Djuna Barnes

. Parsons, 165-6.Djuna Barnes / / ˈdʒ uːnɑː /, June 12, 1892 - June 18, 1982) bụ onye omenkà America, onye na-ese ihe, onye ode na onye ode akwụkwọ nke nwere ike bụrụ onye amama maka akwụkwọ ya Nightwood (1936)  , otu njikọ nke ihe nwere nrọ .  faịlụ ifo na ọrụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ modernist

Na 1913, Barnes kwuru ọrụ dị ka onye nta mgbaàmà nweere onwe ya na onye na-ese ihe maka Brooklyn Daily Eagle .  [1] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1914, Barnes bụ onye a na-achọsi ike nke ukwuu onye nta, onye na-agba njikọ ọnụ na onye na-ese ihe nke ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ na-ede akwụkwọ obodo.  [2] Ka oge na-aga, nkà Barnes nwere na njikọ ya na ndị bohemians a ma ama Greenwich Village nyere ya nhọrọ ibipụta akwụkwọ ya, uri, ihe atụ, na ihe nkiri otu omume na akwụkwọ avant-garde na akwụkwọ  ndị a ma ama, wee bipụta uri anọra, Akwụkwọ ahụ.  nke ụmụ na-ahọ oyi (1915). Parsons, 166. Messerli, 3.

. Messerli, 15. Herring, 311.N'ime 1930s, Barnes mgbatị oge na England, Paris, New York, na North Africa.  [1] Ọ bụ n'oge ezumike a ka o dere wee bipụta Nightwood .  N'October 1939, mgbe ihe nkiri nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ biri na Europe, Barnes la ike New York.  [2] O nnukwu ọrụ ikpeazụ ya, ike a na-akpọ The Antiphon, na 1958, na ọ nwụrụ n'ibu ya na Patchin Place, Greenwich Village na June 1982

 Ndụ na ide 
. Herring, 5–29.A ሚዛን Barnes n'ime ụlọ osisi dị na Storm King Mountain, na nso Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York .  Nne nne ya Zadel Barnes bụ onye ode akwụkwọ, onye nta diski, na onye na-akwado ịhọpụta ụmụ amụrụ bụ onye ụlọ oriri na proof nwe.  Nna ya, Wald Barnes ( Henry Aaron Budington), [1] bụ onye na-ede abụ, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ese ihe na-eme nke ọma.  Onye na-akwado ụfọdụ otu ụdị, ọ na-egosi nne Barnes Elizabeth J. Barnes (née Chappell) na 1889;  nne ya ukwu Frances "Fanny" Clark so ha biri na 1897, mgbe Barnes dị afọ ise.  [2] Ha nwere ụmụ osisi (ise sitere na Elizabeth: ụmụ nwoke Thurn, Zendon, Saxon na Shangar na ada Djuna; anɔnu sitere na Fanny: ụmụ nwoke Duane na Brian na ụmụ ụmụ Muriel na Sheila), ndị Wald mere obere obere iji  kwado ego.  Otu ọkara nwanne ọnwụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata.  Zadel, onye mụrụ na nwa ya nwoke bụ onye mbụ nka na-ahụghị, ịgbasiri ike igboro ya dum, na- achọta ego ya na-Bebeta site n'idegara ndị na ndị enyi ya akwụkwọ ozi mbụ.

Dị ka nwa nke abụọ kasị okenye, Barnes ji ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ọ bụ nwata na-enyere aka na-elekọta ụmụnne na ọkara ụmụnne. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'oge mbụ n'ụlọ, ọkachasị n'aka nna ya na nne nne ya, bụ ndị kuziri ya ide, nka na egwu mana ọ leghaara isiokwu ndị dị ka mgbakọ na mwepụ na mkpoputa. Herring, xviii. O kwuru na ya agụbeghị akwụkwọ ma ọlị; ụfọdụ ihe àmà na-egosi na o debanyere aha ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, n'agbanyeghị na ọbịbịa ya ekwekọghị. Herring, 40.

O nwere ike ịbụ na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, e dinara ya n'ike, ma ọ bụ site n'aka onye agbata obi ya maara na nkwenye nke nna ya, ma ọ bụ ikekwe site n'aka nna ya. Otú ọ dị, ndị a bụ asịrị na enweghị nkwenye site n'aka Barnes, bụ onye na-enweghị ike imecha akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. Ihe a maara bụ na Barnes na nna ya nọgidere na-edegara ibe ha akwụkwọ ozi na-ekpo ọkụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1934. Barnes na-ezo aka na ndina n'ike n'ụzọ doro anya na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya Ryder na karịa na egwu ikpeazụ ya bụ Antiphon . Nrụtụ aka n'ụzọ doro anya na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka nne nne ya, onye ya na ya na-ekerịta ihe ndina ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-atụ aro mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ njakịrị ọ maara nke ọma, mana Zadel - nwụrụ kemgbe afọ 40 site n'oge edere Antiphon — a hapụghị ya ebubo ya. Herring, xvi–xvii, 54–57, 268–271. N'oge na-adịghị tupu ya 18th ụbọchị ọmụmụ, ọ na-achọghị "lụrụ" Fanny Clark nwanne Percy Faulkner na a nzuzo ememe na-enweghị uru nke ndị ụkọchukwu. Ọ dị afọ 52. Nna ya, nne nne ya, nne ya na nwanne ya nwoke kwalitere egwuregwu ahụ nke ọma, mana ọ nọrọ na ya ihe na-erughị ọnwa abụọ. Herring, xxiv, 59–61.

. Na 1912 ihe Barnes, na-eche egwuregwu ego ihu, kewara.  Elizabeth kwagara New York City na Barnes na ike ya atọ, wee gbaa akwụkwọ maka ịgba ịgba, na-ahapụ Wald ka ọ lụọ Fanny Clark.  Nkwarụ ahụ nyere Barnes ikike nka maka oge mbụ;  ọ gara Pratt Institute ihe dị ka ụnwaanyị isii site na 1912 ruo 1913 na na Art Student's League of New York site na 1915 ruo 1916, [1] mana mkpa ọ dị ihe onwe ya na ebe ya - ibu dakwasịrị ya n'oge na-  anya anya.  ọ ga-ahapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ wee were dị ka onye nta ndị na Brooklyn Daily Eagle .  Mgbe ọ bịarutere Daily Eagle, Barnes kwuru, sị, "Enwere m ike ịse na dee, na ị ga-abụ onye nzuzu ịghara iwere m ọrụ", okwu ndị e dere n'ime ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Brooklyn

Ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ozi Barnes bụ nke onwe na nke ozi.  N'ịde okpukpe ụka ya na James Joyce, o ihe na ọ na-efunahụ mmetụta nke ihe o kwuru n'ihi na uche ya akpafuola, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-ihe odide Joyce.  Njụajụjụ ọnụ onye na-eme egwuregwu na-aga nke ọma Donald Ogden Stewart, o tiri mkpu na ya maka "ịtụle ụkpụrụ na ị bụ onye a ma ama" mgbe ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na-agbasi mbọ ike, wee kwuo okwu.  na ọ nwa eche na ọ ga-anwụ;  dị ka onye na-ede ndị ndụ ya bụ Phillip Herring si kwuo, nke a bụ "ihe na-ada mbà n'obi na ike nke a na-enwe ụdị ụdị ya ga- ndị ọcha ọnụ."  [1] Maka “The Girl and the Gorilla”, nke New York World Magazine sere na Ọktoba 1914 ya na Dinah nwere mkpuchi ụka, gorilla echere na Bronx Zoo .

. Ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-akwa emo onye na-akwado nkwado aka na-achọghị Carrie Chapman Catt mgbe Catt dụrụ ọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-ekwuchitere ọhụrụ aka ka ha mba "jide ọnọdụ agha", ma ọ bụ yi "uwe  na-egosi ụkwụ gị n'ihu", [1] Barnes akwụkwọ ndị na-aga n'ihu.  Barnes faịlụ aro na nchekwa nchekwa nke Catt bụ ihe na-enye nkọwa nke aka ahụ mgbe Catt na-akpapụ ndị na-eme atụmatụ aka ibe Alice Paul na Lucy Burns, bụ ndị na-achọ votu maka ụmụ site na nlebara anya mgbasa ozi na-  eduzi na ike ha na-iwe iwe na- eme ihe ike.  Ọ bụ mmeso ngwaahịa ha kpalitere Barnes n'onwe ya ịta ikike nke ịbụ onye a na-eri nri.

. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bloomsbury/cash/2012/00000009/00000003/art00004?crawler=true Lacing up the GlovesBarnes mikpuru onwe ya n'Ụdị ndị dị ize ndụ iji mmekọrịta nke ụgbọ gara aga nke ụmụ na-abanye n'iche ajụjụla.  N'ịde egwuregwu ịgba ọkpọ egwu nke site na ringside, Barnes egwuregwu egwuregwu dị ka windo n'ime egwuregwu egwuregwu nke oge a.  Na 1914, o buru ụzọ ụzọ bụ "ịdị ka ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọgụ?"  n'ime edemede "Mụ na emetụ m na ihe nrite New York" nke e edi na New York World magazine.  [1] Dị ka Irene Gammel si kwuo, "edemede Barnes na-amalite n'ụzọ dị irè dị na-mpụtapụta omenala nile nke mmegide maka ụmụ anọ".  [2] Mmasị Barnes nwere n'ịkụ ọkpọ gara n'ihu ruo n'afọ 1915 mgbe ọ gbara Jess Willard onye mmeri dị arọpụtara ọnụ.

" Na 1915 Barnes kwapụrụ n'iche pụrụ iche ya gaa n'iche dị na Greenwich Village, ebe ọ mgba obodo Bohemian nke nka na ndị ode akwụkwọ na-eme nke ọma.  [1] N'ime ndị na-elekọta mmadụ ya bụ Edmund Wilson, Berenice Abbott, na onye na-ese ike Dadaist na onye na-ede uri Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, bụ onye ọmụmụ ndụ Barnes na-akpa ide ma ọ dịghị emecha.  Ọ batara na Guido Bruno, onye ọchụnta ego na onye nkwalite bụ onye akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ chap site na garret ya na Washington Square.  Bruno nwere aha ọma maka akara ngosi obi, a na-ebokwa ya ebubo na ọ na-erigbu ndị bi na Greenwich Village maka uru — ọ na-ebunye ndị njem nlegharị anya ka ha na-ekiri ihe ndị ọrụ Bohemians — mana ọ bụ onye mmegide  siri ike nke nsogbu ma dị akụkọ akwụkwọ ikpe site na ibipụta mkpokọta Barnes's 1915. "ụda na ike"

Barnes bụ onye so na ndị na-egwu egwuregwu Provincetown, mkpokọta ihe nkiri amateur nke nkwusi ike na nka nka kama ịga nke ọma azụmahịa mebere nke ọma ụkpụrụ nke ya. Ụlọ ihe nkiri Greenwich Village nke ndị egwuregwu bụ ụlọ a gbanwere nwere oche oche na obere ogbo; dị ka Barnes si kwuo, ọ bụ "mgbe niile ka a ga-enyeghachi ndị ịnyịnya." Ma ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke ihe nkiri America, na-egosi ọrụ Susan Glaspell, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Wallace Stevens, na Theodore Dreiser, yana ịmalite ọrụ Eugene O'Neill . E mere egwuregwu atọ otu omume nke Barnes mere n'ebe ahụ na 1919 na 1920; nke anọ, The Dove, nke ewepụtara na Smith College na 1925, na e bipụtara usoro ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ụfọdụ n'okpuru pseudonym Barnes Lydia Steptoe.

Egwuregwu ndị a na-egosi mmetụta siri ike nke onye na-ede egwuregwu Irish JM Synge ; ọ dọọrọ mmasị ya na ma àgwà uri nke asụsụ Synge na enweghị nchekwube nke ọhụụ ya. Ndị nkatọ achọpụtala na ha bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe, karịsịa ndị ọ nwara iṅomi asụsụ Irish Synge, ma ọ pụkwara ịbụ na Barnes kwetara, ebe ọ bụ na n'afọ ndị ọzọ, ọ leghaara ha anya dị ka ndị na-eto eto . Herring, 118–126. Similar opinions of the early plays are expressed by Field, 92, Retallack, 49, and Messerli. N'agbanyeghị na ọdịnaya ha, egwuregwu mbụ ndị a stylized na ama ama bụ nnwale karịa nke ndị odee egwuregwu ibe ya na Provincetown. Larabee, 37; see also Messerli. Ntụleghachi nke New York Times nke Alexander Woolcott dere na egwuregwu ya atọ sitere n'ụwa kpọrọ ya ihe ngosi nke "otu egwuregwu na-adọrọ mmasị ma dị egwu nke ukwuu na-enweghị ndị na-ege ntị amaghị ihe, ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ọ bụla, onye edemede na-akwọ ụgbọala na ... Ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri. nọdụ ala na-eku ume na-ege ntị na okwu ọ bụla nke playlet nke akara ngosi ndị ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị na-ahapụ ihe omimi ahụ edozibeghị." Quoted in Field, 90.

Obodo Greenwich na 1910 ka amaara maka ikuku nke mmekọahụ yana nnwere onwe ọgụgụ isi. Barnes bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'etiti ndị obodo n'ịbụ ndị a zụlitere ya na nkà ihe ọmụma nke ịhụnanya efu, nke nne nne ya na nna ya kwadoro. Ọhụụ jọgburu onwe ya nke nna ya gụnyere itinye aka na ịmụ nwa na-akparaghị ókè, nke ọ jụrụ nke ọma; nkatọ banyere ịmụ nwa ga-abụ isi okwu n'ọrụ ya. Field, 169. Otú ọ dị, o jigidere nnwere onwe mmekọahụ dị ka uru. N'afọ ndị 1930 ọ gwara Antonia White na "ọ nweghị mmetụta nke obi amamikpe ọ bụla gbasara mmekọahụ, banyere ịlana nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ọ bụla ọ chọrọ"; Akwụkwọ ozi Herring, 239. na-egosi na n'oge ọ dị afọ 21, ezinụlọ ya maara nke ọma banyere mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị, Herring, 71. na ya na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọtụtụ ihe n'oge afọ Greenwich Village.

N'ime ndị a, ihe kachasị mkpa bụ ma eleghị anya njikọ aka ya na Ernst Hanfstaengl, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harvard bụ onye na-elekọta alaka ụlọ ọrụ America nke ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ nka nke ezinụlọ ya. Hanfstaengl enyela otu egwu piano na White House ma bụrụ enyi nke New York State Senator Franklin Delano Roosevelt, ma ọ na-ewewanye iwe site na mmetụta mgbochi German na United States n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na 1916, ọ gwara ya. Barnes ọ chọrọ nwunye German; nkewa ahụ na-egbu mgbu ghọrọ ihe ndabere nke ọnọdụ ehichapụrụ na Nightwood . O mesịrị laghachi Germany ma ghọọ ezigbo enyi Adolf Hitler . Malite na 1916 ma ọ bụ 1917, ya na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma na onye nkatọ aha ya bụ Courtenay Lemon biri, onye ọ kpọrọ di ya, ma nke a gwụkwara, n'ihi ihe ndị na-edoghị anya. Ya na Mary Pyne nwekwara ezigbo mmekọrịta ịhụnanya, onye nta akụkọ maka New York Press na onye otu ndị egwuregwu Provincetown. Pyne nwụrụ n'ihi ụkwara nta na 1919, Barnes gara ruo ọgwụgwụ. Herring, Djuna, 66–74 and 108–112.