Philippines

Philippines ek 7,000 se jaada island waala des hae. Ii Pacific Ocean me Asia se 100 kilometers southeast me hae. Spain (1521-1898) aur United States (1898-1946), ii des pe raaj karin rahaa. Philippines, South Korea, aur East Timor, East Asia ke uu des hae jahan pe jaada log Isai hae.

Philippine Islands ke east me Pacific Ocean, west me South China Sea, aur south me Celebes Sea hae .

 Naam 
Spain ke explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, aapan 1542 ke expedition me,  Leyte aur Samar ke naam "" diis rahaa, Prince of Asturias, baad me Philip II of Castile ke baad. Dhire-dhire "" ke naam se ii archipelago ke  Spanish possession ke bola jaae lagaa. Duusra naam, jaise "" (Western Islands), "" (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan ke naam aur "" (Islands of St. Lazarus), ke kaam me laae ke Spanish log ii islands ke refer karat rahin, jabtak ii ilaaka me Spanish raj  established nai rahaa.

Philippine Revolution ke time, Malolos Congress   (the Philippine Republic) ke elaan karis. America ke colonial authorities ii des ke  Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name) bolat rahin. United States, dhire-chire naam ke  "the Philippine Islands" se badal ke "the Philippines" kar diin, Philippine Autonomy Act aur Jones Law se. 1935 ke constitution me, sarkari naam  "Republic of the Philippines"  rakkhaa gais rahaa, jon aage ke ajaad des ke naam rahii, aur baad ke sab  constitutional ke badlao me ii naam rakkha gais  hae.

 Itihaas 
 Puraana itihaas (900 se pahile) 
Iske sabuut hae ki puraana jamaana ke hominins, jon jagha abi Philippines hae, me   709,000 saal pahile rahat rahin. Callao Cave me paawa gais haddi, saait ek nawaa species, Homo luzonensis ke hae, jon 50,000 se 67,000 saal pahile rahat rahin. Sab se puraana modern human ke remain ii islands ke Palawan ke Tabon Caves me paawa gais hae, jiske U/Th-dated hae 47,000 ± 11–10,000 saal pahile. Tabon Man ke Negrito maana jaae hae, jon ii islands me rahe waala pahila log rahin,  Africa se  coastal route lae ke, along southern Asia se abhi duubaa waala Sundaland aur Sahul se ii islands me aae rahin.

Philippines pahunche waala pahila  Austronesians , Taiwan se,  lagbhag 2200 BC me aae rahin,  Batanes Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ijangs) me aae ke base rahin aur northern Luzon me bhi. Jade artifacts ke 2000 BC ke date karaa gais hae, jisme lingling-o Luzon ke jade ke banaa chij ke  Taiwan ke raw material se banaawa gais rahaa. 1000 BC talak, ii islands ke log chaar society me develop hoe gay rahin : hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, aur port principalities.

 Pahila states (900–1565) 
Philippines ke sab se pahila likha gias record,  900 AD ke Laguna Copperplate Inscription hae, jiske Old Malay bhasa me, Kawi script me likha gais hae. 14th century talak, dher barraa-barraa coastal settlements  trading centers ban ke   societal changes ke kaaran ban gais. Kuchh basti ke log, Asia ke duusra state se chij ke trade karat rahin.  Tang dynasty ke time, China se trade suruu bhais, aur Song dynasty ke time aur barrha. Second millennium AD bhar, kuch basti China ke niche rahin. Jaada trade aur  diplomacy ke kaaran,  Southern Chinese merchants aur migrants Southern Fujian se, aae ke ii islands me rahe lagin, aur ii log natives log ke saathe mix hoe lagin.. Indian ke sankriti, jaise ki bhasa aur dharam ke influence   Philippines me  14th century me faela, Indianized Hindu Majapahit Empire se. 15th century talak  Islam  Sulu Archipelago me aapan adda jamae ke huan se aur bagal faela.

10th aur 16th centuries ke biich me bane waala basti me  Maynila, Tondo, Namayan, Pangasinan, Caboloan, Cebu, Butuan, Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu, aur Ma-i rahaa. Suruu ke basti me tiin -tier ke social structure rahaa: nobility, freemen, aur dependent debtor-bondsmen. Raj kare waala log me neta rahin jaise  datus, jon  groups (barangays or dulohan) pe raj karat rahin. Jab barangays saathe hoe ke barraa basti banaawat rahin , tab uske neta ke  "paramount datu" maana jaawat rahaa, rajah or sultan, aur janata pe raj karat rahaa . 15th aur 16th century ii islands ke population density bahut kamti rahaa jiske kaaran rahaa frequency of typhoons aur  Philippines ke location, Pacific Ring of Fire me. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan 1521 me aais aur ii  islands ke Spain ke khaatir claim karis, lekin uske Lapulapu's log Battle of Mactan me maar de rahin.

 Spain aur America ke colonial raj (1565–1934) 
alt=See caption|thumb|Manila, 1847
Philippines ke unification aur colonization uu time suruu bhais jab Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi, New Spain se 1565 me aais.  Dher Filipinos ke New Spain me force kar ke boat me kaam kar ke  laawa gais rahaa, jab dher Latin Americans ke Philippines sipahi aur colonists ke ruup me laawa gais rahaa."Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México" (Consejo de Indias España)(English Translation from Spanish original: "Royal Decree to the Count of Coruña, Viceroy of New Spain, informing him that, according to information from Captain Gabriel de Rivera who came from the Philippines, on a journey made by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo to the Cagayan River some Spaniards were lost, and that to make up for this lack and populate these islands it was necessary to take up to two hundred men to them. The viceroy is ordered to attend to this request and send them from New Spain, in addition to another two hundred that were entrusted to him from Lisbon." Philippines,  Latin American ke asia me khaali ek district rahaa. Spanish Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines aur Spanish East Indies ke capital 1571 me banaa,  Spanish log  local states ke divide and conquer principle kae kaam me laae ke,  invade kare rahin , aur ii rakam se , jon abhi ke Philippines hae ke ek   unified administration ke niche kar liin. Alag-alag barangay ke jaan ke ek town me karaa gais rahaa , jahaan pe  Catholic missionaries sahaj me log ke  Isai dharam me convert kare sake,  Christianization,  Spanish friars se, jaada kar ke basaa gais  lowlands me bhais. 1565 se 1821 talak, Philippines ke  Mexico City ke ek territory ke ruup me govern karaa jaawat rahaa- jon New Spain ke vice royality rahaa; lekin Mexican War of Independence  ke baad iske directly Madrid se administer karaa gais rahaa .Manila trans-Pacific trade ke  western hub ban gais rahaa 

 Duusra websites 
 Official websites 
 www.gov.ph  - Government portal
 www.op.gov.ph  - Office of the President
 www.senate.gov.ph - Senate
 www.congress.gov.ph - House of Representatives
 www.supremecourt.gov.ph  - Supreme Court
 www.comelec.gov.ph - Commission on Elections

 News websites 
 Philippine Daily Inquirer and GMA News
 ABS-CBN News
 Philippine Star
 The Manila Bulletin Online
 The Manila Times Online
 Sun Star Network Online
 The Daily Tribune Online
 Malaya Online
 Today Online
 Kabayan Online

 Aurr 
 Open Directory Project 
 The Filipino Channel  - Satellite TV from the Philippines


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