औषधि एवं स्वास्थ्य प्रौद्योगिकी का इतिहास

== प्राचीन ==

 c. 2600s ईसा पूर्व - Imhotep wrote texts on ancient Egyptian medicine describing diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases in 3rd dynasty Egypt.
 c. 2596 BC¹ - The legendary date of composition of Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine), which lays the framework for the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine
 c. 1500 BC¹ - Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
 c. 500 BC¹ - सुश्रुत ने सुश्रुत संहिता नामक आयुर्वेद के ग्रंथ की रचना की जिसमें १२० शल्य चिकित्सा के उपकरणों एवं ३०० शल्य-प्रक्रियाओं का वर्णन है। उन्होने मानव के शल्यक्रिया को ८ वर्गों में बांटा तथा कॉस्मेटिक शल्यक्रिया का वर्णन किया है।
 c. 500 BC - Bian Que becomes the earliest physician known to use acupuncture and pulse diagnosis.
 420 BC - Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath, marking the birth of medicine in the west.
 300 BC - Charaka writes the Ayurvedic text Charaka Samhita which uses a rational approach to the causes and cure of disease and uses objective methods of clinical examination.
 280 BC - Herophilus studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves
 250 BC - Erasistratus studies the brain and distinguishes between the cerebrum and cerebellum
 50-70 - Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica - a precursor of modern pharmacopeias that was in use for almost 1600 years
 180 - Galen studies the connection between paralysis and severance of the spinal cord
 220 - Zhang Zhongjing publishes Shang Han Lun (On Cold Disease Damage), the oldest complete medical textbook in the world, focusing on diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
 215-282 - Life of Huangfu Mi, who wrote the Zhenjiu Jiayijing (The ABC Compendium of Acupuncture), the first textbook focusing solely on acupuncture.

 मध्यकाल 

 750 - माधव ने निदान नामक आयुर्वेदिक ग्रन्थ की रचना की जिसमें उन्होने रोगों का उनके कारण, लक्षण एवं जटिलताओं सहित सूची दी है।
 c. 800-873 - Al-Kindi (Alkindus) introduces quantification into medicine with his De Gradibus
 c. 830-870 - Hunayn ibn Ishaq translates Galen's works into Arabic

 c. 838-870 - Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, a pioneer of pediatrics and the field of child development, writes the first encyclopedia of medicine.Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [361]

 c. 865-925 - Rhazes pioneers pediatrics,David W. Tschanz, PhD (2003), "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2). and makes the first clear distinction between smallpox and measles in his al-Hawi. He also writes the Doubts about Galen, where he refutes Galen's theory of humorism using an experiment.

 1000 - Abulcasis establishes surgery as a profession of in his Kitab al-Tasrif, which remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 16th century. The book first introduced the plaster,Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshhold Of A New Millennium – II , The Milli Gazette. inhalant anesthesia, and many surgical instruments, including the first instruments unique to women,Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 (4), p. 475-479 [476]. Oxford University Press. as well as the surgical uses of catgut and forceps, the ligature, surgical needle, scalpel, curette, retractor, surgical spoon, sound, surgical hook, surgical rod, specula,Khaled al-Hadidi (1978), "The Role of Muslim Scholars in Oto-rhino-Laryngology", The Egyptian Journal of O.R.L. 4 (1), p. 1-15. (cf. Ear, Nose and Throat Medical Practice in Muslim Heritage , Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization.) and bone saw.Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World , The Independent, 11 मार्च 2006.

 1021 - Alhazen completes his Book of Optics, which made important advances in ophthalmology and eye surgery, as it correctly explained the process of visual perception for the first time.

 c. 1030 - Avicenna writes The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, in which he establishes experimental medicine and evidence-based medicine. The Canon remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 18th century. The book's contributions to medicine includes the introduction of clinical trials, systematic experimentation and quantification in medicine and physiology,Katharine Park (March 1990). "Avicenna in Renaissance Italy: The Canon and Medical Teaching in Italian Universities after 1500 by Nancy G. Siraisi", The Journal of Modern History 62 (1), p. 169-170. the discovery of contagious diseases, the distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy, the contagious nature of phthisis, the distribution of diseases by water and soil, and the first careful descriptions of skin troubles, sexually transmitted diseases, perversions, and nervous ailments, as well the use of ice to treat fevers, and the separation of medicine from pharmacology, which was important to the development of the pharmaceutical sciences.

 1100-1161 - Avenzoar invents the surgical procedure of tracheotomy in al-Andalus.A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", AlShindagah 68, January-February 2006. He is also the first physician known to have carried out human dissections and postmortem autopsy, and proves that the skin disease scabies is caused by a parasite, which contradicted the erroneous theory of humorism.Islamic medicine , Hutchinson Encyclopedia. He was also the first to provide a real scientific etiology for the inflammatory diseases of the ear, and the first to clearly discuss the causes of stridor.Prof. Dr. Mostafa Shehata, "The Ear, Nose and Throat in Islamic Medicine", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2003 (1): 2-5 [4]. Modern anesthesia was also developed in al-Andalus by the Muslim anesthesiologists Ibn Zuhr and Abulcasis. They were the first to utilize oral as well as inhalant anesthetics, and they performed hundreds of surgeries under inhalant anesthesia with the use of narcotic-soaked sponges which were placed over the face.Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). Miracle of Islamic Science, Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0-911119-43-4.

 1242 - Ibn an-Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and discovers the pulmonary circulation (the cycle involving the ventricles of the heart and the lungs) and coronary circulation,Husain F. Nagamia (2003), "Ibn al-Nafīs: A Biographical Sketch of the Discoverer of Pulmonary and Coronary Circulation", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 1, p. 22–28. for which he is considered the pioneer of circulation theoryChairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", Heart Views 5 (2), p. 74-85 [80]. and one of the greatest physiologists.George Sarton (cf. Dr. Paul Ghalioungui (1982), "The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait)  (cf. The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation , Encyclopedia of Islamic World) He emphasized the rigours of verification by measurement, observation and experiment, and was an early proponent of experimental medicine, postmortem autopsy, and human dissection.Ingrid Hehmeyer and Aliya Khan (2007), "Islam's forgotten contributions to medical science", Canadian Medical Association Journal 176 (10), p. 1467-1468 [1467]. He also discredited many other erroneous Avicennian and Galenic doctrines on the four humours, pulse bones, muscles, intestines, sensory organs, bilious canals, esophagus, stomach, and the anatomy of other parts of the human body.Dr. Sulaiman Oataya (1982), "Ibn ul Nafis has dissected the human body", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibn ul-Nafis has Dissected the Human Body , Encyclopedia of Islamic World). Ibn al-Nafis also drew diagrams to illustrate different body parts in his new physiological system.Dr Ibrahim Shaikh (2001), Who Discovered Pulmonary Circulation, Ibn Al-Nafis or Harvey? , FSTC.

 c. 1248 - Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy, studied animal anatomy and medicine, and was a pioneer of veterinary medicine.

 1249 - Roger Bacon writes about convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness

 1300s - When the Black Death bubonic plague reached al-Andalus, Ibn Khatima hypothesized that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms which enter the human body.Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2002 (2): 2-9.

 1313-1374 - Ibn Khatima wrote a treatise called On the Plague, in which he establishes the existence of contagion through "experience, investigation, the evidence of the senses and trustworthy reports." He also discovers that "transmission is affected through garments, vessels and earrings."

