Asụsụ ndị Pomoan

Asụsụ '/'pOʊmOʊ/', ma ọ bụ Pomo /ˈpoʊmoʊ/, Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh bụ obere ezinụlọ nke asụsụ asaa sitere n'ebe ugwu California nke Ndị Pomo na-asụ, ndị nna nna ha bi na ndagwurugwu nke Osimiri Russia na ọdọ mmiri Clear. Asụsụ anọ adịghịzi, asụsụ niile dị ndụ ma e wezụga Kashaya nwere ihe na-erughị mmadụ iri na-asụ ya.

 Ebe a na-ekesa ya 
John Wesley Powell, onye bụ onye mbụ kọwara oke ezinụlọ, kwuru na ókè ya bụ Oke Osimiri Pasifik dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ókèala Wintuan dị na Ndagwurugwu Sacramento n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, onye isi Osimiri Russia n'ebe ugwu, na Bodega.  Isi na Santa Rosa nke dị ugbu a na ndịda (Powell 1891: 87-88).  Naanị North Eastern Pomo esoghị na asụsụ Pomoan ndị ọzọ, ebe mpaghara ndị na-asụ Wintuan kewapụrụ ya.

 Mmekọrịta dị n'ime asụsụ 
alt=|thumb|300x300px|Asụsụ asaa nke Pomoan na-egosi nkesa ha tupu ha enwee mmekọrịta na California. N'ime ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị a ugbu a, ọtụtụ bi n'otu ebe ahụ.
Pomoan bụ ezinụlọ nke asụsụ asaa. John Wesley Powell bụ onye mbụ ghọtara mmekọrịta ha na ibe ha, onye tụrụ aro ka a kpọọ ha "Ezin Kulanapan" (Powell 1891). Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime atụmatụ aha Powell, ọkachasị maka asụsụ California, a leghaara "Kulanapan" anya. N'ọnọdụ ya, Pomo, The etymology of the term "Pomo" is complex. It seems to be a combination of the Northern Pomo words , "at red earth hole" and  (containing , "reside, live in a group"), together suggesting "those who live at red earth hole" (Campbell 1997:397, citing McLendon & Oswalt 1978:277) okwu ndị India na ndị ọcha na-eji maka Northern Pomo, gbatịkwuru iji tinye ndị ọzọ n'ezinụlọ ahụ. 

Samuel Barrett (1908) bu ụzọ mara asụsụ asaa ahụ dị ka Pomo. Iji zere mgbagwoju anya, Barrett kpọrọ asụsụ ọ bụla nke Pomoan dịka ọnọdụ ala ya si dị ("Northern Pomo," "Southeastern Pomo, wdg) Nkwekọrịta aha a nwetara nkwenye zuru oke ngwa ngwa ma ka na-eji ya eme ihe n'ozuzu ya, ma e wezụga iji dochie "Kashaya" maka "Southwestern Pomo" nke Barrett. Aha asụsụ ala nke Barrett na-edugakarị ndị na-amaghị asụsụ Pomoan na echiche na-ezighi ezi na ha bụ olumba nke otu asụsụ "Pomo".

A tụwo aro ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na usoro n'ozuzu ya anọgidewo na-agbanwe agbanwe. Echiche nkwekọrịta dị ugbu a (cf. Mithun 1999) na-akwado osisi ahụ e gosipụtara na Oswalt (1964), nke egosiri n'okpuru ebe a.

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|400x400px|Echiche nkwekọrịta dị ugbu a banyere mmekọrịta dị n'ime ezinụlọ Pomoan, dabere na Oswalt (1964).
N'ụzọ bụ isi, ụdị nke nhazi ọkwa a yiri ka ewepụtara na Oswalt na McLendon's "Okwu mmalite" na isi Pomo na Heizer, ed.  (1978) na Campbell (1997).  Onye mgbagha kacha mkpa bụ Abraham M. Halpern, otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ ole na ole kemgbe oge Barrett na-anakọta data ntụnyere na asụsụ Pomoan niile.

Nhazi Halpern dị iche na nke Oswalt nke kachasị na ntinye nke North Eastern Pomo.  Kama iwere ya ka ọ bụrụ alaka ụlọ ọrụ kwụụrụ onwe ya, Halpern chịkọtara ya na asụsụ nke alaka "Western" nke Oswalt.  Ọ tụrụ aro na ọ ga-ekwe omume na North Eastern Pomo na-anọchite anya mbugharị na nso nso a nke otu n'okpuru Northern Pomo (Halpern 1964; Golla 2011: 106-7).

 Asụsụ Mbụ 

Nrụzigharị Proto-Pomo site na McLendon (1973): McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. (University of California publications in linguistics, 71.) Berkeley: University of California Press.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Pomo
|-
| acorn || *biʔdú
|-
| afraid, to be || *kʰiˑyá, *kʰiyáˑ
|-
| angelica || *baʔk̓ówa
|-
| arm || *ʔiˑxál(ʸ)
|-
| armpit || *daˑyamá-
|-
| arrow || *hic̓úˑ
|-
| arrow || *baṭʰíy
|-
| ashes || *hiˑnó(x̣ò)
|-
| back || *bak̓oˑ
|-
| backbone || *hiʔk̓i, *k̓idí
|-
| bark (of tree) || *qʰahwálʸ
|-
| basket, sp. || *c̓óˑy
|-
| basket, sp. || *kʰiṭúˑ
|-
| basket, pack (open-woven) || *buhqʰál
|-
| basket, pack (close-woven) || *buhkí ?
|-
| basket, pounding || *miké
|-
| bear || *buˑṭáqa(lʸ)
|-
| bear, brown || *limá(ˑ) ?
|-
| bee || *koʔó(lʸ), *kaʔolʸó
|-
| behind, rear || *siˑlí, *silíˑ
|-
| belly || *ʔuhqʰá(ˑ)
|-
| below || *ʔiyów
|-
| big, sg. || *bahṭʰé, *bahṭʰén
|-
| big, pl. || *ʔahṭʰíy, *ʔahṭíynʸ
|-
| bird || *c̓iyíta ~ *c̓ihtá
|-
| bite, to || *qaˑné-
|-
| blackfish || *xaqʰál
|-
| blanket || *ʔihxí(ˑ)
|-
| blood || *baˑláy
|-
| body || *xiʔbá
|-
| bone || *ʔihyá(ˑ)
|-
| bow || *xihmúy, *xi(ʔ)mi
|-
| brains, head, protuberance || *hoʔt̓ó
|-
| bread, acorn || *qʰaṭó(ˑ)
|-
| break wind || *ʔihpʰéṭ-
|-
| breast, milk || *xiʔdónʸ
|-
| brother, mother's || *cúˑ-c̓i ~ *céˑ-c̓i
|-
| brother, older || *méqi
|-
| brother, father's younger || *kéqi
|-
| brother-in-law (i.e., wife's brother ?) || *mahá-, *háˑ
|-
| buckeye || *bahxá
|-
| buckeye nuts when soaked || *dihsá
|-
| bumblebee || *kʰeˑhéy
|-
| burn || *maˑlí- ~ *mahlá-
|-
| bush, sp. || *qȧ(h)nóˑ
|-
| buzzard || *kuhkʰí
|-
| carry in hands, to || *bi-ʔdíˑ-d(i)-
|-
| causative || *-hqa
|-
| chaparral || *seʔé
|-
| chest || *yeʔélʸ
|-
| child || *qaˑwí
|-
| clam || *x̣alá/ú
|-
| claw || *héˑc̓
|-
| cloud || *qʰaʔbá(ˑ), *qʰaʔbú
|-
| clover || *ʔohsó
|-
| cold || *qahcíl, *qacˑi
|-
| come, to || *(h)wáˑdu-
|-
| cook, bake under ashes, to || *ʔihpʰá-
|-
| cottontail (rabbit) || *nóˑmik
|-
| cottonwood || *qaxálabʔ ~ *qáxalabʔ
|-
| coyote || *doˑwí
|-
| creek || *biʔdá
|-
| dance/song || *qʰé
|-
| daughter-in-law || *-ʔódʔ
|-
| daughter-in-law || *xowmi(ˑ-c̓i)
|-
| dawn, morning || *qʰaʔˑá
|-
| day || *makílʸ, *maˑkí
|-
| deer/meat || *bihxé
|-
| die, to || *q̓alálʸ ~ *q̓alá-
|-
| directional || *-lal
|-
| dirty || *c̓áʔc̓a
|-
| doe || *maṭʰéy
|-
| door || *hohwá
|-
| dove || *maˑyú, *maˑyúˑ
|-
| dream, to || *qʰaʔadˑú-
|-
| drink, to || *hoʔq̓ó(k)
|-
| duck || *q̓aˑyán (~ *q̓ayáˑn ?)
|-
| durative || *-kid-
|-
| ear || *xiˑmánʸ
|-
| earth || *ʔa(h)máṭ
|-
| east || *ʔaxóˑ
|-
| eat, chew, to || *qawá-
|-
| eat, to || *kuhˑú-
|-
| egg || *hik̓óˑ, *hik̓ó
|-
| elbow || *q̓o/uhsá
|-
| embers, charcoal || *mahsíkʔ/tʔ
|-
| enemy || *kuhmá
|-
| excrement || *ʔahpʰá
|-
| eye, face || *huʔúy
|-
| fat || *ʔihpʰúy
|-
| father || *meʔˑé
|-
| father, father's || *bá-ˑc̓i
|-
| father, mother's || *-ká-ˑc̓i
|-
| fawn || *nuhwákʔ
|-
| feather, small/down || *ʔahṭʰé ~ *ʔahṭʰén ?
|-
| feather, large || *hiʔˑí
|-
| fire || *ʔohx̣ó
|-
| first person singular subject || *haʔáˑ
|-
| first person singular object || *ʔawí-toˑ
|-
| first person singular possessive prefix || *ʔawí-
|-
| first personal plural subject || *awá-ya
|-
| first personal plural object || *ʔawá-ya-l
|-
| fish || *ʔahxá
|-
| five || *ṭuhxo
|-
| flea || *ʔiˑméla
|-
| flesh || *c̓iʔˑí
|-
| flint || *qʰahká
|-
| fly, to (1) || *hakˑá- ( ?)
|-
| fly, to (2) || *pʰudí-
|-
| fly, n. || *c̓amolʸ
|-
| food || *maʔá
|-
| foot || *qʰaˑmánʸ
|-
| forehead || *diˑlé
|-
| forest, deep, dense (hence shaded) || *xiˑyó
|-
| fox (1) || *haq̓áw
|-
| fox (2) || *duˑcá
|-
| frog || *waˑṭakʔ/qʔ
|-
| give round object || *dihqá-
|-
| go, several to || *pʰilá
|-
| good || *q̓oʔdí
|-
| goose || *lála, *hláˑla
|-
| gopher ? || *ʔaˑláme
|-
| grain, grain plant || *muhká
|-
| grass || *qac̓ˑá
|-
| grasshopper || *xahqót
|-
| hair, of head || *heʔˑé, *heʔey( ?)
|-
| hair, of body, fur || *cihmé ~ *ciˑme
|-
| hand || *ʔatʰáˑna ~ *ʔatʰaná
|-
| hawk || *k̓iyáˑ
|-
| head || *kináˑlʸ, *xináˑ/lʸ, *kʰináˑ ?
|-
| hear, to || *xóˑki-
|-
| hemp || *mahxá
|-
| hole || *hiˑmó
|-
| horn || *haʔˑá
|-
| hot, to be || *muht̓ám-
|-
| house || *ʔahká
|-
| hunt, to || *boˑʔó
|-
| imperative singular || *-im
|-
| jackrabbit || *ʔaˑmáˑqala
|-
| jay || *c̓ayi ~ *c̓aˑyi
|-
| jealous || *ʔayél
|-
| kinsman, one's own, in generations above ego || *-ˑc̓i
|-
| laugh, to || *kʰuwáy
|-
| leach, to || *kʰeʔé-
|-
| leaf (1) || *siʔṭ̓ál
|-
| leaf (2) || *xihpʰa
|-
| mountain || *dȧˑnó
|-
| mouth || *ʔahx̣á
|-
| mud || *báˑto
|-
| mudhen (?) || *qʰá-c̓iyàt ~ *qʰa-c̓it
|-
| mush, acorn || *ṭʰoʔó(ˑ)
|-
| mushroom (1) || *hic̓éˑ
|-
| mushroom (2) || *k̓aˑlál
|-
| mussel (ocean clam ?) || *lȧʔq̓ó
|-
| name || *ʔahxí
|-
| navel || *ʔohqó-hmo
|-
| neck || *q̓óyu
|-
| negative (1) || *-tʰin ?
|-
| negative (2) || *kʰów ~ *akʰˑów
|-
| dip net || *waˑyákʔ/qʔ
|-
| new || *xiˑwéy
|-
| night || *duwˑé
|-
| north || *kuhˑúla ( ?)
|-
| nose || *hiˑlá
|-
| oak, black || *yuhxíy, *lixúy
|-
| oak, live (?) || *maʔk̓i(bʔ)
|-
| oak, mush || *c̓ipʰa, *c̓apʰˑa
|-
| oak, sp. || *wiyú
|-
| oak, white || *qaʔban/l-
|-
| object case || *-al ~ *-to
|-
| occiput || *kʰaˑyá
|-
| on, on top of, above || *wína ~ *wináˑ
|-
| one || *k̓á-, *káˑ-
|-
| onion, wild || *qʰaʔbat/y
|-
| optative || *-ix
|-
| pain || *duṭʰál
|-
| panther || *yahmóṭʔ
|-
| path || *hiʔdá
|-
| people, group of people, village, race || *nȧhpʰó
|-
| pepperwood tree || *bahˑébʔ
|-
| pepperwoodnut || *bahˑé
|-
| phlegm || *q̓uʔlés
|-
| pick up a non-long object, to || *dihkí
|-
| pinole || *yuhhú(ˑ), *yuhx̣ú(ˑ) ?, *yuhhúy, *yuhx̣úyʔ
|-
| pitch || *qʰahwé, *qʰahwé
|-
| plural act (1) || *-lV-
|-
| plural act (2) (with extent?) || *-ma
|-
| plural number || *-aya
|-
| poison, poisoning song || *q̓oˑʔó ~ *q̓oʔóˑ
|-
| poison oak || *hmaˑṭi̇́yu ~ *maˑṭi̇́yuho ?
|-
| potato, Indian || *hiʔbúnʸ
|-
| pregnant || *wiˑní
|-
| quail || *xaqáˑqa
|-
| quail topknot || *qʰéya ~ *ʔehqʰéya
|-
| raccoon || *qʰaʔdús ~ *qʰahlús ?
|-
| rain || *kehkʰé(ˑ) ~ *ihkʰé
|-
| raw/alive || *qa(h)xó-
|-
| reciprocal || *~(h)ma(ˑ)k̓ ~ *-ma(ˑ)k̓-
|-
| reciprocal relationship || *-a(ˑ)q
|-
| rectum || *haṭ̓á, *(ṭ̓i ?)
|-
| reed, sp. || *c̓iwíx
|-
| reflexive || *-i(ˑ)k̓i
|-
| rib || *misˑá(ˑ)kʔ
|-
| ridge/mountain || *wixálʸ
|-
| rock || *qʰaʔbé
|-
| salt (1) || *ṭaʔq̓o
|-
| salt (2) || *kʰeʔéˑ
|-
| sand/gravel || *miˑṭákʔ
|-
| saw apart, to || *xuqʰáˑ-
|-
| seaweed, edible || *ʔoˑṭóno
|-
| second person singular subject || *ʔaˑmá
|-
| second person singular object || *míˑ-to ~ *mí-to ~ *mi-tó
|-
| second person singular possessive prefix || *mi-
|-
| second person plural subject || *ʔaˑmá-ya
|-
| second person plural object || *ʔaˑmá-ya-l
|-
| see || *kád-, *káˑd-
|-
| seed || * ?isóˑ, *ʔisóy
|-
| semelfactive || *-ki-
|-
| sentence connective (1) || *-pʰila
|-
| sentence connective (2) || *-pʰi
|-
| sentence connective (3) || *-in
|-
| separate from someone, to || *q̓á(ˑ), *q̓a-(m-)(h)mak̓
|-
| shoulder || *c̓uwáˑ
|-
| sibling, younger || *ṭ̓áqi
|-
| sinew || *hiˑmá
|-
| sister, father's || *múc̓i ~ *múˑc̓i ~ *wéˑqi
|-
| sister, mother's older || *ṭʰúˑc̓
|-
| sister, mother's younger || *xéˑqi
|-
| sister, older || *déˑqi
|-
| sister's husband || *kóˑdʔ, *qóˑdʔ ?
|-
| sit, to || *ká-
|-
| sit down, to || *kahkí-
|-
| six || *lanká, *káci
|-
| skin || *ćʔdá
|-
| skunk || *nupʰéṭ
|-
| sky || *qalí, *qalínʸ
|-
| sleep, to || *siˑmán
|-
| slow || *pʰaláˑ
|-
| slug || *paʔláˑ
|-
| smoke || *ʔohx̣ósa(xà), *saxá
|-
| snot || *hiˑlásu
|-
| snow || *ʔihyúlʸ
|-
| soaproot || *haʔˑá(ˑ)bʔ
|-
| son-in-law || *hkéye
|-
| sour || *móc̓ ~ *móˑc̓
|-
| south || *ʔiyó
|-
| speculative || *-xe-
|-
| spider || *ʔikʰáˑ, *mikʰá, *ikʰá
|-
| spit || *ʔihqʰetʔ
|-
| spleen || *maṭ́éˑ
|-
| spring (of water) || *(qʰa) qahpʰá
|-
| squirrel || *kuˑmáṭʔ, *qumáṭ
|-
| stink, to || *mihxé
|-
| stop doing, to || *-hyéˑ-
|-
| stories, myths, to tell || *maṭúˑ
|-
| string || *suˑlímaṭʔ
|-
| suckerfish || *xamólʸ
|-
| sun || *haʔdá
|-
| sweat || *mikʰˑéq
|-
| tail || *hibá
|-
| talk, to || *kȧhnów
|-
| tears || *huʔuy-qʰà(ˑ)
|-
| testicles || *yȧqolʸ
|-
| thing || *á(ˑ)maˑ
|-
| third person masculine singular subject || *hamíyabʔ
|-
| third person masculine singular object || *hamíˑb-al
|-
| third person feminine singular subject || *hamíyadʔ
|-
| third person feminine singular object || *hamíˑd-al
|-
| third person singular possessive prefix || *hamíyaˑ-
|-
| throat || *mihyánʸ
|-
| tick || *aṭ̓aʔláˑ
|-
| tongue || *haʔbálʸ ~ *hawba(ˑ) ~ *hibʔa
|-
| tooth || *hȧʔˑo
|-
| tree || *qʰaˑlé
|-
| tule, round || *bakóˑ
|-
| tule sprout || *ṭʰiʔbéˑ
|-
| two || *ʔaqʰóc
|-
| umbilicus || *ʔohqó
|-
| uphill || *dȧnóˑ
|-
| valley, clearing || *qahqó
|-
| walk, to || *hwáˑd-, *wáˑd-
|-
| water || *ʔahqʰá
|-
| west (1) || *mihila, *mix̣ila
|-
| west (2) || *bóˑ
|-
| what || *(baˑ)q́o(ˑ)
|-
| whistle || *li(?)búˑ
|-
| white || *qahlé
|-
| wildcat || *dȧˑlóm(ʔ)
|-
| wind || *ʔihyá
|-
| winter || *qʰu(ʔ)c̓áˑ-
|-
| wolf || *cihméwa ~ *ciméwa
|-
| woman || *ʔimáˑta
|-
| wood || *ʔahx̣áy
|-
| wood duck || *waṭá-
|-
| wood rat || *mihyóqʔ
|-
| worm (1) || *biˑlá
|-
| worm (2) || *ʔikʰólʸ
|}

 Hụkwa 

 Boontling - asụsụ Bekee e wuru ewu na-etinye okwu Pomo

 Central, Northern na Southern Pomo Language Apps dị na Ụlọ Ahịa App. Southern Pomo nwere ngwa 2 ugbu a. Otu a na-akpọ Learn Southern Pomo - mkpụrụ akwụkwọ na otu a na- bingaka Southern Pomo Language - Intro.

 Ihe edeturu 

 Edensibia 

 Barrett, Samuel A. (1908). The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 6. [<span title="&nbsp;Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span>]
 Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
 Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
 Golla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
 McLendon, Sally & Robert L. Oswalt (1978). "Pomo: Introduction". In California, ed. Robert F. Heizer. Vol. 8 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant, pp. 274–88. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 978-0-16-004574-5.
 Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); .
 Powell, John Wesley. (1891). Indian Linguistic Families Of America, North Of Mexico.  Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 7:1-142. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 


 Njikọ mpụga 

 Pomo (Yakaya, Yokaia, Shanel, Kábinapek) (Asụsụ Abụọ nke Amerịka)  (Asụsụ Ndị A mụrụ n'Amerịka) 
 Kashaya (Kashia, Southwestern Pomo) (Asụsụ Abụọ nke Amerịka)  (Asụsụ Ndị A mụrụ n'Amerịka) 
 Bibliography nke Pomo/Kashaya
 Ndị Pomo: Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi