Muskogean languages

Muskogean (/məˈskoʊɡiən/ mə-SKOH-ghee-ən; kuma Muskhogean) iyali ne na harshe da ake magana a Kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Membobin iyalin harsunan asalin Amurka ne. Yawanci, harsunan Muskogean suna da ƙwarewa sosai kuma suna da haɗuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin harsunan da aka rubuta, Apalachee, ba a magana da shi ba, kuma sauran harsuna suna cikin haɗari.

 Dangantakar kwayar halitta 

 Rarrabawar iyali 
Iyalin Muskogean sun hada da Alabama, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (ko Creek), Koasati, Apalachee, da Hitchiti-Mikasuki .  Hitchiti galibi ana ɗaukarsa yaren Mikasuki. "Seminole" wani lokacin ana amfani dashi don yaren Muscogee da ake magana a Oklahoma.

Manyan sassan iyali sun daɗe suna da rikici, amma an yarda da ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa a duk duniya: Choctaw-Chickasaw, Alabama-Koasati, Hitchiti-Mikasuki, da Muscogee. ba a sake magana ba Apalachee; ainihin dangantakarsa da sauran harsuna ba ta da tabbas, amma Mary Haas da Pamela Munro dukansu sun rarraba shi tare da ƙungiyar Alabama-Koasati.

 Rarrabawar Haas 
Don haɗin tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, ɗayan rarrabuwa mai tasiri shine na Mary Haas da Karen Booker, wanda ake ganin "Western Muskogean" (Choctaw-Chickasaw) a matsayin babban reshe ɗaya, kuma "Eastern Muskogeen" (Alabama-Koasati, Hitchiti-Mikasuki, da Muscogee) a matsayin wani. A cikin Muskogean na Gabas, Alabama-Koasati da Hitchiti-Mikasuki galibi ana zaton suna da alaƙa da juna fiye da Muscogee. Wannan rarrabuwa tana nunawa a cikin jerin da ke ƙasa:  

 Rarrabawar Munro 
Pamela Munro ta gabatar da rarrabuwa daban-daban. A cikin rarrabuwarta, an raba harsunan zuwa reshen "Kudancin Muskogean" (Choctaw-Chickasaw, Alabama-Koasati, da Hitchiti-Mikasuki) da kuma "Northern Muskogean " (Muscogee). Kudancin Muskogean an raba shi zuwa Hitchiti-Mikasuki da reshe na "Kudancin Yammacin Muskogeen" wanda ke dauke da Alabama-Koasati da "Yammacin Muskogeean" (Choctaw-Chickasaw).  Ana nuna rarrabuwa a cikin jerin da ke ƙasa: 

 Dangantaka mai zurfi 

 Harsunan Muskogean masu yuwuwa 
An yi iƙirarin harsuna da yawa da aka tabbatar da su harsunan Muskogean ne. George Broadwell ya ba da shawarar cewa yarukan Yamasee da Guale sune Muskogean .  Koyaya, William Sturtevant ya yi jayayya cewa bayanan "Yamasee" da "Guale" Muscogee ne kuma harshe (s) da mutanen Yamasee da Guale ke magana ba a sani ba. Yana yiwuwa cewa Yamasee sun kasance haɗin kabilun daban-daban kuma ba sa magana da yare ɗaya. Chester B. DePratter ya bayyana Yamasee kamar yadda ya kunshi mafi yawan masu magana da Hitchiti da Guale .  Masanin tarihi Steven Oatis ya kuma bayyana Yamasee a matsayin rukuni mai kabilanci wanda ya haɗa da mutane daga yankunan Muskogean, kamar garuruwan mulkin mallaka na Hitchiti, Coweta, da Cussita.

Mutanen Amacano, Chacato, China, Pacara, da Pensacola, waɗanda ke zaune a bakin tekun Gulf na Florida daga Big Bend Coast zuwa Pensacola Bay, an ruwaito cewa suna magana da wannan harshen Muskogean, wanda watakila yana da alaƙa da Choctaw.

Shaidar da ba ta da yawa ta nuna cewa aƙalla wasu daga cikin mutanen da ke cikin babban shugaban Cofitachequi a arewa maso gabashin Kudancin Carolina suna magana da yaren Muskogean. Idan haka ne, wannan zai zama mafi gabashin Muskogean. Mutanen Cofitichequi tabbas masu magana da Siouan da Iroquoian da ke kusa da su ne suka shawo kansu a ƙarshen karni na 17.

Kalmomin Houma na iya zama wani yaren Muskogean na Yamma ko kuma wani nau'i na Jargon Mobilian, pidgin wanda ya dogara da Yammacin Muskogean.

Mafi sanannun haɗin da aka gabatar tsakanin Muskogean da sauran harsuna shine Mary Haas 'Gulf hypothesis, inda ta yi tunanin babban iyali wanda ya ƙunshi Muskogean kuma wasu harsuna masu zaman kansu na kudu maso gabashin Amurka: Atakapa, Chitimacha, Tunica, da Natchez. Duk da yake sananne ne, ƙungiyar Gulf yanzu masana harsuna na tarihi sun ƙi su. Wasu malaman Muskogean suna ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa Muskogean yana da alaƙa da Natchez.

 Abubuwan da ke ciki 

 Sunaye 
Sunayen a cikin harsunan Muskogean na iya ɗaukar prefixes da ke nuna mutum da lambar mai shi. Ana iya sanya alamun kalmomi don yanayin ilimin lissafi, tare da bambanci tsakanin batutuwa (lambar lamari) da wadanda ba su da ma'ana (lambar da ba ta dace ba). Wasu harsunan Muskogean suna da alamomi da ke nuna sunayen jam'i (yawanci sunayen mutane) ko kungiyoyi.

Kalmomin Muskogean suna da ƙwarewa sosai, tare da ƙididdiga don lokaci, fasalin, mutum, lamba, shugabanci, da yanayi. Duk da yake alamar shari'a tana da zargi, alamar mutum tana aiki ne, tare da jerin wakilai daban-daban, mai haƙuri, da alamun mutum na kai tsaye.

Kalmomin suna da tsarin rikitarwa na ablaut wanda ke nuna al'amari. A cikin ilimin harshe na Muskogean, an san siffofi daban-daban da "matakan" ko "batutuwa".
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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