Jihohin ja da jihohin shuɗi

Tun daga zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2000, kalmomin ja da ja da kuma ja suna nufin jihohin A oxka waɗanda masu zaɓe suka fi kaɗa ƙuri'a ga jam'iyya ɗaya— Jam'iyyar Republican a jihohin ja da kuma Jam'iyyar Democrat a jihohin shuɗi—a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da sauran zaɓukan jihohi. [1] [2] Sabanin haka, jihohin da kuri'un da suka fi rinjaye ke canzawa tsakanin 'yan takarar Democrat da Republican ana kiransu da jihohi masu juyawa ko jihohin shunayya . Binciken yanayin da ke cikin jihohi ya nuna cewa sauya tushen jam'iyyun biyu ya faru a matakin jiha, amma ya fi rikitarwa a cikin gida, tare da rarrabuwar kawuna a birane da karkara da ke da alaƙa da yawancin manyan canje-canje
Duk jihohi suna ɗauke da masu zaɓe masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya (watau, suna "shuɗi") kuma suna bayyana shuɗi ko ja ne kawai a taswirar zaɓe saboda tsarin da yawancin jihohi ke amfani da shi na ɗaukar duk wanda ya yi nasara .  Duk da haka, fahimtar wasu jihohi a matsayin "shuɗi" wasu kuma a matsayin "ja", bisa ga goyon bayan jam'iyyu da yawa ko mafi rinjaye ga kowace babbar jam'iyya, an ƙarfafa ta da wani matakin kwanciyar hankali na jam'iyyu daga zaɓe zuwa zaɓe - daga zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2016 zuwa zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2020, jihohi biyar ne kawai suka canza "launi"; kuma kamar yadda yake a 2024, jihohi 35 daga cikin 50 sun kaɗa ƙuri'a ga jam'iyya ɗaya a kowace zaɓen shugaban ƙasa tun lokacin da aka shahara da kalmomin ja-shuɗi a 2000, inda 15 kacal suka canza tsakanin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2000 da zaɓen 2024. Duk da cewa jihohi ja da ja da yawa da jajayen jihohi suna ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rukuni ɗaya na dogon lokaci, suna iya canzawa daga shuɗi zuwa ja ko daga ja zuwa shuɗi akan lokaci.

 Tarihin tsarin launi 

 Asalin 
An kuma nuna launukan ja da shuɗi a tutar Amurka . Masu tsara taswirar gargajiya, aƙalla a cikin ƙarni na 20, sun yi amfani da shuɗi don wakiltar 'yan Republican na zamani, da kuma tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Tarayya . Wannan wataƙila ya kasance juyin mulki ne daga Yaƙin Basasa, wanda a lokacin ake ɗaukar arewacin da ke da rinjayen 'yan Republican a matsayin  Duk da haka, a wancan lokacin, wani mai yin taswira da aka sayar sosai ya raka su da fensir shuɗi don nuna ƙungiyoyin sojojin Confederate, yayin da ja kuma na Tarayyar ne. 

Daga baya, a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1888, Grover Cleveland da Benjamin Harrison sun yi amfani da taswirori waɗanda suka yi wa 'yan Republican alama mai launin shuɗi, launin da ake ganin yana wakiltar Tarayyar da "Jam'iyyar Lincoln ", da kuma ja ga 'yan Democrat. Jam'iyyun da kansu ba su da launuka na hukuma, inda 'yan takara daban-daban ke amfani da ɗaya ko duka launukan ƙasa na ja da shuɗi (fari bai dace da kayan bugawa ba).

Akwai wani amfani na tarihi, wanda ke da alaƙa da mulkin shugaban ƙasa, na shuɗi ga 'yan Democrat da ja ga 'yan Republican: a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, hukumomin zaɓe na gundumar Texas sun yi amfani da tsarin launi don taimakawa masu zaɓe masu magana da harshen Sipaniya da waɗanda ba su iya karatu da rubutu su gane jam'iyyun;  duk da haka, wannan tsarin ba a yi amfani da shi akai-akai a Texas ba kuma ba a maimaita shi a kowace jiha ba. A cikin 1908, Jaridar New York Times ta buga wani taswira mai launi na musamman, ta amfani da shuɗi ga 'yan Democrat da rawaya ga 'yan Republican, don cikakken bayani game da nasarar zaɓen Theodore Roosevelt a 1904.  A wannan shekarar, wani ƙarin launi da aka haɗa tare da fitowar watan Yuli ta The Washington Post ya yi amfani da ja ga jihohin da ke goyon bayan Republican, shuɗi ga jihohin da ke goyon bayan Democrat, rawaya ga jihohin da ke da shakku da kuma kore ga yankunan da ba su da kuri'ar shugaban ƙasa. 

 Sabanin amfani da launi a wasu ƙasashe 
Alaƙar launuka a cikin siyasar Amurka ta ƙarni na 21 ta saba wa dogayen yarjejeniyoyi na launin siyasa a yawancin sauran ƙasashe inda alamomin ja (kamar tutar ja ko tauraro ja ) ke da alaƙa da siyasar hagu  gami da ƙasashe masu irin waɗannan gwamnatoci, kamar Ja China, yayin da shuɗi ke da alaƙa da ra'ayin mazan jiya .  Tun daga shekarun 1990, galibi ana wakiltar 'yan Democrat da ja da 'yan Republican da shuɗi.  A cewar jaridar The Washington Post, ɗan jarida Tim Russert ya ƙirƙiro waɗannan sharuɗɗan a lokacin da yake watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin game da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2000.  Zaɓen 2000 ba shine na farko da kafofin watsa labarai suka yi amfani da taswirori masu launi don nuna fifikon masu zaɓe a jihohi daban-daban ba, amma shine karo na farko da aka yi amfani da kalmomin ja-shuɗi na yanzu. A zaɓukan da suka gabata, rarrabuwar launuka ko ma ainihin launukan da aka yi amfani da su galibi sun bambanta.

 Tarihin sunayen da ake bayarwa a yanzu 
Zuwan talabijin mai launi a Amurka a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960 ya sa masu aiko da rahotannin labarai na talabijin su dogara da taswirar zaɓe mai launi, kodayake majiyoyi sun yi karo da yarjejeniyar da suka yi amfani da ita. Wata majiya ta yi iƙirarin cewa a zaɓen da ya gabata kafin 2000, kowace jiha da ta kaɗa ƙuri'a ga 'yan takarar Democrat amma ɗaya an yi mata lambar ja. Ta ƙara da cewa daga 1976 zuwa 2004, a yunƙurin guje wa nuna fifiko a tsarin lambar launi, hanyoyin sadarwa na watsa shirye-shirye sun daidaita yarjejeniyar canza launin shuɗi da ja duk bayan shekaru huɗu da aka yi amfani da shi ga jam'iyyar shugaban ƙasa mai ci. 
MANAZARTA