Asụsụ Yana

Asụsụ Yana (nke a na-akpọkwa Yanan) bụ asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke Ndị Yana na-asụbu, ndị bi n'ebe ugwu etiti California n'etiti osimiri Feather na Pit n'ihe bụzi mpaghara Shasta na Tehama. Onye ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ ndịda, nke a na-akpọ Yahi, bụ Ishi, onye nwụrụ na 1916. Mgbe onye ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ nwụrụ, edekọghị ya. A na-edepụta Yana nke ọma, nke Edward Sapir dere.

 Yana na Yahi sitere na ya "ndị mmadụ" gbakwunyere nsonaazụ iwu, -na n'asụsụ abụọ dị n'ebe Ugbu a -hi ma ọ bụ -xi n'asụsụ ndịda.

 Mgbanwe nke mpaghara 
E nwere asụsụ anọ a ma ama:

 Ebe Ugwu Yana
 Central Yana
 Ndịda Yana
 Yahi

Northern na Central Yana dị nso, dị iche iche na phonology (nke kachasị site na ihe ọhụrụ na Northern Yana), na Southern Yana na Yahi dịkwa nso.  Abụọ ụzọ abụọ ahụ dị iche na ibe ha n'ụdị ụda okwu, nke lexical na grammatical, na naanị akụkụ nke ọzọ nwere ike ịghọta ya na ike.  [citation needed]

Northern na Central Yana dị nso, dị iche iche karịsịa na phonology (karịsịa site na ihe ọhụrụ na Northern Yana), na Southern Yana na Yahi dịkwa nso. Abụọ abụọ ahụ dị iche na ibe ha na phonological, lexical, na ụtọ asụsụ, ọ bụkwa naanị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ ka o siri ike ịghọta.

 Nchịkọta 
A na-ekewa Yana na Hokan superstock. Sapir tụrụ aro ka e jikọta Yana n'ime ezinụlọ Northern Hokan na Karuk, Chimariko, Shastan, Palaihnihan, na Pomoan. Lyle Campbell, American Indian Languages, The Historical Linguistics of Native America (1997, Oxford) ọkà mmụtMarianne Mithun, The Languages of Native North America (1999, Cambridge) asụsụ nke oge a na-ewere Yana dị ka asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ.

Ojiji nke mmepụta ngwaa bipartite na Yana abụghị njirimara Hokan, mana a na-eji ya eme ihe n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị Hokan n'ógbè ahụ, na-atụ aro na Yana anọgidewo na-akwụsi ike na mpaghara.   [citation needed]

 Ihe ndị e ji mara ya 
Yana na-eji consonants 22 na 5 ụdaume.  Ọ bụ polysynthetic na agglutinative, nwere usoro okwu-okwu ngwaa-ihe.  Ngwaa nwere ọtụtụ ihe pụtara site na mgbakwunye.  Dịka ụfọdụ asụsụ California ndị ọzọ, ntụzịaka dị ezigbo mkpa: ngwaa ngagharị niile ga-enwerịrị ntinye ntụzịaka dị iche..

'adịghị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara ahụ, Yana nwere ụdị okwu dị iche iche nke ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị na-asụ.

Ọrụ asụsụ na Yana nwere ihu ọma ịgụnye ọtụtụ ederede na akụkọ. Onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Jean Perry dere na

 "N'ụzọ ejiji, nkwenye na ntụziaka na ọnọdụ, tinyere iji ugboro ugboro na-ekwughachi, bụ ọdịnala na akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụdị na nhazi nke ederede ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa ya ... . E nwekwara ọtụtụ ntinye aka na ihe na ndị mmadụ nke nwere ike iyi ihe na-edoghị anya. Ọnọdụ nke ihe ọmụma a na-eche na ọ dị elu karịa na akụkọ Bekee, n'ihi na ndị a biri na obere, ihu na ihu, a na akụkọ dị mkpa ugboro. Ndị na-ege ntị ga-ama ihe odide na atụmatụ ahụ, ya mere na nkọwa zuru ezu karịa 27" (n'ụzọ zuru ezu).  

 Ọmụmụ ụdaolu 

 Mkpụrụ okwu 
Akpụkpọ ahụAlveolarPalatalVelarMkpịsị akaetitisibilentn'akụkụPlosiveenweghị oluptt͡skʔaspiratedphtht͡shkhejectivepʼtʼt͡sʼkʼIhe na-esiri ikesxhRhoticrỌkụ na-ada ụdaala dị larịịmnljwGlottalizedỌdịdị__ibo__ N'ihi yaỌdịdị__ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị__ibo__ Ọdịdị

 Mkpụrụedemede 
Yana nwere ụdaume ise, /i, ɛ, a, ɔ, u/;  Ntụnyere Sapir (1910) na ụdaume Bekee, French na German na-egosi nke ọma na ụdaume etiti dị ala n'etiti.  Udaume ọ bụla na-eji ogologo ụdaume ụdaume pụta.
N'ihuỊlaghachi azụN'akụkụiuN'etitiỌ bụỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme yaEmeghea

 Akwụkwọ 

 Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
 Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
 Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); .
 Sapir, Edward. (1922). The Fundamental Elements of Northern Yana. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 13. 215-234. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
 Sapir, Edward. 1910. Yana Texts. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 1, no. 9. Berkeley: University Press. (Online version at the Internet Archive).
 Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).

 Edensibia 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Nchịkọta Asụsụ Yana na Survey of California and Other Indian LanguagesNnyocha nke California na Asụsụ India Ndị Ọzọ


 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu bụ isi nke Yana na Global Lexicostatistical Database