E (Kiril)

E (Э э; italik: ; juga dikenal sebagai e terbalik, dari Rusia , e oborótnoye,  adalah huruf yang ditemukan dua Bahasa Slavia: Rusia dan Belarus. Itu melambangkan vokal  dan , seperti e dalam kata "editor". Dalam bahasa Slavia lain yang menggunakan Alfabet Kiril, bunyinya diwakili oleh Ye (Е е), yang mewakili bahasa Rusia dan Belarusia 
 di posisi awal dan postvokal atau  dan konsonan yang terpalatalisasi sebelumnya. Huruf ini sangat mirip dan tidak boleh disamakan dengan huruf Kiril yang lebih tua Ye Ukraina (Є є), di mana Э adalah versi terbalik.

Dalam Alfabet Kiril Moldova, yang digunakan di RSS Moldova selama Uni Soviet dan masih digunakan di Transnistria, hurufnya sesuai dengan [ă] dalam bahasa Rumania latin, dan fonem [ə]. Ini juga digunakan dalam Alfabet Kiril yang digunakan oleh Mongolia dan banyak Uralik, Kaukasia dan Turkik bekas Uni Soviet.

Asal
Huruf  berasal dari abad ketiga belas sebagai varian dari , pada awalnya, menurut Đorđić Петар Ђорђић, Историја српске ћирилице, Београд, 2-a изд., 1987, p.87 dalam posisi akhir baris superskrip, tetapi pada akhir abad ini juga di tempat lain.Cf Банишко евангелие: среднобългарски паметник от XIII век, подгот. за печат с увод и коментар Е. Дограмаджиева и Б. Райков, София, 1981, hlm.13, 341 Pada abad-abad berikutnya ia terus muncul secara sporadis sebagai varian yang tidak biasa dari , tetapi paling lambat pada abad ke-15 di antara orang-orang Slavia Timur itu mulai digunakan untuk menunjukkan inisial (tidak teriotasikan) . Menurut Yefim Karskiy, "Ustav Rusia Barat mengetahui , misalnya dalam Miscellany of the 15th c. dari Public Library (manuscr . #391) ( dll.), kronik cc ke-15 dan ke-16, Miscellany of Poznań (c. ke-16) dan Diterbitkan dalam vol.17 dari Koleksi Lengkap Kronik Rusia. Statuta 1588... Sulit untuk mengatakan apakah ini dikembangkan di sini secara mandiri atau berasal dari manuskrip Slavia Selatan, di mana  terjadi pada cc ke-13-14.""Западнорусский устав знает э, напр.в Сб.XV в.Публ.б.№ 391 (  и др.), летописях XV—XVI вв., Позн.Сб.XVI в., Статуте 1588... Трудно сказать, развилось ли оно здесь самостоятельно atau же зашло из югославянских рукописей, где  э встречается уже в XIII—XIV вв." (Е.Ф.Карский, Белорусы: Язык белорусского народа, вып.1, М., 1955, hal. 69). Lihat juga hal. 165-166 untuk detail dan contoh lebih lanjut. Meskipun revisi tata bahasa Meletius Smotrytsky yang diterbitkan di Moskwa pada tahun 1648 tidak menyertakan  dalam abjadnya, ia secara konsisten menulis  (Etymologia), berbeda dengan  dalam edisi pertama tahun 1619. Itu sama sekali tidak terbatas pada ini berfungsi dalam periode, bagaimanapun, sebagai ejaan umum  (di samping ) untuk bahasa Rusia modern  dan .

 Di bahasa Rusia modern
In the specimens of the civil script presented to Peter I in 1708, forms of  were included among forms of , but the latter was deleted by Peter. The former was used in some early 18th-century Russian texts, but some authorities of the period considered it superfluous, like Mikhail Lomonosov, on the grounds that "the letter Е, having several different pronunciations, could serve in the pronoun  and the interjection "Россійская Грамматика Михайла Ломоносова, печатана в Санктпетербургѣ, при Императорской Академїи Наук, 1755 года, p.43 and that it was inappropriate to introduce letters solely for use in loanwords. However, the inclusion of  in its modern function, in the Russian Academy's Dictionary of 1789–94, marks the point from which it can be considered as an established part of the Russian orthographical standard.

There were still some objections to the letter even as late as 1817, when M. T. Kačenovskij was questioning whether "yet another hard э" was necessary when the language already had "a soft ѣ and a hard е".[М. Т.] Каченовский, “Исторический взгляд на Грамматику Славянских наречий”, Труды О-ва любителей Российской словесности при имп. Московском университете, ч.IX (1817), pp.17-46. He was referring specifically to the spelling  in the 1648 grammar mentioned above:  so how far his remarks extend to the Russian of his own day is debatable. The reference to "a soft ѣ and a hard е" was referring to the pronunciation of Church Slavonic current in his day (which is still maintained by the Old Believers). That may have still been regarded as the literary ideal: see Б. А. Успенский, Архаическая система церковнославянского произношения, Москва, 1968, especially pp.29-35.

In contemporary Russian,  is used to represent ,  in initial position ( 'electricity') and postvocalic position ( 'duel'). Among such words are only a few native Russian roots:  (это 'this is', этот/эта/это 'this (m./f./n.)', эти 'these', поэтому 'thus' etc.),  (экий 'what a'), / (эдак/этак 'that way', эдакий/этакий 'sort of') and a few interjections like  'hey',  'uh, oh',  'uh'.  

Even though Russian contains a significant number of loanwords in which  occurs after a hard (unpalatalised) consonant, it is still the practice to use the letter  for , :  (tennis, sepsis). There are few traditional exceptions to that practice among common noun loanwords:
 the original list (the first half of the 20th century) contained just three words:
  'mayor', from French 
  'peer (a noble)', from French 
  'sir', from English or from Old French 
 two later additions (1950s-1960s):
  'master, skilled artist', from French 
 , from French 
 new additions (1980s and later) are more numerous:
  'racket, racketeering', from English
  'rap (music)', from English
  'fantasy (literature)', from English
 and several others; spelling of new words sometimes varies and dictionaries often give variants or contradict one another (like  'hatchback (car)' in spelling dictionary vs / in explanatory dictionary).

In proper nouns, however,  may occur after consonants:  'Ulan-Ude' and  'Blair'. However, many such loanwords are spelled with :  'Blériot' (a French aviator). That is the case especially for names that entered the language centuries ago like: , 'Berlin'. The use of  is much more frequent for names from non-European languages:  'Mao Zedong'.

The letter  is also used in Russian to render initial  in foreign words: thus  (the river in France) is written . After consonants this is transcribed as . In the 19th century, some writers used  for that sound in both positions,Я. К. Грот, Русское правописание, 19-ое изд., Санктпетербург, 1910, p.78 but that was never accepted as standard orthography. (The letter  was re-invented in the 20th century for Kildin Sami.) It is also used to represent a stressed  in languages such as English, which can cause a problem of conflating  with English  (for example, "Addison" and "Edison" would be spelled the same). However, in other positions, Russian also uses  for  and  for .

 Di bahasa Belarusia modern
Unlike Russian, Belarusian has many native words in which it occurs after a hard consonant. Moreover, its orthography was standardized later than that of Russian (which reached its present form at the beginning of the 20th century), on the basis of the spoken language rather than historical tradition. Consequently,  and  are written in accordance with pronunciation:  for initial  and after hard consonants,  for initial and postvocalic  and after soft consonants. That also means that  is much more frequent in Belarusian than in Russian.

Di bahasa lain
In Tuvan the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel.

Dalam Bahasa Tajik, huruf е dan э mempunyai fungsi yang sama , kecuali э yang dipakai dalam awal kata (misal. Эрон, "Iran").

In Mongolian, э is the standard letter to represent the /ɛ/ phoneme. It is often written doubled to represent the /eː/ phoneme. Е, however, is only used in the few Mongolian words containing it, Russian loanwords and Russian-style transcriptions of foreign names.

Huruf terkait
 Е е : Huruf Kiril Ye
 Є є : Huruf Kiril Ye Ukraina
 E e : Huruf Latin E
 É é : Huruf Latin E dengan tirus
 Ê ê : Huruf Latin E dengan sirkumfleks 
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