Bill Traylor

William Traylor (Eprel 1, c. 1853 - Ọktoba 23, 1949) bụ onye Africa-American kụziiri onwe ya ihe nka sitere na Lowndes County, Alabama .  Amụrụ na ịgba ohu, Traylor nọrọ ọtụtụ ndụ ya mgbe a tọhapụsịrị ya dị ka onye na-eketa ihe. Ọ bụ naanị mgbe 1939 gasịrị, mgbe ọ kwagara Montgomery, Alabama, Traylor malitere ise. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 85, o weere pensụl na mpempe akwụkwọ iji detuo ihe ndị ọ chetara na ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara. Site na 1939 ruo 1942, ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Montgomery, o mepụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,500 nka.

Ọ bụ ezie na Traylor nwetara ihe ngosi ihu ọha mbụ ya na 1940, ọ bụ ezie na afọ 30 ka ọ nwụsịrị ka ọrụ ya mesịrị malite inweta nlebara anya sara mbara, na njedebe 1970s. Nnabata nke Traylor n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama nke ndị America na nkà ọgbara ọhụrụ ka etinyere na mbọ nke Charles Shannon, yana uto na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ụwa nka. Shannon, onye mbụ zutere ọrụ Traylor na 1940, wetara Traylor n'uche nke ụwa nka ka ukwuu. Traylor ugbu a na-ejide ọnọdụ etiti n'ọhịa nke "onwe-akụziri" na nkà ọgbara ọhụrụ.

 Ndụ 
A mụrụ Bill Traylor na Eprel 1853 na Benton, Alabama. Nne na nna ya, Sally (1815–1880) na Bill Calloway (1805–1860+), bụ ndị ohu na ubi nke George Hartwell Traylor (1801–1881), onye na-akụ owu ọcha. Bill nwere ụmụnne ise: Liza (1837), Henry (1845), Frank (1846), Jim (1847), na Emet (1854). Sobel, Mechal, Painting a Hidden Life: The Art of Bill Traylor (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 2009), p. 10.

Maka Traylor na-eto eto, etiti 1860s akara oge mgbanwe nke onwe na nke akụ na ụba. Na 1865, Traylor hụrụ mfu nke Confederacy na Union. Ọnwụ nna ya mere ka mgbawa mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ntakịrị n'etiti 1860 na 1866. Ọ bụ ezie na njedebe nke agha ahụ mere ka a tọhapụ ya n'iwu, Traylor nọgidere na-agbanye n'ime akụ na ụba nke iwu Jim Crow nke South. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ubi ahụ, ma ugbu a dị ka onye na-eke ihe ubi . [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Ọ bụ ezie na idekọ nkọwa nke ndụ nwata Traylor ka siri ike, ndị ọkà mmụta achọpụtala na ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ ụmụaka n'oge ndụ ya niile. Na 1884, Traylor malitere otu ezinụlọ na Larisa Dunklin (1872-). Ka ọ na-erule 1887, ha mụrụ ụmụ atọ: George, Pauline, na Sally. Ka ọ na-erule 1898, di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ ise ọzọ: Rueben, Ista, Alice, Lillian, na "nwa" a na-akpọghị aha. Na 1887, Traylor mụrụ Nettie site na mmekọrịta ọzọ. Na mgbakwunye, na njedebe 1890s, ọ lụrụ nwunye nke abụọ, Laura Williams (1870-). Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ ise: Clement, Will, Mack, John Henry, na Walter. Na 1902, Traylor nwere nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Jimmie na nwanyị ọzọ. Sobel, Mechal, Painting a Hidden Life: The Art of Bill Traylor (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 2009), p. 10. Mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ, e hotara Traylor na-ekwu na "ọ zụlitere ụmụ iri abụọ na ise." Marcesa, Frank, and Roger Ricco, Bill Traylor: His Art-His Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), p. 8.

Na 1909 Traylor na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na Montgomery County na na 1928 ọ hapụrụ gaa isi obodo Montgomery . US Census, 1910, for misspelled surname William Taylor; and US Census 1930 for Bill Traylor. N'ịkọwa mmegharị ya, Traylor mechara kwuo, sị: "Ndị ọcha m anwụọla, ụmụ m agbasasịwokwa." Kurzmeyer, Roman, "The Life and Times of Bill Traylor (1854-1949)" in Josef Helfenstein and Roman Kurzmeyer (eds), Bill Traylor: 1854-1949: Deep Blues (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 172. Maka Traylor dị afọ 75, ọ ga-abụ mmalite ọhụrụ siri ike, mana ọ gbazitere ụlọ na emesịa obere ụlọ, wee chọta ọrụ iji kwado onwe ya. Ọtụtụ afọ ka ọ kwagachara, ọ na-esiri ya ike ịkpata ihe ọ na-eri. Mgbe rheumatism gbochiri ya ịga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-emepụta akpụkpọ ụkwụ, a manyere Traylor n'okporo ámá. N'ịnata obere enyemaka ọha na eze, ọ banyere n'ọkwa ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi. N'abalị ọ na-arahụ n'azụ ọnụ ụlọ nke Ross-Clayton Funeral Home.  N'ụbọchị ahụ, ọ mara ụlọikwuu na Monroe Street. 

Na June 1939, Charles Shannon, onye na-eto eto, onye na-ese ihe na-acha ọcha, na mbụ hụrụ Traylor na nkà na-eto eto ya. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmasị, Shannon malitere ịkwụsị ugboro ugboro site na ngọngọ Traylor ịhụ ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ. Shannon mechara kwupụta na ọganiihu nke ọrụ nka Traylor. "Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ime ụbọchị ndị sochirinụ na ọ pụtara ngwa ngwa na ihe dị ịrịba ama na-eme: ndị ọ na-achị bịara dịkwuo mgbagwoju anya, ọdịdị ya siri ike, na n'ime ime nke ọrụ ya malitere ikwu onwe ya." Marcesa and Ricco (1991), p. 4.

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nzute a gasịrị, Shannon malitere inye Traylor akwụkwọ mmado, brushes na akwụkwọ osise. Ọbụbụenyi malitere n'oge na-adịghị anya. Na February 1940, New South, bụ ebe omenala nke Shannon hiwere, malitere ihe ngosi Bill Traylor: Onye na-ese mmadụ . Ọ gụnyere narị eserese Traylor. Ka o sina dị, n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ nyocha na akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara, ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ọrụ Traylor e rere. Otú ọ dị, ihe ngosi ahụ ka dị ịrịba ama. Ọ bụ naanị Traylor ga-adị ndụ ịhụ. Helfenstein, Josef, "Bill Traylor and Charles Shannon: A Historic Encounter in Montgomery" in Helfenstein and Kurzmeyer (1999), p. 101.

Na 1942, Traylor mere mpụta mbụ ya na New York. Site na Jenụwarị 5 ruo Jenụwarị 19, Ethical Culture Fieldston School na Riverdale, New York kwadoro Bill Traylor: American Primitive (Ọrụ nke ochie Negro) . Victor E. D'Amico, The Museum of Modern Art 's director nke agụmakwụkwọ mgbe ahụ, haziri ihe ngosi. Ka o sina dị, ebe ihe ngosi ahụ webatara ọrụ Traylor na obodo nka New York buru ibu, ọ pụtaghị na ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi ọ bụla zụtara iberibe Traylor ọ bụla. N'ụzọ doro anya, Alfred Barr, onye nduzi nke MoMA, nyere ohere ịzụta ọtụtụ eserese maka nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka, yana nke onwe ya. Agbanyeghị, mgbe o nyechara naanị otu dollar ma ọ bụ abụọ maka ibe Traylor ọ bụla, nkwekọrịta ahụ dara ngwa ngwa. 

Site na 1942 ruo 1945, Traylor ya na ụmụ ya na ndị ikwu ya biri na Detroit, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, na Washington DC Mgbe ọ gbasasịrị ụkwụ ya na gangrene,  Traylor laghachiri na Montgomery ka ya na nwa ya nwanyị, Sarah biri (Sally). ) Traylor Howard. Na Ọktoba 23, 1949, ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọọgwụ Oak Street dị na Montgomery. E mesịa, e liri ya n’ebe a na-eli ozu Ugwu Moraịa.

 Isi okwu 
Dị ka mkpokọta, eserese Traylor na-egosi ahụmịhe ya na nlebanya ya site na ndụ ime obodo na obodo mepere emepe na akara, ụdị, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu a na-ahụ anya na-agụnye onyonyo nke ndị mmadụ, osisi, anụmanụ, na akara ala obodo. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkụ ụfọdụ na-elekwasị anya n'otu anụmanụ, dị ka nkịta ma ọ bụ agwọ, ihe osise ndị ọzọ na-enye ihe nkiri nke ndị mmadụ na-ezukọ n'akụkụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ugbo. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Ọrụ ya dị iche iche site na nlegharị anya dị mfe nke otu ruo n'ụdị nwere ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi silhouette gbagwojuru anya. Shannon kwuru na evolushọn ahụ gosipụtara ntozu nke Traylor dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Iberibe ndị sitere na afọ ikpeazụ nke ọrụ Traylor "kpọkọtara ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ngosi a na-ahụ anya nke ọ mepụtara n'oge a: ụdị nkịtị siri ike, ụdị osisi-anụmanụ na ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, ndị mmadụ nọ n'ụdị 'steeti' dị iche iche site na ịdị jụụ ruo hysteria, ndị ohi na ihe ọṅụṅụ. na ụmụaka ndị mmụọ ọjọọ." Marcesa and Ricco (1991), p. 31.

 Akụkọ ihe ngosi 
Ọrụ Traylor mechara dọta uche nke ụwa nka sara mbara na ngwụcha afọ 1970 na 1980. Na 1974, Shannon na nwunye ya kpọpụtara Traylor dum oeuvre na nchekwa wee malite ịhazi ya. N'ịbụ ndị na-eguzogide ịdepụta mpekere Traylor, Shannon debere mkpokọta ahụ dịka isiokwu si dị. Na 1975, ọ gara n'ihu kewaa mkpokọta ahụ gaa n'ụdị 25 nke ihe onyonyo a na-ekerịta na ngalaba atọ ọzọ: ọrụ mbụ, ọrụ ndị buru ibu, na ọrụ pụrụ iche. Dịka nchịkọta ahaziri ahazi, ọrụ Traylor mechara malite ịkpalite mmasị n'etiti ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nka. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

N'afọ 1979 Richard H. Oosterom kwetara ijide ihe ngosi solo nke gosipụtara iberibe Bill Traylor. Site na Disemba 13, 1979 ruo Jenụwarị 12, 1980, RH Oosterom, Inc. welitere ihe ngosi Bill Traylor 1854–1974, Works on Paper . Ihe ngosi ahụ durukwa na ụlọ ọrụ mbụ nweta ihe osise Traylor. Ụlọ ọrụ Schomburg maka nyocha na omenala ojii zụtara Traylor's "Man on Mule". Margaret Lynne Ausfeld, "Unlikely Survival: Bill Traylor’s Drawings" in Bill Traylor: Drawings from the Collections of the High Museum of Art and the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, eds. Susan Mitchell Crawley and Margaret Lynne Ausfeld (New York: Delmonico Books/Prestel Publishing, 2012), 19.

Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Traylor's 1982 mpụta mbụ na Corcoran Gallery of Art dị na Washington DC ka ndị na-ege ntị malitere ịhụ mkpa ọrụ ya dị. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ Jane Livingstone na John Beardsley tinyere 36 nke Traylor's iberibe na ihe ngosi akara ngosi Black Folk Art na America 1930-1980 .  N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Shannon nyere ụfọdụ ọrụ Traylor na Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts,  otu n'ime ihe ndị High Museum of Art mechara zụta. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

N'afọ 1982 "mepụtara nnukwu mgbasa ozi ọha na eze, nyocha dị oke egwu, na mbipụta nke a na-amata ọrụ Traylor." Margaret Lynne Ausfeld, "Unlikely Survival: Bill Traylor’s Drawings" in Bill Traylor: Drawings from the Collections of the High Museum of Art and the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, eds. Susan Mitchell Crawley and Margaret Lynne Ausfeld (New York: Delmonico Books/Prestel Publishing, 2012), 19. Na 1995, ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo mepere emepe gosipụtara ọrụ Traylor. Na 1996, izu isii ka Shannon nwụsịrị, MoMA gụnyere ihe osise Traylor na ihe ngosi A Century of American Drawing from the Collection .

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a nabatala Traylor n'ọkwa mba na nke mba ofesi nke ndị nka nka kacha mara onwe ha. Ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ewepụla ịkpọ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe "oge ochie" ma ọ bụ "onye na-abụghị" ma họrọ ilekwasị anya na ọkaibe na mkpa ya n'ime nkà ndị America nke narị afọ nke 20. Na 2005 Studio Museum na Harlem weputara ihe ngosi Bill Traylor, William Edmondson, na Modernist Impulse . "Bill Traylor, William Edmondson, and the Modernist Impulse", Studio Museum Harlem. Retrieved June 21, 2020. Ihe ngosi njem ahụ, bụ nke Josef Helfenstein, onye nduzi nke mkpokọta Menil, na Russell Bowman, onye bụbu onye nduzi nke Milwaukee Art Museum, kwadoro 50 nke ihe osise na eserese Traylor. N'ileghachi anya n'ọnọdụ Traylor gara aga dị ka onye na-ese ihe "ndị mmadụ" ma ọ bụ "mpụga", ihe ngosi ahụ nyochara ọrụ ya n'ihe metụtara "ọrụ modernist nke ntọala ma ọ bụ 'official' avant-garde nke oge ahụ." 

The American Folk Art Museum gara n'ihu na mbọ a na 2013 na ihe ngosi abụọ. Site na June 11 ruo Septemba 22, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka kwadoro ma Bill Traylor: Ihe osise sitere na mkpokọta nke High Museum of Art na Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, ihe ngosi njem,  na Traylor in Motion: Wonders from New York Collections, ihe ngosi n'ime ụlọ. Shilling, Alana, "Traylor in Motion: Wonders from New York Collections and Bill Traylor: Drawings from the Collections of the High Museum of Art and the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts," Brooklyn Rail, July 15, 2013. Stacy C. Hollander, onye American Folk Art Museum's Chief curator, na Valérie Rousseau, onye na-ahụ maka nkà nke nkà na nka nke onwe ya, haziri Traylor in Motion . Ọnụ, ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara 104 nke eserese na eserese Traylor. Roberta Smith, sitere na The New York Times, kọwara ihe ngosi ndị jikọtara ọnụ dị ka "onyinye (na-enye) nmikpu zuru oke na njedebe oge ndụ ya nke amamihe." Smith, Roberta, "The Shape of the World Passing Before His Eyes: Bill Traylor Finally Gets a Spotlight in New York", The New York Times, July 4, 2013.

Ihe ngosi kacha ibu nke ọrụ Traylor ruo taa, n'etiti ụwa: Art of Bill Traylor, bụ ihe ngosi na Smithsonian Museum of American Art site na Septemba 28, 2018 ruo Eprel 7, 2019. "Between Worlds: The Art of Bill Traylor", SAAM. Ọ bụ nlegharị anya mbụ ewepụtara maka onye na-ese ihe a mụrụ n'ohu. Ọ bụ Leslie Umberger, onye na-ahụ maka nkà ndị mmadụ na ndị nkuzi onwe, bụ onye dekwara katalọgụ ihe ngosi ahụ haziri ihe ngosi a. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka agbasawanyela njide nke onye na-ese ihe site na nnweta na onyinye dị mkpa, karịsịa, inweta ọrụ seminal site na mkpokọta Judy Saslow. 

 Nghọta ama ama na ndị ọkà mmụta 
N'afọ 1942, mgbe ọ na-akọwapụta mpụta mbụ ngosi Traylor, ndị nta akụkọ obodo kwusara àgwà ihe osise ya "oge ochie" na "African". Nlebanya na-esote sochiri n'ahịrị. Onye Mgbasa Ozi Montgomery bipụtara otu isiokwu nke isiokwu ya bụ "The Enigma of Uncle Bill Traylor: A mụrụ ohu, onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ na nkà, ihe osise ya na-echetara ihe osise Cave - na Picasso." Kurzmeyer, "The Life and Times of Bill Traylor (1854–1949)" in Helfenstein and Kurzmeyer (1999), p. 174. Ọrụ Traylor a na-akparị agbụrụ dịgidere n'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ nke 20.

Na 2013, American Folk Art Museum kwadoro mkparịta ụka ụbọchị zuru ezu, Bill Traylor: Beyond the Figure, iji kwurịta ihe nketa ya gbagwojuru anya. 

N'ileghachi anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Traylor, Alana Shilling sitere na ụgbọ okporo ígwè Brooklyn dọrọ aka ná ntị megide ikiri iberibe Traylor naanị n'ihe gbasara uru ha mara mma. "Ibelata" mgba nke onwe ya "bụ ileghara ihe na-eme Traylor ọ bụghị naanị onye na-ese ihe dị ịrịba ama, kamakwa onye na-edepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba: obi ọjọọ ya." Shilling, Alana, "Traylor in Motion: Wonders from New York Collections and Bill Traylor: Drawings from the Collections of the High Museum of Art and the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts," Brooklyn Rail, July 15, 2013.

Ndụ Traylor na nka bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ ụmụaka 2012, It Jes' Emere: Mgbe Bill Traylor malitere ịbịaru, nke Don Tate dere na nke R. Gregory Christie gosipụtara. 

Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Smithsonian nke American Art 's retrospective, n'etiti ụwa: Art nke Bill Traylor, "Between Worlds: The Art of Bill Traylor", SAAM. Septemba 2018 - Eprel 2019, nwetara nlebara anya nke ọma, gụnyere akụkọ dị na New Yorker, Schjeldahl, Peter, "The Utterly Original Bill Traylor", The New Yorker, October 1, 2018. The Washington Post, Kennicott, Philip, "Born into slavery, Bill Traylor didn’t just paint, he left us a world", The Washington Post, October 5, 2018. na New York Times . Smith, Roberta, "The Best Art Books of 2018", The New York Times, December 13, 2018. E gosikwara ya na CBS News Sunday Morning . "This Week on 'Sunday Morning'", April 7, 2019.

Na 2021, ewepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Jeffrey Wolf na ndụ Bill Traylor, nke akpọrọ Bill Traylor: Chasing Ghosts . 

 Esemokwu 
Na Nọvemba 1992, ndị nketa Traylor gbara Shannon akwụkwọ maka inwe ihe osise Traylor.  Edere uwe ahụ na 1993, yana Shannon kwetara ịnyefe iri na abụọ nke ọrụ Traylor, wee were ya na $10,000 ruo $25,000 US dollar ọ bụla, nye ndị nketa Traylor.  Ndị otu abụọ ahụ wepụtara nkwupụta nkwonkwo nke ghọtara onyinye Shannon nyere maka ama Traylor. 

Mbipụta akwụkwọ Mechal Sobel nke 2009 Painting a Hidden Life: Art of Bill Traylor kpalitere nnukwu esemokwu. N'ime ya, Sobel nyochara ọtụtụ nkwupụta: Traylor chere na igbu onye hụrụ nwunye ya n'anya, ndị uwe ojii Birmingham lynching nwa Traylor na 1929, na iji akara nke Traylor iji zoo oku ya maka mmegide Black megide Jim Crow na Iwu Lynch. Puchner, Edward M., "Review of Sobel, Painting a Hidden Life", The Journal of Southern Religion. Sobel, Painting a Hidden Life: The Art of Bill Traylor, pp. 92–123.

 Ntụaka 

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations