Iwu Nchekwa na Nweghachi Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ

Nnyocha kọmitii site na Kọmitii Ọrụ Ọha nke Senate; Kọmitii Ụlọ Interstate na Foreign Commerce
 Ọ gafere Senate na June 30, 1976 (88-3)
 Gafere ụlọ ahụ na Septemba 27, 1976 (367-8, n'ọnọdụ HR 14496) na mmezigharị
 Senate kwetara na House amendment na Septemba 30, 1976 (kwetara)
 Onye isi ala Gerald Ford bịanyere aka n'iwu n'October 21, 1976Ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States Obodo Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 430 U.S. 141 (1977)
 Hallstrom v. Ógbè Tillamook, 493 U.S. 20 (1990)
 Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ike v. Ohio, 503 U.S. 607 (1992)
 Obodo Chicago v. Ego Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, 511 U.S. 328 (1994)
 Meghrig v. KFC Western, Inc., 516 U.S. 479 (1996)
 Southern Union Co. v. United States, 567 U.S. 343 (2012)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), nke e tiri na 1976, bụ isi iwu gọọmentị etiti na United States naachịkwa ikpofu ihe mkpofu siri ike na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ.

 Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebumnuche 
Nzukọ omebe iwu wepụtara RCRA iji dozie nsogbu naarịwanye elu nke mba ahụ chere ihu site na ọnụ ọgụgụ naarị elu nke ihe mkpofu obodo na ụlọ ọrụ. RCRA bụ mmezigharị nke Iwu Nchịkọta Ihe Ndị Dị Ike nke 1965. Iwu ahụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba maka:

 Ichebe ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ihe ize ndụ nke mkpofu ihe.
 Nchekwa ike na ihe ndị sitere n'okike.
 Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mkpofu a naemepụta, site na mbelata isi iyi na imegharị ihe
 Idebe ụkpụrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.
 Ịhụ na njikwa ihe mkpofu nụzọ dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Usoro RCRA bụ njikọ aka nke gọọmentị etiti na steeti, na US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) naenye ihe ndị dị mkpa nke steeti naanabata, gbanwee, ma mee ka ọ dị irè.Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. “Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress.” EPA Alumni Association. March 2016. A maara RCRA ugbu a nọtụtụ ebe maka iwu ndị e wepụtara nokpuru ya nke setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ, nchekwa na ikpofu ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na United States. Otú ọ dị, ọ naarụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na njikwa ihe mkpofu obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe yana tankị nchekwa n'okpuru ala.

 Mmejuputa 
EPA ebipụtala iwu nchịkwa ihe mkpofu, nke edepụtara na Isiokwu 40 nke Code of Federal Regulations na akụkụ 239 ruo 282.Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR) (1998). "40 CFR Subchapter I - SOLID WASTES ." Iwu gbasara njikwa ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ naamalite na akụkụ 260.EPA (2011). "Hazardous Waste Regulations." Steeti nwere ikike ịrụ ọrụ na mmemme mkpofu nke ha, nke gaabụrịrị ihe siri ike dịka ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti, a naenyekwa ya ọrụ ịmepụta atụmatụ mmejuputa steeti maka ijikwa mkpofu siri ike.

Na California, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa Ihe Naegbu egbu (DTSC) bụ isi ikike naeme ka RCRA chọrọ, yana California Hazardous Waste Control Law (HWCL) nke 1972.

 Ndokwa 

 Isiokwu A: General Provisions 

 Nchọpụta ndị omeiwu; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na Iwu Mba
 Nkọwa
 Nkwado mba dị iche iche; itinye nọrụ Iwu na Njikọ na Ọrụ Ndị Ọzọ
 Nkwupụta ego; Ozi na Ntuziaka Nchịkwa Ihe Mfu Dị Ike

 Isiokwu B: Ọfịs nke Ihe Mfu Dị Ike; Ndị Nchịkwa 

 Kọmitii Nhazi Ụlọ Ọrụ Naahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị Ike na Ụlọ Ọrụ
 Ndị isi nke EPA Administrator
 Ngalaba Nweghachi na Nchekwa Ihe onwunwe; Onyinye
 Akụkọ Kwa Afọ; Ọfịs Onye Nlekọta

 Isiokwu C: "Cradle to Grave" chọrọ maka ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ 
O doro anya na a gụnyere ndokwa kachasị ama nke iwu RCRA na Subtitle C, nke naeduzi EPA iji guzobe njikwa na njikwa ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ site na ọgbọ ha, site na njem na ọgwụgwọ ha, nchekwa na / ma ọ bụ mkpofu ha. Nihi na RCRA chọrọ njikwa na ndị naemepụta ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ (ya bụ, ebe ndị naeme ihe mkpofu ndị dị ize ndụ), ndị naebugharị, na ọgwụgwọ, nchekwa na ebe a naekpofu ihe (ya bụ., ụlọ ọrụ naagwọ / tụfuo ma ọ bụ naemegharị ihe mkpofu ahụ dị ize ndụ). Steeti nwere ikike itinye usoro ihe mkpofu ha dị ize ndụ nọrụ. Iwu ahụ naetinye ihe ndekọ siri ike na akụkọ na ndị naemepụta ihe, ndị naebugharị, na ndị naọrụ ọgwụgwọ, nchekwa na ebe a naekpofu ihe naejikwa ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ.

 Isiokwu D: Ihe mkpofu siri ike naadịghị ize ndụ 
Subtitle D naenye ụkpụrụ maka ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ebe ndị ọzọ a naewepụ ihe mkpofu, ma machibido ebe a naemeghe. EPA bipụtara ụkpụrụ mbụ ya na 1979 maka ebe a naekpofu ahịhịa "dị ọcha" nke naenweta ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo. Nkọwa "ihe mkpofu siri ike" gụnyere ihe mkpofu (dịka, akpa nri, ala kọfị), ihe eji eme ihe nụlọ, ihe mkpofu sitere na taya ụgbọala ọkụ, ihe mkpuchi dị ka ihe mkpofu ígwè, ihe owuwu, na apịtị sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Subtitle D wepụkwara ụfọdụ ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ site na iwu Subtitle C, dị ka ihe mkpofu ndị dị ize ndụ sitere n'ụlọ na site na obere generators.

 Ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche 
Nafọ 1980, Congress họpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche," nke a naewepụghị na Subtitle C, gụnyere nchọpụta mmanụ na gas na ihe mkpofu mmepụta (dị ka nkwụsịtụ, mmiri mepụtara, na mmiri naegwu egwu), ihe mkpofu ọkụ coal nke ụlọ ọrụ eletrik na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ mepụtara, ihe mkpofu ala, na ájá ọkụ ciment. Lee Solid Waste Disposal Amendments nke 1980.

 Isiokwu E: Ọrụ nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa 

 Mmepe nke nkọwa maka ihe ndị ọzọ; Mmepe nke ahịa maka ihe ndị e nwetara.
 Nkwalite teknụzụ

 Isiokwu F: Ọrụ gọọmentị etiti 

 Mmetụta nke Federal, State na Local Law na Federal Facilities
 Nchịkọta gọọmentị etiti
 Njikọ na EPA; Ntinye aka nke ntuziaka mkpofu siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi

 Isiokwu G: Ndokwa ndị ọzọ 

 Nchebe onye na-eme mkpesa. Ndị ọrụ nọ na United States ndị kwenyere na a chụrụ ha nọrụ ma ọ bụ mee ihe ọzọ naadịghị mma metụtara itinye iwu a nọrụ nwere ụbọchị 30 iji tinye akwụkwọ mkpesa edere na Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
 Uwe ụmụ amaala; Uwe ndị naemebi ihe naabịa
 Arịrịọ maka iwu; itinye aka nihu ọha

 Isiokwu H: Nnyocha, Mmepe, Ngosipụta na Ozi 

 Nnyocha, Ihe ngosi, Ọzụzụ; Ọmụmụ Pụrụ Iche
 Nhazi, nchịkọta, mgbasa ozi

 Isiokwu nke mbụ: Tanks Storage Underground 

 Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga

Ọrụ nke tankị nchekwa nokpuru ala (USTs) ghọrọ ihe a naachịkwa na usoro nchịkwa RCRA site na itinye nọrụ nke Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments nke 1984 (HSWA). Noge ahụ, e nwere ihe dị ka nde tankị 2.1 nokpuru iwu gọọmentị etiti, na mmemme EPA dugara na mmechi na iwepụ ọtụtụ tankị ndị naadịghị mma.EPA (2011). "Overview Of The Federal UST Program." Ka ọ naerule afọ 2009, e nwere ihe dịka 600,000 USTs naarụ ọrụ na 223,000 saịtị ndị nọ nokpuru iwu gọọmentị etiti.EPA (2010). "FY 2009 Annual Report On The Underground Storage Tank Program." Document no. EPA-510-R-10-001.

 Ihe ndị a chọrọ niwu

Iwu UST nke gọọmentị etiti naekpuchi tankị naechekwa mmanụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ize ndụ edepụtara, ma kọwaa ụdị tankị enyere ikike. EPA guzobere usoro ọkwa tankị iji soro ọnọdụ UST. Usoro nchịkwa UST naachịkwa site na ụlọ ọrụ steeti na US.

Iwu ndị ahụ setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ maka:

 Nlekọta mmiri nokpuru ala
 Mgbochi nke Abụọ
 Nchọpụta ntọhapụ, mgbochi na idozi
 Mgbochi nke nsị
 Mgbochi mgbochi (maka ngwaahịa mmanụ)
 Mmachibido iwu maka mkpofu ala nke ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ a naapụghị idozi edozi.

Iwu Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act nke 1986 (SARA) chọrọ ka ndị nwe na ndị naarụ ọrụ nke USTs hụ na emechara ọrụ mgbazi mgbe tankị chọrọ nrụzi, ma ọ bụ iwepụ, mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji chebe ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbanwe ndị ahụ guzobere ego ntụkwasị obi iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka nhicha nke ebe UST naagbapụta ebe a naenweghị ike ịmata ndị naahụ maka ya.

A naatụkwa aro na a naeji tankị nchekwa dị nelu ala mgbe ọ bụla o kwere omume.

 Isiokwu J: Ihe mkpofu ahụike (ọ gwụrụ) 
RCRA Subtitle J naachịkwa ihe mkpofu ahụike na steeti anọ (New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island) na Puerto Rico, ma gwụ na Machị 22, 1991. (Lee Medical Waste Tracking Act.) Ụlọ ọrụ naahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike naachịkwa ihe mkpofu ahụike, karịa EPA. Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti ndị ọzọ ewepụtala iwu nchekwa naachịkwa njikwa ihe mkpofu ahụike, gụnyere Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, na Food and Drug Administration.

 Mgbanwe na iwu ndị metụtara ya 

 Mgbanwe nke Nchịkọta Ihe Ndị Dị Ike nke 1980 
Nzukọ omebe iwu wepụrụ ọtụtụ ụdị ihe mkpofu site na nhazi dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ n'okpuru Subtitle C na mmezigharị ya na 1980 na RCRA. The Solid Waste Disposal Amendments nke 1980 họpụtara ụdị ndị a dị ka "ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche" ma ghara ịdabere na ikike siri ike nke Subtitle C:

 coal combustion residuals (CCR) nke ụlọ ọrụ eletrik na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ mepụtara, gụnyere ntụ naefe efe, ntụ ala, ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpofu nke gas desulfurization
 ihe mkpofu nke ebe a naegwupụta ihe na ebe a na -
 ájá ciment
 igwu mmiri, mepụta mmiri, na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ sitere na olulu mmanụ na gas.

Iwu ndị a, nke a maara dị ka "Nkewapụ nke dị mkpa" na "Nkepụ nke Bentsen", bu nuche ka ọ bụrụ nke nwa oge, naechere nyocha nke EPA na mkpebi ndị ọzọ gbasara ma a gaekewapụta nke ọ bụla nime ụdị mkpofu ndị a dị ize ndụ. Na nyocha ya naesote mmezigharị 1980, EPA kpebiri na ọtụtụ nime ụdị mkpofu a naahapụ gaanọgide naahazi dị ka ndị naadịghị ize ndụ.

 Iwu 
EPA bipụtara iwu CCR na 2015 nke gaegbochi iji ọdọ mmiri ntụ naenweghị ntụ (ihe ndị dị nelu) site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik naeji coal eme ihe. Iwu a, nke gọọmentị Trump gbanwere na 2018, ka a mara aka na ikpe ma weghachite ya na EPA maka nyocha ọzọ site na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke United States maka District of Columbia Circuit. Nịzaghachi mkpebi ụlọ ikpe ahụ, EPA bipụtara iwu a tụrụ aro na Disemba 2, 2019 nke gaeguzobe oge njedebe nke August 31, 2020 maka ụlọ ọrụ iji kwụsị itinye ntụ nime ihe ndị a na-ejighị naka. Atụmatụ ahụ ga-enyekwa oge ọzọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ - ruo afọ asatọ - iji chọta ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka ijikwa ihe mkpofu ntụ tupu imechi ihe mkpofu.

 Nnukwu ego 
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), nke a makwaara dị ka "Superfund," ka e tiri nafọ 1980 iji dozie nsogbu nke idozi ebe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, site nịmepụta ụgwọ iwu, yana ego ntụkwasị obi maka ọrụ nhicha. Nozuzu, CERCLA naemetụta ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ, ebe RCRA naelekwasị anya na ịchịkwa ọgbọ naaga nihu na njikwa nke ụfọdụ iyi mkpofu. RCRA, dị ka CERCLA, nwere ndokwa iji chọọ nhicha nke ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ nke mere n'oge gara aga.

 Mgbanwe nke Ihe Ndị Dị Iche Ndụ na Ihe Ndị Dị Ike nke 1984 
Nafọ 1984, Congress gbasaa RCRA site nịmepụta Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA). Mgbanwe ndị ahụ mere ka iwu ahụ sie ike site na ikpuchi obere ihe naemepụta ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na ịmepụta ihe achọrọ maka ihe mkpofu ihe dị ize ndụ, na mmechi nke ebe a na-ekpofu ihe.

 Iwu Mgbanwe nke Usoro Nchịkọta Ala nke 1996 
The Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996 nyere ohere mgbanwe ụfọdụ na usoro maka ikpochapụ ala nke ihe mkpofu ụfọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe mkpofu anaghị enwe ihe mgbochi mkpofu ala ma ọ bụrụ na e zigara ya nụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ ọrụ mkpofu mmiri, ma ọ bụ naedozi ya nebe a naeme ka ọ ghara ịpụ".

 Ikike ọgwụgwọ, nchekwa, na ikpofu ihe 

Ebe ọgwụgwọ, nchekwa, na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa (TSDFs) naachịkwa ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ nokpuru RCRA Sbtitle C ma nozuzu ya gaenwerịrị ikike iji rụọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ikike RCRA, ụfọdụ naaga nihu naarụ ọrụ nokpuru ihe a na-akpọ "ọnọdụ nwa oge".  Ihe achọrọ maka ọnọdụ nwa oge naapụta na 40 CFR Nkebi 265.

Ihe achọrọ maka TSDF naapụta na 40 CFR Parts 264 na 270. TSDFs na-achịkwa (naedozi, naechekwa, ma ọ bụ naatụfu) ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na nkeji ndị nwere ike ịgụnye: ebe nchekwa continer, tankị, ihe mkpofu, ngalaba nhazi ala, ebe a naekpofu ahịhịa, incinerators, ụlọ mgbochi, na / ma ọ bụ ihe naagbanye mmiri. A naakọwapụta ikike na ọrụ ndị a chọrọ nụzọ zuru ezu na 40 CFR Part 264, Subparts J site na DD.

 Hụkwa 

 Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha
 Ebe Nchebe Ndị A Na-ejibu
 Ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na United States
 Iwu mkpofu siri ike na United States
 Iwu Nchịkwa Radiation

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations