Asụsụ Volta-Niger

Ezinụlọ asụsụ Volta-Niger, nke a makwaara dị ka West Benue-Congo ma ọ bụ East Kwa, bụ otu n'ime alaka nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo, nke nwere ma eleghị anya nde mmadụ iri asaa na-asụ ya. N'etiti ndị a bụ asụsụ kachasị mkpa nke ndịda Naịjirịa, Benin, Togo, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Ghana: Yoruba, Igbo, Bini, na Gbe.

E tinyela asụsụ ndị a n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ime ezinụlọ Kwa ma ọ bụ Benue–Congo ma ọ bụ, malite na 1970s, jikọtara ya na ha kpam kpam.  Williamson & Blench (2000) kewapụrụ asụsụ ebe a a na-akpọ Volta-Niger na ndị ọzọ.  Güldemann (2018) anaghị ahụta ụkpụrụ doro anya maka ikewa asụsụ n'ime ezinụlọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ma na-edobe nnukwu mkpokọta na aha Benue-Kwa maka ha niile.

 Alaka dị iche iche 
The constituent groups of the Volta–Niger family, along with the most important languages in terms of number of speakers, are as follows (with number of languages for each branch in parentheses):

Asụsụ Yoruboid na Akoko ka ejikọrọ dị ka ngalaba Defoid, mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ha, Edoid na Igboid ka a tụrụ aro ka ha bụrụ ngalaba izizi nke otu a na-akpọbeghị aha, nke a na-akpọkarị yeai.  N'otu aka ahụ, Oko, Nupoid, na Idomoid na-agbakọkarị ọnụ n'okpuru mkpọokwu noi.  Ukaan bụ asụsụ Atlantic–Congo, mana amabeghị ma ọ bụ nke ezinụlọ Volta–Niger;  Blench na-enyo enyo na ọ dị nso na Benue-Congo.

N'ime nyocha kọmputa na-akpaghị aka (ASJP 4) site na Müller et al. (2013): Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).

 Gbe Ndị Yoruboid sonyere na Kwa.
 Otu Edoid na Cross River ọnụ.
 Akpes na Ukaan otu.
 Oko nọ n'ime Idomoid.

 Alaka na ebe 
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta nke isi ngalaba Volta-Niger na ebe ha bụ isi (ebe dị iche iche) na Nigeria dabere na Blench (2019). 

 Okwu ntụnyere 
Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi na alaka Volta-Niger dị iche iche:
AsụsụanyantịimiezéireọnụọbaraọkpụkpụosisimmiriIri nriahaYorubaNdị omeiwuna ndị ọzọImúeyínahọnỌ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anyaỌ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka a na-emeegungunigiOmiIsiokwuỌkụProto-YoruboidAkinkugbe, Olufẹmi Odutayo. 1978. A comparative phonology of Yoruba dialects, Iṣẹkiri and Igala. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan.*e-jú*e-tĩ́́*ɪ-ŋmʊ*e-ɲĩ́́*ʊ-ɓã́*a-rʊ̃ã*ɛ́-byɛ̀*V-k'效'ũ*e-gĩ (i-) *o-mĩ*ịgbasa*o-ɗúProto-YoruboidAubry, N., H. Friedman & K. Pozdniakov. 2004. Proto-Yoruba-Igala Swadesh list. Manuscript. Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS).*éjú*ịdị ugbu a*Imbụ*E nwere ike ịbụ na ọ bụ na ọ bụYor. ahịhịa*A na-ahụ maka ya? *ɛ̀gyɛ̀__ibo____ibo____ibo__ *gbgbgbụYor. igi*Ọ bụ otú e si eme ihe*Ọnụ ọgụgụ*ọbụ- ? Proto-EdoidElugbe, Ben Ohiọmamhẹ. 1989. Comparative Edoid: phonology and lexicon. Delta Series No. 6. Port Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt Press.*dhI-dhω*ghU-chɔGɪ*I-chuəNi; *-chuveNi*dhI-kωN*U-dhamhɪ*A-nuə*U-ɟɪ-, -ɟɪa*U-thaNɪ*A-mɪN*dhɪ*dhI-niProto-GbeCapo, Hounkpati B.C. 1991. A Comparative Phonology of Gbe. Publications in African Languages and Linguistics, 14. Berlin/New York: Foris Publications & Garome, Bénin: Labo Gbe (Int).*-ọ*aɖú*- nke a na-eme*-ɖũ; *-ɖũkpá*-ʁwũ*-χwú*-tĩ́́*-tsĩỌ bụ ya mere o ji bụrụ onye[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Fadọrọ, Jacob Oludare. 2010. Phonological and lexical variations in Akokoid. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan.Akoko (Arigidi) [1]Ódʒùoge mgbụsị akwụkwọ (odʒ) Udona-adịN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịỌ bụ mgbe ahụ ka ọ na-emeỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme yaỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme yaỌfụmaedʒĩdʒōIbrahim-Arirabiyi, Femi 1989. A comparative reconstruction of Akpes lects: Akoko North, Ondo State. MA thesis. Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Port Harcourt.Blench, Roger. 2011. Comparative Akpes. m.s.-Akpes; [1] Akpes (Ajowa) [2]*Ceyó*Aùgù*àhũ*Iyuyu*ndàlì*onuAkụkọ na-ekwu maka yaOwuuniimiìmũ̀nũ̀AyereBlench, Roger. 2007. The Ayere and Ahan languages of Central Nigeria and their affinities.Ọ bụ n'afọEandiOnye na-eme ihe nkiriỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọUnuafọEʃwèegbeoŋwuỌ bụ mgbe ahụ ka ọ dịIhe ndị e dere n'oge abụ abụAhanEwuEandiowũeɲĩỊga n'ihuarịAfọ ndị ọzọigbegbeOɲĩBankale, Oyetayo Abiodun. 2006. Comparative Ebiroid and Nupoid. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan.-Nupoid [1]*e-wie*CV-tuNukpua*V-bhʊə*jiNkɔN*a-giNtara*V-giə*CV-kiukuNu*V-nke a na-eme*nuNŋwa*gi*CV-jɛ-Ebiroid [1]*e-ji*ʊ-tɔkpa*a-ʃɪ*a-ɲɪ*ɪra-rɛ*Aɲa*Ọnụọ*ɔ-tʃɪ*e-ɲi*rɪ*ɪrɛ-ʃaOkoJungraithmayr, Herrmann. 1973. Eine Wortliste des Ọkọ, der Sprache von Ogori (Nigeria). Africana Marburgensia 6: 58-66.áɲẽ́Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anyaỌkụÍruỌ bụ n'oge aÓwóNdị KraịstÓfuEsámaEbibỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọebeArmstrong, Robert G. 1983. The Idomoid Languages of the Benue and Cross River Valleys. Journal of West African Languages 13: 91-147.-Idomoid[1]*eyi*ʊrʊ/a-*eŋgwu*ìmàǹjī*ìmànyì; *ma-yeni? *ri*ɛɲɪAbiodun, Michael Ajibola. 1999. A comparative phonology and morphology of Ukaan dialects of Old Akoko division. Doctoral dissertation. University of Ilorin.-Ukaan [1]*ìdʒì*ʊrʊgVN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ihi ya*ʊ̀ɲʊ̀gV; laǹrN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme__ibo__ *Onye na-eme ihe nkiri*Ebee ka ndị mmadụ si*òɣwóN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme*Ebe e si nweta ya*M̀*tinyeProto-Benue-Congode Wolf, Paul. 1971. The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo. Janua Linguarum. Series Practica 167. The Hague: Mouton.*-mkpu*-tuŋi*-Zua*-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo (±) *-Lemi; *-ọdọ mmiri*-zi; *-luŋ*-kupe*-titi; *-kwon*-izi (±); *-ni (±) *-zina

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ 
Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: 
NchịkọtaAsụsụ12345678910AkpesAkpesíɡbōn / ēkìnìīdīan (ì) Ụzọ (ì) īnīŋ (ì) īʃōn (ì) Ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ ọzọỊrụ ọrụ (ì) ānāānīŋ (ì) Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ ɔ̀Roh́ʃīyōf (ì) Akokoid, AkokoidAriɡidi (Iɡasi) [N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya ka a ga-eme ka a mata ihe ọ ga-eme][Keki][kedà][kenɛ][kéntɔ̀][kefà][Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji][kerò][Kenda][Kejè]Akokoid, AkokoidÒɡè[Ekan][ìyí][ídaː][Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji][Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji][Nke a][Idejuí][Iro][Ọdịdị][ebe a]Ebe e si ebi ya pụọAyere (Uwu)Ọ dị mfeN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIthaỌdịdịN'oge na-adịghị anyaAnyaīd͡ʒwīīrōỌdịdị dị mfeīɡwáEbe e si ebi ya pụọAyuɪdɪahwa /afahijikọtaanaŋaʃugbu an'oge a na-eme iheataraŋaʃ (3 ?)  anababoɡ (4 ?)  atuluboɡ (5 ?)  iʃoɡ / ajalaboɡDefoid, Yoruboid, EdekiriCabe (Ede Cabe)Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiriỌ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-eme yaỌ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-eme yaỌ bụ otú e si eme iheMemuỌ na-eme ihemed͡ʒeỌ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-eme yaỌ na-eme ihe nkiriỌ bụ otú e si eme iheDefoid, Yoruboid, EdekiriEde Ica (Ica)N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịnaɟiNwanne nwokeɛ̃ɛ̃ỌdịdịN'ihi yaɛɟɛɛɟɔỌmụmụ iheỌ bụ n'oge aDefoid, Yoruboid, EdekiriIdaca (Ede Idaca)òbúmed͡ʒiMethaMgbapụtaMeruMethamed͡ʒeId͡ʒɔMsanMaụmaDefoid, Yoruboid, EdekiriIfè (1) ỌchịchịMedzìMettaMmanụ alaMeruMethafaMgbasa oziMetanMsanmaáDefoid, Yoruboid, EdekiriIfè (2) Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-eji ya mee iheMedzìMettaMmanụ alaMeruMethafaMgbasa oziMetanMsanmaáDefoid, Yoruboid, EdekiriUlukwumiỌkụMemuziMétɑM̀rɛ̃MeruMmanụ alaMezeMmanụ alaỌ bụ n'ihi yaMmanụ alaDefoid, Yoruboid, EdekiriYorubaoókan [oókɔ̃]eéjì [eéɟì]ẹẹ́ta [ɛɛ́ta]ẹẹ́rin [ɛɛ́ɾĩ]aárùn-ún [aɾũ̀ pro]ẹẹ́fà [ụgwọ]eéje [eéɟe]ẹẹ́́́́ [jọɛɛ́ɟɔ]Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe[Mgbe anyị si n'ebe ahụ]Defoid, Yoruboid, IgalaIgala (1) [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]EnyemakaỌtaỌ̀lɛ̀̀Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụỌ bụ n'ihi naEbjeỌdịdịỌ bụ n'ebe ahụỌ bụ n'afọDefoid, Yoruboid, IgalaIgala (2) ínyé [nke a]èjì [èdʒì]ẹ̀tā [ɛ̀tā]ẹ̀lè̩ [ɛ̀lɛ̀]è̩lú [ɛ̀lú]ẹ̀fè̩ [ɛ̀fɛ̀]ẹ̀biē [èbjiē]ẹ̀jọ̄ [ɛ̀dʒɔ]ẹ̀lá [ɛ̀lá]ẹ̀ɡwá [ɛ̀ɡwá]UkaanUkaan (Asụsụ Ikan)ʃíwātāːs / hrāhrnāj / nāhrʊ̀ːn / tòːnhràdáhránèʃìnàːnáj / nàːnáhráoʃìòpu *Edoid, DeltaDegemaɔβʊ́iβə́sáj (ɪsáj) IniSúwón (ɪsúwón) jɪ́sa (ɪjɪ́sá) Sikhéβə (isiikhéβá) anɪ́ (ɪnʊ́mán) əsí (ɔβʊ óte mʊ iɡ͡beɲ) (10 -1) əɡ͡beɲ (iɡ͡béɲ) Edoid, DeltaEngenniavʊ̀IvaỌ bụ n'afọỌdịdị dị n'etitiAnyaỌnyụìsyovàỊdị icheàvʊ́mó (10 -1) íɡ͡bèìEdoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-OraNri (1) òwó [òwó] (nke a na-eji naanị ịgụta ọnụ) èvá [èvá]́Ọ bụ mgbe a na-eme ihe nkiri[enɛ́]ìsén [ìsɛ́] ma ọ bụ [ìsɛ Nnọkọ] ?? [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]ìhírọ̃nỌchịchị [nke a na-akpọ]Nkwupụta [ihĩĩĩĩno]ìɡ͡bé [ìɡ͡bé]Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-OraEdo (Bini) (2) ɔ̀k͡pá / òwo (nke a na-eji naanị ịgụta ọnụ) èvaèhaỌ bụ n'ogeìsɛněhànìhinrɔ́nN'ogeNkwupụtaìɡ͡béEdoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-OraEmai (Emai-luleha-Ora)ɔ́k͡paỌ bụ n'oge ahụOge aele eleìíhìɛ́nEhenìhíɔ́nAfọ ndị ọzọìsínìɡ͡béEdoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-OraEsanɔ́k͡páèvadị ugbu aNkwupụtaỊnọ n'anyaụtụtụN'ihi ya, ndị mmadụ ga-ebi n'ihi yaN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ na-eme ihe nkiriN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-emeìɡ͡béEdoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-YekheeEtsako (Yekhee)ọkpa [ɔk͡pà]eva [evà]ya [ya]ejiẹ [éʒié]ise [ịhụ]Nke ahụ [nke a]isevha [ìsévhà]eleeh [éːléː]ithi [ìtií]iɡbe [ìɡ͡bé]̄Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-YekheeGhotuoɔ́k͡pāèvaỌdịdịèēnèìīʒè / ìīʒ gráìjhēhà / ìēhà jh = otu izu, vdìhīɲã̄ènhīē nh = n'enweghị olu? ìsīìɡ͡bē LM͡LEdoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-YekheeOkphela (1) Oɡ͡ɣwo__ibo__ ỌdịdịỌ bụ ya na yaỌdịda AnyanwụỌ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọỌ bụ otú ahụ ka ọ dịỌdịdị a na-akpọ yaelele na-ekwuA na-akpọ yaỌ bụ n'ihi ya ka ọ na-emeEdoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-YekheeIvbie-North-Okphele-Arhe (2) oɣuoEbe ọ bụ naesɛJenụwarịIʃieEsesaIʃiluaele eleiliiɡ͡beEdoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-YekheeỌkpụkpụoɡwo [òɡwò]eva [Eva]Nke ahụ [nke a]ene [onye a mụrụ]ichie [it͡ʃè]esesa [esâsà]ifuena [ìfwènà]n'ime obodoIwere yaiɡbe [ìɡ͡bé]Edoid, Northwestern, SouthernOkpamheriỌkụEbe ọ bụ nanke ahụEnenỌ bụ n'ogeeazaizuonuaỌ bụ onye Eenianisieiɡ͡beEdoid, SouthwesternIsoko (1) Ọpụpụ[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụN'oge na-adịghị anya[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji][Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]ɪ́rɪ́ːɪ́zɪ́ːAkaraEdoid, SouthwesternIsoko (2) ỌvụịvẹịsạịnịisoiAzụmaahịaFụli eluịrịịiziiikpeEdoid, SouthwesternUrhoboOvòǐvɛ̀ěràỌ bụ n'oge ochieǐjòɾĩ̀ỌssanN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-emeɛ̌ɾéɾẽǐríɾĩǐxwèIgboid, EkpeyeEkpeyenwùrnér, ŋìnɛ́ɓɨ̂bɔ́ bh = IPA [ɓ]ɓɨ́tɔ́ ir = IPA [ɨ]ɓɨ́nɔ̂ o̠r = IPA [ɔ]ɓisêɓisûɓɨ́sábɔ́ɓsátɔ́́ɓɨ́sánɔ̂ ma ọ bụ nàzáma ma ọ bụ názáma ga-abụ na ọ ga-abụɗì dh = IPA [ɗ]Ndị IgboIgbo (1) Óụ̀àbʊ̄ɔ́na-eme ihe iken'oge ọzọAnyaAnyaAsaaAsatɔ́Anya na-adịghịìriNdị IgboEgwuregwu Igbo (2) ebe ọ bụlaàbʊ̀ɔ́ ~ m̀bʊ̀̀ ~ nam̀̀ton ~ na-eme (ǹ) nɔ ~ nanɔse~ ìseʃiì ~ ìʃiìsaà ~ n'Asaàsatɔ̄ ~ satɔ̄totū ~__ssw____ssw____sw____ssy____ssw__ìriNdị IgboIgbo (3) ebe ọ bụlaỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọna-eme ihena-aga n'ihuAnyaAnyaAsaàỌdịdịỌ bụ otú ahụ ka ọ na-esiìriNdị IgboIkwereÓụ̀Ọ bụ n'oge aỌ̀tɔ́Ọ bụ n'oge gara agaOgologo ogeìsínùỌ bụ n'ihi naỌ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiriIsiokwuN'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ N'AnyaOkoOko (Oko-Eni-Osayen) ɔ́́́́rɛ / ɔ́́rɛỌ̀bɔ̀rɛ̀ỌtaỌ bụ naỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọɔ́pɔ́nɔ́́́́rɛ (5 + 1) *úfɔ́mbɔ́rɛ́ (5 + 2) *Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ka a mara yaùbɔ́ɔrɛ̀ (< 'iri erughị otu') *Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụNupoid, Ebira-GadeEbiraỌnyɪ̄Ọ̀̀vāỌ̀̀̀̀taỌ̀̀nàỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme yahɪ̋nɔ̋nyɪ̄ (5+ 1) hɪ̋m̋bā (5+ 2) hɪ̋n̋tá (5+ 3) hɪ̋ǹnà (5+ 4) Ọ̀ɛ́wʊ́Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Gbagyi-GbariGbariɡ͡bmaːɾíŋwã̂baŋwã̂t͡ʃaŋwã̂ɲiŋwãyūtnúwĩ (5+ 1) tnâba (5+ 2) tọnt͡ʃa (5+ 3) tnâɲi (5+ 4) ŋwã̂wòNupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, NupeKakandaɡúníɡúbàɡútáɡúniɡútũɡútuaɲĩ̀ (5+ 1) ɡútuabà (5+ 2) ɡútòtá (5+ 3) ɡútuani (5+ 4) ɡúwoNupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, NupeAkpụkpọ ahụniníɡúbàɡútáɡúniɡútsũɡútswàɲĩ (5+ 1) ɡútwàbà (5+ 2) ɡútotá (5+ 3) ɡútwã̀ni (5+ 4) ɡúwoIdomoid, Akweya, EloyiEloyi (Afo) (1) N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịńɡwòpóńɡwòláńɡwòndóńɡwolɔ́ńɡwɔ̀rɛnyíỌ dị ugbu ańɡwòrndáN'ihi ya, ọ na-agụkarịUwóIdomoid, Akweya, EloyiEloyi (Afo) (2) ònzéòpóláōndōɔ̄lɔ̀ o̠= ɔōròwòỌ bụ n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkirióndáòndōN'ihi ya,Idomoid, Akweya, EloyiEloyi (3) ònzéòpóláōndōō̠lò̠ōròwòò̠rɛnyióndáòndōN'ihi ya,Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, IdomaAgatuóyè [ɔ́jè]ẹ̀pà [ɛ̀pà]ẹ̀ta [tàta]ẹ̀nẹ̀ [ɛ́nɛ̀]ẹ̀họ́ [ɛ̀hɔ́]ẹ̀hílí [ɛhílí]àhápà [àhápà][àhàtá]àhànè [àhànè]ìɡwó [ìɡwó ]Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, IdomaAlagoAnyaepụOgeỌ bụ ezie na ọ bụỌ bụ n'afọìhirìAhapàna-abịa n'ihuàhánɛ̀ìɡwóIdomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, IdomaIdoma[eje]ẹpà [ɛ́pà]ẹta [ọ ga-abụ]ẹhẹ [ɛ́hɛ́]ẹọh [ɛ́hɔ]ẹhili [ɛ́hili]Ahapàna-agbagha [na-agbagwoju anya]àhánẹ [àhánɛ́]iɡwó [iɡwó ]Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, IdomaIgedeóòk͡pók͡póhIsmiyèhIthaInehērʊ̄ / īrʊ̄īrwɔ̀ wayndụIùụ̀ na ỤtọInikúhìhíkítʃúīwōIdomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, IdomaYalaỌkpụkpụỌ bụỌtaỌ bụ n'afọ ole na ole ka a na-emeerwɔEiriwia na-akpọ yaaraataAranɛ̀ìɡwó

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