Nkwekọrịta Mba Nile Banyere Ihe Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo

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The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (nke a makwaara dị ka ITPGRFA, International Seed Treaty ma ọ bụ plant treaty), bụ nkwekọrịta zuru oke nke mba ụwa na nkwekọrịta na Ụdị dị iche iche nke ndu, nke na-ezube ikwe nkwa nchekwa nri site na nchekwa, mgbanwe na iji ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ụwa maka nri na ọrụ ugbo (PGRFA), nkwekọrịta ziri ezi na nke na-esite na ojiji ya, yana ịnakwere ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo. A bịanyere aka na ya na afọ 2001 na obodo Madrid di na mba Spain, wee malite ọrụ na 29 Jụụn na afọ 2004.

 Ihe ndị dị mkpa 

 Mba ndị sonyere 
E nwere otu narị na iri anọ na asatọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta osisi (mba ndị otu iri na asaa na otu nzukọ gọọmentị, European Union) ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba na afọ 2020.

 Ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo 
Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-ekweta ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo, n'okpuru iwu mba maka: a) nchedo nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala metụtara ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka nri na ọrụ ugbo; b) ikike isonye n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ịkekọrịta uru sitere na iji ihe onwunwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọkụkụ maka nri na ugbo; na c) ikike isonyere na mkpebi, na ọkwa mba, n'ihe gbasara nchekwa na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ubi maka nri na ịkọ ugbo. Nkwekọrịta ahụ guzobere usoro Multilateral nke ohere na ikesa uru iji mee ka mgbanwe germplasm osisi dị mfe na ịkekọrịta uru site na Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA).

N'afọ 2019, nnabata nke United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ime obodo kwadoro ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo dị na nkwekọrịta osisi.

 Usoro ọtụtụ akụkụ 
Nkwekọrịta ahụ etinyela usoro Multilateral System (MLS) nke ịnweta na ịkekọrịta uru, n'etiti mba ndị ahụ kwadoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, maka ndepụta nke irí isii na anọ nke ụfọdụ nri na ihe ọkụkụ kachasị mkpa dị mkpa maka nchekwa nri na ịdabere na ibe ha. A na-edepụta ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche na Ndepụta otu nke nkwekọrịta ahụ.

Ụfọdụ kwenyere na nkwekọrịta ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ nke ọchịchị zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ijide n'aka na ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị mkpa maka nchekwa nri ugbu a na n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ịnọgide na-enweta ndị ọrụ ugbo niile na ngalaba ọha na eze. Isi nke asaa nke Akụkọ nke Abụọ na Ọnọdụ nke Ihe Nketa nke Ụwa maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo (SoWPGR-2) nke akpọrọ "Nweta Ihe Nketa, ịkekọrịta uru sitere na ojiji ha na mmezu nke Ihe Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo" bụ nke a raara nye Nkwekọrịta Mba Nile.

 Òtù Na-achị Isi 

 Òtù Na-achị Isi zukọrọ na nke mbụ ya na obodo Madrid na ọnwa June afọ 2006. O nwere akụkụ ndị minista ma nabata nkwupụta ndị minista wee tinye ya na Akụkọ ahụ.GB-1/06/REPORT, Report of the First Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agp/planttreaty/gb1/gb1repe.pdf
 E mere nnọkọ nke abụọ nke Òtù Na-achị Isi na Rom n'ọnwa Ọktoba / Nọvemba afọ 2007. Nzukọ a tụlere mmejuputa ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo, iwu ego; atụmatụ ego, mmekọrịta ya na Global Crop Diversity Trust; mmejupụtara nke Multilateral System (MLS) maka ịnweta na ịkekọrịta uru, n'etiti nsogbu ndị ọzọ.GB-2/07/REPORT, Report of the Second Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agp/planttreaty/gb2/gb2repe.pdf
 E mere nnọkọ nke atọ nke Òtù Na-achị Isi na Tunis na ọnwa June 2009. Nzukọ a gara n'ihu na azụmahịa a na-akparaghị ókè nke nzukọ gara aga ma kwurịta, n'etiti okwu ndị ọzọ, atụmatụ ego, nkwenye, ojiji na-adịgide adịgide, mmejuputa ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo, mmekọrịta ya na Global Crop Diversity Trust na CGRFA, mmejumpụta nke Multilateral System (MLS) maka ịnweta na ịkekọrịta uru.GB-3/09/REPORT, Report of the Third Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agp/planttreaty/gb3/gb3repe.pdf
 E mere nnọkọ nke anọ nke Òtù Na-achị Isi na Bali, Indonesia na ọnwa Machị 2011. Tupu nzukọ nke ndị na-achị achị, ndị Minista nabatara nkwupụta Bali na Nkwekọrịta ahụ nke na-eme ka ha tinye aka n'ịkwalite mmejuputa nkwekọrịta ahụ iji nyere aka izute ihe ịma aka nke mmebi nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ọrụ ugbo, enweghị nchebe nri, oke ịda ogbenye na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe; ma na-akpọ ndị otu na ndị metụtara MLS, iji PGRFA, na ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo mee ka ego ndị ọzọ. Site na mgbakwunye nke usoro 'nkwado' na iwu ego, okwu ndị a were ọtụtụ oge mkparịta ụka na nzukọ nke Ndị Na-achị Isi. Mmekọrịta nke Nkwekọrịta ahụ na CGRFA, Nagoya Protocol nke CBD, Global Crop Diversity Trust na Bioversity International sokwa na mkpebi.
 E mere nnọkọ nke ise nke Òtù Na-achị Isi na Muscat, Oman na Septemba 2013. E ji ụbọchị abụọ nke mkparịta ụka mpaghara tupu nnọkọ ahụ. Nzukọ nke ise:
 mkpebi banyere ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo (FRs), nke megharịrị mkpebi gọọmentị itinye n'ọrụ ikike ndị ọrụ ubi;
 oku koodu na UPOV na WIPO iji kọọ banyere mmetụta ha na ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo.
 Nkwado dị mma nke onyinye nke Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo iji mepụta akụkọ maka GB6 banyere ọnọdụ mmejuputa ikike ndị Ọrụ Ugbo;
 omume ndị e mere iji melite ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke Plant Genetic Resources maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo, jikọtara ya na nkwa iji mezuo ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo.
 nkwa iji nyochaa ma gbanwee usoro nkekọrịta ọtụtụ akụkụ (MLS), iji gbochie ịpụnara usoro ahụ site na ikike ikike na àgwà ala, dịka ọmụmaatụ.
 onyinye ego ọhụrụ nke afọ ofufo sitere na Norway maka Global Crop Diversity Trust na maka ego ịkekọrịta uru iji kwado nchekwa na ugbo.
 ịnabata ọdịiche dị n'etiti NGO na Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo na mkpa ọ dị itinye ndị nnọchiteanya nke òtù ndị ọrụ ugbo na mkparịta ụka.
 arịrịọ nye odeakwụkwọ ka ọ kọọ akụkọ banyere mkparịta ụka ndị dị mkpa metụtara ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ime nzukọ UN ndị ọzọ gụnyere Kọmitii na Nchebe Nri Ụwa. Civil Society gụnyere NGO (dịka. CENESTA) na International Farmers' Movement, La Via Campesina, na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'oge nnọkọ ahụ.CSO summary of results of GB5 http://www.ukabc.org/gb5.htm

 Ndepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị na Ndepụta otu 
Ọbụna nri ndị bụ akụkụ nke ọdịbendị ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ na-abụkarị ụmụ amaala mpaghara dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke ụwa. Mgbasa zuru ụwa ọnụ a na-egosi mmesapụ aka nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo na-ekerịta mkpụrụ na ihe nketa na ndị agbata obi ma ọ bụ site na azụmahịa. Ka ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu, na-achọ ala ọhụrụ, mkpụrụ ha bụ akụkụ nke ndi ozo ha. N'ihi ya, anyị bi ugbu a n'ụwa ebe ọ dịghị otu mba a ga-ewere dị ka onye nwere onwe ya n'ihe gbasara inwe ike ịlanarị naanị na ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị n'ime ókèala ya. Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-eme ka ọ dịrị mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu nke ihe ọkụkụ na ihe nketa ha mfe.

Nkwekọrịta ahụ batara n'ọrụ na 29 Jụụn na afọ 2004, n'oge ahụ enwere ihe karịrị ịrị ise na anọ nkwado site na mba. A na-ebipụta otu isiokwu e kwadebere n'oge nkwekọrịta ahụ ghọrọ iwu na International Seed Treaty ghọrọ Iwu - 29 Jụụn na afọ 2004. Site na mbido, a na-ekwe ka mba ndị bịanyere aka na mbụ kwado nkwekọrịta ahụ, ebe mba ndị na-abịaghị na nkwekọrịta tupu ọ malite na ya nwekwara ike ịnweta ya. A ga-etinye akwụkwọ nkwenye ahụ na onye isi ochichi  nke FAO.

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 Hụkwa 

 Ịnọrọ Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ
 Ebe a na-echekwa mkpụrụ
 Ihe onwunwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
 Ọrịa Germplasm
 Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
 Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ụdị Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ
 Nagoya Protocol na Nkwekọrịta Banyere Biological Diversity
 Nkwekọrịta UPOV maka Ụdị Osisi Ọhụrụ
 Nkwupụta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Banyere Ihe Ndị Ruuru Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Ihe odide gọọmentị nke Nkwekọrịta Plant
 www.planttreaty.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị FAO nke Plant Treaty
 Genetic Imperialism? site na Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110311020736/http://www.itpgrfa.net/ - Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nke Nkwekọrịta ahụ
 FAO: Leipzig Global Plan of Action (GPA)
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130721052109/http://globalplanofaction.org/ - Portal for PGRFA issues
 FAO: Akụkọ nke Abụọ Banyere Ọnọdụ nke PGRFA nke Ụwa
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071226173200/http://www.croptrust.org/main/ - Global Crop Diversity Trust
 UK Agricultural Biodiversity Copendium: Peeji nke Civil Society na Nkwekọrịta Mba Nile na mkparịta ụka ya
 http://www.bioversityinternational.org - CGIAR's Agricultural Biodiversity Research Center's pages on the Treaty

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