Kaliber 155 mm

155 mm (6,1 in) adalah kaliber peluru artileri standar NATO yang digunakan di banyak meriam lapangan, howitzer, dan gun-howitzer. Hal ini didefinisikan dalam AOP-29 bagian 1 dengan mengacu pada STANAG 4425.

 Perang darat 
Kaliber 155 mm berasal dari Perancis setelah dikalahkan dalam Perang Perancis-Prusia (1870–1871). Komite artileri Prancis bertemu pada tanggal 2 Februari 1874 untuk membahas model baru artileri benteng dan pengepungan Prancis, di antaranya terdapat senjata dengan rentang kaliber 14–16 cm (5,5–6,3 inci) (yang kemudian dikenal sebagai De Bange 155 mm meriam). Setelah beberapa kali rapat, pada tanggal 16 April 1874 panitia menetapkan kaliber 155 mm (dalam surat program panitia berikutnya tertanggal 21 April 1874, kaliber untuk pertama kalinya dinyatakan sebagai 155 mm).

Sejak awal abad ke-21, sebagian besar tentara NATO telah mengadopsi senjata 155 mm sebagai standar serba guna. Mereka dipandang sebagai kompromi yang baik antara jangkauan dan kekuatan, sementara hanya menggunakan satu kaliber saja akan sangat menyederhanakan beban logistik. Hal ini menyebabkan keusangan artileri kaliber lebih besar seperti 175 mm (6,9 in) dan 203 mm (8,0 in). Beberapa pihak militer tetap mempertahankan senjata kecil kaliber 105 mm (4,1 in) karena bobotnya yang ringan dan mudah dibawa. Rusia dan negara-negara bekas Blok Timur cenderung menggunakan artileri 122 mm (4,8 in), 130 mm (5,1 in) dan 152 mm (6,0 in) dalam peran yang sama.

 Peperangan laut 
Sejak akhir Perang Dunia II, kaliber 155 mm belum digunakan oleh angkatan laut meskipun sudah ada di mana-mana di darat dengan sebagian besar angkatan laut NATO dan sekutunya menggunakan kaliber 76 mm (3,0 in), 100 mm (3,9 in), 114 mm (4,5 in). in), atau senjata 127 mm (5,0 in) di kapal perang modern. Pada satu titik, Kementerian Pertahanan Inggris mempelajari "up-gunning" senjata angkatan laut Mark 8 4,5 inci milik Angkatan Laut Kerajaan untuk memberikan peningkatan daya tembak dan kaliber yang sama antara Angkatan Laut Kerajaan dan Angkatan Darat Inggris. Meskipun secara dangkal tampak lebih rendah berdasarkan perbandingan sederhana diameter peluru, ketika menembakkan amunisi konvensional, meriam angkatan laut Mark 8 4,5 inci yang lebih kecil sebanding dengan meriam howitzer standar 155 mm milik Angkatan Darat Inggris. Cangkang standar dari meriam angkatan laut Mark 8 4,5 inci memiliki jangkauan yang sama, jika tidak lebih baik. Hanya dengan menggunakan proyektil berbantuan roket (RAP) sebagian besar meriam 155 mm dapat memiliki jangkauan yang sebanding dengan meriam angkatan laut Mark 8 4,5 inci dan dengan demikian terjadi pengurangan muatan. Hal ini karena senjata angkatan laut dapat dibuat jauh lebih kuat daripada senjata self-propelled gun-howitzer di darat, dan memiliki laras yang lebih panjang dibandingkan kalibernya (misalnya meriam angkatan laut Mark 8 4,5 inci memiliki panjang laras 55 kaliber, sedangkan senjata self-propelled standar AS-90 memiliki panjang laras 39 kaliber). Hal ini memungkinkan senjata angkatan laut menembakkan peluru yang lebih berat dibandingkan dengan diameter peluru dan menggunakan bahan bakar yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan berat peluru, sehingga menghasilkan kecepatan proyektil yang lebih besar. Bahkan tanpa pendinginan aktif, laras senjata angkatan laut yang lebih berat memungkinkan laju tembakan berkelanjutan yang lebih cepat dibandingkan senjata lapangan, dan hal ini dimanfaatkan dengan sistem pemuatan otomatis dengan kapasitas beberapa ratus peluru. Meriam 155 mm lebih baik daripada meriam angkatan laut Mark 8 4,5 inci dalam menembakkan proyektil terpandu yang diluncurkan meriam (CLGP) karena kecepatan peluru 155 mm yang lebih rendah membuatnya lebih mudah bagi sistem panduan elektronik internal proyektil untuk bertahan saat ditembakkan.

Meskipun Advanced Gun System (AGS) Angkatan Laut AS juga menggunakan kaliber 155 mm, namun tidak kompatibel dengan amunisi 155 mm standar NATO. Hanya satu jenis amunisi yang pernah dikembangkan dan pengadaannya dihentikan pada tahun 2016 karena biayanya yang tinggi, sehingga AGS tidak dapat digunakan.

Meriam 155 mm
Saat ini
NATO dan sekutunya
 : GC-45
 : CAESAR ● GCT
 : PzH2000
  /  / : FH70
 : ATMOS 2000 ● Soltam M-71
 : Palmaria
 : Type 99
 : AHS Krab
 : K9 Thunder ● KH179
 : FH-2000 ● SLWH Pegasus ● SSPH Primus
 : 155 mm SpGH Zuzana
 : Santa Bárbara Sistemas 155/52
 : FH77/Archer Artillery System
 : Panter howitzer ● T-155 Fırtına
 : 2S22 Bohdana
 : AS90
 /: M777
 : M109 ● M114 ● M198 ● M1299

 Negara-negara lain 
Kompatibel dengan proyektil NATO:
 : Dhanush
 : 2S19M1-155 - the 155 mm export version
 : Nora B-52

Kompatibilitas tidak diketahui:
 : PLZ-45 ● PLZ-05 ● PCL-181
 : ATAGS
 : G5 ● G6

Historik
 : GPF 155 mm ● St. Chamond 155mm ● Schneider 155mm ● Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50 ● TRF1
 : Dhanush
 : Soltam M-68
 : Type 75
 : Nora B-52
 : FH-88
 : Bandkanon 1
 : M1/M2 155 mm "Long Tom" ● M12 ● M41 ● M44 ● M53

Eksperimental/Hanya Prototipe
 : XM1203 (five prototypes built) ● XM2001 (one prototype built). Both never entered service
 : AHS Kryl – one prototype built, never entered service

Meriam angkatan laut 155 mm
 Kompatibel dengan proyektil NATO 
 : Modular Naval Artillery Concept (MONARC) – proposed but never produced
 : 155 mm (6.1") Future Naval Gun – proposed but never produced
 Tidak kompatibel 
 : 15.5 cm/60 3rd Year Type naval gun
 : Canon de 155 mm Modèle 1920
 : Advanced Gun System (AGS) – dalam layanan terbatas, tetapi tidak tersedia amunisi.

Peluru artileri 155 mm

 Negara asal Nama Pelayanan Catatan  SMArt 155 2000-current A carrier shell with two anti‐armour and anti‐artillery sub-munitions. Maximum range of  from a 39‐calibre howitzer and  from a 52‐calibre howitzer..  DP-ICM and ER DP-ICM In service A series of dual-purpose improved conventional munition (DP-ICM) carrier shells which carry M85 dual-purpose (anti‐personnel and anti-armour) bomblets. The M395 projectile carries 63 bomblets to a maximum range of ; the extended range M396 and M397 projectiles both carry only 49 bomblets and have a base bleed unit to a maximum range of  and  respectively..  APR 155 Development A laser-guided high-explosive incendiary projectile with a maximum range of  designed to be used with AHS Kryl and AHS Krab 155mm self-propelled howitzers. Is based on Ukrainian 152mm Kvitnyk projectile.  Krasnopol 1987-current  A series of laser-guided projectiles primarily produced in the Eastern Bloc standard  caliber, they are also produced in 155 mm caliber for the export market. First fielded by the Soviet Army in 1987, they are regarded as the Eastern Bloc equivalent of the US M712 Copperhead. The 152 mm versions have a maximum range of  from the D-20 gun-howitzer and  from the longer-barrelled 2A65 Msta-B. They are licence produced in China by Norinco..  ER02A1 1999-current A projectile that can be equipped either with a tapering boat-tail or a base bleed unit; it comes in high-explosive, smoke generating and illuminating versions. Maximum range from a 39‐calibre howitzer is  boat-tail or  base bleed; from a 52‐calibre barrel is  boat-tail or  base bleed..  M2005 Assegai Development Velocity-enhanced Long-range Artillery Projectile (V-LAP) HE projectile incorporating both base bleed and rocket-assistance for increased ranges. Maximum range of  from a 39‐calibre barrel and  from a 52‐calibre barrel, it is expected to achieve a maximum range of  from the latter..  K305 DP-ICM 1980s-current A dual-purpose improved conventional munition with a maximum range of  when fired from the KH179.  K307 HE BB 1999-current High explosive base bleed projectile developed to be fired from South Korean 155 mm howitzers. Maximum range of  when fired from the K9 Thunder.  K310 BB DP-ICM 2001-current A base bleed dual-purpose improved conventional munition with a maximum range of  when fired from the K9 Thunder.  K315 HE-RAP 2020-current Rocket-assisted projectile with a maximum range of  when fired from the K9 Thunder.  /  155 BONUS 2000-current A sensor fused submunition-carrying anti-tank projectile that consists of a carrier shell and two anti-armour submunitions. Maximum range is  from a 39‐calibre howitzer and  from a 52‐calibre gun..  MOD 274 HE‐ER 2018-current A high‐explosive extended range base bleed projectile developed for use with the Panter and the T-155 Fırtına 52‐calibre howitzers, maximum range of ..  L15 1986-current General purpose HE projectile used by the United Kingdom. Maximum range of  from a 39‐calibre barrel and  from a 52‐calibre barrel..  HVP Development The Hypervelocity Projectile (HVP) is an experimental hypervelocity projectile with ranges as great as .  LRLAP 2010-2016 (limited) The Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP) was an INS and GPS guided, rocket-assisted naval projectile with extended glide capability that was developed for use from the Advanced Gun System. Maximum range of . Developed from 2000 and tested in the 2010s it was cancelled in 2016 due to excessive cost of projectiles..  M102 1910s-1940s HE projectile. Americanised version of the French Schneider 155 mm HE projectile for the Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider.  M107 1940s-current Standard HE projectile developed from the M102 for use in the 155 mm Howitzer M1. The projectile is one of the most widely used of all western artillery projectiles and is fired from a variety of 155 mm towed and self‐propelled howitzers. Largely replaced in US service by the M795..  M483A1 DPICM 1975-current M483A1 Dual‐Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions (DPICM) projectile is a dual-purpose anti-armour/anti-personnel projectile that consists of a carrier shell and 88 individual grenade submunitions. Introduced in 1975, it is used by a number of nations. From 2009 the US have been decommissioning their stockpile of rounds, reusing the bodies to make smoke, illumination and training projectiles..  M549 HERA 1970-current The M549 and M549A1 High-Explosive Rocket Assisted (HERA) shells are rocket-assisted projectiles designed to provide extended range over conventional shells. Maximum range of  from a NATO-standard 39‐calibre howitzer. The M549A1 is one of two projectiles for which the M1156 PGK fuze has been developed..  M687 1987-1990 A binary sarin chemical weapons projectile. Service ended after the 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord.  M692/M731 ADAM The M692 and M731 Area Denial Artillery Munition (ADAM) are anti-personnel mine scattering projectiles. They share the carrier shell of the M483A1 DPICM and instead carry 36 anti‐personnel mines. They are no longer produced or in service although it is assessed the US maintains stockpiles..  M712 Copperhead 1983-2010s A laser-guided HEAT projectile. Developed in the 1970s and early 1980s, it saw service with the United States and several allies from the mid-1980s. Production ceased in 1990 and as of 2015 only residual stocks remain. Maximum range was  from a 39‐calibre howitzer..  M718/M741 RAAMS The M718 and M741 Remote Anti-Armor Mine System (RAAMS) are anti-tank mine scattering projectiles. They share the carrier shell of the M483A1 DPICM and instead carry 9 anti‐tank mines.  They are no longer produced or in service although it is assessed the US maintains stockpiles.  M795 1998-current General purpose HE projectile developed with the intention of supplementing and eventually replacing the M107 in the US war stocks. Maximum range  from a 39‐calibre howitzer. The M795 is one of two projectiles for which the M1156 PGK fuze has been developed..  M864 DPICM 1987-current A Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition (DPICM) submunition-carrying projectile, it is regarded as a development of the M483A1 DPICM incorporating base bleed technology for increased range. It consists of a carrier shell and 72 individual grenade submunitions. Maximum range is ..  /  M982 Excalibur 2014-current An extended‐range autonomously guided projectile using a combination of a high glide ratio lifting body airframe and GPS/IMU guidance. Maximum range is claimed to be  from a 39‐calibre howitzer and  from a 52‐calibre Archer..  W48 1963-1992 A tactical nuclear artillery projectile in service from 1963 to 1992.  XM1113 HE RAP Development Rocket-assisted projectile being developed to replace the M549A1 HERA. Maximum range of  when fired from a NATO-standard 39‐calibre howitzer.. Northrop Grumman have announced plans to develop an extended range upgrade for the M1156 PGK fuze which will be compatible with this projectile..  XM1128 ER HE Development Extended range base bleed projectile being developed to replace the M795. Maximum range of  when fired from a NATO-standard 39‐calibre howitzer.. Northrop Grumman have announced plans to develop an extended range upgrade for the M1156 PGK fuze which will be compatible with this projectile.

Lihat pula
 Artileri
 Amunisi
 Kartrid NATO
 STANAG
 Peluru artileri
 Bahan peledak
 TNT
 ANFO
 HMX
 RDX
 PETN
 Bubuk aluminium
 Amonium pikrat
 Nitrogliserin
 Dinamit
 Hulu ledak
 Detonator
 Murang proksimitas
 Ranjau darat
 Ranjau laut
 Termit
 Mesiu
 Bahan energetik
 Granat tangan
 Bom
 Peledak biner
 Amunisi berpandu presisi
 Peluru penembus zirah
 Hulu ledak anti-tank berdaya ledak tinggi, high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT)
 Daftar bahan peledak yang digunakan selama Perang Dunia II
 Tabel kecepatan ledakan bahan peledak

 Referensi 

Kategori:Amunisi
Kategori:Artileri
Kategori:Peralatan militer NATO
Kategori:Kartrid NATO
Kategori:Artileri 155 mm