Asụsụ Mande

The Mande languages (Mandén, Manding; ) bụ otu asụsụ ndị Mandé na-asụ n'ọtụtụ mba dị na West Africa. Ndị a gụnyere; Maninka, Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Jula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, na Vai. Enwere ihe dị ka asụsụ 60 ruo 75 nke nde mmadụ 30 ruo 40 na-asụ, ọkachasị na; Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Ghana nakwa na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria na ugwu Benin.

Asụsụ Mande na-egosi ihe ole na ole yiri ezinụlọ asụsụ Atlantic-Congo, ya mere a tụpụtara ha ọnụ dị ka akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo buru ibu kemgbe afọ 1950. Otú ọ dị, asụsụ Mande enweghị ọdịdị aha nke bụ isi ihe na-akọwa asụsụ Atlantic-Congo. 'ihi ya, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-emeso Mande na Atlantic-Congo dị ka ezinụlọ asụsụ nwere onwe ha.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
E nwere echiche dị iche iche banyere afọ nke asụsụ Mande. 

Valentin Vydrin kwubiri na "ala nna Mande na ọkara nke abụọ nke puku afọ nke anọ BC dị na Southern Sahara, n'ebe dị n'ebe ugwu nke 16 ° ma ọ bụ ọbụna 18 ° nke latitude ugwu na n'etiti 3 ° na 12 ° nke longitude ọdịda anyanwụ". Nke ahụ bụ Mauritania ugbu a na ndịda Western Sahara.

Ọ bụrụ na njikọ asụsụ Mande doro anya nke ahụ ga-enyere aka ịkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Joseph Greenberg tụrụ aro na otu Niger-Congo, nke n'echiche ya gụnyere ezinụlọ asụsụ Mande, malitere ịpụ n'ihe dị ka Afọ 7,000 BP. Ndị -asụ ya ga-eme omenala Neolithic, dịka okwu Proto-Niger-Congo maka "ụmụ ehi", "nwa ewu" na "ịzụlite" gosipụtara.

 Agụmakwụkwọ mbụ 
Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle matara ìgwè ahụ na 1854, na Polyglotta Africana ya. O kwuru asụsụ iri na atọ n'okpuru isiokwu North-Western High-Sudan Family, ma ọ bụ Mandéga Family of Languages. 'afọ 1901, Maurice Delafosse mere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ìgwè abụọ. Ọ na-ekwu maka otu mandé-tan nke ugwu na otu mandé'fu nke ndịda. A na-eme ọdịiche ahụ naanị n'ihi na asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na-eji okwu tan maka iri, na asụsụ ndịda na-eji fu. N'afọ 1924, Louis Tauxier kwuru na ọdịiche ahụ abụghị nke a kwadoro nke ọma ma enwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu nke atọ ọ kpọrọ Mandé-bu. Ọ bụghị ruo 1950 ka André Prost kwadoro echiche ahụ ma nye nkọwa ndị ọzọ.

'afọ 1958, Welmers bipụtara otu isiokwu akpọrọ "The Mande Languages," ebe o kewara asụsụ ndị ahụ n'ime obere ìgwè atọ: North-West, South na East. Mkpebi ya dabeere na nyocha lexicostatistic. Joseph Greenberg gbasoro ọdịiche ahụ na The Languages of Africa (1963). Long (1971) na Gérard Galtier (1980) gbasoro ọdịiche ahụ n'ime ìgwè atọ mana ha nwere ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama.

 Nchịkọta 

 Mmekọrịta ya na Niger-Congo 
Mande anaghị ekwekọ ọdịdị nke ọtụtụ ezinụlọ Niger-Congo, dị ka Usoro aha. Enweghịkwa ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama na okwu dị n'etiti Mande na Niger-Congo. 'ihi ya, Dimmendaal (2008) na-ekwu na ihe akaebe maka itinye ya dị obere, nakwa na ugbu a, a na-ewere Mande dị ka ezinụlọ nwere onwe ya. Otu echiche ahụ  nke Güldemann (2018). [1]

Enweghị nkwubi okwu doro anya na Mande bụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị onye otu Niger-Congo, Vydrin (2016) na-ekwu na okwu ndị bụ isi nke proto-Mande dabara nke ọma na Niger-Cong, nakwa na a gaghị ewere ụkpụrụ ndị dị ka enweghị usoro aha dị ka ihe akaebe; ọ na-ekwu ete "Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ Mande n'ime Niger-Cango kwenyesiri ike... Mande ga-anọchite anya alaka kachasị ochie nke phylum".  Blench na-ele ya anya dị ka alaka mbụ nke kewara tupu ọdịdị aha-ụdị mepụta. Dwyer (1998) jiri ya tụnyere alaka ndị ọzọ nke Niger-Congo ma chọpụta na ha mejupụtara ezinụlọ dị n'otu, ebe Mande bụ nke kachasị dị iche na alaka ndị ọ tụlere.

 Nchịkọta n'ime 
Ụdị dị iche iche na omimi nke ezinụlọ Mande yiri nke Indo-European. Alaka iri na otu dị ala nke Mande fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a nabatara ya n'ụwa niile: Southern Mande (Dan wdg), Eastern Mande (Bisa, Boko wdg), Samogo, Bobo, Soninke-Bozo, Southwestern Mande (Mende, Kpelle, Loma wdg), Soso-Jalonke, Jogo, Vai-Kono, Mokole na Manding (Bambara, Djula wdg).  nabatakwara ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na ndị a mejupụtara alaka abụọ, abụọ mbụ dị ka Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Mande na ndị ọzọ dị ka Ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ Manda.

Ọtụtụ nhazi Mande  n'ime na-adabere na lexicostatistics, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nke dabeere na Ndepụta Swadesh. Nchịkọta ọzọ sitere na Kastenholz (1996) dabere na ihe ọhụrụ nke okwu na asụsụ ntụnyere. Kastenholz -adọ aka ná ntị na nke a adabereghị na njirimara ebumnuche ma ya mere ọ bụghị nhazi usoro ọmụmụ n'echiche dị warara. Nkewa na-esonụ bụ nchịkọta nke abụọ ahụ.

Vydrin (2009) dịtụ iche na nke a: ọ na-etinye Soso-Jalonke na Southwestern (nlaghachi na André Prost 1953); Soninke-Bozo, Samogho na Bobo dị ka alaka ndị nweere onwe ha nke Western Mande, na Mokole na Vai-Kono. Ọtụtụ nhazi na-etinye Jo n'ime Samogo.

 Akụkụ nke okwu 
Asụsụ Mande enweghị usoro aha ma ọ bụ mgbatị okwu nke Asụsụ Atlantic-Congo na nke Asụsụ Bantu bụ ndị a ma ama, mana Bobo nwere ụdị ngwaa na-akpata na nke na-adịghị agafe agafe. Asụsụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Mande na Soninke nwere mgbanwe ụdaume mbụ. A na-ejikarị clitic eme akara ọtụtụ; n'asụsụ ụfọdụ, na ụda, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Sembla. Ndị nnọchiaha na-enwekarị ọdịiche dị iche iche na-enweghị ike iwepụ na nke na-agụnye naanị. Usoro Okwu na ahịrịokwu na-agafe agafe bụ isiokwu-onye enyemaka-ihe-okwu-okwu-adverb. A na-ejikarị postpositions eme ihe. 'ime ahịrịokwu aha, ihe onwunwe na-abịa n'ihu aha, na adjectives na akara dị iche iche mgbe ngwaa gasịrị; a na-ahụ ihe ngosi na usoro abụọ ahụ.

 Okwu ntụnyere 
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ihe atụ nke okwu ndị bụ isi nke ụdị proto-forms e wughachiri:
AsụsụanyantịimiezéireọnụọbaraọkpụkpụosisimmiriIri nriahaỤzọ Mbụ*ɲíŋ*Nke a na-akpọ*yítiProto-West Mande*Tuli*SyuN*ɲíN**nɛ̌N*nye ~ ya*jío ~ yío*gúri ~ nku*jío ~ yío*ịkụProto-Manding (Mandekan) *nya*tulo*mgbe*Nkọwa*nɛn (e) *da*ọmarịcha*kolo*yiri*ji*Domo (n) *tị elu-East Mande (Niger-Volta) [1]*jɛN (<GeiN) *Toro*N-jẽ*soN (-ka) *N-lɛ*ịma* (N-) wa (-ru) * (N-) gero*li/*da*jiN*be (-le) *Ọ dị otú ahụ-South Mande [1]*Yuùã́*Ọnọdụ* na onye na-ekwu okwu yaN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị*ɗéNdị na-eme ihe nkiriỊnọkwa*yílí*yí*ɓɪ̀lɪ̀*Ọdịdị
'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ cognates sitere na D. J. Dwyer (1988) ([[k] ma ọ bụ ): 
GLOSSỌchịchị na-akpali akpaliMandingKono-VaiSusuMandé (SW) SoninkéIhe yiri yaBoboSanBusaAkaDanGuroMwa'ọnụ'*dadadaeelalaqqejomeeDidi, di'Anya'*da-yida-jida-Se-yela-yilaxan-jijọn-fagoDivasele-ile-yiDi-liraịliri'mmiri'*yiM na-emeyayaUgbu ajijoji, ziomuniyayayaya'obi'*n-koŋna-enweghịsusuIsiŋenikonbekyeỤgbọ mmiriɲoɲoɲoŋɲoŋɲoŋɲoŋ'mmiri ara ehi'*n-kon-yiNkwupụtasusu-jixin-ụgen-iya -xattikye-n-dyon-yan-niŋin-m-n-yoŋ-yin-yoŋ-yi'nwa ewu'*bo (ọzọ) babaɓoliihe efubigwabweacha anụnụ anụnụMmanụMmanụboryMmanụ'buck'*bore-gurenba-korodiggehgu-gurable-saIhe na-eme ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọIhe na-eme ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọgyagyabɔ-guren'ụmụ atụrụ'*sagaAkụkọ ifobara-waỌnyàɓarajaxesegaAkarasereyabaablaberabla'ram'*saga-gurenSaga-koroJaxampadekekyeresi-gulada-gubla-gonbra-gonbla-gure'isi'*Koun-koloyin-kola
Rịba ama na n'ime ihe ndị a:

 'saleeva' = 'ọnụ'+' mmiri'
 'mmiri ara' = 'obi'+'mmiri'
 'buck (he-goat) ' = 'goat'+'nwoke'
 'ram' = 'nwa atụrụ'+'nwoke'

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ 
Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: 
NchịkọtaAsụsụ12345678910BissaBissa (Bisa)diịpijàkakʊ́sɪ̀Saịdoro[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Sapra (5 + 2) ee (2 x 4)? nɛfʊ̀ (10 -1)? bʊ̀BusaBokomeeplaʔàɔɔ̃sííɔ̃sayensịnaanị ya (5 + 1) sopla (5 + 2) Swaàɔ̃ (5 + 3) Nkwupụta [litː tear away 1 (from) 10 ]kwiBusaBokobaru (Zogbẽ)meepláaʔàɡɔ̃síɡɔ̃Saịoroswɛ́do (5 + 1) swɛ́́pláa (5 + 2) sɔrààɡɔ̃ (5 + 3) Nnukwu ihe (10-1) kurìBusaIllo Busameepiaʔàkɔ̃ʃíkɔ̃sayensịsodium (5 + 1) soopia (5 + 2) swàkɔ̃ (5 + 3) kĩṇdokwi [litː dọwaa 1 (site na) 10]kwiBusaBusameeplaʔàkɔ̃sííkɔ̃Saịoroisiokwu (5 + 1) surpla (5 + 2) sɔ́rààkɔ̃ (5 + 3) Nnukwu ihe (10-1) kurìKyangaKyanga (Kyenga) (1) Duo abụọfyáāỌdịda Anyanwụʃíísɔ́́́́rū́sɔ̄ɔ̄dū (5 + 1) swāhyáā (5 + 2) sōōwà (5 + 3) Soiʃí (5 + 4) kōōrìKyangaKyanga (Kyenga) (2) dūːfjâːʔàːʃíːsɔ̂ːwûsɔ̂ːdū (5 + 1) sɔ̂ːfjá (5 + 2) sōːuwà (5 + 3) sōwēʃíː (5 + 4) kōːlìKyangaKyenga (3) meehia / fiaOkwu a na-akpọʃíN'oge aỌchịchị (5 + 1) Ọchịchị (5 + 2) soowà (5 + 3) sooʃí (5 + 4) korìKyangaShangamee__ibo____ibo__ ỌdịdịOkwu a na-akpọʃíSaịdọssɔbodo (5 + 1) sɔhia (5 + 2) sɔboʔà (5 + 3) sɔdoʃí (5 + 4) Ihe a na-akpọ yaSamoMatya Samoɡɔ́́́́PraịmtjɔwɔeeAhịasɛrɛ́ (5 + 1) tọnọ (5 + 2) tjisí (2 x 4) [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]flè / fʊ̀SamoMaya SamoỌ bụ gịFuraKaakuỌ ga-abụN'ihe gbasara yasɔ̀rɔ̀ (5 + 1) sɔ́frá (5 + 2) Ciɡys (2 x 4)? Ọ̀ Bụl (5 + 4)? N'ihi ya, ọ bụGuro-TuraGurodʊFiéYaáN'oge gara agaSolúsʊɛdʊ / sʊɛl (5 + 1) sʊlàyíé (5 + 2) sʊlaá (5 + 3) N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe nkiri (5 + 4) hụrụGuro-TuraYaourétʊ̀"ịfụ ụfụ"yaaɡasĩjɛ̃ = sĩɟɛ̃ ma ọ bụ sĩd͡ʒɛ̃siri ikeʃɛ́dʊ (5 + 1) sɔravli (5 + 2) sɔ́ra (5 + 3) sɔrasiɛ̃ (5 + 4) FụGuro-TuraMann (Mano)doóPịlịyààkayììsɛSaịoliSaládo (5 + 1) [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]sálàka (5 + 3) Sinyàìsɛ (5 + 4) troc̀Nwa-BenBengmeeplaŋIsi iyisiéŋSaịnsɔdo (5 + 1) sɔpla (5 + 2) sɔ́wa (5 + 3) Isi (5 + 4) ebuNwa-BenGagudòfɪnya na yaZiéSúuSedọ (5 + 1) [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji][Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Tizi (5 + 4) ebeNwa-BenMwan (Muan) meeplɛyaɡayiziɛnaanị yaN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "Dose" (5 + 1) Na-agba agba (5 + 2) N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "Dose" (5 + 3) Na-agba ọsọ (5 + 4) hụrụNwa-BenWanmeepilɔŋʔã́Sijásɔ́lúỤmụ ahụhụSeaʔã́ (5 + 2) Sejãŋ́ (5 + 3) sɔlásijá (5 + 4) sɔ́jɔlúEgwuregwu-JeriJalkunandúlìỌkpụkpụ azụsiɡ͡bùN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a na-eme ihe nkirisōːlómìːlù[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji][Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji][Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]JuyEgwuregwu-JeriLigbiDien / Diéfàlà / fàlásèɡ͡bá / siɡ͡bánáanisolo / solomɔ́ɔ́dó / mooró (5 + 1) maúlà / mafála (5 + 2) másèɡ͡bá / masiɡ͡bá (5 + 3) màdááné / maráni (5 + 4) aga n'ihuMandingMarka (Dafing)kyen / kyerenahịrị / ahịrịsaba / sabaSnow / SnowỌ bụ n'oge a na-akpọ ya "Luzuru" Ọnyàw karaa / wonlasii / siɡikonon / kondontan / tanMandingBambaraKelen [kélẽ́]Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme yaSaaba [sàbá]náani [náːní]dúuru [dúːrú]Igo na-ekwu maka yawólon [wulawólwólá]sèɡin [sèɡĩ́]N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe nkiritan [kwada]MandingJula (1) Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị na ị chọrọN'ebe ahụ, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị.Sabí [sà.bà]naànìn [nàː present̀]dùùrù [dù.ɾù]Igoɔv̀ [wɔ̀ːɾɔ́]Ọkpụkpụ ahụsieɡi [ee.e.ɡí]kɔ́nɔ́ndon [kɔ.̀nɔ̃.nd́]tan [kwada]MandingJula (2) Ọchịchị [kélẽ́]N'usoro [ị] / fla [ị]saba [sab]Nkwupụta [naːní]looru [lóːrú]JọnyụỌ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-esi na ya nweta yaseɡin [sèɡĩ́] / leeɡi [sèːɡí]Ihe omuma ihe omumatan [kwada]MandingSankaran ManinkaEbe a na-anọahịrịSawaaỌ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a na-ahụnke a / looliỌ bụ ya mere e ji eme iheỌ bụ ya mere e ji mee ihesenkonondotanMandingMahouKéléŋn'afọ ndị ọzọsàwànáaniLóoIgowóóŋvyàS.ɲíŋkɔ́nŋdɔ́ŋtáŋMandingMandinkakiliŋỌdịda AnyanwụSabanáaniluuluwóorowórówulaSayikonontotáŋMandingXaasongakilinỌdịda AnyanwụSabaỌ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a na-ahụluuluwoorowoorowulaSaɡixonontotanMokoleKakabeKelenọkpụkpụSaabanáaniRọluIgo na-emetụtaIgovwila (6 + 1) SaịnọsN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiritanMokoleKuranko__ibo__ Ọmụmụ iheahịrịSawaa / SabananiloliIgoỌ bụ mgbe a na-akpọ ya aha? seɡinỌ na-agbawa agbawatanMokoleLelekel na-achaỌ bụ naanị ya ka a na-akpọSawaananiluuliN'oge na-adịghị anyaIgwe iko (6 + 1) otu ugboroNke iri na abụọtaŋVai-KonoKononcélen / ncéle, dɔ́ndofèasàwanáaniDuʔuIgoyiIwenfea / Owenfeaséi / séinỌrụ ndị ahụtanVai-KonoVaiRọndɔ́́Fá̀ (ʔ) ásàk͡páNa-aga n'ihuỌ bụ naanị (ʔ) úsɔŋ lɔ́ndɔ́ (5 + 1) sɔ̂ŋ fɛ̀ (ʔ) á (5 + 2) sɔ̂ŋ sàk͡pá (5 + 3) N'oge gara aga (5 + 4) ọrụSusu-YalunkaSusuN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-emeỌrịa na-eme ka mmadụ nwee obi ụtọSaxon [sàxã́]náaniSuleySenní (5 + 1) Sólófer (5 + 2) Solomássan (5 + 3) Solománáání (5 + 4) fuúSusu-YalunkaYalunka (1) KụraỌkpụkpụ azụsàkáŋIhe omume asùlùsenì (5 + 1) Flófɛ̀rɛ́ (5 + 2) tetara (5 + 3) Nnukwu oge (5 + 4) FụSusu-YalunkaYalunka (Jalonke) (2) kedenfidinSaxanỌ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a na-ahụsuuli__ibo__ Ihe a na-akpọ "Changni" (5 + 1) solofɛdɛ (5 + 2) solomasɛɡɛ (5 + 3) solomanaani (5 + 4) FuuKpelleGuinea Kpelletaganhvèèlɛ̌ / hvèèlɛ́haàbǎ / haàbánááŋ́RọlíM̀í da (5 + 1) M̀ì hvéélɛ̀ (5 + 2) M̀ì haábà (5 + 3) M̀ì nááŋ́ (5 + 4) pòǔKpelleLiberia Kpelletaaŋ / tɔnɔ / dɔnɔỌrụSabawaanáaŋNọtọlu / rhọtọluỌnọdụ nke (5 + 1) Ọ bụ ihe mere n'oge ahụ ka a ga-eme (5 + 2) Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka a na-anọ (5 + 3) Ịnọ n'ọnọdụ dị otú o kwesịrị (5 + 4) PuMende-LomaLooma (Toma) (1) ɡílàɡfélé (ɡɔ̀) Sáwà (ɡɔ̀) náánĩ̀ (ɡɔ̀) Ọganihu (ɡɔ̀) dòzìtà (5 + 1) Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe a na-akpọ "German" (5 + 2) Ọ bụ ya na ya (5 + 3) tàwù̀ (ɡɔ̀) (10-1)? Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọMende-LomaLoma (2) ɡilafeleɡɔSaụnwụNaɡɔdooluoỌnyà (5 + 1) Ọnyà (5 + 2) Ọnyà (5 + 3) taawu (10-1)? PuMende-LomaBandi (1) ìtá (ŋ), n'ihi yaFelet (ŋ) sàwá (ŋ), sàá (ŋ) Na-aga n'ihundɔ́́lú (ŋ) nɡɔ̀hítá (ŋ) (5 + 1) ŋɡɔ̀félà (ŋ) (5 + 2) ŋɡɔ̀hák͡pá (ŋ), ŋɡwahák͡pá (5+ 4) tààwú (ŋ), tààvo (ŋ) (10-1)? pû (ŋ), púù (ŋ) Mende-LomaBandi (2) iitámmetụtasaawánaániMkpụrụ obinɡɔhíta (5 + 1) nɡɔféla (5 + 2) nɡwahák͡pa (5 + 3) Taávu (10-1)? ogwuMende-LomaỌdịdị (1) íla (ŋ) félé (ŋ), fada (ŋ) Sáwá (ŋ), cáwá (ŋ) náay (ŋ) ńdɔu (ŋ) ŋɡɔhita (5 + 1) ŋɡɔfɛla (5 + 2) ŋɡɔsaak͡pakaraabu, raabupuu (ŋ), kapuu (ŋ) Mende-LomaLoko (2) ilaaỌkpụkpụitʃawanaiŋndɔunɡɔita (5 + 1) nɡɔfla (5 + 2) nɡɔsaɡ͡ba (5 + 3) Karabu (10-1)? kapuMende-LomaMendeyilá / itáỌfụmasawánáaniRọlIgoite (5 + 1) Igofila (5 + 2) wáyák͡pá (5 + 3) taálú (10-1)? puúSamogoDuungoomasɔʔifíʔiʒiʔinaaiọhụrụỌ bụ ihe efuN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n"ụlọ mkpọrọIsi iyikleːlonke aSamogoDzùùngoosōː ́ / sōːrēfíː / fíːkíʒìːɡī ́Na-adịghịỌ dịghị ihe ọzọtsũ̀mɛ̃̄ ́N'ihi ya, onye na-ekwu okwu yaŋáːlõ̀Akara ndị atsjéùSamogoJowulu (Jo) N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme yaFulibʒeipʃɪrɛɪKa ọ dị[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]dʒɔ̃mpʊn (3 + 4) fulpʊn (2 x 4) N'oge a na-anọ n'obodo ahụ (5 + 4) N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịSamogoSeekuswɛ̃̄fĩ́́́ʃwɛ̀NaàN'ebe ndị ọzọtsìììIhe ndị a na-akpọ fanìKaàSomomɛ́ToSoninke-BoboKonabérétálɪ̄N'ihi yasǎN'ihi yakʊ̄kʊ̀kwɪ́ (5 + 1) Kʊ̀rʊ̀pâre (5 + 2) kʊ̀rʊ̀sɔ̄ʊ̀ (5 + 3) kʊ̀rʊ̀nɔ̂ŋ (5 + 4) __ibo__ Ụzọ e si agụnyeSoninke-BoboSouthern Bobo MadareIsi okwualaSaàN'ihi ya,kóòNdị isi ala (5 + 1) Agha (5 + 2) Khorósɔ̃̌ (5 + 3) korónɔ̃̌ (5 + 4) N'ihi yaSoninke-BoboHainyaxo Bozo (Kelenga) Sadna:nàebe e nwereee: ebená:nàGlílɔ́hɔ́ị:mìdʒíenìN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-anọ n'ụlọỊnọ n'ụraKa ọ dịSoninke-BoboTièmà-Cièwè Bozoya:áN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme yasì:yénà: ga-abụGlílɔ́́́́Ị:mìdʒiènĩ́́TʃèkíMọnkụtáSoninke-BoboTiéyaxo Bozo (Tigemaxo)  (1) Sannanke abụọee: ya na yaGlílɔ́́́Glílɔ́́́ị:mĩ̀[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]sɛ̄kīÒtùKa ọ dịSoninke-BoboTiéyaxo Bozo (2) Ihe omuma / kuɔnfendeen / pendensiiyonnaaranỌ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anyatuumijeenisekiinkiawitanSoninke-BoboJenaama Bozo (1) yaːáỌchịchị:N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ya mere e ji dee yaNa-akpataỌ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịmatakwutǔːmíYineỌ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ na-emeka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụtʃɛ́míSoninke-BoboJenaama Bozo (2) Ọ bụ eziokwuỌ na-akwụsi ikesikɛũ / siɡɛũnataũkɔɡõtuumiyeenisekiNkumetʃɛmi / tʃamiSoninke-BoboSoninkebàanèfíllò / filːisikko / sikːináɣátò / naɣatikaráɡò / karaɡiUgboro ole na oleɲeriSeɡù / seɡiKaị / kabiMaịma / Maịma

 Hụkwa 

 Ndepụta nke Proto-Mande reconstructions (Wiktionary) 
 Ndepụta nke Proto-West Mande reconstructions (Wiktionary) 
 Asụsụ Manding
 Iwu
 Asụsụ Mende

 Edensibia 
bụrụ na njikọ asụsụ Mande doro anya nke ahụ ga-enyere aka ịkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Joseph Greenberg tụrụ aro na otu Niger-Congo, nke n'echiche ya gụnyere ezinụlọ asụsụ Mande, malitere ịpụ n'ihe dị ka Afọ 7,000 BP. Ndị -asụ ya ga-eme omenala Neolithic, dịka okwu Proto-Niger-Congo maka "ụmụ ehi", "nwa ewu" na "ịzụlite" gosipụtara.

 Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 









 Njikọ mpụga 

 Asụsụ Ndị Mmadụ
 Peeji Mande nke Journal of West African Languages
 Akwụkwọ akụkọ Mandenkan (okwu mmeghe) 
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations