Johann Andreas Stein

Johann (Georg) Andreas Stein (16 ga Mayu 1728 - 29 ga Fabrairu 1792) fitaccen mai kera kayan kida na Jamus ne, kuma mutum ne mai mahimmanci a tarihin piano .

Shi ne ya fi ɗaukar nauyin tsara abin da ake kira aikin guduma na Jamus. Ana iya cewa pianos masu wannan aikin guduma, ko kuma yanayin da ya fi ci gaba da aka sani da aikin Viennese, sun dace da wasan kwaikwayon kiɗan piano na Haydn, Mozart, da kuma ayyukan farko na Beethoven da Schubert . 

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Stein a shekara ta 1728 a Heidelsheim a Upper Palatinate.  Ya mutu a Augsburg a shekara ta 1792. Ya koyi sana'arsa ta gina gaɓoɓi daga mahaifinsa a Heidelsheim. Daga watan Agusta na 1748 zuwa Janairu na 1749, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tafiya a bita guda biyu, na Johann Andreas Silbermann a Strasbourg da na Franz Jakob Späth a Regensburg . Johann Andreas Silbermann shi ne babban ɗan'uwansa maza huɗu na Andreas Silbermann, babban ɗan'uwan Gottfried Silbermann . Stein ya zauna a Augsburg, wataƙila a shekara ta 1750 kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasa a shekara ta 1756 ko 1757, na ƙarshen shine shekarar da ya kammala ginin gaɓoɓinsa mai ban mamaki don abin da ake kira Barfüßerkirche a Augsburg. A wannan shekarar, ya zama mai gyaran gaɓoɓi a cocin. A cewar wata wasiƙa da ya rubuta, ya daina gina gaɓoɓi a shekarun 1760 domin ya sadaukar da kansa ga kayan kida masu kida. Wataƙila haɗuwarsa ta farko da yin piano ta faru ne a wurin bitar Späth, ba a wurin bitar Silbermann ba.

A matsayinsa na mai ƙera kayan kida mai igiya, Stein ya gina clavichords, harpsichords, da pianos. Ya kuma gina wasu kayan kida na musamman na keyboard, waɗanda suka haɗa da "Poli-Toni-Clavichordium" (wanda aka bayyana a cikin Augsburg Intelligenzblatt a 1769) wanda ya haɗa babban harpsichord mai ƙungiyoyi huɗu na kida ( rajista 8', 8', 8', 16') da piano. Ya kuma gina (1772) "Melodica," ƙaramin organ wanda taɓawar ɗan wasa zai iya canza ƙara, wanda za a iya amfani da shi da harpsichord ko piano ko a kan wani littafin jagora na organ ko kawai a matsayin kayan kida na solo. Muhimmancin Melodica, wanda Stein wataƙila ya yi wasu samfura kaɗan, yana cikin bayanin Stein na 1772. A cikin wannan bayanin da aka buga, ya nuna rashin gamsuwarsa da kayan kida na keyboard gabaɗaya saboda ba su ba da damar bayyanawa ta hanyar muryar ɗan adam, goge da trombone ba .

Bayanin da aka yi a shekarar 1769 game da yuwuwar bayyana Poli-Tono-Clavichordium ya nuna kwarin gwiwar Stein ga kayan kida masu kida waɗanda a ƙarshe suka kai shi ga ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira aikin guduma na Jamus jim kaɗan kafin 1780. Ya kuma gina kayan kida "vis-à-vis" tare da piano da harpsichord suna fuskantar juna a cikin akwati ɗaya. A cikin misalan da suka tsira (Verona 1777, Naples 1783), mai kunna harpsichord (8', 8', 8', 16' a Verona, 8' quill, 8' fata, 4' quill a Naples) shi ma zai iya haɗa aikin piano a ɗayan ƙarshen akan ɗayan madannai na harpsichord. Kayan kida na Verona yana da tsayawar hannu don jan hankali da cire tsayawar, kamar organ ko harpsichord na Jamus, yayin da kayan kida na Naples yana da levers na gwiwa kamar harpsichord na Faransa.

 Manazarta 

Category: Mutanen Jamus