Arthur W. Cutten

Arthur William Cutten (6 ga Yuli, 1870 - 24 ga Yuni, 1936) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada wanda ya sami dukiya da shahara a matsayin mai hasashe kan kayayyaki a Amurka. An kira shi ya bayyana a gaban Kwamitin Banki da Kuɗi game da musabbabin faduwar Wall Street a shekarar 1929. An tuhume shi da laifin kin biyan haraji bayan mutuwarsa a Chicago a shekarar 1936. 

 Rayuwar farko 
An haife shi a cikin al'ummar karkara ta Guelph, Ontario, Arthur Cutten shine na biyu cikin 'ya'ya tara na Walter Hoyt Cutten (1844–1915), fitacciyar lauyan Guelph, da matarsa Annie McFadden.

Waɗannan yara tara sune:

 Walter Edward Cutten (1868–1912)
 ARTHUR WILLIAM CUTTEN (1870–1936)
 Lionel Forbes Cutten (1871-1938)
 Marion Mabel Katherine Cutten (1872–1873)
 Evelyn Mary 'Lenore' Cutten (1874–1945)
 Albert Patrick Henry 'Harry' Cutten (1876–1949)
 Charles Lawrence S. Cutten (1877–1900)
 Annie Constance 'Connie' Cutten 1879–1944)
 Ralph James M. Cutten (1887–1970) 

Bayan ya yi karatu a Guelph Collegiate, a shekarar 1888, wani matashi Arthur Cutten ya bar gida, yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Amurka inda ya zauna a birnin Chicago mai saurin girma. Dillalin kayayyaki AS White & Co. ya ɗauke shi aiki, yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da lissafin kamfanin akan dala $4 a mako. Ma'aikacin Cutten yana cikin ƙungiyar kasuwanci mai tasowa wadda ta sanya Chicago babbar gadar tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙungiyar kuɗi da aka kafa a birnin New York da kuma masu noman gona masu tasowa a yankin Midwest na Amurka . Bayan ya girma a cikin al'ummar manoma, Arthur Cutten ya fahimci yanayin noma da kuma yadda yake aiki da dillalin Chicago, kuma aikinsa da dillalin Chicago ya ba shi damar koyon sarkakiyar ciniki a Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Chicago .

Bayan ya yi aiki a gidan dillalan kayayyaki na ɗan lokaci, Arthur Cutten ya ji ƙarfin gwiwa sosai don ya tuntuɓi shugabansa da buƙatar buɗe asusun ciniki. An kore shi daga hannun mai aikinsa saboda ƙarancin matsayinsa da kuma ƙarancin kuɗinsa, Arthur Cutten mai kuɗi ya yi amfani da ƙarancin tanadinsa daga kuɗin shiga aikinsa don fara hasashen farashin kayayyaki ta hanyar siyan kwangiloli na gaba . Duk da cewa yana da matuƙar haɗari, yin hasashen farashin kayayyaki na gaba zai iya kawo riba mai yawa akan ƙaramin jari da aka zuba jari. Cutten ya gina ƙaramin arziki yana hasashen farashin kayayyaki da yawa, amma mafi mahimmanci ta hanyar cin gajiyar hauhawar farashin a lokacin hauhawar buƙatar alkama ta Midwest. Zuwa shekarar 1906, jarin da ya zuba ya zama matashi mai arziki, kuma ya bar mai aikinsa don kafa nasa aikin saka hannun jari tare da zama a Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Chicago. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya yi fare kuma ya rasa dukiyarsa a kan farashin auduga amma ya karɓi asara a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ada na kasuwancin hasashe, kuma ya ci gaba da saka hannun jari cikin nasara.
Arthur Cutten ya kan kira kansa "manomin datti", kuma a shekarar 1912 ya sayi fili    gonar da ke kusa da kadarar da Joy Morton, wacce ta kafa Kamfanin Morton Salt Company, ba ta da nisa da Chicago a Gundumar DuPage, Illinois, a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Hidden Lake Forest Preserve.  Cutten ya kira gidansa da "Sunny Acres Farm" kuma a can ya gina babban gida mai lambuna masu faɗi waɗanda suka haɗa da , mutum-mutumi 5 1/2 masu girman tan 2 da ke wakiltar noma da masana'antu; waɗannan sun taɓa tsayawa a kan bene na biyu a sama da babbar hanyar shiga tsohon ginin Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Chicago ta WW Boyington, wanda aka rushe a shekarar 1929 don samar da hanyar gina sabon ginin CBOT wanda Holabird &amp; Root ya tsara.

 Taimakon jama'a a Guelph 
Arthur Cutten bai taɓa mantawa da asalinsa a yankunan karkara na Ontario ba, kuma ya ba da gudummawar kuɗi don gina wasu ƙungiyoyin agaji na al'umma da ayyukan gida. A farkon aikinsa, ya ba da gudummawa ga Makabartar Woodlawn da YMCA. A tsakanin 1925-26, ya ba da gudummawar carillon, organ, gidan waƙa, da gilashin fenti ga Cocin Anglican na St. George. Kyauta mafi ban sha'awa da ya bayar ita ce filin wasan golf na Cutten Fields. An fara ginin ne a lokacin da ya kai kololuwar nasarar kuɗi a kusa da 1929, kuma an buɗe filin wasan a 1931. Jami'ar Guelph ta sayi kadarar filin wasan golf, kuma ƙungiyar golf ɗin ta ci gaba da aiki a 2015.

 Zargin hasashe da mutuwa 
A lokacin shekarun bunƙasa na shekarun 1920, Cutten ya yi fice a ƙasa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu hasashe kan kayayyaki da hannun jari na Amurka. Ya sami gida a Atlantic City, New Jersey, kuma ya zama babban ɗan wasa a Wall Street, inda nasararsa ta zarce ta shahararren mai hasashe kan hannun jari Jesse Livermore, wanda sau da yawa yake fafatawa da shi a matsayin bijimi idan aka kwatanta da Livermore mai siyar da gajere. A cikin faɗuwar shekarar 1929, arzikin Livermore ya kai sabon matsayi, yayin da na Cutten ya ragu (amma Livermore ya mutu shekaru da yawa bayan haka). A shekarar 1925, farashin gonaki ya fara faɗuwa akai-akai, wanda ba za su murmure har abada ba tsawon fiye da shekaru 15. Duk da haka, a lokacin Arthur Cutten ya kasance mai kyakkyawan fata game da tattalin arzikin Amurka kuma an nuna shi a cikin wani labarin murfin mujallar Time  ta ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1928 a cikin bayanin martaba a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwar " Bulls " ta Kasuwar Big Bull ta shekarun 1920. Duk da haka, ƙasa da shekara guda bayan haka, Cutten ya yi asarar sama da dala miliyan 50 sakamakon Faduwar Wall Street na 1929. Binciken da Hukumar Pecora ta Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta gudanar kan faduwar ya haifar da korafe-korafe a bainar jama'a game da masu hasashe kamar Cutten waɗanda suka sami makudan kuɗi ta hanyar ƙirƙirar wuraren ciniki don sarrafa farashin kasuwa. An gabatar da sabuwar doka don kawo ƙarshen magudin kasuwa, kuma gwamnatin Amurka ta yi niyya ga wasu daga cikin manyan masu hasashe.
Henry A. Wallace, Sakataren Noma na Amurka a wancan lokacin, ya tuhumi Cutten da ayyukan ciniki marasa kyau kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin hana shi yin ciniki a kan duk wani musayar kuɗi na gaba a Amurka. Wannan a ƙarshe ya kai ga Kotun Koli ta Amurka a shari'ar Wallace v. Cutten, 298 US 229 (1936)

Daga nan gwamnati ta bi shi don guje wa biyan harajin shiga . Masu gudanar da harkokin gidansa ne kawai za su warware ƙarar harajin, domin Arthur Cutten, wanda dukiyarsa ta ragu sosai sakamakon faduwar kasuwar hannayen jari da kuma kuɗin lauyoyi don kare shi daga ƙarar gwamnati, ya mutu a Chicago sakamakon bugun zuciya 'yan makonni kafin cikarsa shekaru sittin da shida. An dawo da gawarsa zuwa mahaifarsa ta Kanada kuma aka binne shi a filin iyali a Makabartar Woodlawn ta Guelph. 

 Duba kuma 

 "Guelph's Wheat King: Arthur Cutten", by Pat Montague, originally published in The Wellington Business Digest, Vol. 1, Issue 5, April 1985

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