Harsunan Na-Dene

Na-Dene (/ˌnɑːdɪˈneɪ/ NAH-dih-NAY; kuma Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit, Tlina-Dene) iyali ne na yarukan 'yan asalin Amurka waɗanda suka haɗa da aƙalla yarukan Athabaskan, Eyak, da yarukan Tlingit. An haɗa Haida a baya amma yanzu an dauke shi harshe ne mai zaman kansa. Harshen Na-Dene da aka fi magana a yau shine Navajo, kuma yaren asalin da aka fi sani da shi a arewacin Mexico.

Wasu masana harsuna sun ba da shawarar cewa dangin Na-Dene suna da alaƙa da yarukan Yeniseian na tsakiyar Siberia, suna haifar da dangin Dene-Yeniseian. Koyaya, wasu masana harsuna ba su yarda da wannan shawarar ba.

 Magana 
Edward Sapir da farko ya gina kalmar Na-Dene don komawa ga dangin da aka haɗu da Athabaskan, Tlingit, da Haida (ba a san wanzuwar Harshen Eyak a lokacin ba). A cikin "Harsunan Na-Dene: Rahoton farko", ya bayyana yadda ya isa lokacin (Sapir 1915, shafi na 558): 

 Rarrabawar iyali 
A cikin ainihinsa, Na-Dene ya ƙunshi rassa biyu, Tlingit da Athabaskan-Eyak: 

Ga masu ilimin harshe waɗanda ke bin Edward Sapir wajen haɗa Haida zuwa harsunan da ke sama, Haida tana wakiltar ƙarin reshe, tare da Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit tare suna samar da ɗayan. Dene ko Dine (harsunan Athabaskan) rukuni ne na yarukan 'yan asalin da aka rarraba a Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Alaska, sassan Oregon, arewacin California, da Amurka ta Kudu maso Yamma har zuwa arewacin Mexico.

Yankin kudu maso yammacin Athabaskan kuma ana kiransa Kudancin Athabascan ko Apache" id="mwUA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apachean">Apachean, kuma ya haɗa da Navajo_language" id="mwUQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Navajo language">Navajo da duk yarukan Apache. Mutanen Eyak ne ke magana da Eyak a kudu maso tsakiyar Alaska; mai magana da harshen farko na ƙarshe ya mutu a shekara ta 2008. Navajo shine harshe mafi yawan magana na iyalin Na-Dene, wanda ake magana a Arizona, New Mexico, da sauran yankuna na Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka.

 Bayanan nau'ikan Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit 
Dukkanin waɗannan harsuna suna da tsari mai rikitarwa wanda ke da alamun lokaci da yanayi tsakanin alamun yarjejeniyar batun da abu. Alamar morphological ta iyali jerin prefixes ne da aka samo kai tsaye a gaban tushen aikatau wanda ke tadawa ko rage transitivity na kalmar aikatau. Wadannan prefixes, da aka fi sani da "classifiers", sun samo asali ne daga tarihi daga haɗuwa da nau'o'i daban-daban guda uku na morphemes kuma ba a samun su a cikin kowane dangin yaren 'yan asalin Amurka ba.

Tsarin phoneme ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na dorsal (velar ko uvular) consonants (a gaban da yawa na zamani na Athabaskan harsuna zuwa palatals da velars, daidai) da kuma rashin gaba ɗaya na ƙuntataccen leɓuna (sai dai inda /b / ya fito daga *w). A cikin ilimin sauti na tarihi akwai yaduwar hali, wanda za'a iya gani a cikin harsunan Athabaskan da yawa, don bambancin sauti don fitowa daga siffofin glottal da aka samo asali a ƙarshen syllable. Abubuwan da ake tambaya a cikin ciki galibi suna bayyane a cikin Eyak ko Tlingit. Wadannan harsuna suna da ban mamaki a cikin ƙunshe da prefixation mai yawa duk da haka suna SOV da postpositional, siffofin da ke da alaƙa da harsuna masu ƙayyadewa.

 Sin da Tibet 
Hanyar haɗi tsakanin yarukan Na-Dene da yarukan Sino-Tibetan, wanda aka sani da Sino-Dene, Edward Sapir ne ya fara gabatar da shi. A kusa da 1920, Sapir ya gamsu cewa Na-Dene yana da alaƙa da Sino-Tibetan fiye da sauran iyalai na Amurka. Ya rubuta jerin wasiƙu ga Alfred Kroeber inda ya yi magana da ƙwazo game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Na-Dene da "Indo-Chinese". A cikin 1925, an buga wani labarin goyon baya wanda ya taƙaita tunaninsa, duk da cewa ba ya rubuta shi, mai taken "The Similarities of Chinese and Indian Languages", a cikin Science Supplements . Tunanin Sino-Dene bai taba samun tushe a Amurka a waje da da'irar Sapir ba, kodayake daga baya Robert Shafer (1952, 1957, 1969) da Morris Swadesh (1952, 1965) suka sake farfado da shi. Alfredo Trombetti, wanda shine na farko da ya ba da shawarar dangantaka tsakanin iyalan yaren Yeniseian da Na-Dene (1923),  ya kuma gano ra'ayin Sino-Dene da kansa (1923, 1925).

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