Hornbook

A hornbook (horn-book) bụ mbadamba mkpụrụ akwụkwọ nwere otu akụkụ, nke jere ozi site n'Oge etiti oge dị ka nke mbụ maka ọmụmụ, na mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere njikọta ụdaume, nọmba ma ọ bụ amaokwu dị mkpirikpi. A na-ejikarị akwụkwọ mpịakọta eme ihe n'England n'ihe dị ka 1450, mana ọ nwere ike ịmalite site na ihe karịrị otu narị afọ tupu mgbe ahụ. Plimpton, George A. "The Hornbook and Its Use in America". Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 26 (1916): 264-72.A na-eji okwu ahụ (akwụkwọ mpi) eme ihe maka ihe ọmụmụ dị iche iche na mpaghara dị iche iche mana ọ malitere na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka, nke a na-anọchite anya mpempe akwụkwọ Velum ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ na-egosi mkpụrụ akwụkwọ, amaokwu okpukpe, wdg, na-echebe ya na mkpuchi nke mpi (ma ọ bụ mica) ma tinye ya na etiti enyere aka.Definition of hornbook from dictionary.com

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 
áká_èkpè|thumb|Akwụkwọ mpịakọta akpụkpọ anụ na Cary Graphic Arts CollectionNchịkọta Ihe osise Cary
Akwụkwọ Horn, akwụkwọ battledore na akwụkwọ crisscross niile bụ mbadamba nkume ndị e mere iji kụziere ụmụaka mkpụrụedemede dị ka abecedarium, usoro izi ihe eji eme ihe site n'Oge Ochie ruo n'oge etiti ebe a na-akụzi mkpụrụedemede site na ntụpọ. Ihe osise nke akwụkwọ horn site na 1326 pụtara n'ihe odide velum nke nwere ihe na-egbuke egbuke (Liber de Officiis Regum, nke Walter de Wilemete dere) mana ihe ndekọ mbụ e dere (na "boke of horn") bụ na 1450. Tuer A.W, Op. Cit., p 453Ụmụaka na-ejikarị akwụkwọ mpịakọta osisi eme ihe site n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na ise ruo na ngwụcha narị afọ nke asatọ, na-agbanwe ka akwụkwọ ndị na-alụ ọgụ (n'etiti narị nke iri na asatọ ruo n'etiti nke iri na itoolu), akwụkwọ ndị na'elu, mechara jiri Akwụkwọ ABC na narị afọ nke 19.

Hornbooks nwere mpempe akwụkwọ nkuzi na-egosi mkpụrụedemede nke mkpụrụedemede, nke a na-etinye na paddle nke osisi, ọkpụkpụ, akpụkpọ anụ, ọlaọcha, alloy ma ọ bụ nkume ma chebe ya site na mpempe akwụkwọ dị warara nke mpi translucent, ma ọ bụ mica, nke a ga-ejide n'ọnọdụ ya site na eriri ọla (latten) nke a na'ime mpi ahụ na paddle iji chebe mpempe akwụkwọ mmụta ahụ. [n 1][n 2]Folmsbee, B. Op. Cit., pp 5-14Paddle na-enwekarị aka nwere oghere maka eriri ma ọ bụ eriri a na-akwụnye na belt nwatakịrị n'úkwù ha. A na-ejikarị nnukwu obe, nke e ji Velum mee na nke e ji akwụkwọ mee, na-esochi mkpụrụedemede, nọmba na nsụgharị ikpeazụ, amaokwu dị mkpirikpi. [n 3][n 4]Hornbooks gosipụtara mkpụrụedemede nke mkpụrụedemede, syllabary na ekpere maka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ. Andrew Tuer kọwara akwụkwọ hornbook nke nwere akara nke na-ekewa mkpụrụedemede dị ala na mkpụrụedemede ukwu site na syllabary. Usoro mmụta a ma ọ bụ syllabary, nke nwere ike ịgbakwunye na akwụkwọ mpịakọta na 1596, kụziri ịkpọpụta ụdaume na njikọta ụdaume.Bailey M.L, Op. Cit., p 10

 ab eb ib ob ba be bi bo bu

Usoro okwu ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ndị nna nna nke usoro nkuzi nke oge a nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na-arụ ọrụ na mmalite na rims na ezinụlọ okwu. Site na akwụkwọ hornbook mbụ, usoro mkpụrụedemede kwadoro ọganihu mmụta site na nkeji okwu gaa na okwu. Ihe odide ndị ahụ na-apụta ma ọ bụ na blọk (ihe osise n'elu aka ekpe), nke kachasị mma maka ịmụ ịgụ ma ọ bụ ide aka (ihe osine n'okpuru aka nri), nke kachasị maka ịmụ ide.Tuer A.W, Op. Cit., p 11

 Ugbu a 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe oyiyi nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke akwụkwọ oak nke Late Tudor
Ihe ncheta nke "akwụkwọ nkuku" na ọdịbendị nke oge a efunahụla n'otu akụkụ n'ihi oke ụkọ nke ihe atụ mbụ ka ha na-ada n'iji ha eme ihe.Hornbooks bụ ngwá ọrụ mmụta maka ụmụaka, mana ụmụaka nwere ihe ndị ọzọ a na-eji eme ihe maka hornbooks, nke mere ka ụkọ ha dịkwuo. [n 5]Bailey, M.L. Op. Cit., pp12-134Folmsbee, B. Op. Cit., p 4Ka ọ na-erule oge ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ochie ghọtara na ha enweghị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, oge agafeela; ọtụtụ n'ime ha ebibiwo. Tuer A.W, Op. Cit., p 7A na-echekwa ezigbo akwụkwọ ole na ole dị taa ma ọ bụ n'ihi uru ha (ndị nwe ha bara ọgaranya ma bụrụ ndị a ma ama dịka Queen Elizabeth I), ma ọ bụ na ndị nwe ha tụfuru ha, furu n'okpuru bọọdụ ala, n'azụ panelling, tinye ha na mgbidi ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ e liri ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na steeti dị iche iche. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ụkọ nke akwụkwọ mpịakọta mụbara uru ha na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nke mgbe ejikọtara ya na oghere dị na ihe ọmụma, meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka ime ihe adịgboroja. Tuer, A.W. Op. Cit., pp 178-190Ọbụna aha ahụ n'onwe ya (akwụkwọ mpi) ejirila ya mee ihe, na-aghọ ihe jikọrọ ya na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka (dịka The Horn Book Magazine), dị ka ihe atụ maka agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpa (dịka Hornbook (iwu) ), ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe dị ka okwu mkparị (dịka agụmakwụkwọ na-adịghị mma). Taa, e nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ "ezighị ezi" na-ekesa karịa ezigbo akwụkwọ, mana, na enweghị ihe atụ a kwadoro, ọ nwere ike isi ike belata ihe adịgboroja.

 Ihe ncheta echekwara na nka 
A na-echekwa ihe oyiyi nke akwụkwọ hornn n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche n'akụkụ ihe odide ochie, dị ka ihe nkwado na foto (nke e sere n'elu) ma ọ bụ nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'amaokwu:Tuer, A.W. Op. Cit., p453

 A kpọtụrụ akwụkwọ horn ahụ aha na William Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost (nke e dere n'etiti afọ 1590), omume 5, ihe nkiri 1, ebe Moth na-ezo aka na ba, a, e, i, o, u, na mpi:

 Ọ bụ ihe agha. [Nye HOLOFERNES] Monsieur, ị naghị ahapụ gị ka ọbara ọbara?
 Ịnọ. Ee, ọ na-akụziri ụmụ nwoke akwụkwọ hornbook. Gịnị bụ a, b, nke a na-asụgharịrị azụ na mpi n'isi ya?
 HOLOFERNES. Ba, pueritia, na mpi agbakwunyere.
 Ịnọ. Ba, ọtụtụ atụrụ nzuzu nwere mpi. Ị na-anụ mmụta ya.
 HOLOFERNES. Gịnị, chọrọ, ị bụ ụdaume?
 Ịnọ. Nke atọ n'ime ụdaume ise, ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-ekwughachi ha; ma ọ bụ nke ise, ma o bụrụ na m.
 HOLOFERNES. Aga m ekwughachi ha: a, e, m -
 Ịnọ. Atụrụ; abụọ ndị ọzọ mechiri ya: o, u.

 Ben Jonson kọwakwara ya n'egwuregwu ya Volpone (1605-06), omume 4, ihe nkiri 2:

 O doro anya na ọ bụ eziokwu. Ma enwere m olileanya na m nwere ike ịsị, anya ndị a ahụla ya na-arapara n'osisi cedar ahụ, ezigbo osisi ahụ; na ebe a enwere ike ịgụ akwụkwọ ozi, site na mpi, nke ahụ na-eme ka akụkọ ahụ zuo oke.

 Ọ bụ William Hornby, onye England na-ede uri na 1622 

 Robert Burns, na uri ya Death and Doctor Hornbook (1785), na-ezo aka na onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ógbè ahụ nwere akụkụ dị ka apothecary, dị ka Doctor Hornbook.

 Ojiji na agụmakwụkwọ iwu na United States 

Na iwu United States, akwụkwọ hornbook bụ ederede nke na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke otu mpaghara iwu. Akwụkwọ iwu bụ ụdị edemede, na-abụkarị otu mpịakọta, nke nwere ike ịbụ ụdị dị mkpirikpi nke edemede dị ogologo, nke nwere ọtụtụ mpịakọ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu America na-ejikarị akwụkwọ hornbooks dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ ikpe.

 Ihe edeturu 

 Ihe odide 



 Njikọ mpụga 


 Wood Hornbook si na Rare Book and Special Collections Division na Library of CongressỌ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Congress
 Ivory Hornbook si na Rare Book and Special Collections Division na Library of CongressỌ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Congress
 Nchọgharị Hornbook  site na mmemme afọ ofufo Portable Antiquities Scheme