Asụsụ Dinka

Dinka (nke bụ́ Thuɔŋjäŋ, Thoŋ ë Jieng ma ọ bụ nanị Jieng) bụ ụyọkọ olumba Nilotic nke ndị Dinka na-asụ, bụ́ agbụrụ bụ́ isi nke South Sudan.  Enwere ụdị isi dị iche iche, dị ka Padang, Rek, Agaar, Ciec, Apaak, Aliep, Bor, Hol, Nyarweng, Twic East na Twic Mayardit,  bụ ndị pụrụ iche (n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere nghọta) chọrọ iche iche.  ụkpụrụ edemede.  A na-eji Jaang, Jieng ma ọ bụ Muonyjieng dị ka okwu izugbe kpuchie asụsụ Dinka niile.  Na nso nso a, Akutmɛ̤t Latueŋ Thuɔŋjäŋ (Ndị Mmepe Asụsụ Dinka) atụpụtawo otu mkpụrụ edemede edekọtara ọnụ nke Dinka.

Asụsụ kacha nwee njikọ na Dinka bụ asụsụ Nuer.  Asụsụ Luo nwekwara njikọ chiri anya.  Okwu Dinka na-egosi oke nso na Nubian, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmekọrịta oge ochie n'etiti ndị Dinka na alaeze Alodia.

Dinka nwere usoro ụdaume bara ụba, nwere ụdaume dị mkpụmkpụ iri na atọ nwere ọdịiche.  Enwere ụdaume asaa gbakwunyere ụzọ abụọ dị na ụda olu.  Ihe ndị dị n'okpuru, [◌̤], na-aka usoro olu ume ume, nke nọchiri anya n'asụsụ Dinka site na diaereses, ⟨◌̈⟩.  Ụdaume na-enweghị akara bụ modal ma ọ bụ na-ada ụda.

 Ọmụmụ ụdaolu 

 Mkpụrụ okwu 
E nwere ụdaume iri abụọ:
Akpụkpọ ahụEzé ezéAlveolarPalatalVelarỤgbọ imimn̪nɲŋKwụsịpbt̪d̪tdcɟkɡọIhe na-esiri ikeɣIhe na-eru nso (N'akụkụ) jwlRhoticɾ

 Mkpụrụedemede 
Dinka nwere usoro ụdaume bara ọgaranya, nke nwere ụdaume iri na atọ dị mkpirikpi. E nwere àgwà ụdaume asaa tinyere ọdịiche ụzọ abụọ na phonation. Ihe  dị n'okpuru, na-egosi usoro olu na-eku ume, nke a na-anọchite anya ya na orthography Dinka site na diaereses, Mkpụrụedemede ndị a na-amaghị aha ha bụ modal ma ọ bụ ụda olu.
N'ihuỊlaghachi azụala dị larịị iku umeala dị larịịiku umeN'akụkụiuN'etiti etitinaoN'etiti oghereỌ bụỌ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme yaEmeghea
A kọwaala ụdaume anọ na ụdaume Dinka: olu modal, olu na-eku ume, olu faucalized, na olu siri ike. Usoro modal nwere mmezu olu na-eme mkpọtụ ma ọ bụ nke siri ike na gburugburu ebe ụfọdụ, ebe ụdaume na-eku ume dị n'etiti ma kọwaa ya dị ka ụda olu (faucalized). Nke  na-adabere na ụda.

Remijsen, Bert (2013). "Tonal alignment is contrastive in falling contours in Dinka" (PDF). Language. 89 (2): 297–327. doi:10.1353/lan.2013.0023. hdl:20.500.11820/1a385cb5-78ab-44d7-adec-93744524bc3d. S2CID 144514695.'elu nke a, e nwere ụdaume atọ dị iche iche, ihe a na-ahụ n'asụsụ ole na ole.Ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa Dinka bụ otu, Ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa Dinka bụ otu, nke mechiri emechi nwere ma nke dị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ ogologo ụdaume.  Ụfọdụ mgbagha na-agbatị ụdaume ahụ:

  'iche\2sg'
  'iche\3sg'
 // 'kpaliri\2sg'
  'kpaliri\3sg'

dị mkpirikpiràaan ā-lèl"Ị na-ekewapụ mmadụ (raaan)."ogologo ogeràaan ā-leeel"Ọ na-ekewapụ mmadụ".ogologo ogelràaan ā-leeel"Ọ na-akpasu mmadụ iwe".
Ojiji dị ukwuu nke ụda na mmekọrịta ya na ọdịdị bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama nke asụsụ niile nke Dinka. Asụsụ Bor niile nwere ụda anọ Remijsen, Bert (2013). "Tonal alignment is contrastive in falling contours in Dinka" (PDF). Language. 89 (2): 297–327. doi:10.1353/lan.2013.0023. hdl:20.500.11820/1a385cb5-78ab-44d7-adec-93744524bc3d. S2CID 144514695. ọkwa mkpụrụedemede: Low, High, Mid, na Fall.

Na Bor n'onwe ya, a naghị ahụ ụda na-ada na ụdaume dị mkpirikpi ma e wezụga dị ka ntụgharị maka passive na oge ugbu a.  Nyaarweng na Twïc  a hụghị ya ma ọlị. Na Bor n'onwe ya, na ikekwe n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụ Fall dị ka nke a na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu prosodic. N'ebe ọzọ ọ na-aghọ elu.

Na Bor n'onwe ya na ikekwe asụsụ ndị ọzọ, ụda dị ala bụ ụda dị ala naanị mgbe ụda dị ala ọzọ gasịrị. N'ebe ọzọ ọ na-ada, mana ọ bụghị otu ihe ahụ dị ka Fall: Ọ naghị adị elu n'etiti ahịrịokwu, ndị ọkà okwu nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụda abụọ na-ada n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha nwere otu ụda olu. Ihe dị iche na-egosi na ọ dị na oge: na Fall onye na-anụ ụda dị elu nke na-ada, ebe allophone na-ada ada na-amalite ịda wee pụta.  (Ya bụ, otu na-ada na mora mbụ nke ụdaume, ebe nke ọzọ na-ada na mora nke abụọ.) Nke a bụ ihe ọhụrụ n'ihi na e chepụtawo na ndịrịta iche oge dị otú ahụ abụghị ụda ụda. 

 Ọdịdị 
Asụsụ a na-egosipụta ụdaume ablaut ma ọ bụ apophony, mgbanwe nke ụdaume dị n'ime (dị ka goose / geese Bekee): After Bauer 2003:35
OtuỌtụtụịma mmaMgbanwe ụdaume'ubi/ubi' () 'frame/frame' () 

 Asụsụ 
Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ekewa Dinka n'ime asụsụ ise ma ọ bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ kwekọrọ na ọnọdụ ala ha n'ihe gbasara ibe ha: 

Ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ:

 Padaŋ nke Ayuël jiel (Abiliang, Nyiël, Ageer, D Disney).
 Luäc (Akook, Wieu, Aguer) 
 Ŋɔŋ de Jok (Upper Nile) 
 Rut
 Thoi

Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ:

 Ŋɔŋ nke Jok Athuorkok (Abiei) 
 Ŋ nke Jok de Awet
 Kuel nke Ruweeng (Panaru, Aloor ku Paweny) 

Ndịda Central:

 Aliap
 Ciëc (Jang) 
 Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịṅụ mmanya
 Agaar
 Apääk de Yirol n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.

Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ:

 Bor
 Twic (Abụọ) 
 Nyarweng
 Hol

Ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ:

 Malual-Jinyaaɛrŋ (Abiëm, Pali alli, Aroyo, Paliëupiny ku Pajok) 

 Luänyjäŋ
 Twic Bol

Rek

 Nwunye na-anọ
 Apuk
 Awan Cän ku Awan Mɔ̈u
 Ụgbọ mmiri
 Abiëm Mayar
 Ọ na-eme ihe na-eme
 Nöi Ayii
 Nyaŋ Aköc
 Atok Buk
 Ler Akën
 Awan Parek
 Lɔn Ariik
 Mgbe ị na-eme ya
 Kɔŋgör Arop
 Apuk Padɔc
 Muɔk Aköt Wut
 Yär Ayiɛɛi
 Apuk Jurwiir
 N'ihi ya, ọ na-eme ihe nkiri
 Luäny Malek
 Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-akpọ Ya
 Thïïk/Thïŋ Majɔk
 Kɔŋ-ŋör Akuëcbɛ̈ny
 Onye na-amụ nwa
 Adöör Mabior
 Bäc

Ihe ndị a ga-abụ ihe a na-aghọta ibe ha ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị maka mkpa ụda dị na mgbanwe ụtọ asụsụ, dịka ọrụ ụtọ asụsụ nke ụda dị iche site n'otu ụdị gaa na nke ọzọ.

Lee Ethnologue online map nke Sudan maka ebe nke olumba.

 Usoro ide ihe 

Ejirila ọtụtụ Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latin dee Dinka kemgbe mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ dị ugbu a bụ:

 a ä b c d dh e ë ɛ̈ g ɣ i ï j k l m n nh ny ŋ t th u w o ö ɔ̈ p r

Akwụkwọ ozi dị ugbu aIhe ndị ọzọė ("e" nwere ntụpọ n'elu) h, x, qng"O" nke nwere ntụpọ n'elu ya) 
Aleu Majok Aleu mepụtara mkpụrụedemede Dinka dabere  edemede Nilerian. 

N'afọ 2020, Deng Chol webatara usoro edemede Dinka ọhụrụ (Nilotic Script), e mepụtara edemede ọhụrụ ahụ site na usoro edemede Meroëtic oge ochie, https://m.facebook.com/story.php?
story_fbid0244koadcEeYx
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SamiqMz247YAewH7gQRSE3Uhz9tz9t Azl&J2=1110637293327802
Jocmibexhttps://m.
facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0244koadcEeYx
CqJ8L6s8LZq9DxfyFdfGo8YSamiMqz247
YAewH7gQRSE3Uhz9tzAzl&id=
111062937332780&mibextid=2JQ9oc

 Ihe Nlereanya 
Isiokwu 1 nke Universal Declaration of Human Rights 

Dinka: N'oge a na-eme ihe nkiri, n'oge a, n'ebe a na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ahụ, n'ime oge a na-anọ n'oge ọzọ. 

Igbo:  A mụrụ mmadụ niile nweere onwe ha nhata na ugwu na ikike.  Enyere ha uche na akọ na uche ma kwesị ịkpakọrịta ibe ha n'ime mmụọ nke ụmụnna.

 Hụkwa 


 Ndị Dinka
 Asụsụ Naịl na Sahara

 Edensibia 

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations