इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अवयव

जिन विभिन्न अवयवों का उपयोग करके इलेक्ट्रॉनिक परिपथ (जैसे- आसिलेटर, प्रवर्धक, पॉवर सप्लाई आदि) बनाये जाते हैं उन्हें इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अवयव (electronic component) कहते हैं इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अवयव दो सिरे वाले, तीन सिरों वाले या इससे अधिक सिरों वाले होते हैं जिन्हें सोल्डर करके या किसी अन्य विधि से (जैसे स्क्रू से कसकर) परिपथ में जोड़ा जाता है। प्रतिरोधक, प्रेरकत्व, संधारित्र, डायोड, ट्रांजिस्टर (या बीजेटी), मॉसफेट, आईजीबीटी, एससीआर, फोटो डायोड, प्रकाश उत्सर्जक डायोड, आपरेशनल एम्प्लिफायर एवं अन्य एकीकृत परिपथ आदि प्रमुख इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अवयव हैं। 

 वर्गीकरण 
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अवयव दो प्रकार के होते हैं-
 निष्क्रिय अवयव (पैसिव एलिमेन्ट्स)- वे अवयव जिनको कार्य करने के लिये किसी बाहरी उर्जा स्रोत की आवश्यकता नहीं पड़ती; न ही इनका चालकता आदि का गुण किसी अन्य वोल्टता या धारा से नियंत्रित होती है। उदाहरण: प्रतिरोधक, संधारित्र,आदि
 सक्रिय अवयव (ऐक्टिव अवयव)- इन अवयवों की चालकता आदि अन्य धारा या विभव के मान से नियन्त्रित होता है। ये किसी संकेत का आवर्धन कर सकते हैं। जिस परिपथ में एक भी सक्रिय अवयव न हो उस परिपथ को 'इलेक्ट्रॉनिक परिपथ' नहीं कहना चाहिये। उदाहरण: ट्रांजिस्टर, मॉसफेट, पेन्टोड आदि

 टर्मिनल और कनेक्टर (Terminals and connectors) 
Devices to make electrical connection

 Terminal 

Connector
 Socket
Screw terminal, Terminal Blocks
Header
Closed

 कॉर्ड्स (Cords) 
Cables with connectors or terminals at their ends
 Power cord
 Patch cord
 Test lead

 स्विच (Switch) 
Components that may be made to either conduct (closed) or not (open)
 स्विच - manually operated switch
 Keypad - small array of pushbutton switches
 रिले - Electrically operated switch. This is a mechanical component, unlike the Solid State Relay
 Reed switch - Magnetically activated switch
 Thermostat - Thermally activated switch
 परिपथ विच्छेदक  (Circuit Breaker) - Over-current activated switch
 Limit switch - Mechanically activated switch
 Mercury switch
 Centrifugal switch

 प्रतिरोधक (Resistors) 
Components used to resist current.
 See the Transducer section below for resistors used to sense environmental conditions (Thermistor, Photo resistor, RTD...)
 See the Protection section below for resistors used for current or voltage limiting (MOV, Inrush Limiters...)
 प्रतिरोधक - fixed value
 Resistor network - array of resistors in one package
 Trimmer - Small variable resistor
 Potentiometer, Rheostat - variable resistor
 Heater - heating element
 Resistance wire - wire of high-resistance material, similar to heating element
 Thermistor - temperature-varied resistor
 Varistor - voltage-varied resistor

 सुरक्षा सम्बन्धी अवयव (Protection devices) 
Passive components that protect circuits from excessive currents or voltages
 While these components technically belong to the Wire, Resistor and Vacuum classes, they are grouped here based on their use.
 Active components that perform a protection function are in the Semiconductor class, below.
 फ्यूज - Over-current protection, one time use
 Resettable fuse (PolySwitch, self-resetting fuse)- Over-current protection, resettable
 Metal Oxide Varistor, Surge Absorber (MOV) - Over-voltage protection. These are passive components, unlike the TVS
 Inrush current limiter - protection against initial Inrush current
 Gas Discharge Tube - protection against high voltage surges
 परिपथ विच्छेदक - Over-current activated switch
 Spark gap - two electrodes with a gap in between to create arcing
 Filament lamp
 GFCI or RCD

 संधारित्र 
thunmb|right|thumb|300px|विभिन्न प्रकार के संधारित्र
Components that store electrical charge in an electrical field.
Capacitors are used for filtration in the electronic circuits.
Capacitors in general pass changing (e.g. AC) and block unchanging (e.g. DC) voltage levels.

 संधारित्र - fixed capacitance
 संधारित्र नेटवर्क (array)
 परिवर्तनशील संधारित्र (Variable capacitor) - change the capacitance
 Varicap diode - variable capacitor come diode'''

 चुम्बकीय अवयव (Magnetic (inductive) devices) 
Electrical components that use magnetism
 प्रेरक, कुण्डली, चोक
 Variable inductor
 Saturable Inductor
 परिणामित्र (ट्रान्सफॉर्मर)
 चुम्बकीय प्रवर्धक (Magnetic amplifier) (toroid)
 Ferrite impedances, beads
 मोटर  / जनित्र
 परिनालिका (Solenoid)
 स्पीकर / माइक्रोफोन

 नेटवर्क (Networks) 
Components that use more than one type of passive component
 RC नेटवर्क - forms an RC circuit, used in Snubbers
 LC नेटवर्क - forms an LC circuit, used in tuneable transformers and RFI filters
saurabh shakya

 पीजोएलेक्ट्रिक अवयव (Piezoelectric devices, crystals, resonators) 
पीजोएलेक्ट्रिक प्रभाव का उपयोग करके कुछ पैसिव अवयव (Passive components) उपलब्ध हैं-
 ऐसे अवयव जो उच्च आवृत्ति पैदा करते हैं या उच्च आवृत्ति को फिल्टर करते हैं-
 क्रिस्टल - Is a ceramic crystal used to generate precise frequencies (See the Modules class below for complete oscillators)
 सिरामिक अनुनादक (Ceramic resonator) - Is a ceramic crystal used to generate semi-precise frequencies
 सिरामिक फिल्टर - Is a ceramic crystal used to filter a band of frequencies such as in radio receivers
 सरफेस एकाउस्टिक वेव (SAW) फिल्टर
 दाबविद्युत प्रभाव को यांत्रिक संसूचक की तरह प्रयोग करने वाले अवयव
 पराश्रव्य मोटर (Ultrasonic motor) - Electric motor that uses the piezoelectric effect
 पीजो-बजर पीजो-माइक्रोफोन

 शक्ति स्रोत (Power sources) 
Sources of electrical power
 बैटरी - acid- or alkali-based power supply
 ईंधन सेल (Fuel cell) - an electrochemical generator
 विद्युत प्रदायी (Power supply) - usually a mains hook-up
 Photo voltaic device - generates electricity from light
 Thermo electric generator - generates electricity from temperature gradients
 विद्युत जनित्र - an electromechanical power source

 संसूचक आदि (Transducers, sensors, detectors) 
 Transducers generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal, or vice-versa.
 Sensors (detectors) are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal.
 The Transducers listed here are single electronic components (as opposed to complete assemblies), and are passive (see Semiconductors and Tubes for active ones). Only the most common ones are listed here.
 Audio (see also Piezoelectric devices)
 लाउडस्पीकर - Magnetic or piezoelectric device to generate full audio
 Buzzer - Magnetic or piezoelectric sounder to generate tones
 Position, motion
 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) - Magnetic - detects linear position
 Rotary encoder, Shaft Encoder - Optical, magnetic, resistive or switches - detects absolute or relative angle or rotational speed
 Inclinometer - Capacitive - detects angle with respect to gravity
 Motion sensor, Vibration sensor
 Flow meter - detects flow in liquid or gas
 Force, torque
 Strain gauge - Piezoelectric or resistive - detects squeezing, stretching, twisting
 Accelerometer - Piezoelectric - detects acceleration, gravity
 Thermal
 तापयुग्म (Thermocouple), thermopile - Wires that generate a voltage proportional to delta temperature
 थर्मिस्टर  - Resistor whose resistance changes with temperature, up PTC or down NTC
 Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) - Wire whose resistance changes with temperature
 Bolometer
 Thermal cutoff - Switch that is opened or closed when a set temperature is exceeded
 Magnetic field (see also Hall Effect in semiconductors)
 Magnetometer, Gauss meter
 Humidity
 आर्द्रतामापी (Hygrometer)
 Electromagnetic, light
 Photo resistor - Light dependent resistor (LDR)

 सॉलिड स्टेट / अर्धचालक अवयव (Solid State components, Semiconductors) 
Electronic control components with no moving parts.
Active components

 डायोड 
A device which conducts electricity in only one direction.

 डायोड, ऋजुकारी, [[सेतु ऋजुकारी (Bridge Rectifier)
 शॉटकी डायोड - super fast diode with low forward voltage drop
 जेनर डायोड - lets electricity flow "backwards" if it is suitably high in voltage
 Transient Voltage Suppression Diode (TVS), Unipolar or Bipolar - used to block high-voltage spikes
 Varactor, Tuning diode, Varicap, Variable Capacitance Diode - A diode come capacitor
 प्रकाश उत्सर्जक डायोड (LED) - A diode which gives out light
 LASER Diode - A laser LED
 Photodiode - Only passes power when in light
 Solar Cell, photovoltaic cell, PV array or panel
 Avalanche Photodiode
 Diode for Alternating Current (DIAC, Trigger Diode, SIDAC)
 धारा स्रोत (Current source) Diode
 Peltier cooler

 ट्रांजिस्टर 
 Bipolar transistors
 बीजेटी (BJT, "transistor") - NPN or PNP
 Photo transistor
 Darlington transistor - NPN or PNP
 Photo Darlington
 Sziklai pair (Compound transistor, complementary Darlington)
 Field effect transistor (FET)
 Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) - N-CHANNEL or P-CHANNEL
 Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) - N-CHANNEL or P-CHANNEL
 MEtal Semiconductor FET (MESFET)
 High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT)
 थाइरिस्टर
 UniJunction Transistor (UJT)
 Programmable UniJunction Transistor (PUT)
 एससीआर (SCR)
 Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor (SIT, SITh)
 TRIode for Alternating Current (TRIAC)
 Composite transistors
 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)--

 एकीकृत परिपथ 
 Digital
 Analog
 Hall effect sensor - Senses a magnetic field
 धारा संसूचक (Current sensor) - Senses a current through it

 संकर परिपथ (Hybrid Circuits) 
 प्रकाश इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी (Optoelectronics)
 Opto-Isolator, Opto-Coupler, Photo-Coupler - Photodiode, BJT, JFET, SCR, TRIAC, Zero-crossing TRIAC, Open collector IC, CMOS IC, Solid State Relay (SSR)
 Opto Switch, Opto Interrupter, Optical Switch, Optical Interrupter, Photo switch, Photo Interrupter
 LED Display - Seven-segment display, Sixteen-segment display, Dot matrix display

 प्रदर्शक अवयव (Display technologies) 
अद्यतन
 Filament lamp (indicator lamp)
 Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) (preformed characters, 7 segment, starburst)
 Cathode ray tube (CRT) (dot matrix scan (eg computer monitor), radial scan (eg radar), arbitrary scan (eg oscilloscope)) (monochrome & colour)
 एलसीडी (LCD) (preformed characters, dot matrix) (passive, TFT) (monochrome, colour)
 नियान (individual, 7 segment display)
 प्रकाश उत्सर्जक डायोड (LED) (individual, 7 segment display, starburst display, dot matrix)
 Flap indicator (numeric, preprinted messages)
 Plasma display (dot matrix)

