Asụsụ Jicaquean

,Jicaquean, makwaara dị ka Tolan, bụ obere ezinụlọ asụsụ nke Honduras.  Enwere asụsụ Jicaquean abụọ agbanyere aka, Tol (Eastern Jicaque) na Western Jicaque (Holt 1999), nke Campbell (1997) na-akọ dị ihe dịka Bekee na Swedish.  Naanị Tol dị ndụ.

 Nchịkọta 
Tupu akwụkwọ Greenberg na Swadesh nwere mmetụta na 1953[1] Tol (aka Eastern Jicaque) chere na ọ bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, ya bụ, enweghị ihe ọmụma gbasara njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike ime.  Ha rụrụ ụka na ekwesịrị ịgbakwunye Tol na ngwaahịa Hokan, nnukwu asụsụ, phylum ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ, nke R. B. Dixon na Alfred D. Kroeber tụpụtara na 1913.[2]  Na 1977, David Oltrogge[3] tụrụ aro ijikọ Tol na asụsụ Subtiaba nke Nicaragua na-ekpochapụ, yana Chontal nke Oaxaca, nke a makwaara dị ka Tequistlateco.  Nke a pụtara n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya dị ka obere nhazi, ebe ọ bụ na asụsụ atọ a na-ekwu okwu bụ akụkụ nke ngwaahịa Hokan a chọrọ.  Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Campbell na Oltrogge[4] bipụtara nrụgharị nke fọnịm Jicaquean, dabere na ozi dị na Western na Eastern Jicaque.  N'otu akwụkwọ ahụ, ha gosipụtara obi abụọ siri ike na njikọ Hokan nke Tol na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi dị nro gbasara njikọ dị na Chontal nke Oaxaca, ma kwusiri ike na ọ dị mkpa ka ọtụtụ ozi ndị ọzọ nwee ike ikwu ihe ọ bụla ezi uche dị na ya.  N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Kaufman[5] ekwupụtala nkwado ya na-aga n'ihu na njikọ Hokan nke Tol.

Granberry & Vescelius (2004) na-eche na Asụsụ Ciguayo nke Hispaniola nwere ike ịnwe ndị ikwu ya n'asụsụ Tolan.

 Asụsụ Mbụ 

Nrụzigharị Proto-Jicaque site na Campbell na Oltrogge (1980): Campbell, Lyle and David Oltrogge. 1980. Proto-Tol (Jicaque). International Journal of American Linguistics 46: 205-223.
 no.  gloss  Proto-Jicaque 2  all  *pʰɨ(t) 3  always  *han- 5  arm, back, shoulder  *pʰel 7  arrow  *¢imea ? 8  ashes  *pʰɨpʰɨh 13  to be  *kʼos 16  bed  *kʰan 17  belly  *-kol 18  big  *pɨneh ? 24  black  *te(kʰ) 27  blood  *kʼas 28  blue  *¢u(h) 30  body  *pʼɨ(y) 32  bone  *kʰele 34  bow (of bow and arrow)  *halek 37  to burn  *tV-pʷe 38  bush (forest)  *hokʼ-la 40  buzzard  *mantɨ 45  cloud  *mol 46  coal(s)  *¢ʰek 51  cougar  *pɨkʼa(-he) 59  daughter  *(ku)kus 62  deer  *pʼɨs 63  to die  *pɨʔ ? 65  dog  *¢ʰiyo(h) 66  to drink  *mɨʔ 67  (to) dry  *pʰa 69  ear  *pʰa¢ʼ 70  earth, land  *(a)ma(h) 71  to eat  *la ? 72  egg  *pehey 75  excrement  *pɨ(y) 78  far  *kampa 79  father  *(pa)pa(y) 84  fire  *kʼawa 85  firewood  *wɨ(t) 86  fish  *kʰul 89  flea  *pel 91  fly  *no¢o¢ 93  forehead  *wala 94  to forget  *-pɨʔ 95  four  *(y)ulupʰana 97  fruit  *wolas 99  to give  *-tekʼa 101  good  *wɨ(k) 102  grain (cf. maize)  *hulup 103  grandmother, female  *(mɨ)mɨy 104  to grind  *kʰol ? 106  hair  *¢ʼil 107  hand  *mas ? 108  he, that  *hup 109  head  *ha(y)pʰuk 110  to hear  *pʰak 111  heart  *has- 114  horn  *¢ʰeme 115  house  *wa 117  I  *nap ? 119  intestines  *¢ʼul 123  knee  *tikʼ- 125  to laugh  *wiʔ 126  leg  *tek 128  lip  *lɨp 129  liver  *kom 131  long  *kampa 132  to look for  *pal- 133  louse  *tɨtʼ 135  macaw  *pʼɨsa(h) 137  male, grandfather  *(ko)koy 138  man  *yom 140  meat  *pis 143  moon  *mɨmɨy 144  month  *mɨy-pʰini(h) 148  mouth  *lala 149  much  *pɨlɨk 150  my, mine  *na¢aʔ 152  navel  *lulu 153  nephew  *kelew ? 155  no  *ma- 156  nose  *mik 157  to nurse  *¢oʔ 158  oak  *¢ʼolol 159  one  *pʰani(h) 164  parrot  *kʰuyu(h) 168  red  *he(h) 172  round  *mul- ? 175  salt  *¢olim 177  sandal, shoe  *¢ompit 178  scorpion  *¢ʰew ? 179  to see  *nu(k) 186  skinny  *kʰele 187  sky  *alpa 188  sleep  *han- 190  smoke  *mus 192  to snore  *-hol- 194  to sow, plant  *sin- 195  to speak  *wele 196  spider  *kolok 201  stone  *pe(h) 202  summer  *¢ʰikin 203  sun  *lo¢ʼak 204  tail  *sokʼ 207  there is/are not (Sp.: no hay)  *kuwa 210  thorn  *ham ? 212  to tie  *¢upa- 215  tongue  *pelam 216  tooth  *wis 217  tree  *yo(h) 220  two  *matʼɨ 221  uncle  *kokʰam ? 224  wasp  *petʰel 225  water  *sɨ(tʰ) 226  we  *-kup 228  white  *pʰe(kʰ) 229  wind  *lɨpʰɨ(kʰ) 230  woman  *kep 233  word  *wele 235  worm, caterpillar  *¢ʼihih 237  yellow  *lu(pʰ) 239  you  *hip

 Edensibia 

 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1979). "Middle American languages." Na L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 902-1000).  Austin: Mahadum nke Texas Press.
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1997). Asụsụ ndị India America, Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford UP.
 Campbell, Lyle, na David Oltrogge (1980). "Proto-Tol (Jicaque)." International Journal of American Linguistics, 46:205-223.
 Granberry, Julian, na Gary Vescelius (2004). Asụsụ nke Pre-Columbian Antilles. Birmingham: Mahadum nke Alabama Press.
 Greenberg, Joseph H., na Morris Swadesh (1953). "Jicaque dị ka Asụsụ Hokan" International Journal of American Linguistics 19: 216-222.
 Holt, Dennis (1999). Tol (Jicaque)  Asụsụ nke Ụwa / Ihe 170. Munich: LincomEuropa.