Demosthenes

Demosthenes (;  Dēmosthénēs ; 384–322 BC) adalah seorang orator dan negarawan Yunani berpengaruh dari Athena kuno. Orasi-orasinya memperlihatkan sebuah ekspresi yang signifikan dari kekuatan kecerdasan Athena pada zamannya dan berpengaruh pada politik dan budaya Yunani kuno pada abad ke-4 SM. Demosthenes mengetahui retorik dengan mempelajari pidato para orator besar pada masa sebelumnya. Ia menyampaikan pidato yudisial pertamanya pada usia 20 tahun

 Tahun-tahun awal dan kehidupan pribadi 

 Kehidupan pribadi dan keluarga 
jmpl|Patung dada Demosthenes (British Museum, London), salinan Romawi dari sebuah ukiran asli Yunani yang dibuat oleh Polyeuktos.
Demosthenes lahir pada 384 SM, pada tahun terakhir Olympiad ke-98 atau tahun pertama Olympiad ke-99.H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 5–6 Ayahnya—yang juga bernama Demosthenes—berasal dari sebuah suku lokal, Pandionis, dan tinggal di deme PaeaniaAeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 171 di wilayah Athena, adalah seorang pembuat senjata kelas menengah.E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 11 Aeschines, lawan politik terbesar Demosthenes, menyatakan bahwa ibunya Kleoboule berdarah ScythiaAeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 172—sebuah pernyataan yang diragukan oleh beberapa sarjana modern. Demosthenes menjadi anak yatim pada usia tujuh tahun.

 Referensi 

 Sumber 

 Sumber utama (Yunani dan Romawi) 

 Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Aeschines, Against Timarchus. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Aeschines, The Speech on the Embassy. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae. Translated in English by Charles Duke Yonge.
 Cicero, Brutus. See the original text in the Latin Library
 15px Cicero, De Oratore. See original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Cicero, Orator. See the original text in the Latin Library.
 Demades, On the Twelve Years. See original text in Perseus program.
 Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 1. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 3. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Demosthenes, Against Meidias. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Demosthenes, Against Zenothemis. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 15px Demosthenes, First Olynthiac.
 15px Demosthenes, First Philippic.
 15px Demosthenes, For the Freedom of the Rhodians
 Demosthenes, Fourth Philippic. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Demosthenes (or Hegesippus), On Halonnesus. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 15px Demosthenes, On the Crown.
 15px Demosthenes, On the False Embassy.
 15px Demosthenes, On the Peace.
 15px Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac.
 15px Demosthenes, Second Philippic.
 15px Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac.
 15px Demosthenes, Third Philippic.
 Dinarchus, Against Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Diodorus Siculus, Library. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes.
 Hypereides,Against Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library
 Juvenal, Saturae. See original text in the Latin Library. Translated in English by M. Madan
 Longinus, On the Sublime. Translated by W. Rhys Roberts 
 Lucian, Demosthenes, An Encomium. Translated in Sacred Texts
 Lucian, The Illiterate Book-Fancier. Translated in Sacred Texts
 Pausanias, Description of Greece. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 15px Plutarch, Cicero. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 15px Plutarch, Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 15px Plutarch, Phocion. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Polybius, Histories. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library
 Pseudo-Plutarch, Aeschines. See Charles Barcroft's translation.
 Pseudo-Plutarch, Demosthenes. See Charles Barcroft's translation .
 Quintilian, Institutiones. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library and the Latin Library.

 Sumber sekunder 

































































 Bacaan tambahan 










  Here and in her fiction, Renault portrays Demosthenes as corrupt, cowardly and cruel.

 Pranala luar 

 Art of Speech 
 Britannica, 11th Edition 
 Britannica online
 Lendering, Jona 
 Pickard A.W. 




Masanya
 Beck, Sanderson: Philip, Demosthenes, and Alexander
 Blackwell, Christopher W.: The Assembly during Demosthenes' era 
 Britannica online: Macedonian supremacy in Greece
 Smith, William: A Smaller History of Ancient Greece-Philip of Macedon

Serba-serbi
 SORGLL: Demosthenes, On the Crown 199-208; read by Stephen Daitz 
 Libanius, Hypotheses to the Orations of Demosthenes 

Kategori:Kelahiran 384 SM
Kategori:Kematian 322 SM