Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi

Abu al-Layth Nasr ibn Muḥammad al-Samarqandi, wanda aka fi sani da Abū al-Layth al-Samarqandi, fitaccen malamin shari'a ne kuma mai tafsirin Alƙur'ani daga Samarqand a Transoxiana (Uzbekistan ta zamani). Ya rayu a ƙarni na 4 bayan hijira / ƙarni na 10 bayan hijira, wani lokaci mai bunƙasa na ilimin Musulunci a Tsakiyar Asiya . An yi masa suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman makarantar Hanafi, al-Samarqandī ya shahara da suna Imām al-Hudā ("Imamin Shiriya") saboda zurfin iliminsa, ibadarsa, da kuma koyarwarsa mai tasiri. Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da fiqh (fikihu), tafsīr (tafsirin Alƙur'ani), ʿaqīdah (aƙida), da ɗabi'un ruhaniya, suna nuna damuwar ilimi da ɗabi'a ta zamaninsa. Daga cikin gudummawarsa da yawa, Tafsīr al-Samarqandī (wanda aka fi sani da Baḥr al-ʿUlūm) ya tsaya a matsayin aikinsa mafi shahara da ɗorewa, cikakken sharhi wanda ya haɗa rahotannin gargajiya da fahimtar harshe, tauhidi, da shari'a. Ta hanyar rubuce-rubucensa da koyarwarsa, Abū al-Layth al-Samarqandī ya tsara ci gaban tunanin Hanafi sosai kuma ya kasance mutum mai daraja a cikin al'adar malaman Musulunci.

 Yanayin siyasa 
Yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa da Abu al-Layth ya rayu a ciki, raunin ikon tsakiya, da kuma rikice-rikicen da suka shafi daular Abbas - gami da sabbin tawaye da tashin hankali da suka faru a Baghdad - da kuma sauye-sauyen da suka biyo baya a rayuwar jama'a da kuma samar da sabbin tsare-tsare na zamantakewa. Ya rayu a zamanin Abbasiyawa na biyu, wanda aka nuna shi da bunƙasar al'adu da raunin siyasa na ciki. Rayuwarsa ta ci gaba a tsawon lokacin da mulkin Abbasiyawa ya fara rasa iko a kan lardunan gabas da ke bayan Khurasan. 

A lokacin rayuwarsa, yankin ya sami tasiri daga hawan daular Samanid (204–395 AH / 819–1005 CE), wanda ya yi mulki a Transoxiana da Khurasan . Wannan ya yi daidai da jerin Jerin Khalifofin Abbasiyawa : al-Muqtadir (295–320 AH), al-Qahir (320–322 AH), al-Radi (322–329 AH), al-Muttaqi (329–333 AH), da al-Mustakfi (333–334 AH). A bayyane yake cewa akwai dangantaka mai tsauri da canzawa tsakanin Abbasiyawa da Samaniyawa a wannan lokacin, kuma Abu al-Layth ya rayu a cikin wannan yanayin siyasa. 

A tarihi, sarakunan Samaniyya sun sami babban tasiri a ƙasashen gabashin Musulunci, kuma sau da yawa ana tilasta wa khalifofin Abbasiyawa a Bagadaza su amince da 'yancin kansu. Samaniyawa sun sami girmamawa da girma saboda tallafin da suke bayarwa ga malamai, mawaka, da masana shari'a, kuma kotunansu sun zama cibiyoyin ilmantarwa da adabi . 

 Rayuwa ta farko 

 Haihuwa 
An haifi Imam Abu al-Layth kuma ya girma a birnin Samarqand . Marubutan ṭabaqāt (ƙamus na tarihin rayuwa) da masana tarihi sun bambanta dangane da ainihin shekarar da aka haife shi. Wasu suna ba da shawara, bisa ga yuwuwar, cewa haihuwarsa ta faru ne tsakanin shekaru 300-310 bayan hijira. 

 Ilimi 
Ya fara karatunsa tare da mahaifinsa. Babban malaminsa a fannin fiqhu shine Abu Ja'afar al-Hinduvani na Balkh, wanda aka fi sani da "Ƙaramin Abu Hanifa." Baya ga fiqhu na Hanafi, ya kuma yi karatun hadisi, tauhidi da tafsiri. Bayan Samarkand, Balkh da Bukhara, ya je Baghdad kuma a can ya haɗu da Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ya ruwaito hadisi daga Sahl al-Nisapuri, kuma Ali ibn Ahmad al-Razzaz ya ruwaito daga gare shi. 

 Malamai 
Ya sami iliminsa daga manyan malamai da yawa na zamaninsa. Daga cikinsu akwai: 

 Mahaifinsa, Muhammad bn Ahmad bn Ibrahim al-Samarqandi.
 Muhammad bn al-Fadl al-Balkhī (ya rasu a shekara ta 319 bayan hijira).
 Abu Nasr Ahmad bn Muhammad al-Jurjani (ya rasu a shekara ta 365 bayan hijira).
 Isḥāq bn Ahmad al-Qādi (ya rasu a shekara ta 350 bayan hijira).
 Muḥammad bn al-Hasan al-Haddadi (ya rasu a shekara ta 370 bayan hijira).

 Rayuwar ilimi 

 Sana'a 
Bai riƙe muƙamin alƙali ba ( ƙāḍī ) amma an san shi da malamin shari'a, mai wa'azi (khutbah), kuma malami wanda ke bayar da fatawa kuma yana ba da koyarwar addini ga jama'a.  Malamai da yawa sun amfana daga rubuce-rubucensa da darussansa, kuma yana da da'irar ɗalibai, malaman shari'a, da abokansa waɗanda suka koya daga gare shi kuma suka isar da iliminsa. 

 Dalibai 
Daga cikin ɗalibansa: 

 Muhammad bn Abdil-Karim al-Tirmidhi (d. ?).
 Lukman ibn Ḥakim al-Farghani (d. ?).
 Nu'aym al-Khasib Abu Malik (d. ?).
 Ahmad bn Muhammad Abu Sahl (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 340 bayan hijira).
 Abu Abd Allāh Shaykh ibn Muhammad al-Haddadi (d. ?).

 Mutuwa 
Abu al-Layth ya rasu a ranar Talata, 10 ga Sha'aban, 373 bayan hijira (983), yana da shekaru saba'in da uku. An binne shi a Samarqand, kuma mutanen wannan birnin sun san kabarinsa kuma suna ziyartarsa. 

 Gado 
Abū al-Layth ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen watsa rubuce-rubucen tauhidi da Abū Ḥanīfa da wasu ɗalibansa suka rubuta, da kuma rungumar waɗannan koyarwar a yankunan da makarantar Ḥanafī ta fi rinjaye. Ra'ayoyinsa kan tauhidi ( kalām ) gabaɗaya suna daidai da layin Māturīdī . Marubuta da yawa sun ɗauki Abū al-Layth a matsayin mujtahid a cikin al'amuran shari'a a cikin tsarin malaman Ḥanafī, kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban makarantar Ḥanafī . Ta hanyar rubuta ɗaya daga cikin taƙaitaccen bayanin Ḥanafī na farko, ya haɓaka tsarin tsarin fikihu na Ḥanafī, kuma ta hanyar ayyukansa a fagen khilāf (fikihu na kwatantawa), ya kafa harsashin adabin Ḥanafī khilāf. 

Abū al-Layth shi ma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ra'ayoyin Abū Hanīfa da almajiransa, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin marubucin da ya yi rubuce-rubuce mafi mahimmanci game da nādīr al-riwāya (rahotanni na shari'a marasa yawa). Bugu da ƙari, misali na farko a tarihin makarantar Hanafī ta adabin nawāzil - wanda ke da nufin tattara ra'ayoyi da gudummawar masana shari'a waɗanda suka zo bayan limaman da suka kafa makarantar - ya kasance na Abū al-Layth. Godiya ga wannan aikin, ra'ayoyin masana shari'a masu mahimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka rayu a ƙarni na 3 (9) da 4 (10) an aika su ga tsararraki na gaba. 

 Ayyuka 
Abū al-Layth ya rubuta ayyuka a fannoni daban-daban, kodayake an danganta littattafai da yawa da shi bai rubuta ba - wani batu da kuma yake bayyana a cikin kundin littattafan karatu. Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa na gaske sun haɗa da: 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba