Michelle Alexander

Michelle Alexander (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1967) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, lauya, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a . An fi saninta da littafinta na 2010 mai suna The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness . Tun daga shekarar 2018, ta kasance marubuciya a jaridar New York Times .

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Alexander a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1967, a Chicago, Illinois,  ga wasu ma'aurata masu launin fata daban-daban, John Alexander da Sandra Alexander (née Huck) waɗanda aka yi aure a 1965.  Ta yi ƙuruciyarta a Stelle, Illinois har zuwa 1977, lokacin da iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa yankin San Francisco, inda mahaifinta ke aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kaya ga IBM .

Alexander ta yi makarantar sakandare a Ashland, Oregon, tare da ƙanwarta, Leslie Alexander, wacce daga baya ta zama farfesa a fannin Tarihi da Nazarin Baƙar fata na Amurka kuma marubuciyar littafin 2008 na Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke? Baƙar fata a Birnin New York, 1784–1861. 

Alexander ta sami digirin BA daga Jami'ar Vanderbilt, inda ta sami tallafin karatu na Truman . Ta sami digirin JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Stanford . 

 Sana'a 
Alexander ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a Aikin Shari'a na Kabilanci a Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka (ACLU) ta Arewacin California daga 1998 zuwa 2005,  wanda ya jagoranci wani gangamin ƙasa na yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata ta hanyar jami'an tsaro. Ta jagoranci Asibitin 'Yancin Bil'adama a Makarantar Shari'a ta Stanford kuma ta kasance magatakardar shari'a ga Mai Shari'a Harry Blackmun a Kotun Koli ta Amurka da kuma Babban Alkali Abner Mikva a Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta DC Circuit . A matsayinta na mataimakiya a Saperstein, Goldstein, Demchak & Baller, ta ƙware a shari'o'in aji na masu ƙara da ke zargin wariyar launin fata da jinsi . 

Alexander farfesa ne mai ziyara a Union Theological Seminary da ke birnin New York daga 2016 zuwa 2021. 

A shekarar 2018, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin marubuciyar ra'ayi a jaridar New York Times .  A can ta yi aiki tare da Leslie Alexander mai suna "Tsoro" wanda ya zama babi a cikin littafin Nikole Hannah-Jones mai suna " The 1619 Project ."

 Sabon Jim Crow 
Alexander ta buga littafinta The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness a shekarar 2010. A cikin littafin, ta yi jayayya cewa wariyar launin fata a Amurka ta sake dawowa bayan ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a, kuma sake dawowar ta kasance cikin yaƙin Amurka kan miyagun ƙwayoyi da sauran manufofin gwamnati kuma yana da mummunan sakamako na zamantakewa. Ta yi la'akari da girman da tasirin wannan ya zama daidai da na dokokin Jim Crow na ƙarni na 19 da 20. Littafinta ya mayar da hankali kan yawan ɗaurin maza 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa saboda laifuka daban-daban. Alexander, Michelle, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: The New Press, 2010), . Alexander ya rubuta, "Kabila tana taka muhimmiyar rawa - hakika, muhimmiyar rawa - a cikin tsarin da ake ciki, amma ba saboda abin da aka fi fahimta a matsayin tsohon zamani ba, ƙiyayya. Wannan tsarin iko ya dogara ne sosai kan rashin tausayi na launin fata (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin rashin tausayi da kula da launin fata da ƙungiyoyin launin fata) fiye da ƙiyayya ta launin fata - fasalin da a zahiri yake rabawa da waɗanda suka gabace shi." 

Jaridar New Jim Crow ta bayyana yadda tsirarun da aka zalunta ke "ƙara fuskantar wariya ta halal a wurin aiki, gidaje, fa'idodin gwamnati, da kuma hidimar alkalai, kamar yadda iyayensu, kakanninsu, da kakanninsu suka taɓa yi."  Alexander ya yi jayayya game da hukunci mai tsauri na yadda "mutanen da laifinsu kawai shine shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko mallakar ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyi don amfani da su na nishaɗi ke samun kansu a kulle daga cikin al'umma mai yawa - har abada - kuma ya nuna rashin daidaiton da aka gabatar daga gaskiyar cewa "ana shigar da baƙar fata gidan yari bisa tuhumar miyagun ƙwayoyi sau ashirin zuwa hamsin da bakwai fiye da na fararen fata." 

An sake fitar da littafin The New Jim Crow a cikin takarda a shekarar 2012. Tun daga watan Maris na 2012, ya kasance a cikin jerin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a <i id="mwfA">jaridar New York Times</i> tsawon makonni shida  kuma ya kai matsayi na 1 a jerin littattafan da suka fi sayarwa a jaridar Washington Post a shekarar 2012. Littafin ya kasance batun muhawara da suka kan ilimi.    

A kaka na shekarar 2015, duk ɗaliban da suka yi rajista a Jami'ar Brown sun karanta The New Jim Crow a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Karatu na Farko na harabar jami'ar wanda ofishin shugaban kwalejin ya fara kuma malaman jami'ar suka kaɗa ƙuri'a a kai. 

Farfesa James Forman Jr., yayin da yake amincewa da kamanceceniya da fahimta da yawa a cikin kwatancen Jim Crow, ya yi jayayya cewa Alexander ta wuce gona da iri kan shari'arta don yanke hukuncin kisa, kuma ta bar muhimman hanyoyi da sabuwar tsarin tsare mutane da yawa ya bambanta. Forman Jr. ta bayyana Alexander a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubuta da yawa waɗanda suka yi fiye da kima kuma suka yi kuskuren bayyana shari'arsu.  Ya yi ikirarin cewa tsarinta ya fi jaddada yaƙi da miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma ya yi watsi da laifukan tashin hankali, yana mai jayayya cewa nazarin Alexander yana da sauƙi a cikin al'umma.

Alexander ya kira ayyukan sa ido kan idon sawu na lantarki a matsayin "Sabbin Jim Crow," wanda ke ƙara raba mutanen da ba su da launin fata a ƙarƙashin dokokin gyaran belin da suka "yi kyau a kan takarda" amma sun dogara ne akan zato na laifi kuma sun maye gurbin belin da sarka yayin da waɗanda aka tsare kafin a fara shari'a suka amince da sa ido ta hanyar lantarki don a sake su daga gidan yari. 

 Launuka 2 da aka ɓoye 
Alexander ta bayyana a cikin wani shirin fim na shekarar 2012 mai suna Hidden Colours 2: The Triumph of Melanin, inda ta tattauna tasirin tsare mutane da yawa a cikin al'ummomin Baƙar fata. Alexander ta ce: "A yau akwai manya 'yan Afirka-Amurka da yawa, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon gyara hali, a kurkuku ko kurkuku, waɗanda ke kan gwaji ko kuma an yi musu afuwa fiye da waɗanda aka bautar a shekarar 1850 shekaru goma kafin fara Yaƙin Basasa.

 13th 
Alexander ya bayyana a cikin shirin gaskiya na 2016 <i id="mwtg">mai taken 13</i> wanda Ava DuVernay ta jagoranta. A matsayinsa na wanda aka yi hira da shi, Alexander ya bayyana juyin halittar bambancin launin fata a Amurka ta hanyar juyin halittarsa daga bauta, dokokin Jim Crow, yaƙi da miyagun ƙwayoyi, zuwa ɗaurin kurkuku da yawa.  Alexander ya ce, "Abubuwa da yawa na Tsohon Jim Crow sun sake zama doka ba zato ba tsammani bayan an yi maka lakabi da mai laifi. Kuma da alama a Amurka, ba mu kawo ƙarshen bambancin launin fata ba amma kawai mun sake tsara shi." 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
A shekara ta 2002, Alexander ta auri Carter M. Stewart, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Stanford da Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard .  Stewart a lokacin babban jami'i ne a McCutchen, Doyle, Brown &amp; Enersen, wani kamfanin lauyoyi na San Francisco,  daga baya kuma ya zama Lauyan Amurka na Gundumar Kudancin Ohio .   Suna da 'ya'ya uku.  Surukinta tsohon memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na New York Times . 

A cikin wani rubutu da aka wallafa a jaridar New York Times a shekarar 2019, wanda aka rubuta bayan amincewa da dokar "Zuciya ta Ohio", Alexander ta rubuta game da fyade da aka yi mata a lokacin zangon karatunta na farko na makarantar lauya, ta dauki ciki sakamakon haka, sannan ta zubar da cikin.

 Kyaututtuka 

 2005: Soros Justice Fellowship daga Open Society Institute 
 2016: Kyautar Heinz ta 21 a Shekara-shekara a fannin Manufofin Jama'a 
 2017: Kyautar MLK Dreamer ta MLK ta Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, Ofishin Bambancin Ra'ayi da Haɗawa 

 Duba kuma 

 'Yan takarar Kotun Koli na Joe Biden
 Jerin ma'aikatan shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Amurka (Kujera ta 2)

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba