Biofortification

Biofortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. This can be done either through conventional selective breeding, or through genetic engineering. Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed. This is an important improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods. As such, biofortification is seen as an upcoming strategy for dealing with deficiencies of micronutrients in low and middle-income countries. In the case of iron, the WHO estimated that biofortification could help cure the 2 billion people suffering from iron deficiency-induced anemia

 Usoro 
Enwere ike ịzụlite osisi site na ịzụlite ha. N'ime usoro a, ndị na-azụ osisi na-achọ mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ akụ germplasm maka ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị ugbu a nke nwere nnukwu ihe oriri. Mgbe ahụ, ha na-agwakọta ụdị ndị a na-edozi ahụ na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na-amị mkpụrụ dị elu, iji nye mkpụrụ nwere nnukwu ihe na uru nri na-edochi ahụ. A ghaghị ịzụlite ihe ọkụkụ na ihe oriri zuru oke iji nwee mmetụta dị mma na ahụike mmadụ. N'ihi ya, a ghaghị ịzụlite ha site na itinye aka na ndị na-ahụ maka nri na-edozi ahụ bụ ndị na-amụ ma ndị na-azụ ihe ọkụkụ ka mma nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ihe ndị ọzọ na-edochi ahụ, na ókè nchekwa, nhazi, na isi nri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-emetụta ọkwa ihe ọkụkụ ha.Wolfgang H. Pfeiffer & Bonnie McClafferty, ‘Biofortification: Breeding Micronutrient-Dense Crops’, in Manjit S. Kang & P.M. Priyadarshan (eds.), Breeding Major Food Staples, Blackwell Publishing, (2007), pp. 63-64. A zụlitere ọka wit nwere nnukwu ígwè na zinc site na ịzụlite radiation.

Usoro a jupụtara ugbu a, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụghị ihe na-ese okwu karịa ihe ọkụkụ injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. HarvestPlus, otu NGO dị mkpa na mmepe nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị e wusiri ike, na-ejikarị usoro ịzụlite omenala, ma emefubeghị ihe karịrị 15% nke mmefu ego nyocha ha na ihe ọkụkụ gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe usoro omenala na-emezughị ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ.Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in TCE, (February 2008), p. 27.Jocelyn C. Zuckerman, ‘Mission Man’, in Gourmet, (November 2007), p. 197.

Osikapa ọla edo bụ ihe atụ nke ihe ọkụkụ GM mepụtara maka uru nri ya. Ụdị osikapa ọla edo kachasị ọhụrụ nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa sitere na nje bacteria Erwinia na ọka, ma nwee ọkwa beta-carotene dị elu nke ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwe na vitamin A. A na-emepụta osikapa ọla edo dị ka ụzọ ọhụrụ iji dozie ụkọ vitamin A.International Rice Research Institute: Golden Rice at IRRI

 Ojiji 

 Mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n'etiti 
Enweghị micronutrients dị iche iche, gụnyere vitamin A, zinc, na iron bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n'etiti ma na-emetụta ọtụtụ ijeri mmadụ. Ihe ndị a nwere ike iduga, n'etiti mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ, oke ìsì, usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike, uto na-adịghị mma na mmepe ọgụgụ isi. Ndị ogbenye, ọka ndị ogbenye nọ n'ime ime obodo, na-eri nri nke ihe ọkụkụ dị ka osikapa, ọka wit na ọka, nke dị ala na micronutrients ndị a, ọtụtụ n'ime ha enweghị ike ịzụta ma ọ bụ na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi, akwụkwọ nri ma ọ bụ anụ zuru oke nke dị mkpa iji nweta ọkwa dị mma nke ihe ndị a.Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in TCE, (February 2008), p. 26.‘The New Face of Hunger’, in The Economist, (April 17th, 2008). N'ihi ya, ịbawanye ọkwa micronutrient n'ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ahụkarị nwere ike inye aka igbochi ma belata ụkọ micronutrients - n'otu nnwale na Mozambique, iri Poteto na-atọ ụtọ nke beta-carotene belatara ụkọ vitamin A n'ime ụmụaka site na 24%. N'ime nnwale ahụike abụọ dị iche iche na India, a chọpụtara na iri iron- na zinc- biofortified pearl millet na-eme ka ọnọdụ iron dị mma n'etiti ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ  ma chọpụta na ọ na-emeziwanye Hemoglobin n'ime ụmụaka nwoke, na n'ime ụmụ nwoke dị ọnwa 12-18 bụ ndị na-enweghị iron na ntọala. 

Usoro a nwere ike inwe uru karịa usoro ahụike ndị ọzọ dịka inye nri siri ike mgbe nhazi gasịrị, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ndị a egosila na ha na-aga nke ọma mgbe ha na ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu na-emeso, ha na-achọkarị ịnweta ahịa dị irè na usoro nlekọta ahụike nke na-adịghị adịkarị n'ime ime obodo.Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in TCE, (February 2008), p. 26. Biofortification bụkwa ihe dị oke ọnụ mgbe nnukwu itinye ego na nyocha mbụ - ebe enwere ike ikesa mkpụrụ, "ọnụahịa mmejuputa [nke na-etolite nri biofortified] bụ ihe efu ma ọ bụ ihe a na-eleghara anya",  ma e jiri ya tụnyere mgbakwunye nke dị oke ọnụ ma chọọ nkwado ego na-aga n'ihu n'oge, nke nwere ike itinye n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-agbanwe agbanwe.Penelope Nestel, Howarth E. Bouis, J. V. Meenakshi, & Wolfgang Pfeiffer, ‘Biofortification of Staple Food Crops’, in The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 136, no. 4, (2006), p. 1066.

A na-eme nnyocha banyere usoro a na mba ụwa, na mgbalị dị ukwuu na-aga n'ihu na Brazil, China  na India. ‘HarvestPlus aid for boosting nutrition levels’, in The Hindu Business Line, Retrieved on July 22, 2008

 Mba ndị na-enweta ego dị elu 
Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum Warwick anọwo na-achọ ụzọ iji bulie ọkwa selenium dị ala na ọka ndị Britain, ma na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere aka mepụta ọka iji mee achịcha na selenium.The Researcher, the Farmer and the Baker, Retrieved on July 22, 2008

 Nsogbu 
Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, ọ bụ ezie na ha anaghị emegide biofortification n'onwe ya, na-akatọ nri ndị gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, gụnyere ndị biofortified dị ka osikapa ọla edo.

Enwere ike inwe ihe isi ike mgbe ụfọdụ n'inweta nri ndị a na-akpọ biofortified ka a nabata ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere njirimara dị iche iche na ndị na-abụghị ndị a na'akpọ unfortified. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nri ndị a na-eme ka vitamin A dịkwuo mma na-abụkarị odo ma ọ bụ oroma - nke a bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya nye ọtụtụ ndị n'Africa, ebe ụmụ mmadụ na-eri ọka ọcha na ọka na-acha odo odo nwere njikọ na-adịghị mma na nri anụmanụ ma ọ bụ enyemaka nri,  Jocelyn C. Zuckerman, ‘Mission Man’, in Gourmet, (November 2007), p. 104. ma ọ bụ ebe a na-ahọrọ poteto na-acha ọcha karịa ya na-acha mmiri, oroma. Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in TCE, (February 2008), p. 27. Àgwà ụfọdụ nwere ike ịdị mfe iji belata ma ọ bụ mepụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị e ji eme ihe dị ka ndị na-azụ ahịa chọrọ, dị ka mmiri nke poteto, ebe ndị ọzọ enweghị ike.

N'ebe nke a dị, a ghaghị ịkpachara anya iji mee ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ ahịa kwenye na ihe ọkụkụ a na-ekwu okwu ya bara uru ịzụlite ma rie. Enwere ike ime nke a site n'imeziwanye àgwà nke osisi ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ ime ka oroma na-atọ ụtọ etolite n'oge karịa nwa nwanne ya na-acha ọcha ka e wee buru ya gaa ahịa n'ahịa n'oge. A pụkwara ime ya site na agụmakwụkwọ ahụike ọha na eze, na-eme ka uru nke iri nri biofortified pụta ìhè nye ndị na-azụ ahịa. Ule na-atụ aro na ndị ogbenye nọ n'ime ime obodo "ga-eri ụdị nri ndị a na-etinye n'ime ya ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na agbanweela ụcha nri ahụ...ma ọ bụrụ na a gụrụ ha maka uru". Ọ bụ ezie na micronutrients ndị ọzọ dị ka zinc ma ọ bụ iron nwere ike ịgbakwunye na ihe ọkụkụ n'enweghị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ụtọ ma ọ bụ ọdịdị ha, ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị ijide n'aka na ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị eche na agbanweela nri ha na-enweghị ikike ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma ha.Bonnie McClafferty & Yassir Islam, ‘Fighting the Hidden Hunger’, in TCE, (February 2008), p. 27.

Ụfọdụ akatọwo mmemme biofortification n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgba ume "ịdị mfe nke nri mmadụ na usoro nri",  n'ihi nde "[biofortification bụ] atụmatụ nke na-achọ itinye ihe oriri ndị ọzọ na nri ole na ole  nwere ike inye aka mee ka nri ndị na-eri nri dị mfe nke dabere na nri ole. "  Nke a nwere ike iyi ihe na-enweghị isi, dịka enweghị ike ịnweta nri dịgasị iche iche na nke ziri ezi bụ isi ihe kpatara nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ. N'ihi ya, ndị nkatọ a na-agba ume ka a kpachara anya, na iji biofortification dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ buru ibu nke na-agụnye ụdị nri dị iche iche na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n'etiti. Ndị na-akwado biofortification na-anabata nke a dị ka atụmatụ ogologo oge, mana na-ekwu na mmụba nke ụdị nri dị iche iche ga-ewe "ọtụtụ iri afọ na ọtụtụ ijeri dollar",  nakwa na biofortilization nwere ike ịbụ usoro dị irè iji nyere aka belata nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ.Biofortification: Harnessing Agricultural Technology to Improve the Health of the Poor, IFPRI and CIAT pamphlet, (2002).

 Hụkwa 

 Osikapa ọla edo
 Enweghị ike nri na-adịghị mma ("Ụnwụ Nzuzo") 
 Nsogbu Nri Na-edozi Ahụ
 CGIAR
 Ntọala Bill &amp; Melinda Gates

 Ihe edeturu 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ ndị metụtara biofortification
 Ihe ubi na-abaghị uru
 Usoro Ihe ọmụma Vitamin na Mineral Nutrition nke WHO
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations