Hinduism

Hinduism (सनातन धर्म; Sanātana Dharma, jiske matlab Endless Religion hae) dunia ke sab se purana dharam hae. Hinduism () ek chhaata sanghatan (umbrella term) jiske kaam me laae ke dher Indian dharmik aur  sampradaya  hae, jon sab concept of dharma sabd ek me biswas kare hae, ek cosmic order maintained by its followers through rituals and righteous living,  jaise  Vedas me likha hae. Hindu is an upnaam (exonym) hae, aur jab Hinduism ke dunia ke sab se puraana dharam maana jaawe hae, iske aur modern naam Sanātana Dharma se bhi jaana jaawe hae.  . Vaidika Dharma  aur Arya dharma, Hinduism ke itihaasik ekke naam hae.  

Hinduism dher rakam ke bichar ke ke protsahan kare hae, dher rakam se Bhagwaan, dewtaa aur scripture ke baare me baat karaa jaawe hae. Hindi dharmik pustak ke dui hissa me baata jaawe hae: Sruti - jiske suna jaawe hae aur smrti - jiske yaad karaa jaawe hae. Khaas Hindi dharmik pustak me hae Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Mahabharata (jisme Bhagavad Gita hae),  Ramayana, aur Agamas.  Hindu biswas me hae karma (action, intent and consequences), saṃsāra (maut aur fir se janam ke cycle) aur chaar  Puruṣārtha, thiik manzil, jon hae: dharma (ethics/duties), artha (prosperity/work), kama (desires/passions) aur moksha (liberation/emancipation from passions and ultimately saṃsāra). Hindu dharam me  (bhakti), worship (puja), sacrificial rites (yajna), aur meditation (dhyana) aur yoga hae. Hindu dharam me koi central authority nai hae aur jaada Hindi log koi denomination me nai hae. Lekin Hinduism ke adhyan kare waala lig chaar khaas  denominations ke identify kare hae: Shaivism, Shaktism, Smartism, aur Vaishnavism. Chhe Āstika  Hindu philosophy ke school jon Vedas ke authority ke recognise kare hae : Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mīmāṃsā, aurVedanta.

Hinduism, dunia ke tiisra sab se barraa dharam hae, jisme lagbhag 1.20 billion log biswas kare hae, jon dunia ke abaadi ke lagbhag 15% hae.  Hindi lig jaada kar ke  India, Nepal, Mauritius, aur Bali, Indonesia me rahe hae. Dher Hindu samaj ke  South Asia ke des, Southeast Asia,  Caribbean, Middle East, North America, Europe, Oceania aur Africa me hae.

 Naam 
Hindū sabd ke gaer-Hindu log kaam me laawe hae,;  aur ii Sanskrit sabd Sindhu se aais hae,;  jon Indus Naddi ke naam hae aur ii naam lower Indus basin (Sindh) ke bhi rahaa.; 
Proto-Iranian me awaaj *s > h hae gais rahaa  850 aur 600 BCE ke biich me.: "In Iranian languages, Proto-Iranian *s became h before a following vowel at a relatively late period, perhaps around 850–600 BCE."
"Hindu" sabd Avesta me heptahindu likha gais hae, jon Rigvedic sapta sindhu ke baraabar hae.
6th-century BCE ke Darius I ke ek inscription Hindush (referring to Sindh) ke baare me charcha kare hae, ki ii uske ek praant hae.
Hindustan (jiske "hndstn" spell karaa jaawe hae) ke 3rd century CE ke Sasanian inscription me paawa gais hae .
Ii sab puraana record ke  Hindu sabd ek jagha ke naam hae aur ii koi dharam ke naam nai rahaa. Arbii bhasa waala putak me "Hind",  Persian "Hindu" se aais hae, aur iske uu jagha ke bola jaawat rahaa jon jagha  Indus ke uu paar rahaa: "...in Arab sources, al-Hind (the land beyond the Indus)." aur ii kaaran se ii jagha ke sab log ke  "Hindus"  bola jaawat rahaa, itihasik Romila Thapar ke anusaar.: "Al-Hind was therefore a geographical identity and the Hindus were all the people who lived on this land." 
13th century talak, Hindustan India ke naam ban gais rahaa.

Sab se puraana likha gais chij jisme  'Hindu' ke dharam khaatir kaam me laawa gais rahaa, 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by Xuanzang rahaa. 14th century me, 'Hindu' sabd ke dher  Persian, Sanskrit aur Prakrit lekh me India me kaam me laawa gais rahaa, aur baad me India ke kuchh matr bhasa me, jaada kar ke log ke  Muslims nai to "Turks" se differentiate kare ke khaatir. Iske kuchh namuuna hae  14th-century Persian pustak Futuhu's-salatin jiske 'Abd al-Malik Isami likhis rahaa,
Jain putak jaise Vividha Tirtha Kalpa aur Vidyatilaka,
lagbhag 1400 Apabhramsa pustak Kīrttilatā by Vidyapati me, 16–18th century Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava pustak, etc.
India me ii rakam ke "Hindu" sabd ke istemaal  Persian se aais hae, aur ii sab time dharam ke baare me nai rahaa.: "Christine Chojnacki has argued that hinduka and related terms mark a combination of religious, linguistic, and cultural affinities in early Jain sources."
: "Writing for the Bahmani court in the Deccan in 1350, Isami paired hindū and musalmān, elsewhere using hindī to mean Indian."
: "[Vidyapati] equates Hindu and Muslim religious and cultural practices, positing comparable differences between their respective dhamme (Sanskrit dharma)."
: "Most passages identified a mix of religious and cultural norms. For instance, the texts refer to the “Hindu god” (hindura īśvara) and “Hindu treatise” (hindu-śāstre), on the one hand, and to “hindu clothes” (hindu-beśa), on the other."
Indian putak me, Hindu dharma ("Hindu religion") ke aaj-kal  Hinduism ke refer karaa jaawe hae.

 Hindu dharm ke paanch pramukh devata  
Hindu dharam me paanch khaas devata kee pooja hae. Ii ek ishwar ke vibhinn roop aur shaktiyaan hae.
Suraj - svaasthy, pratishtha aur saphalata.
Vishnu - shaanti aur vaibhav.
Shiv - gyaan aur vidya.
Shakti - shakti aur suraksha.
Ganesh - buddhi aur gyaan.

 References 
 Rigveda. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
 "Hinduism" on Microsoft Encarta Online 
 Sâdhus, Going beyond the dreadlocks, by Patrick Levy, published by Prakash Books, Delhi, 2010. http://patricklevy.livres.free.fr/ 
 Duusra websites 
 Wiki based encyclopedia about Hindusim
 Hindu Timeline
 http://www.hinduism-today.com 

vibhag:H