Afọ Ụmụ nwanyị Mba Nile

International Women's Year (IWY) bụ aha United Nations nyere 1975. Kemgbe afọ ahụ, a na-eme emume March 8 dị ka Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị nke Mba Nile, na United Nations Decade for Women, site na 1976 ruo 1985, e guzobekwara.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ site na United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) iji nabata nkwupụta iji wepụ ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị, na 1965, CSW malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike iji nweta nkwupụta iji chekwaa ikike ụmụ nwanyị. N'ịchịkọta nzaghachi na-ekpuchi agụmakwụkwọ, ọrụ, ihe nketa, mgbanwe ntaramahụhụ, na nsogbu ndị ọzọ, site n'aka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri gọọmentị, ndị nnọchi anya CSW dere nkwupụta maka iwepụ ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị (DEDAW), nke Nzukọ Ezumezu kwadoro na 7 Nọvemba 1967.[3] Ozugbo enwetara nkwado maka nkwupụta ahụ, nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ ịkwadebe ya ka ọ bụrụ Nzukọ. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere igbu oge, site na 1972, mgbe United States Congress wepụtara Title IX, na-ewepụ ịkpa ókè na agụmakwụkwọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla na-enweta ego gọọmentị etiti, olileanya na enwere ike inweta ohere.[4] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị otu Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) anọwo na-agbasi mbọ ike maka afọ na nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa iji dozie enweghị nhata ụmụ nwanyị. Dị ka a họpụtara WIDF dị ka onye na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ ma ọ bụghị onye otu CSW, ha enweghị ike ịtụ aro ihe omume ahụ n'onwe ha mana ha dere atụmatụ. N'ịkpali onye nnọchi anya CSW nke Romanian ka ọ nye aro ha, Finland kwadoro ya. N'aka nke ya, CSW kwadoro atụmatụ ahụ ma nyefee ya na Nzukọ Ezumezu, nke kwupụtara 1975 dị ka Afọ Ụmụ nwanyị Mba Nile na 18 Disemba 1972. [5] Ụbọchị ahụ dị ịrịba ama n'ihi na ọ ga-ewere ọnọdụ na ncheta afọ iri atọ nke okike nke United Nations. [6] Mana enwere nsogbu na nzukọ ahụ. Na mbido, ụmụ nwanyị Soviet jụrụ oku maka nzukọ ma gbochie mkparịta ụka ahụ, na-ahọrọ ịnabata nzukọ nke ha n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Berlin nke na-agaghị anọ n'okpuru usoro UN.  [7][8] Dị ka akụkụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Agha Nzuzo, United States tụziri aro na nzukọ ahụ abụghị naanị ụmụ nwanyị, kama ọ ga-abụ nke na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, n'ihi na a gaghị eji nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị niile kpọrọ ihe.[9] N'ikpeazụ, Mexico City kwetara ịnabata nzukọ ahụ, CSW wee malite ọrụ iji kwadebe "machinery" dị mkpa iji nweta CEDAW.[8] A họpụtara Helvi Sipilä, dị ka osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu maka mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma nye ya ọrụ ịhazi ihe omume maka afọ ahụ.[4]

 Mba Nile 

 Obodo Mexico 
Emere ọgbakọ ụwa nke mbụ UN maka ụmụ nwanyị na Mexico City site na 19 June ruo 2 Julaị.[1]  Nzukọ 1975 dugara na nnabata nke World Plan of Action, yana nkwupụta nke Mexico maka nha anya ụmụ nwanyị na ntinye aka ha na mmepe na udo.[10]  O mere ka e guzobe usoro nleba anya dị ka, International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) na United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) ma tinye atụmatụ mmegharị maka nnọkọ ndị na-esote, nke mbụ n'ime ha.  A ga-eme ya na 1980 na Copenhagen.  O hibere oge nke 1975 ruo 1985 dị ka afọ iri nke UN maka ụmụ nwanyị, iji mee ka ọganihu na ọdịda wee nyochaa ma mee ka ọ gbaa ume ka a kwadoro nkwekọrịta na mkpochapụ ụdị ọ bụla nke ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị (CEDAW) ngwa ngwa.[11][12]  Ogbako nke atọ nke 1985 na Nairobi, Kenya, ọ bụghị naanị mechiri afọ iri nke ụmụ nwanyị mana wepụta usoro nhazi nke steeti maka iwepụ ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị n'iwu obodo n'afọ 2000.[3][4][5][6]  [7][8][9]  Ihe karịrị otu puku ndị nnọchiteanya gara Mgbakọ Obodo Mexico nke 1975.  Ndị a ma ama gụnyere Elizabeth Reid na Margaret Whitlam nke Australia.[10]  Ndị kọmitii ogbako haziri Tribune International Year's Year Tribune yana ụmụ nwanyị 4,000 gara na 1975.[2][11]

 Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Berlin 
E mere World Congress of Women na East Berlin dị ka akụkụ nke IWY n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ihe omume Mexico City gasịrị. O gosipụtara nha nhata ụmụ nwanyị dị ka "ezi ngosipụta nke echiche nke ikike mmadụ".[22] Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ikike nhata, nke ndị ọkachamara na gọọmentị na iwu sitere na East German Academy of Sciences, Mahadum Humboldt na Socialist United Party Central Committee jụrụ echiche ahụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịdaba n'okpuru mpaghara dị iche iche nke a họpụtara site na okike, mana kama ọ ga-abụ nke United Nations Human Right.[23] Angela Davis bụ otu n'ime ndị ọbịa dị mkpa na nnọkọ ahụ, dị ka Hortensia Bussi nke Allende, onye bụbu nwunye onye isi nke Chile.[24] Ihe omume a na-akwado steeti kwadoro ịdị n'otu ụmụ nwanyị na ọgụ mba iji tọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị site na mmegbu dabere na ọkwa, agbụrụ na okike site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.[25]

 Brussels 
E mere atụmatụ International Tribunal on the Crimes Against Women dị ka ihe omume maka IWY mana emeghị ya ruo 4 ruo 8 Machị 1976 na Brussels, Belgium. N'ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè site na mgbochi ego, nzukọ ahụ kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị 2000 sitere na mba iri anọ. Ndị na-ekwu okwu kwuru maka mmegbu akụ na ụba na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị n'ọtụtụ ụdị ya. Ọganihu kachasị mkpa nke si na nnọkọ ahụ pụta bụ International Feminist Network.[26]

 Arụmụka nke Zionism 
Ogbako 1975 bụkwa ihe ama ama maka ịgafe mkpebi mbụ "Zionism bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ" gafere na ọgbakọ ọ bụla nke UN kwadoro, si otú a na-akwadebe ụzọ maka Mkpebi Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu 3379 na 1975 na Nọvemba na-esote.[12][13]

Nkwupụta nke jikọtara Zionism na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ esonyekwara na mgbakwunye na akụkọ a ga-atụle na ogbako ikpeazụ nke United Nations Decade for Women na 1985 na Nairobi, Kenya.[14]  Otú ọ dị, dị ka e kwuru na ọ na-ewe nrọ: Akụkọ nke Hadassah (1997), nke Marlin Levin dere, "Bernice [Tannenbaum] jụrụ [President Ronald] Reagan ka ọ jụ n'ihu ọha mkpebi UN. O kwetara ma kwe nkwa na ndị nnọchiteanya US ga-eje ije.  pụọ na Nairobi ma ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere mkpebi Zionism-equals-racism na nkwupụta ogbako ikpeazụ."[14] Tannenbaum kwenyekwara na United States Senate ka ọ katọọ mkpebi ogbako ahụ ma chọọ ka ọ wepụ ya.[14]  Ya onwe ya jikwa akwụkwọ nke mkpebi Senate gbagara Kenya, ebe Maureen Reagan, ada President Reagan na onye isi ndị nnọchiteanya America, kwughachiri nkwa onye isi ala na ọ ga-ewepụ na ogbako ma ọ bụrụ na mkpebi ahụ gụnyere na ndị nnọchiteanya ọgbakọ ikpeazụ.  [14]  Kenya meziri nkwekọrịta nke ewepụrụ Zionism na akụkọ ọgbakọ ikpeazụ.[14]

 Mba 

 Australia 
E nwere nzukọ na 'Women and Politics' na Septemba,[10] nke ụmụ nwanyị 700 bịara. [15]

 Canada 
Ihe omume nke IWY na Canada n'ozuzu ya mere ka ụmụ nwanyị Canada na ọha na eze mara banyere ọtụtụ nsogbu na ihe ndị ụmụ nwanyị rụzuru. Ọ kpaliri okike nke Ontario Women na Law Association na Service, Office and Retail Workers" Union of Canada (SORWUC) ma nye ego maka ọtụtụ iji sonye na agụmakwụkwọ na nka iji gosipụta echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Otu mgbalị dị otú ahụ bụ arịrịọ nye National Film Board nke Canada nke dugara n'ịmepụta Studio D. Mahadum Guelph kwadoro nzukọ na Septemba nke a raara nye Nellie McClung na nsogbu mgbanwe nke dị ya mkpa.[31]

 New Zealand 
Na June, e mere United Women's Convention na Wellington.[16]

 United States 
Ihe omume iji kwado IWY bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye na NGO mere na United States, dị ka ndị e mere na Connecticut, 11-12 June 1977 na Greater Cleveland Congress, October.[17][18]Otu n'ime ihe omume US kachasị mkpa, n'ihi na gọọmentị US kwadoro ya, emere ya na Houston, Texas ma ọ bụ ezie na a haziri ya dị ka ihe omume IWY, emeghị ya ruo 1977. Nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba 1977 gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị si na steeti ọ bụla na United States ma mepụta atụmatụ ọrụ mba, na-egosipụta ọtụtụ n'ime isi ihe nke atụmatụ ọrụ ụwa.[35]

 India 
Praịm Minista India nke oge ahụ Indira Gandhi emere emume National Women's Day na International Women's Year nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị 50 kwadoro na NDMC Indoor Stadium New Delhi na India na Basant Panchami Sunday February 16, 1975. [19]

 Nsonaazụ ya 

N'ihi na mba ụwa lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwanyị na 1975, e guzobere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ:

 International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) 
 United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) 
 E guzobere Women's Studies Resource Centre na South Australia n'oge July.[20]

 Ihe nnọchianya 
IWY malitekwara akara "ikuku" nke IWY, CEDAW, na UNIFIL ji. Otu nduru a haziri ahazi nke akara nwanyị na akara nhata jikọtara, ihe nnọchianya ahụ bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị afọ 27 nke New York City bụ Valerie Pettis nyere. Ọ ka bụ ihe nnọchianya nke UN Women[21] ma jiri ya mee ememme Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị nke Mba Nile ruo taa.[3][22][23]

 Hụkwa 

 Nzukọ Ụmụ nwanyị nke Mba
 Ụmụ nwanyị UN
 Mgbanwe Ọha nhata nwoke na nwanyị
 NGO CSW/NY
 Mkpebi Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu 3010
 Mkpebi Kansụl Nchebe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu 1325
 United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women
 United Nations Development Fund for Women
 Ikike ụmụ nwanyị
 Nkwupụta Banyere Ịkwụsị Ịkpa Ókè megide Ụmụ nwanyị
 Nkwupụta Banyere Ikpochapụ Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị
 EGM: mgbochi nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ
 Atụmatụ Mmejuputa Ụwa iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ
 Nkwekọrịta maka igbochi na ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ ọgụ
 CEDAW

 Ihe odide 

 Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ 

 Akwụkwọ 

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations