Lena Baker

Lena Baker (8 ga Yuni, 1900 - 5 ga Maris, 1945)  baiwar Afirka ce a Cuthbert, Georgia, Amurka, wacce aka yanke mata hukuncin kisa kan wani bakar fata, Ernest Knight. Jihar Georgia ta kashe ta a shekarar 1945.  name="guardian"> Baker ita ce mace daya tilo a Georgia da aka kashe ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki.   name="guardian" 

An zartar da hukuncin kisa ne a lokacin da gwamnati ta shafe shekaru da dama tana tauye haƙƙin ɗan adam na baƙar fata a Georgia wadda fararen fata suka mamaye. Jihar ta hana baƙar fata 'yan ƙasa damar zama 'yan ƙasa tun farkon ƙarni, kuma ta sanya musu wariya ta launin fata da matsayi na aji na biyu. A lokacin shari'ar, wata jarida ta gida ta ba da rahoton cewa Knight ta tsare Baker a matsayin "bawan Allah", kuma ta harbe shi don kare kansa a lokacin wani gwagwarmaya. 

A shekara ta 2005, shekaru sittin bayan an kashe ta, jihar Georgia ta bai wa Baker cikakkiyar afuwa ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba. Hukumar ba ta sami Baker a matsayin wacce ba ta da laifi ba, amma ta ce da an same ta da laifin kisan kai maimakon kisan kai.  name="guardian">Younge, Gary (August 17, 2005). "Pardon for maid executed in 1945". The Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2008. An buga tarihin rayuwar Baker a shekara ta 2001, kuma an daidaita shi don fim ɗin The Lena Baker Story (2008), wanda ya ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarta, shari'arta, da kuma kisan da aka yi mata.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Lena Baker a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1900, ga dangin masu raba amfanin gona kuma an girma su kusa da Cuthbert, Georgia . Iyalinta, waɗanda suka haɗa da 'yan'uwa uku, sun ƙaura zuwa majalisar gundumar tun tana ƙarama. Tun tana ƙarama, ita da 'yan'uwanta duk suna aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gona; ta yi wa wani manomi mai suna JA Cox yanka auduga. [1]

A shekarun 1940, Baker ta kasance uwar 'ya'ya uku kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai hidima don tallafa wa iyalinta.

 Kisa 
A shekarar 1944, Baker ya fara aiki da Ernest Knight, wani tsohon mutum farar fata wanda ya karye ƙafarsa. Yana da injin niƙa mai ƙarfi, kuma bayan ya yi wa Lena fyade sau da yawa, zai tsare ta a gidan yari na tsawon kwanaki a "kusan bauta."  Ɗan Knight da mutanen garin sun ƙi "dangantakarsu", kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshenta ta hanyar yi wa Baker barazana. Younge, Gary (August 17, 2005). "Pardon for maid executed in 1945". The Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2008. Wata rana wata jayayya ta taso tsakanin su biyun, inda Knight ya yi wa Baker barazana da sandar ƙarfe. Yayin da take ƙoƙarin tserewa, suka yi ta fama da bindigarsa, sai ta harbe shi ta kashe shi. Nan take ta ba da rahoton lamarin kuma ta ce ta yi abin da ya dace don kare kanta .

 Shari'a da aiwatarwa 
An tuhumi Lena Baker da laifin kisan kai kuma an gurfanar da ita a gaban kotu a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1944. Alkali William "Two Gun" Worrill ne ya jagoranci shari'ar, wanda ya ajiye bindigogi biyu a gaban kotunsa.  A shari'arta, Baker ya shaida cewa Knight ya tilasta mata ta tafi tare da shi a daren Asabar na 29 ga Afrilu. Garin bai so dangantakarsu ta jima'i ba kuma shugaban gundumar ya gargaɗe ta da ta guji Knight, ko kuma ta fuskanci barazanar a tura ta gidan yari. Amma tana jin tsoron cin zarafin Knight; ya tilasta mata yin jima'i. Ɗansa shi ma ya buge ta a wani lokaci, yana yi mata gargaɗi da ta guji mahaifinsa.  Baker ya ce ta tsere daga Knight a daren ta kwana a cikin daji. Yayin da ta koma Cuthbert washegari da safe, Knight ya yi mata katanga, ya kai ta wurin injin ya kulle ta. Lokacin da Knight ya dawo, Baker ya gaya masa za ta tafi. A cewar Baker, sun "yi karo da bindigar", bayan ya yi mata barazana da sandar ƙarfe.  Nan take ta kai rahoto ga JA Cox, mai binciken gawarwakin gundumar wanda ya yi mata aiki a baya.

Juri mai launin fari, maza duka sun yi watsi da rokon Baker na kare kanta kuma sun yanke mata hukuncin kisa a ƙarshen ranar farko ta shari'ar. McGraw, Seamus. "All about Missing Mamma: The Lena Baker Story". The Crime Library. Archived from the original on May 14, 2023. Wannan tuhumar tana ɗauke da hukuncin kisa kai tsaye. Baya ga wariyar launin fata da majalisar dokokin Georgia da fararen fata suka kafa, ta hana yawancin baƙar fata 'yancinsu tun farkon ƙarni, wanda ya hana su yin aikin alkalai. Bayan da lauyan da Baker ya naɗa, WL Ferguson, ya shigar da ƙara, ya yi watsi da Baker a matsayin abokin ciniki. 

Gwamna Ellis Arnall ya ba wa Baker hutun kwanaki 60 domin Hukumar Yafewa da Sakin Yaro ta sake duba shari'ar, amma a watan Janairun 1945 ta hana Baker yin afuwa.  An mayar da ita gidan yarin Jihar Georgia da ke Reidsville a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1945. 

An kashe Baker a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1945. Younge, Gary (August 17, 2005). "Pardon for maid executed in 1945". The Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2008. An binne ta a wani kabari da ba a yi wa alama ba a bayan Cocin Mount Vernon Baptist, inda ta rera waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa.

 Afuwa bayan mutuwa 
A shekarar 1998, membobin cocin sun shirya wani dutse mai sauƙi don kabarinta. "Lena Baker Case". History and Archaeology >> Progressive Era to World War II, 1900-1945. The New Georgia Encyclopedia. December 9, 2005. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2008. A wannan shekarar an buga labarai biyu game da lamarinta. 

A shekara ta 2003, zuriyar dangin Baker suka fara bikin tunawa da mutuwarta da kuma Ranar Uwa a kabarinta. A wannan shekarar, kakan Baker, Roosevelt Curry, ya nemi afuwa a hukumance daga jihar, tare da taimakon ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare fursunonin gidan yari ta Georgia, wato Prison and Jail Project.

A shekara ta 2005, Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta ba wa Baker cikakkiyar afuwa ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba.  "Lena Baker Case". History and Archaeology >> Progressive Era to World War II, 1900-1945. The New Georgia Encyclopedia. December 9, 2005. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2008. McGraw, Seamus. "All about Missing Mamma: The Lena Baker Story". The Crime Library. Archived from the original on May 14, 2023. Membobin hukumar sun ce ba sa ganin Baker ba tare da laifi ba, amma sun ce da an tuhume ta da laifin kisan kai na son rai maimakon kisan kai. Kisan kai na son rai da zai iya ɗaukar matsakaicin shekaru 15 a gidan yari kuma ya ceci rayuwarta. Younge, Gary (August 17, 2005). "Pardon for maid executed in 1945". The Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2008. 

 Wakilci a wasu kafofin watsa labarai 
A shekara ta 2001, Lela Bond Phillips, farfesa a Kwalejin Andrew, ta buga wani tarihin rayuwa mai taken The Lena Baker Story, wanda aka daidaita shi zuwa wani fim mai suna iri ɗaya a shekara ta 2008. Tichina Arnold ta taka rawar Lena Baker.

 Duba kuma 

 Celia (bawa)
 Ruby McCollum
 Joan Little
 Jerin mutanen da aka kashe a Georgia (jihar Amurka) (kafin 1972)
 Jerin mutanen da aka kashe a Amurka a shekarar 1945

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba