Arthur Levitt

Arthur Levitt Jr. (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1931) tsohon shugaban Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Hannun Jari ta Amurka (SEC). Ya yi aiki daga 1993 zuwa 2001 a matsayin shugaban hukumar na ashirin da biyar kuma mafi dadewa a kan mulki. Ana yaba masa sosai a matsayin mai kare masu zuba jari, ana sukarsa saboda rashin matsa lamba ga ƙa'idojin lissafin kuɗi masu tsauri. Tun daga watan Mayu na 2001, an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara a ƙungiyar Carlyle .  Levitt ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan manufofi ga Goldman Sachs  kuma Darakta ne na Bloomberg LP, uba ga Bloomberg News. 

 Rayuwar farko da aiki 
Levitt ya girma a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Brooklyn .  Mahaifin Levitt, Arthur Levitt Sr., ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Jihar New York na tsawon shekaru 24 kuma shi kaɗai ne amintaccen asusun fansho mafi girma a Amurka a lokacin. Levitt ya halarci sansanin Brant Lake, sansanin bazara na yara maza a Adirondacks . Ya halarci kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Poly Prep Country Day da ke Brooklyn a 1948.

Ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Williams a shekarar 1952, kafin ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a Rundunar Sojan Sama . Ya fara aiki a matsayin mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo ga The Berkshire Eagle, kuma bayan Rundunar Sojan Sama, ya yi aiki da Time-Life na tsawon shekaru biyar kafin ya sayar da shanu da gonaki a matsayin mafakar haraji. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

A shekarar 1963, Levitt ya shiga kamfanin dillalan Carter, Berlind &amp; Weill, wanda Sanford I. Weill ya kafa shekaru uku da suka gabata.  Daga ƙarshe an ƙara sunan Levitt zuwa na kamfanin lokacin da aka sake masa suna Cogan, Berlind, Weill &amp; Levitt a tsakiyar shekarun 1960; ta hanyar haɗakar da aka yi, daga ƙarshe kamfanin ya rikide zuwa Shearson Loeb Rhoades . Wannan gogewa da abokan cinikin dillalai ta kasance tushen sha'awarsa ga ƙaramin mai zuba jari. Bayan shekaru 16 a Wall Street, Levitt ya zama shugaban Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Amurka (AMEX) a 1978. A shekarar 1989, ya bar AMEX ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki na Birnin New York har zuwa 1993. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Kafin ya shiga SEC, Levitt ya mallaki Roll Call, wata jarida da ke ba da labarai game da Capitol Hill, wadda ya saya daga wanda ya kafa jaridar, Sid Yudain, a shekarar 1986.  Daga ƙarshe an sayar da jaridar ga The Economist kan dala miliyan 15 a shekarar 1993. 

 Shugaban Hukumar SEC 
Shugaba Clinton ya naɗa Levitt a wa'adinsa na farko na shekaru biyar a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Ƙasa (SEC) a watan Yulin 1993, sannan ya sake naɗa shi a watan Mayun 1998. Ya bar Hukumar a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2001, kuma Harvey Pitt ya gaje shi. Levitt ya ce ya fara jin labarin cewa ana shirin zaɓensa a matsayin shugaban Hukumar daga Jaridar Wall Street Journal . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

A lokacin da Levitt ya shiga SEC, Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Lissafin Kuɗi (FASB) ta gabatar da shawarar tilasta wa kamfanoni su rubuta zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari a kan bayanan kuɗin shigarsu, wanda ya raba masana'antar lissafin kuɗi kuma mutane da yawa a cikin al'ummar 'yan kasuwan Amurka suka yi adawa da shi. A cewar wani bincike na Merrill Lynch, kashe zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari zai rage ribar da ke tsakanin manyan kamfanonin fasaha da kashi 60% a matsakaici. Majalisa ta fara matsa lamba kan FASB, kuma a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1994, Majalisar Dattawa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sanata Joe Lieberman na Democrat, ta gabatar da kuduri mara ɗaurewa wanda ke kira ga FASB da kada ta amince da dokar da aka gabatar; kuri'ar amincewa ta kasance 88-9. Da yake damuwa cewa rashin kulawa ga wannan ra'ayi a Majalisa na iya barazana ga FASB a matsayin mai tsara ƙa'ida mai zaman kansa, Levitt ya roƙi FASB da kada ta ci gaba da shawarar ƙa'idar. Daga baya ya ce wannan "wataƙila ita ce babban kuskure ɗaya tilo da na yi a shekarun da na yi a SEC." The Carlyle Group : Levitt, Arthur 

A watan Satumba na shekarar 1998 a Jami'ar New York, ya yi jawabi mai taken "Wasan Lambobi". Ya yi magana kan hanyoyi biyar da kamfanoni ke sarrafa kudaden shiga ( babban kuɗin shiga, lissafin siyan kayayyaki masu ƙirƙira, ajiyar kuɗi, kayan aiki, da kuma fahimtar kudaden shiga). A cikin jawabinsa, Levitt ya yi kira da a inganta bayyana gaskiya da kwatanta bayanan kuɗi.

A shekarar 1997, Hukumar SEC a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Levitt ta amince da keɓe wasu haɗin gwiwar Enron daga tsauraran matakan kula da lissafin kuɗi na Dokar Kamfanin Zuba Jari ta 1940. Masu suka sun nanata cewa ba tare da wannan keɓewa ba, da kamfanin ya fuskanci tsauraran dokoki da aka samu a cikin dokar 1996 waɗanda za su hana wasu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da kuma canja bashi zuwa kamfanonin haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen waje. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

A lokacin da Levitt ke aiki a SEC, ana yi masa kallon mai fafutukar kare masu zuba jari kuma ya sami kyakkyawan rahoto daga manema labarai.

 Bayan SEC 
Levitt yana aiki a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta RiskMetrics Group. The Carlyle Group : Levitt, Arthur 

A shekara ta 2005, an naɗa Levitt a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga kwamitin gudanarwa na American International Group da kuma kwamitin naɗa kwamitin gudanarwa da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanoni bayan murabus ɗin Shugaba kuma Shugaban Maurice "Hank" Greenberg, wanda ya tafi bayan bincike kan ayyukan lissafin kamfanin da Babban Lauyan New York Eliot Spitzer ya yi. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Levitt ya jagoranci wani bincike da aka buga a watan Agusta na 2006, wanda Kroll Inc. ya yi - inda yake mai ba da shawara - yana bayyana yadda Birnin San Diego ya ba da damar samun gibin fansho na dala biliyan 1.43. Rahoton ya zargi kimanin jami'an birnin 30, ciki har da 'yan majalisar da ke kan mulki guda biyar. Kroll ya caji Birnin San Diego dala miliyan 21 saboda rahoton, yayin da lokacin Levitt ya kai dala $900 a kowace awa. 

 Lambobin yabo da girmamawa 
A watan Janairun 2001, Levitt ya sami "Kyautar Jagoranci Mai Kyau a Kasuwannin Jari na Duniya" daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Yale . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

An sanya wa ginin Ofishin Jiha na Arthur Levitt da ke tsakiyar birnin Manhattan suna har sai da aka sayar da shi ga masu haɓaka gine-gine masu zaman kansu a shekarar 2000. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Duba kuma 


 An naɗa Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kuɗi

 Manazarta 

 Bayan kula 


   Levitt's biography as told by him to the editorial staff.


 Ƙarin karatu 


 Appearances on C-SPAN  
Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba