Egypt

Egypt ya Misr [مصر : Arabī] northeast Africa me ek des hae. Iske capital city Cairo hae. Egypt me dher purana monuments, jaise ki Pyramids aur Sphinx hae .

Misr 1922 se ajaad hae. Ii abhi United Nations aur Arab League ke member hae. 1952 ke enqelab, jiske Gamal Abd Al naasar lead karis rahaa,  ke baad se ii ek republic hae.

Egypt ek barraa des hae lekin iske barraa bhaag desert hae. Jaada log samundar ke nachdik Mediterranean Sea ke coast aur  Nile Naddi ke kinare rahe hae. Egypt ke kuch barraa nagar hae Alexandria, Aswan, aur Port Said. Egypt ke abaadi abhi 70 million hae.

Egypt ke 27 bhaag, jiske Governorates of Egypt bola jaae hae, ma baata gais hae. Egyptian Parliament, Cairo me baithe hae.

Misr ke jaad a log Sunni Muslims hae lekin ek barraa Christian minority jon ki Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria ke hae, bhi hae.

Misr ke kuch famous log hae Omar Sharif, jon ki ek international actor hae , Boutros Boutros-Ghali, jon ki Africa se paila admi rahaa jon ki United Nations ke lead karis rahaa, aur chaar Nobel Prize winners: Anwar Sadat, jon Nobel Peace Prize  1978 me jiitis, Naguib Mahfouz, jon ki Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 me jiitis, Ahmed Zewail, jon ki Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999 me jiitis, aur Mohamed El Baradei, jon ki Nobel Peace Prize 2005 me jiitis. 

 Naam 
English naam Egypt, Middle French  naam Egypte se aais hae, jon ki Latin, aur isse pahile  ancient Greek Aígyptos se aais hae.

Itihaas
Puraana itihaas
12,000 saal pahile Nile daddi ke lage patthar ke carvings ke sabuut hae jon dekhae hae ki hunter-gatherers aur machua waala sankriti ke grain-grinfding culture replace kae diis rahaa. 10,000 saal pahile chaahe climate-change, nai to overgrazing ke kaaran tribal log Nile Naddi ke kinare aae ke bas gain aur kheti kare lagin. Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

8,000 saal pahile, Nile Valley me Stone Age sanskriti suruu bhais. Ii samay Upper Nile aur Lower Nile me different sanskriti develop bhais. 5,000 saal pahile Egyptian hieroglyphic ke matti ke bartan me likha gais rahaa.Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.. Lagbhag 3150 BC me ek unified kingdom banaa jon Egypt ke agle 3,000 saal talak raj karis. Pahila dui raj kare waala palwaar ke Old Kingdom bola jaae hae aur ii 2,700 -2,200 BC talak raj karat rahin aur wahii log pyramid banae ke suruu kare rahin. Tiisra aur chauthaa raj kare waala palwaar Giza Pyramids ke banae rahin. 

2181BC se 2160BC talak, jiske pahila Intermediate Period bolaa jaae hae, me Egypt me rajniti upadrao bhais rahaa.  "The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom". BBC. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.. Iske baad des me prosperity fir se aae gais. Jab duusra dafe des me rajniti ke kaaran upadrao bhais tab ek bahaar ke Semitic Hyksos trip des ke aapan niche kar liis. II log jaada lower Egypt ke aapan niche kar liin aur 1600 BC me ek nawaa capital, Avaris ke banain. Ii log ke baad me Upper Egyptions, Ahmrode ke niche, ii log ke khader ke Eighteenth Dtnasty ke suruu karin. Capital ke Thebes me banaawa gais rahaa.

Ii 18 th Dynasty se ek nawaa kingdom suruu bhais jon 1550 - 1070 BC talak rahaa. Ii Egypt ke ek international power banae diis rahaa. Ii dynasty Egypt ke power ke south me Nubia talak aur east me Levant (eastern mediterranean) talak barrhae diis rahaa. Baad me des ke Libyans, Nubians aur Assyrians log occupy kare rahin lekin sab dafe Egyptins you logan ke khader de rahin.Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 0-19-280458-8..

525 BC me Persia ke Achaemenid Empire, Egypt ke conquer kar liis aur 525 se 402 BC talak ii log ke twenty-seventh dynasty of Egypt rahaa aur ii log bhi pharoah ke title ke kaam me laaae lagin. Fifth century BC me Egyptian log revolt kare ke kosis karin lekin Achaemenids log ke des se nikale nai paae rahin. Alexander the Great Achaemenids ke harae ke Egypt ke aapan niche karis aur Ptolemy ke Governor banais. Isse Egypt me Ptolemaic dynasty suruu bhais.Jones, Prudence J. (2006). Cleopatra: A Sourcebook. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0806137414. They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.

Ptolemaic aur Roman Egypt
Ptolemaic Kingdom, east me Syria, west me Libya aur south me Nubia talak faela rahaa. Alexandria iske capital rahaa aur Greek sanskriti aur trade ke centre rahaa. Iske raja logan, local population ke aapan bagal kare ke khaatir apne ke pharoah bolat rahin. Baad me ii logan Egyptian traditions ke bhi apnae liin aur public me Egyption kaprraa pahinat rahin aur Egypt ke dharmik sankar me hissa lewat rahin.Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-520-20531-6. Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77772-8.

Aakhri Ptolemaic ruler, Cleopatra rahis jon uske premi, Mark Antony ke maut ke baad, suicide kar liis rahii. Iske baad Egypt Rome ke direct rule ke niche hoe gais.

Pahila century me Saint MArk, Egypt me Chritianity laais. Diocletian ke raaj ke time (284 -305 CE) Egypt me Roman era khalaas hoe ke Byzantine era suruu bhais. New Testament ke Egyptian me translate karaa gais. 451 CE me Council of Chalsedon ke baad Coptic Church establish bhais rahaa.Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39

Middle Ages (7th century - 1517)
150px|right|thumb|Africa ke sab se purana masjid Cairo me
Sasanid Pesia 7th century me Egypt ke aapan niche 10 saal talak kar liis rahaa, lekin 639-41 me Muslim Arabs des ke aapan niche kar ke hian pe Islam ke laain. Kuchh Egyptians Islam aur aapan puraana dharam ke milae ke Sufi culture ke suruu karin jon ki abhi talak jinda hae.Egypt". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire" Puraana Egyptian dharam Coptic Christiannity ke survive karis rahaa.El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press. p. 140.

Arab log Egypt ke nawaa capital, Fustat ke banae rahin, jiske Crusades me jarae dewa gais rahaa, 986 me Cairo banaawa gais rahaa, aur ii [Baghdad]] ke baad Arab Caliphate ke sab se barraa aur dhani city rahaa. 828 me Egyptian log revolt karin aur 831 me Coptic log bhi isme joi hoe gais. Ii time Abbasids log Baghdad me aapan raj ke haar gar rahin aur Egypt military rule ke niche rahaa. -Isme se dui dynasty rahaa Tulunid dynasty (868-905) aur Ikhshidid dynasty (935 - 969).

Agle chhe century talak Muslim log Egypt pe raj karin aur Cairo, Fatimid Caliphate ke rajdhani rahaa. Lagbhag 1250 me Mamluk log Egypt pe control kar liin.Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. "The Mideast Heartland". Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3. 14th century ke Black Death me Egypt ke 40% log mar gay rahin."Egypt – Major Cities". Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013

Pahila modern period: Ottoman Egypt (1517 - 1867)
1517 me Ottoman Turks, Egypt ke conquer kar liin aur Egypt Ottoman Empire ke ek province ban gais. Sena pe jaada kharcha ke kaaran log ke rahan sahan aur business ke barbaad kar diis. Ii kaaran se baahar ke log Egypt me ghuse lagin. Portuguese log des ke trade ke aapan niche kar liin. 1687 aur 1731 ke biich me des me chhe dafe akaal aais.Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-139-44591-7. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2013. 1784 ke akaal me des ke one-sixth log mar gain."Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows". ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013. 1798 me Napolean Egypt ke invade karis. Jab French log ke British harae diis tab three way power struggle bhais Ottoman Turks, Mamliks aur Albanian mercenaries ke biich me.

1805 me [[Mohammed Ali Pasha, ek Albanian military commander power me aais. UU Mamluks ke khatam kar diis aur ii dynast 1952 talak rahaa.

 Chapa ke gallery 

 Bahaari jorr 
Djoser Pyramid
 Djoser


vibhag:African Union ke member
vibhag:Arab League ke member
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vibhag:Dunia ke des