Salamander asia

Salamander asia (famili Hynobiidae) adalah kelompok salamander primitif yang ditemukan di seluruh Asia dan Rusia Eropa. Kelompok ini berkerabat dekat dengan salamander raksasa (famili Cryptobranchidae), dengannya kelompok ini membentuk subordo Cryptobranchoidea. Sekitar setengah dari salamander hynobiid yang kini dideskripsikan endemik ke Jepang, tetapi persebarannya juga meliput sebagian Tiongkok, Rusia, Afghanistan dan Iran.(Hasumi 2002).

Salamander jenis ini memiliki ciri fertilisasi eksternal, dimana sel jantan dan betina dilepas ke air. Tidak seperti famili-famili lainnya yang bereproduksi secara internal, salamander asia jantan berfokus pada kantung telur, alih-alih betina, saat kawin.(Hasumi, 2002). Betina menelurkan dua kantung telur setiap kawin, masing-masing berisi hingga 70 telur. Perawatan oleh induk lumrah di kelompok ini.

Beberapa spesies memiliki paru-paru yang sangat mengecil atau tidak ada sama sekali. Larvanya terkadang memiliki insang eksternal kecil bila mereka hidup di perairan dingin dan kaya akan oksigen.Hasumi, M. (2002). About hynobiids. Retrieved May 8, 2005 from .

Fosil-fosil Hynobiidae diketahui dari Miosen hingga kini di Asia dan Eropa Timur, tetapi fosil cryptobranchoid yang lebih berkerabat dekat ke Hynobiidae dibandingkan dengan salamander raksasa berusia hingga ke Jura Tengah.

 Speises 
Saat ini, terdapat 100 spesies yang diketahui. Genus-genus ini membentuk famili Hynobiidae:

Subfamili Hynobiinae

 Genus Afghanodon
 Afghanodon mustersi (Smith, 1940)
 Genus Batrachuperus (salamander air tiongkok)
 Batrachuperus karlschmidti Liu, 1950
 Batrachuperus londongensis Liu and Tian, 1978
 Batrachuperus pinchonii (David, 1872)
 Batrachuperus tibetanus Schmidt, 1925
 Batrachuperus yenyuanensis Liu, 1950
 Genus Hynobius - (Salamander asia)
 Hynobius abei Sato, 1934
 Hynobius abuensis Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
 Hynobius akiensis Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
 Hynobius amabensis Sugawara and Nagano, 2023
 Hynobius amakusaensis Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
 Hynobius amjiensis Gu, 1992
 Hynobius arisanensis Maki, 1922
 Hynobius bakan Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
 Hynobius bambusicolus Wang, Othman, Qiu and Borzée, 2023
 Hynobius boulengeri (Thompson, 1912)
 Hynobius chinensis Günther, 1889
 Hynobius dunni Tago, 1931
 Hynobius formosanus Maki, 1922
 Hynobius fossigenus Okamiya, Sugawara, Nagano, and Poyarkov, 2018
 Hynobius fucus Lai and Lue, 2008
 Hynobius geiyoensis Sugawara, Naito, Iwata, and Nagano, 2022
 Hynobius geojeensis Min and Borzée, 2021
 Hynobius glacialis Lai and Lue, 2008
 Hynobius guabangshanensis Shen, 2004
 Hynobius guttatus Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
 Hynobius hidamontanus Matsui, 1987
 Hynobius hirosei Lantz, 1931
 Hynobius ikioi Matsui, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2017
 Hynobius iwami Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
 Hynobius katoi Matsui, Kokuryo, Misawa, and Nishikawa, 2004
 Hynobius kimurae Dunn, 1923
 Hynobius kuishiensis Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
 Hynobius kunibiki Sugawara, Iwata, Yamashita, and Nagano, 2021
 Hynobius leechii Boulenger, 1887
 Hynobius lichenatus Boulenger, 1883
 Hynobius maoershanensis Zhou, Jiang, and Jiang, 2006
 Hynobius mikawaensis Matsui, Misawa, Nishikawa, and Shimada, 2017
 Hynobius miyazakiensis Sugawara, Nagano, and Sueyoshi, 2023
 Hynobius naevius (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
 Hynobius nagatoensis Sugawara, Tahara, Matsukoji, and Nagano, 2022
 Hynobius nebulosus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
 Hynobius nigrescens Stejneger, 1907
 Hynobius nihoensis Sugawara, Nagano, and Nakazono, 2022
 Hynobius notialis Min and Borzée, 2021
 Hynobius okiensis Sato, 1940
 Hynobius oni Kanamori, Nishikawa, Matsui, and Tanabe, 2022
 Hynobius osumiensis Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
 Hynobius oyamai Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
 Hynobius owariensis Sugawara, Fujitani, Seguchi, Sawahata, and Nagano, 2022
 Hynobius perplicatus Min and Borzée, 2021
 Hynobius quelpaertensis Mori, 1928
 Hynobius retardatus Dunn, 1923
 Hynobius sematonotos Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
 Hynobius sengokui Matsui, Misawa, Yoshikawa, and Nishikawa, 2022
 Hynobius setoi Matsui, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
 Hynobius setouchi Matsui, Okawa, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
 Hynobius shinichisatoi Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
 Hynobius sonani (Maki, 1922)
 Hynobius stejnegeri Dunn, 1923
 Hynobius sumidai Sugawara, Naito, Iwata, and Nagano, 2022
 Hynobius takedai Matsui and Miyazaki, 1984
 Hynobius tokyoensis Tago, 1931
 Hynobius tosashimizuensis Sugawara, Watabe, Yoshikawa, and Nagano, 2018
 Hynobius tsuensis Abé, 1922
 Hynobius tsurugiensis Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
 "Hynobius" turkestanicus Nikolskii, 1910
 Hynobius unisacculus Min, Baek, Song, Chang, and Poyarkov, 2016
 Hynobius utsunomiyaorum Matsui and Okawa, 2019
 Hynobius vandenburghi Dunn, 1923
 Hynobius yangi Kim, Min, and Matsui, 2003
 Hynobius yiwuensis Cai, 1985
 Genus Liua (Salamander wushan)
 Liua shihi (Liu, 1950)
 Liua tsinpaensis (Liu and Hu, 1966)
 Genus Pachyhynobius (salamander bayak)
 Pachyhynobius shangchengensis Fei, Qu, and Wu, 1983
 Genus Paradactylodon (salamander air timur tengah)
 Paradactylodon persicus (Eiselt and Steiner, 1970)
 Genus Pseudohynobius
 Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus (Hu and Fei, 1978)
 Pseudohynobius guizhouensis Li, Tian, and Gu, 2010
 Pseudohynobius jinfo Wei, Xiong, and Zeng, 2009
 Pseudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis Xu and Zeng, 2007
 Pseudohynobius puxiongensis (Fei and Ye, 2000)
 Pseudohynobius shuichengensis Tian, Gu, Li, Sun, and Li, 1998
 Genus Ranodon (salamander semirichensk)
 Ranodon sibiricus Kessler, 1866
 Genus Salamandrella (salamander siberia)
 Salamandrella keyserlingii Dybowski, 1870
 Salamandrella tridactyla Nikolskii, 1905

Subfamili Onychodactylinae

 Genus Onychodactylus (salamander bercakar)
 Onychodactylus fischeri (Boulenger, 1886)
 Onychodactylus fuscus Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014
 Onychodactylus intermedius Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
 Onychodactylus japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782)
 Onychodactylus kinneburi Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe, and Okayama, 2013
 Onychodactylus koreanus Min, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
 Onychodactylus nipponoborealis Kuro-o, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
 Onychodactylus tsukubaensis Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2013
 Onychodactylus zhangyapingi Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012
 Onychodactylus zhaoermii Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012
 Onychodactylus sillanus Min, Borzée, and Poyarkov, 2022
 Onychodactylus pyrrhonotus Yoshikawa et Matsui, 2022

 Referensi