Pemboikotan Rusia dan Belarus

Sejak awal tahun 2022, Rusia dan Belarus telah diboikot oleh banyak perusahaan dan organisasi di Eropa, Amerika Utara, Australasia, dan tempat lain, sebagai respons terhadap invasi Rusia ke Ukraina, yang didukung oleh Belarus. Hingga 2 Juli 2022, Yale School of Management mencatat lebih dari 1.000 perusahaan menarik diri atau melepaskan diri dari Rusia, baik sebagai akibat dari sanksi atau sebagai protes terhadap tindakan Rusia. Badan Nasional Ukraina untuk Pencegahan Korupsi (Ukrainian National Agency on Corruption Prevention) memelihara daftar yang disebut International Sponsors of War (Sponsor Perang Internasional) yang mencakup perusahaan dan individu yang masih berbisnis dengan Rusia.

Ringkasan
Mayoritas negara yang memberi sanksi kepada Rusia menyusul aneksasi Krimea pada tahun 2014 mulai memberlakukan sanksi tambahan untuk menghukum Rusia karena menginvasi seluruh Ukraina—sebuah langkah yang telah dipersiapkan sejak lama oleh Presiden Rusia Vladimir Putin. Banyak perusahaan tidak terdampak oleh sanksi terhadap Rusia, tetapi memutuskan untuk memutus hubungan dengan negara tersebut, baik karena tekanan publik atau sebagai protes terhadap tindakan pemerintah Rusia, atau keduanya. Lembaga-lembaga Ukraina telah menyatakan bahwa kebutuhan akan langkah-langkah ini sangat mendesak.

Responsnya secara garis besar dapat dibagi menjadi "boikot budaya", yang bertujuan untuk memperkuat kecaman internasional terhadap invasi, dan "boikot ekonomi", yang dirancang untuk membuat upaya perang menjadi kurang berkelanjutan. Sebagai akibat dari boikot ekonomi, beberapa komentator telah memperingatkan akan adanya keruntuhan ekonomi yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya di masa depan Rusia, mengutip penurunan nilai rubel sebesar 30%, kenaikan suku bunga sebesar 20%, dan ekspansi PDB turun menjadi 1% dari sebelumnya 1,7%. Analisis oleh berbagai perusahaan memproyeksikan kontraksi PDB akhir tahun setidaknya 5% dan inflasi sebesar 15%. Beberapa pukulan paling kritis terhadap infrastruktur Rusia adalah hilangnya akses ke sistem pembayaran SWIFT dan pembatasan kemampuan Rusia untuk mengekspor minyak. Senator AS Bernie Sanders telah menyatakan bahwa krisis ini harus memengaruhi kebijakan energi secara lebih luas untuk mencegah "negara-negara petro-otoriter". Sementara Shell plc dicatat karena melepaskan sahamnya di Gazprom, perusahaan itu juga dikritik karena membeli kargo minyak mentah Rusia dengan diskon. Keesokan harinya, menyusul protes publik, Shell membela pembelian tersebut sebagai kebutuhan jangka pendek, tetapi juga mengumumkan bahwa mereka berniat untuk mengurangi pembelian semacam itu dan memasukkan keuntungan darinya ke dalam dana yang akan disalurkan untuk bantuan kemanusiaan ke Ukraina. Hingga tanggal 10 Maret, setengah dari sepuluh perusahaan internasional terbesar yang memiliki hubungan bisnis dengan Rusia mengumumkan bahwa mereka menarik diri atau menutup operasi mereka; dan jumlah perusahaan yang telah melakukannya mencapai lebih dari 300.

Beberapa perusahaan makanan ringan dan makanan cepat saji terbesar telah menghadapi kritik karena terus berbisnis di Rusia dan Belarus. Anthony Pompliano membela platform perdagangan cryptocurrency (aset kripto) karena tidak berpartisipasi dalam boikot, dengan menyatakan "ada sejumlah besar ketidakmanusiawian yang terjadi dalam keputusan untuk memutuskan warga negara biasa dari sistem keuangan global. Apa kejahatan mereka?" Para kritikus pemerintah Israel telah menunjukkan bahwa beberapa politisi Amerika yang mendukung pengisolasian Rusia secara ekonomi sebelumnya berkampanye untuk dan meloloskan undang-undang anti-BDS (Boikot, Divestasi, Sanksi) yang menghukum boikot terhadap Israel.

Sisi budaya dari boikot ini berfokus pada pengurangan jumlah produk hiburan yang tersedia bagi masyarakat di Rusia. Ini termasuk film dan album, tetapi juga acara yang disiarkan langsung melalui televisi yang diselenggarakan di negara-negara Barat. Yasmeen Serhan berkomentar bahwa sentimen nasionalistik, yang secara historis menguntungkan rezim Putin, akan dilemahkan oleh pengucilan Rusia dari acara olahraga. Pelarangan Rusia dan Belarus dari Olimpiade telah disamakan dengan boikot atletik terhadap rezim apartheid Afrika Selatan. Menurut sejarawan Olimpiade David Wallechinsky dan Bill Mallon, keputusan ini dapat dianggap sebagai titik balik jika dibandingkan dengan kelonggaran di masa lalu atas program doping yang disponsori negara di Rusia atau upaya penculikan Krystsina Tsimanouskaya oleh Belarus.

Selain membatalkan penampilan yang direncanakan di Rusia, beberapa organisasi hiburan dengan anggota Rusia mulai mencermati dukungan masa lalu mereka terhadap Putin. Beberapa selebritas ini menolak untuk mengutuk perang, tetapi yang lain kehilangan kontrak mereka karena mereka melakukannya tanpa menyebut nama Putin. Sebuah pernyataan oleh Alex Ovechkin, misalnya, menyerukan perdamaian secara umum dan menyebutkan bahwa anggota keluarganya di Rusia juga dalam bahaya. Namun, mantan penjaga gawang Czech dari Detroit Red Wings dan Ottawa Senators, Dominik Hašek, menanggapi Ovechkin dan mengkritiknya atas dukungan masa lalunya terhadap Putin, dengan menyatakan "Apa!? Bukan hanya alibi, pengecut, tapi juga pembohong!", seraya juga meminta NHL (National Hockey League) untuk menskors semua pemain Rusia. Salah satu musisi yang merujuk pada keselamatan keluarganya ketika mengutuk perang adalah Alexander Malofeev. Vancouver Recital Society, yang telah mulai mensyaratkan hal ini dari semua artis Rusia, menanggapi bahwa pernyataan Malofeev tidak cukup untuk mengizinkan konsernya dilanjutkan.

Meskipun sanksi terus berlanjut, 47 dari 200 perusahaan terbesar di dunia masih belum meninggalkan Rusia, terutama perusahaan energi yang tetap berinvestasi di sana. Raksasa energi Inggris Shell dan perusahaan dagang Jepang Mitsui dan Mitsubishi memegang saham dua digit dalam proyek minyak dan gas alam Sakhalin-2. Pada 1 Juli 2022, Putin menandatangani dekret untuk mengizinkan pemerintah menyita proyek minyak dan gas alam Sakhalin-2, tetapi upaya lebih lanjut untuk secara resmi menasionalisasi aset perusahaan internasional ditangguhkan karena rancangan undang-undang tersebut tidak lolos dari Duma Negara sebelum reses musim panas 2022.

Menurut analis Barat, perusahaan-perusahaan yang tersisa telah mengalami tekanan ekspropriasi (pengambilan hak milik) dan nasionalisasi, namun secara resmi Rusia telah membantah bahwa mereka tertarik pada tindakan tersebut. Pada Agustus 2022, Menteri Perdagangan dan Industri Rusia Denis Manturov menyatakan, "kami tidak tertarik pada nasionalisasi perusahaan atau pemindahan mereka.""Russian economy shrinks 4% in second quarter, the first full quarter after the invasion of Ukraine" AP. Retrieved 14 August 2022.Lau, Ivonne (August 14, 2022). "47 of the world's biggest 200 companies still haven't left Russia. Now the Kremlin is preparing ‘expropriation blackmail,’ an expert says" fortune.com. Retrieved 14 August 2022.

 Memboikot perusahaan dan organisasi 

 Banking and finance 
Perusahaan atau organisasiIndustriNegaraActionsDateAbrdnFinancial servicesAbrdn announced it will reduce its holdings in Russia and Belarus.1 March 2022Alaska Permanent FundSovereign wealth fundAfter pressure from Alaskan legislators, the Alaska Permanent Fund announced it will not purchase any new Russian securities and will look to divest its Russian portfolio, consisting of US$63m in fixed income, US$153m in public equities and US$2.7m in private equity.10 March 2022American ExpressPayment systemsAmerican Express announced it had suspended all operations in Russia. All American Express cards will not work at merchants or ATMs in Russia and cards issued by Russian institutions will not work outside of the country. American Express stated its business in Russia is "small".6 March 2022Apple PaySistem pembayaran daringApple Pay stopped working in Russia due to sanctions on Russian banks. In 2020, 20% of Russians were using Apple Pay.26 February 2022Asian Infrastructure Investment BankBankingAsiaThe Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) stated it had put all activities relating to Russia and Belarus "on hold and under review."3 March 2022Australian Future Fund and NSW Generations FundSovereign wealth fundAustralia's Future Fund announced it would dump all Russian assets, worth A$200m, while the New South Wales government would dump A$75m of Russian assets from its NSW Generations Fund.28 February 2022Australian Retirement TrustSuperannuationThe Australian Retirement Trust announced it would dump A$133m in Russian assets.3 March 2022AustralianSuperProgram pensiunAustralianSuper announced it would dump its A$175m portfolio of Russian assets as quickly as possible.4 March 2022Aware SuperSuperannuationAware Super announced it would dump its A$50m Russian investment portfolio.1 March 2022CbusSuperannuationCbus pledged to divest from Russian assets as soon as possible.1 March 2022CoinbaseCryptocurrencyCoinbase blocked 25,000 wallets belonging to sanctioned individuals. It also stated the use of "sophisticated blockchain analytics" to identify accounts indirectly linked to banned users.7 March 2022Colonial First StateSuperannuationColonial First State announced it would divest its Russian exposure, which made up 0.1% of its total funds.3 March 2022Goldman Sachs Group IncFinancial servicesGoldman Sachs Group Inc is winding down its business in Russia in compliance with regulatory and licensing requirements.10 March 2022Google PaySistem pembayaran daringGoogle Pay stopped working in Russia due to sanctions on Russian banks. In 2020, 29% of Russians were using Google Pay.26 February 2022Government Employees Superannuation BoardSuperannuationWestern Australia's Government Employees Superannuation Board (GESB) stated it would reduce its exposure to 20 Russian companies, including Gazprom, Rosneft, Sberbank and Lukoil.3 March 2022Government Pension Fund of NorwaySovereign wealth fundThe Government Pension Fund of Norway announced it will divest its Russian assets from 47 companies, including Sberbank, Gazprom and Lukoil, worth 25 billion crowns in 2021. However, it later stated its value is likely worth only 2.5 billion crowns and they were "pretty much written off".27 February 2022GunvorCommodities tradingGunvor announced it had already sold all of its Russian assets but would review its minority, non-controlling stake in Ust-Luga Oil Products terminal.4 March 2022HESTAProgram pensiunHESTA announced it had sold Russian assets from its Sustainable Growth super fund and it does not intend to reinvest in Russian sovereign bonds and other Russian assets in the future.February 2022HostplusSuperannuationHostplus confirmed it would offload its A$10m in Russian assets.4 March 2022JCB Co., Ltd.Payment systemsJCB announced the suspension of all its services in Russia.8 March 2022JPMorgan ChaseFinancial servicesJPMorgan Chase announced it was actively unwinding business and would not pursue any new business in Russia. JPMorgan had fewer than 200 employees located in Russia.10 March 2022Legal & GeneralFinancial servicesLegal & General announced it will reduce its holdings in Russian assets, stating that 0.1% of its assets under management were Russian.1 March 2022MastercardSistem pembayaranMastercard blocks transactions linked to multiple Russian institutions on 1 March. It further announced on 5 March that all cards issued by Russian banks will not work anywhere inside or outside of Russia, at Russian merchants and ATMs. Russia made up about 4% of Mastercard's net revenue for 2021.1 March 2022National Employment Savings TrustGovernment pension schemeThe National Employment Savings Trust told its fund managers to sell all existing Russian shares and government bonds as soon as possible and pledged not to buy any more.1 March 2022New York State Department of Financial ServicesGovernment regulatory bodyNew York Governor Kathy Hochul signed an executive order on 27 February, directing all New York State agencies and authorities to review and divest public funds from Russia. On 2 March, the state's Department of Financial Services expedited the procurement of blockchain analytics technology, allowing it to detect exposure of virtual currency businesses to sanctioned individuals.27 February 2022PayPalSistem pembayaran daringPayPal stopped accepting new users from signing up to PayPal in Russia and blocked transactions by some users and banks in Russia as of 2 March. On 5 March, it shut down its services in Russia.2 March 2022Paysera LTPayment systemsPaysera announced it will no longer accept transactions in rubles, close Russian accounts, and restrict money transfers to and from Russian banks.24 February 2022RemitlyPayment systemsRemitly suspended all money transfers to Russia in February 2022.28 February 2022RevolutFinancial servicesRevolut blocked payments to Russia and Belarus, and halted its support for transfers to or from parties in Belarus.4 March 2022TrafiguraCommodities tradingTrafigura froze all Russian investments, including its share in Rosneft led project Vostok Oil.2 March 2022VisaSistem pembayaranVisa mengumumkan telah menangguhkan semua operasinya di Rusia, termasuk menonaktifkan semua kartu yang dikeluarkan oleh bank-bank Rusia agar tidak dapat digunakan di luar Rusia, dan semua kartu yang dikeluarkan di luar Rusia agar tidak dapat digunakan di dalam Rusia.3 March 2022Western UnionFinancial servicesWestern Union menyatakan akan menangguhkan operasi di Rusia dan Belarus.10 March 2022WisePayment systemsWise menangguhkan semua transfer uang ke Rusia setelah sebelumnya membatasi transfer harian hingga £200. Meskipun demikian, situs web mereka masih menyediakan perkiraan nilai tukar rubel untuk referensi.28 February 2022World BankBankingInternasionalBank Dunia (The World Bank) mengumumkan telah menghentikan semua program di Rusia dan Belarus. Bank Dunia juga menyatakan bahwa mereka tidak menyetujui pinjaman atau investasi baru apa pun untuk Rusia sejak tahun 2014 dan untuk Belarus sejak pertengahan tahun 2020.2 March 2022

 Other 

 The Church of England announced on 25 February it will sell £20m in Russian holdings held by its Church Commissioners and the Church of England Pensions Board. The church also said it would not make any further investments in Russia, calling it an "immoral flood of corrupt money".

 Education, research and science 
Company or organisationIndustryCountryActionsDateAgence nationale de la rechercheGovernment agencyThe French National Research Agency suspended its partnership with the Russian Science Foundation and announced it will no longer take part in actions or funding involving Russian or Belarusian institutions.3 March 2022All European AcademiesOrganisasi non-pemerintahEuropeThe All European Academies suspended the membership of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.4 March 2022Arctic CouncilIntergovernmental organisationInternationalAll countries, except Russia, announced they will temporarily pause their participation in the Arctic Council since Russia holds the chairmanship.3 March 2022Arizona State UniversityUniversityArizona State University divested its US$2.3m in Russian assets.7 March 2022Australian National UniversityUniversityThe Australian National University (ANU) suspended all links with the Moscow State Institute of International Relations and the National Research University Higher School of Economics.3 March 2022CERNNon-government organisationCERN announced it had suspended Russia's status as an observer to the organisation, would prohibit Russia from attending open sessions of the CERN Council, and would revoke its "special right" to attend restricted sessions on the Large Hadron Collider. There will also be no new collaborations with Russian institutions, however the 1100 current academics and institutes will be able to continue their work.8 March 2022Clarivate and Web of ScienceAnalyticsAnalytics company Clarivate closed its Russian office and ceased all commercial activity in the country. It also suspended the evaluation of all new journal submissions from Russia and Belarus in the Web of Science.11 March 2022Council on International Educational ExchangeNon-government organisationThe Council on International Educational Exchange suspended its spring 2022 program in Saint Petersburg, relocating students to other universities in Eastern Europe.28 February 2022Deakin UniversityUniversitasDeakin University announced that it would not enter any new agreements with Russia, not accept any new Russian students and exit its small indirect holding in Russian funds. It also stated that it does not currently have any partnerships with Russian agencies or universities.8 March 2022Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and UK Research and InnovationGovernment agencyUK's science minister George Freeman announced a review of all research funding from the UK government to Russian beneficiaries on 27 February 2022. This led to the UK Research and Innovation agency to suspend 50 grants for projects at British universities that were linked to Russian universities.27 February 2022Durham UniversityUniversityDurham University suspended all bilateral research collaboration with institutions in Russia and Belarus.10 March 2022edXOnline educationedX announced that all courses offered by Russian universities – ITMO University, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia and Ural Federal University were removed from its website.4 March 2022European CommissionGovernment agencyEuropeThe European Commission suspended all payments to Russian institutions involved in EU-funded research projects. It also suspended the preparation of grant agreements for four projects under Horizon Europe.2 March 2022European Girls' Mathematical OlympiadMathematics competitionEuropeThe European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad excluded Russia from the competition in 2022, allowing Russia to compete in the competition remotely as private individuals.15 March 2022European Space AgencyGovernment agencyEropaThe European Space Agency delayed ExoMars, a joint Europe-Russian mission to send a rover to Mars. Russia was set to provide the Kazachok lander and the mission was intended to launch on a Russian Proton rocket.28 February 2022European University AssociationNon-government organisationEuropeThe European University Association suspended the membership of 12 Russian universities who signed a pro-war statement.7 March 2022European XFELResearch facilityThe European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility announced it will not start new agreements with Russian institutions and will suspend existing ones.2 March 2022French National Centre for Scientific ResearchGovernment agencyThe French National Centre for Scientific Research suspends all new scientific collaboration with Russia.2 March 2022German Academic Exchange ServiceNon-government organisationThe German Academic Exchange Service restricts all exchange to Russia, including cancelling scholarships for those offered to study in Russia.25 February 2022German Research FoundationGovernment agencyThe German Research Foundation suspended all scientific collaboration with Russia, including the sharing of data, samples, research and equipment. Researchers applying for a fellowship in Russia will have to choose another country.2 March 2022Global Network for Advanced ManagementNon-government organisationInternationalThe Global Network for Advanced Management suspends the Moscow School of Management SKOLKOVO from its network upon request from the school's dean.8 March 2022International Mathematical OlympiadMathematics competitionInternationalThe International Mathematical Olympiad suspended the membership of Russia, allowing Russia to compete in the competition remotely as private individuals.25 March 2022International Mathematical UnionNon-government organisationInternationalThe International Mathematical Union moved the 2022 International Congress of Mathematicians and awarding of the Fields Medal online; it was originally scheduled to be held in Saint Petersburg.26 February 2022Journal of Molecular StructureJurnal akademikNoneThe Journal of Molecular Structure stopped considering manuscripts submitted by scientists at Russian institutions.Julius Maximilian University of WürzburgUniversityThe Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg halts all institutional collaborations with Russia and bans researchers from undertaking business trips in Russia.8 March 2022Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyUniversityMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ended its relationship with the Skolkovo Foundation, affecting 21 MIT faculty members and 38 students.25 February 2022Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial PhysicsNon-government organisationThe Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics switched off the eROSITA black hole telescope aboard the Russian Spektr-RG satellite.26 February 2022Middlebury CollegeUniversityMiddlebury College suspended its Russian exchange programme, allowing students to complete the course remotely.28 February 2022NASAGovernment agencySpace agency NASA explored ways to keep the International Space Station in orbit without Russia. It noted that Northrop Grumman had offered reboost capability and suggested that SpaceX could help.1 March 2022National Research CouncilGovernment agencyItaly's National Research Council announced it will suspend operations in Russia and will not renew research agreements with institutions linked to Russia.28 February 2022QS World University RankingsNon-government organisationThe QS World University Rankings announced it will remove Russian and Belarusian universities from future rankings and will cease promoting study at its universities.7 March 2022Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Dutch Research CouncilNon-government organisationSemua universitas, pusat medis universitas, universitas ilmu terapan, Akademi Seni dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Kerajaan Belanda, dan Dewan Penelitian Belanda menangguhkan kemitraan dengan institusi-institusi di Rusia dan Belarus.4 March 2022Stanford UniversityUniversityStanford University ends a US$1.65m contract with an undisclosed entity from Russia.12 March 2022Tallinn University of TechnologyUniversityTalTech stops accepting new Russian, Belarusian students.23 March 2022UAMUniversityThe Adam Mickiewicz University suspends all collaboration with Russian and Belarusian universities.3 March 2022Universities UKNon-government organisationUniversities UK suspended its memorandum of understanding with the Russian Union of Rectors after it publishes a pro-war statement.7 March 2022University of AberdeenUniversityThe University of Aberdeen suspended all bilateral agreements with Russian institutions indefinitely.1 March 2022University of ArizonaUniversityThe University of Arizona divested its US$1.5m in Russian assets.7 March 2022University of ColoradoUniversityThe University of Colorado announced it would liquidate its investment in publicly traded Russian companies and mutual funds with holdings in Russia, around US$6.1m.3 March 2022University of GlasgowUniversityThe University of Glasgow announced it would suspend all partnerships with Russian and Belarusian academic institutions throughout the university.9 March 2022University of ReadingUniversityThe University of Reading suspends its partnership with the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.11 March 2022University of St AndrewsUniversityUniversitas St Andrews mengumumkan menangguhkan semua program, kolaborasi, dan kegiatan dengan Rusia, termasuk program Magister bersama dengan Universitas Negeri Moskow (Moscow State University). Universitas tersebut juga melepaskan (divestasi) kepemilikan saham Rusia senilai £40.000.8 March 2022University of TartuUniversityThe University of Tartu restricts applications from Russian and Belarusian students.9 March 2022University of TübingenUniversityThe University of Tübingen suspends all cooperation with Russian universities and research facilities, joint research activities and joint conferences. It also cancelled student exchanges in Russia and business trips to Russia.3 March 2022Western Sydney UniversityUniversityWestern Sydney University suspended all ties and activities with Russian universities and institutions.7 March 2022

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