Aaron Douglas (Onye omenkà)

Aaron Douglas (Mee 26, 1899 - Febụwarị 2, 1979[1]) bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye na-eme ihe atụ na onye nkuzi nka ihe.  Ọ bụ onye isi na Harlem Renaissance.[2]  Ọ mepụtara ọrụ nka ya na-ese foto na imepụta ihe atụ ndị na-ekwu okwu gbasara ọha mmadụ gbasara agbụrụ na nkewa na United States site n'iji ihe onyonyo nke Africa na-emekọ ihe.[3]  Douglas setịpụrụ ụzọ maka ndị na-eto eto, ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa na America ịbanye n'ógbè ọha na eze site na itinye aka ya na Harlem Artists Guild.Na 1944, o mechiri ọrụ nka ya site n'ịtọ ntọala ngalaba nka na Mahadum Fisk na Nashville, Tennessee.  Ọ kuziri klaasị nka nka na Mahadum Fisk ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na 1966.[1]  A maara Douglas dị ka onye ndu a ma ama na nka African-American nke oge a nke ọrụ ya metụtara ndị na-ese ihe maka afọ ndị na-abịa.

 Ndụ mbido 
A mụrụ Aaron Douglas ma zụlite ya na Topeka, Kansas, na Mee 26, 1899,  nye Aaron Douglas, Sr, onye na-eme achịcha si Tennessee, na Elizabeth Douglas, onye na'ụlọ na onye na-ese ihe na Alabama. Mmasị ya maka nka sitere na mmasị na ihe osise nne ya. Ọ gara Topeka High School, n'oge ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Skinner's Nursery na Union Pacific material yard, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1917.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Douglas kwagara Detroit, Michigan, ma rụọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe na ịkpụzi ájá site na radiators nke ụgbọala maka Cadillac. N'oge a, ọ gara klas n'efu na Detroit Museum of Art tupu ọ gaa kọleji na Mahadum Nebraska na 1918.  Mgbe ọ na-aga kọleji, Douglas rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ iji kwado agụmakwụkwọ ya. Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ malitere, Douglas nwara isonyere Student Army Training Corps (SATC) na Mahadum Nebraska, mana a chụpụrụ ya. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ekwuola na nchụpụ a nwere njikọ na ọnọdụ agbụrụ nke ndị America na ndị agha.[1] Mgbe ahụ, ọ gafere na Mahadum nke Minnesota n'oge dị mkpirikpi, ebe o wepụtara onwe ya maka SATC wee nweta ọkwa nke corporal. Mgbe a bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta agha, ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Nebraska, [1] ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Fine Arts na 1922. 

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Douglas rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-echere Union Pacific Railroad ruo 1923, mgbe ọ nwetara ọrụ na-akụzi ihe ngosi nka na Lincoln High School na Kansas City, Missouri, nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 1925. N'oge ọ nọ na Kansas City, ọ gbanwere akwụkwọ ozi na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.  Alta Sawyer, nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu, gbasara atụmatụ ya karịa nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.  Ọ chọrọ iji ọrụ nka ya gaa Paris, France, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọgbọ ya na-achọsi ike i mere.

 Ọrụ 

 1925–27 
N'afọ 1925, Douglas bu n'obi ịgafe Harlem, New York, n'ụzọ ọ na-aga Paris iji kwalite ọrụ nka ya. O kwenyesiri ike na ọ ga-anọ na Harlem ma zụlite nka ya n'oge elu nke Harlem Renaissance, nke ihe odide Alain Locke banyere mkpa Harlem dị maka ndị Africa America. [1]  Mgbe ọ nọ na Harlem, Douglas gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Winold Reiss, onye Germany na-ese foto nke gbara ya ume ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na isiokwu ndị Afrịka iji mepụta mmetụta nke ịdị n'otu n'etiti ndị Afrịka America na nka;  Douglas ga-emesị sonye na Alaine Locke's The New Negro dị ka nwa akwụkwọ Reiss.  Douglas sooro W. E. B. Du Bois rụọ ọrụ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ n'oge ahụ na The Crisis, akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa nke NAACP,  wee bụrụ onye nchịkọta nka n'onwe ya n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1927. [2] Douglas gosikwara ihe osise maka Charles S. Johnson, onye nchịkọta akụkọ n'oge ahụ na Opportunity, mbipụta gọọmentị nke National Urban League.  [2][6] Ihe osise ndị a lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu gbasara lynching na ịkpa ókè, na ihe nkiri na jazz. [6] Ihe osise Douglas gosipụtakwara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Vanity Fair na Theatre Arts Monthly. N'afọ 1927, a gwara Douglas ka o mepụta nke mbụ n'ime mgbidi ya na Club Ebony, nke gosipụtara ndụ abalị nke Harlem. 

 1928–31 
Na 1928, Douglas nwetara otu afọ Barnes Foundation Fellowship na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ebe Albert C. Barnes, onye ọrụ ebere na onye guzobere Barnes Foundation, kwadoro ya n'ịmụ nchịkọta nke ihe osise Modernist na nkà Africa.[1]  N'ime otu afọ a, Douglas sonyere na ihe ngosi Harmon Foundation nke College Art Association haziri, nke akpọrọ "Contemporary Negro Art."N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1930, ọ kwagara Nashville, Tennessee, bụ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na usoro ihe nkiri maka ụlọ akwụkwọ Cravath Hall nke Fisk University nke ọ kọwara dị ka "panorama nke mmepe nke ndị ojii na mpaghara a, na ụwa ọhụrụ."  [1] Mgbe ọ nọ na Nashville, Sherman Hotel dị na Chicago, Illinois nyere ya ọrụ ka ọ gbaa usoro eserese.  Na mgbakwunye, kọleji Bennett maka ụmụ nwanyị dị na Greensboro, North Carolina nyere ya ọrụ ka o mepụta eserese na Harriet Tubman dị ka onye isi ya.[2]  Ọ kwagara na 1931 maka otu afọ na Paris, France, bụ ebe ọ nwetara ọzụzụ n'ihe ọkpụkpụ na eserese na Académie Scandinave

 1934–36 
Douglas laghachiri Harlem n'etiti afọ 1930 iji rụọ ọrụ na usoro eserese mural ya. Ebe ọ sonyeere American Communist Party n'oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọ laghachiri, Douglas malitere inyocha isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ n'ime nka ya. N'afọ 1934, YMCA nke 135th Street nke New York nyere ya ọrụ ise ihe osise n'ụlọ ha, yana Public Works Administration ka ọ see ihe osise ya kachasị mma, Aspects of Negro Life, maka Countee Cullen Branch of New York Public Library.[1] O jiri ihe osise ndị a mee ka ndị na-ege ya ntị mara ebe ndị Africa America nọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America na ọha mmadụ ya ugbu a. N'ime usoro nke nwere ihe osise anọ, Douglas na-ewere ndị na-ege ya ntị site na ọnọdụ Afrịka, gaa n'ohu na oge Reconstruction na United States, mgbe ahụ site na egwu nke lynching na nkewa na post-Civil War America gaa na ihe osise ikpeazụ na-egosi mmegharị nke ndị Afrịka America n'ebe ugwu gaa na Harlem Renaissance na Great Depression. Douglas mepụtara usoro ihe osise yiri nke ahụ, nke gụnyere Into Bondage (1936), maka Texas Centennial Exposition na Dallas na 1936.  N'oge ọrụ ya dị elu dị ka onye na-ese ihe, Douglas jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Harlem Artists Guild na 1935, otu e mere iji mepụta netwọk nke ndị na-eto eto na-ese egwu na New York City iji nye nkwado, mkpali, na inyere ndị na-ese foto na-etolite aka n'oge Harlem Renaissance.

 1937–66 
N'afọ 1937, Rosenwald Foundation nyere Douglas nkwado njem ka ọ gaa South America wee gaa na mahadum ndị isi ojii, gụnyere Fisk University na Nashville, Tennessee, Tuskegee Institute na Alabama, na Mahadum Dillard na New Orleans, Louisiana.  Na 1938, ọ natara ọzọ mkpakọrịta njem site na Rosenwald Foundation ka ọ gaa Dominican Republic na Haiti iji mepụta usoro agba mmiri na-egosi ndụ nke agwaetiti Caribbean ndị a.

Mgbe ọ laghachiri United States na 1940, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Fisk University na Nashville, Tennessee, mgbe ọ na-aga Columbia University Teacher's College na New York City.  Ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta Master of Arts na 1944, wee kwaga Nashville, chọta ma nọdụ ọdụ dị ka onye isi oche nke ngalaba nka na Mahadum Fisk.[1].  N'oge ya dị ka onye prọfesọ na ngalaba nka, ọ bụ onye nhazi ntọala nke Carl Van Vechten Gallery of Fine Arts, nke gụnyere ma nka White na African-American na mbọ iji kuziere ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha bụrụ onye na-ese ihe na South America kewapụrụ iche.  [2]  O jiri ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na Harlem Renaissance kpalie ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ịgbasawanye na mmegharị nke nka nke Africa-American.  Ọ gbakwara ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ume ka ha mụọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke African-American ka ha ghọta nke ọma mkpa ọ dị maka nkà African-American na ọha ndị White-American ka ukwuu.[3]  Douglas lara ezumike nká na nkuzi na ngalaba nka na Mahadum Fisk na 1966. [1]

 1967–79 
Aaron Douglas nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 79 na Febụwarị 2, 1979. 

 Ihe Nketa 
Aaron Douglas bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke African-American modernist movement site na ijikọta ịma mma na nka ọdịnala Africa oge ochie. O setịpụrụ ọnọdụ maka ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa-America n'ọdịnihu iji akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa na Africa-America mee ihe n'akụkụ isiokwu agbụrụ dị na ọha mmadụ.

Na 2007, Spencer Museum of Art haziri ihe ngosi a na-akpọ Aaron Douglas: African-American Modernist.  Emere ya na Lawrence, Kansas, na Spencer Museum of Art n'etiti Septemba 8 ruo Disemba 2, 2007, wee gaa na Frist Center for the Visual Arts na Nashville, Tennessee, site na Jenụwarị 18 ruo Eprel 13, 2008. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ.  ihe ngosi na Smithsonian American Art Museum na Washington, D.C,.  n'etiti May 9 na August 3, 2008. N'ikpeazụ, ọ gara Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture na New York, New York, site na August 30 ruo Nọvemba 30, 2008. A na-etinye akwụkwọ ndekọ na-agwụ ike nke ihe ngosi a site na mmekorita n'etiti  Spencer Museum of Art na Mahadum Kansas, na aha ya bụ Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist.

E gosipụtara ọrụ Douglas na ngosi 2015 We Speak: Black Artists na Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s na Woodmere Art Museum.

N'afọ 2016, na mmeghe nke National Museum of African American History and Culture, ebe nchekwa ihe osise mepụtara ma ọ bụ nwee ihe jikọrọ ya na Aaron Douglas bịara dị na webụsaịtị ha.  Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịnweta nrụtụ aka zuru ezu nke akụkụ nka ndị a iji chọpụta ụbọchị okike, isiokwu nke nka na ebe obibi ya ugbu a.

 Ụdị 
Aaron Douglas mepụtara ụdị nka abụọ n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ: nke mbụ dị ka onye na-ese foto ọdịnala, emesia dị ka onye na-ese foto na onye na-ese ihe.[1]  N'ịbụ onye ya na Winold Reiss rụkọrọ ọrụ, Douglas webatara isiokwu ndị Africa n'ime ihe osise ya iji mepụta njikọ n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị Africa America.  A kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, n'ihi na ọ na-egosipụta ịdị n'ụwa nile nke ndị Africa-America site na abụ, ịgba egwu, ihe onyonyo na uri.[2].  Site na eserese ya na ihe atụ maka akwụkwọ dị iche iche, o kwuru okwu gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya metụtara agbụrụ na nkewa na United States, ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri mbụ nke Africa-America na-eji ihe onyonyo gbadoro ụkwụ na Africa.

Ọrụ ya gosipụtara onyinyo nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na-ejikarị oji na ọcha.   Ihe osise mmadụ ya nwere ọdịdị dị larịị nke dị larị na ogologo, na oghere maka anya. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ese onyinyo ụmụ nwanyị ya n'ọnọdụ ikpere n'ala ma ọ bụ na-agagharị dị ka a ga-asị na ha na-agba egwú n'ụzọ ọdịnala Afrịka.[1] Ọ nabatara ihe ndị dị na ihe mkpuchi na ihe ọkpụkpụ nke West Africa n'ime nka nke ya,  na usoro nke na-eji cubism eme ihe iji mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dị mfe n'usoro na ụgbọ elu.  O jiri ụcha dị iche iche, ụda na uru dị iche iche mee ihe, na-ejikarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nchara nchara, mauves, na oji, na ọdịdị mmadụ ya na agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke agba nke ihe osise ahụ ugbu a. O mepụtara mmetụta mmetụta uche site na nhazi dị nro nke agba, na-ejikarị okirikiri dị nro emetụta onye na-ekiri ya iji lekwasị anya n'otu akụkụ nke ihe osise ahụ.[1]

Ihe osise ya nwere akụkụ abụọ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ya enweghị ihu, na-ekwe ka ụdị ha bụrụ ihe atụ na n'ozuzu, ka ha wee nwee mmetụta nke ịdị n'otu n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị Africa America.[1].  Ihe osise Douglas gụnyere silhouettes semitransparent iji gosipụta mgba nke ndị Africa America na ihe ịga nke ọma ha nwere n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ ọha.[2]  A kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka ihe pụrụ iche n'ịmepụta njikọ n'etiti ndị Africa America na ndị nna ha Africa site na ihe a na-ahụ anya nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nkà Africa, ma si otú a na-enye ahụmahụ African-American ihe ngosi ihe atụ.

 Ọrụ ndị a ma ama 

 Mbipụta February 1926 nke The Crisis 
 Mbipụta May 1926 nke The Crisis[1]
 Mural na Club Ebony, 1927
 Ihe osise maka Paul Morand, Black Magic, 1929
 Harriet Tubman, mural na Bennett College, 1930[3]
 Symbolic Negro History, murals na Fisk University, 1930
 Dance Magic, murals maka Sherman Hotel, Chicago, 1930-31 
 Usoro ihe osise na ihe osise ndị e mepụtara maka James Weldon Johnson's God's Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse , 1927.
 Ka ndị m gaa, n'ihe dị ka 1935-39
 Ụbọchị Ikpe, nke e guzobere na 1939
 Usoro ihe osise nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọganihu ọrụ nyere iwu na 1934. [2] Usoro a nwere ihe osise anọ;
 The Negro in a African Setting, na-egosi ihe ndị dị na egwu ọdịnala Africa iji mee ka ihe nketa etiti nke ndị Africa America pụta ìhè.
 Ịgba ohu site na Reconstruction, na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti nkwa nke nnwere onwe na mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ike mgbe Agha Obodo gasịrị na mmechuihu nke Reconstruction na United States.
 The Idyll of the Deep South, na-egosi nnọgidesi ike nke abụ na ịgba egwú ndị Africa America megide obi ọjọọ nke lynching na egwu ndị ọzọ na-eyi ndị Africa America na United States.
 Song of the Towers, na-egosi ihe omume atọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke United States site na oghere ndị Africa America, gụnyere mmegharị nke ndị Africa America na North na 1910s, ịrị elu nke Harlem Renaissance na 1920s, na Great Depression na 1930s.
 Okirikiri mural nke akụkụ anọ (gụnyere Aspiration) na Texas Centennial Exposition, 1936 Woods, Marianne (October 23, 2014). "From Harlem to Texas: African American Art and the Murals of Aaron Douglas". US Studies Online. British Association for American Studies. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
 Ihe osise ndị a gụnyere na mbipụta ndị a họọrọ nke Countee Cullen's Caroling Dusk na Alain Locke's The New Negro . [3]

 Nchịkọta 

 Ka ndị m gaa, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
 Ụbọchị Ikpe, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC[1]
 Ntọala nke Chicago, Spencer Museum of Art, Lawrence, KS 
 Nnyocha maka "Akụkụ nke Ndụ Ndị Negro: Site n'Ohu site na Nrụzigharị", Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD 

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Aaron Douglas: Oge ịda mbà n'obi Murals si American Studies na Mahadum Virginia
 Nchịkọta Aaron Douglas na Special Collections and Archives na Mahadum Fisk.
 Aaron Douglas Papers na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library.
 Aaron Douglas: Ihe omuma onye nkuzi nke Spencer Museum of Art bipụtara, na Mahadum Kansas.
 Missouri Cheta: Ndị na-ese ihe na Missouri site na 1951
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations