Fungsionalisme versus intensionalisme

Fungsionalisme versus intensionalisme adalah perdebatan historiografis tentang asal mula Holokaus serta sejumlah aspek Reich Ketiga, misalnya kebijakan luar negeri. Perdebatan mengenai asal mula Holokaus berpusat pada dua pertanyaan:

 Apakah Adolf Hitler memiliki rencana besar untuk melakukan Holokaus? Kaum intensionalis berpendapat bahwa rencana seperti itu benar-benar ada, tetapi kaum fungsionalis berpendapat sebaliknya.
 Apakah inisiatif melakukan Holokaus berasal dari atas, artinya perintah datang langsung dari Adolf Hitler, atau dari bawah, artinya perintah datang dari para birokrat Jerman? Meski kedua belah pihak tidak membantah Holokaus dan tidak ada keraguan bahwa Hitler (selaku Führer) secara pribadi bertanggung jawab karena merongrong anti-Semitisme yang memungkinkan Holokaus terjadi, kaum intensionalis berpendapat bahwa inisiatif Holokaus datang dari atas, sedangkan kaum fungsionalis berpendapat sebaliknya.

Istilah ini dicetuskan dalam esai tahun 1981 yang ditulis sejarawan Marxis Britania Raya, Timothy Mason.: "The terms 'intentionalist' and 'functionalist' were coined by Tim Mason, 'Intention and Explanation: A Current Controversy about the Interpretation of National Socialism,' Der Führerstaat: Mythos und Realität, ed. Gerhard Hirschfeld and Lothar Kettenacker (Stuttgart, 1981), 21-40. Prime examples of the two interpretive approaches can be seen in the articles by Klaus Hildebrand and Hans Mommsen in the same volume." Pemikir fungsionalis ternama adalah Raul Hilberg, Christopher Browning, Hans Mommsen, Martin Broszat, dan Zygmunt Bauman. Pemikir intensionalis ternama adalah Andreas Hillgruber, Karl Dietrich Bracher, Klaus Hildebrand, Eberhard Jäckel, Richard Breitman, Lucy Dawidowicz, dan Daniel Jonah Goldhagen.

 Lihat pula 
 Pembantahan Holokaus
 Pendekatan merambat Holokaus
 Perdebatan kebijakan luar negeri Nazi
 Perdebatan pengeboman Auschwitz
 Historiografi Jerman
 Historikerstreit
 Sonderweg
 Vergangenheitsbewältigung
 Teori korban, teori bahwa Austria adalah korban Nazisme setelah Anschluss

 Referensi 

 Sumber 

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 Bauer, Yehuda. Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven Conn.; London: Yale University Press, 2001.
 Bessel, Richard. "Functionalists vs. Intentionalists: The Debate Twenty Years on or Whatever Happened to Functionalism and Intentionalism?" German Studies Review Vol. 26, no. 1 (2003): pp. 15–20.
 Bracher, Karl Dietrich The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism. translated from the German by Jean Steinberg; With an Introduction by Peter Gay, New York, Praeger 1970.
 Breitman, Richard. The architect of genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution. New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 1991.
 Broszat, Martin. German National Socialism, 1919–1945 translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press, 1966.
 Broszat, Martin. The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich London: Longman, 1981.

 Browning, Christopher R. Fateful months: essays on the emergence of the final solution, 1941–42. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985.

 Browning, Christopher R. The path to genocide: essays on launching the final solution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
 Browning, Christopher R. Nazi policy, Jewish workers, German killers. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
 Browning, Christopher R. The origins of the Final Solution: the evolution of Nazi Jewish policy, September 1939 – March 1942 Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
 Burrin, Philippe Hitler and the Jews: the genesis of the Holocaust London ; New York: Edward Arnold ; New York, NY: Distributed in the USA by Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, 1994.
 Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The war against the Jews, 1933–1945 New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975.
 Fleming, Gerald Hitler and the Final Solution Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

 Hilberg, Raul The Destruction of the European Jews Yale University Press, 2003, c1961.
 Hildebrand, Klaus Das Dritte Reich Muenchen: Oldenbourg, 1980 translated into English by P.S. Falla as The Third Reich, London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1984.

 Kershaw, Sir Ian Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris, New York: Norton, 1999, 1998.
 Kershaw, Sir Ian The Nazi dictatorship: problems and perspectives of interpretation London: Arnold ; New York: Copublished in the USA by Oxford University Press, 2000.
 Kershaw, Sir Ian Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis, New York: W.W. Norton, 2000.

 Jäckel, Eberhard Hitler in history Hanover, NH: Published for Brandeis University Press by University Press of New England, 1984.

 Mommsen, Hans. From Weimar to Auschwitz Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.

 Roseman, Mark. The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution:A Reconsideration. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2002.
 Rosenbaum, Ron Explaining Hitler: the search for the origins of his evil, New York: Random House, 1998
 Schleunes, Karl. The Twisted Road to Auschwitz; Nazi Policy Toward German Jews, 1933–1939, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970.


Kategori:Sejarawan Nazisme
Kategori:Historiografi Holokaus
Kategori:Strukturalisme
Kategori:Teori sejarah
Kategori:Perdebatan politik