Udaarwaad

Udaarwaad (Liberalism) ek rajnitik (political) aur naetik (moral) philosophy hae, jon ek jan ke aapan adhikaar (rights), ajaadi (liberty), shaasan ke marji dena (consent to be governed), rajnitik samaanataa (political equality), aapan sampati ke adhikaar (the right to private property) aur kaanun ke aage baraabari (equality before law), pe adhaarit (based) hae.Liberals  me dher rakam ke bichaar rahe hae jon uu log ke ii siddhaant (principles) ke samjhe ke uppar nirbhar rahe hae lekin jaada kar ke  support sampati ke adhikaar, bajaar arthvyavasth (market economies), aapan adhikaar (jisme civil rights aur human rights hae), liberal democracy, dharam ke ajaadi, kaanun ke saashan (rule of law), paisa kamae ke ajaadi, koi political party ke chune ke ajaadi , kuchh bole ke ajaadi, chhaape ke ajaadi, ekkhatta hoe ke ajaadi aur koi dharam ke chune ke ajaadi, me biswas kare hae.Generally support:

constitutional government and privacy rights
  Liberalism ke aadhmik itihaas ke sab se barraa bichaar samjhaa jaae hae.  Wolfe, p. 23.

Udaarwaad ek alag  rajnitik andolan (movement) Age of Enlightenment me hoe gais rahaa, aur western dunia ke  philosophers aur economists me mashuur hoe gais rahaa. Udaarwaad maangat rahaa ki uu samay samaj ke bichaar, jisme raj kare ke janam adhikaar, des ke dharam, ek raja jiske puura adhikaar rahe hae, ii biswas kare ke parre ki raja ke bagwaan adhikaar diis hae, ke hatae ke ii sab ke pratinidhi loktantr (representative democracy, kaanun ke raj, aur kaanuun ke niche baraabari se replace karaa jaae. Udaarwaad me biswas kare waala log  laalchi niti, raja ke puura adhikaar, vypaar se rukaawat hataana  aur free tasre aur bajaar economy me biswas kare hae. Philosopher John Locke ke udaarwaad ke suruu kare ke credit dewa jaae hae, jon ii bahas karis rahaa ki har ek adnii ke janam ke adhikaar hae jindagi, ajaadi aur property ke aur sarkar ke ii adhikaar ke violate nai kare ke chaahi. Jab British liberal tradition democracy ke barrhae pe jor diis, French liberalism, ek jab ke duusre ke uppar raj kare ke janam adhikaar ke hatae aur des ke banae pe jor diis rahaa.Kirchner, p. 3.

1688 ke British Glorious Revolution ke neta log, 1776 ke American Revolution aur 1789 ke  French Revolution ke namuuna de ke ii batae hae ki raja log ke  armed overthrow me koi kharaabi nai hae. 19th century me liberal sarkar Europe aur South America me banaa rahaa, aur ii  republicanism in the United States ke saathe rahaa. Victorian Britain me, iske kaam me laae ke  political establishment ke criticize karaa jaawat rahaa, aur ii janata ke bagal se vigyaan ke kaaran diis rahaa.   19th aur early 20th centuries me, liberalism in the Ottoman Empire aur Middle East ke kaaran huan pe badlao bhais , jaise Tanzimat aur Al-Nahda, aur ii sab des me and the rise of constitutionalism, nationalism, aur secularism me pragati bhais. Ii sab badlao, duusra factors, ke kaaran  Islam ke bhittar crisis bhais , jon abhi talak chale hae, jiske kaaran Islamic revivalism bbhais rahaa. 1920 se pahile, udaarwaad ke khaas birodi me  communism, conservatism, aur socialism rahin. Ii time udaarwaad ke khass pratyogitaa (challenges) fascism aur Marxism–Leninism se rahin. 20th century me, udaarwaad ke bichaar aur faelaa, jaada kar ke   in Western Europe me, jab liberal democracies duuno world wars ke jiit gay rahin aur Cold War ke bhi.

vibhag:U
Category:Politics