William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (April, 1564 - 23 April 1616) ek English lekhak rahaa. Uu dher play aur kuchh poetry likhis rahaa. Bahut log uske sab se barraa English writer maane hae. Uu history, tragedy aur comedies ke baare me play likhis rahaa.

Zindagi
Bachpan
Shakespeare, John Shakespeare ke larrkaa rahaa, local council ke ek member aur ek safal glover (glove-maker) rahaa, jon pahile  Snitterfield in Warwickshire ke rahaa, aur Mary Arden, affluent landowning family ke larrki. Uske paidais  Stratford-upon-Avon ke hae, jahan pe uske 26 April 1564 ke baptise kare rahis.  Uske janam din nai maluum hae, lekin iske 23 April, Saint George's Day ke banaawa jaawe hae. Ii taakik, jiske  William Oldys aur George Steevens talak  trace karaa jaae sake hae , dher biogrhers ke achchhaa lage hae kaaheki Shakespease wahii din maraa rahaa a6a6 me.  He was rahin third of eight children, and rahin eldest surviving son.

Jab ki ii jamaana ke koi attendance record nai hae, jaada itihasik log ispe sahmat hae ki  Shakespeare  King's New School Stratford me parrhis rahaa, ek muft school jiske 1553 me banaawa gais rahaa, uske ghar se lagbhag ek quarter-mile (400 m) duur. Grammar schools , Elizabethan era me dher  quality ke rahaa, lekin sab grammar school ke curricula lagbhag ek rakam rahat rahaa: basic Latin book royal decree se standardised rahaa, aur ii school dher sabak Latin bhasa me dewat rahaa.

18 saal ke umar me, Shakespeare, 26-year-old Anne Hathaway ke saathe saadi karis rahaa.  Diocese of Worcester ke  consistory court  marriage licence ke 27 November 1582 me diis rahaa. Duusra din,  Hathaway ke dui parrosi  bond post kare rahin ki  koi lawful claim saadi ke nai nai rokat rahaa. Ii ceremony ke jaldi me arrange karaa gaus rahaa;  Worcester ke chancellor marriage banns ke ek dafe parrhe ke allow karis tiin dafe ke jagha. Saadi ke chhe mahina baad , Anne ek larrki ke janam diis, Susanna, jiske 26 May 1583 me  baptise karaa gais rahaa. Iske baad jurrwa larrkaa Hamnet aur Judith lagbhag dui saal baad paida bhae rahin, jiske  2 February 1585 me baptise karaa gais rahaa. Hamnet, 11 saal ke umar me 11 August 1596 me mar gais rahaa, lekin ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki uske kon chij bhais rahaa.

upright=0.75|thumb|Shakespeare ke coat of arms,  1602 book ke The book of coates and creasts. Promptuarium armorum se. Isme ek moto hae, jon palwaar ke naam ke hassi yrrae hae.

Twins ke janam ke baad, Shakespeare ke kanti itihasik trace hae, jab talak uske 1592 me London ke theatre scene ke ek hissa bataawa gais hae. Iske ek exception hae ki uske naam  "complaints bill"  me aais hae, ek mukadmaa me  Queen's Bench court Westminster me, jiske taarik  9 October 1589 rahaa. Shakespeare ke adhyan kare waala log  1585 se 1592 talak ke Shakespeare's "lost years" batawe hae. Jeewean kahani likhe waale log ii time ke baare me likhe ke khaatir dher khissa ke batain hae.   Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare ke pahila jeewan kahaani likhe waala jan, ek Stratford khissa ke batais hae ki Shakespeare  London  se hissa gais rahaa, jisse ki uske Thomas Lucy ke jamiin me hiran ke maare ke khaatir  prosecution nai karaa jaae sake. Ii bhi biswas karaa jaawe hae ki, Shakespeare, Lucy pe badlaa liis rahaa uske bare me ek scurrilous ballad ke likh ke. Ek aur 18th-century ke hissa hae ki Shakespeare aapan  theatrical career ke suruu karis rahaa, jab uu London ke theatre jaae waala log ke ghorra ke sanbhalat rahaa. John Aubrey ii batais hae ki Shakespeare ek country schoolmaster rahaa. Kuchh 20th-century scholars ii suggest kare hae ki Shakespeare ke saait  ek schoolmaster ke ruup me  Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, ek Catholic jamiindaar jon ek "William Shakeshafte" ke aapan will me name karis rahaa, kaam diis rahaa. Aisan khissa ke bahit kamtii saabut hae, aur Shakeshafte uu time ke ek common naam rahaa,  Lancashire area me.

