Ebe Nchekwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ nke Maya

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Maya Biosphere Reserve (Spanish: Reserva de la Biosfera Maya) bụ ebe nchekwa okike na Guatemala nke National Council of Protected Areas (CONAP) nke Guatemala na-elekọta. Maya Biosphere Reserve na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 21,602 km2, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke ala niile nke mba ahụ.

Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ gụnyere agụ iyi Morelet na ocellated turkey. Ọ dịkwa ọgaranya na osisi gụnyere breadnut, mahogany, Swietenia humilis, Bloma prisca, Vitex gaumeri, cedar, Bucida buceras, Haematoxylum campechianum, Rhizophora mangle, na Pimenta dioica. Mpaghara ahụ sitere na ala mmiri, ruo n'ugwu dị ala, ma nwee ọtụtụ mmiri, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri, osimiri, iyi na cenotes.

E mepụtara ebe nchekwa ahụ na 1990 iji chebe mpaghara kachasị ukwuu nke oké ọhịa okpomọkụ America fọdụrụ n'ebe ugwu Amazon. Ihe nlereanya nchekwa biosphere, nke UNESCO mejupụtara, na-achọ ịkwalite nguzozi n'etiti ọrụ mmadụ na biosphere site na itinye mmepe akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide na atụmatụ nchekwa.

 Ọrụ mmadụ 
A na-ekewa Maya Biosphere Reserve n'ọtụtụ mpaghara, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ na biotopes (ebe a na-echekwa anụ ọhịa) mejupụtara mpaghara ndị bụ isi, ebe a na-adịghị ekwe ka mmadụ biri, na-egbutu osisi, ma ọ bụ na-ewepụta ihe onwunwe. Ndị a gụnyere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Laguna del Tigre, Ogige Ntụndụ Sierra del Lacandón, Ogige ntụrụndụ Mirador-Río Azul, Ogige Atụ Tikal, El Zotz Biotope, Naachtún-Dos Lagunas Biotope. Mpaghara ndị bụ isi na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 7670 km2, nke bụ 36% nke Maya Biosphere Reserve.

Na mpaghara ọtụtụ ojiji (8484.40 km2; 40%) na mpaghara mgbochi (4975 km2; 24%), nke gụnyere akụkụ ndịda nke Reserve, a na-ekwe ka ụfọdụ ọrụ akụ na ụba a na-achịkwa. Ihe ndị a gụnyere owuwe ihe ubi na-adịgide adịgide nke osisi na ngwaahịa ọhịa ọdịnala nke gụnyere chicle, sap eji emepụta gum, xate, osisi nkwụ mara mma nke a na-eji emepụta okooko osisi, na pimenta ma ọ bụ allspice. Gọọmentị Guatemala enyewo ndị obodo ikike ọhịa, na-enye ha ikike ịme ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide n'ógbè ndị a kapịrị ọnụ ruo afọ 25. Òtù ndị na-enyocha mba ụwa dị ka Forest Stewardship Council na-akwado ọrụ ịkụ osisi dị ka nke na-adịgide adịgide. N'afọ 2005, a kwadoro 4,500 km2 (1,700  mi). N'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara a na-eji eme ọtụtụ ihe, e nyela ndị ọrụ ugbo ikike ịga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'ihe a na-akpọ polygons ugbo.

 Nkà mmụta ihe ochie 
Ebe nchekwa Maya Biosphere bụ ebe obibi nke nnukwu obodo Maya oge ochie, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-egwu ala. Tikal bụ nke a ma ama n'ime ndị a, na-adọta ihe dị ka ndị ọbịa 120,000 ruo 180,000 kwa afọ.

Mirador Basin, nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke Reserve, nwere ọtụtụ obodo Maya jikọtara ọnụ. Onye na-eduzi ọrụ ahụ bụ Richard Hansen, onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na El Mirador, nke kachasị ukwuu n'ime saịtị ndị ahụ, site n'oge pre-classic Maya. Obodo ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ahụ gụnyere El Tintal, Nakbe, na Wakna.

N'afọ 2018, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie kpughere ihe owuwu 60,000 a na-amaghị ama site n'enyemaka nke lasers teknụzụ mgbanwe a na-akpọ 'lidar' n'ebe ugwu Guatemala. E mere map nke ọrụ ahụ na nso Maya Biosphere Reserve. N'adịghị ka echiche ndị gara aga, n'ihi nchọpụta ọhụrụ, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie kwenyere na nde ndị Maya 7-11 bi n'ebe ugwu Guatemala n'oge oge ochie site na 650 ruo 800 AD. Nkà na ụzụ Lidar wepụrụ okpokoro osisi iji kpughee ihe ochie ma gosipụta na obodo Maya dị ka Tikal buru ibu karịa ka e chere na mbụ. E gwupụtara ụlọ, obí eze, okporo ụzọ dị elu, na mgbidi nchebe n'ihi Lidar. Dị ka onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Stephen Houston si kwuo, ọ bụ nchọpụta dị egwu n'ihe karịrị afọ 150 nke nkà mmụta ihe ochie Maya.

 Ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi 
Ecosystems na Maya Biosphere Reserve na-eche ọtụtụ egwu ihu site na ọrụ mmadụ, gụnyere igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ọrụ ugbo, na ịkpa anụ n'ebe echedoro, yana ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ, ịchụ nta, na ịpụnara ihe ndị Maya. Mpaghara ọhịa nke Reserve ejirila pasent 13 belata n'ime afọ 21 gara aga dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru Rainforest Alliance si kwuo, nke nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ mmepe obodo na mpaghara ahụ. Kemgbe afọ 2000, ebe a na-azụ ehi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ewepụla ihe dị ka pasent 8 nke ebe nchekwa ahụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime mgbukpọ kachasị njọ emeela na Laguna del Tigre na Sierra del Lancandon National Parks. Na Laguna del Tigre National Park nyocha nke foto ụgbọelu na 2020, chọtara ihe akaebe nke nnukwu ehi na 87% nke foto. Gọọmentị gbara nnukwu anụ ụlọ ume n'afọ ndị 1960 ma site n'ihe dị ka afọ 2002 narcos, na-agbanye ego site n'ịzụta ala na ehi ma na-ere anụ maka ego a na-apụghị ịchọta na ọrụ ọgwụ ọjọọ. Campesinos (ndị ọrụ ugbo pere mpe) nwere obere ala ma na-akụkarị ihe oriri yana ebe ịta nri, ebe ndị na-ere ọgwụ ọjọọ na-ewepụ ọtụtụ hekta nke nwere akụkụ anọ, nwere ogologo ahịrị kwụ ọtọ na akara taya traktọ nwere ike ịhụ.

 Ihe odide 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 CONAP
 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Parks Watch
 Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ The Nature Conservancy.
 Akụkọ Ndị A Na-akpụghị Akụkọ, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
 ProPeten