Ezinụlọ Gulf

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Clan del Golfo (Bekee: The Gulf Clan), nke a dị ka Gaitanist Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia - AGC) na nke a na-akpọbu Los Urabeños na Clan Úsuga, bụ otu neo-paramilitary Colombia ama ama.  ama na ugbu a.  nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na mba

Los Urabeños bụ otu n'ime ndị omempụ ego ike na Colombia.  Ndị otu mpụ ahụ na-ewe ndị otu ya tumadi site n'aka ndị ọrụ aka nri mbụ ma ekwuru na ha nwere ihe ruru ndị ikom 6,000 nọ n'okpuru ogwe aka.  Na mgbakwunye na aṅụ ọgwụ, ndị na-agụ Gulf na-etinyekwa aka na ngwuputa ogbunigwe n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ma na-akpata ọtụtụ igbu ọchụ na pụpụ.  [1] Ọ dabere na mpaghara Urabá nke Antioquia, ma tinye aka na ogụ agha Colombia .  

Los Urabeños bụ otu n'ime otu ndị pụtara mgbe mkpochapụ nke United Self-Defense Forces nke Colombia.  N'ọgwụgwụ 2011 Los Urabeños kwuputara agha na Los Rastrojos maka njikwa ahịa ọgwụ na Medellín.[1]  Isi ihe na-akpata ego bụ ịzụ ahịa cocaine n'ihi na ọ dị ka ọ bụ ndị na-ekesa cocaine kacha na Colombia niile.[2][3]  Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 2021, a na-ahụta ya dị ka nzukọ ndị omekome kacha ike na Colombia, na-enwe ụfọdụ ndị otu 3,000 n'ime ime nzukọ a na 2016 na-amaghị ọnụọgụ ya ugbu a.[4][5]  Ndị na-agba ya mgba gụnyere National Liberation Army.  Ndị otu Gulf ewerela ndị na-eso ya n'ọkwa kachasị elu nke ndị isi agha, dị ka ndị isi na ndị agha.

 Otu n'ime ọtụtụ otu mebere nke ndị isi otu ndị isi n'ọkwa mbụ mbụ, Clan emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ igbu mmadụ rịgoro na ngalaba ugwu Colombia.  Ugbu a, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu na-ere aha aha ọgwụ na Colombia (DTO) nwere oke na ike obi ebere.  Isi ike nke otu a dị ugbu a na ngalaba Antioquia, Sucre na Cordoba, yana ikpe na ngalaba na mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị na mba ahụ asị isi obodo dịka Medellín na Bogotá .  [1] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Clan nwere ike bụrụ otu onye na-ekesa cocaine kacha ukwuu n'ụwa, ebe ha na ndị na-ere ọgwụ na Mexico na ndị otu mpụ Europe dị ka 'Ndrangheta bụ ndị nna nna nna nna.  -erite uru site na ahia cocaine na-ụlọ ezi.  Ezinụlọ.

Na June 2020, ndị uwe ojii mba Colombia, onye bụbu onye otu Los Rastrojos Marlon Gregorio Celis Caballero, nke a na-akpọ 'Loquillo ma ọ bụ Felipe', abụrụla onye ndu nke Clan del Golfo n'April 2020. [1  ] N'oge m mkpa a, Clan del Golfo ọnụ ụzọ ahịrị ọgwụ na mpaghara Caribbean ma teekwa onye Ciénaga aha ya na utu aha "Diana" dị ka onye isi akara ọhụrụ.  [1] njem, Clan del Golfo adọpụkwala uche ya site na ịhụ ya na ndị na-adịghị FARC .  [2] [3] Na Ọktoba 23, 2021, e jidere onye ndu otu ahụ Dario Antonio Úsuga David, nke a mara nke ọma dị ka Otoniel .  N'oge ijidere ya, Otoniel bụ onye nwe ọgwụ na Colombia kacha achọ .  [4] Mgbe ejidechara Otoniel, Onye isi ala Colombia Iván Duque Márquez ikike Clan del Golfo adịghị ike dị ka "gafere" ma kwuo na "ụbọchị yaagwụla".

 Mmalite 
Maka "Clan del Golfo," aha ya bụ "Los Urabeños" si Urabá, mpaghara ugwu ike inwe nke dị nso na ọgụ Panama nwere nnukwu ozi na ndị na-ere ọgwụ nri ka ọ na-enye nhọrọ na Caribbean na Pacific Coast.  , saịtị na ngalaba nke Antioquia na Chocó.  Otú ọ dị, a ያለፈ nke otu ahụ n'ebe ọzọ, na Colombia's Eastern Plains, bụ ebe Daniel Rendon Herrera, nke a mara nke ọma dị ka 'Don Mario,' na-edozi ego maka otu ndị agha Bloque Centauros.

