Masallacin Amr ibn al-As

Masallacin Amr bn al-As masallaci ne, wanda ke cikin unguwar Fustat a Tsohon Alkahira, Masar . An sanya masa suna don girmama kwamandan musulmin Larabawa Amr ibn al-As, an gina masallacin a kimanin  CE a matsayin cibiyar sabuwar babban birnin Masar da aka kafa, Fustat . Ginin asali shine masallaci na farko da aka gina a Masar kuma ɗaya daga cikin na farko a Afirka .  Tsawon shekaru 600, masallacin shi ma muhimmin cibiyar koyon addinin Musulunci ne har sai da aka maye gurbinsa da Masallacin Al-Azhar na al-Muizz a Alkahira ta Musulunci .  Har zuwa ƙarni na ashirin, shi ne masallaci na huɗu mafi girma a duniyar Musulunci. 

Wurin da masallacin yake shine wurin da tsohon tanti na Amr ibn al-As yake. Ɗaya daga cikin kusurwar masallacin ya ƙunshi ɗaki da ke da alaƙa da ɗansa, Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As . Saboda sake ginawa mai yawa tsawon ƙarni, babu wani abu da ya rage na ginin asali, amma masallacin da aka sake ginawa sanannen wuri ne kuma ana iya ganinsa a wurin da a yau ake kira Tsohon Alkahira. Masallaci ne mai aiki tare da jama'a masu ibada, kuma idan ba a yin addu'o'i ba, yana buɗe ga baƙi da masu yawon buɗe ido. 

 Asalin Ma'anar 
An sanya wa masallacin suna ne bayan wanda ya kafa shi, Amr ibn al-As, wanda ya jagoranci mamaye Masar da Larabawa suka yi . Majiyoyin tarihi sun nuna cewa an kuma san masallacin da Larabci da  da .   

 Tarihi 
A bisa al'ada, tsuntsu ne ya zaɓi wurin da ya fara zama. Amr ibn al-As, bisa umarnin Khalifa Umar, shine janar na Larabawa wanda ya ci Masar daga hannun Romawa. A shekara ta 641 CE, kafin shi da rundunarsa su kai hari kan babban birninsu na Alexandria (a arewa maso yammacin yankin Nilu Delta ), kwamandan ya kafa tantinsa a gefen gabashin kogin Nilu, a kudancin yankin. Kamar yadda labarin ya nuna, jim kaɗan kafin ya tafi yaƙi, wata kurciya ta ajiye ƙwai a cikin tanti na kwamandan. Lokacin da ya dawo da nasara, yana buƙatar zaɓar wurin da za a gina sabon babban birni, tunda Umar ya ba da umarni cewa ba za a iya gina shi a Alexandria mai nisa ba. Saboda haka, kwamandan ya sami kwarin gwiwa ya ayyana wurin da ƙwai na kurciya ya kasance cibiyar sabon babban birni, Fustat, ko Misr al-Fustat, "Birnin Tantuna". Kwamandan ya gina babban masallaci a wurin da tantinsa yake a sansanin. 

 Gyara da faɗaɗawa 
Gwamna Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari ne ya sake gina ginin gaba ɗaya a shekara ta 673 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa, wanda ya ƙara minarets huɗu, ɗaya a kowace kusurwar masallacin, kuma ya ninka girmansa sau biyu. Ƙarin waɗannan minarets ya ba da damar jin kiran sallah daga kowace kusurwa, kuma sauran masallatan da ke kusa suka ɗauke su. Gwamna Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ya ƙara wani ƙarin gini ga masallacin a shekara ta 698 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa, sannan ya sake ninka yankin masallacin sau biyu. A shekara ta 711 an ƙara wani wuri mai faɗi na salla don maye gurbin wanda ke da faɗi. A shekara ta 827 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa, an gina sabbin hanyoyi bakwai, a layi ɗaya da bangon alkibla, inda Musulmai ke fuskantar alkibla yayin sallah. Kowace hanya tana da ginshiƙai masu faɗi, tare da ginshiƙi na ƙarshe a kowane layi da aka haɗa da bango ta hanyar katakon katako da aka sassaka da frieze.

A shekara ta 827 CE, gwamna Abd Allah ibn Tahir ya ƙara ƙarin bayani a kan masallacin. An faɗaɗa shi zuwa girmansa na yanzu, kuma aka gina katangar kudu ta masallacin na yanzu.

A ƙarni na 9, Khalifan Abbasiyya al-Mamun ya faɗaɗa masallacin, wanda ya ƙara sabon yanki a gefen kudu maso yamma, inda ya ƙara girman masallacin zuwa A shekara ta , birnin Fustat da masallacin sun lalace sakamakon gobara da wani babban mai kula da masallacin Masar mai suna Shawar ya bayar, wanda ya ba da umarnin a lalata birnin domin hana ' yan Salibiyya su kama birnin. Bayan an kori 'yan Salibiyya, kuma sojojin Nur al-Din suka kwace yankin, Saladin ya karɓi iko, kuma ya sake gina masallacin a shekara ta 1179. A wannan lokacin Saladin ya gina wani belvedere a ƙarƙashin minaret.

A ƙarni na 14 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa, Burhan al-Din Ibrahim al-Mahalli ya biya kuɗin gyaran masallacin. A shekara ta 1303, Sarki Salar ya gyara masallacin bayan girgizar ƙasa . Ya kuma ƙara wani wuri na addu'a na stucco a bangon waje na masallacin, wanda yanzu ya ɓace.
A ƙarni na 18 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa, Mourad Bey, ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Mamluk na Masar, ya lalata masallacin saboda lalacewa. A shekara ta 1796, sai ya ba da umarnin a sake gina masallacin, kafin isowar Fitowar Napoleon ta Faransa zuwa Masar . A lokacin sake gina Mourad, masu ginin sun rage adadin layukan ginshiƙai daga bakwai zuwa shida, sannan suka canza yanayin hanyoyin don su zama daidai da bangon qibla . Haka kuma wataƙila a wannan lokacin ne aka ƙara sauran minarets na yanzu.  A lokacin mamayar Faransa, Sojojin Faransa sun ɗauki yawancin kayan ado na katako na ciki don itacen wuta. 

A shekara ta 1875, an sake gina masallacin; kuma a ƙarni na 20, a zamanin mulkin Abbas Helmi na Biyu, an sake gyara masallacin. An sake gina wasu sassan ƙofar shiga a shekarun 1980. 

 Gine-gine 
Tsarin asali murabba'i ne mai sauƙi,  tsayi da Faɗin  . Rumfa ce mai ƙananan ginshiƙai da aka yi da rassan bishiyoyin dabino, duwatsu da tubalan laka, an rufe ta da rufin itace da ganyen dabino. Ƙasa an yi ta da tsakuwa. A cikin ginin, ba a lura da hanyar zuwa Makka da wani yanki mai lanƙwasa kamar yadda za a gani a duk masallatan da suka gabata ba. Madadin haka, an yi amfani da ginshiƙai huɗu don nuna alkiblar Makka kuma an saka su a bangon alkibla . Ya isa ya samar da sararin salla ga rundunar kwamandan amma ba shi da wasu kayan ado ko minarets. 

A wani lokaci a zamanin Fatimiyya, masallacin yana da minarets guda biyar. Akwai guda huɗu, ɗaya a kowane kusurwa, ɗaya kuma a ƙofar shiga. Duk da haka, dukkan biyar sun ɓace yanzu. Mourad Bey ne ya gina minarets na yanzu a shekara ta 1800. Haka kuma, Khalifan Fatimiyya al-Mustansir ya ƙara bel ɗin azurfa a wurin salla wanda daga ƙarshe Saladin ya cire shi lokacin da aka gyara masallacin bayan gobarar da ta tashi a Fustat.

Sashe ɗaya tilo na tsohon ginin masallacin da har yanzu ake iya gani shine wasu daga cikin ɗakunan tarihi, waɗanda ake iya gani a gefen bangon kudu na masallacin. Wataƙila an ƙara su ne a lokacin sake ginawa a shekara ta 827 CE. 

 Manazarta 

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