Asụsụ Proto-Niger-Congo

Proto-Niger-Congo bụ asụsụ proto-asụsụ e wughachiri nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo.

 Eziokwu ya 
'adịghị ka Nilo-Saharan, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na ndị Africa na-anabata asụsụ Niger-Congo. Atlantic-Congo (n'ụzọ siri ike, Niger-Congo ma ewezuga asụsụ Mande, Kru, Siamou, Kordofanian, Dogon na Ijoid) ka Glottolog 4.4.

 Mmalite 
Blench (2006,  2016Blench, Roger. 2016. Can we visit the graves of the first Niger-Congo speakers?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.) na-atụ aro na Proto-Niger-Congo malitere ihe dị ka afọ 11-10,000 tupu ugbu a n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke "Green Sahara" nke Africa (ihe dịka Sahel na ndịda Sahara), nakwa na mgbasa ya nwere ike ijikọta ya na mgbasa nke ụta na akụ site na ndị na-achụ nta na-achịkọta.

 Ọmụmụ ụdaolu 

 Ụda ụda 
Hyman, Larry. 2016. Can we visit the graves of the first Niger-Congo speakers?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.Larry Hyman (2016) na-eweghachi Ụda abụọ dị iche iche maka Proto-Niger-Congo, nke bụ: 

 Ọdịdị ụdaume 
A na-eche na Proto-Niger-Congo nwere usoro mgbọrọgwụ disyllabic yiri nke Proto-Bantu, ya bụ (C) V-CVCV  (Williamson 2000, Williamson, Kay. 2000. Proto-Niger-Congo. In: H. Ekkehard Wolff, Orin D. Gensler (eds). Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, pp.49-70. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 9783896451248. wdg). Otú Pozdniakov, Konstantin. 2016. Proto-Niger-Congo root structures. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016. dị, Roger Blench (2016) na-atụ aro usoro syllabic trisyllabic (CVCV) maka mgbọrọgwụ Proto-Niger-Congo, Blench, Roger. 2016. Supposing we have been completely wrong about the shape of early Niger-Congo roots?. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016. ebe Konstantin Pozdniakov (2016) na-egosi na isi usoro prototypical nke mgbọrọgwụ proto-Niger - Congo bụ *CVC, tinyere disyllabic, trisyllabic, na ọdịiche ndị ọzọ. [2]

 Ọdịdị 

 Ụdị aha 
Enwere ike ịmegharị klas aha maka Proto-Niger-Congo. Ntinye aha na Proto-Niger-Congo gụnyere: 

 aha klas 1: prefix maka otu mmadụ
 aha klas 2: prefix maka ọtụtụ mmadụ
 aha klas 6A: prefix maka aha mmiri na aha buru ibu ("uncountables") 

N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ akara aha Niger-Congo (Good 2020:145, Good, Jeff. 2020. Niger-Congo, with a special focus on Benue-Congo. In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages, pp. 139-160. Oxford: Oxford University Press. site na Schadeberg 1989:72 Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1989). ‘Kordofanian’, in J. Bendor-Samuel (ed.). The Niger-Congo Languages: A classification and description of Africa's largest language family, 66-80. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.):

N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ Proto-Niger-Congo, Proto-Bantu, na Proto-Atlantic verbal extensions (Good 2020:146, Good, Jeff. 2020. Niger-Congo, with a special focus on Benue-Congo. In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages, pp. 139-160. Oxford: Oxford University Press. site na Hyman 2007:157 Hyman, L. M. (2007). ‘Niger-Congo verb extensions: overview and discussion’, in D. L. Payne and J. Pena (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, 149-63.):
Ụdị nsonaazụProto-Niger-CongoProto-BantuỤgbọ mmiri Proto-Atlanticngwa*-nke*-ɪd*-edihe kpatara ya*-nke a, *-ti*-ic-i*-afọihe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ*-o*-ɪb-ʊ*-V[+azụ]n'etiti onwe ya*-na*-afọ*-adọreversive*-na*-ʊd*-ɪt

 ngwaa mgbọrọgwụ: pend 'ịhụnanya'
 na-emegharị: pendana 'ịhụ ibe gị n'anya'
 ngwa: Pendua 'ịhụnanya'
 ihe kpatara ya: Pendza 'ịdị mma'

 Aha nnọchiaha 
Güldemann' (2018) Proto-Niger-Congo pronoun reconstructions, maka pronouns nke mbụ na nke abụọ (otu na otutu), ka enyere n'okpuru ebe a.
otuọtụtụOnye nke mbụ*mVfront*TVcloseOnye nke abụọ*mVback*NVclose
 (2013) bụ nyocha zuru ezu nke nnọchiaha n'asụsụ Niger-Congo, yana nrụzigharị zuru ezu.

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ 
Konstantin Pozdniakov (2018) ebipụtala nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọnụọgụ Proto-Niger-Congo, yana nrụzigharị zuru oke maka alaka ndị dị ala nke Niger-Congo phylum. Pozdniakov (2018: 293)  na Güldemann (2018: 147) wughachiri nọmba ndị a maka Proto-Niger-Congo. 
Ọnụ ọgụgụProto-Niger-Congo (Pozdniakov 2018) Proto-Niger-Congo (G промеemann 2018) 1*ku- (n) -di (> ni/-in), *do, *gbo/*kpo2*ba-di*Ri3*tath / *tath*ta (C) 4*na (h) m*na (C) 5*tan, *nu (n) *nU65+175+28*na (i) nai (< 4 reduplicated) 95+410*pu / *fu20< 'onye'
Ụdị Niger-CongoAha a na-ahụkarịAha sayensịIhe edeturu#-bal-mkpịsị aka spp.Raphia sudanica; Elaeis guineensis#-kundi-nkwụ dryzonePhoenix reclinata; Borassus aethiopum; Raphia sp.#-bila-nkwụ mmanụ (?) Elaeis guineensis#-eli-nkwụ mmanụElaeis guineensis#-iri-nkwụ mmanụElaeis guineensis# (n) gbaŋ-nkwụBorassus aethiopum#lonaBlench, Roger. 2016. Reconstructing African agrarian prehistory by combining different sources of evidence: methodological considerations and examples for west African economic plants. In: News from the Past; Progress in African Archaeobotany. Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on African Archaeobotany, Vienna, 2-5th July, 2012. U. Thanheiser ed. 13-26. Groningen: Barkhuis.Osisi igurubeParkia biglobosa#- (g) bụrụNri akịNkọwa nitida, Nkọwa acuminataAkụ́ akụ́#goroNri akịNkọwa nitida, Nkọwa acuminataAkụ́ akụ́#kumOsisi oghoCeiba pentandra#kom-Mahogany nke AfricaKhaya senegalensis#ŋ-kpunuShea tree; 'mmanụ, abụba'Ihe na-emegide onwe ya#-parOsisi oliv, kandụl ọhịa nke AfrịkaCanarium schweinfurthii#kVN-sorghum, ọka GuineaSorghum bicolor#mar (d) apearl milletPennisetum glaucumgbasakwara na West ChadicEbe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Chadic#fundi[1]fonioỊgba ọsọ dijitalụna Mande, Atlantic, Gur, wdg.#ku; #jiyamDioscorea spp.#-tomyam eluDioscorea bulbiferagbasaa na Naijiria na ọdịda anyanwụ Cameroon #kokococoyam, taroMkparịta ụka a tụrụ atụ#zo (ko) ehiVigna unguiculatana Central Nigeria; Benue-Congo nwere *kón (Proto-Manenguba) na *-kʊ́ndè (Proto) #-kpaMkpụrụ osisi BambaraOsisi vaịn dị n'okpuru alaWest Benue-Congo#-gunuMkpụrụ osisi BambaraOsisi vaịn dị n'okpuru alaEbe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Benue-Congo#-wiMkpụrụ osisi BambaraOsisi vaịn dị n'okpuru alaAsụsụ ndị dị n'elu ugwu#-koraMkpụrụ osisi a na-akpọ calabashLagenaria siceraria; Cucurbita spp.#kom-unereMusa spp.#kondeosisiMusa paradaịs#maaló (?) osikapaOryza glaberrima Proto-Manding; ụdị a na-ahụkarị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka [1]
Aha osisi ndị ọzọ nwere nkesa zuru oke na West Africa:

 Milicia excelsa: odum, iroko (na Ghana na Nigeria) Blench, Roger (2006). Archaeology, language, and the African past. AltaMira Press. ISBN 9780759104655.
 Funtumia elastica (osisi rọba): o-fruntum (na Ghana) 
 Sesamum indicum (sesame): #-sVwa (Benue-Congo) 
 Abelmoschus esculentus (okra): ɔ́kʊrʊ, ɪkɪabʊ, akɛnɛta (n'ebe ndịda Naijiria) 

 Anụmanụ 
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ ihe owuwu nke Niger-Congo maka aha anụmanụ nke Blench nyere (2007 Blench, Roger. 2007. Lexical avoidance taboos and the reconstruction of names for large animals in Niger-Congo, an African language phylum. In: Edmond Dounias, Elisabeth Motte-Florac and Margaret Dunham (eds). Le symbolisme des animaux - l’animal “clef de voûte” dans la tradition orale et les interactions homme-nature. 545-569 + unpaginated appendices. Paris: Editions IRD.), yana ụfọdụ ihe owuwe ihe ubi dabere na Blench (2006). 
Ụdị Niger-CongoAha a na-ahụkarịNbudata#jataọdụmMande-Congo#guniọdụmụdị mpaghara#-bunguhyenaVolta-Congo#-bithyenaProto-Benue-Kwa#murumhyenaCentral Nigeria#gbalienyíMande-Congo#-nyienyíBenue-Kwa? ; pụtakwara 'ụgbụgbọ'#-dị mmaenyíVolta-Congo#-bunkịtaProto-Niger-Congo#kuruAgụ iyiNiger-Congo (Proto-Bantu nwere #-gandu) #budiewuNiger-Congo (Afroasiatic na Nilo-Saharan nwere #k-r-) #-gaOnye na-akpa ákwà n'obodoBenue-Congo

 Hụkwa 

 Asụsụ Proto-Bantu
 Asụsụ Proto-Afro-Eshia
 Haplogroup E-M2

 Akwụkwọ 



 Grollemund, Rebecca, Simon Branford, Jean-Marie Hombert & Mark Pagel. 2016. Ịdị n'otu nke ezinụlọ Niger-Congo. Akwụkwọ e gosipụtara maka 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.

 Edensibia 
ezu nke ọnụọgụ Proto-Niger-Congo, yana nrụzigharị zuru oke maka alaka ndị dị ala nke Niger-Congo phylum. Pozdniakov (2018: 293)  na Güldemann (2018: 147) wughachiri

 Njikọ mpụga 

 N'ebe Proto-Niger-Congo nọ: Ntụnyere na Nrụzigharị
 Ọrụ nrụzigharị Niger-Congo na LLACAN
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations