Ilimin barasa

Ilimin barasa shine aikin yada bayanai game da Tasirin barasa akan kiwon lafiya, da kuma al'umma da iyali.[1] An gabatar da shi a cikin makarantun jama'a ta hanyar kungiyoyin masu tsauraran ra'ayi kamar su Women's Christian Temperance Union a ƙarshen karni na 19. [1] Da farko, ilimin barasa ya mayar da hankali kan yadda amfani da abin sha ya shafi al'umma, da kuma iyali.[1] A cikin shekarun 1930, wannan ya hada da ilimi game da tasirin barasa a kan kiwon lafiya.[1] Misali, ko da amfani da barasa mai sauƙi da matsakaici yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin mutane.[2][3] An kafa kungiyoyi irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Cin Hanci da Alcoholism a Amurka don gabatar da ilimin barasa tare da wadanda ke cikin motsi, kamar Majalisar Amurka kan Matsalar Alcohol.[1][4]

 Ma'anar 
Ilimin barasa shine shirin samar da bayanai da ƙwarewar da suka dace da rayuwa a duniyar da ake amfani da barasa ba daidai ba. Rahoton Yanayin Duniya na Kungiyoyin Lafiya na Duniya (WHO) kan Alcohol da Lafiya, ya nuna gaskiyar cewa barasa zai zama babbar matsala a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da kimantawa da ke nuna cewa zai zama babban dalilin nakasa da mutuwa. Bayar da mutane game da barasa da shan giya mai cutarwa ya kamata ya zama fifiko.

 Tasirin barasa a kwakwalwa 
An san barasa yana da mummunar tasiri a kwakwalwar mutum. An nuna cewa shan giya mai yawa na iya samun tasiri mai yawa a kan kwakwalwa kamar "slips" mai sauƙi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zuwa yanayi na dindindin da na raunanawa. Shan ruwa mai matsakaici na iya haifar da irin wannan raunin da ya shafi shan giya mai yawa. Tasirin shan barasa na dogon lokaci da na gajeren lokaci na iya haɗawa da wahalar tafiya, hangen nesa mara kyau, magana mara kyau, jinkirin amsawa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da dai sauransu. Abubuwa da yawa suna tasiri ga yadda barasa ke shafar wani mutum. Abubuwa kamar: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

 yawanci da kuma sau da yawa mutum yake sha
 shekarun da mutum ya fara shan giya, da kuma tsawon lokacin da suka sha
 Shekarar mutum, matakin ilimi, jinsi, asalin kwayoyin halitta, da tarihin iyali na maye
 ko mutum yana cikin haɗari sakamakon matsin lamba da matsin lamba
 Batutuwan lafiyar mutum

Koyar da mutum game da barasa a gaba zai iya zama babban mai buɗe ido, musamman tare da kwakwalwar ɗalibai masu tasowa.

 Manufofin 
Koyar da matasa da manya game da amfani da barasa ƙoƙari ne na rage haɗarin haɓaka matsalar amfani da kwayoyi a nan gaba. Shan abin sha na barasa yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya. Amfani da kwayoyi a ƙuruciya na iya haifar da haɗarin kiwon lafiya iri-iri, nan da nan kuma daga baya a rayuwa, da kuma karuwar yiwuwar haɓaka SUD. Koyar da matasa game da tasirin barasa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke zuwa da shi a farkon rayuwa na iya taimakawa hana lalacewar kafin a yi shi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Hanyoyin ilimi 

 Tsarin Abstinence 
An san tsarin Abstinence da "kada ku yi". Wannan samfurin yana wakiltar barasa a matsayin mummunan ko zunubi saboda ɗabi'a, addini, lafiya ko wasu dalilai. Kodayake akwai mutanen da ke guje wa barasa saboda waɗannan dalilai, ba kowa ba ne ya fada ƙarƙashin waɗannan rukunoni. Sabili da haka, tsarin abstinence bai tabbatar da samun nasara a cikin al'ummomin al'adu da yawa ba inda ba kowa ba ne ke da dalilin da ya sa ya guje wa barasa.

 Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Jama'a 
Tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yana wakiltar kididdiga da gaskiyar da suka shafi yawan amfani da barasa. Shan giya mara kyau na iya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban kuma wannan samfurin yana sanar da mutane game da sakamakon hatsarin mota, laifuka da aka aikata da batutuwan iyali duk suna fitowa daga rashin amfani da barasa. Wannan samfurin kuma yana nuna adadin kuɗin da aka kashe akan matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka shafi barasa. Koyaya wannan samfurin yana da gefe ɗaya kuma ya nuna cewa ba shi da tasiri.

 Hanyar Shan giya 
Hanyar maye tana bi da barasa kamar cuta ce. Hanyar maye tana kwatanta mummunan tasirin barasa da mummunan tasirin wasu cututtuka. Yana mai da hankali kan mummunar tasirin jiki da tunanin mutum na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Kodayake wannan hanyar na iya taimakawa wajen nuna alamomi da alamun cutar shan barasa ya kasa hana mutum Shan giya, da alhakin ko rashin alhakin.

 Sauran Hanyar 
Sauran hanyar tana neman wasu hanyoyin da za a iya sha. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun nuna cewa suna da nasara wajen maye gurbin barasa muddin suna samuwa ga mutumin da ke canzawa. Wannan hanyar duk da haka ba ta da kyau don canza halin shan giya ko al'ada, amma yana rage yawan barasa da aka sha. Har ila yau, yana da wahala a sami madadin da za a iya amfani da shi a madadin barasa a wasu lokuta inda ake haɗa barasa tare da abubuwan wasanni da yawa.

 Kudin da fa'idodi 
Mutane galibi suna mamakin ko shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa sun cancanci kudi. A cewar labarin "Abin da Za Mu Iya - da Ba Za Mu Iya ba - Sa ran daga Rigakafin Magunguna na Makaranta," daga The Journal of Drug and Alcohol Review, matsakaicin shirin rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi mai tsada $ 150 na iya adana $ 840 a cikin farashin zamantakewa ga kowane mahalarta. An ba da wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan fiye da barasa kawai, amma a kashi 28 cikin dari barasa yana da alhakin adadin ajiyar jama'a na biyu. Ana iya ganin tanadin zamantakewa ta hanyar kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya, ɗaurin kurkuku, rashin aiki, mutuwar da ba ta da kyau, da sauransu. Marubutan wannan labarin sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa raguwar haihuwa da ba a haifa ba da daɗewa ba da sauran amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, tare da ingantaccen aikin makaranta da ƙimar digiri mafi girma ƙarin fa'idodi ne na amfani da shirin rikicewar amfani da miyagu.

 Littattafai 
Akwai littattafai da yawa game da shan giya da dakatar da shan giya, an san nau'in da Quit lit.

 Shirye-shiryen kasa 

 Amurka 
Koyarwa game da shan barasa ya kasance batun jayayya ga makarantu a Amurka saboda ra'ayoyi daban-daban na Amurkawa akan batun. Hanyoyi daban-daban na ilimi - kamar yadda aka ambata a sama - waɗanda ke nuna waɗannan ra'ayoyin an haɓaka su kuma an gwada su a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, amma sun ba da ɗan canjin halayyar. 

 Tsarin makaranta 
Ka'idodin ilimin barasa a makarantun gwamnati na K-12 sun bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha. A lokuta masu wuya, wasu jihohi kamar Alaska ba sa buƙatar shirin ilimin barasa a duk fadin jihar a makarantun jama'a. A wasu jihohi, kamar Delaware, bukatun sun fi tsananin gaske. Daliban Delaware dole ne su kammala sa'o'i 10 na horo a kowace shekara dangane da kwayoyi ciki har da barasa a cikin maki K-4 da sa'oƙi 15 a cikin maki 5-12.

Bincike da yawa kamar Project SAFE sun nuna cewa yin niyya ga matasa kamar 6-8 yana da mahimmanci don hana su yin amfani da barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Mutanen da suka fara shan giya kafin su kai shekara 15 sun ninka sau biyar da za su iya kamuwa da matsalar shan barasa daga baya a rayuwa. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Lafiyar Zuciya (SAMSHA) ta yi iƙirarin cewa "Kimanin kashi 10 cikin 100 na yara masu shekaru 12 sun ce sun yi amfani da barasa aƙalla sau ɗaya. Da shekaru 13 wannan adadin ya ninka sau biyu. "

A cikin shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa da suka gabata a makarantun Amurka, an yi amfani da dabarun tsoratarwa a cikin ƙoƙari na shawo kan matasa kada su sha. A cewar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sani da Prevention First, amfani da dabarun tsoro a cikin shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a game da barasa na iya zama abin ƙyama. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ɗalibai suna koyo mafi kyau daga wani mai gaskiya kuma ba ya gabatar da su da kuskure.

 Kwalejin 
Shirye-shiryen barasa da darussan a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga ɗaliban koleji na yanzu ne, yaduwar yaduwa don ilimantar da ɗaliban yara game da shan barasa a ƙoƙarin rage yawan shan giya, da ɗalibai masu aminci. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]

A halin yanzu makarantu 747 a Amurka suna buƙatar wani nau'in ilimin barasa. Dole ne dalibai su kammala shirin da ke ilimantar da su kan sakamakon shan giya. MADD ta bayyana a cikin wani littafi na baya-bayan nan cewa 4 daga cikin daliban koleji 5 suna shan giya kuma 100% na daliban da aka bincika sun ce shan barasa yayin da suke kwaleji yana da fa'idodin zamantakewa. Yawancin kwalejoji suna da manufofin barasa wanda ke hana shan giya na yara kuma yana da sakamako. Makarantu da yawa suna buƙatar shirin shiga don duk ɗaliban canja wurin da suka halarta da kuma sabon ɗaliban da ke bayyana haɗari da manufofi game da barasa. An nuna wani shirin game da marigayi Gordie Bailey mai shekaru 18 a kwalejoji da yawa.

Ana amfani da darussan kan layi a makarantu da yawa. Hanyar da cibiyoyin ke amfani da ita ita ce AlcoholEdu, shirin rigakafin yawan jama'a wanda ake gudanar da shi ga duk daliban makarantar sakandare ko kwaleji. Manufar AlcoholEdu ita ce canzawa ko tasiri ga yadda daliban koleji ke ji game da shan giya, da kuma ilimantar da dalibai game da haɗarin haɗari da ke tattare da amfani da barasa ta hanyar gabatar da dalibai tare da nazarin gaskiya don rinjayar ɗalibai kada su cinye.

A Amurka, Collegedrinkingprevention.gov shafin yanar gizon gwamnati ne wanda ke tallafawa ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Alcohol da Alcoholism ta Kasa wacce ke da niyyar canza al'adun shan giya na kwaleji. Rahoton su, Kira zuwa Aiki: Canja Al'adun Shan a Kwalejin Amurka, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda kwalejoji da jami'o'i ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen barasa. Jami'o'in da ke tallafawa jama'a dole ne su bi ka'idodinsu kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton su.

 Ostiraliya 
A Ostiraliya amfani da barasa matasan matsala ce mai girma; a cikin 2011 kashi 74% na daliban Ostiraliya masu shekaru tsakanin 12 zuwa 17 sun gwada barasa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma a cikin 2010 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 31% na dalibai masu shekaru 16 zuwa 17 sun sha fiye da 20 a cikin zaman daya. Kowace shekara, mutane 5,500 a Ostiraliya suna mutuwa, kuma kusan 157,000 suna asibiti daga shan barasa kai tsaye. An rasa rayuka 400 daga hare-haren da suka shafi barasa. Yana biyan kasar kusan dala biliyan 36 a kowace shekara. Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa kungiyoyi da kamfen daban-daban don kokarin magance hauhawar shan giya na matasa, rage yawan mutuwar da raunin da ke faruwa, da kuma sanar da mutane game da mummunan tasirin da zai iya haifar da shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Kungiyoyin gwamnati 
DrinkWise Australia ita ce babbar kungiya a Ostiraliya da nufin ilimantar da jama'a game da amfani da barasa, galibi ana mai da hankali ga matasa. Kamfen din da suka yi na roƙon wadanda suka bar makaranta su sha da alhakin (wanda ake kira "Yadda za a sha da kyau") an yi imanin cewa sun yi nasara. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan shekaru 18 zuwa 24 da suka ga kamfen ɗin sun ce sun rage shan giya a cikin dare ɗaya, kuma sama da rabin matasa sun ce kamfen ɗin ya taimaka musu tattauna al'adun shan giya. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya lashe lambar yabo ta Silver Spike a 2014 Spike Asia awards .

Hanyoyin yanzu a makarantu don ilmantarwa game da barasa sun haɗa da: 

 Yin amfani da hanyar da ta shafi tasirin zamantakewa
 Haɗakar da shiga iyaye da aiki akan gina haɗin kai a cikin al'umma
 Maida hankali kan hulɗa sosai tare da ɗalibai don hannayensu a kan isar da su

Akwai manyan nau'ikan shirye-shiryen ilimin barasa guda hudu da aka yi amfani da su a Ostiraliya: 

 Tushen makaranta (aji ko dukan makaranta) 
 Tushen Iyali
 Tushen al'umma
 Haɗuwa (na shirye-shiryen makaranta da na al'umma) 

 Shirye-shiryen makaranta 
Jihohin Australiya kowannensu yana da shirye-shirye daban-daban da gwamnatocin jihohin su suka kafa don daliban makarantar sakandare da kuma karatu da yawa don bincika tasirin da ilimin makaranta ke da shi akan halaye na shan giya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Kwamishinan Yammacin Australia na Yara da Matasa (CCYP) ya nemi yadda matasa masu shekaru 14-17 ke kallon barasa da kuma mummunan sakamako da zai iya haifar da cinye shi da kuma ilimi game da daidaitattun abubuwan sha da jagororin barasa na kasa a cikin 2011. CCYP ta kuma inganta shirye-shirye guda biyu - SDERA (Ilimi na Magunguna da Sanarwar Hanyar Makarantar) da SHAHRP (School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project) - don ilimantar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare game da rigakafi da rage cutar da barasa ke haifar. SDERA ta yi niyya ne ga rigakafi kuma an koyar da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki a WA, yayin da SHAHRP ta yi niyyar rage yiwuwar cutar kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Kasa a Jami'ar Curtin ce ta gudanar da ita.

Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa ta Victoria ta aiwatar da shirin 'Get Ready' a cikin 2012. Shirin an yi niyya ne ga dalibai a cikin shekaru 7-9 kuma ya koya wa dalibai game da haɗarin barasa da sauran kwayoyi.

Hakazalika, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Horarwa da Aiki ta Queensland ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Darussan su da Hukumar Bincike don ƙirƙirar shirin iliminsu 'Alcohol da sauran kwayoyi.' Shirin yana magance barasa da sauran kwayoyin ta hanyar tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya da jiki kuma an yi niyya ne ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a cikin shekaru 7-12. Shirin yana aiki tare da 'tsarin dare mai aminci' wanda ke game da tashin hankali da barasa da sauran kwayoyi suka haifar.

 Dubi kuma 

 Ilimin miyagun ƙwayoyi

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Haɗin waje 

 Yawan mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da barasa kusan ninki biyu tun 1991, fitowar labarai, Ofishin Ƙididdigar Ƙasa na Ƙasar IngilaOfishin Kididdiga na Kasa
 Shan giya da Matsalar Shan giya, Marasa lafiya Burtaniya
 'Al'adun Boze' na Turanci An yi niyya, Labaran BBC
 Bayanan barasa Scotland  An adana 2022-09-01 a , Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa, Ayyukan Kasa Scotland
 Ofishin Ilimi na Magunguna

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba