Mata da daidaito

Addinin mata yana ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin daidaito a siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa tsakanin jinsi,  duk da cewa ƙungiyoyi da akidu da dama na addini sun bambanta kan ainihin da'awar da dabarun da suka zama dole don cimma daidaito .

Duk da haka, daidaito, duk da cewa yawancin masu ra'ayin mata suna goyon bayansa, ba a ganinsa a matsayin sakamakon da ake buƙata na ƙungiyar mata ba, har ma da masu ra'ayin mata. Wasu suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai ra'ayin mata a matsayin mai ra'ayin mata a ƙara haƙƙin mata daga asali wanda bai kai na maza ba ba tare da samun cikakken daidaito ba.    Manufarsu ita ce cewa wani samun iko ya fi komai kyau. A ɗayan ɓangaren na ci gaba, wasu tsirarun masu ra'ayin mata sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata mata su kafa aƙalla al'umma ɗaya da mata ke jagoranta da wasu cibiyoyi.   Chesler, Phyllis, Women and Madness (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972 ()), pp. 298–299.

Addinin mata da daidaito sun zo a cikin tarihi, inda suka ga wasu daga cikin ayyukan farko a farkon karni na 18. A cewar Martha Rampton, farfesa kuma darakta a Jami'ar Pacific, "Rabon ya fara ne a hukumance a taron Seneca Falls a shekarar 1848 lokacin da maza da mata ɗari uku suka yi gangami don tabbatar da daidaito ga mata.  "Duk da haka, nau'ikan ra'ayin mata da daidaito sun cimma burin siyasa, wanda aka amince da shi a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1920, Kwaskwarima ta 19 ta ba wa dukkan matan Amurka 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a. Kuma kamar yadda wasu suka yi zato cewa wannan zai yi wa mata abubuwa da yawa ne kawai.

Waɗanda ke cikin masu ra'ayin mata na neman 'yanci suna neman 'yanci, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa daidaito ba shi da kyau ko kuma ba shi da mahimmanci, kodayake wasu suna kwatanta samun 'yanci daidai da na maza da neman daidaito, don haka suna haɗuwa da waɗanda ke da'awar daidaito a matsayin ginshiƙin akidar mata.  

 Yarjejeniya kan ma'ana 
A cewar shugabar nazarin mata ta Jami'ar Tilburg, Tineke M. Willemsen, "[ba]zai yiwu ma a bayar da ma'anar mace da kowace mace za ta yarda da ita ba". Willemsen, Tineke M., Feminism and Utopias: An Introduction, in Lenning, Alkeline van, Marrie Bekker, & Ine Vanwesenbeeck, eds., Feminist Utopias: In a Postmodern Era (Tilburg Univ. Press, 1997 ()), p. 5. Bronwyn Winter ta soki kin amincewa da ayyana mace ga ƙwararru da waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba, juriya "ta yaɗu har ta zama matsayin ka'idar mata mafi rinjaye: wani nau'in 'rashin matsayi'".  Duk da haka, an bayar da ma'anoni a cikin adabi da ayyukan mata.  

 Daidaito 
Yawancin wallafe-wallafen sun bayyana ra'ayin mata a matsayin daidaiton 'yancin mata ko daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Ba wai kawai ra'ayin mata ya yi tasiri ga daidaito tsakanin jinsi ba, har ma a launin fata. Ƙungiyar 'Yan Mata ta Chicana ta fara fafutukar siyasa wajen neman daidaito tsakanin mata da 'yan madigo a cikin al'ummar Amurka. Ta ƙalubalanci rawar da ra'ayin mazan jiya ke takawa.   

Ta amfani da harshe daban-daban, Riane Eisler, "sake duba al'ummar ɗan adam daga mahangar jinsi cikakke", "bayar da shawara... samfura biyu na asali na al'umma", "na farko ... [kasancewa] samfurin rinjaye, ... abin da aka fi sani da ko dai uba ko kuma matriarchy - matsayi na rabin ɗan adam akan ɗayan" da kuma "na biyu, wanda dangantakar zamantakewa ta dogara ne akan ƙa'idar haɗi maimakon matsayi, mafi kyau a bayyana shi a matsayin samfurin haɗin gwiwa . A cikin wannan samfurin - farawa da babban bambanci a cikin nau'inmu, tsakanin namiji da mace - bambancin ba ya daidaita da ƙasa ko fifiko."  "[T]matsalar ba maza ba ce a matsayin jinsi, amma maza da mata kamar yadda dole ne a haɗa su cikin tsarin rinjaye."  Ta ba da shawarar ga gylany, haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa jinsi biyu, maimakon na yanzu da na tarihi. 

Abin sha'awa a tarihi, Plato, a cewar Elaine Hoffman Baruch, a kusan shekara ta 394 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), yayin da yake ganin cewa maza za su yi fice a ƙarshe, ya yi jayayya cewa ya kamata mata su yi daidai da maza a siyasance, zamantakewa, jima'i, ilimi, da kuma yaƙin soja kuma ya kamata su iya shiga cikin mafi girman aji na al'umma, cewa yawancin bambance-bambancen jinsi ba za a iya bayyana su ta hanyar ilimin halitta ba (Plato yana ɗaya daga cikin masu tunani da aka buga da farko da suka faɗi haka), kuma cewa tsarin kula da yara zai 'yantar da mata su shiga cikin al'umma. 

Wasu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun soki daidaito, suna musanta cewa "daidaituwa a cikin al'umma mara adalci ta cancanci a yi faɗa a kanta". 

 Rashin tabbas game da daidaito 
"Feminism yana da'awar sake daidaita tsakanin mata da maza na iko na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da siyasa a cikin wata al'umma, a madadin jinsi biyu da sunan ɗan adam na gama gari, amma tare da girmama bambance-bambancensu." Lokacin da aka fara amfani da feminism da kalmomi masu alaƙa a cikin shekarun 1890 a Turai da Yammacin Duniya kuma ya ci gaba zuwa zamanin yau, dangantakar kalmomin da daidaito ba ta da tabbas. "A lokacin, kamar yadda yake a yanzu, jam'iyyu da yawa suna amfani da kalmomin a matsayin maganganu marasa tushe, maimakon a yi nazari; to, kamar yadda yake a yanzu, ba kowa ne ke amfani da kalmomin don ma'anar abu ɗaya ba. Kuma, kamar yadda nazarin tarihinsu ya nuna, sun fi ambaton 'haƙƙoƙin mata' fiye da 'haƙƙoƙin daidai da na maza.' Kalmomin feminism sun nuna wani suka mai faɗi na siyasa, sukar da ta mayar da hankali kan mata kuma ta shahara a cikin hare-haren da ta kai ga gata ga maza." Mutane na iya jayayya ko wannan kalmomin da gaske yana nuna irin wannan babban bambanci. Ganin cewa mata sun kasance a kan gaba a kan batun doka da matsayinsu a bainar jama'a, ya dace a ce ra'ayin mata ya mayar da hankali kan 'yancin mata.

Marubuciyar ilimin mata mai suna bell hooks ta rubuta, "Yawancin mutane suna tunanin cewa ilimin mata koyaushe yana game da mata ne kawai da ke neman daidaito da maza.... Mata da suka fi jin labarinsa suna bayyana ra'ayin mata ne waɗanda galibi suka himmatu ga daidaiton jinsi - albashi daidai gwargwado don aiki daidai gwargwado, kuma wani lokacin mata da maza suna raba ayyukan gida da kuma kula da yara."  "[F] eminism wani motsi ne na kawo ƙarshen zaluncin mata. Bugu da ƙari, ilimin mata yana ba wa maza fa'idar yin ayyukan da mata ke riƙe da su a baya. Ma'aikatan jinya maza da yawa suna cikin asibitoci da sassanmu a yanzu fiye da yadda lamarin yake shekaru da suka gabata." 

Deborah Siegel "ta yi amfani da kalmar ["feminism"] a ma'ana ta gaba ɗaya don nufin falsafar da ke ƙarfafa motsi don kawar da wariyar jinsi da inganta rayuwar mata." Siegel, Deborah, Sisterhood, Interrupted: From Radical Women to Grrls Gone Wild (N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007 ()), p. 15.

Ana ƙirga jinsi (wanda galibi ake bambanta shi da jinsi) a matsayin wanin biyu a cikin wasu wallafe-wallafen utopian na mata, a cewar Karin Schönpflug, tana nazarin ayyukan Gabriel de Foigny (1676), Ursula K. Le Guin (1969), Samuel R. Delany (1976), Donna Haraway (1980), da Alkeline van Lenning (1995). 

 Hawan zuwa ga daidaito 
A aikace, ra'ayin mata na iya zama mai wahala da tsada, kuma wasu buƙatu na iya yin gogayya da albarkatun kashin kai da na ƙungiya. Ra'ayin mata na iya ƙarfafa neman ƙananan manufofi, kamar samun iko fiye da rashin ra'ayin mata yayin da ba a ƙoƙarin neman cikakken daidaito ba.

A cewar Alice Echols, "Carol Hanisch ... ta yi jayayya cewa yin kyau da kuma yin wauta dabarun rayuwa ne da ya kamata mata su ci gaba da amfani da su har sai lokacin da 'ikon haɗin kai' zai iya maye gurbinsu." 

Wata shugabar mata, Ann Snitow, ta yi hasashen cewa bambancin ra'ayin mata ya zama ruwan dare fiye da daidaiton jinsi domin "maza su fi mayar da hankali". 

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Birtaniya, Mary Wollstonecraft ta rubuta a cikin A Vindication of the Rights of Woman na "[a] tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin da mata ke da su da maza ya kamata su yi fafutuka a kansu".  "Kada a yanke hukunci cewa ina son in juya tsarin abubuwa; Na riga na yarda cewa, daga tsarin jikinsu, maza kamar Providence ne ya tsara su don cimma babban matakin nagarta. Ina magana ne gaba ɗaya game da jinsi; amma ban ga inuwar dalili ba don kammala cewa kyawawan halayensu ya kamata su bambanta dangane da yanayinsu."  "Ina so in shawo kan maza masu hankali game da muhimmancin wasu daga cikin maganganuna, kuma in yi musu rinjaye su auna dukkan abubuwan da na lura da su cikin rashin tausayi.—Ina jan hankalin fahimtarsu; kuma, a matsayina na wani mahaluki, ina da'awar, da sunan jinsina, wani sha'awa a zukatansu. Ina roƙonsu da su taimaka wajen 'yantar da abokin tarayyarsu, su sanya ta mataimakiya a gare su! [¶] Shin maza za su iya ɗaure sarƙoƙinmu da karimci, su gamsu da zumunci mai ma'ana maimakon biyayya ta bayi, za su same mu 'ya'ya mata masu lura, 'yan'uwa mata masu ƙauna, mata masu aminci, uwaye masu hankali—a kalma ɗaya, 'yan ƙasa mafi kyau." 

 Manazarta 
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