Mary E. Bouligny

Mary Elizabeth Bouligny Levey ( née shekara ta 1839 - 10 ga Oktoba, 1908) marubuciya ce kuma mai sha'awar zamantakewa a Washington.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Mary Elizabeth Parker a Washington, DC, ga wani fitaccen ɗan kasuwa na yankin, George Parker, da matarsa, Ann Cover.  

 Rayuwar Washington 
A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1860, lokacin da take da kimanin shekara 21, Parker ta auri John Edward Bouligny, wani ɗan majalisar dokoki da aka zaɓa kwanan nan daga Louisiana, a cikin abin da jaridar Washington Star ta kira "watakila bikin aure mafi kyau da aka taɓa yi a babban birnin tarayya."   Shugaba James Buchanan, sakatarorin majalisar ministoci da dama, da kuma 'yan majalisar da dama sun halarci taron. Shekaru bayan haka, an yi kuskuren gane auren a matsayin lokacin da Buchanan ya ji labarin rabuwar South Carolina; duk da haka, hakan bai faru ba sai a watan Disamba na 1860. 

Bouligny ita ce kaɗai memba a cikin wakilan majalisar dokokin Louisiana da ta ƙi yin murabus daga kujerarta lokacin da jihar ta balle, don haka ma'auratan galibi suna zaune a Washington a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa, suna zaune a gidan mahaifinta. A watan Mayu na 1864, Bouligny ta mutu a gidan dangin Parker. Bayan mutuwar Bouligny, ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai himma a cikin da'irar zamantakewa da siyasa a Washington,  gami da tara kuɗi don kammala ginin Washington Monument . 

A shekara ta 1877, ta auri ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan jarida ɗan ƙasar Australiya George Collins Levey, suna tafiya tare da shi zuwa Ostiraliya da gidan iyalansa a Ingila. Levey ya kasance a Amurka, yana wakiltar Ostiraliya a bikin baje kolin ƙarni na 1876 a Philadelphia, lokacin da shi da Mary Elizabeth suka haɗu. Sun shafe shekara ta farko ta aurensu a rabe: Mary Elizabeth ta koma Washington bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarta, yayin da Levey ta ci gaba da tafiya zuwa Ostiraliya.

 Marubuci 
A shekarar 1867, ta yi tafiya daga Boston zuwa Turai, ta yi tafiya ta Faransa, Belgium, Holland, da Ingila, kafin ta koma Amurka a lokacin bazara mai zuwa. Wasikunta da littattafan tarihin tafiyar sun zama tushen littafinta na farko, Bubbles and Ballast, wanda aka yi wa taken "ya zama bayanin rayuwa a Paris a lokacin kyawawan kwanakin daular; yawon shakatawa a Belgium da Holland, da kuma zama a Landan. Na wata Uwa." kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1871. 

Daga baya ta buga wani littafi mai suna A Tribute to WW Corcoran, na birnin Washington a shekarar 1874, inda ta yi fice wajen tallata ayyukan agaji da kuma tarin kayan fasaha na William Wilson Corcoran, sannan ta yi cikakken bayani game da tarin kayan fasaha nasa da aka bude kwanan nan. 

 Dokar Majalisa don Rage Radadi 
A shekarar 1867, a matsayin wani ɓangare na sasanta rikicin kadarori da ya daɗe yana faruwa, Majalisar Wakilai ta 39 ta zartar da doka da ta ba wa magada John Edward Bouligny - matar sa Mary Elizabeth, da 'ya'yansu mata biyu kashi ɗaya cikin shida na ƙasar da aka bai wa Jean Antoine Bernard d'Autrive a shekarar 1765 - don girmama amincinsa ga Tarayyar.  Irin waɗannan matakan sun wuce ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar a baya, amma wannan shine karo na farko da majalisun biyu suka amince da shi. Ganin cewa an riga an ba wa wasu ƙasar, magada Bouligny suna da 'yancin neman  na filayen gwamnati a wasu wurare a ƙasar kan farashin dala $1.25 a kowace eka. A shekara mai zuwa, Majalisar Dokoki ta 40 ta zartar da wani kuduri na haɗin gwiwa wanda ya dakatar da dokar. A shekara ta 1888, Mary Elizabeth da ta sake yin aure ta nemi mallakar ƙasar da aka yi alkawari, amma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta ƙi amincewa da buƙatarta, hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke shekara guda bayan haka. 

A lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1876, Jam'iyyar Democrat ta lura cewa jawabin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican Rutherford B. Hayes a gaban Majalisar a matsayinsa na ɗan Majalisa shine don goyon bayan soke dokar. 

 Iyali 
Mary Elizabeth da John Edward Bouligny suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu: Corrine da Felicie.  'Yar Felicie, Odette Le Fontenay, mawaƙiyar opera ce ta Faransa a ƙarni na 20. 

 Littattafan tarihi 

 Littattafai 

 Bubbles da Ballast: bayanin rayuwa a birnin Paris a lokacin kyawawan kwanakin daular; yawon shakatawa a Belgium da Holland, da kuma zama a Landan. Ta wata mace. (1871) Baltimore: Kelly, Piet and Company [an buga a matsayin MEPB]
 Girmamawa ga WW Corcoran, na Birnin Washington (1874) Philadelphia: Porter & Coates [an buga a matsayin ME Bouligny]

 Manazarta