Archie Mafeje

Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (30 Maachị 1936 - 28 Maachị 2007), nke a na-akpọkarị Archie Mafeje bụ onye mba South Africa, onye ọkàmmụta n'isi ọmụmụ anthropology na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye amụrụ na ebe amaara ugbu a ka Eastern Cape, ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nzere site na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta na mahadum dị iche iche na Europe, North America, na Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ogologo oge pụọ na apartheid South Africa mgbe egbochiri ya ikuzi nkuzi na UCT n'afọ 1968. 

Mgbe ọ nọ mba ọzọ maka ọsọ ndụ ọ gbara gbaga ebe ahụ, Mafeje so na mmemme mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ anthropology nwere njikọ chiri anya na naonye ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, o jikwa akwụkwọ mmụta ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji katọọ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke kwadoro usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na okwu nwe ala na ikenye ihe onwunwe, ma kwukwaa na e wulitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntọala nke nkesa na irigbu ala na-ezighị ezi.
Dịka onye Marxist ọ bụ, Mafeje dịka onye wepụtara ọtụtụ nkwenye mgbaso maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye ama ama maka nkatọ ya maka colonialism, apartheid na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ n'Africa. Otu onye ama ama so na African left, ọ na-akatọ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ wee rụsie ọrụ ike maka ịzụlite  Africa-centered approach na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche Marxism nke Mafeje na ntinye aka ya na tiori mmekọrịta ọha na eze Africa emetụtala agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme na Africa na karịa. Ọrụ ya emetụtala arụmụka gbasara njirimara Africa, ịkwụrụ onwe onye na nnwere onwe.

 Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya 
 Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya 
Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje amụrụ na 30 Maachị 1936 na Gubenxa, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na Ngcobo (Thembuland, Cape Province, Union of South Africa).  Mafeje iziduko (aha agbụrụ) sitere na Mpondomise, otu agbụrụ nta n'ime Xhosa. Nna ya, Bennett, bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Gubenxa Junior, ebe nne ya, Frances Lydia, bụ onye nkuzi Nne na nna ya lụrụ na  Langa, Cape Town, n'afọ 1934, tupu ha akwaga Gubenxa, ma mesịa gaa n'obodo Ncambele na Tsolo. Ha abụọ bụ ndị ụka Wesleyan Methodist. Archie bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne asaa, ụmụnne ya ndị nke ọzọ bụ Vuyiswa (amụrụ 1940), Mbulezi (amụrụ 1942),  Khumbuzo ma ọ bụ Sikhumbuzo (amụrụ 1944), Mzandile ma ọ bụ Mlamli (amụrụ 1947), Thozama (amụrụ 1949), na Nandipha (amụrụ 1954).

N'afọ 1951 na 1952, Mafeje dechara ule ma nweta asambodo Junior ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Nqabara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ Methodist na Willowvale. N'ebe ahụ, Nathaniel Honono,  onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye isi òtù ndị nkuzi Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA), webatara Mafeje na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Non-European Unity Movement (a kpọgharịrị Unity Movement of South Africa n'afọ 1964). A na-ahụta ụlọ akwụkwọ a dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii kacha mma na South. Africa; Otú ọ dị, n'ịgbaso Bantu Education Act nke afọ 1953, ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mesịrị weghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1956. 

Mafeje wee debanye aha na Mahadum n'afọ 1954 gaa na Healdtown Comprehensive School na Fort Beaufort, ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụka Methodist nke nwere ndepụta aha ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na ya nke gụnyere Nelson Mandela na Robert Sobukwe . N'ebe ahụ, Livingstone Mqotsi, onye nkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ebe Mafeje nọ, wee malite isonye nke ọma n'òtù ndị nwere njikọ n'òtù Non-European Unity Movement. Bongani Nyoka na-ekwu na na Healdtown, Archie ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke Na-enye nsogbu. Mafeje sonyeere Fort Hare Native College,  mahadum ndị ojii dị na Eastern Cape, n'etiti 1955 iji mụọ zoology, ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị.

Mafeje debara aha na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) n'afọ 1957, na-esonyere obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-erughị iri abụọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ogige ụmụ akwụkwọ dị puku ise. Na UCT, o debanyere aha na mbu maka inweta nzere B.Sc na bayoloji mana o meghi nke ọma n'ule ndị o kwesịrị ka ọ gafee na ha. Mafeje chetara na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ biology na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ndị ọkammụta ndị ọcha kụziiri ya otu ihe "ahụ àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ", n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ lere ya anya dị ka "onye nke ọzọ". Ọ gbanwere ka ọ gụọ isi ọmụmụ social anthropology n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1960, o nwetara nzere B.A ya n'isi ọmụmụ urban Sociology, nke nzere M.A nwere ọdịiche n'isi ọmụmụ political anthropology sochiri, tupu ya ahapụ mahadum n'afọ 1963. Na UCT, o so na Society of Young Africa (SOYA) na Cape Peninsula Student Union (CPSU). Francis Wilson (nwa onye ndụmọdụ ya n'ọdịnihu na onye nlekọta, Monica Wilson), Fikile Bam na Mafeje nwere arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na "Freedom Square" n'okpuru Jameson Ụlọ Nzukọ. Mgbe a manyere ha ịgụ  Lenin na Trotsky maka nzere ha, Fikile Bam chetara na Mafeje na-ezo aka na Lenin ugboro ugboro n'esemokwu gbasara usoro ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwe ike ịdepụta kpọmkwem amaokwu ndị ahụ ruo na nọmba ibe. Ka o sina dị, ndị enyi Mafeje chetara na ụfọdụ ndị òtù SOYA hụrụ na amamihe ya na mmasị ya maka arụmụka echiche na-akpasu iwe n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-etinye oge dị ukwuu "na ndị ọcha na-eme ihe ike."

Monica Wilson hụrụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ inweta nzere Mastas Mafeje. Mafeje ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere asụsụ Xhosa na njikọ nna ya  imezu ọrụ ubi na Langa n'etiti Nọvemba 1960 na Septemba 1962. Mafeje bipụtara akụkụ nke a n’onwe ya, wee dee "Monica Wilson Science Journal" dabere n'ọrụ akpọrọ Langa: Ọmụmụ ihe nke Social Groups n'ime African Township, nke e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ Oxford University Press bipụtara n'afọ 1963. otú ọ dị, na mmalite 1970s, ka nkatọ Mafeje nke Western anthropology mụbara. je ga-ekewapụ onwe ya n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ma rụtụ aka n'okpuru Wilson  Christian liberal ideology na  liberal functionalism dị ka njedebe nke kwadoro Eurocentric usoro iwu. Mafeje mechakwara ọrụ ubi gbasara ntuli aka 1960 na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara maka Gwendolen M. Carter] .
Na 16 Ọgọst 1963, Mafeje gwara òtù ndị gbakọtara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị okwu, n'ihi ya, a kpọchiri ya  E zigara ya Flagstaff iji kpee ya ikpe. A dara ya nra ma zighachi ya Cape Town kama ịbụ onye a gbara akwụkwọ. Mafeje wee kwaga mba UK na mbụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nyocha na Mahadum Cambridge mgbe Wilson kwadoro ya, mana mechaa inweta nzere Dọkịta nke Philosophy (DPhil) ya n'isi ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'okpuru nlekọta Audrey Richards na King's College, Mahadum Cambridge, na njedebe 1960. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya, o biiri na Uganda wee mee nnyocha gbasara ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa, mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Makerere. Usoro mmụta ọkankuzi ya bụ nke akpọrọ Social and Economic Mobility in a Peasant Society: A Study nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na Buganda.

Richards nwere obi abụọ banyere ụkpụrụ omume nke Mafeje. {{NoteTag| Richards kwuru, sị, "Anaghị m aghọta ihe na-ejide ya. Ọ na-adị ngwa ma na-egbuke egbuke na mkparịta ụka na onye nlekọta na-ewu ewu - na-amasị ndị bịara ọhụrụ mgbe niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ike gụọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ihe ọ bụla na ya ... Ihe ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ndị ibe ya na-ekwu (na-enweghị iwe) na ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike!  |name=Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Richards na Wilson na Gịnị Ka Anyị Ga-amụta n'aka Archie Mafeje gbasara Ụzọ Ọchịchị Democracy na South Africa?}} na ikike ịbụ onye mmụta.  Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e hiwere Archibald Mafeje PhD Scholarship na 2014 site na Tiso Foundation. Ụlọ ọrụ Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) malitere Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture series na 2016.< Mahadum South Africa hiwere Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI) n'afọ 2017.{ {Cite web |title=Mahadum South Africa  Archie Mafeje Research Institute |url=https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/Departments/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |access-date=2022-12-30 |website= Archie Mafeje Research Institute, Mahadum South Africa |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230160735/https://unisouthafr.academia. edu/Ngalaba/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |url-status=live }}

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Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences
Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936
Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2007
Category: Ndị odee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba South Africa
Category:South African activists
Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Namibia
Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Dar es Salaam
Category:American university and college faculty deans
Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge
Category: Ndị ọkachamara akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Cambridge
Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town
Category:South African anthropologists
Category:Ndị Xhosa