Archibald Motley

Archibald John Motley, Jr. (Ọktoba 7, 1891 - Jenụwarị 16, 1981), </ref> bụ onye America na-ese ihe. Motley bụ onye a ma ama maka akụkọ ya mara mma banyere ahụmịhe ndị Africa America na Chicago n'oge 1920s na 1930s, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi nyere aka na Harlem Renaissance, ma ọ bụ New Negro Movement, oge nka ndị Africa America ruru ọkwa ọhụrụ ọ bụghị naanị na New York kamakwa gafee America - a na-akpọ ngosipụta mpaghara ya Chicago Black Renaissance. Ọ gụrụ ihe osise na School of the Art Institute of Chicago n'afọ 1910, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1918.

New Negro Movement akara oge ọhụrụ psyche ojii na-eto eto.  Enwere ekele ọhụrụ maka nka nka na omenala oji.  N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese oji chere na ha kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma ịmepụta ọrụ ndị ga-eme ka ndị isi ojii nọgide na-enwe ihe nnọchianya dị mma.  N'oge a, Alain Locke chepụtara echiche nke "New Negro", bụ nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta ihe oyiyi na-aga n'ihu ma na-ewuli elu nke ndị ojii n'ime ọha mmadụ.</ref> Njikọ nke nnọchite anya ojii na ọdịbendị anya mere ka ntọala nke ọrụ Motley dị ka "ụzọ iji kwado nkwanye ùgwù agbụrụ na mpako agbụrụ. "  Ojiji ya nke agba na mmasị dị ịrịba ama na ụda akpụkpọ ahụ, gosipụtara ngosipụta nka ya nke ojii dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ. Motley n'onwe ya bụ onye agbụrụ dị iche iche, ọ na-enwekarị obi erughị ala banyere ọdịdị agbụrụ ya. Ya mere, nka ya na-egosipụtakarị mgbagwoju anya na ọdịdị dị iche iche nke ọdịbendị na ndụ ndị isi ojii.

 Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ 
N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe Harlem Renaissance, Archibald Motley, Jr., ebibeghị na Harlem.  Amụrụ ya na New Orleans, Louisiana nye Mary Huff Motley na Archibald John Motley Senior.  Nne ya bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo mgbe ọ lụrụ.  Ezinụlọ ahụ nọgidere na New Orleans ruo 1894 mgbe ha kwagara Chicago, ebe nna ya nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ebu ụgbọ ala Pullman.  Dịka nwata nwoke tolitere n'akụkụ ndịda Chicago, Motley nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ, mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, ụlọ ọgwụ nna ya nọrọ ọnwa isii chọrọ ka Motley nyere aka kwado ezinụlọ ahụ.Motley, Archibald, Jr. Oral History Interview with Archibald Motley. Interview by Dennis Barrie for the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.

Mgbe Motley bụ nwata, nne nne ya na ezinụlọ ya bi.  Ọ bụbu ohu mgbe e kpọrọ ya na British East Africa.  Ọ kọọrọ ezinụlọ ya akụkọ banyere ịgba ohu, Archibald na-eto eto gerekwa ntị nke ọma.  Ọ na-akọwa ihe ncheta dị mma nke nne nne ya na ndụ ya dị ka ohu n'akụkọ ọnụ ya na faịlụ Smithsonian Archive of American  Art . Motley, Archibald, Jr. Oral History Interview with Archibald Motley. Interview by Dennis Barrie for the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.

N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ọ sooro nna ya n'ọtụtụ njem ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke mere ka ọ gafee mba ahụ, gaa ebe gụnyere San Francisco, Los Angeles, Hoboken, Atlanta na Philadelphia.  Ọ bụ ikpughe ndụ a na-abụghị Chicago mere ka Motley zutere ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ n'ụdị dị iche iche.  N'ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na Dennis Barrie na-arụ ọrụ na Smithsonian Archive of American Art, Motley kọrọ nhụta a na onye nduzi ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Atlanta, Georgia:E kwesịghị m ịga n'ihu. Ya mere, ana m agụ akwụkwọ ahụ ma na-agagharị, mgbe obere oge gachara, achọtara m onwe m n'ihu ụgbọ ala ahụ. Onye nduzi ahụ nọ n'azụ wee tie mkpu, "Bịa ebe a gị na-eme ya" na-eji okwu ọjọọ, "ị laghachiri ebe a. Ị ga-abụ otu n'ime ndị smart'uns si Chicago ma ọ bụ New York ma ọ bụ ebe ọzọ. "Ọ bịara m n'oge ahụ wee dị m ka onye nzuzu. Ọ dịghị mgbe m bụ onye ọcha na ndụ m mana echere m na m ghọrọ onye ọcha. Naanị ihe m mere bụ iguzo n'ebe ahụ jidere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ma lee ya anya. Agara m azụ n'ebe ahụ. Mgbe ahụ ọ ghọrọ ihe jọgburu onwe ya, ọ malitere ịsụ m ọnụ ma kpọọ m ụdị aha niile site na iji okwu na-emebi ihe. Enweghị m ike iwere ya. O wee iwe nke ukwuu. M na-ewe iwe n'oge gara aga.Motley, Archibald, Jr. Oral History Interview with Archibald Motley. Interview by Dennis Barrie for the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.Motley nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya na Chicago, ebe ọ nọ na ndị nka Chicago ibe Eldzier Cortor na Gus Nall.  Ọ bi na mpaghara ndị ọcha na-enwekarị, wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị ndị ọcha.[1]  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Englewood Technical Prep Academy na Chicago.[2]  Otu n'ime ndị enyi nna nna ya nyere ya ohere ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, bụ́ nke ọ jụrụ ka o wee mụọ nkà.[3]  Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago, [2] ebe ọ nwetara ọzụzụ oge gboo, mana ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ ya enweghị isi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge ahụ.N'oge ya na Art Institute, Motley bụ ndị na-ese ihe bụ Karl Buehr na John W. Norton, [1] na-eduzi ya, o mere nke ọma iji kpalie enyi nna ya ịkwụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ya.  Mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ, na 1913, ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na Institute "gbasara" megide modernism na ngosi na Armory Show (nchịkọta nke kacha mma ọhụrụ nkà ọgbara ọhụrụ).[2]  Motley gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1918 mana o debere ihe osise ọgbara ọhụrụ ya nwere mmetụta jazz na nzuzo ruo afọ ụfọdụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.

N'ihi ọzụzụ ya na ọdịnala ihe osise ọdịda anyanwụ, Motley ghọtara nuances nke phrenology na physiognomy nke na-esonyere ihe ịchọ mma.  O ji akara ngosi ndị a dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta isiokwu (oji) nke ọma.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Motley's "ihe osise onwe ya," o sere onwe ya n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ọtụtụ n'ime pseudosciences anụ ahụ.  Anya mkpụchapụrụ ntakịrị na mkpịsị aka apịaji bụ ihe ngosipụta dị nro nke nghọta, ọgụgụ isi, na nnụcha.

 Ọmụmụ mba ọzọ na ihe ndị na-akpali akpali 
N'afọ 1927, o tinyere akwụkwọ maka Guggenheim Fellowship ma jụ ya, mana o tinyere akwụkwọ ọzọ wee merie fellowship ahụ n'afọ 1929. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na France otu afọ, ma họrọ ịghara ịgbatị mkpakọrịta ya ọnwa isii ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a lere anya n'Africa maka mkpali, nnukwu ndị isi Renaissance nke gosipụtara ọrụ ha na Louvre kpaliri Motley.Motley, Archibald, Jr. Oral History Interview with Archibald Motley. Interview by Dennis Barrie for the Smithsonian Archives of American Art. Ọ chọtara n'ọrụ nka ahụ ọkaibe na ntozu okè nke nwere ike inye omimi ọrụ nke ya, ọkachasị na ndị na-ese ihe Dutch na ihe osise Delacroix, Hals, na Rembrandt. Ihe osise Motley na-ewere mgbakọ nke ọdịnala ọdịda anyanwụ ma melite ha - na-enye ohere maka ahụ ojii, ọkachasị ahụ nwanyị ojii, oghere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-ewepụ ha. O chere na ihe osise ndị ahụ kpughere eziokwu nke onwe onye dị n'ime.Mooney, Amy (1999). "Representing Race: Disjunctures in the Work of Archibald Motley, Jr". Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies. 24 (2): 163–265. doi:10.2307/4112967. JSTOR 4112967. N'ihi ya, ọ ga-elekwasị anya na mgbagwoju anya nke onye ahụ iji wepụ echiche ndị na-ewu ewu nke ndị isi ojii dịka "ọchịchịrị," "pickaninny," "mama," wdg. Motley ghọtara ike nke onye ọ bụla, na ụzọ ndị onyinyo nwere ike isi gosipụta ụdị igwe a na-ahụ anya nke nwere ike imebi homogeneity a. O jiri ohere agụmakwụkwọ ya dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mee ihe iji jiri ụfọdụ ihe mara mma nke a na-ejikọtaghị ya na ndị isi ojii. Ya mere, ọ ga-eji ihe ọmụma ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka ngosipụta onwe onye iji mepụta nka nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nye ndị America. Site n'inweta nkà ndị a, Motley nwere ike imebi ihe mgbochi nke ịma mma nke ụwa ọcha. Ojiji nke asụsụ a a na-ahụ anya ga-eme ka ọrụ ya rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka agbụrụ na ọganihu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.

 Ọrụ 
Na mbido ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, Motley bu n'obi ịchụso eserese eserese naanị.[1]  Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na School of the Art Institute of Chicago na 1918, o kpebiri na ya ga-elekwasị anya nka na isiokwu ojii na isiokwu, n'ikpeazụ dị ka mgbalị iji belata esemokwu agbụrụ.[2]  Na 1919, ọgba aghara agbụrụ ndịda Chicago mere ka ezinụlọ ya nọrọ n'ụlọ ruo ihe karịrị ụbọchị isii.  N'ime oke esemokwu agbụrụ a, Motley maara nke ọma oke oke na nsonazụ ndị sitere na agbụrụ.  Ọ ghọtara na ya nwere ụfọdụ ihe ùgwù agụmakwụkwọ na nke akụ na ụba, ya mere, o mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya iji uru ndị a na-ebuli obodo ojii elu.

Motley nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na mbido ọrụ ya; na 1927 a họpụtara ihe osise ya bụ Mending Socks dị ka ihe osise kachasị ewu ewu na Newark Museum na New Jersey.Robinson, Jontyle Theresa, and Charles Austin Page Jr., "Mending socks and tales of Africa," The Christian Science Monitor, October 15, 1987. Retrieved 2015-10-03 from www.csmonitor.com. E nyere ya onyinye Harmon Foundation na 1928, wee bụrụ onye Africa America mbụ nwere ihe ngosi otu onye na New York City. O rere 22 n'ime ihe osise 26 e gosipụtara.Motley, Archibald, Jr. Oral History Interview with Archibald Motley. Interview by Dennis Barrie for the Smithsonian Archives of American Art. Motley ga-aga n'ihu ịghọ onye omenkà ojii mbụ nwere onyinyo nke isiokwu ojii gosipụtara na Art Institute nke Chicago.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise ya ama ama ka emepụtara n'etiti afọ 1920.  Agbanyeghị, enwere mgbanwe nka pụtara ìhè nke mere na 1930s.  Motley si na nka nka nke ọdịda anyanwụ kpafuo, wee malite iji ụdị na-abụghị omenala na-egosi ọtụtụ ntọala ojii obodo.  Site n'iwepụ n'usoro echiche nke eserese ọdịda anyanwụ, ọ malitere igosi ihe bụ n'ezie ngosipụta nke ezigbo obodo ojii.  N'ikpeazụ, ihe osise ya dị mkpa maka ọrụ ya n'ihi na ọ gosipụtara mgbọrọgwụ nke echiche na ihe ùgwù ọ nakweere mmụta, bụ nke nyere ya template iji nwee ike ịga n'ihu dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-akwado ọha mmadụ.

N'ime 1930s, Motley bụ ndị Federal Works Progress Administration ji ya were gosi ihe nkiri sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme African-American n'ụdị eserese, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ịhụ na Nichols Middle School na Evanston, Illinois.  Mgbe nwunye ya nwụsịrị na 1948 na oge ego siri ike, a manyere Motley ịchọ ákwà mgbochi ịsa ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Styletone.  N'afọ ndị 1950, ọ gara ọtụtụ nleta na Mexico wee malite ịse ndụ na ọdịdị ala Mexico .Archibald Motley Biography

 Akpụkpọ ahụ na njirimara 
Ezinụlọ Motley bi na agbata obi dị jụụ na mpaghara ndịda Chicago na gburugburu ebe na-anabata agbụrụ.  N'oge ntorobịa ya, Motley adịghị etinye oge dị ukwuu na ndị Black ndị ọzọ.  Ọ bụ nkwụsị a na ndị obodo Africa-American gbara ya gburugburu mere Motley dị ka onye mbịarambịa.  Motley n'onwe ya nwere akpụkpọ anụ na ihe ịchọ mma agbụrụ agwakọtara, ebe ọ bụ onye Africa, onye America na Europe.  N'ịbụ onye na-enweghị ike ịmekọrịta nke ọma na Black ma ọ bụ ọcha, Motley jiri njirimara agbụrụ ya gbagide ndụ ya niile.

Ọ bụ ezie na Motley na-eme ka njikọ nke ọnọdụ ọha na eze dị elu na "whiteness" ma ọ bụ ihe ndị America na-ekpebi ịma mma, ọ na-ekpughekwa ọdịiche dị n'ime agbụrụ ahụ n'ozuzu ya. Ọrụ Motley mere ka o sie ike maka ndị na-ekiri ya ịkọwa onye dị ka onye ojii ma ọ bụ onye ọcha. O gosipụtara ọdịiche na mgbanwe dị n'ime agbụrụ, na-eme ka o sie ike ịmanye echiche agbụrụ siri ike.

Motley ji ihe onyonyo “dị ka ụzọ isi mata ndị nke ya”.[1]  Ọ ghọtara na n'ime obodo America, a na-ekwu na ọkwa dị iche iche na-adabere na ụda akpụkpọ anụ ọ bụla.  Motley gosipụtara ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ na njirimara anụ ahụ dị ka nke nwere ụdịdị dị iche iche.  O ji ihe dị iche iche dị na agba akpụkpọ ahụ na ọdịdị anụ ahụ mee ka onyinyo ọ bụla nke African American pụta ìhè.

N'afọ 1920 na 1930, n'oge New Negro Movement, Motley raara usoro foto nye ụdị ndị Negro. O lekwasịrị anya karịsịa na ụmụ nwanyị ndị agbụrụ dị iche iche, ma mee ọtụtụ foto na-edekọ ụmụ nwanyị dịgasị iche iche nke ọbara Afrịka ("octoroon," "quadroon," "mulatto"). N'ịkpọ aha ya, Motley jiri nhazi ndị a nke antebellum creole ("mulatto," "octoroon," wdg) iji gosipụta mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke "otu iwu," na ike nke ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ Black. Ọ ga-ekpughe "ụdị ndị isi ojii" dị iche iche dị ka ụzọ isi gbochie njehie nke ịkpọ ndị isi ojii niile dị ka ndị mmadụ zuru oke. Ihe ngosi ndị a na-ahụ anya nke ọnọdụ na-anọchite anya mmekọrịta ọha na eze sara mbara nke Blackness, na mmetụta ya na mmekọrịta Black. Site n'ịkwado ọdịdị nke ndị Africa America na ihe osise, Motley gosipụtara Blackness dị ka "kwesịrị ịkọwa ya".</ref> Ihe osise ndị a na-eme emume akpụkpọ ahụ dị ka ihe dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere, na ọtụtụ. Harris, Michael D. "Color Lines: Mapping Color Consciousness in the Art of Archibald Motley, Jr." Colored Pictures: Race and Visual Representation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. Ha na-egosipụtakwa nghọta na nkewa ndị a na-aghọ ihe jikọrọ ya na njirimara ọha na eze ma na-emetụta ohere mmadụ nwere na ndụ.De Souza, Pauline. "Black Awakening: Gender and Representation in the Harlem Renaissance." in Katy Deepwell (ed.), Women Artists and Modernism, Manchester University Press, 1998, pp. 55-69. Ọ na-esikarị ike ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkọ ụdị ngwakọta agbụrụ nke isiokwu ahụ nwere n'ebughị ụzọ zoo aka na aha ahụ. Ihe ịrịba ama anụ ahụ ndị a nke Blackness, mgbe ahụ, anaghị akwụsi ike na enweghị ntụkwasị obi, Motley kpughere ọdịiche ahụ.
Motley gwara ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị ma ndị ọcha ma ndị ojii okwu na foto ya, na-ezube ịkụziri ha banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke agba akpụkpọ ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na n'ụzọ dị iche iche. O nwere olile anya igosi ndị isi ojii site na nka na njirimara agbụrụ ha bụ ihe a ga-eji nwee ekele. Maka ndị na-ege ntị ọcha, ọ tụrụ anya iwepụ echiche ndị isi ojii na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site n'igosi ịma mma na ihe ndị Afrịka America rụzuru. Site n'igosi akụ na ụba na ọdịbendị dịgasị iche iche nke ndị Africa America, a gbasaa arịrịọ nke ọrụ Motley na ndị na-ege ntị. Ihe osise ya dọtara mmasị ọtụtụ ndị n'ihi na ọ na-emegide ihe oyiyi ndị a na-ahụkarị, kama ọ gosipụtara "ahụmahụ ojii nke oge a. " Greenhouse, Wendy (1998). "An Early Portrait by Archibald Motley, Jr". American Art Journal. 29 (1/2): 97–102. doi:10.2307/1594621. JSTOR 1594621. Nke a kwekọrọ na ebumnuche Motley nke igosi ihe nnọchi anya ziri ezi na nke doro anya nke ndị Africa America; mkpebi ya ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị akpụkpọ ahụ na-egosi mgbalị ya nke ọma iji kọwaa ọbụna obere ọdịiche dị iche n'etiti ndị mmadụ. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Smithsonian Institution, Motley kọwara ebumnuche ya na ihe isi ike dị n'azụ ise ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ dị iche iche nke ndị Africa America:Ha abụghị otu agba, ha niile abụghị oji, ha niile bụghị ha niile, dịka ha na-ekwukarị ọtụtụ afọ gara aga, odo odo, ha niile anaghị agba nchara. Ana m agbalị inye onye ọ bụla n'ime ha àgwà dị ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Nke ahụ siri ike ime mgbe ị nwere ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ị ga-eme, na-etinye ha niile ọnụ ma ka nwee ha nwere njirimara ha.  (Motley, 1978) Site n'esere ọdịiche dị na ụda akpụkpọ ahụ ha, Motley na-anwakwa iwepụta ọdịiche dị na àgwà nke ndị ọ na-achị.  Enwere ike ịkọwa na site na ọdịiche a, Motley na-arịọ ndị na-ekiri ndị ọcha ka ha ghara ịkụda ndị America nile n'Africa n'otu ụdị ma ọ bụ stereotype, kama ka ha mara onye ọ bụla n'ime ha dị ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu tupu ha emee mkpebi ọ bụla.  N'ụzọ dị otú a, ọrụ ya ji colorism na klas dị ka Central usoro iji mebie stereotypes.[2]  Site n'iji ike nke onye ahụ na-eme ihe, ọrụ ya welitere mgbasa ozi dị mma nke ga-agụnye "ikere òkè ojii na omenala obodo ka ukwuu."  N'ikpeazụ, nke a ga-akụnye echiche nke mmadụ na ịdị n'otu maka ndị ojii site na ụgbọ nke anya.

Ọtụtụ ndị ọcha agaghị enye Motley ọrụ ka ọ see foto ha, ma ọtụtụ ndị na-anakọta ya bụ ndị ọcha.[1]  O nwere ike ikpughe akụkụ nke obodo ojii nke ndị ọcha na-adịghị ahụkebe, ya mere, site na ihe ịchọ mma, gbasaa oke nke ezigbo ahụmahụ Black.

N'oge a, Alain Locke chepụtara echiche nke "Negro Ọhụrụ," nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta ihe oyiyi na-aga n'ihu na nke na-ebuli elu nke ndị isi ojii n'ime ọha mmadụ. Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ magazin ndị dị ka Chicago Defender, The Crisis, na Opportunity niile kwekọrọ na mbipụta ndị Black nnọchiteanya.Mooney, Amy (1999). "Representing Race: Disjunctures in the Work of Archibald Motley, Jr". Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies. 24 (2): 163–265. doi:10.2307/4112967. JSTOR 4112967. Ọmarịcha nwere mmetụta dị ike n'ịgbasa nkọwa nke agbụrụ. N'ihi ya, a gbara ọtụtụ ndị ume ka ha jiri usoro nka mee ihe n'ihe gbasara ọganihu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Na The Crisis, Carl Van Vechten dere, "Ihe bụ ndị isi ojii mgbe a na-ese ha mgbe niile na-ese ihe kachasị njọ ma na-ekpe ha ikpe site n'aka ọha na eze ka a na-ete ha ... na-egbochi ndị na-ese foto ọcha ịmara ụdị ọ bụla ọzọ (nke ndị isi ojii) ma na-egide ndị na-eme ihe osise ojii ka ha ghara inwe obi ike ise ha ... "  Motley ga-eji ihe osise dị ka ihe ngosi maka mgbasa ozi dị mma site na ịmepụta ihe ngosi nke ọdịiche dị iche iche iche nke ndị isi ojii na mmadụ.  Ọ ga-emebi nkewa dị n'etiti Blackness na Americanness site n'igosi ọganihu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na akụkọ ọhụụ dị mgbagwoju anya.

 Ọrụ na nyocha nke ọdịbendị jazz 
Ihe nkiri abalị ya na ihe nkiri ìgwè mmadụ, nke Ọdịbendị jazz metụtara nke ukwuu, bụ ma eleghị anya ihe kachasị ewu ewu na nke kachasị arụpụta ihe. O gosipụtara ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii doro anya, nke dị n'obodo ukwu nke na-enweghị ihe yiri ihe oyiyi ndị isi ojii na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche nke ndịda ojii mara nke ọma na ọdịbendị a ma ama.Pilgrim, David. "The Mammy Caricature". The Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Big Rapids: Ferris State University, 2000. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na ọ bụghị obodo ya ka ọ na-anọchite anya ya - ọ nọ n'etiti ndị isi ojii bara ọgaranya na ndị isi ojii nke Chicago. Ọ lụrụ nwanyị ọcha ma biri n'ógbè ndị ọcha, ọ bụghịkwa akụkụ nke ahụmịhe obodo ahụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ ndị ọ na-achị.

 Obodo Bronze n'abalị 
Ebe e si nweta ya: 

N'ihe osise ya nke ọdịbendị jazz, Motley na-egosipụtakarị agbata obi Bronzeville nke Chicago, nke nyere ebe nchekwa maka ndị isi ojii si South.Amy M. Mooney, Archibald J. Motley Jr. (2004), p. 86. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya a ma ama na-egosi obodo ndị isi ojii bụ Bronzeville at Night, na-egosi ndị Africa America dị ka ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ndị bi n'obodo ukwu na-akọwa okporo ámá obodo. N'ọrụ ahụ, Motley na-enye onyinyo dị n'etiti ihe nkiri okporo ámá ma gosipụta ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka onye na-ekiri ihe dị anya, na-ejide ọtụtụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma na-elebara nnukwu foto ahụ anya n'otu oge ahụ.Amy M. Mooney, Archibald J. Motley Jr. (2004), p. 95.

Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ, akụkụ nke Bronzeville nke Motley enweghị akụkọ dị mkpa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke na-eche echiche nke na-etinye aka ya n'akpa uwe ya na-eme ka ọ dị njọ. N'azụ bọs ahụ, otu nwoke tụbara aka ya n'ụzọ na-atọ ụtọ. N'etiti, otu nwoke na onye ibe ya na-agbanwerịta okwu, aka ya elu na isi ya dị ka a ga-asị na ọ na-ekwu ihe. Site n'igosi nguzozi n'etiti nkọwa na mkpokọta, ọ na-enye ohere "onye na-ekiri ya iji ọnụ ọgụgụ na ebe ndị onye na-ese ihe na-ese ya. "Amy M. Mooney, Archibald J. Motley Jr. (2004), p. 95.

 Stomp 
Ebe e si nweta ya: 

Na Stomp, Motley sere ihe nkiri cabaret na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke na-edekọkwa ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii dị n'obodo ukwu. Obi ụtọ dị n'ihe osise ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya: mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ nwanyị yi uwe ọcha na-atụfu aka ya n'elu ụda egwu ahụ, di na nwunye na-amakụ - aka n'aka - n'azụ cabaret, onye na-akpọ piano na-ele ndị na-agba egwú. Ma ndị isi ojii ma ndị ọcha na-agba egwú ma na-agbagharị ibe ha n'ihu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'aka nri nke ihe osise ahụ, nwoke Africa-America na-eyi uwe ojii na-agba egwu na nwanyị nke Motley na-enye ụda dị mfe karị. Site n'ime nke a, o nwere olileanya igbochi echiche nke ịkpa ókè.

Ndị nkatọ Motley na-arụtụ aka na ọdịdị ihu nke ndị ọ na-achị na-adị ka ndị minstrel.  Mana Motley enweghị ebumnobi ịkọwapụta echiche ma nwee olile anya iji ihe onyonyo agbụrụ wee mee ka “mmasị na nnweta nke igwe mmadụ ya.”[1] Ọ meghere ndị na-ege ntị zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ebumnuche ya ịnọchite anya ọganihu Africa-American na ibi ndụ obodo.

 Nwa agbọghọ Octoroon 
Ebe e si nweta ya: 

Nwa agbọghọ Octoroon gosipụtara nwanyị nke bụ otu n'ime asatọ ojii. N'ihe oyiyi ahụ, nwa agbọghọ mara mma nwere ntutu isi ojii, anya ojii na akpụkpọ anụ na-enwu gbaa na-anọdụ ala na sofa ka ọ na-adabere na mgbidi na-acha ọbara ọbara. Ọ na-eyi uwe ojii velvet na-acha ọbara ọbara, okpu na-acha nchara nchara na obere agbụ ọla edo nwere ihe mgbochi. N'aka nri ya, o ji gloves akpụkpọ anụ abụọ. Nwanyị ahụ na-ele onye na-ekiri ya anya n'ụzọ dị nro, mana ọ dị nro. Ihu ya dị jụụ. Motley na-eji ihe osise ahụ na-eme ka ihe osise na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke ihe osise. Uwe ya na nzụlite ya niile na-egosi na ọ bụ onye nọ n'ọkwá dị elu. Ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ na ntụkwasị obi nke ọrụ anya. Ụzọ aka ya dị ogologo si ejide gloves ya na-egosi mmetụta ya nke ejiji na ịma mma. Ojiji Motley ji anụ ahụ na ihe na ihe osise a na-egosi na ọ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ mara mma nke ndị ọcha, ma na-egosi etu akụkụ nka ndị a si nwee mmetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Motley bụ "n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe ole na ole nke 1920 bụ ndị na-egosipụtakarị ndị Africa America n'ụzọ dị mma."[1] Nwa agbọghọ Octoroon bụ ihe atụ nke mbọ a iji tinye ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America n'ezigbo - ma ọ bụ, ikekwe, nanị iji  mee ka a mara ihe bụ eziokwu nke ndụ ndị America na ndị America etiti.  Ngosipụta nke Motley banyere nwanyị ahụ abụghị nanị mezuru ọchịchọ ya ime ememe ndị isi ojii rụzuru oke kamakwa mepụtakwara ihe nlereanya mara mma nke ndị chọrọ ịbụ onye ama ama nwere ike lekwasị anya na ya.  Ezubere nwa agbọghọ Octoroon ka ọ bụrụ ihe nnọchianya nke ọganihu ọha mmadụ, agbụrụ na akụ na ụba

N'ihe osise Motley,  o mere ntakịrị ihe dị iche n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị octoroon na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị octoroon nwere ihe nnọchianya nke ọkwa na njirimara ndị Europe.  Ọ dị ka ozi Motley na-ezigara ndị ọcha na-ege ya ntị bụ na ọ bụ ezie na nwanyị octoroon bụ akụkụ nke African American, o doro anya na ọ dabara na echiche nke ịbụ ogbenye na onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ.  Ọ na-arịọ ka ndị na-ekiri ndị ọcha na-ele anya gabiga ihe ngosi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke agbụrụ ya wee hụ naanị otu o si eme ihe ugbu a - ọ mara mma, dị jụụ na nkwanye ùgwù.  N'ịgbalị ime ka stereotype dị mfe, Motley ewepụla akara niile nke agbụrụ octoroon.

 Ebe a na-anọ eme ihe nkiri 
N'ihe osise ya The Mulatress (1924), Motley gosipụtara onye "mulatto" na-anọ n'ebe ahụ nke dị nnọọ mma ma dị mma n'ụzọ "nwa agbọghọ octoroon" bụ. A na-eji ọla jupụta n'ebe ahụ, ma na-anọdụ ala n'ụzọ ga-eme ka ọ dị mma ma nwee ntụsara ahụ. A na-egosipụta ya dị ka onye mara mma, mana ịdị nkọ na obi iru ala pụtara ìhè na ihu ya. Motley na-achọ n'ikpeazụ igosipụta nsogbu na mgbagwoju anya nke "mulatto ọdachi". Mooney, Amy (1999). "Representing Race: Disjunctures in the Work of Archibald Motley, Jr". Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies. 24 (2): 163–265. doi:10.2307/4112967. JSTOR 4112967. Motley n'onwe ya gosipụtara mmetụta a nke ejide n'etiti njirimara onwe onye. Ya mere, ihe osise a na-ekwu maka mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke njirimara agbụrụ site n'ịkewapụta "mulatto" site na ọkwa dị elu nke ọha mmadụ ojii nke echekwara maka "octoroons".  N'ụzọ dị otú a, Motley jiri ihe osise iji gosipụta mgbagwoju anya nke mmetụta nke njirimara Agbụrụ.

Motley jiri akụkụ dị nkọ na ndịiche gbara ọchịchịrị n'ime ihu ihe nlereanya ahụ iji gosi na ọ nwere mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ na-enupụ isi.  Ọ bụ ezie na nke a mere ka isiokwu ahụ dịkwuo mma na ịdị omimi karị, a pụkwara ịsị na Motley na-egwuri egwu n'echiche nke na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ewe iwe na ndị na-eme ihe ike.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ozi ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha dị na ọrụ Motley bụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ọha ya dị elu dị elu nke ga-emepụta ihe na-adịghị mma n'agbanyeghị na Motley bụkwa oji.  N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Motley bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe n'oge ahụ dị njikere ịse ụdị ndị Africa-America n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi.  O lere ihe osise ndị a anya dị ka ihe ọmụmụ gbasara sayensị n'ụdị gradients dị iche iche nke agbụrụ.

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ndina nwa agbọghọ na oche osisi mulatress na-ekpughekwa ihe dị iche iche nke klaasị Motley jikọtara ya na ndị ọ na-achị.  N'usoro ihe osise a, Motley na-adọta uche gaa na ọdịiche ọha mmadụ nke isiokwu ọ bụla.

 Ndụ abalị 
Ebe e si nweta ya: 

N'ime oge a, Motley mepụtara asụsụ enwere ike iji ya na nke a na-amata n'ihe osise ya, nke gụnyere iche iche ọkụ na agba gbara ọchịchịrị, echiche ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ, ụkpụrụ siri ike na ọchịchị nke otu hue.  O mekwara ihe dị iche iche nke pụtara ugboro ugboro na eserese ya nwere ọnọdụ, mmegharị ahụ, okwu na àgwà pụrụ iche.  A na-egosipụtakarị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a ka ha na-eguzokọ ọnụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ha emetụghị aka ma ọ bụ na-ejikọta ibe ha.Nightlife, na nchịkọta nke Art Institute of Chicago, na-egosi ụlọ ịgba egwu abalị na ndị mmadụ na-agba egwu n'azụ, na-anọdụ ala na tebụl n'aka nri na-aṅụ mmanya n'aka ekpe.[1]  A na-ekpuchi ihe oyiyi ahụ dum na ọkụ burgundy nke na-esi n'ala na mgbidi pụta, na-eme ka ndị na-agba chaa chaa na-ekpo ọkụ na nke bara ọgaranya.  Enwere ike ịnụ ụda egwu egwu na ogwe aka na-agba agba nke ndị na-agba egwu, bụ ndị yiri ka ha na-eme Lindy hop a ma ama.  N'ụzọ dị iche, nwoke ahụ nọ n'akụkụ aka nri nke ala na-anọdụ ala na-ele anya na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè.  Nwoke ọzọ nọ n'etiti na nwanyị n'akụkụ aka nri elu na-anọdụkwa n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ ma dị jụụ n'etiti ọgba aghara nke klọb ahụ.

N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Smithsonian Institution, Motley kọwara enweghị nkwenye a maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọ na-anwa iwepụ Nightlife na ihe osise ndị ọzọ:Ọ bụ ya mere m ji kwuo na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ bụ ihe mbụ ha ga-esi n'isi ha pụọ, chefuo ịkpa ókè ịkpa ókè nwoke a mara ikpe, na ọkụ ala mmụọ na ịkpa oke agbụrụ. ... Nke ahụ apụtaghị ihe ọ bụla nye onye na-ese ihe. Anyị niile bụ mmadụ. Ma ka e chefuo nke ahụ na ka ị nwere ike ịlaghachi n'ime onwe gị ma mee ihe ị chọrọ ime.  (Motley 1978) N'ime ihe a, Motley na-akpọ maka iwepụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ.  Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na karịsịa maka onye na-ese ihe, ọ bụghị n'agbanyeghị ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ nwere-onye ọ bụla hà nhata.  Ọ na-atụ aro na ozugbo e kpochapụrụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, onye ọ bụla nwere ike ilekwasị anya na onwe ya ma nwee obi ụtọ ná ndụ.  Na Nightlife, ndị na-elekọta klọb yiri ka ha chefuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma na-eme ihe kacha mma na ndụ site n'inwe abalị na-atọ ụtọ na-ege ntị na ịgba egwu jazz.  N'ihi na ndị na-aga klọb na-ewepụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'echiche ha, Motley nwere ike iji agba na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpọ anụ ahụ na-egosi ha nke ọma.Motley, Archibald, Jr. Oral History Interview with Archibald Motley. Interview by Dennis Barrie for the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.

 Ọnwụ 
Motley nwụrụ na Chicago na Jenụwarị 16, 1981.

 Ndụ onwe onye 
Motley lụrụ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Edith Granzo na 1924, onye nne na nna ya kwagara Germany megidere mmekọrịta ha na agbụrụ ha ma jụ ya maka alụmdi na nwunye ya."Archibald Motley, artist of African-American life". Theater/the Arts. The African American Registry. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.

Nwa nwanne ya nwoke (nke a zụlitere dị ka nwanne ya nwoke), Willard Motley, bụ onye edemede a ma ama nke a maara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1947 Knock on Any Door . Nwunye di ya bụ Valerie Gerrard Browne.

Motley bụ onye Katọlik.   [citation needed]

 Nkwado na onyinye 

 Ihe nrite Frank G. Logan maka ihe osise "A Mulattress" (1925).
 Joseph N. Eisendrath Award site na Art Institute of Chicago maka ihe osise "Syncopation" (1925). 
 Onye natara Guggenheim Fellowship iji gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na Paris (1929-30). 
 Harmon Foundation Award maka onyinye dị ịrịba ama na ngalaba nka (1928). 
 Ọ natara nzere doctorate n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute (1980). 
 Onye isi ala Jimmy Carter na ndị omenkà Africa-America itoolu na White House (1980). 

 Ihe ngosi nletaghachi 

 The Art of Archibald J. Motley, Jr., ihe ngosi mbụ nke ọrụ onye na-ese ihe, meghere na Chicago Historical Society na October 23, 1991, wee gaa na Studio Museum na Harlem na New York City (April 25-June 10, 1992), High Museum/Georgia-Pacific Gallery, Atlanta, GA (June 29-September 25, 1992), na Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (October 10, 1992-January 3, 1992).
 Archibald Motley: Jazz Age Modernist, ihe ngosi mbụ nke ihe osise nke onye America na-ese ihe n'ime afọ iri abụọ, meghere na Nasher Museum of Art na Mahadum Duke na Jenụwarị 30, 2014. Ihe ngosi ahụ wee gaa na Amon Carter Museum of American Art na Fort Worth, Texas (June 14-September 7, 2014), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (October 19, 2014 - February 1, 2015), The Chicago Cultural Center (March 6-August 31, 2015), na The Whitney Museum of American Arts, New York (October 2, 2015 - January 17, 2016).

 Ntụaka 

 Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 



 Robinson, Jontyle Theresa na Wendy Greenhouse, The Art of Archibald John Motley, Jr. Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 1991.

 Njikọ mpụga 


Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations