VèVè Clark

VèVè Amasa Clark (Disamba 14, 1944 - Disamba 1, 2007) marubuciya ce kuma ƙwararriya wacce ta ƙirƙiro kalmar " karatu a ƙasashen waje ". Ta kasance farfesa a fannin nazarin Afirka ta Amurka a Jami'ar California, Berkeley daga 1991 har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 2007.

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Clark a Jamaica, Queens, birnin New York, ɗiya ɗaya tilo ga mahaifiyar da aka haifa a Caribbean, Pauline Kirton, da Alonzo Clark, daga North Carolina . Ta yi tunanin zama likita ko mawaƙi,  amma ta zaɓi yin karatun harsunan soyayya a Kwalejin Queens ta Jami'ar City ta New York . Ta sami digirin farko a shekarar 1966.   Ta ci gaba da karatun harsunanta a Jami'ar Nancy da ke Lorraine, Faransa, kuma a shekarar 1969 ta koma Kwalejin Queens kuma ta sami digirin digiri na biyu a Faransanci. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Sana'a 
A shekarun 1970, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa a fannin Faransanci sannan daga baya ta zama malamar Nazarin Baƙar fata ta Amurka. Clark ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Faransanci da ilimin ƙabilanci a shekarar 1983 daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Yayin da take kammala digirin digirgir na uku a UC Berkeley, ta shiga Jami'ar Tufts a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin adabin Afirka da Caribbean. 

Clark ta koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley, a shekarar 1991 a matsayin farfesa a Sashen Nazarin Baƙar fata na Amurka, inda ta koyar da darussa masu shahara kan marubuta mata na Afirka da adabin Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. 

A matsayinta na malamar makaranta, Clark ta shirya littattafai da dama tare kuma ta rubuta kasidu da dama kan wasan kwaikwayo na Haiti da raye-rayen Afirka-Amurka, gami da bincike kan mai rawa da masanin ilimin ɗan adam Katherine Dunham . Wataƙila rubutun Clark da aka fi sani da shi shine "Bunƙasa Karatu a Ƙasashen Waje da Sanin Marasa", inda ta ƙara bayyana "karatu a ƙasashen waje", wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin rubutunta na baya. Yasmin Anwar, "VèVè Clark, cosmopolitan African diaspora scholar, dies at 62", UC Berkeley News, December 6, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2023. Ta yi amfani da wannan jumla don bayyana ikon mai karatu na fahimtar matakai da yawa na ma'anoni a cikin maganganun jama'a, labarai, da kalmomi a cikin al'ummomin Baƙar fata na Ƙasashen Waje. A cewar Clark, "Wannan nau'in karatu ya fi aikin tunani kawai. Kwarewa ce ga mai ba da labari da mai karatu wanda ke buƙatar ilimin ci gaban tarihi, zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda gogewa ta rayuwa da rubutu ta haifar." 

Clark, wacce take da ilimi a duniya, tana da harsuna da yawa, tana magana da Faransanci, Sifaniyanci, Creole, da kuma wasu Wolof . A duk tsawon aikinta, Clark ta rubuta da sha'awa game da: "Adabin Afirka da Caribbean, tatsuniyar Afro-Caribbean, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje, tarihin rawa na Afirka ta Amurka, da kuma koyarwar da ta dace." 

Domin yaƙar yawan raguwar ɗalibai a jami'ar UC Berkeley, [undefined] Clark ta ƙirƙiri "Gabatarwa ga Jami'a", wani kwas da ɗalibai da yawa suka yaba da taimaka musu wajen tafiyar da tsarin jami'a da kuma haɓaka ƙwarewar tushe wanda ya taimaka musu shirya, da kuma samun nasara a makarantar digiri. Ta kuma taimaka wajen ƙaddamar da shirin digiri na uku a Nazarin Baƙar fata da Afirka a Ƙasashen Waje, ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen farko irin wannan a ƙasar.  Ta haɗu da kafa taron St. Claire Drake Symposium, wani taron shekara-shekara wanda ke ba wa malamai a Nazarin Afirka damar yin hulɗa da raba bincikensu. Ta kuma haɗu da kafa Ƙungiyar Nazarin Haiti.

 Kyaututtuka 
Ƙungiyar Nazarin Haiti ta girmama Clark a shekarar 1992 a lokacin taron shekara-shekara na huɗu a Jami'ar Tufts . Ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Kimiyyar Zamantakewa Mai Kyau a UC Berkeley a shekarar 1996. Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Guggenheim don bincike kan Dunham, wani tallafin karatu da za ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar, Senegal. Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar zama a Jami'ar Brown ta hanyar Gidauniyar Rockefeller .

 Gado 
Mutane da yawa suna kallon ra'ayinta game da karatu da rubutu a ƙasashen waje a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a fannin adabin Diaspora, rawa, da Nazarin Afirka. A shekarar 2011, Sashen Nazarin Baƙar fata na Amurka a UC Berkeley ya ƙaddamar da Cibiyar VèVè Clark don Masana da aka ba wa aiki. Shirin yana aiki don shirya ƙwararrun ɗaliban Nazarin Afirka a fannin don shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu, makarantun ƙwararru, da sauran ayyukan digiri na biyu. 

Clark bai taɓa yin aure ba kuma bai bar wani iyali da ya tsira ba. 

 Littattafan tarihi 

 Clark, VèVè A. (Edita) & Johnson, Sara E. (Edita) (2006). Kaiso!: Rubuce-rubuce daga kuma game da Katherine Dunham (Nazarin Tarihin Rawa). Madison, WI: Jami'ar Wisconsin Press. 
 Clark, VèVè (Edita) & Garner, Shirely Nelson (Edita) & Higonnet, Margaret (Edita) (1996) Ƙiyayyar Mata a Kwalejin. Takarda.

New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415910712

 Clark, VèVè A. (Edita) & Joeres, Ruth-Ellen Boetcher (Edita) & Sprengnether, Madelon (Edita) (1993). Sake Duba Kalmar da Duniya: Makaloli a cikin Sukar Adabi ta Mata. Paperback. Chicago, IL: Jami'ar Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226400648
 Clarke, VèVè (Mawallafi) & Hodson, Millicent (Mawallafi) & Neiman, Catrina (Mawallafi) (1984) Tatsuniyar Maya Deren, Vol 1 Kashi na 1: Sa hannu (1917–1942). Takarda. New York, NY: Taskar Fina-finai ta Anthology. ISBN 978-0911689150

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Matattun 2007
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944