Oké ọhịa mmiri nke Niger Delta

Oké ọhịa mmiri nke Niger Delta bụ mpaghara ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ na ndịda Naịjirịa. O nwere oké ọhịa mmiri dị ọcha na Niger Delta nke Osimiri Niger. Oké ọhịa a bụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa na-esote oké ọhịa Congo. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nnukwu obodo ndị dị na mpụga mpaghara ahụ, mpaghara ahụ anọwo na-anọpụ iche n'ihi ihe isi ike nke iwu okporo ụzọ gafee marshes, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-agbanwe site na mmepe nke mmanụ na ụlọ ọrụ ịkpụ osisi. Nnyocha sayensị amalitela n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-achọpụtakwa ụdị ọhụrụ n'ime afọ ndị 1990. Nnyocha mmanụ na mmetọ abụwo ihe iyi egwu nye ọhịa na mpaghara Niger Delta.  Amarachi Paschaline Onyena, Kabari Sam (2020).  A review of the threat of oil exploitation to mangrove ecosystem: Insights from Niger Delta, Nigeria * Global Ecology and Conservation
Volume 22, June 2020, e00961 [citation needed]

 Ebe na nkọwa 
Ógbè ọhịa mmiri nke Niger Delta na-ekpuchi ókèala triangular n'ọnụ Osimiri Niger. A na-eweghachi nsọtụ ndịda ihe dị ka kilomita 10 site na Gulf of Guinea, nke mpaghara mangroves nke Central Africa na-egbochi ebe mmetụta nke mmiri nnu pụtara ìhè.  E guzobere ókèala ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara ahụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Benin, ọnụ ugwu dị n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Aboh, na ọnụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Imo. Obodo Port Harcourt dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara ecoregion. Mpaghara Niger Delta nke Naịjirịa dị n'akụkụ Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea. Ọ bụ delta kachasị ukwuu n'Africa na delta nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n"ụwa nakwa marshland kachasị ukwuu na West na Central Africa. Akegbejo-Samsons, Y., & Omoniyi, I. T. (2009). Management challenges of mangrove forests in Africa: A critical appraisal of the coastal mangrove ecosystem of Nigeria. Nature and Faune, 24, 50–55.Mpaghara ahụ sitere na Aboh (5°33′49′′ N na 6°31′38′′ E) Ndokwa East, Delta State na North ruo Palm Point (4°16′22′′ N na6°05′27′′ E) Bayelsa State na ndịda. Mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ dị n'etiti Benin ma ọ bụ ọnụ mmiri Osimiri Etiopia (5°44′11′′ N na 5°3′49′′ E) Delta State na ọdịda anyanwụ na ọnụ mmiri Osimira Imo (4°27′16′′ N na 7°35′27′′ E) Ikot Abasi, Akwa Ibom State n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ.NDDC. (2005). Niger Delta regional development master plan. Port Harcourt: Author. Niger Delta Environmental Survey (NDES). (1997). Environmental and socio-economic characteristics. Port Harcourt: NDDC.

A na-ewu Delta Niger site na mmiri si n'osimiri Niger. Ala ahụ dị larịị na alaka ndị na-agagharị agagharị nke osimiri ahụ. Niger Delta nwere netwọk dị iche iche nke osimiri na iyi ndị na-ekesa Osimiri Niger. Ayansina Ayanlade & Nicolas Drake. Forest loss in different ecological zones of the Niger Delta Nigeria: evidence from remote sensing. GeoJournal (2016) 81:717 – 735 DOi 10:1007/s 10708 – 015 – 9658 - yAla nke delta ahụ dịgasị iche site na osimiri na iyi ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ájá na ụrọ na-egosi ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri ochie, ụrọ dị arọ nke mmiri na-agba n'azụ ụsọ mmiri, na ụrọ silty na ụrọ n'ala dị elu. "Niger Delta swamp forests". World Wildlife Federation. Retrieved June 20, 2020.Enwere ike ịkọwa Delta Niger n'ime mpaghara anọ dị iche iche: ya bụ, ọhịa mangrove, ọhịa mmiri dị ọcha, ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị ala na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ sitere na mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Udo, R. K. (1978). A comprehensive geography of West Africa (pp. 226–247). Ibadan: Heinemann Educational BooksMangroves bụ oké ọhịa dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-eto n'ebe nkwonkwo n'ime ala kpọrọ nkụ na oké osimiri mepere emepe na mpaghara okpomọkụ ma bụrụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ihe ndị dị ndụ na enweghị ihe ndị dị adị. Adams, W. M. (1993). Indigenous use of wetlands and sustainable development in West Africa. Geogr J. 159(2):209 - 218Oké ọhịa mangrove nke Naijiria dị na mpaghara Niger delta ma bụrụkwa oké ọhịa mangrova a na-emegbu emegbu n'ụwa. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007. The worlds Mangroves 1980 – 2005. FAO  Forestry paper 153  FAO, RomeMpaghara Niger Delta nke Naịjirịa nwere ala nke ihe dị ka 70000 km2 na-anọchite anya 7.5% nke ala Naịjirị. Ọ mejupụtara mmanụ itoolu - na-emepụta steeti viz; Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo na Rivers.  Steeti ndị a nwere ihe karịrị agbụrụ 40 ma nwee mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo 185 (LGAs) na ndị bi na ya na-asụ ihe dị ka asụsụ 250 dị iche iche. Maduka O, Tobin-West C. Is living in a gas-flaring host community associated with being hypertensive? Evidence from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. BMJ Glob Health 2017;2:e000413. doi:10.1136/ bmjgh-2017-000413Mpaghara Niger Delta so n'ime mpaghara kachasị elu nke hydrocarbon n'ụwa. Nnyocha na mmebi nke hydrocarbons malitere na mpaghara ahụ na 1957 site na nchọpụta mmanụ na Oloibiri na River State ma kemgbe ahụ na-aga n'ihu ruo taa (2023).Onuoha, F.C. (2008). Oil Pipeline Sabotage in Nigeria: Dimensions, Actors and Implications for
National Security L/C. African Security Review, 17(3)O. Uchegbulam and E.A. Ayolabi. Satellite Image Analysis using Remote Sensing Data in Parts of Western Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 4(4): 612-617 © Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2013 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

 Ọnọdụ ihu igwe 
Mpaghara ahụ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka nhazi ihu igwe Köppen (Am) si dị. A na-eji oge ọkọchị dị iche iche mara ihu igwe a na okpomọkụ na-adịgide adịgide n'afọ niile, na nkezi okpomọkụ nke ọnwa ọ bụla n'elu 18 °C (64 °F).   Ihe na-erughị 60 mm, mana ihe karịrị (100- (nkezi / 25) mm, nke mmiri ozuzo na-ada n'oge ọnwa kachasị akọrọ.  Ọnọdụ ihu igwe a dị n'etiti savannah na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Oge mmiri ozuzo na-amalite na Machị-Eprel ruo Ọktoba. Mmiri ozuzo sitere na 2,500 mm / afọ n'ebe ugwu ruo 4,000 mm / afọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ebe ndịda.   "Niger Delta swamp forests". World Wildlife Federation. Retrieved June 20, 2020.Mmiri ozuzo bụ 90-100% maka ihe ka ukwuu n'afọ."Niger Delta swamp forests". The Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved June 20, 2021.

Mmebi na-etinye oké ọhịa mmiri dị n'ime mmiri Niger n'ihe ize ndụ, yabụ ọ dị mkpa ịghọta ihe mejupụtara ha, nkesa ha, na ọnọdụ ha. N'ime nnyocha nke nyochara ụdị dị iche iche nke okooko osisi na ihe mejupụtara mpaghara ọhịa iri na isii nke otu hekta, a chọpụtara ụdị 116 sitere na ụdị 82 na ezinụlọ 36. Ebe ndị a na-enye nsogbu gosipụtara mbelata nke ụdị ọgaranya mana ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi dị ukwuu. Nnyocha ahụ na-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị maka nkwụsi ike nke ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche ma mesie ike mkpa nchekwa lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara mebiri emebi.

 Flora na anụmanụ 
Ihe dị ka 67% nke ecoregion kpuchiri n'oké ọhịa mechiri emechi, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. 13% ọzọ bụ oké ọhịa mepere emepe, 8% ala mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, 5% obodo ma ọ bụ ụlọ elu, 3% n'okpuru ọrụ ugbo, na mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na nke oge. "Niger Delta swamp forests". Digital Observatory for Protected Areas. Retrieved June 20, 2021.Osisi abura (Hallea ledermannii), nke a na-ahụkarị n'oge gara aga, a na-egbutu ya na delta. Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị n'oké ọhịa ahụ gụnyere nkwụ mmanụ (Elaeis guineensis), osisi Azobe (Lophira alata), nutmeg Africa (Pycnanthus angolensis), Ricinodendron heudelotii, Hallea ledermannii, osisi Flatcrown (Albizia adianthifolia), mango ọhịa (Irvingia gabonensis), (Klainedoxa gabonensis"), (Treculia africana), na ụdị nke (Ficus)."Niger Delta swamp forests". The Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved June 20, 2021.

Oasis maka osisi na anụmanụ kemgbe oge Upper Cretaceous bụ Niger Delta, nnukwu ọhịa Africa. N'ịgbaso nchọpụta mmanụ 1950s, ọrụ mmadụ etinyela Niger Delta egwu. Niger Delta red colobus na Niger Delta pygmy hippopotamus bụ ụdị anụmanụ abụọ na-enye nwa ara na-ebi na delta. Mpaghara atọ nke Delta bụ mpaghara etiti azụ, akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Delta, na oké ọhịa idei mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche dị iche iche na delta, achọtala ụdị ọhụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. A maghị osisi ndị sitere na Delta, n'agbanyeghị ụdị okooko osisi a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Enyí Africa, chimpanzees, crested genets, na pygmy hippos na Niger Delta so n'ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Mmepe nke okporo ụzọ na ọwa mmiri, nchọta mmanụ, na igbutu Abura, ụdị osisi bara uru, niile nyere aka na mbibi ebe obibi nke delta. Mpaghara ahụ na-eche nsogbu ndị dị ka mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ihu, ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, esemokwu, na nchọpụta akụ na ụba na-enweghị isi.

1.5 Ogige Oké ọhịa Ikibiri

Ogige ọhịa Ikibiri Creek dị na Bayelsa State na mpaghara Niger Delta. A na-enweta ya na ihe onwunwe ọhịa nke gụnyere ngwaahịa osisi, osisi ọgwụ, osisi ịchọ mma, na anụ ọhịa. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara Niger Delta nọ na ụzọ mkpụmkpụ n'ihi ụfọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, mmepe na nchịkwa.Ayanlade A., 2014, Remote Sensing of Environmental Change in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, PhD thesis submitted to Department of Geography, School of Social Sciences and Public Policy, King's College London, University of London)

Mmetụta nke Biodiversity nke Ebe Nchedo

A na-atụ anya na mpaghara Niger Delta nke Naịjirịa bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ ọhịa na ahịhịa dị iche iche. Ọnụnọ nke ụdị 28 nke anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ala metụtara ezinụlọ Bufo (ụdị Bufo na Nectophryne), Pipidae (Silurana na Hymenochirus), nidae (Hylarana, Ptychadena, Aubria, Conraua, Hoplobatrachus, na Phrynobatrachus), Arthroleptidae (Arthroleptis), Rhacophoridae (Chiromantis), Microhylidae (Phrynomantis), na Hyperly, Niger, mpaghara isii. Akani G.C., Politano E., and Luiselli L., 2004, Amphibians recorded in forest swamp areas of the River Niger Delta (southeastern Nigeria), and the effects of habitat alteration from oil industry development on species richness and diversity, Applied Herpetology, 2(1): 1-22

https://doi.org/10.1163/1570754041231604Ebe obibi nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na ndị a na'ihe ize ndụ nke gụnyere Sclater's guenon (Cercopithecus sclateri), Nigerian white-throated guenon, red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus) na Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) dị n'ihe izeign. Ikemeh R.A., 2015, Assessing the Population Status of the Critically Endangered Niger Delta Red Colobus (Piliocolobus epieni), Primate Conservation, (29):87-96)Ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara karịsịa Heslop's pygmy hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensisheslopi) na-apụ n'anya ugbu a na mpaghara Niger Delta n'ihi nlekọta na-adịghị mma nke ebe echedoro, enweghị usoro nchekwa na njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị.

Ihe ịma aka nke Ebe Echebe

N'ozuzu, ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-agụnye ụdị dị ichelekana nke ihe ndị bi ndụ (viz: osisi, anụmanụ, ụmụ ahụhụ) a na-ahụ n'ụwa n'agbanyeghị gburugburu ebe obibi (arịa, mmiri na ala). Izah S.C, Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2018a, Factors affecting the population trend of biodiversity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(3):206‒214Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbukpọ ọhịa emetụtala ihe onwunwe dị iche iche. A chọpụtala na mmetọ, hypertrophication acidification, ọla dị arọ, mmetọ okpomọkụ, mmetụ nuklia, mmetorị mmanụ na gas na mmetụ mmadụ bụ isi mmetọ na-akpata mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche na Niger Delta. Oribhabor B.J., 2016, Impact of Human Activities on Biodiversity in Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystems, Science International, 4: 12-20

https://doi.org/10.17311/sciintl.2016.12.20 )Dị ka omenala si dị, ọhịa Niger Delta Swamp na-enye ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, mba na mba ụwa ọrụ bara uru. N'ihi nchebara echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba n'ihi ịchọ ihe oriri na ndụ, enwere nnukwu nrụgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na-eduga na mmebi na mgbukpọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke Niger Delta. Izah S.C, Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2018a, Factors affecting the population trend of biodiversity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(3):206‒214)Ihe kachasị akpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbukpọ ọhịa na ala mmiri Niger Delta gụnyere nchọpụta mmanụ na gas na mmebi, igbu osisi gabigara ókè, na ọkụ ọhịa. Ayanlade A., and Proske U., 2015, Assessing wetland degradation and loss of ecosystem services in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, Marine and Freshwater Research

http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF15066Izah S.C., Angaye C.N., Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2017a, Uncontrolled bush burning in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: potential causes and impacts on biodiversity, International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 7(1): 1-15

https://doi.org/10.5376/ijmec.2017.07.0001)Ngwaahịa ọhịa dị mkpa bụ osisi, osisi, osisi ọgwụ, anụ ọhịa, nri bụ isi ihe na-eweta ngwaahịa na ọrụ ọhịa. Erefitei A., 2016, Bayelsa State Forest Management

http://www.bodmasnewsblog.com/2016/05/bayelsa-state-forest-management.htmlna ojiji gabigara oke na-eduga na mmebi na mgbukpọ nke usoro okike nke mpaghara Niger Delta. Enwere ọtụtụ nsonaazụ maka ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi Niger Delta, n'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ụdị dị ichelekana nke mpaghara ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ adịlarị. Ayanlade A., 2014, Remote Sensing of Environmental Change in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, PhD thesis submitted to Department of Geography, School of Social Sciences and Public Policy, King's College London, University of LondonTụkwasị na nke a, ojiji dịgasị iche iche nke ala, ya bụ ọrụ iwu ụlọ, ime obodo, mmepụta ihe na mmebi nke ebe nchekwa ọhịa nke na-agụnye iji anụ ọhịa eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè, ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị, igbu osisi na ọkụ ọhịa bụ isi ihe na-akpata mbelata nke ebe echedoro. N'ihi ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, a chọpụtala na a na-egbu anụ ọhịa n'efu ma gosipụta ya maka ire ere n'ime gburugburu ụfọdụ n'ime ebe nchekwa. Ohimain E.I., Izah S.C., and Otobotekere D., 2014, Selective impacts of the 2012 water floods on the vegetation and wildlife of Wilberforce Island, Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring Analysis, 2: 73-85

https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20140202.13Otu ihe dị mkpa na-ahazi mbelata n'ebe ndị a na-echebe bụ ọkụ ọhịa. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e nweela mmụba n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkụ ọhịa. Izah S.C., Angaye C.N., Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2017a, Uncontrolled bush burning in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: potential causes and impacts on biodiversity, International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 7(1): 1-15

https://doi.org/10.5376/ijmec.2017.07.0001N'ihi mmebi na-enweghị atụ nke na-akpata mfu nke ihe ndị dị mkpa dị n'oké ọhịa, e guzobere ebe nchekwa iji chekwaa ebe obibi ahụ. Abere S.A., and Ezenwaka J., 2011, Evaluation of forest resources conservation laws in Nigeria, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(5): 49-54Iji mezuo nke a, iwu gọọmentị etiti, steeti na nke ime obodo na-echebe ụdị dị iche iche nke e mere iji hụ na nchekwa na nchebe nke gburugburu ebe obibi. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a ka na-ere ụdị ụfọdụ n'ihu ọha n'ahịa Naijiria. E nwere iwu na iwu ndị na-adịgide adịgide na nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe okike na Naịjirịa. Iwu na iwu ndị a gụnyere iwu nchedo akụ na ụba mba 1989 (nke guzobere kansụl nchedo iji mepụta ma tinye n'ọrụ iwu iji dozie ọhịa, ịkụ azụ, anụ ọhịa, ala na nchekwa mmiri), Iwu Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Isi 131, Iwu nke Federation, 1990) nke e guzobere iji bulie nchedo nke akụ na ụba sitere na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike, Iwu Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (Nkebi 86 nke 1992) (Nkebebebebe iwu nke ụdị dị iche iche iche dị iche iche dị na ndụ ọhịa ọ bụla na-emebi na-eme atụmatụ)  Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị iwu na iwu ndị a, mmebi nke ihe onwunwe ọhịa gụnyere n'ebe ndị a na-echebe ka na-abawanye na-eme ka iwu na iwu ghara ịdị irè na nchekwa nke ihe onyinyo ọhịa. Izah S.C, Aigberua A.O., and Nduka J.O., 2018a, Factors affecting the population trend of biodiversity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, International Journal of Avian and Wildlife Biology, 3(3):206‒214A chọpụtala na ụdị anụ ọhịa ndị nọ n'okpuru nchebe nke iwu gọọmentị etiti Act 11, Schedule I (ya bụ Atherurus africanus, Tragelaphus spekei, Hyemoschus aquaticus, Neotragus batesi, Aonyx capensis, Manis tricuspis, Uromanis tetradactyla) na Schedule II (viz; Genetta sp., Nandinia binotata, Viverra civetta, na ụdị Cercopithecus dị iche iche) na-ere ahịa n'ihu ọha n'ahịaAkani, G.C., Amadi N., Eniang E.A., Luiselli L., and Petrozzi F., 2015, Are mammal communities occurring at a regional scale reliably represented in "hub" bushmeat markets? A case study with Bayelsa State (Niger Delta, Nigeria), Folia Zool, 64(1): 79-86

https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v64.i1.a9.2015

 Nnyocha mmanụ na gas na mmepụta 
Akụkụ ọ bụla nke nchọpụta mmanụ na mmebi nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ala ọma jijiji nke mmanụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na-agụnye iwepụ akara ala ọma jijijii, iji dynamite na igwu ala nke na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Kadafa, A. A. (2012). Environmental impacts of oil exploration and exploitation in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Environment & Earth Sciences, 12(3), 19-28.A chọrọ itinye paịpụ mmanụ na gas maka nkesa mmanụ na gas na ebe achọrọ. A rụnyere ihe dị ka kilomita 7,000 nke paịpụ na mpaghara Niger Delta.  Iwu na ntinye nke paịpụ ndị a na-agụnye iwepụ nnukwu ebe obibi iji mee ka paịpụ maka nkesa mmanụ na gas na ebe achọrọ. Onuoha, F.C. (2008). Oil Pipeline Sabotage in Nigeria: Dimensions, Actors and Implications for National Security L/C. African Security Review, 17(3)Pipelines ndị a na-agafe n'oké ọhịa na mangroves na-agbapụta mgbe ụfọdụ na nsị a na-ebughị n'obi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpata mmebi na mgbukpọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi.

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