Project Vanguard

Project Vanguard bụ mmemme nke United States Navy Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), nke bu n'obi were roket Vanguard weba satịlaịtị mbụ n'ime ala orbit dị ala .  [1] dị ka ụgbọ akwa si Cape Canaveral Missile Annex, Florida

Na nzaghachi nata nke Sputnik 1 na 4 Ọktoba 1957, US mmemme mmemme Explorer, nke ndị agha Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) tụpụtara na mbụ.  Otú ọ dị, na ndị, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) na President Dwight D. Eisenhower maara na àmà ndị Soviet na-eme na Sputnik site na foto nledo.  [1] Ya na Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), ABMA wuru Explorer 1 wee malite ya na 1 February 1958 ( UTC ).  Otú ọ dị, tupu ọrụ arụchaa, Soviet Union webatara satịlaịtị nke abụọ, Sputnik 2, na 3 November 1957. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ike dị egwu nke Vanguard TV3 na 6 Disemba 1957, mere ka ịjụ ndị America mebie ọnọdụ mba ahụ na  Ọsọ Oghere

Na 17 Ma achi 1958, Vanguard 1 mgbasa satịlaịtị nke abụọ otu nke ọma na mbara ala dị ala nke United States.  Ọ bụ satịlaịtị mbụ nwe ike ike.  naanị 15.2 cm (6.0 na) na dayameta na arọ arọ 1.4 n'arọ (3.1 lb), Vanguard 1 akara ya mgbe ahụ- Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev dị ka, "Satellite grapefruit".  [1] Vanguard 1, nakwa dị elu nke ụgbọ igba egbe ya, bụ satịlaịtị atọ kacha ochie nke nọ na mbara igwe, dịka ndị bu ụzọ Vanguard, Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2, na Explorer 1, rerela site na orbit..

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
N'ime 1950s, American Rocket Society akara ndị nlekọta na Space Flight, nke Milton W. Rosen, onye njikwa ọrụ NRL maka rọketi Viking ikpe oche.  N'ịbụ onye na-agba ume site na okpukpe n'etiti Richard W. Porter nke General Electric na Alan T. Waterman, Director nke National Science Foundation (NSF), Rosen na 27 November 1954, dechara mmetụta na-adịghị uru nwere  ike satịlaịtị ụwa.  Edebere ndị a na NSF na-ahụ 1955. [1] Dị ka ụgwọ nke maka International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), US mere n'ihu ọha idobe satịlattị artificial nwere ike nchọpụta n'ime orbit gburugburu ụwa..

 Atụmatụ ọrụ atọ ahụ 
Ndị United States Air Force (USAF), United States Army (USA), na United States Navy (USN) oriri akwụkwọ ime nke a.  The Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) n'okpuru Dr. Wernher von Braunፈቱ aro iji a enweta Redstone rọketi (lee: Juno I ) mgbe Air Force faịlụ aro iji Atlas igba egbe ugbo ala, nke na-adịbeghị.  Ndị agha mmiri nwere aro ike sistemu rọketi dabere na ndị rọketi Viking na Aerobee.

Atụle enweghị Air Force nke ọma, ebe Atlas dị awụ n'azụ ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ.  N'ime oke ndị ọzọ, nrubeisi ndị agha lekwasịrị anya n'Sokòk ahụ, ebe a na-eche na a ga- ayịing ya site na Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), na gọn nke ọdụ ụgbọ ala na-eche na ọ  bụ ọrụ mmiri mmiri.  Atụmatụ ndị agha mmiri dị a atọ niile nke ozi ahụ. Green & Lomask, 1970 loc cit, Chapter 3

 Ọrụ ndị agha mmiri 
N'August 1955, kọmitii DOD US na ikike iche ụmụ ndị agha mmirika dị ka o siri pụta, ka ọ na-erule oge opupu ihe ubi 1958, iji nwa ihe ndị a. 

 Tinye satịlaịtị na orbit n'oge Afọ Geophysical International .
 Mezue nnwale sayensị na orbit.
 Sochie satịlaịtị ma hụ na ọ na-enweta orbit.

Ntụle ọzọ bụ na atụmatụ ndị agha mmiri na-eji rọketi ndị nkịtị na-ada ụda karịa ngwa agha ndị agha, bụ nke e weere na ọ dịghị mma maka nyocha sayensị udo. Ihe a na-ekwughị n'oge ahụ bụ na US enweelarị mmemme satịlaịtị zoro ezo na-aga n'ihu, WS-117, bụ nke na-emepe emepe ike ịmepụta satịlaịtị nledo site na iji USAF Thor IRBMs. Gọọmenti US nwere nchegbu na ndị Soviet ga-ajụ satịlaịtị ndị agha na-efefe Soviet Union ka ha nwere mwakpo ụgbọ elu dị iche iche na balloons nke ọrụ Genetrix . Echiche bụ na ọ bụrụ n'ụzọ doro anya "ndị nkịtị" na "sayensị" satịlaịtị gbagoro na mbụ, ndị Soviet nwere ike ọ gaghị ajụ, ya mere, a ga-eme ka ụkpụrụ ahụ guzosie ike na ohere dị n'elu ókèala mba McDougall, Walter A., (1985) ... the Heavens and the Earth

Vanguard Project mmetụtara, etinyere mmemme ahụ n'okpuru njikwa ndị agha mmiri nammuo DoD.  E nyere Laboratory Research Naval (NRL) dị na Washington ọrụ zuru oke, ebe mbụ ego sitere na National Science Foundation .  Onye ntụziaka bụ John P. Hagen (1908-1990), onye na-egosi mbara igwe nke na 1958 ga-abụ osote onye ntụziaka nke ụgbọ elu mbara igwe na nhazi NASA .  [1] Mgbe igbu oge n'ihi NRL na- agbanwe agbanwe nke satịlaịtị site na-arọ conical, [2] nke mbụ 1.4 n'arọ (3.1 lb) Satịlaịtị Vanguard dị ka arụnyere na NRL, ma nwee ya dị ka ibu arụ mercury.  cell asaa n'ime akpa ejiri mechiri emechi, ihe mgbasa ozi redio abụọ, kristal na-enwe mgba , na mmetụta isii nke ọmụmụ ọmụmụ n'elu oghere ahụ.  Satellite nke mbụ ka a na-akpọ Vanguard TV3. 

NRL bụkwa ọrụ maka ụgbọ ala mgbawa rọketi Vanguard site na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Martin (nke wuru roket Viking), na ịwụnye usoro satịlaịtị, na ihe ngosi, na-ekiri na satịlaịtị.  A na-akpọ usoro nsochi ahụ Minitrack .  tali ụgbọ Minitrack, nke NRL haziri mana ndị ọrụ ndị agha nke injinia nwere , bụ ụdọ 14 [1] n'ụdị ahịrị ugwu-ndịda na-aga n'ihu n'afọ ndị ọmụmụ nke North America na-amalite ọmụmụ nke South America.  Minitrack bụ onye na-ebute ụzọ nke usoro NRL ụzo nke a na-akpọ NAVSPASUR, nke na- akara na-arụ ọrụ taa n'okpuru njikwa nke Air Force na bụ isi na-ebe data data ụgbọ elu elu.. 

 Sputnik na Explorer 1 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Vanguard TV3 na ngosi gara aga na National Air and Space Museum. Mkpanaka antenna kwesịrị ịgbatị radially site na ahụ nke satịlaịtị, mana a na-ehulata n'ihi mmebi mebiri na ọdịda mmalite.
Nhazi ahụ ahụ mbụ ka ewee TV3 n’narị Sesa 1957, ma n’ihi igbu oge nke a ma ama.  [1] N'October 4, 1957, ndị otu Vanguard ndị makara nke Sputnik 1 site na USSR mgbe ha ka na-arụ ọrụ n'ọpọ ule (TV-2) e mere iji nwalee ọkwa mbụ nke rọketi ọhụrụ ha.  Ka ọ na-ewute ndị otu Vanguard, Minitrack nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịsochi Sputnik, nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma maka NRL.  [2] N'elekere 11:44:35 na Disemba 6, a nwara ịrị TV-3.  Roket Vanguard bilitere ihe dịka 1.2 m (4 ft) banye n'ikuku mgbe injin ahụ tụfuru ntụli aka ya, rọketi ahụ wee daa na pad mgbape wee gbawaa.  Akwụ ụgwọ nosecone kwụpụrụ wee rute n' fog rọketi na-agbawa, obere mgbama redio nke satịlaịtị ahụ ka na-eti mkpu.  [3] [4] Satellite mebiri emebi nke ukwuu maka ijikwa ya ọzọ;  ọ bi ugbu a na National Air and Space Museum

Mgbe Soviet Union malitere Sputnik 2, na November 3, 1957, mgbe ahụ, nchekwa nchekwa Neil H. McElroy nyere ndị agha US na-ahụ ka ha jiri Juno I wee tọ satịlaịtị.  [1] Na Jenụwarị 31, 1958, ndị agha US anwụ satịlaịtị Explorer 1 .  Site na akara nke Sputnik 1 na 2 nke ntọala gara aga, ikike nke ụgbọ elu satịlaịtị, abụrụla nke ukwuu: ndị satịlaịtị ndị ahụ malitere site na ụdị roket Soviet R-7 nke mbụ, ihe ndabere nke USSR mbụ ICBMs, yana agha agha.  yana ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugboro 40 ka Vanguard launcher.

Na Machị 17, 1958, ihe omume ahụ hiwere Vanguard satịlaịtị TV-4 nke ọma.  TV-4 ikike orbit kwụsiri ike nke nwere apogee nke 3,969 kilometers (2,466 miles) na perigee nke 650 kilometers (400 miles) .  A na-eme ememe na ọ ga-anọ na orbit opekata mpe afọ 240, a kpọkuru ya Vanguard I, nke na mgbakwunye na ɔkwa mgbawa elu ya ka bụ satịlaịtị kacha ochie ochie mmadụ mere ka nọ na orbit..

N'ọgwụgwụ 1958, na-ebufe ọrụ Vanguard Project na NASA, e hiwere oghere nke Goddard Space Flight Center .  Mgbe ume anọ dara ada, mmemme ahụ gara nke ọma ọzọ na SLV-4, aha mustaqbalka Vanguard II.  [1] Mgbe abụọ ahụike ọzọ, mmemme mmemme na akara nke Vanguard III na 1959.

 Mmezu 
N'agbanyeghị na Sputnik 1 kpuchiri ya, ma nwee ike imeri mmechuihu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mbụ mbụ ya na nke ọma, Vanguard Project mechara mpi ngosi ya, na-enye ọtụtụ ozi gbasara nha na ụwa nke ụwa, n nke ikuku.  , oke mmebi, na ụgbọ micrometeorite.  [1] Redio Vanguard 1 gara n'ihu na-ekesa ruo 1964, na nsochi data enwetara na satịlaịtị a ọrịa na ụwa ebe zuru oke: ọ dị ụgbọ ube, nke dị elu na North Pole ma gbadaa na South Pole .  Ọ doziri echiche gbasara n' ikuku n'ogo dị elu wee kwalite izi ezi nke ma anyị ụwa.  Ebufere mmemme Vanguard na NASA mgbe emepụtara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'etiti afọ 1958.

Vanguard "Satellite Launch Vehicle", okwu echepụtara maka rọketi SLV na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ ụzọ ụdị TV Vehicle TV, dị obere ma dị mfe ụfọdụ roket Jupiter-C / Juno 1 dabere na Redstone nke butere satịlaìtì Explorer .  ma ọ bụ nnukwu R-7 nke ndị agha Soviet ji Sputnik oge ochie.

windo Vanguard 1 webatara ọtụtụ ịgba ndịgoro n'afọ na mmemme satịlaịtị US mechara, site na igba egbe ruo na nsochi satịlaịtị.  Annabi, ọ Nwanna n'agọn elu na-abụ ike iji dhee ndụ ndụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ iji mee ka ndị na-ebusa redio nwee ike.  Igwe egwuregwu nke Vanguard ọrụ ihe dị ka afọ asaa, ebe obodo ndị a na-eme ihe eme na-ebunye n'ime ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche ụbọchị iri abụọ..

Ọ bụ ebe na "olu" nke Vanguard gbachiri ozi na 1964, ọ gara n'ihu na-ejere ndị ozi.  Nleba anya anya dabere na ala nke Vanguards ugbu a-inert na-aga n'ihu na-enye ozi mgbasa nke Sun, ọnwa, na Atmosphere nke m na mbara igwe.  Vanguard 1 mere akara afɔ 50 ya na mbara igwe na 17 Maachị 2008. [1] N'ime afá ndị na-esotete ya, obere satịlaịtị ahụ eme ihe ọmụmụ 196,990 nke ahụmahụ wee gaa 5.7 ijeri nautical kilomita (10.6 ijeri kilomita)  , ebe dị anya site na ụwa ruo n'ofe ụwa dwarf Pluto na ọkara azụ azụ.  Atụmatụ mbụ nwere orbit na-adịgide adịgide ruo afọ 2,000, mana njikwa na ndu radieshon na ikuku ikuku n'oge oke ọrụ nke akụkọ na-akpata nnukwu nsogbu na perigee elu nke satịlaịtị, nke mere ka mbelata dị ukwuu na ndụ ya anya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.  ihe dị ka 240. afọ. 

 Mwepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme 
ngwa ala ebupụtara ụgbọ elu Vanguard nke mbụ, ule ime obodo na-aga nke ọma nke ụgbọ ala otu ọkwa Vanguard TV0, mgbaàmà na 8 Disemba 1956. Na 1 Mee 1957, ewepụtara ụgbọ ala nke ɔkwan TV1 nke ọma.  Vanguard TV2, ule subbital ọzọ na-aga nke ọma, ka ewepụtara 23 Ọktoba 1957.

Rọketi Vanguard butere satịlaịtị atọ n'ime mbọ mbido iri na otu:

 Vanguard TV3 – 6 Disemba 1957 – Okpughị orbit 1.36 n'arọ (3.0 lb) satịlaịtị - obere nrụgide tank kpatara mbelata engine T + 2 sekọnd 
 Ndabere Vanguard TV3 - 5 Febrụwarị 1958 - Okpughị orbit 1.36 n'arọ (3.0 lb) satịlaịtị – ọdịda njikwa kpatara mgbawa ụgbọ ala T+55 sekọnd 
 Vanguard 1 – 17 Maachị 1958 – Orbited 1.47 n'arọ (3.2 lb) Satellite 
 Vanguard TV5 – 28 Eprel 1958 – Okpughị ịgbawa 9.98 n'arọ (22.0 lb) satịlaịtị – ọdịda nkewa nke atọ 
 Vanguard SLV-1 – 27 Mee 1958 – Okpughị orbit 9.98 kg satịlaịtị – 2nd ogbo njikwa àgwà ọdịda gbochiri ogbo nke atọ ịbanye n'akụkụ ziri ezi maka ntinye orbital 
 Vanguard SLV 2 – 26 June 1958 – Okpughị orbit 9.98 satịlaịtị kg - ọkwa nke abụọ tụfuru mgbe naanị 8 sekọnd ọkụ n'ihi mgbochi eriri mmanụ 
 Vanguard SLV 3 – 28 Septemba 1958 – Okpughị orbit 9.98 satịlaịtị kg - ọkwa nke abụọ ezughị oke maka ntinye orbital n'ihi mgbochi ahịrị mmanụ ọkụ 
 Vanguard 2 – 17 February 1959 – Orbited 10.8 n'arọ (24 lb) Satellite 
 Vanguard SLV 5 – 13 Eprel 1959 – Ọ dara orbit 10.3 n'arọ (23 lb) satịlaịtị - ọdịda hydraulics nke abụọ mere ka enweghị njikwa 
 Vanguard SLV 6 – 22 Jun 1959 – Okpughị orbit 10.3 kg satịlaịtị – agba nke abụọ gbawara n'ihi valvụ ikuku ikuku helium rapaara 
 Vanguard 3 –18 Septemba 1959 – Orbited 22.7 n'arọ (50 lb) Satellite 

 Hụkwa 

 Mmemme Nchọgharị
 Ndepụta ụgbọ elu akpọrọ Sputnik
 Nsogbu Sputnik

 Ntụaka 

 Vanguard: akụkọ ihe mere eme, Constance Green na Milton Lomask, NASA SP-4202, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ebipụta Ọchịchị, Washington DC, 1970
 Vanguard Project, Kurt Stehling, Doubleday & Company, Garden City, NY, 1961
 Nova - Sputnik Declassified, Ref:Paul Dickson, Odee - Sputnik: Ujo nke narị afọ



 Njikọ mpụga 

 Vanguard - A History (NASA SP-4202, 1970) akwụkwọ ntanetị Archived  
 Akwụkwọ NASA History Series (ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị n'ịntanetị)
 NOVA - Sputnik Declassified - PBS.org
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations