Ralph Nader

No

Ralph Nader ( / ˈneɪdər / ; amuru Febụwa 27, 1934) [1] bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ America, onye ode akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi na onye ọka iwu kwuru maka iku aka ya na nchekwa ndị ọrụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ike na  -akpata, yana ọtụtụ awụ.  onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi .  Ọka onye a ma na 1960 na 1970 maka akwụkwọ ya na-adịghị ize ndụ na ọsọ ọ mgbasa, nke katọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala maka ndị nchekwa ya ma nyere aka na-eduga na njedebe nke National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act na  1966.

Nwa nke ndị Lebanon kwabatara na United States, Nader gara Mahadum Princeton na Harvard Law School .  Nader welitere ngwa ngwa n'ichepụta ụgbọ ala ndị dị ize ndụ ma nye aka n'ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ụgbọ ala na anwụ.  [1] Ebi pụta na 1965, enweghị nchekwa na ọsọ ọ mgbasa nka dị oke mkpa maka nchekwa nke ndị na-ahụ ụgbọ ala America na-anya anya na ụgbọ ala General Motors (GM's) Corvair.

.N'ịgbaso ike nke na- ize ndụ na ọsọ ọsọ ọ blea, Nader duuru otu mị ụmụ akwụkwọ iwu adọ, nke a na-akpọ "Nader's Raiders" - na isi nke Federal Trade Commission, na-eduga na ụlọ ọrụ  ahụ na- agbara na iwu.  Na 1970s, Nader leveraged ya na-eto eto ewu na-ejebe a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkwado na nche otu oku Public Interest Research Group, Center for Auto Safety, na Public Citizen .  ebe n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke Nader bụ Chevy Corvair na Ford Pinto 

Nader mere Nkwado anọ ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala United States, na-eso Green Party na 1996 na 2000, Reform Party na 2004, na dị ka onye nweere onwe ya na 2008 .  Na mgbasa ozi ọ alụlụ, Nader kwuru na ọ na-achọpụtapụta okwu ndị a na-akọghị na mkpa ọ dị maka ọhụrụ aka.  Oburu votu ihe ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ atọ n'oge mgbandọrọ ụzọ ya n'afọ 2000, ma kpalitekwa ụdị maka ebubo na akara yachie onye mgbandọrọ Republican George W. Bush aka imeri siri aka nso onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Democratic  Al Gore.  Na 2006 The Atlantic Monthly , na-akpọ Nader otu n'ime ndị America kasị nwee ike na ike ihe mere eme, kwuru, sị, "O mere ụgbọ ala anyị na-anya chọrọ; afọ iri atɔ ka e Nna, o mere  George W. Bush Oga oche  

Onye Nieman Fellow oge abụọ, Nader bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke ihe ọmụmụ akwụkwọ iri na abụọ ma bụrụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nkiri ya na ọrụ ya, nwoke na-eche ezi uche, bụ nke isi uche.  arụ na 2006 Sundance Film Festival .  Akpọrọ ya aha ugboro ugboro na ndepụta nke "100 Kasị Mma America", ndị egwu Life, Time, na The Atlantic na.  Akwụkwọ edemede New York Times ibe ya dị ka "onye mgbagha" 

 Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ 
 A njikọ Ralph Nader na February 27, 1934, na Winsted, Connecticut, nye Rose (née Bouziane) na Nathra Nader, ndị ha abụọ bụ Ndị Gris Antiochian si Ugwu Lebanon na Ndagwurugwu Beqaa dị na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa na Lebanọn .  [1] [2] [3] [4] Mgbe ọ biri na Connecticut, Nathra Nader nke ọrụ n'ebe a na-akwa akwa tupu ya ụzọ ebe a na-eme bred na ụlọ oriri na mgbe.  [5] Ralph Nader na-enyere aka mgbe ụfọdụ na ụlọ oriri na-eme nna ya, yana ọrụ ọrụ dị ka nwa nwoke na-ebuga akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ obodo, Winsted Register Citizen .  [6] Nader akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Gilbert School na 1951, na-aga na Mahadum Princeton .  Ọ bụ na e nyere ya nchekwa akwụkwọ na Princeton, nna ya manyere ebe ya ozi n'ihi na ahụ ahụ nwere ike ike ide akwụkwọ Nader na ego ahụ ịgakwuru nwa akwụkwọ na-achọ ike imeli ya.  [7] Nader akwụkwọ akwụkwọ magna cum laude na Phi Beta Kappa [8] na Bachelor of Arts sitere na Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs na 1955 ka ọ gụchara akwụkwọ akụkọ ochie nke "Agriculture Lebanon"

.   Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Princeton, Nader debara aha na Harvard Law School, ọ bụ ihe na-egbu ya ọgwụgwọ ngwa ngwa.  Mgbe ọ nọ na Harvard, Nader na-amakarị klaasị ugboro ugboro ka ọ gaa ga-enye US ebe ọ ga-etinye aka na nsogbu ubi gbasara okwu ndị obodo America na ikike ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ.  ike LL.  B. sitere na Harvard na 1958. [1] Achọpụtara Nader na nkà ihe ndị libertarian n'oge ngwaọrụ ya, mana jiri ngwaọrụ ngwaọrụ na 20s ya.  Ọ bụ ebe na Nader kaadị na ya "Mpaghara na ụlọ na eze n'ihi na ọ na-emebi ndị nwe ụlọ n'ụzọ na-ahụ ezi", echiche ya akụ mgbe ọhụrụ "mkpọmkpọ ụlọ na ihe ndị nwe ụlọ  naanị".  [2] Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Harvard, Nader jere ozi na US Army dị ka osi nri ma tinye ya na Fort Dix .

 Akụkọ mmalite 
Na 1959, a nabatara Nader na ụlọ ọrụ wee omume dị ka onye ọka iwu na Hartford, Connecticut, mgbe ọ na-ejekwa na Mahadum Hartford ma na-eme njem na Soviet Union, Chile na Cuba, bụ ebe o akwụkwọ ozi maka  Christian Science Monitor na.  Mba .  [1] Na 1964, ọ kwagara Washington, DC, na-ewere ọnọdụ dị ka onye isi onye isi ike nke Labour Daniel PatricMoynihanlllnl

.Nader Aala nlebara anya mba site na akara 1965 nke akwụkwọ ozi ya na-ibu na-adịghị ize ndụ na ọsọ ọ llala .  Akwụkwọ ahụ, nke na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, ụka na ọtụtụ ụgbọ ala America ngwaọrụ rịa mma ọrụ.  Maka akwụkwọ ahụ, Nader kaadị faịlụ ikpe sitere na ihe nna otu ikpe na-echere echere General Motors ' Chevrolet Corvair iji kwado ya 

.  Akwụkwọ ahụ, onye na-ere ahihia, ma kpaliekwa azụ azụ site na General Motors (GM), nke nwara nchekwa Nader .  GM ekwentị ekwentị Nader n'ịgba ozi bara uru na, mgbe nke ahụ dara, GM goro ndị akina n'ịgba ya ejide n'aka na-emebi emebi.  [1] [2] Nader, site na mgbe ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye onye na- owoghị paying na United States Senator Abe Ribicoff, kọrọ na senator na ọ na-eche na a na-eso ya.  Ribicoff kpọ ọkọlọtọ nke ngosi GM CEO James Roche bụ onye, ​​mgbe a na-ibu iyi, na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe onwe ya iji isiokwu Nader.  Nader gbara GM akwụkwọ maka ịwakpo, na-edozi ikpe ahụ maka $425,000 na iji ego enwetara wee ikike mmegide a mara dị ka Center for Study of Responsive Law.

  Otu afọ na-esochi nke nri nchekwa na ọsọ ọ llala, Congress n'otu aka weputara iwu nchekwa okporo ụzọ na moto nke mba .  Onye na-ekwuchitere ụlọ nnochite anya United States John William McCormack kwuru na iwu nke National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act wetara site na "mmụọ ogụ nke otu onye na-enwe ike ime ihe: Ralph Nader".

 "Nader's Raiders", nwa amaala ọha na ebe nchekwa akpaaka 
N'afọ 1968, Nader kpọpụtara ụmụ akwụkwọ iwu afọ ofufo asaa, ndị ụlọ ọrụ nta akụkọ Washington kpọrọ "Nader's Raiders" iji nyochaa arụmọrụ na ọrụ nke Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Akụkọ na-esote otu ahụ, nke katọrọ ahụ dị ka "adịghị arụ ọrụ" na "na-agafe agafe" dugara nyocha nke American Bar Association nke FTC. Dabere na nsonaazụ ọmụmụ nke abụọ ahụ, Richard Nixon megharịrị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma ziga ya n'ụzọ nke nchebe ndị ahịa siri ike na mmanye ntụkwasị obi maka afọ ndị 1970 ndị ọzọ. 

Ka ọ na-erule mmalite 1970s Nader ewepụtala onwe ya dị ka aha ezinụlọ. Na ndetu dị egwu nke Lewis Powell dere na US Chamber of Commerce, Powell dọrọ ndị nnọchiteanya azụmahịa aka ná ntị na Nader "aghọọla akụkọ akụkọ n'oge nke ya na arụsị nke ọtụtụ nde ndị America". 

Aha Ralph Nader egwuregwu na ndị nta ndị dị ka onye nwere ike ịzọ ọkwa Oga ala na nke mbụ na 1971, mgbe e nyere ya nhọrọ ịzọ ọkwa Ogaala maka New Party, nkewa na-aga n'ihu na Democratic Party .  Onye isi n'etiti ndị na-akwado ya bụ onye edemede Gore Vidal, bụ onye tụụrụ ndu onye isi ala Nader na 1972 na isiokwu dị n'ihu na magazin Esquire na 1971. [1] Nader akwụkwọ ndị ahụ 

. Nader v. Bork, 366 F. Supp. 104 (D.D.C. 1973)Na 1973, Ralph Nader bụ onye gbara akwụkwọ n'okwu ikpe nke onye isi ọka iwu Robert Bork, bụ onye n'okpuru iwu nke President Richard Nixon ọhụrụ onye ọka iwu nke iche Archibald Cox na nke a na-akpọ Saturday Night Massacre, ihe  omume nke onye ọka ikpe etiti bụ Gerhard ihe na iwu na-akwadoghị.  Gesell .

Na 1970s, Nader tụ uche ya na gburugburu ebe obibi activism, na-aghọ onye isi isi na antinuuclear ike ije, dị ka onye na-ekiri dị ka "titular isi nke imegide ike".  [1] [2] The Critical Mass Energy Project bụ Nader hibere na 1974 dị ka otu mba na-adịghị echebe, na-eto eto ka ọ bụrụ otu mba mgbasa ozi na-ekiri na United States, yana ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ mpaghara.  na ndị na-akwado 200,000 mere akwụkwọ.  [3] M iko ntị a bụ isi n'ihe omume ime ihe ike na inye ndị otu mpaghara ihe na-eme ihe ndị ọzọ iji lụso ike ọgụ orụ.  [4] [5] :- 172-179
áká_èkpè|thumb| Nader nkuzi na Florida State University, 1980s
N'ime 1970s na 1980s, site na ọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu na Citizen Citizen, Nader gara n'ihu na-etinye aka n'okwu gbasara ikike ikike ndịiche na ịza nchekwa ọha.  Ọrụ ya na-agba ngwaọrụ n'ihu Congress, idepụta iwu , na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ozi-ede na akwụkwọ nwa, ikike ya kpọmkwem otuto maka nke Freedom of Information Act, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Clean Water Act, Consumer Product Safety  Act, na Whistleblower Iwu nchekwa   

N'ọgwụgwụ 1990s, Nader ga-ebo Microsoft ebubo ịbụ onye nwe ya. Ọ ga-ahazi ogbako na-egosipụta ndị nkatọ Microsoft sitere na ụwa teknụzụ. 

N'afọ 1999, Nike bịakwutere Nader n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma ka ọ pụta na mgbasa ozi. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere Nader $ 25,000 ka ọ kwuo "mgbalị ọzọ na-enweghị ihere nke Nike na-ere akpụkpọ ụkwụ" mgbe ọ na-ejide akpụkpọ ụkwụ Air 120. Mgbe Nader kwụsịrị inye onyinye ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ goro onye na-ese ihe nkiri Spike Lee . 

 Mgbasa ozi onye isi ala 

 1972 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|105x105px| Bọtịnụ mkpọsa sitere na mbọ 1972 iji depụta Nader ka ọ bụrụ onye ndoro-ndoro maka New Party
Aha Ralph Nader pụtara na ndị nta akụkọ dị ka onye nwere ike ịbụ onye isi oche na nke mbụ na 1971, mgbe e nyere ya ohere ịzọ ọkwa dịka onye isi oche maka New Party, nkewa na-aga n'ihu na Democratic Party na 1972. Onye isi n'etiti ndị na-akwado ya bụ onye edemede Gore Vidal, bụ onye tụgharịrị mkpọsa onye isi ala Nader na 1972 na isiokwu dị n'ihu na magazin Esquire na 1971.  Ọkachamara gbasara mmụọ Alan Rockway haziri mkpọsa “draft Ralph Nader maka Onye isi ala” na Florida n'aha New Party.  Nader jụrụ inye ha ịgba ọsọ n'afọ ahụ; New Party mechara sonye na People's Party n'ịgba Benjamin Spock na ntuli aka onye isi ala 1972 .  Martin, Justin (2002). Nader: Crusader, Spoiler, Icon. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. ISBN 0-7382-0563-X. Gore Vidal. "The Best Man /'72: Ralph Nader Can Be President of the US." Esquire, June 1971. Spock nwere olile anya na Nader ga-agba ọsọ, na-enweta "ụfọdụ n'ime ụda ụda mgbede" mgbe ọ na-akpọ ya na Mahadum Alabama .  Spock gara n'ihu na-agbalị iwere Nader maka nnọkọ ahụ n'etiti ihe karịrị 100 ndị ọzọ, ma gosipụta na ọ ga-enwe "obi ụtọ" ka onye ọ bụla n'ime ha dochie anya ọbụna mgbe ọ nabatara nhọpụta ahụ n'onwe ya.  Nader nwetara otu votu maka nhọpụta onye isi oche na 1972 Democratic National Convention . 

N'October 2000, na nnukwu Super Rally nke mgbasa ozi ya,  emere na New York City's Madison Square Garden, mmadụ 15,000 kwụrụ $20 onye ọ bụla  ịnụ ka Nader na-ekwu okwu. Mgbasa ozi Nader jụrụ akụkụ abụọ ahụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa ọdịmma ụlọ ọrụ, na-ekwupụta na Al Gore na George W. Bush bụ " Tweedledee na Tweedledum ". Ogologo ndepụta nke ndị a ma ama kwuru ma rụọ ọrụ na mmemme ahụ gụnyere Susan Sarandon, Ani DiFranco, Ben Harper, Tim Robbins, Michael Moore, Eddie Vedder na Patti Smith . Mgbasa ozi ahụ nwekwara ụfọdụ enyemaka otu ndị ama ama: California Nurses Association na United Electrical Workers kwadoro nhọpụta ya ma gbaa ya mkpọsa. 

N'April 2022, Nader ntọala ntọala akwụkwọ ozi Capitol Hill Citizen .  Dị ka Politico si kwuo, akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekpuchi ihe ndị dị mkpa na Nader, dị ka ngo nke ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ na ọdụ etiti, nrụrụ aka n'etiti ndị omebe iwu na nzuzu na ike nke mgbasa ozi ike-abụ isi bụ isi. 

 Ndụ onwe onye 
Nader, onye akara ya bụ Antiochian Greek Orthodox Christian, chetara na n'oge ọ bụ nwata, edemede ya 'nabatala' site na arọ Methodist ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Sunday .  [1] Na mgbakwunye na Bekee, Nader na-asụkwa Spanish, Russian, Portuguese, Chinese, na Arabic ịgba ụka 

 Omume na agwa agwa 
A kọwawo Nader dị ka "onye na-enweghị mma ... na-ahụ onwe ya na onye ezi omume".  [1] N'agbanyeghị akụ ego a na- tushen, ọ na-ebi n'ime obere ụlọ ma na-emefu $25,000 kwa afọ na onwe ya, na-nyere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ya na typewriter .  [2] [3] dị ka ndị na-ewu ewu nke ndụ ya si kwuo, ọ dịghị onye nwe ikike, na-adabere na njem njem, na n'ime afọ 25, ruo 1983, ọ na-eyi nanị.  otu n'ime iri abụọ na ụzọ abụọ nke akpụkpọ ụkwụ ọ rụpụtara n'ahịa mkpochapụ.  1959. Uwe ya, nke ọ na-akọ na ọ na-azụta n'ahịa na ụlọ ndị a na-ere ahuhu, bụ ihe a na-egosi ụzọ ugboro ugboro, nke a na-n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị iche iche.  ka "mkpukpu", "rumpled", na "ihe ụdị".  Otu akwụkwọ otu akwụkwọ ndị na-ede Nader n'otu oge dị ka "onye akwụkwọ ejiji na akọnuche ya   

 Ego 
Dị ka akwụkwọ m mgbasa ozi ego amanyere na ọ gbara akwụkwọ na Federal Election Commission na 2000, Nader nwere ihe ihe $3.  oke ndenye ego na oke ego otu;  otu nnukwu njide ya ụmụaka $1 Ngwa akara nde na Cisco Systems, Inc. O jikwaara oke $100,000 na $250,000 na Magellan Fund .  [1] Nader kwuru na ya nri ụgbọ ala na ezigbo ala na ụlọ na 2000, ma kwuo na ọ na-ebi na $25,000 kwa afọ na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime ego ọ na-enweta n'ọtụtụ n'ime  ụlọ ọrụ iri na abụọ na-etinye iwere ọ hiwere    

 Ngosipụta mgbasa ozi 
. O'BrienIhe nkiri akwụkwọ ahụ Steve Skrovan bụ Nwoke ezi uche bụ gbasara ndụ Ralph Nader ma na-eji ma ihe nkiri archival na onye ọnụ mbụ.  Ọ akụkọ na Sundance Film Festival na 2006

 Igwe onyonyo 
Nader abụrụla ndị ọbịa na ọtụtụ ụgwọ nke Saturday Night Live, Real Time with Bill Maher, The Daily Show, The O'Reilly Factor, Zute Press, Democracy Ugbu a!  , na The Late Show na David Letterman.  Na 2003 ọ ere na Da Ali G Show [1] na, na 2008, gbara ọnụ site na Triumph the Insult Comic Dog na Late Night na Conan O'Brien 

Na 1988, Nader Rey na Sesame Street dị ka "onye nọ n'agbata obi gị", ihe omume ahụ gosikwara Barbara Walters na Martina Navratilova .  Mpụta Napụta na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ihe echefuru echefu n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị oge ka amara nke ahịrị ikpeazụ nke egwu ahụ.  – "Onye ị na-ezute kwa ụbọchị" – akwụkwọ ikike wee ike.  Nader akwụkwọ ịkwọ ahịrị nke o chere na ọ na-a Aha id, ya mere emetụta nke Nader bụ abụ solo ikpeazụ, na okwu ndị a onyinye: " Onye ị na-ezute kwa ụbọchịqq1q

 Nrụtụ aka n'ozuzu na akpọtụrụ 

 Nwoke enweghị ezi uche (2006). Nwoke na-enweghị ezi uche bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri banyere Ralph Nader nke pụtara na 2006 Sundance Film Festival.

 Ralph Nader: Dị nso Ihe nkiri a na-agwakọta ihe nkiri archival na ihe nkiri nke Nader na ndị ọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ na Washington na ajụjụ ọnụ nke ezinụlọ Nader, ndị enyi na ndị mmegide, yana Nader n'onwe ya. Edere, duzie ma mepụta site n'aka Mark Litwak na Tiiu Lukk, 1990, agba, nkeji 72. Nkọwa nke Studs Terkel. Mgbasa ozi na PBS . Onye mmeri, Sinking Creek Film Festival; Ememme kachasị mma, Baltimore Int'l Film Festival; Plaque Silver, Chicago Int'l Film Festival, Silver Apple, National Educational Film & Video Festival.
 Bear, Greg, Eon – akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gụnyere ihe ngosi nke otu n'ọdịnihu a na-akpọ "Naderites" ndị na-agbaso nkuzi mmadụ nke Ralph Nader.
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