Ịzụ fungus

Fungiculture bụ ihe ọkụkụ nke fungi dị ka olu. Ịzụlite fungi nwere ike inye nri (nke gụnyere ọtụtụ olu), ọgwụ, ihe owuwu na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ. Ugbo ero na-etinye aka na azụmahịa nke na-eto eto fungi..

A na-ejikwa okwu a na-ezo aka na omume nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-akụ fungi dị ka ndanda, mgbụsị akwụkwọ, ambrosia beetles, na marsh periwinkles..

 Nchịkọta 
Mushrooms bụ fungi na-achọ ọnọdụ dị iche iche karịa osisi maka uto kacha mma. Osisi na-etolite site na photosynthesis, usoro na-eme ka ikuku carbon dioxide ghọọ carbohydrates, karịsịa cellulose. Ọ bụ ezie na ìhè anyanwụ na-enye ihe ọkụkụ ike, mushrooms na-enweta ike ha niile na ihe ndị na-eto eto site na usoro uto ha, site na usoro nhazi nke biochemical. Nke a apụtaghị na ọkụ bụ ihe na-adịghị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ụfọdụ fungi na-eji ọkụ dị ka ihe mgbaàmà maka ịmị mkpụrụ.[1][2] Otú ọ dị, ihe niile maka uto ga-abụrịrịrịrịrịrị na usoro uto. Mushrooms na-eto nke ọma n'ogo iru mmiri dị ihe dịka 95-100%, yana iru mmiri dị 50 ruo 75%.

Kama mkpụrụ, mushrooms na-amụba site na spores. Spores nwere ike imerụ site na microorganisms ikuku, nke ga-egbochi uto mushroom ma gbochie ihe ọkụkụ dị mma.

A na-etinye Mycelium, ma ọ bụ na-eto eto nke na-eto n'elu ihe - na-abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-eme ka ha ghara ịmị mkpụrụ dịka rye ma ọ bụ millet - ma mee ka ha too n'ime mkpụrụ ndị ahụ. A na-akpọ nke a inoculation. A na-akpọ mkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ plọg) dị ka spawn. Spores bụ nhọrọ ọzọ nke inoculation, mana ha emebeghị karịa mycelium guzosiri ike. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-emetọkwa ha n'ụzọ dị mfe, a na-ejikwa ha eme ihe na ọnọdụ ụlọ nyocha na kọbọd na-agbapụta laminar.

 Usoro 
Usoro niile na-eto eto ero chọrọ ngwakọta ziri ezi nke iru mmiri, okpomọkụ, mkpụrụ (ihe ọkụkụ) na inoculum (spawn ma ọ bụ omenala mmalite). Owuwe ihe ubi, inoculation log n'èzí na trays ime ụlọ na-enye ihe ndị a..

 Osisi ndị dị n'èzí 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mushroom shiitake a kụrụ akụ
Enwere ike ịzụlite mushrooms n'elu osisi ndị a na-etinye n'èzí n'ime ụyọkọ ma ọ bụ ụyọkọ, dịka emerela ọtụtụ narị afọ. A naghị eme sterilization na usoro a. Ebe ọ bụ na mmepụta nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta na oge, a na-emepụta ihe na-erughị 5% nke mushrooms a na-ere n'ụzọ a. N'ebe a, a na-etinye osisi na spawn, wee hapụ ha ka ha too dịka ha ga-eme n'ọnọdụ ọhịa. Mgbanwe oge na-akpata mkpụrụ osisi, ma ọ bụ pinning, ma ọ bụghị site na itinye osisi na mmiri dị jụụ. A na-emepụta mushrooms Shiitake na oyster site na iji usoro osisi n'èzí, ọ bụ ezie na a na-achịkwa usoro dị ka tray ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ osisi aka mere nke e ji ihe mkpuchi mee.  

A na-ewere ero Shiitake nke a na-akụ n'okpuru osisi ọhịa na-abụghị osisi ọhịa.[1] N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ United States, a pụrụ ịkụ mkpụrụ osisi shiitake n'ụdị osisi siri ike gụnyere osisi oak, beech America, maple sugar na hophornbeam. E kwesịghị iji osisi Softwood na-azụlite ero shiitake n'ihi na resin nke osisi softwood na-egbochikarị uto nke ero shiitake na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè dị ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eto eto..

Iji mepụta mushrooms shiitake, 1 mita (3-foot) osisi siri ike nwere dayameta dị n'agbata 10-15 cm (4-6 in) na mycelium nke mushrooms Shiitake. A na-emechi inoculation site na igwu oghere n'ime osisi siri ike, na-ejupụta oghere ndị ahụ na shiitake mycelium ma ọ bụ inoculum, wee mechie oghere ndị jupụtara na wax ọkụ. Mgbe a gbasịrị ya ọgwụ mgbochi, a na-etinye osisi ndị ahụ n'okpuru okpokoro mechiri emechi nke osisi coniferous ma hapụ ha ka ha kụọ maka ọnwa 12 ruo 15. Ozugbo a na-ekpuchi osisi ahụ, a na-etinye osisi ndị ahụ na mmiri ruo awa 24. Ụbọchị 7 ruo 10 mgbe a gwụchara ya, mushrooms shiitake ga-amalite ịmị mkpụrụ ma nwee ike iwepụta ya ozugbo ọ kara.

 Trayị ndị dị n'ime ụlọ 
A na-ebu ụzọ mepụta ubi mushroom n'ime ụlọ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ azụmahịa n'ọgba dị na France. Ọgba ndị ahụ nyere gburugburu ebe obibi kwụsiri ike (okpomọkụ, iru mmiri) n'afọ niile. E webatara teknụzụ maka ihe na-achịkwa uto na fungal spawn na UK na ngwụcha afọ 1800 n'ọgba ndị e mepụtara site na igwu ala dị nso n'ebe ndị dị ka Bath, Somerset .  Ịzụlite n'ime ụlọ na-enye ikike ịchịkwa ìhè, okpomọkụ na iru mmiri ma ewepụ mmetọ na ụmụ ahụhụ. Nke a na-enye ohere mmepụta na-aga n'ihu, nke a na-achịkwa site na okirikiri spawning. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ, a na-emekarị nke a na windo na-enweghị windo, ụlọ ndị e wuru maka nzube, maka mmepụta azụmahịa buru ibu. 

Uto nke tray n'ime ụlọ bụ usoro azụmahịa a na-ahụkarị, na-esote uto containerized. Usoro tray na-enye uru nke scalability na owuwe ihe ubi dị mfe.

E nwere usoro nke usoro n'ịkpa mushroom nke ụdị azụmahịa a na-ejikarị eme ihe Agaricus bisporus. Ndị a bụ composting, fatịlaịza, spawning, casing, pinning, na cropping."

 Nzọụkwụ isii nke ịkọ mushroom 
NzọụkwụOgologo ogeOkpomọkụUsoro (usoro) 1. Nzọụkwụ nke MbụỤbọchị 6-14 Na-achịkwa mmiri na ihe NH3 dị na ya site na ọrụ nje. 
Tinye fatịlaịza / ihe mgbakwunye2. Nzọụkwụ nke Abụọ nke composting ma ọ bụ pasteurizationỤbọchị 7-18 site na usoro composting, ~ awa 2 maka pasteurization (okpomọkụ sterilization) Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje ndị nwere ike imerụ ahụ site na composting ọzọ, ma ọ bụ tinye okpomọkụ. 
Wepụ NH3 a na-achọghị.3. Ịmụ nwa na utoỤbọchị 14-21 24 ruo 27  ; ga-adị n'elu 23  ; maka uto ngwa ngwa. Ọ ga-abụrịrị n'okpuru 27 ruo 29 °C (80 ruo 85 °F) iji zere imebi mycelia [2]
Ọ ga-abụrịrị n'okpuru 27 ruo 29   iji zere imebi mycelia Tinye ọdịbendị mmalite. 
Mee ka mycelium too site na substrate ma mepụta otu. 

Ọ na-adabere na nha na ihe mejupụtara ya. 

Emechara mgbe mycelium gbasaa n'ime ihe niile dị n'okpuru4. Ihe mkpuchiỤbọchị 13-20Kwalite mmepụta nke primordia, ma ọ bụ eriri mushroom. 
Tinye mkpuchi elu ma ọ bụ uwe elu na ihe ndị a na-achị. 

Iji nitrogen eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma. 

Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ nwee nkwonkwo5. ỊtinyeỤbọchị 18-21 Ọdịdị mbụ nke mushrooms a na-ahụ anya site na mycelium. 
Ịgbanwe okpomọkụ, iru mmiri na CO2 ga-emetụtakwa ọnụ ọgụgụ pin, na nha mushroom6. Ịkụchasị osisiUgboro ugboro karịa ụbọchị 7 ruo 10 Ihe ubi
A chọghị ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ ghara ịba ọcha n'oge composting. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a na-etinye nzọụkwụ pasteurization iji kwe ka ụfọdụ microorganisms bara uru nọrọ na substrate na-eto eto.

Oge a kapịrị ọnụ na okpomọkụ achọrọ n'oge nzọụkwụ 3-6 ga-adịgasị iche dabere na ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche. Ihe mejupụtara ihe na geometry nke ihe na-eto eto ga-emetụtakwa oge na okpomọkụ dị mma.

Pinning bụ akụkụ kachasị aghụghọ maka onye na-akụ mushroom, ebe ọ bụ na njikọta nke 2" href="./Carbon_dioxide" id="mwrg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide (CO2), okpomọkụ, ìhè, na iru mmiri na-eme ka mushroom na-amị mkpụrụ.   Ruo mgbe rhizomorphs ma ọ bụ mushroom "pins" pụtara, mycelium bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe nke gbasaa n'ime ihe na-eto eto, nke a na-apụghị ịmata dị ka mushroom.

Carbon dioxide na-arị elu n'oge uto ahịhịa, mgbe a na-emechi mycelium na ihe mgbochi plastik na-eguzogide gas ma ọ bụ akpa nke na-ejide gas nke mycelium ahụ na-eto eto. Iji mee ka a na-agbanye ya, a na-emeghe ma ọ bụ mebie ihe mgbochi a. Ntinye nke CO2 na-ebelata site na 0.08% ruo 0.04%, ọkwa ikuku.

 Ịkpa anụ n'ime ụlọ 
Ịkpa mushroom na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa. A na-akụ mushroom oyster na ihe na-agụnye ọka wit, ahịhịa paddy na ọbụna ebe a na-eji kọfị eme ihe  ebe ọ na-achọghị ohere dị ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-emepụta ihe na uru ọ bụla a na-enweta dị elu karịa ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. A pụkwara ịzụlite mushrooms oyster n'ime ụlọ site na kits, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ụdị igbe nwere ihe na-eto eto na spores.

 Ihe ndị e ji eme ya 
Mmepụta mushroom na-agbanwe ihe ndị sitere n'okike n'ime anụ ahụ mushroom, ọkachasị carbohydrate chitin.

Ezigbo ihe ga-enwe nitrogen na carbohydrate zuru oke maka uto ngwa ngwa. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na-agụnye ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a: 

 Akpụkpọ osisi ma ọ bụ sawdust
 Ubi ahịhịa (ọka wit, kamakwa osikapa na ahịhịhịa ndị ọzọ) 
 Nri ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ nsị ọkụkọ
 Mkpụrụ ọka
 Akwụkwọ mkpofu ma ọ bụ nke a rụgharịrị arụgharị 
 Mkpụrụ kọfị ma ọ bụ ala
 Akị na mkpụrụ osisi
 Akpụkpọ ahụ
 Akpụkpọ ahụ Akị bekee
 Nri mkpụrụ osisi
 Nri soybean
 Mkpụrụ ọka nke onye na-eme mmanya
 Ammonium nitrate
 Urea

Mushrooms na-agbari carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya na substrate ha n'ime glucose, nke a na-ebugharị site na mycelium dị ka ọ dị mkpa maka uto na ike. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka isi iyi ike, oke ya na ihe na-eto eto ekwesịghị ịgafe 2%. Maka ezigbo mkpụrụ osisi, ihe dị nso na 1% dị mma.

 Ọrịa na ọrịa 
Ụmụ ahụhụ parasitic, nje bacteria na fungus ndị ọzọ niile na-eweta ihe ize ndụ na mmepụta ime ụlọ. Sciarid ma ọ bụ phorid fly nwere ike itinye àkwá n'ime ihe na-eto eto, nke na-apụta n'ime igurube ma mebie mushrooms na-eto n'oge niile. Mmetụta nje bacteria nke Pseudomonas bacteria ma ọ bụ patches nke Trichoderma green mold kpatara na-ewetakwa ihe ize ndụ n'oge ọ na-amị mkpụrụ. A na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ dị ọcha iji gbochie ọrịa ndị a. A tụkwara aro njikwa ihe ndị dị ndụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ sciarid na phorid.

Trichoderma green mold nwere ike imetụta mmepụta mushroom, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'etiti afọ 1990 na Pennsylvania na-eduga na nnukwu mfu ihe ọkụkụ. Fungi na-emetọ ya sitere na adịghị ọcha nke ndị ọrụ na ihe ndị na-eto eto nke ọma.

A chọtawo ụmụ ahụhụ na ụdị Histiostoma n'ugbo mushroom. Histiostoma gracilipes na-eri mushrooms kpọmkwem, ebe a na-enyo H. heinemanni enyo na ọ na-agbasa ọrịa. 

 Fungi a na-akụ maka azụmahịa 

 Agaricus bisporus, nke a makwaara dị ka champignon na button mushroom. Ụdị a gụnyekwara portobello na crimini mushrooms.
 Auricularia cornea na Auricularia heimuer (Tree ear fungus), ụdị abụọ yiri ibe ha nke jelly fungi nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Nri ndị China.
 A na-akụ Clitocybe nuda, ma ọ bụ blewit, na Europe.
 [./<i id= enokitake]" id="mwATA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Enokitake">Flammulina velutipes, "mkpụrụ osisi mushroom nke oge oyi", nke a makwaara dị ka enokitake na Japan
 Fusarium venenatum - isi iyi nke mycoprotein nke a na-eji na Quorn, Anụ yiri ya.
 [./<i id= shimeji]" id="mwATo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shimeji">Hypsizygus tessulatus (nke a na-akpọkwa Hypsizygus marmoreus), nke a na-aṅụ shimeji na Japanese, ọ bụ ụdị mushroom dị iche iche dị n'ọtụtụ ahịa na Japan. A maara ya dị ka "Beech mushroom" na Europe.
 Lentinus edodes, nke a makwaara dị ka shiitake, mushroom oak. A na-emepụta Lentinus edodes n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na Japan, China na South Korea. Lentinus edodes na-akpata 10% nke mmepụta ụwa nke mushrooms a kụrụ akụ. A na-ahụkarị ya na Japan, China, Australia na North America.
 Phallus indusiatus - (mamboo mushroom), nke a na-anakọta n'ọhịa, a na-akụ ya na China kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1970.
 Ụdị Pleurotus bụ nke abụọ kachasị mkpa na mmepụta n'ụwa, na-eme 25% nke mmepụta ụwa. A na-akụ mushrooms Pleurotus n'ụwa niile; China bụ isi na-emepụta. Enwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ụdị na ihe carbonaceous dị ka ahịhịa ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ. N'ọhịa, a na-ahụkarị ha na-eto n'elu osisi. 
 Pleurotus citrinopileatus (mkpụrụ osisi oyster ọlaedo) 
 Pleurotus cornucopiae (mkpụrụ osisi oyster nwere alaka) 
 Pleurotus eryngii (eze opi) 
 Pleurotus ostreatus (mkpụrụ osisi oyster) 


 Rhizopus oligosporus - omenala mmalite fungal eji emepụta tempeh. Na tempeh a na-eri mycelia nke R. oligosporus.
 Sparassis crispa - mmepe ndị na-adịbeghị anya emeela ka a zụlite nke a na California. A na-akụ ya n'ụzọ buru ibu na Korea na Japan.
 Tremella fuciformis (Snow fungus), ụdị ọzọ nke jelly fungus nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Nri ndị China.
 Ụdị Tuber, (truffle), Truffles so n'òtù ascomycete nke fungi. Mkpụrụ osisi truffle na-etolite n'okpuru ala na njikọ mycorrhizal na osisi ụfọdụ dịka oak, poplar, beech, na hazel. N'ịbụ ndị siri ike ịchọta, a na-ejikarị ezì ma ọ bụ nkịta a zụrụ azụ iji siere ha ume maka owuwe ihe ubi dị mfe. 
 Tuber aestivum (Summer ma ọ bụ St. Jean truffle) 
 Tuber magnatum (Piemont white truffle) 
 Tuber melanosporum (Périgord truffle) 
 T.melanosporum x T.magnatum (Khanaqa truffle) 
 Terfezia sp.  (Truffle nke ọzara) 
 Ustilago maydis (ọka), ihe na-akpata ọrịa nke osisi ọka. A na-akpọkwa ya truffle nke Mexico, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ezigbo truffle.
 [./<i id=]Volvariella_volvacea" id="mwAZg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Volvariella volvacea">Volvariella volvacea ("mkpụrụ osisi straw mushroom".") Mkpụrụ osisi Volvariella na-eme 16% nke mmepụta niile nke mushrooms a kụrụ n'ụwa.

 Mpaghara mmepụta na North America 
Pennsylvania bụ steeti kachasị emepụta mushroom na United States, ma na-eme emume Septemba dị ka "Mushroom Month".

Obodo nke Kennett Square bụ onye ndú akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke ugbu a na mmepụta mushroom. Ọ na-eduga ugbu a na mmepụta nke ụdị mushrooms Agaricus,  California, Florida na Michigan sochiri. 

Steeti ndị ọzọ na-emepụta mushroom: 

 Ọwụwa Anyanwụ: Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Maine, na Vermont
 Central: Illinois, Oklahoma, Texas, na Wisconsin
 Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ: California, Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Utah na Washington

Vancouver, British Columbia nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na  ihe dị ka 60 ka ọ na-erule 1998 - ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị na ndagwurugwu Fraser.    

 Mmepụta na Europe 
Ịkọ mkpụrụ osisi oyster amalitela na Europe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ndị ọchụnta ego n'oge a na-ahụ ya dị ka azụmahịa bara uru, mmalite nwere obere itinye ego na ezigbo uru. Ịtali nwere tọn 785,000 na Netherlands nwere tọn 307,000 nọ n'etiti mba iri kachasị emepụta mushroom n'ụwa. Nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mushroom spawn n'ụwa  dịkwa na France.

Dabere na nyocha e mere na mmepụta na ahịa nke Mushrooms: Global na National Scenario  Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, Lithuania bụ mba ndị na-ebupụ mushrooms na Europe na mba ndị dị ka UK, Germany, France, Russia ka a na-ewere dị ka mba ndị na'ebubata.   [citation needed]

 Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ 
Ịkụ mkpụrụ oyster bụ azụmahịa na-adigide ebe enwere ike iji ihe dị iche iche sitere n'okike mee ihe dị ka mkpụrụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmasị na ngalaba a na-abawanye ngwa ngwa. Ohere nke ịmepụta azụmahịa bara uru na gburugburu obodo site na iji kọfị kọfị na-amasị ọtụtụ ndị ọchụnta ego..   [citation needed]

Ebe ọ bụ na ịkọ ero abụghị isiokwu dị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ugbo bi n'obodo mepere emepe mụtara ya site n'ime ya. Oge iji mara ihe ọkụkụ nke ero na-ewe oge yana ọnụ ahịa ego efu efu. N'ihi nke a, e nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na Europe ọkachamara na-akụ ero na-enye ọzụzụ maka ndị ọchụnta ego na ịhazi ihe omume iji wuo obodo na ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma. Ha na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta dị mma nke azụmahịa a nwere na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Enwere ike ịga ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ịkọ mushroom n'ọtụtụ mba gburugburu Europe. Enwere agụmakwụkwọ maka ịzụlite mushrooms na ala kọfị,   ọzụzụ dị elu maka ọrụ ugbo buru ibu,  na-emepụta mmepụta na ọrụ nyocha  na ụlọ ọrụ na-eto eto.

A na-ahazi ihe omume n'oge dị iche iche. The Mushroom Learning Network na-ezukọta otu ugboro n'afọ na Europe. International Society for Mushroom Science na-ezukọta otu ugboro n'afọ ise ọ bụla n'ebe ụfọdụ n'ụwa.

 Ebem si dee 

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations