Igbe ime

ugbo ime ime, nke a makwaara dị ka ụlọ nkịta ọhịa, bụ ogige ígwè nke a na-azụ anụ ọhịa a na-eji amụ nwa nwere ike idebe n'oge ime ime. Wilson G. Pond, Fuller W. Bazer, Bernard E. Rollin (eds.), Animal Welfare in Animal Agriculture, CRC Press, 2011, p. 151ff.  Otu igbe dị mma na-atụle 6.6 ft x 2.0 ft (2 m x 60 cm).  "An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Gestation Crates for Pregnant Sows", Humane Society of the United States, 2008, p. 1.    

Ụlọ ahịa a na-agha mkpụrụ enweghị ihe eji ehi ụra, kama a na-eji plastik, sink ma ọ bụ ígwè kpara akpa kpuchie ya ka e wee nwee ike ịnakọta ihe mkpofu nke ọma n'okpuru. A na-atụba ihe mkpofu a n'olulu ikuku a na-akpọ ọdọ mmiri.[1][2] Ụbọchị ole na ole tupu a mụọ nwa, a na-ebuga ahịhịa n'ime akpa ebe ha na-enwe ike ịdina ala, na-enwe igbe nwere mmasị na ya nke piglets ha nwere ike isi na-azụ ya.

Enwere ihe ọkụkụ 5.36 nde na United States dị ka nke 2016, n'ime ngụkọta nke ezì 50.1 nde.[1] A na-edobe ọtụtụ ịgha mkpụrụ dị ime na US n'ime oghere ime.[2] Amachibidoro igbe ndị ahụ maka nrụnye ọhụrụ naanị na Austria na Canada, yabụ ọtụtụ ịgha mkpụrụ ka nọ n'ebe ahụ na ebe a na-azụ anụ ezi. Amachibidoro ha na United Kingdom, Canada, Switzerland na Sweden, yana na steeti itoolu na US (Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Michigan, Ohio, Oregon na Rhode Island).[3] [4] Agbanyeghị, a machibidoghị crates farrowing, nke enwere ike idobe ezì ụmụ nwanyị ruo izu ise, na UK..Oliver Thring, "Is Red Tractor pork really 'high welfare'?", The Guardian, 26 January 2012.

Ndị na-emegide igbe ndị ahụ na-ekwu na ha bụ mmetọ anụmanụ, ebe ndị na-akwado ha na-ekwu maka ha iji gbochie ụmụ nwanyị ịlụ ọgụ n'etiti onwe ha.

 Ojiji 

 Ime 
A na-edebe n'etiti pasent 60 na pasent 70 nke ụmụ ehi n'ime igbe n'oge ime na United States.J. Webster, Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye Towards Eden, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, cited in An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Gestation Crates for Pregnant Sows, Humane Society of the United States. Ime ime ọ bụla na-ewe ọnwa atọ, izu atọ, na ụbọchị atọ. Ụmụ ga-enwe nkezi nke 2.5 litters kwa afọ maka afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, nke a na-etinye ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ime igbe.Marc Kaufmann, "In Pig Farming, Growing Concern, Raising Sows in Crates Is Questioned", The Washington Post, 18 June 2001. Ha na-amụ ihe dị n'agbata ụmụ ise na asatọ tupu e wepụ ha n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Ụfọdụ ụmụ ehi ndị toro eto nwere ike iru ogo nke ha ga-ehi ụra n'obi ha, ha enweghị ike idina n'akụkụ ha dịka ezì na-emekarị.Marc Kaufmann, "Largest Pork Processor to Phase Out Crates", The Washington Post, 26 January 2007. A na-eme ka ala dị larịị iji kwe ka nsị na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ daa n'ime olulu dị n'okpuru.
Ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ha amụọ nwa, a na-ebugharị ụmụ nwanyị n'ime igbe ndị na-eme nri, nke dị ntakịrị obosara ka ha wee nwee ike idina ala iji nye nwa ara. Crates nwere 18-in.  (46-cm) "oghere" n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla ebe ụmụ ezì nwere ike idina n'enweghị nsogbu n'enweghị ihe ize ndụ nke okpokoro (mgbe okpokoro dina n'elu obere ezì).

Ịdị ndụ nke ezì na-adabere na nrụgide nhọrọ. Ìgwè ezì a zụlitere maka ịdị ndụ dị elu egosighi ihe dị iche na ọnwụ mgbe a na-enye ha ara na igbe na usoro mpụga.E. M. Baxter, et al., "Breeding for improved pre-weaning piglet survival in alternative farrowing systems," Proceedings of the 41st congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (F. Galindo and L. Alvarez, eds.), 2007, Merida, Mexico.

 Ọnwụ ezì 
Ọ bụ ezie na ejirila farrowing crates dabere n'echiche ahụ na ha na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ piglet, ọ dị ntakịrị ihe akaebe e bipụtara na-akwado nkwupụta a. The kasị keukwu akwụkwọ ruo taa na isiokwu a kwubiri na ọ dịghị ịrịba mmetụta nke ụlọ na n'ozuzu piglet onwu, ndị dere na-ekwu na "N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na crate usoro e weere iji belata piglet onwu tumadi site na Mbelata nke nchikota, e nwere. abụghị ihe akaebe sayensị maka nke a mgbe ị na-atụle nnukwu nyocha ole na ole na-atụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ n'ime ìgwè ehi azụmahịa." Ntụleghachi a gara n'ihu ịkọwa ọtụtụ nnukwu ọmụmụ sitere na mmalite dị ka 1983, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha ahụghị ihe dị iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ piglet n'etiti ahịhịa ndị rụrụ arụ na nke crated. Ntụleghachi a kọwakwara arụmụka maka ihe kpatara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ piglet ji kọọ ka ọ dị ntakịrị karịa na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọmụmụ, na-ehota ntụpọ usoro.L.J. Pedersen, http://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/pdf/10.3920/978-90-8686-771-4_05 "Housing of sows during farrowing: a review on pen design,
welfare and productivity", retrieved January 2017.

 Ihe mgbochi ojiji 

 Europe 
Na European Union, ekwesighi iji igbe ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbe izu nke anọ nke ime na-eso ntuziaka EU nke afọ 2013. Ha megidere iwu n'oge niile na United Kingdom na Sweden. Otú ọ dị,  Denmark Produktion af grise i Danmark (from the Danish agricultural trade organisation 'Landbrug & Fødevarer). (Accessed 2019-20-06) na Norway Brennpunkt (NRK Documentary on animal welfare of conventional pigs in Norway). Accessed 2019-20-06.) bụ ụfọdụ n'ime mba ebe a ka na-eji igbe ime ime eme ihe na ọrụ ugbo ezì.

 New Zealand 
A ga-akwụsị iji igbe ime na-esote ịlụ di na nwunye na New Zealand site na 2015.[mkpa mmelite] Otú ọ dị, igbe ndị ahụ ka bụ iwu ruo izu anọ mgbe ha nwesịrị.  Nnyocha nke Ministry for Primary Industries duziri, na 2016, chọpụtara na "Kode ọdịmma dị ugbu a na-enye ohere ka ihe ruru 5% nke ụmụ ehi nọgide na crates maka otu izu ọzọ (na-agbaso izu 4 kachasị na crates mgbe ọ na-etolite) dị ka ụmụ nwanyị nọọsụ. Omume a na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ NA ghara ịnapụ ya nke ọma.

 Ebe Ugwu America 

N'afọ 2014, Canada guzobere mmachibido iwu mba niile maka igbe ime ime ọhụrụ. Otú ọ dị, a na-egbu oge ọzọ afọ 5 ruo 2029 ma ọ gaghị agụnye nrụnye ndị dị ugbu a.

Na United States, a machibidoro ha iwu na Florida kemgbe afọ 2002, Arizona kemgbe afọ 2006, na California kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 2008. Marc Kaufmann, "Largest Pork Processor to Phase Out Crates", The Washington Post, 26 January 2007. Iwu Rhode Island machibidoro igbe ahụ, nke e mere na June 2012, malitere na June 2013.  A na-ewepụkwa ha na Colorado, Maine, Michigan, Ohio na Oregon.Centner, TJ (2009) Limitations on the confinement of food animals in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics online first  Ọzọkwa, 2018 California Proposition 12 machibidoro ire anụ ezì site na igbe ime ime na California, ọbụlagodi na emepụtara ha n'ebe ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-anọgide na-echere ikpe ikpe.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013 New Jersey nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ezì nke ihe dị ka 9,000  nke ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla, dị ka Humane Society si kwuo, a na-edebe ya na igbe ime.  Na nyocha e mere na 2013, 90% nke ndị na-eme ntụli aka na New Jersey kwadoro mmachibido iwu nke igbe ahụ. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2013, Gọvanọ Christie kwadoro S1921,  iwu iji machibido igbe ezì ime ime.   nke gafere na Nzukọ Ezumezu na votu nke 60-5 na Senate 29-4. Mgbalị iji wepụ veto ahụ abịaghị na ntuli aka. N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2014, ndị omeiwu New Jersey nabatara S998  site na ịtụ vootu na Senate nke 32-1 na Nzukọ 53-13 (nke 9 na-anọghị)  Na 27 Nọvemba n'afọ 2014 Christie kwadoro iwu ahụ. E webatara iwu ọhụrụ na 2020.

