उर्जा रूपान्तरण की दक्षता

उर्जा का रूपान्तरण करने वाली किसी मशीन या तन्त्र के निर्गम (आउटपुट) और निवेश (इनपुट) उर्जाओं के अनुपात (रेशियो) को उस मशीन की उर्जा रूपान्तरण की दक्षता (Energy conversion efficiency) कहते हैं।

उर्जा रूपान्तरण की दक्षता के कुछ प्रमुख उदाहरण 

 ऊर्जा-रूपान्तरण का प्रक्रम ऊर्जा-रूपान्तरण का प्रकार ऊर्जा दक्षताविद्युत उत्पादन गैस टर्बाइन ऊष्मा से विद्युत ऊर्जा 40% तक गैस टर्बाइन के साथ भाप टरबाइन (संयुक्त चक्र) ऊष्मा से विद्युत ऊर्जा 60% तक जल टर्बाइन गुरुत्वीय से विद्युत 90% तक (व्यावहारिक रूप में प्राप्त किया गया) पवन टर्बाइन Kinetic to electrical up to 59% (theoretical limit) सौर सेल Radiative to electrical 6–40% (technology-dependent, 15-20% most often, 85–90% theoretical limit) ईंधन सेल रासायनिक ऊर्जा से विद्युत ऊर्जा up to 85% विश्व का कुल विद्युत उत्पादन (2008 में) Gross output 39% Net output 33%IEC/OECD 2008 Energy Balance for World , accessdate 2011-06-08Electricity storage लिथियम-ऑयन बैटरी Chemical to electrical/reversible 80–90% Valøen, Lars Ole and Shoesmith, Mark I. (2007). The effect of PHEV and HEV duty cycles on battery and battery pack performance (PDF). 2007 Plug-in Highway Electric Vehicle Conference: Proceedings. Retrieved 11 June 2010. Nickel-metal hydride battery Chemical to electrical/reversible 66% "NiMH Battery Charging Basics". PowerStream.com. Lead-acid battery Chemical to electrical/reversible 50–95% PowerSonic, Technical Manual (PDF), p. 19, retrieved January 2014Engine/motor Combustion engine Chemical to kinetic 10–50% Electric motor Electrical to kinetic 70–99.99% (> 200 W); 50–90% (10–200 W); 30–60% (< 10 W)TurbofanChemical to kinetic20-40%Natural process Photosynthesis Radiative to chemical 0.1% (average)Govindjee, What is photosynthesis?  to 2% (best);The Green Solar Collector; converting sunlight into algal biomass  Wageningen University project (2005—2008) up to 6% in principle (see main: Photosynthetic efficiency) Muscle Chemical to kinetic 14–27%Appliance Household refrigerator Electrical to thermal low-end systems ~ 20%; high-end systems ~ 40–50% Incandescent light bulb Electrical to radiative 0.7–5.1%,Luminous efficacy#Lighting efficiency 5–10% Light-emitting diode (LED) Electrical to radiative 4.2–53%  Fluorescent lamp Electrical to radiative 8.0–15.6%, 28% Low-pressure sodium lamp Electrical to radiative 15.0–29.0%, 40.5% Metal-halide lamp Electrical to radiative 9.5–17.0%, 24% Switched-mode power supply Electrical to electrical currently up to 96% practically Electric shower Electrical to thermal 90–95% (multiply by the energy efficiency of electricity generation to compare with other water-heating systems) Electric heater Electrical to thermal ~100% (essentially all energy is converted into heat, multiply by the energy efficiency of electricity generation to compare with other heating systems)Others Firearm Chemical to kinetic ~30% (.300 Hawk ammunition) Electrolysis of water Electrical to chemical 50–70% (80–94% theoretical maximum)

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