Ihe ọkụkụ ọhịa

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px| Ndị nchedo abụọ na-anakọta ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala banyere omenala ọdịnala nke na-akwado ndị CWR, site n'aka onye ọrụ ugbo dị nso na Fes, Morocco.
Onye ikwu ọhịa ihe ọkụkụ (CWR) bụ ahịhịa ọhịa nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na osisi a na-azụ anụ. O nwere ike ịbụ nna ochie nke ahịhịa a kụrụ n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ taxon ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya.

 Nchịkọta 
Ndị ikwu ọhịa nke ihe ọkụkụ na-aghọ ihe dị mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka imezi mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na maka ịnọgide na-enwe usoro ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide. Nhọrọ okike ha n'ime ohia na-akwakọba ọtụtụ njirimara bara uru nke enwere ike ibubata n'ime ihe ọkụkụ site na ịgafe. Site na ọbịbịa nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nke anthropogenic na enweghị ntụkwasị obi dị ukwuu nke gburugburu ebe obibi CWR nwere ike gosipụta akụ dị oke mkpa n'ịhụ nchekwa nri maka narị afọ ọhụrụ. Ọ bụ Nikolai Vavilov, onye Russia bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ onye mbụ ghọtara mkpa ọ dị n'etiti ndị ikwu anụ ọhịa na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Ụmụ mmadụ ejirila mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa sitere na CWR ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ iji kwalite ogo na mkpụrụ nke ihe ọkụkụ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo ejirila usoro ọmụmụ ọdịnala kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, a na-akụ ọka ọhịa (Zea mexicana) n'akụkụ ọka iji kwalite ngafe eke na imezi ihe ọkụkụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-azụ ihe ọkụkụ ejirila mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa CWR kwalite ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche dị ka osikapa (Oryza sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) na mkpo ọka ọka.  

CWRs enyela ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru na osisi ndị a na-akụ akụ, na ụdị nke oge a nke ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị mkpa ugbu a nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ ihe nkesa sitere n'aka ndị ikwu ha. Ya mere, CWRs bụ osisi ọhịa ndị metụtara ụdị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere nri, nri na ihe ọkụkụ, osisi ọgwụ, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ihe ịchọ mma, na ụdị ọhịa, yana osisi eji eme ihe maka ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka mmanụ na eriri, na nke ha nwere ike inye aka na àgwà bara uru. Enwere ike ịkọwa CWR dị ka "... a wild plant taxon nke nwere a indirect use sitere na ya nso nso mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmekọrịta na a ihe ọkụkụ.”

 Nchekwa nke ihe ọkụkụ ọhịa 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px| Ihe atụ nke otu n'ime ebe nchekwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mbụ e guzobere iji chekwaa CWRs na nso Kalakh al Hosn, Siria
CWRs bụ ihe dị mkpa nke okike na ọrụ ugbo gburugburu ebe obibi ma ya mere ha dị mkpa maka idebe ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Nchekwa ha na ojiji ha na-adịgide adịgide dị ezigbo mkpa maka imeziwanye mmepụta ugbo, ịbawanye nchekwa nri, na idebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma.
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ebe ndị a na-ahụkarị maka nkesa nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ikwu ọhịa na-anọchite anya ha na genebanks
Ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere n'okike nke ọtụtụ CWRs na-arịwanye elu n'ihe ize ndụ. Ha na-eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi site na mbipụta na mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ntụgharị ha maka ojiji ndị ọzọ. Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa na-eduga na ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ndị ikwu ọhịa dị mkpa nke mkpụrụ osisi, nut, na ihe ọkụkụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ikwu ọhịa nke ihe ọkụkụ ọka ndị na-eme n'ala kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ ala kpọrọ nkụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu site na ịta nri na ịghọ ọzara. Mmepụta ihe na-arịwanye elu nke ọrụ ugbo na-ebelata nke ukwuu ihe CWRs na-eme n'ime usoro agro-ecosystems ọdịnala. Nchebe amamihe na ojiji nke CWRs bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ịbawanye nchekwa nri, iwepụ ịda ogbenye, na idebe gburugburu ebe obibi.

Atụmatụ nchekwa maka CWRs na-atụle ma nchekwa n'ebe ma n'ebe. Ndị a bụ ụzọ na-akwado nchekwa CWR, ebe ọ bụ na nke ọ bụla nwere uru na ọghọm nke ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ ezie na nchedo ex situ na-echebe CWR (ma ọ bụ karịa nke ọma, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha) site na egwu n'ọhịa, ọ nwere ike igbochi evolushọn na ime mgbanwe na ihe ịma aka ọhụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

N'afọ 2016, 29% nke ụdị osisi ndị ikwu ọhịa efuola kpamkpam na genebanks nke ụwa, na 24% ọzọ na-anọchite anya ihe na-erughị 10 samples. Ihe karịrị 70% nke ụdị ihe ọkụkụ niile dị n'ọhịa n'ụwa niile nọ na mkpa ngwa ngwa ịnakọta iji melite nnọchiteanya ha na genebanks, ihe karịrị 95% enweghị nnọchiteanya zuru oke n'ihe gbasara ọdịiche zuru oke nke ala na gburugburu ebe obibi na nkesa ala ha. Ọ bụ ezie na a chọtara ihe ndị kachasị mkpa maka ịnakọta ihe na Mediterenian na Near East, Western na Southern Europe, Southeast na East Asia, na South America, a na-ekesa ndị ikwu ọhịa na-enweghị onye nnọchiteanya zuru oke na genebanks n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile n'ụwa.

 Ihe Nlereanya nke Ndị ikwu Na-eme Anụ 

 Mkpụrụ osisi 

 Oats (Avena sativa) - Avena Byzantina
 Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) - Chenopodium berlandieri
 Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) - Eleusine africana
 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) - Hordeum arizonicum na Hordeum spontaneum
 Osikapa (Oryza sativa) - Oryza rufipogon
 Osikapa Africa (Oryza glaberrima) - Oryza barthii
 Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) - Pennisetum purpureum
 Rye (Secale cereale subsp. cereale) - Secale cereale subsp. dighoricum
 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) - Sorghum arundinaceum na Sorghum halepense
 Panicum miliaceum">Mkpụrụ ọka (Panicum miliaceum) - Panicum fauriei
 Ọka (Triticum aestivum) - Ọka wit Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) 
 Mkpụrụ ọka (Zea Mays subsp. Mays)  - Zea diploperennis

 Nri 
Rịba ama: Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche nwere otu nna nna, ọkachasị na ụdị osisi Brassica (akwụkwọ nri cruciferous). Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri bụkwa ngwakọta nke ụdị dị iche iche, ọzọ nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa na Brassicas (lee ihe atụ triangle nke U).

 Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) - Asparagus dauricus
 Beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) - Beta vulgaris subs. ụgbọ mmiri
 Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) - Mustard ọhịa (Sinapis arvensis) 
 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)  - Brassica elongata
 Carrot (Daucus carota) - Daucus gracilis
 Garlic (Allium Sativum var. sativum) - Allium atroviolaceum
 Mmanụ aṅụ (Allium ampeloprasum) - Yabasị Welsh (Allium fistulosum) 
 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) - Nri na-esi ísì ụtọ (Lactuca serriola) 
 Mustard (Brassica juncea subsp. juncea) - Brassica carinata
 Onion (Allium cepa var. cepa) - Allium galanthum
 Mmekọahụ (Brassica napus var. napus) - Nkịta na-ejikarị eme ihe (Erucastrum gallicum) 
 Spinach (Spinacea oleracea) - Spinacia turkestanica
 Squash (Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo) - Cucurbita okeechobeensis
 Turnip (Brassica Rapha subsp. rapa) - Brassica rapa

 Mkpụrụ osisi 

 Almond (Prunus dulcis) - Chinese plum (Prunus salicina na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ) 
 Mkpụrụ osisi Apple (Malus domestica) - ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ Malus sieversii, mana ụfọdụ ụdị nwere ike ịbụ nke Malus sylvestris ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke abụọ ahụ.
 Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) - Prunus brigantina
 Avocado (Persea americana) - Persea schiedeana
 Banana - Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana na Musa schizocarpa
 Mkpụrụ achịcha (Artocarpus altilis) - Mkpụrụ osisi Jackfruit (Arto Carpus heterphyllus) 
 Akị bekee (Theobroma cacao) - Theobroma angustifolium
 Cherry (Prunus avium) - Prunus mahaleb
 Cucumis (Cucumis sativus) - Cucumis hystrix
 Mkpụrụ osisi egg (Solanum melongena) - Apụl nwere ogwu (Solanum incanum), Solanum insanum
 Mkpụrụ vaịn (Vitis vinifera) - Mkpụrụ vaịhịa ọhịa nke Europe (Vitis sylvestris). Hybrids dịkwa gụnyere ụdị Vitis ndị ọzọ.
 Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) - Citrus medica
 Lemon (Citrus limon) - Citrus indica
 Mango (Mangifera indica) - Mangifera altissima
 Orange (Citrus sinensis) - Key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) 
 Papaya (Carica papaya) - Nkume chocolate
 Peach (Prunus Persica var. persica) - Prunus tomentosa
 Pear (Pyrus communis) - Pyrus pyraster na Pyrus Caucasica
 Pepper (Capsicum annuum) - Capsicum baccatum
 Ananas comosus - Ananas bracteatus
 Plum (Prunus domesticus subsp. domestica) - Prunus spinosa na Prunus cerasifera
 Nnụnụ (Cucurbita maxima subsp. maxima) - Cucurbita ecuadorensis
 Strawberry (× Ananas">Fragaria ananassa) 
 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) - Solanum ChileanSolanum nke Chile
 Mmiri melon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) - Mkpụrụ osisi apụl na-egbu egbu (Citrullus colocynthis) 

 Mkpụrụ mmanụ 

 Ahụekere (Arachis hypogaea subsp. hypogaea) - Arachis Durensis
 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) - Helianthus exilis
 Soya (Glycine max) - Glycine clandestinaGlycine nzuzo
 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) - Carthamus creticus
 Rapeseed (Brassica napus) - Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea


 Lentil (Lens culinaris) - Lens ervoides
 Ogige Akpụkpọ anụ (Pisum sativum) - Pisum fulvum
 Phaseolus lunatus">Mkpụrụ osisi butter (Phaseolus lunatus) - Phaseolus augusti
 Mkpụrụ osisi ubi (Phaseolus vulgaris) - Phaseolus coccineus
 Faba Bean (Vicia faba) - Vicia johannis
 Nri (Lathyrus sativus) - Lathyrus tuberosus
 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) - Vigna monantha
 Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) - Vigna hosei
 Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) - Cajanus albicans, Cajanus scarabaeoides, Cajanum sericeus, Cajanis acutifolius
 Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) - Cicer reticulatum, Cicer echinospermum
 Vetch (Vicia sativa) - Vicia barbazitae
 Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis var. angularis) - Vigna umbellata
 Black gram bean (Vigna mungo var. mungo) - Vigna grandiflora
 Mọnk bean (Vigna radiata var. radiata) - Vigna stipulaceaVigna iwu

 Nchọgharị 

 Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) - Medicago arborea na Medicago truncatula

 Tubers 

 Poteto na-atọ ụtọ (Ipomoea batatas) - Ipomoea triloba, Ipomoea cynanchifolia, Ipomooe leucantha na Ipomoea trifida
 Cassava (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta) - Manihot walkeraeOnye na-agagharị agagharị
 Poteto (Solanum tuberosum) - Solanum chacoense

 Hụkwa 

 Ndepụta nke osisi ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ
 Ụdị anụ ọhịa
 Ụdị ihe dị iche iche nke ọrụ ugbo
 Ọrụ ugbo
 Agronomy
 Ọdọ mmiri nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
 Ụlọ akụ ọka nke Australia
 Ihe onwunwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

 Ebem si dee