Australia

Australia, Pacific Ocean aur Indian Ocean ke biich me Southern hemisphere me. Iske official naam Commonwealth of Australia hae. Australia ke area, dunia ke des me se 6th sab se barraa hae. Bahut log Australia ke "lucky country" bole hae. Australia ke continent aur New Zealand ke islands ke saathe me Australasia bola jaawe hae. Nagich ke island ke Oceania bola jaawe hae.

 Geography 
Australia ke continent aur Tasmania, bahut din pahile dunia ke aur des se alag hoe gais rahaa. Ii kaaran se dher janwar aur perr khali Australia me pawa jaawe hae. Ii janwar me hae kangeroo, koala, emu, kookaburra, wombat, echidna aur platypus.

Admii log Australia pahila dafe 50,000 saal pahile pahuchin. Australia ke native ke Australian Aborigines bolaa jaawe hae.

Australian me Britain ke log aae ke basin, aur suruu me chhe colony rahaa, lekin 1 January 1901 me ii sab colony ek hoe ke Australia des banin. Australia ke pahila prime minister Edmund Barton rahaa. Australia, United Nations aur Commonwealth of Nations ke member hae. Ii des parliamentary democracy aur constitutional monarchy hae aur England ke Rani iske Head of State hae.

 Regions aur cities 
Australia me chhe state, dui territory aur dher chhota chhota island hae. State ke naam New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, aur Western Australia hae. Dui territory ke nam Northern Territory aur Australian Capital Territory (ACT) hae.

July 2007 me Australia ke abaadi 21 million rahaa. Australia ke jaada log city, jaise ki Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Darwin, Hobart aur Adelaide me rahe hae. Des ke capital Canberra hae, lekin sab se barraa city Sydney hae.

Jab ki Australia ek barraa des hae, isme ke jaada jagha jhuura hae. Continent ke biich waala jagha desert hae. Khali east aur south ke samundar ke kinare waala jagha me kheti hoe hae.

 Itihaas 
 Aboriginal log 
Australian Aboriginal log Australia me 50,000 saal pahile aae rahin. 1788 me English log ke aae se pahile Aboriginal log janwar ke maar ke aur fal bator ke jiyat rahin. Ii rakam se sab log ke khaawe khatir dher khaana rahat rahaa. Ek, dui saal ke baad Abroginal log grass aur chhota perr me aagi lagae dewet rahin. Iske matlab ii rahaa ki grass fir jame lagat rahaa lekin brraa perr nai jame sakaa. Kangaroo, jon ki samthar jamin me rahat rahin Abroginal log khatir achchhaa khana rahaa. Abroginal logan me admii log ke naam janwar ke naam se rakkhat rahin aur iske baad uu janwar ke nai khawat rahin. Ii rakam se uu log ke abaadi jaada nai  howat rahaa.

Abroginal log grass ke jhoprri chorr ke aur koi rakam ke ghar nai banawat rahin. Uu log diwal nai banawat rahin kahe ki Australia me ghorra, gaiya aur bherra nai rahin. Abroginal log metal nai use karat rahin aur uu log ke moto lakrri ke banaa rahat rahaa. Abroginal log ii nai sochat rahin ki jamin uu logan ke hae lekin uu logan jamin ke rahin.

 Terra Australis 
1600s me Dutch merchants log Indonesia se trade karat rahin, jon ki Australia ke north me hae aur kabhi kabhi Dutch jahaaj Australia aae jawat rahaa. Indonesia ke  Dutch Governor, van Diemen, Abel Tasman ke ek voyage of discovery me bhejis jab ki uu Tasmania paais, jiske naam uu Van Diemen's Land rakis. Iske naam baadme badal ke Tasman ke naam se Tasmania rakha gais.

British Government ii jaanat rahaa ki south me ek barraa jagha hae jiske koi goraa paais nai hae. Uu logan Captain James Cook ke Pacific Ocean bhejin.  Uske jahaaj me kuch jaane maane scientists, jaise ki Sir Joseph Banks aur Dr Solander rahin jon ki Tahiti se Venus ke Suraj ke aage se jaate dekhe maangat rahin. Captain Cook ke chuppe se batawa gais rahaa ki uu "Terra Australis" (south ke bhaari continent ke khoje.

Ii khoj me Cook se safalta mila kahe ki uu New Zealand ke paae liis aur uske right round sail karis. Jab uu west ke bagal sail karis tab use jamin mila jiske you "New South Wales" naam rakhis. Huan pe uske janwar au perr mila jiske uu kabhi dekhis nai rahaa aur uu logan dher specimen ke bator ke England lae gais.

Captain Cook, Abroginal log ke bhi dekhis. Uu dekhis ki Abroginal log kon rakam se machchhri pakrre, janwar ke maare aur bia aur fal ke batore. Lekin koi ghar, nai to fence nai dekhae diis kahe ki Abroginal log jamin ke own nai karat rahin lekin ii biswas karat rahin ki uu logan jamin ke hae.

 Settlement 
1700s me England se jaheli log ke America bheja jawat rahaa, lekin 1783 me jab America independent hoe gais tab jaheli log ke New South Wales bheje ke decide karaa gais. 1788 me 11 jahaaj ke First Fleet, Portsmouth se jaheli, lascar (sailors), soldier aur dui saal bhar ke khana lae ke sail karis
26 January 1788 ke nawaa des me jhanda charrhawa gais aur New South Wales ke England ke ek colony banawa gais. Iske baad Norfolk Island aur Tasmania me bhi English log jaae ke basin.
hey people

 Exploration 

Kahe ki Australia bahut barraa continent hae, tab pahile ke din me bahut log bhitar ke area ke exploration khatir gain rahaa. 1813 me Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson aur 17 year-old called William Charles Wentworth Blue Mountains ke paar kar ke kheti kare waala achchhaa jamin paain. Hian pe,, Sydney se 100 mile duur, Bathurst town banawa gais. Kuch aur log , jaise ki Captain Charles Sturt, Burke and Wills, Ludwig Leichhardt aur Major Thomas Mitchell bhittar waala jagha ke explore karin.

 Politics 
Australia me chhe state aur dui territory hae. Sab state ke aapan Parliament hae. Australia ke Parliament Canberra me baithe hae.
Australia ke Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, jon ki Australian Labour Party ke leader hae, hae. Australia ke HEad of State , Britain ke rani hae aur uske Australia me Governor General repesent kare hae.

 Australia ke Prime Minister ke list 
Niche ke suchi me Prime Ministers of Australia hae jin logan ke naam, janam ke taarik, janam ke jagha, kab pahila dafe Parliament me chuna gais rahaa, political party, electoral constituency, office le ke raarik, office chhorre ke taarik,  parliament chhorre ke taarik (where applicable) aaur maut ke taarik (where applicable).

Party ke naam jon ki hian pe dewa gais hae, uu party ke naam hae jiske member Prim Minister rahaa, jab ki uu elect bhaes rahaa.

 List 

 No. Naam  Janam ke tarik  Janam ke jagha  Pahila election  Party  Electorate  Assumed office  Left office  Left Parliament  Maut  Ref 1  Sir Edmund Barton  100px  18 January 1849  Sydney  29 March 1901  Protectionist  Hunter, New South Wales  1 January 1901  24 September 1903  resigned30 September 1903  7 January 1920   2  Alfred Deakin  100px  3 August 1856  Melbourne  29 March 1901  Protectionist  Ballaarat, Vic1  24 September 1903  27 April 1904  (see below)  (see below)    3  Chris Watson  100px  9 April 1867  Valparaíso, Chile  29 March 1901  Labor  Bland, NSW  27 April 1904  18 August 1904  retired19 February 1910  18 November 1941   4  Sir George Reid  100px  25 February 1845  Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland  29 March 1901   Free Trade  East Sydney, NSW  18 August 1904  5 July 1905  resigned24 November 1909  13 September 1918     -  Alfred Deakin  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  5 July 1905  13 November 1908  (see below)  (see below) 5  Andrew Fisher  100px  29 August 1862  Crosshouse, East Ayrshire, Scotland  29 March 1901   Labor  Wide Bay, Qld  13 November 1908  2 June 1909  (see below)  (see below)   -  Alfred Deakin  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)   Commonwealth Liberal  (see above)  2 June 1909  29 April 1910  retired23 April 1913  7 October 1919 -  Andrew Fisher  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  29 April 1910  24 June 1913  (see below)  (see below) 6  Joseph Cook  100px  7 December 1860  Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England  29 March 1901  Commonwealth Liberal  Parramatta, NSW  24 June 1913  17 September 1914  resigned11 November 1921  30 July 1947   -  Andrew Fisher  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  17 September 1914  27 October 1915  resigned27 October 1915  22 October 1928 7   Billy Hughes  100px  25 September 1862  London, England  29 March 1901   Labor West Sydney, NSW  27 October 1915  14 November 1916  (see below)  (see below)   -   Billy Hughes  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  National Labor  (see above)  14 November 1916  17 February 1917  (see below)  (see below) -   Billy Hughes  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)   Nationalist  Bendigo, Vic  17 February 1917  9 February 1923  died28 October 1952  28 October 1952 8  Stanley Bruce  100px  15 April 1883  Melbourne  11 May 1918   Nationalist  Flinders, Vic  9 February 1923  22 October 1929  lost his seat while PM 12 October 1929; re-elected 19 December 1931; resigned 6 October 1933  25 August 1967    9  James Scullin  100px  18 September 1876  Trawalla, Victoria  13 April 1910   Labor  Yarra, Vic  22 October 1929  6 January 1932  retired31 October 1949  28 January 1953    10  Joseph Lyons  100px  15 September 1879  Circular Head, Tasmania  12 October 1929   United Australia  Wilmot, Tas  6 January 1932  7 April 1939  died7 April 1939  7 April 1939   11  Sir Earle Page  100px  8 August 1880  Grafton, New South Wales  13 December 1919   Country  Cowper, NSW  7 April 1939  26 April 1939  defeated9 December 1961  20 December 1961    12  Robert Menzies  100px  20 December 1894  Jeparit, Victoria  15 September 1934   United Australia  Kooyong, Vic  26 April 1939  28 August 1941  (see below)  (see below)   13  Arthur Fadden  100px  13 April 1895  Ingham, Queensland  19 December 1936   Country  Darling Downs, Qld  28 August 1941  7 October 1941  retired14 October 1958  21 April 1973   14  John Curtin  100px  8 January 1885  Creswick, Victoria  17 November 1928   Labor
  Fremantle, WA  7 October 1941  5 July 1945  died5 July 1945  5 July 1945 15  Frank Forde  100px  18 July 1890  Mitchell, Queensland  16 December 1922   Labor  Capricornia, Qld  6 July 1945  13 July 1945  retired28 September 1946  28 January 1983 16  Ben Chifley  100px  22 September 1885  Bathurst, New South Wales 17 November 1928   Labor  Macquarie, NSW  13 July 1945  19 December 1949  died13 June 1951  13 June 1951 -  Sir Robert Menzies  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)  (see above)   Liberal
  (see above)  19 December 1949  26 January 1966  resigned17 February 1966  15 May 1978 17  Harold Holt  100px  5 August 1908  Sydney  17 August 1935   Liberal  Higgins, Vic  26 January 1966  19 December 19672  17 December 1967  17 December 1967 18  John McEwen  100px  29 March 1900  Chiltern, Victoria  15 September 1934   Country
  Murray, Vic  19 December 1967  10 January 1968  resigned1 February 1971  20 November 1980 19  John Gorton  100px  9 September 1911  Melbourne  22 February 1950 3  Liberal
  Higgins, Vic  10 January 1968  10 March 1971  retired11 November 1975<sup>4  19 May 2002 20  William McMahon  100px  23 February 1908  Sydney  10 December 1949   Liberal  Lowe, NSW  10 March 1971  5 December 1972  resigned4 January 1982  31 March 1988 21  Gough Whitlam  11 July 1916  Melbourne  29 November 1952   Labor  Werriwa, NSW  5 December 1972  11 November 1975  resigned31 July 1978  still living 22  Malcolm Fraser  100px  21 May 1930  Melbourne  10 December 1955   Liberal
  Wannon, Vic  11 November 1975  11 March 1983  resigned31 March 1983  still living 23  Bob Hawke  100px  9 December 1929  Bordertown, South Australia  18 October 1980   Labor  Wills, Vic  11 March 1983  20 December 1991  rgf fesigned20 February 1992  still living 24  Paul Keating  100px  18 January 1944  Sydney  [[Australian federal election, 1969yj 20 December 1991  11 March 1996  resigned23 April 1996  still living 25  John Howard  file:vcbf yj4Liberal  Bennelong, NSW  11 March 1996  3 December 2007  lost his own seat while PM24 November 2007  still living 26  Kevin Rudd  100px  21 September 1957  Nambour, Queensland  3 October 1998   Labor  Griffith, QLD  3 December 2007  Incumbent  -  still living

 Demographics 
 Country of Birth 
Australian ke Bureau of Statistics () se ii pataa lage hae ki mid-2006 me 4,956,863 Australia me rahe waala logan Australia se bahaar paida bhaen rahaa. I Australia ke abaadi ke 24% hae.  Australia me rahe waala ii des me paida bhian rahaa:    
Paida hoe waala desEstimated Resident Population. Australian Bureau of Statistics.  2006.  Last accessed November 18, 2007.

  United Kingdom 1,153,264 New Zealand 476,719 Peoples Republic of China 279,447  Italy 220,469 Vietnam 180,352 India 153,579 Phillipines 135,619 Greece 125,849 South Africa 118,816  Germany 114,921Malaysia 103,947Serbia 96,895Netherlands 86,950 Lebanon 86,599 Republic of Macedonia  83,951Sri Lanka 70,908Indonesia 67,952USA 64,832Poland 59,221Fiji 58,815Ireland 57,338Croatia 56,540Pakistan 19,768Bosnia and Herzegovina 19,000Bangladesh 13,751

 Indigenous abaadis 
2001 ke Census me 366,436 loag apne ke Aboriginal (2.07% of all respondents) batain, 26,088 batain ki uu logan Torres Strait Islander (0.15%) hae aur 17,636 batain ki uu logan duuno Aboriginal aur Torres Strait Islanders (0.10%) hae.

 Ethnic groups 
Australia ke 21 million log me se jaada log colonial-era settlers aur post-Federation Europe ke migrant ke descendend hae, aur ii kaaran se Australia ke ke abaadi ke 85% European descent ke hae. Bahut generations se sab se jaada colonial-era settlers aur post-Federation immigrants khaali British Isles se awat rahin, aur abhi talak Australia ke abaadi jaada kar ke British aur Irish descent ke hae.

World War II ke baad, Australia ke abaadi has more than doubled, spurred by large-scale European immigration during the immediate post-war decades. Non-European immigration, mostly from Asia and the Middle East, has increased significantly since the 1970s; due in large part to the abolition of the White Australia Policy.

In the 2006 Australian Census   residents could nominate up to two ethnic groups to define their ancestry. Proportionate to the Australian resident abaadi, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:

 Australian (37.1%)
 English (31.6%)
 Irish (9.1%)
 Scottish (7.7%)
 Italian (4.3%)
 German (4.1%)
 Chinese (3.4%)
 Greek (1.8%)
 Dutch (1.6%)
 Indian (1.2%)
 Lebanese (1.0%)
 Poles (0.8%)
 Vietnamese (0.8%)
 New Zealander (0.8%)
 Filipino (0.8%)
 Maltese (0.7%)
 Croat (0.6%)
 Welsh (0.5%)
 French (0.5%)
 Serbs (0.45%)
 Spanish (0.4%)
 South African (0.4%)
 Sinhalese (0.4%)
 Macedonians (0.4%)
 Bosniaks (0.3%)
 Hungarian (0.3%)
 Russian (0.3%)
 Turkish (0.3%)

 Religion and belief 

25.8% Roman Catholic, 18.7% Anglican, 19.4% Other Christian
2.1% Buddhist, 1.7% Muslim, 0.4% Jewish, 2.0% other, 18.7% No Religion, 11.2% Not described. (2006 census)

The category of "No Religion" includes non-theistic beliefs such as humanism, atheism, agnosticism and rationalism. A fifth sub-category is "No Religion - nfd" ("nfd" = no further definition). The Australian Bureau of Statistics does not provide statistics on how many people belong in each sub-category on "No Religion".

The Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information:

Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities, aged persons' care and other social services provided by religion-based organisations; the location of church buildings; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals, prisons, armed services and universities; the allocation of time on public radio and other media; and sociological research.

As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is much lower than would be indicated by the proportion of Christians indicated in the ABS statistics; weekly attendance at church services is about 1.5 million, about 7.5% of the abaadi.NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance, National Church Life Survey, Media release, 28 February 2004

 Languages 
De facto national language: English
Most common languages other than English: Italian, Greek, German, Vietnamese, Tagalog, Chinese languages, Indian languages, Arabic language, Indonesian, Macedonian and Urdu.
Indigenous: Australian Aboriginal languages, Australian Deaf Sign Language
 See 
 Language SpeakersOnly English15,581,333Italian 316,895Greek 252,226  Cantonese244,553Arabic 243,662Mandarin220,600Vietnamese 194,863Spanish98,001Filipino + Tagalog92,331German 75,634Hindi70,011Macedonian67,835Croatian 63,612Australian Aboriginal Languages 55,705Korean 54,623Turkish53,857Polish53,389Serbian52,534French 43,216Indonesian 42,036Maltese36,514Russian 36,502Dutch36,183Japanese35,111Tamil32,700Sinhalese29,055Samoan28,525Portuguese25,779Khmer24,715Assyrian23,526Punjabi23,164Persian22,841Hungarian21,565Bengali20,223Urdu19,288Afrikaans16,806Bosnian15,743

 Historical abaadi estimates 

 Year  Population  Five Year  % change 1788 859 - 1798 4,588 - 1808 10,263 - 1818 25,859 - 1828 58,197 - 1838 151,868 - 1848 332,328 - 1858 1,050,828 - 1868 1,539,552 - 1878 2,092,164 - 1888 2,981,677 - 1898 3,664,715 - 1901 3,788,123 - 1906 4,059,083 7.2 1911 4,489,545 10.6 1916 4,943,173 10.1 1921 5,455,136 10.4 1926 6,056,360 11.0 1931 6,526,485 7.8 1936 6,778,372 3.4 1941 7,109,898 4.9 1946 7,465,157 5.0 1951 8,421,775 12.8 1956 9,425,563 11.9 1961 *10,548,267 11.9 1966 11,599,498 10.0 1971 13,067,265 12.7 1976 14,033,083 7.4 1981 14,923,260 6.3 1986 16,018,350 7.3 1991 17,284,036  12.8 1996 18,310,714  5.9 2001 19,413,240 6.0 2006 20,848,760 7.4

 Bahaari jorr 
 Official website for australia travel Official website for Australia travel.
 Australia travel informations  User generated guide to Australia.
 Australian employment resources  Australian employment resources.

 References 


vibhag:Commonwealth ke member
vibhag:English bhasa waala des
vibhag:Mahaataapu