Henry Speller

Henry Speller (1900–1997) bụ onye omenkà America na onye egwu blues na-arụ ọrụ na Memphis, Tennessee . A na-eji ụdị eserese na eserese ya mara mma, ndị mara mma, ndị na-atụ egwu nke o jiri tụnyere " 

 Ndụ 
Henry Speller bụ ọkpara Rosie Edwards na Robert Speller. Ndị nne na nna nne ya, Ike na Zannie Simpson zụlitere ya na Panther Burn mmezi nke Rolling Fork, Mississippi .  Ha bụ ezinụlọ na-ekekọrịta ihe, na-abụkarị n'ubi owu, Henry gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo oge niile iji kwado nne nne ya mgbe a manyere nna nna ya ịgbapụ Panther Burn mgbe esemokwu ya na onye ọrụ ọcha na-arụ ọrụ, bụ onye na-eyi ndụ ya egwu.  N'ikpeazụ, ezinụlọ ahụ dum kwagara n'ebe ugwu Mississippi. Speller rọrọ nrọ ịga North dị ka akụkụ nke Great Migration . 

Speller lụrụ ugboro atọ. N'afọ 1930, ọ lụrụ Elnora Davis, naanị ya kewapụrụ obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị. Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2002. N'agbata 1939 na 1941, ọ lụrụ Mary Lee Shorter, onye si Memphis, Tennessee.   Ancestry.com. 1940 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, US: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012. N'ịhụ ohere ịkwaga ọbụna ntakịrị n'ebe ugwu, Speller na Mary kwagara Memphis na 1941.  Ya na Meri mụrụ ụmụ ise tupu ha agbaa alụkwaghịm.

Na Memphis, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche nke ọrụ ụbọchị, na n'abalị na-egwuri egwu blues na ebe egwuregwu na agbata obi, akụkọ ihe mere eme Beale Street . Speller bụ onye na-egwu blues emezuru nke ọma bụ onye ya na Muddy Waters na Howlin' Wolf na-egwuri egwu.  Mgbe Howlin 'Wolf kwagara Chicago, ọ gbara Speller ume ka ọ sonyere ya wee bụrụ akụkụ nke mkpokọta ya na-adịgide adịgide, mana Speller jụrụ, na-ekwu na Chicago dị ya ezigbo oyi.  Ọ lara ezumike nká site n'ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-elekọta ogige maka ogige ntụrụndụ obodo Memphis n'etiti 1960s. 

Afọ ole na ole tupu ezumike nká ya, Speller zutere Georgia Verges, onye na-ese ihe. Ha lụrụ na 1964 wee nwee “alụmdi na nwunye zuru oke,” ka nwa Speller William siri kwuo.  Ha amụtaghị nwa ọnụ. Georgia bụkwa onye na-ese ihe nke isiokwu ya na-abụkarị ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị atụ na-etinye aka na mmemme ọtụtụ mmadụ nke edobere na mbara ala mara mma. Ọ dara ọrịa nke ukwuu n'etiti afọ 1980 wee kwụsị imepụta ọrụ afọ ole na ole tupu ọ nwụọ na 1988.  Nkà na ahụike Speller dara obere oge ka ọ nwụsịrị.  Ọ malitere ịhapụ anya ya na 1990, ya mere ọchịchọ na ikike ime nka.  Ọ nwụrụ na 1997. 

 Ọrụ 
Henry Speller malitere ịse na eserese mgbe ọ kwagara Memphis, Tennessee, na 1941. Ọ chịkọtara ihe ndị e ji mee ihe, tụfuo iji dozie, megharịa ma ọ bụ ree mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba ịdị ọcha nke Memphis.  

 Akụrụngwa 
N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Speller nọgidere na-enwe mmasị maka nnukwu akwụkwọ maka eserese ya, na-abụkarị 19 na × 20 na (480 mm × 510 mm) . O ji pensụl graphite kọwapụta ihe ndị ọ na-achị, wee jupụta n'ọnụọgụ ndị ahụ ma jiri crayons ma ọ bụ pensụl ndị nwere agba mechie ụkpụrụ. Ọrụ ya niile na-ejupụta ibe ahụ ruo n'akụkụ, ma e wezụga nsụgharị ya nke otu ọnụ ọgụgụ, nke guzo naanị ya megide ndabere ọcha. Speller mere ọtụtụ puku eserese n'oge ndụ ya. Ọtụtụ narị narị ndị lanarịrị ọtụtụ mmegharị ya n'ofe Memphis. 

 Isiokwu 
A maara Speller nke ọma maka eserese ya nke ụlọ zuru ezu, ụdị njem njem (ụgbọ oloko, ụgbọ ala, ụgbọ mmiri, na ụgbọ elu), na ihe osise mara mma, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị.  Ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na-abụkarị ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha na ihu angular, ara gbara gburugburu nke nwere okirikiri concentric, na akụkụ ahụ ekpughere nke nwere aha ọcha ndịda nkịtị, dị ka "Katie Mae" na "Lisa Jean". Site na odide ndị a, Speller na-emepụta ihe atụ maka njem na nnwere onwe na Jim Crow South, nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, na ọbụna ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii, nwere ike nweta, ma ọ gaghị eru ya. 

Ụkpụrụ na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na nhazi nke Speller. Eriri na grids na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mbugharị site n'otu ụgbọ elu gaa na nke ọzọ, dị ka site n'uwe gaa akpụkpọ ma ọ bụ site n'ime ruo n'èzí ụlọ. Ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme adọtala njikọ n'etiti usoro Speller na omenala ndị na-eme ihe n'Africa, na akụkụ akụkụ anọ ha na-emezigharị na square grids. 

Ịbanye kwa ụbọchị n'etiti ọrụ aka na-adịghị agwụ agwụ na nkasi obi nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ blues weputara ọdịiche dị na ọrụ Speller. Ụdị anya ya, na ndị na-eṅomi ya, aghọwo ndị a maara dị ka "blues aesthetic."  Egwu Blues na-emetụta ọmarịcha anya a site n'ịmepụta echiche efu site na mgbu a hụrụ na mbụ. "Nke a isiokwu n'aka dabara n'ime n'ógbè nke grotesque na ihe jọgburu onwe ya, na-egosipụta a mgbanwe, ahụ na-efegharị efegharị nke na-atụ egwu ịgafe njide." 

 Ihe ngosi 
E gosila ọrụ Speller na ihe ngosi ndị a:

 Black American Folk Art: Henry Speller, Mose Tolliver, Bill Traylor. 1983, Haupert Union Building, Moravian College, Bethlehem, PA.
 Southern Folk Images: David Butler, Henry Speller, Bill Traylor. 1984, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA.
 Baking in the Sun: Visionary Images from the South: selections from the collection of Sylvia and Warren Lowe. Jun 13- July 31, 1987, University Art Museum, University of Southeastern Louisiana. Lafayette, LA.
 Gifted Visions: Black American Folk Art, 1988, Atrium Gallery, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
 Outside the Mainstream: Folk Art in Our Time. May–Aug 1988, High Museum of Art at Georgia-Pacific Center, Atlanta, GA.
 American Resources: Selected Works of African American Artists, Aug 26- September 24, 1989, Bernice Steinbaum Gallery, New York, NY.
 Gifted Visions: African American Folk Art. Jan 27- February 24, 1990, University Art Gallery, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA.
 Orphans in the Storm. Nov 1- Dec 31, 1991, 10 2 1 Gallery, Birmingham, AL..
 Contemporary American Folk Art: The Balsley Collection, 1992, Patrick and Beatrice Haggerty Museum of Art, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI.
 Free Within Ourselves: African American Artists in the Collection of the National Museum of American Art. 1992, National Museum of American Art, Washington D.C.
 Unsigned, Unsung, Whereabouts Unknown!: Make-Do Art of the American Outlands. Feb 5- March 7, 1993, Florida State University Art Gallery and Museum, Tallahassee, FL.
 Fundamental Soul: The Hager Gift of Self-Taught African American Art. Jan 26- Mar 10, 1996, Rockford Art Museum, Rockford, IL.
 Wrestling with History: A Celebration of African American Self-Taught Artists from the Collection of Ronald and June Shelp. 1996, Baruch College, CUNY, New York, NY.
 Drawing Outside the Lines: Works on Paper by Outsider Artists, 1996, Noyes Museum of Art, Oceanville, NJ.
 Outsider Art: An Exploration of Chicago Collections. Dec 9, 1996- February 3, 1997, Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago, IL.
 Wind in My Hair, May 1996- May 1997, American Visionary Art Museum, Baltimore, MD.
 Drawings in the Spirit of 9, 1997, Atrium Gallery, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
 Noah's Ark: Animals by Southern Self-Taught Artists. 1998, Art Museum of the University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
 Love: Error and Eros. May 16, 1998 - May 30, 1999, American Visionary Art Museum, Baltimore, MD.
 Southern Spirit: The Hill Collection. Feb 21- March 31, 2000, Museum of Art, Tallahassee, FL.
 Stories of Community: Self-Taught Art from the Hill Collection. Aug 12 - Oct 30, 2004, Museum of Arts and Sciences, Macon, GA.
 The Souls of Black Folk: Selections of African American Folk Art from the Museum's Permanent Collection. Nov 28, 2004- ongoing, Museum of African American Life and Culture, Dallas, TX.
 Fun!, Jun 29- Jul 28, 2006, Luise Ross Gallery, New York, NY.
 Portraits: Outsider Artists, Fall, 2006, Robert Cargo Folk Art Gallery, Paoli, PA.
 Amazing Grace: Self-Taught Artists from the Mullis Collection. Sep 29, 2007- January 6, 2008, Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, GA.
 All Folk. Aug 19- October 2, 2010, Barbara Archer Gallery, Atlanta, GA.
 Pure Folk: Celebrating the Folk Art Society of America. Sep 14- Nov 10, 2012, Barbara Archer Gallery, Atlanta, GA
 When the Stars Begin to Fall: Imagination in the American South. Mar 27- June 29, 2014, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY.
 Called to Create: Black Artists of the American South at National Gallery of Art, 18 Sept 2022 – 26 March 2023

 Nchịkọta 
Ọrụ Speller dị ugbu a na mkpokọta ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị a: Henry Speller / Collections christianberst.com

 Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Metropolitan
 Ụlọ ọrụ Art nke Minneapolis
 Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn
 Ụlọ akwụkwọ Morgan &amp; Museum
 High Museum of Art
 Smithsonian American Art Museum
 collection de l'Art brut, Lausanne, Switzerland
 American Folk Art Museum
 Nchịkọta Treger Saint Silvestre, Porto, Portugal
 Mississippi Museum of Art
 Rockford Art Museum, Rockford, US
 St. James Place Folk Art Museum, Robersonville, US
 The Old Capitol Museum of Mississippi History, Jackson, US
 Ụlọ ihe ngosi White Hall, Richmond, US
 Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke mba US National Gallery of Art Acquires Forty Works by African American Artists from Souls Grown Deep Foundation, press release from National Gallery of Art, 28 Dec 2020

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 William Arnett: Henry Speller soulsgrowndeep.org
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations