William Edmondson

William Edmondsonframeless William Edmondson na-akpụ akpụ n'azụ ụlọ ya Amụrụ William M. Edmondson</br> Ọnwa Iri na Abụọ 1874</br> Davidson County, Nashville, Tennessee Nwụrụ Ọnwa Abụọ 7, 1951</br> Nashville, Tennessee Ọrụ Ọkpụkpụ
William Edmondson (ihe dị ka 1874–1951) bụ onye mbụ na-ese nka n'Afrika-America ka e nyere ihe ngosi ngosi otu onye na Museum of Modern Art na New York City (1937).

 Akụkọ ndụ 
Edmondson oge ụfọdụ na Disemba 1874 na Compton Plantation na Davidson County, Tennessee .  [1] Ọ maghị ụbọchị a n’ihi ọkụ nke bibiri ahịrịokwu.  [2] [3] Edmondson bụ otu n'ime nne isii nke Orange na Jane Edmondson bụ ndị agbaburu ohu tupu ha arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-eketa ihe.  N'ihi ihe ihe metụtara mmekọahụ na agba, e nyere " mulattoes " n'ubi ahụ ọrụ ndị a na- ihe, ebe Edmonson na-arụ ọrụ na ubi ọka na-edozi anụ ụlọ.  Ezin AMD Edmondson ọrụ n'ubi ahụ wee na-enweta dollar iri na abụọ kwa ọnwa.  N'oge ndị a n'ubi ọka ọ ga-ahụ "ndị kwuo ozi n'ígwé ojii" ma kwere na ọ bụ Chineke na-agwa ya okwu.  [1] Edmondson nwere obere akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ akara nkwado.

Mgbe nna ya nwụrụ na njedebe 1889, Edmondson dị afọ 16 ikike na-arụ ọrụ ike n'ubi ahụ wee kwaga Nashville.  [1] Ọrụ ezigbo ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ Nashville, Chattanooga na St. Louis Railroad ọhụrụ.  Mgbe ahụ ahụka n'ahụ akara aha Railway na 1907, Edmondson weere dị ka onye nkọwa n'ibu ọgwụ Nashville Women's Hospital, ebe ọ Manuel ọrụ ruo mgbe ụlọ ọgwụ mechiri na 1931. [2] N'oge a, Edmondson bi  na Nashville n'iwedị dịka nne ya, Jane, bụ onye ikpeazụ Compton Plantation.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 39, ọrụ ya n na-abọgmụ ụmụ nwanyị nyere ya Bestarụ obere ụlọ na nnukwu oghere na Edgehill, mpaghara kewapụrụ iche na mpaghara Vanderbilt-Belmont nke Nashville.  [1] Edmondson alụrịta ma ya na nne ya na nwanne ya nwoke na-ekerịta ụlọ, yana kwa mgbe ụfọdụ, nwa nwanne na ụmụ nwanne.  Mgbe Jane nwụrụ na 1922, nwanne Edmonson, Sarah, n'oge na-adịghị anya ngosi nke ụlọ ahụ.  A na-ekwu na ọ na-ahụ àgwà na-egosi akara na-eme.  [1] Mgbe ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ mechiri na 1931, Edmondson ọrụ n'ahụ nwa oge dị iche iche na n'oge ndụ ya, ọ na-akpụ azụ azụ wee ree akwụkwọ nri ya.  

Na 1948 Edmondson ahụhụ akpụ.  Na February 7, 1951, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na isii, ọ nwụrụ n'ike ya na Nashville, Tennessee, bụ́ ebe ọrịa kpọchiri ya n'ihe ndina ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa.  Ebe ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ n’ime mgba ya ndị gara aga, ụmụ nwanne ya ise na ụmụ nwanne ya asaa mere emume olili ozu ya nke e mere n’echi ya.  [1] E liri Edmondson n'ili Ugwu Ararat, ugbu a Greenwood Cemetery (Nashville, Tennessee), ebe ili ozu ojii kacha ochie na Nashville.  Taa akara ngosi ili Edmondson n'ihi na n'oge ahụ a na-eji igbe osisi dị ọnụ ala lie ndị Africa America.  Ka osisi ahụ na-erekasị, ọ ga-eme ka ihe nrịbama ili ịbanye n'ime ala.  [1] Ihe ngosi olili ugwu Ararat nke oge ahụ tụfuru n'ọkụ, ndụ na ama osisi ebe ili ozu.

 Ọrụ nka 
Edmondson ịhụnanya ihe ọkpụkpụ mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 60 na 1934. Ọ kọrọ na ya USB sitere n'aka Chineke, bụ́ onye gwara ya ka ọ mụrụ ihe, sị: “M nọ n'okporo ụzọ awara.  awara ewere ihe ochie a kpụrụ akpụ mgbe m ya olu na-agwa m ka m buru ngwá ọrụ ọrụ m agha ọrụ n'elu nkume ili.  M leliri anya na mbara igwe ma n'ebe ahụ n'ehihie, o kowere nkume ili ka m mee, amaara m na Chineke na-agwa m ihe m ga-eme.  [1] Ọ kpụrụ okwute n'ili bụ isi site na obere nkume limestone a tụfuru n'iche ndị a kwaturu akwatu, bụ nke gwongworo ụlọ ọrụ na-emebi ihe na-ebugara ya.  Nkume ili mbinye aka Edmondson na-egosi nnukwu ike siri ike nke a ịrị na nkume ahụ.  [2] Dị egwu ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'elu nkume ili ndị a, nke ọ na-ere ma ọ bụ nye ndị enyi na mpaghara na obodo.  N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ ahụmahụ ihe nkiri mma, ebe a na-asa akụkụ, na ihe ndị e ji achọ mma.  N'ogige ya eyịride akara "Tomb-Nkume. Maka ire ere. Ogige ihe omume mma. Nkume Ọrụ WM Edmondson."

Okwukwe Ndị mmadụ na otu ya na azụ Primitive Baptist dị nso egwu ọrụ Edmondson.  Ihe ọkpụkpụ ya bụ ndị kwụ otu ma na-emesi ike sitere na otu ụkwụ ruo atọ n'ịdị elu, ọtụtụ na-ekerịta ihe ịhụnanya ya iche.  Ọ kpụrụ ihe osise nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ, ndị ọrụ ozi, nduru, nduru, ugo, oke bekee, ụgbọ na ihe ndị ọzọ e kere eke dị adị n'ezie.  Ihe oyiyi ya Igbe Noa guzoro ogologo n'etiti azụ ụlọ ya.  Ọ mgba ọkwa limestone anọ a pịrị apị dị iche iche ma ọ bụrụ naanị ọrụ ụlọ dị na mkpokọta ya.  [1] Ọ kpụrụ akara ngosi obodo dị ka ndụ, ndị ọka iwu na ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ndị ama n'ụbọchị ahụ bụ ndị dị mkpa maka obodo America America, dị ka onye na-agbata n'ọsọ Jack Johnson .  [2] Ọ kpụrụkwa ọtụtụ ndị ama ama dịka First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt .  [2] Edmondson mekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gba ɔtɔ.  [3] Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise Edmonson a pịrị apị nwere ihu akpụrụ akpụ na ìhè, nwere obere ọnụ na-ezu ike n'okpuru imi kwụpụta, na-eso iji mgbanaka na mkpụkọ nke brow.  Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-egosi na ọ bụ akpụ nku anya wee họrọ ime ka imi sakwuo mbara.  Ekwenyere na o mere nke a iji nweta nsonye n'ime nchịkọta ihe osise ya.  [1] Ọbụlagodi na ihe ọrụ ya dị iche iche, ike a na-ahụ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson bụ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a pịrị n'ime ma ọ bụ site na nzu.  Ederede ụma na-edobe n'etiti ire ụtọ, chiseled, nke a na-egbu maramara ma ọ bụ nke siri ike dị n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ ọ pel.  [1] Enwere ike ịhụ usoro ihu, fim nfe, na oke dị na ederede na Edmonson kacha mara amara Bess na Joe yana ọzọ na Mary na Martha .

 Edmondson nwere nnukwu ndị na-ege ntĩ na Edgehill dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na-ama ọ bụghị nanị na mbara ala ya, kama na nke ụlọ na ubi ndị agbata obi.  Afọ ole na ole n'ime ọrụ ndị akpụ nke Edmondson, onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ụmụaka Peabody Sidney Hirsch ga-esi site na Edgehill wee bịa na mkpokọta ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson.  [1] A na-ede nkepụta a n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka "nchọpụta" Edmondson nke Sidney Mttron Hirsch dere .  Hirsch n'onwe ya bụ onye nchịkọta nka nke Africa, Middle Eastern, na East Asia wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado Edmondson.  [1] Site na m ndabere a, ndị enyi Hirsch na ndị ọzọ ibe nke Nashville a ma ama ndị mma Edmondson si sculpture maka ụlọ ha, ubi, na ụlọ ọrụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha e gosiri na ngo na Smithsonian American Art Museum na  Ogige Botanical Cheekwood na Museum of Art.  [2] N'ime ndị enyi Hirsch, Alfred na Elizabeth Starr, Alfred, onye na-ahụ maka usoro ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-elekọta obodo ojii, na eje ya Elizabeth, onye na-ese ihe, ghọkwara ndị na-anụ ọkụ.  n'obi na ndị na-akwado ọrụ Edmondson.  Ha Harrise Edmondson na ọtụtụ ndị enyi na-ese ihe, a na-akpọ enyi nwoke Starr bụ Meyer (Mike) Wolfe na onye na Louise Dahl-Wolfe .  Dahl-Wolfe bụ onye na-ese foto nke akụkọ ọrụ na nso nso a maka akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ejiji Harper's Bazaar na New York .  O mere ihe otu ihe foto Edmondson na-arụ n'ike azụ azụ ya, nke o nyere onye nchịkọta akụkọ Harper's Bazaar .  Ọ na-akpa ibipụta ọrụ ya mana onye na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ ozi bụ William Randolph Hearst nwere aju mbunobi gosipụtara Negro art ka ọ na-ahụ ha dị ka ihe nkọwa ọzọ ụfọdụ ndị ohu.  [3] [4] O wetaziri ọrụ Edmondson n'aka onye Tennessean ibe Thomas Mabry na onye isi ya Alfred Barr, onye ntụziaka nke Museum of Modern Art (MoMA).

Ụbọchị Edmondson dịruru ihe dị ka afụ iri na ise.  Ọ dịghị mgbe ọrụ ya nyere nnukwu ego n'oge ndụ ya.  Na 1939 na ọzọ na 1941, ọ bụ ọrụ n'okpuru Ọrụ Ọganihu Ọrụ, mmemme mmemme na-akwado nke ndị na-ese ihe.  N'ọgwụgwụ 1940s, ekiri ya ịhụ mba na igha nka ya ibera.  Edmondson kwuru na ya pia gi na ama, na ọ dị ka ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ụzọ ego n'ime afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya.  Ekwenyere na o kere ihe dị ka ọrụ 300 n'oge ndụ ya na-arụ ọrụ.

 Ihe ngosi 
alt=|thumb|291x291px| Nnụnụ ca. 1937, nkume limestone a pịrị apị, onyinye sitere na Margaret Z. Robson
Enyere Edmondson ihe ngosi nke otu nwoke, nke mbụ sitere n'aka onye omenkà Africa America, na Museum of Modern Art site na Ọktoba 20 ruo Disemba 1, 1937. [1] Na 1938, site na ụgbọ mmiri MoMA, e ji ihe ọkpụkpụ nke  William Edmondson na "Centuries of Art in the United States" na Paris .  Mmasị n'akwa ya na ọkwa mba na mba dị adị adịteghị aka, a na-elekwa ya anya dị ka ihe ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe atụ nke "mgbe ochie" akwụkwọ-ncheta nke onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ, onye ochie Negro nkume.  nkume.  Na mpaghara, Alfred Starr gara n'ihu na-agụnye ọrụ Edmondson nye ndị ya na ndị enyi ya, bụ ndị ọrụ ọrụ site na "yard sculpture" Edmondson ma ọ bụ site na mpaghara Lyzon Gallery.  Starr webatara onye na-ese foto ọgbara ọhụrụ Edward Weston na Edmondson na 1941, Weston wee mee ọtụtụ foto dị egwu nke Edmondson na-arụ ọrụ n'ike na njikere ya.  Na 1941, ọ natara ikike ihe ngosi solo ozi n'oge ndụ ya, na Nashville Art Gallery.

Ka emechara ihe ngosi nke oge ụfọdụ site na 1950s na 1960s (nke ọma dị ka nke "ihe ngosi nka"), onye nchịkọta Edmund Fuller dere ndụ Edmondson nke e sere na 1973. E ji ihe osise ya na ihe ngosi " Century  Two of Black American Art " nke onye isi oche ngalaba ihe nka nke Fisk University David Driskell mere na 1976. Na 1981, Tennessee State Museum ọhụrụ mepere ihe ngosi solo na-adịgide adịgide yana ihe ọrụ isi Edmondson na-nwere ihe onye ọrụ agbazinye ego sitere  na nnakọta nke Elizabeth Starr, [1] na edemede ndị dị na katalọgụ so ya ndị iji ike ekele ọrụ Edmondson dị ka nka mara mma.  Site na 1980s na 1990s Edmondson's sculptures ka e mkpa nke ukwuu, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akpata na njedebe nke akara aha "ndị ọzọ", "ihe nka mmadụ", "nke onwe ya kuziri", na "naive".  N'afọ 1999, Nashville's Cheekwood Museum of Art welitere nnukwu ihe ngosi na katalọgụ na-eme njem nke akwụkwọ edemede dị nchọpụta na nchọpụta ndụ na ndụ ya na ọrụ ya.  Ngosipụta ihe ihe osise e nyere onyinye sitere na mkpokọta mkpokọta Fletcher, Formosa na Overton.  [2] Ihe ngosi 2006, "William Edmondson, Bill Traylor, na Modernist Impulse", Edmondson na onye ọzọ na-ese ihe na-enyere onwe ya nke ọma wee rụrịta ụka maka ọmụmụ Edmondson dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-  akara mmachi akara.  Ihe ngosi a ịhụnanya iri abụọ na otu n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson nke bụ mkpokọta nka Edmondson kacha ukwuu na obodo ahụ.  [3] N'afọ 2016, Smithsonian American Art Museum ikike otu n'ime onya ya kacha ukwuu nke ọrụ nka n'aka Margaret Z. Robson, n'ime ha bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson.

Ihe nka Edmondson kpamkpam na Newark Museum of Art, American Folk Art Museum, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, Smithsonian American Art Museum na Montclair Museum na New Jersey. 

 Ihe nketa 
N'August 20, 2014, Mayor Karl Dean meghere mbụ nke mbụ nke Nashville, aha ya na nọmba Edmondson.  Ogige ahụ, nke Nashville Metropolitan Development and Housing Agency na-elekọta, ndị ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Thornton Dial na Lonnie Holley sitere n'ike nss nke ọrụ William Edmondson.  Ogige mgbasa dị na agbata obi ndị Africa na America.  [1] N'agbanyeghị na saịtị nke ụlọ Edmondson na 1434 Fourteenth Avenue South bụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha, akara akara nrịbama ihe mere eme Tennessee mara nke ọma.  [2] N'ihe dị ka kilomita ole na ole, a na-egosi ụfọdụ nkume ili Edmondson n'ebe a na-eli ozu dị n'ihe ahụ.

Kemgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ndị nkatọ na ndị na-anakọta ihe ji nke nta nke nta na-enwe ekele maka ọrụ Edmondson, ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na-enwetakwa ihe ruru $70,000-$300,000 na ọrịre.  Na Jenụwarị 2016, “A Boxer” rere na ọrịre nkeonwe maka $785,000 ọnụ ahịa kachasị elu akwụgoro maka ọrụ Edmondson. 

 Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara nso nso a 

 Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Cheekwood, Nashville, TN
 Nkà nke William Edmondson 1999 haziri ya na American Folk Art Museum, New York, NY
 William Edmondson na ndị enyi: Ịgbaji Akpụkpọ ahụ, 2014
 Ọhụụ sitere n’elu: Ndụ na Ọrụ nke William Edmondson, 2017

 Nchịkọta nwere Edmondson na-arụ ọrụ 

 American Folk Art Museum, New York, NY
 Ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN
 National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
 Smithsonian Museum of American Art, Washington, DC
 Tennessee State Library, Nashville, TN
 Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Tennessee State, Nashville, TN
 Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Cheekwood, Nashville, TN nwere nchịkọta kachasị ukwuu nke ihe ọkpụkpụ William Edmondson.

 Ntụaka 

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations