Lambun Mughal

Gidan lambu na Mughal wani nau'in lambu ne wanda Mughals suka gina. Wannan salon ya rinjayi lambun Farisa musamman tsarin Charbagh, [1] wanda aka yi niyya don ƙirƙirar wakilci na utopia na duniya wanda mutane ke rayuwa tare da cikakkiyar jituwa tare da dukkan abubuwa na yanayi.

Ana amfani da shimfidar shimfidar wuri mai mahimmanci a cikin bangon bangon. Wasu daga cikin siffofi na al'ada sun haɗa da tafkuna, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da canals a cikin lambuna. Afghanistan, Bangladesh da Indiya suna da lambuna da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta da waɗanda suka riga su na Asiya ta Tsakiya dangane da "geometry mai ladabi sosai".

 Tarihi 
Wanda ya kafa Daular Mughal, Babur, ya bayyana irin lambun da ya fi so a matsayin [./Char<i id=]Bagh" id="mwNQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Charbagh">charbagh. Ana amfani da kalmar bāgh, baug, Bayecha ko bagicha, don lambun. Wannan kalmar ta sami sabon ma'ana a Kudancin Asiya, saboda yankin ba shi da koguna masu saurin gudana da ake buƙata don charbagh na Asiya ta Tsakiya. Agra" id="mwOw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aram Bagh, Agra">Aram Bagh na Agra ana zaton shi ne charbagh na farko a Kudancin Asiya.

Tun daga farkon Daular Mughal, gina lambuna wani sha'awa ne na mulkin mallaka. Babur, sarki na farko na Mughal, yana da lambuna da aka gina a Lahore da Dholpur. Humayun, ɗansa, da alama bai sami lokaci mai yawa don ginawa ba - yana aiki da sake dawowa da haɓaka mulkin - amma an san shi da kasancewa da lokaci mai yawa a lambunan mahaifinsa. Akbar ya gina lambuna da yawa, na farko a Delhi,  sannan a Agra, sabon babban birnin Akbar.  Wadannan sun kasance lambunan da ke bakin kogi maimakon lambunan da magabata suka gina. Gina bakin kogi maimakon lambunan sansani ya rinjayi gine-ginen lambun Mughal sosai.

Dan Akbar, Jahangir, bai gina abubuwa da yawa ba, amma ya taimaka wajen shimfiɗa sanannen lambun Shalimar kuma an san shi da ƙaunarsa ga furanni. An yi imanin cewa tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Kashmir sun fara salon zane-zane na halitta da yawa.
Dan Jahangir, Shah Jahan, ya nuna alamar gine-ginen lambun Mughal da ƙirar furanni. Ya shahara ne saboda gina Taj Mahal, babban aljanna don tunawa da matar da ya fi so, Mumtaz Mahal . [1] Har ila yau, shi ne ke da alhakin Red Fort a Delhi da Mahtab Bagh, lambun dare wanda ya cika da jasmine mai fure da sauran furanni masu launin shudi, wanda ke gaban Taj a fadin Kogin Yamuna a Agra.[2] Gidajen da ke ciki suna fuskantar fararen marmara don haskakawa a cikin hasken wata. Wannan da marmara na Taj Mahal an yi su da dutse mai daraja wanda ke nuna hotunan furanni na halitta, mafi mahimmanci shine Tulip, wanda Shah Jahan ya karɓa a matsayin alama ta kansa.[3]

Gol Bagh ita ce mafi girman lambun da aka rubuta a Yankin Indiya,  wanda ya ƙunshi garin Lahore tare da belin kilomita biyar na kayan lambu;  ya wanzu har zuwa marigayi 1947 . Wanda ya fara lambunan Mughal a Indiya shine Zaheeruddin Babur wanda ya ga kyawawan lambunan Timurid a Asiya ta Tsakiya a farkon kwanakinsa. A Indiya, Babur ya tsara lambuna a hankali. Ainihin, lambunan Mughal suna da gine-gine a cikin tsari mai daidaituwa a cikin garuruwan da aka kewaye tare da tanadi don tashoshin ruwa, cascades, tankunan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dai sauransu. Don haka, Mughals sun ci gaba da al'adar gina lambun daidaituwa sau huɗu (chaharbagh). Babur, duk da haka, ya yi amfani da kalmar chaharbagh a cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma wanda ya haɗa da lambuna masu tasowa a kan gangaren dutse da lambun dutse mai ban sha'awa, Bagh-i Nilufar a Dholpur.

Bayan Babur, al'adar gina chaharbagh ta taɓa ƙaruwa a lokacin Shah Jahan. Koyaya, malaman zamani yanzu suna ƙara yin tambaya game da yawan amfani da kalmar chaharbagh a cikin fassarar lambunan Mughal, tunda ba koyaushe ba ne. Wannan ra'ayi ya sami goyon bayan archaeological kuma. Gidan lambu na Mughal da aka tono a Wah (kilomita 12 a yammacin Taxila), kusa da Hasan Abdal, wanda ke da alaƙa da sarakunan Mughal Akbar, Jahangir da Shah Jahan ya nuna cewa tsari da ƙirar gaba ɗaya ba su kasance daidai ba a kan na farko da na biyu. 

Game da wurin, sarakunan Mughal sun kasance na musamman wajen zabar wurare masu kyau. Sau da yawa suna zaɓar gangaren tsaunuka tare da ruwa mai gudana don tsara lambuna, misali mafi kyau shine Bagh-i Shalimar da Bagh-I Nishat a Kashmir.

Kusan dukkanin lambunan Mughal suna dauke da gine-gine kamar gidajen sarauta, sansani, mausoleums, da masallatai. Gidajen sun zama muhimmiyar alama ce ta kusan kowane irin abubuwan tunawa na Mughal kuma suna da alaƙa da waɗannan abubuwan tunawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su kamar: (i) lambuna da ke haɗe da fadar sarauta, sansani da lambuna waɗanda suka kyautata gine-ginen zama masu zaman kansu na manyan mutane (ii) Tsarin addini da tsarki watau, kaburbura da masallatai da aka gina a cikin lambuna, da (iii) Gidan shakatawa da gine-ginan jama'a a cikin lambunan jin daɗi.

 Ayyukan ruwa 
Kamar lambunan Farisa da Asiya ta Tsakiya, ruwa ya zama jigon tsakiya da haɗin lambunan Mughal. Ruwa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin lambunan Mughal tun daga lokacin Babur. Ya fi sha'awar 'kyakkyawan' fiye da 'tsarin Ikklisiya. Kyakkyawan Babur na gargajiya shine tsakiyar ruwa da ruwan da ke gudana. Yawancin waɗannan lambuna an raba su zuwa kashi huɗu ta hanyar axis guda biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da tashoshin ruwa da hanyoyin ɗaukar ruwa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. A kowane wuri, akwai tanki. A Indiya, ana ban ruwa da lambuna na farko daga rijiyoyi ko tankuna, amma a ƙarƙashin Mughals gina canals ko amfani da canals na yanzu don lambuna ya samar da isasshen ruwa mai dogaro. Don haka, muhimmin bangare na ayyukan ruwa na lambuna shine tushen ruwa na dindindin. Tsarin hydraulic yana buƙatar bincike game da 'maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta waje' da kuma 'rarraba ruwa a cikin lambunan Mughal na aljanna. Babban tushen ruwa zuwa lambunan Mughal sune: (i) tabkuna ko tankuna (ii) rijiyoyi ko magudanan ruwa (iii), waɗanda aka yi amfani da su daga koguna, da kuma (iv) maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.

 Zane da alama 
Tsarin lambunan Mughal ya samo asali ne daga lambun Islama na zamani, kodayake akwai tasirin makiyaya waɗanda suka fito daga kakannin Mughals na Turkic-Mongolian da kuma abubuwan da suka dace daga Tsohon Farisa. Julie Scott Meisami ta bayyana lambun Islama na zamani a matsayin "hortus conclusus, an katange shi kuma an kare shi daga duniyar waje; a ciki, ƙirar sa ta kasance mai tsauri, kuma sararin ciki ya cika da waɗancan abubuwan da mutum ya fi jin daɗi a cikin yanayi. Abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sun haɗa da ruwa mai gudana (watakila mafi mahimmancin abu) da tafki don nuna kyawawan sararin samaniya da lambu; itatuwa iri-iri, wasu don samar da inuwa kawai, wasu kuma don samar da 'ya'yan itace; furanni, masu launi da ƙanshi mai daɗi; ciyawa, yawanci yana girma a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi; tsuntsaye don cika lambun da waƙa; duk ana sanyaya ta iska mai daɗi.
Gidan lambu na iya haɗawa da tudun da aka ɗaga a tsakiya, wanda ke tunatar da dutsen a tsakiyar sararin samaniya a cikin bayanin sararin samaniya, kuma sau da yawa ana mamaye shi da ɗakin ko fadar. "  Abubuwan Turkiyya-Mongoliya na lambun Mughal suna da alaƙa da hada alfarwa, kafet da rufin da ke nuna tushen nomadic. Tents sun nuna matsayi a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, don haka an nuna dukiya da iko ta hanyar wadatar masana'antu da kuma girman da adadi.
Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ruwa mai gudana shine babban fasalin ƙirar lambun Mughal. An yi amfani da na'urorin ɗaga ruwa kamar ƙafafun Farisa (Saqiya)  don ban ruwa da kuma ciyar da hanyoyin ruwa a Kabarin Humayun a Delhi, lambunan Akbar a Sikandra da Fatehpur Sikhri, lambun Lotus na Babur a Dholpur da Shalimar Bagh a Srinagar. An gina magudanan ruwa daga koguna zuwa Delhi, Fatehpur Sikhri da Lahore. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da magudanar ruwa na lambunan Mughal suna wakiltar tashin matattu da sake girma na rayuwa, da kuma wakiltar raƙuman ruwa masu sanyi, tsaunuka na Asiya ta Tsakiya da Afghanistan waɗanda Babur ya shahara sosai. An yi amfani da isasshen matsin lamba a kan maɓuɓɓugar ta hanyar matsin ruwa wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar motsi na ƙafafun Farisa ko ruwa-chutes (chaadar)  ta hanyar bututun terra-cotta, ko gudana mai nauyi na halitta a kan terraces. An rubuta cewa Shalimar Bagh a Lahore yana da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa 450, kuma matsin ya yi yawa sosai har za'a iya jefa ruwa 12 feet cikin iska, faɗuwa baya don ƙirƙirar tasirin furanni a saman ruwa.

Mughals sun damu da alama kuma sun haɗa shi cikin lambun su a hanyoyi da yawa. Matsakaicin nassoshin Alkur'ani game da aljanna sun kasance a cikin gine-gine, layout, da kuma zaɓin rayuwar shuka; amma ƙarin nassoshi na duniya, gami da mahimmancin lambobi da zodiacal da ke da alaƙa da tarihin iyali ko wasu mahimmancin al'adu, galibi ana haɗa su. Lambobin takwas da tara an dauke su masu kyau ga Mughals kuma ana iya samun su a cikin yawan terraces ko a cikin gine-ginen lambu kamar tafkuna na octagonal. Tsire-tsire na lambu kuma suna da ma'anoni na alama. Itacen Cypress suna wakiltar har abada kuma itatuwan 'ya'yan itace masu fure suna wakiltar sabuntawa.

 Binciken ilimi 
Ana samun nassoshi na farko game da lambunan Mughal a cikin tarihin da tarihin sarakunan Mughal, gami da na Babur, Humayun da Akbar. Daga baya ana samun nassoshi daga "asusun Indiya" wanda matafiya daban-daban na Turai suka rubuta (François Bernier  da Thomas Roe , misali). Constance Villiers-Stuart ne ya rubuta babban binciken tarihi na farko na lambunan Mughal, tare da taken lambunan manyan Mughals (1913).  Edwin Lutyens ne ya tuntube ta kuma wannan na iya rinjayar zaɓin da ya yi na salon Mughal don lambun mataimakin sarki a shekarar 1912.

 Wuraren 

 Afghanistan 

 Bagh-e Babur, Kabul

 Bangladesh 

 Ginin Lalbagh

 Indiya 

 Delhi 

 Kabarin Humayun, Nizamuddin Gabas
 Qudsia Bagh
 Amrit Udyan
 Red Fort
 Roshanara Bagh
 Kabarin Safdarjung
 Shalimar Bagh, Delhi

 Haryana 

 Gidajen Pinjore
 Kabarin Sheikh Chilli

 Jammu da Kashmir 

 Naseem Bagh
 Gidajen Achabal
 Chashma Shahi
 Nishat Bagh
 Pari Mahal
 Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar
 Verinag

 Karnataka 

 Lal Bagh
 Gidajen Brindavan
 Daria Daulat Bagh

 Maharashtra 

 Gidan lambu na Bani Begum
 Bibi Ka Maqbara
 Himayat Bagh

 Punjab 

 Rajasthan 

 Gidan Jahangir a Ajmer
 Gidan Lotus a Dholpur

 Uttar Pradesh 

 Ginin Agra
 Kabarin Akbar
 Aram Bagh
 Khusro Bagh
 Mehtab Bagh
 Taj Mahal
 Kabarin I'timād-ud-Daulah
 Kabarin Mariam-uz-Zamani
 Gidajen Zenana

 Pakistan 

 Punjab 

 Gulabi Bagh
 Hazuri Bagh
 Hiran Minar, Sheikhupura
 Gidajen lambu na Quadrangle a Lahore FortGinin Lahore
 Shahdara Bagh
 Gidan lambu na Shalimar, Lahore
 Gidajen Wah
 Gidajen Mahabat Khan, Lahore

 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 

 Shahi Bagh
 Wazir Bagh

 Dubi kuma 

 Al'adun Indo-Persian
 Jerin wuraren shakatawa a Delhi

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Tushen 




 Ƙarin karantawa 


 Lehrman, Jonas Benzion (1980). Aljanna ta duniya: lambu da farfajiyar a cikin Islama. Jami'ar California Press. ISBN 0-520-04363-4. 
 Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2008). Gidajen Musulunci da Yanayi. Jami'ar Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-4025-1. 


 Haɗin waje 


 Tarin Bincike na Herbert Offen na Phillips Library a Gidan Tarihi na Peabody Essex

Rukuni:Zane
Rukuni:Lambu
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba