Mgbanwe ihu Igwe na 2021

Edemede a na-edekọ ihe omume ndị a ma ama, nchọpụta nyocha, mmetụta, na nzaghachi metụtara okpomọkụ ụwa na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mere n'afọ 2021.


 Ntụziaka na ọnụ ọgụgụ 

 25 Jenụwarị: edemede nyocha nke e bipụtara na The Cryosphere kọrọ na ụwa tụfuru puku ijeri tọn ice iri abụọ na asatọ n'etiti afọ 1994 na 2017, 68% sitere na agbaze ikuku na 32% site na agbaze oké osimiri. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ice na-efu rịrị elu 57% kemgbe afọ 1990 site na 0.8 ruo 1.2 puku ijeri tọn kwa afọ na-eme ka oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ 34.6 ±3.1 mm n'oge ahụ.
 9 Febụwarị: nnyocha e bipụtara na Environmental Research kwubiri na ikuku na-ebute ezigbo ihe (PM<sub id="mwQw">2</sub>.5) nke ọkụ na-ere na-akpata ọnwụ ọnwụ mberede nde 8.7 kwa afọ, gụnyere China (2.4 nde), India (2.5 nde) na akụkụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ US, Europe na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.
 16 Febụwarị: nsonaazụ nyocha e bipụtara na PNAS (oge ọmụmụ: 1990-2018) kọrọ ọganihu zuru oke na ogologo oge nke oge pollen (ruo ụbọchị 20) na mmụba nke pollen concentrations (ruo 21%) gafee North America, na mmụchi mmadụ nke usoro ihu igwe na-enye ihe dịka 50% nke omume na oge pollen na ihe dịka 8% nke omume na pollen concentration.
 Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC):

 25 Febụwarị: otu akụkọ Nature Geoscience kọrọ na "ebe a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ" (site na AD 400) mbelata na narị afọ nke iri abụọ nke Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), nke dị ugbu a n'ọnọdụ kachasị ike n'ihe karịrị 1,000 afọ. AMOC na-ekesa okpomọkụ na mbara ala ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihu igwe. Karịsịa, adịghị ike na AMOC, nke gụnyere Florida Current na Gulf Stream, na-egbochi mmetụta ya na ihu igwe na Europe.
 5 Ọgọstụ: nnyocha e bipụtara na Nature Climate Change gosipụtara "ihe akaebe na-agbanwe agbanwe na, n'ime narị afọ gara aga, AMOC nwere ike ịmalite site na ọnọdụ siri ike ruo n'ókè dị nso na mgbanwe dị egwu".

 Febụwarị: Nnyocha sitere na Mauna Loa Observatory gosipụtara na, na nke mbụ, ọkwa CO2 ikuku ruru akụkụ 417 kwa nde (ppm), ntinye 50% karịa ọkwa 278ppm tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
 8 Machị: nnyocha e bipụtara na Nature Climate Change na-enyocha mmetụta jikọtara ọnụ nke ịrị elu nke oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọdịda nke sitere n'okike na nke mmadụ kpatara na ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ike ịnwe okpukpu anọ karịa ịrị elu nke oké osimiri zuru ụwa iche naanị.
 17 Machị: nnyocha nke International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies mere atụmatụ na, n'ụwa niile n'etiti Septemba 2020 na Febụwarị 2021, nde mmadụ 12.5 chụpụrụ n'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, nkezi kwa afọ karịrị nde 20.
 17 Machị: nnyocha e bipụtara na Nature mere atụmatụ na nsogbu nke carbon echekwara n'ala oké osimiri nwere ike ịmegharị carbon sedimentary n'ime CO2 ruru pasent 15 nke CO2 ikuku nke oké osimiri na-amị kwa afọ, ma jiri ya tụnyere nke ọrụ ugbo ala.
 18 Machị: Nnyocha a nabatara maka mbipụta na Environmental Research Letters mere atụmatụ na oke okpomọkụ na mmetụta ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na Europe ji okpukpu atọ karịa afọ 50 gara aga, site na -7.3% (19912015).
 1 Eprel: nnyocha e bipụtara na Nature Climate Change mere atụmatụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe sitere n'aka mmadụ ejirila ihe dị ka 21% belata mmepụta ihe niile gbasara ọrụ ugbo n'ụwa niile kemgbe 1961, na 26z 34% na mpaghara ndị na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka Africa, Latin America na Caribbean.
 7 Eprel: NOAA kọrọ na ọkwa carbon dioxide dị elu karịa oge ọ bụla n'ime nde afọ 3.6 gara aga, na Mid-Pliocene Warm Period mgbe oke osimiri dị ihe dị ka 24 mm (78 ft) karịa taa na nkezi okpomọkụ dị ihe dị na 4 °C (7 °F) karịa n'oge tupu ụlọ ọrụ.
 Nkọwa nke NOAA nke "nkezi" na "nke nkịtị":

 Eprel: NOAA's Climate Prediction Center (CPC) na-ekwu na ọ ga-eji 1991-2020 dị ka oge ọhụrụ nke afọ 30 nke ndekọ, na "nkezi" nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oké ifufe Atlantic na-arị elu site na 12 ruo 14, ajọ ifufe site na 6 ruo 7, na nnukwu ajọ ifufe fọdụrụ na 3; ọnụ ọgụgụ Eastern Pacific na Central Pacific anaghị agbanwe agbanwe karịa 1981 Ō2010.
 Mee: NCEI nke NOAA na-anọchi data ihu igwe na ihu igwe site na 1981 2010 na data sitere na 1991 2020 iji gbanwee aha ya nke "Climate Normal", na-akpata ụbọchị ole na ole a na-akọwa dị ka "karịa okpomọkụ nkịtị".

 28 Eprel: nnyocha e bipụtara na Nature kwuru na 21±3% nke ịrị elu nke oke osimiri a hụrụ site na 2000 2019 na ice na-agbaze (267±16 gigatonnes kwa afọ), ma chọpụta ngwa ngwa nke 48±16 gigatones kwa afọ kwa afọ iri.
 11 Mee: nnyocha e bipụtara na Nature Communications mere atụmatụ na mgbanwe ojiji ala metụtara 32% nke ala ụwa site na 1960 ruo 2019, ihe dị ka okpukpu anọ karịa ka e mere atụmatụ na mbụ.
 20 Mee: The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme kọrọ na, site na 1971 ruo 2019, nkezi ikuku ikuku Arctic nke dị nso n'elu ala kwa afọ jiri 3.1 °C mụbaa, okpukpu atọ karịa nkezi ụwa.
 21 Mee: nnyocha e bipụtara na Geophysical Research Letters kọrọ na, n'agbanyeghị okpomọkụ dị ukwuu na latitudes dị elu, ebe okpomọkụ ahụ enweela okpomọkụ ka ukwuu ma nwee ihe omume okpomọkụ na-emebi ihe ndekọ site na 1960 ruo 2019.
 24 Mee: nnyocha e bipụtara na Nature Geoscience kọrọ na mercury na Greenland ice sheet meltwater bụ usoro abụọ dị elu karịa nke osimiri Arctic, na, na-aza ajụjụ maka ihe dị ka 10% nke atụmatụ osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ, mere atụmatụ na ọ dị mkpa n'ụwa niile.
 31 Mee: nnyocha e bipụtara na Nature Climate Change kwubiri na 37% nke ọnwụ metụtara okpomọkụ n'oge okpomọkụ site na 1991 ruo 2018 nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe sitere n'aka mmadụ nakwa na mmụba ọnwụ pụtara ìhè na kọntinent ọ bụla.
 4 June: nnyocha e bipụtara na Science Advances kwubiri na atụmatụ ndị gara aga nke CO2 nke sitere na ịkọ ugbo nke mmadụ site na 1750 ruo 2018 kwesịrị ịbawanye site na 18% iji kọwaa ikuku sitere na ala peat ndị a na-akọ ugbo n'ebe ugwu na-agbakọ mmefu ego carbon.
 15 June: nnyocha a nabatara maka mbipụta na Geophysical Research Letters kọrọ na satellite na nyocha n'onwe ya na-egosi okpukpu abụọ nke Earth's Energy Imbalance (EEI) site n'etiti afọ 2005 ruo n'etiti 2019.
 28 Julaị: nnyocha e bipụtara na Nature Communications kpughere nnukwu enweghị ike zuru ụwa ọnụ dabere na nyocha satellite site na 2001 ruo 2020, wee kwubie na enwere ihe na-erughị 1% ohere na enwere ike ịkọwa enweghị ike a site na mgbanwe dị n'ime usoro ihu igwe.


 31 Ọgọst: WMO bipụtara Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970), na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọdachi amụbaala site na ihe ise, nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, ihu igwe siri ike na akụkọ ka mma; mana n'ihi ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ na njikwa ọdachi ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ belatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu atọ.
 1 Septemba: nnyocha e bipụtara na Nature chọpụtara na kemgbe afọ 2001, ọkụ na oké ọhịa Amazon nwere ike imetụta 77.3 Xi85.2% nke ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu na mpaghara ahụ, na-ebelata ụdị dị iche iche nke na-enye aka na nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ihu igwe nke Amazon Basin.
 12 Ọktoba: nnyocha e bipụtara na Proceedings of the NAS mere atụmatụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmụba 200% na oke okpomọkụ nke obodo ukwu n'etiti 13,115 obodo ukwu site na 1983 ruo 2016.
 Ọktọba: Ọnọdụ Coral Reef Monitoring Network nke Global Coral Reifs of the World kọrọ na "n'etiti afọ 2009 na 2018, e nwere mfu na-aga n'ihu nke ruru 14% nke coral sitere na coral reefs nke ụwa, nke karịrị coral niile bi ugbu a na coralreefs nke Australia".
 30 Machị 2022: Ember's Global Electricity Review kọrọ na n'afọ 2021, ike ifufe na nke anyanwụ ruru pasent 10 nke ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ike dị ọcha bụ pasent 38 nke nnyefe, karịa pasent 36 nke coal. Otú ọ dị, mmụba nke ọchịchọ ahụ bilitere, na-eduga na ịrị elu dị ịrịba ama na ike coal na ikuku.
 7 Eprel 2022: NOAA kọrọ mmụba kwa afọ na methane ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ nke akụkụ 17 kwa ijeri (ppb) na 2021 na nkezi 1,895.7 ppb na afọ ahụ mmụba kachasị ukwuu kwa afọ edere kemgbe nyocha usoro malitere na 1983. Mmụba n'oge 2020 bụ 15.3 ppb, n'onwe ya mmụba ndekọ.

 Ihe omume okike na ihe omume 

 7 Febụwarị: nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara Chamoli na Ugwu Himalayan nke India gburu ọtụtụ mmadụ ma hapụ ọtụtụ narị ndị na-efu efu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ toro ruo 204, na 27 nde cubic mita nke nkume na ice na-ada.
 Machị: Nnyocha dị mkpirikpi nke sayensị nke >90 ndị ọgbọ nyochara akụkọ sayensị kọrọ nkwekọrịta na okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri site na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara nwere ike ime ka oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ dị ike karị na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri ozuzo dị elu (site na mmiri ozuzo ikuku dị elu), ike na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na-eme ka idei mmiri dịkwuo elu. Ihe nlereanya na-atụle na mpaghara ụfọdụ ga-enwe mmụba ngwa ngwa, ịkwaga n'ebe dị elu nke latitude nke ike kachasị elu ma ọ bụ ibelata nke mmegharị ihu nke oké ifufe. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe nlereanya ihu igwe na-atụle ọnụ ọgụgụ kwa afọ nke oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ iji belata ma ọ bụ nọgide na-abụ otu.

 Omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba, iwu, na ọdịbendị 

 Site na 1 Machị 2019: United Nations kwupụtara na 2021 bụ mmalite nke UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, na-enwe "ezube ịkwado na ịbawanye mbọ iji gbochie, kwụsị ma gbanwee mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile ma mee ka a mara mkpa ọ dị ime ka e weghachite gburugburu ebe obibi nwee ihe ịga nke ọma".


 17 Febụwarị: Ford kwuru na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2026, ngalaba Europe ya, nke nwere 5% nke ahịa ụgbọ ala ndị njem nke mpaghara ahụ, ga-enye naanị ụdị eletrik na plug-in hybrid, na ka ọ ga-erule n'afọ 2030, ụgbọ ala ndị ahịa ya niile ga-agba naanị na batrị.
 2 Machị: Volvo kwuru na ọ ga-agbanwe usoro ya niile ka ọ bụrụ batrị site na 2030 ma na-ere ha naanị n'ịntanetị na-adịghịzi ere ụgbọala nwere injin ọkụ dị n'ime, gụnyere ngwakọta.
 25 Machị: Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Canada kpebiri iwu, Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (2018), nke chọrọ ka mpaghara na mpaghara mejuputa usoro ọnụahịa gas carbon ma ọ bụ nabata nke gọọmentị etiti nyere.
 Eprel: JPMorgan Chase setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ iji kwado ijeri $ 2.5 n'ime afọ 10 sochirinụ iji lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ ma kwalite mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, Citigroup kwuru na ọ ga-akwado ijeri $ 1 nke mgbalị yiri nke ahụ site na 2030. Nkwupụta ndị a sochiri nke yiri nke Bank of America.
 22 na 23 Eprel: Malite n'ụbọchị ụwa, Onye isi ala US Joe Biden kwadoro nzukọ ndị isi na ihu igwe nke ndị isi ụwa 40 bịara, na-ezube iweghachi US ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu na mbọ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ, nke CNN kpọrọ "ọpụpụ dị egwu" site na ọchịchị Trump.

 27 Jenụwarị: Onye isi ala US a họpụtara ọhụrụ bụ Joe Biden bịanyere aka n'iwu ndị isi e mere iji tinye mba ahụ n'ụzọ ruru pasent 100 nke ọkụ eletrik na-enweghị carbon site na 2035 na ikuku ikuku na-enweghị ikuku na 2050.
 Febụwarị: IBM kwere nkwa na ọ ga-enwe ikuku na-enweghị ikuku site na 2030 (na-ebelata ikuku site na 65% site na 2025 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa 2010), na-agbaso nkwa yiri nke Microsoft (ka ọ bụrụ "carbon na-adịghị mma" site na 2030) na Amazon (net-zero site na 2040).
 21 Eprel: ndị omeiwu nke European Climate Law ruru nkwekọrịta nwa oge na otu isi ihe nke European Green Deal, nke European Commission kwuru "na-etinye mkpebi EU iji ruo nnọpụiche ihu igwe site na 2050 na ebumnuche dị n'etiti nke belata ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ site na ọ dịkarịa ala 55% site na 2030, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa 1990".
 22 Eprel: Na 2021 Leaders' Climate Summit on Earth Day, Onye isi ala US Joe Biden kwupụtara ebumnuche ọhụrụ maka US, na-ezube ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na 50-52% site na 2030 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa 2005.

 Nkwupụta ebumnuche mgbanwe 

 Mee: Nnyocha Carbon Disclosure Project chọpụtara na na 2020, ihe dị ka 43% nke obodo 800 a nyochara (ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ jikọtara ọnụ: nde 400) enweghị atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe.

 Ihe ngosi 

 24 January, the World Economic Forum listed top 10 risks by likelihood (extreme weather as #1, climate action failure as #2, human environmental damage as #3) and by severity (climate action failure as #2, human environmental damage as #6, extreme weather as #8).
 9 February: a Communications Earth &amp; Environment article concluded that emissions reductions must increase by 80% beyond nationally determined contributions (NDCs) (from 1% to 1.8% per year) to meet the 2°C target of the 2015 Paris Convention.
 19 February: a study published in Geophysical Research Letters studied 1952–2011 data on the timing of seasons and projected that, by 2100, summer in the northern mid-latitudes will last nearly half a year and winter will last less than 2 months.
 8 March: a study published in Nature Geoscience concluded that "limiting global warming to 1.5  °C will prevent most of the tropics from reaching a TW of 35  °C (95  °F), the limit of human adaptation".
 16 March: the International Renewable Energy Agency's Outlook indicated that energy transition investment would have to increase by 30% over planned investment to a total of US$131 trillion between 2021 and 2050—$4.4 trillion/year—to meet 2050  reduction targets.
 8 April: a study published in Geophysical Research Letters projected that limiting 21st-century warming to 2 °C will halve the Antarctic ice shelf area susceptible to collapsing and disintegrating, compared to the 34% of all Antarctic ice shelf loss projected for 4 °C warming.
 9 April: a study published in Science Advances used higher resolution climate models that included modeling of ocean eddies, to project that global mean sea level rise at the end of this century would be about 25% lower than previous models.
 20 April: a study accepted for publication in Environmental Research Letters concluded that immediately pursuing all presently available methane emission reduction measures could avoid 0.25 °C additional global mean warming by mid-century, and set a path to avoid more than 0.5 °C warming by 2100.
 22 April: Swiss re-insurer Swiss Re forecast that, compared to growth levels without climate change, the world will have 11—14% less economic output (as much as $23 trillion less, annually) by 2050.
 30 April: a study published in Science Advances projected that the positive feedback effect of crustal rebound as the West Antarctic Ice Sheet melts, could cause an 18% amplification of the 21st century's global mean sea level (GMSL) rise, and 1 meter additional GMSL rise over the next millennium.
 5 May: a study published in Nature projected that limiting global warming to 1.5 °C would reduce the land ice contribution to sea level rise by 2100 from 25 cm to 13 cm (from 10 to 6 in.), with glaciers responsible for half the sea level rise contribution.
 5 May: a study published in Nature used an observationally calibrated ice sheet–shelf model to project that with 2 °C global warming, Antarctic ice loss will continue at its current pace; but that current policies would allow 3 °C warming and give an abrupt jump around 2060 to an order of magnitude increase in the rate of sea-level rise (to 0.5 cm/yr) by 2100.
 5 May: a study accepted for publication in Environmental Research Letters reported that greenhouse gas emissions have heated the troposphere and cooled the stratosphere so that stratospheric thickness has shrunk over decades, and projected an additional thinning of 1.3 km by 2080 if Earth follows an RCP 6.0 scenario.

 Akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa 

  (Full report: >250MBytes; all 3,949 pages)

 Njikọ na Summary nke Policymakers (41 peeji)







  (extract and archive thereof)



  (Executive Summary)
  (WMO-No. 1267; 90 pp).








 Hụkwa 

 2021 na gburugburu ebe obibi na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi
 Ọnọdụ ihu igwe § Akụkọ ihe mere eme
 Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
 Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe
 ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mgbanwe ihu igwe § Akụkọ ihe mere eme
 Usoro iheomume nke nyocha ike na-adịgide adịgide 2020 ugbu a

 Edensibịa 

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Nzukọ 

 Ngalaba Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
 World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
 Ihe ngosi ihu igwe na US Environmental Protection Agency

 Nnyocha, nchịkọta na ndepụta akụkọ 




Òtù:Mgbanwe ihu igwe
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations