Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie (Nuwamba 25, 1835 - Agusta 11, 1919) ya kasance masanin masana'antu na Scotland-Amurka kuma mai ba da agaji. Carnegie ya jagoranci fadada Masana'antar ƙarfe ta Amurka a ƙarshen karni na 19 kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Amurkawa mafi arziki a tarihi.

Ya zama babban mai ba da agaji a Amurka, Burtaniya, da Daular Burtaniya. A cikin shekaru 18 da suka gabata na rayuwarsa, ya ba da kusan dala miliyan 350 (daidai da dala biliyan 6.9 a cikin dala na 2025), kusan kashi 90 cikin dari na dukiyarsa, ga kungiyoyin agaji, tushe da jami'o'i. Labarinsa na 1889 da ke shelar "Bishara ta Dukiya" ya yi kira ga masu arziki da su yi amfani da dukiyarsu don inganta al'umma, ya nuna goyon baya ga haraji mai ci gaba da harajin dukiya, kuma ya haifar da guguwar taimakon jama'a.

An haifi Carnegie a Dunfermline, Scotland . Ya yi hijira zuwa abin da ke yanzu Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, tare da iyayensa a 1848 yana da shekaru 12. Carnegie ya fara aiki a cikin ma'adinin auduga kuma daga baya a matsayin mai ba da saƙo. A cikin shekarun 1860 yana da saka hannun jari a cikin layin dogo, motocin barci na layin dogo. Ya kara wadata a matsayin mai sayar da takardar shaidar, yana tara kuɗi ga kamfanonin Amurka a Turai. Ya gina Kamfanin Karfe na Carnegie na Pittsburgh, wanda ya sayar wa JP Morgan a cikin 1901 don $ 303,450,000;  ya zama tushen Kamfanin Karfe na Amurka. Bayan sayar da Carnegie Steel, ya wuce John D. Rockefeller a matsayin Ba'amurke mafi arziki na lokacin.

Carnegie ya ba da ragowar rayuwarsa ga aikin agaji mai yawa, tare da girmamawa ta musamman kan gina ɗakunan karatu na gida, aiki don zaman lafiya a duniya, ilimi, da bincike na kimiyya. Ya ba da kuɗin Carnegie Hall a Birnin New York, Fadar Zaman Lafiya a Hague, ya kafa Kamfanin Carnegie na New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegia Institution for Science, Carnegye Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegé Hero Fund, Carnegy Mellon University, da kuma Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, da sauransu.

 Tarihin rayuwa 


 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Andrew Carnegie ga William Carnegie da Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie a Dunfermline, Scotland,  a cikin gidan mai saƙa na yau da kullun tare da babban ɗaki ɗaya kawai. Ya kunshi rabin bene na ƙasa, wanda aka raba tare da dangin maƙwabcin mai saƙa. Babban dakin ya zama ɗakin zama, ɗakin cin abinci da ɗakin kwana. An sanya masa suna ne bayan kakan mahaifinsa. William Carnegie yana da cinikin saƙa mai cin nasara kuma yana da ɗakunan ɗorawa da yawa.

A cikin 1836, iyalin suka koma wani gida mafi girma a titin Edgar (a gaban Reid's Park), biyo bayan bukatar karin damask mai nauyi, wanda mahaifinsa ya amfana. Carnegie ta yi karatu a Makarantar Free a Dunfermline, kyauta ce ga garin daga mai ba da agaji Adam Rolland na Gask.

Kakan mahaifiyar Carnegie, shugaban siyasa na Scotland George Lauder Sr., ya rinjaye shi sosai tun yana yaro ta hanyar gabatar da shi ga rubuce-rubucen Robert Burns  da jaruman tarihi na Scotland kamar Robert the Bruce, William Wallace, da Rob Roy. Dan Lauder, wanda kuma ake kira George Lauder, ya girma tare da Carnegie kuma daga baya ya zama abokin kasuwancinsa a Amurka.

 Telegraph 
A cikin 1849,  Carnegie ya zama ɗan saƙon telegraph a Ofishin Pittsburgh na Kamfanin Telegraph na Ohio, a $ 2.50 a kowane mako ($ 97 ta 2025 hauhawar farashi)  biyo bayan shawarar kawunsa. Ya kasance mai aiki tuƙuru kuma zai haddace duk wuraren kasuwancin Pittsburgh da fuskokin manyan mutane. Ya yi haɗin kai da yawa ta wannan hanyar. Ya kuma mai da hankali sosai ga aikinsa kuma da sauri ya koyi rarrabe sautuna daban-daban da siginar telegraph masu shigowa suka samar. Ya haɓaka ikon fassara sigina ta kunne, ba tare da amfani da takarda ba.

A cikin shekara guda an inganta shi zuwa mai aiki. Ilimi da sha'awar Carnegie ga karatu sun sami ci gaba daga Colonel James Anderson, wanda ya buɗe ɗakin karatu na kansa na kundin 400 ga yara maza masu aiki kowace Asabar da dare. Carnegie ya kasance mai ba da bashi kuma "Mutumin da ya yi da kansa" a cikin ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban ilimi da al'adu. Ya gode wa Colonel Anderson don amfani da ɗakin karatu wanda ya "ƙuduri, idan wadata ta zo mini, [don ganin shi] cewa wasu yara matalauta na iya samun damar da ta yi kama da waɗanda muke da bashi ga mai daraja".

A shekara ta 1864, Carnegie na ɗaya daga cikin masu saka hannun jari na farko a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Columbia a Venango County, Pennsylvania .  A cikin shekara guda, kamfanin ya samar da sama da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kuɗin kuɗi, da man fetur daga rijiyoyin mai a kan dukiyar da aka sayar da riba. Bukatar kayayyakin ƙarfe, kamar makamai don jiragen ruwa, bindigogi, da harsashi, da kuma wasu kayayyakin masana'antu ɗari, sun sanya Pittsburgh cibiyar samar da lokacin yaƙi. Carnegie ya yi aiki tare da wasu wajen kafa ma'aunin ƙarfe, kuma samar da ƙarfe da kula da masana'antu sun zama tushen arzikinsa. Carnegie yana da wasu saka hannun jari a masana'antar ƙarfe kafin yaƙin.

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1919