Jeff Donaldson

Jeff Donaldson Amụrụ Jeffrey Richardson Donaldson</br> ( 1932-12-15 ) 15 Disemba 1932</br> Pine Bluff, Arkansas, US Nwụrụ 29 Febrụwarị 2004 (2004-02-29) (ndị agadi 71)</br> Washington, DC, US Alma nne Mahadum nke Arkansas na Pine Bluff,</br> IIT Institute of Design ,</br> Mahadum Northwwest Ntughari Ojii Art Movement
Jeff Donaldson (1932 – 2004) bụ onye na-ese ihe na-ahụ anya nke ọrụ ya nyere aka kọwaa Black Arts Movement nke 1960 na 1970.  Donaldson, onye nchoputa nke AfriCOBRA na onye nyere aka na Wall of Respect nke dị mkpa, bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na mmezu nkeonwe na agụmakwụkwọ Africa-American . A maara ọrụ nka ya maka ịmepụta akara ngosi ojii ọzọ jikọtara na Africa ma gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na mgba, iji dochie akụkọ ihe mere eme nke stereotypes na-eweda ala nke a chọtara na omenala ndị ọcha. 

N'etiti ọgba aghara agbụrụ na omenala nke afọ 1960, otu ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa na America gbalịsiri ike ijikọta ihe osise ya na ndị ojii. N'ịchọ iji nkà eme ihe maka mmetụta ọha mmadụ, ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Donaldson gbalịsiri ike ịmepụta "nkà maka ndị mmadụ" - ụdị nkà nke a na-amata ma na-eduzi ndị nkịtị ojii, kama ịbụ otu ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma. Van Deburg, William L., ed. Modern Black Nationalism: From Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan. New York and London: New York University Press, 1997. N'ime ọrụ ya na mbọ aka ya, Donaldson ghọrọ nna nke ọhụrụ, na-ejikọta aesthetic-transAfricanism.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
A mụrụ Jeffrey Richardson Donaldson na 15 Disemba 1932 na Pine Bluff, Arkansas nye Clementine Frances Richardson Donaldson na Sidney Frank Donaldson Sr. "Jeffrey Richardson (Jeff) Donaldson (1932–2004)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 17 January 2018. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Merrill na Pine Bluff .  Ọ nwetara BA na Studio Art site na Mahadum Arkansas na Pine Bluff na 1954, isi ihe nka nke mbụ nke kọleji.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ otu afọ na Lanier High School, na-eguzobe mmemme nka maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii wee debanyere ya na US Army maka ọrụ.  Donaldson gara n'ihu mechaa MFA ya na Institute of Design of the Illinois Institute of Technology of Chicago na 1963. Na 1974, Donaldson nwetara akara ugo mmụta PhD site na Mahadum Northwwest, na-aghọ onye Africa mbụ nke America mere ya na mba ahụ. Gaither, E. B. "Jeff Donaldson: The mind behind the cultural revolution (Organization of Black American Culture)". International Review of African American Art, 2001.

 AfriCobra na ihe ịchọ mma TransAfrican 
A na-arụ ụka na mmetụta Donaldson kachasị dị ịrịba ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa bụ nke a mụrụ site na nguzobe nke otu nke ọ bụ onye nchoputa-AfriCOBRA. N'ịbụ nke a na-akpọ Coalition of Black Revolutionary Artists (COBRA), otu ahụ mechara degharịa onwe ya African Commune of Bad Relevant Artists (AfriCOBRA), aha nke nwere mkpa maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Aha a webatara "Afri", nke nwere ike na-ezo aka na ntutu isi ndị Africa na-abịa ma na-abịa, "afro", yana mkpokọta ihe nketa nke ndị otu niile dị ka ndị America America. Ya mere, nsonye nke "Afri" kpachapụrụ anya dị iche n'ìgwè ahụ site na nchịkọta ndị ọzọ nke ndị na-ese ihe - n'ezie, ọbụna jiri aha pụrụ iche na nke a ma ama. Otu ada OBAC gbalịsiri ike imepụta “ihe nka emume” dịka Donaldson siri kwuo ya. Donaldson, Jeff R., "AfriCobra and TransAtlantic Connections". Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa, 1995. Agbanyeghị, karịa imepụta nka nke ga-emeri onye America America dị ka onye mmeri, ọgbakọ a chepụtara nka ezubere maka ọha mmadụ, na ma ụma kpachaara anya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, kpaliri nka obodo a gafere n'akụkụ “oké osimiri gaa na-enwu gbaa” n'ike, na-eguzobe. otu n'ime ụdị nka mba ụwa mbụ.

Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Donaldson chịburu kọmitii North America nke Abụọ Black World Black na African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC), "mmemme omenala Pan-African kasị ukwuu emetụbeghị" dị ka onyeisi oche ya. Harris, Michael D. "Dedication to Jeff Donaldson, 15 December 1932 to 29 February 2004". The International Review of African American Art, vol. 19 no. 3, 2004: 2. Ememme mba ụwa mere na 1977 na Lagos, Nigeria .  Nzukọ mba ụwa na nke mba ndị ọzọ sochiri, nke butere ihe Donaldson zoro aka na ya dị ka "òtù mba ụwa nke na-abụghị nke ndị okike sitere na Africa ." Donaldson, Jeff R., "AfriCobra and TransAtlantic Connections". Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa, 1995. Ihe dị mkpa nke cadre nka ọhụrụ a, jikọtara ọnụ site na eriri nke mmasị, talent na nke kachasị mkpa, ọhụụ nke mmetụta na mgbanwe bụ na ọ nyere ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Africa-American ọrụ mkpokọta: ime ememe ndị sitere na Africa dị ka. nwere ọgụgụ isi, nkà, mara mma, na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na dị ka ndị mmeri.

 Ụdị TransAfrican na nka 
Dị ka Donaldson si kwuo, a na-eji ụdị transAfrican bụ "agba ume dị elu, mmetụta linear rhythmic, nhazi dị larịị, ihe jupụtara n'ụdị na nhazi ụgbọ elu." Donaldson, Jeff R., "AfriCobra and TransAtlantic Connections". Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa, 1995. E gosipụtara njirimara ndị a n'ọrụ mkpokọta ya, dịka ọ dị na otu OBAC na AfriCOBRA. Distinguished AfriCOBRA so, Barbara Jones-Hogu, dere otú ọrụ na-akpọ maka "na-egbuke egbuke na-abụ abụ Cool-ade agba nke oroma, strawberry, cherry, lemon, lime and grape...iji synopated, rhythmic repetition na-agbanwe mgbe niile na agba, udidi., ụdị, ụdị, ụkpụrụ, na atụmatụ."  Iwere mgbidi ugwu ama ama dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ nwere agwa na-ama jijiji, nke a na-enweta site na iji agba na-egbukepụ egbukepụ, na-egbuke egbuke na ụkpụrụ siri ike. Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị jụụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na oroma na-ekpo ọkụ, crimsons na odo iji mepụta ọrụ na-adọrọ adọrọ, na-akpali akpali. Ọdịiche ndị a na-eme n'ime palette agba agba agba agba agba, ọkachasị na ọkara ala nke ọrụ ahụ, na-agbakọta ọnụ n'ụzọ na-egosipụta echiche Donaldson nke "mkpụrụ ụgbọ elu eserese", ebe akụkụ ụda nke ụdị ahụ na-egosipụta na ngwa jazz. A na-egosipụtakwa mmegharị a na ọrịa strok mmiri nke edo edo n'azụ isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akuku aka ekpe elu. N'ikwekọ n'ihe kpatara ya, eserese ahụ na-egosi ndị Africa America dị ka ndị mmeri, na-egosipụta isi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị otu na-eme nke ọma na nke a na-akwanyere ùgwù.

Donaldson kwuputara n'ụzọ doro anya mkpa ọ dị maka "mmetụta mmetụta uche" na ọrụ TransAfrican, nke a ga-enweta site na mmetụta egwu ma ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya. Donaldson, Jeff R., "AfriCobra and TransAtlantic Connections". Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa, 1995. A na-egosipụta echiche a naanị na Mmeri na Ndagwurugwu Eshu . Agbanyeghị, ọ pụtara n'ụzọ doro anya na ọrụ Donaldson mechara, JamPact JelliTite (maka Jamila). Mpempe akwụkwọ a, nke e kere na 1988, na-eburu ya echiche nke "ọkụ", naanị ugbu a n'ụdị ịgba egwu, diamonds na zigzags nke agba. Ụdị nkịtị na-ewu ewu nke njedebe narị afọ nke 20 pụtara ìhè na ọrụ ya, na e nwere mgbanwe doro anya site na ọdịdị mmadụ na nke dị adị na ọdịdị geometric na ahịrị. Ụdị ọdịdị geometric, Otú ọ dị, yana ọrụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ, agba na-egbukepụ egbukepụ, na gburugburu gburugburu, jikọtara iji nye ọrụ ahụ n'ọdịnala, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ agbụrụ ndị Africa. Ntugharị ike nke ibe ahụ na-agbakọta site na egwu egwu na isiokwu rhythmic nke na-achịkwa ọrụ ahụ. Enwere ike ịchọta akụkụ egwu jazz zoro ezo nke egosipụtara na ọkpụkpọ bass, onye na-agụ egwú, na onye na-akụ pian n'ime eserese ahụ.

N'ụzọ doro anya, enweela mgbanwe n'ime ọrụ Donaldson n'ụdị ma ụzọ e si ekwurịta isiokwu transAfrican, karịsịa ndị nke ụda. Ngbanwe a apụọla site na ntụaka ọdịnala maka nka ọdịnala Africa (ihe onyonyo Yoruba), ihe onyonyo a kapịrị ọnụ nke ndị isi ojii nwere ike, na otuto nke ahụ ojii na ndụ ojii. Kama nke ahụ, a na-ebufe ihe onyonyo transAfrican n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'ụdị geometric na mmegharị ụda nke na-egosipụta ukwe na ngagharị ọdịnala ndị Africa. Ngbanwe a n'ụdị transAfrican n'ime ọrụ Donaldson jikọtara ya na ngbanwe n'ọrụ mkpokọta nke ndị otu mba Africa. Mgbanwe a abụrụla nke otu otu ejikọtara ọnụ na-achọ mma anaghịzi jupụta ebe niile. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ebe nka transAfrican ka na-edobe isiokwu ya n'ozuzu ya na obodo dị ukwuu, a na-agbaso mbọ ole na ole nke otu dị iche iche, dịka ọ dị na Wall of Respect. Donaldson kwuru na mgbanwe a, ma gosipụta na n'ịgbasawanye ọdịdị ala dị iche iche n'ime ọrụ nka nke Africa amụbaala nke ukwuu na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri Afrịka n'obodo dị iche iche, si otú ahụ na-eme ka nkwupụta nke onye ọ bụla pụta ìhè n'ime ọnọdụ nke ịdị n'otu." Donaldson, Jeff R., "AfriCobra and TransAtlantic Connections". Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa, 1995. Ka oge na-aga n'ihu site na oge dị mma nke CONFABA, nkà transAfrican bịara na-esiwanye ike ịkọwa. Ikekwe echiche nke nkà "transAfrican" - ma ọ bụ nkà nke ga-agụnye akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa nile, yana akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Africa - bụ nnukwu ọchịchọ nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ, nke ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume imezu ma na-ejigide iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke akụkụ ọ bụla. nka nke Africa. Ebumnobi dị elu nke ụdị nka a gbakọrọ ọnụ, nke jikọtara ọnụ yiri ka ọ na-agwụ. Achọpụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na "mgbasa na mpaghara [nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa] ebelatala nnọkọ nke ndị otu niile [nke nzukọ mba ụwa nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri] ruo ugboro abụọ n'afọ."  Ikekwe ndị mba ọzọ dị nnọọ ukwuu ma dị iche iche maka ịdị n'otu dị otú ahụ ka ọ dịgidere, ma ọ bụ ikekwe e guzobeworị ụdị nkà nke transAfrican, na ndị mbụ kere ya, na-eguzobe obodo ha, na-achọ ugbu a ụdị nke nkwupụta onwe onye.

Ọbụlagodi na ihe ịchọ mma nke transAfrican na-ebelata, mmetụta ya na mba ndị mba Afrịka mba ụwa dị oke egwu, na imepụta ihe ịchọ mma a nyere ndị otu nọ n'ebe niile ọhụụ nke ha na-enwebughị n'otu n'otu na-adịghị ekwu okwu na nke a na-adịghị ahụ anya. Nke a nyekwaara ha ikike ka ukwuu dị ka ịdị n'otu nke ndị mmadụ a ma ama. Site n'ụdị ya transAfrican na ọrụ nka nke obodo, Jeff Donaldson gosiri ndị otu Africa si mba ọzọ na ha bụ ndị nweere onwe ha n'ezie, ndị nwere ike bụ ndị a na-agaghị akwụsị akwụsị na ọrụ nke ndị meriri. Ọrụ Donaldson kpalitere nke mbụ site na mbọ obodo iji nọchite anya omenala nka / ịma mma nke Africa zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ihe nketa na mmetụta nke mbọ ya enweghị ike ihichapụ.

 Ihe ndetu 

 Edensibia 

 Donaldson, Jeff R. "AfriCobra na TransAtlantic Njikọ". Akụkọ asaa gbasara nka ọgbara ọhụrụ na Africa, 1995.
 Gaither, EB "Jeff Donaldson: Uche n'azụ mgbanwe omenala (Organization of Black American Culture)". Nlebanya mba ụwa nke Art African American, 2001.
 Harris, Michael D. "Nraranye nye Jeff Donaldson, 15 Disemba 1932 ruo 29 February 2004". Nlebanya mba ụwa nke Art African American, vol. 19 mba. 3, 2004: 2.
 Okediji, Moyosore Benjamin. "Semioptics nke Anamnesia: Foto Yoruba na Ọrụ nke Jeff Donaldson, Howardena Pindell, na Muneer Bahauddeen". Diss. Mahadum nke Wisconsin-Madison, 1995. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. Ọnụ ego 9527112.
 Van Deburg, William L. (ed.), Ọchịchị Black Black Modern: Site na Marcus Garvey ruo Louis Farrakhan . New York na London: New York University Press, 1997.
 Adenikan, Shola. "Jeff Donaldson: Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye nkatọ kwadoro Malcolm X." Akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii ọhụrụ . Weebụ. Foto
 Adenikan, Shola. "Jeff Donaldson Militant omenka na onye nkatọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị nka ojii", The Guardian . Ọnwa Atọ 13, 2004. Weebụ.
 Donaldson, Jeff. "Donaldson: Ndị nwunye Shango." Ọmụmụ America @ Mahadum Virginia . Weebụ. Ọnwa Iri na Abụọ 18, 2009.
 Donaldson, Jeff R. "AfriCobra na TransAtlantic Njikọ." Akụkọ asaa gbasara nka ọgbara ọhụrụ n'Africa . Ụlọ ihe nkiri Whitechapel, 1995. Bipụta.
 "Jae Jarrell's Revolutionary Suit." Black World/Negro Digest, Ọktoba 1970: 85-85. Bipụta.
 "Jeff Donaldson Biography", The HistoryMakers . Eprel 23, 2001. Weebụ.
 Okediji, Moyo. Gourd a gbajiri agbaji: Ụdị Yoruba na Art American Art nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ . Seattle: Mahadum Washington, 2003. Akwụkwọ Google. Weebụ.
 O'Sullivan, Michael. "' Mkparịta ụka Transatlantic ': Omenala Cross Talk', The Washington Post . Ọnwa Atọ 26, 2000. Weebụ.
 Onye na-ese ihe, Nell I. Ịmepụta ndị ojii America: African-American na ihe ọ pụtara, 1619 ruo ugbu a . New York: Oxford UP, 2006. Akwụkwọ Google. Weebụ.
 Patton, Sharon F. African American Art . New York, NY: Oxford UP, 1998. Bipụta. Nkebi, "Amerika nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ: mmalite nke ihe ịchọ mma ojii."
 Warren, Lynne (ed.), Art na Chicago, 1945-1995 . New York, NY: Thames na Hudson, 1996. Bipụta.

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Akwụkwọ Jeff Donaldson sitere na Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
 Ajụjụ ọnụ Jeff Donaldson (site na 2001), vidiyo na akụkọ ndụ sitere na HistoryMakers