Aristotle

Aristotle (Greek Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) (janam 384 BC Stagira, Macedonia, Greece; maut 7 March, 323 BC Chalicis, Euboea, Greece) ek Greek philosopher rahaa. Bahut log ii soche hae ki Plato ke saathe, uu Western dunia ke ek khaas philosopher rahaa. Ii bataawa jaawe hae ki Aristotle 150 book likhis hae. Aristotle, Alexander the Great ke bajpan ke guru rahaa.

 Jindagi 
Aristotle ke pitaji, Nicomachus, Macedonia ke Amyntas Raja ke doctor rahaa. Aapan 18th janam din se lae ke 37th janam din talak Aristotle Athens me rahaa, jahaan pe uu Plato ke student rahaa. Lagbhag 18 saal ke umar me uu Athens gais aur Plato ke Academy me parrhe lagaa. Hian pe uu lagbhag 20 saal talak rahaa aur 347 BC me, jab Plato ke maut bhais, tab uu ii jagha ke chhorris. 

Iske baad uu  Xenocrates ke saathe Asia Minor gais. Jab uu Asia me rahaa tab uu Theophrastus ke saathe Lesbos gais jahan pe uu log ii island ke botany aur zoology adhyan karin, Hermias ke maut ke baad, Aristotle ke Macdonia ke Philip II  uske larrka Alexander the Great  ke parrhae ke 343 B.C. me suruu karis.

Aristotle ke Royal Academy of macedon ke mukhia banaawa gais rahaa. Aristotle ke Macedonian court me rahe ke time uu khaali Alexander nai, lekin aage hoe waala raja, Ptolemy aur Cassander ke bhi parrhais rahaa. Aristotle, Alexander ke Persia ke aapan niche kare ke encourage rahaa. 335 BCme Aristotle Athens laut aais aur uu Lyceum me ek library banais jisme uu dher sau "papyrus scroll" ke kitaab banais. Uu aapan school banais aur 12 saal talak huan pe parrhais. Athens me Aristotle ke aurat marr gais aur uu duusra aurat rakkhais aur uske ek larrka, Nicomachus paaida bhais.

335 aur 323 BC me jab uu Athens me rahaa tab uu aapan khaas kaam karis aur treatise likhis. Uske khaas treatises rahaa Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, On the Soul aue Poetics. Aristotle adyan karis aur khaas yogdaan logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, kheti, medicine, dance aur theatre me diis rahaa.

Uske jindagi ke aakhri din talak Alexander aur Aristotle ke biich me batbhed hoe gais kaaheki Aristotle, Alexander ke Persians se sambandh uske pasand nai rahaa. Bahut jane Aristotle ke Alexander ke maut ke jimewaar bataae hae lekin iske kuchh sabuut nai hae. Alexander ke maut ke baad Athens me Macedonian ke virod me hoe gain aur Aristotle ke uske  maiyaa ke palwaar ke estate me bhaag ke rahe ke parraa rahaa.

Aristotle ke paanch elements
Aapan kitaab, On Generation and Corruption, me Aristotle chaar element, dunia, paani, [[hawaa], aur aagi jiske Empedocles pahile propose karis rahaa ke chaar me se dui "sensible qualities", garam, thandaa, bhiijaa aur suukha me karis rahaa. Empedoclean ke raae me sab "matter" chaar element se banaa hae, different proportion me. Aristotle, ek aur "heavenly" aether, jon ki taara aur planet ke jorris.

+ Aristotle ke elements Element / /  Motion  Aadhmik stateof matterDuniaDownKarraapaaniDownRasHawaaUpGasAagiUpPlasmaAether(divinesubstance)—Circular(in heavens)Vacuum

Gatii
Aristotle dui rakam ke gatii ke baare me bataae hae: "violent" nai to "unnatural gatii", jaise ki jab ek patthar ke bigaa jaawe hae, aur "natural gatii", jaise ki koi chij gire hae. Violent gatii me, jaise iske agent ruk jaae hae, tab gatii bhi ruk jaawe hae: jiske matlab hae ki ek chij nature me ekke jagha raka rahe hai, kaaheki Aristotle friction ke baare me kuchh nai bole hae. Ii samajh ke, ii dekha jaawe hae ki, jaise Aristotle batais hae, garrhu chij ke khaskaae me jaada force lage hae aur jon chij ke jaada force se dhakela jaawe hae aur jor se chale hae. This would imply the equation Isse  ke equation bane hae, jon aadhmik physics me sahi nai hae. 

Natural gatii uske element pe nirbar rahe hae: aether aasmaan me golaa ghume hae, jab ki chaar Empedoclean element sidhe uppar jaawe hae (jaise aagi me dekha jaaawe hae, nai to niche ( jaise dunia) uulog ke natural resting place me jaawe hae. 

 thumb | upright=1.5 | Aristotle ke gatii ke niyam. Physics me uu batae hae ki chij gire hae uu raftaar se jon uske wajan ke proportional hae  aur fluid jisme uu immersed hae ke density ke inversely proportional hae . Ii dunia ke  gravitational field me gire waala chij ke khaatir sahii hae .

 Duusra websites 
 Works by Aristotle

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Category:Philosophers
Category:Greece ke log