Kungiyar Mata ta Masar

Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar ( Arabic   ) ita ce ƙungiyar mata ta farko a duk faɗin ƙasar Masar .

 Tarihi da bayanin martaba 
An kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Masar a wani taro a ranar 6 ga Maris 1923   a gidan mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata Huda Sha'arawi,  wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ta ta farko har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1947. Kafin ta zama EFU, ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da jam'iyyar Wafd ana kiranta da Kwamitin Tsakiya na Mata na Wafdist a shekarar 1920.  Ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata ta Masar ta zo ne sakamakon rashin gamsuwar mata da ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Masar, wadda ta sanya haƙƙin mata a matsayi na biyu a gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Manufarta ita ce ta sami cikakkun haƙƙoƙi ga mata. Wasu daga cikin buƙatun EFU ba su takaita ga: zaɓen mata, ci gaban ilimin mata da yara, dakatar da karuwanci da gwamnati ta halatta, gyara dokar matsayin mutum, da kuma ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ga mata da yara.  An rubuta waɗannan buƙatun kuma an buga su a cikin jaridar L'Egyptienne ta mako-mako daga 1925, kuma daga 1937 mujallar a l-Misriyyah ( Matar Masar ).  Daga ƙarshe za su yi nasara a gwagwarmayar neman zaɓen mata, inda Masar ta ba wa mata 'yancin zaɓe a 1956, da kuma kawo ƙarshen karuwanci da aka halatta.  An biya buƙatun gyaran ilimi da ƙungiyar ta yi a 1925 lokacin da gwamnati ta tilasta wa 'yan mata da maza karatun firamare, kuma daga baya a cikin shekaru goma aka shigar da mata jami'ar ƙasa a karon farko.

Duk da haka, yaƙin neman sauyi a dokar iyali da ƙungiyar ta yi bai yi nasara ba.  EFU ba ta sami damar gyara wasu sassan dokar iyali da Dokokin Matsayin Mutum ba waɗanda suka ba wa maza damar sakin matansu ba tare da izinin ma'auratan ba, da kuma kawo ƙarshen auren mata fiye da ɗaya. 

EFU ta kuma goyi bayan cikakken 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, amma kamar manyan shugabannin maza na Jam'iyyar Wafd, sun haɓaka ɗabi'un zamantakewa na Turai kuma suna da ra'ayin addini .

Ƙungiyar tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Mata ta Duniya . A shekarar 1923, ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Mata ta Duniya ta gudanar da taro a babban birnin Italiya, inda EFU ta aika wakilai don halarta. 

Ƙungiyar ta shirya taron mata na Gabas don Kare Falasɗinu a Alƙahira, kuma Huda Sharawi ta ba da shawarar cewa ƙasashe daban-daban su kafa ƙungiyoyin mata, kuma waɗannan ƙungiyoyin su kafa wata ƙungiya mai laima, wadda ta mamaye ƙasashen Larabawa. Weber, C. (2001). Unveiling Scheherazade: Feminist Orientalism in the International Alliance of Women, 1911-1950. Feminist Studies, 27(1), 125-157.  A watan Disamba na 1944, EFU ta kira taron mata na Larabawa ko taron mata na Larabawa a Alƙahira, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Larabawa (AFU) a hukumance. 

Bayan rasuwar Huda Sha'arawi a shekarar 1947, Doria Shafik ta yi kama da za ta zama magajinta ta halitta a matsayin shugabar EFU, amma a maimakon haka ta kafa ƙungiyar Bint Al-Nil Union shekara guda bayan haka a shekarar 1948 don cimma burin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin mata a Masar - tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban zamantakewa da kuma haɗa kai a cikin tsara manufofi.  A watan Fabrairun 1951, Shafik ta sami nasarar haɗa mata 1500 daga manyan ƙungiyoyin mata guda biyu na Masar (EFU da Ƙungiyar Bint Al-Nil). Ta shirya wani tattaki wanda ya katse majalisar dokoki na tsawon awanni huɗu bayan sun taru a wurin tare da jerin buƙatu waɗanda suka shafi haƙƙin tattalin arzikin mata. An zaɓi Mufidah Abdul Rahman don kare Shafik a kotu game da wannan.   Lokacin da aka fara shari'ar, magoya bayan Bint al-Nil da yawa sun halarci kotun, kuma alkali ya ɗage zaman sauraron shari'ar har abada.  Duk da haka, duk da samun alkawuran da Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa ya yi, haƙƙoƙin mata bai samu wani ci gaba ba. 

 Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar a ƙarƙashin Nasser 
A shekarun farko na shugabancin Gamal Abdel Nasser, an biya wa EFU buƙatunsu ta hanyar ba su 'yancin zaɓe (1956).  Nasser ya kuma samar da damammaki daidai ga mata a fannin ilimi da aiki, yayin da yake yi wa 'yan ƙasa masu matsakaicin matsayi da na ƙasa alƙawarin samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da kuma motsi na tattalin arziki ga maza da mata.  Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar ta zama takura a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin da Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser ke jagoranta a lokacin da kuma bayan 1956. Gwamnatin Nasser za ta ci gaba da rusa EFU a 1956 kuma ta rungumi ƙungiyar, ta koma daga wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta zuwa wata ƙungiyar agaji da gwamnati ke gudanarwa  ta sake suna ga Ƙungiyar Huda Sha'arawi .  Gwamnatin Nasser ta zartar da Dokar 32/1964 wadda ta ba gwamnati ikon tsara ko kuma kawai ta haramta ƙungiyoyin da ba su riga sun haɗu a ƙarƙashin gwamnati ba.  Wannan ya sa ƙungiyar ta yi wa ƙungiyar wuya ta nemi haƙƙin siyasa da tattalin arziki.

 Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar Tun daga 2011 
Tun daga shekarar 2011, EFU ta sake fasalin matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta, wacce ba ta gwamnati ba, a ƙarƙashin sunan asali amma tana da manufa da ƙungiya daban.  Wannan ya samo asali ne sakamakon juyin juya halin Masar na 2011, inda ƙungiyoyi da yawa na fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata suka ƙulla ƙawance kuma suka taka rawa sosai a zanga-zangar da aka yi da kuma zaman dirshan da aka yi wa Hosni Mubarak da gwamnatin Masar. A yau, daga cikin wasu manufofi, EFU a matsayinta na ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, tana da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan mata, gudanar da bincike, da kuma haɗa fasahohi kamar rumbun adana bayanai don yin aiki don magance waɗannan matsalolin.

 Manyan membobi 

 Nabawiyya Musa 
Nabawiyya Mohamed Musa Badawi (1886–1951) ta kasance jagora a fannin ilimin mata a Masar kuma ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyar mata ta Masar. An haife ta a garin Zagazig, Musa ta sami ilimin gida kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta kammala makarantar sakandare a Masar bayan ta ci jarrabawar kammala karatun sakandare ta jiha a 1907 kafin a karɓe ta a Makarantar Saniyya - makarantar koyar da malamai ta farko a Masar ga mata. Bayan ta sami iliminta na yau da kullun, Musa ta ci gaba da bin tafarkinta na farko ta hanyar zama shugabar makaranta mace ta farko, mukamin da ta riƙe daga 1924 zuwa 1926. Daga baya aka naɗa ta aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi don ta ɗauki matsayin babbar mai duba ilimin mata. 

A matsayinta na mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata na aiki da ilimi, Musa ta halarci taron ƙungiyar mata ta duniya a shekarar 1923 a Rome kuma ta gabatar da jawabi da ke kira da a tabbatar da haƙƙin 'yan mata na ilimi. Ta dawo daga Rome tare da Huda Sha'arawi da Saiza Nabarawi . Yawancin ayyukan Musa a matsayinta na mai ilimi da mai fafutuka sun fito ne daga rubuce-rubucenta, inda mafi tasiri a cikinta shine Mace da Aiki, inda ta yi jayayya kan haƙƙin mata na aiki kuma ta yi watsi da imanin da aka daɗe ana yi na ƙarancin ilimin halittar mata don yin aiki a wasu ayyukan banda koyarwa ko ungozoma . 

 Aminah al-Sa'īd 
Amīnah al-Saʿīd (1914-1995) 'yar jarida ce ta ƙasar Masar, ƙwararriya kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin mata wadda ta taka rawa a ƙungiyar mata ta Masar. An haife ta a Asyut, Saʿīd ta ƙi sanya mayafin tun tana ƙarama yayin da take makarantar sakandare ta Shubra. A wannan lokacin ne Saʿīd ta shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta EFU tun tana ƙarama. Daga nan ta sami digiri a fannin adabin Turanci daga Jami'ar Alƙahira a shekarar 1935, tana cikin ƙungiyar mata ta farko da suka sami shiga jami'a. Matsayin Saʿīd a EFU shine editan mujallar <i id="mwuA">L'Egyptienne</i> al-Misriyyah wadda aka rubuta da Larabci, daga baya kuma ta zama editan mujallar <i id="mwuw">Hawaa</i> (Hauwa) ta biyu ta EFU daga 1954 zuwa 1969 wadda ta yi nasara a cikin gida da kuma a faɗin ƙasashen Larabawa .  A tsawon aikinta, adawar Sa'īd ga al'adun Masar da suka ɓoye da kuma dokokin matsayinta na sirri ba su da tabbas,  wanda ya haifar da tsoratar da ita daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulunci . Aikin Sa'īd a fannin aikin jarida ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1984, inda ta riƙe muƙamin shugabar Dar al-Hilal, babbar gidan buga littattafai a Masar.

 Saiza Nabarawi 
Saiza Nabarawi (1897-1985) 'yar jarida ce ta Masar, mai kishin ƙasa kuma memba ce ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Masar. Da farko Nabarawi ta girma ne a hannun wani dangi na nesa a Paris amma daga baya za ta ci gaba da karatunta a Les Dames de Sion, wata makarantar Faransa mai zaman kanta da ke Alexandria . Daga baya za ta tafi Alkahira a lokacin ƙuruciya don zama tare da wata 'yar uwa daban inda za ta haɗu da Huda Sha'arawi, wacce abokiyar mahaifiyar Nabarawi ce da ta rasu. Sha'arawi ta ɗauki Nabarawi a ƙarƙashin jagorancinta a matsayin mai ba ta shawara kuma ta ba ta mukamin edita na mujallar Faransa ta EFU, L'Egyptienne , a watan Fabrairun 1925.  Ta hanyar wallafe-wallafenta na wata-wata, Nabarawi ta kula da rubuce-rubuce daban-daban waɗanda suka nuna gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin mata da 'yancin ƙasa a Masar ta mulkin mallaka har zuwa buga ta na ƙarshe a 1940, lokacin da Masar ta shiga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Ta kuma taimaka wajen haɓaka da kuma ci gaba da manufofin EFU ta hanyar yin lacca da rubutu sosai kan batutuwa game da lulluɓewa da 'yancin mata.  A shekarar 1951, Nabarawi ta kafa Kwamitin Juriya ga Mata, yayin da ta ci gaba da sadaukar da rayuwarta ga fafutukar kare hakkin mata. 

 Nassoshi 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Ƙungiyar Matan Larabawa ta gabatar da takardu don kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Masar
 Shugabar Ƙungiyar Matan Masar "Ba za mu bari Shugaban Ƙasa ya sanya mana lulluɓi ba"
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba