Asụsụ Benue-Congo

Benue-Congo (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ East Benue–Congo) bụ ngalaba bụ isi nke asụsụ Volta-Congo nke na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ mpaghara Sub-Saharan Africa.

 Nkewa dị iche iche 
Central Nigeria (ma ọ bụ Platoid) nwere ezinaụlọ Plateau, Jukunoid na Kainji, yana Bantoid–Cross jikọtara otu Bantoid na Cross River.

Bantoid bụ naanị okwu mkpokọta maka ezinụlọ ọ bụla nke Bantoid-Cross ma e wezụga Cross River, a naghịzi ahụ nke a dị ka ịmepụta alaka dị mma, agbanyeghị otu n'ime ezinụlọ ndị dị n'okpuru, Southern Bantoid, ka a na-ewere ya dị ka nke ziri ezi. Ọ bụ Southern Bantoid nke nwere asụsụ Bantu, nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara Sub-Saharan Africa. Nke a na-eme ka Benue-Congo bụrụ otu n'ime mpaghara kachasị ukwuu nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo, ma n'ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ, nke Ethnologue nwere 976 (2017), na ndị na-ekwu okwu, nke nwere ike ịbụ nde 350. Benue–Congo gụnyekwara obere mpụ dịpụrụ adịpụ na mpaghara Nigeria–Cameroon, mana ezigbo mmekọrịta ha ejighị n'aka.

A na-akpọ alaka Volta – Niger nke dị na Nigeria na Benin mgbe ụfọdụ "West Benue–Congo", mana ọ naghị etolite alaka ụlọ ọrụ jikọtara ọnụ na Benue-Congo.  Mgbe mbụ Joseph Greenberg tụpụtara Benue–Congo (1963), ọ gụnyere Volta–Niger (dị ka West Benue–Congo);  ókèala dị n'etiti Volta-Niger na Kwa agbagoro arụmụka ugboro ugboro. Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view (2012) na-ekwu na ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere Benue-Congo dị ka "asụsụ aha dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu nke Niger", o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ otu dị mma, ọ bụ ezie na enweghi ngosipụta nke a na mbipụta.

A na-eche na alaka nke ezinụlọ Benue-Congo dị ka ndị a:

 Asụsụ Bantoid-Cross
 Osimiri Cross
 Ndị Bantoid nke Ebe Ugwu
 Southern Bantoid
 Asụsụ ndị dị n'etiti Naịjirịa, nke a makwaara dị ka Platoid
 Jukunoid
 Kainji
 Ala dị larịị

Ukaan nwekwara njikọ na Benue-Congo; Roger Blench na-eche na ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Benue-Kongo kachasị dị iche (East) ma ọ bụ onye ikwu Benue-Кongo.

Fali nke Baissa na Tita bụkwa Benue-Congo mana ha anaghị ahapụ ha.
+Nkesa nke alaka Benue-Congo na NaịjirịaAlakaEbe ndị bụ isiOsimiri CrossCross River, Akwa Ibom, na Rivers StatesBendiObudu na Ogoja LGAs, Cross River StateSteeti Cross RiverMambiloidSardauna LGA, Taraba State; CameroonDakoidMayo Belwa LGA, Taraba State na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburuJukunoidSteeti TarabaYukubenicTakum LGA, Taraba StateSteeti TarabaKainjiKauru LGA, Kaduna State na Bassa LGA, Plateau State; Kainji Lake areaAla dị larịịAla dị larịị, Kaduna, na Steeti NasarawaTivoidObudu LGA, Cross River State na Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; CameroonNwa beboidTakum LGA, Taraba State; CameroonEkoidIkom na Ogoja LGAs, Cross River State; CameroonUbi ahịhịaSardauna LGA, Taraba State; CameroonJarawanBauchi, Plateau, Adamawa, na Taraba Steeti

 Okwu ntụnyere 
Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi maka asụsụ proto-asụsụ dị iche iche nke alaka Benue-Congo dị iche iche:
AlakaAsụsụanyantịimiezéireọnụọbaraọkpụkpụosisimmiriIri nriahaBenue-CongoProto-Benue-Congode wolf, Paul. 1971. The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo. Janua Linguarum. Series Practica 167. The Hague: Mouton.*-mkpu*-tuŋi*-Zua*-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo*-Lemi; *-ọdọ mmiri*-zi; *-luŋ*-kupe*-titi; *-kwon*-izi; *-ni*-zinaKainjiProto-Northern Jos**iji (lì-/à-) *toŋ (ebe-/tì-) *nyimu (bì-/ì-) *ʔini (lì-/à-) *lelem (lì-/à-) *nua (ebe-/tì-) *nyì (aw) (mà-) *ti (nke nwere reduplication) (ù-/tì-) *nyi (ma-) *lia*ji (a) (lì-/sì-) Ala dị larịịProto-JukunoidShimizu, Kiyoshi. 1980. Comparative Jukunoid, 3 vols. (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 7–9. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5–7). Vienna: Afro-Pub.*giP (ri-/a-) *tóŋ (ku-/a-) *wíǹ (ri-/a-) *baŋ (ku-/a-); *gyín (ri-/a-) *dema (ri-/a-) *ndut (u-/i-) *yíŋ (ma-) *kup (ku-/a-) *kun (ku-/i-) *Mgbapụta*dyi*gyin (ri-/a-) Ala dị larịịProto-Kagoro*-gi*-abụọ*nii[ŋ]*-dyam*-nu[ŋ]*-suka*-kup*-kwan*-siiAla dị larịịProto-Jaba*gu-su*gu-to[ŋ]*-gi[ŋ]*ga-lem*ga-nyu*ba-zi*gu-kupAla dị larịịProto-Beromic*-gis*-toŋ*- a na-akpọ*-lyam*-agba ọtọ*ịdị elu*-kup*-kon*-siiAla dị larịịProto-Ninzic*ki-sị́*ku-tóŋ*ki-Nyin / *-Nyir*ì-rem*-nuŋ / *-n[y]uŋ*ma-ɣì*Stu-k site na*ebe-kon*a-ma-sitObeProto-Upper Cross[]*dyèná*-ttóŋ (ì) *dyòna*-ttân*-dák*-ma*-de; *-yìŋ*-kúpà*-tté*-ụmụaka*dyá*-n'ihuObeConnell, Bruce. n.d. Comparative Lower Cross wordlist. Unpublished manuscript. nke ala [1]*ɛ́-ɲɛ́n / *a-*ú-tɔ́ŋ / *a-*í-búkó*é-dɛ̀t / *a-*ɛ́-lɛ́mɛ́ / *a-*í-na*-ɟìːp*Rory*Ọ bụ nwanne nna*Akwụkwọ-mɔ́́́ːŋ*ebe ahụ*ɛ́-ɟɛ́nObeProto-OgoniBlench, Roger and Kay Williamson. 2008. The Ogoni languages: comparative word list and historical reconstructions.*Adeɛ̃*ɔ́́́́̃*m̀ bĩɔ́̃*àdáNa*Adighi nke ọma*m̀ miNi, *m̀ muNu*ákpogó*Onye na-eto etoN'ihi ya, m na-amụta*Dede*ụmụ anụmanụUbi ahịhịaHyman, L.M. 1979. Index of Proto-Grassfields Bantu roots. Ms. U.S.C.; CBOLD; accessed from Comparalex.Ubi ahịhịa [1]*Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga*túŋ-li*L (u) Na-aga n'ihu*sòŋ'*ikike nke nta*ebe ole na oleIhe na-eme n'ụzọ dị mfe*gÚp; *kúi (n) '*tí'*Ib; *Ìk'; *mò'*IdeỌ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ dịUbi ahịhịaPaulin, Pascale. 1995. Etude comparative des langues du groupe Ring: langues Grassfields de l'ouest, Cameroun. MA thesis, Université Lumière Lyon 2. aka [1]*Gịnị*ndị ọzọ*Duuì, *tɔ́ŋOnye Kraịst gị, onye Kraịst gị*dɔ́mì, *dídè*Duò*dúŋá, *káŋù*gúpɛ́́Akara na-aga n'ihu*Múɔ̀*Duò*dítɔ́, *gíd'Bantu -Bantu [1]*i=jico*kʊ= avi*i=jʊ́lʊ*i=jino; *i=gego*lʊ=lɪ́mi*ka=nʊa; *mʊ=ọnụ*ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí); *mʊ=lopa; *ma =ɲínga*i=kúpa*mʊ=tɪ́*ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?) *=lɪ́ -a*i=jinaBantuSwahilijichosikiopuaYaụUgboroKinyawa[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]ỌkpụkpụMkpụrụ egoOnye isi alalaJena

 Hụkwa 

 Ndepụta nke Proto-Benue-Congo reconstructions (Wiktionary) 
 Ihe osise nke asụsụ Niger-Congo na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu ya

 Edensibia 

 Wolf, Paul Polydoor nke (1971) The Noun Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo (Thesis, Mahadum Leiden). The Hague/Paris: Atụrụ.
 Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Benue-Congo Overview', peeji nke 248-274 na Bendor-Samuel, John & Rhonda L. Hartell (ed.) The Niger-Congo Languages - Nchịkọta na nkọwa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa.  Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.

 Njikọ mpụga 

 ComparaLex, nchekwa data na ndepụta okwu Benue-Congo
 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ maka asụsụ Benue-Congo
 Journal of West African Languages: Benue-Congo
 Ndepụta Proto-Benue-Congo Swadesh E debere  Wayback Machine (nke Wolf 1971)