Asụsụ Kalasha

Kalasha ( [kaʹaʂaː], n'ógbè: ) bụ Asụsụ Indo-Aryan nke Ndị Kalash na-asụ, na Chitral District nke mpaghara Khyber Pakhtunkhwa nke Pakistan. 1998 Census Report of Pakistan. (2001). Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. nwere ihe dịka 4,100 na-asụ Kalasha.  bụ Asụsụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma enwere Mgbanwe asụsụ na-aga n'ihu na Khowar.

Kalasha ekwesịghị inwe mgbagwoju anya na asụsụ Nuristani dị nso Waigali (Kalasha-ala).  Dị ka Badshah Munir Bukhari, onye nyocha na Kalash siri kwuo, "Kalasha" bụkwa aha agbụrụ maka ndị Nuristani bi na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ndagwurugwu Kalasha, na Waygal na etiti Pech Valleys nke Afghanistan Nuristan Province. , http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kalasha/kalasha.html "Kalasha" yiri ka ndị na-asụ Kalasha nke Chitral si na Nuristanis nke Waygal, bụ ndị gbasaa ruo n'ebe ndịda Chitral ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga. Otú ọ dị, enweghị njikọ chiri anya n'etiti asụsụ Indo-Aryan Kalasha-mun (Kalasha) na asụsụ Nuristani Kalasha-ala (Waigali), nke sitere na alaka dị iche iche nke Asụsụ Indo-Iranian.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
Ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ rụrụ ọrụ na Kalasha gụnyere onye ọwụwa anyanwụ nke narị afọ nke 19 Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ nke narị afọ de 20 Georg Morgenstierne. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Elena Bashir na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ emeela nnyocha. A na-ejikọta mmepe nke ihe ndị bara uru maka ịgụ na ide na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Kalasha Taj Khan Kalash. Southern Kalash ma ọ bụ Urtsun Kalash gbanwere gaa n'asụsụ Khowar nke Kalasha-mun na narị afọ nke 20 a na-akpọ Urtsuniwar.

 Nchịkọta 
Georg Morgenstierne. Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, Vol. IV: The Kalasha Language & Notes on Kalasha. Oslo 1973, p. 184, details pp. 195-237'ime asụsụ niile dị na Pakistan, Kalasha nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ kachasị agbaso omenala, tinyere asụsụ Khowar dị nso. N'okwu ole na ole, Kalasha na-enwekwa nchekwa karịa Khowar, dịka ọmụmaatụ.  na idowe consonants ndị na-achọsi ike, bụ ndị na-apụ n'anya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Dardic ndị ọzọ.

A A na-ahụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndogide ụda na ụyọkọ (na pụtara) n'ime ndepụta ndị a.  Agbanyeghị, rịba ama ụfọdụ atụmatụ Indo-Aryan na Dardic ọhụrụ a na-ahụkarị. Gérard Fussman: 1972 Atlas linguistique des parlers dardes et kafirs. Publications de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 

 Ọmụmụ ụdaolu 
Asụsụ Kalasha bụ phonologically atypical n'ihi na ọ na-emegide ụdaume dị mfe, ogologo, imi na retroflex yana njikọta nke ndị a (Heegård & Mørch 2004).  depụtara n'okpuru ebe a bụ ụdaume nke Kalasha: 

 Mkpụrụedemede 
N'ihuCentralỊlaghachi azụN'akụkụN'etitiEmeghe

 Mkpụrụ okwu 
Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Dardic ndị ọzọ, ọnọdụ ụdaume nke usoro a na-eku ume bụ ihe arụmụka.  ụfọdụ ejighị n'aka ma ha bụ phonemic ma ọ bụ allophonic - ya bụ, nkwupụta oge niile nke ụyọkọ ụdaume na /h/ .
Akpụkpọ ahụAlveolarRetroflexPostalveolar/PalatalVelarUvularMkpịsị akaỤgbọ imiKwụsịenweghị olukwuru okwuaspiratedume na-eme ka a nụAfricateenweghị olukwuru okwuaspiratedume na-eme ka a nụIhe na-esiri ikeenweghị olukwuru okwuIhe atụỌdịda AnyanwụRhotic
A na-ahụ ụdaume /x ɣ q/ na okwu ndị a gbazitere.

 Ntụnyere nke okwu 
Tebụl R.T.Trail and G.R. Cooper, Kalasha Dictionary – with English and Urdu. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Islamabad & Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dallas TX. 1999-esonụ na-eji okwu Kalash tụnyere okwu ha n'asụsụ Indo-Aryan ndị ọzọ.
BekeeKalashaSanskritasụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Indo-AryanọkpụkpụỌ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ dịasthiHindi -; Nepali ā̃ṭh 'ikpere'mamịrịmutra, mútramūtraH. mūt; Assamese mutObodo ntagromahịhịaH. gā̃w; A. gãüeririrajuk, raĵhú-krajjuH. lej, lejur; A. lezuanwụrụ ọkụTumdhūmaH. dhūā̃, dhuwā̃; A. dhü̃aanụna-ememaṃsaH. mā̃s, mās, māsānkịtashua, śõ.'aśvanH. -; Sinhalese suvanndandapililak, pilílakpipīla, pippīlikaH. pipṛā; A. piporaụdaput, putrNtughariH. pūt; A. putogologo ogedriga, drígadīrghaH. dīha; A. dighaasatọasht, aṣṭaṣṭāH. āṭh; A. athgbajiri agbajiChina, čhínachinnaH. chīn-nā 'iji were';gbuonashnash, naś, naśyatiH. nā̆s 'na-ebibi'

 Àgwà ndị na-agbaso omenala 
Ihe atụ nke ihe ndị na-agbaso omenala na Kalasha na Khowar bụ (ihe odide, NIA = New Indo-Aryan, MIA = Middle Indo-Arjan, OIA = Old Indo-Arayan): 

 Nchekwa nke intervocalic /m/ (ebelata na /w/ ma ọ bụ /v/ na njedebe MIA n'ebe ọzọ), dịka Kal. grom, Kho. gram "obodo" < OIA grāma
 Enweghị iwepu intervocalic /t/, echekwara dị ka /l/ ma ọ bụ /w/ na Kalasha, /r/ na Khowar (ehichapụ n'etiti MIA n'ebe ọzọ), dịka Kho. brār "nwanne" < OIA bhrātṛ; Kal. ʃau < *ʃal, Kho. ʃor "otu narị" < OIA śata
 Nchebe nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe atọ OIA sibilants (dental /s/, palatal /ś/, retroflex /ṣ/); n'ọtụtụ mpaghara, atọ a agbakọtalarị tupu 200 BC (MIA mbido) 
 Nchekwa nke sibilant + consonant, stop + /r/ clusters (efu site na MIA mbụ n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ):
 Kal. Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka e si nweta ya. Aghtht" < OIA aṣṭā; Kal. hast, Kho. onye ọbịa "aka" < OPC ruo; Kal. Istam "bunch" < OI stamba; Kho. istōr "akpa ịnyịnya" < OYA sthōra; Kho. isnār "sacha" < OICA snāta; Kal. Kho. Iskow "peg" < OISA * (< skambha); Kho. Iśper "acha ọcha" < OIA śvēta; Kal. isprɛs, Kho. iśpreṣi "nne di" < OIA śvaśru; Kal. piṣṭ "azụ" < OIA pṛṣṭha; Kho. aśrū "ịkwa" < OIA aśru.
 Kho. Kren- "zụta" < OIA krīṇ-; Kal. grom, Kho. grom "obodo" < OIA grāma; Kal. gŕä "olu" < OIA grīva; Kho. griṣp "oge okpomọkụ" < OIA grīṣma
 Nchekwa nke /ts/ na Kalasha (nke a kọwapụtara dị ka otu foneme) 
 Nchekwa kpọmkwem nke ọtụtụ njedebe ikpe OIA dị ka ihe a na-akpọ "ọkwa 1" njedebe ikpe (dị iche na njedebe ikpe ọhụrụ "ọkwa 2" nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ikpe 1 oblique):
 Aha
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] --afọ, Kho. --afọ < OIA -ān
 Akụkụ: Kal. --afọ (sg.), -an (pl.); Kho. -o (sg.), -an, -ān (pl.) < OIA --Asiya (sg.), āṇām (pl.) 
 Ihe e dere n'akwụkwọ: Kal. -a, Kho. -a < OIA dative -āya, n'ebe ọzọ furu efu na njedebe OIA
 Ngwá ọrụ: Kal. --afọ, Kho. -en < OIA -ēna-n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ na-anọ
 Nkọwa: Kal. -au, Kho. -ār < OIA -āt
 Ebe obibi: Kal. -ai, Kho. -i < OIA -ai
 Nchebe nke ihe karịrị otu okwu (dịka Kho. Mar-īm "M na-egbu" vs. bri-um "M na na-anwụ") 
 Nchebe nke ọdịiche OIA n'etiti njedebe "nke mbụ" (nke na-abụghị nke gara aga) na nke "nke abụọ" (nke gara aga) yana nke oge gara aga "mbuli" na a-, ha abụọ furu efu kpamkpam n'ebe ọzọ: Kal. pim "M na-aṅụ", apis "M na'aṅụ"; 'akaris' "M na na-eme", akāris "M mere"
 Nchebe nke okwu tupu oge eruo (lee ihe atụ dị n'elu), na akara aha / ebubo nkịtị na nkwekọrịta okwu nkịtị, n'adịghị ka oge ergative-ụdị gara aga na nkwekọ aha n'ebe ọzọ na NIA (nke dabeere na nhazi passive na mbụ) 

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 Njikọ mpụga 


 Ebe Richard Strand na-edebe ihe nkiri Nuristan
 Peeji Kalasha nke Reiko na Jun na Japan
 Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Nkọwa okwu
 Ụlọ Ọrụ Asụsụ Na-ahụ Maka Ala The Kalasha Dictionary
 Ihe nchekwa data Georg Morgenstierne
 Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Frontier Language Institute Kalasha