Ilimi na fasaha a Amurka

Ilimin fasaha a Amurka yana nufin aikin koyar da zane-zane a makarantun gwamnati na Amurka. Kafin dimokuradiyya ta ilimi, musamman kamar yadda masanin falsafar ilimi John Dewey ya ƙarfafa, koyon aiki shine hanyar gargajiya ta samun ilimi a fannin fasaha. Tare da John Dewey, Elliot Eisner babban mai fafutukar hada fasaha a cikin manhajar zamani ne. Tun lokacin da aka fara gabatar da fasaha a makarantun gwamnati a shekarar 1821, ilimin fasaha a Amurka ya fuskanci sauye-sauye da dama da matakai da yawa na ci gaba. 

 Ilimin fasaha na farko a Amurka 
An fara gabatar da ilimin fasaha ga makarantun gwamnati a shekarar 1821 sakamakon buƙatar masu zane-zane a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu . [1] Yayin da makarantun gwamnati suka fara bunƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar, haka nan sha'awar koyarwar fasaha ta fara ƙaruwa. A shekarun 1870, wasu jihohi sun fara ba da kuɗi ga makarantun gwamnati don haɓaka manhajar fasaha. A wannan lokacin, kayan fasaha, kamar fenti da takarda, sun fara inganta inganci, wanda hakan ya ba da damar koyar da fasaha ta faɗaɗa fiye da hanyoyin gargajiya. [2]

Koyon sana'o'in fasaha ya fara rasa alaƙa a ƙarni na 19, kuma makarantun fasaha masu zaman kansu sun zama babbar hanyar neman aiki a fannin fasaha. 

 Ƙungiyar nazarin hoto, kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu 
Girman fasaha a Amurka ya ƙaru da "ƙungiyar nazarin hoto" a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Nazarin hoto muhimmin ɓangare ne na manhajar ilimin fasaha. Hankali ga kyawun azuzuwa ya haifar da sha'awar jama'a wajen ƙawata makaranta, gida, da al'umma, wanda aka fi sani da "Fasaha a Rayuwa ta Yau da Kullum". Manufar ita ce a kawo wa yaro al'ada don ya canza iyaye. 

Nazarin hoto ya yiwu ta hanyar ingantattun fasahohin kwaikwayi hotuna, ƙaruwar sha'awar jama'a ga fasaha, Ƙungiyar Ci gaba a ilimi, da kuma ƙaruwar adadin yaran baƙi waɗanda suka fi iya karatu da rubutu fiye da Turanci. Nau'in fasaha da aka haɗa a cikin manhajar karatu tun daga Renaissance zuwa gaba, amma babu abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "fasahar zamani" da ake koyarwa. Sau da yawa, malamai suna zaɓar hotuna waɗanda ke da saƙon ɗabi'a. Wannan saboda babban abin da ke cikin ci gaban fasaha a matsayin wani fanni shine alaƙarsa da ilimin ɗabi'a na sabbin 'yan ƙasa saboda kwararar baƙi a lokacin. Kyau da fasaha na fasaha sun kasance wani ɓangare na ra'ayin da aka fi sani da al'adun kai, kuma martanin ɗabi'a ga fasaha yana cikin ikon malami, wanda sau da yawa ba shi da horon fasaha don tattauna halayen fasaha na yau da kullun.

Darasin Nazarin Hoto na yau da kullun kamar haka: Malamai sun sayi kayan aiki daga Jerin Hoto na Perry, misali. Wannan yayi kama da manhajar da aka riga aka shirya da muke da ita a yau. Waɗannan kayan sun haɗa da hoton malami wanda ya fi girma don ajin ya duba tare, sannan ƙaramin kwafi kusan 2 ¾” ta 2” ga kowane yaro ya duba. Waɗannan galibi suna cikin baƙi da fari ko sautin sepia. Yara kan tattara waɗannan katunan kuma su yi musayar su kamar katunan wasan baseball na zamani. Malamin zai ba wa ɗaliban takamaiman bayanai game da hoton da mai zane wanda ya ƙirƙira shi, kamar abubuwan wakilcin hoton, ƙididdigar mahimmin mai zane, da wasu bayanai game da tarihin rayuwa game da mai zane. Duk waɗannan an haɗa su a cikin kayan don haka malami mara ƙwarewa zai iya gabatar da bayanin ga ajinsa. Sannan malamin zai yi wasu tambayoyi na tattaunawa. Wani lokaci ana haɗa shawarwari don ayyukan fasahar harshe ko ayyukan studio a cikin kayan.

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