Portugal

Portugal, jiske sarkari naam Portuguese Republichae,  south-west Europe ke Iberian Peninsula ke ek des hae. Iske west aur south me Atlantic Ocean aur north aur east me Spain hae. Portugal ek chhotaa des hae.

Atlantic Ocean ke tiin island group, Azores Madeira Islands aur Savage Isles Portugal ke hissa hae.

Naam
"Portugal" sabd Roman aur Celtic jagha ke naam ke jorr banaawa gais rahaa, aur ii Portus Cale rahaa. Porto sabd Latin se aais hae aur iske matlab "port" hae. "Cale" sabd saait "callaeci" se aais hae, jon ki uu log ke naam rahaa jon north-west Iberia ke occcupy kare rahin.  Ek aur theory hae ki "Cale", "port" ke Celtic sabd hae. Ek aur thoery hae ki "Cala" ek Celtic goddess rahii aur kuchh France ke scholars ii biswas kare hae ki ii "Gallus" sabd se aais hae, jiske matlab hae "port of the Gauls". 

Lagbhag 200BC me Rome Iberia ke aapan niche kar liis rahaa, second punic war ke baad, aur Cale ke naam ke badal ke Portus Cale (Port of Cale) kar dewa gais aur isme duusra province ke bhi jorraa gais rahaa. Middle Ages me ii jagha ke "Portucale" bola jaae rahaa. 7th aur 8th century  e ii badal ke "Portugale" bola jaat rahaa. 11th aur 12th century me "Portugal" naam ke pahile dafe kaam me laawa gais.

 Itihaas 
Iberian Peninsula ke western hissa, prehistoric jamaa na se log se basaa hae aur sab se puraana insaan ke baskit ke sabuut 5500 BC se hae. Celtic log hian pe 1000 BC me aain. 200BC me ii ilaaka Rome ke niche aais. Iske baad hian pe Germanic log aae ke bas gain. 8th century AD me ii ilaaka Muslim control ke niche rahaa. 1238 aur 1249 ke biich me Christian log hian se Muslim lig ke nikaal diin Portugal, 1139 me ek kingdom banaa.Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, Nation and identity in contemporary Europe , p. 145, Routledge, 1996, 

Portugal, "Age of Discovery" ke pahila des me se ek rahaa. Kindom of Portugal Madeira aur Azores Islands ke aapan niche kar liin aur ek taagatwar economic aur military power ban gais, jaada kar ke iske empire ke kaaran jon south Atlantic aur Indian Ocean ke coast pe rahaa. Portuguese log pahila Europe ke log rahin jon jon South America, sub-Saharan Africa aur south aur east asia ke explore kare rahin aur dunia bhar me uu log ke basti, colony aur trading post rahaa. Masaala, gulaam aur duusra chij ke trade Portugal ke dhani banae diis. 1580s me ek larrai ke baad Portugal aur Spain ek des hoe gain. António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal. 1972, p. 322. Boris Fausto, A Concise History of Brazil, p. 40. marking its gradual decline as a global power. 1688 me Portugal fir se ajaad bhais, lekin 1755 ke bhukamp des me bahut barbaadi karis.

1807 me Napolean Bonaparte se larrai ke baad, Portugal ke royal palwaar Brazil me jaae ke bas gain aur ii kaaran se 1822 me Brazil azaad hoe ke Kingdom of Brazil banaa.  Iske kaaran Brazil me civil war bhair , Monarchist aur liberals ke biich me.  Monarchy 1910 talak rahaa, jab ek revolution ke baad pahila Portuguese Republic banaa. Baad me des me dher unrest bhais aur dictator log taagat me aain.  1974 me Portugal me fir se democracy aais aur Portugal aapan bachaa Africa ke colony ke ajaadi de diis.

Portuguese colonialism ke kaaran abi dunia bhar me 300 million log Potuguese bhasa me baat kare hae. Abhi ii ek developed des hae aur ii jaada kar ke services aur tourism pe rely hoe hae. Ii UNited Nations ke member hae, European Union ke member, NATO, OECD aur eurozone ke member bhi hae.

Portugal ke administrative ilaaka
 Regions   Region Capital Area Population 1 North Region Porto  3,673,861 2 Central Region Coimbra  1,695,635 3 West and Tagus Valley Santarém  852,583 4 Greater Lisbon Lisbon  2,126,578 5 Setúbal Peninsula Setúbal  834,599 6 Alentejo Region Évora  474,701 7 Algarve Region Faro  484,122 8Madeira Autonomous Region Funchal  256,622 9Azores Autonomous Region Ponta Delgada  241,025

References

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vibhag:NATO ke member
vibhag:European Union ke member
vibhag:Portuguese bhasa waala des