Jimmy Carter

James Earl Carter Jr. (1924-2024) bu onye mgbandọrọ uzo America na ndi mmadu nke ozi dika onye isi ala 39th nke United States site na 1977 rue 1981. Onye otu Democratic Party, onye nwere ike ka ike 76 nke  Georgia site na 1971 ruo 1975, yana dịka onye omebe iwu steeti Georgia site na 1963 ruo 1967.

A mụrụ Carter ma zụlite na Plains, Georgia;  gụsịrị akwụkwọ na U.S. Naval Academy na 1946;  wee sonye na ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha mmiri US.  Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ lọghachiri n'ụlọ, bụ́ ebe ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ na-akụ ahụekere nke ezinụlọ ya.  O gosiziri mmegide ya megide ikewa agbụrụ, kwadoo oke ikike obodo na-eto eto, wee bụrụ onye ndọrọndọrọ n'ime Democratic Party.  Ọ jere ozi na Senate steeti Georgia site na 1963 ruo 1967 wee bụrụ gọvanọ Georgia site na 1971 ruo 1975. Dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-agba ọchịchịrị na-amaghị nke ọma na mpụga Georgia, Carter meriri nhọpụta Democratic ma merie onye isi ala Republican bụ Gerald Ford n'ụzọ dị nta.  1976 ntuli aka onye isi ala US.

Carter gbaghaara ndị niile gbara ọsọ agha Vietnam n'ụbọchị nke abụọ ọ nọ n'àmà.  O kere ike mba nke nchekwa, nchekwa, na ጉድ.  Ọ gara nke ọma gbasoo na Camp David, Nkwekọrịta Canal Panama, na agba nke abụọ nke Mkparịta Ụka ​​Mbelata Arms .  Ọ na-echekwa stagflation ihu.  ụmụaka ya hiwere Ngalaba Ike na Ngalaba .  Akara njedebe nke onye isi ala ya ọgba aghara bụ njide Iran 1979–1981, nsogbu ike 1979, ihe ike atọ Mile Island, odi Nicaraguan, na mbuso agha Soviet nke Afghanistan .  Na nzaghachi maka mbuso agha ahụ, Carter webatara Agha Nzuzo site n'ịkwụsị détente, na-amanye mmachi ọka megide ndị Soviet, na- ፈለገ Carter, ma na-eduga n'ọgba ndụ nke mba dị iche iche nke Olympic Summer 1980 na  Moscow .  Ọ tụfuru mbụ aka onye isi ala n'afọ 1980 na oke ike nke onye nhọpụta Republican Ronald Reagan .

Mgbe ọ hapụrụ onye isi oche, Carter akara Carter Center iji kwalite na ikike ikike mmadụ, na-enweta ya Nrite Nobel Peace Prize na 2002. Ọ gara ọtụtụ njem iji mee mkparita ụka udo, ileba anya nhoputa ndi ochichi na n'ihu ikpochapụ anya.  na-efe efe.  Ọ bụ onye isi na ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ ọrụ nke Habitat for Humanity wee dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, sitere na ndị okwukwe ike ruo na abụ uri, mgbe ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekwu ihe omume ụwa, akwụkwọ abụọ  na dị Israel-Palestine, nke ọ na-akatọ omume Israel.  Ndị Palestine dị ka apartheid .  Ntuli aka nke ndị agụozi ihe mere eme na ndị isi ike ndọrọ n'ozuzu ha na-akwado Carter dị ka onye isi ala dị n'okpuru nkezi, n'agbanyeghị na a na-ahụta ihe omume ya mgbe ọ gachara Louis.  oche dị ka ihe iche.  Ọ bụ ya bụ onye isi ala kacha ogologo ogologo ndụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na onye nwere ikike ọkwa ogaala kacha ogologo.  Ọ bụkwa onye nke atọ kasị ndị ndụ jere ozi dị ka onye ndú mba .

A Manchester James Earl Carter Jr. October 1, 1924, na Plains, Georgia, na Wise Sanitarium, ebe nne ya ọrụ dị ka onye aha ya.  [1] Carter si otú a ihe onye isi ala America mbụ ajụjụ n' ọgwụ.  [2] Ọ bụ ọkpara Bessie Lillian Gordy na James Earl Carter Sr. [3] : 70 Carter bụ onye si n'agbụrụ Thomas Carter onye England kwabatara, onye biri na Colony nke Virginia na 1635. [4] ọtụtụ Carters biri dị  ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na Georgia.  [5] Plains bụ obodo nwere akara nke mmadụ 600 n'oge a ike Carter.  Nna ya bụ onye ọchụnta ego obodo na-eme nke ọma, onye na-azụ aha ụlọ ọrụ n'ozuzu ma bụrụ onye na-etinye ego na ala ugbo.  [6] Nna Carter jerebu ozi dị ka onye anya nke abụọ na US Army Quartermaster Corps n'oge Agha mbụ Mbụ

.N'oge ọ bụ nwata Carter, mpaghara ya kwagara ọtụtụ oge, [1] na-edozi n'okporo ụzọ ụzọ unyi dị na Archery dị nso, bụ nke isiokwu ndị America dara ogbenye bi na ya.  [2] Ezin ọjọọ ya mechara kwụsị ụmụ atọ: Gloria, Ruth, na Billy .  [3] Ya na ndị posts ya dị ná mma.  Nne ya anọ anọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata, na-arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ awa.  Ọ bụ ebe na nna ya na-agbasi mbọ ike nke ukwuu, o kwere ka Jimmy mee enyi ngosi ndị Black Farmhands.  [4] Carter bụ nwa okoro na-eto eto na-emekọ ihe nke e nyere acre nke aka ya nke ala ubi Earl, ebe o tolitere, chịkọta, ma na-ere ahụekere.  [5] Ọ gbazikwara ụlọ nke ụlọ ndị ọrịa.

 Agụmakwụkwọ 
. Bourne, pp. 33–43.Carter gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Plains site na 1937 ruo 1941, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na klas nke iri na otu, ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ọkụkọ iri na abụọ.  [1] N'oge ahụ, nnukwu ego n'obi dara ogbenye na Archery na Plains, mana ahụ ahụ rite uru na ego ọrụ ugbo nke New Deal, nna Carter wee were ọnọdụ dịka onye ndu obodo.  [2] [3] Carter n'onwe ya bụ nwa akwụkwọ dị uchu nke nwere ikike ịgụ ihe.  [4] : 8 [5] Otu ọmụmụ na-ewu ewu na-ekwu na a kpọfere ya maka valedictorian mgbe ya na ndị enyi ya gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ ka ha banye n'ime ime obodo na ọkụ .  Ekwuru nchụpụ Carter n'asụsụ mpaghara, n'agbanyeghị na o doghị anya na ọ gara abụ onye nkwuwa okwu.  [6] Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, Carter na- egwu egwu na otu egwuregwu basketball nke Plains High School, ma sonyekwa na Future Farmers of America, nke ụdị ya aka ụkwụ ogologo ndụ n'ịrụ osis.

. Ọ dịla anya Carter rọrọ nrọ ịga Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Naval nke United States.[1]  Na 1941, ọ malitere undergraduate coursework in engineering na Georgia Southwestern College dị nso Americus, Georgia.[2]: 99  N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ gafere na Georgia Institute of Technology na Atlanta, ebe akara ikike obodo Blake Van Leer bụ onyeisi oche.  3]  N'afọ 1943, a nabatara ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Naval Academy nke o nwetara B.S.  ogo na 1946.[4]: 38  Ọ bụ ezigbo nwa akwụkwọ mana a na-ahụ ya dị ka echekwabara ma dị jụụ, n'ụzọ dị iche na omenala ụlọ akwụkwọ mmuta nke mmekpa ahụ nke ndị ọhụrụ.  , enyi nwanne ya nwaanyị bụ́ Rut.[6]  Ha abụọ lụrụ obere oge ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1946.[7]  Ọ bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ sprint maka ndị agha mmiri Midshipmen.[8]  Carter gụchara 60th n'ime 821 midshipmen na klas nke 1947[lower-alpha 1] na nzere bachelọ nke sayensị wee nye ya ọrụ dị ka akara ngosi.[9]

 Ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri 
Site na 1946 ruo 1953, ndị Carters bi na Virginia, Hawaii, Connecticut, New York na California, n'oge ebuga ya na ụgbọ mmiri Atlantic na Pacific . Zelizer, pp. 11–12. Na 1948, ọ malitere ọzụzụ onye isi maka ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ma jee ozi na USS Pomfret .  A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ lieutenant junior grade na 1949, na ọrụ ya n'ime Pomfret gụnyere ndị agha na-eche nche na ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific na China site na Jenụwarị ruo March nke afọ ahụ.  Na 1951, e kenyere ya na mmanụ dizel / eletriki USS K-1 (SSK-1), tozuru oke maka iwu, wee jee ozi n'ọtụtụ ọkwa, gụnyere onye isi ọrụ. 

Na 1952, ọ malitere mkpakọrịta na mmemme ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri nuklia nke ndị agha mmiri, nke onye isi ụgbọ mmiri Hyman G. Rickover duziri mgbe ahụ.  Rickover nwere ụkpụrụ dị elu na ọchịchọ maka ndị ikom na igwe ya, Carter mechara kwuo na, n'akụkụ nne na nna ya, Rickover nwere mmetụta kachasị na ndụ ya. Bourne, pp. 72–77. E zigara ya na Alaka Naval Reactors nke Atomic Energy Commission na Washington, DC maka ọrụ nwa oge ọnwa atọ, ebe Rosalynn na ụmụ ha kwagara Schenectady, New York . Bourne, p. 74.

Na Disemba 12, 1952, ihe mberede na onye nrụpụta NRX nnwale na Atomic Energy nke Chalk River Laboratories kpatara obere mgbaze, butere ọtụtụ nde lita mmiri redio na-ejupụta na okpuru ulo nke reactor. Nke a hapụrụ isi reactor ahụ mebiri emebi.  Enyere Carter iwu na Chalk River ka o duo ndị ọrụ nchekwa US sonyeere ndị ọrụ America na Canada ndị ọzọ iji nyere aka na mmechi nke reactor.  Usoro nhụsianya ahụ chọrọ ka onye otu ọ bụla nye ihe nchebe ma wedata ya n'otu n'otu n'ime reactor maka 90 sekọnd n'otu oge, na-amachi ikpughe ha na redioaktivu ka ha na-ekpochapụ igwe ọkụ ọkụ. Mgbe e wedara Carter, ọrụ ya bụ naanị ịtụgharị otu skru.  N'oge na mgbe ọchịchị ya gasịrị, Carter kwuru na ahụmahụ ya na Chalk River emepụtawo echiche ya banyere ike atomiki wee mee ka ọ kwụsị ịmepụta bọmbụ neutron . 

Na Maachị 1953, Carter malitere nkuzi ọnwa isii na ọrụ ike nuklia na Union College na Schenectady. Zelizer, pp. 11–12. Ebumnuche ya bụ imecha rụọ ọrụ na USS Seawolf, nke e bu n'obi ka ọ bụrụ ụgbọ mmiri nuklia US nke abụọ.  Atụmatụ ya gbanwere mgbe nna ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa cancer pancreatic na July, ọnwa abụọ tupu e wuo Seawolf, Carter nwetara ntọhapụ site na ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ka o wee nwee ike weghara azụmahịa ezinụlọ ahụekere.   : 100 Ikpebi ịpụ na Schenectady siri ike, ebe ọ bụ na Rosalynn enweela ahụ iru ala na ndụ ha n'ebe ahụ.   O kwuru mgbe e mesịrị na ịlaghachi ndụ n'obere obodo na Plains yiri "nzọụkwụ dị egwu azụ."  Carter hapụrụ ọrụ ya na Ọktoba 9, 1953. Bourne, pp. 77–81. Hayward, p. 23. Ọ jere ozi na nchekwa ndị agha mmiri na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ruo 1961, wee hapụ ọrụ ahụ n'ọkwa onye isi .  Ihe nrite ya gụnyere ihe nrite Mgbasa Ozi America, nrite mmeri nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, nrite ọrụ China na nrite ọrụ nchekwa mba .  Dị ka onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri, ọ ritekwara baajị "dolphin" . 

Mgbe o kwusịrị ụgwọ na nkesa nke ala ya n'etiti ndị nketa ya, Jimmy ketara obere ihe.  Ruo otu afọ, ya, Rosalynn, na ụmụ ha nwoke atọ biri n'ụlọ ọha na Plains. [lower-alpha 2] Carter maara nke ọma n'ihe ọmụmụ sayensị na teknụzụ, o wee malite ịgbasa azụmahịa ezinụlọ na-akụ ahụekere.  Ịtụgharị site n'Òtù Ndị Agha Mmiri gaa na onye na-azụ ahịa agri-azụmahịa siri ike dịka owuwe ihe ubi nke afọ mbụ ya dara n'ihi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, Carter aghaghị imepe ọtụtụ ahịrị kredit ụlọ akụ iji mee ka ugbo na-aga n'ihu.  Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ ma gụpụta ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo ebe Rosalynn mụtara n'ịgbakọ ego iji jikwaa akwụkwọ azụmahịa.  Ọ bụ ezie na ha emebibeghị ọbụna n'afọ mbụ, ndị Carters toro azụmahịa ahụ wee nwee ọganihu nke ọma. Bourne, pp. 83–91. Morris, p. 115.
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations