Bishr ibn al-Muʿtamir

Abū Sahl Bishr ibn al-Muʿtamir ibn Bishr al-Ḥilālī (ya mutu a shekara ta 825) masanin tauhidin Muʿtazilite-Zaydite ne kuma wanda ya kafa makarantar Bishriyya a Baghdad . 



 Rayuwa 
Ba a san inda aka haifi Bishr ba. Baghdad, Kūfa da Baṣra duk an gabatar da su. Hakazalika, ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba, kodayake tsoho ne a lokacin mutuwarsa. Ya yi karatun Muʿtazilite  (tauhidin) a Baṣra a ƙarƙashin Bishr ibn Saʿīd, Abū ʿUthmān al-Zaʿfarānī da Muʿammar ibn ʿAbbād al-Sulamī . Daga baya ya koma Baghdad don koyarwa. Daga cikin fitattun ɗalibansa sune Thumāma ibn Ashras da Abū Mūsā al-Murdār . 

A Baghdad, Bishr ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da bayi. Ya kasance mai wa'azi na Zaydite, wanda ya taɓa yin alkawarin juyar da mutane biyu a kowace rana, kuma mai ba da shawara game da jihadi, wanda ke ba da kuɗin mayaƙa. Khalifa Hārūn al-Rashīd (r. 786-809), abokin adawar Muʿtazilism, ya daure Bishr saboda zarginsa na Rāfiḍī. Bishr ya musanta zargin. A kurkuku, ya rubuta ayoyi 40,000 game da adalci, allahntaka ɗaya da barazanar hukunci. Sun bazu ko'ina kuma sun kara tasirinsa, don haka Khalifa ya sake shi. Ya kasance abokin mai kula da Khalifa, Faḍl ibn Yaḥyā . Daga baya ya shiga kotun Khalifa al-Maʾmūn a Merv .  A cewar al-Qalqashandī, Bishr ya sanya hannu kan dokar 817 ta Khalifa wanda ya kira ʿAlī al-Riḍā a matsayin magajinsa.  

 Ayyuka 
Ibn al-Nadīm ya danganta lakabi 24 ga Bishr, galibi ayyukan jayayya. Sauran marubutan sun ambaci wasu lakabi 25. Yawancin ayyukansa na tauhidi sun kasance a cikin aya. Sai kawai waƙoƙi guda biyu (qaṣīda) game da abubuwan al'ajabi na halitta, gami da rayuwar kwari, an kiyaye su a cikin Ḥayawān na al-Jāḥiẓ. Sauran an san su ne kawai daga raguwa da aka nakalto a wasu ayyukan Muʿtazilite, kamar Kitāb al-Intiṣār na al-Khayyāṭ .  Ya rubuta litattafai yana sukar abokan aikinsa na Muʿtazilite, kamar Abū l-Hudhayl, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya karyata Kiristanci, Yahudanci, Kharijism da Zoroastrianism. Ya rubuta, a cikin aya, daya daga cikin ayyukan farko da ke da niyyar tabbatar da annabcin Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da Ibn al-Nadīm ya danganta shi ne versification na Kalīla wa-Dimna . 

Bishr an fi saninsa da ra'ayinsa na 'aikin da aka haifar' (tawallud), wanda ke nufin tasirin da aka haifar ko ya haifar da aikin nufin ɗan adam amma ba su da kansu kai tsaye. Ya dauki mutane da alhakin halin kirki game da tasirin da nufin su ya kawo. Ya yi imanin cewa nufin ɗan adam ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga Allah, wanda ya haifar da zarge-zargen rashin gaskatawa, kodayake ainihin dalilinsa ya zama don kauce wa zargi Allah da mugunta.

Bishr ya yi rajista ga ra'ayin Zaydite na imamate. Ya ɗauki ʿAlī a matsayin mafi girma a tsakanin sahabbansa na Muḥammad kuma ya yarda da halayensa, amma ya bambanta mafi girma daga haƙƙin maye gurbin. Ya ki amincewa da halattacciyar shekaru shida da suka gabata na Khalifancin ʿUthmān. A siyasance, shi Shīʿī ne. Ya ɗauki Khawārij a matsayin 'yan tawaye.

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