Ọnọdụ ala nke Libya

Libya bụ mba nke anọ n'nha n'etiti mba Afrịka na nke iri na isii n'etiti obodo ụwa. Ọ dị na Mediterenian na Ijipt n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, Tunisia n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, Algeria n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta mmanụ nke afọ 1960 ewetawo akụ na ụba dị ukwuu, n'oge nnwere onwe ya, ọ bụ steeti ọzara dara ogbenye nke naanị akụ dị mkpa yiri ka ọ bụ ebe dị n'etiti ugwu Afrịka. 

Libya dị n'ebe dị mfe iru mba ndị isi Europe ma jikọta mba ndị Arab nke Ndida Afrịka na ndị nke Etiti Ndịda eziokwu nke n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile mere ka obodo ya na-agafe n'okporo ụzọ kama ịbụ ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-enweghị mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'ihi ya, nnukwu ọdịiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mepụtara n'etiti obodo ndị ahụ, ndị cosmopolitan na ndị mba ọzọ bi na ya, na ọzara, ebe ndị isi agbụrụ na-achị onwe ha na ebe mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze dị obere.

 Nchịkọta ala 
Ụsọ oké osimiri Mediterenian na Ọzara Sahara bụ ihe okike kachasị mma na mba ahụ. E nwere ọtụtụ ugwu ma ọ nweghị ezigbo ugwu ma e wezụga n'ọzara ndịda na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla dị nso n'ókè obodo Chad, ebe Tibesti Massif na-arịgo ihe karịrị mita ọnụ Ọgụgụ nke a nde abụọ na narị abụọ . Obodo dị warara n'ụsọ oké osimiri na steppes ugwu dị n'ebe ndịda ya bụ mpaghara ọrụ ugbo kachasị arụpụta ihe. Ka ọ dị n'ebe ndịda, mpaghara ịta ahịhịa nke ahịhịhịa na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu Ọzara Sahara, ala tọgbọrọ n'efu nke nkume na ájá. Ọ na-akwado obere ebe obibi mmadụ, ọrụ ugbo ga-ekwe omume naanị na oasis ole na ole gbasasịrị.

Ọzara Sahara jikọtara ya na Gulf of Sidra n'ụsọ oké osimiri site na mpaghara ala kpọrọ nkụ, nke a maara dị ka Sirtica, nke nwere nnukwu akụkọ ihe mere eme. 

N'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri nke Tripolitania ruo ihe karịrị kilomita narị ato oases dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-agbanwere ebe ájá na ọdọ mmiri. N'ime ime obodo site na ndị a bụ Jifarah Plain, mpaghara triangular nke ihe dị ka skwer kilomita ọnụ Ọgụgụ ndị a :15,000. N'ihe dị ka kilomita otu narị na iri abụọ n'ime ala, ala dị larịị na-akwụsị na escarpment nke na-arịgo iji mepụta Ugwu Nafusa, nke nwere ịdị elu nke ihe ruru nde mita nke bụ nsọtụ ugwu nke Tripolitanian Plateau.

Na Cyrenaica, e nwere obere oasis dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na Marj Plain ala dị ala nke kwekọrọ na Jifarah Plain nke Tripolitania na-ekpuchi obere ebe. Ala ndị dị ala na-emepụta ihe dị ka kilomita narị abụọ na iri  n'ogologo n'etiti Benghazi na Derna ma gbasaa n'ime ala ruo kilomita iri asaa N'ebe ọzọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cyrenaican, ndagwurugwu nke ala kpọrọ nkụ ruru n'oké osimiri. N'azụ Marj Plain, ala ahụ na-ebili na mberede iji mepụta Jabal al Akhdar (Green Mountain), nke a na-akpọ ya n'ihi akwụkwọ osisi ya nke pine, juniper, cypress, na olive ọhịa. Ọ bụ ala dị larịị nke nwere oke elu nke ihe dị ka mita iri itoolu . 

Site na Jabal al Akhdar, Cyrenaica gbasaa n'ebe ndịda gafee ebe ịta ahịhịa na-adịghị mma nke na-enye ohere maka Ọzara Sahara, nke na-agbasawanye n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gafee ókèala Chad. N'adịghị ka Cyrenaica, Tripolitania anaghị agbasa n'ebe ndịda n'ime ọzara. A na-achịkwa mpaghara ọzara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, nke a maara dị ka Fezzan, iche n'oge ọchịchị ndị Ịtali na oge gọọmentị etiti nke ndị eze Libya. Nnukwu osimiri ndị a maara dị ka ergs nke Idehan Ubari na Idehan Murzuq kpuchiri ọtụtụ ala Fezzan.

N'afọ 1969, gọọmentị na-eme mgbanwe gbanwere aha mpaghara Tripolitania ka ọ bụrụ Ndịda Libya, nke Cyrenaica ka ọ bụrụ Ndịda Libya, na nke Fezzan ka ọ bụrụ Ndịda  Libya; Otú ọ dị, aha ochie ahụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mpaghara ahụ, n'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a nọgidere na-eji ha eme ihe ugboro ugboro. Cyrenaica nwere 51%, Fezzan 33%, na Tripolitania 16% nke mpaghara mba ahụ.

Tupu Libya enwee nnwere onwe, a naghị eji aha ya eme ihe ma e wezụga dị ka okwu ala na-edoghị anya. Ndị mmadụ họọrọ ka a kpọọ ha ụmụ amaala nke otu n'ime mpaghara atọ ahụ. Nkewa nke mpaghara ndị ahụ karịrị naanị mpaghara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, n'ihi na ha agbanweela n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị iche iche nke ọ bụla nwere ọdịbendị, usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ụkpụrụ dị iche na ndị ọzọ. Cyrenaica ghọrọ ndị Arab n'oge dịtụ obere karịa Tripolitania, agbụrụ Beduin chịrị ya. Otú ọ dị, ndị fọdụrụnụ nke ndị Berber bi na Tripolitania ka nọ na Tripolitanie. Fezzan anọgidewo na-abụ ụdị ime obodo nke Ugwu  Afrịka, oases ya ndị agbụrụ pere mpe bi na ya.

Ókè àlà dị n'etiti Tripolitania na Tunisia nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Enweghị ókèala okike na-egosi ókèala ahụ, na agbụrụ, asụsụ, usoro uru, na ọdịnala nke ndị abụọ ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ha bụrụ otu. Mpaghara Cyrenaica dị n'akụkụ Ijipt, ebe a kwa, akọwaghị ókèala ahụ n'ụzọ okike; iwu na-akwadoghị nakwa nke iwu na-agafe ugboro ugboro. N'ụzọ dị iche, ókèala Fezzan na Algeria, Niger, na Chad anaghị agafefe n'ihi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe efu nke ime obodo ọzara.

Ihe ndị ọzọ, kwa, dị ka ụdị ọdịnala nke ala, dịgasị iche na mpaghara dị iche iche. N'afọ ndị 1980's oge nkewa ha ka na-apụta nke ọma iji gosipụta nnukwu ihe mgbochi maka mbọ iji nweta Libya zuru oke.

 Mpaghara na ókè àlà 
Mpaghara: Ngụkọta: 1 759 540 km2 Ala: 1 759, 540 km2 Mmiri: 0 km2

Mpaghara - ntụnyere: Libya bụ mba nke anọ kachasị ukwuu n'Afrika okpukpu asaa karịa United Kingdom, ma buru ibu karịa Alaska. 

Ókèala ala: Ngụkọta: 4,348 km Ókèala mba: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km

Ụsọ oké osimiri: 1,770 kilomita

Nkwupụta ụgbọ mmiri: Oké osimiri mpaghara: 12  (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) ederede: Gulf of Sidra mechiri akara iri atọ na abụọ degrees, nkeji iri atọ n'ebe ugwu.
Mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụ iche: 351,589 km2 (135,749.3  )

 ihu igwe na mmiri 
N'ime Libya, a matala ọtụtụ mpaghara ihu igwe ise dị iche iche, mana ihu igwe kachasị bụ ihu igwe Mediterenian na-ekpo ọkụ na ihu igwe ọzara na-ekwo ọkụ (Köppen climate classification Csa na BWh). N'ọtụtụ ala dị ala n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ihu igwe bụ Mediterenian, na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi dị nro. Mmiri ozuzo dị obere. 

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị jụụ n'ugwu, na oyi na-eme n'ebe kachasị elu. N'ime ime ọzara, n'agbanyeghị ịdị elu dị elu, ihu igwe nwere ogologo oge, oge okpomọkụ dị oke ọkụ na oke okpomọkụ n'ehihie n'ihi ịdịgide nke igwe na-enweghị igwe na ikuku kpọrọ nkụ. Okpomọkụ kachasị elu e dekọrọ bụ na iri na atọ Septemba ọnwa na afọ 1922 na 'Aziziya, Libya, mana na afọ 2012 World Meteorological Organization mebiri ọgụgụ a na-enyo enyo ma kwuo na Furnace Creek na Death Valley, California dekọrọ ezigbo okpomọkụ kachasị mma n'ụwa na 56.7 °C (134.1 ).

Ihe -erughị pasenti abụọ nke ala mba ahụ na-enweta mmiri ozuzo zuru oke maka ọrụ ugbo, mmiri ozuzo kachasị njọ na-eme na mpaghara Jabal al Akhdar nke Cyrenaica, ebe a na-edekọ mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke narị anọ ruo narị isii mm (15.7 ruo 23.6 in). Mpaghara ndị ọzọ niile nke mba ahụ -enweta ihe na-erughị narị anọ  (15.7 in), na Sahara Desert nke iri ise mm (1.97 in) ma ọ bụ obere na-eme. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe, oke ọkọchị nwere ike ịgafe oge abụọ. Dị ka  ọmụmaatụ, nnukwu idei mmiri na afọ 1945 hapụrụ Tripoli n'okpuru mmiri ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, mana afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, oke ọkọchị a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ puku ehi.

Enweghị mmiri ozuzo na-egosipụta na enweghị osimiri ma ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide, na ihe dị ka  ọdọ mmiri iri abụọ na-adịkarị na-acha nnu ma ọ bụ nnu. N'afọ 1987, ọnọdụ ndị a gbochiri ikike ọrụ ugbo nke mba ahụ dị ka ihe ndabere maka akụ na ụba dị mma na nke dịgasị iche iche Gaddafi chọrọ iguzobe. A na-ewere nkesa nke obere mmiri dị ka ihe dị mkpa iji kwado ịdị adị nke akpọrọ Secretariat of Dams and Water Resources, na imebi isi iyi mmiri nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ dị arọ ma ọ bụ ịtụ mkpọrọ.

Gọọmentị ewuola netwọk nke ihe mgbochi mmiri na wadis, mmiri kpọrọ nkụ nke na-aghọ iyi mgbe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo gasịrị. A na-eji ihe mgbochi mmiri ndị a eme ihe dị ka ebe nchekwa mmiri na maka idei mmiri na nchịkwa mbuze. A na-ebi na wadis nke ukwuu n'ihi na ala dị n'okpuru ha na-adịkarị mma maka ọrụ ugbo, na tebụl mmiri dị elu dị nso na ha na-eme ka ha bụrụ ebe ezi uche dị na ya maka igwu olulu mmiri. Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ wadis, tebụl mmiri na-ebelata n'ụzọ dị egwu, ọkachasị n'ógbè ndị ọrụ ugbo siri ike na nso obodo ukwu. Gọọmentị egosila nchegbu maka nsogbu a na n'ihi ya, ọ tụgharịrị ọrụ mmepe mmiri, ọkachasị gburugburu Tripoli, gaa n'ógbè ebe ọchịchọ maka ihe onwunwe mmiri dị n'okpuru ala dị obere. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ukwuu maka iweghachi ọhịa.

E nwekwara ọtụtụ isi iyi, ndị kachasị mma maka mmepe n'ọdịnihu na-eme n'akụkụ ihu nke Jabal Nafusah na Jabal al Akhdar. Otú ọ dị, ihe a na-ekwukarị banyere ihe ndị dị na mmiri bụ nnukwu mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke ọzara. Nke a maara nke ọma n'ime ndị a dị n'okpuru Kufra Oasis na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Cyrenaica. A na-enwe mmiri dị n'ime ala nke nwere ikike ka ukwuu n'akụkụ obodo oasis nke Sabha na ọzara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. 

Na ngwụcha afọ 1970, a gwuru olulu mmiri na Kufra na Sabha dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu mgbalị mmepe ọrụ ugbo. Ọrụ ka ukwuu bụ nke a na-akpọ Great Manmade River, nke a malitere na afọ 1984. Ebumnuche ya bụ iji nweta nnukwu mmiri nke Kufra, Sarir, na Sabha oases na iburu mmiri na-esi na ya gaa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Mediterenian maka iji ya na ịgba mmiri na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ.

 Iji ala eme ihe 
Ala: ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ala kpọrọ nkụ, ala dị larịị ruo ala dị larịrị, ala dị elu, ndagwurugwu

Elu dị elu: ebe kachasị ala: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m ebe kachasị elu: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m

Ihe ndị sitere n'okike: mmanụ ala, gas sitere n' okike, gypsum

Ojiji ala: ala a na-akọ ugbo: 0.99% ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide: 0.19% ndị ọzọ: 98.82% (2011)

Ala a na-agba mmiri: 4,700 km2 (2003)

Ngụkọta mmiri a na-agbanwe agbanwe: 0.7 .7 km3 (0.17  mi) (2011)

 Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi 
Ihe ize ndụ sitere n'okike: okpomọkụ, kpọrọ nkụ, ghebli jupụtara n'ájá bụ ifufe ndịda na-adịru otu ụbọchị ruo ụbọchị anọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na ọdịda; ifufe uzuzu, ifufe ájá

Mpaghara - nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a: ọzara; obere ihe onwunwe mmiri dị ọcha; a na-ewu Great Manmade River Project, nke atụmatụ mmepe mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, iji weta mmiri site na nnukwu aquifers n'okpuru Sahara gaa n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri

Gburugburu ebe obibi - nkwekọrịta mba ụwa: otu ha bụ dị na bekee ;: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Changing-Kyoto Protocol Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands bịanyere aka, mana a kwadoghị ya: Iwu nke Oké Osimiri

 Ihe ndị dị oke mkpa 
Nke a bụ ndepụta nke ebe ndị dị oke mkpa nke Libya, ebe ndị dị n'ebe ugwu, ndịda, ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda anyanwụ karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ.

 Ebe kachasị n'ebe ugwu bụ Ras Ajdir n'ebe ókèala ya na Tunisia na-abanye n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, Nuqat al Khams District
 Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke China bụ Marsa er Ramla n'ebe ókèala ya na Ijipt na-abanye n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, Butnan District
 Ebe ndịda kachasị - ebe atọ na Chad na Sudan, Kufra District
 Ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - ebe a na-akpọghị aha n'ókè ya na Algeria ozugbo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ghadames, Nalut District

 Hụkwa 

 Cyrenaica
 Fezzan
 Ndepụta obodo dị na Libya
 Tripolitania
 Nkọwapụta nke aha ebe ndị Libya

 Ihe edeturu 

 Ndemsibia 

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