Asụsụ Munda

Asụsụ Munda bụ otu asụsụ ndị yiri ibe ha nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ itoolu na-asụ na India, Bangladesh na Nepal.   N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-akpọ ha asụsụ Kolarian. Bradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic M alaka nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic, nke pụtara na ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị dị ka asụsụ Mon Ndị Khmer, Ndị Vietnamese, yana asụsụ ndị pere mpe na Thailand na Laos na Asụsụ Mangic nke South China. Bhumij, Ho, Mundari, na Santali bụ asụsụ Munda ama ama.  [2]
na-ekewa ezinụlọ ahụ n'ozuzu ya n'alaka abụọ: North Munda, nke a na-asụ na Chota Nagpur Plateau nke Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Odisha na West Bengal, yana n'akụkụ Bangladesh na Nepal, na South Munda, a na-ekwu na etiti Odisha na n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti Andhra Pradesh na Odisha.  

North Munda, nke Santali bụ asụsụ a na-asụkarị ma bụrụ asụsụ gọọmentị na India, nwere okpukpu abụọ karịa ndị na-asụrụ South Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, Korku na Sora sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ  ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọma.

Ihe ndị e ji mara asụsụ Munda gụnyere ọnụọgụ atọ (otu, abụọ na ọtụtụ), nwoke na nwanyị abụọ (ndị dị ndụ na ndị na-adịghị ndụ), ọdịiche dị n'etiti nnọchiaha nke onye mbụ na-agụnye na nke pụrụ iche, iji nsonaazụ ma ọ bụ ndị enyemaka iji gosipụta oge,  na akụkụ, ngụkọta, na mgbagwoju anya reduplication, yana ịgbanwee.  [1]  Munda bụkwa polysynthetic na aglutinating. Na usoro ụda nke Munda, usoro ụdaume anaghị adịkarị ma e wezụga n'etiti okwu.

 Mmalite 
Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.

Rau Blench, Roger. 2019. The Munda maritime dispersal: when, where and what is the evidence? Sidwell (2019),  tinyere Blench (2019),  na-atụ aro na tupu Proto-Munda abịala na Mahanadi River Delta n'ihe dị ka 1,500 BCE site na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia site na ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, kama site na ala. Asụsụ Munda mechara gbasaa na mmiri Mahanadi.  nke 2021 -atụ aro na asụsụ Munda gbasara ruo n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Uttar Pradesh ma metụta Asụsụ Indo-Aryan nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. [1] [2]

 Nchịkọta 
Munda nwere alaka ise a na-enweghị esemokwu (Korku dị ka onye nọpụrụ iche, Remo, Savara, Kherwar, na Kharia-Juang). Agbanyeghị, a na-arụrịta ụka banyere mmekọrịta ha.

 Diffloth (1974) 
A na-ekwukarị nkewa nke Diffloth (1974):


 Diffloth (2005) 
Diffloth (2005) jidere Koraput (nke Anderson jụrụ, n'okpuru) mana ọ hapụrụ South Munda ma tinye Kharia-Juang na asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu:


 Anderson (1999) 
Anderson, Gregory D.S. (1999). "A new classification of the Munda languages: Evidence from comparative verb morphology." Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, MD. Gregory Anderson na 1999 bụ nke a:

Otú ọ dị, na 2001, Anderson kewara Juang na Kharia na alaka Juang-Kharia ma wepụkwa Gtaʔ na alaka Gutob-Remo-Gtaʔ mbụ ya. Ya mere, atụmatụ ya nke afọ 2001 gụnyere alaka ise maka South Munda.

 Anderson (2001) 
Anderson (2001) na-agbaso Diffloth (1974) ma e wezụga ịjụ ịdị irè nke Koraput. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-atụ aro, na ndabere nke ntụnyere ọdịdị, na Proto-South Munda kewara kpọmkwem n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nke Diffloth, Kharia-Juang, Sora-Gorum (Savara), na Gutob-Remo-Gtaʼ (Remo). 

Alaka South Munda ya nwere alaka ise na-esonụ, ebe alaka North Munda bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nke Diffloth (1974) na Anderson (1999).


 Rịba ama: "[[" = na-ekerịta ụfọdụ isoglosses ọhụrụ (usoro, okwu). Na asụsụ Austronesian na Papua, Malcolm Ross akpọwo nke a "njikọ".

 Sidwell (2015) 
Paul Sidwell (2015:197) Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill. na-ewere Munda dị ka nke nwere alaka 6 na-ahazi, ọ naghị anabata South Munda dị iche iche.


 Nbudata 
Aha asụsụỌnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu (2011) EbeKorwa28,400Chhattisgarh, JharkhandBirjia25,000Jharkhand, West BengalMundari (nke gụnyere Bhumij) 1,600,000Jharkhand, Odisha, BiharAsur7,000Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, OdishaHo1,400,000Jharkhand, Odisha, West BengalBirhor2,000JharkhandSantali7,400,000Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Bangladesh, NepalTuri2,000JharkhandKorku727,000Madhya Pradesh, MaharashtraKharia298,000Odisha, Jharkhand, ChhattisgarhJuang30,400OdishaGtaʼ4,500OdishaBonda9,000OdishaGutob10,000Odisha, Andhra PradeshGorum20Odisha, Andhra PradeshSora410,000Odisha, Andhra PradeshJuray25,000OdishaLodhi25,000Odisha, West BengalKoda47,300West Bengal, Odisha, BangladeshKol1,600West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bangladesh

 Ihe owuwu 

Sidwell & Rau (2015: 319, 340-363) wughachiri ụdị prototype ahụ. Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill. Nrụzigharị Proto-Munda kemgbe ahụ  Rau dezigharịrị ma melite ya (2019). [1] 

 Hụkwa 

 Asụsụ Nihali
 Ndị Munda

 Ihe odide 

 Ihe edeturu 

 Nkwupụta n'ozuzu 




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 Ịkwaga n'akụkọ ihe mere eme





 Njikọ mpụga 

 Ọrụ Asụsụ SEAlang Munda
 SEAlang Munda Etimological Dictionary
 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Donegan & Stampe Munda
 Asụsụ Munda na Living Tongues
 Akwụkwọ edemede
 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ asụsụ Ho nke K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College
 RWAAI (Nchekwa na Ebe Ọrụ maka Ihe Nketa Na-adịghị Ahụ anya nke Austroasiatic)
 http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-66EE-3@view Asụsụ Munda na RWAAI Digital Archive

South Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, Korku na Sora sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ  ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọmSouth Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, Korku na Sora sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ  ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọm
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations