राजतरंगिणी

राजतरंगिणी, कल्हण द्वारा रचित एक संस्कृत ग्रन्थ है। 'राजतरंगिणी' का शाब्दिक अर्थ है - राजाओं की नदी, जिसका भावार्थ है - 'राजाओं का इतिहास या समय-प्रवाह'। यह कविता के रूप में है। इसमें कश्मीर का इतिहास वर्णित है जो महाभारत काल से आरम्भ होता है। राजतरंगिणी का इतिहास सप्तर्षि संवत् के माध्यम से लिखा गया । इसका रचना काल सन ११४७ से ११४९ तक बताया जाता है । इस पुस्तक के अनुसार कश्मीर का नाम "कश्यपमेरु" था जो ब्रह्मा के पुत्र ऋषि मरीचि के पुत्र थे। 

राजतरंगिणी के प्रथम तरंग में बताया गया है कि सबसे पहले कश्मीर में पांडवों के सबसे छोटे भाई सहदेव ने राज्य की स्थापना की थी और उस समय कश्मीर में केवल वैदिक धर्म ही प्रचलित था। फिर सन 273 ईसा पूर्व कश्मीर में बौद्ध धर्म का आगमन हुआ।

१९वीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्ध में औरेल स्टीन (Aurel Stein) ने पण्डित गोविन्द कौल के सहयोग से राजतरंगिणी का अंग्रेजी अनुवाद कराया।

राजतरंगिणी एक निष्पक्ष और निर्भय ऐतिहासिक कृति है। स्वयं कल्हण ने राजतरंगिणी में कहा है कि एक सच्चे इतिहास लेखक की वाणी को न्यायाधीश के समान राग-द्वेष-विनिर्मुक्त होना चाहिए, तभी उसकी प्रशंसा हो सकती है-

श्लाध्यः स एव गुणवान् रागद्वेषबहिष्कृता।
भूतार्थकथने यस्य स्थेयस्येव सरस्वती॥ (राजतरंगिणी, १/७)

कल्हण के अनुसार बुद्ध और अशोक के समयकाल में अन्तर -
तदा भगवतः शाक्यसिंहस्य परनिवृर्तेः ।। अस्मिन्महीलोकधातो सार्धवर्षशंत हगात ।। 
-राजतरंगिणी 1:172 
हिन्दी अनुवाद - उस समय भगवान् शाक्य सिंह का इस महीलोक में परिनिर्वाण हुए 150 वर्ष व्यतीत हो चुके थे।

<blockquote>
अथाऽशोककुलोत्पन्नोयद्वाऽन्याभिजनोद्भवः ।
भूमि दामोदरो नाम जुगोप जगतीपतिः ।।१५३॥
~राजतरंगिणी 1.143
 </blockquote>अनुवाद: जलौक, जो अशोक के वंश में पैदा हुआ, उनके एक जगतपति तेजस्वी पुत्र हुवे जिनका नाम दामोदर रखा।''

संरचना
राजतरंगिणी में आठ तरंग (अर्थात, अध्याय) और संस्कृत में कुल ७८२६ श्लोक हैं। इस पुस्तक के प्रथम तीन अध्याय कश्मीर की पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी से आ रही मौखिक परंपराओं का चित्रण है। अगले तीन अध्याय भी इतिवृत्तात्मक ही हैं। केवल अंतिम दो अध्याय कल्हण की व्यक्तिगत जानकारी एवं ग्रंथावलोकन पर आधारित हैं। 

कल्हण की इस पुस्तिका के तीन घोषित उद्देश्य हैं-
(१) पुराने राजवंशों की जानकारी देना; 
(२) पाठकों का मनोरंजन करना, 
(३) अतीत से शिक्षा लेना। 
स्पष्ट है पुस्तक के मूल उद्देश्य इतिहासेतर हैं। आश्चर्य नहीं, ए॰एल॰ वैशम की टिप्पणी है कि कल्हण राजतरंगिणी में तथ्यों से कम नैतिकता से अधिक संबंधित है। लेकिन इतना जरूर कहना होगा कि राजतरंगिणी भारतीय इतिहास-लेखन का प्रस्थान-बिन्दु है।

राजाओं की सूची
राजतरंगिणी में वर्णित कश्मीर के राजाओं की सूची नीचे दी गयी है। कोष्टक में पहले 'तरंग संख्या और फिर श्लोक संख्या लिखी गयी है, जैसे (IV.678) का अर्थ है तरंग ४ एवं श्लोक 678। सारांश जे सी दत्त के अनुवाद से लिया गया है। राजतरंगिणी में "कलि" संवत एवं "लौकिक" संवत का प्रयोग किया गया है।

प्रथम तरंग

कल्हण का उल्लेख है कि गोनन्द प्रथम  653 कलियुग सिंहासन पर बैठा। जोगेश चन्दर दत्त की गणना के अनुसार, यह वर्ष 2448 ईसा पूर्व से मेल खाता है।  निम्नलिखित राजाओं का कुल शासनकाल 1266 वर्ष बताया गया है।.

 राजा  टिप्पणी गोनन्द प्रथम  युधिष्ठिर के समकालीन, a relative of Magadha's ruler जरासंध (I.59). जरासंध का वध भीम ने किया था जो युधिष्टिर का छोटा भाई था]. दामोदर प्रथम कृष्ण के दोस्तों के साथ युद्ध में मारे गए यशोवती  दामोदर की पत्नी। पति की मृत्यु के समय वह गर्भवती थी, और कृष्ण ने उसे सिंहासन पर चढ़ने में मदद की। गोनन्द द्वितीय  यशोवती और दामोदर के पुत्र 35 राजा (खोए हुए नाम)   रत्नाकर पुराण  नामक एक पांडुलिपि में कथित रूप से इन नामों को शामिल किया गया था, और बाद के मुस्लिम शासक ज़ैन-उल-अबिदीन के आदेशों द्वारा फ़ारसी में अनुवाद किया गया था। कथित मूल पांडुलिपि और इसके अनुवाद अब खो गए हैं। कहा जाता है कि हसन नाम के एक मुस्लिम इतिहासकार ने अनुवाद की एक प्रति प्राप्त की है, और बाद के मुस्लिम इतिहासकारों ने 35 साल की एक मनगढ़ंत सूची प्रदान की है जिसमें -Khan. लव  अज्ञात कुल से कुशेषयa (कुश)  लव का पुत्र खगेन्द्र  कुश का पुत्र सुरेन्द्र  Son of Khagendra गोधर  Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95) सुवर्ण  Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani जनक  Unsuccessfully invaded Persia Shachinara  Died childless अशोक  Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day Srinagar). In his days, the mlechchhas (foreigners) overran the country, and he took sannyasa. According to Kalhana's account, this Ashoka would have ruled in the 2nd millennium BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Despite the discrepancies, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who adopted Buddhism. Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. जालौक (जालोक)  A staunch Shaivite, who constructed several Shiva temples. He reed the country from the mlechchhas (foreigners, possibly Greco-Bactrians). Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to the Mauryan prince Kunala, arguing that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. दामोदर द्वितीय  Devout Shaivite. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Hushka, Jushka, and Kanishka  Buddhist kings of Turashka origin (according to Kalhana). The third king is identified with Kanishka of the Kushan Empire. अभिमन्यु प्रथम  A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite Nāga rites prescribed in the holy text Nila Purana. This angered the Nāgas, who heavily persecuted the Buddhists. To avoid this disorder, the king retired. A Brahmin named Chandradeva restored Shaivite rites by worshipping Shiva.

 गोनन्दित्य वंश 

The Gonanditya dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.

