Daftar perang dan bencana menurut korban jiwa

Berikut adalah daftar peperangan dan bencana berdasarkan jumlah korban jiwa. Data mencakup perkiraan jumlah korban jiwa, nama peristiwa, lokasi, dan waktu terjadinya peristiwa tersebut. Sebuah peristiwa bisa saja masuk dalam lebih dari satu kategori, beberapa peristiwa bisa beririsan dengan yang lain.

 Perang, konflik bersenjata, dan genosida 
Angka di bawah dituliskan dalam jutaan dan mencakup kematian dari penyakit, kelaparan, dan kematian dalam pertempuran, pembantaian, ataupun genosida. Angka yang ditulis merupakan angka perkiraan. Bila hanya ada satu perkiraan, maka perkiraan terendah dan tertinggi ditulis dengan nilai sama.

+Perkiraan kematian dalam jutaan Perkiraanterendah Perkiraan Log. mean PerkiraanTertinggi  Peristiwa  Lokasi  Mulai  Akhir  Durasi (tahun)  Catatan, Lihat pula  58Fink, George: Stress of War, Conflict and DisasterPerang Dunia 2 Seluruh dunia 193919456 tahun 1 hari Korban Perang Dunia II and Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua (termasuk Holocaust dan kematian di kamp konsentrasi) 37Tiga KerajaanTiongkok18428096  30The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, p.622, cited by White 3540  Ekspansi mongol Eurasia12061368163 Kekaisaran Mongol 2525 25 Ekspansi ManchuTiongkok1616166247 Dinasti Qing 2032100Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression, page 468By Train to Shanghai: A Journey on the Trans-Siberian Railway By William J. Gingles page 259Pemberontakan TaipingTiongkok1851186414 15 31651918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics, CDC Perang Dunia ISeluruh dunia191419184 tahun, 3 bulan, 1 minggu Kematian akibat flu Spanyol dimasukan dalam angka perkiraan tertinggi. 15 1720Penaklukan Timur-e-LangAsia Barat, Asia Selatan, Asia Tengah, Rusia1369140537Dinasti Timurid 13 2136 Pemberontakan An LushanTiongkok7557639 Peperangan pada Abad Pertengahan 888Perang Sipil TiongkokTiongkok1927194922 56.79Perang Sipil RusiaRusia191719215 4.194 8.4 17 Holocaust  Eropa  1941  1945  4  Angka perkiraan terendah berasal dari jumlah orang Yahudi yang tewas dalam peristiwa ini sementara angka tertinggi mencakup semua kebijakan pembunuhan Jerman yang berbasis ras dan politik, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung. 3.54.97.0Charles Esdaile "Napoleon's Wars: An International History."Perang NapoleonEropa, Atlantik, Pasifik, dan Samudra Hindia1803181513 3.05.911.5Perang Tiga Puluh TahunKekaisaran Romawi Suci1618164831 Perang agama 3.04.67.0Pemberontakan Serban KuningTiongkok18420522 bagian dari Perang Tiga Kerajaan 2.5Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths, European Journal of Population" (2005) 21: 145–166.3.75.4"Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study"  – Reuters, 22 Jan 2008.Perang Kongo KeduaRepublik Demokratik Kongo199820036Perang Kongo Pertama 2.582Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s, Population Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Nov. 2002), pp. 249–264France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005 4.5 8.0– "The famine of 1932–33", Encyclopædia Britannica. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."  Holodomor (and Soviet famine of 1932–1933)  Ukrainian SSR (and other areas of southern USSR, western Siberia) 1932  1933  1  Targeted famine and forced relocation of Soviet ethnic groups, especially landed Ukrainian peasants, by Stalin Regime. 2.32.83.3Hundred Years' WarWestern Europe13371453107Edwardian War (1337-1360), Caroline War (1369-1389), Lancastrian War (1415–53) 2.0Rummel, R.J. Death by Government, Chapter 3: Pre-Twentieth Century Democide 14 100  European colonization of the Americas  Americas  1492  1900  408  Colonization, disease, ethnic cleansing and war. 2.02.84.0French Wars of ReligionFrance1562159837 Religious war1.51.72.0Shaka's conquestsSouthern Africa1816182813 Ndwandwe–Zulu War 1.51.72.0War in AfghanistanAfghanistan1979200022 Soviet-Afghan War, Taliban Era. Death toll estimates through 1999 (2M) and 2000 (1.5M and 2M). 1.0 1.7 3.0  Nigerian Civil War  Nigeria  1966  1970  4  Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War. 1.0Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1.7 3.0 Cambodian Genocide  Cambodia  1975  1979  4  War casualties, famine, health system collapse, executions and ethnic cleansing during the Khmer Rouge regime. 1.0John Shertzer Hittell, "A Brief History of Culture" (1874) p.137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." cited by White1.73.0Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p.278. Cited by White CrusadesHoly Land, Europe10951291 197 Christian military excursions against the Muslim Conquests. 1.0, U.S. Committee for Refugees, 2001. Archived 10 December 2004 on the Internet Archive. Accessed 10 April 2007 1.42.0 Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan1983200523 First Sudanese Civil War 0.90.941.0 Gallic WarsFrance58 BC50 BC9 Roman Empire 0.80.891.0 Du Wenxiu RebellionTiongkok1856187318 0.8Charles Hirschman et al., "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate," Population and Development Review, December 1995. 1.5 3.0Vietnam WarSoutheast Asia1955197521 Cold War and First Indochina War 0.670.750.85American Civil WarUnited States of America186118654Estimates include civilian deaths 0.61.12.0 Soviet War in AfghanistanAfghanistan198019889 Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War. 0.5Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, Deutschlandfunk, November 29, 2006, 1.2 3.0 Expulsion of Germans after World War II  Europe  1945  1950  5  Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II. 0.512.0Mexican RevolutionMexico, United States1911192010 Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid. 0.51.02.0Iran–Iraq WarIran, Iraq198019889 Includes the Al-Anfal Campaign and the Invasion of Kuwait. 0.5See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.0.71 1.0  Rwandan genocide  Rwanda  1994  1994  1  Part of the Rwandan Civil War.0.50.711.0Spanish Civil WarSpain193619394 0.4Paul Goble Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 15 July 2005, Volume 8, Number 23 0.45 0.5Charles King: "The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus", Oxford University Press, 2008. Page 96.  Circassian Genocide  Circassia  1864  1867  3  Deaths during the ethnic cleansing of Circassia by the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the Russo–Circassian War (1763–1864). 0.4Rummel, R.J., Statistics Of North Korean Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources, Statistics of Democide, 1997.1.344.5Korean WarKorean Peninsula195019534 Categorized as part of the Cold War. 0.3Kamuran Gürün: Ermeni Soykirmi. 3rd Volume, Ankara 1985, p. 227 0.67 1.5French in Armenia 'massacre' row BBC  Armenian Genocide  Anatolia  1915  1923  8  Called the First Genocide of the 20th century and officially recognized by 21 countries as such, though modern Turkey disputes the use of this term and some associated claims. 0.3Jurg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454–50.61.2Another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, p. 164. Boston, 1915; Applied Genetics, Paul Popenoe, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1918)Paraguayan WarSouth America186418707 Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias 0.3Jan Wróbel, Odnaleźć przeszłość 1 (2002) 0.240.4 DelugePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth165516606 The Second Northern War, including subsequent campaigns by the same powers through the 1650s, and skirmishes between Catholic and Protestant partisans. 0.2720.585 1.260"Update on Iraqi Casualty Data"  by Opinion Research Business. January 2008."Revised Casualty Analysis. New Analysis 'Confirms' 1 Million+ Iraq Casualties" . January 28, 2008. Opinion Research Business. Word Viewer for.doc files.  War on Terror  Greater Middle East  2001  2013  12  Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), and War in North-West Pakistan. 0.2Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, 1919.0.45 1.0  Greek genocide  Anatolia  1915  1923  8  The use of the term "genocide" is disputed by modern Turkey. 0.097207, pp. 96–98 0.31 0.2Statement by Dr. Haris Silajdžić, Chairman of the Presidency Bosnia and Herzegovina, Head of the Delegation of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 63rd Session of the General Assembly on the occasion of the General Debate, Summary, 23 September 2008.  Bosnian War  Bosnia  1992  1995  3  During the Bosnian War, at least 97,207 people were killed. 0.075Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia0.099 0.13  Massacres of Poles by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army  Volhyn and Eastern Galicia  1943  1944  1 Killings conducted by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army on Polish civilians. 0.2  0.77 3.0  1971 Bangladesh genocide  East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)  1971  1971  1  Killings by the Pakistani Armed Forces in East Pakistan leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; widely regarded as a genocide against the Bengali people.

 Kematian di penjara dan kamp 
DeathsNameRun byLocationDateNotes, References800,000–1,500,000Nazi GermanyOświęcim, Poland1940–1945Wellers, Georges. Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp), Le Monde Juif, Oct–Dec 1983, pp. 127–159Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates 700,000–1,000,000TreblinkaNazi GermanyTreblinka, Poland1942–1943Encyclopedia Americana480,000–600,000BełżecNazi GermanyBełżec, Poland1942–1943Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, Winter 2001, ISBN 0-19-922506-0Yitzhak Arad, Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987, NCR 0-253-34293-7130,000–500,000Kolyma GulagSoviet UnionKolyma, Soviet Union1932–1954Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism Retrieved 18 January 2007. Case Study: Stalin's Purges from Genderside Watch. Retrieved 19 January 2007. George Bien, Gulag Survivor in the Boston Globe, June 22, 2005, Kolyma100,000–700,000JasenovacNDH UstašeCroatia 1941–194585,000StutthofNazi GermanyStuttof, Third Reich1939-1945Second World War12,790–75,000Stara GradiškaNDH UstašeCroatia1941–1945primarily for women and children26,000 - 40,000Second Boer WarUnited KingdomSouth African Republic1900–1902116,000 boer women and children; 26,370 died
Second Boer War#Concentration camps .281900.E2.80.931902.29
115,000 black people 15,000 died Second Boer War

81% of the total fatalities in the camps were children Emily Hobhouse17,000Tuol SlengDemocratic KampucheaPhnom Penh, Cambodia1975–1979 13,171Camp SumterConfederate States of AmericaAndersonville, Georgia, USA1864–1865The Andersonville Prison Trial: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz, by General N.P. Chipman, 1911.12,000Crveni KrstNazi regime, GestapoNiš, Serbia19412,963Elmira PrisonUnited States of AmericaElmira, New York, USA1864–1865

 Bencana kelaparan 
Catatan: beberapa dari peristiwa di bawah disebabkan oleh alam

 Lowest estimate  Highest estimate  Event  Location  From  To  Notes on p.163 Frank Dikötter, in his response, quotes Yu Xiguang's figure of 55 millionGreat Chinese FamineTiongkok19581962During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks p.xi. State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. 298.Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79 Tiongkok18761879 ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian HolocaustsGreat Famine of 1876–78 India18761878 ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts"How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine ". Stanford University. April 4, 2011.Russian famine of 1921 Soviet Russia19211922 See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union and Russian Civil War with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstkaBengal famine of 1943 India19431943 The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice importsNicholas Tarling (Ed.) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol.II Part 1 pp139-40
However, administrative policies in British India ultimately helped cause the massive death toll.Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. See also Book review: Churchill's secret war in India by Susannah YorkVan der Eng, Pierre (2008) 'Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950.' MPRA Paper No. 8852, pp.35–38. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/ Japanese occupation of the Dutch East IndiesIndonesia19441945  An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but mainly by the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population. Indian famine of 1896–97, Indian famine of 1899–1900 India18961900 ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian HolocaustsBruce Sharp (2008), Counting Hell 2.Ben Kiernan, paragraph 3. Mekong.Marek Sliwinski (1995), Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique, L'Harmattan, p. 82.Cambodian GenocideCambodia19751979An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor and famine perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, of which nearly half was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.Foster, R.F. 'Modern Ireland 1600–1972'. Penguin Press, 1988. p324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no.4 (November 1984), pp. 473–488."Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978Great Irish FamineThe Great Irish Famine Approved by the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education on 10 September 1996, for inclusion in the Holocaust and Genocide Curriculum at the secondary level. Revision submitted 11/26/98.Ireland18461849 Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland—where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food—was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors which remain the subject of historical debate.Charles Hirschman et al. "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" . Population and Development Review (December 1995). Vietnamese Famine of 1945Vietnam19441945  The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam."Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine". BBC News. April 6, 2000. 1983–85 famine in EthiopiaEthiopia19831985  The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, and in particular the one of 1983–5, were in large part created by government policies. Sudan famineSudan19981998  The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily CNN, Accessed May 25, 2006

 Banjir dan tanah longsor 

Note: These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

 Rank Death toll Event Location Date 1.  2,500,000–3,700,000  1931 China floods  Tiongkok  1931 2.  900,000–2,000,000  1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood  Tiongkok  1887 3.  500,000–700,000  1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood  Tiongkok  1938 4.  26,000-230,000230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in   The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina.  Tiongkok  August 1975 5.  145,000  1935 Yangtze river flood  Tiongkok  1935 6.  more than 100,000  St. Felix's Flood, storm surge  Netherlands  1530 7.  100,000  Hanoi and Red River Delta flood  North Vietnam  1971 8.  100,000  1911 Yangtze river flood  Tiongkok  1911 9.  50,000–80,000  St. Lucia's flood, storm surge  Netherlands, England  1287 10.  10,000–50,000  Vargas Tragedy, landslide  Venezuela  1999 11.  2,400  North Sea flood, storm surge  Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium  31 January 1953 12.  2,209  Johnstown Flood  Pennsylvania  31 May 1889

 Pengorbanan manusia dan ritual 
This section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide. For notable individual episodes, see Human sacrifice and mass suicide.

 Lowest estimate  Highest estimate  Description Group  Location  From  To  Notes     Human sacrifice in Aztec culture  Aztecs  Mexico  14th century  1521  Up to 3,000 sacrificed yearly"The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice", by Michael Harner. Natural History, April 1977, Vol. 86, No. 4, pages 46–51. 13,000National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White  13,100  Human sacrifice  Shang dynasty  Tiongkok  BC1300  BC1050  Last 250 years of ruleSakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", p.2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005).    Ritual suicides  Sati , India  1815  1828      Kamikaze suicide pilots, see noteThis toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).  Imperial Japanese air forces  Pacific theatre  1944  1945     Jonestown murder-suicideThe largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until the September 11, 2001 attacks.  Followers of The Peoples Temple cult  Jonestown November 18, 1978  November 19, 1978  967  967  Mass suicide motivated religious and political.  Judean rebels  Masada  Spring 73   

 Peristiwa mematikan lainnya 
Events with a large anthropogenic death toll not fitting any of the above classifications. May include deaths caused by famine, genocide, and other events listed above, as a portion of the total.

 Lowest estimate  Highest estimate  Event  Location  From  To  NotesMao Zedong era 1949–1976Tiongkok 1949  1976 Millions of people died as a result of Mao Zedong's reforms, with most of these deaths due to the Great Chinese Famine caused by mismanagement of agricultural resources during the Great Leap Forward. Millions more died as a result of human rights abuses. The total includes those who died during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, the Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns, human rights abuses in Tibet, The Great Leap Forward (especially the resulting famine), and the Cultural Revolution. See also Mass killings under communist regimes.Soviet crimes 1917–1953Soviet Republics (1917–1922), the Soviet Union (1922–1953), the East and Center of Europe, Mongolia 1917  1953 War, forced collectivization, and poor central planning in the Soviet Republics and Soviet Union led to enormous famines in 1921, 1932–33, and 1946–47. Mass murders were also perpetrated by the Communist leaders of the Soviet Republics between 1917 and 1922 and later on in The Soviet Union during a period of 1922–1953 (until the death of Joseph Stalin). This includes terrors unleashed by Cheka during the Russian Civil War against nations and 'enemies of The Revolution',Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, paperback ed., Basic books, 1999. deaths in Gulags, forced resettlement,Павел Полян, Не по своей воле... (Pavel Polian, Against Their Will... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR), ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001 Holodomor,С. Уиткрофт (Stephen G. Wheatcroft), "О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931—1933 гг. Dekulakization,Lynne Viola The Unknown Gulag. The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements Oxford University Press 2007, Great Purge,Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments by Michael Ellman, 2002 National operations of the NKVD.Vadim Rogovin "The Party of the Executed" See also Mass killings under communist regimes.R. J. Rummel Exemplifying the Horror of European Colonization:Leopold's Congo"Crimes during Congo Free State 1885–1908Now the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1885  1908 Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.p.226-232, Hochschild, Adam (1999), King Leopold's Ghost, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 0-547-52573-7 Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.Hochschild p.226–232.     Sanctions against Iraq  Iraq  1990  1998  Sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council indirectly caused excess deaths of young children.    Indonesian killings of 1965–1966  Indonesia  1965  1966  Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965 and 1966. Death tolls are difficult to estimate. Donald Greer, The Terror, a Statistical Interpretation, Cambridge (1935)Reynald Secher, La Vendée-Vengé, le Génocide franco-français (1986)  Jean-Clément Martin, La Vendée et la France, Éditions du Seuil, collection Points, 1987 he gives the highest estimate of the civil war, including republican losses and premature death. However, he does not consider it as a genocide.Jacques Hussenet (dir.), « Détruisez la Vendée ! » Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007, p.148.  War in the Vendée  France  1793  1796  Described as genocide by some historians but this claim has been widely discounted. See also French Revolution.     Manila Massacre  Manila, Philippines  1945  1945  During the Battle of Manila, at least 100,000 civilians were killed.     Indonesian occupation of East Timor  East Timor  1974  1999  Civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness.     Operation Condor  South America  1975  1983  A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States   Lukas, Richard C. (2012). The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944. Hippocrene Books. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7818-1302-0."The Rape of Warsaw". Stosstruppen39-45.tripod.com. Retrieved 3 February 2009.Walter Laqueur, Judith Tydor Baumel (2001). "Dirlewanger, Oskar". The Holocaust Encyclopedia. Yale University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-300-08432-3. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Warsaw Uprising  Occupied Poland  5 August 1944  12 August 1944  Systematic killing of Polish civilian population (mostly children and women regardless of age (the latter usually raped before death)) in district Wola and Ochota committed by the German Army during Warsaw Uprising     Nanking Massacre  Nanking, Tiongkok  1937  1938  The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.     First Sack of Thessalonica  Byzantine Empire  904  904 The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves. Biondich, Mark. The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 92 Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 52.  , p. 233.Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47–52.  Great Fire of Smyrna  İzmir, Turkey  September 9, 1922  September 24, 1922  Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the evacuation of their former populations by British and American military forces. After the attacks 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed.   PBS News Hour, 16 Oct. 1997, et al. Argentina Death Toll, Twentieth Century Atlas  Dirty War  Argentina  1976  1983  At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor).

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 Referensi 

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 Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II 
 Top 100 aviation disasters  on AirDisaster.com

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