अफ्रीका का विघटन

अफ्रीका के उपनिवेशवाद महाद्वीप के रूप में पर अचानक और कट्टरपंथी शासन में परिवर्तन के साथ 1975 तक मध्य से 1950 के दशक में हुआ था, औपनिवेशिक सरकारों को संक्रमण बना स्वतंत्र राज्यों ; यह अक्सर काफी असंगठित था और हिंसा और राजनीतिक उथल-पुथल के साथ शादी कर ली थी। फ्रांसीसी अल्जीरिया में अल्जीरियाई युद्ध , पुर्तगाली अंगोला में आजादी का अंगोला युद्ध , बेल्जियम के कांगो में कांगो संकट और ब्रिटिश केन्या में मऊ माउ विद्रोह सहित उत्तरी और उप-सहारा कालोनियों में संगठित विद्रोह के साथ व्यापक अशांति थी ।
Timeline


 Country Colonial name Colonial power Independence date First head of state Ethiopia
  establishment as the Kingdom of Aksum
  1st century BC
  ? Liberia
  Commonwealth of Liberia
  American Colonization Society
  July 26, 1847
  Joseph Jenkins Roberts Libya
  Libya
  Italy
  December 24, 1951
  Idris Egypt
  Egypt
  Britain
  1922/1936/1953
  n/a Sudan
  Sudan
  Britain
  January 1, 1956
  Ismail al-Azhari Tunisia
  Tunisia
  France
  March 20, 1956
  Muhammad VIII al-Amin Morocco
  Morocco
  France
  April 7, 1956
  Mohammed V Ghana
  Gold Coast
  Britain
  March 6, 1957
  Kwame Nkrumah Guinea
  French West Africa
  France
  October 2, 1958
  Sékou Touré Cameroon
  Cameroun
  France, Britain
  January 1, 1960
  Ahmadou Ahidjo Togo
  French Togoland
  France
  April 27, 1960
  Sylvanus Olympio Mali
  French West Africa
  France
  June 20, 1960
  Modibo Keita Senegal
  French West Africa
  France
  June 20, 1960
  Léopold Senghor Madagascar
  Malagasy Protectorate
  France
  June 26, 1960
  Philibert Tsiranana DR Congo
  Belgian Congo
  Belgium
  June 30, 1960
  Patrice Lumumba Somalia
  Italian Somaliland, British Somaliland
  Italy, Britain
  July 1, 1960
  Aden Abdullah Osman Daar Benin
  French West Africa
  France
  August 1, 1960
  Hubert Maga Niger
  French West Africa
  France
  August 3, 1960
  Hamani Diori Burkina Faso
  French West Africa
  France
  August 5, 1960
  Maurice Yaméogo Côte d'Ivoire
  Côte d'Ivoire
  France
  August 7, 1960
  Félix Houphouët-Boigny Chad
  French Equatorial Africa
  France
  August 11, 1960
  François Tombalbaye Central African Republic
  French Equatorial Africa
  France
  August 13, 1960
  David Dacko Congo
  French Equatorial Africa
  France
  August 15, 1960
  Fulbert Youlou Gabon
  French Equatorial Africa
  France
  August 17, 1960
  Léon M'ba Nigeria
  Nigeria
  Britain
  October 1, 1960
  Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Mauritania
  French West Africa
  France
  November 28, 1960
  Moktar Ould Daddah Sierra Leone
  Sierra Leone
  Britain
  April 27, 1961
  Milton Margai Tanzania
  Tanganyika
  Britain
  December 9, 1961
  Julius Nyerere Rwanda
  Ruanda-Urundi
  Belgium
  July 1, 1962
  Grégoire Kayibanda Burundi
  Ruanda-Urundi
  Belgium
  July 1, 1962
  Mwambutsa IV Algeria
  Algeria
  France
  July 3, 1962
  Ahmed Ben Bella Uganda
  British East Africa
  Britain
  October 9, 1962
  Milton Obote Kenya
  British East Africa
  Britain
  December 12, 1963
  Jomo Kenyatta Malawi
  Nyasaland
  Britain
  July 6, 1964
  Hastings Kamuzu Banda Zambia
  Northern Rhodesia
  Britain
  October 24, 1964
  Kenneth Kaunda Gambia
  Gambia
  Britain
  February 18, 1965
  Dawda Kairaba Jawara Botswana
  Bechuanaland
  Britain
  September 30, 1966
  Seretse Khama Lesotho
  Basutoland
  Britain
  October 4, 1966
  Leabua Jonathan Swaziland
  Swaziland
  Britain
  September 6, 1968
  Sobhuza II Equatorial Guinea
  Spanish Guinea
  Spain
  October 12, 1968
  Francisco Macías Nguema Guinea-Bissau
  Portuguese Guinea
  Portugal
  September 24, 1973
  Luis Cabral Mozambique
  Portuguese East Africa
  Portugal
  June 25, 1975
  Samora Machel Angola
  Angola
  Portugal
  November 11, 1975
  Agostinho Neto Djibouti
  French Somaliland
  France
  June 27, 1977
  Hassan Gouled Aptidon Zimbabwe
  Southern Rhodesia
  Britain
  April 18, 1980
  Robert Mugabe Namibia
  South West Africa
  South Africa
  March 21, 1990
  Sam Nujoma Eritrea
  Eritrea
  Ethiopia
  May 24, 1993
  Isaias Afewerki South Africa
  South Africa
  South Africa (apartheid)
  April 27, 1994
  Nelson Mandela Sahrawi Republic 1
  Spanish Sahara
  Spain
  February 27, 1976
  El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed
1 The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara (then Rio de Oro), when the territory was passed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco (which annexes the entire territory in 1979), rendering the declared independence of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic ineffective to the present day (it controls only a small portion east of the Moroccan Wall). Since Spain did not have the right to give away Western Sahara, under international law de jure the territory is still under Spanish administration. The de facto administrator is however Morocco. See United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories

References

 इन्हें भी देखें 

Colonialism
Decolonization
Scramble for Africa
Wars of national liberation

Sources
Kevin Shillington (1995). History of Africa (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan; Revised edition ISBN 0-312-12598-4

श्रेणी:उपनिवेशवाद
श्रेणी:उपनिवेशवाद का इतिहास
श्रेणी:अफ़्रीका का इतिहास