Asụsụ Ghadamès

Gh (Berber) bụ Asụsụ Berber nke a na-asụ na, ma na-akpọ aha obodo  na Nalut District, ọdịda anyanwụ Libya. 

 Nnyocha 
Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ abụọ chịkọtara ihe ndị dị n'asụsụ Ghadamès. Adolphe de Calassanti Motylinski (1854-1907) bipụtara ihe ndị mbụ na 1903 na 1904. Ọrụ White Father Jacques Lanfry (1910-2000), onye nọrọ na Ghadames site na 1944 ruo 1945 ma bipụta ọrụ ya ndị bụ isi na 1968 na 1973, nyere ọtụtụ ihe na-enweghị isi. Enweghị nchọpụta ọhụrụ e mere n'ebe ahụ kemgbe ahụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Kossmann (2013) bipụtara ụtọ asụsụ nke oge a nke Ghadamès dabere na ihe Lanfry.

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu 
Lanfry kwuru ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Lanfry (1973:iv).. 4,000 ọkà okwu dị ka atụmatụ nwere nchekwube. A maghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu n'ezie. Ethnologue kwuru na ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu 13,100 na 2016, gụnyere 2,000 bi na mpụga mpaghara ahụ. Otú Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, article Ghadāmis (1952): 2,000 persons with a background in Ghadames living in Tunis; quoted by Lanfry (1973:iv). dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-egosipụta ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu nke ndị bi na Ghadames, ndị na-abụghị ndị na-asụ Ghadamès, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-ekwu okwu 2,000 na-adabere na isi iyi ochie. Ethnologue kewara asụsụ ahụ dị ka 6b (Threatened).

 Asụsụ 
Ghadamès bụ Asụsụ Berber n'onwe ya, na-echekwa ọtụtụ ọdịdị pụrụ iche, na Ghadamés lexicon, dị ka Lanfry dekọrọ, na-egosi obere mmetụta sitere na Arabic. Enweghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla banyere nhazi nke Ghadamès n'ime otu asụsụ Berber. Aikhenvald na Militarev (1984) jikọtara ya dị ka Eastern Berber, na Kossmann (1999) kpọmkwem jikọtara ya na Awjila. Ethnologue kewara ya dị ka East Zenati.

 Ọmụmụ ụdaolu 

 Mkpụrụ okwu 
Dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Berber na Arabic, Ghadamès nwere ma pharyngealized ("emphatic") na ụdaume ezé nkịtị. Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị dị iche. Mkpụrụ okwu ndị edepụtara n'etiti oghere na-apụta naanị mgbe ụfọdụ.
+Ghadamès consonant phonemes (IPA) Akpụkpọ ahụMmekọrịta ezé<br id="mwQA">Ezé ezéEzé ezéFar.PalatalVelarUvularỌrịa akpịrịMkpịsị akaỤgbọ imimn̪Plosiveenweghị olu (p) t̪T T T T (tʃ) kqkwuru okwubd̪di na nwunyeɟɡọIhe na-esiri ikeenweghị oluf (θ) s̪Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọʃxħhkwuru okwuβð (nke a na-akpọ) z̪Z.ʒɣỌdịdịIhe atụwl̪Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọjIhe na-atọ ụtọr̪R̪ʹ

 Mkpụrụedemede 
Ọtụtụ asụsụ Berber nwere naanị ụdaume atọ. Ghadamès, dị ka Tamasheq, nwere ụdaume asaa.
+Ghadamès vowel phonemes (IPA) N'ihuCentralỊlaghachi azụN'akụkụiuN'etiti etitinaoN'etitiəỌ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-emegheɐEmeghea

 Okwu ndị bụ isi 
N'okpuru ebe a bụ Ndepụta Leipzig-Jakarta maka Ghadames, nke sitere na Lanfry (1973). A gbanwere ederede Lanfry na-abụghị nke omenala maka ojiji nke oge a. Ihe nnọchianya ă, ḥ, j, š, ž, y bụ otu ihe na IPA . Nkọwa ogologo Lanfry na ụdaume nwere ike ịnọchite anya nrụgide okwu (Kossmann 2013: 5, 15).
1ọkụōfa2imiIhe omuma ihe omuma3ịgan about="#mwt68" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Transl","href":"./Template:Transl"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"gha"},"2":{"wt":"as"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARQ" title="Ghadamès-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">dị ka okwu deictic n "nke a" (cf. 11 ga-abịa) 4mmiriaman (ọtụtụ tantum) 5ọnụAmo6ireēləs7ọbaraDămmăn (ọtụtụ tantum) 8ọkpụkpụɣăṣṣṣ92sg nnọchiahašăgg (ən)  (m.), šămm (ən)  10mgbọrọgwụAẓur "mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi"11na-abịad-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Transl","href":"./Template:Transl"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"gha"},"2":{"wt":"as"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAT8" title="Ghadamès-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">dị ka okwu deictic d "ebe a" (cf. 3 to go) 12arabab, Admār13Mmiri ozuzoAnazar141sg nnọchiahanăšš (ən) 15ahaMmiri16louseogologo17nkuAfraw18anụ ahụ/anụaksəm19aka/ogwe akaōfəss "aka", āɣil "aka"20na-efe efeizi21abalịēβăḍ22ntịēsəm23olutakorəmt (cf. 47 azụ) 24n'ebe dị anya (enweghị ihe akaebe) 25ime/imeəqḍu "ime, nweta" < Arabic, ăj "to put, to make"26ụlọJuma, otú e si emeỤdị ejiji27nkume/nkumeērəj28iluIẓēk "ịdị ilu"29ịsịChi30ezéasēn "onye na-egbu egbu", "mgba", tawjlet "nkịta"31ntutu isiazaw32buru ibu (enweghị ihe akaebe) 33otuyōn (m.), yōt (f.) 34Ònye?anno353sg nnọchiaha (n) itto (m.),  (n) ittāt (f.) 36iji tie / tieŏwət37ụkwụ / ụkwụAḍar38mpiSayụ39nke a -o40azụ (enweghị ihe akaebe) 41ụnyaahụN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ42ịṅụ mmanyaỌ bụ ezie na ọ bụ43ojiisăṭṭăf "ịbụ onye ojii" (ogwe zuru oke; ogwe aorist a na-akwadoghị) 44ụgbọ mmiritamet45iguzoăβdəd "ịguzo ọtọ", ăkkər "ịguzosie ike"46ịtaỌkpụkpụ47azụakorm, təkurmēn (cf. 23 olu) 48ifufeaḍo "ikuku, ísì"49anwụrụ ọkụōβo50Gịnị ka ọ ga-eme?ke, mMụ onwe m51nwa (okwu ikwu) ara, tarwa52àkwáTasad na-apụ53inyeN'ịbụ onye nọ n'ọkwa54ihe ọhụrụ (enweghị ihe akaebe) 55ka ọ gbaa ọkụ (intr.) ărɣ56na-abụghịwăl, ak57ezi ihesamēḥ < Arabic58ịmaraỌdịdị59ikpereōfəd60ájátamallilt61ịchị ọchịIhe ndị dị n'ime62ịnụỌ bụ ezie na ọ bụ63alatammurt "ụwa, ala"64akwụkwọ osisitəfra "akwụkwọ osisi"65uhieazŭggaɣ "onye na-acha ọbara ọbara" (prob. ) 66imejuTosa67zooỊnọ na-akọ68akpụkpọ ahụēlăm "akpụkpọ anụ"69na-amị amịỌ bụ ihe a na-akpọ "Iwe"70iburuăbb "ibu, weta", ăškəl "ibu, bulie"71ndandatakəfet72ịdị arọăẓẓāk "ịdị arọ" (ogwe zuru oke; ogwe aorist anaghị egosi) 73were ya"Iwere", Oməẓ "ijide, jide"74ochieimqōr, Iwsər "ịbụ agadi, agadi (mmadụ) "75iri nriỌ bụ ezie na ọ bụ76úkwùOge a na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ77ọkpụrụkpụIzwər "ịdị arọ"78ogologo ogeəzzəjrət "ịdị ogologo"79iji fụọsβəḍ80osisiasɣēr " (otu osisi) 81ịgba ọsọỌ bụ ezie na ọ bụ82ka ọ daaōḍu83anyaawăll84ashēšəd85ọdụtabaḥṣuṣṣ < Arabic?86nkịtaAhịa87na-ebe ákwá / na-ebelataỌ bụ ezie na ọ bụ88ka ọ keeỌ bụ ezie na ọ bụ89ịhụN'ezie90ụtọ (enweghị ihe akaebe) 91eriritazara92onyinyoN'ime ya93nnụnụAnyanwụ94nnutēsənt95obereimtēt "ịdị obere"96sara mbara (enweghị ihe akaebe) 97kpakpandoiri98n'imeIhe a na-akpọ -i99siri ike (enweghị ihe akaebe) 100iji gwuo / gwuoăẓəd "ịtụgharị", ăddəβ "ịkụ (n'ime ogbunigwe) "

 Edensibia 
nọrọ na Ghadames site na 1944 ruo 1945 ma bipụta ọrụ ya ndị bụ isi na 1968 na 1973, nyere ọtụtụ ihe na-enweghị isi. Enweghị nchọpụta ọhụrụ e mere n'ebe ahụ kemgbe

 Ọrụ ndị e depụtara