Asụsụ Nuu-chah-nulth

Nuu-chah-nulth (nuučaan̓uń),  a.k.a. Nootka (//'nuːtkə//), Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh bụ Asụsụ Wakashan na Pacific Northwest nke North America n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Vancouver Island, site Ụda Barkley Sound ruo Quatsino Sound na British Columbia site n'aka ndị Nuu-cha-nulth. Nuu-chah-nulth bụ asụsụ Southern Wakashan metụtara Nitinaht na Makah.

Ọ bụ asụsụ mbụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Pacific Northwest Coast nwere ihe edere ede na-akọwa ya. N'afọ 1780, ndị Captain Vancouver, Quadra, na ndị nchọpụta na ndị ahịa Europe ndị ọzọ na-agakarị Nootka Sound na obodo Nuu-chah-nulth ndị ọzọ, na-akọ akụkọ banyere njem ha. Site na 1803-1805 John R. Jewitt, onye England na-akpụ ihe, bụ onye isi Maquinna jidere Ụda Nootka Sound. O mere mgbalị ịmụta asụsụ ahụ, na 1815 bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta nwere nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke okwu ya.

 Aha ya 
Ebe okwu ahụ bụ "Nuu-chah-nulth", nke pụtara "n'èzí [nke Vancouver Island]" sitere na 1970s, mgbe ìgwè dị iche iche nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ a sonyere, na-enweghị mmasị na okwu ahụ bụ" (nke pụtara "gagharị" ma ghọta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọ bụ aha ebe, nke a na-akpọ Yuquot n'ezie). Aha e nyere site na isi mmalite maka asụsụ a bụ Tahkaht; a na-ejikwa aha ahụ na-ezo aka n'onwe ha (mgbọrọgwụ aht pụtara "ndị mmadụ"). Some account of the Tahkaht language, as spoken by several tribes on the western coast of Vancouver island , Hatchard and Co., London, 1868

 Ọmụmụ ụdaolu 

 Mkpụrụ okwu 
Mkpụrụedemede 35 nke Nuu-chah-nulth:
+Mkpụrụ okwuBilabialAlveolar[lower-alpha 1]PalatalVelarUvularPharyn-geal<br id="mwUQ">Mkpịsị akaetitisibilantn'akụkụala dị larịịegbugbere ọnụala dị larịịegbugbere ọnụPlosive/Africateala dị larịịptt͡st͡ɬt͡ʃkqʔejectivepʼtʼt͡sʼt͡ɬʼt͡ʃʼkʼIhe na-esiri ikesɬʃxχħhỌkụ na-ada ụdaala dị larịịmnjwỌdịdị[lower-alpha 2]Glottalized[lower-alpha 3]
+ObiIhe mgbakwunyeNnukwu= na-achaIhe na-egosi=maịNkwado[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Onye ikwu na-enweghị njedebe= (y) iː, = (y).Onye ikwu doro anya[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Onye nọ n'okpuru=nke a na-akpọOnye ikwu na-enwe obi abụọ= (w) uːsiỌnọdụ=quː, =quʹNkwupụta__ibo____ibo____ibo__ A na-akpọ yaIkpe Ziri Ezi__ibo__ =AshObi abụọ__ibo__ =nke a na-akpọ "Ebumnuche=!eeʔit (a), =!aːḥiAjụjụ__ibo____ibo__ A na-akpọ yaIhe Dị Mkpa=!Ihe dị mkpa n'ọdịnihu=!im, =!umgaa-aga ihe dị mkpaỌdịdịna-abịa na-adị mkpa=!Isiokwu[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Isiokwu e kwuru na ya= Ịkpọ ebe
Ọ bụghị ịgụta isiokwu ndị ahụ, ọnọdụ uche niile na-ewere njedebe mmadụ nke na-egosi isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu ahụ.

 Okwu 
Asụsụ Nuu-chah-nulth nyere aka n'ọtụtụ okwu nke Chinook Jargon. A na-eche na azụmahịa oké osimiri na mgbanwe n'etiti Nuu-chah-nulth na ndị ọzọ na-asụ Southern Wakashan na ndị na-asụrụ Chinookan nke ala Osimiri Columbia dugara na ntọala nke okwu azụmahịa nke a maara dị ka Chinook. Okwu Nootkan na Chinook Jargon gụnyere hiyu ("ọtụtụ"), site na Nuu-chah-nulth maka "iri", siah ("ebe dị anya"), site na Nowa-chah -nulth maka"eluigwe.

E mepụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke asụsụ ahụ, nke nwere ihe dị ka 7,500, mgbe afọ 15 nke nyocha gasịrị. Ọ dabeere na ọrụ ya na ndị na-ekwu okwu ugbu a na ihe edeturu site n'aka onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Edward Sapir, nke e mere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ gara aga. Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ bụ isiokwu nke esemokwu, na ọtụtụ ndị okenye Nuu-chah-nulth na-ajụ ikike onye edemede nwere ikpughe asụsụ ha.

 Asụsụ 
Nuu-chah-nulth nwere asụsụ iri na abụọ dị iche iche:

 Ahusaht [Swaːsʔatħ] 
 Ehattesaht (AKA Ehattisaht)  
 Hesquiat [ọkaʃkwiːʔatħ] 
 Kyuquot  
 Mowachaht  
 Nuchatlaht  
 Ohiaht (AKA Huu.ay.aht)  
 Clayoquot (AKA Tla.o.qui.aht)  
 Toquaht  
 Tseshaht (AKA Sheshaht)  
 Uchuklesaht (AKA Uchucklesaht) [Waldleːt͡ʃuqtisʔatħ] 
 Ucluelet (AKA Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ)  

 Nsụgharị nke aha Mba Mbụ 

 Nuu-Chah-Nulth - "n'akụkụ ugwu na oké osimiri niile." Nuu-chah-nulth bụ ndị a maara dị ka "Nootka" site n'aka ndị bi na ya (ma ha na-ahọrọ ka a ghara ịkpọ ya nke ahụ, kama Nuu-chahi-nulth nke na-akọwa nke ọma otú mba mbụ ọ bụla si ejikọta ya na ala na oké osimiri). Ụfọdụ n'ime aha ndị a (Ditidaht, Makah) abụghị akụkụ nke nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nuu-chah-nulth, Otú ọ dị; ha niile bụ atḥ (ndị mmadụ). A na-ejikwa okwu nuučaanułatḥ  mee ihe, nke pụtara "ndị nọ n'akụkụ ugwu na oké osimiri".
 Ahousaht - Ndị bi n'ọnụ mmiri mepere emepe / Ndị bi n"azụ ugwu na ala
 Ucluelet - Ndị nwere ebe nchekwa maka ụgbọ mmiri.
 Ehattesaht - Ndị agbụrụ nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ
 Checkleset - Ndị si n'ebe ị na-enweta ume
 Hesquiaht - Ndị ji ezé ha dọwaa
 Kyuquot - Ndị dị iche iche
 Mowachaht - Ndị nke mgbada
 Muchalaht - Ndị bi n'osimiri Muchalee
 Nuchatlaht - Ndị bi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri zoro ezo
 Huu-ay-aht - Ndị gbakere
 Tseshaht - Ndị si n'àgwàetiti na-esi ísì whale
 Tla-o-qui-aht - Ndị si n'ebe dị iche
 Toquaht - Ndị bi n'ụzọ dị warara
 Uchucklesaht - Ndị bi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'ime
 Ditidaht - Ndị bi n'oké ọhịa
 Hupacasaht - Ndị bi n'elu mmiri
 Quidiishdaht (Makah)  - Ndị bi n'ebe ahụ
 Makah - Ndị na-emesapụ aka na nri

 Nsụgharị nke aha ebe 
Nuuchahnulth nwere aha maka ebe ọ bụla n'ime mpaghara ọdịnala ha. Ndị a bụ naanị ole na ole ka a na-eji ruo taa:

 Hisaawista (esowista)  - E jidere ya site n'ịkụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ ruo ọnwụ, Esowista Peninsula na Esowista Indian Reserve No. 3.
 Yuquot (Friendly Cove) - Ebe ha na-enweta ifufe ugwu, Yuquot
 nootk-sitl (Nootka)  - Gbanwee.
 Maaktusiis - Ebe gafere agwaetiti ahụ, Marktosis
 kakawis - Nkume dị n'ihu ya nke yiri akpa.
 kitsuksis - Osisi gafee ọnụ iyi
 Opitsaht - Agwaetiti nke ọnwa na-ada, Opitsaht
 pacheena - Foamy.
 tsu-ma-uss (somass)  - Ịsa ahụ, Osimiri Somass
 tsahaheh - Ịrịgo.
 Ọ bụ n'ebe a na-edebe ihe n'ebe ahụ ka ọ dị.
 t'iipis - Isiokwu Polly.
 Tsaxana - Ebe dị nso n'osimiri ahụ.
 Source: Ha-shilth-sa newspaper, 2003. Cheewat - Ịdọrọ ebili mmiri.

 Ọnọdụ 
N'iji data sitere na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2021, Statistics Canada kọrọ na mmadụ 665 nwere ike ịme mkparịta ụka na Nuu-chah-nulth. Nke a na-anọchite anya 23.% mmụba karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2016. Ngụkọta ahụ gụnyere ndị na-asụ 280 bụ ndị kọrọ asụsụ ahụ dị ka asụsụ nne. 

 Ihe onwunwe 
A tọhapụrụ ngwa Ehattesaht iPhone na Jenụwarị 2012.   na-enweta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'ịntanetị, akwụkwọ okwu, na ọnụ ụzọ mmụta asụsụ na First Voices Ehattesaht Nuchatlaht Community Portal. [1]

 Hụkwa 

 Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Nuu-chah-nulth
 Ndị Nuu-chah-nulth
 Kansụl Agbụrụ Nuu-chah-nulth
 Nootka Jargon, onye bu ụzọ na Nuu-chah-nulth nke Chinook Jargon
 Asụsụ Nitinaht
 Makah

 Ihe edeturu 

 Edensibia 
okwu ahụ bụ" (nke pụtara "gagharị" ma ghọta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọ bụ aha ebe, nke a na-akpọ Yuquot n'ezie). Aha e nyere site na isi mmalite maka asụsụ a bụ Tahkaht; a na-ejikwaokwu ahụ bụ" (nke pụtara "gagharị" ma ghọta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọ bụ aha ebe, nke a na-akpọ Yuquot n'ezie). Aha e nyere site na isi mmalite maka asụsụ a bụ Tahkaht; a na-ejikwa


 Kim, Eun-Sook (2003). Okwu ndị e chepụtara echepụta na Nuu-chah-nulth phonology na morphology.  (Nkwupụta doctoral, Mahadum nke British Columbia, Ngalaba Asụsụ).
 Nakayama, Toshihide (2001). Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) morphosyntax. Berkeley: Mahadum nke California Press.   ISBN 0-520-09841-2
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1938). Ndị na-aga n'ihu na Navaho, Nootka, na Kwakiutl (na ederede na Indo-European). Asụsụ, 14, 248-274.
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1939). Ihe odide Nootka: Akụkọ na akụkọ ethnological na nkọwa ụtọ asụsụ na ihe ndị na-ekwu okwu. Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America.
 Adam Werle (2015). Ntuziaka ụtọ asụsụ Nuuchahnulth maka nkọwa asụsụ LC. Mahadum Victoria
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1955). Akụkọ ụmụ amaala nke Nootka ethnography. Mbipụta nke Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics (No. 1); International journal of American linguistics (Vol. 21, No. 4, Pt. 2). Bloomington: Mahadum Indiana, Research Center na Anthropology, Folklore, na Linguistics.  (E bipụtaghachiri na 1978 na New York: AMS Press, ISBN).
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (2000). Ihe akaebe na-ada ụda maka ịnya dị ka glottalized pharyngeal glide na Nuu-chah-nulth. Na S. Gessner & S. Oh (Eds.), Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages (pp. 185-197).  Akwụkwọ ọrụ UBC bụ asụsụ (Mpịakọta 3).

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Ihe si na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Nuuchahnulth na-abịa
  (IDLI) .org/biblios/nuubib.htm" id="mwA0o" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Bibliography nke Ihe onwunwe na Asụsụ Nuuchanulth (YDLI) 
 Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) (Asụsụ Obodo Chris Harvey, Font, & Keyboard)  (Asụsụ, Font, & Keyboard nke Chris Harvey) 
 Nuuchahnulth Ihe Nlereanya Ihe odide
 Peeji nke Asụsụ Wakashan
 Asụsụ na Nuu-Chah-Nulth
 Ịchọpụta mmetụta doro anya na Nuu-chah-nulth locatives1
 Ọnọdụ C na Nuu-chah-nulth*
 Asụsụ Nootka na Agbụrụ Ndị India Nootka n'asụsụ ala.org
 Nuu-chah-nulth (Intercontinental Dictionary Series) 
Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations