Fenton Johnson (Onye na-ede Abụ)

Fenton JohnsonPortrait of Fenton Johnson published in Visions of the Dusk (1915)BornMay 7, 1888Chicago, IllinoisDiedSeptember 17, 1958(1958-09-17) (aged 70)Chicago, IllinoisLanguageEnglishAlma materNorthwestern UniversityUniversity of ChicagoColumbia UniversityGenrePoetry
Fenton Johnson (May 7, 1888 - September 17, 1958) bụ onye America na-ede uri, onye edemede, onye edemede nke obere akụkọ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye nkuzi.  Johnson si n'ezinaụlọ ndị Afrịka na Amerịka nọ na Chicago, ebe ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ ya. A na-etinyekarị ọrụ ya na anthologies nke uri nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, a makwaara ya maka abụ mbụ.  Onye edemede James Weldon Johnson (enweghị mmekọrịta) kpọrọ Fenton, "otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-ede uri mgbanwe ihe gbasara ndị ojii".  A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye mbido nke Harlem Renaissance .

 Mmalite ndụ ya na ọrụ ya 
A mụrụ Johnson na Mee 7, 1888, na Chicago, Illinois, nne na nna ya bụ Elijah na Jesse (Taylor) Johnson. Nna ya, Elijah Johnson, bụ onye na-ebu ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ezinụlọ ha bụ ndị Afrịka na Amerịka nwere ego. Ezinụlọ ya nwere ụlọ State Street ebe ha bi na ya, na dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ nke Arna Bontemps si kwuo, a kọwara Fenton Johnson dị ka "nwa nwoke mara mma nke na-akwọ ụgbọala eletrik ya gburugburu Chicago."Bontemps, Arna, "Fenton Johnson", American Negro Poetry: An Anthology (New York: Macmillan, 1996), 222–223.  Mgbe ọ na-etolite, Johnson chetara na ọ "na-ede akwụkwọ kemgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu," mana n'agbanyeghị ọchịchọ edemede, Johnson ebughị ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịmalite ọrụ edemede, ọ bụghịkwa ọrụ uri. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Johnson bu n'obi ịghọ onye otu ndị ụkọchukwu.Sanders, Elizabeth, and Delwiche Engelhardt, "Fenton Johnson", The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 229.

Johnson tolitere na Chicago, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze dị iche iche n'obodo ahụ, gụnyere Englewood High School na Wendell Phillips High School. Johnson bu ụzọ malite agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Northwestern, nke ọ gara site n'afọ 1908 ruo 1909 wee gaa Mahadum Chicago. Johnson mechara gaa Columbia University Pulitzer School of Journalism .Sanders, Elizabeth, and Delwiche Engelhardt, "Fenton Johnson", The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 229.

Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gasịrị, Fenton rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ozi na post ọfịs tupu ọ malite ịkụzi Bekee na State University of Louisville (SUL), nke bụ ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo, ojii, Baptist nwere na Kentucky nke ga-emecha mara dị ka Simmons.  Ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji.  Ọ kuziri ebe ahụ site na 1910 ruo 1911, wee laghachi na Chicago na 1911 itinye uche na ọrụ ide ya.Sanders, Elizabeth, and Delwiche Engelhardt, "Fenton Johnson", The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 229.

 Ọrụ edemede ya 
N'afọ 1913, Johnson bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ ya nke uri, Nrọ nta . Nchịkọta ahụ bụ ọrụ e bipụtara n'onwe ya, tinyere nchịkọta abụọ ya ndị ọzọ, Visions of the Dusk (1915) na egwu nke ala (1916).Sanders, Elizabeth, and Delwiche Engelhardt, "Fenton Johnson", The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 229.  Na mbụ, n'afọ 1909, Johnson yiri ka o nyefere maka mbipụta ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo, nke akpọrọ "A Wild Plaint", nke e dere n'aha onye, Aubrey Gray.  Ihe odide a, nke a na-ebipụtaghị, bụ "ihe ngosi doro anya nke ịkpa ókè", na ntinye "n'ụzọ ọzọ nwere nchekwube, iwe, ịda mbà n'obi, na nkụda mmụọ. Na mmechi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo, Gray gburu onwe ya, na-akọwa na ọ bụ 'n'ihi ajọ mbunobi a ... na m na-eme ihe m na-eme.' Mkparịta ụka Johnson banyere ajọ mbunobi na mkpagbu gụnyere okwu agbụrụ na echiche agbụrụ na agbụrụ.

N'etiti ntọhapụ nke nchịkọta uri nke mbụ ya na nke abụọ ya, Johnson kwagara New York, ebe ọ gara Pulitzer School of Journalism site na nkwado ego nke onye enyemaka.Sanders, Elizabeth, and Delwiche Engelhardt, "Fenton Johnson", The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 229.  Mgbe a tọhapụrụ akwụkwọ uri nke atọ ya, Johnson laghachiri Chicago, ebe ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ntọala nke The Champion n'afọ 1916. E guzobere Champion na njikọ ya na Henry Bing Dismond, nwa nwanne nna ya, onye bụkwa onye na-achọ uri na onye na-eme egwuregwu a ma ama, otu n'ime mmadụ ole na ole gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji ndị Afrika-Amerikan ahọpụtara maka ọzụzụ ndị ọrụ na Army's Eighth Illinois Regiment na Camp Des Moines n'afọ 1918. Mbipụta ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ihe ndị isi ojii rụzuru ma bipụta ya kwa ọnwa. Afọ abụọ mgbe ọ tọrọ ntọala The Champion, n'afọ 1918, Johnson gara n'ihu chọta The Favorite Magazine, nke akpọrọ The World's Greatest Monthly, ya na Dismond.Thomas, Lorenzo, "African Modernism and Twentieth Century American Poetry", Extraordinary Measures (University of Alabama Press, 2000).

The Favorite Magazine bipụtara ole na ole n'ime uri Johnson, na gburugburu oge a, a na-ebipụtakwa obere akụkọ Johnson na The Crisis . Na mgbakwunye na obere akụkọ ndị e bipụtara na The Crisis, Johnson bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi nke ya nke akpọrọ Tales of Darkest America n'afọ 1920. N'otu afọ ahụ, o bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede akpọrọ For the Highest Good . N'oge a, site n'ihe dị ka afọ 1912 ruo afọ 1925, Johnson guzobere njikọ na Chicago na Harriet Monroe, a nabatara ọtụtụ n'ime uri ya maka magazin uri Poetry .Patton, Venetria K., and Maureen Honey, Double-take: A Revisionist Harlem Renaissance Anthology (New York: Rutgers University Press, 2011), 268.   Na mgbakwunye, Johnson chọtara mbipụta na anthology nke onye na-ede uri Alfred Kreymborg họọrọ n'afọ 1915 nke a na-akpọ Ndị ọzọ: Magazin nke Amaokwu Ọhụrụ . E bipụtara otu n'ime uri ya a ma ama, "Tired", n'afọ 1919 na Ndị ọzọ ma bipụta ya na The Book of American Negro Poetry n'afọ 1922, n'etiti uri ndị ọzọ ya. Johnson dechara ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gụchaa nchịkọta nke anọ nke uri akpọrọ African Nights, mana o nweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na ibipụta nchịkọta ahụ.Wagner, Jean, Black Poets of the United States (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 179–180.

Na mgbakwunye na uri ya, edezi, na edemede edemede, Johnson rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede egwuregwu. Ka ọ na-erule afọ iri na itoolu, e mepụtara ihe nkiri Johnson "na ogbo nke Pekin Theatre ochie, Chicago". N'afọ 1925, e mere egwuregwu ya akpọrọ The Cabaret Girl na Shadow Theatre na Chicago, naanị aha a maara nke egwuregwu ya.Sanders, Elizabeth, and Delwiche Engelhardt, "Fenton Johnson", The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 229.

N'afọ ndị nke afọ 1930, Johnson rụrụ ọrụ maka Ihe oru ngo ndị odee nke gọọmenti etiti, nke bụ akụkụ nke Works Progress Administration (WPA) na Chicago. Ọ bụ Arna Bontemps duziri ya, akụkụ nke Federal Writers' Project lekwasịrị anya n'ide banyere ahụmịhe ojii na Illinois. Bontemps mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke Johnson.Sanders, Elizabeth, and Delwiche Engelhardt, "Fenton Johnson", The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 229.

Abụ Johnson nwere ọnụnọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na anthologies, gụnyere Weldon Johnsons, The Book of American Negro Poetry; Harriet Monroe na Alice Corbin's The New Poetry: An Anthology of Twentieth Century Verse in English (1923); na Countee Cullen's Caroling Dusk (1927).

 Nkatọ na nnabata 
Ndị nkatọ na-ahụkarị uri nke Fenton Johnson ka ọ bụrụ nke nwere nnukwu ihe ọchị na ụdị enweghị olileanya nke sitere na ahụmịhe ndị Africa America. Na mmepe ya na Fenton Johnson na The Book of American Negro Poetry, James Weldon Johnson dere na n'ọtụtụ uri Johnson, "ọ dịghị ihe fọdụrụ ịlụ ọgụ maọbụ olileanya maka." N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, James Weldon Johnson gara n'ihu, "abụ ndị a nke obi nkoropụ nwere ike dị ukwuu ma bụrụ ọrụ kacha mma nke Fenton Johnson. " A na-ahụkarị Fenton Johnson dị ka onye na-ede uri nke nwere echiche egbu egbu nke sitere na ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye Afrika Amerika, ụdị uri a na-ewe iwe bụ ihe a maara ya nke ọma. Nakwa na mmeghe ya, Johnson na-ekwu okwu ole na ole banyere ọrụ mbụ nke Johnson, na-achọpụta na akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke abụ Nrọ nta, "enweghị ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama.”Johnson, James Weldon, "Fenton Johnson", The Book of American Negro Poetry (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1931), 1940–41.

James Weldon Johnson na-egosikwa na mmepe ya nye Johnson na ọ bụ n'oge agha ka Fenton Johnson nakweere amaokwu n'efu, ma "si na ọdịnala na echiche niile nke abụ maka Mgbako ojii pụọ. Nke a chọtara ọhụrụ "enweghị usoro," Johnson chọpụtara, "kwupụtara nkụda mmụọ na obi ilu nke mmetụta agbụrụ Negro na-enwe mgbe ahụ. "Johnson, James Weldon, "Fenton Johnson", The Book of American Negro Poetry (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1931), 1940–41. Maka James Weldon Johnson, mgbe ahụ, uri Fenton Johnson jikọtara ya na obi nkoropụ, ọ bụkwa otú ahụ ka Johnson si bụrụ onye e si bụrụ onye e ji bụrụ onye e ji bụrụ nnukwu ọrụ Akwụkwọ nke gbasara abụ gbasara ike ndị ojii na Amerika, ma mesịa na anthologies ndị ọzọ. Fenton a "na-ewe iwe" na-etinye n'ahịrị nke uri ya " Ike gwụrụ": "Ike gwụrụ m ọrụ. Ike gwụrụ m iwulite mmepeanya nke onye ọzọ," ka uri ahụ na-agụ.Thomas, Lorenzo, "African Modernism and Twentieth Century American Poetry", Extraordinary Measures (University of Alabama Press, 2000).

Johnson nwere otu ihe nketa n'ime abụ American Modernist. A maara na ọ bụ akụkụ nke ndị edemede ga-abụ ndị na-eme uri "ọhụrụ", nke chọrọ "ịtụfu ọdịnala nke American Poetry", dị ka James Weldon Johnson ga-akọwa ya.Johnson, James Weldon, "Fenton Johnson", The Book of American Negro Poetry (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1931), 1940–41. uri "ọhụrụ" ndị a pụtara na magazin ndị dị ka abụ, Others, na mgbe e mesịrị, The Liberator, ha gosipụtara ọganihu site na "ọdịnala nkịtị gaa na okike kachasị mgbanwe, site na akara a na-enyocha nke ọma gaa n'amaokwu n'efu, site na asụsụ Negro a na-ahụkarị gaa n'asụsụ siri ike nke [Carl] abụ nke Sandberg's Chicago.Wagner, Jean, Black Poets of the United States (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 179–180.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-edekarị "Ike gwụrụ", e mere abụ mbụ nke Johnson n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere uri olumba, dị ka achọtara n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya, Nrọ nta  .Johnson, James Weldon, "Fenton Johnson", The Book of American Negro Poetry (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1931), 1940–41. Nchịkọta ahụ tụlere ọtụtụ isiokwu, site na uri na Paul Laurence Dunbar, nke akpọrọ "Dunbar", na isiokwu nke oge ochie dịka na "Lancelot's Defiance".Johnson, Fenton, A Little Dreaming (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Humanities Text Initiative, 1997). Ọzọkwa,Nrọ nta nwere uri omenala Scottish, uri Irish, na ọbụna uri Yiddish, nke na-egosi ọtụtụ mmetụta uri n'oge mmalite nke ọrụ uri ya.Wagner, Jean, Black Poets of the United States (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 179–180. Na Visions of the Dusk na egwu nke ala, Johnson malitere itinye "Negro spirituals", ebe a ka a hụ mgbanwe n'ime isiokwu ndị ahụmahụ ndị Africa na America na-emetụta nke ukwuu. Na Abụ nke Ala, Johnson dere na "The Negro nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ bụkwa ihe karịrị onye ọrụ ugbo. " Site n'ebe a gaa na uri "Ike gwụrụ", anyị nwere ike ịchọta "onye oji na-ede uri mgbanwe" nke James Weldon Johnson na-ekwupụta na Fenton Johnson bụ na mmadụ ole na-ahụ ya taa.

N'afọ 2016, a kpọbatara Johnson na Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. N'ihe odide ntinye ha, Hall of Fame dere, sị: 

 Ndụ onwe 
Johnson lụrụ Cecilia Rhone. Ọ bụ onye otu Ndị edemede Njikọ nke Amerika na nke Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

 Ọrụ ya 






 Anthologies 

 Harriet Monroe na Alice Corbin, The New Poetry: An Anthology of Twentieth Century Verse in English (1923);
 Countee Cullen, Caroling Dusk (1927).
 James Weldon Johnson, The Book of American Negro Poetry (1931)
 Arna Bontemps, American Negro Poetry from (1963)
 Ruth Miller, Black American Literature: 1760–Present (1971)
 Abraham Chapman, Black Voices: An Anthology of African American Literature (1968)
 Richard Barksdale na Kenneth Kinnamon, Black Writers of America: A Comprehensive Anthology (1972)
 Robert Hayden, Kaleidoscope (1982)
 Arthur P. Davis, J. Saunders Redding na Joyce Ann Joyce, The New Cavalcade (1991)
 Library of America, American Poetry of the Twentieth Century Volume I (2000)
 Henry Louis Gates Jr. na Nellie McKay, Norton Anthology of African American Literature (2004)

 Edensibia 

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations