Ụlọ ọrụ shuga

ụlọ ọrụ shuga n'etinye aka na mmepụta, nhazi na ahịa shuga (karịsịa sucrose na fructose). N'ụwa niile, a n'ewepụta ọtụtụ shuga site na okpete (~80% karịsịa na okpomọkụ) na shuga beet (~ 20%, karịsịa na ihu igwe dị jụụ, dị ka na mba US ma ọ bụ mba Europe).
A n'eji shuga eme ihe maka Ihe ọṅụṅụ na-atọ ụtọ, ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị n'atọ ọchị, nri dị mfe, nri ngwa ngwa, swiiti, ihe ndị e mere achịcha, na nri ndị ọzọ n'atọ ezigbo ụtọ. A n'eji okpete eme ihe na distillation nke rum.

Ọtụtụ mba n'akwado shuga. N'ụwa niile n'afọ 2018, e mepụtara ihe dị ka nde tọn shuga 185, nke mba India ji nde tọn 35.9, mba Brazil na Thailand sochiri. E nwere ihe karịrị mba 123 n'emepụta shuga, mana ọ bụ naanị 30% nke ihe a n'emepụta na ahịa mba ụwa.

 Ahịa 
Nkwado shuga emeela ka ọnụ ahịa maka shuga dị ala karịa ọnụahịa mmepụta. Ka ọ n'erule n'afọ 2019, 3/4 nke mmepụta shuga ụwa anaghị ere ahịa n'ahịa mepere emepe. Mba Brazil n'achịkwa ọkara ahịa ụwa, n'akwụ ụgwọ kachasị ($ 2.5 ijeri kwa afọ) n'enyemaka maka ụlọ ọrụ shuga ya.

Akụkọ Oxfam nke afọ 2004 kpọrọ enyemaka shuga EU "dumping" ma kwụo na ha n'emerụ ndị ogbenye ụwa. Mkpebi WTO megide EU quota na usoro enyemaka n'afọ 2005 rụọ n'afọ 2006  manyere EU belata ọnụahịa ya kacha nta na quotas, ma kwụsị Ịzụ ahịa.  EU wepụrụ ụfọdụ oke n'afọ 2015,   mana ọnụahịa kacha nta ka dị.   about="#mwt85" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-12","html":"<span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite book&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_book&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Burrell&quot;},&quot;first1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Alison&quot;},&quot;last2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Himics&quot;},&quot;first2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Mihaly&quot;},&quot;last3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Van Doorslaer&quot;},&quot;first3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Benjamin&quot;},&quot;last4&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ciaian&quot;},&quot;first4&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Pavel&quot;},&quot;last5&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Shrestha&quot;},&quot;first5&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Shailesh&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2014&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;EU sugar policy : a sweet transition after 2015&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/eu-sugar-policy-sweet-transition-after-2015?search&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2021-05-06&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Publications Office of the European Union]]&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.2791/68116&quot;},&quot;isbn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;978-92-79-35567-7&quot;},&quot;issn&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1831-9424&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAZE\">&nbsp;</span><cite about=\"#mwt81\" class=\"citation book cs1\" id=\"CITEREFBurrellHimicsVan_DoorslaerCiaian2014\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Burrell, Alison; Himics, Mihaly; Van Doorslaer, Benjamin; Ciaian, Pavel; Shrestha, Shailesh (2014). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/eu-sugar-policy-sweet-transition-after-2015?search\" id=\"mwAZI\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\"><i id=\"mwAZM\">EU sugar policy<span id=\"mwAZQ\" typeof=\"mw:DisplaySpace\">&nbsp;</span>: a sweet transition after 2015</i></a>. <a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"176\" href=\"./Publications_Office_of_the_European_Union\" id=\"mwAZU\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Publications Office of the European Union\">Publications Office of the European Union</a>. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"177\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAZY\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2791%2F68116\" id=\"mwAZc\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.2791/68116</a>. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"178\" href=\"./ISBN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAZg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a><span id=\"mwAZk\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&nbsp;</span><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"179\" href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-92-79-35567-7\" id=\"mwAZo\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-92-79-35567-7\"><bdi id=\"mwAZs\">978-92-79-35567-7</bdi></a>. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"180\" href=\"./ISSN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwAZw\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a><span id=\"mwAZ0\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&nbsp;</span><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1831-9424\" id=\"mwAZ4\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">1831-9424</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAZ8\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAaA\">2021-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span about=\"#mwt81\" id=\"mwAaI\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"> </span><span about=\"#mwt81\" class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" id=\"mwAaM\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"mwAaQ\">{{<a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"181\" href=\"./Template:Cite_book\" id=\"mwAaU\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Template:Cite book\">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span about=\"#mwt81\" class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" id=\"mwAaY\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"mwAac\"><span id=\"mwAag\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">|</span>website=</code> ignored (<a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"182\" href=\"./Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored\" id=\"mwAak\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Help:CS1 errors\">help</a>)</span><link about=\"#mwt81\" href=\"./Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored\" id=\"mwAao\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">"}}' id="cite_ref-12" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Sugar_industry#cite_note-12 [5]] Ụtụ isi n'adịgide maka ọtụtụ mba. N'afọ 2009, EU nyere mba ndị n'emepe emepe (LDCs) ohere ịkwụ ụgwọ efu n'ahịa EU  dị ka akụkụ nke Ihe niile ma e wezụga Ngwá Agha. 

Ka ọ n'erule n'afọ afọ 2018, mbaIndia, Thailand, na Meziko na-enyekwa shuga nkwado.

 Ndị egwuregwu ụwa 
Ụlọ ọrụ iri kachasị emepụta shuga dabere na mmepụta n'afọ 2010: 
ỌnọdụỤlọ ọrụ2010/11 Mmepụta [Mt]Mba1.Südzucker AG4.2Germany2.Cosan SA Industria & Comercio4.1Brazil3.British Sugar Plc3.9UK4.Tereos International SA3.6France5.Mitr Phol Sugar Corp.2.7Thailand6.Nordzucker Gmbh & Co KG2.5Germany7.Louis Dreyfus1.8Netherlands8.Wilmar International Ltd.1.5Singapore9.Òtù shuga Thai Roong Ruang1.5Thailand10.Turkiye Seker Fabrikalari1.34Turkey
Ụlọ ọrụ shuga zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere òkè ahịa dị ala. Ndị n'emepụta shuga anọ kachasị elu n'eme ihe n'erughị 20.0% nke ahịa.

 Ngwaahịa 

 Ọka shuga a na-esighị esi
 Ọkụ shuga
 Shuga a nụchara anụcha
 Mkpụrụ osisi molasses
 Mmanya shuga
 Shuga na-acha nchara nchara
 Ọka shuga e ji ntụ mee

 Nkwado na ahịa 
Ụlọ ọrụ shuga n'etinye aka na ahịa shuga na lobbying, n'ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke shuga - oke ibu na ezé - ma n'emetụta nyocha ahụike na ndụmọdụ ahụike ọha na eze.   (original url, paywalled: Author's conflict of interest disclosure forms)

 Nzukọ 

 Òtù shuga mba ụwa
 Sugar Association (USA) 
 European Association of Sugar Manufacturers (EU) 
 Nri shuga UK
 Òtù Na-emepụta Ọka nke India
 Global Energy Balance Network

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ọrụ shuga 

 Hụkwa 

 Nkatọ nke ụlọ ọrụ shuga
 Ụlọ ọrụ nri
 Peeji niile nwere aha nwere mmepụta shuga
 Ụlọ ọrụ shuga nke Philippines
 Ụdị:Ụlọ ọrụ shuga