Ihe owuwu obodo na-adịgide adịgide

Ihe owuwu obodo na-adịgide adịgide na-agbasawanye na echiche nke akụrụngwa obodo site na ịgbakwunye ihe nkwado na atụmanya nke mmepe obodo mepere emepe ka mma ma dịkwuo ike. 'ihe owuwu na ihe owuwu anụ ahụ na nke nhazi nke na-enyere obodo aka ịrụ ọrụ, nkwado na-achọkwa igbo mkpa nke ọgbọ dị ugbu a n'emeghị ka ikike nke ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ọdịnihu ghara ịdị irè.

SDG 9, nke International Sustainable Development Goals setịpụrụ site na United Nations General Assembly, na-ahụ maka akụrụngwa, Otú ọ dị, akụrụngwa bụ ihe owuwu maka SDGs ndị ọzọ.  mere, ihe ịga nke ọma nke akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide bụ ihe nchegbu dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ọha mmadụ.

Mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke obodo ukwu dị oke mkpa ebe ọ bụ na ihe karịrị 56% nke ndị bi n'ụwa bi n'obodo ukwu. Obodo ukwu na-eduga n'Omume ihu igwe, mgbe ha na-ahụ maka atụmatụ 75% nke ikuku carbon nke ụwa. 

 Echiche 
 Bibliometric, nke e bipụtara na 2019, banyere ọganihu nke nyocha gbasara akụrụngwa obodo na-adịgide adịgide na-ekwusi ike na echiche a na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto na mpaghara nyocha ma na-agbanwe na oke ka teknụzụ na-akawanye mma. Dị ka College of Engineering and Applied Science nke Mahadum Colorado Denver si kwuo, akụrụngwa obodo na-ezo aka na usoro injinia (mmiri, ike, njem, ịdị ọcha, ozi) nke mejupụtara obodo. Ọ bụghị naanị dabere na nyocha nke ọrụ, mgbalị nkwado na akụrụngwa obodo na-achọ ịlụso okpomọkụ ụwa na ihe mkpofu obodo ọgụ, yana ịkwalite ọganihu akụ na ụba. Mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha  eze na akụ na ụba nke mgbalị ndị a na-emetụtakarị iwu na ọchịchị na mmejuputa akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide, na ọdịiche ha na-ebute mmemme dị iche iche dị na mba, mpaghara, ma ọ bụ karịa mpaghara. Ihe ịma aka ndị sitere  mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ emeela ka mkpa maka akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide nke na-arụ ọrụ dị elu, na-efu ego, na-arụsi ọrụ ike na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States na-ekwusi ike na usoro atụmatụ nke imewe na-adịgide adịgide nwere ike iduga na mmepe nke obodo nke na-adịkarị na gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Nhazi maka akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide na-ekwusi ike na mpaghara na ndụ na-adịgidere adịgide. Dabere na ụkpụrụ nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, ebumnuche bụ iji belata akara gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmadụ n'ógbè ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu.

Ntọala maka ihe a ga-etinye n'ụdị obodo a dịgasị iche site n'ebe ruo n'ebe n'ihi ọdịiche dị na akụrụngwa dị ugbu a na ụdị e wuru, ihu igwe, na nnweta nke ihe onwunwe na nkà mpaghara.

N'ikwu ya n'ozuzu, enwere ike iwere ihe ndị a dị ka akụrụngwa obodo:

 Usoro Njem ọha na eze
 usoro na mmemme nke mmepụta na njikwa ike dị n'otu
 ụlọ ndị dị elu na ihe mgbochi mmepe ndị ọzọ dị ka ikwe ka e wuo ụlọ ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide na mmezi ala.
 oghere ahịhịa ndụ jikọtara ọnụ na ụzọ anụ ọhịaOkporo ụzọ anụ ọhịa
 omume mmepe mmetụta dị ala iji chebe ihe onwunwe Mmiri
 Usoro na atụmatụ iji Mbelata ọdachi
 netwọk nkwurịta okwu na-ejikọta ọnụ
 usoro iji mee ka nnweta nke ihe onwunwe ndị dị n'ógbè na ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe dịkwuo eluihe onwunwe ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe

Echiche a haziri ahazi nke akụrụngwa obodo na-adịgide adịgide etolitela na ewu ewu. Kama ilekwasị a n'ụlọ na oghere, ndị ọkachamara na-etinye ugbu a echiche gbasara metabolism nke obodo ukwu, njikọ nke ụmụ amaala, na mgbagwoju anya nke obodo na-emepe emepe ka oge na-aga. Ihe owuwu ahịhịa ndụ bụ akụkụ nke akụrụngwa obodo na-adịgide adịgide, ma na-atụle mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe onwunwe mmiri, na ngwọta sitere na okike.

 Ihe Ndị Na-eme n'Ụwa Nile 

 N'ozuzu 
Mgbe ị na-atụle ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nyocha na mmepe, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, na China na-etinye aka na ịmepụta ngwọta maka akụrụngwa. Ihe dị iche iche mba na-ebute ụzọ na-akpatakarị ebe dị iche iche na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti mba. Dabere na nyocha nke ọrụ na nyocha dịnụ, United States na United Kingdom na-ebute ụzọ ngwọta na-adịgide adịgide maka ọdịbendị, mmiri, ọdachi, na atụmatụ obodo. United States emeela ọganihu karịsịa na atụmatụ akụrụngwa ahịhịa ndụ (dịka Green Alley Programs).  Chi na Australia nwere ihe ndị yiri nke ahụ, mana njem nleta Australia na-ebute ụzọ karịa mgbochi ọdachi, ebe China na-etinye aka na ọchịchị, ọkụ eletrik, na mmepe ala. [1]

 Afrịka 
Existing infrastructure and governance challenges in general can slow progression towards sustainable urban practices. The United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, applicable for a multitude of African countries, seeks to deal with these challenges while working towards sustainability. According to the UN, only 40% of the African population lives in urban areas, but these urban areas, and their interconnectedness, are quickly growing, requiring the consideration of sustainability. In light of this, the African Union (AU) began its own sustainability and infrastructure initiative in Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. African discourse with the UN has notably referenced the ethical extraction of resources and equitable access to resources as measures of sustainability within the infrastructure of a society's urban culture and metabolism. However, a lack of consistent government regulation and socioeconomic conditions continue to hinder attempts to establish a resilient and sustainably motivated network of cities across Africa. A national movement to create integrative urban policies, which have been adopted by many African countries, gives hope to the idea of governmental commitment to cooperatively developing land in the best interest of growing urban areas. 

 Australia 
N'adịghị ka mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị China, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na Australia na-eche ihe egwu egwu ihu n'ihi mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Mmepe ala  mma, nke otu ndị bureaucratic jikọtara ọnụ na Australia niile, na usoro ọrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ nwere ike ịbawanye uru mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, gburugburu ebe obibi, na akụ na ụba nke mba n'agbanyeghị ma ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ma ọ bụ na-ebelata.

 Canada 
A na-akpọkwa akụrụngwa obodo na-adịgide adịgide na Canada.  bụ atụmatụ akụrụngwa nke na-eme ka ọganihu gaa na ebumnuche nke ibi Ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ma ọ bụ mpaghara. A na-elebara anya na teknụzụ na Iwu gọọmentị nke na-eme ka Atụmatụ obodo maka ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide na ọrụ ugbo na-adịgidere.

Na Canada, ọtụtụ òtù ndị metụtara ọrụ FCM InfraGuide, gụnyere Federation of Canadian Municipalities, Infrastructure Canada, National Research Council of Canada, na Canadian Public Works Association, na-achọ inweta nkwado na akụrụngwa obodo, ọkachasị nnukwu akụrụngwa. Òtù ndị a na-akwado Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi, na itinye Ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ihe ndị na-Ime mkpebi n'oge kachasị. A na-elekwasị anya nke nta na akụrụngwa ime obodo na-adịgide adịgide, ọ bụ ezie na, nke a bụ ebumnuche ekwupụtara nke ọrụ ahụ, dị ka mmepe ime obodo na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe.

N'echiche ha, nchegbu maka nkwado na-emetụta "nlekọta, idozi na imelite akụrụngwa nke na-akwado ndụ anyị" gụnyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala:

 Mkpebi ime obodo na atụmatụ itinye ego
 mmiri ọṅụṅụ
 Mmiri ozuzo na mmiri na-adịghị mma karịsịa na-ebelata anya mmiri dị otú ahụ na-aga iji gwọọ ma jiri ya mee ihe ọzọ
 okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ na njikọta ha na Usoro njem iji nweta ndị mmadụ na-agafe agafe
 Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na omume multidisciplinary iji hụ na a na-akwanyere ha ùgwù, dịka Ịzụta akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.

Ndị a na ndị ọzọ gọọmentị Canada, gụnyere Auditor General nke Canada na Service Canada, na-elekwasị anya na mgbalị ndị metụtara ya dị ka nyocha arụmọrụ obodo, teknụzụ ozi, teknụgbọ nkwukọrịta, ịzụta omume na ịkekọrịta "data, ozi, akụrụngwa nkịtị, teknụnụ," na mkpa ọ dị "ịjikọta usoro azụmahịa ha". Karịsịa, njikọta a na-ebelata duplication na ihe mkpofu, ọkachasị ikuku na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke bụ nchegbu n'okpuru Kyoto Protocol nke Canada kwere nkwa iji mezuo. 'afọ 2011, Canada si na Kyoto Protocol pụọ n'ihi nchegbu akụ na ụba.

 China 
Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke China enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe onwunwe na mmepụta ihe onwunwa, nke mere ka gọọmentị China na akụ na ụba nwee nrụgide iji guzobe ụzọ dị irè nke iji ihe onwunye mee ka ndị obodo China dịrị ogologo ndụ. Usoro akụ na ụba Circular amalitelarị idozi nsogbu a site n'ịmanye nyocha ugboro ugboro na iji ya mee ihe n'oge ndụ niile nke ngwaahịa. Iji dozie nsogbu a, nke mbụ, China ga-emeziwanye iji kwalite ọganihu nke sayensị na teknụzụ na njikwa azụmaahịa ma melite arụmọrụ ọrụ. Nke abụọ bụ iduzi ụlọ ọrụ iji melite njikọta nke ihe mmepụta na-agbaso mkpa ahịa ma nweta interface n'etiti mmepụta na ọchịchọ. Nke atọ, gọọmentị ga-ekwe ka asọmpi na usoro nke iwepụ ndị mmeri na ndị na-efunahụ n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ iji bulie ikike imepụta na ịrụ ọrụ. N'ikpeazụ ma ọ bụghị nke kachasị mkpa, gọọmentị China na-eme atụmatụ obodo ukwu nke oge a n'ebe dị iche iche. Usoro nke oge  gụnyere njem mepere emepe, mmiri, na mpaghara onwe onye pụrụ iche na mgbasa nke mpaghara igwe. Ụwa mbụ na mba ndị mepere emepe, dị ka akụkụ ụfọdụ nke China, na-achọkarị itolite n'ụzọ dị egwu na mmepụta akụ na ụba na ịzụ ahịa, mana a ga-ejikọta uto a na mbelata dị egwu na ojiji nke ihe onwunwe nke enwere ike inweta site na usoro usoro jikọtara ọnụ. Usoro a nke itinye ndị na-azụ ahịa na mgbanwe ndụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa ọha na eze, na-egosipụta usoro usoro nke akụrụngwa obodo. Site 'imeso nkwado dị ka ọrụ nke usoro jikọtara ọnụ (dịka njem, mmepe ala, nhazi obodo, wdg), enwere ike ịbawanye mmetụta nke mgbanwe ọ bụla n'otu usoro n'emeghị ka ngalaba nke akụrụngwa daa.

 Indonesia 
Mmepe nke North Jakarta bụ isiokwu nke ọrụ 2012 iji nyochaa ịdị irè nke itinye n'ọrụ imepụta ihe na-adịgide adịgide, yana ihe ọmụma ọha na eze banyere uru nke imepụta dị otú ahụ. Obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-ata ahụhụ karịsịa site na nnukwu ọdịiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nnukwu oghere, na atụmatụ mmepe na-adịghị mma. Nso sitere na Structural Equations Model (SEM) kpughere na, ọ bụ ezie na redesigning na-adịgide adịgide ga-enyere aka bulie mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ịdị irè ọha na eze maka akụrụngwa obodo na-adịte aka adịghị nke ukwuu. Nnyocha ọha na eze e mere na Jakarta mesiri ihe ndị a ike:

 ojiji ala
 njem ọha na eze
 oghere e wuru
 oghere oghere
 akụrụngwa netwọk na ihe mkpofu
 ike
 mmiri
 ikuku na anyanwụ

 Switzerland 
 Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation (GIB) na-akwado ndị ọrụ dị iche iche, dị ka gọọmentị, ụlọ akụ, na obodo ukwu, n'ịmepụta, itinye n'ọrụ, na ịkwụ ụgwọ ọrụ akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide n'obodo ukwu n'oge niile nke usoro ọrụ ahụ.  ọ dị ugbu a, GIB emepụtala, na mmekorita ya na ụlọ akụ French Natixis, SuRe® Standard - The Standard for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, [1] nke bụ ọkọlọtọ ISEAL zuru ụwa ọnụ.  GIB emepụtawokwa SuRe® SmartScan, ụdị dị mfe nke SuRe® Standard nke na-eje ozi dị ka ngwá ọrụ nyocha onwe onye maka ọrụ akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide.  na-enye ndị mmepe ọrụ nyocha zuru oke nke isiokwu dị iche iche nke SuRe® Standard, na-enye ntọala siri ike maka ọrụ akụrụngwa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke na-eme atụmatụ ịghọ nke SuRe CAD Standard kwadoro.

 Akụkụ nke akụrụngwa 


 Ihe ndị e ji rụọ n'okporo ụzọ 

 Ihe odide 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Obodo nwere ike ịzọpụta ụwa: ihe ngwọta obodo maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, mkpochapụ ụdị na mmanụ kachasị elu
 National Round Table nke Canada na-atụ aro gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba re: akụrụngwa obodo na-adịgide adịgide
 National Round Table nke Canada na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba Sustainable Cities Initiative
 Obodo nke ụlọ ọrụ na nyocha echi na Regina, Canada

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