Emma Mashinini

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Emma Mashinini (21 Ọgọst afo 1929 – 10 Julaị afo 2017  ) bụ onye otu azụmaahịa na onye ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Afrika. N'ịbụ onye bi na Johannesburg, a manyere ezinụlọ ya n'ike ọtụtụ oge n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi otu n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta uwe ya. Ọ malitere na African National Congress (ANC) na afo 1956. Mashinini jere ozi afọ iri na abụọ na onye isi oche nke National Union of Clothing Workers (NUCW) wee guzobe South Africa Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union (SACCAWU) na afo 1975. E jidere ya ma jide ya n’ebuboghị ya ọnwa isii na afo 1981–82.

Mashinini rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mgbanwe na ọchịchị ANC na afo 1980 na afo 1990. Ọ jere ozi na South Afrika Truth and Reconciliation Commission wee bụrụ Kọmishọna maka nkwụghachi nke ikike ala. Akụkọ ndụ ya, akpọrọ Strikes Followed Me All My Life, ka ebipụtara na 1989 wee bipụta ya na afo 2012. Ọ natara ọtụtụ onyinye na ihe ịchọ mma, gụnyere Order nke Baobab na Order nke Luthuli .

 Ndụ mbido 
Amuru Mashinini na Rosettenville, ime obodo ndi ocha nke Johannesburg . Ezinụlọ ya bi n'azụ ụlọ ebe nne ya, bụ́ Joana, na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ. Mgbe Mashinini dị afọ isii, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Prospect Township, agbata obi dị nso na City Deep . Obodo Prospect bụ ebe ezinaụlọ ndị isi ojii a chụpụrụ n'ebe obibi ha na mpaghara Ọcha na-agakarị. Na afo 1936, agbataobi a kwa bụ nke a kpasuru iwe, mebie ya n'okpuru Iwu Johannesburg Slums nke afo 1934. S. M. Parnell, "Johannesburg's Backyards: the slums of New Doornfontein, Bertrams, and Prospect Township", "The Making of Class" (University of the Witwatersrand History Workshop), 9–4 February 1987. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ na Prospect Township bugara Orlando, Soweto, mana ezinụlọ Mashinini nwere ike ịkwaga na Sophiatown . A chụpụrụ Sophiatown n'ike n'ike, ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, ezinụlọ Mashinini kwagara Soweto.  

Mashinini hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14 ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ndị mụrụ ya kewapụrụ nne ya n'enweghị ego zuru ezu.  Ọ lụrụ di mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa ma mụọ ụmụ isii. Atọ nwụrụ n'oge ndụ ha, n'ihi nlekọta ahụike ezughị oke maka ụmụ ọhụrụ ojii.  (Nwa ya nwanyị Penny nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 17 na afo 1971. ) 

Mashinini gara ọgbakọ ndị mmadụ na afo 1955 na Kliptown, bụ nnukwu emume maka African National Congress (ANC). O mechara dee:"Abụghị m onye na-ebu kaadị, ma na nzukọ ahụ, abụ m onye otu n'ime ahụ, mmụọ na mkpụrụ obi. . . N'ihi ya, echere m na Congress bụụrụ m ihe anya. Nke ahụ, ikekwe, bụ mgbe m malitere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ihe ọzọ, nke m na-enwe mgbe nile, nke bụ na m na-ewekarị iwe ka a na-achị m.” 

 Onye nhazi otu 
N'afọ 1956, Mashinini malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Henochsberg, nke agbụrụ na okike kewapụrụ. Na mgbakwunye na ọnọdụ ndị siri ike na ụgwọ ọjọọ a na-enye ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche na nke nwere ọtụtụ ihu ihu. N'ịbụ ndị e mesoro dị ka ndị na-erughị ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii ihu na ime ihe ike nke ịda ogbenye n'okpuru Apartheid mgbe ha na-alọta n'ụlọ kwa ụbọchị. Iris Berger, "Generations of struggle: Trade unions and the roots of feminism 1930–60"; in Women in South African History: They Remove Boulders and Cross Rivers, ed. Nomboniso Gasa; Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council, 2007; p. 193. Ndị ọrụ ojii na-enwekwa ihe isi ike ihu n'ịga ọrụ n'oge—site n'ógbè ndị e kewapụrụ iche bụ́ ndị a kpachibidoro ha. 

Mashinini sonyeere ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ uwe ma hazie ya na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọ ghọrọ ma onye na- elekọta ụlọ ahịa na onye nlekọta ụlọ nke ndị ọrụ nchịkwa họpụtara. O mechara kọwaa ọnọdụ siri ike sitere na ọnọdụ abụọ a:"Ha gaara achụpụ m ma ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ. Abụ m onye na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa, mana ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ ịchụ gị n'ọrụ, ha ka nwere ike ịchụ gị n'ọrụ. Kama, ha na-agbalị iji m kwụsị nsogbu ahụ. Ha ga-eji m dị ka ihe mgbanyụ ọkụ, ebe ọ bụla na-akwụsị nsogbu.N'ikpeazụ, o dere, sị, "Enwere m ọrụ abụọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ma amaara m nke ọma ebe mbụ m kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi dị. A họpụtara m onye nlekọta mana ndị ọrụ ibe m họpụtara m ịbụ onye nlekọta ụlọ ahịa." Edward Webster, "Manufacturing Compromise: The Dynamics of Race and Class Among South African Shop Stewards in the 1990s"; in The Critical Study of Work: Labor, Technology, and Global Production, ed. Rick Baldoz, Charles Koeber, & Philip Kraft; Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001; p. 206.

Site na omume ọrụ dị iche iche, ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara mkpuchi ọrụ awa 40 na enweghị ọrụ. A họpụtara ya ịbụ onye isi kọmitii nke National Union of Clothing Workers (NUCW), bụ nke ọ jere ozi afọ iri na abụọ.  Zwelinzima Vavi, "Many workers still face terrible treatment", speech given 3 May 2013, PoliticsWeb.

Oge mgbanwe maka Mashinini bịara mgbe o chere echiche banyere otú e si eji uwe a na-emepụta n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ya. "Mgbe m chọpụtara na m nyere aka mee uwe ndị a e ji gbuo ndị m . . . Ọ tụrụ m ụjọ,” ka o dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya. John Battersby, "A Lifelong Fight for Labor Rights Prison and psychological torture did not deter Emma Mashinini in her 10-year struggle.", Christian Science Monitor, 9 September 1991. O kpebiri na nhazi otu ga na-emetụta okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị buru ibu mgbe niile. 

N'afọ 1975, Mashinini tọrọ ntọala South Africa Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union (SACCAWU), na-aghọ onye dị ike na South Afrika ọrụ na nnukwu. Mgbalị ya mere ka ndị uwe ojii na-amaja ya mgbe niile. 

 Jide na nga 
Na 27 Nọvemba afo 1981, ndị uwe ojii rutere n'isi ụtụtụ n'ụlọ Mashinini, na-enyocha ụlọ ahụ ma jide Mashinini.  Ejidere ya n'okpuru ngalaba 6 nke Iwu Iyi ọha egwu nke 1967,  iwu nyere ohere ijide onye ọ bụla ndị uwe ojii chere na ọ ga-etinye ihe egwu n'ihe egwu na idobe iwu na usoro. Jonathan Cohen, "1967 Terrorism Act, No. 83 of 1967", South African History Online, c. 2012. Accessed 17 December 2013.

A kpọbatara Mashinini n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Pretoria . Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nanị ya, a jụkwara ya inweta ihe ndị bụ́ isi. E mechara kpọga ya n’ụlọ mkpọrọ dị na Johannesburg ma tọhapụ ya mgbe ngụkọta ọnwa isii gachara—ọ dịghị mgbe e boro ya ebubo mpụ. Rebecca Davis, "The lean, mean, labour rights Mashinini", Daily Maverick, 17 July 2012. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, e nyere ya iwu ka ọ ghara ikwu banyere oge ọ nọrọ n’ụlọ mkpọrọ.  Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, onye ọrụ ibe ya bụ Neil Aggett nwụrụ n'ịkpọgidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ya. 

Di ya, Tom Mashinini, mere ka a mara banyere a tụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na ihe ngosi a haziri ahazi na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu . 

Mgbe oge ejidere ya, a gwọchara Mashinini na Denmark maka nsogbu nrụgide mgbe ọ gbasịrị. Ọ jụrụ ndụmọdụ onye na-agwọ ya bụ́ na o kwesịrị ịkwụsị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma lekwasị anya n’onwe ya. Dorothy Driver, "Truth, Reconciliation, Gender: the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Black Women's Intellectual History", Australian Feminist Studies, 20(47), 2005. "Her Danish woman doctor's insistence that healing would come only if Mashinini could centre on herself re-instituted, for Mashinini, the trauma, torture, and dehumanisation of South African prison life, for it was alien to her conception of herself as familiar and communal, as a person by and through others." Ọ kọwara ọgwụgwọ a dị ka "nkpọrọ ọzọ." Daniel Roux, "'I speak to you and I listen to the voice coming back': Recording solitary confinement in the apartheid prison", South African Journal of English Studies 22(1), 2005. "However, she finds the idea of talking about herself to a therapist almost abhorrent, and describes the clinic as 'yet another detention' (Mashinini 1989:91) where she is isolated and interrogated, (literally) in danger of losing her name (she is expected to register under a pseudonym in order to protect herself.)" Ọ laghachiri n'ọkwa onye isi na SACCAWU, nke gbasaara ndị otu puku iri isii wee nweta oke ikike maka ndị ọrụ nwanyị. 

 Ntughari na iwu ANC 
Mgbe a na-etolite Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) na 1985, Mashinini bụ onye na-akwado nkwuwa okwu maka ntinye nke ndị inyom na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ. Mgbe ọ tụlechara usoro onyonyo nke na-agụnyeghị ụmụ nwanyị, Cosatu mechara nweta akara ngosi nke ọma gụnyere nwanyị nwere nwa.  Malehoko Tshoaedi & Hlengiwe Hlela, "The marginalisation of women unionists during South Africa's democratic transition"; in Trade Unions and Democracy: Cosatu Workers' Political Attitudes in South Africa, ed. Sakhela Buhlungu; Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press, 2006; p. 100.

Na afo 1995, a họpụtara Mashinini ka ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna maka nkwụghachi nke ikike ala, na-alaghachi na Pretoria dịka akụkụ nke gọọmentị. Eugene Goddard, "Memory is power, and mandatory reading", BusinessDay, 8 August 2012. Na afo 1998, o nyere aka nweta ikike ala maka obodo nwere ezinụlọ 600 a chụpụrụ na afo 1969. Louise Cook, "South Africa: Court returns Vryburg land to deprived community", AllAfrica (Business Day), 10 June 1998. N'oge ya, o kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ya nwere ụkọ ọrụ na ego. Emmanuel Olukayode Ogunsalu, "The Political Economy of Land Reform in South Africa and Zimbabwe: A Comparative Study", PhD dissertation for Howard University, May 2001. N'afọ 2002, o kwuru na 'o wutere ya nke ukwuu' site na mkpebi ụlọikpe na-amachibido ụgwọ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ndị South Africa na-azọrọ ikike ala. ”South Africa; Land Restitution Going at Snail's Pace”, Africa News (Business Day), 11 January 2002. Accessed 17 December 2013 via Lexis Academic. "Ahụrụ m ọrụ ahụ maka onwe m na nke onwe anyị dị ka iweghachi ndị mmadụ ala ahụ," ka o kwuru. Cherryl Walker, Landmarked: Land Claims and Land Restitution in South Africa; Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2008; p. 9.

 Ọnwụ 
Mashinini nwụrụ na Johannesburg na 10 Julaị na afo 2017 mgbe ọ dị afọ 87. 

 Na-arụ ọrụ 

 Ogbugbu esochiela m ndụ m niile, akụkọ ndụ m

 Edensibia 

 Akụkọ akụkọ 



 Suzanne Daley, " Nkwụghachi nkwụghachi nke Apartheid achụpụrụ ", New York Times, 25 Juun 1996.
 " Courtlọ ikpe na-ekwu na ala ga-anụ ikpe Gauteng nke mbụ ", Mail & Guardian, 5 October 1998.

 Ọgụgụ ọzọ 







 M. Bahati Kuumba, " Ị kụgburu Oké Nkume: Tụnyere okike, mmegharị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mgbanwe na United States na South Africa ", Gender and Society 16(4), August 2002.
 Richard Pithouse, " Ụjọ na-adịgide adịgide nke South Africa ", South Africa Civil Society Information Service (SACIS), 12 Septemba 2012.

 Njikọ mpụga 


 Full video on YouTube of Emma Mashinini speaking about her life, Afravision, March 2011.
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations