Istanbul

Istanbul, Turkey ke sab se barraa city hae jon ki 1923 talak Ottoman Empire ke capital rahaa. Ii city purana time me Byzantium aur Constantinople ke naam se jaanajaawat rahaa. Ii ek seaport hae aur Turkey ke khaas trade kare waala centre hae.

Istanbul ke aage Golden Horn aur Bosporus strait hae. Bosphorus, Black Sea aure Sea of Marmara ke jorre hae aur, Europe aur Asia ke separate kare hae. Ii city duuno Europe aur Asia me hae. Iske abaadi 11 aur 15 million ke biich me hae.

Iske pahila naam Greek me Byzantion aur Latin me Byzantium rahaa. Byzantium ke pahila dafe 667BC me Greek log aae ke base rahin. 196 AD me , Byzantium ke Romans log barbaad kar diin rahaa lekin baad me iske Roman Emperor Septimius Severus fir se banais. Constantine the Great sochis ki ii city ek achchhaa jagah pe hae aur 330 AD me Rome ke capital ke hian pe move kar diis rahaa, jiske suruu me New Roma bola jaawat rahaa lekin baad me iske naam badal ke Constantinople (Constantinopolis Greek bhasa me), rakh newa gais. 

Jab Roman Empire ke dui bhaag me baat dewa gais tab ii city East Roman Empire, jiske Byzantine Empire ke naam se bhi jaana jaawat rhaa, ke capital banaa. Iske kuch din talak Crusaders log occupy kar liin rahaa lekin ii bahut din talak Europe ke ek political, cultural, religious aur economical center rahaa jab talak ii 1453 me Ottoman Turks ke niche nai aais. 
TIstanbul  ke Turkish citizens me Ethnic groups(2019 KONDA survey)Turks78%Kurds17%Zazas1%Arabs1%Others3%

Itihaas
Neolithic chij jiske 21st century ke suruwaat me paawa gais rahaa, ii dekhae hae ki Istanbul ke peninsula me log 6th millennium BC se rahe hae. Uu puraana basti, jon Neolithic Revolution ke Near East se Europe lae jaae me jaruri rahaa, ek millennium talak chalaa rahaa, jab samundar ke paani se baarr ke kaaran ii jagha paani ke niche hoe gais rahaa. Asia ke bagal ke pahila insaan ke basti, Fikirtepe mound, Copper Age ke hae, jiske chij ke 5500 se 2500 BC date karaa gais hae. Europe ke bagal, peninsula ke tip me, 1st millennium BCE me ek Thracian basti rahaa. Aaj-kal ke lekhak iske Thracian toponum "Lygos" se link karis hae, aur iske Pliny the Elder Byzantium ke pahila waala naam batais hae.

Chaapa

 Bahaari jorr 
 Audioguide Seslirehber Istanbul Turkey 
 Extensive information on Architect Sinan's works in Istanbul

vibhag:I
vibhag:Turkey ke city