Dixy Lee Ray

Dixy Lee Ray (Septemba 3, 1914 - Jenụwarị 2, 1994) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America nke jere ozi dị ka gọvanọ 17th nke Washington site na 1977 ruo 1981. Akọwara n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka onye nzuzu na “ama ihe njakịrị,” ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-achị steeti ahụ ma bụrụkwa onye isi ọchịchị.  nọ n'ọfịs n'oge mgbawa 1980 nke Ugwu St. Helens.  Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ike atọmịk

Onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji Mills na Mahadum Stanford, bụ ebe ọ nwetara akara mmụta doctorate na bayoloji, Ray ghọrọ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Washington na 1957. Ọ bụ onye isi sayensị n'ime ụgbọ mmiri SS Te Vega n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri International Indian Ocean.  N'okpuru nduzi ya, ụlọ ọrụ Sayensị Sayensị Pacific nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa ogbenye gbanwere site na ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi ọdịnala, ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi gaa na ebe mmụta mmekọrịta, wee laghachi na mgbaze.

Na 1973, Onye isi ala Richard Nixon họpụtara Ray onye isi oche nke United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).  N'okpuru nduzi ya, nchọpụta na mmepe kewapụrụ na mmemme nchekwa, na Milton Shaw, onye isi nke ngalaba mmepe dị ike, wepụrụ.  Onye isi ala Gerald Ford họpụtara ya onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka Oceans na International Environmental and Scientific Affairs na 1975, mana ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ka ọnwa isii gachara, na-eme mkpesa maka enweghị ntinye aka na mkpebi ngalaba.

Ray gbara ọsọ maka ntuli aka dịka Gọvanọ Washington dị ka onye Democrat na 1976. O meriri ntuli aka ahụ n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-ese okwu.  Dịka Gọvanọ, ọ kwadoro ikwe ka ndị na-ebu ibu ibu ụgbọ mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Puget Sound, kwadoro nkwado maka uto na mmepe na-enweghị mgbochi, ma gaa n'ihu na-egosipụta ịnụ ọkụ n'obi maka ume atomiki.  N'April 3, 1980, o kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede n'ihi mgbawa ugwu mgbawa nke Ugwu St. Helens.  Ọ lara ezumike nká mgbe ọ tụfuru nhọpụta ntuli aka ya maka nhọpụta Democratic n'afọ ahụ.

. A mụrụ Ray Marguerite Ray na ￼￼Tacoma, Washington￼￼, nye Frances Adams Ray na Alvis Marion Ray, nke abụọ n'ime ezinụlọ nke ụmụ agbọghọ ise. O sonyeere ￼￼Girl Scouts￼￼ na, mgbe ọ dị afọ 12, ghọrọ nwa agbọghọ nke ọdụdụ, ruo oge ahụ, iji kpọkọta ￼￼Ugwu Rainier￼￼ . [1] [2] Na 1930, mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, ọ gbanwere aha ya n'ụzọ iwu ka ọ bụrụ "Dixy Lee"; ka ọ bụ nwata ndị ezinaụlọ kpọrọ ya “Little Dickens” (okwu akpaala okwu maka “ekwensu” na Dixy bụ aha mkpirisi nke aha ahụ. [3] Ọ họọrọ "Lee" n'ihi njikọ ezinụlọ na ￼￼Robert E. Lee
áká_èkpè|thumb| Mgbe ọ dị afọ 12, Ray ghọrọ nwa agbọghọ kacha nta n'isi Ugwu Rainier.
. referenceRay gara Tacoma's Stadium High School wee gụchaa dị ka valedictorian si Mills College na Oakland, California, na 1937, na-arụ ọrụ ya n'akwụkwọ dị ka onye na-eche nche na onye àmà.  [1] Ọ gara n'ihu nwetara nzere masta na 1938. Akpọrọ akwụkwọ ozi ya A Ntụnyere Nlebaanya nke Àgwà Ndụ nke ụfọdụ ụdị nke Burrowing Eumalacostraca .  Ray Live afɔ anɔ-esote ĩ nhwɛso , .  Na 1942, otu John Switzer Fellowship nyere ya nri na mmemme doctoral na bayoloji na Mahadum Stanford .  [2] Akwụkwọ nta ndị Ray bụ Sistemụ ajụjụ nke Lampanyctus leucopsarus, azụ azụ lantern.  [3] Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na 1945 na ụgbọ mmiri Hopkins dị na Pacific Grove, California .

Na 1945, Ray laghachiri Washington ịnakwere ọkwá dị ka onye nkuzi na ngalaba ￼￼ụmụ anụmanụ￼￼ na ￼￼Mahadum Washington￼￼ . A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ na 1947 na, afọ ise ka e mesịrị, natara onyinye enyemaka ￼￼John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation￼￼, nke ọ na-eji mee ọnwa isii nke nyocha ￼￼postdoctoral￼￼ na ￼￼Caltech￼￼ . [3] N'afọ 1957, e mere ya onye prọfesọ osote na Mahadum Washington. N'oge ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ￼￼SS Te Vega￼￼ n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri International Indian Ocean. [4] Aha ya na klaasị na-adaba n'etiti oke ọhịa; ụmụ akwụkwọ "hụrụ ya n'anya ma ọ bụ kpọọ ya asị," dị ka ndị òtù ngalaba mere. A kọrọ na otu prọfesọ ibe ya kọwara ya dị ka "Anụ ọhịa ochie nke na-adịghị ike nke na-adịghị ike."

Ụzọ aka Ray na-agba ọsọ na Pacific Science Center gosipụtara n'ọkwa ọ bụla. O debere onye uwe ojii na-eti mkpu na tebụl ya nke ọ ga-eji gbapụ ndị hippies na-akwa emo.  Jim Anderson, onye ga-emecha kụziere sayensị sayensị na Mahadum Washington, chetara otu nnọkọ ya na Ray, onye ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Pacific Science Center na 1968: 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px| Dixy Lee Ray binyere aka n'akwụkwọ iwu na rotunda nke Ụlọ omebe iwu na Olympia
Ka o sina dị, ọ kewapụrụ ndị Democrats ibe ya ngwa ngwa na echiche ngbanwe ya banyere ike na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ kwadoro ikwe ka ndị na-ebu ibu ibu ụgbọ mmiri na Puget Sound, kwadoro nkwado maka uto na mmepe na-enweghị nkwụsị, ma nọgide na-egosipụta ịnụ ọkụ n'obi maka ike atomic. Becker, Paula (2004). "Ray, Dixy Lee (1914–1994)". historylink.org. HistoryInk. Retrieved 21 September 2014. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ kewapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ Republican nke steeti ahụ mgbe ọ chụpụrụ ndị 124 nhọpụta nke onye bu ya ụzọ, onye ọchịchị oge atọ Daniel J. Evans, na-enye ohere iziga ha "igbe kleenex na pink slips ha." Governing Codes: Gender, Metaphor, and Political Identity. Lexington Books. 2005. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7391-1199-4. O jupụtara n'ebe ha na ndị ọrụ ibe ha merela agadi, ndị ụfọdụ kọwara dị ka " ee ndị ikom ."  Otú o si meso ndị mgbasa ozi na-akparị ya. Onye nta akụkọ telivishọn obodo bụ Paul Boyd gbara Gọvanọ ahụ ajụjụ ọnụ n'otu oge mgbe ọ na-eyi "uwe egwuregwu ratty Ban-lon, uwe ogologo ọsụsọ nke ejiri ntutu nkịta kpuchie, sọks uhie, na akpụkpọ ụkwụ tennis." 

Nkwenye na-enweghị mgbagha Ray na izi ezi nke echiche ya na-adaba n'ahịrị steeti mgbe ụfọdụ. N'oge ihe kwesịrị ịbụ a na-emekarị nkwonkwo ogbako ogbako na Boise, Idaho, nke ndị gọvanọ nke Washington, Oregon, na Idaho na nke atọ na-atụle uru nke nchekwa nchekwa ike, Ray zara na sonso zoro ezo nlelị na Oregon gọvanọ Robert W. Straub Oku a na-akpọ maka iwu iji kwalite ntinye mkpuchi ụlọ . "Ekwetaghị m na ụmụ amaala anyị bụ ndị umengwụ, ma ọ bụ ndị umengwụ, ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị mmasị," Ray chụrụ. "Na Washington anyị nwere mmemme nchekwa ike afọ ofufo siri ike. Anyị achọghị ihe mkpali ndị omebe iwu." 

Laa azụ na Washington, Ray na-etinye aka mgbe ụfọdụ n'ememme sara mbara; na nraranye ya ọ kwadoro ọ bụghị naanị otu bọọlụ mmeghe itoolu.  Iji kwupụta ụgwọ ụlọ 491, ihe ruru nde $ 13 dị ntakịrị, ọ nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 1,000 gbakọtara na rotunda nke ụlọ omebe iwu ( Associated Press kwuru, n'oge ahụ, na ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ihe karịrị mmadụ iri na abụọ. gosi" n'akwụkwọ nbinye aka n'akwụkwọ, bụ́ nke a na-emekarị n'ụlọ ọrụ gọvanọ). 

Ralph Nader, n'oge ọ gara na steeti ahụ, a na-akpọ nchịkwa Ray "ọchịchị onye isi ala."  Onye njikwa mgbasa ozi Ray nke onwe, Blair Butterworth, jụrụ n'ụzọ doro anya, "anyị chere na ọ ga-abụ gọvanọ kacha mma Washington nwetụrụla, ma ọ bụ nke kacha njọ, na anyị kwuru eziokwu."  Nkwado sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ibe ya, Otú ọ dị, na-adịkarị mma; Edward Teller kpọrọ Ray "nwanyị magburu onwe ya" ma kwuo na ya ga-akwado ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbara ọsọ maka onye isi ala United States na ntuli aka 1980. 

. Esoro iwu ihe ahụ, na munim 30, site na ịhụnanya nke "mpaghara uhie" na ndị na-eche Washington ebe a ga-amachibido ọhaneze na eze na ndị agha steeti ga-amanye ndị agha obodo, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa.  .  Ray iwu nyere ndị nchekwa mba Washington gbakọta na ibuga ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti Washington iji mee ka ndị sheriffs nke Cowlitz County na Skamania County sie ike n'imezu ókè ya, na iwu iwu ga-abụbụ nwanyị isii.  Ndị ọrụ ndị US mechara kwupụta mmachi mpaghara na-eso ndị 5,000 ruo 30,000 na ọnwụ ụfọdụ.  [1] Otú ọ dị, n'otu oge ahụ, a katọrọ Ray maka "mpaghara acha-agha" ebe a na-agụ mmadụ iwu, mana anabatara ndị na-egbu osisi Weyerhaeuser .  (Mgbe ugwu ahụ mechara gbawaa, 11 n'ime ndị ahụ bụ gburugburu na-egbu osisi na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara na-acha ọkụ. A ga- akwụkwọ ikpe sitere na ọnwụ ọnwụ na-esote, na-  ekwu na ọ na-Ọ anya na steeti ahụ, n'ozuzu ya n' ike ikpe n'ihi akara ihe nri.) [2] Mgbe e ima.  mgbawa ahụ, Ray ga-ekwu n'ụzọ na ndị niile nọ nso n'ugwu ahụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ebe a na-ewepụ otu onye bụ onye ka e kwere ka ọ gbasaa.  N'ụbọchị mgbawa a ịgba ịgbasa blue zone nọdụ na Ray si oche na-edeghị aha

. Ray gbara ọsọ maka mmalite aka ọzọ na 1980, na-edebanye aha onye na-ahụ maka Republican Montgomery Johnson ka ọ bụrụ onye isi mgbasa ozi ya mgbe onye njikwa mbụ ya, Butterworth, gbagara onye mgba ya, Senator steeti Jim McDermott mgbe ahụ.  McDermott meri ya na mbụ aka Democratic nke ndị, 56% – 41%, n'oge nke akwụkwọ mmado nke ejiri "Nixy on Dixy" na "Ditch the Bitch" onyonyo tchotchkes na-ewu ewu.  McDermott n'onwe ya gara n'ihu na-efunahụ na aka mmalite izugbe na Republican John D. Spellman

Dixy Lee Ray nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 2, 1994, n'ụlọ ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya tupu ọnwụ ya, a kọrọ na ọ nwere ọrịa bronchial, nke mere ka oyi baa, dịka ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya.  Mgbe e mesịrị, esemokwu bilitere mgbe ọ pụtachara na ndị ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ahụike nke Pierce County debere foto autopsy nke Ray dị ka ihe ncheta. 

Ọtụtụ ndị enyi ya na ndị iro ya chebakwara echiche banyere ndụ ya n'ọnwụ Ray. Onye nọchiri ya dị ka gọvanọ John Spellman nabatara ya dị ka "otu ụdị." Spellman kwuru, "O nwere uche mara mma. "Ike ya dị ka onye nkuzi na onye nkuzi. O nwere ụdị àgwà a na-akpachapụ anya. Ndị mmadụ aghọtachaghị onye na-ekwu okwu ọnụ. Ma ihe ọ bụla o kwuru, ndị mmadụ ka hụrụ ya n'anya." Duncan, Don (3 January 1994). "Dixy Lee Ray: Unpolitical, Unique, Uncompromising". Seattle Times. Retrieved 23 September 2014.

Onye bụbu onye omebe iwu steeti Gordon Walgren, bụ onye e boro ebubo ebubo racketeering gọọmentị etiti dabere na akaebe nke ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti nakọtara n'oge oge Ray, chetara ya n'olu dị iche iche. "Eji m n'aka na o nyere onyinye bara uru dịka onye nkuzi," Walgren kwuru. "Enweghị m ike icheta onye ọ bụla dị ka gọvanọ." 

Enyi Ray na onye na-ede akwụkwọ na abụọ n'ime akwụkwọ ya, Lou Guzzo, kwubiri na "o kwesịghị ịbanye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." Guzzo chetara, "Anyị chere na oge eruola onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ekwu eziokwu mgbe niile." "Ọ naghị arụ ọrụ." 

N'afọ 2014, onye odeakụkọ Seattle bụbu Knute Berger chere na Ray na-aga n'ihu oge ya. "Ọ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ịmara na ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ya bụ isi ma ọ bụ na-alọghachi na nnabata," Berger dere. 

Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) guzobere ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu Dixy Lee Ray maka onyinye injinia na ngalaba nke nchekwa gburugburu. Ihe nrite a, nke nwere ihe nrite ọla nwere njiri mara onye gọvanọ na onyinye ego, bụ nke mbụ enyere Clyde W. Frank na 1999 ma na-eme ya kwa afọ kemgbe. 

Akwụkwọ Ray, ngụkọta igbe ndekọ 190 na ihe ncheta gbasara ọrụ ya, nọ na nkwụnye ego na Hoover Institution Library na Archives na Mahadum Stanford.

 1958: Ihe nrite Clapp na bayoloji mmiri 
 1973: Frances K. Hutchinson nrite maka ọrụ na nchekwa 
 1973: United Nations Peace Medal 
 1974: Francis Boyer Award Sayensị 
 1979: Golden Plate Award nke American Academy of Achievement nke onye otu Awards Council Edward Teller gosipụtara na Summit Achievement Summit na Salt Lake City, Utah  

Ray bụ onye nnata nke iri abụọ doctorate nsọpụrụ sitere na mahadum US na mba ofesi. 

Ejiri nlezianya zere isiokwu nke ntụgharị uche Dixy Lee Ray na mkparịta ụka ọha na eze ma n'oge, na mgbe ndụ ya gasịrị. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ asịrị banyere mmekọahụ ya, a kapịrị ọnụ okwu ahụ bụ " nwanyị nwanyị " emebeghị iji kọwaa ya na ọtụtụ ndị ewepụla asịrị ndị ahụ dị ka ntule nke sitere na àgwà Ray's tomboy na ọnọdụ alụghị di na nwunye, kama nyocha nyocha.  

 Akụkọ ntuli aka 

 Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị gọvanọ na United States

 Ntụaka 

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