Ndị na-azụ cocaine na FARC na-asaarịta mpi maka egwuregwu na ụgbọ na Eastern Plains.  N'afọ 1997, ndị ọchịchịagha ndị isi ụgbọ agha Carlos na Vicente Castaño akara iziga ndị agha n' ike ahụ ka ha wepụta ọgwụ n'aka ndị agha.  Na 2001, ndị Castaños rere otu n'ime ndị agha ha, nke e ekele mara dị ka Bloque Centauros, nye onye agha ọzọ, Miguel Arroyave, ebubo maka US $ 7 nde.  Ọ bụ Arroyave mere Rendon Herrera ka ọ bịaara onye ọrụ.  N'okpuru akwụkwọ nke Rendón, ndị Centauros isi otu n'ime ndị kasị baa ịrịba n'ime United Self-Defense Forces of Colombian (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia - AUC).  Ndị Centauros na-azụ ịhụnanya kokaine, na-azụ ndị soja ndị agha obodo, napụ ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo, naManeta ụtụ isi maka ikere ndị sitere na na-aba n'anya ruo na ebe ala.

Rendon nwara ịgbasa window ukwu ya, na-aga n'ebe ndịda Cordoba, Lower Cauca dị n'ebe ugwu Antioquia na mpaghara na-abanye na Medellin, nke Oficina de Envigado na-atụ egwu na-achịkwa oge.  N'oge na-akpa anya, ndị ikom Rendon nwere ịlụ ogụ na ndị Paisas, mgbe ahụ bụ ime obodo, nku Oficina.  Ndị uwe ojii boro ndị otu Rendon ebubo maka ogbugbu opekata mpe 3,000 n'etiti 2007 na 2009. N’April 15, 2009, otu ndị uwe ojii Commandos 200 weghaara Rendon n’ugbo dị n’ime ime obodo Urabá.

Na January 1, 2012, egburu Juan de Dios Usuga-David, nke a na-akpọ "Giovany," na ndị agha uwe ojii n'ebe a na-azụ anụ na ngalaba Chocó.  Ndị otu Clan del Golfo athụ ha na ike ahụ ma jide ha n'oge agbapụ ya na ndị uwe ojii.  [1] N'ihe ngosi ike dị , Gulf Clan haziri usoro nke ahaziri hazi na-acha ya na mgbago ugwu Antioquia, na-enyefe mpempe akwụkwọ na-ezo aka na aha mbụ otu ahụ, Gaitanista Self-Defense Forces.  Ndị Gulf Clan gosikwara na ha bu n'obi ịzaghachi ọnwụ nke onye ndu ha mgbe ha nyere onyinye n'ihu ọha $1,000 maka onye uwe ojii ọ ALA e gburugburu na Antioquia, mgbochi nsogbu na eze kacha ochie na eze Pablo Escobar.  Nwanne ya nwoke Dario Antonio Úsuga David aha ya bụ "Otoniel", emesịa nọchiri ya dị ka onye isi nke cartel.  [2] Na Ọktoba 23, 2021, ndị agha Colombia nwụchiri Otoniel.

 Mpaghara na ọnụnọ 
Dabere na ajụjụ Nọvemba 2021 InsightCrime, a kọrọ na Clan nwere ike siri ike na ngalaba Colombian nke Antioquia, Cordoba na Sucre, akwụkwọ na-agafeghị oke na ngalaba Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Bolívar, Atlántico, Magdalena de Santander na  ozi dị ala ma ọ bụ ozi na ngalaba Cesar, Santander, Boyacá, La Guajira, Risaralda, Casanare, Meta na Vichada .

 Nhazi na nhazi 
Ndị otu Gulf na-adabere na opekata mpe ndị otu 1,200 na ọkwa kachasị elu ha. Ntọala ha dị nso na gburugburu ọwara Urabá, gụnyere obodo Tierralta na Valencia dị na Cordoba na obodo iri na otu dị na mpaghara Urabá dị na Antioquia. Njide nke onye ndu mpaghara Urabá Eduardo Ortiz Tuberquia, aha ya bụ "El Indio," na May 2017 na ọnwụ nke onye isi nke abụọ, Roberto Vargas Gutiérrez, aha ya bụ "Gavilán," na Septemba 2017 na onye isi agha Luis Orlando Padierma, aha ya bụ " Inglaterra," na Nọvemba 2017 nyere onye isi n'ozuzu Dario Antonio Úsuga David, nke a na-akpọ "Otoniel", ikike siri ike na Gulf Clan, na ndị isi mpaghara na-enweta ikike karịa n'ókèala ha. 

Iwu kachasị elu na-ebuga otu ndị a zụrụ azụ, ndị ji egbe gaa n'ime ime obodo dị mkpa maka ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ. Ndị a na-agụnye mpaghara nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ebumpụta ụwa n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri Caribbean, ma ọ bụ ebe a ga-azụrịrị coca base, dị ka Caucasia ma ọ bụ Tarazá dị na Antioquia (InSight anụwokwa akụkọ banyere otu mkpụrụ ndụ Urabeño dị na Medellín). Selụ ndị a na-anwa iweta ndị na-enye ozi mpaghara, ọkachasị ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ nwere ike ịgwa ha ihe ndị ọrụ nchekwa na-eme. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

A bịa n'ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ, ndị Gulf Clan yiri DTOS na-emegide dị ka Rastrojos ma ọ bụ Paisas n'ihi na ha enweghị mmasị n'ịchịkwa usoro mmepụta ọgwụ niile. Mana ha egosipụtabeghị dị ka ndị Rastrojos ma a bịa n'ịkwado njikọ dị mkpa na ndị isi ndị ọzọ na-ere ahịa ọgwụ. Ndị Gulf Clan ga-azụta coca base n'aka FARC, mana otu abụọ ahụ agaghị emekọrịta ihe karịa nke ahụ. Ihe na-enyere ndị Clan aka ịsọ mpi ugbu a bụ ịdọ aka ná ntị ndị agha ha: ka ọ dị ugbu a, ha akwụsịla ụdị ọgụ a na-etisa Paisas ma ọ bụ Oficina. Ndị Gulf Clan nwere ike gosipụta na ha nwere ike ịgbasa ọrụ ha gafere oke osimiri Caribbean na ugwu Colombia ma ọ bụrụ na agha ha na Rastrojos emebighị ha. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

ụzọ a esila na paramilitarism pụta ma na-aga n'ihu na- anya anya n'otu agha agha, otu na ndị otu aka ekpe.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme mpụ igbura igbu mmadụ nke ndị isi obodo na ndị na-elekọta mmadụ, ndị agha So aka ekpe na-emegide mmadụ n'ike.  N'October 2017, o akwụkwọ nta nke isiokwu ya bụ "Pistol Plan against the Patriotic Union" nke ọ na-eyi ndị otu ndị agha ma ọ bụ NGO egwu.

Na Septemba 1, 2017, egburu onye isi nke abụọ nke Gulf Clan (alias Gavilán   ) n'oge ndị uwe ojii gbara agba.  "Urabeños". January 6, 2013. Inglaterra, onye bụ onye nke ise nke otu ahụ,  merụrụ ahụ n'oge agbapụ a yana  ma mesịa nwụọ na Nọvemba 2017.  Ndị isi atọ fọdụrụ nwere onwe ha (alias Otoniel, Carlos Moreno, alias Nicolás na Aristides Meza, aha ya bụ El Indio). Agbanyeghị, Meza, onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi nke atọ, nọ n'oge ndị uwe ojii gbara agba na Machị 28, 2018.  E jidere onye nọchiri nke jiri utu aha "Samuel" na Mee 21, 2018,  ebe e jidere Nicolás na August 6, 2018.  N'October 2018, a kọrọ na n'ihi ọnwụ na njide nke ndị isi atọ ndị a n'ime otu afọ nke ọ bụla ọzọ, Gulf Clan hụrụ nhazigharị dị ukwuu na onye ndú ya, ya na Giovanis Ávila Villadiego, nke a na-akpọ "Chiquito Malo. " A kọrọ na ọ bụ onye isi na-ahụ maka ụzọ ịzụ ahịa ụgbọ mmiri na-aga United States na Europe; Nelson Darío Hurtado Simanca, nke a na-akpọ “Marihuano,” onye na-achị Central Urabá Bloc (Bloque Central Urabá) na ihe dị ka narị ndị ikom asaa na mpaghara Caribbean; na ndị isi ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara mpaghara. 

N'agbata Disemba 30, 2020 na Jenụwarị 2, 2021, ndị otu Clan del Golfo 181 gbadoro anya nke ọma na Operation Agamemnon, ebe ndị isi ala Colombia na Colombia na-ewepụta nkwupụta nkwonkwo na-ekpughe na "ahaziri ozi a na arụmọrụ 38 nwere usoro ọchụchọ 117 na mwakpo, nke butere njide 177 na nnọpụiche anọ."  N'ime ndị ejidere bụ John Fredy Zapata Garzón, nke a na-akpọ Messi ma ọ bụ Candado, na mmadụ asaa n'ime ndị ya na ya na-akpakọrịta.  Ndị uwe ojii mba Colombia bụ Major General Fernando Murillo Orrego, onye isi Directorate of Criminal Investigation and Interpol (DIJIN), "Zapata Garzón gbara otu ndị na-ere ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na ndị na-emebi ego na Clan del Golfo" DIJIN wepụtakwara nkwupụta na-ekpughe na Zapata. Garzón kesara ụzọ maka ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ na Europe na United States na Clan del Golfo, site na ụlọ ọrụ shei, itinye ego, na ezigbo ala na akụrụngwa nkeonwe na Ngalaba 17 nke Colombia .  Na Disemba 2020, Ngalaba Akụ na United States nyere Zapata Garzón iwu maka "ịkwanyere aka n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ọrụ ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ mba ụwa nke Clan del Golfo."   Nkwupụta gọọmentị jikọrọ ọnụ, nke ewepụtara na Jenụwarị 4, 2021, kpughekwara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu Clan del Golfo ejidere n'oge usoro ọrụ Agamemnon nke malitere na Disemba 30, 2020, toro ruo mgbe ahụ. 198.  

Na Maachị 2021, ihe owuwu Clan del Golfo nwere nnukwu ihe egwu na njide ndị otu 25 ọzọ.  Dị ka ndị agha mmiri Colombia si kwuo, a na-ebo ndị ahụ nwụchiri ebubo na ha bụ ndị butere ihe karịrị tọn 13 cocaine n'ime Honduras, Costa Rica, na Panama n'oge ọrụ ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ike iri na itoolu.  Nini Jhoana Úsuga, alias La Negra, ga-eweghachite n'oge ejidere ndị a.  Onye ndu Main Clan del Golfo Rubén D. Meléndez, nke a na-akpọ Porrón, na onye na-ebubata ngwa agha Clan del Golfo na onye eboro ebubo onye otu FARC bụ Martín Boyaco sokwa na ndị ejidere.  E jidere Porrón na Machị 13, 2021, ebe Boyaco, onye kwenyere na ọ na-enye Clan del Golfo ego site n'inye ngwa ọgụ nye onye isi mgbagha FARC Iván Mordisco, na Machị 11, 2021.  Na Ọgọst 18, 2021, ndị ọrụ nchekwa Colombia jidere Luis Daniel Santan Hernández, nke a na-akpọ Machete . Machete, bụ onye gọọmentị Colombia chọrọ kemgbe 2017 na onye e jidere obere oge tupu e mee ndokwa ịlụ ya, ọ bụghị naanị onye nhazi nke nchekwa, ngwa agha na mpụ nke ndị isi Clan del Golfo ndị ọzọ guzo na ọdịda anyanwụ Antioquia ma a na-ahụkwa ya. dị ka "onye ndú nke ndị omempụ kasị ukwuu na Colombia." 

 Eji ngwá agha tigbuo 
Na Jenụarị 5, 2012, nzukọ ahụ malitere ibu agha n'ọtụtụ ebe ugwu Colombia iji mee mkpesa maka ogbugbu e gburu onye ndu ha 'Giovanni'. Ọgbụgba ọrụ a kwụsịrị ọtụtụ ngalaba Colombia kpamkpam ka a gwara ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị njem ka ha nọrọ n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ nwee 'nsonaazụ'. 

 Omenala na mkpuchi ewu ewu 
Clan del Golfo, dị ka ọ dị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, egosipụtara ma tụle ya n'ọtụtụ mmemme akwụkwọ dịka usoro nke Vice - Criminal Planet (2021) yana mmemme telivishọn Britain akpọrọ Cocaine: Ibi na Cartels (2019).

 Hụkwa 

 Coca mmepụta na Colombia
 Ọgbaghara Colombia
 FARC
 Azụmaahịa ọgwụ na-akwadoghị na Colombia
 Ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ n'oké osimiri na Latin America
 Medellín Cartel
 Ndị agha nnwere onwe

 Ntụaka 
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