विद्युत और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभियांत्रिकी की समयरेखा

नीचे विद्युत तथा इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभियांत्रिकी के इतिहास में हुए अनुसंधानों की सूची नीचे दी गयी है।Isaac Asimov:Biographical Encyclopedia of science and Engineering, London, 1975 Elektrik Mühendisliği, s.259-260, Kemal İnan pp 245-263

 खोजों के इतिहास की समयरेखा 
वर्षघटना1600English scientist William Gilbert coined the word electricus after careful experiments.1705English scientist Francis Hauksbee made a glass ball that glowed when spun and rubbed with the hand1720English scientist Stephen Gray discovered insulators and conductors1745German physicist Ewald Georg von Kleist and Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented Leyden jars1752American scientist Benjamin Franklin showed that lightning was electrical by flying a kite, and explained how Leyden jars work1780  Italian scientist Luigi Galvani discovered the Galvanic action in living tissue1783French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb formulated Coulomb's law1785French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace developed the Laplace transform to transform a linear differential equation to an algebraic equation. Later, his transform became a tool in circuit analysis. 1800  Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invented the battery1816  English inventor Francis Ronalds built the first working electric telegraph1820  Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted accidentally discovered that an electric field creates a magnetic field1820   One week after Ørsted's discovery, French physicist André-Marie Ampère published his law. He also proposed right-hand screw rule1821 German scientist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered thermoelectricity1825  English physicist William Sturgeon developed the first electromagnet 1827    German physicist Georg Ohm introduced the concept of electrical resistance 1831  English physicist Michael Faraday published the law of induction (Joseph Henry developed the same law independently)  1831   American scientist Joseph Henry in United States developed a prototype DC motor 1832   French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii in France developed a prototype DC generator1833 Michael Faraday developed laws of electrolysis1833Michael Faraday invented thermistor1833English Samuel Hunter Christie invented Wheatstone bridge (It is named after Charles Wheatstone who popularized it)1836   Irish priest (and later scientist) Nicholas Callan invented transformer in Ireland 1837English scientist Edward Davy invented the electric relay1839French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovered the Photovoltaic Effect1844   American inventor Samuel Morse developed telegraphy and the Morse code1845German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff developed two laws now known as Kirchoff's Circuit laws1850  Belgian engineer Floris Nollet invented (and patented) a practical AC generator1855  First utilization of AC (in electrotherapy) by French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne1856   Belgian engineer Charles Bourseul proposed telephony1856  First electrically powered light house in England1860 German scientist Johann Philipp Reis invented Microphone1862 Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell published four equations bearing his name1866 Transatlantic telegraph cable1873   Belgian engineer Zenobe Gramme who developed DC generator accidentally discovered that a DC generator also works as a DC motor during an exhibit in Vienna. 1876  Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov invented electric carbon arc lamp1876  Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone1877  First street lighting in Paris, France1877   American inventor Thomas Alva Edison invented phonograph1877German industrialist Werner von Siemens developed primitive loud speaker1878  First hydroelectric plant in Cragside, England1878  English engineer Joseph Swan invented Incandescent light bulb1879American physicist Edwin Herbert Hall discovered Hall Effect1879   Thomas Alva Edison introduced a long lasting filament for the incandescent lamp.1880French physicists Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie discovered Piezoelectricity1882   First thermal power stations in London and New York1883 English physicist J J Thomson invented waveguides 1887German American inventor Emile Berliner invented gramophone record1888    German physicist Heinrich Hertz proved that electro magnetic waves travel over some distance. (First indication of radio communication)1888   Italian physicist and electrical engineer Galileo Ferraris publishes a paper on the induction motor and Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla gets a US patent on the same deviceThe Electrical Engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co. Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating current in the production of rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters, Nikola Tesla and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general attention from the fact that no commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required."]1890   Thomas Alva Edison invented fuse1893During the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago electrical units were defined1894   Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov developed a prototype of a radio receiver  1896   First successful intercontinental telegram 1897   German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun invented cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)1900  Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in first radio broadcast1901    First transatlantic radio broadcast by Guglielmo Marconi   1901 American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt invented Fluorescent lamp1904   English engineer John Ambrose Fleming invented diode 1906   American inventor Lee de Forest invented triode1908Scottish engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, laid the principles of Television.1911 Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered Superconductivity1912    American engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong developed Electronic oscillator1915French phyisicist Paul Langevin and Russian engineer Constantin Chilowsky invented sonar 1917American engineer Alexander M. Nicholson invented crystal oscillator1918French physicist Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch invented multivibrator1919   Edwin Howard Armstrong developed standard AM radio receiver 1921  Metre Convention was extended to include the electrical units1925Austrian American engineer Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented the first FET (which became popular much later)1926Yagi-Uda antenna was developed by the Japanese engineers Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda1927American engineer Harold Stephen Black invented negative feedback amplifier1927German Physicist Max Dieckmann invented Video camera tube1928   First experimental Television broadcast in the US.1929   First public TV broadcast in Germany1931   First wind energy plant in the Soviet Union1936Dudley E. Foster and Stuart William Seeley developed FM detector circuit.1936Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented Printed circuit board1936Scottish Scientist Robert Watson-Watt developed the Radar concept which was proposed earlier.1938   Russian American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin developed Iconoscope1939    Edwin Howard Armstrong developed FM radio receiver1939   Russell and Sigurd Varian developed the first Klystron tube in the US.1941    German engineer Konrad Zuse developed the first programmable computer in Berlin1944  Scottish Engineer John Logie Baird developed the first color picture tube1945Transatlantic telephone cable1947  American engineers John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain together with their group leader William Shockley invented transistor.1948Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor invented Holography1950    French physicist Alfred Kastler invented MASER1951  First nuclear power plant in the US1953  First fully transistorized computer in the US1958   American engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC)1960  American engineer Theodore Harold Maiman invented the LASER1962   Nick Holonyak Jr. invented the LED1963First home Videocassette recorder (VCR)1963 Electronic calculator2008 American scientist Richard Stanley Williams invented memristor which was proposed by  Leon O. Chua in 1971 

 सम्बन्धित खोजों की समयरेखा 

इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी के इतिहास की समयरेखा  तिथि  खोज  खोजकर्ता 1878  कैथोड किरणें  क्रूक्स (Crookes) 1895  एक्स-किरण  रोएन्टजन 1900  Old quantum theory  Planck 1905  Theory of relativity  Einstein 1918  Atomic transmutation  Rutherford 1932  Neutron  Chadwick 1932  Particle accelerator  Crockcroft and Walton 1935  Scanning electron microscope  Knoll 1937  Xerography  Carlson 1937  Oscillograph  Van Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen 1950  Modem  MIT and Bell Labs 1950  Karnaugh mapping technique (digital logic)  Karnaugh 1952  Digital voltmeter  Kay 1954  Solar battery  Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson 1956  Transatlantic telephone cable  UK and U.S. 1957  Sputnik I satellite  Soviet Union 1957  Nuclear Missile  Kurchatov / Soviet Union 1957  FORTRAN programming language  Watson Scientific 1959  First one-piece plain paper photocopier (Xerox 914)  Xerox 1959 Veroboard (Stripboard)  Terry Fitzpatrick 1961  Electronic clock  Vogel and Cie, patented by Alexander Bain, Scottish clockmaker in 1840. 1963  First commercially successful audio compact cassette  Philips Corporation 1964  BASIC programming language  Kemeny and Kurtz 1964  Liquid-crystal display  George H. Heilmeier	 1966  Optical fiber communications  Kao and Hockham late 1960s  First digital fax machine  Dacom 1969  UNIX operating system  AT&T's Bell Labs
	 1970  First microprocessor (4004, 60,000 oper/s)  Intel	 1970   First commercially available DRAM memory  IBM	 1971  EPROM  N/A	 1971  PASCAL programming language  Wirth 1971  First microcomputer-on-a-chip  Texas Instruments	 1971  Laser printer  Xerox	 1972  8008 processor (200 kHz, 16 kB)  Intel	 1972  First programmable word processor  Automatic Electronic Systems	 1972  5¼-inch diskette  N/A	 1972  First modern ATM machine (IBM 2984)  IBM	 1973  Josephson junction  IBM	 1973  Tunable continuous-wave laser  Bell Labs	 1973  Ethernet  Metcalfe	 1973  Mobile phone  John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola	 1974  C (programming language)  Kernighan, Ritchie	 1974  Programmable pocket calculator  Hewlett-Packard	 1975  BASIC for personal computers  Allen	 1975  First personal computer (Altair 8800)  Roberts	 1975  Digital camera  Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak	 1975  Integrated optical circuits  Reinhart and Logan	 1975  Omni-font optical character recognition system  Nuance Communications	 1975  CCD flatbed scanner  Kurzweil Computer Products	 1975  Text-to-speech synthesis  Kurzweil Computer Products	 1975  First commercial reading machine for the blind (Kurzweil Reading Machine)  Kurzweil Computer Products	 1976  Apple I computer  Wozniak, Jobs	 1977  Launch of the "1977 trinity computers" expanding home computing, the Apple II, Commodore PET and the TRS-80  Apple, Tandy Corporation, Commodore Business Machines	 1977  First handheld electronic game (Auto Race)  Mattel	 1978  WordPerfect 1.0  Satellite Software	 1980  3½-inch floppy (2-sided, 875 kB)  N/A	 1980  VIC-20  Commodore Business Machines	 1981  IBM Personal Computer (8088 processor)  IBM	 1981  MS-DOS 1.0  Microsoft	 1981  "Wet" solar cell  Bayer AG	 1982  Commodore 64  Commodore Business Machines	 1982   First commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition  Kurzweil Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems	 1983  Satellite television  U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc.	 1983  First built-in hard drive (IBM PC XT)  IBM	 1983  C++ (programming language)  Stroostrup	 1984  Macintosh computer (introduced)  Apple Computer 1984  CD-ROM player for personal computers  Philips	 1984  First music synthesizer (Kurzweil K250) capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments  Kurzweil Music Systems	 1984  Amiga computer (introduced)  Commodore 1985  300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations over single optical fiber  AT&T, Bell Labs	 1987  Warmer superconductivity  Karl Alex Mueller	 1987  80386 microprocessor (25 MHz)  Intel	 1989  First commercial handheld GPS receiver (Magellan NAV 1000)  Magellan Navigation Inc.	 1989  Silicon-germanium transistors  IBM fellow Bernie Meyerson	 1990  486 microprocessor (33 MHz)  Intel	 1993  Weather Control Device / HAARP  U.S. 1994  Pentium processor, P5-based (60/90 MHz, 166.2 MIPS)  Intel	 1994  Bluetooth  Ericsson 	 1994  First DVD player ever made  Tatung Company	 1996  Alpha 21164 processor (550 MHz)  Digital Equipment	 1996  P2SC processor (15 million transistors)  IBM	

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