Ịchịcha

Ịchịkọta ihe bụ ịnakọta ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ubi ndị ọrụ ugbo ma e wetachara ya n'ahịa ma ọ bụ n'ubi ebe ọ na-adịghị mma maka ihe ubi. Ọ bụ omume a kọwara na Bible Hibru nke ghọrọ ikike ndị ogbenye nọ n'ọtụtụ alaeze Ndị Kraịst nwere n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro.[1][2] A na-ahụta "mmiri mmiri mkpofu" nke oge a, mgbe a na-eme ya maka nri ma ọ bụ nri nri, dịka ụdị mgbake nri. A ka na-ejikwa ịchịkọta ihe na-enye ndị nọ ná mkpa nri na-edozi ahụ e wetara. Na United States, a na-eji ya n'ihi mkpa nke netwọk mba iji nyere òtù mgbake nri aka. A na-akpọ nke a National Gleaning Project, [4] nke Center for Agriculture and Food Systems malitere na Vermont Law and Graduate School iji nyere ndị na-enweghị isi aka dị ka alaeze Ndị Kraịst ochie.National Gleaning Project

 Bible 
Dị ka akwụkwọ Deuterọnọmi na Levitikọs si kwuo, ndị ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ịhapụ nsọtụ ubi ha n’akụghị mkpụrụ (pea), ghara ịtụtụkọta ihe a tụfuru (nchịkọta ọka), gharakwa iwere ihe ọ bụla e chefuru echefu bụ́ nke e chefuru mgbe ha na-ewe ihe ubi. Ọtụtụ mpaghara.[1][2][3] N’otu n’ime oge abụọ e kwuru nke a na Levitikọs, ọ gbakwụnyere na n’ubi vaịn, e kwesịrị ịhapụ mkpụrụ vaịn ụfọdụ, [4] otu okwu ahụ dịkwa na Deuterọnọmi. 

Amaokwu ndị a na-enyekwa iwu na ekwesighi ịkụ osisi oliv n'ọtụtụ oge, na ihe ọ bụla fọdụrụ site na ịkụ mbụ kwesịrị ịhapụ. Dị ka Levitikọs si kwuo, a ga-ahapụ ihe ndị a maka ndị ogbenye na ndị bịara abịa,   na Deuterọnọmi nyere iwu ka a hapụ ya maka ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ, ndị bịara abịa na ụmụ mgbei nna.   Akwụkwọ Rut na-akọ banyere nchịkọta nke nwanyị di ya nwụrụ Ruth iji lekọta onwe ya na nne di ya, Naomi, onye bụkwa nwanyị di ya.

 Echiche ndị rabaị 
N'akwụkwọ ndị rabaị oge ochie, a rụrụ ụka na iwu Bible gbasara ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ na-emetụta naanị ubi ọka, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, na ubi vaịn. A naghị ekwe ka onye ọrụ ugbo ahụ rite uru site na ihe ubi ahụ, a naghịkwa ekwe ka ọ na-akpa ókè n'etiti ndị ogbenye, ma ọ bụ gbalịa iji nkịta ma ọ bụ ọdụm tụọ ha egwu;  Hullin 131a about="#mwt72" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Peah56"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Peah56-14","html":"<i id=\"mwAYI\"><a href=\"./Pe'ah\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" data-linkid=\"144\" class=\"cx-link\" id=\"mwAYM\" title=\"Pe'ah\">Pe'ah</a></i> 5:6"}}" id="cite_ref-Peah56_14-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Gleaning#cite_note-Peah56-14 [3]] E kweghị ka onye ọrụ ubi ahụ nyere otu n'ime ndị ogbenye aka ịchịkọta ndị fọdụrụ.Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, 4:11 Otú ọ dị, a rụkwara ụka na iwu ahụ na-emetụta naanị na Kenan,  ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị edemede ndị rabaị oge ochie, ndị bi na Babilọn, tinyere iwu ahụ n'ebe ahụ;   a hụkwara ya dị ka ọ na-emetụ ndị Juu ogbenye, mana a hapụrụ ndị Jentaịl ogbenye ka ha rite uru maka udo obodo.Pe'ah 2:5 (Palestinian Talmud)Hullin 134bMaimonides, Mishneh Torah, 1:14Gittin 59b

 Omume akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Europe 
áká_èkpè|thumb|Gleaning nke Arthur Hughes
N'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Europe, gụnyere England na France, ikike nke Bible nwetara iji nweta ubi bụ maka ndị ogbenye; ikike, nke iwu kwadoro, nke gara n'ihu n'akụkụ Europe ruo n'oge a.

Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ n'England, nchịkọta bụ ikike iwu maka "cottagers", ma ọ bụ ndị bi na-enweghị ala. N'ime obere obodo, sexton na-akpọkarị mgbịrịgba ụlọ ụka n'elekere asatọ nke ụtụtụ na ọzọ n'elekare asaa nke mgbede iji gwa ndị na-achịkọta ihe mgbe ha ga-amalite ma kwụsị ọrụ. Ikike iwu a kwụsịrị n'ụzọ dị irè mgbe mkpebi Steel v Houghton gasịrị na 1788.

 Oge Ndị A 
Shulchan Aruch na-ekwu na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị Juu anaghịzi arụ ọrụ irube isi n'iwu Bible.Shulchan Aruk, Yoreh De'ah 332:1 Ka o sina dị, n'Israel nke oge a, ndị rabaị nke okpukpe Ọtọdọks nke ndị Juu na-ekwusi ike na ndị Juu na ndị ogbenye na ndị bịara abịa na-eri ihe oriri n'oge Afọ izu ike.

N'ụwa nke oge a, ndị ọrụ enyemaka na-eme nchịkọta nri  nke na-ekesa nri a na-enweta na ndị ogbenye na agụụ; n'ọnọdụ nke oge a; nke a nwere ike ịgụnye nchịkọta nri site na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na njedebe nke ụbọchị nke a ga-atụfu ma ọ bụghị ya. E nwere ọtụtụ òtù na-eme mkpokọta iji dozie nsogbu agụụ ọha; Society of St. Andrew, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Boston Area Gleaners.

Ihe omume nchịkọta na-eme ebe ọ bụla nri karịrị akarị. Na mgbakwunye na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa, ịtụtụkọta ihe nwekwara ike ime n'ugbo dị n'ọhịa. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, bụ́ ndị a na-akpọ ndị na-achịkọta ihe, na-aga n’ugbo ebe onye ọrụ ugbo na-enye ihe fọdụrụ n’ubi ha iji chịkọta ma nye onyinye n’ụlọ akụ nri. Na steeti New York na 2010, ụdị ịchịkọta ọka a napụtara naanị nde kilogram 3.6 nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.i. 

Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-achịkọta ma na-ekesa nri, ha na-eme ya n'ihe ize ndụ ha; na Soviet Union, Iwu nke Spikelets (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụgharị "iwu banyere ịnakọta")  mere ka ịnakọta ihe, n'okpuru ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ afọ 10 nke ọrụ mmanye n'ọnọdụ pụrụ iche. Na US, Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Act nke 1996 gbochiri ibu ọrụ nke ndị na-enye onyinye na oge nke nleghara anya ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ, na-ebelata ịnakọta ihe site na ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-egbochi nnyefe nri karịrị akarị site na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ iri nri gaa na ebe nri mberede. Iwu ahụ na-ebute ụzọ kwuo Good Samaritan Acts, nke na-enye obere nchebe.

N'àgwàetiti Bali, iwu ọdịnala na-enye ohere ka onye na-agafe agafe wepụta mkpụrụ osisi site n'ala - ọbụlagodi na osisi ahụ dị n'ala onwe onye.   [citation needed]

Na United States, e nwekwara iwu ndị na-akwado ma na-enye ikike. Iwu ndị a na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ohere ịnata enyemaka maka iji nchịkọta, na-enye ngalaba ọrụ ugbo iwu ka ha kwado nchịkọta ego na mba, ma na-enye ikike nkesa nke akwụkwọ nri ndị e nwetara site na nchịkọta. N'afọ 2020, e nwere òtù 143 na-achịkọta ihe na United States na Canada jikọtara ọnụ, na-achịkwa ihe ọ bụla site na 163,000-5.2 nde pound nke nri a chịkọtara n'afọ.

 Ịma mma n'ihe osise 
Gleaning bụ isiokwu a ma ama na nka, ọkachasị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Gleaning n'ime ime obodo France nọchitere anya na ihe osise Des Glaneuses (1857) nke Jean-François Millet na Le rappel des glaneuses (1 859) nke Jules Breton, ma nyochaa na ihe nkiri / nnwale nke afọ 2000, The Gleaners and I, nke Agnès Varda. Ihe osise Vincent van Gogh nke Nwanyị Na-arụ Ọrụ Ugbo na Nuenen, Netherlands (1885) dị na nchịkọta Charles Clore. 

 Ịkụ ụmụ nwanyị 
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ịchịkọta ajị anụ nke Henry Herbert La Thangue
Ịchịkọta ajị anụ bụ omume yiri nke ịghọrọ, mana maka ajị anụ. Omume ahụ, nke na-adịkwaghịzi, bụ ịnakọta iberibe ajị anụ nke e jidere n'osisi na mgbidi ma ọ bụ daa n'ala ka atụrụ na-agafe. Njem na-agagharị agagharị nke onye na-eme ka okwu ahụ pụta dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi nke uche.

 Ịkụ azụ 
N'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri, akọwaala mkpokọta dị ka "ịkụ azụ na ihe ndị bụ isi, gụnyere aka efu, na mmiri na-adịghị omimi karịa nke ahụ". Ịkụ azụ na-enweghị azụ (na-eje ije) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime ala ahịhịa n'ụwa niile, na-enye aka n'inye ọtụtụ narị nde mmadụ nri. Stiepani, J., Sandig, A. and Blicharska, M. (2023) ‘The Where, the How, and the Why of the gleaning fishery: Livelihoods, food security, threats and management on the island of Malalison, Philippines’, Ocean & Coastal Management, 244, p. 106806. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106806. Stiepani, J., Jiddawi, N. and Mtwana Nordlund, L. (2023) ‘Social-ecological system analysis of an invertebrate gleaning fishery on the island of Unguja, Zanzibar’, Ambio, 52(1), pp. 140–154. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-022-01769-1.Stiepani, J. (2024) ‘Changing Coastlines of the Indo-Pacific : Local livelihoods and use of ecosystem resources from a social-ecological systems perspective’. Available at: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-526284 (Accessed: 7 May 2024).

 Nchịkọta gburugburu ebe obibi 
A na-ejikwa okwu nchịkọta eme ihe maka ụzọ iri nri nke na-agụnye iwere nri site n'elu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Australia, a maara pardalotes (obere nnụnụ na-abụ abụ) maka iri nri ha na lerps, ụmụ ahụhụ na Eucalyptus sp. akwụkwọ.

Ọtụtụ azụ na-eri nri site n'iwepụ obere nri site na ebe siri ike, ihe atụ ọzọ nke nchịkọta gburugburu ebe obibi.

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