Karana (rawa)

Karana s su ne manyan sauyi 108  a cikin rawar gargajiya ta Indiya da aka bayyana a Babi na 4 mai suna "Tandava Lakshana" na Natya Shastra . Karana suna ne na baki na Sanskrit, ma'ana "yi".

 Bayani 
Natya Shastra ta bayyana cewa Karanas su ne tsarin shirye-shiryen "margi" (pan-Indian classic) waɗanda ake tsammanin za su haskaka masu kallo a ruhaniya, sabanin shirye-shiryen "desi" (rawar jama'a ta yanki ko ta pop) waɗanda za su iya nishadantar da masu kallo kawai. "Wanda ya yi kyau wannan rawar Karana da Maheswara ta ƙirƙira zai 'yantu daga dukkan zunubai zuwa gidan wannan allahn," in ji Natya Shastra Natya Shastra translated by Manmohan Ghosh 2002 Chowkhamba Press, Varanasi  - Page 75.
Wasu daga cikin sanannun fassarorin karanas sun fito ne daga Padma Subramanyam waɗanda suka dogara ne akan gajerun jimloli 108 na motsi waɗanda ke bayyana takamaiman motsi na ƙafa, kwatangwalo, jiki, da hannu tare da hasta mudras da aka bayyana a cikin Natya shastra da sauran littattafai, da kuma daga zane-zanen motsi a cikin sassaka a cikin gidajen ibada guda biyar na Kudancin Indiya, musamman haikalin Chidambaram wanda ya ƙunshi hotunan cikakken saitin. Padma Subrahmanyam ta rubuta wani littafi mai suna Karanas-Codes na rawa na Indiya da Indonesia, bisa ga bincikenta na karanas daga gidajen ibada na Prambanan (Indonesia), Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Chidambaram, Thiruvannamalai, da Vriddhachalam. A ƙarni na 20, ita ce 'yar rawa ta farko da ta sake gina Karanas a matsayin motsi, waɗanda aka ɗauke su a matsayin kawai yanayin da suka gabata.

Wasu malaman addinin Bharatanatyam, kamar Adyar Lakshman (makarantar Kalakshetra), da kuma malaman addinin Kuchipudi Vempati Chinna Satyam da CRAcharya suma sun yi ƙoƙarin sake gina dukkan karana 108, waɗanda galibi sun bambanta sosai da fassarar Padma Subrahmanyam har ma a matakin chari (motsi ƙafa) babu wata yarjejeniya game da fassarar wace ce daidai. [ <span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2019)">a cewar wa?</span> ] Saboda bambance-bambancen da ke cikin zane-zanen, yawancin makarantun gargajiya na Bharatanatyam sun ɗauki salon Padma Subrahmanyam, wanda ya haɗa Karanas a matsayin ba daidai ba, wanda ya tilasta mata sanya salon nata a matsayin Bharatanrityam maimakon Bharatanatyam . Yawancin almajiran Padma Subrahmanyam, kamar Bala Devi Chandrashekar (SPNAP Academy of performing art) - Sujatha Mohan (Padmashree Nrithyalaya), Uma Sriram, Jayashree Rajagopalan, Dominique Delorme (Faransa) da sauransu suna koyar da karanas 108 bisa ga binciken Subramanyam. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Akwai da. devadasis wanda ya yi dukkan karana 108. Duk da haka, yanzu a mafi yawan makarantun Bharatanatyam ko Odissi na zamani, ƙaramin adadin karanas da abubuwan da suka samo asali ne kawai aka yada ta hanyar parampara har zuwa yanzu.

Baya ga haka, yin wasan Karana iri ɗaya ya bambanta sosai a cikin salon gargajiya na Indiyawa daban-daban. A halin yanzu, dangane da ainihin dabarar, babu ƙa'idodi da aka kafa kuma babu fassarar rubuce-rubuce da sassaka da aka amince da su a duk duniya. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Jerin Karanas 108 

 Talapuṣpapuṭam
 Vartitam
 Valitōrukam
 Apaviddham
 Samanakham
 Līnam
 Swastikarēchitam
 Manḍalaswastikam
 Nikuṭṭakam
 Ardhanikuṭṭam
 Kaṭīchinnam
 Ardharēchitam
 Vakśaswastikam
 Unmattam
 Swastikam
 Pṭhaswastikam
 Dikswastikam
 Alātam
 Kaṭīsam
 Ākśiptarēchitam
 Babban Shafi
 Ardhaswastikam
 Añchitam
 Bhujaṅgatrāsitam
 Ūrdhvajānu
 Nikuñchitam
 Mattalli
 Ardhamattalli
 Rēchitanikuṭṭam
 Pādāpaviddakam
 Valitam
 Gūrṇitam
 Lalitam
 Daḍapakśam
 Bhujagatrastarēchitam
 Nūpuram
 Vaiṣākharēchitam
 Bhramaram
 Chaturam
 Bhujaṅgāñchitam
 Daḍarēchitam
 Vṛśchikakuṭṭitam
 Kaṭībhrāntam
 Latāvṛśchikam
 Chinnam
 Vṛśchikarēchitam
 Vṛśchikam
 Vyamsitam
 Pārśvanikuṭṭakam
 Lalāṭatilakam
 Krāntam
 Kuñchitam
 Chakramaṇḍalam
 Urōmaṇḍalam
 Akśiptam
 Talavilāsitam
 Argaḷam
 Vikṣiptam
 Avartam
 Dōlāpādam
 Vivṛttam
 Vinivṛttam
 Pārśvakrāntam
 Niṣumbhitam
 Vidyutbhrāntam
 Atikrāntam
 Vivartitakam
 Gajakrīḍitam
 Talasamsphoṭitam
 Garuḍaplutam
 Gaṇḍasūchī
 Parīvṛttam
 Pārśvajānu
 Gṛdrāvalīnakam
 Sannatam
 Sūchi
 Ardhasūchī
 Sūchīviddham
 Apakrāntam
 Mayuralatim
 Sarpitam
 Danɗapādam
 Harinaplutam
 Prēnkōlitam
 Nitambam
 Skalitam
 Karihastam
 Prasarpitam
 Simhavikrīḍitam
 Simhākarṣitam
 Udvṛttam
 Upaśṛtam
 Talasaṅghaṭṭitam
 Janitam
 Avahittakam
 Nivēśam
 Ēlakākrīditam
 Ūrūdvṛttam
 Madaskalitam
 Viṣṇukrāntam
 Sambhrāntam
 Viśkhambam
 Udghaṭṭitam
 Vṛśabhakrīḍitam
 Lōlitam
 Nagāpasarpitam
 Śakaṭāsyam
 Gaṅgāvataranam

 Duba kuma 

 Kuchipudi

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Padma Subrahmanyam, "Bharatha Natyam - Rawar Gargajiya ta Tsoffin Tamils. Matsayin Zane-zanen Rawa a Tamilnad (1968) Archived   Gabatarwar P. Subrahmanyam, tare da hotuna da ke nuna karana 108.