Christian Rakovsky

Christian Rakovsky () adalah seorang sosialis revolusioner Bulgaria, politikus Bolshevik dan diplomat Soviet; ia juga dikenal sebagai jurnalis, fisikawan, dan esayis. Karier politik Rakovsky menempatkannya di sepanjang Balkan dan sampai Prancis dan Kekaisaran Rusia; pada masa hidupnya, ia juga menjadi warga Rumania.

Sebagai kolaborator seumur hidup dari Leon Trotsky, ia menjadi aktivis berpengaruh dari Second International, yang terlibat dalam politik dengan Uni Sosial Demokrat Bulgaria, Partai Sosial Demokrat Rumania, dan Partai Buruh Sosial Demokrat Rusia. Rakovsky dikeluarkan pada waktu-waktu yang berbeda dari berbagai negara akibat aktivitasnya, dan, pada Perang Dunia I, menjadi anggota pendiri Federasi Buruh Sosial Demokrat Balkan Revolusioner sesambil membantu menyelenggarakan Konferensi Zimmerwald. Ditahan oleh otoritas Rumania, ia kabur ke Rusia, di mana ia bergabung dengan Partai Bolshevik setelah Revolusi Oktober, dan, sebagai kepala Rumcherod, gagal mengupayakan pengembangan revolusi komunis di Kerajaan Rumania. Kemudian, ia menjadi anggota pendiri Comintern, menjabat sebagai kepala pemerintahan di RSS Ukraina, dan ikut dalam negosiasi di Konferensi Genoa.

 Catatan kaki 

 Referensi 
 Christian Rakovsky Internet Archive at Marxists.org:
 Gus Fagan, Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky, Selected Writings on Opposition in the USSR 1923–30 (editor: Gus Fagan), Allison & Busby, London & New York, 1980; retrieved July 19, 2007
 Christian Rakovsky, "An Autobiography", Granat, 1926, translated by Gus Fagan; retrieved July 19, 2007
  110 ani de social-democraţie în România ("110 Years of Social Democracy in Romania") , Social Democratic Party, Ovidiu Şincai Social Democratic Institute, Bucharest, July 9, 2003; retrieved July 19, 2007
 G. Brătescu, Ce-a fost să fie. Notaţii autobiografice ("That Which Was Meant to Be. Autobiographical Notes"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 2003. ISBN 978-973-50-0425-5
 Şerban Cioculescu, Caragialiana, Editura Eminescu, Bucharest, 1974. 
 Yuri Feofanov, Donald Barry, Arbitrary Justice: Courts and Politics in Post-Stalin Russia, National Council for Soviet and East European Research and Lehigh University, Washington, D. C., 1995; retrieved July 19, 2007
 Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România ("The History of Stalinism in Romania"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990. ISBN 978-973-28-0177-2
 Şt. O. Iosif, D. Anghel, "Racovski", in Cireşul lui Lucullus. Teatru, proză, traduceri ("Lucullus' Cherry Tree. Drama, Prose, Translations"), Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1976. 
 Irina Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930, Cornell University Press, New York City, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8014-8688-3
 Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge, Spokesman Books, Nottingham, 1976. ISBN 978-0-85124-150-0
 Z. Ornea, Viaţa lui C. Stere ("The Life of C. Stere"), Vol. I, Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 1989. ISBN 978-973-23-0099-2
  Christian Rakovsky, Les socialistes et la guerre ("The Socialists and the War"), 1915, at Marxists.org (French edition); retrieved July 19, 2007
 Judith Shapiro, "The Prophet Returned? A Survey of Recent Works by and about Trotsky in the Soviet Union" , in Revolutionary History, Vol. 2, No. 2, Summer 1989; retrieved July 19, 2007
 Stelian Tănase,
  "Cristian Racovski" (Part I) , in Magazin Istoric, April 2004; retrieved July 19, 2007
 "The Renegade Istrati", excerpt from Auntie Varvara's Clients, translated by Alistair Ian Blyth, in Archipelago, Vol.10–12; retrieved July 19, 2007
 Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2003, ISBN 978-0-520-23747-6
 Glenn E. Torrey, "Rumania's Decision to Intervene: Brătianu and the Entente, June–July 1916", in Keith Hitchins (ed.), Romanian Studies. Vol. 2, 1971–1972, Brill Publishers, Leiden, 1973, p. 3-29. ISBN 978-90-04-03639-0
  Leon Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky et Basile Kolarov ("Christian Rakovsky and Vasil Kolarov"), 1915, at Marxists.org (French edition); retrieved July 19, 2007
 Charles Upson Clark, Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea: Chapter XXI, "Rakovsky's Roumanian Career", at the University of Washington; retrieved July 19, 2007

 Pranala luar 

  Trotsky's unfinished biography of Rakovsky
  Panait Istrati's testimonies on Rakovsky

Kategori:Bolshevik