Kipas tangan

Kipas biasanya merupakan alat yang memiliki permukaan datar dan lebar yang diayunkan ke depan dan ke belakang untuk menciptakan aliran udara. Kipas yang sering dijumpai dan banyak diproduksi adalah kipas lipat, yang berbentuk seperti setengah lingkaran dan terbuat dari bahan tipis (seperti kertas atau bulu) yang dipasang pada bilah yang berputar di sekitar poros sehingga dapat ditutup ketika tidak di pakai.

Pada kulit manusia, aliran udara dari kipas akan meningkatkan penguapan, yang memiliki efek pendinginan dari panas laten penguapan air. Kipas juga juga meningkatkan konveksi panas dengan menggantikan udara hangat yang dihasilkan oleh panas tubuh yang mengelilingi kulit, yang memiliki efek pendinginan tambahan, asalkan suhu udara di lingkungan sekitar lebih rendah dari suhu kulit, suhu kulit manusia biasanya sekitar 33 °C (91 °F). Kipas nyaman untuk dibawa-bawa, terutama kipas lipat.

  Referensi 

 Sumber rujukan 
 Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301

 Buku 
 Alexander, Helene. The Fan Museum, Third Millennium Publishing, 2001 
 Alexander, Helene & Hovinga-Van Eijsden, Fransje. A Touch of Dutch - Fans from the Royal House of Orange-Nassau, The Fan Museum, February 2008, 
Armstrong, Nancy. Book of Fans. Smithmark Publishing, 1984. 
 Armstrong, Nancy. Fans, Souvenir Press, 1984 
Bennett, Anna G. Unfolding beauty: The art of the fan : the collection of Esther Oldham and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Thames and Hudson (1988). 
 Bennett, Anna G. & Berson, Ruth Fans in fashion. Publisher Charles E. Tuttle Co. Inc & The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (1981) 
Biger, Pierre-Henri. Sens et sujets de l'éventail européen de Louis XIV à Louis-Philippe. Histoire of Art Thesis, Rennes 2 University, 2015. (https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01220297)
Checcoli, Anna. " Il ventaglio e i suoi segreti ", Tassinari, 2009
 Checcoli, Anna. " Ventagli Cinesi Giapponesi ed Orientali ", Tassinari, 2009
 Cowen, Pamela. A Fanfare for the Sun King: Unfolding Fans for Louis XIV, Third Millennium Publishing (September, 2003) 
Das, Justin. Pankha -Traditional crafted hand fans of the Indian Subcontinent from the collection of Justin Das - The fan museum, Greenwich (2004)
Faulkner, Rupert. Hiroshige Fan Prints, V&A publications, 2001 
 Fendel, Cynthia. Novelty Hand Fans, Fashionable Functional Fun Accessories of the Past. Hand Fan Productions, 2006 
 Fendel, Cynthia. Celluloid Hand Fans. Hand Fan Productions, 2001. 
Gitter, Kurt A. Japanese fan paintings from western collections. Publisher - New Orleans Museum of Art (1985). 
Hart, Avril & Taylor, Emma. Fans (V & A Fashion Accessories Series). Publisher- V & A Publications. 
 Hutt, Julia & Alexander, Helene. Ogi: A History of the Japanese Fan. Art Media Resources; Bilingual edition (February 1, 1992) 
Irons, Neville John. Fans of Imperial China. Kaiserreich Kunst Ltd, 1982 
 Letourmy-Bordier, Georgina & Le Guen, Sylvain, L'éventail, matières d'excellence : La nature sublimée par les mains de l'artisan, Musée de la Nacre et de la Tabletterie (September 2015) 
Mayor, Susan. A Collectors Guide to Fans, Charles Letts, 1990
 Mayor, Susan. The Letts Guide to Collecting Fans. Charles Letts, 1991 
North, Audrey. Australia's fan heritage. Boolarong Publications (1985). 
 Qian, Gonglin. Chinese Fans: Artistry and Aesthetics (Arts of China, #2). Long River Press (August 31, 2004) 
 Rhead, G. Wooliscroft. The History of the Fan, Kegan Paul, 1910
 Roberts, Jane. Unfolding Pictures: Fans in the Royal Collection. Publisher - Royal Collection (January 30, 2006. 
 Tam, C.S. Fan Paintings by Late Ch'ing Shanghai Masters. Publisher - Urban Council for an exhibition in the Hong Kong Museum of Art (1977)
 Vannotti, Franco. ''Peinture Chinoise de la Dynastie Ts'ing (1644–1912). Collections Baur, Geneve (1974)

 Pranala luar 

 A visual guide to Victorian fan language, photos by Fabio and Gabrielle Arciniegas
 mm's fan collection with monographies on love symbols on fans, celluloid fans, George Barbier and more
 Hand fan collection Anna Checcoli
 All About Hand Fans with Cynthia Fendel
 Hand Fan Museum
 The Fan Circle International
 Tessen warrior fan 
 The Fan Museum in Greenwich, London
 Fan Association of North America
 Fans in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database
 La Place de l'Eventail (French website dedicated to the European Hand Fan (most pages in English)
 Galerie Le Curieux, Paris
 Fans in the 16th and 17th Centuries
 Variety of Hand Held fans in different colour and styles
 Maison Sylvain Le Guen - contemporary hand fans by Sylvain Le Guen 
 Allhandfans - Site entirely dedicated to the hand fan 
 Museu Tèxtil i d’Indumentària in Barcelona

Kategori:Reka cipta Yunani
Kategori:Teknologi pendinginan