Menara benteng

Keep (dari bahasa Inggris Pertengahan kype) adalah sebuah jenis menara berbenteng yang dibangun dalam istana-istana pada Abad Pertengahan oleh kaum bangsawan Eropa. Para sarjana memperdebatkan lingkup kata keep, tetapi biasanya dianggap merujuk kepada menara-menara besar di istana-istana yang menjadi kediaman berbenteng, yang dipakai sebagai tempat pengungsian dari kediaman terakhir saat sisa-sisa istana jatuh dalam sebuah pergerakan. Keep-keep pertama dibuat dari kayu dan membentuk bagian penting dari istana berbenteng yang berdiri di Normandy dan Anjou pada abad ke-10; rancangannya tersebar ke Inggris akibat invasi Norman pada 1066, dan menyebar sampai Wales pada paruh kedua abad ke-11 dan ke Irlandia pada 1170an. Para penguasa Inggris-Norman dan Prancis mulai membangun keep-keep batu pada abad ke-10 dan ke-11; itu meliputi keep-keep Norma, dengan rancangan persegi atau persegi panjang, dan keep kerang melingkar. Keep-keep batu dianggap membawa pengaruh militer serta politik dan dapat dibangun selama satu dekade.

 Catatan 

 Referensi 

 Daftar pustaka 

 Anderson, William. (1980) Castles of Europe: From Charlemagne to the Renaissance. London: Ferndale. .
 Armitage, Ella S. (1912) The Early Norman Castles of the British isles. London: J. Murray. .
 Baldwin, John W. (1991) The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages. Berkeley, US: University of California Press. .
 Brindle, Steven and Brian Kerr. (1997) Windsor Revealed: New Light on the History of the Castle. London: English Heritage. .
 Brown, R. Allen. (1962) English Castles. London: Batsford. .
 Burton, Peter. (2008) "Islamic Castles in Iberia," Castle Studies Group Journal 21, pp. 228–244.
 Butler, Lawrence. (1997) Clifford's Tower and the Castles of York. London: English Heritage. .
 Châtelain, André. (1983) Châteaux Forts et Féodalité en Ile de France, du XIème au XIIIème siècle. Nonette: Créer. . 
 Corp, Edward. (2009) "The Jacobite Court at Saint-Germain-en-Laye: Etiquette and the Use of the Royal Apartments," in
 Creighton, Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. (2003) Medieval Castles. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications. .
 Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. (2005) Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community, and Fortification in Medieval England. London: Equinox. .
 Cruickshanks, Eveline. (ed) (2009) The Stuart Courts. Stroud, UK: The History Press. .
 DeVries, Kelly. (2003) Medieval Military Technology. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. .
 Dixon, Philip. (2002) "The Myth of the Keep," in Meirion-Jones, Impey and Jones (ed) (2002).
 Durand, Philippe. (1999) Le Château-fort. Paris: Gisserot. . 
 Emery, Anthony. (2006) Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Southern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Gomme, Andor and Alison Maguire. (2008) Design and Plan in the Country House: From Castle Donjons to Palladian Boxes. Yale: Yale University Press. .
 Gondoin, Stéphane W. (2005) Châteaux-Forts: Assiéger et Fortifier au Moyen Âge. Paris: Cheminements. . 
 Hanser, David A. (2006) Architecture of France. Westport, US: Greenwood Press. .
 Heslop, T. A. (2003) "Orford Castle: Nostalgia and Sophisticated Living," in Liddiard (ed) 2003.
 Higham, Robert and Philip Barker. (1992) Timber Castles. London: Batsford. .
 Hull, Lise E. (2006) Britain's Medieval Castles. Westport: Praeger. .
 Hulme, Richard. (2008) "Twelfth Century Great Towers – The Case for the Defence," The Castle Studies Group Journal 21, pp. 209–229.
 Jones, Nigel R. (2005) Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales. Westport, US: Greenwood Publishing. .
 Kaufmann, J. E. and H. W. Kaufmann. (2004) The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts, and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages. Cambridge, US: Da Capo. .
 Kenyon, J. and M. W. Thompson. (1995) "A Note on the Word 'keep'," Medieval Archaeology 38, pp. 175–6.
 Kenyon, John R. (2005) Medieval Fortifications. London: Continuum. .
 King, D. J. Cathcart. (1991) The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History. London: Routledge. .
 Liddiard, Robert. (ed) (2003) Anglo-Norman Castles. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. .
 Liddiard, Robert. (2005) Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism, and Landscape, 1066 to 1500. Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press. .
 McNeill, Tom. (2000) Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World. London: Routledge. .
 Meirion-Jones, Gwyn, Edward Impey and Michael Jones. (eds) (2002) The Seigneurial Residence in Western Europe AD c800-1600. Oxford: Archaeopress. .
 Nicholson, Helen J. (2004) Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe, 300–1500. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. .
 Pettifer, Adrian. (2000a) Welsh Castles: a Guide by Counties. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. .
 Pettifer, Adrian. (2000b) English Castles: a Guide by Counties. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. .
 Pounds, Norman John Greville. (1994) The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a Social and Political History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Purton, Peter. (2010) A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. .
 Rowan, A. J. (1952) The Castle Style in British Domestic Architecture in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis.
 Schulz, Juergen. (2004) The New Palaces of Medieval Venice. University Park, US: Pennsylvania State University Press. .
 Stubbs, John H. and Emily G. Makaš. (2011) Architectural Conservation in Europe and the Americas. Hoboken, US: John Wiley. .
 Tabraham, Chris J. (2005) Scotland's Castles. London: Batsford. .
 Taylor, Robert R. (1998) The Castles of the Rhine: Recreating the Middle Ages in Modern Germany. Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. .
 Thompson, M. W. (1994) The Decline of the Castle. Leicester, UK: Harveys Books. .
 Thompson, M. W. (2008) The Rise of the Castle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Toy, Sidney. (1933) "The Round Castles of Cornwall," Archaeologia 83, pp. 204–7.
 Toy, Sidney. (1985) Castles: Their Construction and History. New York: Dover Publications. .
 Turner, Rick. (2006) Chepstow Castle. Cardiff, UK: Cadw. .
 Tuulse, Armin. (1958) Castles of the Western World. Newton Abbot, UK: David and Charles. .
 Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emmanuel. (1854) Dictionnaire Raisonné de L'architecture Française du XIe au XVIe Siècle. Paris: Bance. . 

Kategori:Arsitektur istana