Okporo ụzọ kpakpando

Njegharị kpakpando bụ ngafe kpakpando gafere n'ọhụhụ nke ihe nlegharị anya teliskop.

Nleba anya nke ọma nke njem kpakpando bụ ntọala nke ọtụtụ ụzọ na mbara igwe na geodesy. Enwere ike ime nha n'ụzọ dị iche iche:

 anya (ọtụtụ n'ime ruo 1990): izi ezi 0,1 "ruo 2" (dabere na ngwá ọrụ); oge na elekere dijitalụ ihe dịka 0,05-0,2 sekọnd

 Hụkwa 

 e
 Transit instrument

 Akwụkwọ 

 Karl Ramsayer, 1969: Geodätische Astronomie, Vol.2a of Handbuch der Vermessungskunde, 900 p., J.B.Metzler-Verlag Stuttgart.
 Ivan I. Mueller, 1969: Spherical and Practical Astronomy as applied to Geodesy, 610 p., Fred.Ungar publ., USA
 IAU Coll.48: Modern Astrometry, Egermann, University Vienna.