Darsansastr

Darsansastr (Philosophy), dunia, universe, aur admii ke baare me ek rakam ke soche ke dhang hae. Ek philosophy kuchh idea hae jiske ek philosopher work our karis hae. Philosophy ke soche ke dhang abstract hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii chij ke chhua nai jawa jaae sake hae. Lekin iske matlab ii nai hae ki philosophy aslii dunia ke baare me nai hae. 

Kabhi kabhi admii log "personal philosophy" ke baare me baat kare hae, jiske matlab hae ki jaise koi dunia ke baare me soche hae. 

Hajaaro saal se philosopher logan ii sawaal kare hae ki:

 Achchhai kon chij hae?
 Sundarta kon chij hae
 Ham log jion chij magta hae ka uske kare sakta hae?
 Bhagwan hae ki nai?

Itihaas
Western
Western darsansasastr, puraana Greece se 6th century BCE me pre-Socratics se suruu bhais rahaa. Uu log puura brahmaand (cosmos) ke sanjhae ke kosis kare rahin. Iske baad waala philosophy ke banae me Socrates (469–399 BCE), Plato (427–347 BCE), aur Aristotle (384–322 BCE) ke haanth rahaa. Uu log jon topics ke philosophy me vover kare ke chaahi ke barrhae ke  Ethics, Epistemology, aur Metaphysics aur mind ke bhi isme jorrin. Puraana jamaana ke baad waala time me philosophical movements, jaise, Epicureanism, Stoicism, Skepticism, aur Neoplatonism suruu bhais rahaa. 5th century CE ke baad log puraana philosophy ke kaam me laae ke Isai dharam ke samjhae ke kosis kare rahin.

14th century ke puraana philosophy me fir se interest jaagis, khaas kar ke Platonism. 17th century se philosophy me vigyan aur realism ke jorre ke kosis karaa gais rahaa. Age of enlightenment me traditional authority ke challenge karaa gais rahaa. 19th century me me ek puura philosophy ke banae ke kosis karaa gais rahaa Germany ke idealism aur Marxism se.

Arabic-Persian
Arabic–Persian philosophy 9th century CE me suruu bhais rahaa, jiske kaaran  Islamic theological tradition ke discussion rahaa. Iske classical jamaana 12th century CE talak chalaa aur ii puraana Greece ke philosophy se  influenced rahaa. Ii uu log ke sikchha ke kaam me laae ke  Quran ke samjhae ke kosis kare rahin.

Indian
Indian adrsansastr, aur sanskriti se alag hae kaaheki ki ii asliyat aur kaise gyan paawa jaae hae ke dharam aur kaise moskha mile hae, ke jorre hae. Ii lagbhag 900 BCE me suruu bhais rahaa jab Vedas likha gais rahaa. Vedas, Hinduism ke pahila scripture hae aur isme atman (self) aur brahman, aur kaise atma (soul) kaise fir se paida hoe hae ek jan ke karma pe nirbhar rahe hae, ke baare me bataawa gais hae. Ii time non-Vedic sikchha, jaise  Buddhism aur Jainism bhi faela rahaa. Budhism ke Gautama Buddha suruu karis rahaa, jon vedic bichaar ke atman (self) permanent hae se agree nai karis aur ii propose karis ki ek jan kaise dukh se sam time khatir mokha le sake hae. Jainism was founded by Mahavira (599–527 BCE), who emphasized non-violence as well as respect toward all forms of life.

Baad ke jamaana me, jon lagbhag 200BCE me suruu bhais rahaa}} me chhe orthodox schools Hinduism suruu bhais rahaa:Nyāyá, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā, and Vedanta. Advaita Vedanta yahii jamaana me baad me suruu bhais rahaa. Iske Adi Shankara suruu karis rahaa, jon ii batais ki sab chij ek hae aur ii sochna ki universe me dher rakam ke chij hae, ek maya (illusion) hae.  Isse thhorra alag bichaar Ramanuja (1017–1137 CE) ke rahaa, jon Vishishtadvaita Vedanta school ke suruu karis rahaa aur ii daawa karis ki har ek chij, ekke chij ke hissa hae. Uu Bhakti movement ke barrhaawa diis rahaa, jon ii sikchhaa dewat rahaa ki dhrmic rasta pe chale ke chaahi, aur ii 17th se 18th century talak chalaa rahaa. Nawaa jamaanalagbhag 1800 CE me suruu bhais rahaa aur isme western bichar ke saamil karaa gais rahaa. Isme ke sab se famous rahaa Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902 CE) jon Advaita Vedanta ke sikchhaa ke kaam me laae ke ii daawa karis ki sab dharam ekke bhagwaan ke lage lae jaawe hae. 20th century me isme logic, bhasa jaise chij ke saamil karaa gais rahaa.

Chinese

 Kuchh philosophers 
 Purana Greek Philosophers 

 Pythagoras
 Heraclitus
 Socrates
 Plato
 Aristotle
 Epicurus

 Baad ke European/Western Philosophers 

 Niccolo Machiavelli
 Thomas Hobbes
 René Descartes
 John Locke
 Baruch Spinoza
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
 Bishop George Berkeley
 David Hume
 Immanuel Kant
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Auguste Comte
 Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel
 Arthur Schopenhauer
 Mary Wollstonecraft
 Friedrich Engels
 John Stuart Mill
 Søren Kierkegaard
 Karl Marx
 Friedrich Nietzsche

 Nawaa European and American Philosophers 
 Bertrand Russell
 Ludwig Wittgenstein
 Jean-Paul Sartre
 Simone de Beauvoir
 Ayn Rand
 Karl Popper
 Willard Van Orman Quine
 Eugene T. Gendlin
 Noam Chomsky
 John Rawls
 David Chalmers
 George S. Rofls
 Christian DeQuincey

 Asian/Eastern Philosophers 
 Confucius
 Lao Tzu
 Siddhārta Gautama (the Gautama Buddha)
 Acharya Madhwa (Madhavacharya)

 Duusra websites 

 An introduction to philosophy (in unsimple English)

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vibhag:Philosophy