Ụlọ ọrụ osisi

Ụlọ ọrụ osisi ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ osisi (mgbe ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ osisi - mgbe a na-ezo aka na mbadamba osisi) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emetụta oke ọhịa, igbu osisi, ịzụ ahịa osisi, na mmepụta nke isi ọhịa na ngwaahịa osisi (dịka ngwá ụlọ) na ngwaahịa abụọ dị ka osisi. pulp maka ụlọ ọrụ pulp na akwụkwọ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ihe kacha ukwuu sokwa na ndị nwere nnukwu osisi. Ụlọ ọrụ osisi bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme ma na-aga n'ihu na-abụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ akụ na ụba.

 Ihe dị iche 
N'echiche dị warara nke okwu ahụ, osisi, oke ohia, oke ohia na osisi / osisi na-apụta na-arụtụ aka n'akụkụ dị iche iche, na mba mepere emepe, ụwa nke mba ụwa, enwere ọchịchọ maka nnukwu azụmaahịa jikọtara ọnụ nke na-ekpuchi ụdịdị dị iche iche site na silviculture na oke ohia na. ọhịa mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ site na usoro igbu osisi ruo na nhazi osisi na ịzụ ahịa na njem (dịka ịkwọ osisi, ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhịa, okporo ụzọ).

Nhazi na ngwaahịa dị iche iche karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ọdịiche dị n'etiti softwood na hardwood. Ọ bụ ezie na softwood bụ isi na-abanye n'imepụta mmanụ osisi na pulp na akwụkwọ, a na-eji osisi hardwood eme ihe maka arịa ụlọ, ala, wdg. Framing)

 Usoro mmepụta 

 Ndị na-emepụta ihe kachasị 
N'ihe dị ka afọ 2019, a haziri ndị nwe osisi osisi na US dị ka ntụkwasị obi itinye ego na ala na-agụnye:

 Weyerhaeuser Co.
 Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e ji egbu
 PotlatchDeltic

Na 2008 ndị kasị ukwuu osisi na ndị na-emepụta osisi na US bụ

 Osisi Cascade
 Ìgwè North Pacific
 Ụlọ ọrụ Sierra Pacific

Dịka a na-erekarị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a n'ihu ọha, ndị nwe ha kacha bụrụ otu ndị na-etinye ego dị iche iche. Enwekwara ntụkwasị obi itinye ego n'ime ụlọ na-adabere na osisi.

Dabere na sawmilldatabase, ndị na-emepụta osisi sawn n'ụwa na 2007 bụ:
+Ụlọ ọrụMmepụta ma ọ bụ ikike na m3/afọWest Fraser Timber Co Ltd8460000Canfor6900000Weyerhaeuser6449000Stora Enso4646000Georgia Pacific4300000Ngwaahịa Ọhịa3760000Nkwurịta okwu3550000Ụlọ ọrụ Sierra Pacific3200000Ndị mmekọ Hampton3100000Arauco2800000Tolko Industries Ltd2500000Ìgwè Pfeifer2200000

 Nsogbu 

 Nchebe 

 Ụda 
Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime oke ọhịa na ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ na-egbu osisi na-adaba n'ime ọrụ ugbo, oke ọhịa, ịkụ azụ na ịchụ nta (AFFH) dị ka e ji mara North America Industry Classification System (NAICS). Ụlọ ọrụ National Institute for Safety and Health (NIOSH) elelewo anya nke ọma na mkpughe mkpọtụ ụlọ ọrụ AFFH na ụbara ịnụ ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ n'ozuzu ya nwere ụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ ntị dị ala karịa n'ozuzu oke nke ụlọ ọrụ na-eme mkpọtụ (15% v. 19%), ndị ọrụ n'ime ọhịa na igbu osisi karịrị 21%. Pasent iri atọ na isii nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ebe a na-elekọta ọhịa na nchịkọta nke ngwaahịa ọhịa, ngalaba dị n'ime oke ọhịa na igbu osisi, ịnụ ihe na-anụ ihe, nke kachasị nke ngalaba AFFH ọ bụla. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ebe a na-elekọta ọhịa na ịchịkọta ngwaahịa ọhịa bụ ọrụ na-eto eto maka ịkụgharị ọhịa na ikpokọta ngwaahịa dị ka rhizomes na ogbugbo. N'otu aka ahụ, ndị ọrụ anaghị ekpughe mkpọtụ nwere naanị 7% nhụsianya nke ịnụ ihe.

Achọpụtala mkpọtụ mkpọtụ ndị ọrụ n'ime ọhịa na ụlọ ọrụ igbu osisi ruru 102 dBA. NIOSH na-atụ aro ka onye ọrụ nwee nkezi mkpughe mkpọtụ nke 85 dBA nwere ogologo oge ruru awa 8. Oke mkpọtụ na-etinye ndị ọrụ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ịmalite ịnụ ihe. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ ga-enwe nkụda mmụọ n'ihi mkpughe mkpọtụ ọrụ, a ga-ekewa ya dị ka nkwụsị ntị ọrụ. Enwere ike ibelata mkpughe mkpọtụ dị n'ime ọhịa na ụlọ ọrụ igbu osisi site na ikpuchi igwe na akụrụngwa dị arọ, tinye ihe mkpuchi na ihe nkpuchi, na ịrụ ọrụ na akụrụngwa oge niile. Enwere ike ibelata mkpughe mkpọtụ site na usoro njikwa ihe egwu ebe mwepụ ma ọ bụ dochie akụrụngwa mkpọtụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụzọ kacha mma iji belata mkpọtụ.

 Mmerụ ahụ 
Ụlọ ọrụ Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) achọpụtala na ọnwụ nke ndị ọrụ ọhịa na ndị ọrụ osisi abawanyela site na 2013 ruo 2016, site na 81 ruo 106 kwa afọ. Na 2016, enwere mmerụ ahụ na ọrịa 3.6 maka ndị ọrụ 100 n'ime ụlọ ọrụ a.

 Ịkụ osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị 

 Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba 
Ịdị adị nke akụ na ụba osisi, ma ọ bụ karịa, akụ na ụba ọhịa (n'ọtụtụ mba akụ na ụba bamboo na-achị), bụ ihe a ma ama n'ọtụtụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe yana n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na karịsịa na ndị nwere obere okpomọkụ. . Ndị a bụ mba ndị nwere oke oke ọhịa ka ọnọdụ na-enye ohere maka mmepe nke oke ọhịa iji na-egbute osisi maka ojiji mpaghara. Ihe eji osisi eme ihe na arịa ụlọ, ụlọ, àkwà mmiri, na dị ka isi iyi ike bụ nke a maara nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke a, a pụrụ iji osisi sitere na osisi na ohia, mee ihe n'ụdị dị iche iche, dị ka osisi pulp, cellulose na akwụkwọ, celluloid na foto mbụ foto, cellophane, na rayon (nke na-anọchi silk).

N'ọgwụgwụ nke ojiji ha na-emekarị, a pụrụ ire ngwaahịa osisi ọkụ iji nweta ume ọkụ ma ọ bụ nwee ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka fatịlaịza. Enwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke akụ na ụba osisi nwere ike ịgụnye mbelata ụdị ndụ dị iche iche n'ihi oke ọhịa nke otuto (ịkwalite ụdị osisi ole na ole); na ikuku CO2. Agbanyeghị, oke ohia nwere ike inye aka na mbelata ikuku carbon dioxide ma si otú a kpachie mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Akwụkwọ taa bụ ngwaahịa osisi kacha eji eme ihe.

 Akụkọ banyere iji osisi eme ihe 
Akụ na ụba osisi bụ mmalite mmalite nke mmepeanya zuru ụwa ọnụ, ebe ọ bụ na oge bu ụzọ Paleolithic [nkọwa dị mkpa] na Neolithic. Ọ bụchaghị tupu afọ nke ọla site ọtụtụ puku afọ, dị ka agbaze nke ọla ga-ekwe omume nanị site nchoputa nke usoro na-amụnye ọkụ (na-enwetakarị site scraping nke abụọ akọrọ osisi mkpara) na-ewu nke ọtụtụ mfe ígwè ọrụ na rudimentary ngwá ọrụ. dị ka mkpọ, osisi aka, ụta, akụ, lances. Otu n'ime ihe ochie ejiri aka mee nke ọma bụ n'ọnụ ube a na-egbu maramara (Clacton Spear) dị afọ 250,000 (oge interglacial nke atọ), nke e liri n'okpuru sedimenti na England, na Clacton-on-Sea.

Ọganihu ndị na-aga nke ọma dị ka ndị Ijipt na ndị Sumeria wuru arịa ụlọ dị ọkaibe. Ọtụtụ ụdị arịa ụlọ ndị dị na ọdụ́ na osisi ndị bara uru ka adịla n'oge anyị, n'ihi na ebe zoro ezo n'ili nzuzo mebiri emebi, ebe akọrọ nke ọzara chebere ha pụọ ​​na ire ere. Ọtụtụ ụlọ na akụkụ nke ndị a (n'elu ụlọ niile) nwere ihe ndị dị n'ime osisi (na-abụkarị osisi oak) na-akpụ ihe nkwado na mkpuchi; ụzọ njem dị ka ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọ mmiri; ma emesịa (site n'ichepụta wiil) ụgbọ ala na ụgbọ ala, winches, igwe ọka ntụ ọka nke mmiri na-akwado, wdg.

 Ọdịdị na ala 
Isi ebe a na-eji osisi eme ihe n'ụwa bụ oke ọhịa, nke enwere ike ịhazi dị ka nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke, ọkara na-amaghị nwoke na ubi. Ndị obodo na-ewepụ ọtụtụ osisi maka nkụ n'ọtụtụ mba, ọkachasị n'ụwa nke atọ, mana enwere ike ịkọwa ego a naanị, yana oke oke ejighị n'aka.

N'afọ 1998, mmepụta nke "Roundwood" n'ụwa nile (osisi a na-agụ na-ejighị dị ka nkụ), dị ihe dị ka 1,500,000,000 cubic meters (2.0×109 cu yd), nke ruru ihe dị ka 45% nke osisi ndị a na-akọ n'ụwa. Egbutu osisi na alaka ndị a kara aka ka ha bụrụ ihe eji arụ ụlọ ruru ihe dịka 55% nke mmepụta osisi a na-emepụta n'ụwa. 25% ghọrọ osisi pulp (gụnyere ntụ ntụ na broccoli) bụ nke a kara aka maka imepụta akwụkwọ na mpempe akwụkwọ, na ihe dịka 20% ghọrọ ogwe na plywood na osisi bara uru maka arịa ụlọ na ihe eji eme ihe (FAO 1998). Ndị kasị emepụta osisi na ndị na-eji osisi a na-akwụ ụgwọ bụ United States, n'agbanyeghị na mba nke nwere oke ọhịa na Russia.

N'afọ ndị 1970, mba ndị nwere oke ọhịa kachasị ukwuu bụ: Soviet Union (ihe dịka 8,800,000 km2), Brazil (5,150,000 km2), Canada (4,400,000 km2), United States (3,000,000 km2), Indonesia (1,200 2 2 000 km2) na Democratic Republic. (1,000,000 km2). Mba ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe dị mkpa na oriri nke osisi na-enwekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị bi na mpaghara ndọtị ha, ebe a anyị nwere ike ịgụnye mba dị ka Argentina, Chile, Finland, Poland, Sweden, Ukraine.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2001, e belatara mpaghara oke ọhịa nke Brazil site na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise (nkwanyere 1970), ruo ihe dịka 4,000,000 km2; A na-achọkarị ịta ahịhịa n'ala ahụ—Brazil bụ mba kasị ebupụ anụ ehi n'ụwa nke nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 200,000,000 ehi. Akụ na ụba ethanol Brazil na-eto eto na-adabere na ịkụ okpete, na-ebelatakwa oke ọhịa. E wedara ọhịa Canada ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 30% ruo 3,101,340 km2 n'otu oge ahụ.

 Mkpa ọ dị iji gbochie mgbanwe ihu igwe 
Banyere nsogbu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, a maara na oke ohia na-ere ọkụ na-abawanye CO2 na ikuku, ebe oke ọhịa na-amaghị nwoke ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ na-eme ihe dị ka sinks maka CO2, n'ihi ihe ndị a osisi akụ na-alụ ọgụ griin haus mmetụta. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke CO2 etinyere na-adabere n'ụdị osisi, ala na ihu igwe nke ebe osisi na-eto ma ọ bụ na-akụ. Ọzọkwa, n'abalị osisi adịghị photosynthesize, na-emepụta CO2, tutu amama ụbọchị sochirinụ. Paradoxically n'oge okpomọkụ oxygen kere site photosynthesis n'ime ọhịa nso obodo na ogige ntụrụndụ, interacts na obodo mepere emepe ikuku mmetọ (si ụgbọ ala, wdg) na-agbanwe site anyanwụ doo na ozone (molecule nke atọ oxygen atọm), na mgbe na elu ikuku mejupụtara. ihe nzacha megide ebili mmiri ultraviolet, n'ime ikuku dị ala bụ ihe mmetọ, nwere ike ịkpalite ọgba aghara iku ume.

N'ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke carbon dị ala, ọrụ ọhịa ga-elekwasị anya na omume na-enwe mmetụta dị ala na itolite. Ndị na-ahụ maka oke ọhịa ga-ahụ na ha anaghị akpaghasị oke carbon nke sitere na ala. Ugbo osisi pụrụ iche ga-abụ isi iyi ihe maka ọtụtụ ngwaahịa. A ga-akụ ụdị osisi ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa na ngbanwe dị mkpirikpi iji bulie mmepụta ya.

 Mmepụta site na mba 

 N'Australia 

 Eucalyptus: ndị a bụ ụdị osisi narị asaa sitere na Australia, ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa n'oge okpomọkụ, ebe okpomọkụ na nke obere ala kpọrọ nkụ, na-eguzogidekwa ọkụ nke oke ọhịa (ya na cortex osisi ha) na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. A na-eji mmanụ ya dị mkpa na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, osisi ya maka iwu ụlọ, na obere alaka dị ka nkụ na osisi pulp.

 Na Brazil 
Brazil nwere ọdịnala dị ogologo na owuwe ihe ubi nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche nwere ihe eji eme ihe. Kemgbe afọ ndị 1960, ụdị osisi pine na eucalyptus a na-ebubata ka etoola nke ukwuu maka ụlọ ọrụ plywood na akwụkwọ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eme nyocha dị elu, iji tinye enzymes nke mkpụrụ osisi sugar na cellulose n'ime osisi, iji nweta methanol, ma ọnụ ahịa ya dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ethanol nke sitere na ọnụ ahịa ọka.

 Brazilwood: nwere nnukwu osisi obi na-acha ọbara ọbara na-acha ọbara ọbara (brasa = ember), ọ bụkwa osisi mbụ a na-eji eme ụta maka ngwa eriri sitere na ezinụlọ violin. N'oge na-adịghị anya, osisi ndị a ghọrọ isi iyi kachasi na-acha uhie uhie, ha bụkwa akụkụ buru ibu nke akụ na ụba na mbupụ nke mba ahụ, nke na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ mara ya dị ka Brazil.
 Hevea brasiliensis: bụ isi iyi kachasị mma nke latex kacha mma, nke a na-eji emepụta ọtụtụ ihe na rọba, dịka ọmụmaatụ uwe aka, condom, matraasi na-egbochi ihe nfụkasị ahụ na taya (raba vulcanized). Latex nwere ikike imeghari ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ ahụ kpọmkwem, uru karịa polyurethane ma ọ bụ polyethylene gloves.

 Na Canada na US 
Enwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na akụ na ụba ọhịa n'etiti obodo ndị a; ha nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ejikọta ọnụ, Canada bụkwa onye na-emepụta osisi na ihe osisi ndị a kara aka na US, bụ ndị na-eji osisi na ihe ndị na-emepụta ya n'ụwa. Usoro mmiri nke nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, Erie Canal, Hudson River na Saint Lawrence Seaway n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ yana Osimiri Mississippi ruo n'etiti ala dị larịị na Louisiana na-enye ohere ibufe osisi na ọnụ ala dị ala. N'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ, mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Columbia nwere ọtụtụ ọhịa nwere osisi mara mma

 Canada 
Ụlọ ọrụ Canada Wood Council na-agbakọ na n'afọ 2005 na Canada, ngalaba ọhịa were ndị ọrụ 930,000 (otu ọrụ n'ime 17 ọ bụla), na-eme ihe ruru ijeri $108 n'ahịa na ọrụ. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaahịa ndị sitere na osisi ndị dị n'oké ọhịa Canada bụ ihe ndị kasị mkpa ná mba ahụ na-ebupụ. N'afọ 2011, mbupụ n'ụwa niile ruru ihe dị ka ijeri $64.3 - otu kacha enye aka na nguzozi azụmaahịa Canada.

Canada bụ onye ndu ụwa na omume nlekọta ọhịa na-adigide. Naanị hectare 120,000,000 (1,200,000 km2; 463,320 sq mi) (28% nke ọhịa Canada) ka a na-ejizi maka imepụta osisi ebe e mere atụmatụ na hectare 32,000,000 (320,000 km2; 50 qmi na-echebe site na owuwe ihe ubi ugbu a.

Ụlọ ọrụ osisi Canada ebutela esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi na ụmụ amaala na-echebe ala ha site na igbu osisi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation guzobere mgbochi okporo ụzọ Grassy Narrows ruo afọ iri abụọ malite na 2002 iji gbochie ikpochapụ ala ha.

 United States 

 Cherry: osisi siri ike dị oke ọnụ maka ịdị mma ya na ọka, obosara, agba, na ọkụ ọkụ bara ụba. A na-ebuga osisi mbụ n'ala ndị gbara Rom gburugburu (Latium) site na Armenia. Na United States, a na-akụ ọtụtụ osisi cherry na Washington, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, California na Oregon.
 Cedar: ụdị a bụ otu conifers nke ezinụlọ Pinaceae, sitere na ugwu ugwu sitere na Carpathians, Lebanon na Turkey ruo Himalaya. Osisi ha na-esi ísì ụtọ na-eme ka ha dị mma maka igbe igbe na akwa mkpuchi. A maara mmanụ cedar na osisi ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-egbochi nla. N'ezie na-kụrụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda US, ukwuu n'ime maka ornamental nzube, kamakwa maka mmepụta nke pensụl (karịsịa incense-cedar).
 Douglas fir: osisi sitere na United States ọdịda anyanwụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Ugwu Ugwu, nwere ndekọ na uto ngwa ngwa na ogologo oge na obere oge. Osisi Douglas dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-eto na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri ruo ihe dị ka mita 1,800; Osisi Rocky Mountain Douglas na-eto n'ime ime obodo, n'ogo dị elu sitere na 800 m ruo 3,000 m ma ọ bụ karịa. A na-eji osisi ahụ arụ ọrụ, maka ụgbọ elu a rụrụ n'ụlọ, maka mpempe akwụkwọ, nakwa dị ka nkụ. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ]
 Oak Ridge National Laboratory na Tennessee na-enyocha hybrid poplar maka injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji nweta osisi nwere ọdịnaya dị elu nke cellulose na ọdịnaya dị ala na lignin, n'ụzọ na mmịpụta bioethanol (bara uru dị ka mmanụ ọkụ) nwere ike ịdị mfe. na obere ọnụ.
 Walnut: ngwá ụlọ dị oké ọnụ ahịa na osisi siri ike na-akpụ n'ihi agba ya, isi ike, ọka na ogologo oge. Osisi Walnut bụ osisi a na-ahọrọ maka ndị na-emepụta egbe ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ọ ka bụ otu n'ime nhọrọ kachasị ewu ewu maka ebuka egbe na egbe.

 Na Caribbean na Central America 

 Mahogany: nwere ọka kwụ ọtọ, na-enwekarị oghere na akpa. Ụdị kachasị ọnụ ahịa sitere na Cuba na Honduras. Ọ nwere agba na-acha ọbara ọbara-aja aja, nke na-agba ọchịchịrị ka oge na-aga, na-egosipụtakwa ọmarịcha ọbara ọbara mgbe a na-egbu ya. Ọ nwere ikike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, dị na bọọdụ buru ibu, ọ dịkwa ogologo oge. A na-eji Mahogany na-emepụta ọtụtụ ngwa egwu, dị ka ịgbà, ụda olu na ọkụ eletrik azụ na akụkụ, na ekweisi okomoko.

 Na Europe 

 Ịtali 
Ụdị nke dị mma maka ọtụtụ ojiji na ụdị akụ na ụba a bụ ndị ọrụ arboriculture na-arụ ọrụ, bụ ndị a maara nke ọma maka njirimara ha na mkpa maka ụfọdụ ụdị ala na ihu igwe.

 Fraxinus: ịbụ osisi dị arọ dị mfe ibufe, n'ihi na nkụ na-ere ngwa ngwa, na-etolite na gburugburu ebe mmiri dị ka ndị dị na mpaghara idei mmiri na osimiri, na-eguzobe mmetọ nke mmiri na ikuku.
 Larix: n'Ịtali ọ na-eto n'ebe dị elu gburugburu elu ugwu, osisi ya na-eguzo na mberede mgbanwe ihu igwe, site na ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu n'oge anwụ anwụ na-acha, ọ bụ ihe magburu onwe ya maka iji wuo ihe owuwu ekpughere dị ka àkwà mmiri, elu ụlọ, wdg.
 Larix: n'Ịtali ọ na-eto n'ebe dị elu gburugburu elu ugwu, osisi ya na-eguzo na mberede mgbanwe ihu igwe, site na ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu n'oge anwụ anwụ na-acha, ọ bụ ihe magburu onwe ya maka iji wuo ihe owuwu ekpughere dị ka àkwà mmiri, elu ụlọ, wdg. Nkume osisi pine: "Mediterranean pine" nwere ike ịbụ ihe nnọchianya mara mma nke ọtụtụ mpaghara dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Ịtali, na mbụ nnukwu ọhịa osisi pine sitere n'ọnụ osimiri Tiber ruo Liguria na Provence na France, n'elu ala nwere salinity dị elu, na-adịghị mma maka ọrụ ugbo. . Osisi ya na-amịpụta nnukwu alaka akọrọ nke enwere ike ịgba ọkụ, cones (nke a na-eji eme ekeresimesi mma) na akwụkwọ ahịhịa dị ka agịga nke enwere ike ịgba ọkụ, ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe dị ka mulch. Enwere ike iji mmanụ na resins mee ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na mmanụ. Pinoli bụ ihe bara uru na nri Ịtali (yana basil na-eme ka ọ bụrụ pesto sauce). Ka ọ dị ugbu a, "ọganihu" emewo ka mbelata nke ukwuu nke ọmarịcha osisi a, na n'ọtụtụ ebe ụlọ ndị dị ọnụ ala dị n'akụkụ osimiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ebe ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ ewerewo ọnọdụ ha.
 Poplar: na Ịtali bụ ụdị kachasị mkpa maka osisi osisi, a na-eji ya maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche dị ka mmepụta plywood, igbe nkwakọba ihe, akwụkwọ, matches, wdg Ọ chọrọ ala dị mma nke ọma na mmiri mmiri dị mma, ma enwere ike iji ya chebe ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụrụ na a tụfu ya. na ahịrị ikuku. Ihe karịrị 70% nke ahịhịa poplar Italy dị na pianura Padana. A na-ebelata ịgbatị ihe ọkụkụ mgbe niile, site na 650 km2 na 1980s ruo ugbu a 350 km2. Mkpụrụ osisi poplar dị ihe dị ka 1,500 t/km2 nke osisi kwa afọ. Ihe a na-emepụta site na poplar dị gburugburu 45-50% nke mkpokọta osisi Ịtali.
 Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke art poplar bụ osisi na-ahọrọ maka eserese na-elu dị ka panel, dị ka na Renaissance (The Mona Lisa site Leonardo da Vinci). N'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ n'ime ngwaahịa ndị nwere ọnụ ahịa kachasị elu, dị oke ọnụ ahịa, na-eji osisi sitere na poplar dị umeala ma na-adịgide adịgide.
 N'ihi ọnụnọ nke tannic acid, a na-ejikarị poplar cortex eme ihe na Europe maka tanning akpụkpọ anụ.

 Portugal 

 Oak maka okwuchi: bụ osisi ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa, mana ogologo ndụ, ka a na-akọ na mpaghara ugwu na-ekpo ọkụ (min. temp. > -5 ° C) na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke oke osimiri Mediterenian. Cork na-ewu ewu dị ka ihe maka akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na mmepụta dị ka nkwụsị nke mmanya karama na-ebelata na ihu ọma nke naịlọn stoppers, n'ihi ike ịzọpụta granules nke okwuchi nwere ike agwakọta n'ime ihe. Ngwakọta ndị a nwere obere conductivity thermal, obere njupụta na ezigbo ike absorption (ala ọma jijiji na-eguzogide). Ụfọdụ n'ime oke akụrụngwa nke ihe mejupụtara bụ njupụta (400-1500 kg/m3), ike mkpakọ (1–26 MPa) na ike mgbanwe (0.5–4.0 MPa). N'ihi na okwuchi a nwere ike ji mee ihe dị ka thermal kewapụrụ na ụlọ (nakwa ya eke ọdịdị na dị ka ngwakọta), bara uru nakwa dị ka ụda mkpuchi. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ, a na-eji okwuchi eme ihe maka akpụkpọ ụkwụ na insoles. N'ụwa, e nwere 20,000 km2 nke osisi oak, na kwa afọ a na-amịpụta ihe dị ka tọn 300,000 nke okwuchi, 50% na Portugal, 15,000 na Italy (12,000 n'àgwàetiti Sardinia). Uru nke ụlọ ọrụ okike a bụ na mwepu nke cork si n'ígwé dị n'èzí gaa na cortex anaghị egbu osisi ahụ.

 Na Fennoscandia na Russia 
Na Sweden, Finland na ruo n'ókè Norway, ọtụtụ n'ime ala ahụ bụ ọhịa, ụlọ ọrụ pulp na akwụkwọ bụkwa otu n'ime ngalaba mmepụta ihe kachasị mkpa. Ngwunye kemịkalụ na-arụpụta ike dị ukwuu, ebe ọ bụ na a na-akpọ ihe ndị dị n'ime mmanya ojii, nke na-abụkarị lignin na ngwaahịa mmebi hemicellulose, n'ime igwe ọkụ mgbake. Ya mere, mba ndị a nwere oke nha nke iji ume ọhụrụ emeghari (25% na Finland, dịka ọmụmaatụ). A na-atụkwa nnukwu mbọ maka ịbawanye uru na ojiji nke ngwaahịa ọhịa site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ yana ọrụ gọọmentị.

 Scots pine na Norway spruce: Ụdị ndị a na-agụnye ọtụtụ n'ime oke ọhịa, na ọnụ dị ka ngwakọta softwood, a na-atụgharị ha ka ọ bụrụ pulp chemical maka akwụkwọ
 Birch bụ ụdị osisi nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na Scandinavia na Russia, mara mma maka ala acid. Ndị a na-eme dị ka ụdị ndị ọsụ ụzọ na oke oyi dị n'etiti taiga na tundra, ma na-eguzogide ọgwụ n'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ọnọdụ oyi. Achọpụtara ụdị Betula nana dị ka osisi dị mma maka acid, ala na-adịghị edozi ahụ nke mkpọda ugwu, ebe enwere ike iji osisi ndị a gbochie mbuze, gụnyere na ndịda Europe. A na-emepụta pulp na-agbaze site na birch. Enwere ike imepụta Xylitol site na hydrogenation nke xylose, nke bụ ihe sitere na kemịkalụ birch pulping.

 Ihe ndị e si na ya pụta 

 Ọkụ 
Ịkụ osisi ugbu a bụ ike kachasị ukwuu nke sitere na biomass mmanụ ụgbọala siri ike. Mmanụ osisi nwere ike ịdị ka nkụ (dịka osisi, bolts, blocks), unyi, ibe, mpempe akwụkwọ, pellet na sawdust. Enwere ike iji mmanụ ọkụ na-esi nri na ikpo ọkụ site na stovu na ebe a na-ere ọkụ, na mgbe ụfọdụ maka ịgbanye igwe uzuoku na igwe ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, a na-eji ọtụtụ ụdị ọkụ ọkụ eme ihe iji rite uru site na ọkụ ọkụ nke ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta. Ugbu a, e mepụtala ihe ngwọta na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nke dị ọcha: ọkụ ọkụ dị elu (ya na ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ), ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ na pellet stovu, nke nwere ike nzacha na ikewapụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ (centrifuging ntụ na ntụgharị ntụgharị), si otú a na-ewepụ. ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ, na-enyekwara ohere iweghachite oke okpomọkụ nke na-agbanarị na uzuzu chimni.

A gbakọrọ njupụta ike nke osisi na gburugburu 6–17 Megajoule/Kilogram, dabere na ụdị na ọdịnaya mmiri.

Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikọta ọkụ ọkụ nke osisi na mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) (gasị a na-adịghị ahụ anya nke nwere ike ịkpalite saturation nke hemoglobine ọbara na-enweghị ike ịgbanwe), yana nanoparticles.

N'Ịtali, a na-atụpụta osisi poplar dị ka osisi a kụrụ ka ọ ghọọ mmanụ ọkụ, n'ihi oke ike nke a na-amịpụta n'osisi ya n'ihi na poplar na-eto ngwa ngwa na ijide carbon dioxide ikuku na obere ume dị mkpa iji zụlite, ịkpụ na ebuga osisi. Populus x canadensis 'I-214', na-eto ngwa ngwa nke nwere ike iru sentimita 14 (36 cm) na dayameta yana ịdị elu 100 ụkwụ (30 m) n'ime afọ iri.

 Ọkụ 
Unyi bụ ihe fọdụrụ na isi awọ nke nwere carbon adịghị ọcha nke enwetara site na iwepu mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na anụmanụ na ahịhịa. A na-emepụtakarị unyi site na ngwa ngwa pyrolysis, ikpo ọkụ nke osisi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na enweghị oxygen. Enwere ike iji unyi mee ihe dị ka mmanụ ọkụ nwere oke ọkụ ọkụ

 Gasogen osisi 
Osisi gas generator (gasogen): bụ nnukwu ngwaọrụ dị arọ ma dị arọ (ma dị mfe nke teknụzụ) nke na-agbanwe osisi ọkụ na ngwakọta nke hydrogen molecular (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen molecular (N2) na uzuoku mmiri (H2O). Ngwakọta gas a, nke a maara dị ka "gasị osisi", "gas na-adịghị mma" ma ọ bụ "syngas" na-enweta mgbe a gbachachara osisi akọrọ na gburugburu ebe a na-emegharị ahụ (obere ikuku oxygen) nke nwere oke ikuku ikuku, na okpomọkụ nke 900 ° C. , ma nwee ike ịgbanye igwe ọkụ dị n'ime.
N'ime oge n'etiti Agha Ụwa Mbụ na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gụnyere, n'ihi enweghị mmanụ, n'ọtụtụ mba, dị ka Italy, France, Great Britain na Sweden, ọtụtụ ụgbọ ala mmanụ ụgbọala gbanwere, na mgbakwunye na nke osisi gas generator. ("gasogen"), ngwaọrụ nke osisi, coal, ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu na-ere ọkụ na-akwado, nwere ike ịmepụta (ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha) gas nke ozugbo, n'otu ụgbọ ala ahụ, nwere ike ime ka engine ICE gbanwetụrụ nke ụgbọ ala ọkọlọtọ (mkpakọ dị ala). engine). Ekwesịrị iji igwe igwe ikuku-gas gbanwee Carburetor). E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndọghachi azụ, dị ka nnukwu mbelata nke kacha ọsọ na mkpa ịnya ụgbọ ala na-eji ala gia na amamihe dosing ego nke ikuku. N'ime ụgbọ ala ọgbara ọhụrụ, ejiri igwe na-emepụta gas gbanwetụrụ, ikuku gas (CO, CO2 na NOx) dị ala karịa nke otu ụgbọ ala na-eji mmanụ ụgbọala na-agba ọsọ (na-edobe otu ihe ntụgharị catalytic)

 Methanol 
Methanol (mmanya kachasị mfe) na-eme ka mmiri mmiri na 25 Celsius C, na-egbu egbu ma na-emebi emebi, na kemịkalụ organic a na-akpọkarị akwụkwọ ndị bụ isi "mmụọ osisi", ebe ọ bụ na enwere ike nweta ya site na ịgba osisi. Ọ na-adịkarịghị, mgbe ndị na-eme mmanya na-amaghị ihe na-agwakọta obere iberibe osisi na akwụkwọ osisi na mkpụrụ vaịn, methanol nwere ike ịhụ dị ka ihe na-emetọ mmiri, ethanol na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na gbaa ụka mkpụrụ vaịn.

Ụzọ kacha mma isi nweta methanol sitere na osisi bụ syngas (CO, CO2, H2) nke osisi pyrolysis anhydrous na-emepụta, bụ usoro nke ndị Ijipt oge ochie chọpụtara.

Enwere ike iji methanol dị ka ihe mgbakwunye oxygen bara ụba maka mmanụ ụgbọala. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-adịkarị ọnụ ala karịa imepụta methanol sitere na methane ma ọ bụ site na syngas. Methanol bụ isi ihe kachasị mkpa maka kemịkalụ mmepụta ihe, ebe a na-ejikarị eme ka ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mgbagwoju anya site na mmeghachi omume nke halogenation na mmeghachi omume mgbakwunye kemịkalụ.

 Turbine gas 

 Tanki 
Nnukwu tankị agha America M1 Abrams na-akwado site na turbine gas nke 1,500 hp (1,100 kW), na ọ na-enwe ike iji ngwakọta na 50% nke ntụ ntụ na biodiesel, mmanụ dizel ma ọ bụ kerosene rụọ ọrụ. Uru ya n'elu turbo-dizel engine, bụ obere size na ìhè arọ, enweghị radiator (nke na-enye ihe uru megide mmetụta nke egbe na egbe egbe na ogbunigwe etiwa ahụhụ na agha). A ndọghachi azụ bụ nnukwu mmanụ ụgbọala oriri, ebe ọ bụ na turbine engine enweghị ike na-arụ ọrụ na a ala revolutions kwa nkeji ọnụego, nnọọ ala karịa mma, na n'oge njem a engine na-eri ugboro abụọ karịa mmanụ ụgbọala dị ka a ọgbara ọhụrụ turbo-dizel engine na. intercooler na kpọmkwem injections.

 Ihe owuwu 
Osisi dị obere n'ịdị arọ, n'ihi na ịdị arọ ya kpọmkwem erughị 500 kg/m3, nke a bụ uru, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2,000–2,500 kg/m3 maka konkịtị gbasiri ike ma ọ bụ 7,800 kg/m3 maka ígwè.

Osisi siri ike, n'ihi na arụmọrụ nke osisi maka ihe nhazi nwere àgwà ndị yiri ígwè.
Ihe onwunweE/fIhe siri ike(Rck300, fck 25 M-Pascal)1250Ihe owuwuFe430 (ft = 430 MPa)480Osisi a na-etinye n'ime ya(BS 11 ÷ BS 18)470Aluminium(alloy 7020, ft 355 MPa)200

 Àkwà mmiri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, micro-hydro, ọdụ ụgbọ elu 
A na-eji osisi wuo àkwà mmiri (dị ka àkwà mmiri Magere dị na Amsterdam), yana mmiri na ikuku ikuku, yana micro-hydro generators maka ọkụ eletrik.

 Ụlọ 
A na-eji osisi siri ike mee ihe n'ime ụlọ osisi, na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere nnukwu akụkụ. N'ụlọ ọdịnala, a na-ahọrọ osisi maka elu ụlọ, ọnụ ụzọ, ala na windo. A na-ejikarị okpokolo agba eme ihe maka elu ụlọ, mana ha nwere ike ịda n'oge ọkụ

Mmepe nke ụlọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ ike nke gụnyere "ụlọ na-agafe agafe" emezigharịrị mkpa osisi dị n'ịrụ ụlọ, n'ihi na osisi na-enye ihe mkpuchi na mkpuchi ọkụ, na-arụpụta ihe dị mma karịa kọmpụta.

 Ụlọ ndị na-eguzogide ala ọma jijiji 
Na Japan, ụlọ ochie, nke dịtụ elu elu, dị ka pagodas, akụkọ ihe mere eme egosila na ha nwere ike iguzogide ala ọma jijiji nke oke ike, n'ihi usoro ụlọ omenala, na-eji nkwonkwo na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ikike dị mma nke okpokolo agba osisi na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke ọma. banye siri ike accelerations na mkpakọ mkpakọ.

N'afọ 2006, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Ịtali sitere na CNR kwadoro usoro ụlọ nke ha kpọrọ "SOFIE", ụlọ osisi nwere okpukpu asaa, nke dị mita 24, nke "Istituto per la valorizzazione del legno e delle specie arboree" (Ivalsa) nke San Michele wuru. All'Adige. N'afọ 2007, a nwalere ya na ule antiseismic Japanese kachasị sie ike maka ihe owuwu obodo: ịme anwansị nke ala ọma jijiji nke Kobe (7.2 Richter scale), na ụlọ ahụ etinyere n'elu nnukwu ikpo okwu oscillating nke NIED-Institute, nke dị na ogige sayensị Tsukuba, dị nso na ogige ahụ. Obodo Miki na Japan. Ihe oru ngo a nke Italiantali, nke ejiri ogwe osisi di nkpa ma na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime osisi laminated, na dika ndi nyocha CNR si kwuo, o nwere ike iduga n'iwu ulo ndi ozo di nchebe na mpaghara seismic.

 Ịrụ ụgbọ mmiri 
Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-adịgide adịgide bụ osisi sitere na Virginian Southern na-ebi ndụ osisi oak na osisi oak, karịsịa ndụ osisi oak bụ 60% siri ike karịa osisi oak ma na-eguzogide mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkụ bụ isi na nhazi ụgbọ mmiri USS Constitution, ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri kacha ochie nyere ọrụ n'elu (nke ewepụtara na 1797) bụ osisi oak.

Ịrụ ọrụ osisi

Ịrụ osisi bụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ nka nke imepụta ihe sitere na osisi, ma gụnye ime kabinet (ụlọ ụlọ na arịa ụlọ), ihe osise osisi, ihe nrụnye, ọrụ nka, na ịkpụ osisi. Ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na-enweta ihe ha ga-eji na-arụ osisi.

 Hụkwa 

 Ọchịchị onwe onye
 Esemokwu osisi dị nro nke Canada na United States
 Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa
 Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba carbon dị ala

 Ihe edeturu na ntụaka 

 Akwụkwọ 

 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọ dara. Otu Ndị Ọha si ahọrọ Ịda Ma Ọ bụ Ịga nke Ọma. New York: Viking.  ISBN 0-14-303655-6.
 "Nrụpụta nke Generator Gas Wood dị mfe maka Fueling Internal Combustion Engines na Petroleum Emergency"

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Osisi Na-eto N'Oge Ike
 Forestry Encyclopedia - Oké ọhịa na Oké ọhịa na Amerịka
 Oké ọhịa Canada - Eziokwu Mgbalị
 Oké ọhịa Canada - Ebe Ihe ọmụma
 UNECE - FAO - Kọmitii Osisi - European Forestry Commission
 WOODGAS: Biomass Energy Foundation (BEF) website
 Ụlọ osisi kacha ochie na Czech Republic
 http://www.globalwood.org/

 Hụkwa