Ụbọchị ogo na-eto eto

Ụbọchị ogo na-eto eto (GDD), nke a na-akpọkwa nkeji ogo na-eto eto (GDUs), bụ ngwá ọrụ heuristic na phenology. GDD bụ ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ okpomọkụ nke ndị ọrụ ubi, ndị ọrụ ubi, na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji amụ banyere ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ dị ka ụbọchị ifuru ga-eto, ụmụ ahụhụ ga-esi n’ụlọ pụta, ma ọ bụ ihe ubi ga-eru ntozu okè. Ekwuru na GDD ka Reaumur kọwapụtara ya na 1735. 

 Mmalite 
Na enweghị ọnọdụ dị oke egwu dị ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ọrịa na-enweghị oge, osisi na-eto n'usoro nchikota nke ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enwe mmetụta siri ike. Ụbọchị ndị na-eto eto na-eburu akụkụ nke ihu igwe mpaghara n'uche ma kwe ka ndị na-elekọta ubi buru amụma (ma ọ bụ, na greenhouses, ọbụna iji chịkwaa) ijeụkwụ osisi ahụ ruo ntozu okè.

Ọ gwụla ma ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmiri, ọnụego mmepe site na mpụta ruo ntozu oke maka ọtụtụ osisi na-adabere na okpomọkụ ikuku kwa ụbọchị. N'ihi na ọtụtụ ihe omume mmepe nke osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ na-adabere na nchịkọta nke oke okpomọkụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọ mgbe ihe omume ndị a ga-eme n'oge oge uto n'agbanyeghị ọdịiche dị na okpomọkụ site n'afọ ruo n'afọ. A na-akọwa ogo na-eto eto (GDs) dị ka ọnụọgụ ogo okpomọkụ n'elu oke okpomọkụ, nke dịgasị iche n'etiti ụdị ihe ọkụkụ. Okpomọkụ bụ okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru nke uto osisi bụ efu. A na-agbakọ GDs kwa ụbọchị dị ka okpomọkụ kachasị elu gbakwunyere okpomọkụ kacha nta kewara site na 2, na-ewepu okpomọkụ isi. A na-agbakọta GDUs site na ịgbakwunye onyinye GD kwa ụbọchị ka oge na-aga n'ihu.

Enwere ike iji GDUs mee ihe iji: nyochaa ịdị mma nke mpaghara maka mmepụta nke otu ihe ọkụkụ; mee atụmatụ nke uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ọbụna oge ndụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ; buru amụma maka ntozu okè na igbubi ụbọchị nke ihe ọkpọkọ; buru amụma oge kachasị mma nke fatịlaịza ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ; mee atụmatụ nrụgide okpomọkụ na ihe ọkụkụ. A na-akpọ ihe ngosi nke ihe ọkụkụ nke na-eji usoro dị iche iche maka mmetụta nke kacha nta kwa ụbọchị (oge abalị) na oke okpomọkụ (oge ehihie) na uto okpomọkụ nke ihe ọkpọkọ (CHUs).

 Nkọwa GDD 
A na-agbakọ GDD siT na iwere ngụkọta nke okpomọkụ n'elu okpomọkụ,  Tbase (ụdị osisi na-adabere, lee ngalaba ntọala):

 GDD    = ∫ (T (t) −    T     b na e      ) d t     {\displaystyle {\text{GDD}}=\int (T (t) -T_{\mathrm {base} }) dt}     (ebe njikọta dị n'ime oge na      T (t) >    T     b na e        {\displaystyle T (t) >T_{\mathrm {base} }}    Ọpụpụ ọzọ    

Nhazi dị mfe, nke yiri ya na-eji nkezi nke okpomọkụ kachasị elu na nke kachasị ala kwa ụbọchị ma e jiri ya T Tbase iji gbakọọ ụbọchị ogo maka otu ụbọchị. Dị ka usoro:



Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ kacha nT T dị n'okpuru Tbase otu, enwere ụdị abụọ:

