
 Ndozi agba (1992) (e mechara gbasaa na POV na 1992 )
 Mba, Je Ne Regrette Rien (Ọ dịghị akwa ụta) (1993, mkpụmkpụ)
 Nwa bụ... Black abụghị (1994)

 Ntụaka 
ntụgharị okwu naanị na ihe ngosi talent ụlọ akwụkwọ nke gosipụtara ahụmịhe ndị ohu America sitere na Africa site na nnwere onwe. Site na 1973 ruo 1974 Riggs gara afọ mmeghe nke Ansbach American High School na Katterbach, Germany. A họpụtara ya onyeisi otu ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha dabere. Na 1974,ntụgharị okwu naanị na ihe ngosi talent ụlọ akwụkwọ nke gosipụtara ahụmịhe ndị ohu America sitere na Africa site na nnwere onwe. Site na 1973 ruo 1974 Riggs gara afọ mmeghe nke Ansbach American High School na Katterbach, Germany. A họpụtara ya onyeisi otu ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha dabere. Na 1974,

 Njikọ mpụga 


 Marlon Riggs at AllMovie
 Marlon Riggs at the Video Data Bank
 Marlon Riggs Critical Resource Page at California Newsreel
 TARGET AUDIENCES: THE FILMS OF MARLON RIGGS on Artfourm
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations