Surmic languages

Asụsụ Surmic bụ alaka nke ezinụlọ asụsụ mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Sudan.

Taa, ndị dị iche iche na-asụ asụsụ Surmic na-ebi ndụ ha n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ndị na-azụ atụrụ na-akwagharị akwagharị, ndị ọrụ ugbo bi ebi, na ndị ọrụ ugbo n' eji nsụchasi na igba ọkụ akwado ala maka ọkụkọ ya. Ha bi n'ebe dịgasị iche iche, site na ala ndị dị ala nke South Sudan na ekpere mmiri nkè osimiri Omo ruo n'ugwu ndi karịrị mita 2,300.

 Asụsụ 
Asụsụ Surmic bụ:

 Ebe ugwu: Majang (nke a makwaara dị ka Majangir)
 Ndịda
 Ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ: 
 Kwegu (asụsụ: Yidinich, Mugiji)
 Me'en
 Mursi - Suri(asụsụ: Girma, Chai)
 Ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ: Didinga - Narim, Murle, Tennet; Kacipo-Balesi

A na-ahụ asụsụ Surmic na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Etiopia na akụkụ ndị dị nso na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ South Sudan. N'oge gara aga, a maara Surmic dị ka "Didinga-Murle" na "SURMA". Aha mbụ ahụ dị oke mkpụmkpụ site n'itụ aka naanị n'asụsụ abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na nke ikpeazụ bụ akara a na-ejikwa akọwa otu asụsụ (Unseth 1997b), ya mere ugbua eji akara "Surmic" mara asụsụ a. Mmekọrịta dị na chaatị  nke dị n'elu gbanyere ụkwụ na ọrụ Fleming (1983).

 Ọmụmụ ihe gara aga 
Harold C. Fleming na M. L. Bender rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ ntọnanị nyé nchọputa na nyocha nke asụsụ Surmic. Nkọwa nke kacha zuoke banyere asụsụ mgbochiumeSurmic nke ndi Etiopia bụ nke Murle (Arensen 1982) na Tirma (Bryant 1999).  A na-eche na asụsụ Surmic niile bụ ụda olu, ma nwe mgbchiume nke n' ada n' olu ike, ma nwee ogologo ụdaume pụrụ iche.  Ụfọdụ nwere ihe ruru àgwà ụdaume itoolu, na nyocha zuru ezu nwere ike ịkwado nke a n'asụsụ Surmic ndị ọzọ, kwa.  Me'en na Kwegu (nke a na-akpọkwa Koegu) nwere usoro ụdaume na-agbapụ agbapụ.

Asụsụ ndị a nwere usoro nke ịde akara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnọchiaha enwekwa na nke nwenu (Unseth 1991).  A na-emekarị akara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aha na ọtụtụ morphemes, na t / k na-egosi ákàrà otu ihe na ọtụtụ (Bryan 1959).  A na-emepụta nkọwaaha site na ahịrịokwu ndị ikwu na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe.

Majangir (nke a na-akpọkwa Majang) na asụsụ Surmic na mpaghara ndida ọdịda anyanwụ (Fleming 1983) nwere ọtụtụ àgwà, ya mere ha nwere ike ịmegharị na Proto-Surmic: ahịrịokwu ndị metụtara (nke gụnyere nkọwaaha), ngosipụta, adverbs, ọnụọgụ, genitives, na nnọchiaha ndị nwere onwe ha na-eso isi ha, aha aha aha na akara isiokwu na ngwaa na-egosi, VSO (verb-subject-object) na-achịkwa ahịrịokwu isi. Arensen, et al. (1997) tụlere ụfọdụ ihe ndị pụrụ iche. Otú ọ dị, nkọwa mmeghe Dimmendaal na-atụ alo nyocha dị iche (1998).

Edepụtara asụsụ Surmic niile  dị ka ndị na enwe nsonaazụ (Unseth 1989). Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere akara ebubo, mana ọ dịkarịa ala Majang na Murle na-egosi aha mgbe ụfọdụ, akụkụ nke usoro mpaghara sara mbara (König 2006).

A na-eche na ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Surmic dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ethiopia, n'ebe dị nso na Maji, na ìgwè dị iche iche na-agbasa site n'ebe ahụ: dịka ọmụmaatụ, Majangir kwagara n'ebe ugwu, Murle soro aka nri ha gaba gburugburu n' akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana (Arensen 1983:56-61, Tornay 1981), na Mursi soro ụzọ ndagwurugwu Osimiri Omo. Njirimara agbụrụ na asụsụ n'ime otu Surmic abụghị ihe kwụdosiri ike, na ihe akaebe zuru oke nke njirimara ndị mmadụ na-agbanwe site n'otu ìgwè agbụrụ na-asụ asụsụ gaa na nke ọzọ (Tornay 1981, Turton 1979, Unseth na Abbink 1998).

Abbink ebipụtala ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ na-atụnyere okwu na usoro nke ikwu n'etiti asụsụ Surmic, ọkachasị site na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Surmic (Abbink 2006).

Isi mmalite maka nyocha asụsụ na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ n'ime ọmụmụ Surmic bụ akwụkwọ nke Dimmendaal dezigharịrị (1998), ọkachasị edemede bibliography (Abbink and Unseth 1998).

 Ihe owuwu ahụ 
Yigezu (2001) wughachiri usoro ụda nke Proto-Southwest Surmic na Proto-Southeast Surmic.Yigezu, Moges. 2001. A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages. Bruxelles: Univ. libre de Bruxelles. Doctoral dissertation, University of Bruxelles. Unseth atụwo aro ka e mezigharịa nsonaazụ maka Proto-Surmic.Unseth, Peter. 1989. "An Initial Comparison and Reconstruction of Case Suffixes in Surmic Languages," Journal of Ethiopian Studies 22:97–104. Unseth ewughachiri usoro akara maka Proto-Surmic.Unseth, Peter. 1991. "Possessive Markers in Surmic Languages," Proceedings of the 4th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, ed. by M. L. Bender, pp. 91–104. (Nilo-Saharan: Linguistic Analyses and Documentation, vol. 7.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. Unseth enwetaghachikwara prefix na-akpata Proto-Surmic.Unseth, Peter. 1997a. "An Archaic Surmic Causative Prefix," Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 7:41–48, 
Unseth, Peter. 1998. "Two Old Causative Affixes in Surmic," Surmic Languages and Cultures, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 113–126. Cologne: Köppe.

 Ọnụ ọgụgụ 
Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla:
NchịkọtaAsụsụ12345678910Ebe ugwu, MajangMajang (1)òmóŋ, omụỌdịdị *Nkọwa nke aàŋànTuùlKa ị na-aga n'ihu (5 + 1)Piùl na pɛ́́́́jʹ (5 +2)"Púùl na ɟítítítis" (5 + 3)Piùl na àŋàn (5 + 4)áárnghịaEbe ugwu, MajangMajang (2)oˈmʊŋphɛɛjd͡ʒiith'aŋan'thuulthuula ʔom (5 + 1)thuula phɛɛj (5 +2)thuula d͡ʒiith (5 + 3)thuula aŋan (5 + 4)'AarinNdịda, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, KweguKwegu (Koegu) (1)kíumɗáaN'oge a na-anọáhurUgboro ole na olela (nke e si na Kara gbazite)tsʼoba (nke e si na Kara gbazite)lunká (nke e si na Kara gbazite)sal (nke e si na Kara gbaziri)tómonNdịda, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, KweguKwegu (2)kiumɗaaN'oge a na-anọahurUgboro ole na olelatsʼobalunkainnuTọnNdịda, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Pastoral, MinenM na-eme yakɔ̂náŋramáŋsizzíwut͡ʃhat͡ʃʼánáŋillèissabòihe dị iche icheSaaltonụNdịda, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Pastoral, SuriMursi (1)ɗɔ́nɛ́jramansízzíjieʃHaánn'ime alaíssábài / nakwa ~issábajíssé / nakwa ~ísséjSakkalTọn (ma eleghị anya gbaziri)Ndịda, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Pastoral, SuriMursi (2)ɗɔ́nɛ́jramansízziwuʃHaánillɛyabajIsesakalỌchịchị na-emeNdịda, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Pastoral, SuriSuriụmụ nwokerapmansízzìjieʃ / jieyAkụrụngwaìllɛ̀yìsàbbàyìssèySakkalIhe ndị dị n'ime yaNdịda, Ndịda Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Didinga-Murle, Didinga - LongarimDidingaOkporo ụzọràmːáìyyóʊ̀wwétʃIsiokwut̪ɔ̀ɾkɔnɔ́n (5+ 1)t̪ʊ́ɾkɪ́ɾámːá (5+ 2)t̪úɾkɪ́yyó (5+ 3)t̪ʊ́ɾkʊ́wwétʃ (5+ 4)Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiriNdịda, Ndịda Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Didinga-Murle, Didinga - LongarimLaarim (Narim)odoi, codoirammaiyyioUzo nkewaturtorkonom (5+ 1)turɡerem (5+ 2)turɡi (5+ 3)torkõwõc (5+ 4)Ọ bụ ihe a na-akpọ ọ̀ bụ ihe a ga-akpọ òkùNdịda, Ndịda Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Didinga-Murle, MurleMurlecodoi / aˈdoirǎmiːˈyǔoic /wectǔːɾtonrkɔnǒm (5+ 1)turɡɛrɛ́m (5+ 2)turɡɛ (5+ 3)torkɔc (5+ 4)N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị n'ihuNdịda, Ndịda Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Didinga-Murle, TennetTennet (Tenet)tʃɔ́ɗɛ̂N'ihi ya:igjówétʃỊ bụ ịpịTọnọnị (5+ 1)Oshikpu (5+ 2)túɾɡè (5+ 3)Ọdịdị (5+ 4)omekomeNdịda, Ndịda Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Kacipo-BalesiKacipo-Balesi (1)óɗèN'ihi yaIiowèhéNkwadotoǹrkɔ́nɔ́t̀rɡɛ́rɛ́́́́Tuterɡètonerɡɔ́ɡɔ́́́́Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiriNdịda, Ndịda Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Kacipo-BalesiKacipo-Balesi (2)óóɗēN'ihi yaíyyóỌ bụ yagịton̄rkɔhɔ̄ (5+ 1)tʊ̄rɡɛ́rɛ̄ (5+ 2)tūrɡē (5+ 3)toǹrɡɔ́ɡɔ̄ (5+ 4)Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri

 Hụkwa 

 Ndepụta nke Proto-Surmic reconstructions (Wiktionary)

 Ihe odide