 Ụdị A: Agbanwebeghị       T     m na n        {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {min} }}    . Naanị ma ọ bụrụ na       (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na    T     m na x      +    T     m na n      )     /    2 <    T     b na e        {\displaystyle (T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{ \mathrm{min} }) /2<T_{{\mathrim {base} }}    , setịpụrụ       (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na    T     m na x      +    T     m na n      )     /    2 =    T     b na e        {\displaystyle (T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{ \mathrm{min} }) /2=T_{{\mathrim {base} }}    . GDD na-esi na ya apụta bụ 0. Enwere ike ide nke a n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi dị ka:       GDD    = max      (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na        T     m na x      +    T     m na n       2     −    T     b na e      , 0    )        {\displaystyle {\text{GDD}}=\max {\left ({\frac {T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{ \mathrm{min} }}{2}}-T_{{\mathrim {base} },0\right) }} 

 Ụdị B: Mgbanwe       T     m na n      <    T     b na e        {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {min} }

A na-atụkarị GDD site na ala oyi. A na-eT okpomọkụ ọ bụla dị n'okpuru T na Tbase tupu a gbakọọ nkezi. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-ejikarị okpomọkụ kachasị elu na 30 °C n'ihi na ọtụtụ osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ anaghị eto ngwa ngwa karịa okpomọkụ ahụ.  Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ osisi ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na ndị na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị ọkụ nwere ihe dị mkpa maka ụbọchị karịrị 30 °C iji mị mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ tozuru etozu. 

 Ihe Nlereanya nke Ngụkọta GDD 
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ụbọchị nwere elu nke 23 °C na ala nke 12 °C (na ntọala nke 10 °C) ga-enye 7.5 GDDs.   



Dị ka ihe atụ nke abụọ, ụbọchị nwere elu nke 13 °C na ala nke 5 °C (na ntọala nke 10 °C) ga-enye aka:   

 mbipụta A: 0 GDD, dị ka:      max ((13 + 5)     /    2 − 10 , 0 ) = 0     {\displaystyle \max ((13+5) /2-10,0) =0}    ) 
 mbipụta B: 1.5 GDDs, dị ka:      ( 13 + 10 )    /    2 − 10 = 1.5     {\displaystyle (13+10) /2-10=1.5} 

 Ọganihu nke osisi 
Aha a na-ahụkarịAha LatinỌnụ ọgụgụ nke ụbọchị ogo uto 10 °C Hazel nke amoosuHamamelis spp.na-amalite ifuru na <1 GDDMaple na-acha ọbara ọbaraIgwe ígwè na-agbapụtana-amalite ifuru na 1-27 GDDForsythiaForsythia spp.malite ifuru na 1-27 GDDMaple shugaAser saccharummalite ifuru na 1-27 GDDMaple nke NorwayAser platanoidsna-amalite ifuru na 30-50 GDDỌla ọchaFraxinus americanana-amalite ifuru na 30-50 GDDAkpụkpọ anụMalus spp.na-amalite ifuru na 50-80 GDDMgbasa a na-ahụkarịCytisus scopariusna-amalite ifuru na 50-80 GDDHorsechestnutAesculus hippocastanummalite ifuru na 80-110 GDDLilac nkịtịSyringa vulgarismalite ifuru na 80-110 GDDIhe na-esi n'ụsọ osimiri apụtaPrunus maritimaokooko osisi zuru oke na 80-110 GDDIgurube ojiiRobinia pseudoacaciana-amalite ifuru na 140-160 GDDCatalpaCatalpa speciosana-amalite ifuru na 250-330 GDDPrivetLigustrum spp.na-amalite ifuru na 330-400 GDDElderberrySambucus canadensisna-amalite ifuru na 330-400 GDDPurple loosestrifeLythrum salicariana-amalite ifuru na 400-450 GDDSumacRhus typhinana-amalite ifuru na 450-500 GDDOsisi urukurubụbaBuddleia davidiina-amalite ifuru na 550-650 GDDMkpụrụ ọkaZea Mays800 ruo 2700 GDD ruo ntoju ihe ọkụkụAkị kpọrọ nkụagwaPhaseolus vulgaris1100-1300 GDD ruo ntozu okè dabere na ọnọdụ osisi na alaBeet shugaBeta vulgaris130 GDD na-apụta na 1400-1500 GDD na ntozu okèBarleyHordeum vulgare125-162 GDD na-apụta na 1290-1540 GDD na ntozu okèỌka wit (nke siri ike) Triticum aestivum143-178 GDD na-apụta na 1550-1680 GDD na ntozu okèOatsAvena sativa1500-1750 GDD ruo ntozu okèOnye na-ere ọka na EuropeOstrinia nubilalis207 - Mpụta nke ụkpara oge opupu ihe ubi mbụ

 Nchịkwa nke ahụhụ 
Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo jikwa mmepe Ụmụ ahụhụ na ụbọchị uto mee ihe iji mee ka ha jiri ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ nje ndị ọzọ mee ihe ka ha wee tinye usoro ma ọ bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụ n'ọrụ ruo n'ókè na nje ahụ kacha bụrụ ihe na-adịghị ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ:

 Igurube Black cutworm etoola nke ukwuu iji malite imebi akụ na ụba na 165 GDD
 Azalea lace bug na-apụta na ihe dị ka 130 GDD
 Boxwood leafminer na-apụta na ihe dị ka 250 GDD

 Aṅụ aṅụ 
Ọtụtụ Ndị na-azụ aṅụ na-eme nchọpụta ugbu a na njikọ dị n'etiti ụbọchị ogo na-eto eto na usoro ndụ nke ìgwè aṅụ.

 Ebe ndị a na-akpọ Baselines 
A na-ekpebikarị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ kachasị mma na nnwale dabere na okirikiri ndụ nke osisi ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ a na-ajụ. Usoro ntọala a na-ahụkarị maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ ma ọ bụ 5 °C maka osisi oge oyi yana 10 °C maka osisi oge okpomọkụ na ọtụtụ mmepe ụmụ ahụhụ..   

 Ihe ọkụkụ 

 4.5 °C ọka wit, ọka bali, Rye, oats, flaxseed, lettuce, asparagus,  "ihe mgbaru ọsọ"  
 8 °C sunflower, poteto 
 10 °C ọka (gụnyere ọka na-atọ ụtọ), sorghum, osikapa, soybeans, Tomato, kọfị, mkpụrụ vaịn, snap beans, lima beans 
 30 °C USDA na-atụle mpaghara okpomọkụ na GDD n'elu 30 °C; maka ọtụtụ osisi nke a dị ịrịba ama maka ntozu mkpụrụ, dịka reed (Phragmites) chọrọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụbọchị ole na ole iru okpomọkụ a iji tozuo mkpụrụ dị mma.  

 Ọrịa ndị na-efe efe 

 6 °C Stalk borer 
 7 °C Mkpọrọ ọka Mgbọrọgwụ ọka
 9 °C Alfalfa weevil 
 10 °C Black cutworm, European corn borer, ụkpụrụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-egbu osisi 
 11 °C Green cloverworm Igurube na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ

 Ụbọchị ogo na-agbanwe agbanwe 
N'ihe banyere osisi ụfọdụ, ọ bụghị naanị na ha chọrọ okpomọkụ dị ala iji too, kamakwa ha ga-akwụsị itolite n'elu okpomọkụ okpomọkụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-eji ụbọchị ogo na-eto eto gbanwere agbanwe: a na-agbakọ ụbọchị ogo na ala ala, mgbe ahụ na ala dị elu, nke a na-ewepụ. Mkpụrụ ọka bụ ihe atụ nke a: ọ na-amalite itolite na 10 °C ma kwụsị na 30 °C, nke pụtara na ụbọchị ọ bụla na-eto eto n'elu 30 °C anaghị agụ.   

 Ndị otu 
Enwere ike ịgbakọ GDDs na C ma ọ bụ F, ọ bụ ezie na a ghaghị ịgbanwe ha n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị; maka GDDF 9 ọ bụla enwere GDDC 5, ma ọ bụ na ngụkọta ntụgharị:

GDDC = 5/9 * GDDF

Otu yiri ya nke kwekọrọ na International System of Units bụ kelvin-nke abụọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kelvin-seconds bụ usoro anọ dị elu karịa ụbọchị ogo (1 Celsius-ụbọchị bụ 8.64 K·s; 1 Fahrenheit degree-day bụ 4.8×104K·s).  

 Hụkwa 

 Ụbọchị ogo
 Oge uto
 Ụbọchị okpomọkụ
 Ihe na-akpata ihu igwe
 Ọnụ ọgụgụ Winkler
 Ọdịdị

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