औद्योगिक प्रक्रमों की सूची

जिन प्रक्रियाओं में किसी चीज के निर्माण के लिये रासायनिक या यांत्रिक चरणों (steps) की आवश्यकता होती हैं उन्हें औद्योगिक प्रक्रम (Industrial processes) कहते हैं। बड़े-बड़े उद्योगों में औद्योगिक प्रक्रम मुख्य भूमिका निभाते हैं। 

Most processes make the production of an otherwise rare material vastly cheaper in price, thus changing it into a commodity; i.e. the process makes it economically feasible for society to use the material on a large scales, in machinery, or a substantial amount of raw materials, in comparison to batch or craft processes. Production of a specific material may involve more than one type of process. Most industrial processes result in both a desired product(s) and by-products, many of which are toxic, hazardous, or hard to deal with. Very, very few processes are self-contained.

 सामान्य प्रक्रम 
These may be applied on their own, or as part of a larger process.
 Liquefaction of gases - for ease of transportation
 Supercritical drying, Freeze drying - removal of excess liquid
 Scrubber - removing of pollution from exhaust gases

 रासायनिक प्रक्रम 
 Smelting - chemically enhancing metals
 Disinfection - chemical treatment to kill bacteria and viruses
 Pyroprocessing - using heat to chemically combine materials, such as in cement.

 उष्मीय प्रक्रम 
 Flash smelting - a refinement on smelting, for sulfur-containing ores (produces copper, nickel and lead)

 विद्युत अपघटन 

The availability of electricity and its effect on materials gave rise to several processes for plating or separating metals.
 Gilding, Electroplating, Anodization, Electrowinning - depositing a material on an electrode
 Electropolishing - the reverse of electroplating
 Electrofocusing - similar to electroplating, but separating molecules
 Electrolytic process - the generic process of using electrolysis
 Electrophoretic deposition - electrolytic deposition of colloidal particles in a liquid medium
 Electrotyping - using electroplating to produce printing plates
 Metallizing, Plating, Spin coating - the generic term for giving non-metals a metallic coating

 भौतिक प्रक्रम (Physical processes) 
There are several physical processes for reshaping a material by cutting, folding, joining or polishing, developed on a large scale from workshop techniques.

 Forging - the shaping of metal by use of heat and hammer
 Casting - shaping of a liquid material by pouring it into moulds and letting it solidify
 Machining - the mechanical cutting and shaping of metal
 Progressive stamping - the production of components from a strip or roll
 Hydroforming - a tube of metal is expanded into a mould under pressure
 Sandblasting - cleaning of a surface using sand or other particles
 Soldering, Brazing, Welding - a process for joining metals
 Tumble polishing - for polishing
 Precipitation hardening - heat treatment used to strengthen malleable materials
 Work hardening - adding strength to metals, alloys, etc.
 Case hardening, Differential hardening, Shot peening - creating a wear resistant surface
 Die cutting - A "forme" or "die" is pressed onto a flat material to cut, score, punch and otherwise shape the material.

 मोल्डिंग (Moulding) 
The physical shaping of materials by forming their liquid form using a mould.
 Casting, Sand casting - the shaping of molten metal or plastics using a mould
 Sintering, Powder metallurgy - the making of objects from metal or ceramic powder
 Blow moulding as in plastic containers or in the Glass Container Industry - making hollow objects by blowing them into a mould.
 Compression molding

 विलगन (Separation) 
Many materials exist in an impure form, purification, or separation provides a usable product.
 Comminution - reduces the size of physical particles (it exists between crushing and grinding)
 Froth flotation, flotation process - separating minerals through floatation
 Solvent extraction - dissolving one substance in another
 Frasch process - for extracting molten sulfur  from the ground

 आसवन 
 Fractional distillation, Steam distillation, Vacuum distillation - separating materials by their boiling point
 Batch distillation
 Continuous distillation
 Fractionating column
 Spinning cone

 लोहा एवं इस्पात 
Early production of iron was from meteorites, or as a by-product of copper refining. Heating iron ore and carbon in a crucible at 1000 K produces wrought iron. This process gained popularity during the Iron Age. Temperatures of 1300 K were produced around the 8th century by blowing air through the heated mixture in a bloomery or blast furnace (12th century); producing a strong but brittle cast iron. Furnaces were growing bigger, producing greater quantities; a factor contributing to the Industrial Revolution. In 1740 the temperature and carbon content could be controlled sufficiently to consistently produce steel; very strong and very workable. The 19th century saw the development of electric arc furnaces that produced steel in very large quantities, and are more easily controlled.

 Smelting - the generic process used in furnaces to produce steel, copper, etc.
 Catalan forge, Open hearth furnace, Bloomery, Siemens regenerative furnace - produced wrought iron
 Blast furnace - produced cast iron
 Direct Reduction - produced direct reduced iron
 Crucible steel
 Cementation process
 Bessemer process
 Basic oxygen steelmaking, Linz-Donawitz process
 Electric arc furnace

 पेट्रोलियम एवं कार्बनिक उत्पाद 
The nature of an organic molecule means it can be transformed at the molecular level to create a range of products.
 Cracking (chemistry) - the generic term for breaking up the larger molecules.
 Alkylation - refining of crude oil
 Burton process - cracking of hydrocarbons
 Cumene process - making phenol and acetone from benzene
 Friedel-Crafts reaction, Kolbe-Schmitt reaction
 Olefin metathesis, Thermal depolymerization
 Transesterification - organic chemicals
 Raschig process, Ketazine process, Peroxide process - part of the process to produce nylon
 Formox process - the oxidation of methanol to produce formaldehyde.

 अन्य 
 उत्पाद के अनुसार

 Aluminium - (Deville process, Bayer process, Hall-Héroult process, Wöhler process)
 Ammonia, used in fertilizer & explosives - (Haber process)
 Bromine - (Dow process)
 Chlorine, used in chemicals - (Chloralkali process, Weldon process)
 Fat - (Rendering)
 Fertilizer - (Nitrophosphate process)
 Gold - (Bacterial oxidation, Parkes process)
 Heavy Water, used to refine radioactive products - (Girdler sulfide process)
 Hydrogen - (Steam reforming, Water Gas Shift Reaction)
 Lead (and Bismuth) - (Betts electrolytic process, Betterton-Kroll process)
 Nickel - (Mond process)
 Nitric acid - (Ostwald process)
 Paper - (Pulping, Kraft process, Fourdrinier machine)
 Rubber - (Vulcanization)
 Salt - (Alberger process, Grainer evaporation process)
 Semiconductor crystals - (Bridgeman technique, Czochralski process)
 Silver - (Patio process, Parkes process)
 Sodium carbonate, used for soap - (Leblanc process, Solvay process, Leblanc-Deacon process)
 Sulfuric acid - (Lead chamber process, Contact process)
 Titanium - (Hunter process, Kroll process)
 Zirconium - (Hunter process, Kroll process, Crystal bar process, Iodide process)

 प्रक्रमों के अनुसार
 Alberger process, Grainer evaporation process - produces salt from brine
 Bacterial oxidation - used to produce gold
 Bayer process - the extraction of aluminium from ore
 Chloralkali process, Weldon process - for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide
 Crystal bar process, Iodide process - produces zirconium
 Dow process - produces bromine from brine
 FFC Cambridge Process
 Girdler sulfide process - for making heavy water
 Hunter process, Kroll process - produces titanium and zirconium
 Industrial rendering - the separation of fat from bone and protein
 Lead chamber process, Contact process - production of sulfuric acid
 Mond process - nickel
 Nitrophosphate process - a number of similar process for producing fertilizer
 Ostwald process - produces nitric acid
 Pidgeon process - produces magnesium, reducing the oxide using silicon
 Steam reforming, Water Gas Shift Reaction - produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide from methane or hydrogen and carbon dioxide from water and carbon monoxide
 Vacuum metalising - a finishing process

 इन्हें भी देखिये 
 रासायनिक इंजीनियरी (Chemical engineering)
 विशालोत्पादन (Mass production)

श्रेणी:उद्योग
श्रेणी:औद्योगिक प्रक्रम