European Union

European Union (EU), Europe ke ek economic aur political union hae 27 des hae. Iske 1957 me European Economic Community (EEC) ke naam se suruukaraa gais rahaa. Ii union Europe bhar me khule se business kare mauka de hae aur huan ke log ke ek duusre ke des jaae pe koi rok nai hae. Solah des ek paisa (euro) ke kaam me laawe hae.

 Itihaas 
19th century se pahile log "European unity" ke baare me sochat rahin aur World War I ke baat ii aur jor pakrris. 1920 me John Maynard Keyness ek European customs union ke sujhao rakkhis jisse ke larrai ke baad ke Europe ke economy recover kare sake. 1923 me European integration ke sab se puraana sanstha, Paneuropean Union ke suruu karaa gais jisme Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi rahaa. 5 September 1929 me Aristide Briand, jo France ke Prime Minister rahaa, Paneuropean Union ke follower rahaa aur Nobel Peace Prize ke jiite rahaa, League of Nations me ek bhaasan diis jisme uu ek "federal Europe" ke maang karis jisse France aur Germany ke biich ke batbhed ke khalaas karaa jaae sake.

Jab Europe me fir se larrai suruu bhais tab kon chij khaatir larra jaae hae ke uppar pe pahile agree hoe ke parraa. 1941 me, sab se pahila agreement rahaa Declaration of St James's Palace jab Europe ke resistance ke log ek saathe baithe rahin. Baad me 1941 ke Atlantic Charter ke niche Allies banaa aur uulog common goals ke baare me agree bhae rahin. Uske niche 1944 me Bretton Woods System aur 1945 me United Nations banaa.

World War II ke baad, European integration ke kaam me laae ke extreme nationalism ke roke ke idea banaa. 19 September 1946 me Winston Churchill, University of Zurich me fir se "European Union" aur "Council of Europe" ke maang karis.  Ek mahina baad France me [decolonisation]] ke maang karaa gais, jisse  France fir se European community ke hissa bane sake.

1952 me coal aur steel ke trade khatir, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, aur Luxembourg European Coal and Steel Community banais rahaa.

1957 me Rome me iske badal ke European Economic Community banain. 

1992 ke Treaty of Maastricht European Union ke badal ke money, justice, and foreign affairs ke bhi ek karis. Schengen Agreement se EU ke 22 member des aapan border ek duusre se khol diin jisske log ek duusre ke des bina passport nai to identity card dekhawe ek duusre ke des jaawe sake. 10 nawaa des 2004 me aur dui aur 2007 me EU join karin aur ek aur 2013 me. 2016 me United Kingdom EU se nikle ke vote karis. 2024 me, EU me 27 member des hae.

Free movement
European Union ke 27 member des ke loi jan koi bhi 27 des me, bina work permit aur visa, rahe aur kaam kare sake hae. Iske matlab hae ki France ke ek jan Greece me jaae ke rahe aur kaam kare sake hae, aur iske khaatir uske Greece ke sarkar se koi ijaajat ke jaruri nai hae.

Ek member des me banaa chij ke duusra member ke des me bina koi ijaajat aur jaada tax ke aur koi des me bejaa jaae sake hae. Iske kaaran EU ke members EU me banaa chij ke safety rules se agree kare hae. Ii kaaran se ek des me banaa chij, duusra des me bhi kaam me laae pe safe rahe hae.

 Member countries 
Republic of Macedonia aur Turkey "candidate des hae", ii sab ke join kare ke baare me abhi salah hoe hae. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro aur Serbia bhi kuch din me join kare mangi.
Suruu kare waala des
 Belgium
 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands

1973 me join karin
 Denmark
 Ireland
 United Kingdom

1981 me join karis
 Greece

1985 me karis
 Greenland

1986 me join karis
 Portugal
 Spain

1995 me join karin
 Austria
 Finland
 Sweden2004 me join karin
 Cyprus
 Czechia
 Estonia
 Hungary
 Latvia
 Lithuania
 Malta
 Poland
 Slovakia
 Slovenia

2007 me join karin
 Bulgaria
 Romania

2013 me join karin
 Croatia


Geography
European Union ke member states ke area 4,233,262 square kilometres hae.This figure includes the extra-European territories of member states that are part of the EU, and excludes the European territories of member states which are not part of the Union. For more information, see Special member state territories and the European Union. EU ke sab se uunchaa pahaarr Mont Blanc hae, jon Graian Alps pe hae, jon sea level se 4,810 metre uppar hae. EU ke sab se niche waala jagha Denmark me Lammefjorden aur Netherlands me Zuidplaspolder hae jon 7 metres samundar ke level se niche hae. EU ke coastline 65,993 kilometre lambaa hae.

Europe ke des ke territory Europe se bahaar bhi hae. Isme me se sab se barraa, Greenland hae, jon Denmark ke niche hae. Canary Island jon Africa se kuchh duur hae sab se jaada population waala jagha hae jon ki EU me hae aur Europe se bahaar hae. AUr jagha hae French Guinea jon South America me hae aur Mayotte jon Madagascar ke north me hae.

Mausam
European Union ke climate jaada kar ke temperate hae, lekin west coast me maritime climate hae aur south me mediterranean climate hae.  Hian ke maun pe Gilf Stram ke khaas asar rahe hae aur Europe ke western hissa dunia ke yahii latitude ke duusra jagha se garam hae. 

Economy
2022 me EU member states ke GDP US$16.64 trillion rahaa, jon dunia ke 16.6% hae. EU ke member des me GDP me dher antar hae ke member des me GDP me dher antar hae. Jab ki Bulgaria ke per capita GDP khaali 4,600 Euro hae, tab Luvembourg ke per capita GDP 92.600 Euros hae.

 References 

 Dusra websites 
 European Union online portal
 Germany's EU Council Presidency
 'Your Europe' information website
 Europe of cultures 50 years of artistic creation and cultural life from the 27 countries of the European Union


vibhag:Europe
vibhag:Dher des ke sanstha