Thomas Spence

Thomas Spence (2 ga Yuli [ ] 1750 - 8 ga Satumba 1814) ya kasance ɗan Ingilishi ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi  kuma mai ba da shawara game da mallakar ƙasa da daidaito na dimokuradiyya na maza da mata. Spence na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu juyin juya hali na ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19. An haife shi cikin talauci kuma ya mutu kamar haka, bayan dogon lokaci na ɗaurin kurkuku, a cikin 1814.

 Rayuwa 
An haife shi a shekara ta 1750 ga dangin Presbyterian,  Spence daga baya ya bar Newcastle zuwa London a shekara ta 1787.  Ya ci gaba da sayar da littattafai a High Holborn . A shekara ta 1794, tare da wasu mambobi na London Corresponding Society, ya kwashe watanni bakwai a Newgate Gaol a kan tuhumar cin amana,  kuma a shekara ta 1801 an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin watanni goma sha biyu saboda cin zarafin. Ya mutu a London a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1814.

 Gyaran ƙasa da Shirin Spence 
Tsayar da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙasar da aka sani da Town Moor a Newcastle a cikin 1771 ya zama mabuɗin sha'awar Spence game da batun ƙasa da tafiya zuwa ga ultra-radicalism. Shirinsa ba don mallakar ƙasa ba ne amma don kafa al'ummomin parishal masu zaman kansu, wanda haya da aka biya ga Ikklisiya (inda aka ba da cikakken mallakar ƙasar) ya kamata ya zama haraji na kowane nau'i. Ra'ayoyinsa da tunaninsa game da batun sun samo asali ne daga masu tunani na tattalin arziki, gami da abokinsa Charles Hall.

A tsakiyar aikin Spence shine shirinsa, wanda ya yi jayayya da:

 Ƙarshen aristocracy da masu gidaje;
 Dukkanin ƙasar ya kamata 'masu mulkin demokraɗiyya' su mallaki jama'a, wanda ya kamata ya zama mai mulkin kai;
 Rentas na ƙasa a cikin majami'u da za a raba daidai tsakanin parishioners, a matsayin nau'i na raba zamantakewa;
 Zaɓin Duniya (ciki har da zaɓin mata) a matakin Ikklisiya da kuma ta hanyar tsarin wakilai da Ikklisiya suka zaba zuwa majalisar dattijai ta ƙasa;
 An ba da tabbacin zamantakewa don samar da kudin shiga ga waɗanda ba su iya aiki ba;
 'Hakkin jarirai' [yara] su kasance 'yanci daga cin zarafi da talauci.

An fara buga shirin Spence a cikin Littafin na kudi Property in Land Every One's Right a cikin shekara ta 1775. An sake buga shi a matsayin The Real Rights of Man a cikin bugu na baya. Har ila yau, Henry Hyndman ya sake buga shi, a tsakanin wasu, a ƙarƙashin taken The Nationalization of the Land a cikin 1795 da 1882.

 Canjin rubutun kalmomi 
Spence ya kasance mai koyar da kansa tare da zurfin girmamawa ga ilimi a matsayin hanyar samun 'yanci. Ya fara rubutun phonetic da tsarin furtawa wanda aka tsara don ba da damar mutane su koyi karatu da furtawa a lokaci guda. Ya yi imanin cewa idan furcin daidai yake bayyane a cikin rubutun, kowa zai furta Turanci daidai, kuma bambancin aji da harshe ke ɗauka zai ƙare. Wannan, ya yi tunanin, zai kawo lokacin daidaito, zaman lafiya da wadata: dubban shekaru. Ya buga ƙamus na farko na Turanci tare da furci (1775) kuma ya yi fassarar sauti na yawancin litattafansa.

Ana iya ganin misalai na tsarin rubutun Spence a shafukan Turanci daga Spence Society.

 Manazarta