Agwa

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osisi àgwà
Agwa  bụ mkpụrụ nke ọtụtụ osisi n'ezinụlọ Fabaceae, nke a na-eji dị ka akwụkwọ nri maka nri mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. Enwere ike isi ha n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere isi nri, isi nri, na isi nri, ma jiri ha mee ihe n'ọtụtụ nri ọdịnala n'ụwa niile.

 Okwu okwu 
5Okwu ahụ bụ "bean" na okwu German ya (dịka. German Bohne) adịwo na-ejikarị eme ihe n'asụsụ West German kemgbe tupu narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, na-ezo aka na agwa sara mbara, chickpeas, na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ. Nke a bụ ogologo oge tupu a mara ụdị New World Phaseolus na Europe.  Site na mgbanwe Columbian nke osisi ụlọ n'etiti Europe na Amerịka, a gbatịkwuru okwu ahụ na mkpụrụ osisi nke Phaseolus, dị ka ọka na ọka na-agba ọsọ, na ụdị Vigna. Ọ dịla anya a na-eji okwu ahụ eme ihe n'ozuzu ya na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndị ọzọ yiri ya, dị ka Old World soybeans, peas, vetches ndị ọzọ, na lupins, na ọbụna ndị yiri ibe ha, dị ka kọfị, vanilla beans, castor beans, na cocoa beans. /> N'ihi ya, okwu ahụ bụ "bean" n'ozuzu ya nwere ike izo aka n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche.

A na-etinyekarị mkpụrụ ndị a na-akpọ "beans" n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na'akpọ "pulses" (legumes), ọ bụ ezie na okwu ndị ahụ anaghị agbanwe mgbe niile (iji ya eme ihe dịgasị iche site na ụdị osisi na mpaghara). Okwu abụọ ahụ, agwa na pulses, na-echekwa maka ihe ọkụkụ ma si otú a wepụ akwụkwọ nri ndị nwere obere mkpụrụ ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ebumnuche na-abụghị ọka (forage, hay, na silage), dị ka clover na alfalfa. Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na-akọwa "BEANS, DRY" (koodu isiokwu 176) dị ka nke metụtara naanị ụdị faseolus. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ dị iche iche nke otu okwu dị warara nke a na-eme ka ọ dị na iwu azụmahịa ma ọ bụ ihe ikuku  na-adịkarị n'asụsụ okike na ihe omimi sara mbara na ojiji nri; ihe atụ ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị bụ ihe omimi nke okwu nut na ihe omuma sara mbara nke okwu <i id="mwVA">nut</i>, na eziokwu ahụ bụ na tomato bụ mkpụrụ osisi, ma a na-emekarị ha dị ka akwụkwọ nri na ojiji n'ozuzu. N'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ, nkọwa ọzọ nke ojiji bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ndị a na-akpọ agwa mgbe ụfọdụ, gụnyere Vigna angularis (azuki bean), mungo (black gram), radiata (green gram), na aconitifolia (moth bean), bụ ndị e kewara dị ka Phaseolus ma mesịa gbanwee ya - mana nyocha taxonomic anaghị akwụsị kpamkpam ojiji nke mmetụta guzosiri ike n'ozuzu.

 Izulite 
Unlike the closely related pea beans are a summer crop that needs warm temperatures  to grow legumes are capable of nitrogen fixation  and hence need less fertiliser than most plants 

Maturity  is typically 55-60 days from planting to harvest  as the beans pods mature  they turn yellow  and dry you and the beans  inside  change from green to their nature colour 

N'oge ndị na-adịbeghị anya, e mepụtara ihe a na-akpọ "agwa ohia " nke na-achọghị nkwado ma nwee pods ya niile na-eto n'otu oge (dị iche na agwa osisi nke na-eto nke nta nke nta). Nke a na-eme ka ahịhịa dịkwuo mma maka mmepụta azụmahịa.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme 

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Agwa n'ime ite
Agwa  bụ isi iyi dị mkpa nke protein n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Old na New World, ma ka dị taa.

Agwa  bụ otu n'ime osisi ndị a na-akụ ogologo oge n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Mkpụrụ ọka buru ibu, nke a na-akpọkwa mkpụrụ ọka fava, dị n'ọhịa ha dịka obere mbọ mkpịsị aka, a chịkọtakwara ya na Afghanistan na ala ugwu Himalayan.Kaplan, pp. 27 ff A zụlitere ụdị mbụ a zụliere na Thailand site na mmalite puku afọ nke asaa BCE, tupu ite. A na-etinye ọka na ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'Ijipt oge ochie. Ọ bụghị ruo na puku afọ nke abụọ BCE ka a kụrụ, nnukwu mkpụrụ osisi buru ibu pụtara na mpaghara Aegean, Iberia, na transalpine Europe. Na Iliad (narị afọ nke asatọ BCE), a na-ekwu maka agwa na chickpeas a tụbara n'ala ahịhịa."And as in some great threshing-floor go leaping From a broad pan the black-skinned beans or peas." (Iliad xiii, 589).

A chọtara ọka ọka ọka kachasị ochie a maara na Amerịka na Guitarrero Cave, ebe nchọpụta ihe ochie na Peru, ma dee ya na puku afọ nke abụọ BCE. Otú ọ dị, nyocha nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mkpụrụ osisi faseolus na-egosi na ọ malitere na Mesoamerica, ma mesịa gbasaa n'ebe ndịda, tinyere ọka na squash, ihe ọkụkụ ndị enyi ọdịnala.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị agwa a na-eri taa bụ akụkụ nke ụdị faseolus, nke malitere na Amerịka.  Onye Europe mbụ zutere ha bụ Christopher Columbus, mgbe ọ na-enyocha ihe nwere ike ịbụ Bahamas, ma hụ ha na-eto n'ọhịa. Ụdị ọka Phaseolus ise bụ ndị ndị ndị pre-Columbian zụlitere: ọka ọka nkịtị (P. vulgaris) nke a zụliere site na Chile ruo n'akụkụ ugwu nke ihe bụ United States ugbu a; na ọka lima na sieva (P. lunatus); yana ọka teparies a na-ekesa nke ọma (P. acutifolius), ọka na-acha uhie (P. coccineus), na ọka polyanthus.Kaplan, p. 30: Domestication, besides involving selection for larger seed size, also involved selection for pods that did not curl and open when ripe, scattering the beans they contained.Kaplan, p. 30

Otu uru agwa bara nke echekwara echekwa nke pre-Columbian mmadu  as far north as the Atlantic seaboard is the "umunne ndi nwanyi " usoro  of companion plant cultivation:agwuru buru ibu  ka akokota agwa na oka(corn), and squash. The oka would not be planted in rows as is done by European agriculture, but in a checkerboard/hex fashion across a field, in separate patches of one to six stalks each.
Beans would be planted around the base of the developing stalks, and would vine their way up as the stalks grew. All American agwa at that time were vine plants; "agwa ohia" were cultivated more recently. The cornstalks would work as a trellis for the agwa, and the beans would provide much-needed nitrogen for the corn. Squash would be planted in the spaces between the patches of corn in the field. They would be provided slight shelter from the anwu  by the oka, would shade the soil and reduce evaporation, and would deter otutu umu anumanu from attacking the oka and agwabecause their coarse, hairy vines and broad, stiff leaves are difficult or uncomfortable for animals such as deer and raccoons to walk through, crows to land on, and are a deterrent to other animals as well.

A na-akụ ọka n'ofe Chile n'oge Pre-Hispanic, ma eleghị anya ruo n'ebe ndịda Chiloé Archipelago.

Mkpụrụ ọka kpọrọ nkụ sitere na ụdị ọka ọka ochie (mkpụrụ ọka fava) na ụdị ọka ọhụrụ (mkpụrụ osisi kidney, black, cranberry, pinto, navy/haricot).

 Ụdị na ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị 
alt=Types of beans in a market|thumb|Ahịa
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ụwa nwere ihe dị ka ụdị mkpụrụ osisi 40,000, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị akụkụ ole na ole ka a na-emepụta maka oriri mgbe niile.Laura McGinnis and Jan Suszkiw, ARS. Breeding Better Beans. Agricultural Research magazine. June 2006.

Ọtụtụ n'ime nri anyị na-akpọ "beans", "legumes", "lentils" na "pulses" sitere n'otu ezinụlọ, Fabaceae ("leginous" osisi), mana sitere na ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche, sitere na ala nna dị iche iche ma kesaa n'ụwa niile dabere na mgbanwe ha. A na-eri ọtụtụ ụdị ma dị ọhụrụ (ọka ahụ dum, na agwa ndị na-eto eto nwere ike ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị adị n'ime) ma ọ bụ nwee mkpokoro (mkpụrụ ndị na-etubeghị eto, mkpụrụ ndị tozuru etozu na ndị ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndị tozoro etozu na nke a kpọrọ nkụ). Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri yiri, ma bụrụ nke a na-ahụkarị n'ebe dị iche iche n'ụwa, nke na-edugakarị aha yiri nke ahụ maka ụdị dị iche iche.
+GenusSpecies and Common VarietiesProbable HomelandDistribution, Cultivation and ClimateNotesPhaseolusP. vulgaris: Kidney Bean, Pinto Bean, Navy Bean (Cannellini, Haricot Beans/French Beans/Pole Beans/Bush Beans), Black Beans, Borlotti Beans

P. lunatus: Lima Beans

P. coccineus: Runner Beans, Flat Beans

P. acutifolius: Tepary BeanThe AmericasTropical, Subtropical, Warm TemperatePisum<i id="mwAQc">P. sativum</i>: Green Peas/Garden Peas, White Peas, Yellow Peas, Field Peas, Snow Peas, Snap PeasMediterraneanSubtropical, Temperate, Occasionally Cool  TropicalVignaV. radiata: Mung Bean

V. mungo: Urad

V. unguiculata (Cowpeas): Yardlong bean, Black-eyed Peas

V. aconitifolia: Moth bean

V. angularis: Adzuki beans Mostly South AsiaEquatorial, Pantropical, Warm  Subtropical, Hot TemperateCajanusC. cajan: Pigeon PeaIndian SubcontinentPantropical, EquatorialLensL. culinaris (Lentils): Red Lentil, Green Lentil, Puy LentilNear East/LevantTemperate, Subtropical, Cool TropicalCicerC. arietinum: Chickpeas (Garbanzo Beans)Turkey/Levant/Near EastTemperate, Subtropical, Cool TropicalViciaV. faba: Fava Beans (Broad Beans)

V. ervilia: Bitter vetch

<i id="mwAU8">V. sativa</i>: Common vetchNear EastSubtropical, TemperateCauses Favism in those susceptible.ArachisA. hypogaea: Peanut (Groundnut)South AmericaWarm Subtropical, Cool TropicalGlycineG. max: SoybeanEast AsiaHot Temperate, Subtropical, Cool TropicalMacrotylomaM. uniflorum: HorsegramSouth AsiaTropical, SubtropicalMucunaM. pruriens: Velvet BeanTropical Asia and AfricaTropical, Warm SubtropicalContains L-DOPA, and smaller amounts of  other psychoactive compounds. Can also cause itching and rashes on contact.LupinusL. albus: White Lupin
L. mutabilis: Tarwi/Andean LupinThe Mediterranean, Balkans, Levant  (albinus), The Andes (mutabilis)Subtropical, TemperateRequires prolonged soaking in the correct way to reduce toxic compounds.CeratoniaC. siliqua: Carob beanMediterranean, Middle EastSubtropical, Arid Subtropical, Hot  TemperateCanavaliaC. gladiata: Sword Bean

C. ensiformis: Jack BeansSouth Asia or Africa (C. gladiata),  Brazil and South America (C. Ensiformis)TropicalCyamopsisC. tetragonoloba: Guar BeanAfrica or South AsiaTropical, Semi-AridSource of Guar gumLablabL. purpureus: Hyacinth Bean/Lablab BeanSouth Asia, Indian Subcontinent or AfricaTropicalPsophocarpusP. tetranoglobulus: Winged BeanNew GuineaTropical, EquatorialClitoriaC. ternatea: Butterfly PeaEquatorial and Tropical AsiaTropical, SubtropicalFlowers used as a natural food colouringLathyrusL. sativus: Grass Pea
L. tuberosus: Tuberous Pea Balkans, India or AsiaSubtropicalCan cause Lathyrism if used as staple.TrifoliumT. repens: White Clover

T. pratense: Red Clover Europe and Central AsiaSubtropical, TemperateMedicagoM. sativa: AlfalfaCentral AsiaSubtropical, TemperateMelilotusM. officinalis: Sweet CloverEurope and Central AsiaSubtropical, TemperateContains Coumarins, an important class of  perfume ingredients. Coumarin is also a blood thinner.TamarindusT. indica: TamarindAfricaTropical, Subtropical

A na-eji fermentation eme ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa iji melite uru nri na-edozi ahụ nke agwa site n'iwepụ nsí. Ịgbari ọnụ na-adịghị ọnụ na-eme ka mmetụta na-edozi ahụ nke ntụ ọka sitere na agwa kpọrọ nkụ dị mma ma na-emeziwanye ike ịgbari nri, dị ka nchọpụta nke Emire Shimelis, site na Food Engineering Program na Mahadum Addis Ababa si kwuo. Beans bụ isi ihe na-enye protein nri na Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda na Zambia.Summary: Fermentation 'improves nutritional value of beans' (Sub Saharan Africa page, Science and Development Network website). Paper: Influence of natural and controlled fermentations on α-galactosides, antinutrients and protein digestibility of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ime beansprouts site n'ikwe ka ụdị ụfọdụ nke beans, mgbe mgbe mung beans, na-epulite n'ọnọdụ mmiri na nke na-ekpo ọkụ; enwere ike iji beansprout mee ihe dị ka ihe na nri e siri esi, ma ọ bụ rie ya na-esighị esi ma ọ bụ sie ya nke ọma. E nweela ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ọrịa site na mmetọ nje bacteria, mgbe mgbe site na salmonella, listeria, na Escherichia coli, nke beansprouts a na-esighị nke ọma, ụfọdụ na-akpata ọnwụ dị ukwuu.

Ọtụtụ agwa a na-eri eri, gụnyere agwa sara mbara, agwa mmiri, agwa akụrụ na soybeans, nwere oligosaccharides (karịsịa raffinose na stachyose), ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ shuga a na-ahụkwa na cabbage. Enzyme na-egbochi oligosaccharide dị mkpa iji gbarie mkpụrụ ndụ shuga ndị a nke ọma. Dị ka usoro mgbari nri mmadụ nkịtị enweghị enzymes ọ bụla na-egbochi oligosaccharide, nje bacteria na-agbari oligosaccarides na nnukwu eriri afọ. Usoro mgbari a na-emepụta gas, dị ka methane dị ka ihe na-emepụta, nke a na-ewepụta dị ka flatulence.
alt=Lablab bean and bean flower cultivated in West Bengal|thumb|Lablab in West Bengal
FAO na-ebipụta data mmepụta maka akwụkwọ nri n'ụdị atọ:

 Mkpụrụ osisi kpọrọ nkụ: mkpụrụ osisi niile tozuru etozu na nke kpọrọ nkụ nke ahịhịa leguminose ma e wezụga soybeans na groundnuts.
 Mmanụ: soybeans na groundnuts.
 Nri ọhụrụ: mkpụrụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eto eto nke ahịhịa leguminus.

+Mmepụta nke akwụkwọ nri (ọtụtụ nde tọn)Ihe ọkụkụ[FAO koodu]19611981200120152016Ọnụ ọgụgụ 2016 /1961OkwuNgụkọta nke pulses (akọrọ) [1726]40.7841.6356.2377.5781.802.01 Per capita production had decreased.(Population increase was 2.4×)Mmanụ a na-akụ (akọrọ)Soyabeans [236]26.8888.53177.02323.20334,8912.46 Drastic increase driven by the demand for animal feeds and oil.Akpụkpọ anụ, nwere mkpokoro [242]14.1320.5835.8245.0843.983.11Nri ọhụrụ (mmiri 80-90%)Beans, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ2.634.0910.9223.1223.608.96Peas, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ [417]3.795.6612.4119.4419.885.25
Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ isi nke "Pulses, Total (dry) " bụ "Beans, dry [176]" 26.83 nde tọn, "Peas, dry [187]" 14.36 nde tọn. "Chick peas [191]" 12.09 nde tọn., "Cow peas [195]" 6.99 nde tọn na-esote, "Lentils [201]" 6.32 nde tọn". "Pigeon peas [197]" 4.49 nde tọn N'ozuzu, oriri nke pulses kwa onye na-ebelata kemgbe 1961. Ewezuga ya bụ lentils na cowpeas.
alt=Flower in Jamalpur|thumb|Jamalpur
+Top producers, pulses, total [1726](million metric tons)Country2016ShareRemarksTotal81.80100%1India17.5621.47%2Canada8.2010.03%3Myanmar6.578.03%4China4.235.17%5Nigeria3.093.78%6Russia2.943.60%7Ethiopia2.733.34%8Brazil2.623.21%9Australia2.523.09%10USA2.442.98%11Niger2.062.51%12Tanzania2.002.45%Others24.8230.34%
Onye ndu ụwa na mmepụta nke agwa kpọrọ nkụ (Phaseolus spp), bụ India, Myanmar (Burma) na Brazil sochiri.Dry beans does not include broad beans, dry peas, chickpea, lentil. N'Africa, onye mmepụta kachasị mkpa bụ Tanzania.FAO Pulses and Derived Products.
+ Ndị na-emepụta ọka iri kacha kpọrọ nkụ (Phaseolus spp), 2020MbaMmepụta (tonnes)Ihe odide ala ala ala India5,460,000F Myanmar3,053,012 Brazil3,035,290A United States1,495,180* China1,281,586 Tanzania1,267,648F Mexico1,056,071 Kenya774,366F Argentina633,823* Uganda603,980 World27,545,942A
Enweghị akara = ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị, P = ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ gọọmentị، F = atụmatụ FAO, * = data na-abụghị nke gọọmentị / nke gọọmentụ / nke enyo, C = ọnụ ọgụgụ a gbakọrọ A = ngụkọta (ọ nwere ike ịgụnye onye ọrụ, nke gọọmentịa ma ọ bụ atụmatụ)

Ebe e si nweta ya: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

 Hụkwa 

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 agwa
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 Ndepụta ofe bean
 Fassoulada - ofe bean
 Ndepụta nke mkpụrụ ndị a na-eri eri
 Ndepụta nri legume
 Beans, Beans, Mkpụrụ Egwú

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