प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

कार्बनिक रसायन में, किसी अणु में उपस्थित परमाणुओं या बन्धों का वह विशिष्ट समूह जो उस कार्बनिक यौगिक के रासायनिक गुणों का निर्धारण करता है, प्रकार्यात्मक समूह (फंक्शनल ग्रुप) कहलाता है। विभिन्न अणुओं में उपस्थित प्रकार्यात्मक समूह एक ही या समान रासायनिक अभिक्रिया प्रदर्शित करेगा, चाहे अणु का आकार छोटा हो या बड़ा। 

 प्रमुख प्रकार्यात्मक समूहों की सारणी 

 हाइड्रोकार्बन 
 रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण ऐल्केन Alkane  Alkyl R(CH2)nH 75px|Alkyl alkyl-  -ane 75px|methaneEthane ऐल्कीन Alkene  Alkenyl R2C=CR2 75px|Alkene alkenyl-  -ene 75px|ethyleneEthylene(Ethene) ऐल्काइन Alkyne  Alkynyl RC≡CR' 100px|Alkyne alkynyl-  -yne 100px|acetyleneAcetylene(Ethyne) बेंजीन व्युत्पादBenzene derivative फेनिलPhenyl RC6H5RPh 75px|Phenyl phenyl-  -benzene 55px|CumeneCumene(2-phenylpropane) टॉल्यूइन व्युत्पादToluene  बेंजिल Benzyl RCH2C6H5RBn 75px|Benzyl benzyl- 1-(substituent)toluene 75px|Benzyl bromideBenzyl bromide(α-Bromotoluene)

 हाइड्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह 
 रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण haloalkane  halo RX 50px|Halide group halo-  alkyl halide 75px|ChloroethaneChloroethane(Ethyl chloride) fluoroalkane  fluoro RF 50px|Fluoro group fluoro-  alkyl fluoride 75px|FluoromethaneFluoromethane(Methyl fluoride) chloroalkane  chloro RCl 50px|Chloro group chloro-  alkyl chloride 75px|ChloromethaneChloromethane(Methyl chloride) bromoalkane  bromo RBr 50px|Bromo group bromo-  alkyl bromide 75px|BromomethaneBromomethane(Methyl bromide) iodoalkane  iodo RI 50px|Iodo group iodo-  alkyl iodide 75px|IodomethaneIodomethane(Methyl iodide)

 आक्सीजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह 
 रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण ऐल्कोहॉलAlcohol  Hydroxyl ROH 75px|Hydroxyl hydroxy-  -ol 75px|methanolMethanol कीटोन Ketone  Carbonyl RCOR' Ketone|75px -oyl- (-COR')oroxo- (=O)  -one 75px|ButanoneButanone(Methyl ethyl ketone) ऐल्डिहाइडAldehyde  ऐल्डिहाइड RCHO 75px|Aldehyde formyl- (-COH)oroxo- (=O) -al 75px|acetaldehydeAcetaldehyde(Ethanal) Acyl halide  Haloformyl RCOX 75px|Acyl halide carbonofluoridoyl-carbonochloridoyl-carbonobromidoyl-carbonoiodidoyl-  -oyl halide 75px|Acetyl chlorideAcetyl chloride(Ethanoyl chloride)Carbonate Carbonate ester ROCOOR 75px|Carbonate (alkoxycarbonyl)oxy- alkyl carbonate 90px|triphosgeneTriphosgene(bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate) Carboxylate Carboxylate  RCOO− 75px|Carboxylate
75px|Carboxylate carboxy-  -oate 75px|Sodium acetateSodium acetate(Sodium ethanoate) Carboxylic acid Carboxyl  RCOOH 75px|Carboxylic acid carboxy-  -oic acid 75px|Acetic acidAcetic acid(Ethanoic acid) Ester  Ester RCOOR' Ester|75px alkanoyloxy-oralkoxycarbonyl alkyl alkanoate 75px|Ethyl butyrateEthyl butyrate(Ethyl butanoate) Methoxy  Methoxy ROCH3 75px|Methoxy methoxy- Hydroperoxide Hydroperoxy ROOH 75px|Hydroperoxy hydroperoxy- alkyl hydroperoxide 75px|tert-Butyl hydroperoxidetert-Butyl hydroperoxide Peroxide Peroxy ROOR 75px|Peroxy peroxy- alkyl peroxide 75px|Di-tert-butyl peroxideDi-tert-butyl peroxide Ether  Ether ROR' 75px|Ether alkoxy- alkyl ether 75px|Diethyl etherDiethyl ether(Ethoxyethane) Hemiacetal  Hemiacetal RCH(OR')(OH) 75px|Hemiacetal alkoxy -ol -al alkyl hemiacetal  Hemiketal  Hemiketal RC(ORʺ)(OH)R' 75px|Hemiketal alkoxy -ol -one alkyl hemiketal  Acetal  Acetal RCH(OR')(OR") 75px|Acetal dialkoxy- -al dialkyl acetal  Ketal (or Acetal)  Ketal (or Acetal)  75px|Ketal dialkoxy- -one dialkyl ketal  Orthoester  Orthoester  75px|Orthoester trialkoxy-   Heterocycle  Methylenedioxy  75px|Methylenedioxy chemical structure. methylenedioxy- -dioxole 75px1,2-Methylenedioxybenzene(1,3-Benzodioxole) Orthocarbonate ester  Orthocarbonate ester  75px|Orthocarbonate ester tetralkoxy- tetraalkyl orthocarbonate 

 नाइट्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह 

 रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण Amide  Carboxamide RCONR2 75px|Amide carboxamido-orcarbamoyl- -amide 75px|acetamideAcetamide(Ethanamide) Amines Primary amine RNH2 75px|Primary amine amino-  -amine 75px|methylamineMethylamine(Methanamine) Secondary amine R2NH 75px|Secondary amine amino-  -amine 75px|dimethylamineDimethylamine Tertiary amine R3N 75px|Tertiary amine amino-  -amine 75px|trimethylamineTrimethylamine 4° ammonium ion R4N+ 75px|Quaternary ammonium cation ammonio-  -ammonium 150px|cholineCholine Imine Primary ketimine RC(=NH)R' 75px|Imine imino-  -imine  Secondary ketimine RC(=NR)R'
| 75px|Imine
| imino- || -imine
| 
|-
| Primary aldimine
| RC(=NH)H
| 75px|Imine
| imino- || -imine
| 150px|EthanimineEthanimine
|-
| Secondary aldimine
| RC(=NR')H
| 75px|Imine
| imino- || -imine
| 
|-
| Imide || Imide
| (RCO)2NR'
| 75px|Imide
| imido-
| -imide
| 75px|SuccinimideSuccinimide(Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione)
|-
| Azide
| Azide
| RN3
| 75px|Organoazide
| azido- || alkyl azide
| 75px|Phenyl azidePhenyl azide(Azidobenzene)
|-
| Azo compound
| Azo(Diimide)
| RN2R'
| 75px|Azo.pngl
| azo- || -diazene
| 150px|Methyl orangeMethyl orange(p-dimethylamino-azobenzenesulfonic acid)
|- 
| rowspan=2|Cyanates
| Cyanate || ROCN
| 75px|Cyanate
| cyanato-
| alkyl cyanate
|75px|Methyl cyanateMethyl cyanate
|-
| Isocyanate || RNCO
| 75px|Isocyanate
| isocyanato-
| alkyl isocyanate
| 75px|Methyl isocyanateMethyl isocyanate
|-
| Nitrate || Nitrate
| RONO2
| 75px|Nitrate
| nitrooxy-, nitroxy- || 
alkyl nitrate
| 150px|Amyl nitrateAmyl nitrate(1-nitrooxypentane)|-
| rowspan=2|Nitrile 
| Nitrile
| RCN
| 75px|Nitrile
| cyano-
| alkanenitrilealkyl cyanide
| 75px|BenzonitrileBenzonitrile(Phenyl cyanide)|-
| Isonitrile || RNC
| 75px|Isocyanide
| isocyano-
| alkaneisonitrilealkyl isocyanide
| 90px|Methyl isocyanideMethyl isocyanide
|-
| Nitrite || Nitrosooxy
| RONO
| 75px|Nitrite
| nitrosooxy- ||
alkyl nitrite
| 150px|Amyl nitriteIsoamyl nitrite(3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutane)'' Nitro compound Nitro RNO2 75px|Nitro nitro-    75px|NitromethaneNitromethane Nitroso compound Nitroso  RNO 75px|Nitroso nitroso- (Nitrosyl-)    75px|NitrosobenzeneNitrosobenzene Pyridine derivative Pyridyl RC5H4N 
75px|4-pyridyl group
75px|3-pyridyl group
75px|2-pyridyl group 
4-pyridyl(pyridin-4-yl)

3-pyridyl(pyridin-3-yl)

2-pyridyl(pyridin-2-yl) -pyridine 75px|NicotineNicotine

 गंधक वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह 
 रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण Thiol Sulfhydryl RSH 75px|Sulfhydryl sulfanyl-(-SH) -thiol 75px|EthanethiolEthanethiol Sulfide(Thioether) Sulfide RSR' 75px|Sulfide group substituent sulfanyl-(-SR') di(substituent) sulfide130px|Dimethyl sulfide(Methylsulfanyl)methane (prefix) orDimethyl sulfide (suffix) Disulfide  Disulfide RSSR' 75px|Disulfide  substituent disulfanyl-(-SSR') di(substituent) disulfide130px|Dimethyl disulfide(Methyldisulfanyl)methane (prefix) orDimethyl disulfide (suffix) Sulfoxide Sulfinyl RSOR' 75px|Sulfinyl group -sulfinyl-(-SOR') di(substituent) sulfoxide 130px|DMSO(Methanesulfinyl)methane (prefix) orDimethyl sulfoxide (suffix) Sulfone Sulfonyl RSO2R' 75px|Sulfonyl group -sulfonyl-(-SO2R') di(substituent) sulfone 75px|Dimethyl sulfone(Methanesulfonyl)methane (prefix) orDimethyl sulfone (suffix) Sulfinic acid  Sulfino RSO2H 75px sulfino-(-SO2H) -sulfinic acid 75px|Hypotaurine2-Aminoethanesulfinic acid Sulfonic acid  Sulfo RSO3H 75px|Sulfonyl group sulfo-(-SO3H) -sulfonic acid 75px|Benzenesulfonic acidBenzenesulfonic acidThiocyanate  Thiocyanate  RSCN 75px|Thiocyanate thiocyanato-(-SCN) substituent thiocyanate 100px|Phenyl thiocyanatePhenyl thiocyanate Isothiocyanate  RNCS 75px|Isothiocyanate isothiocyanato-(-NCS) substituent isothiocyanate 100px|Allyl isothiocyanateAllyl isothiocyanate Thione Carbonothioyl RCSR' 60px|Thione -thioyl-(-CSR')orsulfanylidene-(=S) -thione 75px|DiphenylmethanethioneDiphenylmethanethione(Thiobenzophenone) Thial Carbonothioyl RCSH 60px|Thial methanethioyl-(-CSH)orsulfanylidene-(=S) -thial 

 फॉस्फोरस वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह 
 रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण Phosphine(Phosphane)  Phosphino R3P 75px|A tertiary phosphine phosphanyl-  -phosphane 75px|MethylpropylphosphaneMethylpropylphosphane Phosphonic acid  Phosphono RP(=O)(OH)2 75px|Phosphono group phosphono- substituent phosphonic acid 75px|Benzylphosphonic acidBenzylphosphonic acid Phosphate  Phosphate ROP(=O)(OH)2 75px|Phosphate group phosphonooxy-orO-phosphono- (phospho-) substituent phosphate 75px|Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (suffix) 75px|PhosphocholineO-Phosphonocholine (prefix)(Phosphocholine)PhosphodiesterPhosphateHOPO(OR)275px|Phosphodiester[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-orO-[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]-di(substituent) hydrogen phosphateorphosphoric acid di(substituent) ester DNA O‑[(2‑Guanidinoethoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]‑‑serine (prefix)(Lombricine)

 बोरॉन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह 

 रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण Boronic acid  Borono  RB(OH)2  70px  Borono-  substituentboronic acid  70px|Phenylboronic acidPhenylboronic acid Boronic ester  Boronate  RB(OR)2  70px  O-[bis(alkoxy)alkylboronyl]-  substituentboronic aciddi(substituent) ester   Borinic acid  Borino  R2BOH  70px  Hydroxyborino-  di(substituent)borinic acid   Borinic ester  Borinate  R2BOR  70px  O-[alkoxydialkylboronyl]-  di(substituent)borinic acidsubstituent ester  140px|2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borateDiphenylborinic acid 2-aminoethyl ester(2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate)

श्रेणी:प्रकार्यात्मक समूह
श्रेणी:कार्बनिक यौगिक