Lingeer

Lingeer (nakwa: Linger ma ọ bụ Linguère) bụ utu aha e nyere nne ma ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị nke eze  na alaeze Serer nke Sine, Saloum, na n'oge gara aga alaeze Baol; na alaeze Wolof nke Cayor, Jolof, Baol na Waalo na Senegal tupu ọchịchị. Okwu "Lingeer" pụtara "eze nwanyị" ma ọ bụ "nwa eze nwanyị" n'asụsụ Serer na Wolof.  A na-ewere Lingeer dị ka "nnukwu adaeze nke ụlọ ikpe ndị eze".  Alaeze ndị a jiri usoro abụọ, dịka onye na-achọ ịbụ eze enweghị ike ịga nke ọma n'ocheeze ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị onye otu nne na-achị, ya mere, usoro nne Lingeer nwere nnukwu ihe. N'otu aka ahụ, onye na-achọ ịzọ ọkwa eze enweghị ike ịga nke ọma n'ocheeze dị ka eze ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị onye otu ndị isi na-achị achị. Nke ahụ bụ karịsịa n'etiti ndị Serer bụ ndị nọgidere na-enwe ọtụtụ ọdịbendị ochie ha, omenala na Okpukpe ọdịnala ebe ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị Wolof nabatara Islam.   A maara ndị Lingeers dị iche iche maka mbọ ha na-agba iji guzogide mmeri ndị ọchịchị.

 Nchịkọta 
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-enyekarị nne ma ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị eze aha Lingeer, na mgbe ụfọdụ nwunye mbụ nke eze (nke "Lingeer-Awo"), aha ahụ nwekwara ike ịpụta nwa eze. N'okwu a, ọ pụtara nwanyị nwere ike ịchọpụta ụmụ eze site na nna ya na nne ya. N'ọdịnala Wolof na Serer, nwanyị nke nwere ike ịchọpụta usoro ndị eze site na nna ya na nne ya na-aghọ Lingeer. Nwoke yiri ya bụ Garmi (nwoke nwere ike ịchọpụta ụmụ eze site na nna ya na nne ya). Ọ bụ site na ndị Lingeers a (nwanyi nke ọbara eze dị ọcha) ka eze ga-achọ ịlụ di. Eze n'onwe ya bụ onye otu Garmi.

 Àgwà na ike 
Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akpachara anya ka ha ghara ileghara mmetụta ya anya n'oge tupu ọchịchị ndị eze; a na-ekwu na Lingeer na-eme ma na-ewepụ ndị eze. Na steeti Wolof, mkpa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Lingeer gụnyere: ịchịkwa ụfọdụ ala eze,  nke ha ga-achịkwa site na iji ndị a dọọrọ n'agha; inye nri na nlekọta maka ndị na-ejere ha ozi; na njikọta n'ime usoro agbụrụ. Ndị otu obodo ahụ chọrọ ịmasị ma mee ka onye Lingeer kwenye ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere olileanya inweta ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Na alaeze Serer nke Sine na Saloum, Lingeer nwere ike dị ukwuu ma bụrụ onye Maad na Sinig na Maad Saloum (Eze nke Sine da Saloum) kpuwere okpueze Lingeer mgbe emume okpuezi nke ya gasịrị. Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum. Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987, p. 28-30 N'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba, dị ka onye ibe ya nke Wolof, ndị Lingeer nke Serer na-achịkwa ọtụtụ obodo nta, nke ọ nweere onwe ya iji mee ihe. Ndị bi n'obodo ndị dị otú ahụ ga-akọ ubi ọka maka Lingeer ha.

Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị a ma ama zigara ụmụ ha nwanyị ka ha bụrụ ndị na-eso ụzọ Lingeer; Otú ọ dị, ndị a dọọrọ n'agha na-ejikarị ọrụ a eme ihe.

Lingeer so nwanyị géwél, onye na-agụ egwú ma ọ bụ onye na-eti egwu, nke a maara n'ógbè ahụ dị ka griot. Ghewél ahụ bụrụ abụ ndị na-ege ntị ka ha hie ụra n'abalị ma kpọtee ha n'ụtụtụ. Ụdị abụ ndị a na-abụ iji sọpụrụ ọbụbụeze Lingeer gụnyere: taggate, màdd, woy u lingeer, na buur.[1]

Ọnọdụ ike nke Lingeer nọ na ya bụ nke bi- na mgbe ụfọdụ atọ-chamber: a na-eme ọrụ idu ndú ya na ọkwa kachasị elu, dị ka onye na-achị. N'ihe banyere esemokwu dị n'etiti Lingeer na eze, Lingeer ga-emepụta njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ mgbe ụfọdụ.

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asaa, e guzobere mmekọrịta n'ọtụtụ ala Wolof n'etiti ndị Lingeers na Idaw al-Hajj, nnukwu ìgwè nke ndị mbịarambịa Sahara nke guzobere netwọk azụmahịa na-ejikọ Senegambia na North Africa na ọdịda anyanwụ Sahara. N'ọnọdụ ndị a, Idaw al-Hajj jere ozi dị ka ndị ndụmọdụ okpukpe nke eze nwanyị.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Ọ bụ ezie na a maghịzi ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Lingeer, ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a banyere n'ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme maka idu ndú ha na, n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, iguzogide mwakpo ndị ọchịchị.

Otu n'ime ndị mbụ a maara Lingeer bụ Lingeer Fatim Beye (ihe dị ka 1335), onye isi nke Joos Maternal Dynasty. Ọ bụ Serer Princess na Queen of Sine. Ọ lụrụ Eze Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali. Ọ bụ nna nna mbụ nke ndị Joos niile gara n'ihu na-achị Waalo, dịka nwa nwa ya nwanyị Lingeer Ndoye Demba (ihe dị ka 1367). Lingeer Ndoye Demba, onye sikwa na Serer, guzobere Joos Maternal Dynasty na alaeze Wolof nke Waalo dị ka eze nwanyị na PrSerer nke Sine. Lingeer Fatoumata Sall bụ nne nke onye eze nwere ike ịbụ akụkọ ifo Ndiadiane Ndiaye, onye bụ eze ukwu nke Jolof na 1360s.  Anyidoho, Kofi, "Cross rhythms", Volume 1, Occasional papers in African folklore, p 118, Trickster Press (1983)

Ọrụ Lingeer na-agbasa mgbe ụfọdụ iji kwatuo eze dị ugbu a. N'afọ 1673, Ndyai Sal ma ọ bụ Sar, marabout nke nwere ike ịbụ ndị Tukuloor, nyere ya alụmdi na nwunye na njikọ agha site n'aka Lingeer nke eze ọhụrụ chụpụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ha jikọrọ aka merie ma gbuo eze ahụ. Ha wee gaa n'ihu na-ahọrọ onye ọhụrụ, eze site na ọmụmụ, mana ọ pụkwara ịbụ onye ha ga-achịkwa.

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ekwuola na ọrụ Lingeer gbasaa n'ịkwurịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti alaeze Wolof na Serer. Otu ihe atụ dị otú ahụ gụnyere Lingeer Djembet (ọtụtụ ọdịiche: Jembet, Njembot Mbodj). Na 1833, Djembet lụrụ eze Trarza (na Mauritania), Mohamed El-Habib. Alụmdi na nwunye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a nyere di na nwunye ahụ ikike ịchịkwa Waalo na Trarza. Njikọ ahụ sitere n'iyi ọ bụghị n'ihi egwu nke mgbasawanye ndị Moor - ọnọdụ nke ndị mmegide gbara ume - kama ọ bụ iji wuo otu na-eguzogide mwakpo ndị na-achị ala ọzọ. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ chere mmegide dị ukwuu ihu n'ime Waalo, ma Djembet mere ya iji kwụsị mgbasawanye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke France na mpaghara ahụ. N'afọ 1841, ọ họọrọ eze ka ọ nọchie Fara Penda Adam Sal mgbe ọ nwụrụ.

Ndaté Yalla Mbodj bụ nwanne nwanyị Djembet ma nọchie ya na 1846. Omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya dịkwa mkpa ma na-ese okwu; ọ bụ onye a ma ama maka ịjụ njikọ aka French. Ọ gbochiri nwa ya nwoke ịlụ ọgụ maka nwa Djembet n'ocheeze. Otu onye ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na nhọrọ a sitere na ọchịchọ N'Daate Yaala ka ọ ghara "ịgbasa ike nke alaeze ahụ dị n'otu". 

 Ihe ngosi nke akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri 
E gosipụtara àgwà nke Lingeer na akwụkwọ Senegambian. Ginette Ba-Curry dere banyere ọnụnọ Lingeer na akwụkwọ akụkọ Sheikh Hamidou Kane bụ Ambiguous Adventure: "Nwunye Eze kachasị ukwuu bụ nwanyị nke obodo ndị Alakụba, na-echeta 'Linguere' ... Ọ bụ ngosipụta nke ndị dike akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Senegalese gara aga dị ka onye nketa nke ocheeze Waalo, Lingeer Jombot onye na-ahụ maka ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mpaghara Wajo ma nwanne ya nwanyị Nade Yalla, nwunye nke Prince Kaor, nọchiri ya. "
N'okwu nka Serer, ọkachasị n'abụ uri na ọdịbendị nke griotte ọdịnala, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-egosi àgwà Lingeer dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrụ ọha mmadụ ha.

Ihe nkiri ndị dị ka Abderrahmane Sissako's <i id="mwiQ">Timbuktu</i> (2014)  gosipụtara onye Lingeer. Djibril Diop Mambety's Hyènes (1992) gosipụtara onye Linguere Ramatou dị ka onye isi ya. Aha mbụ ya bụ mkpụrụ okwu ọzọ nke Lingeer ma n'ezie akọwaala ya dị ka onye eze: ndị ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri na-ede na ọ bụ "onye a chụpụrụ na eze nwanyị nke na-anọdụ ala na-atụle horizon".

 Ebe olili ozu 
A na-eli ndị Serer lingeers niile e kpu okpueze nke Sine na Tioupane, Diakhao (na Senegal nke oge a). Obodo Tioupane nke akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ ebe onye na-eyi okpueze, nke na-abụkarị nne Maad na Sinig, biri. A na-eli ndị eze Serer n'ebe ọzọ na Sine. Ọ bụ naanị ndị na-ere ákwà ka e liri na Tioupane. A na-elikwa ndị na-enweghị okpueze na Tioupane, mana n'akụkụ dị iche n'ime ili, n'ebe dị anya site na ndị na-ekpuchi okpuezi. Dị ka ili nke ndị eze Serer, a na-emekwa akara n'ili nke ndị lingeers ma nwee ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na saịtị ahụ nke na-akọ usoro ọmụmụ na akụkọ ihe mere mere eme ha. Awa Yombe Yade, Le fonctionnement de la justice indigène dans le Cercle du Sine-Saloum de 1903 à 1931, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2001, p. 12 Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 34, IFAN, 1972, p. 742 Dị ka ebe ndị ọzọ dị nsọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Serer, a gbakwunyere ebe olili ozu nke Tioupane na ndepụta nke ebe ndị dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme site na Ministri Ọdịbendị nke Senegal (iwu 2006). [3]Republic of Senegal, Official Journal, MINISTERE DE LA CULTURE ET DU PATRIMOINE HISTORIQUE CLASSE  : ARRETE MINISTERIEL n° 2711 mcphc-dpc en date du 3 mai 2006 (30 Sep 2006) 

 Ndepụta nke Lingeers 

 Lingeer Fatim Beye (ihe dị ka 1335) 
 Lingeer Ndoye Demba (ihe dị ka 1367) (nwa nwa Fatim Beye) 
 Lingeer Ngoné Dièye, narị afọ nke iri na asaa Eze Nwanyị na Eze Nwanyụ Nne nke Cayor na Baol, na nne Damel Lat Sukabe Fall
 Lingeer Djembet ma ọ bụ Njembot Mbodj (na-arụ ọrụ na 1830s; nwụrụ na Septemba 1846). 
 Lingeer Ndaté Yalla Mbodj, nọchiri nwanne ya nwanyị na 1846. 
 Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (French: Selbé Diouf), nwa nwanyị nke Eze nke Sine - Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof. Ndị agha Senegambia Muslim tọọrọ ya n'oge mwakpo mberede nke Mbin o Ngor (ma ọ bụ Keur Ngor). Mwakpo a na-atụghị anya ya megide ndị Serer nke Sine kpaliri Agha nke Fandane-Thiouthioune na 1867 ebe ndị agha Kumba Ndoffene meriri ndị Marabouts Muslim, na-egbu onye ndú ha Maba Diakhou Bâ. Mgbe a tọọrọ ndị isi Serer, a lụrụ ya na Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ - otu n'ime ụmụnne Maba na-enweghị ikike nna ya. Mgbe mmeri Kumba Ndoffene na Fandane-Thiouthioune gasịrị, Eze nyere iwu ka a kpụọ Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ maka obi ike ya n'inye nwa ya nwanyị n'alụmdi na nwunye.Diouf, Niokhobaye. Chronique du royaume du Sine. Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp. 726-729 (PDF: pp. 16—18)Sarr, pp 37-38

 Hụkwa 

 Maad na Sinig
 Maad Saloum
 Damel
 Teigne (aha) 
 Brak (ndị eze Afrịka) 
 Buumi
 Thilas
 Loul 

 Ihe edeturu 

Republic of Senegal, Official Journal, MINISTERE DE LA CULTURE ET DU PATRIMOINE HISTORIQUE CLASSE  : ARRETE MINISTERIEL n° 2711 mcphc-dpc en date du 3 mai 2006 (30 Sep 2006)

 Akwụkwọ 

 Ba-Curry, Ginette (July 2008). "African Women, Tradition and Change in Cheikh Hamidou Kane's Ambiguous Adventure and Mariama Bâ's So Long a Letter". Journal of Pan African Studies, July 2008, vol 2, no.5.
 Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum" (Sénégal), (Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986–87.
 Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa", vol. 1, Scarecrow Press, 2005, p 148 
 Klein, Martin A. "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914." Edinburgh University Press (1968) pp 11–15 & 262, 
 Glinga, Werner, Diop, Papa Samba, "Sénégal-Forum. IKO-Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1996. p 110, 
 Anyidoho, Kofi, "Cross rhythms", Volume 1, Occasional papers in African folklore, p 118, Trickster Press (1983)
 Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa, vol. 1, Scarecrow Press, 2005, p. 148 
 Adande, Alexis B.A., & Arinze, Emmanuel, "The place of Women in the Museum of Saint-Louis, [in] Museums & urban culture in West Africa, Institut africain international, Oxford, 2002, p. 145-146 
 Fage, John D., Oliver, Roland, "The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790", p 486, 
 Diouf, Niokhobaye. Chronique du royaume du Sine. Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp. 726–729 (PDF: pp. 16–18)

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Asụsụ, Asụsụ   na Geneviève N'Diaye Corréard (dir.), Okwu nke ihe nketa: Senegal , Ed. des Archives contemporaines, Paris; Agence universitaire de la francophonie, Paris, Montreal, 2006, peeji nke 327-328     
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations