Cnemaspis

Cnemaspis adalah marga kelompok cecak liar yang bertubuh relatif kecil dan umumnya aktif di siang hari (diurnal).  Cecak ini tersebar luas di Asia Selatan, Asia Tenggara, hingga kepulauan Nusantara.  Populasi di Afrika, yang sebelumnya dianggap sebagai bagian dari marga ini, terbukti merupakan anggota klad (cabang keluarga) yang lain. (2012).  "Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos".  Plos One, 7: 1–10.  DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039429 dan kini dipisahkan ke dalam marga Ancylodactylus.. (2022). "Resurrection of the African gecko genus Ancylodactylus Müller, 1907 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) and description of six new species from Kenya". Zootaxa 5141(2): 101-139.  Sementara itu klad yang dianggap sebagai Cnemaspis yang sejati adalah cabang keluarga yang terdapat di Asia Tenggara, yakni tempat asal C. boulengerii Strauch, 1887 dari Vietnam bagian selatan, yang merupakan spesies tipe marga ini.. (2014). "Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia". Zootaxa. 3880(1): 1-147.  DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3880.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. (salinan di laman ResearchGate, pada 28 Februari 2024)

Cnemaspis merupakan salah satu marga cecak dengan jumlah spesies yang terbanyak di dunia..  (2022).  "Hidden diversity of rock geckos within the Cnemaspis siamensis species group (Gekkonidae, Squamata): genetic and morphological data from southern Thailand reveal two new insular species and verify the phylogenetic affinities of C. chanardi and C. kamolnorranathi".  ZooKeys 1125: 115-158.  DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1125.94060  Hingga awal 2024, Pangkalan Data Reptil (The Reptile Database) telah mendata lebih dari 200 spesies yang termasuk dalam marga Cnemaspis. (eds.) (2023).  The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, diakses pada 1 Maret 2024  Secara umum marga ini dikenal sebagai cecak batu, atau Rock Gecko dalam bahasa Inggris, merujuk pada salah satu habitat favoritnya.

Pemerian
Cecak batu umumnya bertubuh kecil, dengan warna tubuh yang samar menyesuaikan dengan habitatnya di hutan-hutan primer dan sekunder.  Hewan ini pemalu, berspesialisasi pada habitat mikronya dan pergerakannya terbatas pada bagian-bagian bebatuan besar, pohon, atau gua yang terlindung dari cahaya siang hari, atau berganti aktif di malam hari.  Variasi panjang tubuhnya antar spesies cukup besar, yakni mulai dari rata-rata panjang SVL (snout-vent length, antara moncong hingga anus) 35,1 mm pada C. monachorum hingga rata-rata 88,2 mm pada C. limi.

Tubuhnya memipih datar (depressed), dengan kepala yang juga pipih dan agak lebar.  Matanya besar, sedikit mengarah ke depan dan ke atas;  pupilnya membundar;  pelupuk matanya jelas terlihat mengelilingi mata.  Tungkainya panjang, dengan jari-jari yang ramping, panjang, dan melengkung di ujungnya.  Ruas jari yang ujung memipih tegak (compressed), dengan kuku yang runcing yang sangat berguna untuk berpegangan pada batu atau pepagan tempat hidupnya.  Ekornya kurang lebih bulat torak.  Hewan jantan dengan atau tanpa pori femoral atau preanal.  (1890). Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Hlm. 73 (sebagai marga Gonatodes)

 Spesies 

Kelompok Asia Tenggara

C. aceh Iskandar, McGuire, & Amarasinghe, 2017. (2017) "Description of five new day geckos of Cnemaspis kandiana group (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Sumatra and Mentawai Archipelago, Indonesia". Journal of Herpetology, 51(1): 142–153.  DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1670/15-047 - Cecak-batu aceh
C. adangrawi Ampai, Rujirawan, Wood, Stuart, & Aowphol, 2019 - Cecak-batu adangrawi
C. affinis (Stoliczka, 1870) - Cecak-batu pulau pinang
C. andalas Iskandar, McGuire, & Amarasinghe, 2017 - Cecak-batu andalas
C. argus Dring, 1979, 1979. Amphibians and reptiles from northern Trengganu, Malaysia, with descriptions of two new geckos: Cnemaspis and Cyrtodactylus. Bulletin of The British Museum (Natural History) Zoology 34 (5): 181-241 - Cecak-batu lawit
C. aurantiacopes Grismer & Ngo, 2007Grismer, L. L. and Ngo, V. T. (2007). Four new species of the gekkonid genus Cnemaspis Strauch 1887 (Reptilia: Squamata) from Southern Vietnam. Herpetologica 63 (4): 482-500.  - Cecak-batu Hon Dat
C. auriventralis Rujirawan, Yodthong, Ampai,  Termprayoon, Aksornneam, Stuart, & Aowphol, 2022 - Cecak-batu erawan
C. baueri Das & Grismer 2003 - Cecak-batu Pulau Aur
C. bayuensis Grismer, Grismer, Wood, & Chan 2008 - Cecak-batu kampung bayu
C. bidongensis  Grismer, Wood, Ahmad, Sumarli, Vazquez, Ismail, Nance, Mohd-amin, Othman, Rizaijessika, Kuss, Murdoc, & Cobos, 2014 - Cecak-batu Pulau Bidong
C. biocellata Grismer, Chan, Nurolhuda, & Sumontha 2008,Grismer, L.L., Onn, C.K., Nasir, N. and Sumontha, M. (2008). A new species of karst-dwelling gecko (genus Cnemaspis Strauch 1887) from the border region of Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa, 1875: 51-68. 
C. boulengeri Strauch 1887 - Cecak-batu Con Dao
C. calderana Milto & Bezman-Moseyko, 2021
C. chanardi Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels, & Kunya, 2010Grismer, L.L., Sumontha, M., Cota, M., Grismer, J.L., Wood Jr., P.L., Pauwels, O.S.G. & Kunya, K. 2010. A revision and redescription of the rock gecko Cnemaspis siamensis (Taylor 1925)(Squamata:Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Thailand with a description of seven new species. Zootaxa 2576: 1-55 - Cecak-batu Chan-ard
C. chanthaburiensis Bauer & Das 1998 - Cecak-batu chanthaburi
C. caudanivea Grismer & Ngo, 2007Grismer, L. L. and Ngo, V. T. (2007). Four new species of the gekkonid genus Cnemaspis Strauch 1887 (Reptilia: Squamata) from Southern Vietnam. Herpetologica 63 (4): 482-500.  - Cecak-batu Hon Tre
C. dezwaani Das 2005Das, I. (2005) Revision of the Genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Sauria: Gekkonidae), from the Mentawai and Adjacent Archipelagos off Western Sumatra, Indonesia, with the Description of Four New Species. Journal of Herpetology 39(2):233–247  - Cecak-batu nias
C. dringi Das & Bauer 1998 - Cecak-batu Dring
C. flavigaster Chan & Grismer 2008 - Cecak-batu perut-jingga
C. flavolineata (Nicholls, 1949) - Cecak-batu garis-kuning
C. grismeri Wood, Quah, Anuar Ms, & Muin, 2013 - Cecak-batu Grismer
C. hangus Grismer et al., 2014 - Cecak-batu hangus
C. harimau Chan, Grismer, Anuar, Quah, Muin, Savage, Grismer, Ahmad, Remigio, & Greer, 2010 - Cecak-batu harimau
C. huaseesom Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels, & Kunya, 2010
C. jacobsoni Das 2005 - Cecak-batu simeulue
C. kamolnorranathi Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels, & Kunya, 2010 - Cecak-batu kamolnorranath
C. karsticola Grismer, Grismer, Wood, & Chan 2008 - Cecak-batu gamping
C. kendallii (Gray, 1845) - Cecak-batu Kendall, cecak-batu borneo
C. kumpoli Taylor 1963 - Cecak-batu Kumpol
C. lagang Nashriq, Davis, Bauer, & Das, 2022
C. laoensis Grismer, 2010 - Cecak-batu laos
C. leucura Kurita, Nishikawa, Matsui, & Hikida, 2017
C. limi Das & Grismer 2003 - Cecak-batu pulau Tioman
C. lineatubercularis Ampai, Wood, Stuart, & Aowphol, 2020 - Cecak-batu Lan Saka
C. lineogularis Wood, Grismer, Aowphol, Aguilar, Cota, Grismer, Murdoch, & Sites, 2017 - Cecak-batu dagu-garis
