Androcles and the Lion

Androcles ( Greek  , wanda aka rubuta Androclus a Latin ) shine babban halin wani labari na gargajiya game da wani mutum yana abota da zaki.

An haɗa labarin a cikin tsarin rarrabuwa na Aarne-Thompson a matsayin nau'i na 156.   Labarin ya sake bayyana a zamanin Tsakiya a matsayin "Makiyayi da Zaki" sannan aka danganta shi da Tatsuniyoyi na Aesop . An lasafta shi da lamba 563 a cikin Perry Index kuma ana iya kwatanta shi da Lion da Mouse na Aesop a cikin yanayinsa na gabaɗaya da kuma a cikin ɗabi'unsa na yanayin tausayi na juna.

 Labarin gargajiya 
Labarin farko da ya rage game da labarin Androcles yana cikin littafin Aulus Gellius na ƙarni na 2 Attic Nights .  Marubucin ya ba da labarin wani labari da Apion ya bayar a cikin littafinsa da ya ɓace Aegyptiaca /Αἰγυπτιακά (Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Masar), wanda Apion ya yi iƙirarin ya shaida a kansa a Roma. A cikin wannan sigar, Androclus (bisa ga bambancin sunan Latin ) bawan da ya gudu ne na tsohon jakadan Roma wanda ke kula da wani ɓangare na Roma . Ya nemi mafaka a cikin kogo, wanda ya zama kogon zaki da ya ji rauni, wanda daga tafin hannunsa ya cire babban ƙaya. Don godiya, zakin ya zama mai ladabi zuwa gare shi kuma daga nan gaba ya raba kamawarsa da bawa.

Bayan shekaru uku, Androclus yana sha'awar komawa ga wayewa amma ba da daɗewa ba aka ɗaure shi a matsayin bawa mai gudu aka aika shi zuwa Roma . A can, an yanke masa hukuncin cewa namun daji za su cinye shi a Circus Maximus a gaban wani sarki wanda aka ambata a cikin labarin a matsayin Gaius Caesar, wataƙila Caligula .  Mafi girman damshin dabbobin ya zama zaki ɗaya, wanda kuma ya sake nuna ƙaunarsa ga Androclus. Bayan ya yi masa tambayoyi, sarki ya yafe wa bawa don ya fahimci wannan shaidar ikon abota, kuma aka bar shi a hannun zaki. Daga nan aka ambaci Apion, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi mai kallo ne a wannan lokacin, yana cewa:Bayan haka, mun saba ganin Androclus da zakin da aka ɗaure a kan siririyar igiya, yana zagaye da tabernae a ko'ina cikin birnin; An ba Androclus kuɗi, an yayyafa wa zakin furanni, kuma duk wanda ya haɗu da su a ko'ina ya ce, "Wannan zakin ne, abokin mutum; wannan mutumin ne, likitan zaki." An maimaita labarin bayan ƙarni ɗaya tak, Claudius Aelianus a cikin littafinsa On the Nature of Animals . 

Duk da haka, Thomas Keightley ya ba da wani sigar fara labarin a cikin gabatarwar littafinsa kan tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya. A cikin bayanin asalin haikali ga 'The Gaping Dionysos ' a tsibirin Samos, wani mutum mai suna Elpis ya ba da labari ta Pliny the Dattijon tushe na tushensa wanda ya haɗu da zaki mai ramuka a bakin teku na Afirka kuma ya 'yantar da shi daga ƙashi a cikin haƙoransa wanda ke hana shi cin abinci. Bayan haka, zakin ya raba wani ɓangare na abincinsa tare da Elpis har sai da ya tafi. 

 Amfani daga baya 

Daga baya, nau'ikan labarin, wanda wani lokacin ake danganta shi da Aesop, sun fara bayyana tun daga tsakiyar karni na shida a ƙarƙashin taken "Makiyayi da Zaki". Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. A cikin soyayyar Chrétien de Troyes ta ƙarni na 12, " Yvain, Mai Jarumin Zaki ", babban halin jarumin yana taimaka wa zaki wanda maciji ya kai masa hari. Daga nan sai zaki ya zama abokinsa kuma ya taimaka masa a lokacin balaguronsa. Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. Bayan ƙarni guda, an danganta labarin ɗaukar ƙaya daga tafin zaki a matsayin aikin Saint Jerome a cikin Tatsuniyar Zinare ta Jacobus de Voragine (  ).  Bayan haka, zakin ya haɗu da shi a cikin gidan sufi kuma sai ya biyo baya da wasu labarai daban.

Labarin da aka sake maimaitawa daga baya, "Na Tunawa da Fa'idodi", a cikin Gesta Romanorum (Ayyukan Romawa) na kimanin 1330 a Ingila, yana da yanayin tsakiyar zamani kuma ya sake mai da jarumin jarumi. A cikin tarin farko na Aesop's Fables na William Caxton da aka buga a Turanci, labarin ya bayyana a matsayin The lion & the fastour ko makiyayi kuma ya koma ga labarin makiyayi wanda ke kula da zaki da ya ji rauni. Daga baya an yanke masa hukunci da laifi kuma aka kai shi Roma don a jefa shi ga namun daji, amma wanda yake kula da shi ya gane shi kuma ya kare shi daga sauran dabbobi.

Waƙar Latin ta Vincent Bourne da ta samo asali daga 1716–17 ta samo asali ne daga labarin Aulus Gellius.  An yi wa lakabi da Mutua Benevalentia primaria lex naturae est, William Cowper ya fassara ta a matsayin "Kyauta ta juna: dokar farko ta yanayi". 

Wasan kwaikwayo na George Bernard Shaw mai suna Androcles and the Lion (1912) ya sa Androcles ya zama mai dinki; an kuma ba shi imanin Kirista don manufar wasan kwaikwayon, wanda gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar ra'ayi mai shakku game da addini. An kuma yi fim na farko da aka yi a Amurka a shekarar 1912. Bayan haka akwai wasu da yawa don sinima da talabijin. Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. Wasan kwaikwayo na Rob Englehart mai suna The Lion, the Slave and the Rodent (2010) ya kasance wata hanya ta Amurka ta baya ga tatsuniyar. Wasan kwaikwayo na ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo mai aiki ɗaya mai muryoyi biyar, ya haɗa labarin Androcles da tatsuniyar " The Lion and the Mouse ". Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57.

 Zane-zanen fasaha 

 Kwafi da zane-zane 
Kwafi na labarin Renaissance sun dogara ne akan labaran gargajiya. Agostino Veneziano ya nuna bayin Androcles da sarki ya 'yantar a cikin wani aiki daga 1516-17 yanzu a cikin tarin LACMA . Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. Akwai kuma zane na farko na alkalami da wanke-wanke na Baldassare Peruzzi wanda ya samo asali daga shekarun 1530 a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage . Dangane da labarin Aulus Gellius, yana nuna Androcles yana tafiya ta ƙofar tare da zaki a kan diddige a diddige. Sauran masu fasaha sun fi son yanayin Androcles yana jan ƙaya daga tafin zaki, kamar yadda yake a cikin bugun Bernhard Rode na 1784.  Misali na baya na Amurka shine gungumen bugun bulo na Walter Inglis Anderson na 1950, Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. wanda ya dogara ne akan zanensa na 1935. 

Zane-zanen wannan fanni sun fara ne a ƙarni na 18. Wannan na Charles Meynier, wanda aka nuna a Paris Salon na 1795, yanzu ya ɓace. Duk da haka, an gano wani bincike na zanen kwanan nan kuma ya nuna Androcles a matsayin jarumi kusan tsirara yana nuna takobinsa a filin wasa yayin da zaki ke kwance a ƙasa kuma yana bin labarin Aulus Gellius - "yana lasar ƙafafunsa a hankali". Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. Akwai kuma bincike kan wani zane da ba a cimma ba da mai zane ɗan Amurka Henry Ossawa Tanner ya yi tun yana ɗalibi a 1885-86.  Sun haɗa da zaki yana lasar tafin hannunsa da kuma Androcles mai gwiwoyi da launin toka. Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. A tsakiyar ƙarni a 1856 an ga "Androcles and the Lion" na mai zane ɗan Ingila Alexander Davis Cooper (1820-95). A can wani saurayi sanye da rigar Larabawa yana kallon mai kallo yayin da yake tafiya a kan wani yanki na hamada da hannunsa a cikin jijiyar zaki. Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57.

A ƙarni na 20, Jean-Léon Gérôme ya zana Androcles a cikin wani zane da aka yi kwanan nan a shekarar 1902 kuma yanzu a cikin Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires) .  A can Androcles yana zaune a ƙasan kogon yana ɗaga ƙayar daga tafin zakin yayin da yake ruri cikin azaba.  Zane na ɗan Burtaniya Riviere na 1908 na shi tsaye don yin wannan aikin yana cikin Auckland Art Gallery . Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. Wata hanyar kuma ita ce nuna abin da ya faru na farko na Androcles wanda ya yi mamakin shiga cikin kogon da ƙofar zakin. Wannan shine batun da Vassily Rotschev (wanda ya mutu a 1803) ya zaɓa jim kaɗan bayan ya dawo Rasha daga horo a Rome.  Haka kuma shine zaɓin mai zane na China Xu Beihong . "Bawa da Zaki" nasa ya samo asali ne daga zamansa a Berlin a farkon shekarun 1920 kuma yana nuna zakin yana shiga bakin kogo yayin da Androcles ke faɗuwa a bango. Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57.

 Zane-zane 
Androcles ya zama abin koyi ga masu sassaka. Jan Pieter van Baurscheit, mutum-mutumin dattijon ya yi, wanda aka yi shi tsakanin 1700 da 1725, yanzu yana Rijksmuseum a Amsterdam kuma yana nuna wani mutum mai nasara yana hawan ƙaramin zaki wanda ya tashi tsaye don kallonsa. Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. Halinsa mai ban tsoro yana tuna bayanin Aulus Gellius game da zaki "yana girgiza wutsiyarsa cikin sauƙi da kulawa, kamar yadda karnukan farauta ke yi".  A shekara ta 1751, wani babban mai sassaka ɗan Ingila Henry Cheere ya ƙirƙiri wasu kayan hayaki masu launin marmara guda biyu da ke nuna bawan yana lanƙwasa a kan tafin zakin don ya zana ƙayar. Ɗaya yana cikin Saloon a West Wycombe Park, ɗayan kuma yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Lady Lever . An sassaka wani misali na nahiyar ta Jean-Baptiste Stouf a shekara ta 1789 kuma yanzu an san shi ne kawai ta hanyar kwaikwayon tagulla na zamani a Gidan Tarihi na Ashmolean .  A da can yana cikin Louvre kuma yana nuna Androcles yana kula da tafin zaki. 

A ƙarni na 19, Androcles ya zama abin ado na teburin Faransa. Ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen tebur na Faransa ya nuna masa takobi a hannu a filin wasa yayin da zaki ke durƙusa a ƙafafunsa,  yayin da wani kuma daga 1825 ya nuna shi yana kula da ƙafar da ta ji rauni. Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. A kusan 1898, Jean-Léon Gérôme, wanda nan da nan zai zana wannan wurin, ya samar da sassaka na Androcles wanda ke jagorantar zaki a yawon shakatawa na gidajen cin abinci na Romawa. An yi masa lakabi da Le Mendiant (mabaraci), an yi shi da zinare na tagulla kuma yana nuna tsohon bawa yana tsaye da hannu ɗaya a kan sandar zaki da kwano mai roƙo a ƙafafunsa. A kan wurin akwai rubutun Date obolum Androcli (an ajiye kuɗi don Androclus). Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57. A ƙarni na 20, mai sassaka ɗan Amurka Frederick Charles Shrady ya haɗa jigon cire ƙayar daga tafin zuwa ƙirar zamani. Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57.

Tatsuniya ta kasance a kan lambobin yabo saboda dalilai daban-daban tsawon ƙarni huɗu. An yi wa Gioacchino Francesco Travani, ta amfani da zane na Gian Lorenzo Bernini, a shekarar 1659. Yana nuna wani ɓangare na hoton Paparoma Alexander VII da ke kewaye da gefen ganyen acanthus. A gefe guda kuma, zaki ya durƙusa a ƙafafun Androcles masu makamai. Rubutun Latin kyauta yana cewa 'Domenico Jacobacci ga yarima mai karimci: Ko da dabbar daji tana tuna alheri'. Jacobacci shi ne mai ba da kyautar, wadda ke tunawa da wani Paparoma wanda ya yi karimci wajen sake gina sassan Roma. Zakin yana wakiltar birnin mai godiya yana girmama ƙafafun 'jarumi' a madadinsa. 

Hoton dabbar godiya zaɓi ne na halitta ga lambobin yabo da ake bayarwa a kowace shekara a Kwalejin Dabbobin Gida ta Royal Dick da ke Edinburgh. An yi musu fenti da tagulla da azurfa a shekarun 1890, suna ɗaukar hoton Androcles yana durƙusa don ya rage wa zakin da ke fama da wahala rai. A bango akwai wani dutse a hagu da itatuwan dabino a dama; An zana Androcles da siffofi na Afirka.  Wani tsari mai ban mamaki yanzu ya zama tambarin Kwalejin Magungunan Dabbobi a Jami'ar Utrecht . Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. pp. 56–57.

A ƙarni na 20, lambar yabo ta Dutch Medal of Recognition 1940–1945 ita ma ta nuna wurin da aka kwantar da zakin kuma an ba wa waɗanda suka taimaki Dutch a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ko kuma daga baya suka taimaki waɗanda suka sha wahala daga mamayar Jamus. An zaɓi batun ne saboda zaki shine alamar ƙasa. An ƙarfafa jigon godiya ta hanyar rubutu game da gefen: Sibi benefacit qui benefacit amico (Yana amfanar da kansa wanda ya amfanar da aboki).

 Manazarta 

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