Nkisi

Nkisi</link> ma ọ bụ Nkishi</link> (ọtụtụ dị iche iche: minkisi</link> , mikisi</link> , zinkisi</link> , ma ọ bụ nkisi</link> ) bụ ike ma ọ  bụ ihe echiche bi na ya .  A na-etinye ya ugboro ugboro n'ụdị ihe dị iche iche a na-eji na Congo Basin na Central Africa, na-eme na Territory of Cabinda nke a ike na ọ nwere ike ime ike ma ọ bụ ike.  Okwu ahụ na echiche ya agafeela na ahia ohu nke Atlantic na America 

 Pụtara 
Ihe okwu a bụ ugbu a na-enweta site na ike *-kitį</link> , na-ezo aka n'ihe ime ime ma ọ bụ ihe ihe nke anọra ma ọ bụ bi na Proto-Njila, mpaghara oge ochie nke ihe.  akwụkwọ Bantu Jan Vansina, Paths in the Rainforest: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), p. 146 and 297; but see also Vansina's corrective statements in How Societies Are Born:  Governance in West Central Africa Be 1600 (Charlottesville, VA and London: University of Virginia Press, 2004), pp. 51-52.

N'ihe mbụ mbụ ya n'asụsụ Kikongo na akpan akpan awụ nke iri na asaa, a ịrụrị ya ka mokissie</link> na Dutch, dị ka a na-akpọ muprefix na klaasị aha a.  Ndị ọbịa Dutch kọrọ ya na Loango, ọgụ Cabinda dị ugbu a, n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ 1668 Description of Africa na-ezo aka ma ihe na-enye ihe ime ike bi na ya.  [1] Na ụfọdụ apụ nke iri na isii, mgbe a enyemaka Kongo na Iso Ụzọ ihe, ukisi</link> (ihe nwere ike nkisi</link> ) e ji ikea nsõ na Kikongo Catechism nke 1624. John Thornton, "The Development of an African Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Kongo, 1491-1750," Journal of African History 25 (1984): 156-57.

ፓስፖርት chiri anya ha na ndị nna nna na ụlọ na ụlọ irẹ nke ike ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na minkisi na omenala Kongo .  N'etiti ndị bi na Kongo Basin, na-eje ndị Bakongo na ndị Songye nke Kasai, a na- ekwe ekwe na-okwu ike ike iche iche na-esite n'ụdị n aghọ okwu na ndị nwụrụ anwụ.  Ndị mmadụ a mara dị ka banganga [1] (otu: nganga ) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-ahụ ọrịa, ndị na-agba afa, na ndị ogbugbo na- ndị na-emedị ndụ dị iche iche ojii (amoosu) ma na na  -enye ha nsogbu ọrịa na-esite na amoosu ma ọ bụ ihe ndị bazịsi (mmụọ) mmetụta.  ndị ozi sitere n’ala ndị nwụrụ anwụ.

 harnesses the powers of  and the dead by making .  are primarily containers – ceramic vessels, gourds, animal horns, shells, bundles, or any other object that can contain spiritually charged substances. Even graves themselves, as the home of the dead and hence the home of , can be considered as . In fact,  have even been described as portable graves, and many include earth or relics from the grave of a powerful individual as a prime ingredient. The powers of the dead thus infuse the object and allow the  to control it.Moncia Blackmun Visona, Robin Poynor, Herbert M Cole, A History of Art in Africa (New York:  Prentice-Hall, 2000. The metal objects commonly pounded into the surface of the power figures represent the s' active roles during rituals or ceremonies. Each nail or metal piece represents a vow, a signed treaty, and an effort to abolish evil. Ultimately, these figures most commonly represent reflections upon socially unacceptable behaviors and efforts to correct them.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị mmadụ na-achọ enyemaka site nkisi. Iji mee otú ahụ, mmadụ ga-achọ nduzi nganga. Ndị nganga ga-aga n'ihu na-eji ikike ha tinye aka na nkisi n'aha onye na-achọ enyemaka. 

Ihe ndị ahọpụtara maka nsonye na  a na-akpọkarị  ma ọ bụ  (otu  ), okwu a na-asụgharịkarị ka 'ọgwụ'. Agbanyeghị, ịwa ahụ ha abụghị nke ọgwụ, n'ihi na anaghị etinye ya n'ọrụ ma ọ bụ nye ya ndị na-arịa ọrịa, yana ikekwe  a tụgharịrị n'ụzọ ziri ezi ka ọ bụrụ 'ihe ọgwụgwọ'. Kama a na-ahọrọkarị ha maka ihe atụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkịrịka nnụnụ iji jide ndị mere ihe ọjọọ ma ọ bụ n'ihi na aha ha yiri àgwà mmụọ a na-ajụ.

N'ime ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ihe na  bụ mkpụrụ osisi (  na Kikongo ), unyi (  ), na ero (  ). Wyatt MacGaffey, "Complexity, Astonishment and Power: The Visual Vocabulary of Kongo Minkisi" Journal of Southern African Studies14: 188-204 A na-esi n’ebe dị iche iche na-achịkọta ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, dị ka ala a na-esi n’ili na n’akụkụ osimiri. Ụrọ ọcha dịkwa oke mkpa na nhazi nke  n'ihi mmekọrịta ihe atụ nke agba ọcha na akụkụ anụ ahụ nke akpụkpọ anụ nwụrụ anwụ yana omume ha ziri ezi na positivity ime mmụọ. White iche na nwa, agba nke negativity. Ụfọdụ  jiri ocher uhie mee ihe eji agba agba. Ojiji nke uhie bụ ihe atụ nke ogbugbo nke ike nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ.

 serve many purposes. Some are used in divination practices, rituals to eradicate evil or punish wrong-doers, and ceremonies for protective installments. Many are also used for healing, while others provide success in hunting or trade, among other things. Important  are often credited with powers in multiple domains. Most famously,  may also take the form of anthropomorphic or zoomorphic wooden carvings.
A na-ekewa Minkisi na mkpagbu ndị metụtara ha ụzọ abụọ;  nke "nke dị n'elu" na "nke dị n'okpuru".  A na-ejikọta minkisi ndị dị n'elu na mbara igwe, mmiri ozuzo, na égbè eluigwe.  Minkisi ndị dị n'okpuru na-ejikọta ya na ụwa na mmiri dị n'ala.  A na-ewere minkisi a dị n'elu dị ka nwoke ma jikọta ya na ime ihe ike na ndị agha ime ihe ike.[1]  A na-eji minkisi nke ndị a dị n'elu mee ihe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu iji kwado usoro, ikpe ikpe ziri ezi, na akara nkwekọrịta.

Nnụnụ na-eri anụ, àmụ̀mà, ngwa agha na ọkụ bụ isiokwu a na-ahụ n'etiti minkisi nke n'elu.  Ha na-emetụtakwa elu ahụ.  Isi, olu, na mgbu obi ka e kwuru na nkịsi ndị a na-ese ihe ọnụ ọgụgụ.  ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n' anụmanụ anụmanụ.  Ọtụtụ mgbe ndị a bụ ụgwọ ( kozo ).  Nkịta nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụwa ime ime na pastọ ifo Kongo.  Ha bi na ụwa dị iche iche;  obodo ndi di ndu, na oke ohia nke ndi nwuru anwu.  Kozo A na- ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ka ndị nwere isi abụọ - nke a bụ ihe atụ nke ike ha ịhụ ụwa abụọ ahụ ahụ.

Na monanga na-ejikọta ya na onye dị ike, nwere nnukwu echiche, na-eweta obi ụtọ na akụ. A na-ejikarị nlezianya kee ha, na-enwe mmetụta dị jụụ, ma kpuchie ya na ihe ịchọ mma nwere ihe dị iche iche. 

A na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ Npezo ka ọ dị ka ihe egwu ma ekwenyere na ike ha na-esiwanye ike site na ọchị. Volavkova, Zdenka (1972). "Nkisi Figures of the Lower Congo". African Arts. 5 (2): 52–84. doi:10.2307/3334675. JSTOR 3334675.

Enwekwara ihe dị iche n'etiti nkeonwe, na obodo nkisi. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nkisi nkeonwe bụ nke amaghị aha. A na-edebekarị ha n'ime ụlọ nkeonwe. Ọ bụ ezie na mankishi obodo n'aka nke ọzọ a na-amachaghị aha, ọtụtụ mgbe na-ele obodo nta anya ka ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ime obodo ahụ ụma hụ ya. A chọrọ ka a na-ahụ ha anya, ma a na-edobekarị oge n'ime ogige nke onwe ha n'ehihie. 

 Nkondi 

Nkondi ( ụdị plural minkondi</link> , zinkondi</link> ) bụ subclass nke minkisi nke a na-ewere dị ka ike ike.  N'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nkondi</link> ana ozi na ike awụ nke iri na na-arụ ọrụ site n'itinye ntu n'ime ha, a na-akpọkarị ha "ntu ntu" na ederede njem, ihe  ihe ngosi nka, na akwụkwọ ihe mere eme nka.  Ọtụtụ nkondi</link> na- agụkwa ihe ndị na-mịdịpụ ppụpụ, dị ka enyo, n' fiiri awụ ha ma ọ bụ anya, bụ nke a na-ewere dị ka ụzọ a na-ahụ anya na ụwa.  A na-ibu tubes nke ihe dị iche iche ha mma.  Ihe na-emekarị ndị amoosu bụ ntụ ntụ.  Echiche dị n'azụ nke a bụ ka e jiri ya mee ihe maka igbu ndoki, onye na-azụ ya na ike nke amoosu.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe a na-agbanwe ime ha n’ụdị dị iche iche, ndị na- akara ihe oyiyi nke nwere ntu bụ nke a nke ọma n’ịka nkà mmụta ihe na nke ndị ọkà nji

 are invoked to search out wrongdoing, enforce oaths, and cause or cure sicknesses. Perhaps the most common use was the locating and punishing of criminals, by hunting down wrongdoers and to avenging their crimes.  An oath taker may declare him or herself vulnerable to the disease caused by an  should he or she violate the oath. People who fall sick with diseases known to be associated with a particular  may need to consult the  responsible for mediating with that spirit to determine how to be cured.

Ọ bụ ezie na  eleghị anya e mere kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala narị afọ nke iri na isii, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a kpọgidere kpọmkwem, bụ ndị a na-achịkọta na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, kpọgidere  nwere ike bụrụ nke emere na mpaghara ugwu nke mpaghara omenala Kongo na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

 Mmetụta ọgbara ọhụrụ 
 ahụ Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Europe zuuru na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu kpatara mmasị dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite usoro na-apụta na nka ọgbara ọhụrụ na isiokwu Bantu ndị a na-ewerebu na mbụ ma ọ bụ jọgburu onwe ya ka a na-elezi anya dị ka ihe mara mma. Mpempe akwụkwọ ndị ahụ ghọrọ ndị nwere mmetụta na okirikiri nka na ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nwetara ọtụtụ. Ebumnuche nke  onye kere  bụ ndị bara uru; ya bụ, njirimara ha bụ mkpa nke ihe ahụ iji rụọ ọrụ a chọrọ ka ọ rụọ. N'ihi ya, ntu ndị kpatara mmetụ ahụ adịghị ahụ anya dị ka ihe ịchọ mma kama dịka ihe achọrọ maka ịkpọte mmụọ ma ọ bụ mmegharị ahụ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu ihe atụ nke mmegharị ahụ a chọtara na omenala Kongo. Wyatt MacGaffey, "'Magic, or as we usually say 'Art': A Framework for Comparing African and European Art," in Enid Schildkrout and Curtis Keim, eds. The Scramble for Art in Central Africa, (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998) pp. 217-235.

Na nso nso a ụfọdụ ndị nka ọgbara ọhụrụ nwekwara mmasị imepụta  nke onwe ha, nke kachasi Renee Stout, onye ihe ngosi ya "Ijuanya na Ike" na Smithsonian Institution jikọtara ụdị nke  ya. ya na nkọwa sitere n'aka ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ a ma ama bụ Wyatt MacGaffey. Michael Harris and Wyatt MacGaffey. eds. Astonishment and Power (London and Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993)

Onye na-ese ihe na Republic of Congo bụ Trigo Piula na-ese ọtụtụ ihe n'usoro "Fetish Ọhụrụ", n'ihi njaghagharị nke ndị mmadụ na-ajụ fetishes ọdịnala. Ọ "bụ ụzọ isi soro ndị obodo m na-akpakọrịta na ụzọ nke ịkatọ ihe m kwenyere na ọ na-emetụta anyị, dịka ihe onyonyo onyonyo",  o kwuru.

 Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka 


 Hụkwa 

 Akụkọ ifo Kongo

 Ntụaka 

 Akwụkwọ akụkọ 

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 MacGaffey, Wyatt. "Anya nke nghọta: Kongo Minkisi ," na Wyatt MacGaffey na M. Harris, eds, Ijuanya na Ike Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 21–103.
 MacGaffey, Wyatt (1998). "'Anwansi, ma ọ bụ dị ka anyị na-ekwukarị 'Art': A Framework for Comparing African and European Art," na Enid Schildkrout na Curtis Keim, ed. The Scramble maka Art na Central Africa. Cambridge na New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 217–235.
 MacGaffey, Wyatt (2000). Religion na Society na Central Africa: BaKongo nke Lower Zaire Chicago: Mahadum Chicago Press.
 MacGaffey, Wyatt (2000). Omenala ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Kongo: Ihe ịma aka echiche nke pụrụ iche. Bloomington: Mahadum Indiana Press.
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Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations