Agha nke Algiers

The Battle of Algiers (; ) bụ ihe nkiri agha Italy na Algeria nke 1966 nke Gillo Pontecorvo dere na duziri ya. Ọ dabere na omume ndị nnupụisi mere n'oge ndị Algeria War (1954–1962) against the French government na North Africa, nke kacha pụta ìhè bụ agha a ma ama nke Algiers, isi obodo Algeria. A gbagburu ya na ọnọdụ na ụdị akụkọ akụkọ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Roberto Rossellini: na oji na ọcha nwere ụdị akwụkwọ edezi iji gbakwunye n'echiche nke izi ezi akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara bụ ndị birila ndụ n'ezie n'agha ahụ. Ihe nkiri ahụ  

Ihe nkiri ahụ lekwasịrị anya na onye agha mgbanwe Ali La Pointe n'ime afọ ndị dị n'etiti 1954 na 1957, mgbe ndị agha guerrilla nke FLN banyere Algiers. Ndị France na-agba ọsọ na-agbapụ n'ala zutere omume ha na-anwa iweghachite ala ha. Ihe nkiri a dị egwu bụ maka nhazi nke òtù ndị agha na ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, dị ka ịta ahụhụ, nke ndị France ji kwụsị ya. Algeria  ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta nnwere onwe site na ndị France, nke Pontecorvo kwuru okwu ya na njedebe nke ihe nkiri ahụ.

Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara otuto mba ụwa, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị ukwuu n'oge niile. Ọ meriri Golden Lion na 27th Venice Film Festival n'etiti onyinye na nhọpụta ndị ọzọ. A họpụtakwara ya maka onyinye Academy maka ihe nkiri asụsụ mba ọzọ kacha mma. Isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị  France, emeghị ihe nkiri ahụ na mba ahụ ruo afọ ise. Òtù ndị nnupụisi na ndị ọchịchị steeti ewerela ya dị ka nkọwa dị mkpa banyere Agha ndị agha okpuru n'obodo ukwu. Na ntuli aka Sight and Sound nke 2022 nke ihe nkiri kachasị ukwuu n' niile, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 45 na ndepụta ndị nkatọ na nke 22 na ndị nduzi. 

'afọ 2008, e tinyere ihe nkiri ahụ na ihe nkiri 100 nke Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage ga-echekwa, ndepụta nke ihe nkiri 100 "gbanwere ncheta nke mba ahụ n'etiti 1942 na 1978."

 Isiokwu 
Agha nke Algiers na-eweghachi ihe omume ndị mere n'isi obodo French Algeria n'etiti Nọvemba 1954 na Disemba 1957, n'oge Agha Nnwere Onwe Algeria. Akụkọ ahụ malitere site na nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ mgbanwe na Kasba. N'ihi agha dị n'etiti ndị obodo Algeria na Pied-Noir, nke akụkụ abụọ ahụ na-eme omume nke ime ihe ike na-arịwanye elu, France zigara Ndị agha France na obodo ahụ iji lụso ma jide ndị otu National Liberation Front (FLN). A na-egosi ndị paratroopers dị ka ndị na-egbochi ndị ndu FLN niile site na igbu ọchụ ma ọ bụ ijide. Ihe nkiri ahụ  coda na-egosi ngagharị iwe na ọgba aghara mechie, na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ezie na France meriri n'Agha nke Algiers, ọ meriri n"Agha Algeria.

A na-egosipụta usoro nke nnupụisi FLN na nnupụise French, na ihe ndị jọgburu onwe ha nke agha ahụ. Ma ndị na-achị ala ma ndị na-eme ihe ike megide ndị nkịtị. FLN weghaara Casbah site na igbu ndị omempụ Algeria na ndị a na-enyo enyo na ha na ndị France na-arụkọ ọrụ; ha na-eme iyi ọha egwu, gụnyere omume dị ka bọmbụ Milk Bar Café, iji kpagbuo ndị Europe. Ndị ọrụ nchekwa na-egbu egbu na ime ihe ike na-enweghị isi megide ndị mmegide.  na-egosi ndị agha France dị ka ndị na-ịta ahụhụ, egwu, na igbu ọchụ.

Pontecorvo na Solinas mepụtara ọtụtụ ndị isi na ihe nkiri ha nke dabeere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha. Akụkọ ahụ malitere ma mechie site n'echiche nke Ali La Pointe (Brahim Haggiag), obere onye omekome nke na-eme ihe ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Benjamin Stora, Les Mots de la Guerre d'Algérie, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 2005, p. 20. bụ onye isi FLN bụ El-hadi Jafar, onye Saadi Yacef, onye bụ onye isi nke FLN, mere ya.

Lieutenant-Colonel Mathieu, onye isi ndị agha paratroop, bụ onye isi French. Ndị ọzọ bụ nwa okorobịa Petit Omar, onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'okporo ámá bụ onye ozi FLN; Larbi Ben M'hidi, onye isi FLN nke na-enye echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nnupụisi ahụ; na Djamila, Zohra, na Hassiba, ụmụ nwanyị FLN atọ na-eme mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu. Agha nke Algiers gosipụtakwara ọtụtụ puku ndị Algeria. Pontecorvo  n'obi ka ha gosipụta "Casbah-as-chorus", na-ekwurịta ukwe site n'ịbụ abụ, ịkwa ákwá, na mmetụta anụ ahụ.

 Mmepụta na ụdị 

 Ihe nkiri 
"The Source". The Battle of Algiers booklet accompanying the Criterion Collection DVD release, p. 14.Agha nke Algiers sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke akwụkwọ 1962 Souvenirs de la Bataille d'Alger, akụkọ onye isi ndị agha FLN banyere mkpọsa ahụ, nke Saadi Yacef dere. Yacef dere akwụkwọ ahụ mgbe a na-ejide ya dị ka onye mkpọrọ nke ndị France, ọ rụkwara ọrụ iji bulie mmụọ maka FLN na ndị agha ndị ọzọ. Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, ndị France tọhapụrụ Yacef, onye ghọrọ onye ndu na gọọmentị ọhụrụ ahụ. Gọọmentị Algeria kwadoro ime ka akwụkwọ ncheta Yacef bụrụ ihe nkiri. Salash Baazi, onye ndú FLN nke ndị France chụpụrụ, gakwuuru onye nduzi Itali Gillo Pontecorvo na onye edemede Franco Solinas na ọrụ ahụ.   [citation needed]

Iji gboo ihe nkiri chọrọ, Agha nke Algiers na-eji ihe odide dị iche iche ma gbanwee aha ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ. Arun Kapil, "Selected Biographies of Participants in the French-Algerian War", in The Battle of Algiers booklet accompanying the Criterion Collection DVD release, p. 50. ọmụmaatụ, Colonel Mathieu bụ ihe mejupụtara ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ mgbochi nnupụisi nke France, ọkachasị Jacques Massu. Saadi Yacef kwuru  Mathieu dabere na Marcel Bigeard, ọ bụ ezie na agwa ahụ na-echetara Roger Trinquier. N'ịbụ onye a na-ebo ebubo na ọ na-egosi Mathieu dị ka onye mara mma ma dị mma, onye na-ede ihe nkiri bụ Solinas gọnahụrụ na nke a bụ ebumnuche ya. Pier Nico Solinas, "An Interview with Franco Solinas", in The Battle of Algiers booklet accompanying the Criterion Collection DVD release, p. 32. kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na Colonel bụ "onye mara mma ma nwee ọdịbendị, n'ihi na mmepeanya ọdịda anyanwụ abụghị onye na-enweghị ọdịbendị ma ọ bụ onye na-amaghị ọdịbendị". [1]

 Ụdị ihe a na-ahụ anya 
Maka Agha nke Algiers, Pontecorvo na onye na-ese ihe nkiri Marcello Gatti mere ihe nkiri na oji na ọcha ma nwalee usoro dị iche iche iji nye ihe nkiri ahụ ọdịdị akụkọ na ihe nkiri. Mmetụta ahụ mere J. David Slocum, Terrorism, Media, Liberation. Rutgers University Press, 2005, p. 25. o kwenye nke na mbipụta ndị America bu ọkwa na "ọ bụghị otu ụkwụ" nke akụkọ e ji mee ihe.

Ojiji Pontecorvo ji eme ihe n'eziokwu na-eme ka ihe nkiri ahụ "na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ abụọ ka ọ na-agwa ndị na-ege ntị dị iche iche okwu". Ihe nkiri ahụ na-eji telivishọn eme ihe pụrụ iche iji jikọta ndị na-ekiri ọdịda anyanwụ na ihe oyiyi ha na-eche ihu mgbe niile na-ekwusi ike iji gosipụta "eziokwu". Ihe nkiri ahụ yiri ka a na-ese ya site n'echiche nke onye nta akụkọ ọdịda anyanwụ, dịka a na-eji anya telephoto na igwefoto aka, ebe "na-egosi ọgụ site na 'nchebe' na ndị agha France nọ n'etiti ìgwè mmadụ na igwefoto" Barr Burlin, Lyrical Contact Zones: Cinematic Representation and the Transformation of the Exotic. Cornell University Press, 1999, p 158.

 Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri 
Pontecorvo họọrọ ịtọ ndị Algeria na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara. Ọ họọrọ ndị ọ zutere, na-ahọrọ ha karịsịa na ọdịdị na mmetụta uche (n'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ọtụtụ n'ime ahịrị ha). Peter Matthews, "The Battle of Algiers: Bombs and Boomerangs", p. 8. Nanị onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke ihe nkiri ahụ bụ Jean Martin, onye mere Colonel Mathieu; Martin bụ onye France na-eme egwuregwu nke rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri. Pontecorvo chọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, mana onye na-agaghị ama ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị, ebe nke a nwere ike igbochi ihe nkiri ahụ.   [citation needed]

A chụpụrụ Martin ọtụtụ afọ tupu mgbe ahụ na Théâtre National Populaire maka ịbịanye aka na nkwupụta nke 121 megide Agha Algeria. Martin bụ onye agha gara aga; ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị agha paratroop n'oge Agha Indochina ma sonye na French Resistance. Nkọwa ya nwere omimi akụkọ ndụ ya. Dị ka ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye edemede Franco Solinas si kwuo, mmekọrịta ọrụ dị n'etiti Martin na Pontecorvo adịghị mfe mgbe niile. PierNico Solinas, "An Interview with Franco Solinas", in The Battle of Algiers booklet accompanying the Criterion Collection DVD, 'amaghị ma ụdị ime ihe nkiri nke Martin ga-adị nnọọ iche na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara, Pontecorvo rụrụ ụka banyere nhọrọ ime ihe nkiri Martin.

Saadi Yacef, onye na-eme El-Hadi Jaffar, na Samia Kerbash, onye na na-eme Fathia, bụ ndị otu FLN ma a na-ekwu na Pontecorvo sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ukwuu na akụkọ ha. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a na-ekwu maka ha bụ:

 Jean Martin dị ka Colonel Philippe Mathieu
 Saadi Yacef dị ka El-Hadi Jafar
 Brahim Haggiag dị ka Ali La Pointe
 Tommaso Neri dị ka Captain Dubois
 Samia Kerbash dị ka Fathia
 Ugo Paletti dị ka Captain
 Fusia El Kader dị ka Halima
 Franco Moruzzi dị ka Mahmoud
 Mohamed Ben Kassen dị ka Little OmarObere Omar

 Ụda na egwu 
Ụda - ma egwu ma mmetụta - na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri ahụ. A na-anụ ụda ndị Algeria, kama mkparịta ụka, n'oge ihe nkiri ebe ụmụ nwanyị FLN na-akwadebe maka bọmbụ. Na mgbakwunye, Pontecorvo jiri ụda égbè, helikọpta na injin gwongworo mee ihe iji gosipụta usoro agha French, ebe mgbawa bọmbụ, Ululation, ịkwa ákwá na ịbụ abụ na-egosipụta usoro Algeria. Gillo Pontecorvo dere egwu maka Agha Algiers, mana n'ihi na a kpọrọ ya "onye na-ede egwu" na Ịtali, a chọrọ ka ya na onye ọzọ na-ede egwú rụkọọ ọrụ; ezigbo enyi ya Ennio Morricone sooro ya rụkọọ ihe. Onye  ma ama na-akụ ọkpọ n'Ịtali bụ Pierino Munari na-akụ ụbọ akwara, nke a na-anụ n'ime ihe nkiri ahụ.

 Hụkwa 

 Jamila, onye Algeria, ihe nkiri azụmahịa na otu isiokwu ahụ wepụtara na 1958.
 Lost Command, ihe nkiri azụmahịa n'otu isiokwu ahụ wepụtara n'otu afọ ahụ.
 Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afọ Ọkụ, ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme Algeria nke afọ 1975 nke Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina duziri. Ọ na-egosi Agha nke Nnwere Onwe Algeria dị ka a hụrụ ya site n'anya onye ọrụ ugbo.
 Ọdụm nke Ọzara, ihe nkiri yiri nke ahụ banyere nguzogide Libya nke Omar al-Mukhtar megide ndị Itali.
 Ndepụta nke ntinye na 39th Academy Awards maka Best Foreign Language Film
 Ndepụta nke ntinye Italian maka Academy Award maka Best Foreign Language Film

 Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 

 Ndị isi ala, General Paul. Agha nke Casbah: iyi ọha egwu na mgbochi iyi ọha egwu n'Algeria, 1955-1957 (New York, Enigma Books, 2010).  . 
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Agha nke Algiers (Milan, Mimesis International, 2019).   ISBN 978-88-6977-079-1

 Edensibia 

 Njikọ mpụga 


 Agha nke AlgiersnaEbe nchekwa data ihe nkiri TCM
 Agha nke AlgiersnaAmerican Film Institute Catalog
 Agha nke AlgiersnaAllMovie
 Agha nke AlgiersnaTomato rere ure
 Agha nke AlgiersnaIhe Ndị Na-egosi Ihe Ndị Dị Oké Mkpa 
 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị na Rialto Pictures
 Agha nke Algiers: Bọmbụ na Boomerangs edemede nke Peter Matthews na Criterion CollectionNchịkọta Criterion
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations