RobRobert Blackburnert Blackburn

Robert BlackburnAmụrụ Ọnwa Iri na Abụọ 10, 1920 ( 1920-12-10 )</br> Summit, New Jersey, US Nwụrụ Eprel 21, 2003 ( 2003-04-22 ) (afọ 82)</br> New York City, New York, US Agụmakwụkwọ Njikọ Ndị Mmụta Art nke New York Onye were ọrụ National Academy of Design Mara maka Ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Robert Blackburn Ihe nrite Mmekọrịta MacArthur 1992
Robert Hamilton Blackburn (December 12, 1920 – ụgbọ 21, 2003) bụ onye omenkà America-Afrika, onye nkuzi na onye akwụkwọ akwụkwọ .

 Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ 
A egwuregwu Blackburn na Summit, New Jersey, nye Janet Chambers na Robert Archeball Blackburn, bụ ndị si Jamaica, o tolitere na Harlem, ebe ebe ya kwagara mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa.  [1] N'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ kwagara, nne na nna ya kewapụrụ, ahụ gosiri oge ego siri ike.  [2] Nne Blackburn gụrụ nkà nka nka, mana nna ya dara ya mbà.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, ọ ịrịba ịga klas na Harlem Arts Community Center nke Ndị Ozi Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọganihu nke Federal Art Project na-arụ ọrụ, na-amụ ihe na Charles Alston na Augusta Savage, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  Na Harlem Art Community Center Blackburn zutere Ronald Joseph, onye bụ nwa klas ya.  [3] Blackburn ọrụ ya na WPA maka ihe o nwere n'ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'oge ọrụ ya niile.  . 

Blackburn mụtara lithography na usoro ndị ọzọ na-ebi akwụkwọ na Riva Helfond, bụ onye kụziiri ya otú e si arụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, nhazi, na ịkwadebe okwute, dabere na usoro dị mfe.[1].  Ọ na-agakarị na Uptown Community Workshop, ebe mgbakọ maka ndị nka ojii na ndị ode akwụkwọ dịka Langston Hughes, Richard Wright na Jacob Lawrence.  Blackburn rụrụ ọrụ na Workshop dị ka onye nleba anya, na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị nkuzi.  Ọrụ a nyere ya ohere izute ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Romare Bearden, Aaron Douglas, na Jacob Lawrence 

Blackburn gara P.S.  139 wee bụrụ Frederick Douglass Junior High School (1932–36), ebe onye nkuzi bekee bụ Countee Cullen.  Malite na 1936, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị DeWitt Clinton na Bronx, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Magpie dị ka onye edemede na onye na-ese ihe yana onye ọgbọ James Baldwin.[1]  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1940.

Saịtị na akara mbụ nke ndị obodo na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị na n'ụdị ozi, Blackburn gara n'ihu n'onwe.  Site na 1940 ruo 1943, akwụkwọ ozi ọrụ na Art Students League mere ka o kwe omume ihe ọrụ na Vaclav Vytlacil na lithography na Will Barnet, onye ikpe enyi ya.  Na Art Student League, Blackburn meri a School Arts League Award na Art Student League Working Scholarship maka igbu ihe.  [1] N'agbata 1943 na 1948 ọ awo onwe ya na ihe isi ike site na ọrụ onye nweere onwe ya ya nka, na-achọta map, chaatị na ụzọ ndị ọzọ.  Blackburn mechakwara nwee ike ịgụ akwụkwọ na Stanley William Hayter 's Atelier Atelier 17 dị na New York, nke nyere aka na ike ya imepe ụlọ akara nke ya 

 Ọrụ 
N'afọ 1947, Robert Blackburn hiwere Ndị Ọrụ Mbipụta, 8,000-square-foot (740 m ụlọ elu dị na 114 West 17th Street na New York City. [1] Mgbe mbụ Amare ya, mmemme ogbako ahụ klaas mgbede, ebe a  na-arụ ọrụ studio mepere, na ụlọ obibi ebe ndị nwere ike ịme nke ha.  agba iri na asaa na ọtụtụ nkume na usoro akwụkwọ. [3] N'afọ 1953 na 1954, Blackburn gara Europe dum

York, Hildreth. "Bob Blackburn and the Printmaking Workshop." Black American Literature Forum, vol. 20, Indiana State University, 1986.Blackburn na-emesapụ aka nke ọma nye ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ bịara na nkuzi ahụ wee kwalite ikuku nke oghere maka ụdị dị iche iche.  N'ime ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ na Blackburn na ndị na-arụ ọrụ Printmaking bụ Elizabeth Catlett, Charles White, Nadine M. DeLawrence, Vivian Browne, Emma Amos, Otto Neals, Ernst Crichlow, Samella Lewis, John Biggers, Ed  Clark, Mavis Pusey, Vincent Dacosta Smith na Jack Whitten.  Ya na Romare Bearden dị nso, a na-azụkwa ya maka iwebata ya na nchịkọta usoro.  Ha abụọ na-ahụ nke ndị na-ese ihe 306. [1] Nkwenye ya n'ịkwado ụmụ akwụkwọ nta na ụmụ akwụkwọ ụwa nke atɔ na mmemme obodo na-emepe ikike nwera miri emi ndị na-eto eto na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ.  , bụ ndị na-ahụ ihe igbu ihe ndị yiri ya na United States na mba ụwa

N'afọ 1956, mgbe Workshop Printmaking gbalịsiri ike inweta ego wee chere egwu mmechi, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ Chaim Koppelman chepụtara ụzọ isi chekwaa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site n'ịgbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ nkwado na ụtụ kwa afọ.  Blackburn kwadoro Koppelman maka ịzọpụta Ọmụmụ ihe, na 1992, Blackburn, Barnet, na Koppelman nwetara ihe nrite New York Artists Equity Award maka "ọrụ raara onwe ha nye ndị obodo na-ebipụta akwụkwọ." "Chaim Koppelman: Pioneering Printmaker and Teacher." Journal of the Print World, Winter 2010, p. 4.

Oge kacha njọ Blackburn dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ bụ n'etiti na-achọ afọ 1950 na ọhụrụ 1970s.  [1] N'ime oge a, o nnukwu ozu nke ndụ ndụ na agba agba, ngwaahịa na lithography .  N'afọ ndị 1970, Blackburn tụụrụ na lithography wee malite osisi, yana ụfọdụ monotypes na intaglios .

Blackburn jere ozi n'etiti 1957 na 1963 dị ka onye nbipute izizi mbụ maka Tatyana Grosman 's Universal Limited Art Editions (ULAE), ebe o akara maka ndị nka dịka Helen Frankenthaler, Grace Hartigan, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg na Larry Rivers  .  [1] Ọ la otu n'ụzọ bụ isi na-arụ ọrụ na Workshop Printmaking na oge niile ka o nwesịrị ihe ike akwụkwọ na 1962, nke gbajiri nkume Robert Rauschenberg, na-amanye ekele obi Blackburn. 

N'afọ 1971, Blackburn debere otu bọọdụ ndu iji nyere aka na-agba ọsọ Workshop Printmaking wee tinye ya dị ka nri uru .  N'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ndị ọrụ ahụ chịkọbara nnukwu akwụkwọ nke ndị na-ese ihe, na ntụra ha ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide bụ ndị Deborah Cullen duziri, bụ onye zutere Blackburn mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ nke Visual Arts.  na 1985 ma bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ n'etiti.  1993 na 1996. Ka ọ na-erule 1997, etinyela ihe akwụkwọ 2,500 n'ime ọrụ ndị a n'ọbá akwụkwọ nke Congress dị na Washington DC nhọrọ ndị dị nta nke Workshop ka etinyere na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture na El  Museo Del Barrio, New York.

N'ime 1970s, ọ sonyere na oghere nka obodo akpọrọ Communications Village nke onye na-ebi akwụkwọ Benjamin Leroy Wigfall na-arụ na Kingston, NY. Andrews ji enyemaka nke ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ bụ́ ndị Wigfall kụziiri otú e si ebi akwụkwọ mere mbipụta, o mekwara ihe ngosi n’ebe ahụ. 

Cotter, Holland. "Robert Blackburn, Founder of the Printmaking Workshop, Dies at 82." "New York Times, April 25, 2003.N'ime afá ndị gafeworonụ, Blackburn eseri na National Academy of Design (1949), New School for Social Research (1950-1968), Cooper Union, New York University (1965-1971), School of Visual Arts (1967-1971)  , Pratt Institute (1974-1975), Mahadum Columbia (malite na 1970), na Mahadum Rutgers (1977-1979).  Ọ ntọala ntọala Experimental Printmaking Institute (EPI) na akwụkwọ Lafayette na 1996, iji soro ụmụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ọrụ na-ebupụta.  [1] N'afọ 1981, a àmà Blackburn na National Academy of Design ka ọ bụrụ onye mmekọ, wee bụrụ onye otu zuru oke na 1994. Na 1987, ọ natara Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture Award n'ihi na ọ "nyere  nnukwu aka na ndụ nke New York City."  [2] N'afọ 1988, Blackburn na ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụkwọ akụkọ, , na ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụkwọ, na-enye onyinye onyinye nka nke Govanọ site na New York State Council on Arts .  Ọkwa ọrụ MacArthur na 1992. Blackburn bụ onye so na Society of American Graphic Artists ogologo oge.  Ọ biri na Chelsea Hotel mgbe e ịhụ na ndụ, ma edi na New York City .

Na September 18, 2003, Great Hall of Cooper Union dị na New York City mere ihe ngosi na-egosi iji gosi ọrụ Blackburn.  Ụlọ mbụ nke Blackburn na DeWitt Clinton High School, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ndị na-ese ihe Burton Hasen, David Finn na Harold Altman, ịga na Metropolitan Museum na 2009.

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 "Oghere ihe okike: afọ iri ise nke ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ Robert Blackburn". Webụsaịtị Library of Congress.
 Ihe osise ọha Robert Blackburn na ọdụ 116th Street, nke MTA Arts for Transit nyere ya.
 Ihe omume ihe omumu ihe omumu nke Robert Blackburn na Elizabeth Foundation for Arts
 York, Hildreth. "Bob Blackburn na ebe obibi akwụkwọ". Nzukọ Literature Black American, vol. 20, Mahadum steeti Indiana, 1986.
 Ọrụ nka nke Robert Blackburn (dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye nbipute) na The Baltimore Museum of Art.
 Deborah Cullen, Robert Blackburn Passages . David C. Driskell Center, Mahadum Maryland, College Park, Septemba 18 - Disemba 19, 2014.
 Deborah Cullen, Robert Blackburn: Onye na-ebi akwụkwọ America . Ph.D. Akwụkwọ edemede, Mahadum City nke New York, 2002.
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations