Caroní River

Osimiri Caroní bụ osimiri nke abụọ kacha mkpa na Venezuela, nke abụọ na-erute, na otu n'ime ogologo, 952 kilometres (592 mi) sitere na Tepui Kukenan, ebe o sitere na otu aha Kukenan, rue nkwekorita ya na Osimiri Orinoco nke o nwere. A na-etinye aha ahụ "Caroni" malite na njikọ nke Kukenan na Yuruani, na 182 kilometres (113 . site na isi iyi Kukenan na 770 kilometres (480 mi) site na mwepụ ya na Orinoco. Nzukọ ahụ na-ewere ọnọdụ na ndịda Venezuela, na Bolivar State, ịbụ akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke Orinoco, nke na-abụkarị n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu. Basin dị elu nke Caroni dị na Gran Sabana ( Canaima National Park ) dị nso na ókèala Brazil.

 Ọchịchị hydraulik 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|320x320px| ByOsimiri Caroní dị na La Llovizna National Park, Puerto Ordaz
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|320x320px| Njikọ nke Osimiri Caroní (n'azụ), osimiri ojii na osimiri Orinoco, osimiri na- acha ọcha.
Caroni bụ otu n'ime osimiri nwere oke mpụta kacha elu n'ụwa, n'ihe gbasara ebe mmiri dị na ya. Nkezi mwepu bụ ano puku nari itghehite na iri use cubic metres per second (171,000 cu ft/s), nwere mgbanwe dị iche iche nke oge mmiri/akọrọ na-akpata. Nkezi kacha mwepu bụ 6,260 cubic metres per second (221,000 cu ft/s), na nkezi kacha nta bụ 3,570 cubic metres per second (126,000 cu ft/s) . N'ime oke akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ 17,576 cubic metres per second (620,700 cu ft/s) . Caroni na-enye 15.5 pasent nke mwepu nke osimiri Orinoco. Otu n'ime ihe e ji mara mmiri Caroni bụ agba gbara ọchịchịrị, nke na-akpata site na oke humic acids n'ihi ire ere ezughị ezu nke ọdịnaya phenol nke ahịhịa. Ya mere Caroni bụ nke osimiri ojii, dịkwa ka osimiri Negro, ma ọ bụ Rio Negro na Brazil, Venezuela na Colombia. N'ọgwụgwụ 1940s, a hụrụ ola diamond n'ime ọdọ mmiri Caroni dị nso na mpaghara ụwa ama ama ama ama nke na-enweta naanị ụgbọ elu na ụgbọ ala ụkwụ anọ. "Treasure Hunt In A Lost World." Popular Mechanics, September 1950, pp. 73–79.

 Oku mmiri 
Osimiri ahụ na- ekpochapụ oke ọhịa ndị dị na Guayanan Highland .  Basin nke Caroni kpuchiri 95,000 square kilometres (37,000 sq mi) na ọ bụ akụkụ nke Orinoco basin, osimiri kachasị mkpa nke Venezuela. Nke a pụtara maka nnukwu osimiri abụọ ahụ na ha nwere njirimara hydrographic yiri ya. The Caroni n'onwe ya na tributary na Paragua bụ osimiri nwere a steepụ, n'echiche na ọtụtụ ọdịda na rapids na-alternated na agbatị na nwayọọ slopes, na ọtụtụ meanders na oxbow ọdọ mmiri (na-ebipụ meanders). Otu n'ime ọdịda kachasị mkpa nke osimiri ndị a na mpaghara ha nwere ike ịkpọ Angel Falls, na ọdịda kachasị elu nke ụwa, fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), na Kukenan Falls, nke iri na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa nwere 610-metre (2,000 ft) ọdịda efu. Ndị ọzọ na-adaba na obere elu ma na oke mmiri dị elu, dị ka Aponwao Falls na Caruay dabara, na osimiri nwere aha ndị a: Osimiri Toron, Osimiri Eutobarima, ọdịda nke La Llovizna na Osimiri Cachamay, ndị a ikpeazụ. atọ na Caroni n'onwe ya na nke ikpeazụ tupu ahapụ ya n'ime Orinoco.

 Igwe oku mmiri ike 
N'ihi ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ mwepụta ya dị elu, yana nkezi kwa afọ nke 4,850 cubic metres per second (171,000 cu ft / s) na mkpọda ugwu, Caroni dabara adaba maka ọgbọ nke ike igwe oku mmiri na osisi anọ n'akụkụ ya ( Macagua I, II na III ), n'akụkụ ọnụ ya, Caruachi, ihe dị 30 kilometres (19 mi) n'anya, na n'ikpeazụ osisi Guri, n'etiti Necoima ma ọ bụ Necuima, ihe 80 kilometres (50 . sitere na Puerto Ordaz. Osisi a nwere ọdọ mmiri ya, nke nwere mpaghara 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi), n'etiti osimiri, ma nwee ike nke 10,000 MW, ma ugbu a bụ nke atọ kasị ukwuu n'ụwa, na-esote mmiri mmiri atọ Gorges na China (22,500). MW) na Itaipu Dam na Paraguay na Brazil (14,000 MW)

 Ogige ntụrụndụ mba 
Na nnukwu efere nke osimiri ndị na-etolite Caroni (Aponguao, Cuquenán na Yuruaní) na Gran Sabana na-agbasa, akụkụ nke Canaima National Park .

 Njem nlegharị anya 
Oku mmiri nke Caroni bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị egwu na ịma mma nke ụwa, nke dị mma maka njem nlegharị anya: oke ọhịa na savannah, nnukwu mmiri mmiri na cataracts na-apụghị ịgụta ọnụ, ọwa mmiri miri emi na ugwu dị elu, iyi na-agba ọsọ na mmiri dị ọcha nke ukwuu (agba ọchịchịrị gbara ọchịchịrị)., fọrọ nke nta ka oji mgbe miri, blackwater osimiri, osimiri nwere pink aja, wdg. Ofu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke oku mmiri nke Caroni, na-ekwu maka ndị njem nleta, bụ mmiri mmiri nke Aponguao, nke Kama (Kama Meru na asụsụ Caribbean) pemon, Eutobarima (na Caroni n'onwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mfe ịnweta), ọdọ mmiri ahụ. na osisi nke Guri, ogige ntụrụndụ nke mmiri mmiri na nke ndagwurugwu Kavak, ugwu ugwu (tepuis) nke Roraima na Kukenan.

 Ngwuputa ihe 
N'akụkụ Osimiri Caroní dị n'etiti njikọ ọnụ na Osimiri Icabarú na San Salvador de Paúl, e nwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta ọla edo, ọkachasị n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke osimiri ahụ n'èzí ogige ntụrụndụ mba, mana enwere ike ịhụ ole na ole n'akụkụ aka nri. n'ime Canaima National Park . E wezụga mmetụta na-agbawa obi nke igbutu osisi na igbutu ọhịa iji kpochapụ ebe a na-egwupụta ogbunigwe, ihe ize ndụ ka ukwuu bụ iji mercury na-emerụ osimiri Caroní, anụ ọhịa ya na ndị bi n'akụkụ ya. Achọtala ọkwa dị elu nke mercury ọ bụghị nanị na osimiri Caroní kamakwa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Guri na n'akụkụ ala. Gọọmenti dị ugbu a nke Venezuela ekwela nkwa ibelata ọrụ Ngwuputa n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na atụmatụ mmepe na-adigide maka Ngwuputa 2016-2018.  Ngwuputa iwu na-akwadoghị n'okpuru ọchịchị Hugo Chávez, n'ihi na mba nke mines na-agba ọsọ site na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta akụ nke mba ụwa na nke a nwere mmetụta ọjọọ nke mmụba nke iji mercury dị ka usoro ha we ndị ọzọ siri ike ma dị ọnụ ahịa iji mee ihe n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ọrụ nkà na ụzụ .  Eziokwu ahụ bụ na osimiri nke na-agafe n'akụkụ ogige ntụrụndụ na-emetụta mmepe a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa.

 Edensibia