V. G. Braun-Dusemond

Valentin Gerhard Braun-Dusemond (amụrụ Gerhard Braun ; 1919–1998), bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ere nka German. Ọ dịrị ndụ ma rụọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere Kenya na Malta, na ọrụ ya nabatara ma Abstract Expressionist na Impressionist styles.

 Ndụ mmalite na mmetụta 
A mụrụ Braun-Dusemond na Cologne, Germany, ebe nna ya, Dr Siegfried Braun, bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Juu. Ọ si na Nazi Germany gbapụ na Kenya na 1939. Ọ hapụrụ Africa na 1963, o biri na Malta wee were aha Dusemond . Nke a bụ aha obodo nta nke dị na Mosel nke ezinụlọ nna ya si bịa. Mond bụ nwa agbọghọ aha nne ya, onye si Werl na Westphalia bịa.

Ọ bụ nhụta Braun-Dusemond na German Expressionist, Ludwig Meidner nke mbụ kpaliri ya ịghọ onye na-ese ihe. Meidner abiawo n'obodo Braun-Dusemond nke Cologne, n'afọ 1935, iji nweta ọkwa dịka onye na-ese ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Juu, Javneh. Nzaghachi nke ịnụ ọkụ n'obi Meidner na eserese na eserese nke nwa okorobịa ahụ gbara ya ume ịzụlite nkà ya. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Tesis Dr Braun dị na onye nkatọ nka na onye nkatọ, Konrad Fiedler (1841–1895) onye, na Kunstwissenschaft ya, mepụtara echiche nke ụdị dị ọcha, na-ajụ echiche nke Mma na Art. Ebe ọ bụ na Fiedler kwenyere na ọrụ nke Art adịghị emepụta mmetụta, ọ leghaara mkpa mmetụta dị na ekele ha anya. Esemokwu ebumpụta ụwa Braun-Dusemond nwere na echiche ndị dị otú ahụ mere ka ọ nabata mmetụta nke German Expressionism na-emesi ike na mkpa kachasị mkpa nke mmetụta onwe onye nke onye na-ese ihe.

 Ndụ na ọrụ 

 Ịpụ na Nazi Germany 
Na 1939 Braun-Dusemond gbanarịrị ndị Gestapo wee gbaga Kenya, ebe ekele maka ọzụzụ mbụ ya na Silesia na Groß Breesen Jewish Farm School for Prospective Migrants (Judische Auswandererlehrgut), e nyere ya ikike ịkwaga. Ndị otu Plow Settlements Association nke London kwadoro ọpụpụ ya bụ nke, na-esochi ogbako Evian na 1938, meghere East Africa maka mmezi nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Juu iri isii. N'ime ọnwa ole na ole ọ bịarutere Kenya, Braun-Dusemond etinyere ya dịka onye iro nọ n'ogige ụlọ ọrụ Britain dị na Nakuru, Nairobi na Kabete . N'ebe a, ndị mkpọrọ ibe ya tụgharịrị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst - ndị Italian Consolata Missionary - na Septemba 1940 wee nakweere aha Valentin kemgbe a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị Valentine .

 Ụlọ ọrụ Art 
N’agbanyeghi na ihere nke ịbụ onye a dọọrọ n’agha nke ndị o si nweta nzọpụta, Braun-Dusemond, enwechaghị nkụda mmụọ site n’ahụmahụ ya n’ogige ndị ahụ. N'ịbụ onye a tọhapụrụ n'egwu nke mkpagbu ndị Nazi na nchegbu banyere ego, ọ na-enwe ike ịse na eserese n'efu. O tinyere mmetụta uche nke ọnọdụ ya kpatara n'imepụta usoro eserese na ihe osise. E gosipụtara nzaghachi nka nka na ndọrọ n'agha n'ụzọ atọ - ihe ezi uche dị na ya na nke na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ndị bi n'ogige (clowns na masks na-ejupụta na ihe nkiri mmadụ a dị ịtụnanya), ihe ngosi nke ụwa nrọ gafere ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ mkpọrọ (Africa na agba agba). na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke ọnọdụ ya—Kraịst dịka onye dọọrọ n’agha na ndọkpụ n’agha.

 Kenya (1946-1963) 
Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị Braun-Dusemond laghachiri na Nairobi iji guzobe onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, na-eguzogide mgbalị niile gọọmentị German na-eme iji debanye aha ya n'ọrụ mba ọzọ eweghachiri ọhụrụ. Na-ese ihe mgbe ọ bụla o nwere ike, ọ meriri ihe mgbochi ndị kpatara enweghị ntozu ya na obodo ya ma jisie ike nweta ndụ site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ (na-ede maka Der Spiegel na Reuters ), onye na-azụ anụ, onye ntụgharị na onye na-ahụ maka sinima. N'afọ 1950, ọ ghọrọ onye malitere ụlọ ihe nkiri nke Nairobi Puppet. Ọ na-ese ihe nkiri maka ihe nkiri na Donovan Maule Theatre. Ọ bụ ezie na Braun-Dusemond rụpụtara ọtụtụ ihe osise mara mma nke gburugburu ya, ọchịchọ nka ya na-elekwasị anya mgbe niile na ihe ngosi.

Ná mmalite 1951, o weere ihe osise ya na London, bụ ebe o gosiri Sir William Coldstream, onye nduzi nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Slade nke Fine Art . Coldstream masịrị ya nke ukwuu nke na ọ nakweere ya ozugbo, na-ahapụ ma ule mbata na ụgwọ maka okwu abụọ. Braun-Dusemond nwetara ego n'aka Society of Friends (Quakers) na onyinye sitere na Helen Hay Whitney Foundation . N'ịlaghachi n'Africa n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1951, a họpụtara Braun-Dusemond ka ọ nọrọ na kọmitii nhọrọ nke Kenya Arts Society nke ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche. Ihe osise Braun malitere ire ma na Kenya ( George Vamos, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ nke multi-racial United Kenya Club, bụ otu n'ime ndị ahịa ya) na John Whibley Gallery, London. Ọ na-eme ihe ngosi ugboro ugboro na The Atelier dị na Nairobi ma nwee ihe ngosi na East Africa dum. Mgbe ọ na-ewepụta aha maka onwe ya Braun-Dusemond, na-echeta mmekọ nke ya na ajọ mbunobi, chọkwara ịgba ndị na-eto eto n'Africa ume. Ajụjụ ọnụ site na magazin Drum, na 1959, Braun-Dusemond kwuru, sị, 'Ka anyị na-enweta ngwa ngwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na agbụrụ agbụrụ, ọ ga-aka mma maka anyị niile.' N'afọ 1959, o meghere New Stanley Art Gallery na Nairobi nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-achụ nta ọcha na-agakarị.

 Mediterranean (1963-1976) 
Na 1963, na-atụ egwu ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-esochi nnwere onwe Kenya, Braun-Dusemond hapụrụ azụmahịa ya na-aga nke ọma wee gaa South Africa, Israel na Saịprọs ịchọ ebe ọhụrụ ọ ga-ese. A ghaghị ịhapụ atụmatụ iji guzobe gallery na Dome Hotel, Kyrenia, n'ihi na ha dabara na mgbawa nke ime ihe ike na Saịprọs. Braun-Dusemond na nwunye ya (Ruth Hornby-Waring) na ụmụ ya abụọ ka e ji ụgbọ ala Embassy Germany kpọpụta na Kyrenia. Braun-Dusemond mechara biri na Malta na 1966. N'ebe ahụ, o hiwere Mdina Gallery wee kpọọ onwe ya Dusemond.

Site na mgbanwe aha, mgbanwe nke ụdị bịara ka ọ na-apụ na mpaghara Abstract nke Africa ya n'ime imepụta mbara ala Mediterranean na nrọ. N'ịhapụ mmanu dị iche iche na-egbuke egbuke na nnukwu akwa akwa nke oge ntorobịa ya, Braun-Dusemond malitere eserese na agba mmiri na gouache. Ebufere echiche efu ya nke Africa Tachiste ka ọ bụrụ odida obodo pụrụ iche nke a na-asa ahụ na ocher na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma jiri ọla edo na-agbagọ agbagọ. Ìhè dị nkọ nke equator emewo ka ụda ogbi nke Oké Osimiri Mediterenian pụta. Braun-Dusemond bi na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (o nwere ụmụ isii) na Palazzo Gourgion na ndò nke Katidral nke 'obodo nkịtị' Mdina. Ndị ahịa ya - ọkachasị ndị njem nlegharị anya German - nwere mmasị na àgwà Braun-Dusemond na akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka mmalite nke ọrụ ya. O nwere ezigbo kọntaktị na Ụlọ ọrụ Embassy German dị na Malta nke gbara ya ume ịga nke ọma. Na 1976 ọ nabatara onye bụbu Chancellor German, Willy Brandt, na Mdina. O jigidere njikọ ya na ihe ngosi nka nke Europe site n'aka ndị ahịa ya. Onye nta akụkọ na onye na-ahụ maka nka, Hans Wallenberg, onye na-ese ihe Katerina Wilczynski na onye na-ese ihe bụ Trude Bunzl zụrụ ọrụ ya. yana ịzụlite ọrụ nke ya Braun-Dusemond chọsiri ike ịkwado usoro ihe nkiri Maltese na-eto eto, gụnyere John Borg Manduca na Mary de Piro .

 Mpụga mba ọzọ, ezumike nka na ọnwụ 
Idyll Mediterranean akwụsịghị ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Na 1976 Prime Minister, Dom Mintoff, chụpụrụ Braun-Dusemond na ezinụlọ ya na Malta. Braun-Dusemond nwere iwu ịlaghachi Germany. Enweghị ike ịbanye na Germany n'ihi nhụjuanya nke ncheta ya (ọtụtụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya lara n'iyi na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ ), Braun-Dusemond kwagara Britain ebe ọ nọgidere na-ere ihe osise ya nye ndị ahịa na mba ọzọ - karịsịa na Germany ebe o nwere abụọ ya. ihe ngosi ikpeazụ na Berlin (1977) na Hamm (1981). Ọ nọrọ afọ ikpeazụ ya ndụ ọzọ na ndò nke katidral - nke ugbu a nke Wells na Somerset.

 Osisi na ngosi ihe mgbe ochie 

 Afọ 1950
 John Whibley Gallery, London
 ICA (ndị na-ese ihe na-eto eto), London
 Ụlọ ihe nkiri Sorsbie, Nairobi
 Ụlọ ihe nkiri Atelier, Nairobi
 Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Uganda, Kampala
 Thamos Papadopolous Museum, Tanga
 Imperial Museum of Fine Arts, Addis Ababa
 Mkpokọta Block, Nairobi
 Nchịkọta Na-adịgide adịgide Kenya Arts Society
 Afọ 1960
 Ụlọ ihe ngosi Stanley ọhụrụ, Nairobi
 Ụlọ ihe nkiri Pelikan, Baden-Baden
 Grehan Museum, Beirut
 Ụlọ ihe nkiri Harwood, Los Angeles
 1960-1980s
 Ụlọ osisi Mdina, Malta
 Osisi Mignon, Bath
 Galerie Brigitte Wolffer, Berlin
 Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Gustav-Lubcke, Hamm

 Edensibia 

 Magazin Drum August 1959
 Akwụkwọ akụkọ (Malta) Ọgọst 1972
 Berliner Morgenpost 16 Jenụwarị 1977
 anwụ Welt 21 Jenụwarị 1977
 Westfalenpost 28 Febrụwarị 1981
 "Ịmeghachi ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi na Mdina" nke Lisa Gwen Baldacchino dere, The Times of Malta 4 Maachị 2010
 "Ụlọ ọrụ Britain nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ sitere na Nazi Germany na Kenya n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ" nke Jutta Vinzent nọ na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ sitere na Europe ndị Nazi ji na mba Britain dị na Overseas Territories (Leiden: Brill, 2020): 159-182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004399532_010
 "Mdina, Malta Foto Gallery" nke Brian McMorrow na pbase.com
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations