Alice Augusta Ball

Alice Augusta Ball (Julaị 24, 1892 - Disemba 31, 1916) bụ onye America chemist bụ onye mepụtara "Ụzọ bọọlụ", ọgwụgwọ kachasị dị irè maka ekpenta na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.  Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na onye mbụ Afrịka America nwetara nzere masta site na Mahadum Hawaii, ma bụrụkwa nwanyị mbụ mahadum na prọfesọ kemịkalụ Amerịka. 

A mụrụ Alice Augusta Ball na July 24, n'afọ 1892, na Seattle, Washington, nye James Presley na Laura Louise (Howard) Ball.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụaka anọ, nwere ụmụnne abụọ tọrọ, William na Robert, na nwanne nwanyị nke tọrọ, Addie.  Ezinụlọ ya dị n'etiti na nke ọma, dịka nna Ball bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Colored Citizen, onye na-ese foto na onye ọka iwu.   Nne ya na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto.  Nna nna ya, James Ball Sr., bụ onye na-ese foto, na otu n'ime ndị ojii America mbụ ji daguerreotype,   usoro nke ibipụta foto na efere ígwè. Ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta ekwuola na ịhụnanya nne na nna ya na nna nna ya nwere maka foto nwere ike itinye aka na ịhụnanya o nwere maka chemistry, ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ na mercury vapors na ayodiin na-eme ka efere ọlaọcha mepụta foto.  N'agbanyeghị ịbụ ndị a ma ama na ndị na-akwado obodo Africa America, nne na nna Ball abụọ ka edepụtara dị ka "White" na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ mgbalị iji belata ajọ mbunobi na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nwa ha nwanyị ga-eche ihu ma nyere ya aka "ịgafe" na ọha ndị ọcha. 

Alice Ball na ezinụlọ ya si Seattle kwaga Honolulu na 1903 na-atụ anya na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ ga-ebelata ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke nna nna ya. Ọ nwụrụ obere oge ka ọ kwagara na n'afọ 1905, ha laghachiri na Seattle mgbe naanị otu afọ na Hawaii gasịrị.  Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Seattle, Ball gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Seattle wee nweta akararị dị elu na sayensị. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Seattle High School n'afọ 1910. 

Ball gara n'ihu na-amụ kemịkalụ na Mahadum Washington,   na-enweta akara ugo mmụta bachelor na kemistri ọgwụ na 1912 na nzere bachelọ nke abụọ na sayensị nke ọgwụ afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị n'afọ 1914.   N'akụkụ onye nkuzi ya na-ere ọgwụ, Williams Dehn, o bipụtara isiokwu dị peeji 10, " Benzoylations in Ether Solution", na Journal of the American Chemical Society .  Ibipụta akụkọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị a na-akwanyere ùgwù bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka nwanyị na karịsịa maka nwanyị ojii n'oge a. 

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e nyere Ball ọtụtụ ohere agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ natara onyinye sitere na Mahadum California Berkeley, yana College of Hawaii (ugbu a Mahadum Hawaii ), ebe o kpebiri ịmụ maka akara ugo mmụta dị elu na kemistri.  Na kọleji nke Hawaii, ihe ọmụmụ nna ya ukwu gụnyere ịmụ ihe gbasara kemịkal nke ụdị osisi Kava. N'ihi nchọcha a na nghọta o nwere banyere kemịkalụ ihe ọkụkụ, Harry T. Hollmann mechara bịakwute ya, onye bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ enyemaka dọkịta na-ahụ maka ekpenta na ọdụ nyocha ekpenta nke US Public Health Service na Hawaii, Parascandola, John. "Chaulmoogra oil and the treatment of leprosy." Pharmacy in history 45.2 (2003): 47-57. ka ọ mụọ chaulmoogra. mmanụ na chemical Njirimara. Mmanụ Chaulmoogra bụ ọgwụgwọ kacha mma maka ọrịa ekpenta kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, Ball wee mepụta ụdị injectable dị irè karị. N'afọ 1915, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na onye isi ojii America mbụ ga-eji akara ugo mmụta masters na College of Hawaii gụchaa.  Ọ bụkwa onye mbụ African American "chemist na onye nkuzi" na College of Hawaii's chemistry ngalaba. 

 Ọgwụgwọ ekpenta 
Na Mahadum Hawaii, Ball nyochara kemịkalụ etemeete na ụkpụrụ arụ ọrụ nke Piper methysticum (kava) maka tesis nna ya ukwu.  N'ihi ọrụ a, Dr. Harry T. Hollmann kpọtụụrụ ya na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Kalihi dị na Hawaii, bụ́ onye chọrọ onye inyeaka maka nchọpụta ya n'ịgwọ ọrịa ekpenta . 

N'oge ahụ, ekpenta ma ọ bụ ọrịa Hansen bụ ọrịa a na-akparị nke ukwuu nke na-enwekwaghị ohere mgbake. A chụpụrụ ndị a chọpụtara na ha nwere ekpenta n’agha gaa n’agwaetiti Molokai nke Hawaii na-atụ anya na ha ga-anwụ n’ebe ahụ.   Ngwọta kachasị mma dịnụ bụ mmanụ chaulmoogra, sitere na mkpụrụ osisi Hydnocarpus wightianus sitere na mpaghara mpaghara India, bụ nke ejirila ọgwụ eme ihe site na mmalite afọ 1300. Ma ọgwụgwọ ahụ adịchaghị irè, na usoro ọ bụla nke ngwa nwere nsogbu. Ọ dị nhịahụ nke ukwuu ka a na-eji ya eme ihe nke ọma, yana dị ka ịgbanye nhịahụ nhịahụ nke mmanụ ahụ mere ka ọ daa n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ wee ghọọ ọnya kama ịmịnye ya. Ọnya ndị a malitere n'ahịrị zuru oke wee mee ka ọ dị "dị ka a ga-asị na ejiri afụ dochie akpụkpọ ahụ onye ọrịa".  Ịtinye mmanụ ahụ adịghị irè ma n'ihi na ọ nwere uto na-adịghị mma nke na-emekarị ka ndị ọrịa na-agbọpụta ya. 

Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụo na atọ, Ball mepụtara usoro iji mee ka mmanụ ahụ sie ike ma nwee ike ịmịnye ya n'ahụ. Usoro ya gụnyere ikewapụ ogige ester na mmanụ ahụ na iji kemịkal gbanwee ha, na-emepụta ihe na-ejigide ihe ndị na-eme ka mmanụ ahụ na-agwọ ọrịa ma na-amịnye ahụ ya mgbe a na-agba ya. Ignotofsky, Rachel (2016). "Women in Science: 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World" Ten Speed Press: pp.45 N'ụzọ dị mwute, n'ihi ọnwụ ya na-egbu oge, Ball enweghị ike ibipụta nchọpụta mgbanwe ya. Maggs, Sam (2016). "Wonder Women: 25 Innovators, Inventors, and Trailblazers Who Changed History." Quirk Books: pp. 36-39. Arthur L. Dean, onye na-ahụ maka kemist ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi oche nke Mahadum Hawaii, zuru ọrụ ya, bipụta nchoputa ahụ, wee malite iwepụta nnukwu chaulmoogra nke injectable.  Dean  n'enyeghị otuto bọọlụ wee kpọọ usoro ahụ aha ya. N'afọ 1920, otu dibia bekee kọrọ na Journal of the American Medical Association na ndị ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ahụike chụpụrụ ndị ọrịa 78 n'ụlọ ọgwụ Kalihi ka ha gwọchara ha ntụtụ nke mmanụ chaulmoogra gbanwere nke Ball.    Na usoro Ball, ethyl esters nke fatty acids achọtara na mmanụ chaulmoogra ka akwadoro ka ọ bụrụ ụdị dabara adaba maka ịgba ntụtụ na nnabata n'ime mgbasa.  Ester ethyl dịpụrụ adịpụ nọgidere bụrụ ọgwụgwọ kachasị mma maka ekpenta ruo mgbe e mepụtara ọgwụ sulfonamide n'afọ 1940s. 

Ọ bụghị ruo ọtụtụ afọ ka Hollmann nwụsịrị ka ọ nwara imezi ikpe na-ezighị ezi a. O bipụtara akwụkwọ n'afọ 1922 na-enye Ball otuto, na-akpọ ụdị mmanụ a na-agbanye mmanụ ahụ "Ụzọ bọọlụ."  N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọ ka nọgidere na-echefu na ndekọ sayensị.  N'afọ nke mgbe 1970, Kathryn Takara na Stanley Ali, ndị prọfesọ na Mahadum Hawaii, nyochara ebe a na-edebe ihe ndekọ iji chọta nyocha Ball. Mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ gasịrị, ha nwere ike weta mbọ ya na ihe ndị ọ rụpụtara, na-enye ya otuto ọ nwetara.

 Ọnwụ na nnabata 
Ball nwụrụ na Disemba 31, 1916, mgbe ọ dị afọ 24. Ọ rịa ọrịa n'oge nyocha ya wee laghachi Seattle maka ọgwụgwọ ọnwa ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya.  Otu akụkọ mgbasa ozi azụmahịa nke Pacific nke 1917 tụrụ aro na ihe kpatara ya nwere ike ịbụ nsị chlorine n'ihi ikpughe mgbe ọ na-ezi ihe n'ụlọ nyocha.  A kọrọ na ọ na-enye ihe ngosi ka a ga-esi eji mkpuchi gas eme ihe nke ọma n'ijikere maka mbuso agha, ka Agha Ụwa Mbụ na-alụ na Obodo Europe.  Mana amabeghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya, n'ihi na agbanwere akwụkwọ ọnwụ mbụ ya ka ọ bụrụ ụkwara nta . 

Nkwenye izizi nke ọrụ Ball bịara afọ isii ka ọ nwụsịrị mgbe, n'afọ 1922, akpọtụrụ ya obere oge na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike,  ebe a na-akpọ usoro ya “Ụzọ bọọlụ”.  Mgbe ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Hawaii gụnyere Kathryn Takara na Stanley Ali, Mahadum Hawaii mechara sọpụrụ Ball na 2000 site n'ịrara ya akara n'elu osisi chaulmoogra nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'azụ Bachman Hall.  N'otu ụbọchị ahụ, onye bụbu Lieutenant Gọvanọ nke Hawaii, Mazie Hirono, kwupụtara February 29 "Alice Ball Day," bụ nke a na-eme ugbu a kwa afọ anọ.   N'afọ 2007, mahadum board nke Regents ji ihe nrite dị iche iche kwanyere bọọlụ ugwu, ugwu kacha elu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.  Na Maachị 2016, Magazin Hawai'i debere bọọlụ na ndepụta ya nke ụmụ nwanyị kacha nwee mmetụta na akụkọ ntolite Hawaii.  N'afọ 2018, a kpọrọ ogige ntụrụndụ ọhụrụ na mpaghara Greenwood nke Seattle aha bọọlụ.   N'afọ 2019, ụlọ akwụkwọ London nke Hygiene na Tropical Medicine gbakwunyere aha ya na frieze dị n'elu ụlọ ya, yana Florence Nightingale na Marie Curie, iji kwado onyinye ha na sayensị na nyocha ahụike ụwa.  N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2020, obere ihe nkiri, usoro bọọlụ ga-ebido na mmemme ihe nkiri Pan Afrikan.  Ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum nke Hawaii ajụọla ma ekwesịrị imekwu ihe iji dozie omume ezighi ezi nke onye bụbu Onye isi ala Dean, gụnyere atụmatụ maka ịnyegharị Dean Hall ka ọ bụrụ Ball kama.  Na Nọvemba 6, 2020, ewepụtara satịlaịtị aha ya ( ÑuSat 9 ma ọ bụ "Alice", COSPAR 2020-079A) n'ime oghere. />

Na Febụwarị 28, 2022, Gọvanọ Hawaii David Ige bịanyere aka na nkwupụta na-ekwupụta February 28 "Alice Augusta Ball Day" na Hawaii na emume nnabata pụrụ iche na Mahadum Hawaii na ogige Mānoa. Ememe a mere n'akụkụ Bachman Hall na ndò nke osisi Chaulmoogra nke a kụrụ na nsọpụrụ Ball. E gosipụtara ihe ncheta ọla n'ebe ahụ na ebe nchekwa ya. Ihe karịrị mmadụ narị bịara, gụnyere First Lady Dawn Ige na Onye isi ala UH David Lassner . 

 Hụkwa ihe ọzọ 

 Ndepụta nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Africa-American
 Beebe Steven Lynk

 Edensibia 

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