Gulf of Guinea

Ọwara nke Guinea bụ egwu egwu egwu nke oke osimiri Atlantic na-ekpo ọkụ site na Cape Lopez na Gabon, ugwu na-ama ike ruo Cape Palmas na Liberia .  [1] Null Island, nke akọwara dị ka njikọ nke Equator na Prime Meridian ( latitude degrees zero na longitude), dị na mmirira mmiri.. 

Otu n'ime osimiri ndị na-ahọba n'Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea bụ Niger na Volta .  Oge oke osimiri dị n'ụka oke osimiri Bight of Benin na Bight of Bonny .

 Aha 
A na-eche na "Guinea" sitere na aha mpaghara maka mpaghara mpaghara ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na a na-arụrịta ụka nkọwa ya. Bovill (1995) na-enye nkọwa nke ọma: 

A na-akpọbu aha " Guine " n'ebe ndị na-egwu egwu osimiri nke West Africa (n'ebe ugwu nke Gulf of Guinea), nke a bịara mara dị ka "Upper Guinea", na n'elu oké osimiri ngosi nke South  Africa (n'ebe ụmụaka), nke mmetụta.  A maara dị ka "Lower Guinea". /link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Taa, a na-ahụ okwu ahụ bụ "Guinea" n'aha mba atọ dị n'Africa ( Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, na Equatorial Guinea ), na n'otu obodo dị na Melanesia ( Papua New Guinea ).

 Geography 
Isi osimiri na-ekesa mmiri ya na mmiri mmiri bụ osimiri Niger .

A na-enye nkọwa dị iche iche nke oke ala nke Gulf of Guinea;  Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri Mba Nile na-akọwa mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọwara Guinea dị ka "ahịrị B sitere na Cap Lopez (<span class="geo-inline">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo  -dms,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-dec{ngosi:inline}.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-nondefault,.mw-mmepụta-mmepụta .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo  -inline-ezoro ezo{ngosi:ọ dịghị onye}.mw-parser-mmepụta .longitude,.mw-parser-mmepụta .latitude{ọcha-ofe:nowrap}</span>0°37′S 8°43′E﻿ /  0.617°S 8.717°E﻿ / -0.617; 8.717), na Gabon, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Ihléu Gago Coutinho (Ilhéu das Rôlas) (<span class="geo-inline">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.  mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-dms,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-dec{ngosi:inline}.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-multi-punct,.  mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-inline-ezoro ezo{ngosi:ọ dịghị}.mw-parser-mmepụta .longitude,.mw-parser-mmepụta .latitude{ọcha-space:nowrap}</span>0°01′S 6  °32′E﻿ /﻿0.017°S 6.533°E﻿ / -0.017; 6.533); wee si otu ahịrị si Ihléu Gago Coutinho n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Cape Palmas (<span class="geo-inline"> .mw-parser-mmepụta  .geo-default,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-dms,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-dec{ ngosi:inline}.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo  -multi-punct,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-inline-ezoro ezo{ngosi:ọ dịghị}.mw-parser-mmepụta .longitude,.mw-parser-mmepụta .latitude{ọcha-space:nowrap}</span>  4°22′N 7°44′W﻿ / 4.367°N 7.733°W / 4.367;  -7.733), na Liberia

 Agwaetiti dị na Gulf of Guinea 
Ọwara oké egwu Guinea nwere ọtụtụ preeetiti, ndị kasị ibu n'ime ha dị n'agbụ ndị mụrụ-ụụ-n'ebe ugwu ihie, bụ ụzọ nke eriri mgbawa nke Cameroon. .

Annobón, nke a ka dị ka Pagalu ma ọ bụ Pigalua, bụ mmalite nke dị na Equatorial Guinea. .

Bobowasi Island bụ ọdịdị n'ifodi echiche nke egwu osimiri Africa na Ọwara Guinea nke bụ nke Western Region nke Ghana.

Bioko bụ nkọwa dị mkpa na mpaghara Ambazonian nke Cameroon na Ọwara Guinea n'okpuru ọnọdụ Equatorial Guinea.

Corisco bụ agwaetiti nke Equatorial Guinea.

Elobey Grande na Elobey Chico bụ obere abụọ nke Equatorial Guinea.

São Tomé na Príncipe (nke a na-akpọ Democratic Republic of São Tomé na Príncipe) bụ obodo na-asụrụ Portuguese na Gulf of Guinea nke nwera onwe ya na Portugal na 1975. Ọ dị n'ịmụ anụmanụ , ike , nke Africa ma  nsogbu abụọ, São Tomé na Principe .  Ha dị ihe dị ka 140 kilometers (87 mi) iche na ihe dị ka 250 and 225 kilometers (155 and 140 mi), n'otu n'otu, n'ụdị oke ụgbọ mmiri nke Gabon .  Àgwàetiti abụọ ahụ so n'ugwu mgbawa na - ekpochapụ ekpochapụ .  São Tomé, bụ́ ịgbaetiti ndịda buru ibu, dị nnọọ n'ebe ugwu nke Equator .

 Nchekwa mmiri 
Nchekwa mmiri na Gulf of Guinea nwere obodo iri na asatọ.  Ebe ọtụtụ n'ime nsogbu nchekwa mmiri dị na Gulf of Guinea nwere nnukwu nsonaazụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mbupu.

Iwu ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ekwu maka nchekwa mmiri na Gulf of Guinea: Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) na Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS).  Na mgbakwunye, Gulf of Guinea Commission (GGC) na-ekwukwa maka nchekwa mmiri na Gulf of Guinea. 

Enweela mmụba nke 60% na Gulf of Guinea kemgbe 2000, nke kpatara na-eduga ndị mmadụ ịmalite ịpụnara mmadụ, ịtọrọ mmadụ, ohi na ihe ndị ọzọ n'ihi ụkọ nri. 

Mgbanwe ihu igwe aghọwo nnukwu nsogbu na Gulf of Guinea na n'ihi ya nwere dị iche iche Maritime nche okwu na-aghọ ndị ọzọ na-akpa ike. Ihe e ji mara mpụ nchekwa ụgbọ mmiri ndị a ọ bụghị nanị site n'ịkwa ohi kama ọ bụ ọtụtụ mpụ nke mpụ ụgbọ mmiri n'agbanyeghị na ndị ohi na-achịkarị mkparịta ụka na nchekwa mmiri. Mpụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama na Gulf of Guinea bụ ịkụ azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ịtọrọ mmadụ maka ihe mgbapụta, ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na ịzụ mmanụ. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. (2018). Gulf of Guinea Maritime Security Programme, 2019-2021. Copenhagen: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Ịgba mmanụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị bụ mwakpo nke ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ na ibufe mmanụ ahụ n'ụgbọ ndị ohi, emesia a na-ere mmanụ ahụ n'ahịa obodo na mba ụwa.  Ịkụkọ mmanụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'oké osimiri na-emekarị na mmiri Nigeria.

Ịtọ mmadụ maka ihe dị bụkwa otu n'ime mpụ ndị a na-eme n'egwu mmirika na mpaghara ahụ.  N'agbata 2018 na 2019, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri a tọọ na Gulf of Guinea mụbara site na 50%, na-eduga mpaghara ahụ n'ihi 90% nke anọ mmadụ n'ụwa niile n'oké osimiri.  [1] Ihe dị ka 92% nke njide na 73% nke ịnọ na-eme na gburugburu Africa na-eme na Gulf of Guinea.  [2] Enwekwara nnukwu nnukwu okwu aha njirimara ndị na Gulf of Guinea na mpaghara ahụ afụ ole na ole gara aga ekpere ebe ahe ọgwụ ike sitere na South America banye Europe 

 Illegal, Un Reported and Unregulated ịkụ azụ (IUU) 
Ịkụ azụ IUU nke a dị ka Illegal, Un Reported and Unregulated mmetụta azụ nnukwu nsogbu na Gulf of Guinea.  N'afọ 2000, e nwere ndị nchọpụta tɔn azụ̀ 212,800 a nwụdere na 2012 ọnụ ọgụgụ aamụbawo 9 ruo tɔn 232,200.  [1] N'ihi ya, IUU na-ahụ nsogbu spillover na-elekọta mmadụ, akụ na ọnọdụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ndụ na Gulf of Guinea.  [2] Ọ na-egosi ihe iyi egwu kpọmkwem maka nchekwa obodo nke obodo ndị dị n'oge osimiri na Gulf of Guinea.  [3] Ejikọtala IUU na ọtụtụ okwu na ụdị mpụ ahaziri azi.  Ụfọdụ n'ime mpụ ndị a bụ akara ngwá agha, , ahị eji ọgwụ, ọrụ mmanye, piracy na ndị ọzọ.. 

IUU na-enwe oke azụ̀ dị na mpaghara ahụ ma na-ebute nsogbu maka ndị ọkụ azụ̀ na nchekwa nri ndị bi n'ahụ ahụ.  Otu n'ime isi okwu nke IUU bụ na ọtụtụ azụ ndị a na-ejide na Gulf of Guinea bụ azụ na- esemokwu mgbe jidere ya.  Nke a na-ebute oke azụ na oke azụ na-akpata na-Beta azụ azụ na mpaghara niile.  Ịkụ azụ IUU na-aghọkwa okwu siri ike na mpaghara ahụ n'ihi na ọ na-enye ndị ọkụ azụ aka azụ azụ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri na-enyere aka ma ọ bụ jikwaa obodo.  Ọzọkwa, ụgbọ mmiri ndị nwere ike ike nchekwa nchekwa n'ihi ọnọdụ ọrụ mma yana ụgbọ mmiri njikwa nke ọma.  Ụtụtụ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri IUU na-akụ azụ ochie, nchara ma na-enwe ihu mmetụta.

Ma obere na nnukwu azụ azụ na-emekarị azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na Gulf of Guinea Na Gulf of Guinea anyị nwere ike ịhụ nnukwu mpụ na-acha, obere na-akpa obere mmebi nke IUU site na ndị ohi na aha  ụmụ mmadụ.  Ọrụ akụ na mụrụ na Gulf of Guinea ebutela ndị ohi n'oké osimiri na mpaghara ahụ.  [1] O doro anya na na Gulf of Guinea nsogbu ndị ohi, ọrụ mmanye na ndị ahohia n'ihi n'ihi ihu azụ IUU, na-abụ azụ azụ na atụrụ nke ihe na nri.

 Nsonaazụ mpụ Blue ọzọ nke IUU 
Enweela ọtụtụ egwu egwu ọrụ mmanye n'oké osimiri dị na Gulf of Guinea n'egwu mmirika azụ na-akwadoghị.  EJF [1] na-akọ na site n' nti ihe ha tara na ụfọdụ ndị ọkụ azụ na ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ ka a manyere ọrụ ọrụ n'okiri mmiri azụ azụ na Gulf of Guinea ruo ọtụtụ ụnwanyị n'oge na  - ike ike n'ala.  Ụfọdụ n’ime ndị ọrụ a na-ebuga n’oké osimiri kwa ụbọchị n’ogbo epeepe nakwa n’azụ bụ ebe a manyere ha, n’ihe mmiri mmiri ndị nne ibutu azụ̀.  Ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri azụ azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị arụ ọrụ dị ka nke a ruo ọtụtụ na ndị ọrụ na-enwe mmetụta maka afọ abụọ n'otu oge, na- mama iko ịga n' ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ egwuregwu  n'ala n'ozuzu.

A na-akwụ ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ụgwọ n'ime igbe nke ihe EJF kpọrọ "azụ azụ ahịhịa" - nke a na-ejide dị ka nke a na-enweta - mgbe ahụ ka ụzọ ha ga-esi nweta ego bụ ịga n'ihu na-ere azụ a. Akụkọ ndị ọzọ banyere ọrụ mmanye na ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na-akọ na akụrụngwa nchekwa adịghị adị na adịghị adị. Ọ bụchaghị ụkpụrụ ịdị ọcha, ụkpụrụ ebe obibi na-adịghị mma, na nri dị ntakịrị. 

N'agbanyeghị na ndị ohi n'ọgba mmiri Guinea agbadala kemgbe ọ kacha elu n'afọ 2020, ọ ka bụ nsogbu na mpaghara ahụ.  Ọtụtụ òtù ndị ohi n'Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea na-ewekarị ndị ọkụ azụ̀ na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị na-enweghị ọrụ. Nke a aghọọla nnukwu ego n'ihi ụgwọ ọrụ na-adịghị mma yana obere ego na-aga. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-araba ndị ọkụ azụ̀ a n'ógbè ahụ n'atụmanya inweta ego dị mfe ngwa ngwa, n'ihi ya kwa, a na-eresị ndị ohi ọzọ ụgbọ mmiri ha na-akụ azụ n'Ọwara mmiri.  Ịkwasa oke ọkụ na-agba ndị na-akụ azụ ume itinye aka na ohi na ime ihe ike karịa na mpaghara ahụ na-eme.

 Hụkwa 


 Ọkpụkpụ Cetacean na Ghana
 Guineaman, ụgbọ mmiri ohu si mpaghara Guinea

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Gulf of Guinea Commission - CGG - GGC ( Archived   )
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations