Deklarasi darurat iklim

Deklarasi darurat iklim atau deklarasi darurat iklim adalah tindakan yang diambil oleh pemerintah dan ilmuwan Untuk mengakui umat manusia berada dalam krisis iklim.

Deklarasi pertama dibuat oleh pemerintah daerah pada bulan Desember 2016. Sejak itu, lebih dari 2.100 pemerintah daerah di 39 negara telah membuat deklarasi darurat iklim . Populasi yang dicakup oleh yurisdiksi yang telah menyatakan keadaan darurat iklim berjumlah lebih dari 1 miliar warga.

Pada 29 April 2019, Pemerintah Wales mendeklarasikan keadaan darurat iklim, yang kemudian disahkan oleh parlemennya, Senedd, pada 1 Mei 2019, ketika menjadi yang pertama di dunia yang secara resmi mendeklarasikan darurat iklim.

Setelah pemerintah membuat deklarasi, langkah selanjutnya bagi pemerintah yang mendeklarasikan adalah menetapkan prioritas untuk mitigasi perubahan iklim, sebelum akhirnya memasuki keadaan darurat atau setara. Dalam mendeklarasikan keadaan darurat iklim, pemerintah mengakui bahwa perubahan iklim (atau pemanasan global) ada dan langkah-langkah yang diambil hingga saat ini tidak cukup untuk membatasi perubahan yang dibawa olehnya. Keputusan tersebut menekankan perlunya pemerintah dan administrasi untuk mengembangkan langkah-langkah untuk menghentikan pemanasan global yang disebabkan oleh manusia.

Deklarasi dapat dibuat pada berbagai tingkatan, misalnya di tingkat pemerintah nasional atau lokal, dan bisa berbeda dalam kedalaman dan detail panduan mereka Istilah "darurat iklim" tidak hanya menggambarkan keputusan formal, tetapi juga mencakup tindakan untuk mencegah kerusakan iklim Ini seharusnya membenarkan dan memfokuskan badan pemerintahan pada tindakan iklim Istilah khusus "darurat" digunakan untuk memberikan prioritas pada topik ini, dan untuk menghasilkan mindset yang mendesak

Istilah "darurat iklim" telah dipromosikan oleh aktivis iklim dan politikus aksi pro-iklim untuk menambah rasa mendesak untuk menanggapi masalah jangka panjang. Sebuah survei opini publik Program Pembangunan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di 50 negara menemukan bahwa 64% dari 1,2 juta responden percaya bahwa perubahan iklim adalah keadaan darurat global. (Page has download link to 68-page PDF.)

 Terminologi 
 Untuk diskusi lebih lanjut mengenai terminologi, lihat Krisis iklim § Terminologi alternatif.
Darurat iklim sebagai istilah yang digunakan dalam protes terhadap perubahan iklim sebelum 2010 (misalnya "Climate-Emergency-Rally" di Melbourne pada bulan Juni 2009). Pada 2017, dewan kota Darebin mengadopsi beberapa langkah bernama "Rencana Darurat Iklim Darebin". Pada 4 Desember 2018, Club of Rome mempresentasikan "Rencana Darurat Iklim" mereka, yang mencakup 10 langkah prioritas tinggi untuk membatasi pemanasan global. Dengan munculnya gerakan seperti Extinction Rebellion dan School Strike for Climate, Kekhawatiran itu telah diangkat oleh berbagai pemerintah.

Beberapa kota dan komunitas Eropa yang mendeklarasikan keadaan darurat iklim secara bersamaan adalah anggota Klima-Bündnis (bahasa Jerman untuk "aliansi iklim"), yang mewajibkan mereka untuk menurunkan emisi CO2 mereka sebesar 10% setiap lima tahun.

Kamus Oxford Memilih "darurat iklim" sebagai kata tahun 2019 dan mendefinisikan istilah tersebut sebagai "situasi di mana tindakan mendesak diperlukan untuk mengurangi atau menghentikan perubahan iklim dan menghindari kerusakan lingkungan yang berpotensi tidak dapat dipulihkan akibat itu." Penggunaan istilah ini melonjak lebih dari 10.000% antara September 2018 dan September 2019.

 History 

Early stages
Encouraged by the campaigners behind a Climate Emergency Declaration petition, which had been launched in Australia in May 2016, the first governmental declaration of a climate emergency in the world was put forward by Trent McCarthy, an Australian Greens Councillor at the City of Darebin in Melbourne, Australia. The city declared a climate emergency on 5 December 2016. In August 2017, Darebin decided upon a catalogue of actions in a "Darebin Climate Emergency Plan". Darebin's declaration was followed by Hoboken in New Jersey and Berkeley, California.

Hearing of these developments in 2018, UK Green Party politician Carla Denyer, then a member of Bristol City Council, took the lead role in bringing about Bristol City Council's declaration of a climate emergency. This was the first such declaration by in Europe, and has been widely credited as a breakthrough moment for cities and national parliaments beginning to declare climate emergency. Denyer's motion was described in the UK newspaper The Independent as 'the historic first motion' which by July 2019 had been 'copied by more than 400 local authorities and parliaments'.

On 28 April 2019, Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister of the Scottish Government, declared a climate emergency at the SNP conference; the Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act was passed on 25 September 2019. The following day, the Welsh Government declared a climate emergency, which was subsequently passed by its parliament, the Senedd, on 1 May 2019, when it became the first in the world to officially declare a climate emergency.  The Parliament of the United Kingdom followed later that afternoon.

Subsequent developments
Pope Francis declared a climate emergency in June 2019. The Pope also called for a "radical energy transition" away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy sources, and urged leaders to "hear the increasingly desperate cries of the earth and its poor." He also argued against "the continued search for new fossil fuel reserves" and stated that "fossil fuels should remain underground."

On 10 July 2019, networks representing more than 7,000 higher and further education institutions from six continents announced that they are declaring a Climate Emergency, and agreed to undertake a three-point plan to address the crisis through their work with students. Some statements were criticized for not including specific measures.

In June 2019, Councillor Trent McCarthy of the City of Darebin brought together councillors and parliamentarians in Australia and around the world for two online link-ups to connect the work of climate emergency-declared councils and governments. Following these link-ups and a successful motion at the National General Assembly of Local Government, McCarthy announced the formation of Climate Emergency Australia, a new network of Australian governments and councils advocating for a climate emergency response.

Representative Earl Blumenauer of Oregon believes the US government should declare a climate emergency. Blumenauer's proposed legislation is supported by 2020 US presidential candidate and Senator Bernie Sanders, as well as Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.

In 2019, according to an eight-country poll, a majority of the public recognise the climate crisis as an "emergency" and say politicians are failing to tackle the problem, backing the interests of Big Oil over the wellbeing of ordinary people. The survey found that climate breakdown is viewed as the most important issue facing the world in seven out of the eight countries surveyed.

In September 2013, the Australian Medical Association officially declared climate change a public health emergency. The AMA noted that climate change will cause "higher mortality and morbidity from heat stress, injury and mortality from increasingly severe weather events; increases in the transmission of vector-borne diseases; food insecurity resulting from declines in agricultural outputs; [and] a higher incidence of mental-ill health." The AMA has called on the Australian Government to adopt a carbon budget; reduce emissions; and transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy, among other proposals to mitigate the health impacts of climate change. Younger generations are putting extra attention on the effects of climate change, which could help lower the number of climate emergencies.

The Australian Greens Party have called on the federal Parliament to declare a climate emergency. Greens MP for Melbourne, Adam Bandt, welcomed the UK Parliament's declaration of a climate emergency and argued that Australia should follow their lead. In October 2019, an official e-petition to the Australian Parliament calling for the declaration of a climate emergency, received more than 400,000 signatories. This is the single most popular online Parliamentary petition in Australia. Former federal Liberal Party leader John Hewson has publicly urged for a conscience vote in the Parliament on the climate emergency, despite the Liberal Party's current position on climate change. He also stated that "it was an emergency 30 years ago".

In October 2019, the Australian Labor Party supported the Greens Party's policy to declare a climate emergency, however the proposition failed with the rejection of the Morrison Government. The motion was supported by independent members Zali Steggall, Helen Haines and Andrew Wilkie, as well as Centre Alliance.

On 5 November 2019, the journal BioScience published an article endorsed by further 11,000 scientists from 153 nations, that states Climate Emergency ("We declare clearly and unequivocally that planet Earth is facing a climate emergency") and that the world's people face "untold suffering due to the climate crisis" unless there are major transformations to global society. On 28 July 2021, BioScience published another article, stating, that more than 2,800 additional scientists have signed that declaration; and that in addition, 1,990 jurisdictions in 34 countries have formally declared or recognized a climate emergency.

In November 2019, the Oxford Dictionaries made the term climate emergency word of the year.

On 14–15 February 2020 the first National Climate Emergency Summit was held at the city hall in Melbourne, Australia. It was a sold-out event with 2,000 attendees and 100 speakers.

In December 2020, New Zealand declared a climate emergency. After winning reelection, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's majority Labour government invited the Greens to participate in a "cooperation agreement", and worked with the Minister for Climate James Shaw in declaring a climate emergency.

As of December 2020, five years after the Paris Agreement, at least 15 countries have already declared a state of climate emergency, including Japan and New Zealand. (Note: The fact that councils in 34 countries have declared is not the same as that these countries' national governments have declared.) The Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres has urged all other countries to declare climate emergencies until carbon neutrality is reached. Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, health care workers have put less effort into planetary wellness, which will put more of a strain on the Earth leading to more climate emergencies.

In September 2021, Mauritius joined the list of countries calling for a State of Climate Emergency. The recommendation was made by the National Youth Environment (NYEC) Chairperson, Dr. Zaheer Allam, and announced by the Environment Minister, Kavy Ramano, after the first sitting of the Interministerial Council on Climate Change. A novel approach has been introduced which involves analyzing past society's and how they have dealt with other types of disasters.

 Recent development: list of countries and dependencies 

 Parliamentary or Government declaration 
 Scotland (28 April 2019 – Nicola Sturgeon)
 Wales (29 April 2019 – Parliament)
 United Kingdom (1 May 2019 – Parliament)
 Jersey (2 May 2019)
 Republic of Ireland (9 May 2019)
 Isle of Man (10 May 2019 – Government, 18 June 2019 – Parliament)
 Portugal (7 June 2019)
 Holy See (June 2019)Pope Francis made a pledge for a climate emergency in June 2019, at a meeting with oil executives. 
 Canada (17 June 2019)
 France (27 June 2019)
 Argentina (17 July 2019)
 Spain (17 September 2019 – Parliament, 21 January 2020 – Government)http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Iniciativas?_piref73_2148295_73_1335437_1335437.next_page=/wc/servidorCGI&CMD=VERLST&BASE=IW13&PIECE=IWC3&FMT=INITXD1S.fmt&FORM1=INITXLUS.fmt&QUERY=%28I%29.ACIN1.+%26+%28EMERGENCIA+CLIMATICA%29.ALL.&DOCS=4-4 Congress of Deputies
 Austria (25 September 2019)
 Malta (22 October 2019)
 Bangladesh (13 November 2019)
 Italy (12 December 2019)
 Andorra (23 January 2020)
 Maldives (12 February 2020)
 South Korea (24 September 2020)
 Japan (20 November 2020)
 New Zealand (2 December 2020)
 Singapore (1 February 2021)
 Hawaii (29 April 2021 – State Legislature)
 Mauritius (28 September 2021)

 European Union member states 
On 28 November 2019, the European Parliament declared a climate emergency. The EU represented at that date 28 member states: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

 Countries and jurisdictions that have declared Climate Emergency 

There is currently not any established international body keeping a record of which jurisdictions have declared a climate emergency. CEDAMIA a group advocating for climate emergency has the most complete list of jurisdictions including national, state and local jurisdictions across the world that have declared a climate emergency, this list is constantly being updated as more jurisdictions declare.

 Country/Territory  Declared a Climate Emergency  Notes    The Federal Parliament of Australia has voted against declaring a climate emergency. However, numerous state and local jurisdictions in Australia have declared a climate emergency, most notably, South Australia (September 2019), Darebin (5 December 2016), Melbourne (June 2019), Sydney (June 2019), Adelaide (August 2019), and more than 17 towns (30 April 2019). For more information on climate emergency declarations in Australia see Climate emergency declarations in Australia.  + Member EU-CED  The National Government in Austria declared a climate emergency on 25 September 2019. Additionally, some local jurisdictions have declared a climate emergency, most notably the towns and municipalities Michaelerberg-Pruggern (13 June 2019), Perchtoldsdorf (18 June 2019), https://m.perchtoldsdorf.at/images/stories/gemeinde/2019-06-18/06_01_00_Dringlichkeitsantraege.pdf Traiskirchen (24 June 2019), Steyregg (4 July 2019) and the state Vorarlberg (4 July 2019). Austria is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.    The Bangladesh Parliament declared "Planetary Emergency" on 13 November 2019  + Member EU-CED  The National Government in Belgium has not declared a climate emergency. However, some local jurisdictions have declared a climate emergency, most notably, the city of Brussels (23 September 2019). Belgium is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.    The National Government has not declared a climate emergency in Brazil. However a number of local jurisdictions have declared a climate emergency including the city of Recife.  + Member EU-CED  Bulgaria is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.    The National Government declared a climate emergency in June 2019. Additionally, 384 local jurisdictions in Canada have declared a climate emergency.    The National Government of Chile has not declared a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions such as the city of Hualpén have declared a climate emergency.    The National Government of Colombia has not declared a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions such as Bogotá have declared a climate emergency.  + Member EU-CED  Croatia is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  Cyprus is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  The National Government of the Czech Republic has not declared a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions such as Prague 6 (13 June 2019) and Prague 7 (22 May 2019) have declared a climate emergency. Czech Republic is also a member state in the European Union, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019. Country/Territory  Declared a Climate Emergency  Notes  + Member EU-CED  Denmark is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  Estonia is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  The National Government of Finland has not endorsed a climate emergency. However, local jurisdictions such as the City of Helsinki in Finland have called a climate emergency. Finland is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  France declared a climate emergency on 27 June 2019. Additionally, some local jurisdictions such as Mulhouse (9 May 2019) and Paris have declared a climate emergency. France is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  The National Government of Germany has not endorsed a climate emergency. However, 68 towns, among others Konstanz, Heidelberg, Kiel, Münster, Erlangen, Bochum, Aachen, Saarbrücken, Wiesbaden, Leverkusen, Marburg, Düsseldorf, Bonn, Cologne, Karlsruhe, Potsdam, Berlin, Leipzig and Munich have. Germany is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  Greece is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  The city of Budapest declared a climate emergency in November 2019. Hungary is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  Ireland declared a climate emergency on 9 May 2019. Ireland is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  Italy has declared a climate emergency, additionally, 28 local jurisdictions have, including Acri (29 April 2019), the town of Milano, the Metropolitan City of Naples (May 2019) and the town of Lucca. Italy is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.    The National government of Japan has declared a climate emergency. Additionally, a few local jurisdictions have including the prefecture of Nagano (December 2019),The Japan Times, 6 December 2019: Nagano is first prefecture in Japan to declare a climate emergency, retrieved 7 December 2019. the cities of Iki and Kamakura have declared a climate emergency. Country/Territory  Declared a Climate Emergency  Notes  + Member EU-CED  Latvia is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  Lithuania is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  Luxembourg is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.    The Maldives Parliament declared Climate Emergency on 12 February 2020.  + Member EU-CED  Malta is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.   Mauritius declared a state of climate emergency through its Interministerial Council on Climate Change on 29 September 2021, after the recommendation of Dr. Zaheer Allam from the National Youth Environment Council.  + Member EU-CED  The National Government of the Netherlands has not declared a climate emergency. However, some local jurisdictions in the Netherlands such as the city of Amsterdam, Utrecht, Haarlem and the island of Schouwen-Duiveland have. The Netherlands is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.    New Zealand declared a Climate Emergency on 2 December 2020. Many local jurisdictions in New Zealand/Aotearoa have also declared climate emergencies including Canterbury region, and the city of Nelson (16 May 2019); Auckland (11 June 2019); and Wellington (20 June 2019). See Climate emergency declarations in New Zealand.  There is no established tradition for declaring a crisis or emergency in Norway. The National Government of Norway has not declared a climate emergency, however the King, Prime Minister and Minister of Climate and Environment has repeatedly stated that the situation is a crisis. As of 2019, 33 counties and municipalities had declared emergency, but no policy could be linked to the declarations. Some counties and municipalities no longer exist due to a regional reorganisation in 2020.    The National Government of Philippines has not declared a climate emergency. However, some local jurisdictions in the Philippines such as the town of Bacolod have declared a climate emergency.  + Member EU-CED  The National Government of Poland has not declared a climate emergency. However, Local jurisdictions in Poland such as the cities of Warsaw and Kraków have declared a climate emergency. Poland is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  Portugal is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  Romania is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019. Country/Territory  Declared a Climate Emergency  Notes    The Government of Singapore has not declared a climate emergency. However, the Parliament of Singapore declared on 1 February 2021 that "climate change is a global emergency" as part of a motion calling on the Government to "deepen and accelerate efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change, and to embrace sustainability in the development of Singapore". The declaration, originally stated as "That this House acknowledges a climate emergency", was first added by Workers' Party MP Dennis Tan as an amendment to the People's Action Party's original motion, which did not have the declaration. The declaration was then further amended by PAP MP Cheryl Chan to read "That this House acknowledges that climate change is a global emergency and a threat to mankind". The further amendment was accepted by the Worker's Party and passed by the House with universal support.  + Member EU-CED  The National Government of Slovakia has not declared a climate emergency. However, Local jurisdictions in Slovakia such as the city of Zlaté Moravce (18 September 2019) have declared a climate emergency. Slovakia is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  Slovenia is a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.    The National Government of South Korea has declared a climate emergency. Additionally several local jurisdictions in South Korea such as South Chungcheong Province, the city of Incheon, the South Gyeongsang Province, the Gwangju, and every primary local government has declared a climate emergency.   + Member EU-CED  Both the National Government and the Parliament of Spain has declared a climate emergency. Additionally, local jurisdictions in Spain, such as the regions of Catalonia (7 May 2019), Euskadi, Canary Islands, Balearic Islands, and the cities of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Seville, Castro Urdiales, Zaragoza, Salobreña, Lanzarote, El Rosario, Puerto de la Cruz, Sagunto, Zamora,http://www.icalnews.com/Mostrar.cfm/noticias/I/pleno/ayuntamiento/zamora/aprueba/unanimidad/declaracion/emergencia/climatica/466754 icalNews.com  Madrid., Barcelona and Tomelloso have declared a climate emergency. Spain is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.  + Member EU-CED  The National Government of Sweden has not declared a climate emergency. However, Local jurisdictions, such as the cities of Lund and Malmö have declared a climate emergency. Sweden is also a member state in the EU, which declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations on 28 November 2019.    The National Government of Switzerland has not declared a climate emergency. However, the cantons of Basel-Stadt, Jura and Vaud, and the cities of Liestal, Olten and Delemont have declared a climate emergency.  + Member EU-CED  
In May 2019, the UK Parliament passed a non-binding motion declaring a climate emergency in the UK, following an opposition day debate. Michael Gove, responding for the UK Government, said that "the situation we face is an emergency" and called for cross-party action; but didn't endorse the motion. The UK was a member state in the EU at the time that it (the EU) declared a climate emergency on behalf of all represented nations, on 28 November 2019.    In the United States: more than 24 towns have declared a climate emergency, most notably, New York City (26 June 2019), Hayward (15 January 2019), San Francisco and Chico (2 April 2019). Hawaii became the first U.S. state to declare a climate emergency on 29 April 2021.    Pope Francis declared a state of climate emergency in June 2019 on behalf of the Holy See.    1 May 2019: the Senedd passed the declaration made by its government on 29 April 2019, and became the first parliament in the world to officially declare a climate emergency. Country/Territory  Declared a Climate Emergency  Notes

 Kritik 
Mendeklarasikan darurat iklim telah dikritik karena memberikan gagasan perlunya kebijakan otoriter dan anti-demokrasi, dengan kritikus mengatakan demokrasi sangat penting untuk keberhasilan jangka panjang dari kebijakan iklim.

Lihat pula
 Climate change in New York City
 Securitization (international relations)
 World Scientists' Warning to Humanity

Referensi

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Pranala luar
 Climate Emergency Declaration – Call to declare a climate emergency and list of declarations by country
 CEDAMIA - Climate Emergency Declaration and Mobilisation In Action - Global Declarations List
 CACE - Council and community Action in the Climate Emergency Declaration

Pernyataan darurat
Deklarasi darurat
Kategori:Neologisme tahun 2010-an