London and theatrical career
Ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki  Shakespeare kab likhe ke suruu karis rahaa, lekin uu time ke    allusions aur performances ke records ii dekhae hae ki uske kuchh plays ke London ke stage me 1592 me karaa gais rahaa. uu time talak uske London me etnaa jaana jaawat rahaa ki playwright Robert Greene uske print me attack karis rahaa.

1599 me, ek partnership of members of rahin company appan own theatre ke   River Thames ke south bank me banae rahin, jiske naam  Globe dewa gais rahaa. 1608 me ii partnership Blackfriars indoor theatre ke bhi chalaae lagaa.  Shakespeare ke property purchases aur investments ke puraana record ii dekhae hae ki uske sambandh ii company se uske ek dhani admii banae diis rahaa, aur 1597 me uu Stratford, New Place me huan ke duusra sab se barraa ghar ke kharidis rahaa, aur 1605 me  Stratford ke parish  tithes me ek share kharidis rahaa.

Shakespeare ke kuchh plays ke quarto editions me publish karaa gais rahaa, 1594 se suruu hoe ke, aur 1598 talak uske naam  title pages me ek  selling point rahaa. Shakespeare, aapan aur duusre ke play me act karte rahaa, ek safal playwright bane ke baad bhi.  Ben Jonson ke Works ke 1616 edition me Shakespeare ke naam   Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603) ke cast me rahaa. Uske naam ke 1605 ke Jonson ke Volpone me nai rahe ke kaaran kuchh log bole hae ki ii ek sign rahaa ki uske career khalaas hoe waala rahaa. Lekin, 1623 ke First Folio  list kare hae Shakespeare ke "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", jisme se kuchh ke Volpone ke baad stage karaa gais rahaa, lekin ii ekdanm nai jaana jaae sake hae ki uu kon role play karis rahaa.  1610 me, John Davies of Hereford likhis rahaa ki "good Will", "kingly" roles karis rahaa. 1709 me, Rowe ek tradition pass down karis rahaa ki Shakespeare  ghost of Hamlet's father ke role karis rahaa. Baad ke traditions ii maintain kare hae ki uu  Adam ke role As You Like It me, aur Chorus Henry V me, lekin scholars ii jaankari ke baare bahut biswas nai kare hae.

 Shakespeare ke jaana maana plays 

 Shakespearean tragedies 
 Romeo and Juliet
 Macbeth
 King Lear
 Hamlet
 Titus Andronicus
 Julius
 Antony and Cleopatra
 Coriolanus
 Troilus and Cressida
 Timon of Athens
 Shakespearean comedies 
 The Comedy of Errors
 All's Well That Ends Well
 As You Like It--Text|As You Like It
 A Midsummer Night's Dream
 Much Ado About Nothing
 Measure for Measure
 The Tempest
 Taming of the Shrew
 Twelfth Night or What You Will
 The Merchant of Venice
 The Merry Wives of Windsor
 Love's Labour's Lost
 The Two Gentlemen of Verona
 Pericles Prince of Tyre
 Cymbeline
 The Winter's Tale
 Shakespearean histories 
 Richard III
 Richard II
 Henry VI, part 1
 Henry VI, part 2
 Henry VI, part 3
 Henry V
 Henry IV, part 1
 Henry IV, part 2
 Henry VIII
 King John
 Lost Plays 
 Love's Labour's Won
 Cardenio

 Duusra websites 

 Open Shakespeare 
 Open Source Shakespeare

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