Asụsụ ndị Maya

Asụsụ ndị Maya[ihe odide 1] mejupụtara ezinụlọ asụsụ a na-asụ na Mesoamerica, ma na ndịda Mexico ma n'ebe ugwu Central America. Ọ dịkarịa ala nde mmadụ isii na-asụ asụsụ Maya, karịsịa na Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, El Salvador na Honduras. N'afọ 1996, Guatemala nabatara asụsụ 21 nke Maya site na aha, [1] [ihe odide 2] na Mexico nabatara asatọ n'ime ókèala ya. 

Ezinụlọ asụsụ Mayan bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị mma edere na ndị a mụrụ na Amerịka.  Asụsụ ndị Maya nke oge a sitere n'Asụsụ Proto-Mayan, nke a na-eche na a na-asụ ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 5,000 gara aga; e mezigharịrị ya site na iji usoro ntụnyere. Asụsụ proto-Mayan dịgasị iche iche na ọ dịkarịa ala alaka isii dị iche iche: Huastecan, Quichean, Yucatecan, Qanjobalan, Mamean na Chʼolan-Tzeltalan.

Asụsụ ndị Maya bụ akụkụ nke mpaghara asụsụ Mesoamerica, mpaghara nke njikọta asụsụ mepụtara n'ime ọtụtụ puku afọ nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Mesoam America. Asụsụ ndị Maya niile na-egosipụta njirimara nchọpụta nke mpaghara asụsụ a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha niile na-eji aha mmekọrịta kama iji gosipụta mmekọrịta mpaghara. Ha nwekwara ihe ndị na-eme ka ha dị iche na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Mesoamerica, dị ka iji ergativity na nhazi asụsụ nke ngwaa na isiokwu na ihe ha, ụdị ntụgharị pụrụ iche na ngwaa, na klas okwu pụrụ iche nke "ọnọdụ" nke bụ ihe atụ nke asụsụ Maya niile.

N'oge pre-Columbian nke Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mesoamerica, edere ụfọdụ asụsụ Mayan na akara ngosi-syllabic Maya. Ojiji ya zuru ebe niile n'oge oge Classic nke mmepeanya Maya (ihe dị ka 250-900). Ihe odide Maya n[3] dị ndụ karịrị 5,000 a maara n'otu n'otu na ụlọ, ihe ncheta, ite na akwụkwọ mkpo, [1] jikọtara ya na akwụkwọ ndị bara ọgaranya na-esote mmeri n'asụsụ Mayan e dere na edemede Latin, na-enye ihe ndabere maka nghọta nke oge a nke akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge Columbus nke a na-enweghị atụ na Amerịka.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 

 Ndị Maya 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkọwapụta ụzọ mbata na ụbọchị maka ezinụlọ asụsụ Maya dị iche iche. Mpaghara ahụ egosiri dị ka Proto-Mayan bụzi nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Qʼanjobalan (na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ). [Ihe odide ala peeji 1]Based on Kaufman (1976).
Asụsụ ndị Maya [4] ụmụ nke asụsụ proto a na-akpọ Proto-Mayan ma ọ bụ, na Kʼicheʼ Maya, Nabʼee Mayaʼ Tzij ("Asụsụ Maya ochie"). [1] [5] kwenyere na a na-asụ asụsụ Proto-Mayan n'ugwu Cuchumatanes nke etiti Guatemala n'ógbè kwekọrọ na ebe a na-ekwu Qʼanjobalan taa. Atụmatụ mbụ nke gosipụtara ugwu ugwu Chiapas-Guatemalan dị ka "ebe a mụrụ" asụsụ ndị Maya bụ nke onye Germany na-ahụ maka ihe ochie na ọkà mmụta Karl Sapper bipụtara na 1912. [Ihe odide ala peeji 1][6]Terrence Kaufman na John Justeson ewughachila ihe karịrị 3000 okwu maka asụsụ proto-Mayan. [1]

Dabere [7] atụmatụ nkewa nke Lyle Campbell na Terrence Kaufman, nkewa mbụ mere n'ihe dị ka 2200 BCE, mgbe Huastecan kewara site na Mayan n'onwe ya mgbe ndị na-ekwu ya kwagara n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ n'akụkụ Gulf Coast nke Mexico. Ndị na-asụ Proto-Yucatecan na Proto-Chʼolan mechara kewapụ onwe ha n'òtù ahụ wee kwaga n'ebe ugwu n'ime Yucatán Peninsula. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ nke alaka ọdịda anyanwụ kwagara n'ebe ndịda n'ebe Mamean na Quichean bi ugbu a. Mgbe ndị [8]-asụ proto-Tzeltalan mechara kewapụ onwe ha n'òtù Chʼolan wee kwaga n'ebe ndịda n'ime Chiapas Highlands, ha zutere ndị na-ekwu Asụsụ Mixe-Zoque. Dabere [9] echiche ọzọ nke Robertson na Houston, Huastecan nọrọ n'ugwu Guatemala na ndị na-asụ Chʼolan-Tzeltalan, na-ekewapụ onwe ha na alaka ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya karịa ka Kaufman tụrụ aro. [1]

N'oge ochie (tupu afọ 2000 BCE), ọtụtụ okwu ndị e si n'asụsụ Mixe-Zoquean yiri ka ha abanyela n'asụsụ proto-Mayan. Nke a emeela ka e nwee echiche na ndị Maya mbụ bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Mixe-Zoquean, ikekwe Ndị Olmec. [Ihe odide ala peeji 1]N'ihe banyere asụsụ Xincan na Lencan, n'aka nke ọzọ, asụsụ Mayan na-abụkarị isi iyi karịa onye na-anata okwu mgbazinye. Ndị ọkachamara n'asụsụ Maya dị ka Campbell kwenyere na nke a na-egosi oge mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ndị Maya na ndị Lencan Ndị Xinca, ikekwe n'oge oge Classic (250-900). 

 Oge ochie 
N'oge Classic, nnukwu alaka malitere ịba ụba n'asụsụ dị iche iche. Nkewa dị n'etiti Proto-Yucatecan (n'ebe ugwu, ya bụ, Yucatán Peninsula) na Proto-Chʼolan (n'etiti ndịda, ya bụ. ugwu Chiapas na Petén Basin) emeworị site n'oge Classic, mgbe edere ọtụtụ ihe odide Maya dị ugbu a. A na-agba akaebe na ụdị abụọ ahụ na ihe odide hieroglyphic na saịtị Maya nke oge ahụ, a na-akpọkarị ha abụọ "Asụsụ Maya Classic". [10] bụ ezie na otu asụsụ a ma ama bụ nke a na-edekarị na ederede hieroglyphic dị ugbu a, achọpụtala ihe akaebe maka ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị atọ dị iche iche nke Mayan n'ime usoro hieroglyph - ụdị Chʼolan nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ a hụrụ n'ihe odide ndị e dere na mpaghara ndịda Maya na ugwu, ụdị Chʼola nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ sitere na mpaghara Usumacinta site na etiti narị afọ nke asaa gaa n'ihu,  na ụdị Yucatecan a hụrụ n"ihe odide ndị sitere na Yucatán Peninsula. Ih mere e ji chọta naanị ụdị asụsụ ole na ole n'ihe odide glyphic bụ ma eleghị anya na ndị a jere ozi dị ka olumba dị ùgwù n'ógbè Maya dum; a ga-ede ihe odide hieroglyphic n'asụsụ nke ndị a ma ama.

Stephen Houston, John Robertson na David Stuart atụwo aro na ụdị dị iche iche nke Chʼolan a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ ederede glyphic nke Southern Lowland bụ asụsụ ha na-akpọ "Classic Chʼoltiʼan", asụsụ nna ochie nke asụsụ Ch'ortiʼ na Chʼoltiiʼ nke oge a. [12] na-atụ aro na ọ malitere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda etiti Petén Basin, nakwa na e ji ya mee ihe n'ihe odide ma eleghị anya ndị isi na ndị ụkọchukwu na-asụkwa ya. Otú ọ dị, Mora-Marín ekwuola na àgwà ndị Classic Lowland Maya na asụsụ Chʼoltiʼan na-ekerịta bụ ihe nchedo kama ịbụ ihe ọhụrụ, nakwa na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke Chʼolan n'ezie na-esote oge ochie. Asụsụ nke ihe odide ala [13] ala nke oge ochie ga-abụ proto-Chʼolan.

 Oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị 
N'oge Spanish na-achị Central America, asụsụ ụmụ amaala niile ka Spanish kpuchiri, nke ghọrọ asụsụ ọhụrụ a ma ama. Ojiji nke asụsụ ndị Maya bịara na njedebe n'ọtụtụ ngalaba dị mkpa nke ọha mmadụ, gụnyere nchịkwa, okpukpe na akwụkwọ. Ma mpaghara Maya na-eguzogide mmetụta ndị ọzọ karịa ndị ọzọ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ obodo Maya ka nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị na-asụ Otu asụsụ. Asụsụ Spanish na-achịkwa mpaghara Maya ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị Maya na-anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ na-ewere ha dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ndị ọzọ ka dị irè, na ndị na-asụ ya n'ofe afọ niile na iji asụsụ ala na ngalaba niile nke ọha mmadụ. [Ihe odide ala peeji nke 2]

 Hụkwa 

 Asụsụ Ogbi nke Maya
 Cauque Maya (asụsụ ngwakọta) 

 Ihe edeturu 
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 Edensibia 
 Na Sahel na East Africa, ndị na-asụ Nilo-Sahara na-ejikọta na ndị na-achị Alaeze Ukwu Gao sultanates dị ike nke na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ dịka Gao Empire, ịbụ alaeze Songhai kachasị ukwuu nke na-ejikarị Sahel, West Africa, Sahara / Maghreb na Central Africa, alaeze Kanem-Bornu na Central Africa.Na Sahel na East Africa, ndị na-asụ Nilo-Sahara na-ejikọta na ndị na-achị Alaeze Ukwu Gao sultanates dị ike nke na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ dịka Gao Empire, ịbụ alaeze Songhai kachasị ukwuu nke na-ejikarị Sahel, West Africa, Sahara / Maghreb na Central Africa, alaeze Kanem-Bornu na Central Africa.

 Njikọ mpụga 

 The Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages - saịtị Spanish / Maya, isi ikike na asụsụ Mayan  (n'asụsụ Spanish)  
 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program na Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Mahadum Harvard E debere  Wayback Machine
 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Mpịakọta 1-9. E bipụtara ya site na Peabody Museum Press ma kesaa ya site na Harvard University Press
 Ndepụta Swadesh maka asụsụ Mayan (site na Ndepụta Swadeh nke Wiktionary) 
 Asụsụ ndị Maya na akwụkwọ asụsụ sitere na Cholsamaj
 Nchịkọta asụsụ ndị Maya n'ịntanetị na Mahadum Texas
 Mahadum Yucatan Mayan-Spanish dictionary (Spanish) 
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