Ụda ụda

áká_ịkẹngạ|frame|MTVZA sounder natara site na Satellite Meteor M2-2 site na ụlọ ọrụ amateur
Echo sounding ma ọ bụ omimi sounding bụ iji sonar maka ịdị, na-ejikarị chọpụta omimi nke mmiri (bathymetry). Ọ na-agụnye izipu ebili mmiri n'ime mmiri na idekọ oge dị n'etiti mmepụta na nloghachi nke pulse; oge ụgbọ elu na-esi na ya apụta, yana ihe ọmụma nke ọsọ nke ụda na mmiri, na-enye ohere ikpebi anya dị n'agbata sonar na ebumnuche. A na-ejikarị ozi a eme ihe maka ebumnuche igodo ma ọ bụ iji nweta omimi maka ebumnucha eserese. 

A pụkwara iji ụda olu mee ihe maka ịgafe ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka ìgwè azụ. Nnyocha mmiri na-eme ka ụda na-agagharị agagharị site na ụgbọ mmiri iji nyochaa biomass azụ na nkesa mbara igwe. N'aka nke ọzọ, usoro ebe a na-ejighị n'aka na-eji transducers kwụ otu ebe nyochaa azụ na-agafe agafe.

A na-eji okwu sounding eme ihe maka ụdị ọ bụla nke nyocha miri emi, gụnyere ndị na-ejighị <i id="mwIg">ụda</i>, ọ nweghịkwa njikọ na mmalite nke okwu ụda n'echiche nke mkpọtụ ma ọ bụ ụda. Echo sounding bụ usoro dị ngwa iji tụọ omimi karịa usoro gara aga nke belata akara ụda ruo mgbe ọ metụrụ ala.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
E nyere onye Germany na-emepụta ihe Alexander Behm ikike ikike nke Germany No. 282009 maka imepụta ụda olu (ngwá ọrụ maka ịtụ omimi nke oké osimiri na anya na isi nke ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi site na ebili mmiri na-egbuke egbuke) na 22 Julaị 1913.

Otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na-eme mkpọtụ bụ Fessenden Fathometer, nke jiri Fessenden oscillator mepụta ebili mmiri. Nke a bụ nke mbụ ụlọ ọrụ Submarine Signal Company wụnyere na 1924 na ụgbọ mmiri M&M S.S. Berkshire. 

 Usoro 

A na-atụle anya site n'ịbawanye ọkara oge site na mgbaàmà na-apụ apụ ruo nloghachi ya site na ọsọ nke ụda na mmiri, nke bụ ihe dịka 1.5 kilomita kwa sekọnd [T÷2 × (4700 ụkwụ kwa sekọd ma ọ bụ 1.5 kilomita kwa nke sekọnd) ] Maka ngwa ngwa nke echosounding, dị ka hydrography, a ghaghịkwa ịtụle ọsọ nke ụda site na itinye nyocha ọsọ ọsọ n'ime mmiri. Echo sounding bụ n'ụzọ dị irè ebumnuche pụrụ iche nke sonar eji achọta ala. Ebe ọ bụ nna ọdịnala pre-SI unit nke omimi mmiri bụ fathom, a na-akpọ ngwá ọrụ eji chọpụta omimi mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ fathometer.

Ọtụtụ n'ime omimi nke oké osimiri na-eji nkezi ma ọ bụ ọsọ ụda. Ebe a chọrọ izi ezi ka ukwuu, enwere ike itinye ụkpụrụ oge na mpaghara oké osimiri. Maka omimi ziri ezi, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ nyocha sayensị, enwere ike belata ihe mmetụta iji tụọ okpomọkụ, nrụgide na nnu. A na-eji ihe ndị a gbakọọ ọsọ ụda n'ezie na kọlụm mmiri mpaghara. Usoro nke ikpe a na-ejikarị US Office of Coast Survey eme ihe maka nyocha ụgbọ mmiri nke mmiri US.

 Ojiji a na-ejikarị eme ihe 
Tinyere enyemaka maka ịnya ụgbọ mmiri (ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri buru ibu ga-enwe ọ dịkarịa ala ụda dị omimi), a na-ejikarị ụda olu eme ihe maka igbu azụ. Mgbanwe dị iche iche n'ịdị elu na-anọchite anya ebe azụ na-ezukọta. Ìgwè azụ -edebanye aha. A fishfinder bụ ngwá ọrụ na-ada ụda nke ndị na-egbu azụ na-eji eme ihe ntụrụndụ na azụmahịa.

 Mmiri na-enyocha mmiri 
N'ebe achọrọ bathymetry zuru ezu, enwere ike iji ụda olu ziri ezi maka ọrụ hydrography. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ mgbe ị na-enyocha usoro dị otú ahụ, ọ bụghị nanị na izi ezi kwụ ọtọ, mkpebi, obosara ụda nke transmit / nata na ụda olu nke transducer. 
Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime echosounders hydrographic bụ ugboro abụọ, nke pụtara na a pụrụ izipu obere ugboro (nke na-adịkarị gburugburu 24 kHz) n'otu oge ahụ dị ka nnukwu ugboro ugboro (nke a na-ahụkarị gburugburu 200 kHz).   Dị ka ọnụọgụ abụọ ahụ dị iche iche, akara nzaghachi abụọ ahụ anaghị emetụta ibe ha. E nwere ọtụtụ uru nke ọnụọgụ abụọ, gụnyere ikike ịchọpụta ahịhịa ma ọ bụ apịtị dị nro n'elu apịtị.
Ọtụtụ ọrụ hydrographic na-eji transducer 200 kHz, nke dabara adaba maka ọrụ inshore ruo mita 100 n'omimi.  Mmiri miri emi chọrọ transducer dị ala dịka akara ụda nke obere anaghị enwe ike ịdaba na kọlụm mmiri. Ugboro ole a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ụda mmiri miri emi bụ 33 kHz na 24 kHz.  

Obosara nke transducer bụkwa ihe a na-atụle maka hydrographer, iji nweta mkpebi kachasị mma nke data anakọtara obosara dị warara. Ka oge na-arụ ọrụ dị elu, otú ahụ ka obosara beam. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa karịsịa mgbe ị na-ada ụda na mmiri miri emi, ebe ọ bụ na akara ụkwụ nke ụda olu nwere ike ịdị ukwuu ozugbo ọ ruru ala oké osimiri dị anya.

A multispectral multibeam echosounder bụ ndọtị nke abụọ frequency vertical beam echosounder na nke ahụ, yana ịtụle abụọ soundings kpọmkwem n'okpuru sonar na abụọ dị iche iche frequencies; ọ na-atụle ọtụtụ soundings na ọtụtụ frequency, na ọtụtụ dị iche iche ebe ịta nri, na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche na ala oké osimiri. A na-akọwa usoro ndị a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ngalaba a na-akpọ multibeam echosounder.

A na-eji Echo Sounders eme ihe na ngwa ụlọ nyocha iji nyochaa njem sediment, usoro mkpocha na erosion na ụdị nha (ụdị hydraulic, flumes wdg). A pụkwara iji ihe ndị a mepụta atụmatụ nke 3D contours.

 Ụkpụrụ maka ụda olu mmiri 
 na-akọwa izi ezi na izi ezi nke hydrographic echo sounder site na ihe achọrọ nke International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) maka nyocha ndị a ga-eme na ụkpụrụ IHO. Ụkpụrụ ndị a dị n'ime akwụkwọ IHO S44.

Iji mezuo ụkpụrụ ndị a, onye nyocha ga-atụle ọ bụghị naanị izi ezi na nke kwụ ọtọ nke ụda olu na transducer, kamakwa usoro nyocha n'ozuzu ya. Enwere ike iji ihe mmetụta mmegharị, ọkachasị akụkụ dị elu (n'otu ụdọ echosounding) iji belata nyocha maka mmegharị nke arịa ahụ nwere n'elu mmiri. Ozugbo e guzobere ihe niile a na-ejighị n'aka nke ihe mmetụta ọ bụla, onye na-ese ihe ga-emepụta mmefu ego a na-amaghị ama iji chọpụta ma usoro nyocha ahụ mezuru ihe achọrọ site na IHO.

Òtù mmiri dị iche iche ga-enwe usoro nke ha na akwụkwọ ntuziaka iji duzie ndị nyocha ha iji mezuo ụkpụrụ achọrọ. Ihe atụ abụọ bụ mbipụta US Army Corps of Engineers EM110-2-1003, , USACE publication EM 1110-2-1003. na NOAA 'Field Procedures Manual'. 

 Multibeam echosounder 

 Hụkwa 

 Ọmụmụ ihe na-eme n'oké osimiri
 Alexander Behm - onye mepụtara
 AUV
 Ebe a na-asa ahụ
 Ogwe omimi
 Oscillator Fessenden
 Ụda azụ
 Mmiri na-eme ka ụda na-ada ụda
 Nnyocha mmiri
 Sonar
 Mmetụta miri emi
 Akụrụngwa n'okpuru mmiri

 Edensibia 

 Njikọ mpụga 
Mgbasa ozi metụtaraỤda ụdana Wikimedia Commons

 "Otú Echoes Na-agwa Ịdị omimi nke Mmiri n'okpuru Ụgbọ Mmiri" Popular Mechanics Kwa ọnwa, July 1930 - eserese nke nkọwa nke ndị na-achọta omimi na mbụ site na iji echoes
 ELAC (1982) Nkwupụta maka Echosounding. Honeywell-ELAC-Nautik GmbH, Kiel, 88 pp,  (pdf 27.5 MB) 
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations