Alex Pacheco (onye na-eme ngagharị iwe)

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Alexander Fernando Pacheco (amụrụ nọnwa Ọgọstụ nafọ 1958) bụ onye America naahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ bụ onye guzobere 600 Million Dogs, onye guzobere na onye bụbu onyeisi oche nke People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) na onye otu ndụmọdụ nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.

Pacheco bu ụzọ soro Captain Paul Watson rụọ ọrụ na 1979 nụgbọ mmiri Sea Shepherd gafee Oké Osimiri Atlantic, noge mkpọsa nke mmegide megide Sierra, ụgbọ mmiri naegbu whale nke Portugal. Ma The Sea Shepherd na Sierra mikpuru mgbe ndị ọchịchị Portugal weghaara ha.

Pacheco bịara nihu ọha na 1981 maka ọrụ ya, ya na Ingrid Newkirk, nihe a maara dị ka ikpe Silver Spring, mkpọsa iji tọhapụ 17 craberi macaques ndị naeme nnwale na Institute for Behavioral Research na Silver Spring, Maryland. Onye naeme ihe nkiri Oliver Stone dere na mkpọsa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji zọpụta enwe ahụ mere ka e nwee òtù na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ anụmanụ na United States.Stone, Oliver. Foreword in Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case That Launched the Animal Rights Movement. National Press Books, 1993.

 Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ 
A mụrụ Pacheco na Joliet, Illinois, mana ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Mexico mgbe ọ dị obere, ebe nna ya bụ onye Mexico, onye dọkịta, na nne ya, onye nọọsụ America, zụlitere ya na ụmụnne ya abụọ nakụkụ oké osimiri. Kathy Snow Guillermo dere na Monkey Business (1993) na ndụ Pacheco jupụtara na ụmụ anụmanụ; ụmụ oke bi nosisi rọba dị nihu ya, agwọ naehi ụra nazụ nkume ndị dị nso, ndị ọkụ azụ naadọkpụ dolphin mgbe niile nime mmiri gaa nụsọ osimiri. Kama igbu anụmanụ maka nri nebe a naegbu anụ, a naegbakarị ezì, ehi, ọkụkọ, na turkey nihu ya.Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement. National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33.

Ezinụlọ ahụ hapụrụ Mexico mgbe Pacheco nọ na obere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, wee kwaga netiti Ohio, Indiana, na Illinois. Mmasị ya nanụmanụ gara nihu. Ọ zụrụ mbe na nnụnụ nụlọ ahịa anụ ụlọ, na nwa naeri crabs, onye ọ kpọrọ Chi Chi na onye gaanọ nubu ya ka ọ naagagharị nụlọ ahụ.Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement. National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33.

Ọ gara mahadum Katọlik dị na Ohio, naezube ịbanye nọrụ ụkọchukwu, mana mgbe ọ nọ na Canada nafọ mbụ ya na mahadum ahụ, ọ gara leta enyi ya naarụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ naetinye anụ. Guillermo dere na ọ wụrụ ya akpata oyi nhụ ịhụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ naatụba nwa ehi a mụrụ ọhụrụ, nke e wepụrụ nakpa nwa nne ya e gburu egbu, nime ihe mkpofu. Ka e mesịrị nizu ahụ, otu enyi nyere ya akwụkwọ Peter Singer's Animal Liberation, ọ laghachiri Ohio dị ka onye naeri akwụkwọ nri. Obi ya abụghịzi ịbụ onye ụkọchukwu, o kpebiri ịga Mahadum steeti OhioGuillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement. National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33. dị na Columbus, Ohio ma tinye onwe ya ninyere ihe ọ kpọrọ "ndị ọzọ karịa mmadụ" aka.

 Mgbalị 

 Onye Ọzụzụ Atụ nke Oké Osimiri 
Na mahadum, Pacheco haziri mkpọsa megide iji ọnyà legold na ịkpụ ezì na ehi naenweghị ọgwụ anesthetic. Guillermo dere na, ebe ọ bụ na Ohio bụ steeti ọrụ ugbo, mmegide ya zutere mmegide siri ike na oku ekwentị a naamaghị aha ya mgbe ụfọdụ naeyi egwu ịgbapụ isi ya.Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement. National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33.

Nafọ 1979, ọ gara okwu na Columbus, Ohio, site n'aka Cleveland Amory nke Saturday Review, onye bụkwa onye guzobere Fund for Animals, nke kwadoro ụgbọ mmiri naegbochi igbu whale Sea Shepherd. Ọ chọtara Amory mgbe okwu ahụ gasịrị wee wepụta onwe ya. Pacheco bu ụzọ soro Paul Watson rụọ ọrụ nụgbọ mmiri noge ọkọchị nafọ 1979 (na ọzọ n'afọ 2003), nàkwà mmiri ahụ, n'ime ụlọ injin na dị ka onye naarụ ọrụ nelu mmiri, n'oge mkpọsa nchedo whale mbụ nke Sea Shepherd, nke a maara dị ka The Sierra Campaign, gafee Atlantic, nke kwụsịrị na Sea Shepherd na Sierra naemikpu, na Portugal na 1980.Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement. National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33.

 Akụkọ banyere enwe Silver Spring 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Otu nime foto Pacheco sere n'ime Institute for Behavioral Research, 1981|321x321px
Ikpe nke ụmụ enwe Silver Spring malitere na 1981, mgbe Pacheco nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ime Institute for Behavioral Research na Silver Spring, Maryland. Edward Taub, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na ụbụrụ, naebibi ganglia sensory nke naenye akwara na mkpịsị aka, aka, aka na ụkwụ nke enwe 17 - usoro a maara dị ka "defferentation" - ka enwe wee ghara inwe mmetụta ha. (Ụfọdụ nime ha nwere ogidi ọkpụkpụ azụ ha niile.) Taub jiri njigide na ọkụ eletrik mee ihe iji manye enwe iji aka ha naenweghị ike ịnụ. Ọ chọpụtara na, mgbe agụụ naagụbiga ihe ókè ma ọ bụ ọchịchọ izere ọkụ eletrik kpaliri ha, ha nwere ike iji aka ha naenweghị isi mee ihe. Nnyocha ahụ dugara nakụkụ ụfọdụ na nchọpụta nke neuroplasticity n'ime usoro mmegharị nke primate na ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ maka ndị ọrịa strok a naakpọ mgbochiinduced movement therapy nke nyeere aka weghachite ojiji nke aka naemetụta aka., excerpted from "A Rehab Revolution," Stroke Connection Magazine, September/October 2004, accessed June 26, 2010.

Pacheco kọrọ Taub maka imebi iwu obi ọjọọ anụmanụ dabere na ọnọdụ ndụ anụmanụ.

Ndị uwe ojii wakporo ụlọ nyocha ahụ, jide enwe ahụ ma boo Taub ebubo 119 nke obi ọjọọ anụmanụ na enweghị ike inye nlekọta anụmanụ zuru oke, ebubo mbụ dị otú ahụ e wetara na United States megide onye ọkà mmụta sayensị naeme nchọpụta. ebubo 113 ka a jụrụ na ikpe mbụ. A mara Taub ikpe na mbụ maka ebubo isii nke enweghị ike inye nlekọta anụmanụ zuru oke. A chụpụrụ ikpe ise mgbe ikpe nke abụọ gasịrị, a tụgharịrị ikpe ikpeazụ na mkpegharị ikpe mgbe ụlọ ikpe kpebiri na iwu Maryland nke mgbochi obi ọjọọ nye anụmanụ emetụtaghị ndị nchọpụta.

Nafọ 1990, magazin Washingtonian bipụtara otu isiokwu naekwu na foto Pacheco nke enwe nọ n'oche njide bụ "e mere". PETA tinyere akwụkwọ mkpegharị $ 3 nde, nke e doziri nèzí ụlọ ikpe mgbe magazin ahụ kwetara ịrịọ mgbaghara ma nye ego a naakọwaghị akọwa na ụlọ ọrụ naahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ.

Agha iwu maka nlekọta nke enwe, mgbe PETA wepụrụ ha, ruru Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States. Ọ bụ ikpe mbụ gbasara ikike ụmụ anụmanụ mere nke a, ọ bụ ezie na PETA e guzobere ọhụrụ mechara daa nọgụ ya iji nweta ntọhapụ ụmụ anụmanụ ahụ.Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the Animals. Lantern, 2000. Ihe omume ahụ, nke were ọtụtụ afọ, mere ka a mara PETA nke ukwuu, naagbanwe ya site na ihe Ingrid Newkirk kpọrọ "ndị ise nọ nokpuru ala" nime òtù mba.Schwartz, Jeffrey and Begley, Sharon. The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force. HarperCollins, 2002 p. 161. Nihi ikpe ahụ, Kọmitii nke House of Representatives na Sayensị, Nnyocha na Teknụzụ nwere ikpe nke dugara na Iwu Ahụike Anụmanụ nke 1985, na 1986 mgbanwe na ntuziaka United States Public Health Service maka ụmụ anụmanụ eji eme nchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ gụnyere ihe achọrọ na ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla naachọ ego gọọmentị etiti nwere Kọmitii Nlekọta na Ojiji Ụmụ anụmanụ nke ọrụ ya bụ ilekọta ụmụ anụmanụ nime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

