The Federalist Papers

The Federalist (kelak disebut The Federalist Papers) adalah kumpulan 85 artikel dan esai yang ditulis (di bawah nama samaran Publius) oleh Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, dan John Jay yang mendukung ratifikasi Konstitusi Amerika Serikat. 77 artikel diterbitkan secara berseri di The Independent Journal dan The New York Packet antara Oktober 1787 dan Agustus 1788. 77 artikel tersebut dan 8 artikel lainnya dengan judul The Federalist; or, The New Constitution diterbitkan dalam dua volume pada tahun 1788 oleh J. dan A. McLean.Jackson, Kenneth T. The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. p. 194. Judul aslinya adalah The Federalist; judul The Federalist Papers baru muncul pada abad ke-20.

Meski para penulis The Federalist Papers hendak memengaruhi pemegang hak suara agar mendukung ratifikasi Konstitusi, mereka merumuskan perdebatannya secara luas dari sudut pandang politik dalam Federalist No. 1:
It has been frequently remarked, that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not, of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend, for their political constitutions, on accident and force. 

Highlights abound in the essays of The Federalist. Dalam Federalist No. 10, Madison membahas cara mencegah faksi mayoritas penguasa dan mendukunng republik besar yang komersial. Federalist No. 10 umumnya diakui sebagai artikel terpenting dari 85 artikel Federalis dari sudut pandang filsafat. Artikel ini dilengkapi oleh Federalist No. 14; Madison menggambarkan ukuran Amerika Serikat dan menganggapnya cocok untuk dijadikan republik besar. Selain itu, Madison juga mempertahankan kreativitas konstitusi dan politik Konvensi Federal.Wills, x. Dalam Federalist No. 84, Hamilton menyatakan bahwa Konstitusi tidak perlu diamendemen dengan menambahkan Deklarasi Hak dan bahwa berbagai pasal dalam Konstitusi yang melindungi kebebasan sudah setara dengan "deklarasi hak". Federalist No. 78, juga ditulis oleh Hamilton, menjadi dasar doktrin peninjauan yudisial undang-undang federal atau keputusan presiden oleh pengadilan federal. Federalist No. 70 menjelaskan alasan Amerika Serikat perlu dipimpin seorang kepala eksekutif. Dalam Federalist No. 39, Madison memaparkan penjelasannya tentang "Federalisme". Dalam Federalist No. 51, Madison mengutarakan pemeriksaan dan penyeimbangan (checks and balances) lewat sebuah esai yang sering dikutip karena menyebut pemerintah sebagai "cerminan terbaik sifat manusia."

Menurut sejarawan Richard B. Morris, The Federalist Papers adalah "pembahasan Konstitusi yang tiada bandingnya, sebuah karya klasik dalam ilmu politik yang tidak dapat ditandingi kekayaan dan kedalamannya oleh penulis manapun di Amerika Serikat."Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union: 1781-1789 (1987) p. 309

 Daftar lengkap 
Warna baris disesuaikan dengan penulisnya.

 # Tanggal Judul Penulis 1 October 27, 1787 General Introduction Alexander Hamilton 2 October 31, 1787 Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay 3 November 3, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay 4 November 7, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay 5 November 10, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence John Jay 6 November 14, 1787 Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States Alexander Hamilton 7 November 15, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States Alexander Hamilton 8 November 20, 1787 The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States Alexander Hamilton 9 November 21, 1787 The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection Alexander Hamilton 10 November 22, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection James Madison 11 November 24, 1787 The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy Alexander Hamilton 12 November 27, 1787 The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue Alexander Hamilton 13 November 28, 1787 Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government Alexander Hamilton 14 November 30, 1787 Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered James Madison 15 December 1, 1787 The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union Alexander Hamilton 16 December 4, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union Alexander Hamilton 17 December 5, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union Alexander Hamilton 18 December 7, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union James MadisonNos. 18, 19, 20 are frequently indicated as being jointly written by Hamilton and Madison. However, Adair concurs with previous historians that these are Madison's writing alone: "Madison had certainly written all of the essays himself, including in revised form only a small amount of pertinent information submitted by Hamilton from his rather sketchy research on the same subject." Adair, 63. 19 December 8, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union James Madison 20 December 11, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union James Madison 21 December 12, 1787 Other Defects of the Present Confederation Alexander Hamilton 22 December 14, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation Alexander Hamilton 23 December 18, 1787 The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union Alexander Hamilton 24 December 19, 1787 The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered Alexander Hamilton 25 December 21, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered Alexander Hamilton 26 December 22, 1787 The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered Alexander Hamilton 27 December 25, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered Alexander Hamilton 28 December 26, 1787 The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered Alexander Hamilton 29 January 9, 1788 Concerning the Militia Alexander Hamilton 30 December 28, 1787 Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 31 January 1, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 32 January 2, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 33 January 2, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 34 January 5, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 35 January 5, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 36 January 8, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation Alexander Hamilton 37 January 11, 1788 Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government James Madison 38 January 12, 1788 The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed James Madison 39 January 18, 1788 The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles James Madison 40 January 18, 1788 The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained James Madison 41 January 19, 1788 General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution James Madison 42 January 22, 1788 The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered James Madison 43 January 23, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered James Madison 44 January 25, 1788 Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States James Madison 45 January 26, 1788 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered James Madison 46 January 29, 1788 The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared James Madison 47 January 30, 1788 The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts James Madison 48 February 1, 1788 These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other James Madison 49 February 2, 1788 Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government James MadisonOne of twelve "disputed papers" to which both Madison and Hamilton laid claim. Modern scholarly consensus leans towards Madison as the author of all twelve, and he is so credited in this table. See Federalist Papers: Disputed essays. See Adair, 93: "The disputed numbers of The Federalist claimed by both Hamilton and Madison are Numbers 49 through 58 and Numbers 62 and 63. 50 February 5, 1788 Periodic Appeals to the People Considered James Madison 51 February 6, 1788 The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments James Madison 52 February 8, 1788 The House of Representatives James Madison 53 February 9, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: The House of Representatives James Madison 54 February 12, 1788 The Apportionment of Members Among the States James Madison 55 February 13, 1788 The Total Number of the House of Representatives James Madison 56 February 16, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: The Total Number of the House of Representatives James Madison 57 February 19, 1788 The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many James Madison 58 February 20, 1788 Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered James Madison 59 February 22, 1788 Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members Alexander Hamilton 60 February 23, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members Alexander Hamilton 61 February 26, 1788 The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members Alexander Hamilton 62 February 27, 1788 The Senate James Madison 63 March 1, 1788 The Senate Continued James Madison 64 March 5, 1788 The Powers of the Senate John Jay 65 March 7, 1788 The Powers of the Senate Continued Alexander Hamilton 66 March 8, 1788 Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered Alexander Hamilton 67 March 11, 1788 The Executive Department Alexander Hamilton 68 March 12, 1788 The Mode of Electing the President Alexander Hamilton 69 March 14, 1788 The Real Character of the Executive Alexander Hamilton 70 March 15, 1788 The Executive Department Further Considered Alexander Hamilton 71 March 18, 1788 The Duration in Office of the Executive Alexander Hamilton 72 March 19, 1788 The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered Alexander Hamilton 73 March 21, 1788 The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power Alexander Hamilton 74 March 25, 1788 The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive Alexander Hamilton 75 March 26, 1788 The Treaty Making Power of the Executive Alexander Hamilton 76 April 1, 1788 The Appointing Power of the Executive Alexander Hamilton 77 April 2, 1788 The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered Alexander Hamilton 78 May 28, 1788 (book)June 14, 1788 (newspaper) The Judiciary Department Alexander Hamilton 79 May 28, 1788 (book)June 18, 1788 (newspaper) The Judiciary Continued Alexander Hamilton 80 June 21, 1788 The Powers of the Judiciary Alexander Hamilton 81 June 25, 1788 andJune 28, 1788 The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority Alexander Hamilton 82 July 2, 1788 The Judiciary Continued Alexander Hamilton 83 July 5, 1788,July 9, 1788 andJuly 12, 1788 The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury Alexander Hamilton 84 July 16, 1788,July 26, 1788 andAugust 9, 1788 Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered Alexander Hamilton 85 August 13, 1788 andAugust 16, 1788 Concluding Remarks Alexander Hamilton

 Lihat pula 

 Filsafat Amerika Serikat
 The Anti-Federalist Papers
 Daftar nama samaran dalam perdebatan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat

 Catatan kaki 

 Referensi 
 Adair, Douglass. Fame and the Founding Fathers. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1974.A collection of essays; that used here is "The Disputed Federalist Papers".
 Frederick Mosteller and David L. Wallace. Inference and Disputed Authorship: The Federalist. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1964.
 Furtwangler, Albert. The Authority of Publius: A Reading of the Federalist Papers. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1984.
 Wills, Gary. Explaining America: The Federalist, Garden City, NJ: 1981.

 Bacaan lanjutan 
 Meyerson, Michael I. Liberty's Blueprint: How Madison and Hamilton Wrote the Federalist Papers, Defined the Constitution, and Made Democracy Safe for the World, New York: Basic Books, 2008.
 Dietze, Gottfried. The Federalist: A Classic on Federalism and Free Government, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1960.
 Epstein, David F. The Political Theory of the Federalist, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
 Gray, Leslie, and Wynell Burroughs. "Teaching With Documents: Ratification of the Constitution", Social Education, 51 (1987): 322-324.
 Kesler, Charles R. Saving the Revolution: The Federalist Papers and the American Founding, New York: 1987.
 Patrick, John J., and Clair W. Keller. Lessons on the Federalist Papers: Supplements to High School Courses in American History, Government and Civics, Bloomington, IN: Organization of American Historians in association with ERIC/ChESS, 1987. ED 280 764.
 Schechter, Stephen L. Teaching about American Federal Democracy, Philadelphia: Center for the Study of Federalism at Temple University, 1984. ED 248 161.
 Scott, Kyle. The Federalist Papers: A Reader’s Guide (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013) 202 pp.
 Sunstein, Cass R. The Enlarged Republic—Then and Now, New York Review of Books, (March 26, 2009): Volume LVI, Number 5, 45. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22453
 Webster, Mary E. The Federalist Papers: In Modern Language Indexed for Today's Political Issues. Bellevue, WA.: Merril Press, 1999.
 White, Morton. Philosophy, The Federalist, and the Constitution, New York: 1987.
 Zebra Edition. The Federalist Papers: (Or, How Government is Supposed to Work), Edited for Readability. Oakesdale, WA: Lucky Zebra Press, 2007.

 Pranala luar 





 The Federalist Papers on the Bill of Rights
 Teaching The Federalist Papers 
 Booknotes interview with Robert Scigliano on The Federalist Papers, January 21, 2001. 
 Collection of The Federalist Papers
 EDSITEment on The Federalist and Anti-Federalist debates on diversity and the extended republic



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