C. mahsuriae Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Ngadi, & Ahmad, 2015 - Cecak-batu Mahsuri
C. matahari Nashriq, Davis, Bauer, & Das, 2022 - Cecak-batu matahari
C. mcguirei Grismer, Grismer, Wood, & Chan 2008 - Cecak-batu McGuire
C. minang Iskandar, McGuire, & Amarsinghe, 2017 - Cecak-batu minang
C. modiglianii Das 2005 - Cecak-batu enggano
C. monachorum Grismer, Ahmad, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood, & Grismer, 2009
C. mumpuniae Grismer et al., 2014 - Cecak-batu mumpuni
C. muria  Riyanto, Munir, Martamenggala, Fitriana, & Hamidy, 2019 - Cecak-batu muria
C. narathiwatensis Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels, & Kunya, 2010 - Cecak-batu narathiwat
C. neangthyi Grismer, Grismer, & Chav, 2010 - Cecak-batu Neang Thy
C. nigridia (Smith, 1925) - Cecak-batu bintik-hitam
C. niyomwanae Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels, & Kunya, 2010 - Cecak-batu Niyomwan
C. nuicamensis Grismer & Ngo, 2007 - Cecak-batu Nui Cam
C. omari Grismer et al., 2014 - Cecak-batu umar
C. pagai Iskandar, McGuire, & Amarsinghe, 2017 - Cecak-batu pagai
C. paripari Grismer & Onn, 2009 - fairy rock gecko
C. pemanggilensis Grismer & Das 2006 – Johor, West Malaysia - Cecak-batu pulau Pemanggil
C. peninsularis Grismer et al., 2014 - Cecak-batu semenanjung
C. perhentianensis Grismer & Chan, 2008
C. phangngaensis Wood, Grismer, Aowphol, Aguilar, Cota, Grismer, Murdoch, & Sites, 2017 - Cecak-batu Phang Nga
C. phuketensis Das & Leon 2004,Das and Leon (2004). A new species of Cnemaspis (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Southern Thailand. Current Herpetology. 23 (2):63-71. - Cecak-batu phuket
C. pseudomcguirei Grismer, Ahmad, Chan, Belabut, Muin, Wood, & Grismer, 2009
C. psychedelica Grismer, Ngo, & Grismer, 2010
C. punctatonuchalis Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels, & Kunya, 2010 - Cecak-batu leher-bintik
C. purnamai Riyanto, Hamidy, Sidik, & Gunalen, 2017 - Cecak-batu belitung
C. rajabasa Amarasinghe, Harvey, Riyanto, & Smith, 2015.  (2015).  "A New Species of Cnemaspis (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Sumatra, Indonesia". Herpetologica, 71(2): 160-167. (Jun 2015).  DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-14-00034 - Cecak-batu rajabasa
C. roticanai Grismer & Onn, 2010Grismer, L. L. and Onn, C. K. (2010). Another new Rock Gecko (genus Cnemaspis Strauch 1887) from Pulau Langkawi, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 2419: 51-62.  - Cecak-batu roti-canai
C. samui Ampai, Rujirawan, Yodthong, Termprayoon, Stuart, Wood, & Aowphol, 2022
C. selamatkanmerapoh Grismer, Wood, Mohamed, Chan, Heinz, Sumarli, Chan & Loredo, 2013 - Cecak-batu merapoh
C. selenolagus Grismer, Yushchenko, Pawangkhanant, Nazarov, Naiduangchan, Suwannapoom & Poyarkov, 2020
C. shahruli Grismer, Chan, Quah, Muin, Savage, Grismer, Ahmad, Greer, & Remegio, 2010 - Cecak-batu Shahrul
C. siamensis (Smith, 1925) - Cecak-batu siam
C. similan Ampai, Rujirawan, Yodthong, Termprayoon, Stuart, Wood, & Aowphol, 2022
C. sirehensis Nashriq, Davis, Bauer, & Das, 2022
C. stongensis Grismer et al., 2014
C. sundagekko Grismer et al., 2014 - Cecak-batu anambas
C. sundainsula Grismer et al., 2014 - Cecak-batu natuna
C. tapanuli Iskandar, McGuire, & Amarsinghe, 2017 - Cecak-batu tapanuli
C. tarutaoensis  Ampai, Rujirawan, Wood, Stuart, & Aowphol, 2019 - Cecak-batu tarutao
C. temiah Grismer et al., 2014
C. thachanaensis Wood, Grismer, Aowphol, Aguilar, Cota, Grismer, Murdoch, & Sites, 2017
 C. tubaensis Quah, Wood, Anuar, & Muin, 2020 - Cecak-batu pulau Tuba
C. tucdupensis Grismer & Ngo, 2007 - Cecak-batu Tuc Dup
C. timoriensis Duméril & Bibron 1836,. (1836). Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol.3. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 528 pp. - Cecak-batu timor
C. vandeventeri Grismer, Sumontha, Cota, Grismer, Wood, Pauwels, & Kunya, 2010 - Cecak-batu VanDeventer
C. whittenorum Das 2005 - Cecak-batu siberut

Kelompok Asia Selatan

C. aaronbaueri Sayyed, Grismer, Campbell & Dileepkumar, 2019
C. adii C. Srinivasulu, Kumar & B. Srinivasulu, 2015
C. agarwali Khandekar, 2019
C. agayagangai Agarwal, Thackeray, & Khandekar, 2022
C. ajijae Sayyed, Pyron & Dileepkumar, 2018
C. alwisi Wickramasinghe & Munindradasa, 2007. (2007). "Review of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Sauria: Gekkonidae) in Sri Lanka with the description of five new species". Zootaxa 1490: 1-63
C. amba Khandekar, Thackeray & Agarwal, 2019 - Cecak-batu amba
C. amboliensis Sayyed, Pyron & Dileepkumar, 2018
C. amith Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. anamudiensis Cyriac, Johny, Umesh & Palot, 2018
C. anandani Murthy, Nitesh, Sengupta & Deepak, 2019
C. andersonii (Annandale, 1905)
C. anslemi Karunarathna & Ukuwela, 2019
C. assamensis Das & Sengupta, 2000 - Cecak-batu assam
C. australis Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. avasabinae Agarwal, Bauer & Khandekar, 2020
C. azhagu Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2022
C. balerion Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. beddomei (Theobald, 1876)
C. boiei (Gray, 1876)
C. butewai Karunarathna et al., 2019
C. cavernicola Khandekar, Thackeray, Kalaimani & Agarwal, 2023
C. chengodumalaensis Cyriac, Palot, Deuti & Umesh, 2020
C. dissanayakai Karunarathna et al., 2019
C. fantastica Agarwal, Thackeray, & Khandekar, 2022
C. flavigularis Pal, Mirza, Dsouza, & Shanker, 2021
C. flaviventralis Sayyed, Pyron & Dahanukar, 2016
C. galaxia Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. ganeshaiahi Narayanan, Pal, Grismer, &Aravind, 2023
C. gemunu de Silva, Greenbaum & Jackman, 2007
C. girii Mirza, Pal, Bhosale & Sanap, 2014
C. goaensis Sharma, 1976
C. godagedarai de Silva, Bauer, Botejue & Karunarathna, 2019
C. gotaimbarai Karunarathna et al., 2019
C. gracilis (Beddome, 1870)
C. graniticola Agarwal, Thackeray, Pal & Khandekar, 2020 - Cecak-batu granit
C. gunasekarai Amarasinghe, Karunarathna, Madawala & de Silva, 2021
C. gunawardanai Amarasinghe, Karunarathna, Madawala & de Silva, 2021
C. heteropholis Bauer, 2002
C. hitihamii Karunarathna et al., 2019
C. indica Gray, 1846 - Cecak-batu india
C. ingerorum Batuwita, Agarwal & Bauer, 2019
C. jackieii Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. jayaweerai Karunarathna, Ukuwela, De Silva, Bauer, Madawala, Poyarkov, Botejue, Gabadage, Grismer, & Gorin, 2023
C. jerdonii (Theobald, 1868)
C. kalakadensis Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2022
C. kallima Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. kandambyi Batuwita & Udugampala, 2017
C. kandiana (Kelaart, 1852), Kandyan day gecko
C. kawminiae Karunarathna et al., 2019
C. kivulegedarai Karunarathna et al., 2019
C. kohukumburai Karunarathna et al., 2019
C. kolhapurensis Giri, Bauer & Gaikwad, 2009 
C. kotagamai Karunarathna et al., 2019)
C. kottiyoorensis Cyriac & Umesh, 2014
C. koynaensis Khandekar, Thackeray & Agarwal, 2019
C. krishnagiriensis Agarwal, Thackeray & Khandekar, 2021
C. kumarasinghei Wickramasinghe & Munindradasa, 2007
C. latha Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. limayei Sayyed, Pyron & Dileepkumar, 2018
C. lithophilis Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. littoralis (Jerdon, 1854)
C. lokugei Karunarathna et al., 2021
C. maculicollis Cyriac, Johny, Umesh & Palot, 2018
C. magnifica Khandekar, Thackeray, Pal & Agarwal, 2020
C. mahabali Sayyed, Pyron & Dileepkumar, 2018
C. manoae Amarasinghe & Karunarathna, 2020
C. menikay Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. molligodai Wickramasinghe & Munindradasa, 2007
C. monticola Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. mundanthuraiensis Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2022
C. mysoriensis (Jerdon, 1853)
C. nairi Inger, Marx & Koshy, 1984
C. nandimithrai Karunarathna et al., 2019
C. nanayakkarai Karunarathna, Ukuwela, De Silva, Bauer, Madawala, Poyarkov, Botejue, Gabadage, Grismer, & Gorin, 2023
C. nicobaricus Chandramouli, 2020 - Cecak-batu nikobar
C. nigriventris Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. nilagirica Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007 - Cecak-batu nilgiri
C. nilgala Karunarathna, Bauer, de Silva, Surasinghe, Somaratna, Madawala, Gabadage, Botejue, Henkanaththegedara & Ukuwela, 2019 - Cecak-batu nilgala
C. nimbus Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. ornata (Beddome, 1870)
C. pachaimalaiensis Agarwal, Thackeray, & Khandekar, 2022
C. palakkadensis Sayyed, Cyriac & Dileepkumar, 2020
C. palanica Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. pava Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. phillipsi Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. podihuna Deraniyagala, 1944
C. pulchra Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. punctata Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. rajakarunai Wickramasinghe, Vidanapathirana & Rathnayake, 2016
C. rajgadensis Sayyed, Cyriac, Pardeshi & Sulakhe, 2021
C. ranganaensis Sayyed & Sulakhe, 2020
C. regalis Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. rashidi Sayyed et al, 2023
C. reticulata Sayyed, Kirubakaran, Khot, Abinesh, Harshan, Sayyed, Sayyed, Adhikari, Purkayastha, Deshpande, & Sulakhe, 2023.  (2023).  "A new rupicolous day gecko species (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Cnemaspis) from Tamil Nadu, South India".  Taprobanica, 12 (1): 5-13.  DOI:  https://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v12i1.295
C. retigalensis Wickramasinghe & Munindradasa, 2007
C. rishivalleyensis Agarwal, Thackeray & Khandekar, 2020
C. rubraoculus Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. rudhira Agarwal, Thackeray, & Khandekar, 2022
C. sakleshpurensis Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2022
C. salimalii Agarwal, Thackeray, & Khandekar, 2022
C. samanalensis Wickramasinghe & Munindradasa, 2007
C. scalpensis (Ferguson, 1877)
C. schalleri Agarwal, Thackeray & Khandekar, 2021
C. shevaroyensis Khandekar, Gaitonde & Agarwal, 2019
C. silvula Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. sisparensis (Theobald, 1876)
C. smaug Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. stellapulvis Khandekar, Thackeray & Agarwal, 2020
C. tanintharyi Lee, Miller, Zug, & Mulcahy, 2019
C. thackerayi Khandekar, Gaitonde, & Agarwal, 2019
C. thayawthadangyi Lee, Miller, Zug & Mulcahy, 2019
C. tigris Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2022
C. tropidogaster (Boulenger, 1885)
C. umashaankeri Narayanan & Aravind, 2022
C. upendrai Manamendra-Arachchi, Batuwita & Pethiyagoda, 2007
C. uttaraghati Agarwal, Thackeray & Khandekar, 2021
C. vijayae Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2022
C. wallaceii Pal, Mirza, Dsouza & Shanker, 2021
C. wicksi (Stoliczka, 1873)
C. wynadensis (Beddome, 1870)
C. yelagiriensis Agarwal, Thackeray, Pal & Khandekar, 2020
C. yercaudensis Das & Bauer, 2000
C. zacharyi Cyriac, Palot, Deuti & Umesh, 2020

 Daftar pustaka 

 Pranala luar 

 Animal Diversity Web: Cnemaspis
 Cnemaspis @ The Reptile Database


Kategori:Cecak