 Ịnọba ezì ọhịa na ewu na Hawaii 
Nafọ 1992, Pacheco na onye ọrụ gara nàgwàetiti Hawaiian nke Molokai ma bibie ọtụtụ narị ọnyà waya nke naeme ka ezì na ewu jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ nwụọ nihi nkụchi, agụụ, na mmiri ịpụ nahụ. Ọnyà ndị ahụ bụ ndị Nature Conservancy setịpụrụ na mgbalị iji chekwaa ụdị ala site na igbu ụdị ndị naabụghị nke ala. Mgbe a kpọsara nke a, Nature Conservancy kwụsịrị ịchụ nta ahụ.

 Nkịta na ụlọ nyocha ọnyá Pentagon 
Nọnwa Julaị nafọ 1983, akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times kọrọ na Pacheco bụ onye na-ahụ maka odeakwụkwọ nchekwa Caspar Weinberger na-akwụsị atụmatụ Pentagon ịgba nkịta égbè na "ụlọ nyocha nke ọnyá" nlọ ọgwụ ndị agha dị nso na Washington, D.C. Pacheco mụtara banyere ọrụ ahụ ma gwa ma Congress na The Washington Post. Weinberger nwere collie, mgbe ọ gụrụ isiokwu ahụ, ọ machibidoro iji nkịta eme ihe na nnwale ahụ ozugbo. Ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, o nyekwara Pentagon iwu ka ha nyochaa atụmatụ ahụ ma kwụsị ịgba ezì, ewu, na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ruo mgbe a gaemecha nyocha ahụ.

Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na kọntaktị ndị omeiwu na mgbasa ozi iji mee ka ndị agha kwenye ime ka mgbanwe ahụ bụrụ nke naadịgide adịgide ma tinye ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na ụdị ndị ọzọ. Nọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1983, ndị nnọchi anya ndị omeiwu nyere Ngalaba Nchebe iwu ka ha ghara iji nkịta na nwamba mee ihe na ụlọ nyocha ọ bụla nke ọnyá, iwu ahụ wee malite na Jenụwarị afọ 1984.

Na ngwụcha afọ 1984, mgbe nrụgide ọha na eze na mmezu nke nyocha nke odeakwụkwọ Weinberger nyere iwu, ndị odeakwụkwọ nke ndị agha na ndị agha ụgbọelu machibidoro iji nkịta na nwamba eme ihe ọ bụghị naanị na ụlọ nyocha ọnyá, kamakwa na nyocha niile nke ahụike n'okpuru nchịkwa ha.

 Ogbugbu ịnyịnya na Texas 
Na ngwụcha afọ 1983, Pacheco gara Falls County, Texas, iji nyochaa akụkọ banyere ịnyịnya na-anwụ n'ọhịa. Ọ dịkarịa ala, ụlọ ọrụ a naakpọ Horses Unlimited chịkọtara ịnyịnya 14,000, nke mere atụmatụ ime ka ha buru ibu maka igbu na ire na Europe dị ka anụ ịnyịnya. Kama nke ahụ, ịnyịnya 2,000 nwụrụ nihi ụnwụ nri, otu ụzọ nụzọ atọ nke ndị ọzọ nwere nsogbu nri naedozi ahụ.</ref>

Pacheco na ndị ọzọ nwara inyere ịnyịnya ahụ aka mana ndị ọchịchị Falls County yiri ha egwu ijide ha, PETA gwara ndị nta akụkọ. O weere nyocha ya na ihe akaebe nke obi ọjọọ na mgbasa ozi mba na mbido afọ 1984. Ndị naeme nchọpụta steeti kpọrọ ya "otu nime ikpe kachasị njọ nke mmetọ anụmanụ nakụkọ ihe mere eme nke steeti ahụ", Jacy Reese Anthis kọwara ya dị ka "nnyocha nzuzo mbụ nke oge a banyere mmetọ ụmụ anụmanụ" nakwụkwọ ya nke 2018 The End of Animal Farming .

Nihi mgbalị ya, a kpọtara Pacheco nihu nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe maka ebubo mpụ. Ọ bụ onye ọka iwu a ma ama bụ Richard "Racehorse" Haynes nọchitere anya ya, e wepụrụ ebubo ahụ. Notu ọnwa ahụ, ọrụ igbu ọchụ mechiri kpamkpam.

 Nnyocha nke nnụnụ naahụ maka mmerụ ahụ n'isi na Pennsylvania 
Na Mee 1984, Pacheco chịkọtara vidiyo nkeji iri atọ a naakpọ Unnecessary Fuss dabere na awa iri isii nke vidio e si na Pennsylvania Head Injury Lab nweta site na nzukọ nzuzo Animal Liberation Front.

Vidio ndị ahụ, nke ndị nchọpụta mere, gosipụtara nnụnụ naenweta nnukwu mmerụ ahụ nisi na olu site na igwe naeme ka isi gbasaa. Vidio ndị ahụ gụnyekwara ihe nkiri nke ndị nchọpụta naachị anụmanụ merụrụ ahụ, nke ụbụrụ mebiri emebi ọchị.

Mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ nke mgbalị ndị ọzọ iji kwụsị gọọmentị etiti ka ọ ghara ịga nihu naakwado ụlọ nyocha a, na July 1985 Pacheco duuru ihe dị ka 100 ndị naeme ngagharị iwe na oche na isi ụlọ ọrụ National Institutes of Health, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị naakwado nnwale ahụ. Nọdụ ahụ were ụbọchị anọ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, odeakwụkwọ nke ahụike na ọrụ mmadụ Margaret Heckler kwupụtara nihu ọha na ọ kwụsịrị ego maka ụlọ nyocha nke $ 14 nde na Mahadum Pennsylvania.

 Nnyocha na ụmụ anụmanụ; ire ahịa ajị anụ naebelata 
Nime afọ 20 ọ nọrọ dị ka onyeisi oche nke PETA, Pacheco tinyere aka nịdọrọ uche ọha na eze nụzọ a na-emeso ụmụ anụmanụ na ule ntecha na ịgba ụlọ ọrụ ume ịhapụ omume a. Mgbasa ozi ndị a mere ka nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Avon, Revlon, na Benetton kwụsị nyocha anụmanụ na ngwaahịa ndị a naere na US, na ọtụtụ narị ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ naekwe nkwa ime otu ihe ahụ.

O tinyekwara aka nịgwa ọha na eze banyere ọgwụgwọ ụmụ anụmanụ eji eme ajị anụ. Mgbasa ozi PETA, ọha na eze, na ụfọdụ na ụlọ ọrụ ajị anụ weere na ọ kpatara mbelata nke ahịa ajị anụ.

 Ọnụ naekwuchitere Animal Liberation Front 
Pacheco bụ isiokwu nke nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe nyocha nihi na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ naenweta ozi site na, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ọnụ naekwuchitere, Animal Liberation Front nke dị nokpuru ala, nke banyere nụlọ anụmanụ iji wepụ ụmụ anụmanụ, naanakọta ihe akaebe nke obi ọjọọ, na mgbe ụfọdụ mebie ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nyocha.

 600 nde nkịta 
Nafọ 2010, Alex Pacheco guzobere 600 Million Dogs na ebumnuche iji mepụta usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ dị nchebe iji kwụsị ihe kpatara nhụjuanya na ọnwụ maka nkịta na nwamba nụwa niile - oke nkịta na nkịta. Usoro izizi na mmepe bụ Spay na Neuter Cookies, nke a naemepụta iji mee ka ndị furu efu ghara ịwa ahụ n'enweghị nsogbu - naenweghị ịwa ahụ. Ebumnuche bụ ịkwụsị usoro nhụjuanya maka ọtụtụ iri nde nwamba furu efu na US ma kwụsị usoro nhụjụ maka nde nkịta 600 furu efu n'ụwa niile, ndị naamụ ihe karịrị otu ijeri ụmụ nkịta furu efu kwa afọ. Nzukọ ahụ raara onwe ya nye ibelata nsogbu nke nde mmadụ iri abụọ na itoolu a naagwọ ọrịa rabies kwa afọ, yana igbochi ọnwụ nke mmadụ iri ise na itoolu naanwụ site na ọrịa rabies Kwa afọ.

 Onyinye 
Peace Abbey, nke Sherborn, Massachusetts, nyere Alex Pacheco onyinye Courage of Conscience na 1995. Nafọ 2001, a nabatara Pacheco na US Animal Rights Hall of Fame.

 Hụkwa 

 Ihe omuma na-enweghị isi, 1984
 Ndepụta nke ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ anụmanụ

 Ihe odide 

 Ịgụ ihe ọzọ 

 Pacheco, Alex na Francione, Anna. "The Silver Spring Monkeys" na Singer, Peter. N'ịgbachitere ụmụ anụmanụ. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, peeji nke 135-147.
 Pacheco, Alex Adreesị na 2007 Animal Rights Conference na , weghachiri  Febụwarị 16, 2008.
 Sideris, Lisa na ndị ọzọ "Roots of Concern with Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Ethics", Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal, Mpịakọta nke 4, mbipụta nke 1, 1999.
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations