Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (Janairu 17, 1706 [ ][Note 1] - Afrilu 17, 1790) ya kasance masanin ilimin Amurka ne: marubuci, masanin kimiyya, mai kirkiro, ɗan siyasa, diflomasiyya, mai bugawa, mai buƙaci kuma Masanin falsafar siyasa. Daga cikin masu ilimi masu tasiri na lokacinsa, Franklin na ɗaya daga cikin Iyayen Kafa Amurka; mai tsarawa da sanya hannu kan Sanarwar 'yancin kai; kuma babban janar na farko.

An haife shi a Lardin Massachusetts Bay, Franklin ya zama editan jarida mai cin nasara da kuma buga littattafai a Philadelphia, babban birni a cikin yankuna, yana buga The Pennsylvania Gazette yana da shekaru 23.  Ya zama mai arziki ta hanyar buga wannan da Poor Richard's Almanack, wanda ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan "Richard Saunders". Bayan shekara ta 1767, an haɗa shi da Pennsylvania Chronicle, jaridar da aka sani da ra'ayoyin juyin juya hali da sukar manufofin Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya da Crown. Ya zama majagaba kuma shine shugaban farko na Kwalejin da Kwalejin Philadelphia, wanda ya buɗe a 1751 kuma daga baya ya zama Jami'ar Pennsylvania. Ya shirya kuma ya kasance sakatare na farko na American Philosophical Society kuma an zabe shi shugabanta a shekara ta 1769. An nada shi mataimakin janar-janar na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a 1753,  wanda ya ba shi damar kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta farko.

 Tsofaffi 
Mahaifin Benjamin Franklin, Josiah Franklin, ya kasance mai tsayi, sabulu, da kuma mai yin kyandir. An haifi Josiah Franklin a Ecton, Northamptonshire, Ingila, a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1657, ga Thomas Franklin da Jane White . Mahaifin Benjamin da dukkan kakanninsa hudu an haife su ne a Ingila.

Josiah Franklin yana da 'ya'ya goma sha bakwai tare da matansa biyu. Ya auri matarsa ta farko, Anne Child, a cikin kimanin 1677 a Ecton kuma ya yi hijira tare da ita zuwa Boston a cikin 1683; suna da 'ya'ya uku kafin ƙaura da hudu bayan haka. Bayan mutuwarta, Josiah ta auri Abiah Folger a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1689, a cikin Tsohon Gidan Taron Kudancin da Reverend Samuel Willard, kuma suna da 'ya'ya goma tare da ita. Benjamin, ɗansu na takwas, shi ne ɗan goma sha biyar na Josiah Franklin gabaɗaya, kuma ɗansa na goma kuma na ƙarshe.

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 

 Boston 

An haifi Franklin a kan titin Milk a Boston, Lardin Massachusetts Bay a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1706, kuma an yi masa baftisma a Old South Meeting House a Boston. Yayinda yake yaro yana girma a gefen Kogin Charles, Franklin ya tuna cewa shi ne "yawanci jagora tsakanin yara maza".

Mahaifin Franklin yana son ya halarci makaranta tare da malamai amma kawai yana da isasshen kuɗi don aika shi zuwa makaranta na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ya halarci Makarantar Latin ta Boston amma bai kammala karatu ba; ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar karatun yunwa. Kodayake "iyayensa sun yi magana game da coci a matsayin aiki"  ga Franklin, karatunsa ya ƙare lokacin da yake dan shekara goma. Ya yi aiki ga mahaifinsa na wani lokaci, kuma yana da shekaru 12 ya zama Mai koyo ga ɗan'uwansa James, mai buga littattafai, wanda ya koya masa sana'ar bugawa. Lokacin da Benjamin yake da shekaru 15, James ya kafa The New-England Courant, wanda shine jarida ta uku da aka kafa a Boston.

Yayin da ya girma, Franklin ya fara damuwa da al'amuran jama'a. A shekara ta 1743, ya fara kirkirar wani makirci don Kwalejin, Makarantar sadaka, da Kwalejin Philadelphia; duk da haka, mutumin da yake da shi don gudanar da makarantar, Rev. Richard Peters, ya ki kuma Franklin ya ajiye ra'ayinsa har zuwa 1749 lokacin da ya buga takarda nasa, Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania .  : 30 An nada shi shugaban Kwalejin a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1749; makarantar kimiyya da makarantar agaji sun buɗe a shekara ta 1751.

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