 1403 - concave lens spectacles to treat myopia
 early 16th century: Paracelsus, an alchemist by trade, rejects occultism and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine

 १५०० - १८०० 

 1543 - एन्ड्रियास विसैलियस (Andreas Vesalius) ने "De Fabrica Corporis Humani" का प्रकाशन किया जिसके द्वारा आयुर्विज्ञान सम्बन्धी यूनानी गलतियों का सुधार हुआ एवं यूरोप में आयुर्विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में क्रान्ति आयी।
 1546 - Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entities
 1553 - Spanish physician Miguel Serveto describes the circulation of blood through the lungs. He is accused of heresy (for his theological ideas, not for his medical ideas) by Catholics and Protestants alike; burned at the stake for heresy the same year at age 44
 1556 - Amato Lusitano describes venous valves in the Ázigos vein
 1559 - Realdo Colombo describes the circulation of blood through the lungs in detail
 1563 - Garcia de Orta founds tropical medicine with his treatise on Indian diseases and treatments
 1596 - Li Shizhen publishes Běncǎo Gāngmù or Compendium of Materia Medica, containing 1,892 distinct herbs and other materia medica. There are some 11,096 side prescriptions to treat common illness.
 1603 - Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have valves which allow blood to flow only toward the heart
 1628 - William Harvey explains that the vein-artery system is a continuous loop and that the heart works like a pump to push blood in a one-way circuit through the body, in Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
 1701 - Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox innoculations in Europe. They were widely practised in the east before then.
 1736 - Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy
 1747 - James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy
 1785 - William Withering publishes "An Account of the Foxglove" the first systematic description of digitalis in treating dropsy
 1790s - Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice of bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy
 1796 - Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination method

 १८०० - अब तक 

 1800 - Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide
 1816 - Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope
 1818 - British obstetrician James Blundell performs the first successful human blood transfusion.
 1842 - Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anaesthesia with ether
 1847 - Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent puerperal fever, childbed fever, a blood infection passed to women during childbirth by their doctors. The fever killed one-third of mothers in some hospitals of the time.
 1849 - Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree
 1855 - first rubber condom
 1867 - Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, based partly on Pasteur's work.
 1870 - Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease
 1879 - first vaccine for cholera
 1881 - Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine
 1882 - Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine
 1890 - Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines
 1895 - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers medical use of X-rays in medical imaging
 1901 - Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types
 1901 - Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes known as Alzheimer's disease
 1906 - Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets
 1907 - Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness
 1908 - Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method
 1909 - First Intrauterine device described by Richard Richter.
 1917 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane
 1921 - Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets
 1921 - Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin - important for the treatment of diabetes
 1923 - First vaccine for Diphtheria
 1926 - First vaccine for Pertussis
 1927 - First vaccine for Tuberculosis
 1927 - First vaccine for Tetanus
 1928 - Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
 1929 - Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography
 1932 - Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus
 1933 - Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy
 1935 - Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy
 1935 - First vaccine for Yellow Fever
 1936 - Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases
 1938 - Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy
 1943 - Willem Kolff build the first dialysis machine
 1949 - First implant of intraocular lens, by Sir Harold Ridley
 1952 - Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine
 1957 - William Grey Walter invents the brain EEG topography (toposcope)
 1960 - Invention of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
 1960 - First combined oral contraceptive approved by the FDA
 1962 - First Oral Polio Vaccine
 1964 - First vaccine for Measles
 1965 - Frank Pantridge installs the first portable defibrillator
 1965 - First commercial ultrasound
 1967 - First vaccine for Mumps
 1967 - Christiaan Barnard performs first human heart transplant
 1970 - First vaccine for Rubella
 1971 - Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invents the first commercial CT scanner
 1976 - First commercial PET scanner
 1978 - Last fatal case of smallpox
 1980 - Raymond Damadian builds first commercial MRI scanner
 1981 - First vaccine for Hepatitis B
 1987 - Ben Carson, leading a 70-member medical team in Germany, was the first to separate occipital craniopagus twins.
 1992 - First vaccine for Hepatitis A available
 2003 - Carlo Urbani, of Doctors without Borders alerted the World Health Organization to the threat of the SARS virus, triggering the most effective response to an epidemic in history. Urbani succumbs to the disease himself in less than a month.
 2005 - Jean-Michel Dubernard performs the first partial face transplant
 2006 - First HPV vaccine approved
 2006 - Second rotavirus vaccine approved (first was withdrawn)
 2008 - Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant

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श्रेणी:आयुर्विज्ञान
श्रेणी:इतिहास
श्रेणी:प्रौद्योगिकी