Osisi mara mma nke Guinea

The Guinean kara-savanna mosaic, ntụgharị dị ka Guinean kara-savanna, bụ ihe iche gburugburu ebe obibi dị na West Africa.  [1] [2] Ọ gbasara n'ọtụtụ mba Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, na Cameroon.  na-egosi a na-eji ụdị iche nke mpaghara na savannas mara, na-ahụ ndị dị iche iche ma dị ike.

Ọ mpaghara nwere ike Africa, otu mgara njikọ chiri anya, savanna, na mgbanaka na-agbaga n'ebe ihe ruo agbakwunyere na-ekewa oke ike mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụdị osimiri site na savanna.  West Sudan nke dị n'ime.

 Ịtọ ntọala 
. Oke kara Guinean–savanna mosaic kpuchiri mpaghara 673,600 square kilometa (260,100 sq mi), sitere na ike ahụ Senegal ruo n'afọ nke Nigeria, onye Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo  , Benin  na Cameroon.  [1] Ugwu Cameroon nke dị n'ebe egwuregwu Nigeria na Cameroon kewa ntọala Guinean-savanna mosaic na Northern Congolian,-savanna mosaic, nke dị n'ebe ọkụ.  [2] Oghere Dahomey bụ mpaghara Togo na Benin ebe mgba-savanna mosaic gbatịrị ruo n'ókè osimiri, wee kewaa oke kara Upper Guinea nke Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, na Ghana site na oke ike Lower Guinea.  nke Nigeria na.  Cameroon

.  Ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị na mpaghara a iche dabere na ebe a kapịrị ọnụ, mana ọ na-enwekarị ihu igwe nke nwere oge udu mmiri na ọkọchị.  [1] Oge udu mmiri na-ebute oke mmiri ozuzo, ebe oge ọkọchị na-eji obere mmiri mmiri na-egosi nkụ mara.  mgbaàmà dị na mpaghara savanna na- ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ebe Ebe dị elu kwa afọ na-esi na 30 ruo 33 Celsius C na obere nto sitere na 14 ruo 21 Celsius.  Mmiri mmiri mmiri mmiri kwa afọ na-adaba n'etiti 1,600 na 2,000 mm, n'agbanyeghị na e nwere mpaghara dị na Dahomey Gap na-enweta 1,000 mm ma ọ bụ obere kwa afọ.

.  Guinea-savanna mosaic na-ekiri anya oké egwu gburugburu ebe obibi mpaghara n'etiti oke mgbochi mmiri mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na ndị ọzọ mepere emepe, osisi nwere ikike savannas n'ebe ugwu.  Mgbanwe a na-dịdị iche nke ihe omume na ụdị anụmanụ na-adaba na gburugburu ebe obibi obibi dị iche iche.  [1] Dị ka ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi gburugburu ụwa, osisi Guinean-savanna mosaic na-enwe ike inwe ike nke ike ihu igwe .  Ụdị mmiri ozuzo, ụdị mpaghara, na ihe omume ihu igwe na-emekarị emetụtala edemede na nhazi nke biome a

A maara oke ọhịa Guinean-savanna mosaic maka ụdị dị iche iche nke ndu ya. Christiana Ndidi, E., & Adeniyi Suleiman, G. (2009). Species diversity patterns along the forest savanna boundary in Nigeria. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 20(1), 64-72. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị nke na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa. Ụfọdụ ụdị akara ngosi a na-achọta ebe a gụnyere chimpanzees, hippos pygmy, enyí ọhịa, na ụdị primates na nnụnụ dị iche iche. Ha na-agụnyekwa ọtụtụ ụdị primates, anụ ufe, amphibians, na osisi ndị malitere na iche n'ime mpaghara a. 

 Forest: The forested areas in this mosaic are primarily composed of tropical rainforests, characterized by high rainfall, high humidity, and diverse flora and fauna. These forests are home to a wide variety of plant species, including towering hardwood trees, lianas, epiphytes, and a rich understory of shrubs and herbs.
 Savanna: The savanna component consists of grasslands interspersed with scattered trees, which are adapted to periodic fires. The savanna ecosystem supports a different set of plant species, including various grasses, shrubs, and acacia trees.

alt=Woodland in Guinea Savanna|thumb| Woodland na Guinea Savanna
Ihe e ji mara biome a bụ ngwakọta nke oke ọhịa na savannas mepere emepe.  A na-akpọkarị ya dị ka mosaic n'ihi na ọ na-enwe ihe mgbochi nke ụdị ahịhịa dị iche iche. Whittaker, R. H., & Levin, S. (1977). The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities. Theoretical population biology, 12(2), 117-139. N'ebe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa, ị nwere ike ịhụ ngwakọta nke osisi ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ndị na-egbu egbu, ebe mpaghara savanna nwere ahịhịa ahịhịa na osisi gbasasịrị. Liu, Z., Wimberly, M. C., & Dwomoh, F. K. (2016). Vegetation dynamics in the upper guinean forest region of West Africa from 2001 to 2015. Remote Sensing, 9(1), 5. N'ihe gbasara ndụ osisi, ọ nwere ngwakọta nke ụdị osisi dị ka mahogany, iroko na ụdị acacia dị iche iche, n'akụkụ ahịhịa na osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na savannas . Mpaghara a bụ ala ahịhịa juru na osisi ndị na-eto n'akụkụ iyi na n'akụkụ ugwu, na ọkụ na-enwe mgbe niile na-egbochi uto osisi n'ime obodo mepere emepe.  Lophira lanceolata bụ otu n'ime ụdị osisi a chọtara nke na-eguzogide ọkụ karịa ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Fairhead, J., & Leach, M. (1996). Misreading the African landscape: society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic (No. 90). Cambridge University Press.

Ngwakọta oke ọhịa na ala ahịhịa na-enye ebe obibi maka ụdị dịgasị iche iche sitere na nnukwu anụ mamma Andrews, P. (2006). Taphonomic effects of faunal impoverishment and faunal mixing. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 241(3-4), 572-589. dị ka agụ owuru Africa, enyí ọhịa, hippopotamus na antelopes dị ka duiker na-acha uhie uhie ruo na mbe nkịtị yana ụdị mpaghara mpaghara gụnyere enwe patas. na Ghana worm ngwere ( Amphisbaenia ). Brockerhoff, E. G., Barbaro, L., Castagneyrol, B., Forrester, D. I., Gardiner, B., González-Olabarria, J. R., ... & Jactel, H. (2017). Forest biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26, 3005-3035. Ala mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara ahụ bara ụba na ndụ nnụnụ, gụnyere iris glossy starling na crane okpueze ojii . 

 Mammals : The Guinean ọhịa-savanna mosaic bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ mammali dị iche iche.   Nke a gụnyere ụdị akara ngosi dị ka enyí Africa, chimpanzees ọdịda anyanwụ, na gorilla dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ama ama gụnyere agụ owuru, ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche (dị ka duikers na bushbuck), na ụdị primates dị iche iche (dị ka guenon, enwe colobus, na adaka).
 Nnụnụ : Avifauna nke mpaghara a dị nnọọ iche, na-edekọ ọtụtụ narị ụdị.   Nke a na-agụnye ngwakọta nke nnụnụ ndị bi n'oké ọhịa dị ka turacos, hornbills, na ụdị parrots dị iche iche, yana ụdị savanna na-emegharị dị ka raptors, bustards, na ụdị ndị na-akpa ákwà dị iche iche.
 Ndị na-akpụ akpụ na ndị Amphibians : Mosaic bụkwa ebe obibi dị iche iche na-akpụ akpụ na ndị amphibians, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị agwọ, chameleons, agụ iyi, na ọtụtụ frogs na toads.   
 Invertebrates : Ọdịdị dị iche iche nke invertebrates, gụnyere ụmụ ahụhụ na arachnids, dị oke elu, yana ọtụtụ ụdị na-enye aka na nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi.   

 Egwu na Nchekwa 
Dị ka ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe okpomọkụ, mosaic a nọ n'ihe egwu site n'ihe omume mmadụ dị iche iche. Atsri, H. K., Konko, Y., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Abotsi, K. E., & Kokou, K. (2018). Changes in the West African forest-savanna mosaic, insights from central Togo. PloS one, 13(10), e0203999. Mkpọtu osisi n'ihi igbu osisi, mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo, na ọrụ Ngwuputa na-ebute nnukwu ihe ịma aka na nchekwa ya. N'ịgbakwụnye, mmepe akụrụngwa na ịrụ okporo ụzọ nwere ike mebie ebe obibi, na-eme ka o siere anụ ọhịa ike ịgafe n'etiti mpaghara dị iche iche.  

 Mkpọkpọsị osisi na mfu ebe obibi: Otu n'ime ihe egwu kachasị egwu na-eyi ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke ọhịa Guinean-savanna mosaic bụ igbutu osisi.   Nke a na-eme n'ihi mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo, igbu osisi, na mmepe akụrụngwa.
 Ịchụ nta na ịchụ nta: Ịchụ nta na ịchụ nta na-adịghị adịgide adịgide maka anụ ọhịa na ịzụ ahịa anụ ụlọ nwere ike itinye nrụgide dị ukwuu n'ahụ ndị bi n'ọhịa.   
 Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Mgbanwe n'ụdị mmiri ozuzo, okpomọkụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihu igwe nwere ike imebi nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi dị nro nke mpaghara ahụ.  
 Mgbalị Nchekwa: Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-agba mbọ ichekwa ma weghachi ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke mosaic a.   Nke a gụnyere nguzobe mpaghara echedoro, atụmatụ nchekwa nke obodo, na atụmatụ iji ala eme ihe ga-adigide.

 Ebe echedoro 
Osisi Guinean-savanna mosaic bụ mpaghara dị iche iche dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi na West Africa.  Ngwakọta ya pụrụ iche nke ọhịa na ebe obibi savanna, yana ụdị ya dị egwu, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara dị mkpa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mbọ nchekwa.  Poorter, L. (Ed.). (2004). Biodiversity of West African forests: an ecological atlas of woody plant species. CABI. Nnyocha e mere na 2017 chọpụtara na 107,116 km 2, ma ọ bụ 16%, nke ecoregion dị na ebe echedoro . Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.  Ebe echedoro gụnyere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Upper Niger na Guinea,  Dulombi-Boe National Park na Guinea-Bissau,  Outamba-Kilimi National Park na Sierra Leone,  Mont Sangbé National Park na Ivory Coast,  Bui. Ogige Ntụrụndụ na Ogige Mba Digya dị na Ghana,  na Ogige Ochie Oyo na ogige Gashaka-Gumti dị na Nigeria.  

 Nkọwa gburugburu ebe obibi
 Ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche: Osisi Guinean-savanna mosaic bụ nke a ma ama maka nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, na-akwado ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dịgasị iche iche.  Mpaghara a bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị dị iche iche nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka chimpanzees, hippos pygmy, na osisi dị iche iche na-adịghị ahụkebe.
 Ecotone: Ọ bụ ecotone, nke pụtara na ọ bụ mpaghara mgbanwe n'etiti nnukwu biomes abụọ: oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na ndịda na savannas mepere emepe n'ebe ugwu.  Ngwakọta dị iche iche nke ebe obibi na-enye aka na mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi ya.
 Ebumnuche nyocha
 Ntụle ụdịdị dị iche iche: Ndị nyocha na-achọ ime nyocha zuru oke iji depụta ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị na mpaghara ahụ. Nke a na-agụnye ịchọpụta na ịdepụta ma ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị na nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke na-enyere aka ịghọta ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. 
 Ecosystem Dynamics: Nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oke ọhịa na akụkụ savanna, dịka mgbanwe ọkụ na ojiji ala na-emetụta nguzozi n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi abụọ a. 
 Ọnọdụ nchekwa: Nyochaa ọnọdụ nchekwa nke ụdị isi na ịchọpụta ihe egwu, dị ka mfu ebe obibi, ịchụ nta anụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe, iji mepụta atụmatụ nchekwa dị mma. 
 Ọmụma ụmụ amaala: iso ndị obodo na-emekọ ihe iji nweta ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala ha gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa ya.  Ọmụma mpaghara a bara uru maka ịghọta mgbanwe mpaghara.
 Nleba anya na mkpokọta data
 Ọnyà igwefoto: Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ejikarị ọnyà igwefoto weghara foto anụ ọhịa dị na mpaghara ahụ. Nkà na ụzụ a na-enye ohere maka nlekota nke na-adịghị emetụta ụdị ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe.  
 Sensing Remote: A na-eji onyonyo satịlaịtị na GIS (Geographic Information Systems) iji nyochaa mgbanwe mkpuchi ala, igbutu osisi, na mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara.  
 Nnyocha Ubi: Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eme nyocha nke ubi iji nakọta data gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi na anụmanụ, àgwà ebe obibi, na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi.  
 Data ihu igwe na ihu igwe: Nyochaa data ihu igwe na ihu igwe na-enyere aka ịghọta ka mgbanwe ihu igwe si emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. 
 Nchekwa na amụma mmetụta
 Ebe echedoro: Nchọpụta nyocha na-ebutekarị imepụta ma ọ bụ gbasaa ebe echedoro ma ọ bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba.  Ebe ndị a na-enyere aka ichekwa ụdị ndụ dị iche iche pụrụ iche a chọtara n'ime ọhịa Guinean-savanna mosaic.
 Mmekọrịta Ogbe: Itinye obodo na mbọ nchekwa dị oke mkpa. Nke a gụnyere inye ihe ndị ọzọ eji ebi ndụ iji belata ịdabere n'ihe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa na ime ka a mara banyere mkpa nchekwa dị. 
 Nkwado amụma: Ịkekọrịta nsonaazụ nyocha na ndị na-eme iwu nwere ike imetụta mkpebi ndị metụtara iji ala, igbu osisi, ọrụ ugbo, na ihe omume ndị ọzọ nwere ike imetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. 
 Ihe ịma aka na egwu
 Mfu ebe obibi: Ntugharị nke ebe obibi maka ọrụ ugbo, igbu osisi, na mmepe akụrụngwa bụ nnukwu ihe iyi egwu. 
 Azụmahịa anụ ọhịa na-akwadoghị iwu: Mpaghara ahụ bụkwa ebe a na-ere ahịa anụ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị, na-etinye nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ọtụtụ ụdị dị egwu. 
 Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Mgbanwe na usoro ihu igwe na ụbara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ọkụ ọhịa n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike imetụta nguzozi n'etiti oke ọhịa na akụkụ savanna. 

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