Sergei Rachmaninoff

Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff ( Russian   )   ( 1 April [   28 Maris 1943) mawaki ne na Rasha, mai kunna piano, kuma mai shirya waƙa . Ana ɗaukar Rachmaninoff a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawakan piano na zamaninsa, kuma a matsayinsa na mawaƙi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan wakilan soyayya a cikin waƙoƙin gargajiya na Rasha . Tasirin farko na Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, da sauran mawakan Rasha sun ba da damar yin amfani da karin magana ta sirri saboda waƙar sa mai kama da waƙa, bayyana ra'ayi, laushi mai yawa na kama-da-wane, da launuka masu kyau na orchestral .  An nuna piano sosai a cikin fitowar Rachmaninoff ta hanyar haɗa waƙoƙi kuma ya yi amfani da ƙwarewarsa a matsayin mai yin waƙa don bincika cikakkiyar damar bayyana da fasaha na kayan aikin.

Farkon rayuwa
An haife shi a cikin dangin mawaka, Rachmaninoff ya fara koyon piano yana ɗan shekara huɗu. Ya yi karatun piano da waƙa a Moscow Conservatory, inda ya kammala karatunsa a 1892, bayan ya riga ya rubuta waƙoƙi da dama. A 1897, bayan fitowar waƙar Symphony No. 1 mai ban tsoro, Rachmaninoff ya shiga cikin mawuyacin hali na shekaru huɗu kuma bai yi wani abu ba, har sai da taimakon likita ya ba shi damar kammala waƙar Piano Concerto No. 2 da ya karɓa sosai a 1901. Rachmaninoff ya zama jagoran gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi daga 1904 zuwa 1906, sannan ya koma Dresden, Jamus, a 1906. Daga baya ya fara rangadinsa na farko a Amurka a matsayin mai buga piano a 1909.

Bayan juyin juya halin Rasha, Rachmaninoff da iyalinsa sun bar Rasha har abada, inda suka zauna a New York a shekarar 1918. Bayan haka, ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa yana yawon shakatawa a matsayin mai buga piano a Amurka da Turai, daga 1932 zuwa gaba yana yin lokacin bazara a gidansa da ke Switzerland. A wannan lokacin, babban aikin Rachmaninoff yana yin wasa, kuma fitowar kayan aikinsa ya ragu sosai, inda ya kammala ayyuka shida kacal bayan ya bar Rasha. Zuwa 1942, raguwar lafiyarsa ta sa ya koma Beverly Hills, California, inda ya mutu sakamakon cutar melanoma a 1943.

 Aiki 

 1873–1885: Kakanni da shekarun farko 
An haifi Rachmaninoff a ranar 1 April [    ya shiga cikin dangin fitattun 'yan Rasha a Daular Rasha .  Al'adar iyali ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta fito ne daga wani fitaccen ɗan ƙasar Vasily, wanda ake wa lakabi da "Rachman", wanda ake kyautata zaton jikan Stephen III na Moldavia ne .   Iyalan Rachmaninoff suna da sha'awar kiɗa da soja sosai. Kakansa na uba, , mawaki ne wanda ya ɗauki darussa daga mawaƙin Irish John Field .   Mahaifinsa, Vasily Arkadievich Rachmaninoff (1841–1916), jami'in soja ne mai ritaya kuma mai buga piano wanda ya auri Lyubov Petrovna Butakova (1853–1929), 'yar wani babban janar na soja wanda ya ba shi gidaje biyar a matsayin wani ɓangare na sadakinta . Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza uku: Vladimir, Sergei da Arkady da 'ya'ya mata uku; Yelena, Sofia da Barbara; Sergei shine ɗansu na uku.    

An haifi Rachmaninoff a gidan danginsa a ƙauyen Semyonovo, kusa da Staraya Russa, Gwamnan Novgorod. An yi rijistar haihuwarsa a cikin littafin cocin Semyonovo.  Bayan Sergei ya cika shekara huɗu, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa wani gida a Oneg estate, kimanin  a arewacin Semyonovo, kuma mahaifin Rachmaninoff ya sayar da gidan Semyonovo a shekarar 1879. Matashi Sergei Rachmaninoff ya girma a gidan Oneg tun yana ɗan shekara huɗu har zuwa shekara tara, kuma ya yi kuskuren ambaton wurin a matsayin wurin haihuwarsa a lokacin da ya girma.  Rachmaninoff ya fara darussan piano da kiɗa wanda mahaifiyarsa ta shirya tun yana ɗan shekara huɗu.  Ta lura da iyawarsa ta sake rubuta sassa daga ƙwaƙwalwa ba tare da rubutaccen rubutu ba. Da jin labarin kyautar yaron, Arkady ta ba da shawarar ta ɗauki Anna Ornatskaya, malamar piano kuma wacce ta kammala karatunta kwanan nan a makarantar Saint Petersburg Conservatory, don ta zauna tare da iyalin kuma ta ba wa matashin Sergei darussan piano na yau da kullun. Rachmaninoff ya sadaukar da sanannen soyayyarsa don murya da piano "Spring Waters" daga 12 Romances, Op. 14, ga Ornatskaya. 

Mahaifin Rachmaninoff, wanda yake son a horar da shi daga Page Corps sannan ya shiga soja, dole ne ya sayar da kadarorin guda biyar ɗaya bayan ɗaya don biyan basussukansa saboda rashin iyawarsa ta kuɗi, don haka ba zai iya biyan masa aikin soja mai tsada ba.   An aika babban ɗan'uwansa Vladimir zuwa kwalejin soja ta yau da kullun.  An yi gwanjon kadarorin ƙarshe a Oneg a shekarar 1882,  kuma iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa wani ƙaramin gida a Saint Petersburg.  A shekarar 1883, Ornatskaya ta shirya wa Rachmaninoff, wanda a lokacin yake da shekaru 10, don ya yi karatun kiɗa a Saint Petersburg Conservatory a ƙarƙashin tsohon malaminta, Gustav Kross . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, 'yar'uwarsa Sofia ta mutu tana da shekaru 13 na ciwon diphtheria, kuma mahaifinsa ya bar iyalin zuwa Moscow.  Kakarsa ta mahaifiyarsa Sofia Litvikova Butakova, bazawara ga Janar Butakov, ta shiga tsakani don taimakawa wajen renon yaran, ta kula da kuɗaɗen gida  kuma ta mai da hankali musamman kan rayuwarsu ta addini, tana kai Rachmaninoff zuwa ayyukan cocin Orthodox na Rasha a lokacin da ya fara cin karo da waƙoƙin ibada da ƙararrawa na coci, abubuwa biyu da zai haɗa a cikin waƙoƙinsa. 
A shekara ta 1885, Rachmaninoff ya sake fuskantar wani babban rashi lokacin da 'yar'uwarsa Yelena ta mutu tana da shekaru 18 sakamakon cutar rashin jini .  Ta kasance muhimmiyar mai tasiri a fagen kiɗa a Rachmaninoff kuma ta gabatar da shi ga ayyukan Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky .  A matsayin hutu, kakarsa ta kai shi wani wurin shakatawa na gona kusa da Kogin Volkhov .  Duk da haka, a Conservatory, ya ɗauki halin nutsuwa, ya yi rashin lafiya, ya faɗi azuzuwan karatunsa na gabaɗaya kuma ya canza katunan rahotonsa da gangan.  Rachmaninoff ya yi wasa a tarurrukan da aka gudanar a Moscow Conservatory a wannan lokacin, gami da waɗanda Grand Duke Konstantin da sauran fitattun mutane suka halarta. Duk da haka, bayan ya faɗi jarrabawar bazara, Ornatskaya ya sanar da mahaifiyarsa cewa za a iya soke shigarsa zuwa ƙarin ilimi.  Daga nan mahaifiyarsa ta nemi shawara daga Alexander Siloti, ɗan uwanta, wanda ƙwararren mai buga piano ne kuma tsohon ɗalibi a Franz Liszt . Ya ba da shawarar cewa Rachmaninoff ya koma Moscow Conservatory don yin karatu a ƙarƙashin tsohon malamin piano ɗinsa, Nikolai Zverev mai tsauri,  wanda ya daɗe har zuwa 1888. 

 1885–1894: Makarantar Conservatory ta Moscow da kuma waƙoƙin farko 
A lokacin kaka na 1885, Rachmaninoff ya koma Zverev, kamar yadda aka saba a lokacin, kuma ya zauna a can na tsawon shekaru kusan huɗu. A wannan lokacin, ya yi abota da wani ɗalibi Alexander Scriabin .  Yayin da yake zaune a gidan Zverev, Rachmaninoff yana zaune a ɗaki ɗaya da wasu ɗalibai uku, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai yin piano na tsawon awanni uku a kowace rana.  Bayan shekaru biyu na karatu, an ba wa Rachmaninoff mai shekaru goma sha biyar tallafin karatu na Rubinstein,  kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga ƙaramin sashe na Conservatory. Daga nan ya zama ɗalibi na Siloti don piano mai ci gaba, ya yi karatun akasin haka a ƙarƙashin Sergei Taneyev, kuma ya koyi waƙa kyauta daga Anton Arensky .   A shekara ta 1889, an sami rashin jituwa tsakanin Rachmaninoff da Zverev, wanda yanzu yake ba shi shawara, bayan da Zverev ya ƙi buƙatar mawaƙin don neman taimako wajen hayar piano da ƙarin sirri don yin waƙa.   Zverev, wanda ya yi imanin cewa waƙa ɓata wa masu fasahar piano rai, ya ƙi yin magana da Rachmaninoff na ɗan lokaci kuma ya shirya masa ya zauna tare da dangin Satin (innar Rachmaninoff, kawunsa, da 'ya'yansu) a Moscow.  Daga nan Rachmaninoff ya sami soyayyarsa ta farko a Vera, ƙaramar 'yar dangin Skalon da ke makwabtaka, amma mahaifiyarta ta ƙi amincewa kuma ta hana Rachmaninoff rubuta mata wasiƙa, ta bar shi ya yi wa babbar 'yar uwarta Natalia wasiƙa.  Daga waɗannan wasiƙun ne za a iya gano yawancin waƙoƙin Rachmaninoff na farko . 

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