Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann Wolfgang (von) Goethe[lower-alpha 1] (28 Ọgọst 1749 – 22 Maachị 1832) bụ onye German na-ede uri, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọkà mmụta sayensị, onye ọchịchị steeti, onye ntụzi ihe nkiri, na onye nkatọ.[1]  Ọrụ ya gụnyere egwuregwu, uri, akwụkwọ, na nkatọ ịma mma, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ihe ọkụkụ, ahụ ike na agba.  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye edemede kachasị ukwuu na nke kacha nwee mmetụta n'asụsụ German, ọrụ ya enwewokwa mmetụta dị ukwuu na nke dị ukwuu n'echiche akwụkwọ edemede, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nkà ihe ọmụma Western site na njedebe narị afọ nke 18 ruo ugbu a.[1].  [2].  

Goethe biri na Weimar na Nọvemba 1775 na-esochi akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ mbụ ya, The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774).  Duke nke Saxe-Weimar, Karl August, akwụkwọ ya na 1782. Goethe bụ onye mbụ njikwa agụmagụ Sturm und Drang .  N'ime afọ iri mbụ ya na Weimar, Goethe isi onye otu kansụl, Duke (1776-1785), nọ ọdụ na kọmitii agha na okporo ụzọ, na-ahụ maka elele ogbunigwe ili na Ilmenau dị nso, wee me usoro njikwa nhazi na  ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  Mahadum Jena .  O ti aka na nhazi akwụkwọ nke Weimar na iwughachi Obí Ducal ya.  [ala-alfa 2]

.Ihe ọrụ mbụ nke Goethe, Metamorphosis of Plants, mgbe ọ lọtara na njem 1788 nke Ịtali.  Na 1791, e mere ya onye isi ụmụaka nke ụlọ ihe nkiri na Weimar, na 1794 ọ gosiri ihe ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ọkà ihe mere eme, na onye ọkà ihe nke bụ Friedrich Schiller, onye egwuregwu ya ruo ruo ruo eruo.  mgbe Schiller nwụrụ na 1805. N'ime oge a Goethe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship ;  Amaokwu epic Hermann na Dorothea, na, na 1808, mbụ mbụ nke ihe nkiri ya na-akpa ewu ewu, Faust .  Mkparịta ụka ya na ọrụ dị iche iche na-eme mmekọrịta ihe na 1790s na Schiller, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Johann Gottfried Herder, Alexander von Humboldt, [1] Wilhelm von Humboldt, na August na Friedrich Schlegel nipaswo na-akpọkọta Weimar Classicism .

Onye ọkà ihe German bụ Arthur Schopenhauer hụrụ Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship otu n'ime akwụkwọ a na-eke ịkwụsị edetụrụla, [lower-alpha 3] mgbe onye ọkà ihe America na onye edemede bụ Ralph Waldo Emerson ahụmahụ Goethe dị ka otu n'ime "  ndi" isii n'onu ya.  Otu aha (ya na Plato, Emanuel Swedenborg, Montaigne, Napoleon, na Shakespeare).  Okwu Goethe na nlebanya bụ ntọala nke ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ndụ, ofufe ụka Johann Peter Eckermann na Goethe (1836).  Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede ụda debere uri ya na egwu Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner na Mahler .
áká_èkpè|thumb| Ebe Nche Goethe na Frankfurt (Großer Hirschgraben
Nna Goethe, Johann Caspar Goethe, bi na akara ya n'otu nnukwu ụlọ ( taa Ndị Goethe ) na Frankfurt, mgbe ahụ bụ obodo eze ukwu nweere onwe ya nke Ukwu Rom Dị Nsọ .  Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na mgbanwela iwu na Leipzig ma bụrụ onye mgbaàmà ka ọ bụrụ onye kansụl Imperial, Johann Caspar Goethe adịghị aka na ihe omume obodo.  [1] Johann Caspar ngosi nne Goethe, Catharina Elisabeth Textor, na Frankfurt na 20 Ọgọst 1748, mgbe ọ dị afọ 38 na ọ bụ 17. [2] Ụmụ ha niile, e Johann Wolfgang na nwanne ya nwoke Cornelia Friederica Christiana ( na na na  1750), nwụrụ mgbe ha dị obere.

. Herman Grimm: Goethe. Vorlesungen gehalten an der Königlichen Universität zu Berlin. Vol. 1. J.G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger, Stuttgart / Berlin 1923, p. 36Goethe na-eto eto nkuzi n'aka nna ya na ndị nkuzi onwe ya na isiokwu ndị a na-elu n'oge ahụ, ọrụ ( Latịn, Greek, Hebrew Bible (nkenke), [1] French, Italian, and  Johann Caspar, n'ịbụ onye nwere ikike nkụda n'ọchịchọ nke onwe ya, kpebisiri ike na ụmụ ya kwesịrị inwe uru ọ lụfuru ọ tụfuru.

.Ọ bụ ebe ahụ nnukwu Goethe na- ese, ọ map ngwa ngwa n'akwụkwọ;  Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (1724–1803) na Homer so na ọkachamma mbụ ya.  [1] O foto n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri, ihe ngosi ihe nkiri nke a na-hazi kwa afọ masịrị ya nke ukwuu.  n'iche ya na nke isi isiokwu na- ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ edemede ya Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship

Goethe matakwara ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Frankfurt. Valerian Tornius dere: Goethe – Leben, Wirken und Schaffen . Ludwig-Röhrscheid-Verlag, Bonn 1949, p. 26 Na mbido edemede Goethe gosipụtara ịhụnanya ya na Gretchen, onye ga-emecha pụtaghachi na <i id="mwmw">Faust</i> ya, na ihe omume ndị ọ ga-eji kọwaa nkenke na Dichtung und Wahrheit . Emil Ludwig: Goethe – Geschichte eines Menschen. Vol. 1. Ernst-Rowohlt-Verlag, Berlin 1926, pp. 17–18 Ọ hụrụ Caritas Meixner n'anya (1750–1773), nwa nwanyị onye ahịa Worms bara ọgaranya na enyi nwanne ya nwanyị, onye ga-emesịa lụọ onye ahịa G. F. Schuler. Karl Goedeke: Goethes Leben. Cotta / Kröner, Stuttgart around 1883, pp. 16–17.

Goethe gụrụ iwu na Mahadum Leipzig site na 1765 ruo 1768. Ọ kpọrọ iwu ikpe ochie asị site n'obi, na-ahọrọ kama ịga nkuzi nke prọfesọ mahadum na onye na-ede uri bụ Christian Fürchtegott Gellert . Na Leipzig, Goethe hụrụ Anna Katharina Schönkopf n'anya, onye omenkà na onye na-elekọta ụlọ, na-ede amaokwu banyere ya na ụdị Rococo . N'afọ 1770, ọ wepụtara nchịkọta mbụ nke uri ya n'amaghị aha, Annette . Mmasị ya enweghị nkatọ maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ede uri nke oge a kwụsịrị ka ọ na-etolite mmasị na Gotthold Ephraim Lessing na Christoph Martin Wieland . N'oge a, Goethe edeworị nnukwu ihe, mana ọ tụfuru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ndị a niile ma e wezụga ihe nkiri Die Mitschuldigen . Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Auerbachs Keller na akụkọ ya nke Johann Georg Faust 's 1525 barel ịgba ọsọ masịrị ya nke ukwuu nke na Auerbachs Keller ghọrọ naanị ebe dị adị na ihe nkiri kọlọtọ ya Faust Part One . Nyere na ọ na-eme obere ọganihu na ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ya, a manyere Goethe ịlaghachi na Frankfurt na njedebe nke August 1768.

Na Alsace, Goethe gbawara. Ọ dịghị ala ala ọzọ ọ ga-akọwa dị ka nke ịhụnanya dị ka Rhineland na-ekpo ọkụ, nke sara mbara. Na Strasbourg, Goethe zutere Johann Gottfried Herder . Ha abụọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi, na n'ụzọ dị mkpa na mmepe ọgụgụ isi nke Goethe, Herder kpalitere mmasị ya na William Shakespeare, Ossian na n'echiche nke Volkspoesie (abụ abụ). Na 14 October 1772 Goethe kwadoro nnọkọ n'ụlọ nne na nna ya iji sọpụrụ German mbụ "Shakespeare Day". A kọwara onye mbụ ọ maara na ọrụ Shakespeare dị ka edemede nke onwe ya na ngalaba akwụkwọ. 

Na ngwụcha Ọgọst 1771, Goethe nwetara akara mmụta agụmakwụkwọ nke Licentiate in Law site na Strasbourg wee nwee ike guzobe obere omume iwu na Frankfurt. Ọ bụ ezie na n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, o nyewo olu n'ọchịchọ ime ka ikike na-aga n'ihu nke mmadụ, enweghị ahụmahụ ya mere ka ọ gaa n'ihu n'ike n'okwu mbụ ya, bụ nke a baara ya mba ma tụfuo onye ahịa ọzọ. N'ime ọnwa ole na ole, nke a kwụsịrị ọrụ iwu ya n'isi. N'ihe dị ka oge a, Goethe maara ụlọ ikpe Darmstadt, bụ ebe a na-eto mmepụta ya. Ọ bụ n'ụwa ahụ ka e nwere Johann Georg Schlosser (onye mechara bụrụ ọgọ nwanne Goethe) na Johann Heinrich Merck . Goethe gbasorokwa atụmatụ agụmagụ ọzọ; oge a, nna ya ajụghị, na ọbụna nyere aka. Goethe nwetara nnomi nke akụkọ ndụ nke onye njem a ma ama site na Agha Ndị Ala German . N'ime izu ole na ole, a rụgharịrị akụkọ ndụ ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri mara mma. Aha ya bụ Götz von Berlichingen, ọrụ ahụ wee gbatịa n'etiti ndị Goethe dịkọrọ ndụ.

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