Guugu Yimithirr language

Guugu Yimithirr, ko kuma  Guugu Yimidhirr, Guguyimidjir,  kumla sauran haruffa da yawa, yaren Aboriginal ne na Australiya, harshen gargajiya na mutanen Guugu Yimithirr na Far North Queensland. Ya kasance na dangin yaren Pama-Nyungan. Yawancin masu magana a yau suna zaune ne a al'ummar Hope Vale, kimanin kilomita 46 (mil 29) daga Cooktown. Duk da haka, Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, kusan rabin al'ummar Guugu Yimithirr ne kawai ke jin yaren. Saboda haka, ana ƙoƙarin koyar da shi ga yara. Guugu Yimithirr shine asalin yaren kalmar kangaroo (gangurru)..

 Sunan 
Kalmar guugu tana nufin 'magana, harshe', yayin da yimithirr (ko yumuthirr) tana nufin yimi -haɗi, yimi shine kalmar 'wannan'. Amfani da kalmar yi(mi), maimakon wata kalma ta "wannan", an ɗauke ta a matsayin wata alama ta musamman ta Guugu Yimithirr. Ana samun sinadarin guugu da kuma yin suna bisa ga wani kalma ta musamman a cikin wasu harsuna da yawa.

Sunan yana da bambance-bambance da yawa, ciki har da Gogo-Yimidjir, Gugu-Yimidhirr, 'Guugu Yimidhirr', Guguyimidjir (wanda Ethnologue ke amfani da shi), Gugu Yimijir, Kukuyimidir, Koko Imudji, Koko Yimidir, Kuku Jimidir, 'Kuku Yimidhirr'.

 Yankin da aka rarraba 
Wurin mutanen Guugu Yimithirr
Yankin asalin Ƙabilar Guugu Yimithirr ya kai arewa zuwa bakin Kogin Jeannie, inda masu magana da Guugu Nyiguudji suka kewaye shi; kudu zuwa Kogin Annan, inda masu amfani da Guugu Yalandji suka keɓe shi; zuwa yamma, masu magana da harshen da ake kira Guugu Warra (a zahiri 'mummunan magana') ko Lama-Lama sun kewaye shi. Garin Cook na zamani yana cikin yankin Guugu Yimithirr .

Ya zuwa farkon karni na 21, duk da haka, yawancin masu magana da Guugu Yimithirr suna zaune a aikin a Hopevale.

 Harsuna 
Guugu Yimithirr da farko ya kunshi yaruka da yawa, kodayake an manta da sunayen mafi yawansu yanzu. A yau, an rarrabe manyan yaruka guda biyu: yaren bakin teku, wanda ake kira  'tare da teku', da yaren cikin gida, wanda ake kiran  'na waje'.  Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun yi amfani da yaren bakin teku don fassara waƙoƙi da labarun Littafi Mai-Tsarki, don haka wasu kalmominsa yanzu suna da ƙungiyoyin addini waɗanda ma'anar cikin ƙasa ba su da su. Akwai kuma yaren Ngegudi ko Gugu Nyiguudyi, wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba.

 Tarihi 
A cikin shekara ta 1770, Guugu Yimithirr ya zama harshen Aboriginal na Australiya na farko da aka rubuta lokacin da Lieutenant (daga baya Kyaftin) James Cook da ma'aikatansa suka rubuta kalmomi yayin da ake gyara jirginsu, HM Bark Endeavour, bayan sun gudu a kan wani kogi na Great Barrier Reef. Joseph Banks ya bayyana yaren a matsayin "ya bambanta da na Islanders; ya fi kama da Turanci a cikin matakin tsananin ko da yake ba za a iya kiransa tsananin ba []".

Daga cikin kalmomin da aka rubuta sun kasance  ko  (IPA: ), ma'ana babban baƙar fata ko launin toka, wanda zai zama kalmar Turanci ga duk Kangaroo, da  (wanda Banks ya rubuta a matsayin Je-quoll), sunan quoll.

Sydney Parkinson, wanda ya bi Cook, ya ba da jerin kalmomi masu amfani a cikin mujallar da ya buga bayan mutuwarsa, A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas . 

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin sautin 
A gabaKomawaBabbai iːu uːƘananana aː
Ana iya gane gajeren  a matsayin wanda ba a zagaye ba, kuma ana iya rage  wanda ba a matsa masa ba zuwa [ə].

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Tsayawa yawanci ba su da murya kuma ba su da numfashi da farko kuma bayan gajerun wasula, kuma ana yin murya bayan consonants da dogon wasula.

Retroflexes [ɣɳ] ba lallai bane su zama silsila ɗaya, amma rukuni na /ɻd ɻn/. Duk da haka, akwai aƙalla kalma ɗaya wacce, ga tsofaffin masu magana, ana furta ta da kalma ta farko-retroflex: gudu, wanda shine [ɓudaː] ko [ɓuɗaː].

rhotic  yawanci flap ne [ɾ], amma yana iya zama trill a cikin magana mai mahimmanci.

 Fonotactics 
Duk kalmomin, ban da wasu interjections, suna farawa da ma'ana ɗaya. Harshen na iya zama tsayawa, hanci, ko semivowel (watau, / / ba ya faruwa da farko).

Kalmomi na iya ƙare a ko dai wasali ko ma'ana. Maganar kalmar ƙarshe da aka ba da izini sune /l r r ː j n̪/ .

A cikin kalmomi, kowane ma'ana na iya faruwa, da kuma tarin har zuwa ma'ana uku, wanda ba zai iya faruwa da farko ko a ƙarshe ba.

 Harshen harshe 
Kamar yawancin harsunan Australiya, sunayen Guugu Yimithirr suna da yanayin zargi yayin da sunaye suna da yanayin ergative. Wato, batun kalma mai mahimmanci yana da nau'i iri ɗaya kamar batun kalma mai wucewa idan batun ya zama wakilin, amma nau'i ɗaya kamar abu na kalma mai wuce gona da iri.

Ba tare da la'akari da ko ana amfani da sunaye ko sunaye ba, tsarin jumla na yau da kullun shine batun-abu-kalma, kodayake wasu umarnin kalmomi suna yiwuwa.

Yaren ya shahara saboda amfani da alkiblar ƙasa mai tsarki (arewa, kudu, gabas, yamma) maimakon alkiblar da ke mai da hankali kan girman kai (hagu, dama, gaba, baya), kodayake ana jayayya kan irin wannan "tsarki". Duk da haka, ya ba wa masu magana da shi wata fahimta ta musamman game da alkibla.

 Tsaro 
Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, kusan rabin mutane 1,400 na Guugu Yimithirr suna magana da yaren, tare da mafi yawan kakanni kawai suna da masu magana da kyau. Tsofaffin Hope Vale suna taimakawa wajen kirkirar koyarwar bidiyo game da koyar da Guugu Yimithirr, wanda ake lodawa zuwa YouTube, yayin da makarantar yankin, Hope Vale Cape York Aboriginal Australian Academy, tana da shirin harshe a cikin tsarin karatun ta. Tare da makarantu da aka rufe kuma ana yin ilmantarwa a gida, ta amfani da bidiyon kan layi, a lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ostiraliya, manya da ƙananan 'yan uwa suna koyon yaren tare da yara.

 Kalmomin kalmomi 
Wasu kalmomi daga harshen Guugu Yimithirr, kamar yadda marubuta Guugu Yimathirr suka rubuta sun hada da: 

 Balingga: echidna
 Birri: kogi
 Bubu: ƙasa
 Buurraay: ruwa
 Gangurru: kangaroo
 Gulaan: opossum
 Guuju: kifi
 Jijirr: tsuntsu
 Mutumin: Ciyawa
 Nanggurr: gida / sansani
 Ngalan: rana
 Thaarba: maciji
 Wantharra nyundu? Yaya kake?

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Bayanan gaba ɗaya 














 Haɗin waje 

 Ayyukan Guugu Yimithirr (shafi na 2) .
 Shin yarenku yana tsara yadda kake tunani?  (NYT)
 Littattafan mutanen Guugu Yimidhirr da albarkatun harshe  An adana su  , a Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ta Australiya
 Guugu Yimidhirr (Cooktown) labarin tafiyar harshe na al'umma, Laburaren Jihar Queensland. Wani ɓangare na Magana: Bikin Harsunan Queensland Digital Stories CollectionMagana: Bikin Harsunan Queensland Tarihin Digital
 Guugu Yimidhirr (Hope Vale) labarin tafiyar harshe na al'umma, Laburaren Jihar Queensland. Wani ɓangare na Magana: Bikin Harsunan Queensland Digital Stories Collection
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba