Bapak Pendiri Amerika Serikat

Bapak Pendiri Amerika Serikat adalah tokoh-tokoh Tiga Belas Koloni Britania di Amerika Utara yang memimpin Revolusi Amerika Serikat melawan kekuasaan Kerajaan Britania Raya dan mendirikan Amerika Serikat. Istilah ini juga ditafsirkan lebih sempit sehingga hanya mencakup penandatangan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan 1776 atau delegasi Konvensi Konstitusi 1787 dan terlibat dalam perumusan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat. Daftarnya juga mencakup penandatangan Asosiasi Kontinental atau Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi.Stanfield, Jack. America's Founding Fathers: Who Are They? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots (Universal-Publishers, 2001). Sepanjang abad ke-19, mereka disebut "Pendiri" atau "Bapak".

Sejumlah sejarawan mengartikan "Bapak Pendiri" sebagai kelompok besar yang mencakup tidak hanya Penandatangan dan Perumus, tetapi juga terlibat dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat dan pembentukan Amerika Serikat seperti politikus, hakim, negarawan, tentara, diplomat, dan warga sipil.R. B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Sejarawan Richard B. Morris pada tahun 1973 mengidentifikasi tujuh tokoh berikut sebagai Bapak Pendiri utama: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, dan George Washington.Richard B. Morris, Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries (New York: Harper & Row, 1973). Adams, Jefferson, dan Franklin mengerjakan draf Deklarasi Kemerdekaan. Hamilton, Madison, dan Jay menulis The Federalist Papers yang mendukung ratifikasi Konstitusi. Washington memimpin pasukan revolusi. Semua tokoh tersebut pernah memegang jabatan penting di pemerintahan pertama Amerika Serikat.

 Daftar Bapak Pendiri 
 Penandatangan dokumen bersejarah 
jmpl|ka|250px|Benjamin Franklin, salah satu pendukung persatuan koloni pertama, adalah tokoh pendiri etos Amerika Serikat dan penggagas ideologi bangsa.
jmpl|ka|250px|Peyton Randolph, Presiden Kongres Kontinental yang mengawasi pembentukan Asosiasi Kontinental.
jmpl|ka|250px|Richard Henry Lee, memperkenalkan Resolusi Lee pada Kongres Kontinental Kedua yang menuntut kemerdekaan koloni dari Britania Raya.
jmpl|ka|250px|Komite Lima, terdiri dari John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, dan Robert Livingston, menyusun draf Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat dan mempersembahkannya kepada Kongres Kontinental tanggal 4 Juli 1776.
jmpl|ka|250px|John Hancock, Presiden Kongres Kontinental, dikenal atas tanda tangannya yang besar dan indah di Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat.
jmpl|ka|250px|John Dickinson menulis draf pertama Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi tahun 1776 saat menjadi delegasi Pennsylvania di Kongres Kontinental. Ia menandatanganinya tahun berikutnya setelah terpilih sebagai delegasi Delaware di Kongres.
jmpl|ka|250px|Henry Laurens adalah Presiden Kongres Kontinental ketika Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi disahkan tanggal 15 November 1777.
jmpl|ka|250px|George Washington menjabat Presiden Konvensi Konstitusi 1787.
jmpl|ka|250px|James Madison, dijuluki "Bapak Konstitusi" oleh rekan-rekannya.
 Singkatan berikut dipakai di tabel di bawah ini:CA = Asosiasi Kontinental (1774) • DI = Deklarasi Kemerdekaan (1776)AC = Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi (1777) • USC = Konstitusi Amerika Serikat (1787)
 Nama Provinsi/Negara bagian CA DI AC USC Andrew Adams  Connecticut        John Adams  Massachusetts        Samuel Adams  Massachusetts        Thomas Adams  Virginia        John Alsop  New York        Abraham Baldwin  Georgia         John Banister  Virginia        Josiah Bartlett  New Hampshire        Richard Bassett  Delaware         Gunning Bedford, Jr.  Delaware         David Brearley  New Jersey         Edward Biddle  Pennsylvania        John Blair  Virginia         Richard Bland  Virginia        William Blount  North Carolina         Simon Boerum  New York        Carter Braxton  Virginia        Jacob Broom  Delaware         Pierce Butler  South Carolina         Charles Carroll of Carrollton  Maryland        Daniel Carroll  Maryland         Richard Caswell  North Carolina        Samuel Chase  Maryland        Abraham Clark  New Jersey        William Clingan  Pennsylvania        George Clymer  Pennsylvania         John Collins  Rhode Island         Stephen Crane  New Jersey        Thomas Cushing  Massachusetts        Francis Dana  Massachusetts        Jonathan Dayton  New Jersey        Silas Deane  Connecticut        John De Hart  New Jersey        John Dickinson  Delaware         Pennsylvania        William Henry Drayton  South Carolina        James Duane  New York        William Duer  New York        Eliphalet Dyer  Connecticut        William Ellery  Rhode Island        William Few  Georgia         Thomas Fitzsimons  Pennsylvania         William Floyd  New York        Nathaniel Folsom  New Hampshire        Benjamin Franklin  Pennsylvania         Christopher Gadsden  South Carolina        Joseph Galloway  Pennsylvania        Elbridge Gerry  Massachusetts        Nicholas Gilman  New Hampshire         Nathaniel Gorham  Massachusetts         Button Gwinnett  Georgia        Lyman Hall  Georgia        Alexander Hamilton  New York         John Hancock  Massachusetts        John Hanson  Maryland        Cornelius Harnett  North Carolina        Benjamin Harrison  Virginia        John Hart  New Jersey        John Harvie  Virginia        Patrick Henry  Virginia        Joseph Hewes  North Carolina        Thomas Heyward, Jr.  South Carolina        Samuel Holten  Massachusetts        William Hooper  North Carolina        Francis Hopkinson  New Jersey        Stephen Hopkins  Rhode Island        Titus Hosmer  Connecticut        Charles Humphreys  Pennsylvania        Samuel Huntington  Connecticut        Richard Hutson  South Carolina        Jared Ingersoll  Pennsylvania         John Jay  New York        Thomas Jefferson  Virginia        Thomas Johnson  Maryland        William Samuel Johnson  Connecticut         Rufus King   Massachusetts         James Kinsey  New Jersey        John Langdon  New Hampshire         Edward Langworthy  Georgia        Henry Laurens  South Carolina        Francis Lightfoot Lee  Virginia        Richard Henry Lee  Virginia        Francis Lewis  New York        Philip Livingston  New York        William Livingston  New Jersey         James Lovell  Massachusetts        Isaac Low  New York        Thomas Lynch  South Carolina        Henry Marchant  Rhode Island        James Madison  Virginia         John Mathews  South Carolina        James McHenry  Maryland         Thomas McKean  Delaware        Arthur Middleton  South Carolina        Henry Middleton  South Carolina        Thomas Mifflin  Pennsylvania         Gouverneur Morris  New York        Pennsylvania         Lewis Morris  New York        Robert Morris  Pennsylvania         John Morton  Pennsylvania        Thomas Nelson, Jr.  Virginia        William Paca  Maryland        Robert Treat Paine  Massachusetts        William Paterson  New Jersey         Edmund Pendleton  Virginia        John Penn  North Carolina        Charles Cotesworth Pinckney  South Carolina         Charles Pinckney  South Carolina         Peyton Randolph  Virginia      George Reed  Delaware         Joseph Reed  Pennsylvania        Daniel Roberdeau  Pennsylvania        Caesar Rodney  Delaware        George Ross  Pennsylvania        Benjamin Rush  Pennsylvania        Edward Rutledge  South Carolina        John Rutledge  South Carolina         Nathaniel Scudder  New Jersey        Roger Sherman  Connecticut         James Smith  Pennsylvania        Jonathan Bayard Smith  Pennsylvania        Richard Smith  New Jersey        Richard Dobbs Spaight  North Carolina         Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer  Maryland         Richard Stockton  New Jersey        Thomas Stone  Maryland        John Sullivan  New Hampshire        George Taylor  Pennsylvania        Edward Telfair  Georgia        Matthew Thornton  New Hampshire        Matthew Tilghman  Maryland        Nicholas Van Dyke  Delaware        George Walton  Georgia        John Walton  Georgia        Samuel Ward  Rhode Island        George Washington  Virginia         John Wentworth, Jr.  New Hampshire        William Whipple  New Hampshire        John Williams  North Carolina        William Williams  Connecticut        Hugh Williamson  North Carolina         James Wilson  Pennsylvania         Henry Wisner  New York        John Witherspoon  New Jersey        Oliver Wolcott  Connecticut        George Wythe  Virginia       

 Pendiri lain 
Tokoh-tokoh berikut juga disebut sebagai bapak pendiri Amerika Serikat di berbagai sumber tepercaya.
 Abigail Adams, penasihat, istri, dan ibu presiden.
 Ethan Allen, pemimpin militer dan politik di Vermont.
 Richard Allen, uskup Afrika-Amerika.Newman, Richard. Freedom's Prophet: Bishop Richard Allen, the AME Church, and the Black Founding Fathers (NYU Press, 2009).
 John Bartram, botanis, hortikulturis, dan penjelajah.Jane Goodall (27 August 2013). Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants. Grand Central Publishing. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-4555-1321-5.
 Egbert Benson, politikus dari New York.Ballenas, Carl. Images of America: Jamaica (Arcadia Publishing, 2011).
 Elias Boudinot, delegasi New Jersey untuk Kongres Kontinental.Holmes, David. The Faiths of the Founding Fathers. (Oxford University Press US, 2006).
 Aaron Burr, Wakil Presiden Jefferson.Wood, Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters, What Made the Founding Fathers Different. (New York: Penguin Books, 2007) 225–242.
 George Rogers Clark, jenderal angkatan darat.
 George Clinton, gubernur New York dan Wakil Presiden A.S.
 Tench Coxe, ekonom di Kongres Kontinental.
 Albert Gallatin, politikus dan Menteri Keuangan.Dungan, Nicholas. Gallatin: America's Swiss Founding Father (NYU Press 2010).
 Horatio Gates, jenderal angkatan darat.
 Nathanael Greene, jenderal angkatan darat.
 Nathan Hale, tentara A.S. yang ditawan dan dieksekusi tahun 1776.
 James Iredell, pendukung Konstitusi, hakim.
 John Paul Jones, kapten angkatan laut.
 Henry Knox, jenderal angkatan darat, Secretary of War.
 Tadeusz Kościuszko, jenderal angkatan darat Polandia.
 Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, jenderal angkatan darat Prancis.
 Henry Lee III, perwira angkatan darat dan gubernur Virginia.Buchanan, John. "Founding Fighters: The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence (review)". The Journal of Military History (Volume 71, Number 2, April 2007), pp. 522–524.
 Robert R. Livingston, diplomat dan juris.Encyclopaedia Britannica. Founding fathers: the essential guide to the men who made America (John Wiley and Sons, 2007).
 William Maclay, politikus Pennsylvania dan Senator A.S.
 Dolley Madison, istri Presiden James Madison.
 John Marshall, Hakim Agung Amerika Serikat ke-4.
 George Mason, penulis era revolusi yang menolak menandatangani Konstitusi.
 Philip Mazzei, dokter, pedagang, dan penulis Italia.LaGumina, Salvatore. The Italian American experience: an encyclopedia, page 361 (Taylor & Francis, 2000).
 James Monroe, Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-5
 Daniel Morgan, pahlawan militer dan anggota kongres Virginia.
 James Otis, Jr., pengacara dan politikus Massachusetts.
 Thomas Paine, penulis Common Sense.David Braff, "Forgotten Founding Father: The Impact of Thomas Paine," in Joyce Chumbley. ed., Thomas Paine: In Search of the Common Good (2009) pp. 39–43
 Andrew Pickens, jenderal angkatan darat dan anggota kongres South Carolina.
 Timothy Pickering, Menteri Luar Negeri A.S. dari Massachusetts.Burstein, Andrew. "Politics and Personalities: Garry Wills takes a new look at a forgotten founder, slavery and the shaping of America", Chicago Tribune (November 09, 2003): "Forgotten founders such as Pickering and Morris made as many waves as those whose faces stare out from our currency."
 Israel Putnam, jenderal angkatan darat.
 Edmund Randolph, Jaksa Umum Amerika Serikat ke-1.
 Comte de Rochambeau, jenderal angkatan darat Prancis.
 Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, istri Alexander HamiltonRoberts, Cokie. "Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation". Harper Perennial, 2005Roberts, Cokie. "Ladies of Liberty: The Women Who Shaped Our Nation". Harper, 2008
 Thomas Sumter, pahlawan militer dan anggota kongres South Carolina.
 Haym Solomon, pemodal dan mata-mata Angkatan Darat Kontinental.Schwartz, Laurens R. Jews and the American Revolution: Haym Solomon and Others, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 1987.
 Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, perwira Prusia.
 Joseph Warren, dokter, pemimpin revolusi.Rafael, Ray. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Founding Fathers: And the Birth of Our Nation (Penguin, 2011).
 Mercy Otis Warren, penulis politik.
 Anthony Wayne, jenderal angkatan darat dan politikus.
 Noah Webster, penulis, leksikografer, pengajar.Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father: Noah Webster's Obsession and the Creation of an American Culture (Penguin 2011).
 Thomas Willing, bankir.
 Paine Wingate, penyintas tertua, Kongres Kontinental."A Patriot of Early New England", New York Times (December 20, 1931). This book review referred to Wingate as one of the "Fathers" of the United States, per the book title.The New Yorker, Volume I, page 398 (September 10, 1836): "'The Last of the Romans' — This was said of Madison at the time of his decease, but there is one other person who seems to have some claims to this honorable distinction. Paine Wingate of Stratham, N.H. still survives."

 Lihat pula 

 Daftar pendiri bangsa (seluruh dunia)
 Sejarah Konstitusi Amerika Serikat
 Rights of Englishmen
 Patriot (Revolusi Amerika Serikat)
 Sons of Liberty
 Kepemimpinan militer pada Perang Revolusi Amerika Serikat
 Orang putih mati
 Teori Tokoh Besar

 Catatan kaki 

 Referensi 

 American National Biography Online, (2000).
 Richard B. Bernstein, Are We to Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987).
 R. B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
 Richard D. Brown. "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul. 1976), pp. 465–480 online at JSTOR.
 Henry Steele Commager, "Leadership in Eighteenth-Century America and Today," Daedalus 90 (Fall 1961): 650–673, reprinted in Henry Steele Commager, Freedom and Order (New York: George Braziller, 1966).
 Joseph J. Ellis. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.
 Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001).
 Jack P. Greene. "The Social Origins of the American Revolution: An Evaluation and an Interpretation," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 88, No. 1 (Mar. 1973), pp. 1–22 online in JSTOR.
 P.M.G. Harris, "The Social Origins of American Leaders: The Demographic Foundations, " Perspectives in American History 3 (1969): 159–364.
 Mark E. Kann; The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1999).
 Adrienne Koch; Power, Morals, and the Founding Fathers: Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1961).
 K. M. Kostyal. Funding Fathers: The Fight for Freedom and the Birth of American Liberty (2014)
 Franklin T. Lambert. The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. (Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 2003).
 Martin, James Kirby. Men in Rebellion: Higher Governmental Leaders and the coming of the American Revolution, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973; reprint, New York: Free Press, 1976).
 Morris, Richard B. Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
 Robert Previdi; "Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
 Rakove, Jack. Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2010) 487 pages; scholarly study focuses on how the Founders moved from private lives to public action, beginning in the 1770s
 Cokie Roberts. Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation (New York: William Morrow, 2005); popular
 Gordon S. Wood. Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York: Penguin Press, 2006)

 Pranala luar 

 NARA – America's founding fathers (retrieved 09-20-2010)
 Founders Online: Correspondence and Other Writings of Six Major Shapers of the United States
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Founding Fathers and Slavery (retrieved 09-20-2010)
 What Happened to the Signers of the Declaration of Independence? (retrieved 09-20-2010)
 Debunks – along with other fact finding sites – the Internet Myth of "What Happened to The Signers of the Declaration of Independence" (retrieved 01-30-15)
 "What Would the Founding Fathers Do Today?" (retrieved 09-20-2010) (Link not working as of 01-30-15) 
 Booknotes interview with Bernard Bailyn on To Begin the World Anew, March 23, 2003. 
 "Founding Father Quotes, Biographies, and Writings"
 America's Four United Republics Many original documents from www.historic.us

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