Johann Andreas Cramer

Johann Andreas Cramer (14 Disamba 1710 - 6 Disamba 1777) ƙwararren masanin ƙarfe ne kuma masanin sinadarai na Jamus wanda ya buga wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin farko kan aikin ƙarfe da sinadarai a cikin littattafansa waɗanda suka haɗa da Elementa Artis Docimasticae (1741).

Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Cramer a Quedlinburg inda mahaifinsa ɗan kasuwa ne da ke da hannu a masana'antar ƙarfe. Tun yana yaro ya yi tafiya zuwa ma'adinai a yankin Harz tare da mahaifinsa, kuma bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, surukinsa Christian George Schwalbe (1691-1791) ya kula da shi. Schwalbe likita ne mai da'irar sani waɗanda suka haɗa da masana kimiyyar sinadarai da kuma masana tsirrai, ciki har da Linnaeus. Cramer ya yi karatun shari'a na tsawon zangon karatu a Hamburg kafin ya koma Halle don yin karatun likitanci a 1726. Malamansa sun haɗa da George Ernst Stahl (1659-1734). Bai kammala karatun likitancinsa ba, kuma ya fi sha'awar fannonin kimiyyar sinadarai, kuma sun koma yin karatun shari'a yayin da suke halartar darussan kimiyyar sinadarai a Halle ta Juncker da Peter Gericke (1693-1750). Ya kammala karatunsa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Blankenburg, amma ya ci gaba da aiki a kan aikin ƙarfe. Ya koma Helmstedt a 1734 kuma ya halarci darussan kimiyyar sinadarai ta Gericke. Ya kuma kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje a gida ya fara koyon gwaji. Ya saba da Gottfried Jacob Jänisch (1707–1781) wanda ya taimaka wa Cramer ya koma Leiden inda shi ma yake da aboki a Carl Linnaeus . Cramer ya koma Leiden ya kuma haɗu da malamai da dama a cikin "ƙungiyar mutane" ciki har da Jan Frederik Gronovius, Linnaeus, Herman Boerhaave, Gerard van Swieten (1700–1772), da Isaac Lawson (1704–1747). Lawson ya ɗauki Cramer aiki a dakin gwaje-gwajensa kuma ya taimaka wajen rubuta Elementa Artis Docimasticae wanda aka buga a farko a 1741. 

Cramer ya yi amfani da ra'ayin " haila ", ra'ayin wani abu da ya bayyana a matsayin ".. wanda ake amfani da shi ga wasu bisa ga wasu Dokoki, yana narkar da su don su manne da kansu a cikin Yanayin Raba ga Barbashin Jiki da ya narke, kuma ba zai iya sake rabuwa da su ba da kansu." Waɗannan sun haɗa da abin da ake kira fluxes yanzu ciki har da gubar da arsenic.Bortolotto, Andréa (2015). "Johann Andreas Cramer and Chemical Mineral Assay in the Eighteenth Century". Ambix. 62 (4): 312–332. doi:10.1080/00026980.2015.1129854. PMID 26924331. S2CID 35898045.

Mutuwa
Cramer ya mutu a Berggieshübel kusa da Dresden.

 Manazarta 

Category: Mutanen Jamus