Viola (planta)

Viola, le violettas, es un genere de plantas floral del familia Violaceae. Es le plus grande genere del familia, con plus de 680 species. Si multe species vive in temperate Nord Hemispherio, le genere origina de Sud America e se trova in divergente areas como Andes, Australasia o Oceania.

Alcun Viola species son perenne, alteres annual, o plus rarment parve arbustos. In horticultura, pensatas son cultivares con grande floras multicolor, generalmente annual o biennal.

Systematica
Le revision del classification de 2022 identifica 2 subgeneres, 31 sectionnes (cuje 8 de un sol specie) e 20 subsectiones:
 subgen. Neoandinium Marcussen
 sect. Confertae
 sect. Ericoidium
 sect. Grandiflos
 sect. Inconspicuiflos
 sect. Relictium
 sect. Rhizomandinium
 sect. Rosulatae
 sect. Sempervivum
 sect. Subandinium
 sect. Triflabellium
 sect. Xylobasis
 subgen. Viola Marcussen
 sect. Abyssinium Marcussen Africa: equatorial high mountains 
 sect. Chamaemelanium Ging. s.lat. N America, northeast Asia (include Dischidium, Orbiculares)
 sect. Chilenium W.Becker southern S America
 sect. Danxiaviola W. B. Liao et Q. Fan (1) China
 sect. Delphiniopsis W.Becker west Eurasia: sud de Espania; Balkanes
 sect. Erpetion (Banks) W.Becker eastern Australia; Tasmania 
 sect. Himalayum Marcussen
 sect. Leptidium Ging. Sud America
 sect. Melanium Ging. West Eurasia (pensatas)
subsect. Bracteolatae 
subsect. Cleistogamae 
subsect. Dispares 
subsect. Ebracteatae 
subsect. Pseudorupestres
 sect. Melvio Marcussen Sudafrica
 sect. Nematocaulon Marcussen Nove Zelanda
 sect. Nosphinium W.Becker N, C e nord de Sud America; Beringia; Hawaii 
subsect. Borealiamericanae
subsect. Clausenianae
subsect. Langsdorffianae
subsect. Mexicanae
subsect. Nosphinium
subsect. Pedatae
 sect. Plagiostigma Godr. nord hemispherio (include Diffusae)
subsect. Australasiaticae 
subsect. Bilobatae
subsect. Bulbosae
subsect. Diffusae
subsect. Formosanae
subsect. Patellares
subsect. Stolonosae
 sect. Rubellium W.Becker Sud America: Chile
 sect. Sclerosium W.Becker Nord Africa ad Sudwest Asia
 sect. Spathulidium'''' Marcussen west e central Asia: del nord de Iraq ad Mongolia 
 sect. Tridens W.Becker sud de S America 
 sect. Viola  nord hemispherio (violettas) (include Repentes)
subsect. Rostratae Kupffer (W.Becker) (dog violets)
subsect. Viola sect. Xanthidium Marcussen Andes
 sect. Xylinosium W.Becker region mediterranee 

Phylogenia
Le cladogramma (non exhaustive) del differente sectiones es le sequente:

Bibliographia
Articulos
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Websitos
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Categoria:Malpighiales