पुरानी (Obsolete):
 Filament lamp 7 segment display (aka 'minitron')
 Nixie Tube
 Dekatron (aka glow transfer tube)
 Magic eye indicator
 Penetron (a 2 colour see-through CRT)

 वाल्व आदि (Thermionic Valve, Vacuum Tube) 
Active devices that operate in vacuum
 डायोड
 ट्रायोड
 टेट्रोड
 पेन्टोड
 Hexode
 Pentagrid
 Octode
 Barretter
 Nuvistor
 Compactron

माइक्रोवेव (Microwave)
 क्लाइस्ट्रॉन (Klystron)
 मैग्नेट्रॉन (Magnetron)

प्रकाशीय (Optical)
 फोटोडायोड (Photodiode)
 कैथोड किरण नलिका (Cathode ray tube / (CRT))
 Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)
 फोटोमल्टिप्लायर नलिका
 एक्स-रे नलिका

 डिस्चार्ज युक्तियाँ (Discharge devices) 
 Gas discharge tube

Obsolete:
 Mercury arc rectifier
 Voltage regulator tube
 Nixie tube
 Thyratron
 Ignitron

 असेम्बली आदि (Assemblies, modules) 
Multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component
 Oscillator
 Display devices
 Liquid crystal display (LCD)
 Filter
 Antennas
 Elemental dipole
 Biconical
 Yagi
 Phased array
 Magnetic dipole (loop)
 Parabolic dish
 Feedhorn, Waveguide

 प्रोटोटाइप के लिये सहायक अवयव (Prototyping aids) 
 Wire-wrap
 Breadboard

 यांत्रिक सहयुक्तियाँ (Mechanical accessories) 
 अन्तर्धारी (Enclosure)
 हीट सिंक
 हीट सिंक पेस्ट और पैड
 पंखा

 अन्य 
 पीसीबी (Printed circuit board)
 Lamp
 Memristor

अप्रयुक्त (Obsolete):
 Carbon amplifier (see Carbon microphones used as amplifiers)
 Carbon arc (negative resistance device)
 Dynamo (historic rf generator)

 मानक संक्षेपण (Standard abbreviations) 
 उद्योगजगत में प्रयुक्त एलेक्ट्रानिक अवयवों के नामों के संक्षिप्त रुप
 AE: aerial, antenna
 B: battery
 BR: bridge rectifier
 C: capacitor
 CRT:cathode ray tube
 D or CR: diode
 DSP:digital signal processor
 F: fuse
 FET:field effect transistor
 GDT: gas discharge tube
 IC: integrated circuit
 J: wire link ("jumper")
 JFET: junction gate field-effect transistor
 L: inductor
 LCD:Liquid crystal display
 LDR: light dependent resistor
 LED: light emitting diode
 LS: speaker
 M: motor
 MCB: Miniature circuit breaker
 Mic: microphone
 MOSFET:Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
 Ne: neon lamp
 OP: Operational Amplifier
 PCB: printed circuit board
 PU: pickup
 Q: transistor
 R: resistor
 RLA: RY: relay
 SCR: silicon controlled rectifier
 SW: switch
 T: transformer
 TFT:thin film transistor(display)
 TH: thermistor
 TP: test point
 Tr: transistor
 U: integrated circuit
 V: valve (tube)
 VC: variable capacitor
 VFD: vacuum fluorescent display
 VLSI:very large scale integration
 VR: variable resistor
 X: crystal, ceramic resonator
 XMER: transformer
 XTAL: crystal
 Z or ZD: Zener diode

 सन्दर्भ 

 इन्हें भी देखें 
 एलेक्ट्रॉनिक प्रतीक (Electronic symbols)
 वैद्युत परिपथ
 परिपथ आरेख (Circuit diagram)
 वैद्युत अवयव (Electrical element)
 4000 श्रेणी के एकीकृत परिपथों की सूची

 बाहरी कड़ियाँ 
 Thermocouple(तापयुग्म)

श्रेणी:विद्युत परिपथ
श्रेणी:वैद्युत अवयव