Harsunan Jafananci

Japonic or Japanese–Ryukyuan (Japanese: 日琉語族, romanized: Nichiryū gozoku) is a language family comprising Japanese, spoken in the main islands of Japan, and the Ryukyuan languages, spoken in the Ryukyu Islands. The family is universally accepted by linguists, and significant progress has been made in reconstructing the proto-language, Proto-Japonic.[1] The reconstruction implies a split between all dialects of Japanese and all Ryukyuan varieties, probably before the 7th century. The Hachijō language, spoken on the Izu Islands, is also included, but its position within the family is unclear.

Yawancin malamai sun yi imanin cewa an kawo Jafananci zuwa Tsibirin Japan daga Yankin Koriya tare da Al'adun Yayoi a lokacin karni na 1 BC. Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa harsunan Jafananci na iya kasancewa a cikin sassan tsakiya da kudancin Koriya (duba Peninsular Japonic) a farkon ƙarni AD.

An ba da shawarar yiwuwar alaƙar kwayar halitta tare da wasu iyalai da yawa na harsuna, mafi yawan tsari tare da Koriya, amma ba a nuna alaƙar kwaya ba.

 Rarraba 
Harsunan Japon da ke wanzuwa suna cikin rassan biyu masu kyau: Jafananci da Ryukyuan. [ 2 ] Yawancin masana sun yi imanin cewa manoman shinkafa masu ruwa-ruwa na al'adun Yayoi ne suka kawo Japonics zuwa arewacin Kyushu daga yankin Koriya a kusan 700 zuwa 300 BC kuma suka bazu ko'ina cikin tsibirin Japan, suna maye gurbin harsunan asali. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  Tsohon yaduwar harsunan Ainu ya tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar sunayen wurare a arewacin Honshu wanda ya ƙare da  (daga kogin Ainu  ) da  (daga rafi na Ainu  ). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Daga baya, harsunan Japon suma sun bazu zuwa kudu zuwa Tsibirin Ryukyu . [ 3 ] Akwai shaidar sunan wuri mai rarrabuwar kawuna cewa har yanzu ana magana da harsunan Japon da suka shuɗe a sassan tsakiya da kudancin yankin Koriya ƙarnuka da yawa bayan haka. [ 10 ] [ 11 ]

 Jafananci 
Jafananci shine harshen ƙasa na Japan, inda kusan mutane miliyan 126 ke magana da shi. Tso shaidar ita ce Tsohon Jafananci, wanda aka rubuta ta amfani da Haruffa na Sinanci a ƙarni na 7 da 8.[12] Ya bambanta da Jafananci na zamani ta hanyar samun tsari mai sauƙi (C) V syllable da guje wa jerin wasula.[13] Har ila yau, rubutun ya bambanta wasula takwas (ko diphthongs), tare da biyu kowannensu ya dace da i, e da o na zamani.[14] Yawancin matani suna nuna maganar yankin da ke kusa da Nara, babban birnin Japan na ƙarni na takwas, amma an rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 300 a cikin yarukan gabashin Tsohon Jafananci.[15][16]

Harshen ya sami babban kwararar ƙamus na Sin-Jafananci bayan gabatar da Addinin Buddha a karni na 6 kuma ya kai kololuwa tare da shigo da al'adun kasar Sin a ƙarni na 8 da 9.[17] Kalmomin aro yanzu suna da kusan rabin ƙamus.[18] Sun kuma shafi tsarin sauti na harshe ta hanyar ƙara wasula masu haɗari, syllable-ƙarshe hanci, da geminate consonants, wanda ya zama morae daban.[19] Yawancin canje-canje a cikin yanayin da haɗin kai da aka nuna a cikin harshen zamani sun faru ne a lokacin Late Middle Japanese (karni na 13 zuwa 16). [20]

Yaren Jafananci na zamani, waɗanda ake magana a kan Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, da Hokkaido, galibi ana haɗa su kamar haka:[21]

manazarta