Kesenjangan ekonomi

Kesenjangan ekonomi, biasa dikenal dengan istilah kesenjangan pendapatan, kesenjangan kekayaan, dan jurang antara kaya dan miskin, mengacu pada persebaran ukuran ekonomi di antara individu dalam kelompok, kelompok dalam populasi, atau antar negara. Para ekonom umumnya mengakui tiga ukuran kesenjangan ekonomi: kekayaan, pendapatan, dan konsumsi. Persoalan kesenjangan ekonomi mencakup kesetaraan ekonomi, kesetaraan pengeluaran, dan kesetaraan kesempatan.

Sejumlah penelitian menyebut bahwa kesenjangan adalah masalah sosial yang semakin berkembang. Kesenjangan yang terlalu besar cenderung merugikan karena kesenjangan pendapatan dan pemusatan kekayaan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan jangka panjang. Penelitian statistik awal yang membandingkan kesenjangan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak menghasilkan kesimpulan apa-apa. Pada tahun 2011, peneliti Dana Moneter Internasional menunjukkan bahwa kesetaraan pendapatan yang lebih besar—berkurangnya kesenjangan—meningkatkan durasi pertumbuhan ekonomi sebuah negara dengan lebih cepat dibandingkan perdagangan bebas, korupsi pemerintah rendah, investasi asing, atau utang luar negeri rendah.

Kesenjangan ekonomi bervariasi tergantung masyarakat, waktu, struktur ekonomi, dan sistem. Istilah tersebut dapat mengacu pada persebaran pendapatan atau kekayaan lintas lapisan masyarakat pada waktu tertentu, atau pendapatan dan kekayaan seumur hidup dalam jangka panjang.Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, and Jae Song find that "most of the increase in the variance of (log) annual earnings is due to increases in the variance of (log) permanent earnings with modest increases in the variance of transitory (log) earnings." Thus, in fact, the increase in earnings inequality is in lifetime income. Furthermore, they find that it remains difficult for someone to move up the earnings distribution (though they do find upward mobility for women in their lifetime). See their "Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data since 1937," Quarterly Journal of Economics. 125, no. 1 (2010): 91–128. Ada beberapa indeks numerik untuk mengukur kesenjangan ekonomi. Di antara metode pengukuran kesenjagan yang ada, koefisien Gini merupakan indeks yang paling terkenal.

 Tabel 
Tabel berikut menampilkan pola kekayaan antarnegara. Informasi di dalam tabel ini berasal dari Credit Suisse, Research Institute's "Global Wealth Databook", terbit tahun 2013.  Credit Suisse, Research Institute – Global Wealth Databook 2013
 Negara Dewasa(Ribu) Kekayaanrerata perdewasa(USD) Kekayaanmedian perdewasa(USD) Persebaran dewasa (%) menurut kekayaan (USD) Gini  % di bawah 10rb 10rb – 100rb 100rb – 1jt > 1jt Total 4,190255,06657,67539.51737.85.7100107.7 110,36510,97687193.75.60.60.110093.1 35,9123,41341997.42.30.2010090 10,9587,1611,17693.16.30.60.110086.7 2,95330,8686,07666.829.83.20.310086.3 239,279301,14044,91130.73330.75.510085.1 6,6902,91347993.95.80.3010083.8 51,68725,9095,3266730.32.50.210083.7 31,03419,6133,05172.324.92.60.110083.6 6,052153,31232,38430.349.718.31.710083.1 56,7308,7991,84988.111.10.80.110082.9 157,86911,8392,39381.117.61.30.110082.8 49,6427,7721,85590.58.80.6010082.6 18,9916,9001,50590.98.50.6010082.5 135,38523,2785,11766.630.52.70.210082.1 18,38227,0075,83161.435.33.10.210081.5 12,46149,03211,74245486.60.410081.4 767,6124,7061,04094.45.20.3010081.3 6,101512,56295,9165.24638.81010080.6 7,299299,44152,67715.648.329.26.910080.3 52,7107,2851,85290.490.6010080.3 80,4623,62089494.94.90.3010080 30,46426,2226,22860.235.83.90.210079.7 5460,00314,61740509.20.810079.6 28,26515,6384,03272.126.11.70.110079.6 16,69437,3469,77253.341.15.30.310079.3 1,25619,8994,53167.528.34.20.110078.7 4,947137,35138,1643044.823.71.510078.7 3882,87267093.86.10.2010078.7 694119,56834,87423.856.318.61.410078.3 73,38035,8729,71853.540.65.70.310078 3,733380,47392,85919.432.540.67.510077.8 6,761203,93157,45028.231.837310077.8 4,29128,3976,56358.135.760.110077.7 1,18110,3482,6498117.61.4010077.2 67,068192,23249,3702933.335.12.610077.1 5,8133,53296092.37.50.2010076.1 9,27314,7083,93469.128.82.1010075.6 2,37080024199.10.90010074.8 5,8004,6041,36889.310.40.3010074.4 6,1511,81754896.83.20010074.1 8,43744,97515,5414053.26.40.310074 3,955281,76490,4662034.241.44.410073.9 2,291119,10142,89721.855.521.51.210073.8 30,25526,0569,1095541.53.30.110073.7 18,359151,75253,33622.545.130.81.710073.6 12,914185,58883,63123.330.943.62.210073.2 1889,9983,13076.322.61.1010073.1 34414,2504,54468.829.61.6010073 3,4243,4321,14792.57.30.1010073 16,69214,0445,13769.329.21.40.110073 1,0793,4571,10592.47.50.1010072.9 3,91010,9343,72673.225.61.3010072.8 6284,3601,393909.80.2010072.7 2,32222,2927,50957.338.54.2010072.7 5,30672324599.30.70010072.7 862,72195994.35.70.1010072.7 27,173251,03490,2523021.544.93.710072.7 38,35079,47530,93825.359.514.50.710072.6 3,7528,4702,82181.1180.8010072.4 29516,3135,4786532.52.5010072.3 6319,0116,28158.838.33010072.2 3,24628,1249,53254.140.25.70.110072.2 5024,0868,3495540.34.70.110072 3423,6138,18556.339.14.60.110071.9 7110,1963,49273.825.11.1010071.9 6714,4735,01767.530.71.7010071.9 3,234182,54876,60725.634.138.12.310071.8 8,72312,3504,40369.828.81.4010071.4 3,73812,0394,4837028.71.3010071 3,488183,80475,57320.936.540.42.210070.9 20,7572,8431,04994.25.70.1010070.9 1,87248,41518,1524047.8120.210070.8 18,86518,2276,70558.538.92.6010070.8 90886432499.20.80010070.8 2,0243,8921,42091.28.60.1010070.8 3,777126,79151,8822050.628.21.310070.5 1,278153,29458,2372538.3351.710070.5 8,61489,07438,84625.854.818.70.810070.1 11,44181131399.30.70010070 1,71911,4014,3937028.81.2010069.9 2,40047,00217,99839.648.311.90.210069.8 15,10775029499.40.60010069.6 31,85432112499.90.10010069.6 998,25422,2308,02358.439.12.40.110069.5 10,35944817799.80.20010069.4 4743,8011,50691.68.30.1010069.2 5236,4732,6308514.60.4010069 48,124295,933141,85021.722.950.84.610069 20022,2898,1085541.53.5010069 2,7812,12587596.33.70010068.9 1,56111,5434,74369.329.61.1010068.8 2,89768127399.60.40010068.8 13,5011,81174397.72.30010068.6 11913,0875,29666.332.51.2010068.5 7,45221,0848,8235541.53.5010068.2 86921,8609,2405541.33.7010068.2 2989,8684,26173.825.31010068.1 21,35511,3984,7507028.91.1010068.1 11,5012,6401,104954.90.1010068.1 14,3265,0332,10187.911.90.2010068 3,35236,57015,3054052.17.80.110068 3,17221,6409,17854.741.83.5010068 3,6932,4501,04995.64.30010067.9 48,220243,570111,5241828.8503.210067.7 1,8321,9678659730010067.7 7,7211,27354398.71.30010067.7 5083,4651,48892.87.20.1010067.5 5,4851,1314839910010067.5 98715,0886,4596038.51.5010067.4 7,4172078910000010067.3 5,30188238099.40.60010067.3 253211,592104,733203047.32.710067.3 5415,9057,21758.839.81.5010067.2 6,4232,5971,12595.34.70010067.2 10,4592,6031,11595.24.80010067.2 1386,0682,7538514.70.3010067.1 4,7333,1871,39893.66.30.1010067.1 9234,53715,13240536.90.110067 9,1512,6441,155954.90010067 12,1924,9512,19388.311.60.2010066.8 53,2708,7273,8467524.40.6010066.8 2,1182,17398796.53.50010066.7 22,03895142399.30.70010066.6 3,6185,3932,41186.713.10.2010066.5 2,53723,41110,63547.548.53.9010066.5 34,1802,2149419730010066.4 4,195171,82195,0952922.347.21.610066.4 2105,5562,4808514.80.2010066.3 24241,10617,8423555.990.110066.2 37,206123,99763,30617.452.4291.110066.1 1,85514,2146,43361.137.61.3010066.1 13,3527,0733,19882.716.90.4010066 1,78724,28511,3384550.94010066 9,105102,97153,93720.453.725.10.810065.9 3,85814,3646,58960.338.31.4010065.9 3,5685,3852,43285.913.90.2010065.9 61,7654,8572,21587.8120.2010065.8 1,7398,9794,20073.126.30.6010065.8 36519,5259,1305542.62.4010065.8 2,98511,1735,13968.230.90.9010065.8 390315,240182,7681522.5575.510065.7 1,05533,70115,7244053.36.60.110065.7 83642419999.90.10010065.7 2,2379,4504,45172.726.60.7010065.6 7,01493743499.30.70010065.5 23,98210,1004,6737029.20.7010065.5 23,8111,29159598.91.10010065.4 4,72929313799.90.10010065.2 6,27616,3447,72157.141.41.5010065.1 3,49826,55112,63941.254.14.7010065.1 49,117241,383138,6532020.556.5310065 6,46495545599.40.60010064.7 2,6923,8541,87491.88.10.1010064.7 17,2731,99895197.72.30010064.7 104,1351,89490897.92.10010064.6 93537,30819,2474052.57.40.110064.5 7,91528,37914,06840554.9010064 2,2635,6132,79385.514.30.2010063.9 4,0223,1681,58194.35.70.1010063.8 106,3654,2482,10690.890.1010063.8 42,75041120799.90.10010063.6 16,617402,578219,5056.923.762.66.810063.6 104,315216,694110,2949.237.750.62.510063.5 46721,34010,9294552.62.4010063.4 8,387255,573148,14117.422.157.33.210062.6 7,52715,1757,97856.8421.3010062.5 5,99116,8188,82555.243.41.4010062.5 7,5432,4071,27196.83.10010062.2 33071,44842,89818.86515.90.310059.5 57144,82226,67528.76011.2010058.5 28651,37331,52726.258.715010058.5 1,65564,06744,93219.460.619.90.110053.5 4,30327,22420,74019.877.82.4010044.7

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 Referensi 

 Bacaan lanjutan 
Buku

 Atkinson, Anthony B. (2015). Inequality: What Can Be Done? Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-50476-3












  ISBN 978-0-945466-24-6



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  Similar paper from August 2002: Sex, equality, and growth (in that order) 
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Makalah

  Policy research report on gender and development working paper series, no. 1.
 Ravallion, Martin (2005). World Bank, 5 May, Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 3579, A poverty-inequality trade-off? 
 Sawhill, Isabel. "Do We Face a Permanently Divided Society?" The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century Ed. Robert S. Rycroft. The University of Mary Washington, 2012.
 Smeeding, Timothy and Thompson, Jeffrey. "Inequality in the Great Recession – The Case of the United States". FRDB International Income Inequality Project (July 2011). Working paper.

 Voitchovsky, Sarah. "The effects of inequality on growth: perspectives from the theoretical literature." Working paper.

 Pranala luar 



 A portal dedicated to the topic of economic inequality
 Small Inequality Measures Calculus (and On-Line Calculator)
 The UC Atlas of Global Inequality  explores some aspects of inequality using online, downloadable maps and graphics.
 Population Health Forum website – group seeking to improve health by addressing inequality.



 The Inequality Predicament United Nations Report on the World Social Situation 2005
 Two Americas: One Rich, One Poor? Understanding Income Inequality in the United States 
 Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased? Accessed 2007-06-11.
 Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades  studies the trade-offs between earning income and enjoying leisure
 Data from the Inequality Survey
 Decreasing Inequality Under Latin America's "Social Democratic" and "Populist" Governments: Is the Difference Real?  from the Center for Economic and Policy Research
 Wealth and Poverty: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois 
 Thomas Piketty's presentation Inequality & Capitalism in the Long-Run  based on Capital in the Twenty-First Century
 "Wealth Gap" – A Guide (AP News – January 2014).
 Economic and Social Inequality in Asia and Pacific: 12 Things to Know Asian Development Bank
 As inequality soars, the nervous super rich are already planning their escapes. The Guardian. 23 January 2015.
 Asia’s Wealth Inequality Problem. The Diplomat. October 23, 2015.


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