Asụsụ Hyam

Hyam bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ dị mkpa na mpaghara nke asụsụ Plateau na Naịjirịa. Hyam nke Nok bụ olumba a ma ama (Blench 2008). N'ide sociolinguistics nke Hyam, Blench na-emeso Sait, na Dzar dị ka ụdị dị iche iche, ma kwuo na enwere ike ile Yat na Ankung anya dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, Hayab (2016) gosipụtara echiche dị iche iche na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ Ankung, asụsụ a na-akpọ Iduya, nke Hyam anaghị aghọta. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Hyam, nke ndị Ham nke Naịjirịa na-asụ, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka 'Jaba' na nyocha nke Philip Hayab, onye obodo ahụ na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ dị iche iche nke mere nyocha miri emi n'asụsụ ahụ, kpughere na 'Jaba" nwere okwu Hausa ma bụrụ ihe mkparị ma kwesịkwa ịtụfu ya (John 2017).

 Nkesa ya 
A na-ahụkarị ndị na-asụ asụsụ Hyam na Jaba, Kachia na Kagarko. A na-ahụkwa ha na Jema'a Local Government Areas nke ndịda Kaduna State na okpuru ọchịchị Keffi nke Nasarawa Steeti nke Naịjirịa.

 Olu Mba Dị Iche Iche 
James (1998) kewara olumba Hyam dịka obere ìgwè ndị a o debere n'okpuru Ham ma ọ bụ Northern Group nke uyoko Proto-Plateau Ethno-Linguistic:

 Ham Kpop (Jaban Kwoi)
 Ham Ngat Ham (Jaban Katari)
 Ham Shambang (Samban)
 Ham Duhyah (ma ọ bụ Idun) (Jaban Lungu)
 Ham Kworri (Chori)
 Ham Det (Faik/Kenyi)
 Ham Netkun/Netwho (Gbaham)
 Ham Nyakpah (ma ọ bụ Nyankpa) (Yeskwa)
 Ham Kong/Rhuini (Kamantan)

Dị ka Hayab siri kwuo (2016:5-11), Otú ọ dị, ndị Ham, ewezuga njem n'oge gara aga, isiokwu chọrọ ọmụmụ ihe siri ike, nwere ike ịsị na ha na-ekwu ihe ndị a:

 Hyam Taa Ham - 'Hyam gbasara na mpaghara Ham' gụnyere Nok, Ghikyaar, Kuscum, Har Dzyee, Shong, wdg.
 Kwyeny - otu ihe ahụ dị ka James's Hyam Kpop (asụ na Har Kwain ma ọ bụ Kwoi)
 Kyoli - olumba nke Kworri/Kwori (nke a makwaara dị ka Chori)
 Saik
 Shamang - otu ihe ahụ dị ka Shambang

Hayab (2016:6) gbakwunyere na ụdị ndị ọzọ nwekwara ike ịgụnye:

 Duga/Idúyà - otu ihe ahụ dị ka Idun
 Gwora - Gora
 Yat
 Zhire - Kenyi.

Ọzọkwa, Hayab (2016:8) kewara olumba ndị a n'ụzọ anọ, A-D, dịka ọkwa nghọta ha si dị.

 Ìgwè A. Hyam Taa, Kwyeny, na Saik (ha niile enweghị ihe na-erughị 90% phonological homogeneity na okwu
 Ìgwè B. Kyoli na Shamang (nwere ihe dị ka 50% nghọta)
 Ìgwè C. Yat na Zhire (ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe kwekọrọ na A na B. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị oke mkpa)
 Ìgwè D. Idúyà [ma ọ bụ Idun ] na Gwora (guzo n'otu ụdị)

Rịba ama, ọzọ, na Hyam bụ asụsụ ndị Ham na-asụ.

Blench (2019) depụtara:

 Kwyeny
 Yaat
 Saik
 Eze
 Hyam nke Nok

 Ọmụmụ ụdaolu 
Kọmitii na agụ ma na ide nke Hyam na-akọwa akara 41/42 ndị na-esonụ na orthography ya.

 a̱ b c d dz e e̱ f g gb gh h hw hyw i̱ j k kh kp l m n ng ny o p r s sh t th th th th ts u v w y yw z zh

 Ụdaume (Vawel) 

 Ụdaolu

Ụdaume mkpirikpi (Vawella̱ Sha̱kuup)

 a a̱ e e̱ i i̱ ọ u

Ụdaume Ogologo (Vawella̱ Sha̱ceri)

ee ee ii oo uu

 Ụdamkpị (Khwikhwir Vawel)

 ai au a̱u ou

 Mgbochiume (Konsonan) 

 b c d dh dz f g gy gb gh ghy h hw road hyw j k ky kh khy kp l m n nh ng ny p r s sh t th th th th ts v w y yw z zh

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ 
Hayab (2016:66) na-ekwu na "ihe ọmụma dị na Hyam site na Koelle (1854: appendix, 2-188) na Meek (1931:120) kpughere na asọmpi Ham n'ụzọ dị iche na ihe a na-enweta taa". Ọ gbakwunyere na o doro anya na a gbanwere usoro ịgụta ihe ochie na ụdị Hausa, ma kwuo ọzọ na "n'oge a, ụdị ochie nwere iri (nke bụ kop) ugbu a dị ka 'shwak'. Akụkụ ikpe bụ kop (iri) na-egosi na ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ezughị ezu na-ahụ ihe akaebe na ' mbwan shwak ' (11) na-egosi ete anyị nọ n'ebe dị anya site na shwak (iri na abụọ). O kwukwara na "nke a bụ n'ihi na okwu ' mbwan' na-egosi bwat - obere ma ọ bụ 'fọdụrụ'.

Enwere ike ikwu na ihe dị n'elu bụ eziokwu, ma-atụle ikpe nke Tyap, asụsụ yiri ya, ebe okwu dị ugbu a maka iri bụ maka maka maka, ebe okwu "kop /kwop" fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị, dịka ọ dị na Hyam, ma jiri ya gụọ ọtụtụ puku. Okwu "otu puku" na Tyap bụ cyi kop/kwop, nke pụtara (na-atụle ojiji ochie nke okwu kop/kwup), "otu narị - ugboro iri" ma ọ bụ "100 X 10".

Ihe ndị a, dị ka Hayab si kwuo (2016:66-67) bụ nọmba e ji mee ihe ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 200 gara aga maka ịgụta na Hyam.
HyamEnglish0npiitzero/nothing1zhinnione2felitwo3taatthree4naangfour5twoofive6twanisix7twarfoseven8naarangeight9mbwan-kopnine10kopten11mbwan-shwakeleven12shwaktwelve/dozen/complete24shwak i'feritwo dozens36shwak i'tatthree dozens48shwak i'nangfour dozens60shwak i'twoofive dozens72shwak i'twanisix dozens84shwak i'twarfoseven dozens96shwak i'naarangeight dozens108shwak i'mbwan-kopnine dozens144/infinitysok-sok-ghatwelve dozens/uncountable

 Akwụkwọ Nsọ 
Ihe na-esonụ bụ akwụkwọ na akọwa okwu dị mkpirikpi site na ndepụta okwu Hyam nke Roger Blench."Hyam Wordlist"
HyamBekeebesiwe ọkụbokdọkịta, onye na-agwọ ọrịabongyengawọchebàkwáchiọnwụúkwùobi ike, obi ikechirchiụtụtụchoinguhie uhiechumkpụrụ obi, mmụọchuurisi iyi mmiriChuwopenischyenonye ọbịa, onye ọ na-amaghịnsịomimidwaiụwa, ọhịaJingerlụọ didzamnwa okorobịadzetọnwụnwadzoewudzomenyídzutAnwụrụ ọkụ, anwụrụ ọkụdzyeikefaiEluigweOgwe akaiyifeỌnwafetgbuoIwegbawarafyenokooko osisiNkọwaonye ohifyetOnye na-agba égbèObi ụtọ/Giaarebe(s)gabnkewagam gamọkwagann'eluòtù ndị omempụmegheregbyoamoosugomabụgugukAkpụkpọ osisigwangobosaragyugyuthiowuruham hamna-eri, na-atụgharịnwereọdịdịNwaanyịmpihyongegwu, egwujakiỊnyịnya ibujangakwụkwọ osisijipifufe na-efe efejo/wejougwu, ugwukabnnukwu osimirikateokporo ụzọkike/kennakikerandị nna nnakomozukonmmaikoihe nketakpodumanwambakpopeze, onyeisikpyobmushroomkukonkụ ọkụkushatmmụọkwainwanyị ndú agbụrụkyaamna-akụzikyangugbokyarnkumeKyat'pyoịgba afamatọmụmụmekafọmimyetdina alamogbamgranariesegondị mmadụMowe/anyịụmụakanwụrụhyenamyenamamihena'hywes/ryatonye amoosuna'kyat'kpyoOnye dibịa afanamahụnanaaonye na-akpụ ihendwakenyinetonyenganiluỌ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a na-ememmiri ozuzoỌ bụ n'oge a ka ọ dị n'oge ochieiwenkuunmmụọ ọjọọahaAnyanwụntatoonye na-achụ ntaN'oge aehinyamanụnyo/monyonwunye nwanyangakpịgbara ọsọọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiriretaaahịrịụnyaahụRibiala, mbaritukabalịna-eme mkpọtụekeleịgba ọsọuzuzuruthike ọgwụgwụryetukmgbedeSaaraakụkọ, akụkọshaburọchashamàmụ̀màShangmkpụrụ, ọkashantanududoshashatchi ọbụbọshenmmekọahụ, mmekọahụsheshit/sesitojiishirshingonyinyoshishengifufeshozhinwanyịshushuniiku umeshuuicheku ọkụ, anwụrụ ọkụshwoktetashwomonye ọka ikpesimỊhụnanyabụrụ abụagwọswatịgba egwútamtorionye aratirdanwanne nwanyịtitaanmmiritsetiketseyangọkụ ọkụtyenga na-etinye ya n'ọkụwegyonkịtaN'ihi ya, ọ bụ onye isi alanwanne nwokewopMmiri ozuzowoknwetayakoluyangọkụafọ ole na oleEbe nzukọYaụatụrụka ọ dịkpakpando(s)Yosirịgba mgbazaamọchịzangịgagharịzakiọdụmzhazhakuurukurubụbazhengna-afụ ụfụfụzhinwunyezhiiọbarazhir'nkumnwanyị di ya nwụrụzhonnezhuọnụ ụlọ

 Edensibia 

 Ihe Ndị Ọzọ aga agụ 

 Blench (2008) Prospecting proto-Plateau. Ihe odide.


 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ banyere njirimara na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọdịbendị ụwa na ederede abụ nke Ham nke Naịjirịa: nyocha nyocha okwu. PhD Dissertation e zigara na Mahadum Stellenbosch, Unpublished


 Ihe Njikọ mpuga 

 Akụkọ banyere njirimara na echiche ụwa nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ederede abụ nke Ham nke Naịjirịa: Nnyocha okwu
 Roger Blench: Peeji Hyamic
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations