Joyce London Alexander

Joyce London Alexander (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949) tsohuwar alkaliyar kotun gunduma ce ta Amurka. Ita ce bakar fata ta farko da aka naɗa a matsayin babbar alkali a Amurka.  name="EP">  name="AR">  name="LJ">

 Rayuwa 
A shekarar 1949, an haifi Alexander a Cambridge, Massachusetts . Iyayenta Edna da Oscar London ne. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Cambridge da Latin, inda aka ci gaba da zaɓenta a matsayin jami'in aji. Reed, Pierce (2003). "Lady Justice: U.S. Magistrate Judge Joyce London Alexander Dedication". New England Law Review. 38: 901–922. Yayin da take can, ta zama shugabar farko ta Baƙar fata-Amurka ta Majalisar Ɗalibai.  Ta kuma shiga cikin ƙungiyar tseren gudu. Ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Howard ta hanyar tallafin karatu daga Boston NAACP . Yayin da take kwaleji, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar majalisa ga Tip O'Neill . Ta shawo kansa ya ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar majalisa . "Alexander, Joyce London". Encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 9, 2017.  Aikinta na mataimakiyar majalisa ya sa ta sha'awar yin aiki a fannin adalci. Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Howard a shekarar 1969. Bayan haka, ta sami digirin JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta New England a shekarar 1972.  Ta kuma sami tallafin karatu daga NAACP don ɗaukar ƙarin darussa a Jami'ar New York kan shari'o'in tarayya da dokokin aiki. 

 Sana'a 
Alexander ta fara aikin lauya a shekarar 1972. Ta zama lauya mai aiki a Babban Aikin Taimakon Shari'a na Boston a matsayin lauyan al'umma na Reginald Heber Smith . "Alexander, Joyce London". Encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 9, 2017. Reed, Pierce (2003). "Lady Justice: U.S. Magistrate Judge Joyce London Alexander Dedication". New England Law Review. 38: 901–922. Bayan karatunta, ta kasance lauyan shari'a tsawon shekaru da yawa tare da Hukumar Ayyukan Matasa a Boston. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Tufts, tana koyar da dokokin birni da siyasa baƙar fata.   Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar tawagar Shugaba Jimmy Carter a Massachusetts a Babban Taron Kasa na Democrat . Ta kuma kafa Urban League of Eastern Massachusetts tare kuma ta kasance shugabar mata ta farko, tare da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin matasa na kowace Urban League. Yayin da take can, ta ƙara kasafin kuɗinta ninki goma.  Ta zama mace 'yar Afirka ta farko a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da kasancewa mace ta farko a Massachusetts, da ta zama editan shari'a a kyamara don babbar hanyar sadarwa. Sau da yawa ana kiran Alexander ya bayyana a talabijin da kuma a cikin tambayoyi.  A shekarar 1979, Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya naɗa Alexander a kotun gundumar Amurka a matsayin alkali.  "African-Americans in Boston : more than 350 years". Archive.org. 1991. Retrieved April 9, 2017.  Ita ce mace 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da aka naɗa a wannan matsayin a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ita ma tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta da aka taɓa naɗawa a wannan matsayin a duk faɗin ƙasar.    A ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1996, aka naɗa ta Babban Alkali.  Ta zama babbar alkalin kotun farko da baƙar fata ta yi aiki a kotun tarayya. Haka kuma a lokaci guda ta zama babbar alkalin kotun farko ta baƙar fata ta kowace kotu a Massachusetts.  

 Aikin al'umma 
Alexander ta kafa tare kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Urban League of Eastern Massachusetts. "Alexander, Joyce London". Encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 9, 2017. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar taron Alƙalai Baƙaƙe na Massachusetts, inda ta ƙirƙiro shirin bayar da tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban lauyoyi marasa rinjaye. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Shari'a ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa daga 1987 zuwa 1988. Ta shiga cikin shirin "Yara, Kotuna da 'Yan ƙasa" a Boston, wanda ta kafa kuma take kula da shi. Reed, Pierce (2003). "Lady Justice: U.S. Magistrate Judge Joyce London Alexander Dedication". New England Law Review. 38: 901–922. A cikin shirin, sama da ɗaliban aji biyar na makarantun gwamnati na Boston sun ziyarci kotunta, sun yi magana da ita, kuma sun yi shari'ar gwaji a kotunta.  

 Kyaututtuka 
Alexander ta sami digirin girmamawa na shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Northeastern, Kwalejin Jihar Bridgewater, Jami'ar Suffolk, da Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina . A shekarar 1980, an karrama Alexander a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Fitattun Matan Matasa goma a Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, Boston Jaycees ta karrama ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Fitattun Shugabannin Matasa Goma na Massachusetts. Taron Jagorancin Kiristocin Kudancin ya ba ta kyautar Martin Luther King, Jr. Drum Major for Justice a shekarar 1985. A shekarar 1986, ta sami kyautar Daidaito a Shari'a daga Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa. A shekarar 1992, Cibiyar Al'umma ta Cambridge ta ba ta kyautar Sabis na Al'umma ta Cambridge. A shekarar 1994, Majalisar Shari'a ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa ta ba ta kyautar William Hastie . A shekarar 1997, ta sami kyautar C. Francis Stadford daga Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa, wadda ita ce babbar lambar yabo a gare su. Haka kuma a shekarar 1997, Gidauniyar Jami'ar Harvard don Kyau a Hulɗar Al'adu da Kabila ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Medal of Honor.

 Duba kuma 

 Jerin lauyoyi da alkalai mata na farko a Amurka

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949