Òtù Ụmụnna nke Ọbara Africa

African Blood Brotherhood for African Liberation and Redemption (ABB) bụ òtù nnwere onwe ndị isi ojii nke United States guzobere na 1919 na New York City site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Cyril Briggs. E guzobere otu ahụ dị ka òtù mgbasa ozi nke e wuru na ihe nlereanya nke òtù nzuzo. Echiche nke otu ahụ dọtara uche nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke America na-eto eto na ABB n'oge na-adịghị anya ghọrọ akụkụ mgbasa ozi nke Communist Party of America. A kwụsịrị otu ahụ na mbido afọ 1920.

 Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga 
N'ime afọ iri nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nnwere onwe nke ndị isi ojii America malitere ịmalite na mpaghara Harlem nke New York City.Mark Solomon, The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917-36. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998; p. 4. Mgbanwe ahụ gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị si na British West Indies na agwaetiti ndị ọzọ si na mpaghara Caribbean, bụ ndị, ebe a zụlitere ha ma gụọ akwụkwọ dị ka akụkụ nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ n'ala nna ha, hụrụ onwe ha n'ọnọdụ nke ndị agbụrụ na-emegbu emegbu na America. Dị ka ihe sitere na usoro na-ahaghị nhata nke ọchịchị ndị eze, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọhụrụ a bịara America nwere obi ọjọọ megide ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na echiche nke iwu alaeze ukwu.

Otu n'ime ndị a si na Caribbean bụ Cyril Briggs, amụrụ na 1888 n'àgwàetiti Nevis, onye kwagara Harlem n'oge ọkọchị nke 1905.Solomon, The Cry Was Unity, p. 5. N'afọ 1912, otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị isi ojii, New York Amsterdam News, were Briggs n'ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ n'afọ niile nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. N'ịbụ onye okwu nke "nkwupụta onwe onye nke mba" nke Onye isi ala Woodrow Wilson kwadoro kpaliri, na Septemba 1918 Briggs malitere mbipụta kwa ọnwa a na-akpọ The Crusader, iji kwalite echiche nke "ịlaghachi" nke ndị isi ojii na Afrịka a chụpụrụ, echiche yiri echiche nke oge a n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị Juu Europe nke Zionism na "ịlaghachikwute" Palestine.Solomon, The Cry Was Unity, p. 6.

Onye malitere Crusader bụ George Wells Parker, onye ọchụnta ego ojii si Omaha, Nebraska, dị ka akụkụ nke League of Legends, otu mba Afrịka.Solomon, The Cry Was Unity, p. 6. Parker bipụtara isiokwu n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ekwupụta na Afrịka bụ ebe mmepeanya malitere ma na-arụ ụka na agbụrụ ndị isi ojii dị elu. O nyere aka n'ụzọ ego maka mbipụta ahụ, nke bụ n'ezie ihe na-ebute echiche ya.Solomon, The Cry Was Unity, pp. 6-7.

Na Febụwarị 1919, Briggs malitere ịgbanwe echiche ya, a gosikwara echiche ọhụrụ ya na edemede na Crusader. Ọ malitere iji tụnyere nsogbu nke ndị ọrụ ojii na United States na ndị ọcha na-arụ ọrụ, ndị na-abụkarị ndị mbịarambịa ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ ha si Europe.Solomon, The Cry Was Unity, p. 7. N'ime ọnwa ndị sochirinụ, Briggs malitere ịtụle usoro nke akụrụngwa dị ka onye ọjọọ, ọ rụkwara ụka maka otu ihe kpatara ya na otu ihe ndị ọrụ agbụrụ niile na-eme.

Onye Ntụte ahụ mechara nweta ngụkọta nke mmadụ 36,000, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọ na Harlem.Cyril Briggs, "Letter to Theodore Draper in New York from Cyril Briggs in Los Angeles, March 17, 1958 (long extract)," Corvallis, OR: 1000 Flowers Publishing, 2007.

 Ntọala nke nzukọ 
Oge okpomọkụ nke 1919 na America bụ oge ọgba aghara agbụrụ na ime ihe ike, nke ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-echeta dịka "Red Summer". Ndị agha si n'ọgbọ agha Europe lọta, gụnyere ndị isi ojii nwere atụmanya dị elu maka nnwere onwe na nha nhata na ndị ọcha na-achọ ịlaghachi n'ọrụ ndị nkịtị na ọnọdụ dị n'ihu bellum, na ndị ọrụ ojii ọhụrụ si n'ime ime obodo South mepụtara ngwakọta na-agbanwe agbanwe nke malitere ime ihe ike na Chicago, Omaha, na obodo niile dị na Midwest na South.

N'ịzaghachi mwakpo ndị a, onye agha ntụte ahụ kwadoro iji ngwá agha chebe onwe onye. Na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Briggs jiri ya tụnyere mwakpo gọọmentị na ndị ọcha na ndị isi ojii. O gosipụtara akụrụngwa dị ka ihe kpatara mmegbu nke ndị ogbenye nke agbụrụ niile. Mgbe ọ na-akwado nyocha Marxist, The Crusader kwadoro otu nzukọ dị iche nke ndị Africa America iji chebe megide mwakpo agbụrụ na United States, ma jiri nke a tụnyere ndị Africa na-alụso ọchịchị ala ọzọ ọgụ.

Na Septemba 1919, The Crusader kwupụtara nguzobe nke otu nzukọ ọhụrụ a na-akpọ African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka nzukọ na-echebe onwe onye maka ndị isi ojii na-eyi egwu site na ọgba aghara agbụrụ na igbu ọchụ. Nke a sonyeere mbipụta nke uri Claude McKay If We Must Die .Maxwell, William (1999) New Negro, Old Left New York: Columbia University Press

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Briggs malitere ịmekọrịta ndị isi ojii America dị ka Otto Huiswoud a mụrụ na Surinam na onye na-ede uri na onye edemede Jamaica Claude McKay.Solomon, The Cry Was Unity, p. 9. Ndị a jikọtara Briggs na mbipụta ya na ndị Kọmunist ọcha a mụrụ n'ala gụnyere Robert Minor na Rose Pastor Stokes, bụ ndị nwere mmasị siri ike na ihe a na-akpọ "Negro Question". Briggs ga-esonye na Communist Party n'onwe ya na 1921.

 Esemokwu ya na Marcus Garvey na Bureau of Investigation 
ABB gbalịrị ịhazi site n'ime UNIA-ACL ma kwado iwu nkwado dị oke egwu maka onye ndú ya, Marcus Garvey Ndị isi ABB Briggs na Claude McKay sonyere na nzukọ mba UNIA nke 1920 na 1921 na New York. Na nnọkọ nke abụọ, McKay mere ndokwa maka Rose Pastor Stokes, onye ndú ọcha nke Communist Party, ka ọ kwuo okwu na mgbakọ ahụ.

ABB ghọrọ onye na-akatọ Garvey nke ukwuu mgbe ọdịda doro anya nke Black Star Line na nzukọ Garvey na July 1921 Atlanta na Grand Kleagle Clarke nke Ku Klux Klan. Na June 1922, The Crusader mara ọkwa na ọ ghọwo akụkụ nke African Blood Brotherhood. N'ikwu na UNIA ga-abụ ihe a ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na ọ mepụtaghị onye ndu ọhụrụ, magazin ahụ chọrọ ịgbanwe ndị otu UNIA ka ha bụrụ ABB. N'ịchọ iji dochie UNIA, ABB na-asọ mpi na akwụkwọ Randolph nke The Messenger, nke kpọrọ oku ka a chụpụ Garvey na United States. Na nzaghachi, Garvey kpọrọ ndị na-eso ụzọ ya ka ha mebie nzukọ nke ndị otu mmegide a.

Na mgbakwunye na esemokwu ya na Garvey, ndị uwe ojii na ụlọ ọrụ mmanye iwu gọọmentị etiti lekwasịrị anya maka nyocha. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Theodore Roosevelt na-akọ [ebe?] na gọọmentị malitere ịchịkwa òtù ndị na-eme ihe ike na njikọ aka na ikpe ikpe n'okpuru ihe na-eme ka ndị na-emegide agwo kwụsị. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, e guzobere mkpọsa gọọmentị megide ndị Kọmunist, ndị anarchist, na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe na ntụziaka nke Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (ya onwe ya bụ onye mwakpo bọmbụ abụọ nke anarchist) n'ihe a kpọrọ First Red Scare. A kụrụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na nzuzo na UNIA, ABB na The Messenger. Ndị ọrụ a nyere ndị ọrụ nzuzo na Bureau of Investigation mgbe ha na-emebi nzukọ, ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndi ọrụ na-akpali akpali.

ABB nwere ogeTulsa nke 1921. Tulsa nwere isi ABB na akụkọ akụkọ kwuru na nzukọ ahụ na-akpali nguzogide megide mwakpo agbụrụ.

 Njikọ ya na ndị Kọmunist 
The Crusader kwụsịrị ibipụta na Febụwarị 1922, na-esote ebubo Garvey maka igwu wayo. Briggs gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Crusader News Service, na-enye akụkọ na akwụkwọ ndị metụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii America. Ka imekọ ihe ọnụ na ndị Communist Party na-abawanye, ABB kwụsịrị iwebata ndị ọrụ iche.

Ndị isi nke Communist International, ọ bụ ezie na ha amaghị ihe gbasara ọnọdụ ndị isi ojii na United States, ghọtara mkpa agbụrụ na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke klas, ma mee ka CP mbụ lekwasị anya na ndị isi ojii nọ na US. Tupu ntinye aka a site na Comintern, pati ahụ leghaara ndị isi ojii anya, ya mere ọ bụghị ihe na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa na ndị isi ọchịchịrị dị ka Briggs. Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụ Bolshevik Revolution dọtara uche ha.

Onye na-ede uri na onye otu ABB bụ Claude McKay na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Left Communist Workers Socialist Federation na London ma mesịa gaa Soviet Union ọtụtụ ugboro n'etiti afọ 1920, na-ede banyere nzukọ nke Communist International maka ndị na-ege ntị Africa-America. Akwụkwọ McKay, The Negroes in America (nke e bipụtara na Russian na 1924 mana ọ bụghị na US ruo 1979) rụrụ ụka, megide ọnọdụ ndị Kọmunist nke oge ahụ, na mmegbu nke ndị isi ojii na US enweghị ike ibelata na mmegbu akụ na ụba, mana ọ bụ ihe pụrụ iche. Ọ rụrụ ụka megide ìsì ụcha nke ndị Kọmunist ketara site na Socialist Party.

McKay rụrụ ụka n'ụzọ siri ike maka nnwere onwe mba iji kwado nnwere onwe obodo maka ndị a na-emegbu emegbu, nke pụtara na ọ bụ gọọmentị Africa-America nwere onwe ya dị iche na nke United States.  N'ikpeazụ, mgbe Nzukọ nke Isii nke Comintern gasịrị na 1928, CPUSA nakweere iwu nke mkpebi onwe onye nke mba maka ndị Africa America bi na South America. E leghaara iwu ahụ anya mgbe oge Popular Front malitere na 1935, mana a gbanwere ya ruo n'afọ 1959.

Ka ndị Communist Party na-etolite, ọ kwadoro usoro ya dịka ndị Communist International (Comintern) chọrọ. Òtù ndị na-anọghị n'otu dịka African Blood Brotherhood na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Afro-Marxist dị iche iche bụ ihe a na-akpọ Comintern na ndị isi Soviet ya, bụ ndị kwenyere na òtù ndị Kọmunist na Marxist-Leninist niile kwesịrị ịdị n'otu n'otu òtù Kọmunist ma n'elu ikpo okwu na mba ọ bụla n'okpuru ntụziaka na njikwa zuru oke nke Moscow. Na mbido afọ 1920, a gbasara African Blood Brotherhood, ndị otu ya sonyere na Workers Party of America ma mesịa banye na American Negro Labor Congress. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị otu ABB mbụ gara n'ihu bụrụ ndị isi CP ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ.

 Ndị otu 
ABB nwere ngụkọta nke ndị otu na-erughị 3,000 n'oge ọ kachasị elu.

 Hụkwa 


 Ihe odide 

 Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala 

 Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 

 Akwụkwọ ABB 

 Cyril V. Briggs (ed.), Onye Ntụte. August 1918-February 1922. New York: Garland Publishing, 1987.
 Cyril V. Briggs, "The African Blood Brotherhood," The Crusader, Mpịakọta nke 2, Nke 10 (June 1920), peeji nke 7, 22.
 "Programme of the African Blood Brotherhood", The Communist Review, Mpịakọta nke 2, Nke 6 (Eprel 1922).

 Ihe ndị e bipụtara 

 Eric Arnesen, Black Protest and the Great Migration: A Brief History with Documents. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2002.
 Anthony Dawahare, Nationalism, Marxism, na African American Literature Between the Wars: A New Pandora's Box. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002.
 Michael C. Dawson, Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African-American Political Ideologies. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2003.
 Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism. New York: Viking Press, 1957.
 Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik: Akụkọ ndụ nke onye Kọmunist Afro-American. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
 Robert A. Hill (ed.), FBI's RACON: Ọnọdụ agbụrụ na United States n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Ithaca, NY: Northeastern University Press, 1995.
 Robert A. Hill, "Racial and Radical: Cyril V. Briggs, The Crusader Magazine, and the African Blood Brotherhood, 1918-1922."  edemede mmeghe maka The Crusader. New York: Garland Publishing, 1987.
 Winston James, Na-ejide Aloft ọkọlọtọ nke Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ America. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
 Shannon King, "Binye Negro Ọhụrụ: Ime ihe ike na Nnupụisi Ndị Ojii n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1920s," Binghamton Journal of History, Spring 2004.
 Theodore Kornweibel, Jr. "Nnyocha Ihe Ọ bụla": Mgbalị gọọmentị etiti iji mee ka ndị isi ojii kweta iguzosi ike n'ihe n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
 Theodore Kornweibel, Jr. Seeing Red: Mgbasa ozi gọọmentị etiti megide Black Militancy, 1919-1925. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
 Ronald A. Kuykendall, "The African Blood Brotherhood, Independent Marxist During the Harlem Renaissance", The Western Journal of Black Studies, Mpịakọta 26, No. 1 (2002), peeji nke 16-21.
 Mark I. Solomon, The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917-36. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998.
 Alan Wald, "African Americans, Culture and Communism (Part 1): National Liberation and Socialism", Against the Current, Mpịakọta 14, No. 6, No. 84 (January/February 2000).
 Jacob A. Zumoff, The Communist International and US Communism, 1919-1929. [2014] Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015.

 Ihe ndị a na-ebipụtaghị 

 Maria Gertrudis van Enckevort, Ndụ na Ọrụ nke Otto Huiswoud: Professional Revolutionary and Internationalist (1893-1961). Mona, Jamaica: Mahadum nke West Indies, 2000. Akwụkwọ edemede PhD.
 Minkah Makalani, Maka Nnwere Onwe nke Ndị Ojii Ebe Ọ bụla: African Blood Brotherhood, Black Radicalism, na Pan-African Liberation na New Negro Movement, 1917-1936. Urbana, IL: Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign, 2004. Akwụkwọ edemede PhD.
 Theman Ray Taylor, Cyril Briggs na African Blood Brotherhood: Echiche ọzọ siri ike nke agbụrụ na klas na 1920s. Santa Barbara, CA: Mahadum California na Santa Barbara, 1981. Akwụkwọ edemede PhD.
 Maurie I. Warren, Moses na onye ozi: Nsogbu nke Black Radicalism, 1921-1922. Cambridge, MA: Mahadum Harvard, 1974. Thesis nke Bachelor.
 Jacob A. Zumoff, The Communist Party of the United States and the Communist International, 1919-1929.  London: Mahadum nke London, 2003. Akwụkwọ edemede PhD.

 Ebe ndebe ihe ochie 

 Ihe ndekọ nyocha banyere ndị Africa America na ọchịchị Kọmunist, 1919-1993, (Bulk 1919-1939). Nke Mark Solomon kere. Tamiment Library/Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives. 4.25 linear feet (4 igbe).
 Akwụkwọ nyocha Theodore Kornweibel, 1910-1960. Ihe nyocha nke Theodore Kornweibel chịkọtara. Nchịkọta ahụ nwere mbipụta nke FBI na ndekọ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti ndị ọzọ, gụnyere faịlụ ikpe nwetara site na Iwu Nnwere Onwe nke Ozi, akwụkwọ ozi zuru ezu, akwụkwọ gọọmentị gọọmentị, na akwụkwọ ozi Kornweibel na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti. Newberry Library, Chicago.

 Njikọ mpụga 

 Akwụkwọ African Blood Brotherhood, Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Marxism nke America, www.marxisthistory.org/
 "Black and Red: A Journey Through Communism in the Black Community," www.tcnj.edu/
 "The Black Freedom Struggle and the Comintern", www.icl-fi.org/
 "The African Blood Brotherhood and the Origins of Black Communism in the United States," Cosmonaut.blog 
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations