Asụsụ Kordofan

Asụsụ Kordofan bụ otu ìgwè asụsụ ise a na-asụ na Ugwu Nuba nke mpaghara South Kordofan nke Sudan: Asụsụ Talodi-Heiban, Asụsụ Lafofa, Asụsụ Rashad, Asụsụ Katla na Asụsụ Kadu. A na-ewere ìgwè anọ mbụ ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka alaka nke ezinụlọ Niger-Congo, ebe a na-ahụkarị Kadu ugbu a dị ka alaka ezinụlọ Nilo-Sahara.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
N'afọ 1963, Joseph Greenberg gbakwunyere ha n'Ezinụlọ Niger-Congo, na-emepụta atụmatụ Niger-Kordofanian ya. Asụsụ Kordofanian egosighi na ha nwere njikọ dị anya karịa alaka ndị ọzọ nke Niger-Congo, Otú ọ dị, egosighịkwa na ha bụ otu dị mma. Taa, a na-ewepu Asụsụ Kadu, a na'etinyekarị ndị ọzọ na Niger-Congo n'onwe ya.   [citation needed]

Roger Blench na-ekwu na ezinụlọ Talodi na Heiban nwere usoro klas aha nke Atlantic-Congo nke Niger-Congo mana asụsụ Katla abụọ enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-egosi na ha nwere usoro dị otú ahụ. Otú ọ dị, asụsụ Kadu na ụfọdụ n'ime asụsụ Rashad yiri ka ha nwetara klas aha dị ka akụkụ nke Sprachbund kama iketa ha. Blench kwubiri na Talodi na Heiban bụ isi Niger-Congo ebe Katla na Rashad mejupụtara alaka dịpụrụ adịpụ n'akụkụ Mande.   [citation needed]

Heiban, Katloid, na Talodi na-agbakọta ọnụ na nyocha kọmputa (ASJP 4) site na Müller et al. (2013). Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela.  Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na a na-emepụta nyocha ahụ na-akpaghị aka, ìgwè ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbazinye okwu ma ọ bụ ihe nketa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|450x450px|Map a na-apụta nke ezinụlọ asụsụ, ezinụlọ, na asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Ugwu Nuba. Kordofanian gụnyere Kadu na alaka Niger-Congo niile.

 Asụsụ Talodi-Heiban 

Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008.  Heiban, nke a na-akpọkwa Koalib ma ọ bụ Koalib-Moro, na asụsụ Talodi, nke a makwaara dị ka Talodi-Masakin, bụ akụkụ nke otu Talodi-Heiban.

 Asụsụ Lafofa 

Lafofa (Tegem) bụ nke e kewara na Talodi ruo oge ụfọdụ, mana o yiri ka ọ bụ alaka dị iche nke Niger-Congo.

 Asụsụ Rashad 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ Rashad, nke a na-akpọkwa Tegali-Tagoi, dịgasị iche n'etiti nkọwa, site na abụọ (Williams & Blench 2000), atọ (Ethnologue), ruo asatọ (Blench ms). Tagoi nwere usoro aha dị ka asụsụ Atlantic-Congo, nke o doro anya na ọ gbazitere, mana Tegali anaghị.

 Asụsụ Katla 

Asụsụ Katla abụọ ahụ enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-egosi na ha nwere usoro aha aha Niger-Congo.

 Asụsụ Kadu 
Kemgbe ọrụ Thilo C. Schadeberg na 1981, a na-ahụkarị alaka "Tumtum" ma ọ bụ Kadu dị ka Nilo-Sahara. Otú ọ dị, ihe akaebe ahụ dị obere, na nhazi nke na-agbaso omenala ga-emeso ya dị ka ezinụlọ kwụụrụ onwe ya.

 Ihe owuwu 
Quint (2020) na-atụ aro na enwere ike iwughachi Proto-Kordofanian site na asụsụ Heibanian, Talodian, Rashadian, Katloid, na Lafofa. Ihe owuwu ya na Proto-Kordofanian bụ: Quint, Nicolas (2020). 
NkọwaProto-KordofanianTalodianHeibanianLafofaKatloid (Tima) Rashadianbark 1 (n.) *-mVk-*t-ə-???Koalib Mịmùl [alaghemùl]Mmalite nke Mmbalbark 2 (n.) *k (V) VrE ~ *c (V) ВрEc-iírikúúr*g-wareịkụ / ịkụ*-bV-*-gob- / *kə-bɔ*-bid̪-...biŋOrig bí (r) / Pú (ró) afọ*-VrVk ~ *-Vk*j-+-arag / *ca-rək*g-+-aaret̪-úur-ina-akpọ yana-ata / na-eri*-CVk*-gVjog / *kə-ɟɔ*-ee-...jiɛ* AkụkụọbaraP* (C) iCPV*ŋ-+-ittsug / *ŋ-ɪccʊkKatla ija ~ iyaN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-eji ya mee iheara*CVmiC*j-+-intsig / *c-ə-mmikTima kɨndì*d-miɲuwe*kErEC*k-ɛrɛt̪*g-+-ered̪Tagoi kɛr (ɛ́) wakọrọ*-OndV*-afọ d̪o*-UnDo*-uddintị*kVnV*g-+-eenu / *k-__hau____hau____hau__*g- / n-+-aanikɔ́.nɔ́Tagoi finin, Tegali (a) nuuenyí*-VŋV (C) *d-+-oŋoryuːŋi* (fV) ŋVnanya*?+-git*j-+-igg / *c-itKatla gɨgöt*y-ngidụkwụ / ụkwụ*-AkA (C) *ts-+-agagKoalib káakà [káagà]l-ia-ga*d-ɛgɛnewu*Em (b) iT*w-+-emig / *u-mitEemiỌganihu*mbɨtakwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ / mmiri*-iklV ~ *ijlV*-eiglab-ʊɒji-lliTagoi -ijilú, Tegali -ríge.ntutu isi*kaam ~ *gaam*d-+-ʊgaŋ / *NC-ŋən̪Tima Kam*g-aamisi*gaCDP ~ *CPaCDP*j-+-ats, *c-acGas Katla*g-ajaka ekpe (n'akụkụ) *-CV- ~ *-CVur-*-gule / *-gulɛ*-ihe mgbagwoju anyakúlɪ*-awwirapịtị*-ElOKoalib kèlòoTima k-ʌ́luMmalite ŋí̧lɔ́́nso*-Et̪t̪OC*-iddu / *-t̪t̪o-tKolibttɔ́k [kɛ́t̪t̪ɔ́k]Tima met̪ɛ́nTagoi gattɔŋ / nwunye yaotu*attV ~ *addV*-aDDeTima atjinMmalite nke wàttáMmiri ozuzo*kaw ~ *kal*k-abɪk*g-+-awK-I-Y* (y) nauhie*-OrdE*-oodeSchadeberg, Thilo C. 1981.  / *-d̪ɛ*-UreTima -rdí*-arawatụrụV*kACVAC*t̪ʊ-ŋgat̪Koalib káaŋàlβaːŋi (k) áŋàlMmalite nke Kagyanwụrụ ọkụ (n.) *-uCLVBbV*g-+-uluc-oor-íỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ kʊ̀Tagoi k (ə) rək, Tegali tulɛ́anyanwụN*-VCNV*j-+-iŋgi, *c-ə-ŋgiØ-+*-aŋinIhe ndị China na-eme*-aaneire*-d̪Vŋl (V) ~ *-dʁVlVŋ (V) *d̪-+- (V) lV__hau____hau____hau__d̪-+*-ŋelal-íŋ-iYa onwe gị*d-aŋil (-ag) ịgbọ agbọ*-UdA ~ *-UwA -VddV / *uk-dɛ*-wey-lwâ-d̪aŋ... Lowa -Hwʌ̀*VdVk

 Isoglosses nke okwu 
Starostin (2018) depụtara isoglosses ndị a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Kordofanian. Starostin, George.  na-egosipụta njikọ ndị nwere ike ịbụ na bold.

 Okwu ntụnyere 
Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi nke alaka Heiban, Talodi, Rashad, na Lafofa:

Rịba ama: Na mkpụrụ ndụ tebụl nwere slashes, a na-enye otu ụdị tupu slash, ebe ụdị otutu na-eso slash.
AsụsụanyantịimiezéireọnụọbaraọkpụkpụosisimmiriIri nriahaProto-HeibanSchadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. *ay / g-,j-*-aani*-ad̪alo / g-,j-; g-,n-*-ŋad̪ / li-,j-*-ŋela; *-iŋla?  / D-,d-*-uuɲu*-mmeri / ŋ-*-uya / li-,ŋu- (WC); *-uɲ / ʔ-,j- (E) *-aʹe / gu-,j- (WC) *-aw / ŋ-*-id̪d̪-*-iriɲ / j-Proto-TalodiNorton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. *c-it / k-*k- sasa / 0-*k-ə-ɲɟɛ / 0-,n-*c-ə-ɲit / k-* * * *nnukwu / ḷə-*t-̪ Liver̪ / ḷ-*ŋ-ɪccʊk*c-ə-mma-ɲan̪ / m-*p-ɪda / k-*ŋ-ɪḷ,-ɪḷɪ*ḷə-ɡɔ*k-ə-ḷəŋan / 0- (ma ọ bụ *...n̪) Proto-KatloidDimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2019 (in press). *g-ɪged̪*-Nke a na-eme*gɪ-lɛd̪*-Troad-Troad*i-ju (u) *-ʌ-lV-TagoiSchadeberg, Thilo. Yigət / ŋə́gətfənín / fənéditYdir / ŋə́dərtíɲən / ŋə́ɲəntáŋə́lak / yáŋə́lágɒtkajər / hájɛrətNdị na-eme ihe nkirikuh / huhkafɔ́ / hafɔ́ŋayOhu yaN'ihi na ụmụ ọhụrụTurjok[]na-aghọ ndị mmeghefəniín / fəníínətindər / ŋəndərM. tiɲin / ŋiɲintaŋəlk / yaŋəlak ~ yaŋəlɒgɔtkiɲjɛr / siɲjɛr (g) ɔtNdị na-eme ihe nkirikus / yakafɔ / safɔ́Isi iyipɛŋɛn / sɛŋɛnTagomGaddaa / Gaddaanu ~ Jọ / Nọ ~ Nọndr̀ / ndr̀reɲîn / ɲîneaŋa / aŋún̩ɲjár / (a) ɲjáreóyá / óyo̍nuru / urûnlásɛegaOhu yaɛŋɛn / ɛŋɛnɛ́ɛnTegemBlench, Roger. ṭ-ì, China-ká-ràŋ (ì) / a-ṭ-ɛ̀ɲ (ì) / k-l-iаŋ (ì) k-ɛɲi / ɛɲiɲɪ̀ṭ-uɔ́m (ì) / m-kuwö (ì) / bɔɔ (ì) ɲìììkɪ́rɪ́kku-ruwáŋ / a-El Amiralilaŋ / ɲimaŋwimut-aɲ / k-ỊnọgidekiɲIsi iyituwamkwaIsi iyipalith

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ 
Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: 
NchịkọtaAsụsụ12345678910KatlaKatlaAkụkọ a na-akpọcíkʌ́t̪ʌ́t.A na-ahụkarị yaɟɔ́ɡ͡bə́lɪ́nɟɔ́lịɟɔ́lɪ́kt̪ʌŋɡɪ̀lɟʌ́lbʌ́nrak͡pácKatlaTimaʌt̪een / at̪ɪniheihwʌyihʌlʌmIdulianɪntədakwalɔŋɪnt̪atɪŋ Diabloɪnt̪ɪŋɛrɛyint̪ʌhʌdʌkunihedʌkúnRashadTagoi (Orig)  -wàttá / ùttájiekkókMọlithawàrʊ̀mỌ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụɲérérérʊ̀mʊ̀rɡʊ́Tuppákʊ́mnàsá (n) kʊ́mánRashadTegalim̪t̪arəkkʊ / rʊkkʊd̪akt̪a / d̪at̪t̪aaːrəmỌchịchọɲeʊmmərkʊ__ibo__ ỌdịdịN'oge a na-adịghị anyaN'oge a na-adịghị anyaHeibanWarnang (Werni/Wernang) Asụsụŋèrccáccényŋèrrátténŋelàmlàŋŋera ŋo'orŋera ŋoʹor ŋemabolo ŋoʹoʹor (5+1?) ŋera ŋoʹor ŋemabolo ŋèrccáccény (5+2?) ŋelamlaa Мәсих (4 x 2 ?)  ŋera ŋoʹor wanoe (1- ?)  kiccukurrɐHeibanMoroɡóntoN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-emeN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ka a mara yamarlọnðénə́ŋðénə́ŋ nəɡónto (5+ 1) ðénə́́́́ŋ ቛንቋ (5+ 2) ðénə́́́́ŋ Xinghezi (5+ 3) ðénə́ŋ nəmárlon (5+ 4) Nri nriHeibanỊdọrọMkpụrụ osisi__ibo__ Ọdịdị__ibo__ Akụkụ nke afọMaɬʊ̀ðɛ́nɛ́Shiazùzùzụ́ (3+3) __ibo__ Maɬɪɪ́n (4+3) Ọbːɔ́ðɛ́nɛ́ n̪maɬʊ̀ (5+4) ʊ́rːɪ̀HeibanLarokwɛ̀tɛ̀rɔ́mN'ihi ya, ọ bụOnye Kraịsttʊ̀dìníɲə̀rlə̀lkwɔ̀ɾátəɾìl (4+3) ɗúbə̀__ibo__ Onye Kraịst nke ukwuu (5+ 4) diHeibanOtoroEbe Ọdịda Anyanwụkútèn__ibo____ibo____ibo__ ỌdịdịỌ na-aga n'ihut̪ɔ́ðːnɛIsiokwu__ibo__ Ihe osise (4+3) Dubət̪ɔ́ðːnɛ́ kɔ́ɔŋ (5+ 4) Oge:HeibanKoalib (1) kweta:ɛkwi na-achaNkọwapụtaỌ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkirituðníшalanụKunəð huduβəYenuβaβuŋaKunəðɗin'ebe ahụHeibanKoalib (2)  -ɛ́t̪tɛ̀ -Ike a na-akpọAkwụkwọ edemedeN'ihi ya, ọ bụruo mgbeɲerlelỌdịdịɗòvɔ́kkwóppàkwúnɐttùrrírúiTalodiDagikj-ɜlːʊj-ɛːaj-nchekwa:nchekwana-adịsi-s-ɜlːʊ (litː otu aka) na-j-ɜːlʊ (5 + 1) na j-ɛːa (5 + 2) na j-ɜt̪ːɜkʹ (5 + 3) na bīandɔ (5 + 4) N'ihi ya, ọ bụTalodiOnye na-agba ọsọbullukna-agụwʌt̪t̪ʌkna-adịлиrɡuŋ zulluk (n'ụzọ nkịtị: 'otu aka') лиrɡuŋ zulluk na bulluk (5 + 1) N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "Lyrnuŋ Zulluk" (5 + 2) лиrɡuŋ zulluk na wʌt̪t̪ʌk (5 + 3) N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n"ụlọ mkpọrọ ka a na-akpọ zulluk (5 + 4) ɡurruŋTalodiLumuncʊ́kʊ̂Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-akpọ__ibo__ m̀bụrụỌ bụ n'oge gara aga ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ n'afọmʊ́ɣʊ́k__ibo____ibo__ ỌdịdịM̀̀̀̀ bụ otú ahụ? mámɔ́ɾmɔ́ɾ (2 x 4)? mʊ́ɣʊ́llájɔ̀n (5 + 4) [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

 Hụkwa 

 Asụsụ nke Ugwu Nuba

 Edensibia 
gụnyere asụsụ si Liberia ruo Dahomey (Republic of Benin), na East Kwa asụsụ nke Nigeria. Bennett & Sterk (1977) tụrụ aro na asụsụ Yoruboid na Igboid bụ nke Benue-Congo kama nke Kwa. Stewart (1989) wepụrụ Kru, Ijaw, na Volta-Niger (East Kwa), mana o debere asụsụ Ghana-Togo Mountain

 Akwụkwọ 

 Herman Bell 1995. Ugwu Nuba: Ònye kwuru Gịnị na 1976?  (njikọ ihe ndekọ). Ịbụ ọmụmụ nke nsonaazụ e bipụtara site na nnukwu ọrụ nke Institute of African and Asian Studies: The Language Survey of the Nuba Mountains.
 Roger Blench A naghị ebipụta ya. Kordofanian ọ bụ otu ìgwè ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, ebee ka asụsụ ya dabara na Niger-Congo?
 Roger Blench A naghị ebipụta ya. Kordofanian na Niger-Congo: ihe akaebe ọhụrụ na nke e degharịrị edegharị.
 Roger Blench, 2011, Kpọọrọ Kordofaani nkewa?Kordofaani kwesịrị kewaa?, Nzukọ Nuba Hills, Leiden
 P. A. na D. N. MacDiarmid. 1931. "Asụsụ nke Ugwu Nuba." Sudan Notes and Records 14: 149-162.
 Carl Meinhof 1915-1919. "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan". Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 9-9. "1. Tagoy. 6: 164-161. "2. Tumale". 6:182-205. "11. Tegele" 7:110-131. "12. Rashad. 7:132.
 Thilo C. Schadeberg 1981a. Nnyocha nke Kordofanian. SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
 Thilo C. Schadeberg 1981b. "Das Kordofanische". Die Sprachen Afrikas. Ìgwè 1: Niger-Kordofanisch, de. site na Bernd Heine, T. C. Schadeberg, Ekkehard Wolff, peeji nke 117-28 SUGIA Beiheft 1-2.  Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
 Thilo C. Schadeberg 1981c. "Nchịkọta nke otu asụsụ Kadugli". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] site na T. C. Schadeberg na M. Lionel Bender, peeji nke 291-305.  Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
 Brenda Z. Seligmann 1910-11. "Ihe odide banyere asụsụ nke Nubas nke Southern Kordofan." Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 1:167-188.
 Roland C. Stevenson 1956-57. "Nnyocha nke ụdaolu na nhazi ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ Ugwu Nuba, na-ezo aka na Otoro, Katcha, na Nyimang." Afrika na Übersee 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196.
 Tucker, A. N. na M. A. Bryan. 1956. Asụsụ ndị na-abụghị Bantu nke North-East Africa.  (Handbook of African Languages, Nkebi nke Atọ) Oxford University Press: London.
 A. N. Tucker na M. A. Bryan. 1966. Nnyocha Asụsụ / Asụsụ Ndị Na-abụghị Bantu nke North-East Africa.  (Handbook of African Languages.) Oxford University Press: London.
 Tutschek, Lorenz 1848. "Über die Tumale-Sprache." Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedern der k. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften. N. 91-93; Spalten 729-52.  (=Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
 Tutschek, Lorenz. 1848-50. "N'asụsụ Tumali". Ihe omume nke Philological Society maka 1846-47 na 1847-48. Ụgbọelu 3:239-54. Ihe omume nke Philological Society maka 1848-49 na 1849-50. Izu ohi 4:138-9.

 Njikọ mpụga 
Mgbasa ozi metụtaraAsụsụ Kordofanna Wikimedia Commons

 Roger Blench: Ihe ndị dị na Kordoba
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations