Margaret C. Anderson

Margaret Caroline Anderson (24 ga Nuwamba, 1886 - 19 ga Oktoba, 1973) ita ce wacce ta kafa mujallar fasaha da adabi ta The Little Review, wacce ta buga tarin marubutan Amurka, Ingilishi da Irish na zamani tsakanin 1914 da 1929.  Jaridar ta fi shahara ne saboda gabatar da shahararrun marubutan Amurka da Birtaniya na ƙarni na 20, kamar Ezra Pound da TS Eliot, a Amurka da kuma buga babi na farko na littafin James Joyce mai suna Ulysses wanda ba a buga shi a lokacin ba.   

An adana tarin takardu masu yawa na Anderson game da koyarwar Gurdjieff a ɗakin karatu na Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Jami'ar Yale . 

 Rayuwa da aiki 
An haifi Anderson a Indianapolis, Indiana, a watan Nuwamba 1886, ita ce babbar 'ya'ya mata uku ga Arthur Aubrey Anderson da Jessie (Shortridge) Anderson.  Ta kammala karatun sakandare a Anderson, Indiana, a shekarar 1903 sannan ta shiga aji na shirye-shiryen yara na shekaru biyu a Kwalejin Western for Women da ke Oxford, Ohio . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

A shekarar 1906, ta bar jami'a a ƙarshen shekararta ta farko don neman aikin buga piano. A kaka ta 1908, ta bar gida zuwa Chicago, inda ta yi bitar littattafai don wani littafi na addini na mako-mako ( The Continent ) kafin ta shiga The Dial .  A shekarar 1913, ta zama mai sukar littattafai ga jaridar Chicago Evening Post . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]
A watan Maris na shekarar 1914, Anderson ya kafa mujallar adabi ta avant-garde mai suna The Little Review a lokacin da aka fara wallafa adabi a Chicago.   "Wani bangare mai sha'awa biyu, fasaha da kuma kyakkyawan magana game da fasaha", fitowar farko ta wata-wata ta nuna labarai kan Nietzsche, feminism da psychoanalysis .

Tallafin farko ya kasance na ɗan lokaci, kuma tsawon watanni shida a shekarar 1914 an tilasta mata fita daga gidanta na Lake Bluff name="chicagotribune/vintage-margaret-anderson"  da ke lamba 837 West Ainslie Street a Chicago, da kuma ofisoshin mujallar da ke lamba 410 S. Michigan Avenue a cikin ginin tarihi na Fine Arts na Chicago. A wannan lokacin, ta yi sansani tare da Harriet Dean, 'yan uwa, da ma'aikata a bakin tekun Lake Michigan . 

Marubuciya Ben Hecht ta bayyana ta haka:A tsawon shekarun da na san ta, ta sanya sutura iri ɗaya, wacce aka yi wa ado da launin shuɗin kwai na Robin. Duk da wannan suturar da ba ta canzawa ba, ta kasance mai kyau kamar kowace 'yar mata da ke yin kwalliya a yau don mujallun salon zamani. ... Abin mamaki ne ganin coiffure mai kyau a kan noggin mai cike da guguwa.  A shekarar 1916, Anderson ta haɗu da Jane Heap,  wata mai hazaka kuma mai fasaha da ta himmatu a cikin Ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta Chicago kuma tsohuwar mai son marubuciyar Djuna Barnes . Su biyun sun zama masoya, kuma Anderson ta shawo kan Heap ta zama edita na The Little Review . Heap ta ci gaba da kasancewa ba ta da wani suna, tana sanya hannu kan gudummawarta kawai "JH", amma ta yi babban tasiri ga nasarar mujallar ta hanyar abubuwan da ke cikinta masu ƙarfi da tsauri. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Na ɗan lokaci, Anderson da Heap sun buga mujallar daga wani gona a Muir Woods, a yankin San Francisco Bay .

A shekara ta 1917, Anderson da Heap sun ƙaura zuwa Greenwich Village da ke New York. Tare da taimakon mawaƙi kuma mai suka Ezra Pound,  wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan Anderson na ƙasashen waje a London, The Little Review ta buga wasu daga cikin sabbin marubuta mafi tasiri a cikin harshen Turanci, ciki har da Hart Crane, TS Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Pound da kansa, da William Butler Yeats . Mawaƙin da ya fi bugawa a mujallar shine Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, wacce Heap ta zama abokiya da ita bisa ga manufofinta na mata da fasaha.  Sauran fitattun masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Sherwood Anderson, André Breton, Jean Cocteau, Malcolm Cowley, Marcel Duchamp, Ford Madox Ford, Emma Goldman, Vachel Lindsay, Amy Lowell, Francis Picabia, Carl Sandburg, Gertrude Stein, Wallace Stevens, Arthur Waley, da William Carlos Williams . Duk da haka, duk da haka, Anderson ya taɓa buga wata fitowa mai shafuka goma sha biyu marasa komai don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin sabbin ayyuka masu kayatarwa na ɗan lokaci. 

A shekarar 1918, tun daga fitowar Maris, Jaridar Little Review ta fara gabatar da jerin littattafan James Joyce na Ulysses .  A tsawon lokaci Ofishin Wasikun Amurka ya kwace kuma ya kona bugu huɗu na mujallar, kuma an yanke wa Anderson da Heap hukunci kan laifukan batsa.  Duk da cewa shari'ar batsa ta kasance game da Ulysses, Irene Gammel ta yi jayayya cewa The Little Review ta fuskanci suka saboda salonta na gurguzu, musamman ma, buga wakokin Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven na batsa da kuma kare Joyce daga nuna wariya.  A lokacin shari'ar a watan Fabrairun 1921, daruruwan 'yan kauyen Greenwich, maza da mata, sun yi zanga-zanga a zaman Kotun Musamman;  sakamakon ya nuna cewa an ci Anderson da Heap tarar dala 100 kowannensu kuma an sanya musu yatsa.  

A farkon shekarar 1924, ta hannun Alfred Richard Orage, Anderson ta ji labarin malamin ruhaniya George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff, kuma ta ga wasannin " rawaran tsarki ", da farko a Neighbourhood Playhouse sannan daga baya a Carnegie Hall. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan hatsarin mota na Gurdjieff, Anderson, tare da Georgette Leblanc, Jane Heap da Monique Surrere, sun ƙaura zuwa Faransa don ziyarce shi a Fountainebleau-Avon, inda ya kafa cibiyarsa a Château du Prieuré da ke Avon .  

Anderson da Heap sun ɗauki 'ya'yan biyu na 'yar uwar Anderson mai rashin lafiya, Lois. Sun kawo Lois da 'ya'yanta maza, Tom da Arthur "Fritz" Peters, zuwa Prieure a watan Yunin 1924. Chapter 5 - 1924 Gurdjieff's America: Mediating the Miraculous, by Paul Beekman Taylor. Published by Lighthouse Editions Limited, 2004. . Page 62. Bayan sun dawo New York a 1925, Alice B. Toklas da Gertrude Stein suka karɓe su. The Biography of Alice B. Toklas, by Linda Simon.U of Nebraska Press, 1991. . Page 171.

A shekarar 1929, Solita Solano ta yi soyayya da Anderson, wacce ta zo Paris tare da masoyinta, mawakiyar Faransa Georgette Leblanc. Lamarin ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa, duk da cewa Anderson ya ci gaba da zama tare da Leblanc. 

A shekarar 1929, Anderson da Heap suka rabu. A wannan shekarar, Heap ta fitar da fitowar ƙarshe ta The Little Review, wadda aka gyara a Otal ɗin St. Germain-Des-Pres, 36 rue Bonaparte, Paris. Bayan haka, Heap ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila.

A shekarar 1935, Jane Heap ta ƙaura zuwa Landan, inda Heap ta jagoranci ƙungiyoyin bincike na Gurdjieff har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 1964. 

Anderson ya san Elizabeth Jenks Clark ta hanyar Solita Solano bayan Clark ya dawo Amurka. Clark da Solano sun zama abokan Anderson na kud da kud, duk da cewa a halin yanzu Anderson ya kamu da soyayya da Dorothy Caruso, bazawar mawakiyar Enrico Caruso .

Daga baya, Anderson ta ƙaura zuwa Le Cannet a kan French Riviera ( Cannes ), don zama a cikin "le phare de Tancarville", wani gidan hasumiya mai haske. Ta zauna a can tsawon shekaru da yawa tare da Georgette Leblanc, 'yar uwarta Lois da 'yar Lois Linda Card.

Koyarwar George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Anderson. Anderson ya haɗu da Gurdjieff a Paris kuma, tare da Leblanc, suka fara karatu tare da shi, suna mai da hankali kan koyarwarsa ta asali mai suna The Fourth Way . Daga 1935 zuwa 1939, Anderson da Leblanc sun yi karatu tare da Gurdjieff a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar mata da aka sani da "The Rope", wanda ya haɗa da membobi takwas gaba ɗaya. Bayan Anderson da Leblanc, waɗannan su ne Jane Heap, Elizabeth Gordon, Solita Solano, Kathryn Hulme, Louise Davidson da Alice Rohrer. [1] Tare da Katherine Mansfield da Jane Heap, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin almajirai mafi shahara a Cibiyar Gurdjieff don Ci Gaban Mutum Mai Haɗaka, a Fontainebleau, kusa da Paris, daga Oktoba 1922 zuwa 1924.

Anderson ta yi karatu tare da Gurdjieff a Faransa har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Oktoban 1949, tana rubuta game da shi da koyarwarsa a mafi yawan littattafanta, musamman a cikin tarihin rayuwarta, The Unknowable Gurdjieff .

A shekarar 1942, Anderson ta tashi daga yaƙin Faransa, ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka. Tare da Ernest Hemingway ya biya kuɗin tafiyarta, Anderson ta haɗu a kan tafiyar Dorothy Caruso, bazawara ga shahararren mawakin nan Enrico Caruso . Su biyun sun fara soyayya, sun zama masoya, kuma sun zauna tare, a New York,  har zuwa mutuwar Dorothy a shekarar 1955.

A shekarar 1955, Anderson ta koma Le Cannet, kuma a can ta mutu sakamakon cutar emphysema a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1973. An binne ta kusa da Georgette Leblanc a Makabartar Notre Dame des Anges.

 Tunawa 
Anderson ya kasance wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Academy Award - shirin gaskiya mai taken Beyond Imagining: Margaret Anderson and the "Little Review" a shekarar 1991, na Wendy L. Weinberg.  

Wani baje koli, "Making No Compromise: Margaret Anderson and the Little Review ", ya yi bikin rayuwa da aikin Margaret Anderson da kuma tasirin  Review mai ban mamaki. An buɗe shi a ɗakin karatu na Beinecke, Jami'ar Yale, a watan Oktoba na 2006, kuma ya ɗauki tsawon watanni uku. 

A shekara ta 2006, an shigar da Anderson da Jane Heap cikin zauren shahararru na Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame . 

A shekarar 2014, an shigar da Anderson cikin Zauren Shahararrun Adabi na Chicago. 

 Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka 
Anderson ta buga wani littafi mai jigo uku na tarihin rayuwarta, wanda ya ƙunshi Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin (1930),  tare da The Fiery Fountains, da The Strange Needsity, wanda aka rubuta a shekarunta na ƙarshe a cikin Le Cannet. A can ta kuma rubuta littafinta na ƙarshe, labari da tarihin rayuwarta, Forbidden Fires .

 1930:  Alfred A. Knopf. 1930. ISBN <bdi>0-8180-0210-7</bdi> . An adana daga ainihin (PDF) a ranar 2023-09-05. {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Rashin jituwa na kwanan wata ( taimako ) Category:CS1 errors: ISBN date  .
 1951: Maɓuɓɓugan Ruwa Masu Wuta: Tarihin Rayuwa: Ci gaba da Rikicin zuwa 1950,  .
 1953: Littafin Karamin Bita, Gidan Hermitage, 1953.
 1959: Margaret C. Anderson Wasiƙa da Ben da Rose Caylor Hecht .
 1962: Abin Da Ya Faru: Tarihin Rayuwa,  .
 1962: Littafin da ba a sani ba na Gurdjieff, tarihin rayuwa, wanda aka keɓe ga Jane Heap. 1962, Arkana. ISBN 0-14-019139-9 . 
 1996: Gobarar da aka Haramta, wani ɓangare na tarihin rayuwa, wani ɓangare na labari, Edita na Mathilda M. Hills. ISBN 1-56280-123-6 .

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