Kyakkyawan Indiya

Fasahar Indiya ta samo asali ne daga wani tsari na musamman na ruhaniya ko falsafa a cikin masu sauraro, ko kuma ta hanyar wakiltar su a alamance.

 Rasas a cikin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo 
Ka'idar rasas har yanzu tana samar da kyakkyawan tushe ga dukkan rawa da wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Indiya, kamar Bharatanatyam, kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Manipuri, Kudiyattam, Kathakali da sauransu. Ana kiran bayyana rasa a cikin salon rawa na gargajiya na Indiya da rasa-abhinaya . Nātyasāstra tana fayyace bhavas da aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar kowane rasa a hankali.

Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Kudiyattam ko Kathakali maganganu ne masu matuƙar wuce gona da iri. Akasin wannan fassarar ita ce makarantar Balasaraswathi ta abhinaya mai zurfi da rashin fahimta na devadasis. An yi muhawara mai tsanani a bainar jama'a lokacin da Balasaraswathi ya yi Allah wadai da fassarorin Rukmini Devi na tsarkaka da aikace-aikacen Sringara rasa. Abhinaya na salon Melattur na abhinaya ya kasance mai wadata sosai a cikin bambance-bambancen motsin rai, yayin da maganganun salon Pandanallur sun fi iyakancewa a sarari.

 Tarihi 


 Natyashastra 
Ka'idar Rasa ta yi fure da rubutun Sanskrit Nātyashāstra ( nātya ma'ana "wasan kwaikwayo" da shāstra ma'ana "kimiyya"), wani aiki da aka danganta ga Bharata Muni inda Alloli suka ayyana cewa wasan kwaikwayo shine 'Veda ta Biyar' saboda ya dace da zamanin da ya lalace a matsayin mafi kyawun hanyar koyarwar addini. Nātyashāstra ta gabatar da ra'ayoyin kyawawan halaye na rasas da bhāvas masu alaƙa a cikin babi na shida da bakwai bi da bi, waɗanda suka bayyana ba su da alaƙa da aikin gaba ɗaya. Rasas takwas da bhāvas masu alaƙa an sanya musu suna kuma jin daɗinsu an kwatanta su da jin daɗin abinci: rasa shine jin daɗin dandano wanda ya samo asali daga ingantaccen shiri na sinadaran da ingancin sinadaran.

 Masu gyaran kwalliya a Kashmir 
Ka'idar rasas ta ci gaba sosai tare da littafin Ãnandavardhana na gargajiya game da waƙoƙi, Dhvanyāloka wanda ya gabatar da rasa ta tara, shānta-rasa a matsayin wani yanayi na musamman na zaman lafiya na addini ( śānta ) wanda ya samo asali daga bhāva, gajiyar jin daɗin duniya. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Babban manufar wannan rubutun shine a inganta ra'ayin adabi na dhvani ko shawarar waƙa, ta hanyar jayayya game da wanzuwar rasa-dhvani, musamman a cikin nau'ikan Sanskrit gami da kalma, jimla ko cikakken aiki "yana nuna" yanayin motsin rai na gaske ko bhāva, amma godiya ga nisan kyau, mai kallo mai hankali yana jin daɗin rasa, ɗanɗanon kyau na bala'i, jarumtaka ko soyayya.

Abhinavagupta, masanin tsarin addini na ƙarni na 9 zuwa 10, wanda aka fi sani da "Shaivism na Kashmir" (ko Kashmir Shaivism ) kuma masanin kyawawan halaye, ya kawo ka'idar rasa zuwa kololuwarta a cikin sharhinsa daban-daban kan Dhvanyāloka, Dhvanyāloka-locana (wanda Ingalls, Masson da Patwardhan suka fassara, 1992) da Abhinavabharati, sharhinsa kan Nātyashāstra, waɗanda sassansu Gnoli da Masson da Patwardhan suka fassara. Abhinavagupta ya bayar da ma'anar fasaha ta rasa wadda ita ce ni'imar duniya ta Kai ko Atman da aka canza ta da sautin motsin rai na wasan kwaikwayo.

 Hada bhakti 
A cikin waƙoƙin adabi, motsin zuciyar bhakti a matsayin jin daɗin bauta wa Allah an daɗe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙaramin jin daɗi ne kawai wanda ya dace da stotras kawai, amma ba zai iya haɓaka shi zuwa wani rasa daban a matsayin jigon waƙa ko wasan kwaikwayo ba. A ƙarni na goma, har yanzu yana cikin wahala, kuma Abhinavagupta ya ambaci bhakti a cikin sharhinsa kan Natya Shastra, a matsayin wani muhimmin ra'ayi na shanta rasa, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don kafawa. Duk da haka, kamar yadda shanta ya sami matsayi na fifiko a hankali wanda aka ɗauke shi a matsayin rasa na sasas, bhakti shi ma nan da nan ya fara girma kuma duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali na babban gudu na alankarikas, yana da hidimar wasu fitattun masu fafutuka, ciki har da Tyagaraja . Bhagavata ne ya ba da babban kwarin gwiwa ga nazarin bhakti daga mahangar kyau. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Hankali ga Rasha 
Mawaka kamar Kālidāsa sun mai da hankali ga rasa, wanda ya bunƙasa zuwa tsarin kwalliya mai cikakken ci gaba. Har ma a Indiya ta zamani, ana amfani da kalmar rasa da ke nuna "ɗanɗano" ko "asali" a cikin jumla don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na kwalliya a cikin fina-finai. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Navaras 
alt=Sringara or Romance in Bharatanatyam|thumb|Bayyanar Sringāra (Soyayya) a cikin Bharatanatyam
Bharata Muni ya ambaci rawas guda takwas a cikin Nātyasāstra, wani tsohon rubutu na Sanskrit na ka'idar wasan kwaikwayo da sauran fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka rubuta tsakanin 200 BC da 200 AD.  A cikin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo ta Indiya, rawas wani yanayi ne ko motsin rai da fasaha ta haifar a cikin kowane memba na masu sauraro. Natya Shastra ya ambaci rawas guda shida a sashe ɗaya, amma a cikin sashin da aka keɓe akan rawa ya faɗi kuma ya tattauna rawas guda takwas na farko.   Kowane rawa, a cewar Nātyasāstra, yana da allahntaka mai shugabanci da wani takamaiman launi. Akwai nau'i-nau'i 4 na rawas. Misali, Hāsya ya fito ne daga Sringara . Aura na mutum mai tsoro baƙi ne, kuma yanayin mutum mai fushi ja ne. Bharata Muni ya kafa waɗannan: 

 Śṛṅgāraḥ (शृङ्गारः): Soyayya, Soyayya, jan hankali. Allahn da ke kan mulki: Vishnu . Launi: kore mai haske
 Hāsyaṃ (हास्यं): Dariya, murna, barkwanci. Shugabancin Ubangiji: Shiva . Launi: fari
 Raudraṃ (रौद्रं): Fury. Shugabancin Ubangiji: Shiva . Launi: ja
 Kāruṇyaṃ (कारुण्यं): Tausayi, jinkai. Ubangiji Allah: Yama . Launi: launin toka
 Bībhatsam (बीभत्सं): Abin ƙyama, ƙyama. Allahn da ke kan gaba: Shiva . Launi: shuɗi
 Bhayānakaṃ (भयानकं): Tsoro, tsoro. Ubangiji Allah: Yama . Launi: baki
 Vīraṃ (वीरं): Jarumtaka. Allahn da ke kan gaba: Indra . Launi: saffron
 Adbhutaṃ (अद्भुतं): Abin mamaki, mamaki. Shugabancin Ubangiji: Brahma . Launi: rawaya 

 Śāntaṃ rasa 
Marubuta daga baya sun ƙara wani kashi na tara. Wannan ƙarin ya fuskanci gwagwarmaya sosai tsakanin ƙarni na shida da na goma, kafin yawancin Alankarikas su amince da shi, kuma kalmar " Navarasa " (rasas tara) ta iya zama ruwan dare.

 Śāntaṃ : Kwanciyar hankali ko natsuwa.  allahntaka: Vishnu . Launi: fari mai ɗorewa.

Shānta-rasa tana aiki a matsayin memba ɗaya tilo na saitin rasas, amma a lokaci guda ta bambanta a matsayin mafi kyawun nau'in ni'ima ta kyau. Abhinavagupta ya kwatanta ta da igiyar sarƙar da aka yi da duwatsu masu daraja; yayin da ba zai zama mafi jan hankali ga yawancin mutane ba, ita ce igiyar da ke ba da siffar sarƙar, tana ba da damar jin daɗin duwatsun sauran ragus takwas. Jin daɗin rasas musamman shānta-rasa an nuna shi a matsayin mai kyau-kamar amma ba ta taɓa yin daidai da ni'imar fahimtar kai da yogis ke fuskanta ba.

 Duba kuma 


 Abhinaya
 Bishōnen - Tsarin kwalliya na Japan wanda ke da tasiri daga ra'ayoyin kwalliya na Indiya
 Nātyasāstra - Tsohon rubutun Sanskrit akan fasahar wasan kwaikwayo da kyau
 Nātyakalpadrumam
 Rasa lila
 Littattafan Sanskrit
 Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sanskrit

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba