Kara Walker

Kara Elizabeth Walker (amuru na Nọvemba 26, 1969) bu onye ihe osise America nke oge a, silhouettet, onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye na-ese ihe nrụnye, onye na-ese ihe nkiri na prọfesọ na-enyocha agbụrụ, okike, mmekọahụ, ime ihe ike na njirimara n'ọrụ ya. A maara ya nke ọma maka tableaux size nke ọnụ ụlọ ya nke silhouettes oji gbuchapụ akwụkwọ. Enyere Walker onyinye mmekọ MacArthur na 1997, mgbe ọ dị afọ 28, ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị kacha nta mgbe enwetara ihe nrite ahụ.  Ọ bụ onye isi oche Tepper na Visual Arts na Mason Gross School of Arts, Mahadum Rutgers kemgbe 2015. 

A na-ahụta Walker dị ka otu n'ime ndị omenkà ojii America kachasị ama ama na-arụ ọrụ taa.    

 Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ 
A mụrụ Walker na 1969 na Stockton, California .  Nna ya, Larry Walker, bụ onye na-ese ihe na prọfesọ.    Nne ya Gwendolyn bụ onye enyemaka nchịkwa. Als, Hilton (October 8, 2007), "The Shadow Act", The New Yorker.  Ntụleghachi nke 2007 na New York Times kọwara ndụ nwata ya dị ka nke dị jụụ, na-ekwupụta na "ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara ndụ [Walker] dị nnọọ ka ọ ga-adị ka eburula ya ụzọ maka ọrụ a. Amụrụ na 1969, o tolitere na mpaghara California jikọtara ọnụ, akụkụ ya. nke ọgbọ nke mkpali na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nke òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na iwe na-achọ ya ugbu a nke Black Power bụ akụkọ ụnyaahụ." 

Mgbe Walker dị afọ 13, nna ya nakweere ọkwá na Georgia State University . Ha biri n’obodo Nkume Ugwu.   Nkwagharị a bụụrụ onye na-ese ihe na-eto eto egwu egwu . N'ụzọ dị nnọọ iche na gburugburu omenala ọtụtụ nke California dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, Stone Mountain ka na-enwe nnọkọ Ku Klux Klan . N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọhụrụ ya, Walker na-echeta, sị, "A na-akpọ m ' nigger ,' gwara m na m dị ka enwe, ebubo (amaghị m na ọ bụ ebubo) ịbụ ' Yankee .'" 

Walker natara BFA ya site na Atlanta College of Art na 1991 yana MFA ya site na Rhode Island School of Design na 1994.  Walker chọtara onwe ya ahụ erughị ala ma na-atụ egwu ịkọwa agbụrụ n'ime nka ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ kọleji, na-echegbu onwe ya na a ga-anata ya dị ka "ụdị" ma ọ bụ "doro anya"; Otú ọ dị, ọ malitere iwebata agbụrụ n'ime nka ya mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ Rhode Island nke Kere maka Nna-ukwu ya.

Walker na-echeta n'ịtụgharị uche ná mmetụta nna ya, sị: "Otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ m chetara bụ ịnọdụ ọdụ n'apata papa m na studio ya n'ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke ụlọ anyị ma na-ekiri ka ọ na-ese ihe. Echetara m na m na-eche, sị: 'Achọrọ m ime nke ahụ,' na m mara mma nke ukwuu kpebiri na mgbe ahụ, mgbe m dị afọ 2½ ma ọ bụ 3 na m bụ onye na-ese ihe dị ka papa m." Wilson, Flo, "On Walls and the Walkers," "The International Review of African American Art" 20.3: 17–19.

 Ọrụ na ọrụ 
A maara Walker nke ọma maka panoramic friezes nke silhouettes mpempe akwụkwọ, na-abụkarị ndị oji na-emegide mgbidi ọcha, nke na-ekwu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba ohu na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ America site na onyonyo ime ihe ike na nke na-adịghị mma.  Ọ rụpụtakwara ọrụ na gouache, watercolor, animation vidiyo, puppets onyinyo, amụma "anwansi-lantern", yana nrụnye ọkpụkpụ buru ibu dị ka ihe ngosi ọha na eze nwere oke ọchịchọ ya na Oge Okike nke a na-akpọ " Onye aghụghọ, ma ọ bụ Sugar Baby," nsọpụrụ nye ndị ọrụ nka na-akwụghị ụgwọ na nke karịrị akarị bụ ndị nụchara ụtọ ụtọ anyị dị ụtọ site n'ubi okpete gaa na kichin nke ụwa ọhụrụ n'oge mbibi nke Domino Sugar Refining Plant" (2014). Silhouettes ojii na-acha ọcha na-eche ihu n'ezie nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ma na-ejikwa echiche efu sitere n'oge ịgba ohu na-emetụta nchegbu ndị na-adịgide adịgide nke oge a. 
O buru ụzọ bata n'uche ụwa nka na 1994 na eserese ya "Gaa, Romance Historical of a Civil War dị ka Ọ na-eme n'etiti Thighs Dusky nke Otu Young Negress na Obi Ya." Mpịakọta silhouette mpempe akwụkwọ a, nke na-egosi Antebellum ndịda jupụtara na mmekọahụ na ịgba ohu, bụ ihe kụrụ n'otu ntabi anya. Cotter, Holland. "Kara Walker." "The New York Times," n.d. Aha ihe osise a na-ezo aka akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ewu ewu Gone with the Wind site Margaret Mitchell, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na tebụl akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Walt Disney na 1930s.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 28, ọ ghọrọ onye nnata nke abụọ kacha nta nke John D. na Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation nyere onyinye "ọgụgụ isi",  nke abụọ naanị onye Mayanist a ma ama David Stuart . N'afọ 2007, ihe ngosi Walker Art Center "Kara Walker: Mmeju m, Onye mmegbu m, Onye iro m, ịhụnanya m" bụ nyocha mbụ nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie US.

Mmetụta ya gụnyere Andy Warhol, onye nka Walker na-ekwu na ọ masịrị ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata,  Adrian Piper,   na Robert Colescott . Cotter, Holland. "Kara Walker." "The New York Times," n.d.

Onyonyo silhouette Walker na-arụ ọrụ iji mebie akụkọ ifo na-emechabeghị na Antebellum South, na-ebulite njirimara na okwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị maka ụmụ nwanyị Africa-American karịsịa. Walker na-eji ihe onyonyo sitere na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akụkọ ihe mere eme iji gosi ka esi egosipụta ndị Africa America gbara ohu n'oge Antebellum South.  Silhouette a na-abụkarị ọdịnala genteel na akụkọ nka America; a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe osise ezinụlọ na ihe atụ akwụkwọ. Walker na-eme omenala ihe osise a mana o jiri ha mepụta ihe odide n'ime ụwa na-abaghị uru, ụwa nke na-ekpughe obi ọjọọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ America na ahaghị nhata.

Walker na-agụnye iberi dị egwu, dị nkọ nke odida obodo ndịda, dị ka osisi moss Spanish na nnukwu ọnwa nke igwe ojii dị egwu kpuchie. Ihe onyonyo ndị a gbara onye na-ekiri ya gburugburu ma mepụta oghere okirikiri, claustrophobic. Usoro okirikiri a na-asọpụrụ ụdị nka ọzọ, eserese akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ogo 360 nke a maara dị ka cyclorama. 

Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe oyiyi ya dị egwu; dịka ọmụmaatụ, na "Agha Atlanta,"  onye ọcha, ma eleghị anya onye agha ndịda, na-edina nwa agbọghọ ojii mgbe nwanne ya nwoke na-ekiri na ujo; na nwoke ohu ojii na-ezo anya mmiri n'ahụ nwa nwoke ọcha na-eto eto. Ojiji nke stereotypes anụ ahụ dị ka profaịlụ na-atọ ụtọ, egbugbere ọnụ buru ibu, imi kwụ ọtọ, na ogologo ntutu na-enyere onye na-ekiri ya aka ịmata ọdịiche dị na isi ojii na ihe ndị ọcha. Walker na-egosipụta ahaghị nha na mmeso ọjọọ nke ndị America America site n'aka ndị ogbo ha ọcha. Ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri na Studio Museum dị na Harlem lere anya na-arịa ọrịa, akpata oyi na-atụ, na akpata oyi mgbe ha hụrụ ihe ngosi ya. Thelma Golden, onye isi nlekọta ihe ngosi nka, kwuru na "n'oge ọrụ ya niile, Walker agbaghawo ma gbanwee ụzọ anyị si ele ma ghọta akụkọ ihe mere eme America. Ọrụ ya bụ ihe na-akpali akpali, mmetụta mmetụta uche, ma ọ mara mma nke ukwuu na ọgụgụ isi."  Walker kwuru na ọrụ ya na-eleba anya n'ụzọ ndị America si ele ịkpa ókè agbụrụ anya na "nlekwasị anya dị nro," na-ezere "nchịkọta nke ịkpọasị na ọchịchọ na obi ụtọ nke a na-ejikọta na [...] ịkpa ókè agbụrụ." 

 Usoro: nrụnye silhouette 
A kacha mara Walker maka nrụnye saịtị ya na-emikpu onwe ya. Walker na-egwu ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara imebi ahịrị dị n'etiti ụdị nka. Nrụnye ya nwere ike ịdị omimi n'etiti nka a na-ahụ anya na nka arụmọrụ. Ihe nrụnye ya dị ka ihe ngosi ihe nkiri ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi kpụrụ akpụ nke ndụ na-enye aka ma kpalite omume a na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Dị ka Walker kwuru na mbụ, ọ na-elekwasị anya n'echiche na echiche dị n'azụ ihe osise ahụ kama ilekwasị anya na mbụ mma na akụkụ anya nke ihe osise ahụ, na-emepụta ọtụtụ echiche echiche.

Ọzọkwa, Shelly Jarenski na-atụle nka Waker n'ihe gbasara panoramas. Maka ọnọdụ ndabere, panoramas bụ ndị ewu ewu na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ụdị ntụrụndụ.  Ha na-egosipụtakarị ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ mbara ala buru ibu. Ọrụ Walker na-egosi na ahụmahụ ndị mara mma nke agbakwunyere na panorama (ọ bụ ezie na ahụmahụ ndị ahụ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu) nọgidere dị ka nchegbu na nkà nke ndị America America, dị ka ihe na-esi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụkọ agbụrụ nke haziri ya nọgidere na-adịgide adịgide. n'ịkpụzi akụkọ ọdịnala anyị nke oge a gbasara agbụrụ na oghere. Ọrụ Walker na-enyekwa ihe atụ anya nke abụọ nke ụzọ panoramas nwere ike isi metụta ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ mgba na-aga n'ihu maka ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a iji jide anya nke panoramas, n'ihi na ihe ndị e dere ede na-abụkarị ihe niile na-adị ndụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme  . Mgbe ị na-elele panorama Walker, ha bụ ihe atụ nke ihe omume gara aga ma ọ bụ ngosipụta nke ịgba ohu nke ndị America America. Ikike ya ijikọta ngwaọrụ ndị e ji mee ihe n'oge gara aga na imegharịgharị ya na ihe nkiri mmehie ọ na-emepụta na nnukwu nrụnye ya na-emebi mma nke nrụnye ndị a. Dị ka Jarenski kwuru n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, panoramas Walker na-enye ihe atụ anya nke ka panoramas ya si emetụta ndị na-ekiri ya bụ nke dị iche na panoramas narị afọ nke 19 bụ ndị nwere oke na akwụkwọ ederede. Nrụnye Walker nwere ike ịmepụta nkọwa ọhụụ nke oge a ma wusie otu isiokwu nke panoramas ike; gosi ihe mere eme. Ya mere, n'ihu na-amụba ìhè na njikọta ọnụ na usoro nka na mmepụta nka ikpeazụ.

Kara Walker kọwara otu oge usoro nka ya dị ka "nyocha akụkụ abụọ na otu akụkụ paranoid hysteria," nkọwa nke na-ejide njikọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na echiche efu nke jupụtara n'ọrụ ya.  N'echiche ahụ, site na usoro Walker na-emepụta nka ya, 2/3 n'ime ya nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na nyocha ezi uche dị na ya, nyocha, na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ezi uche. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ na-atụ aro akụkụ nke egwu ezi uche dị na ya ma ọ bụ paranoia. N'agbanyeghị akụkụ ezi uche dị na ya, enwere mmetụta nke ahụ erughị ala na mgbagwoju anya nke na-ejikọta ma gosipụta onwe ya site na ọrụ ya.

 Ọrụ ndị ama ama 
N'ime mpempe ya nke e kere na 2000, "Mmebi iwu! (Ngwaọrụ anyị bụ ihe na-adịghị mma, ma anyị na-agbanye)", ihe odide silhouette na-emegide ndabere nke nleba anya ọkụ. Nke a na-enye mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ ọmarịcha mma, na-akpali akpali nke mmepụta sel sitere na ihe nkiri eserese nke 1930s. Ọ na-ezokwa aka akụkọ ihe ọkụkụ "Gaara na ifufe" na ihe nkiri Technicolor dabere na ya. Ọzọkwa, a na-edozi ihe ọkụ ọkụ nke mere na onyinyo nke ndị na-ekiri na-atụgharị na mgbidi ahụ, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe odide ma na-agba ha ume ka ha nyochaa isiokwu ndị siri ike nke ọrụ ahụ.  N'afọ 2005, o mepụtara ihe ngosi "Mmalite 8 nwere ike ime" ma ọ bụ: "The Creation of African-America, a Moving Picture," nke webatara onyonyo na ụda na-akpali akpali. Nke a nyere aka tinyekwuo ndị na-ekiri ya n'ime ụwa gbara ọchịchịrị ya. N'ime ihe ngosi a, a na-eji silhouettes mee ihe dị ka ihe oyiyi onyinyo . Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọ na-eji olu nke ya na nwa ya nwanyị na-atụ aro ka ihe nketa nke ịgba ohu America oge mbụ si metụta onyinyo ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na nwanyị nwere agba. 


 Ọgụgụ ọzọ 

 Akụkọ 

 D'Arcy, David. "Kara Walker na-ebuli oké ifufe," "Ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a" (April 2006).
 Garrett, Shawn-Marie. "Nlaghachi nke ndị a na-akpagbu," "Ụlọ ihe nkiri" 32, mba. 2 (Okpomọkụ 2002).
 Kazanjian, Dodie. "Wepụ ya," "Vogue" (Mee 2005).
 Szabo, Julia. "Kara Walker's Shock Art," "New York Times Magazine" 146, mba. 50740 (March 1997).
 Walker, Hamza. "Kara Walker: Cut it Out," "Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art" no. 11/12 (Ụda/Oyi 2000).
 Aha, Hilton. "The Shadow Act," "New Yorker", October 8, 2007
 Aha, Hilton. "The Sugar Sphinx," "New Yorker", Mee 8, 2014
 Scott, Andrea K. "Mụọ nke Kara Walker nke Ọjọọ Ọdịnihu", "New Yorker", Septemba 9, 2017
 Wall, David. "Mmehie, ngafe, na ime ihe ike nke ile anya na nka nke Kara Walker," "Oxford Art Journal" vol. 33, mba. 3 (2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/40983288

 Akwụkwọ ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ifo na katalọgụ 

 Barrett, Terry. "Nkà na-atụgharị: Na-atụgharị uche, Na-eche, na Ịzaghachi", New York: McGraw Hill (2002).
 Berry, Ian, Darby English, Vivian Patterson, Mark Reinhardt, ed. "Akụkọ nke Negress , Boston: MIT Press (2003).
 Onye ọkwá nkà, Elizabeth na Joan Rothfuss. "Bits & Iberibe Ejikọtara ọnụ iji gosipụta ihe ngosi nke mkpokọta: mkpokọta Walker Art Center". Minneapolis: Walker Art Center, 2005.
 Géré, Vanina. "Kara Walker", usoro faịlụ October, MIT Press (2022). https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262544474/kara-walker/
 Jacobs, Harriet . " Ihe omume na ndụ nke ohu ohu " (1858).
 Shaw, Gwendolyn Dubois . "Ịhụ ihe na-enweghị ike ikwu: Art of Kara Walker", Durham na London: Duke University Press (2004). http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55008318
 Vergne, Philippe, et al. "Kara Walker: Onye mmeju m, onye iro m, onye mmegbu m, ịhụnanya m." Minneapolis: Walker Art Center, 2007. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/602217956
 Walker, Kara E. "Kara Walker: Mgbe Iju Mmiri ahụ gasịrị". New York: Rizzoli, 2007. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/144225309
 Walker, Kara E., Olga Gambari, na Richard Iju mmiri. Kara Walker: Ọganihu nke talent kwesịrị ịrịba ama . Torino: Fondazione Merz, 2011. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768397358

 Akụkọ nka: Kara Walker, Nghọta nka ọgbara ọhụrụ. 2016

 Ihe ndetu 

 Ntụaka 
mgbe ha hụrụ ihe ngosi ya. Thelma Golden, onye isi nlekọta ihe ngosi nka, kwuru na "n'oge ọrụ ya niile, Walker agbaghawo ma gbanwee ụzọ anyị si ele ma ghọta akụkọ ihe mere eme America. Ọrụ ya bụ ihe na-akpali akpali, mmetụta mmetụta uche, ma ọ mar nonlekọta ihe ngosi nka, kwuru na "n'oge ọrụ ya niile, Walker agbaghawo ma gbanwee ụzọ anyị si ele ma ghọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nlekọta ihe ngosi nka, kwuru na "n'oge ọrụ ya niile, Walker agbaghawo ma gbanwee ụzọ anyị si ele ma ghọta akụkọ ihe mere eme America. Ọrụ ya bụ ihe na-akpaliAmerica. Ọrụ ya bụ ihe na-akpalinlekọta ihe ngosi nka, kwuru na "n'oge ọrụ ya niile, Walker agbaghawo ma gbanwee ụzọ anyị si ele ma ghọta akụkọ ihe mere eme America. Ọrụ ya bụ ihe na-akpali


 Goldbaum, Karen, ed. "Kara Walker: Pictures From Another Time." Seattle: Marquand Books, Inc.  
 Smith, Zadie. "What Do We Want History to Do to Us?" "The New York Review of Books", February 27, 2020. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2020/02/27/kara-walker-what-do-we-want-history-to-do-to-us/
 Vergne, Phillppe. "Kara Walker: My Complement, My Enemy, My Oppressor, My Love." Minneapolis: Walker Art Center.  ISBN 978-0-935640-86-1

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Kara Walker webụsaịtị
 The "Oge" 100: "Oge" magazin profaịlụ nke Walker
 Akụkọ ndụ, ajụjụ ọnụ, edemede, onyonyo ihe osise na obere vidiyo sitere na usoro PBS Art: 21 - Art in the Twenty-First Century - Oge 2 (2003)
 Abụ Kara E. Walker nke Ndịda na REDCAT
 Kara Walker na Ocula
 Kara Walker na Smithsonian American Art Museum
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations