Martianus Capella

Martianus Minneus Felix Capella (fl. c. 410-420) bụ onye ọka iwu, polymath na onye edemede Latin nke oge ochie, otu n'ime ndị mbụ mepụtara usoro nke nka asaa nke haziri agụmakwụkwọ oge ochie.Margaret Deanesly, A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911 (New York: Routledge, 2020).Jack Lindsay, "Introduction: Apuleius and His Work", in The Golden Ass, trans. Jack Lindsay (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960), p. 25.Andy Merrills and Richard Miles, The Vandals (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), p. 213.Ian Wood, "Latin", in A Companion to Late Antique Literature, ed. Scott McGill and Edward J. Watts (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2018), p. 27 Ọ bụ nwa amaala Madaura.

Otu akwụkwọ encyclopedic ya, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii ("On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury"), nke a na-akpọkwa De septem disciplinis ("On the seven disciplines"), bụ ihe atụ nkuzi zuru oke nke edere na ngwakọta nke ederede na amaokwu na-ezo aka.

Martianus na-ewepụtakarị echiche nkà ihe ọmụma dabere na Neoplatonism, ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma Plato nke Plotinus na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya malitere.Danuta Shanzer, A Philosophical and Literary Commentary on Martianus Capella's De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii Book One (University of California Press, 1986), pp. 14, 136 et passim; Stahl, et al., vol. 1, p. 10.

Dị ka Macrobius ya dị nso, onye rụpụtakwara nnukwu ọrụ na okpukpe Rome oge ochie, Martianus anaghị akọwapụta njikọ okpukpe nke ya.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na-eme n'ụdị mkparịta ụka, na echiche nke ndị na-emekọrịta ihe nwere ike ọ gaghị anọchi anya nke onye edemede ahụ.Stahl and Johnson with Burge, The Quadrivium of Martianus Capella, p. 5ff.; Alan Cameron, The Last Pagans of Rome (Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 265ff. Cameron finds it highly unlikely that a non-Christian could participate prominently in public life at this late date.

 Ndụ ya 
Dị ka Cassiodorus si kwuo, Martianus bụ nwa amaala Madaura - nke bụ obodo Apuleius - na mpaghara Rom nke Africa (nke bụzi Souk Ahras, Algeria). O yiri ka ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na Roman Carthage.

Martianus na-arụsi ọrụ ike na narị afọ nke ise, na-ede mgbe Alaric nke Mbụ chụpụrụ Rom na 410, nke o kwuru, mana o doro anya na tupu ndị Vandals merie North Africa na 429.William H. Stahl, "To a Better Understanding of Martianus Capella" Speculum 40.1 (January 1965), pp. 102-115.

N'ihe dị ka n'etiti narị afọ nke 6, Securus Memor Felix, bụ́ prọfesọ na-ekwu okwu, natara ihe odide ahụ na Rom, maka ndenye aha ya na njedebe nke Akwụkwọ I (ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ nke Abụọ n'ọtụtụ ihe odide) na ọ na-arụ ọrụ "site na  ihe nlere anya kacha arụrụ arụ."  Gerardus Vossius ji ezighi ezi were nke a pụtara na Martianus n'onwe ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike na narị afọ nke 6, na-ebute echiche na-ezighi ezi ogologo oge banyere mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị Martianus.Parker, H. - "The Seven Liberal Arts" (The English Historical Review, vol. 5, no. 19, pp. 417-461)

A na-akpọ oghere ọnwa Capella aha ya.

 Site na alụmdi na nwunye 
Otu akwụkwọ encyclopedic a, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii ("N'Alụmdi na nwunye nke Philology na Mercury"), mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ De septem disciplinis ("N'ihe ọmụmụ asaa") ma ọ bụ Satyricon, bụ ihe atụ nkuzi zuru oke nke edere na ngwakọta nke ederede na amaokwu na-ezo aka, prosimetrum n'ụzọ nke Menippean satires nke Varro.On the title see William Stahl, Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts, vol. 1, pp. 21-22. Ụdị ejiji ahụ bụ okwu ma na-emetụta, jupụtara na ihe atụ na okwu ndị dị egwu. Akwụkwọ ahụ dị oke mkpa n'ịkọwa usoro mmụta agụmakwụkwọ site na Alaeze Ukwu Rom nke narị afọ nke ise ruo Renaissance nke narị afọ na iri na abụọ. Usoro a gụnyere ịhụnanya oge ochie maka ihe atụ (karịsịa onyinyo) dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta ihe ọmụma, na nhazi nke mmụta ahụ gburugburu nka asaa.

Akwụkwọ ahụ, nke na-anabata n'ụdị ọdịbendị ọdịnala nke oge ya, raara ya nye nwa ya nwoke. Akụkọ ya dị n'akwụkwọ abụọ mbụ na-akọ banyere mbedo na agbamakwụkwọ nke Mercury (ịchụso amamihe ma ọ bụ uru), onye amamihe, Divination na mkpụrụ obi jụrụ, na nwa agbọghọ Philologia (ịmụta, ma ọ bụ karịa n'ụzọ nkịtị ịhụnanya nke akwụkwọ ozi na ọmụmụ), onye a na-eme ka ọ ghara ịnwụ anwụ n'okpuru nchebe nke chi, Muses, Cardinal Virtues na Graces. Aha ahụ na-ezo aka na njikọ ihe atụ nke ịchụso ọgụgụ isi (Mercury) nke mmụta site na nka nke mkpụrụedemede (Philology).

N'etiti onyinye agbamakwụkwọ ahụ bụ ndị na-ejere nwanyị ozi asaa ga-abụ ndị na-eje ozi na Philology. Ha bụ nka asaa: Grammar (nwanyi meworo agadi nke nwere mma maka iwepụ njehie ụtọ asụsụ ụmụaka), Dialectic, Rhetoric (nwanyi toro ogologo nke nwere uwe e ji ihe ngosi okwu chọọ mma ma jiri ngwá agha mee ihe iji merụọ ndị iro ahụ), Geometry, Arithmetic, Astronomy na (egwú) Harmony. Ka a na-ewebata nka ọ bụla, ọ na-enye nkọwa nke ụkpụrụ nke sayensị ọ na-anọchite anya ya, si otú a na-enye nchịkọta nke nka asaa. Nkà abụọ ọzọ, Architecture na Medicine, nọ n'ememe ahụ, mana ebe ọ bụ na ha na-elekọta ihe ndị dị n'ụwa, ha ga-agbachi nkịtị na chi ndị dị n"eluigwe.

Akwụkwọ ọ bụla bụ ihe nkịtị ma ọ bụ nchịkọta sitere n'aka ndị odee mbụ.  Ngwọta nke isiokwu a bụ nke ọdịnala na-alaghachi na ịdọ aka ná ntị Varro, ọbụna na njedebe Varro na-ekwu banyere ụlọ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, nke n'oge Martianus Capella bụ nkà na ụzụ, ihe maka ndị ohu mara ihe ma ọ bụghị maka ndị nnọchiteanya.  Usoro ọmụmụ oge gboo nke Rome, nke ga-agafe—karịsịa site n'akwụkwọ Martianus Capella—ruo n'oge ochie, bụ nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst mezigharịrị mana ọ siri ike gbanwee ya.  Akụkụ amaokwu ndị ahụ, n'ozuzu ziri ezi na nke a rụrụ nke ọma, na-eṅomi Varro.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe nnọchianya Naboth nke usoro mbara igwe nke Martianus Capella (1573)
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Retorica, ihe osise nke Gherardo di Giovanni del Fora (narị afọ nke 15)
Akwụkwọ nke asatọ na-akọwa ihe nlereanya nke mbara igwe nke geocentric gbanwere, ebe ụwa na-ezu ike n'etiti eluigwe na ala ma gbaa ọnwa, anyanwụ, mbara ala atọ na kpakpando gburugburu, ebe Mercury na Venus na-agba anyanwụ gburugburu.Bruce S. Eastwood, Ordering the Heavens: Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance (Leiden: Brill, 2007), pp. 238-9. Copernicus kwuru maka otuto a n'Akwụkwọ nke Mbụ nke De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.

 Mmetụta 
Enwere ike ịghọta Martianus Capella nke ọma n'ihe gbasara aha akwụkwọ ya."The most elucidating approach to Martianus is through his fortuna (Stahl 1965, p. 105). A gụrụ ọrụ ahụ, kụziere ya, ma kwuo okwu n'oge niile nke Middle Ages ma kpụzie agụmakwụkwọ Europe n'oge mmalite oge ochie na Renaissance Carolingian.

Na mbido ngwụcha narị afọ nke ise, onye Afrịka ọzọ, Fulgentius, dere ọrụ e ji mee ihe na ya. Ihe edeturu n'ọtụtụ ihe odide - nke otu Securus Memor Felix dere, onye bu n'obi imepụta mbipụta - na-egosi na ka ọ na-erule 534 ederede dị omimi na nke dị mgbagwoju anya nke De nuptiis emebielarị n'enweghị olileanya site na njehie ndị odeakwụkwọ (Michael Winterbottom na-atụ aro na ọrụ Securus Memur nwere ike ịbụ ntọala nke ederede a hụrụ na "ọnụ ọgụgụ dị egwu nke akwụkwọ itoolu dị ugbu a" nke e dere na narị afọ nke).Stahl 1965, p. 104.Winterbottom, "Martianus Capella" in Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics, edited by L. D. Reynolds (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), p. 245. Onye edemede ọzọ nke narị afọ nke isii, Gregory nke Tours, gbara akaebe na ọ ghọrọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka ụlọ akwụkwọ."Our Martianus has instructed us in the seven disciplines" (History of the Franks X, 449, 14.) N'ọmụmụ ihe ya n'afọ 1959, C. Leonardi depụtara ihe odide 241 dị ugbu a nke De nuptiis, na-agba akaebe na ọ na-ewu ewu n'oge Middle Ages. Ọ kọwara n'ụzọ dị ukwuu: site n'aka John Scotus Erigena, Hadoard, Alexander Neckham, na Remigius nke Auxerre.For a digital edition of the glosses in Carolingian manuscripts of Martianus Capella, see Teeuwen (2008) and Isépy & Posselt (2010). Na narị afọ nke iri na otu, onye mọnk German Notker Labeo sụgharịrị akwụkwọ abụọ mbụ n'asụsụ Old High German. Martianus gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka onye na-ezipụ mmụta oge ochie ruo mgbe usoro mmụta ọhụrụ nke dabeere na Aristotelianism. Ka ọ na-erule na narị afọ nke iri na atọ, a ka na-ekwu na Martianus bụ ihe kpatara ọmụmụ nke nkà mmụta mbara igwe.Stephen C. McCluskey, Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999), p. 159.

Ndị ntụgharị nke oge a enweghị mmasị na echiche Martianus, "ma e wezụga maka ìhè ọrụ ya na-enye ihe ndị mmadụ n'oge na ebe ndị ọzọ maara ma ọ bụ chere na ọ dị mkpa ịmara banyere artes liberales".M. P. Cunningham, review of Stahl, Johnson and Burge, Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts, vol. 1: The Quadrivium of Martianus Capella: Latin Traditions in the Mathematical Sciences 50 B.C. - A.D. 1250, in: Classical Philology vol. 72 no. 1 (January 1977, pp. 79-80) p. 80. C. S. Lewis, na The Allegory of Love, na-ekwu na "eluigwe na ala, nke mepụtara aṅụ-orchid na giraffe, emepụtaghị ihe ọ bụla karịa Martianus Capella".

Editio princeps nke De nuptiis, nke Franciscus Vitalis Bodianus dezigharịrị, bipụtara na Vicenza na 1499. Oge ọrụ ahụ na-adịbeghị anya na mbipụta, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke mbipụta ndị ọzọ, bụ ihe na-egosi na ọ na-ewu ewu, ma e wezụga dị ka ihe nkuzi elementrị na nka.One, edited and emended by the sixteen-year-old Hugo Grotius, is a tour de force, "one of the more prodigious feats of Latin scholarship", as was noted by Stahl 1965, p. 104.Stahl 1965, p. 102. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, mbipụta nke ọrụ ahụ bụ nke A. Dick (Teubner, 1925), mana J. Willis wepụtara mbipụta ọhụrụ maka Teubner na 1983.Winterbottom, "Martianus Capella" in Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics, edited by L. D. Reynolds (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), p. 245.

Okwu mmeghe nke oge a, nke na-elekwasị anya na nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ, bụ Martianus Capella na Seven Liberal Arts, mpịakọta 1: The Quadrivium of Martianus capella: Latin Traditions in the Mathematical Sciences, 50 BC - AD 1250. Mpịakọta nke 2 nke ọrụ a bụ nsụgharị Bekee nke De nuptiis .

 Hụkwa 

 Ihe atụ n'oge ụwa na-emepechabeghị anya
 Macrobius, onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ aka ndị ọgọ mmụọ nke oge ya nke na-enye ọtụtụ ihe yiri Martianus.
 Cassiodorus

 Ihe edeturu 

 Edensibia 

   An early version of this article was based on it.
 "Martianus Capella" na Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
 P. Wessner na Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaften 1930.
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
 Martianus Capella na asaa Liberal Arts. New York: Columbia University Press 1971.
 Mpịakọta 1: Quadrivium nke Martianus Capella. Omenala Latin na sayensị mgbakọ na mwepụ, 50 B.C.-A.D. 1250, nke William Harris Stahl, 1971.
 Mpịakọta 2: Alụmdi na nwunye nke Philology na Mercury, nke William Harris Stahl na R. Johnson sụgharịrị, na E. L. Burge, 1977.
 Maazị Ferré, Martianus Capella. Agbamakwụkwọ nke Philologie na Mercure. Akwụkwọ nke anọ: asụsụ[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Agbamakwụkwọ nke Philologie na Mercure. Akwụkwọ nke Isii: Geometry[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Agbamakwụkwọ nke Philologie na Mercure. Akwụkwọ nke asaa: mgbakọ na mwepụ[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
 De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii (akwụkwọ 9 naanị).
 Konrad Vössing, "Augustinus und Martianus Capella - ein Diskurs im Spätantiken Karthago?", na Therese Fuhrer (hg), Die christlich-philosophischen Diskurse der Spätantike: Ihe odide, Personen, Institutionen: Akten der Tagung vom 22.-25. Febụwarị 2006 am Zentrum für Antike und Moderne der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2008) (Philosophie der Antike, 28),
 O"Sullivan, Sinéad, "Martianus Capella na ndị Carolingians: Ụfọdụ Nkwupụta Ndị dabeere na Glosses on Books I-II site na Oldest Gloss Tradition on De nuptiis," na Elizabeth Mullins and Diarmuid Scully (eds), Gee ntị, O Isles, unto me: Studies in Medieval Word and Image in honor of Jennifer O"Reilly (Cork, 2011), 28-38.

 Njikọ mpụga 
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 Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries Archived  at the Wayback Machine High resolution images of works by Martianus Capella in .jpg and .tiff format.
 De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii na PDF na usoro ndị ọzọ
 Rhetores latini minores, Carl Halm (ed.), Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1863, peeji nke 449-492.
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations