परजीवी सूची (मानव)

अन्त:परजीवी (Endoparasites) 
 प्रोटोजोवा 

जन्तु या उससे उत्पन्न रोग का नामलैटिन नाम (sorted)शरीर का प्रभावित अंग/भाग Diagnostic specimenPrevalenceस्रोत/ प्रसार (Reservoir/ Vector)BabesiosisBabesia B. divergens, B. bigemina, B. equi, B. microfti, B. duncanired blood cellsGiemsa-stained thin blood smearNew York, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket (different species have worldwide distribution) tick bitesBalantidiasisBalantidium coliintestinal mucosastoolBlastocystosisBlastocystisintestinaldirect microscopy of stool (PCR, anti body)2 - 20% of populationeating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animalCoccidiaCryptosporidiumintestinesstoolwidespreadDientamoebiasisDientamoeba fragilisintestinesstoolup to 10% in industrialized countriesingesting water or food contaminated with fecesAmoebiasisEntamoeba histolyticaIntestinesstoolareas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regions feco-oral transmissionGiardiaGiardia lamblialumen of the small intestinestoolwidespreadingestion of dormant cysts in fecal contaminated water or foodIsosporiasisIsospora belliepithelial cells of small intestinesstoolworldwide - less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidiumfecal oral routeLeishmaniasisLeishmaniacutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceralvisual identification of lesion or microscopic stain with Leishman's or Giemsa's stain Visceral leishmaniasis- Worldwide; Cutaneous leishmaniasis - Old World; Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - New World Phlebotomus - bite of several species of nocturnal phlebotomus sandfliesPrimary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)Cogo PE, Scaglia M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis, Italy  Emerging Infectious Diseases [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct; accessed Jan 2009Bennett, Nicholas John State University of New York Upstate Medical University
Domachowske, Joseph;  Khan, Asad A Louisiana State University Health Science Center; King, John W; Cross, J Thomas Naegleria  eMedicine; accessed Jan 2009Naegleria fowleribrainculturerare but deadlyNasal insufflation of contaminated warm fresh water, poorly chlorinated swimming pools, hot springs, soilMalariaPlasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariaered blood cellsBlood filmtropical - 250 million cases/yearAnopheles mosquito, bites at nightRhinosporidiosisRhinosporidium seeberinose, nasopharynxreservoir water and soilIndia and Sri Lankanasal mucosa came into contact with infected material through bathing in common pondsToxoplasmosis - Parasitic pneumoniaToxoplasma gondiieyes, brain, heart, liverblood and PCRwidespread - up to one third of all humansingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasma bradyzoites, ingestion of raw milk with Toxoplasma tachyzoites, ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with oocysts in cat feces that is more than one day oldTrichomoniasisTrichomonas vaginalisfemale urogenital tract (males asymptomatic)microscopic examination of genital swab7.4 million Americanssexually transmitted diseaseSleeping sicknessTrypanosoma bruceiblood lymph and central nervous systemsmicroscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow50,000 to 70,000 peopletsetse fly, bites at nightChagas diseaseTrypanosoma cruzicolon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and bloodGiemsa stain - bloodMexico, Central America, South America - 16-18 millionTriatoma/Reduviidae - Insect Vector, bites at night

 कृमि 
Common name of organism or diseaseLatin name (sorted)Body parts affectedDiagnostic specimenPrevalenceTransmission/VectorAncylostomiasis/HookwormAncylostoma duodenale, Necator americanuslungs, small intestine, bloodstoolcommon in tropical, warm, moist climatespenetration of skin by L3 larvaRoundworm - Parasitic pneumoniaAscaris sp. Ascaris lumbricoidesIntestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Löffler's syndromestoolcommon in tropical and subtropical regionsRoundwormBaylisascaris Baylisascaris procyonis, Baylisascaris melis, Baylisascaris transfuga, Baylisascaris columnaris, Baylisascaris devosi, Baylisascaris laevis  depending on species: ingestion of material contaminated by stool from raccoons, badgers, bears, otters, martensBrugia malayi, Brugia timori
|lymph nodes
|blood samples
|tropical regions of Asia
|Arthropods
|-
|Tapeworm - Tapeworm infection
|Cestoda|intestine
|stool
|rare
|
|-
|Clonorchiasis
|Clonorchis sinensis; Clonorchis viverrini 
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|Dicrocoelium dendriticum|gall bladder
|
|rare
|ingestion of ants
|-
|Diphyllobothriasis - tapeworm
|Diphyllobothrium latum|intestines, blood
|stool (microscope)
|Europe, Japan, Uganda, Peru, Chile
|ingestion of raw fresh water fish
|-
|Guinea worm - Dracunculiasis
|Dracunculus medinensis|subcutaneous tissues, muscle
|skin blister/ulcer
|sub-Saharan Africa, arid regions
|
|-
|Echinococcosis - tapeworm
|Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus|liver, lungs, kidney, spleen
|imaging of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen
|Mediterranean countries
|as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore; as definite host, ingestion of uncooked meat (offal) from a herbivore
|-
|
|Echinostoma echinatum|small intestine
|
|Far East
|ingestion of raw fish, mollusks, snails
|-
|Liver fluke - FasciolosisYılmaza, Hasan; Gödekmerdan, Ahmet Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey  doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.04.009 
|Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica|liver, gall blader
|stool
|Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, the Americas and Oceania; Fasciola gigantica only in Africa and Asia, 2.4 million people infected by both species
|freshwater snails 
|-
|Fasciolopsiasis - intestinal flukeCenters for Disease Control and Prevention Fasciolopsiasis 
|Fasciolopsis buski|intestines
|stool or vomitus (microscope)
|East Asia - 10 million people
|ingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails)
|-
|GnathostomiasisTolan, Robert W Gnathostomiasis  eMedicine, updated Feb 2008
|Gnathostoma spinigerum, Gnathostoma hispidum|subcutaneous tissues (under the skin) 
|physical examination
|rare - Southeast Asia
|ingestion of raw or undercooked meat (eg, freshwater fish, chicken, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water
|-
|HymenolepiasisTolan, Robert W Jr Hymenolepiasis  eMedicine; updated Feb 2008
|Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta|
|
|
|ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, meal worms, cockroaches
|-
|Loa loa filariasis, Calabar swellings
|Loa loa filaria|Connective tissue, lungs, eye
|blood (Giemsa, haematoxylin, eosin stain)
|rain forest of West Africa - 12-13 million people
|Tabanidae - horse fly, bites in the day
|-
|Mansonelliasis, Filariasis
|Mansonella streptocerca|subcutaneous layer of skin
|
|
|insect
|- 
|Metagonimiasis - intestinal fluke
|Metagonimus yokogawai|
|stool
|Siberia, Manchuria, Balkan states, Israel, Spain
|ingestion of undercooked or salted fish
|-
|Chinese Liver Fluke
|Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis|bile duct
|
|1.5 million people in Russia 
|consuming infected raw, slightly salted or frozen fish
|-
|Paragonimiasis, Lung Fluke
|Paragonimus westermani; Paragonimus africanus; Paragonimus caliensis; Paragonimus kellicotti; Paragonimus skrjabini; Paragonimus uterobilateralis|lungs
|sputum, feces
|East Asia
|ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans
|-
|Anisakiasis
|Anisakis|allergic reaction
|biopsy
|incidental host
|ingestion of raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus
|-
|Pinworm - Enterobiasis
|Enterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregorii 
|intestines, anus
|stool; tape test around anus 
|widespread; temperate regions
|
|-
|Whipworm
|Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpis|large intestine, anus
|stool (eggs)
|common worldwide
|accidental ingestion of eggs in dry goods such as beans, rice, and various grains or soil contaminated with human feces
|- 
|Trichinosis
|Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella nativa|muscle, periorbital region, small intestine
|blood
|more common in developing countries due to improved feeding practices in developed countries.
|ingestion of undercooked pork
|-
|ElephantiasisLymphatic filariasis
|Wuchereria bancrofti|lymphatic system
|thick blood smears stained with hematoxylin.
|Tropical and subtropical
|mosquito, bites at night
|-
|River blindness
|Onchocerca volvulus, Onchocerciasis 
|skin, eye, tissue
|bloodless skin snip
|Africa, Yemen, Central and South America near cool, fast flowing rivers
|Simulium/Black fly, bite during the day
|-
|Schistosomiasis - bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever
|Schistosoma mansoni - intestinal schistosomiasis; Schistosoma haematobium - urinary schistosomiasis; Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi - Asian intestinal schistosomiasis
|Schistosoma haematobium - kidney, bladder, ureters, lungs, skin; Schistosoma mansoni/Schistosoma japonicum - intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin
|Schistosoma haematobium - urine; Schistosoma mansoni/Schistosoma japonicum - stool
| Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East - 200 million people 
|skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Neritoidea - fresh water snails
|-
|Sparganosis
|Spirometra erinaceieuropaei|
|
|
|ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat feces (humans: dead-end host)
|-
|Strongyloidiasis - Parasitic pneumonia
|Strongyloides stercoralis|Intestines, lungs, skin (Larva currens)
|stool, blood
|
|skin penetration
|-
|Beef tapeworm
|Taenia saginata|Intestines
|stool
|worldwide distribution
|ingestion of undercooked beef
|-
|Pork tapeworm
|Taenia solium|
|
|
|ingestion of undercooked pork
|-
|Toxocariasis
|Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati|liver, brain, eyes (Toxocara canis - Visceral larva migrans, Ocular larva migrans)
|blood, ocular examination
|worldwide distribution
|pica, unwashed food contamined with Toxocara eggs, undercooked livers of chicken
|-
|Swimmer's itch
|Trichobilharzia regenti, Schistosomatidae|
|
|
|skin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates)
|- 
|Dioctophyme renalis infection
|Dioctophyme renale''kidneys (typically the right)UrineWorldwideIngestion of undercooked or raw freshwater fish

 अन्य जीव 

Common name of organism or diseaseLatin name (sorted)Body parts affectedDiagnostic specimenPrevalenceTransmission/Vectorparasitic wormArchiacanthocephalaMyiasisOestroidea, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidaedead or living tissue

 वाह्य परजीवी (Ectoparasites) 

जन्तु या उससे उत्पन्न रोग का नामवैज्ञानिक नाम (sorted)शरीर का प्रभावित भाग/अंगनैदानिक नमूना (Diagnostic specimen)PrevalenceTransmission/VectorBedbug Cimicidae Cimex lectulariusskinvisualsharing of clothing and beddingHead louse - PediculosisPediculus humanushair folliclesvisual identification under magnificationhead-to-head contactBody louse - PediculosisPediculus humanus corporisvisual identification under magnification (Vagabond's disease)skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or beddingCrab louse - PediculosisPhthirus pubispubic area, eye lashesvisual identification under magnificationskin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or beddingScabiesSarcoptes scabieiskinmicroscopy of surface scrapingsskin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding

 सन्दर्भ 

 A List of Human Intestinal Parasites accessed May 2008

श्रेणी:परजीवी