Ibe nwaanyị ugwu

Ibe nwaanyị ugwu(FGM)nke amakwa dịkaibe nwaanyị mma n’ihe ojiri bụrụ nwaanyịnaibe nwaanyị ugwu,ka mba ụwa n’ahụ maka ahụike akpọrọ Wold Helt Oganaịzeshọn(WHO) kọwara dịka “iwepụ ihe n’ime ihe nwaanyị jiri bụrụ nwaanyị n’ụzọ ekwesịghị ekwesị.”"Classification of female genital mutilation", World Health Organization, 2013 (hereafter WHO 2013). FGM bụ omenala ebe ụfọdụ na agbụrụ ụfodụ na Afrịkana mba 27[na mpaghara Afrịka]nana ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, n’emekwa n’ogo dị ala n’Eshia na mba Midụl Isti na n’etiti ndị bisara ebisa ebe niile.UNICEF 2013, p. 2  A na-eme ya site na mgbe amụrụ nwa nwaanyị ọhụrụ ruo mgbe obidorola toputawa mmadụ; n’ebe ufọdụ enwere ndekọ maka ya, a na-ebe ha ugwu a tupu ha eruo afo ise.UNICEF 2013, pp. 47, 50, 183.

Onwere ụzọ ndịọzọ dị iche iche esi eme ya n’agbụrụ ụfọdụ. Nke a gụnyere iwepu kpamkpam akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ihe nọ n’ebe nwaanyị sị amụ nwanaihe ndị jikọrọ yama n’ime ma na mpụta;ma nke kasị buo ibu n’ime ha (imechi ebe nwaanyị si enwe mmekọahụ) kpamkpam. Na nke a, nke WHO kpọrọTaip 3FGM, a na-ahapụ obere oghere maka ebe mamịrị na nso nwaanyị si agbapụ ma hapụtụ ebe ụfọdụ maka inwe mmekọahụ n’ịmụ nwa.WHO 2013; WHO 2008, p. 4 Ọnọdụ ahụike onye ahụ n’adabere k’esi mee ya, mana a na-ebute ọrịa na ya, mgbu, abụ ịgbapụta site n’oge ruo n’oge n’enweghị ike mụta nwa, n’inwe nsogbu n’oge ịmụ nwa.Abdulcadira, Jasmine; Margairaz, C.; Boulvain, M; Irion, O. "Care of women with female genital mutilation/cutting", Swiss Medical Weekly, 6(14), January 2011 (review).

A na-emekarị ya site n’igosi ụmụ nwaanyị na ha dị ala, imere ha mkpebi n’ụzọ ha kwesiri isi nwee mmekọahụ, n’igosi ha mkpa nke ịdị ọcha n’agwa dị nye ndịọzọ. Ndị n’akwalitekarị ya bụ ụmụ nwaanyị ndị n’ahụta ya n’ọbụ nnukwu ihe ugwu nye ha na ndị n’enwe egwu n’ọbụrụ na nwa ha maọbụ nwa nwa emeghị ya n’ọga eme ka anya dịrị ha n’eluUNICEF 2013, p. 15: "There is a social obligation to conform to the practice and a widespread belief that if they [families] do not, they are likely to pay a price that could include social exclusion, criticism, ridicule, stigma or the inability to find their daughters suitable marriage partners."<p>
Nahid F. Toubia, Eiman Hussein Sharief, "Female genital mutilation: have we made progress?", International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 82(3), September 2003, pp. 251–261: "One of the great achievements of the past decade in the field of FGM is the shift in emphasis from the concern over the harmful physical effects it causes to understanding this act as a social phenomenon resulting from a gender definition of women's roles, in particular their sexual and reproductive roles. This shift in emphasis has helped redefine the issues from a clinical disease model (hence the terminology of eradication prevalent in the literature) to a problem resulting from the use of culture to protect social dominance over women's bodies by the patriarchal hierarchy. Understanding the operative mechanisms of patriarchal dominance must also include understanding how women, particularly older married women, are important keepers of that social hegemony."   Ihe karịrị nde ụmụnwaanyị na ụmụaka ndị nwaanyị agabigala ihe a akpọrọ FGM na mba 29 ebe a na-emekarị ya.Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: What Might the Future Hold?, New York: UNICEF, 22 July 2014 (hereafter UNICEF 2014), p. 3/6: "If nothing is done, the number of girls and women affected will grow from 133 million today to 325 million in 2050." Also see p. 6/6:<p>
"Data sources: UNICEF global databases, 2014, based on Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and other nationally representative surveys, 1997–2013. Population data are from: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2012 revision, CD-ROM edition, United Nations, New York, 2013.<p>"Notes: Data presented in this brochure cover the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where FGM/C is concentrated and for which nationally representative data are available." Emeela ya ihe karịrị nde asatọ  na mba Djibaotu, Eriteria, Sọmalịa na Sudan.P. Stanley Yoder, Shane Khan, "Numbers of women circumcised in Africa: The Production of a Total", USAID, DHS Working Papers, No. 39, March 2008, pp. 13–14: "Infibulation is practiced largely in countries located in northeastern Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan. Survey data are available for Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djibouti. Sudan alone accounts for about 3.5 million of the women. ... [T]he estimate of the total number of women infibulated in [Djibouti, Somalia, Eritrea, northern Sudan, Ethiopia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon and Tanzania, for women 15–49 years old] comes to 8,245,449, or just over eight million women." Also see Appendix B, Table 2 ("Types of FGC"), p. 19.<p>
UNICEF 2013, p. 182, identifies "sewn closed" as most common in Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia for the 15–49 age group (a survey in 2000 in Sudan was not included in the figures), and for the daughters of that age group it is most common in Djibouti, Eritrea, Niger and Somalia.
See UNICEF statistical profiles: Djibouti (December 2013), Eritrea (July 2014), Somalia (December 2013).<p>
Also see Gerry Mackie, "Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account", American Sociological Review, 61(6), December 1996 (pp. 999–1017), p. 1002: "Infibulation, the harshest practice, occurs contiguously in Egyptian Nubia, the Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, also known as Islamic Northeast Africa."

Enweela iwu kagburu ibe ụmụnwaanyi ugwu n’ọtụtụ mba, mana anaghị etinye iwu ndị ahụ n’ọrụ.For countries in which it is outlawed or restricted, UNICEF 2013, p. 8; for enforcement, UNFPA–UNICEF 2012, p. 48. Mba ụwa ndị n’enwe nchegbu maka ya etinyela mgbalị pụrụ iche kemgbe 1970 ime ka ndị mmadụ kwusị ya, nke na afọ 2002 otu akpọrọ Unaịted Neshọn Jenaral Assembli, hụtara ibe nwaanyị ugwu dịka imegide mmadụ n’imebi ikike iwu nyere ya."67/146. Intensifying global efforts for the elimination of female genital mutilation", United Nations General Assembly, adopted 20 December 2012.<p>
Emma Bonino, "Banning Female Genital Mutilation", The New York Times, 19 December 2012. Onwekwara ndị n’emegide ndị n’achụ ụdị mmekpa ahụ a ụkwu eru ala, ma karịsịa ndị n’amụ maka omume ndị mmadụ ebe dị iche iche dịka Erik Silvamanonye dere na ibe nwaanyị ugwu abụrụla isiokwu ha n’elebara anya nke enwerela ọtụtụ ajụjụ maka yak’osi metụta omenala, n’ụzọ osi kwesị ekwesị ma aga anabata n’ọbụ ihe n’emebị ugwu dịịrị mmadụ.Eric K. Silverman, "Anthropology and Circumcision", Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 2004 (pp. 419–445), pp. 420, 427.

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