 शासक  राज्यकाल  राज्यारोहण वर्ष  टिप्पणी गोनन्द तृतीय  35 years  1182 BCE  Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. (I.191) He belonged to Rama's lineage, and restored the Nāga rites विभीषण प्रथम  53 years, 6 months  1147 BCE  इन्द्रजित  35 years  1094 BCE  रावन  30 years, 6 months  -  A Shivalinga attributed to Ravana could still be seen at the time of Kalhana. विभीषण द्वितीय  35 years, 6 months  1058 BCE  नर प्रथम (किन्नर)  40 years, 9 months  1023 BCE  His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He tried to abduct a Nāga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Because of this, the Nāga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. सिद्ध  60 years  983 BCE  Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nāga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. उत्पलाक्ष  30 years, 6 months  923 BCE  Son of Siddha हिरण्याक्ष  37 years, 7 months  893 BCE  Son of Hiranyaksha हिरण्यकुल  60 years  855 BCE  Son of Hiranyaksha वसुकुल (मुकुल)  60 years  795 BCE  Son of Hiranyakula. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly Hunas) overran Kashmir. मिहिरकुल  70 years  735 BCE  Identified with the Huna ruler Mihirakula (6th century CE), although Kalhana does not mention him as a Huna, and places him nearly 1200 years earlier. According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was Toramana. Kalhana mentions a king called Toramana, but places him much later, in Book 3. According to Kalhana, Mihirakula was a cruel ruler who ordered killings of a large number of people, including children, women and elders. He invaded the Sinhala Kingdom, and replaced their king with a cruel man. As he passed through Chola, Karnata and other kingdoms on his way back to Kashmir, the rulers of these kingdoms fled their capitals and returned only after he had gone away. On his return to Kashmir, he ordered killings of 100 elephants, who had been startled by the cries of a fallen elephant. Once, Mihirakula dreamt that a particular stone could be moved only by a chaste woman. He put this to test: the women who were unable to move the stone were killed, along with their husbands, sons and brothers. He was supported by some immoral Brahmins. In his old age, the king committed self-immolation. वक (बक)  63 years, 18 days  665 BCE  A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. क्षितिनन्द  30 years  602 BCE  The only surviving child of Vaka वसुनन्द  52 years, 2 months  572 BCE  "Originator of the science of love" नर द्वितीय  60 years  520 BCE  Son of Vasunanda अक्ष  60 years  460 BCE  नर द्वितीय का पुत्र गोपादित्य  60 years, 6 days  400 BCE  Son of Aksha. Gave lands to Brahmins. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-Sattvic diet); in their place, he brought others from foreign countries. गोकर्ण  57 years, 11 months  340 BCE  Son of Gopaditya नरेन्द्रादित्य प्रथम (खिङ्खिल)  36 years, 3 months, 10 days  282 BCE  Son of Gokarna युधिष्ठिर प्रथम  34 years, 5 months, 1 day  246 BCE  Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighbouring king. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule.

द्वितीय तरंग

No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.

 Ruler  Reign  Ascension year  Notes Pratapaditya I  32 years  167 BCE  Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). This Vikramaditya is not same as the Vikramaditya of Ujjain, who is mentioned later as a patron of Matrigupta. Jalauka  32 years  135 BCE  Son of Pratapaditya Tungjina I  36 years  103 BCE  Shared the administration with his queen. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. After his death, the queen committed sati. The couple died childless. Vijaya  8 years  67 BCE  From a different dynasty than Tungjina. Jayendra  37 years  59 BCE  Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10 years. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Sandhimati alias Aryaraja  47 years  22 BCE  Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. He filled his court with rishis (sages), and spent his time in forest retreats. Therefore, his ministers replaced him with Meghavahana, a descendant of Yudhishthira I. He willingly gave up the throne.

तृतीय तरंग 

 राजा  राज्यकाल  राज्याभिषेक वर्ष  टिप्पणी मेघवाहन  34 years  25 CE  Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of Gandhara. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a Vaishnavite princess at a Swayamvara in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after Sandhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist viharas and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as Sinhala Kingdom, forcing them to abandon animal slaughter. श्रेष्टसेन (प्रवरसेन प्रथम / तुञ्जिन द्वितीय)  30 वर्ष  59 CE  मेघवहन का पुत्र हिरण्य  30 years, 2 months  89 CE  Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana. मात्रिगुप्त  4 years, 9 months, 1 day  120 CE  According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of Ujjayini defeated the Shakas, and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Pushyabhuti king Harsavardhana (c. 606-47 CE). The latter is identified with Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE. प्रवरसेन द्वितीय  60 years  125 CE  Historical evidence suggests that a king named Pravarasena ruled Kashmir in 6th century CE. According to Kalhana, Pravarasena subdued many other kings, in lands as far as Saurashtra. He restored the rule of Vikramaditya's son Pratapshila (alias Shiladitya), who had been expelled from Ujjain by his enemies. Pratapshila agreed to be a vassal of Pravarasena after initial resistance. He founded a city called Pravarapura, which is identified by later historians as the modern city of Srinagar on the basis topographical details. युधिष्ठिर द्वितीय  39 years, 8 months  185 CE  Son of Pravarasena नरेन्द्रादित्य प्रथम (लक्ष्मण)  13 years  206 CE  Son of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati रणादित्य प्रथम् (तुङ्गजिन तृतीय)  300 years  219 CE  Younger brother of Narendraditya. His queen Ranarambha was an incarnation of Bhramaravasini. The Chola king Ratisena had found her among the waves, during an ocean worship ritual. विक्रमादित्य  42 years  519 CE  Son of Ranaditya बलादित्य  36 years, 8 months  561 CE  Younger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. An astrologer prophesized that his son-in-law wuld succeed him as the king. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to a a handsome high rank officer Durlabhavardhana of Kayastha caste from his royal court. 

चतुर्थ तरंग

 राजा  राज्यकाल  राज्याभिषेक वर्ष  टिप्पणि दुर्लभवर्धन (प्रज्ञादित्य)  38 years  598 CE  Born to Nāga Karkota (a deity), Durlabhavardhana was Baladitya's officer in charge of fodder. Baladitya married his daughter Anangalekha to him. As the royal son-in-law, he became known as a just and wise man, and was given the title "Prajnaditya" by the king. His wife Anangalekha became involved in an extra-marital affair with the minister Kharga. Despite catching them sleeping together, Durlabhavardhana forgave Khaga, and won over his loyalty. Afer Baladitya's death, Khaga crowned him the new king. दुर्लभक (प्रज्ञादित्य द्वितीय)  60 years  634 CE  Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. चन्द्रापीड (वज्रादित्य प्रथम)  8 वर्ष, 8 मास  684 ई.  दुर्लभक और श्रीनरेन्द्रप्रभा का पुत्र Tarapida (Udayaditya)  4 years, 24 days  693 CE  Younger brother of Chandrapida. मुक्तापीड (ललितादित्य प्रथम)  36 years, 7 months, 11 days  697 CE  Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during 8th century. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Muktapida. Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). कुवलयापीड  1 year, 15 days  733 CE  Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. वज्रादित्य द्वितीय (बप्पियक / वप्पियक / ललितादित्य द्वितीय)  7 years  734 CE  Son of Lalitaditya and Chakramardika. He was a cruel and immoral person, who introduced the evil habits of mlechchhas to Kashmir. पृथिव्यपीड प्रथम  4 years, 1 month  741 CE  Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. सङ्ग्रापीड प्रथम  7 days  745 CE  Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. जयापीद (विनयादित्य); जज्ज  31 years; 3 years  745 CE  Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. He erected a monument at Prayaga, which existed at Kalhana's time. His wife Kalyanadevi was the daughter of Jayanta, the king Pundravardhana in Gauda region. Jayapida subdued five kings of Gauda, and made them vassals of his father-in-law. On his way back to Kashmir, he also defeated the king of Kanyakubja. While Jayapida was in Gauda, his brother-in-law usurped the throne in Kashmir. After three years of ruling Kashmir, Jajja was killed by Shrideva, a supporter of Jayapida. Jayapida became the king once again, and patronized scholars. He waged wars against Bhimasena of the East and Aramuri of Nepala. In both instances, he was first imprisoned by the enemy king, but managed to escape and defeated the enemy. During the last years of his reign, he imposed excessive taxes on advice of Kayasthas, and treated his subjects cruelly. He died because of a curse by a Brahmin. ललितपीड  12 years  776 CE  Son of Jayapida and Durgi. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. संग्रामपीड द्वितीय (पृथिव्यपीड द्वितीय)  7 years  788 CE  Son of Jayapida and Kalyana. छिप्पात्यजयपीड (बृहस्पति / वृहस्पति)  12 years  795 CE  Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. अजितपीड  37 years  813 CE  Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. अनङ्गपीड  3 years  849 CE  Son of Sangramapida II. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. उत्पलपीड  2 years  852 CE  Son of Ajitapida. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Deposed by the minister Shura.

पंचम तरंग 

 राजा  राज्यकाल  राज्यारोहण वर्ष  टिप्पणी अवन्तिवर्मन   855 CE  Son of Sukhavarman. Made king by the minister Shura. Established the city of Avantipura शंकरवर्मन   883 CE  According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. गोपलवर्मन  2 years  902 CE  Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered संकट  10 days  904 CE  Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne सुगन्ध  2 years  904 CE  Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. पार्थ   906 CE  10-year old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins निर्जितवर्मन   921 CE  Half-brother of Avantivarman. चक्रवर्मन   922 CE  Purchased the throne from the Tantrins शूरवर्मन प्रथम  1 year  933 CE  Purchased the throne from the Tantrins पार्थ (द्वितीय राज्यकाल)   934 CE  Purchased the throne from the Tantrins चक्रवर्मन (द्वितीय राज्यकाल)   935 CE  Purchased the throne from the Tantrins शंकरवर्धन (या शम्भुवर्धन)   -  Purchased the throne from the Tantrins चक्रवर्मन (तृतीय राज्यकाल)   935 CE  Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. An unpopular king, he was killed. उन्मत्तवन्ति ("मद अवन्ति")   937 ई  पार्थ का पुत्र। Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. शूरवर्मन द्वितीय   939 ई.  उन्मत्तवन्ति का पुत्र

 षष्ठ तरंग 

 राजा  राज्यारोहण का वर्ष  टिप्पणी यशस्करदेव  939 CE  Elected by a council of Brahmins Varnata  948 CE  संग्रामदेव (संग्राम प्रथम)  948 CE  Murdered by the divira (clerk or writer) Parvagupta, who had become a regent-minister पर्वगुप्त  948 CE  Strong but unpopular ruler क्षेमगुप्त  950 CE  Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the Lohar dynasty). Didda and/or her relatives ran the administration. अभिमन्यु द्वितीय  958 CE  Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Died young. नन्दिगुप्त  972 CE  Didda's grandson, deposed by her त्रिभुवनगुप्त  973 CE  Didda's grandson, deposed by her भीमगुप्त  975 CE  Didda's grandson, deposed by her Didda  980 CE  Wife of Kshemagupta

After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (980-1003 CE) placed Samgramaraja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohar 

सप्तम तरंग

 राजा  राज्यकाल  राज्यारोहण वर्ष  टिप्पणी संग्रामराज (क्षमापति)   1003 CE  Nephew of Didda. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning Lohar dynasty's rule over Kashmir हरिराज  22 दिन  1028 CE  अनन्तदेव   1028 CE  Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara कलश (रणादित्य द्वितीय)   1063 CE  Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by sati-suicide by his mother. His son Harsha revolted against him, and was imprisoned. उत्कर्ष  22 दिन  1089 CE  Second son of Kalasha. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide हर्ष   died in 1101 CE  In his early years, he was a sagacious king, and a patron of art and literature. The later years of his reign were marked by unsuccessful military campaigns, resulting in excessive taxation and plundering of temples. Revolts by his generals Uchchala and Sussala (of Lohar family) ended his reign. His son Bhoja was killed, and Harsha himself was killed by Uchchala's men while hiding in a village.

अष्टम तरंग

 राजा  टिप्पणी उच्छल  Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Murdered by Radda. Radda (Shankharaja)  Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara सल्हण  Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Sussala  Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support भिक्षाचार  Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Brought up at the Paramara king. Deposed Sussala. Sussala (2nd reign)  Within 6 months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war जयसिंह (सिंहदेव)  Sussala's son. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign.

 इन्हें भी देखें 
 मदल पंजी (जगन्नाथ मन्दिर का इतिहास)
 बुरंजी (असम का इतिहास)
 महावंश (श्रीलंका का इतिहास)
 जोनराज - १५वीं सदी के एक संस्कृत कवि तथा कश्मीरी इतिहासकार जिन्होने 'द्वितीय राजतरंगिणी' नामक इतिहास-ग्रन्थ लिखा।

 बाहरी कड़ियाँ 
राजतरङ्गिणी (यूनिकोड देवनागरी में)
  कल्हणकृत राजतरङ्गिणी (संस्कृत विकिस्रोत)
 राजतरंगिणी (भारतकोश)

राजतरंगिणी (सप्तम तरंग) (संस्कृत श्लोक तथा हिन्दी अनुवाद; अनुवादक : डॉ रघुनाथ सिंह; हिन्दी प्रचारक संस्थान)
 राजतरंगिणी (अष्टम तरंग) (संस्कृत श्लोक तथा हिन्दी अनुवाद; अनुवादक : डॉ रघुनाथ सिंह; हिन्दी प्रचारक संस्थान)

 राजतरंगिणी - भारत के डिजिटल पुस्तकालय पर राजतंगिणी का संस्कृत पाठ (स्कैन कापी)

 राजतरंगिणी, भाग-१ - भारत के डिजिटल पुस्तकालय पर राजतंगिणी का संस्कृत पाठ (स्कैन कापी)

 Rajatarangini of Kalhana - English - Jogesh Chunder Dutt Volumes 1 & 2

कल्हण और उनकी राजतरंगिणी

सन्दर्भ

श्रेणी:कश्मीर का इतिहास
श्रेणी:संस्कृत साहित्य
श्रेणी:ऐतिहासिक कृतियाँ