Ruth nke Ọhịa Nwa atụrụ

Ruth deForest Lamb (mgbe e mechara Atkinson, 1896 – June 17, 1978) [1] bụ onye isi nkuzi izizi na US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) na onye dere American Chamber of Horrors: eziokwu nri nri na ọgwụ (1936).  ).  Ọ haziri nkwado ndị akara maka ngafe nke Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act nke 1938,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,E

 Ndụ mbido 
Nwa atụrụ Ruth deForest na 1896 [1] na Hallstead, Pennsylvania.  [2] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ Vassar na 1918. Ọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edepụta akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi site na 1918-1926, otu n'ime ụmụ mbụ na ngalaba mgbasa ozi na- vidiyo.  [2] Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ bụ nna ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi n'ihe nri nri, na ihe ihe mma.

 Otu narị afọ nke ọganihu 
Na 1933, Nwa Atụrụ sonyeere US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), bụrụ onye isi nkuzi izizi ya.  [1] Maka " Century of progress " Chicago World's Fair of 1933, Nwa Atụrụ na-arụ ọrụ na FDA's Chief Inspector, George Larrick, iji ihe ngosi nke ngosi 100 nke ọ weere dị ka "dị ize ndụ, ndụ, ma ọ  bụ na- ike uru" mana nke FDA akara ikike iwu.  nsogbu.  [2] Ndị a na-atụgharị ndị dị ka Lash Lure, ihe na-esiji nku anya, nke butere kpuru ìsì na ọnwụ.  [3] [4] N a na-apụta dị na ngwere ahụ, FDA nke bọọdụ iri na asaa na-egosi "nnukwu foto ndị doro anya mapụtara, terse prose".  [5] Foto ndị ahụ na ihe ngosi ngosi na akwụkwọ Ruth Lamb Atkinson na Vassar College.  N’agbata June na Nọvemba, ọtụtụ nde mmadụ gara.

N'October 1933, Paramount ofisoshin 2  newsreel clip na-ezo aka ihe ngosi ma na-e rai maka iwu ede Brook, nke Rexford Tugwell akwụkwọ.  [1] Mgbe emechiri ihe ngwere nke ụwa na Nọvemba 12, 1933, ewe ìhè ihe ngosi ahụ na Washington, DC N'ebe ahụ First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt letara ya, na-eke mgbasa ozi buru ibu.  [1] Ndị na-ekiri ihe ngosi ngosi a "egwu egwu".

 Ụlọ ihe egwu ndị America 
Ruth Lamb jiri aha otutu na aha nke akwụkwọ ya, American Chamber of Horrors: Eziokwu nri na nri nri (1936).  [1] [2] Edere akwụkwọ nke Lamb n'otu ego iji nkatọ nke 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: Danger in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics (1933) nke Arthur Kallet na Frederick J. Schlink .  Akwụkwọ ha katọrọ FDA n'ụzọ siri ike maka ịghara ibe gị ire nri nri, ọgwụ na ihe omume mma dị ize ndụ na nke na-eduhie eduhie   

N'ime ụlọ egwu egwu America, Nwa atụrụ tụlere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa. O webatara ozi sitere na ihe ngosi FDA nke 1933, yana site na ebe nchekwa FDA, na-egosi na FDA mara ma mụọ ngwaahịa dị ize ndụ. Ma ndị ọrụ FDA na Nwa Atụrụ n'onwe ya kwuru na ya dere akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka nwa amaala onwe ya, ọ bụghị dịka onye nnọchiteanya nke FDA. Ka o sina dị, ọkwá ya dị ka onye ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ FDA nyere ya ohere ịnweta isi mmalite gọọmentị. O ji akwụkwọ ozi si n'aka ụmụ amaala onwe ya na-arịọ enyemaka na iwu nke ọma. 

Na mgbakwunye, Nwa Atụrụ tụlere ebu nke ndị dị otú ahụ na ọnọdụ nke Iwu Nri na Ọgwụgwụ Ọcha nke 1906, ma ọ bụ " Wiley Act ".  Nwa n'eche "n'usoro egwuregwu oke iwu" nke Wiley Act, na-ịzọ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ebe ọ bụ ihe mgbe ochie, gharazie ịbụ, ma ọ bụ na-etinye n'ịbụ ndị, iji redio maka mgbasa ozi na  akwụkwọ nke egwuregwu mma na ọgwụ .  Site n'ime nke a, ọ ụzọ aro maka mmepụta nke iwu ọhụrụ wee mee ikpe siri ike maka mkpa ya

. Akwụkwọ nke Lamb American Chamber of Horrors, dị ka 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, iná ndị a ma na ndị na-emetụta ya.  Nwa nwanne ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkọrọ oke nke iwu dị adị na mkpa maka iwu ọhụrụ, ọha mmadụ, ndị omeiwu na ndị mmadụ ha.  Nwa nwa lekwasịrị anya na mbọ ya n'ịchịkọta otu ụmụ maka mkpa iwu ọhụrụ.  Ụmụ Washington dị ka Eleanor Roosevelt na ndị na-eso ụzọ ndị ọzọ Congressional na Washington, DC nwere ma ozi na okwu a na ike i elele ụka, na-amanye ndị omebe iwu ka ha were elele ha ihe.  Ọrụ a rụpụtara na njedebe nke 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

 Ọrụ ndị ọzọ 
N'afọ 1937, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kọrọ na Nwa Atụrụ ahụ edewo ihe odide nke a na-ịbụ ime ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri.  Akpọrọ aha nwa oge "ikike igbu mmadụ", BP Schulberg faịlụ aro ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe Edward Arnold otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.  Ọ pụtaghị na e mere ihe nkiri ahụ 

Nwa Nwaanyị dekwara ihe odide maka kandụl Ekwensu: An Informal History of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and Its Operation in Our Social Economy (1937).  [1] Akpọsara ya na "Nhụchalụ nke akwụkwọ maka ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi" na American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health maka 1938, mana ihe ike akara ya.  [2] Agụnyere ihe odide n'akwụkwọ ya na akwụkwọ Vassar.  Akwụkwọ ya gụ akara ihe odide maka "Magic Oyster" (1928), akwụkwọ ọmụmụ a na-ahụ .

 Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ 
Na 1942 Ruth deForest Lamb na-egosi Henry R. Atkinson wee hapụ FDA.  Ya na di ya gara India afã ụfọdụ mgbe Agha ọgụ nke amaghị 

O mechara laghachi Washington, DC, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwado ndị ahịa dị ka National Congress of Parents and Teachers (1942-45). N'agbata 1943 na 1946 ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke Food for Freedom, Ind. 

 Ntụaka 

 Njikọ mpụga 


Òtù:Aha