 Iwu ụlọ ọrụ 
Ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ nri 60 nwere iwu iji wepụ ojiji ha.

Smithfield Foods, onye na-emepụta anụ ezì kachasị na United States, kwuru na Jenụwarị 2007 na ọ ga-ewepụ igbe ime site na ụlọ ezì 187 ya n'ime afọ iri na-esote n'ihi nchegbu sitere n'aka ndị ahịa ya. N'afọ 2009, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ọ gaghịzi enwe ike iwepụ ha n'ime afọ iri n'ihi ahịa dị ala na nso nso a, Marc Kaufmann, "Largest Pork Processor to Phase Out Crates", The Washington Post, 26 January 2007. mana ọ gbanwere mkpebi ahụ na 2011 mgbe nrụgide siri ike sitere na Human Society nke United States. 

N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012, McDonald's kwupụtara na ọ ga-amalite iso ndị na-eweta ihe na-arụ ọrụ iji kwụsị iji igbe ime eme ihe n'ihi nrụgide sitere na Humane Society nke United States na ndị ọzọ na-akwado anụmanụ. McDonald's na-azụta ihe dị ka otu pasent nke anụ ezì niile na United States.

N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2022, onye na-etinye ego na ọtụtụ ijeri mmadụ bụ Carl Icahn manyere ndị nduzi McDonald ka ha mee ka ọsọ nke iwepụ igbe ime ime.

 Nsogbu ọdịmma 
Ndị na-akwado ọdịmma anụmanụ na-ele ojiji nke igbe ime ime anya dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke mmepụta anụmanụ siri ike.Marc Kaufmann, "Largest Pork Processor to Phase Out Crates", The Washington Post, 26 January 2007. Temple Grandin nke Ngalaba Sayensị Anụmanụ nke Mahadum Steeti Colorado kwuru na 2007: "... n'ụzọ bụ isi ị na-arịọ ezì ka ọ biri n'oche ụgbọelu. "Shapiro, Paul. Pork industry should phase out gestation crates (Guest View), Globe Gazette, 10 January 2007.

Ndị na-emepụta anụ ezi na-arụ ụka na a chọrọ igbe ime ime n'ihi na ịgha mkpụrụ na-ejikọta ọnụ na pensụl ga-alụ ọgụ, na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ gbuo ndị ibe ha. Enwere ike nweta otu mmetụta ahụ site na nnukwu pensụl ndị na-eme ka ụmụ anụmanụ dị iche iche, ma nye ha ohere ịmegharị. E nwekwara ụzọ ndị ọzọ e si ebelata, ma ọ bụghị ikpochapụ, iwe iwe ma e wezụga oghere ime ime. Ndị a na-agụnye ikpochapụ oke mmadụ, ịghara ịgwakọta ezì site na nsị dị iche iche, inye ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ihe eji ehi ụra ọzọ, na inye nri zuru oke nke na-abụghị nanị na-egbo mkpa nri ma na-emeju agụụ.[1] Ụzọ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa iji belata mkpasu iwe n'etiti mkpụrụ osisi na-adabere na ụzọ nri ọzọ, n'ihi na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ga-asọrịta mpi maka nri. Ndị a na-agụnye usoro inye nri aghụghọ, ụlọ ahịa nri nke onye ọ bụla, na ngwá ọrụ ịgha mkpụrụ eletrọnịkị, bụ́ ndị na-edozi asọmpi nri n'etiti ezi.

Nnyocha mbụ nke anụmanụ yiri ka ọ na-akwado ojiji nke igbe ime ime. Dị ka U.S. National Pork Producers Council, nke na-akwalite anụ ezì dị ka ihe oriri ma bụrụ onye na-akwado igbe ime ime, American Veterinary Medical Association "na-amata ụlọ ime ime na usoro ụlọ otu dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị maka inye ọdịmma nke ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ime ime". Marc Kaufmann, "Largest Pork Processor to Phase Out Crates", The Washington Post, 26 January 2007. Ọ bụ ezie na omume nke immobilizing ụmụ anụmanụ na crates na-egbochi ọgụ, ọ na-eme ka nrụgide ụmụ anụmanụ dịkwuo elu, na-akpata nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ.[s] American Association of Swine Veterinarians nakweere nkwupụta ọnọdụ na 2002 na-akọwa ụkpụrụ ise nke ọdịmma anụ ọhịa ma na-emechi, "Akwụkwọ sayensị dị ugbu a na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ ime ime onwe onye na-ezute nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a kpọtụrụ aha, ọ bụrụhaala na a na-elekọta ọkwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke ịkpa anụ. ""AASV Position Statement: Pregnant Sow Housing." Accessed 31 July 2012.

The Washington Post kọrọ na 2001 na ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọtaghị ụmụ nwanyị n'ime igbe ime nwere oke hormone nrụgide. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu na nke a na-egosi na ahụike ha n'ozuzu ya adịghị njọ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na Europe na-eji usoro mkpịsị akwụkwọ ịmụ nwa "n'efu" nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ime mkpịsị aka n'otu n'otu maka izu anọ mbụ nke ime ime ma nwee ike "ịmeghe" ụlọ ahụ site na ịlaghachi ma banye n'otu ebe. Ndị na-emepụta ihe chọpụtara na ezì dị ime ga-anọ n'ime ebe obibi ihe karịrị pasent 90 nke oge, ma laghachi n'otu ebe ihe karịrị pasenta 90 nke oge.

Agbanyeghị, ọmụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-emegide ọmụmụ ndị mbụ. Akụkọ 1997 nke Kọmitii Sayensị nke Ụmụ Anụmanụ nke European Union, ebe mmachibido iwu nke igbe ime malitere na 2013, kwuru na n'ihi na "ọdịmma zuru oke yiri ka ọ ka mma mgbe ụmụ anụmanụ na-anọghị n'ime ime, a ga-ahọrọ idebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ìgwè. "  N'otu aka ahụ na 2008, Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, mgbe afọ 2.5 nke nyocha gasịrị, tụrụ aro "ịpụ, n'ime afọ 10, nke usoro mgbochi niile nke na-egbochi mmegharị okike na omume dị mma, gụnyere igbe ime ezì". Tim Carman, "Pork industry gives sows room to move", The Washington Post, 29 May 2012.

Ọtụtụ nnyocha egosila na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ime igbe na-egosipụta omume dị ka ịta ụtarị, ịkpa isi, na ịpịgharị ire, na-egosi nkụda mmụọ na-adịghị ala ala. Mgbe e nyere ha nhọrọ, ezì ga-ewepụ onwe ha n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe ha na-ehi ụra ma na-eri nri. Ụmụ ahụhụ nọ n'ime igbe na-ata mmanya, na-ata ọbụna mgbe ha na-enweghị nri, ma na-agbanye karama mmiri ha nke ukwuu, a na-akọ na ha niile bụ ihe na-egosi ike ọgwụgwụ. The Post (uncited reference) dere na akụkọ sitere n'aka ndị dọkịta anụmanụ maka European Union kwubiri na omume na-adịghị mma n'ime ụmụ nwanyị "na-etolite mgbe anụmanụ ahụ nwere nkụda mmụọ siri ike ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu. N'ihi ya, mmepe ha na-egosi na anụmanụ ahụ na-enwe ihe isi ike ịnagide na ọdịmma ya adịghị mma. "  Omume a, dị ka ịta ụfụ site na ịta ụta ụfị na ịta.[s]Marc Kaufmann, "In Pig Farming, Growing Concern, Raising Sows in Crates Is Questioned", The Washington Post, 18 June 2001.Mendl MT. 1991. The effects of alternative forms of intensive pig husbandry on measures of pig welfare. In: Bradley A and Sckofield WL (eds.), Proceedings of the First Association of Veterinary Students Animal Welfare Symposium (Cambridge, U.K.: Association of Veterinary Students). Ha na-egosikwa omume nke na-egosi enweghị enyemaka, dị ka Morris si kwuo, dị ka ịnọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma mgbe a na-agba ha ma ọ bụ mgbe a na'atụfu bọket mmiri n'elu ha. Nnyocha nke Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ụmụ anụmanụ nke European Commission na-ekwu na achọtawo omume "nke a na-ahụkarị" ugboro ugboro na "nnyocha zuru ezu" nke ezì n'ime igbe ime, mana ọ bụghị na usoro ụlọ ọ bụla ọzọ a nyochara.SVC (Scientific Veterinary Committee) (1997).  The welfare of intensively kept pigs.  Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Agriculture, Brussels.. Nnyocha akwụkwọ nke afọ 2004 nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị anụmanụ chọpụtara na ụmụ anụmanụ nọ n'ụlọ na-egosipụta omume "dị mma" karịa ụmụ anụmanụ n'ụlọ otu, mana na ụmụ anụ ọhịa ndị nọ n'ebe obibi nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmerụ ahụ dị ala na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu.McGlone, J.J. et al. "Compilation of the Scientific Literature Comparing Housing Systems for Gestating Sows and Gilts Using Measures of Physiology, Behavior, Performance, and Health," Professional Animal Scientist April 2004 vol. 20 no. 2 105-117. Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila na "omume mkpụrụ osisi egosila dị iche n'etiti usoro ụlọ; mgbe mgbe ọ yiri ka ọ bụ akụkụ na-abụghị ụlọ (ya bụ, ntụziaka nke mmanya, ihe ndị ọzọ dị) nke usoro ahụ nke na-ahụ maka omume nke ezì gosipụtara".

A ga-ahụ ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ metụtara ahụike n'etiti ezì ndị nọ n'ime igbe ime ime karịa usoro ụlọ otu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere ọrịa na-emetụta usoro nsị, ọrịa iku ume,  mmerụ ahụ akpụkpọ ahụ (dịka ọnyá nrụgide),  oke okpomọkụ, J. Webster, Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye Towards Eden, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, cited in An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Gestation Crates for Pregnant Sows, Humane Society of the United States. ịdị arọ nke ọkpụkpụ,  ahụike uru ahụ,  ahụ ike obi, Commission of the European Communities. 2001. COM(2001) 20 final 2001/0021 (CNS) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the welfare of intensively kept pigs in particularly taking into account the welfare of sows reared in varying degrees of confinement and in groups. Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 91/630/EEC laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs. mmerụ ahụ ụkwụ, Kornegay ET, Bryant KL, and Notter DR. 1990. Toe lesion development in gilts and sows housed in confinement as influenced by toe size and toe location. Applied Agricultural Research 5(4):327-34. mmebi nkwonkwo,  na ọbụna nkwarụ. 

Dị ka John Webster, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Veterinary School na Mahadum Bristol na United Kingdom, si kwuo, "Akwà a na-akụ n'elu simenti n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ata ahụhụ dịka Nnwere Onwe Ise niile si dị". Ndị a gụnyere nnwere onwe pụọ n'agụụ, obi erughị ala, ihe mgbu, nchegbu, na nnwere onwe igosipụta omume dị mma.  Mkpụrụ osisi ndị ga n'ala simenti nwere ike ịnwe oke okpomọkụ na nsogbu anụ ahụ na-adịghị ala ala, Webster J. 2005. "Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden" (Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 12, 116). ebe otu ala simenti a nwere ike inye aka na mmerụ ahụ ụkwụ, Kornegay ET, Bryant KL, and Notter DR. 1990. Toe lesion development in gilts and sows housed in confinement as influenced by toe size and toe location. Applied Agricultural Research 5(4):327-34. mgbu nkwonkwo, Fredeen, HT; Sather, AP (1978). "Joint damage in pigs reared under confinement". Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 58 (4): 759–73. doi:10.4141/cjas78-095. na mmerụ akpụkpọ ahụ J. Webster, Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye Towards Eden, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, cited in An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Gestation Crates for Pregnant Sows, Humane Society of the United States. - n'ihi mmetụ ezì na-adịte aka na elu siri ike na enweghị ọrụ.  

Ahụike obi na akwara na-adịghị mma, nsogbu ọkpụkpụ, na ahụike uru ahụ adịghị mma niile bụ n'ihi enweghị mmega ahụ.Marchant, JN; Broom, DM (1996). "Effects of dry sow housing conditions on muscle weight and bone strength". Animal Science. 62: 105–13. doi:10.1017/s1357729800014387.Commission of the European Communities. 2001. COM(2001) 20 final 2001/0021 (CNS) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the welfare of intensively kept pigs in particularly taking into account the welfare of sows reared in varying degrees of confinement and in groups. Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 91/630/EEC laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs. Mbelata nke ịdị arọ nke uru ahụ na-eme ka ọbụna mmegharị dị mfe sie ike,  ebe otu nnyocha chọpụtara na ụmụ nwanyị nwere okpukpu abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọkpụkpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nke a na-etinye, na ndị nchọpụta kwubiri na ọkpụkpụ na-adịghị ike dugara n'ọtụtụ ọkpụkpụ gbajiri agbaji ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ [1] na nnyocha ọzọ chọpụtara na ihe a na-ahụkarị na ọnwụ bụ adịghị ike ụkwụ. Marchant JN, Broom DM. 1993. The effects of dry sow housing conditions on lying behaviour of sows. [In] Nichelmann M, Wierenga HK, Braun S, editors. Proceedings of the International Congress on Applied Ethology; Darmstadt: KTBL; p 455-58. Ịdị ike nke na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ ndị a na-adịghị ike bụkwa n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ike nke ala simenti, nke na-eduga na mmerụ ahụ dị elu na ụkwụ na ma ọ bụ ụkwụ,  ka anyị ghara ikwu maka ọnyá ubu na abrasions na akpụkpọ ahụ site na nkume, ọnụ dị nkọ, na bolts na-ejikọta igbe n'ebe ahụ.  Sather AP and Fredeen HT. 1982. "The effect of confinement housing upon the incidence of leg weakness in swine". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 62:1119-28.Miller D. 2004. Sows flourish in pen gestation. National Hog Farmer, 15 March.Stalder K and Baas T. 2005. Screen gilts for feet and leg disorders. National Hog Farmer, 15 February. A na-eche na otu ala a na-enye aka na mmerụ ahụ mkpịsị ụkwụ,  na ụfọdụ akụkọ na-azọrọ na ihe ruru 80% nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere crated na-arịa ọrịa a. Kornegay ET, Bryant KL, and Notter DR. 1990. Toe lesion development in gilts and sows housed in confinement as influenced by toe size and toe location. Applied Agricultural Research 5(4):327-34.Tillon, JP; Madec, F (1984). "Diseases affecting confined sows: data from epidemiological observations". Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires (Annals of Veterinary Research). 15 (2): 195–9. PMID 6486691. N'ihi enweghị mmega ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ọnọdụ anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nke na-emebi ọdịmma ha n'ozuzu. Ọrịa na-efe n'ime mmiri nwere ike ịmalite n'ihi enweghị ike ịkwaga ezì, nke na-eme ka ha ghara ịṅụ mmanya ugboro ugboro ma si otú a mepụta nje bacteria n'ime ụzọ mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na otu ọrịa a na aka n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị ka ha dinaa, ma ọ bụ nọdụ ala, n'ime nsị ha  - ihe ọzọ mere ụfọdụ ji chee na enwere ọrịa iku ume dị elu n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị nọ n'ime igbe ime.   

N'otu nnọkọ e nwere n'afọ 2002 maka ụlọ ezì na ọdịmma, Edmond A. Pajor, onye osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Purdue, gwara ndị na-ege ntị na "N'ụlọ ime ime, a na-egbochi ụmụ ehi ịrụ ọtụtụ n'ime omume omume ndị ezì ga-eme n'ọnọdụ okike ma ọ bụ nke na-akparaghị ókè nke na-eme ka ọdịmma ezì ghara ịdị mma" Pajor EA. 2002. Group housing of sows in small pens: advantages, disadvantages and recent research. In: Reynells R (ed.), Symposium on Swine Housing and Well-being (Beltsville, MD: U.S. Department of Agriculture, pp. 37-44). www.ces.purdue.edu/pork/sowhousing/swine_02.pdf. Accessed 19 May 2008.

Paul Sundberg, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ na osote onye isi oche nke U.S. National Pork Board, onye na'ihu na-akwado igbe ime, gwara The Washington Post, sị: "Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-emeso ụmụ anụmanụ ha nke ọma n'ihi na nke ahụ bụ ezigbo azụmahịa. Isi ihe iji kụọ ọdịmma abụghị ma a na-edebe ha na igbe onwe onye ma ọ bụ ụlọ otu, mana ma a na usoro eji eme ihe nke ọma. "S. "Science gwara anyị na ọ [otu ntabi anya mara na ọ maghị na ọ pụghị ịgbanwe ... Otú ọ dị na ọ dị na ụlọ ọrụ sayensị ọ dị na-eme ka ọ dị na Sundberg nwere ike ime ihe dị.Marc Kaufmann, "In Pig Farming, Growing Concern, Raising Sows in Crates Is Questioned", The Washington Post, 18 June 2001.

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