Asụsụ Hadza

HadzaHazaneA mụrụ ya TanzaniaÓgbèMpaghara Singida, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Eyasi, ogige ndịda na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ; Mpaghara Manyara, Mpaghara Iramba na Mbulu; Mpagha Shinyanga, Mpagha Masawa.Agbụrụ1,200-,300 Hazabee (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2012) Skaanes (2015)Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala1,000+ (2012) Ezinụlọ asụsụAsụsụ dị iche icheKoodu asụsụISO 639-3htsGlottologhadz1240ELPHadzaAkụkọ banyere ụmụ ahụhụHadzaGlottopedia article on Hadza language.framelessMgbasa nke asụsụ Hadza (ọcha ojii) na TanzaniaframelessA na-ahazi Hadza dị ka Vulnerable site na UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in DangerAtlas nke Asụsụ Ụwa Na-anọ n'Ihe Iche NdụIsiokwu a nwere akara ụdaolu IPA. Enweghị nkwado nsụgharị kwesịrị ekwesị, ị nwere ike ịhụ Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Specials (Unicode block)">akara ajụjụ, igbe, ma ọ bụ akara ndị ọzọ kama mkpụrụedemede Unicode. Maka ntuziaka mmeghe na akara IPA, lee Help:IPA.
Hadza bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ihe dị ka 1,000 Ndị Hadza na-asụ n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Eyasi na Tanzania, ndị gụnyere ndị na-achụ nta na-achịkọta oge niile n'Africa. Ọ bụ otu n'ime naanị asụsụ atọ dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka nwere ụdaume pịa. 'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-asụ ya, iji asụsụ eme ihe siri ike, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụaka na-amụta ya, mana UNESCO na-ekewa asụsụ ahụ dị ka nke na-adịghị ike.

 Aha ya 
Hadza na-eji ọtụtụ aha n'akwụkwọ. Hadza n'onwe ya pụtara "mmadụ." Hazabee bụ otutu, na Hazaphii pụtara "ha bụ ụmụ nwoke". Hatza na Hatsa bụ mkpụrụedemede German ochie. A na-akọwa asụsụ ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka Hazane, "nke Hadza".   [citation needed]

Tindiga is from Swahili watindiga "people of the marsh grass" (from the large spring in Mangola) and kitindiga (their language). Kindiga is apparently a form of the same from one of the local Bantu languages, presumably Isanzu.[citation needed] Kangeju (pronounced Kangeyu) is an obsolete German name of unclear origin. Wahi (pronounced Vahi) is the German spelling of the Sukuma name for either the Hadza west of the lake, or perhaps a Sukuma clan that traces its ancestry to the Hadza.

 Nchịkọta 
Hadza is a language isolate (Starostin 2013). It was once classified by many linguists as a Khoisan language, along with its neighbour Sandawe, primarily because they both have click consonants. However, Hadza has very few proposed cognates with either Sandawe or the other putative Khoisan languages, and many of the ones that have been proposed appear doubtful. The links with Sandawe, for example, are Cushitic loan words, whereas the links with southern Africa are so few and so short (usually single consonant–vowel syllables) that they are most likely coincidental. A few words link it with Oropom, which may itself be spurious; the numerals itchâme  "one" and piye  "two" suggest a connection with Kwʼadza, an extinct language of hunter-gatherers who may have had recently shifted to Cushitic. (Higher numerals were borrowed in both languages.)

Enweghị olumba, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụfọdụ okwu mpaghara, ọkachasị ego ndị Bantu, nke dị ọtụtụ na mpaghara ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ nke asụsụ abụọ dị elu.   [citation needed]

A na-egosi asụsụ ahụ dị ka "ihe na-eyi egwu" na Ethnologue . 

 Ọmụmụ ụdaolu 
Ọdịdị mkpụrụedemede Hadza na-ejedebe na CV, ma ọ bụ CVN ma ọ bụrụ na a na enyocha ụdaume imi dị ka coda imi. Mkpụrụ okwu mbido ụdaume anaghị apụta na mbụ, na etiti ha nwere ike ịbụ /hV / - ọ dịkarịa ala, ọ dịghị obere abụọ nke /h / vs efu a maara.   [citation needed]

A maara Hadza maka inwe ọkpụkpụ etiti (ọkpụkpụ n'ime morphemes). A na-ahụkwa nkesa a na asụsụ Sandawe na Asụsụ Nguni Bantu, mana ọ bụghị n'asụsụ Khoisan nke ndị Afrịka. Ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ndị nwere ike ike ịpụta n'iche ihe mere eme site na ị na-egosi mbụ mbụ (ọtụtụ na-egosi na ha na- ụbụrụ reduplication lexicalised, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ na-esite na prefixes), mana ndị ọzọ bụ prefixes. opaque. Dị ka ọ dị na Sandawe, ọtụtụ n'ime mgbasa ozi ndị dị n'etiti bụ glottalized, Minca ọ bụghị ha niile: puche 'mkpịsị aka', tanche 'ịtụ anya', tacce 'mkpetụ egbugbere ọnụ mmadụ', laqo 'ịkwama mmadụ. ', sekhe-na 'slow', penqhenqhe ~ peqeqhe 'ịgba ọsọ', haq-ko 'nkume anya', ex 'ige ntĩ naxhi 'ịgbetụ", khaxxe binxo 'ị 'ịkwaga', 'ịkwagi', 'ịgbatịgbatịrị ọnụ'.   [citation needed]

 Ụda 
Enweghị ụda okwu ma ọ bụ ụda olu egosila maka Hadza. Enweghị ụdị okwu ole na ole a maara ma ọ bụ ojiji ụtọ asụsụ nke nrụgide / ụda.   [citation needed]

 Mkpụrụedemede 
Hadza nwere ikeume ise, [i [i e a o u]]. esereseedemede ogologo nwere ike ịpụta mgbe e wepụrụ intervocalic [ɦ]. ለምሳሌ, [kʰaɦa] ma ọ bụ [kʰaː] 'ịgbago', mana okwu ụfọdụ gosiri [ɦ], dị ka [boːko] 'ya' vs [boko] 'ịrịa'. A na-eme ka ndịume niile bụ́ nke a na-eme n'ihu ụkwụume na ụkwụume, ndị na-ekwu okwu na-adịgasị iche ma ha na-anụ ha dị ka ụkwụ imi ma ọ bụ dị ka usoro VN. Coreedemede imi na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụghị ihe a na-egosi, na- sere, ọ bụgodị na ọ bụghị n'ihu ekiri ndị nwere ike ebe ike iji. N'ịbụ ndị dị otú ahụ, [CañCV] na [CVNCV] bụ allophones, mana ebe ọ bụ na VN akara ike ịpụta na njedebe nke okwu ma ọ bụ n'ihu ụkwụ glottal, ebe a na-ahụ naanị ụfọdụ imi, ọ nwere ike ịbụ na ibuume imi bụ allophonic na VN na ọnọdụ niile.   [citation needed]

 Mkpụrụ okwu 
Consonants n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ndo na-apụta naanị na okwu mbinye ego ma ọ bụ bụ usoro NC, nke na-apụtaghị na ọ bụ otu akụkụ mana edepụtara ebe a iji gosi usoro nka. (Enweghị ihe atụ bụ imi-pịa usoro n'etiti okwu: aspirated nch, nqh, nxh na tenuis ngc, ngq, ngx.)
+Hadza consoConsonants in shaded cells appear only in loanwords or are NC sequences, which do not appear to be single segments but are listed here to illustrate the orthography. (Not illustrated are nasal–click sequences in the middle of words: aspirated nch, nqh, nxh and tenuis ngc, ngq, ngx.) na orthography.Akpụkpọ ahụEzé~alveolarPostalveolar~palatalire ụtọVelarMkpịsị akaetitin'akụkụetitin'akụkụala dị larịịegbugbere ọnụPịaNdị a chọrọ__ibo____ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo__ Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdịTenuis__ibo__ NkọwaNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọAkụkụ nke ahụ bụỌdịdịỤgbọ imi ([[[[[[[[kastilla simi]]]]]]]]) 1__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ na-agụNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọỌdịdị__ibo____ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọỌdịdịAkpụkpọ ahụ na-agbapụta n'imi1__ibo____ibo____ibo__ ỌdịdịIhe omuma di icheỌdịdị__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị__ibo__ Iri na itooluỌdịdịKwụsịNdị a chọrọNkọwaAkwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọỌdịdịth'ihi yaNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Akụrụngwa__ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ "Spanish"ỌdịdịN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na__ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ "Spanish"ỌdịdịTenuisp'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị otú aNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo__ t'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma aỌdịdịk'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdịkw'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị__ibo__ Ihe omuma aỌdịdịNkọwaN'ihi yaỌdịdịkwuru okwub b b bAkwụkwọ bụ́ "Spanish"Ọdịdị__ibo__ d'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdịɡọ a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdịɡw a na-akpọ "Oké Anyanwụ"N'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdịIhe E Mere Eme2__ibo__ pʼ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọMgbalị a na-achọ tupu ịlụ ditupu ịlụ di ma ọlịN'ime oge__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdịN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'afọ ole na oleIhe omuma aỌdịdị__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na__ibo____ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdịTenuis tupu amụọ ya__ibo__ mp'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdịnt'ihi yaNkọwaỌdịdịIhe eji eme iheN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ŋkw a na-akpọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọỌdịdịỤgbọ imi__ibo__ m'ihi ya, ọ bụNkọwaỌdịdịn'ihi ya__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdịNkọwaNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo__ ŋ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị__ibo____ibo____ibo__ ŋw'ihi na ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụỌdịdịAfricateNdị a chọrọ__ibo____ibo__ N'ihi ya,__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ NsọỌdịdị__ibo__ ỌdịdịỊna-ekwuỌdịdị__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'afọ 3Tenuis__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụNkọwaỌdịdị__ibo__ ỊnọỌdịdị n'anya3'ihi ya, ọ na-agụnyeNkwupụta__ibo__ ỌdịdịIhe omuma ahuỌdịdị__ibo____ibo__ Nke a bụ nke a na-akpọ__ibo__ Ihe omuma di iche icheỌdịdịIhe E Mere Eme__ibo__ Ịnọ__ibo__ Ọdịdị n'anya__ibo__ Ọdịdị__ibo__ Ihe omuma aỌdịdịN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'afọ 3__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị 4__ibo__ ỌdịdịN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụỌdịdịMgbalị a na-achọ tupu ịlụ di__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdịTenuis tupu amụọ yaN'ihi ya, ọ bụ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdịN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdịIhe na-esiri ikeF.'afọ ndị ọzọ__ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọỌdịdịSINAIhe omuma aỌdịdị__ibo____ibo__ Asụsụ ɬ n'OtuIhe omuma aỌdịdị__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdịIhe atụ__ibo____ibo__ 5" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"l"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAf4" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">l="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɾ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAf0" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ɾ'ihi ya, n'ihi ya7" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"j"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAgI" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">j (Ọ bụ n'afọ iri asaa) 7" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"w"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAgg" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">w (nke a na-akpọ) 7N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'afọ 7

 Nchịkọta imi nke Glottalized nasal clicks pụtara ìhè na ụdaume ndị bu ụzọ, mana ọ bụghị n'oge njide nke pịa n'onwe ya, nke na-adịghị ekwu okwu n'ihi mmechi glottal n'otu oge. A na-ahụ egbugbere ọnụ (ma ọ bụ) n'otu okwu mimetic ebe ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na [ŋ].
 A na-ahụ  naanị n'okwu ole na ole.
 Enwere ike ịkpọpụta affricates palatal na mmalite alveolar (/tō/ wdg.), mana nke a anaghị achọ.
 Velar ejective /kʹxʼ/ dịgasị iche n'etiti plosive , a central affricate [kʼxʼ], a lateral affricate[kʼʼ], na a fricative . Africates ndị ọzọ dị n'etiti nwere ike ịpụta dị ka fricatives ejective (ya bụ ).
 A na-achọta  dị ka flap  n'etiti ụdaume na mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị na okwu ngwa ngwa. Ala nowrap" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"[l]"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAjI" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">[l] bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na mkpụrụedemede a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro (dịka lola, sp. rabbit).  pụkwara imezu flap n'akụkụ.
 A maara ụdaolu na-enweghị ụda  site na naanị otu okwu, ebe ọ na-agbanwe na .

 Usoro [7] na-apụta naanị na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu na okwu mgbazinye. Ihe mgbochi ndị a na-ekwupụta na ụdaume imi  na ikekwe  (n'azụ gbara ọchịchịrị) yiri ka a gbazitere ha.

 Orthography 
Miller na Anyawire chepụtara orthography bara uru.  Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, ndị na-asụ asụsụ Hadza anaghị eji orthography a eme ihe, ya mere ọ bara uru dị nta maka nkwurịta okwu na Hadza. Ọ dị nnọọ ka orthographies nke asụsụ ndị agbata obi dị ka Swahili, Isanzu, Iraqw, na Sandawe. A naghị eji apostrophe, nke juru ebe niile na ndegharị na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ mmadụ mana na-akpata nsogbu na agụmagụ, anaghị eji usoro ụdaume egosipụta (ya bụ, /beʔe/ e dere ⟨bee⟩, dị ka ọ dị na ⟨Hazabee⟩ /ɦadzabeʔe/ 'the Hadza'), bụ nke ezi ụdaume nke y ma ọ bụ w kewapụrụ (ya bụ, /pie/ 'abụ'' ka e dere ⟨piye⟩), n'agbanyeghị na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, h nwere ike izi ezi, na ejectives na glottalized clicks site gemination. (ewezuga ⟨dl⟩ belatara kama *ddl maka /c𝼆ʼ/). Ejectives na-adabere na consonants ndị a na-ekwu, ⟨bb zz jj dl gg ggw⟩, n'ihi na a na-ahụta ihe ndị a na-abụkarị n'ịgbazinye ego, yabụ na ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị. Tc /tʃ/ na tch /tʃʰ/ dị ka ọ dị na Sandawe, sl /ɬ/ dị ka ọ dị na Iraqw. (Nke a bụ mgbakọ French n'ikpeazụ.) Udaume nasalized / VN rimes bụ ⟨an en na un⟩. Udaume ogologo bụ ⟨â⟩, ma ọ bụ ⟨aha⟩ ebe ha ruru n'ihi elided /ɦ/. Enwere ike iji nnukwu ụda dee syllable tonic, ⟨á⟩, mana anaghị etinye ya akara. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ]  [citation needed]

 Asụsụ 
Maka ozi ndị ọzọ, lee 

Hadza bụ asụsụ na-egosi isi na ahịrịokwu na ahịrị okwu aha. Usoro okwu na agbanwe agbanwe; usoro ndabara bụ VSO, ọ bụ ebe na VOS na ihu SVO bụ ihe a na-amata. Usoro nke onye na egosi, aha, na ike Ịdị iche iche, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na enwe ike ndị. Enwere ọnụọgụ na ikike okike na ike abụọ (maka aha isi) na ngwaa (maka isiokwu).

A na eji reduplication nke ihe mbụ nke okwu, nke na enwekarị ikeume na ụkwụ ogologo, egosi 'naanị' (nke ọnụ ma ọ bụ 'naanị') ma bụrụ ihe a na azụ. -ya- na- egwu na aha na ngwaa, a ofufe iji reduplication mee ka ihe ndị ọzọ pụta ìhè, dị ka mgbaàmà -he- ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ infix.

 Aha na nnọchiaha 
Aha nwere okike (nwoke na enyo) na ọnụ ọgụgụ (otu na ọtụtụ). A na eji eji dị ka ndị a:
Ogologo ogeplm -biif -ko -anụ ọhịa
A na-eji ọnụọgụ nọmba eme ihe maka ihe okike, dịka na Hazabee 'the Hadza'. Maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ, otu ụdị bụ transnumeric, dịka na Bekee: Dongoko 'zebra' (ma ọ bụ otu ma ọ bụ otu). Akọ nwoke nwere ike sereta mgbakaume: Xhosabee 'zebras' (ibu dị iche iche), dungubii 'zebra bucks'. Okwu ndị ikwu abụọ na obere olu -nakwe na-ewere -te na m.sg., nke na-achọ akara.

A na-eji nwoke na-egosi eme ihe n'ụzọ ihe atụ, na-eke okwu ụmụ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ha dị gịrịgịrị, na okwu ụmụ eme ihe ụmụ anụmanụ ma ọ na-ahụ na ha dị gburugburu. Mmekọahụ na-egosikwa ihe dị ka osisi ikpe (m) na tubers ha (f), ma ọ bụ osisi berry (f) na mmetụta osisi ha (m). Aha ndị buru ibu na-ọtụtụ n'asụsụ, dị ka ati 'mmiri' (cf. ati 'mmiri ozuzo', atiko 'isi iyi').

Aha ndị a kọrọ maka anụmanụ anwụ anwụ, usoro usoro a. Ịdọrọ uche gaa na zebra anwụ anwụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eji ụdị hantayii (nwoke hantayee, otutu (rar) hantayetee na hantayitchii). Nke -si bụ n'ihi na ụdị ndị na-akpata aha, kama ngwaa dị mkpa; anụ ahụ doro anya n'ọtụtụ dị mkpa, mgbe ị na-agwa ihe nwata otu onye okwu: hantatate, hantâte, hantayetate, hantayitchate (na- አምስት -ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ naanị -te ikpeazụ mgbe ị na'agwa naanị ụmụ nwoke okwu; lee n'okpuru maka okwu -ta-, -a-, -eta-, -itcha-).

 Mmekọahụ 
Ụdị -pe na -pi nke aha ndị a na-ahụkarị n'akwụkwọ anthropological (n'ezie -Phee na -phii) bụ ndị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ: Dongophee 'ha bụ zebras'. Mgbakwunye ndị na-eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti okike n'ime mmadụ niile yana clusivity na onye nke mbụ. Ha bụ:
m.sg.f.sg.f.pl.m.pl1.ex -nee -neko'Ofi'uphii'1.in -nwa aṅụ -bibii2 -tee -teko -tetee -titii3 -a -ako -Phee -phii
Ụdị ndị nwere ụdaume dị elu (i, u) na-ebuli ụdaume dị n'etiti tupu ha elu, dịka -bii na-eme. 3.sg copula na-ada ka w">-ya (ko)  ma ọ bụ -wa (ko)  mgbe ụdaume dị elu na nke dị n'etiti:  ≈ , na transcriptions na w na y bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akwụkwọ. 

 Aha nnọchiaha 
Ndị nnọchiaha onwe onye na ndị na-egosi bụ:
+Aha nnọchiahaotuọtụtụmascnwanyịnwanyịmascOnye nke mbụpụrụ icheyaonokoObeeUbigụnyereotu aṅụunibiiOnye nke abụọnaỌnụ egoethebeeithibiiOnye nke atọproximalhamahakohabeehabiinyerebamibôkoaṅụbiidistalnahaNa-eme ihe nkiriNabeeNabiIhe a na-adịghị ahụ anyahimiggêhimiggîkohimiggêbeehimiggîbii
E nwere ụfọdụ nnọchiaha ndị ọzọ nke onye nke atọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ ụdị ngwakọta. A na-emepụta adverbs site na ụdị onye nke atọ site na ịgbakwunye locative -na: hamana 'ebe a', beena 'ebe ahụ', naná 'n'elu ebe ahụ', himiggéna 'n'ime / n'azụ ebe ahụ'.

 Ngwaa na adjectives 
infix, ebe V bụ ụdaume na-ekwughachi, na-apụta mgbe nkeji okwu mbụ nke ngwaa gasịrị iji gosipụta ọtụtụ.

A na-ekpuchi iko ahụ n'elu. Hadza nwere ọtụtụ ngwaa enyemaka: usoro ka- na iYa-'' ~ ya- 'na mgbe ahụ', akhwa- na-adịghị mma 'ọ bụghị', na subjunctive i-. Mgbanwe ha nwere ike ịbụ nke na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ nwee njedebe mgbanwe dị iche iche site na nke ngwaa lexical, Ya and ka take -ˆto, -tikwa, -ˆte, -ˆti in the 3rd-person posterior rather than -amo, -akwa, -ame, -ami, for example. In lexical verbs, those endings are used with habitual -he- to emphasize it. nke dị ka ndị a:
+Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihu igwe nke Hadzagara aga / na-abụghị nke gara agan'azụ / n'oge gara agaihe nwere ike ịbụ iheeziokwuimperative/hortativePurpositive (subjunctive) 1sg -ụya -naa -nee -nikwi -na1.ex - 'Otu'aa'ee'Ukwuka -ya1.in -mgbasa ozi -baa -anụ ọhịa -bikwi (iji 2pl)  -ba2sg -tita ~ -ita -taa -tee -tikwi - 'V' -ta2f.pl - (e) isi - (e) tii -mgbe ahụ -ˆtîkwi - (ˆ) 2m.pl - (i) Tiita - (i) nwanne nne -itii - (ˆ) ma ọ bụrụ na3m.sg -eya -nna nwoke -heso -kwiso -ka -ya mere3f.sg -ako -akwa -heko -kwiko -kota -ko3f.pl -ephee -ame -hese -kwado -keta -se3m.pl -iphii -enyi -hisi -kwisi -kitcha -si
Ọrụ nke anterior na posterior dị iche n'etiti auxiliaries; na ngwaa lexical, ha abụghị ndị gara aga na ndị gara aga. Ọnọdụ ndị nwere ike na eziokwu na-egosipụta ogo nke ihe doro anya na ihe ga-eme. 1sg.npst --ụya na ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ụdaume bu ụzọ dị ogologo. Ụdị 1.ex ma e wezụga -ya na-amalite site na nkwụsị glottal. Impr.sg bụ nkwụsị glottal na-esote ụdaume echo.

Ụdị ndị -ya na-ahụkarị na-ewere -he, nke na-ebelata na ụdaume ogologo, tupu njedebe ndị a. -ya'ime ngwaa ụfọdụ, omenala aghọwo lexicalised (na-egosi ụdị 3.POST na nkwụsị glottal), ya mere omenala n'ezie na-ewe -he nke abụọ. Ụdị ọnọdụ dị iche iche na-eme site na okpukpu abụọ nke njedebe ntụgharị. E nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke a na-arụbeghị.

Njedebe ntụgharị bụ clitics ma nwee ike ịpụta na adverb n'ihu ngwaa, na-ahapụ ogwe aka na-enweghị ihe (mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa gbakwunyere nsonaazụ ihe).

 Ihe ndị e ji mara ya 
Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị n'ógbè ahụ, e nwere naanị adjectives ole na ole na Hadza, dị ka Pakapaa 'nnukwu'. Ọtụtụ ụdị njirimara na-e nsonaazụ na akara ọnụọgụ nwoke na nwanyị: -e (m.sg. na f.pl.) ma ọ bụ -i (f.sg. and m.pl.).  Ndị a kwekọrọ na aha ha na-agbanwe. Ụdị -i na-akpali nkwekọrịta ụdaume, nke mere na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, adjective otu-- 'sweet' nwere ụdị ndị a:
+otu 'sweet'otuọtụtụmasconê (otu) unîbiinwanyịunîkoonêbee
Enwere ike e/i copula dochie njedebe -kobee/-bii, mana akara akara e / i cross-number gender ka dị. 

Ihe ngosi, adjectives, na njirimara ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịpụta tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe aha gasịrị, mana aha na-ewere njedebe nke ọnụọgụ okike ha mgbe ha pụtara na mbụ na ahịrịokwu aha: Ondoshibii unîbii 'mkpụrụ osisi cordia dị ụtọ',__wol____wol____wol__ unîko 'anụ dị ụtọ', mana unîbii ondoshi na unîko mana.  N'otu aka ahụ, Dongoko bôko ma bôko Xhosa 'anụ ọhịa bea ndị ahụ'.

A pụkwara ime ka ngwaa bụrụ ihe na-egosi: Duuzîko akwiti 'nwaanyị (akwitiko) na-ekwu okwu', site na dlozo 'ịsị'. A na-eji ụdị njirimara a na copula iji mepụta akụkụ na-aga n'ihu: ቮzênee 'M na-ekwu okwu' (nwoke na-ekwuchitere), 'M na'ekwu okwu'

 Ihe akara 
Ngwaa nwere ike iwere ihe abụọ, maka ihe kpọmkwem (DO) na ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè (IO). Ndị a dị iche na 1ex na 3sg. A na-ejikwa nsonaazụ IO mee ihe na aha iji gosipụta nnweta (mako-kwa ' ite m', mako-a-kwa 'ọ bụ ite m').
+Ihe / ihe onwunwena-abụ abụ.ọtụtụDOIODOIO1.ex -kwa -oba -ya1.in -ona ~ -yona2m -ena -ina2f -na3m -a ~ -ya ~ -na -ma -itcha3f -ta -sa -eta
A na-ekwe ka ihe abụọ na-esote naanị ma ọ bụrụ na nke mbụ (DO) bụ onye nke atọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, DO na-e n'ụdị nsonaazụ njirimara: -e (m.sg. / f.pl.) ma ọ bụ -i (f.sg./m.pl.); naanị ihe gbara ya gburugburu na-agwa njikọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na okike ka a na-ezube. Ihe ndị dị n'otu n'otu na-ebelata n'ụdị a n'otu; 3rd-plural na-agbanwe ụdaume ha mana ha anaghị ejikọta na otu: lee 'dead zebra' n'okpuru aha dị n'elu maka ihe atụ nke ụdị.

 Usoro okwu 
A maghị ihe ndị na-achịkwa usoro okwu n'ime ahịrịokwu aha. Usoro ndị mejupụtara ya na-abụkarị SXVO (ebe X bụ onye enyemaka) maka isiokwu ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nke a na-ekwusi ike, na isiokwu ahụ na-aga n'ihu (XSVO, XVSO, na XVOS), ma ọ bụ naanị na a kpọghị ya aha (XVO) ka ọ ka mma. Ebe ihe gbara ya gburugburu, semantics, na nsonaazụ okwu na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya, a na-aghọta ngwaa-aha-aha ka ọ bụrụ VSO.

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ 
Hadza agụghị tupu iwebata Asụsụ Swahili. Nọmba ndị a bụ itchâme 'otu' na Pi 'abụọ'. Sámaka 'atọ' bụ mgbazinye Datooga, ọkpụkpụ 'anọ', bothano 'isi', na Ikhumị 'iri' bụ Sukuma. A na-ejikarị Aso 'ọtụtụ' eme ihe kama bothano maka 'isi'. Enweghị ụzọ a haziri ahazi iji gosipụta nọmba ndị ọzọ na-enweghị iji Swahili.

Dorothea Bleek tụrụ aro na Pi 'abụọ' nwere ike ịnwe isi iyi Bantu; nke kacha nso na mpaghara na Nyaturu -β nombre.  (Asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ nwere l / r n'etiti ụdaume.) Sands bu ụzọ mata myirịta nke 'otu' na 'abụọ' na Kwʼadza kwuru n'elu.

 Aha anụmanụ nwụrụ anwụ 
Hadza enwetala nlebara anya  maka aha iri na abụọ 'ememe'  ma ọ bụ 'mmeri'  maka ụmụ anụmanụ nwụrụ anwụ. A na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe iji kwupụta igbu ọchụ. Ha bụ (n'otu):
AnụmanụAha a na-akpọkarịAha mmerizebraAnụ ọhịaatụagụ owuruọdụmelandimpalawildebeesthartebeestnnukwu antelope ọzọobere antelopeRhinocerosenyíOgwu ogwuNnụnụnnụnụ
Okwu ndị a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị: enwere ike iji  mee ihe maka nwamba ọ bụla nwere ntụpọ,  maka nnụnụ ọ bụla na-agba ọsọ. 'Ọdụm' na 'ala' na-eji otu mgbọrọgwụ. chere na nke a nwere ike inwe ihe jikọrọ ya na eland a na-ewere dị ka anwansi na mpaghara ahụ.

Enwere ike iji nsonaazụ IO mee ihe iji zoo aka na onye gburu ya. Jiri hanta- 'zebra' tụnyere ngwaa ndị ọzọ, qhasha 'ibu' na kw-'' 'inye', n'otu na ọtụtụ: 

 Nkọwa banyere asụsụ mmadụ mbụ 
N'afọ 2003, ndị nta akụkọ kọrọ aro Alec Knight na Joanna Mountain nke Mahadum Stanford na asụsụ mmadụ mbụ nwere ike ịnwe clicks. Ihe akaebe a na-ekwu maka nke a bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa: ndị na-asụ asụsụ Juá'hoan na Ọhịa nwere DNA mitochondrial kachasị dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ ọ bụla, na-atụ aro na ha bụ ndị mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'etiti ndị mbụ, ndị dị ndụ kewara n'osisi ezinụlọ. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, nkewa atọ bụ isi nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ bụ Hadza, Juń'hoan na ndị ikwu, na onye ọ bụla ọzọ. N'ihi na abụọ n'ime ìgwè atọ ahụ na-asụ asụsụ na-agbanye, ikekwe asụsụ nna nna ha, nke na-egosi na ọ bụ asụsụ nna nna maka ụmụ mmadụ niile, nwekwara clicks.

Otú ọ dị, ma e wezụga nkọwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, nkwubi okwu a dabere na ọtụtụ echiche na-enweghị nkwado:

 Ìgwè abụọ ahụ anọgidewo na-asụ asụsụ ha, n'enweghị Mgbanwe asụsụ, ebe ọ bụ na ha kewapụrụ onwe ha n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ ndị ọzọ.
 Mgbanwe ụda, ihe a na-ahụkarị, emetụtaghị asụsụ ọ bụla ruo n'ókè nke na ụdaume mbụ ya ghọrọ ihe a na'amaghị ama.
 Ọ dịghị otu ìgwè ọ bụla gbaziri clicks dị ka akụkụ nke sprachbund, dị ka asụsụ Bantu Nguni (Zulu, Xhosa wdg) na Yeyi mere; na
 Ma ndị nna nna nke Juʹhoan ma ọ bụ ndị nke Hadza mepụtara clicks n'onwe ha, dị ka ndị okike nke Damin mere.

Enweghị ihe akaebe na nke ọ bụla n'ime echiche ndị a ziri ezi, ma ọ bụ ọbụna o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ. Echiche asụsụ bụ na ụdaume ịpị nwere ike ịbụ mmepe na-egbu oge n'asụsụ mmadụ, na ha anaghịzi eguzogide mgbanwe ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịbụ ihe ncheta asụsụ karịa ụda okwu ndị ọzọ, nakwa na a na-agbaziri ha n'ụzọ dị mfe: ọ dịkarịa ala otu asụsụ Khoisan, a kwenyere na ọ gbaziri ụda ndị sitere n'asụsụ Bantu, nke gbaziri ha n"asụsụ Khoisan, dịka ọmụmaatụ. Akụkọ Knight  Mountain bụ nke kachasị ọhụrụ n'ime ogologo ahịrị nke ịkọ nkọ banyere mmalite mbụ nke ụdaume pịa, nke echiche ochie na-akpali akpali na ndị mbụ na-asụ asụsụ mbụ, nke na-enweghị nkwado.

 N'omenala a ma ama 

 N'akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị nke Peter Watts bụ Blindsight, a na-egosi Hadza dị ka asụsụ mmadụ nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ nna nna nke ndị vampire, Blindsight, with notes at Watts' website na-ezo aka n'echiche a na-agbagha na ịpị dị mma maka ịchụ nta. 

 Ihe odide 

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