Dholuo

Asụsụ Dholuo (nke a na-akpọ [d̪ólúô] Tucker 25) ma ọ bụ Nilotic Kavirondo, bụ asụsụ nke otu asụsụ Luo nke Asụsụ Nilotic, nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 4.2 nke Kenya na Tanzania na-asụ, Ethnologue report for Luo ndị bi n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na mpaghara ndịda. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka mgbasa ozi na Ramogi TV na KBC (Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, nke bụbu Voice of Kenya).

Dholuo na Alur, Acholi, Adhola na Lango nke Uganda na-aghọta ibe ha. Dholuo na asụsụ Uganda ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu nwere njikọ asụsụ na Dholuo nke South Sudan na Anuak nke Ethiopia n'ihi mmalite agbụrụ nke Ndị Luo buru ibu na-asụ Asụsụ Luo.

A na-eme atụmatụ na Dholuo nwere 90% yiri Leb Alur (Alur), 83% na Leb Achol (Acholi), 81% na Leb Lango na 93% na Dhopadhola (Adhola). Otú ọ dị, a na-agụkarị ndị a dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche n'agbanyeghị mmalite agbụrụ n'ihi mgbanwe asụsụ nke mmegharị ala kpatara.

 Ịgụ na ide (N'ime ndị Luo si South Nyanza) ) 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|O nwere mpaghara ebe ndị Seventh-day Adventist British East Africa Mission rụrụ ọrụ. A na-egosi agwaetiti Rusinga na obodo Kisii.
Ntọala nke asụsụ Dholuo e dere ede na ọdịnala Dholuo nke taa, yana mmelite nke Ndị Jaluo na Kenya, malitere na 1907 site na mbata nke onye ozi ala ọzọ nke Seventh-day Adventist a mụrụ na Canada Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, onye ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ ya n'ihe dị ka afọ 14 n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria hapụrụ ihe nketa.  (Nke a metụtara naanị Luo nke Southern Nyanza, nke dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria). Ihe nketa a na-aga n'ihu taa site n'ezinụlọ Obama nke Kenya na Chọọchị Seventh-day Adventist nke Obamas na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ Jaluo tọghatara na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 dị ka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ e zigara Carscallen ka ọ gbanwee. Obamas nke Kenya bụ ndị ikwu nke onye bụbu onye isi ala US Barack Obama . Peter Firstbrook, The Obamas: The Untold Story of an African Family. Crown Publishers, 2011. p. 106.

Site na 1906 ruo 1921, Carscallen bụ onye nlekọta nke Seventh-day Adventist Church's British East Africa Mission, a na-enyekwa ya ọrụ ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya na nso Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ime ntọghata n'etiti ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ga-agụnye Gendia, Wire Hill, Rusinga Island, Kanyadoto, Karungu, Kisii (Nyanchwa), na Kamagambo. N'afọ 1913, ọ nwetara obere ígwè obibi akwụkwọ maka Mission ma guzobe obere ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ na Gendia iji bipụta ihe ndị dị na chọọchị, mana o jikwa ya mee ihe iji metụta agụmakwụkwọ na ịgụ na ide na mpaghara ahụ.

N'ime ihe dị ka afọ ise na-achịkwa ọgbakọ Jaluo n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, Carscallen nwetara ikike nke asụsụ Dholuo ma bụrụ onye mbụ belatara asụsụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ide, na-ebipụta ụtọ asụsụ elementrị nke asụsụ Nilotic-Kavirondo (Dhö Lwo), yana ụfọdụ ahịrịokwu bara uru, okwu Bekee-Kavirond na Kavirondo-English, na ụfọdụ mmega ahụ nwere isi maka otu ihe ahụ na 1910. Firstbrook, Ibid., p. 126; Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, Elementary grammar of the Nilotic-Kavirondo language (Dhö Lwo), together with some useful phrases, English-Kavirondo and Kavirondo-English vocabulary, and some exercises with key to the same. London: St. Joseph's Foreign Missionary Society, 1910.; Dictionary of African Christian Biography — Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen. ahụ, ihe karịrị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ozi ahụ sụgharịrị akụkụ nke Agba Ọhụrụ site na Bekee gaa na Dholuo, nke British and Foreign Bible Society mechara bipụta.

A na-eji akwụkwọ nkuzi ụtọ asụsụ Carscallen mepụtara mee ihe n'ọtụtụ afọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya, mana echefuola onye dere ya. E mechara kpọwa ya Dho-Luo for Beginners, ma bipụtaghachi ya na 1936. Na mgbakwunye na ederede ụtọ asụsụ, Carscallen chịkọtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu sara mbara nke "Kavirondo" (Dholuo) na Bekee, nke dị na School of Oriental and African Studies, Mahadum London, UK. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ọrụ ndị a ka e dochiri, naanị emelitere, na nsụgharị ọhụrụ e dezigharịrị nke ntọala asụsụ nke Carscallen guzobere na 1910. Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, Kavirondo Dictionary. Mimeographed, n.d. 374p. (SOAS Collections). Luo and English; Melvin K. Hendrix, An International Bibliography of African Lexicons. Scarecrow Press, 1982.

 Ọmụmụ ụdaolu 

 Mkpụrụedemede 
Dholuo nwere usoro abụọ nke ụdaume ise, nke a na-eme ka ọ dị iche site na njirimara <span typeof="mw:Nowiki" id="mwUw">[±ATR]</span> nke a na'elu nke mbụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ATR bụ phonemic n'asụsụ ahụ, usoro nkwekọrịta ụdaume dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa ma nwee ike ịgbanwe ATR nke ụdaume na mmepụta. Mgbanwe  ugbu a n'asụsụ ụfọdụ nke Dholuo bụ na nnọchiaha ụfọdụ yiri ka ha na-efunahụ ọdịiche ATR ma jiri [±ATR] mee ihe n'efu.
+[−ATR] ụdaume na DholuoN'ihuCentralỊlaghachi azụIhe dị nsoɪỌ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọN'etitiỌ bụỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme yaEmegheɐ
+[+ATR] ụdaume na DholuoN'ihuCentralỊlaghachi azụN'akụkụiuN'etitinaoEmeghea

 Mkpụrụ okwu 
Na tebụl nke ụdaume dị n'okpuru ebe a, a na-etinye akara orthographic n'etiti oghere oghere na-eso akara IPA. Rịba ama karịsịa ihe ndị a: ojiji nke /j/, nke a na-ahụkarị na orthographies nke Afrịka; ojiji, ojiji bụ plosives, ọ bụghị fricatives dị ka na Swahili spelling (ma phoneme /d̪/ nwere ike fricativize intervocalically). Tucker §1.43
+Ndepụta ụdaume na DholuoAkpụkpọ ahụEzé ezéAlveolarPalatalVelarMkpịsị akaỤgbọ imi__ibo__ m'ihi ya, ọ bụNkọwaỌdịdịn'ihi ya__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdịNkọwaNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo__ ŋ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdịPlosivetupu ịlụ di ma ọlị__ibo__ mb'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdịnd'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdịɲɟ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị__ibo____ibo__ ŋɡ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdịenweghị olup'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị otú aNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo____ibo__ AtụmatụNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo__ t'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma aỌdịdịc'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdịk'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdịkwuru okwub b b bAkwụkwọ bụ́ "Spanish"Ọdịdị__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ihe omuma nke aỌdịdị__ibo__ d'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa__ibo__ Ihe omuma di iche icheỌdịdịɡọ a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdịIhe na-esiri ike__ibo____ibo____ibo__ f'ihi ya__ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọỌdịdịSINAIhe omuma aỌdịdị__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdịIhe na-atọ ụtọ__ibo__ Ịnọba__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdịIhe atụ__ibo__ w'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma ahuỌdịdịl'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo__ j'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNa-ekwu maka yaỌdịdị

 Ihe ndị e ji mara ụdaolu 
Dholuo bụ Asụsụ ụda olu. Okoth Okombo §1.3.4 nwere ma ụda okwu na ụda ụtọ asụsụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ na mmepụta nke ngwaa na-agaghị agafe agafe. Ọ nwere nkwekọrịta ụdaume site na Ọnọdụ ATR: ụdaume dị na okwu na-abụghị nke a ga-abụ ma ọ bụ [+ATR] ma ọ bụ [−ATR]. Ihe ATR-harmony chọrọ Tucker §1.3, §1.42-agbasa na semivowels /w/, /ɥ/ . [1]   [Nkọwa dị mkpa] Ogologo ụdaume dị iche.

 Asụsụ 
Dholuo bụ ihe a ma ama maka mgbanwe ụdaume ya dị mgbagwoju anya, nke a na-eji, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, eme ihe n'ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị a na-apụghị ịnapụ site na ndị a na'apụghị ịpụ apụ. Ihe atụ mbụ bụ ihe onwunwe a na-apụghị ịnapụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọkpụkpụ abụghị akụkụ nke nkịta.

Otú ọ dị, ihe na-esonụ bụ ihe atụ nke ihe onwunwe a na-apụghị ịnapụ ya, ọkpụkpụ bụ akụkụ nke ehi:


 Okwu Nlereanya 
BekeeLuoekelemisawa (ber) Olee otú ị dị?Idhi nade? Intie nade?Anọ m mma.Ọ bụ otú e si ekwu okwu.Gịnị bụ aha gị?Nyingi ng'a?Aha m bụ...Nyinga na...Obi dị m ụtọ ịhụ gị.Ịhụnanya.Ebee ka ị si bịa?Na jakanye?ụtụtụ dị mmaOyaworeGood EveningỌ na-akpụziChineke gọzie gị.Ọ bụ ogwedhi ka ụkọchukwu.ọrụ dị mmaỌ bụ otú e si eme yaNzọpụtaresoksị ka e keleeoritiAchọrọ m mmiri.Adwaro piakpịrị na-akpọ m nkụ.Ọ bụ mmadụ ka a na-eme ya. / Riyo omaka. / Riyo ohinga.Ekele maka gịIsiokwunwaOnye isi alanwa akwụkwọ (nwa akwụkwọ mahadum) N'ihi ya, ụmụ amaala na-ejere ya ozibịabigaadhiyowere yakawnloghachidwoklaghachidwoginọdụ alaBitiguzo / kwụsịchung' / weeagụụIhe ndị dị mkpaAgụ na-agụ m.Kech kayannawuoro [Dinka] wurnneMy [Dinka] mor merChinekemulungu, Nyakalaga, Were, Obong'o (Aha dị iche iche metụtara àgwà dị iche iche nke Chineke) Onyenwe anyị (Chineke) Ọnụ ọgụgụ (Nyasaye) Chineke dị mmaỌ bụ ụkọchukwuenyemakakony [Dinka] ba konynwokedichuonwanyịNkọwanwa nwokeIwuyi (wuowi) nwa agbọghọnyako [Dinka] nyaakwụkwọbuk, [Alego/Seme] bugendị ntorobịaraweramkpịsị akwụkwọrandikimkpụmkpụonyasauwe eluogologo oge'tebụltebụlefereTaomkpọchiihe dị ụkọ, ọsọ ọsọonye ndújettelowetakelLaghachi ebe ahụ.Nkịta kuchaLaghachi ebe a.Duog kajụọ / jụọpennyAjụjụNwaanyịịgba ọsọRing [Dinka]ịga ijewuothiịwụli eludum / chikri [Alego/Seme]Mmiri ozuzokothanyanwụỤbọchị'ọnwadwe / dueekpakpandosulwegịọrụazụ[Dinka]oyiỌmụmụ iheAchọrọ m iri nri.Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya.Enwere m ihe m ga-ekwuGi wachnnakwaro [Dinka] / kwarnne nnedayo [Dinka] / ụbọchịnwoke ọchaja rachar / ombogo / ja wagundaehi / ehidwasi / dhiang'na-abụ abụwer [Dinka]abụwe wereezi, mara mmaber, jaberihe ọjọọrachalụmdi na nwunyekend [Dinka], "keny" bụ usoro, "thiek" bụ alụmdi na nwunyelụọ dikendoechiKnyaụtaaAha nnaebe aka / kaen'ebe ahụ (nke dị nso) Nnukwu ihe.n'ebe ahụ (n'ebe dị anya) kuchonwaOnye isi alaegoomenda / chung' / oboke / sendi / pesaégbèachịchaégbè égbèNnukwu achịchammalitechakinrọlekiguzochung'mba ofesilokaokwuỤgbọelunọdụ alaBitiotutopakIri nriChiemọkụmachAchọrọ m ugali.Ọ ga-eme ihe.ọkaoduma, bandoọka na agwanyoyotagzimatatu (Swahili) ugbopuodho (Alego-Ndalo) ịkwa ákwà / igwu aladị ọcha / kunyna-efe efe (n'elu) fuyonnụnụlwang'niiyi (osimiri) aoraọdọ mmiriNwanyịoké osimiriatarobikoasayi

 Ihe odide 

 Akwụkwọ 

 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Luo: Asụsụ. Akwụkwọ edemede: Mahadum Yale.
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Asụsụ Luo elementrị nwere okwu. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
 Omondi, Lucia Ndong'a (1982). Isi usoro syntactic nke Dholuo. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
 Tucker, A. N. (nke Chet A. Creider dere) (1994). Asụsụ nke Kenya Luo (Dholuo). Ụgbọelu abụọ. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] A Functional Grammar nke Dholuo. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
 Odaga, Asenath Bole (1997). Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bekee-Dholuo. Lake Publishers & Enterprises, Kisumu.   ISBN 9966-48-781-6. 
 Odhiambo, Reenish Acieng' na Aagard-Hansen, Jens (1998). Akwụkwọ ọmụmụ Dholuo. Nairobi
 Capen, Carole Jamieson 1998. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu asụsụ abụọ Dholuo-English, Kenya. Tucson (Arizona): nke onwe ya bipụtara. Kurasa ix, 322. [  ] 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 link=|alt=flag|border|class=noviewer|32x32pxEbe nrụọrụ weebụ Kenya
 link=|alt=flag|border|class=noviewer|32x32pxEbe nrụọrụ weebụ Tanzania
 alt=icon|class=noviewer|28x28pxPortal Asụsụ

 Okwu Luo na ihe ndị bụ isi
 Ntuziaka bara uru maka ịmụ Luo
 A Handbook of the Kavirondo Language (1920) - otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị mbụ gbasara Dholuo
 Lakeside Font - True Type Font maka ide na Dholuo (echekwara) 
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations