Apostasi

Kemurtadan atau apostasi adalah sikap berpindah atau meninggalkan suatu agama ke agama lainnya yang dilakukan oleh seseorang, sehingga menjadi ingkar terhadap agama yang diyakini sebelumnya.

 Istilah 
Istilah "apostasi" berasal dari kata Yunani ἀποστασία (apostasia) yang berarti pembelotan atau pemberontakan, sementara istilah "murtad" berasal dari مُرْتَدٌّ (murtadd), yang berarti "orang yang berbalik/mundur".

 Islam 

Dari segi istilah murtad berarti meninggalkan atau keluar dari agama Islam dan memeluk agama lain. Murtad bisa melalui perkataan atau melalui perbuatan atau iktikad, kepercayaan dan keyakinan hati.

 Kristen 
Kemurtadan dalam kekristenan mengacu pada penolakan Kekristenan oleh seseorang yang sebelumnya adalah seorang pengikut perjuangan Yesus. Istilah ini juga digambarkan sebagai "sengaja keluar, atau memberontak melawan kebenaran Kristen. Murtad adalah penolakan terhadap Kristus dengan orang yang telah menjadi Kristen ...." Richard A. Muller, Dictionary of Greek and Latin Theological Terms: Drawn Principally from Protestant Scholastic Theology, 41. The Tyndale Bible Dictionary defines apostasy as a "Turning against God, as evidenced by abandonment and repudiation of former beliefs. The term generally refers to a deliberate renouncing of the faith by a once sincere believer . . ." ("Apostasy," Walter A. Elwell and Philip W. Comfort, editors, 95). "Murtad adalah kategori teologis menggambarkan mereka yang dengan sukarela dan sadar meninggalkan iman mereka kepada perjanjian Allah, dalam Yesus Kristus "Scot McKnight, Dictionary of Theological Interpretation of the Bible, "Apostasy," 58.". Peristiwa Yudas Iskariot ketika bersekongkol dan memberi tahu tempat Yesus dan murid-muridnya kepada pasukan Romawi dan orang Yahudi yang sudah diramalkan oleh Yesus Kristus juga menjadi ikon kemurtadan dalam Kekristenan.

Dalam pandangan teologi umum, murtad juga diartikan sebagai melepas iman Kristen demi sebuah nafsu, keinginan, kepuasan, ambisi, dan kekuasaan duniawi yang dianggap tidak setia mengikut perjuangan Yesus.

 Lihat pula 
 Mualaf

 Referensi 

 Bacaan lanjutan 
 Bromley, David G. 1988. Falling From the Faith: The Causes and Consequences of Religious Apostasy. Beverly Hills: Sage.
 Dunlop, Mark, The culture of Cults, 2001  
 Introvigne, Massimo Defectors, Ordinary Leavetakers and Apostates: A Quantitative Study of Former Members of New Acropolis in France – paper delivered at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion, San Francisco, November 23, 1997 
 The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906). The Kopelman Foundation. 
 Lucas, Phillip Charles, The Odyssey of a New Religion: The Holy Order of MANS from New Age to Orthodoxy Indiana University press;
 Lucas, Phillip Charles, Shifting Millennial Visions in New Religious Movements: The case of the Holy Order of MANS in The year 2000: Essays on the End edited by Charles B. Strozier, New York University Press 1997;
 Lucas, Phillip Charles, The Eleventh Commandment Fellowship: A New Religious Movement Confronts the Ecological Crisis, Journal of Contemporary Religion 10:3, 1995:229–41;
 Lucas, Phillip Charles, Social factors in the Failure of New Religious Movements: A Case Study Using Stark's Success Model SYZYGY: Journal of Alternative Religion and Culture 1:1, Winter 1992:39–53
 Wright, Stuart A. 1988. "Leaving New Religious Movements: Issues, Theory and Research," pp. 143–165 in David G. Bromley (ed.), Falling From the Faith. Beverly Hills: Sage.
 Wright, Stuart A. 1991. "Reconceptualizing Cult Coercion and Withdrawal: A Comparative Analysis of Divorce and Apostasy." Social Forces 70 (1):125–145.
 Wright, Stuart A. and Helen R. Ebaugh. 1993. "Leaving New Religions," pp. 117–138 in David G. Bromley and Jeffrey K. Hadden (eds.), Handbook of Cults and Sects in America. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
 Zablocki, Benjamin et al., Research on NRMs in the Post-9/11 World, in Lucas, Phillip Charles et al. (ed.), NRMs in the 21st Century: legal, political, and social challenges in global perspective, 2004, ISBN 0-415-96577-2

Testimonies, memoirs, and autobiographies
 Babinski, Edward (editor), Leaving the Fold: Testimonies of Former Fundamentalists. Prometheus Books, 2003. ISBN 1-59102-217-7; ISBN 978-1-59102-217-6
 Dubreuil, J. P. 1994 L'Église de Scientology. Facile d'y entrer, difficile d'en sortir. Sherbrooke: private edition (ex-Church of Scientology)
 Huguenin, T. 1995 Le 54e Paris Fixot (ex-Ordre du Temple Solaire who would be the 54th victim)
 Kaufmann, Inside Scientology/Dianetics: How I Joined Dianetics/Scientology and Became Superhuman, 1995 
 Lavallée, G. 1994 L'alliance de la brebis. Rescapée de la secte de Moïse, Montréal: Club Québec Loisirs (ex-Roch Thériault)
 Pignotti, Monica,  My nine lives in Scientology, 1989, 
 Wakefield, Margery, Testimony, 1996 
 Lawrence Woodcraft, Astra Woodcraft, Zoe Woodcraft, The Woodcraft Family, Video Interviews 

Writings by others
 Carter, Lewis, F. Lewis, Carriers of Tales: On Assessing Credibility of Apostate and Other Outsider Accounts of Religious Practices published in the book The Politics of Religious Apostasy: The Role of Apostates in the Transformation of Religious Movements edited by David G. Bromley Westport, CT, Praeger Publishers, 1998. ISBN 0-275-95508-7
 Elwell, Walter A. (Ed.) Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible, Volume 1 A–I, Baker Book House, 1988, pages 130-131, "Apostasy". ISBN 0-8010-3447-7
 Malinoski, Peter, Thoughts on Conducting Research with Former Cult Members , Cultic Studies Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2001  
 Palmer, Susan J. Apostates and their Role in the Construction of Grievance Claims against the Northeast Kingdom/Messianic Communities  
 Wilson, S.G., Leaving the Fold: Apostates and Defectors in Antiquity. Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2004. ISBN 0-8006-3675-9; ISBN 978-0-8006-3675-3
 Wright, Stuart. "Post-Involvement Attitudes of Voluntary Defectors from Controversial New Religious Movements". ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 23 (1984):172–182.

Kategori:Agama