Iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide na United States

Iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide n'ọtụtụ steeti ndị ohu tupu na n'oge Agha Obodo America metụtara ndị ohu, ndị nweere onwe ha, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ndị niile na-acha ọbara ọbara. Iwu ụfọdụ bilitere site na nchegbu na ndị ohu gụrụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịghọ akwụkwọ ndị achọrọ iji gbalaga na steeti nweere onwe ya. Dị ka William M. Banks si kwuo, "Ọtụtụ ndị ohu mụtara ide ihe nwetara nnwere onwe n'ezie site na usoro a. Ihe ngosi ndị a na-achọ maka ndị na-agba ọsọ na-ekwukarị ma onye ahụ gbapụrụ agbapụ nwere ike ide. Iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide sikwa n'egwu nnupụisi ohu, ọkachasị n'oge David Walker bipụtara akwụkwọ na 1829 nke Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, nke kwadoro nnupụụisi nke Nat Turner nke 1831. Paul Finkelman, Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass, Oxford University Press, USA, Apr 6, 2006, p. 445

United States bụ naanị mba a maara na o nwere iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide.

 Iwu steeti na-emegide ịgụ na ide 
N'etiti 1740 na 1834 Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North na South Carolina, na Virginia niile mere iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide. South Carolina weputara iwu mbụ nke machibidoro ịkụziri ndị ohu ịgụ na ide, nke a ga-ata ahụhụ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ 100 pound na ọnwa isii n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, site na mmezigharị nke Iwu Negro nke 1739.

Ụfọdụ ndị nwe ohu boro ndị abolitionist ụta maka mkpa a na-eche na ọ dị iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, James H. Hammond nke South Carolina, onye na-akwado echiche ịgba ohu, dere n'akwụkwọ ozi o dere na 1845 nye onye Britain abolitionist Thomas Clarkson: "M nwere ike ịgwa gị. Ọ bụ ọgba aghara abolition. Ọ bụrụ na anaghị ekwe ka ohu ahụ gụọ Bible ya, mmehie ahụ dị n'elu ndị abolitionists; n'ihi na ha dị njikere inye ya mkpịsị ugodi ya, nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ, ọ bụghị akwụkwọ nke olileanya, na-ede, kama ọ bụrụ obi nkoropụda mmụọ anyị, ọ gaghị ekwe ka anyị gbanwee!

Iwu ndị dị mkpa na-emegide ndị isi ojii gụnyere:

 1829, Georgia: A machibidoro ịkụziri ndị isi ojii ịgụ akwụkwọ, a na-ata ha ahụhụ site na ịkwụ ha ụgwọ na ịtụ ha mkpọrọ
 1830, Louisiana, North Carolina: na-eme iwu na-ata onye ọ bụla na-akụziri ndị isi ojii ka ha gụọ akwụkwọ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ, ịtụ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ịpịa ụtarịSpan, Christopher (2005). "Learning in Spite of Opposition". Counterpoints. 31: 26–53. JSTOR 42977282. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
 1832, Alabama na Virginia: A machibidoro ndị ọcha ịkụziri ndị isi ojii ịgụ ma ọ bụ dee, a na-ata ha ahụhụ site na ịkwụ ha ụtarị na ịpịa ha ihe
 1833, Georgia: A machibidoro ndị isi ojii ịrụ ọrụ n'ịgụ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ide akwụkwọ (site na iwu ọrụ), ma machibido ndị isi ojii iwu ịkụzi ihe, a na-ata ha ahụhụ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ na ịpịa ha ụtarị (site na Iwu na-emegide ịgụ na ide) 
 1847, Missouri: A machibidoro ịhazi ma ọ bụ kụziere ndị ohu ịgụ ma ọ bụ dee

Iwu steeti Mississippi chọrọ ka onye ọcha nọrọ otu afọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị ka " ntaramahụhụ maka ịkụziri ohu ịgụ".

Iwu Virginia nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu kwuru, sị: "[Nchịkọta ọ bụla nke ndị isi ojii maka ebumnuche nke ntụziaka n'ịgụ ma ọ bụ ide ihe, ma ọ bụ n'abalị maka ebumnucha ọ bụla, ga-abụ nzukọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Onye ikpe ziri ezi ọ bụla nwere ike inye akwụkwọ ikike ya na ọfịs ọ bụla ma ọ bụ onye ọzọ, na-achọ ka ọ banye n'ebe ọ bụla nzukọ dị otú ahụ, ma jide onye isi ojii ọ bụla n'ime ya; ya, ma ọ bụla ọzọ, nwere ike inye iwu ka e jiri eriri taa ya ahụhụ. "

Na North Carolina, a mara ndị isi ojii na-enupụ isi n'iwu ahụ ikpe ịpịa ụtarị ebe ndị ọcha na-anata ụgwọ, oge mkpọrọ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.

Bishọp AME William Henry Heard chetara site n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Georgia na ohu ọ bụla e jidere na-ede "na-ata ahụhụ nke ịkpụpụ mkpịsị aka ya n'aka nri ya". Ndị ọzọ bụbu ndị ohu nwere ncheta yiri nke nkwarụ na ntaramahụhụ siri ike maka ịgụ na ide.Span, Christopher (2005). "Learning in Spite of Opposition". Counterpoints. 31: 26–53. JSTOR 42977282. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

Arkansas, Kentucky, na Tennessee bụ naanị steeti ohu atọ na-etinyeghị mmachibido iwu maka ịkụziri ndị ohu ihe.Christopher M. Span & Brenda N. Sanya, "Education and the Africa Diaspora" in The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education (eds. John L. Rury & Eileen H. Tamura: Oxford University Press, 2019).

A na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụ naanị 5% ruo 10% nke ndị ohu Africa America ghọrọ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, tupu Agha Obodo America.Christopher M. Span & Brenda N. Sanya, "Education and the Africa Diaspora" in The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education (eds. John L. Rury & Eileen H. Tamura: Oxford University Press, 2019).

QIhe mgbochi na agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii abụghị naanị na South. Christopher M. Span & Brenda N. Sanya, "Education and the Africa Diaspora" in The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education (eds. John L. Rury & Eileen H. Tamura: Oxford University Press, 2019).Ọ bụ ezie na izi ndị isi ojii na North abụghị iwu na-akwadoghị, ọtụtụ steeti, mpaghara, na obodo ndị dị n'ebe ugwu machibidoro ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ịbanye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze. James D. Anderson, "Commentary" in Gary Orfield, The Walls Around Opportunity (Princeton University Press: 2022), pp. 270-72.Ruo 1869, ọ bụ naanị ndị ọcha nwere ike ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na Indiana na Illinois. Ohio wepụrụ ụmụaka ojii n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze ruo 1849, mgbe ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkewa zuru oke na Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, na New York. Naanị Massachusetts nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze nkewa tupu Agha Obodo (ọ machibidoro ịkpa ókè n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na 1855). Mgbalị e mere na 1831 iji mepee kọleji maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na New Haven, Connecticut zutere mmegide siri ike nke na a hapụrụ ọrụ ahụ ozugbo (lee Simeon Jocelyn). Edna Edith Sayers, The Life and Times of T.H. Gallaudet (University Press of New England: 2017), pp. 210-12.Ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye ndị nwara ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na ndị ọcha ọnụ, nke ndị abolitionist na-emeghe, bụ ndị ìgwè mmadụ bibiri, dịka ọ dị na Noyes Academy na Kenan, New Hampshire na Quaker Prudence Crandall's Female Boarding School na Canterbury, Connecticut. Slavery and the University: Histories and Legacies (University of Georgia Press, 2019), pp. 189-91.Mgbe Agha Obodo gasịrị, ọtụtụ steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu machibidoro ịkpa ókè n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme, tupu Brown v. Board of Education, gụnyere site na ókèala agbụrụ nke Mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ.


 Nnupụisi 
Ndị nkụzi na ndị ohu nọ n'ebe Ndịda chọtara ụzọ iji zere ma maa iwu ahụ aka. John Berry Meachum, dịka ọmụmaatụ, wepụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya na St. Louis, Missouri mgbe steeti ahụ wepụtara iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide na 1847, wee guzobe ya ọzọ dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ nnwere onwe na-ese n'elu ụgbọ mmiri na Osimiri Mississippi, nke karịrị iwu steeti Missouri. Robert W.Tabscott John Berry Meachum Defied The Law to Educate Blacks, St. Louis Beacon, August 25, 2009Mgbe e jidere ya, kpee ya ikpe, ma nọrọ otu ọnwa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ịkụziri ụmụaka ojii nweere onwe ha na Norfolk, Virginia, Margaret Crittendon Douglas dere akwụkwọ banyere ahụmịhe ya, nke nyeere aka ịdọta uche mba na iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide. Douglass, Margaret, Educational Laws of Virginia: The Personal Narrative of Mrs. Margaret Douglass, a Southern Woman Who Was Imprisoned for One Month in the Common Jail of Norfolk, John P. Jewett and Co., 1854Frederick Douglass kụziiri onwe ya ịgụ ihe mgbe ọ bụ ohu. Otu mgbasa ozi ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ nke e bipụtara na Tuscaloosa, Alabama na 1845 mere mkpesa, "[Fanny] nwere ike ịgụ ma dee, ya mere mepụta onwe ya. " Na Tennessee, "Ohu ọ bụla mepụtara akwụkwọ ikike ma ọ bụ asambodo ga-abụrịrị na a ga-eti ya ihe na-agaghị agafe iri atọ na itoolu; onye ọ bụla nyere, ma ọ bụ mee ka e nye ya... ngwá ọrụ edemede ọ bụla ọzọ e bu n'obi inyere ohu ahụ aka ịgbanahụ nna ya ukwu ka ọ ghara ịta ahụhụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo ihe na-erughị afọ atọ ma ọ bụghị karịa iri".

N'agbanyeghị ihe ize ndụ, ndị ohu lere ịgụ na ide anya dị ka ụzọ isi gaa n'ihu na nnwere onwe, ha mụtara ma kụziere ibe ha na nzuzo. Otu ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwuru na 20% nke ndị ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ na antebellum Kentucky nwere ike ịgụ, na 10% nwere ike ide. Ụmụaka ohu na-arụsi ọrụ ike ga-ere ihe dịka marble na oroma nye ụmụaka ọcha iji gbanwere nkuzi ịgụ akwụkwọ, ndị okenye na-amụta mgbe ụfọdụ n'aka ndị okenye ndị ọzọ, ndị ojii na ndị ọcha. Otu ohu, Lucius Holsey, nwetara ọbá akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ ise site na ire ákwà: akwụkwọ edemede abụọ, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, John Milton's Paradise Lost, na Bible. Site na akwụkwọ ise a, o ji nlezianya kụziere onwe ya ịgụ site n'ibu otu okwu n'isi.Span, Christopher (2005). "Learning in Spite of Opposition". Counterpoints. 31: 26–53. JSTOR 42977282. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

John Hope Franklin na-ekwu na n'agbanyeghị iwu, ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na-agba ohu dị na South niile, gụnyere na Georgia, Carolinas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Florida, Louisiana, Tennessee, na Virginia. N'afọ 1838, ndị isi ojii nweere onwe ha na Virginia rịọrọ steeti ahụ, dị ka otu, ka ha zigara ụmụ ha ụlọ akwụkwọ na-abụghị Virginia ka ha gafee iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide. A jụrụ ha.Span, Christopher (2005). "Learning in Spite of Opposition". Counterpoints. 31: 26–53. JSTOR 42977282. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ndị nwe ohu leghaara iwu anya. Ha lere anya n'ụzọ ọzọ mgbe ụmụ ha na-egwu egwuregwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma kụziere ndị ohu ha otu esi agụ na ide. Ụfọdụ ndị nwe ohu hụrụ uru akụ na ụba n'inwe ndị ohu gụrụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịme azụmahịa ma debe akaụntụ. Ndị ọzọ kwenyere na ndị ohu kwesịrị ịgụ akwụkwọ nke ọma iji gụọ Bible.Banks, William M. (1996). Black Intellectuals: Race and Responsibility in American Life. W. W. Norton.

Na Norfolk, Virginia, e wepụrụ iwu mgbochi ịgụ na ide ruo mgbe Agha Obodo gasịrị, na 1867, n'ihi ndị isi ojii bi na ya na-arịọ gọọmentị etiti ka ha kwụsị ya.

 Ihe odide 

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