Graph database

Graph database (Basis data graf) dalam dunia ilmu komputer adalah basis data yang menggunakan struktur data graf yg memiliki komponen simpel (node), tepi (edge) dan atribut (properties) untuk merepresentasikan penyimpanan data. Basis data graf menyediaakan index-free adjacency, konsep yang memungkinkan penyimpanan dan Pemrosesan graf secara efisien. Dalam sistem ini, setiap simpul langsung terhubung dengan simpul-simpul yang ada di sekitarnya tanpa perlu menggunakan indeks tambahan untuk mencari simpul-simpul tersebut. Artinya, hubungan antar simpul disimpan langsung di dalam simpul itu sendiri, sehingga akses ke simpul terrait bisa dilakukan secara cepas tanpa pencarían melalui indeks yang terpisah. Pendekatan ini sangat berguna dalam aplikasi yang membutuhkan performa tinggi, seperti rekomendasi atau analisis jaringan sosial.

Berikut struktur dari graph database:

pus|bingkai|Graph database

Setiap simpul melambangkan suatu entitas seperti orang, bisnis, akun, atau item lain yang hendak dilacak.

 Sifat 
Dibanding dengan relational database, graph database sering lebih cepat untuk himpunan data asosiatif, dan memetakan lebih langsung ke struktur aplikasi berorientasi objek (object-oriented application). Database ini dapat diskala lebih alamiah ke himpunan data lebih besar karena umumnya tidak membutuhkan operasi "join" yang mahal. Karena kurang tergantung dari skema kaku, mereka lebih cocok untuk dikelola secara ad hoc dan data yang berubah-ubah dengan skema yang terus diperbarui. Sebaliknya, relational database umumnya lebih cepat dalam mengerjakan operasi yang sama dengan jumlah elemen data yang lebih banyak.

 Proyek-proyek graph database 
Berikut adalah daftar sejumlah proyek graph database yang terkenal:
 Nama   Versi  Lisensi  Bahasa  Pemerian AllegroGraph  4.14.1 (September 2014)  Proprietary, Clients - Eclipse Public License v1  C#, C, Common Lisp, Java, Python  A RDF and graph database. ArangoDB   2.2.1 (July 2014)  Apache 2  C, C++ & Javascript  A distributed multi-model document store and graph database. Highly scalable supporting ACID and full transaction support. Including a built-in graph explorer. Bigdata   1.3.1 (May 2014)  GPLv2, evaluation license, or commercial license.  Java  A RDF/graph database capable of clustered deployment. Bigdata supports high availability (HA) mode , embedded mode , single server mode .  As of version 1.3.1, it supports the Blueprints API  and Reification Done Right (RDR) . Bitsy   1.5.0  AGPL, Enterprise license (unlimited use, annual/perpetual)  Java  A small, embeddable, durable in-memory graph database BrightstarDB    MIT License   C#  An embeddable NoSQL database for the .NET platform with code-first data model generation. Cayley   0.4.0 (August 2014)  Apache 2  Go  An open-source graph inspired by the graph database behind Freebase and Google's Knowledge Graph. DEX/Sparksee   5.1.0 (2014)  evaluation, research or development use (free) / commercial use  C++  A high-performance and scalable graph database management system from Sparsity Technologies , a technology transition company from DAMA-UPC . Its main characteristics is its query performance for the retrieval & exploration of large networks. Sparksee 5 mobile is the first graph database for mobile devices. Filament    BSD  Java  A graph persistence framework and associated toolkits based on a navigational query style. GraphBase   1.0.03a  Proprietary  Java  A customizable, distributed, small-footprint graph store with a rich tool set from FactNexus . Graphd   Proprietary   The proprietary back-end of Freebase. Horton    Proprietary C# A graph database from Microsoft Research Extreme Computing Group (XCG)  based on the cloud programming infrastructure Orleans . HyperGraphDB   1.2 (2012)  LGPL  Java  A graph database supporting generalized hypergraphs where edges can point to other edges. IBM System G Native Store   v1.0  (July 2014)  Proprietary  C, C++, Java  A high performance graph store using natively implemented graph data structures and primitives for achieving superior efficiency. IBM System G Native Store can handle various simple graphs, property graphs, and RDF graphs, in terms of storage, analytics, and visualization. Native Store is accessible from most programming languages by providing APIs in C++, Java (Tinkerpop/Blueprints), and Python. Its gShell graph command collection and the Native Store REST APIs provide language-free interfaces.    InfiniteGraph   3.0 (January 2013)  Proprietary  Java  A distributed and cloud-enabled commercial product with flexible licensing. InfoGrid   2.9.5 (2011)  AGPLv3, free for small entities  Java  A graph database with web front end and configurable storage engines (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Files, Hadoop). JanusGraph   0.6.1 (2022)  Apache 2  Java  Open source, scalable, distributed across a multi-machine cluster graph database under The Linux Foundation; supports various storage backends (Apache Cassandra, Apache HBase, Google Cloud Bigtable, Oracle BerkeleyDB); supports global graph data analytics, reporting, and ETL through integration with big data platforms (Apache Spark, Apache Giraph, Apache Hadoop); supports geo, numeric range, and full-text search via external index storages (Elasticsearch, Apache Solr, Apache Lucene). jCoreDB Graph      An extensible database engine with a graph database subproject. MapGraph   v3 (2014)    Apache 2  CUDA  MapGraph is Massively Parallel Graph processing on GPUs. The MapGraph API makes it easy to develop high performance graph analytics on GPUs. The API is based on the Gather-Apply-Scatter (GAS) model as used in GraphLab.  Retrieved Aug 7, 2014. MapGraph is up to two orders of magnitude faster than parallel CPU implementations on up 24 CPU cores and has performance comparable to a state-of-the-art manually optimized GPU implementation.  New algorithms can be implemented in a few hours that fully exploit the data-level parallelism of the GPU and offer throughput of up to 3.3 billion traversed edges per second on a single GPU. Retrieved Aug 7, 2014. and up to 30 billion traversed edges per second on a cluster with 64 GPUs   Retrieved Aug 7, 2014. Neo4j  2.1.6  (November 2014)   GPLv3 Community Edition. Commercial & AGPLv3 options for Enterprise and Advanced editions  Java  A highly scalable open source graph database that supports ACID, has high-availability clustering for enterprise deployments, and comes with a web-based administration tool that includes full transaction support and visual node-link graph explorer.Neo4j, World’s Leading Graph Database . Retrieved September 16, 2013. Neo4j is accessible from most programming languages using its built-in REST web API interface. Neo4j is the most popular graph database in use today.DB-Engines Ranking of Graph DBMS . Retrieved July 19, 2013.   Orly    (March 2014)   Apache 2  C++  A highly scalable open source graph database.Orly, Graph Database . Retrieved March 16, 2014. Orly is accessible from most programming languages using its built-in REST web API interface. Orly is a popular graph database in use today. OpenLink Virtuoso  7.1 (March 2014)  GPLv2 for Open Source Edition . Proprietary for Enterprise Edition .  C, C++  A hybrid database server handling RDF and other graph data, RDB/SQL data, XML data, filesystem documents/objects, and free text. May be deployed as a local embedded instance (as used in the Nepomuk Semantic Desktop), a single-instance network server, or a shared-nothing elastic-cluster multiple-instance networked server. Oracle Spatial and Graph   11.2 (2012)  Proprietary  Java, PL/SQL  1) RDF Semantic Graph: comprehensive W3C RDF graph management in Oracle Database with native reasoning and triple-level label security. 2) Network Data Model property graph: for physical/logical networks with persistent storage and a Java API for in-memory graph analytics. Oracle NoSQL Database   2.0.39 (2013)  Proprietary  Java  RDF Graph for Oracle NoSQL Database is a feature of Enterprise Edition providing W3C RDF graph capabilities in NoSQL Database. OrientDB  1.7.10  (November 2014)  Community Edition Apache 2, Enterprise Edition is Commercial  Java  OrientDB is a 2nd Generation Distributed Graph Database with the flexibility of Documents in one product with an Open Source commercial friendly license (Apache 2 license). It has a multi-master replication and sharding. Supports schema-less, schema-full and schema-mixed modes. Has a strong security profiling system based on user and roles and supports SQL amongst the query languages. Thanks to the SQL layer, it's straightforward to use for those skilled in the relational database world. OQGRAPH   GPLv2   A graph computation engine for MySQL, MariaDB and Drizzle. Ontotext OWLIM   5.3 OWLIM Lite is freeOWLIM SE and Enterprise are commercially licenced  Java  A graph database engine, based entirely on Semantic Web standards from W3C: RDF, RDFS, OWL, SPARQL. OWLIM Lite is an "in memory" engine. OWLIM SE is robust standalone database engine. OWLIM Enterprise is a clustered version which offers horizontal scalability and failover support and other enterprise features. R2DF     R2DF framework for ranked path queries over weighted RDF graphs. ROIS    Freeware  Modula-2  A programmable knowledge server that supports inheritance and transitivity. Used in OpenGALEN as a Terminology Server. sones GraphDB   AGPLv3  C#  A graph database and universal access layer (funded by Deutsche Telekom). SPARQLCity   v1.0.95 (October 2014)  GPLv3  C, C++ & Javascript   SPARQLCity produces SPARQLVerse: A standards and Hadoop based analytic graph engine for performing rich business analytics on structured and semi-structured data. Sqrrl Enterprise   v1.5.1 (August 2014)  Proprietary  Java  Distributed, real-time graph database featuring cell-level security and massive scalability. Stardog  v2.2 (July 2014)  Proprietary  Java  Fast, scalable, pure Java semantic graph database. Teradata Aster    v6 (2013)  Proprietary  Java, SQL, Python, C++, R  A high performance, multi-purpose, highly scalable and extensible MPP database incorporating patented engines supporting native SQL, MapReduce and Graph data storage and manipulation. An extensive set of analytical function libraries and data visualization capabilities are also provided. Titan    0.5.2 (2014)  Apache 2  Java  A distributed, real-time, scalable transactional graph database developed by Aurelius . Trinity        C#, C, X64 Assembly  A distributed general purpose graph engine on a memory cloud. TripleBit        C/C++  A centralized RDF store. VelocityGraph     Open source with proprietary back-end  C#  High performance, scalable & flexible graph database build with VelocityDB  object database. VertexDB    Revised BSD  C  A graph database server that supports automatic garbage collection. Weaver   0.1 (December 2014)  BSD licenses  C, Python  A fast, scalable, ACID transactional graph database with replication and migration. WhiteDB   0.7.0 (October 2013)  GPLv3 and a free commercial licence  C  A graph/N-tuples shared memory database library. OhmDB   1.0.0 (August 2014)  Apache 2  Java  RDBMS + NoSQL Database for Java.

 Graph database features 
The following table compares the features of the above graph databases.
 Name   Graph Model  API  Query Methods  Visualizer  Consistency  Backend  Scalability AllegroGraph  RDF  Java, Java:Sesame, JavaJena, Python, Ruby, Perl, C#, Clojure, Lisp, Scala, REST SPARQL 1.1, Prolog, JIG, JavaScript Gruff - View Graphs, Visual Query Builder for SPARQL and Prolog ACID Native Graph Storage1 Trillion RDF triples ArangoDB   Property Graph   JavaScript, Blueprints, REST  Graph Traversals via JavaScript, Gremlin  Built-in graph explorer MVCC/ACID native C/C++  Replication and Sharding Bigdata   RDF  Java, Sesame, Blueprints, Gremlin, SPARQL, REST  SPARQL, Gremlin  Bigdata Workbench UI  MVCC/ACID  Native Java  Embedded , Client/Server , High Availability (HA)  Bitsy   Property Graph  Blueprints  Gremlin, Pixy    ACID with optimistic concurrency control  Human-readable JSON-encoded text files with checksums and markers for recovery   DEX/Sparksee   Labeled and directed attributed multigraph  Java, C++, .NET, Python  Native Java, C#, Python and C++ APIs, Blueprints, Gremlin  Exporting functionality to visualization formats  Consistency, durability and partial isolation and atomicity  Native graph. light and independent data structures with a small memory footprint for storage  Master/Slave replication Filament         GraphBase Enterprise(1)  GraphBase Agility(2)   (1) mixed, (2) Framework-managed Simple Graph   Java  Bounds Language, embedded java  GraphPad, BoundsPad, Navigator  ACID, graph-based transactions  proprietary native  (1) shared nothing distributed, (2) simple replication, 100+ Billion arcs per server   Graphd        Horton   Attributed multigraph  Horton Query Language (Regular Language Expression + SQL)  C#, .Net Framework, Asynchronous communication protocols  HyperGraphDB   Object-oriented multi-relational labeled hypergraph  Custom,Java    MVCC/STM   IBM System G Native Store   Property Graph, RDF*  C++, Java, Python  Native Store gShell, Gremlin, SPARQL  Built-in Visualizer  ACID Native Graph Storage Both scale-up (using multithreading) and scale-out (using IBM PAMI) InfiniteGraph   Labeled and directed multi-property graph  Java, Blueprints (Read Only)  Java (with parallel, distributed queries), Gremlin (Read Only)  Graph browser for developers. Plugins to allow use of external libraries.  ACID. There is also a parallel, loosely synchronized batch loader.  Objectivity/DB on standard filesystems  Distributed & Sharded. Objectivity/DB was the first DBMS to store a Petabyte of objects. InfoGrid   Dynamically typed, object-oriented graph, multigraphs, semantic models       JanusGraph   Property Graph   Java, C#, Python, REST (any language)  Gremlin   Arcade Analytics, Cytoscape, Gephi plugin for Apache TinkerPop, Graphexp, Graph Explorer, Gremlin-Visualizer, G.V() - Gremlin IDE, KeyLines by Cambridge Intelligence, Linkurious, Tom Sawyer Perspectives  ACID  Native Java server on top of column oriented database and optionally plugged in search engine  Horizontal linear scalability with multi data-center support. jCoreDB Graph         Neo4j  Property Graph  Java, Python, JPython, Ruby, JRuby, JavaScript (Node.js), PHP, .NET, Django, Clojure, Spring, Scala, or REST (any language)  Cypher (native/preferred), Native Java APIs (special cases), Traverser API, REST, Blueprints, Gremlin  Data Browser included. Supports a variety of 3rd party tools: Gephi, Linkurio.us, Cytoscape, Tom Sawyer, Keylines, etc.  ACID  Native graph storage with native graph processing engine  Horizontal read scaling via master-slave clustering with cache sharding. OpenLink Virtuoso  RDF graph: Triple & Quad (named graphs); expandable column store  SPARQL, XMLA, ODBC, JDBC, ADO.NET, OLE DB, Jena, Sesame, Virtuoso PL/SQL, Java, Python, Perl, PHP, HTTP, etc.  SPARQL 1.1; SPARQL web service endpoint; SQL; others  Pivot Viewer (Silverlight or HTML5); OpenLink Data Explorer; SPARQL-compliant tools; Apache Jena-based tools; XML & JSON-based tools; SQL based tools  ACID  Internal column-store or row-store (depending on licensure), hybrid RDF/SQL/RDB engine  Infinite via Commercial Edition's Cluster Module elastic cluster functionality; simple master-slave clustering of single-server instances also an option.  Oracle Spatial and Graph   RDF graph: Triple & Quad (named graphs); Network Data Model property graph  Java; Apache Jena; PL/SQL  SPARQL 1.1; SPARQL web service end point; SQL SPARQL-compliant tools; Apache Jena-based tools; XML & JSON-based tools; SQL based tools ACID Efficient, compressed, partitioned graph storage;  Native persisted in-database inferencing; SPARQL 1.1 & SQL integration; Triple-level label security; Semantic indexing of documents  Parallel load, query, inference; Query controls; Scales from PC to Oracle Exadata; Supports Oracle Real Application Clusters and Oracle Database 8 exabytes Oracle NoSQL Database   RDF graph: Triple default graph, Triple & Quad named graphs  Java (Apache Jena) SPARQL 1.1; SPARQL web service end point SPARQL-compliant tools; Apache Jena-based tools; XML & JSON-based tools ACID; Configurable consistency & durability policies Key/value store; W3C SPARQL 1.1 & Update; In-memory RDFS/OWL inferencing  Parallel load/query; Query controls for: parallel execution, timeout, query optimization hints OrientDB  Property Graph  Java, Python, JPython, Ruby, JRuby, JavaScript (Node.js), PHP, .NET, Clojure, Spring, Scala, or REST (any language)  Own SQL-like Query Language, REST, Blueprints, Gremlin, SparQL (via Blueprints)  Console and Studio Web tool  supporting also graph editor  ACID, MVCC  Custom on disc or in memory  Horizontal read and write scaling via multi-master replication + sharding. OQGRAPH        R2DF        ROIS         sones GraphDB        Sqrrl Enterprise   Property Graph  Thrift, Blueprint   Own SQL-like query language and Java API  Integrates with 3rd party tools   Fully Consistent and ACID (transactions limited to a single graph node)  Apache Accumulo  Distributed cluster with tens of trillions of edges  Stardog   RDF  Java, Sesame, Jena, SNARL, HTTP/REST, Python, Ruby, Node.js, C#, Clojure, Spring SPARQL 1.1 Stardog Web, Pelorus   ACID Native Graph Storage 50 billion RDF triples on $10,000 server Titan   Property Graph  Java, Blueprints, REST, RexPro binary protocol, Python, Clojure (any language)   Gremlin, SPARQL   Integrates with 3rd party tools  ACID or Eventually Consistent  Apache Cassandra, Apache HBase, MapR M7 Tables, Berkeley DB, Persistit, Hazelcast  Distributed cluster (120 billion+ edges) or single server. Trinity   Cell Based Graph Model   C#   Trinity Query Language    Cell level Atomicity   Native graph store and processing engine  billion node in-memory graph TripleBit   Labeled direct graph   C, C++   SPARQL    ACID or Eventually Consistent]  Native graph store and processing engine  billion triples VertexDB         Weaver   Property Graph  C, Python   Node programs    ACID  HyperDex  Automatic replication and migration

 Pemrosesan graf yang didistribusi 
 Angrapa  - graph package in Hama , a bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) platform
 Apache Hama  - a pure BSP(Bulk Synchronous Parallel) computing framework on top of HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) for massive scientific computations such as matrix, graph and network algorithms.
 Bigdata  - A RDF/graph database capable of clustered deployment. Bigdata supports high availability (HA) mode , embedded mode , single server mode  and has available commercial licenses . As of version 1.3.1, it supports the Blueprints API  and Reification Done Right (RDR) .
 Faunus  - a Hadoop-based graph computing framework that uses Gremlin as its query language. Faunus provides connectivity to Titan, Rexster-fronted graph databases, and to text/binary graph formats stored in HDFS. Faunus is developed by Aurelius .
 FlockDB - an open source distributed, fault-tolerant graph database based on MySQL and the Gizzard framework for managing Twitter-like graph data (single-hop relationships) FlockDB on GitHub .
 Giraph  - a Graph processing infrastructure that runs on Hadoop (see Pregel).
 GraphBase  - Enterprise Edition supports embedding of callable Java Agents within the vertices of a distributed graph.
 GoldenOrb  - Pregel implementation built on top of Apache Hadoop
 GraphLab  - A framework for machine learning and data mining in the cloud
 GraphX  - GraphLab built on the Spark  cluster computing system. Dr. Joseph Gonzalez is the project lead, the creator of GraphLab.
 HipG  - a library for high-level parallel processing of large-scale graphs. HipG is implemented in Java and is designed for distributed-memory machine
 IBM System G Graph Analytics Toolkit  - A comprehensive graph analytics library consisted of network topological analysis tools, graph matching and search tools, and graph path and flow tools. It has been applied to various use cases and industry solutions.
 InfiniteGraph  - a commercially available distributed graph database that supports parallel load and parallel queries.
 JPregel  - In-memory java based Pregel implementation
 KDT  - An open-source distributed graph library with a Python front-end and C++/MPI backend (Combinatorial BLAS ).
 OpenLink Virtuoso - the shared-nothing Cluster Edition supports distributed graph data processing.
 Oracle Spatial and Graph  - loading, inferencing, and querying workloads are automatically and transparently distributed across the nodes in an Oracle Real Application Cluster, Oracle Exadata Database Machine, and Oracle Database Appliance.
 Phoebus  - Pregel implementation written in Erlang
 Pregel - Google's internal graph processing platform, released details in ACM paper.
 Powergraph  - Distributed graph-parallel computation on natural graphs.
 PowerLyra  - A distributed graph analytics based on GraphLab using differentiated graph computation and partitioning on skewed (e.g. power-law and bipartite) graphs (dynamically applying different computation and partition strategies for different vertices).
 Cyclops  - A computation and communication efficient graph processing system with significantly low communication cost.
 Imitator  - A reliable distributed graph processing system with replication-based fault-tolerance.
 Sedge  - A framework for distributed large graph processing and graph partition management (including an open source version of Google's Pregel)
 Signal/Collect  - a framework for parallel graph processing written in Scala
 Sqrrl Enterprise - distributed graph processing utilizing Apache Accumulo and featuring cell-level security, massive scalability, and JSON support
 Titan  - A distributed, disk-based graph database developed by Aurelius .
 Trinity  - Distributed in-memory graph engine under development at Microsoft Research Labs.
 Parallel Boost Graph Library (PBGL)  - a C++ library for graph processing on distributed machines, part of Boost framework.
 Mizan  - An optimized Pregel clone that can be deployed easily on Amazon EC2, local clusters, stand-alone Linux systems and supercomputers (IBM BlueGene/P). It utilizes runtime graph repartitioning between iterations to provide dynamic load balancing for better algorithm performance.http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2465369
 Weaver  - A fast and scalable graph store designed specifically for dynamically-changing graphs

 GPGPU Graph Processing 
 Medusa  - A framework for graph processing using Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) on both shared memory and distributed environments. Medusa allows users with no GPU programming expertise to leverage GPUs for graph processing.

 APIs and Graph Query/Programming Languages 
 Bounds Language  - terse C-style syntax which initiates concurrent traversals in GraphBase and supports interaction between them.
 Blueprints  - a Java API for Property Graphs from TinkerPop  and supported by a few graph database vendors.
 Blueprints.NET  - a C#/.NET API for generic Property Graphs.
 Bulbflow  - a Python persistence framework for Rexster, Titan, and Neo4j Server.
 Cypher Query Language  - a declarative graph query language for Neo4j that enables ad hoc as well as programmatic (SQL-like) access to the graph
 Gremlin  - an open-source graph programming language that works over various graph database systems.
 Neo4jClient  - a .NET client for accessing Neo4j.
 Neography  - a thin Ruby wrapper that provides access to Neo4j via REST.
 Neo4jPHP  - a PHP library wrapping the Neo4j graph database.
 NodeNeo4j  - a Node.js driver for Neo4j that provides access to Neo4j via REST
 Pacer  - a Ruby dialect/implementation of the Gremlin graph traversal language.
 Pipes  - a lazy dataflow framework written in Java that forms the foundation for various property graph traversal languages.
 Pixy  - a declarative graph query language that works on any Blueprints-compatible graph database
 PYBlueprints  - a Python API for Property Graphs.
 Pygr  - a Python API for large-scale analysis of biological sequences and genomes, with alignments represented as graphs.
 Rexster  - a graph database server that provides a REST or binary protocol API (RexPro). Supports Titan, Neo4j, OrientDB, Dex, and any TinkerPop/Blueprints-enabled graph.
 RDFSharp  - a .NET API for modeling RDF graphs, storing them on many SQL databases (Firebird, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, SQLite) and querying them with SPARQL.
 SPARQL - a query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework format.
 SPASQL  - an extension of the SQL standard, allowing execution of SPARQL queries within SQL statements, typically by treating them as subquery or function clauses. This also allows SPARQL queries to be issued through "traditional" data access APIs (ODBC, JDBC, OLE DB, ADO.NET, etc.)
 Spring Data Neo4j  - an extension to Spring Data  (part of the Spring Framework), providing direct/native access to Neo4j
 Oracle SQL and PL/SQL APIs  - have graph extensions for Oracle Spatial and Graph.
 Styx (previously named Pipes.Net) - a data flow framework for C#/.NET for processing generic graphs and Property Graphs.
 Thunderdome  - a Titan Rexster Object-Graph Mapper for Python (no longer maintained)
 Mogwai  - a Titan Rexster Object-Graph Mapper for Python - Forked from Thunderdome
 Rexpro-Python  - a Titan Rexpro connection handler for Python.

 Lihat pula 
 NoSQL
 Document-oriented database
 Structured storage
 Object database
 Resource Description Framework (RDF) - framework to express node-edge graphs
 Graph transformation for a complementary topic (rule based in memory manipulation of graphs instead of transaction safe persistence).
 RDF Database

 Referensi 

 Pranala luar 
 NoSQL Frankfurt 2010 - The GraphDB Landscape and sones 
 Graph Databases and the Future of Large-Scale Knowledge Management 
 Top Graph Databases 
 Social networks in the database: using a graph database 
 Scaling Online Social Networks without Pains 
 Large-scale Graph Computing at Google 
 Eric Lai. (2009, July 1). No to SQL? Anti-database movement gains steam 
 Renzo Angles, Claudio Gutierrez. Survey of graph database models. ACM Computing Surveys, Feb. 2008.
 InfoGrid  - an open-source application platform including a graph database
 Rodriguez, M.A., Neubauer, P, The Graph Traversal Pattern  article.
 Optimizing Schema-Last Tuple-Store Queries in Graphd SIGMOD 2010
 IBM System G Native Graph Store 

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