Hoffmann kiln

Hoffmann kiln bụ usoro ihe ọkụkụ nke usoro ogbe.  Kiln Hoffmann bụ kiln a na-ejikarị eme brik na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa seramiiki ndị ọzọ.  Onye German Friedrich Hoffmann nyere ikike maka ịkpụ brik na 1858, e mechara jiri ya mee ọkụ lime, ma mara ya dị ka ebe a na-esi nri Hoffmann na-aga n'ihu.

 Ihe owuwu na ọrụ 
Kiln Hoffmann nwere isi ụzọ ọkụ gbara ọtụtụ obere ụlọ gburugburu n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla.  Ime ụlọ ọ bụla nwere pallet nke brik.  N'ọnụ ụzọ ọkụ bụ isi e nwere ụgbọ ala ọkụ, nke na-ejide ọkụ na-ere ọkụ mgbe niile.  A na-agbanye ọnụ ụlọ nke ọ bụla maka oge a kapịrị ọnụ, ruo mgbe a na-eme ka brik ndị ahụ dị mma, ma emesịa, a na-atụgharị ụgbọala ọkụ ahụ n'ọnụ ụlọ ọzọ ka a gbaa ọkụ.

A na-ejikọta ọnụ ụlọ ọ bụla na ọnụ ụlọ na-esote site na ụzọ na-ebu gas na-ekpo ọkụ sitere na ọkụ ahụ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na-eduzi gas kachasị ọkụ n'ime ụlọ a na-agbapụ ugbu a. Mgbe ahụ, gas na-agafe n'ime ụlọ dị n'akụkụ nke a na-eme atụmatụ ka a gbaa ya ọzọ. N'ebe ahụ, gas na-eme ka brik ahụ dị ọkụ. Ka gas na-agafe n'ime usoro ọkụ, ha na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ajụ oyi ka ha na-ebufe okpomọkụ na brik ka ọ na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ. Nke a bụ n'ezie ihe na-agbanwe okpomọkụ, nke na-eme ka ojiji dị mma nke okpomọkụ na mmanụ. Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọm a bụ isi uru nke ọkụ ọkụ Hoffmann, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ihe kpatara mmepe mbụ ya na iji ya mee ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Na mgbakwunye na oghere dị n'ime n'okporo ụzọ ọkụ, ọnụ ụlọ ọ bụla nwekwara ọnụ ụzọ dị n'èzí, nke a na-ewepụ brik a gbara ọkụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ma jiri brik mmiri dochie ya ka ọ kpọọ nkụ ma gbaa ya ọkụ na usoro ịgba ọkụ ọzọ.
áká_èkpè|thumb|156x156px|Akụkụ nke okpomọkụ, Friedrich Eduard Hoffmann's patent, 1858
N'ime kiln Hoffmann kpochapụwo, ọkụ ahụ nwere ike na-ere ọkụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọbụlagodi ọtụtụ iri afọ;  na Iran, e nwere kilns ka na-arụ ọrụ ma na-arụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu ruo afọ 35.  Enwere ike iji mmanụ ọkụ ọ bụla na kiln Hoffmann, gụnyere mmanụ ụgbọala, gas sitere n'okike, mmanụ ala dị arọ na mmanụ osisi.  Akụkụ nke kiln Hoffmann a na-ahụkarị na-agbanwe kpamkpam, mana na nkezi ihe dịka 5 m (ịdị elu) x 15 m (obosara) x 150 m (ogologo). dị arọ na mmanụ osisi. Ọdịdị nke ọkụ ọkụ Hoffmann na-agbanwe agbanwe kpamkpam, mana na nkezi ihe dị ka 5 m (ịdị elu) x 15 m (obosara) x 150 m (ogologo).   

 Ihe atụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọkụ Hoffmann 

 UK 
"Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust - Projects - Recent projects - Llanymynech". Cpat.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2013-08-04. British Isles, e nwere naanị ite ọkụ Hoffmann ole na ole fọdụrụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha echekwara.

Nanị ndị nwere anwụrụ ọkụ bụ na Prestongrange Industrial Heritage Museum na Llanymynech Heritage Area.  na-eji saịtị ahụ dị na Llanymynech, nke dị nso na Oswestry eme ihe maka ọkụ lime ma e weghachiri ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ nchedo ihe ochie nke ụlọ ọrụ na-akwado site na English Heritage na Heritage Lottery Fund.

atụ abụọ  na North Yorkshire, ọkụ ọkụ Hoffmann na Meal Bank Quarry, Ingleton, na nke na-arụ ọrụ Craven na Murgatroyd, Langcliffe, na-ahazi ihe ncheta oge ochie.

E nwere ite ọkụ Hoffmann nke na-enweghị nsogbu ma gbahapụ ya na-enweghị anwụrụ ọkụ dị na Minera Limeworks; a gbahapụrụ saịtị ahụ mana e mebiri ụzọ mbata niile nke ite ọkụ ahụ, na-egbochi ohere. Okpomọkụ ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ dị njọ nke nrụzi, na osisi na-etolite na mgbidi na elu ụlọ. Minera Quarry Trust na-atụ anya otu ụbọchị iji melite mpaghara ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ndị njem nleta.  na-eleghara ọkụ brik Hoffmann nke Grade II depụtara na Ilkeston, Derbyshire anya nke ukwuu, ọ bụ ezie na mgbidi a rụnyere na nso nso a na-enye nchebe maka ụlọ ahụ na ndị ọbịa.

Na Prestongrange Museum, n'èzí Prestonpans na East Lothian, Hoffman kiln ka na-eguzo na ndị ọbịa nwere ike ige ntị karịa ya site na njem ekwentị mkpanaaka."British Listed Buildings". Archived from the original on 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2018-09-08. .

 nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ite ọkụ zuru ezu na Horeb, Carmarthenshire.

A ka nwere ite ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na Kings Dyke na Peterborough, nke bụ ebe ikpeazụ nke London Brick Company, nke Forterra PLC nwere.   [citation needed]

 Australia 
Na Victoria, Australia, n'ebe a na-akpụ brik dị na Brunswick, e nwere kiln abụọ dị ndụ agbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi, na chimni sitere na kiln nke atọ;  e nwere ihe ọzọ na Box Hill, Victoria;  dịkwa na Melbourne 

'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Australia, ite ọkụ dị na Maylands_Brickworks" id="mwdg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Maylands Brickworks">Maylands Brickworks na Perth, nke na-arụ ọrụ site na 1927 ruo 1982 bụ naanị ite ọkụ Hoffman fọdụrụ na steeti ahụ.

 Catalonia 

 Obosara Bellamar na Calafell.

 Mba ndị ọzọ 
 nwere ite ọkụ zuru oke na ụlọ ọrụ brik Tsalapatas e weghachiri na Volos Gris nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ebe ngosi nka.

E nwere abụọ na New Zealand.   [citation needed]

Obodo Kaohsiung dị na Taiwan bụkwa ebe a na-anọ eme ọkụ Hoffman, nke gọọmentị Japan wuru na 1899. Former Tangrong Brick Kiln   [<span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (March 2019)">circular reference</span>]

 Edensibia 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Akụkọ Hoffman
 Ebe njem Preston Grange
 Nnyocha nke Hoffman Kiln Technology
 RCAHMS Canmore
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations