Demonic Male

Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence bụ akwụkwọ 1996 nke Richard Wrangham na Dale Peterson nyochara ihe ndị metụtara nnwoghari da ke mere ka ụmụ nwoke nwee ike ime ihe ọjọọ.Daniel Pinchbeck, "Men, Monkeys And Mayhem ", The Washington Post, November 17, 1996, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/reviews/demonicmales.htmMark Ridley, "Going Ape", The New York Times, October 27, 1996, https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/27/books/going-ape.html?pagewanted=all&src=pmRegal, Philip J. 1996. Review of Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence by Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson. Quarterly Review of Biology 73:473-476. ("Violence and Sex") online at https://web.archive.org/web/20080513092541/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~regal001/demonic.htm

 Nchịkọta 
Demonic Males na-amalite site n'ịkọwapụta na ụmụ mmadụ, enwe, adaka na orangutans bụ otu nnukwu enwe metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ụmụ mmadụ na-adị nso na enwe nwere njikọ chiri anya.  Mgbe ha kwuchara banyere ihe nyeere ndị nna nna mmadụ aka ịpụ n'oké ọhịa (iji mgbọrọgwụ eme ihe dị ka isi iyi mmiri na nri), Demonic Males na-esote na-enye ndepụta nke ụdị ime ihe ike nke ndị nwoke chimpanzees na-eme (intragroup hierarchical ime ihe ike, ime ihe ike megide nwanyị, na  extragroup igbu ọchụ).  Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke idina mmadụ n'ike site n'aka ndị orangutan na-abụghị alfa na igbu ụmụ ọhụrụ site n'aka ndị nwoke gorillas bụkwa ihe atụ nke ihe nketa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa anyị.

Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ gosipụtara ọha mmadụ chimpanzee dị ka ndị nna ochie, n'ihi na ọ dịghị anụ ọhịa nwoke toro eto nọ n'okpuru nwanyị ọbụla nke ọkwa. Ha na-enye ihe akaebe na ọtụtụ mmepeanya mmadụ kachasị ike abụwo ndị nna ochie, nakwa na ụmụ nwoke nwere ọchịchọ ebumpụta ụwa nke chimpanzees maka ịchịkwa, ime ihe n'efu, agha, ndina ụdị onwe ya, na igbu ọchụ. Ha na-ekwụ kwa na akụkụ ịhụ ụbụrụ bụkwa ihe kpatara ya, dịka egosila ụmụ mmadụ site n'inwale iji mee mkpebi dabere ma na arụmụka nakwa mmetụta nke frontal cord.

N'iji gosi ndiiche na obodo enwe, n'isiakwụkwọ "The Peaceful Ape", ndị odee ji ọdịiche dị n'àgwà chimpanzee na nke ndị bonobo, na-egosi ezi ihe kpatara ndụ na-eme ka omume udo dịwanye njọ (n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-eme ihe ike na nke na-emegide) omume nke ikpeazụ. Ihe mere e nyere maka nke a na-agụnye òtù ụmụ nwanyị bonobo nke na-adịghị anabata mmegide nwoke na nwanyị, ike bonobo (na chimps, ovulation nwere ma olfactory na genital na-apụta ìhè. Ọdịiche a dị na usoro ọmụmụ nwa nwanyị na-eduga na asọmpi nwoke na-akpa ike maka ịlụ nwoke), yana nzukọ ọha na eze n'ozuzu, nke na-eme ka nwoke bonobos anaghị eme njikọ dị ka ụmụ nwoke chimps na-eme, n'agbanyeghị na nke a na-asọrịta mpi. 
Ndị Bonobos na-achịkwa usoro ihe ọmụmụ matrirchal, ma bụrụ ndị pụrụ iche maka mmekọrịta ha na-agbasasị ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado mkpebi na ụzọ ime udo n'etiti otu ahụ, na-akụda ime ihe ike na agha.  Enwere ike ime myirịta nke ihe gbasara mmadụ na obere omenaala mmadụ dị ka Hippies, nke egosipụtara n'ụkpụrụ nke Hippies na Bonobos na-eme ịhụnanya, ọ bụghị agha.  Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji echiche nke oge a na-agbalị ịkọwa otú usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na Bonobo si jụ ime ihe ike ma lekwasị anya na ike nke imekọ ihe ọnụ, yana otú nke a si rite uru na ndụ zuru ezu nke otu ahụ..

Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ahụ weere ime ihe ike ụmụ nwoke dị ka nke a na-achọghị site n'ịgbanwe agbanwe ma bụrụkwa onye omume ọjọọ (na-akọwapụta mkpochapụ agbụrụ ndị Hutu na Tutsi na ebe obibi Great Ape Africa, yana ịkọ akụkọ utopian nwanyị Charlotte Perkins Gilman Herland [1915]), wee kwuo na ọbịbịa ngwá agha oge ochie dịka gas akwara na bọmbụ atọm yiri ọdịnihu anyị egwu. Dị ka Steven Pinker's The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (2012), nke na-ekwu maka ime ihe ike anọwo na-ebelata n'etiti ọha mmadụ oge, Demonic Males kwuru na ụmụ nwoke nwere mkpụrụ ndụ nketa ohere ịme mwakpo ahụ, mana ụdị mmadu nwekwara ikike ọgụgụ isi iji merie ntụpọ a ma ọ bụrụ na obodo ghọtara na ọdịmma ndị mmadụ ga-eme ya.

 Ntụle 
N'ime nkọwa ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Demonic Males, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ Philip Regal kwuru na akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkụ ụfọdụ mwakpo megide echiche ụmụ nwanyị deconstructivist na ime ike nwoke bụ naanị mmekọrịta mmadụ. Regal na-ele akwụkwọ ahụ anya dị ka "akụkụ sara mbara megide nrọ utopian ochie nke Atlantis, Eden, Elysium, Golden Age, ihe osise Romantic, na Margaret Mead nwụrụ anwụ", nke chere ụmụ mmadụ dịka ndị udo.Regal, Philip J. 1996. Review of Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence by Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson. Quarterly Review of Biology 73:473-476. ("Violence and Sex") online at https://web.archive.org/web/20080513092541/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~regal001/demonic.htm

The New York Times kpọrọ ya "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma dị mfe ịgụ", wee kwuo na ọ bụ ụdị akwụkwọ sayensị siri ike nke nwere ihe ị ga-ekwu banyere ajụjụ ndị ọtụtụ mmadụ, ọ bụghị naanị maka ndị ọkachamara.Mark Ridley, "Going Ape", The New York Times, October 27, 1996, https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/27/books/going-ape.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm

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