Harold Strachan

Robert Harold Lundie "Jock" Strachan (1 Disemba 1925 - 7 February 2020) bụ onye odee South Africa ọcha na onye na-akwado ịkpa ókè agbụrụ . [1] Ọ gbagara South Africa Air Force n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, zụrụ azụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, wee ghọọ Umkhonto we Sizwe ọkachamara ihe mgbawa mbụ. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'ihi ime ihe ọjọọ, mgbe a tọhapụkwara ya, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọzọ maka ịgwa onye nta akụkọ banyere ọnọdụ ụlọ mkpọrọ dara ogbenye. O dere akwụkwọ abụọ nke ọkara onwe ya, wee mechaa Marathon Comrades ugboro abụọ, na-enweta nrite otu ugboro. Ọ lụrụ ugboro abụọ ma mụọ ụmụ atọ.

 Ndụ mmalite, nka na ịgba ọsọ 
A mụrụ Harold Strachan na Pretoria na 1 Disemba 1925. [2]  Nna ya bụbu onye na-arụ ọrụ igwe na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Clyde bụ onye si Scotland kwaga South Africa na 1902, [2]  na nne ya bụ onye nkuzi sitere na ezinụlọ Afrikaner . [nb 1]  Mgbe Harold dị afọ atọ nne ya hapụrụ nna ya maka onye Scots ọzọ, Jimmy Brown. [2] Brown nwụrụ na 1931 site na mmetụta nke gas na-egbu egbu na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, nne ya kwagara Harold na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ na Pietermaritzburg na Natal .  Ọ gara Merchiston Preparatory School mgbe ahụ Maritzburg College,  ebe ọ malitere ịzụlite nsụhọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. 
alt=A low-winged monoplane pointing from left to right. Both of its tandem canopy places are open, showing the two aircrew, and its two-bladed propeller is still. It is bare-metal with high-visibility orange markings, and the symbols of the SAAF.|áká_èkpè|thumb| Harvard nke SAAF
Strachan sonyeere ndị agha ikuku South Africa ozugbo site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, wee jee ozi dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu na njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ  na ọkwa nke lieutenant . [12] Ọ zụrụ azụ na Tiger Moth wee mee ọzụzụ dị elu na Airspeed Oxford . [13] Site na 1946 ruo 1949 ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka nzere Fine Arts na Mahadum Natal University dị na Pietermaritzburg. [2]  Na 1948, National Party na-achị webatara apartheid, usoro nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè megide ndị isi ojii.  Na 1949 Strachan mezuru Marathon Comrades, 89-kilometre (55 mi) ultramarathon na-agba ọsọ n'etiti Pietermaritzburg na Durban .  Ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha ikuku, dị ka onye nchekwa, ọ na-enwekarị mmasị iji otu ọnwa kwa afọ na-efe efe Harvard iji nọgide na-enwe nkà ya. [16]

Na 1950 Strachan meriri akwụkwọ mmụta iji mụọ na Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts na London,  wee lụọ onye South Africa Jean Middleton . [2]  N'afọ 1951, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mweghachi eserese na State Academy of Fine Arts na Stuttgart . [2] N'afọ 1952, ọ laghachiri London ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nche, na 1953, ọ na-elekọta ọrụ nwunye nwanne ya na-ese ihe na ịchọ mma na Chingola nke dị na Northern Rhodesia (nke bụ Zambia ugbu a), bụ ebe ọ gbara ndị ọrụ ojii ume ka ha jikọọ aka . [2] N'ime 1950s ọ rụrụ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe Selby Mvusi .   Tupu ya agba ọsọ Marathon Comrades nke 1954, Strachan kwesịrị ịkwado maka asọmpi ahụ site na ịṅụ gin na vermouth na nwunye ya. [19] Ọ gụchara nke isii na 7 h 48 min wee nweta nrite ọla edo.    Ya na onye bekee satirist Tom Sharpe nwere enyi ruo mgbe ha daa n'ihi otu nwanyị.  Strachan rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi na onye nkuzi site na 1955 ruo 1960.  [23] Ọ gbara alụkwaghịm na Middleton na 1958. [2]

 Mgbasa ozi, sabotage na nga 
Mmegide Strachan megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ sitere na ụkpụrụ omume onwe ya, ọ bụghị echiche. [24] Ọ ghọrọ onye nchoputa nke Liberal Party nke South Africa na 1954, yana Alan Paton na Peter Brown, [25] na na 1957 sonyeere Congress of Democrats . [26]  Na 1959 ọ lụrụ Maggie von Lier, onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ ya. [28] Na 1960, n'oge ngagharị iwe mgbe mgbuchapụ Sharpeville gasịrị, ya na Maggie guzoro n'etiti ndị uwe ojii ji egbe na ndị ngagharị iwe ojii, na-egbochi ndị uwe ojii ịgbagbu. [nb 2]  E nyere akwụkwọ ikike ka e jide ha, ma ka ha gbanarị ya, ha gbagara Swaziland . [nb 3] [31] Mgbe ọnwa atọ gachara, ha laghachiri na South Africa, Harold n'okpuru aha Robert "Jock" Lundie, [31] wee biri na Port Elizabeth ebe Harold na Govan Mbeki rụkọrọ ọrụ, ma nyere ya aka ịmepụta na kesaa akwụkwọ akụkọ Izwe. Lomzi ("Voice of the People"). [nb 4]  [33] Na 1961 o sonyeere South African Communist Party (SACP) iwu na-akwadoghị, ma dezie akwụkwọ akụkọ ha New Age .  [34] Ọ nabatara arịrịọ Mbeki ka ọ rụpụta ihe mgbawa maka Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) e hibere ọhụrụ, [nb 5] wee nwalee ihe ndị dị ka nitric acid, potassium permanganate, magnesium, glycerol na shuga icing . [36] [37] [38]

alt=A black African man wearing overalls looks seriously at the camera.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| A nwụchiri Govan Mbeki na 1963
Strachan, onye bụ ọkachamara ihe mgbawa mbụ nke MK, [40] haziri ngwaọrụ dị mfe na-agba ọkụ dabere na mmanụ ụgbọala wee malite site na glycerol na-enyocha site na ájá osimiri na potassium permanganate. O mechara nyocha wee kee ihe mgbawa dabere na ụdị ammonal, [41] sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya na-agụ Robert Graves . [42] Ọ zụrụ ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ, bụ ndị kesaa nka ahụ site na usoro cell zoro ezo . [43] Akụnyere bọmbụ ụlọ ya na atụmatụ akụrụngwa dị mkpa dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ ala eletrik na ahịrị ụgbọ oloko. [44] Dị ka a maara, ọnweghị ọnwụ nwụrụ na mwakpo ndị a. [45]

E jidere ya mgbe otu n'ime ndị na-azụ ya kụrụ ihe mgba ọkụ arụrụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n'ụlọ ikpe majisiti dị na Butterworth . Ọ gbapụghị, achọpụtara ya, wee chọpụta onye ọrụ ahụ site na akaebe akara mkpịsị aka . Mgbe ndị uwe ojii tara ya ahụhụ, o kpughere adreesị Strachan. [46] E jidere Strachan na egbe ma kpee ya ikpe n'okpuru Iwu Mgbawa. A mara ya ikpe nke sabotage na 8 May 1962, ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ afọ isii, na-akwụsịkwa afọ atọ. [nb 6] [48] [49] Ọ nọrọ ọnwa iri na atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị na Pretoria, wee wepụ ezé ya.    Ọ gafere oge naanị ya na-arụ Agụ nla n'echiche ya wee na-akwadebe usoro aerobatics maka ya. [51] [52] Mgbe akpọrọ Strachan dị ka onye na-akpa nkata na ikpe Rivonia na 1963–64,  ọ jụrụ inye ihe akaebe megide Mbeki na Denis Goldberg, ọbụlagodi mgbe a tụrụ ya egwu ịkpọgide ya . [54] Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị eboro ebubo na Rivonia (gụnyere Nelson Mandela ) nwetara mkpọrọ ndụ dịka iwu siri ike mgbe ikpe Strachan gasịrị.  Na 31 Maachị 1965 Strachan chere ikpe ọzọ ihu maka mwakpo ogbunigwe ndị ọzọ mana ahụghị ya ikpe mara . A tọhapụrụ ya na Mee. [1]

Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, o nyere onye nta akụkọ Benjamin Pogrund akụkọ banyere ndụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, [55] bụ onye ji ya dee akụkọ dị egwu banyere ọnọdụ ndị a na-edebe ndị mkpọrọ, nke gụnyere mwakpo ugboro ugboro na ọnọdụ adịghị ọcha. Mgbe e bipụtara akụkọ ahụ na Rand Daily Mail, na ngwụcha June na mbido Julaị 1965, [1] gọọmentị kpọkuru Iwu Mkpọrọ.   N'okwu ikpe nke sochirinụ, onye saboteur ibe ya nyere ihe akaebe megidere ebubo Strachan, na na May 1966 a tụrụ Strachan mkpọrọ maka ya.  afọ. [nb 7] [40] E wedara nke a ka ọ bụrụ  na mkpesa,  [56] wee ruo otu afọ site na mgbaghara. [40] N'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ nke abụọ, a naghị ekwe ya ka ọ gụọ ma ọ bụ mụọ ihe; o nyere aka kwalite mmụọ nke ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ibe ya site n'ichepụta ihe eji eme ihe na ejiji maka ihe nkiri amateur.  [57] Okwu Strachan na mgbasa ozi gbara ya gburugburu mere ka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi South Africa kpachapụ anya karịa maka ibipụta ihe ọ bụla na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ọ bụla;  n'ime ogologo oge ha dugara na usoro nhazigharị ụlọ mkpọrọ nke nyeere ọgbọ na-esote ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka Mandela aka. [40]
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 Akwụkwọ akụkọ: Obi ike na South Africa TIME 23 Julaị 1965
 London Nyochaa Akwụkwọ
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