Akwụkwọ asambodo ọcha

Na amụma gburugburu ebe obibi, asambodo ọcha bụ akwụkwọ na-egosi na enwetala ụfọdụ mbelata nke oriri ike . N'ọtụtụ ngwa, a na-ere ahịa asambodo ọcha ma jikọta ya na ọrụ iji nweta otu ebumnuche nke nchekwa ike. N'okpuru usoro dị otú ahụ, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-ebunye ma ọ bụ ndị na-ekesa ọkụ eletrik, gas na mmanụ dị mkpa ka ha mee usoro ike ike maka onye ọrụ ikpeazụ nke kwekọrọ na pasent akọwapụtaburu nke mgbapụta ike ha kwa afọ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị na-emepụta ike emezughị ebumnuche enyere maka oriri ume ha ga-akwụ ụgwọ ntaramahụhụ.  A na-enye ndị na-emepụta akwụkwọ ikike ọcha mgbe ọ bụla a na-echekwa ike ike ebe onye nrụpụta nwere ike iji akwụkwọ ahụ maka nkwenye nke onwe ha ma ọ bụ nwee ike ree ya na ndị ọzọ (ndị ọzọ) ndị na-enweghị ike imezu ebumnuche ha.  Nnọọ analogous na chiri anya metụtara echiche nke emissions trading, na tradability na tiori na-ekwe nkwa na mkpokọta ike ịzọpụta na-enweta dịkarịa ala na-eri, mgbe asambodo-ekwe nkwa na mkpokọta ike ịzọpụta lekwasịrị anya na-enweta.

Asambodo ọcha, nke a na-akpọkwa dị ka Asambodo Nchekwa Ike (ESC), Efficiency Credit (EEC), ma ọ bụ mkpado ọcha, bụ ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ nyere ikike na-ekwe nkwa na enwetala ego nchekwa ike akọwapụtara. Asambodo ọ bụla bụ ngwa ahịa pụrụ iche na nke a na-achọpụta na-ebu ikike karịa ụfọdụ ego nchekwa ike ma na-ekwe nkwa na agụtaghị uru nke ego nchekwa ndị a ebe ọzọ.

 Ngwa bara uru 

 Europe 
Na Europe, mba dị iche iche emejuputala atụmatụ asambodo ọcha ma ọ bụ na-echesi echiche ike ime ya. Great Britain malitere na 2002,  Italy na Jenụwarị 2005; Italy white certificates epatee.eu  France Paolo Bertoldi European experiences with white certificate obligations: A critical review of existing evaluations hal.archives-ouvertes.fr na Denmark otu afọ ka e mesịrị. Great Britain ejikọtala usoro ọrụ ya maka ịchekwa ike na ohere ịzụ ahịa ọrụ na nchekwa ego. Netherlands na Poland na-atụgharị uche nke ọma iwebata atụmatụ asambodo ọcha n'ọdịnihu dị nso. Spain webatara atụmatụ asambodo ọcha na 2023. 

Na UK, mmemme Nrụ Ọrụ Ike (2002-2005) chọrọ ka ndị niile na-eweta ọkụ eletrik na gas nwere ndị ahịa ụlọ 15,000 ma ọ bụ karịa ga-enweta nchekwa nchekwa ike jikọtara ọnụ nke 62 TWh site na 2005 site n'inyere ndị ahịa ha aka iwere usoro arụmọrụ ike na ha. ebe obibi: Ndị na-ebunye ngwaahịa ga-enweta opekata mpe ọkara nke nchekwa ike ha n'ezinaụlọ na uru metụtara ego na kredit ụtụ isi. Na nke abụọ (2005-2008) EEC 2, ebuli ebumnuche nchekwa ike na ndị na-ebubata 130 TWh, ebe a ndị na-ebubata nwere opekata mpe 50,000 ndị ahịa ụlọ (gụnyere ikike mmekọ) tozuru oke maka ọrụ. Usoro nke atọ ga-amalite site na Eprel 2008 ruo Disemba 2012 ma ezubere ịnapụta 185 Mt CO  na-echekwa oge ndụ site na 2012.

 United States 
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, na Nevada anabatala ụkpụrụ Pọtụfoliyo arụmọrụ ike nke chọrọ ụlọ ọrụ a na-ahazi iji gboo ụfọdụ pasent nke mkpa ike ha tụrụ anya site na ịrụ ọrụ ike. Utilities ga-emezurịrị ọrụ ha site n'ibelata ojiji ike nke ndị na-azụ ahịa, ma ọ bụ site n'ịzụta asambodo arụmọrụ ike (asambodo ọcha). A na-atụ anya na steeti ndị ọzọ ga-eso na nso nso a.

Enwekwara ahịa afọ ofufo ebe nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-azụta asambodo nrụpụta ike dị ka ụzọ isi mezuo nkwa ụlọ ọrụ ha iji belata akara ụkwụ carbon ha. Sterling Planet, onye na-emepụta ahịa na asambodo ume ọhụrụ (RECs) na-emekwa ahịa maka ịzụrụ ihe nke White Tags. Sterling Planet nyere aka wulite ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ ike nke Connecticut ma ugbu a bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na oghere a.

Echiche nke akwụkwọ ọcha bụ mpụ nke kredit ume ọhụrụ nke tozuru oke ma ọ bụ " akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mkpado " trading. A na-atụ anya na ahịa asambodo ọcha ga-eto karịa ahịa mkpado akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ihi na ọ chọrọ obere nnabata na ego gọọmentị iji wụnye usoro nrụpụta ike n'ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ azụmahịa karịa ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ ike mmeghari ohuru.

Otu okwu na-ebilite bụ ka a ga-esi zere ikwe ka ndị ahịa “tinye okpukpu abụọ” na mkpado ọcha yana mmemme agbamume ndị ọzọ maka ịrụ ọrụ ike, dị ka ahịa ikike ihu nke ISO New England na Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative3.

 Hụkwa 

 Mgbakwunye
 Nchekwa ike
 Debe

 Edensibia 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Luis COLASANTE, Conversion des économies d'énergie du program CEE selon le mode de reporting de la directive ESD, (Mines ParisTech)
 Asambodo ọcha: echiche na ahụmịhe ahịa, broshuọ ọrụ EuroWhiteCert.
 Ọrụ EU zọpụta 'White and Green'
 International Energy Agency/Demand Side Management Task XIV 'Ụzọ ahịa maka ịzụ ahịa Asambodo Ọcha' IEA/DSM Task XIV
 Kredit arụmọrụ ike sitere na RESNET
 Ewepụtara kredit nchekwa ike ike Otu akụkọ gbasara mmemme "ọcha ọcha" nke Sterling Planet site na EnergyVortex.com
 Mmekọrịta Neuwing na IBM
 Edemede gbasara mmemme EEC nke Neuwing, IBM, na ConEd mebere