The Art of War

The Art of War ek puraana Chinese military treatise hae  jon late Spring and Autumn period (roughly 5th century BC) ke hae. Iske puraana Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun") likhis hae, aur isme 13 chapters hae. Har ek chapter ek alag hunnar (skill) nai to kalaa (art) jon larrai se related hae aur ii duuno military strategy aur chaalbaaji (tactics) ke apply kare hae. Lagbhag 1,500 saal talak, ii sab se important text rahaa aur iske 1080 me Emperor Shenzong of Song iske formalise karis as  Seven Military Classics. The Art of War ke abhi talak sab se jaada influence kare waala strategy ke buk hae aur isse duuno  East Asian aur Western military theory aur soch pe asar bhais hae.

II book me 5th century BC Chinese military ke puura jaankaari aur chaan-biin (analysis) hae, hatyaar, mausam ke stithi aur strategy se lae ke pad (rank) aur chaal-chalan talak. Sun, larrai me intelligence ke jaruuri ke bhi stress karis hae. Uske, itihaas ke sab se achchhaa sena ke tactician aur strategist maana jaae hae aur uske sikchha aur strategies dunia bhar me advanced military parrhai ke aaadhar hae.

Ii book ke pahila dafe ek Europe ke bhasa me 1772 me anuwaad karaa gais rahaa, jab France ke Jesuit padhri, Jean Joseph Marie Amiot iske French bhasa me anuwaad karis rahaa. Ek British officer, Everard Ferguson Calthrop, 1905 me ise "THe Book of War" ke niche anuwaad kare ke kosis karis rahaa, lekin 1910 me Lionel Giles English anuwaad ke puura karis rahaa.Giles, Lionel The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62. Fauji aur rajnitik neta, jaise Chinese communist krantikari (revolutionary), Mao Zedong, Japanese  Takeda Shingen, Vietnamese general Võ Nguyên Giáp, aur American generals Douglas MacArthur aur Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., sab log hae jon ii book se sikghhaa liin hae. 

Itihaas
Buk aur commentaries
The Art of War , ke rwaaj ke anusaar ii biswas karaa jaae hae ki iske puraana Chinese military general, Sun Tzu (pinyin: ), meaning 'Master Sun', likhis hae. ii biswa karaa jaae hae ki Sun Tzu  6th century BC me jinda rahaa, lekin The Art of War ke pahila hissa, saait 100 saal baad ke hae.

Sima Qian ke Shiji,  China ke Twenty-Four Histories me se pahila history, me likha hae ki Chinese sankriti ke anusaar sena ke baare me ke ek book ke Sun Wu () jon state of Qi ke rahaa, likhis rahaa aur ii  text ke King Helü of Wu () parrhis aur study karis hae. Ii book ke traditionally  Master Sun's Art of War bataawa jaae hae. Jaada kar ke ii biswas karaa jaae hae ki Sun Wu ek military theorist  Spring and Autumn period (776–471 BC) jamaana ke rahaa jon  Qi se bhaag ke southeastern state of Wu bhaag gais rahaa, jahaan pe uu jagha ke raja ke impress karis jab uu  jaldi se officials, jisme court women bhi rahaa, ke military discipline me train karis rahaa, aur isse  Wu ke sena etna taagatwar hoe gais rahaa ki uu rival state of Chu Wu ke west me ke challenge karis rahaa. Ii raae ke  China me abhi talak biswas karaa jaae hae.

Strategist aur senapati, Cao Cao 3rd century AD me sab se puraana jaana jaae waala  Art of War ke uppar commentary likhis rahaa. Cao ke preface me ii safaa bataawa jaae hae ki uu text ke badlis hae aur kuch  passages ke hatais hae, lekin ketna badlao karaa gais rahaa clear nai hae. The Art of War China ke baare me itihaas ke  bibliographical catalogs  me bataawa jaae hae.

Authorship
Lagbhag 12th century se, ii baat ki Sun Tzu asli me rahaa ki nai ke baare me bahas   China ke  gyaani log me hoe lagaa, khaas kar ke ii kaaran se ki uske naam historical classic Zuo Zhuan me nai hae, jon  Spring and Autumn period ke khaas log ke baare me batae hae.  "Sun Wu" () ke naam Records of the Grand Historian se pahile ke koi book me nai hae , aur ii socha jaae hae ki ii ek banaawa gais  descriptive cognomen hae jiske matlab "the fugitive warrior" hae, jisme  surname "Sun" ke term "fugitive" ( ) likha gais hae, jab "Wu" ( ) ek puraana  China ke virtue "martial, valiant" aur ek Jianghuai   dialectal synonym hae  "knight",Liu An (original compiler), Xu Shen (annotator). Huainan Honglie (Annotated), "Survey Obscurities". Main text: 「夫死生同域，不可脅陵，勇武一人，為三軍雄。」; Major et al.'s (2010) translation: "One for whom death and life are the same territory, who cannot be threatened, such a single brave warrior is the hero of the Three Armies."; Siku Quanshu version. vols. 4-7, p. 96 of 160 ; Annotation: 「武士也；江淮間謂士曰武。」Liu An (2010) The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China. Translated and edited by John S. Major, Sarah A. Queen, Aandrew Seth Meyer, and Harold D. Roth. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 215 which corresponds to Sunzi's role as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu. 20th century ke suruu me, China ke lekhak aur samaaj sudharak  Liang Qichao ii theory propose karis ki ii book asliyat me  4th century BC me Sun Tzu ke purported descendant Sun Bin likhis rahaa, kaaheki dher itihasik sources mention kare hae ek military treatise jiske uu likhis rahaa. Sun Wu ke rakam nai, Sun Bin ek aslii jan janaawe hae jon sena ke baare me jaanat rahaa, aur yahii  historical figure "Sun Tzu" ke banaawa gais rahaa, through a form of euhemerism.

1972 me, Yinqueshan Han slips ke dui Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) tombs me city of Linyi, Shandong ke nagiich paawa gais rahaa. Dher bamboo slip ke lekh jon tomb me rahaa, uu lekh jiske  134 aur 118 BC ke biich me seal karaa gais rahaa, dui separate texts rahaa: ek jiske  "Sun Tzu" likhis rahaa, aur duusra Sun Bin likhis rahaa, jon pahile ke  The Art of War ke samjhaae hae aur barraa kare hae.  Sun Bin ke text  "Sun Tzu" ke text material ke overlap kare hae. Ii duuno saait "ek , continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sun name" hoe sake hae.Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. 18. Ii discovery ii dekhae hae ki jaada historical confusion ke kaaran ii hoe sake hae ki  "Master Sun's Art of War" me dui text ke refer karaa jaae hae. Phile waala text ke  content lagbhag one-third of the chapters of the modern The Art of War hae, aur ii duuno ke text ek duusre se mile hae. II abhi samjhaa jaae hae ki pahile waala  The Art of War ke 500 aur 430 BC ke biich me complete karaa gais rahaa.

Cultural influence

 Military and intelligence applications 

Across East Asia, The Art of War was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.

Sengoku jamaana  () me, Japanese  Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) ke baare me bola jaae hae ki uu lagbhag  invincible hoe gais rahaa sab larrai me , binaa banduuk ke , kaaheki   The Art of War ke study karis rahaa. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43. Ii book se uske inspiration milaa rahaa uske mashuur  battle standard  (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), jiske matlab hae hawaa ke rakam jor, jangle ke rakam suunsaan, aagi ke rakam   ferocious aur pahaarr ke rakam atal.

Translator Samuel B. Griffith ke ek chapter "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" pe jahaan The Art of War ke bataawa jaae hae ki ii Mao ke On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War aur Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War ke influence karis rahaa, aur isme Mao ke quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'" hae

 Vietnam War ke time, kuchh Viet Cong officers  The Art of War ke khuub adyan kare rahin aur iske dher passages ke memorise bhi kare rahin. General Võ Nguyên Giáp safaltaa se   tactics jiske  The Art of War me descibe karaa gais hae ke Battle of Dien Bien Phu me implement karis rahaa, jiske kaaran  French involvement Indochina me khalaa hoe gais rahaa aur  Vietnam ke North aur South me partition karaa gais rahaa. General Giáp, jon khaas  PVA military commander Vietnam War me rahaa,  Sun Tzu ke ideas ke achchaa sudent aur practioner rahaa.McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003.

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