Marimba Ani

Marimba Ani (an haife ta Dona Richards ) ƙwararriyar masaniyar ɗan adam ce kuma ƙwararriya a fannin Nazarin Afirka, wacce aka fi sani da aikinta Yurugu, wani cikakken sharhi kan tunani da al'adun Turai, da kuma yadda ta ƙirƙiro kalmar " Maafa " don kisan kiyashin Afirka .

 Rayuwa da aiki 
Marimba Ani ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Chicago, kuma tana da digirin MA da PhD a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Sashen Digiri na biyu na Jami'ar Sabuwar Makaranta .  name="disaspora"> A shekarar 1964, a lokacin Freedom Summer, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare a fannin SNCC, kuma ta auri mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a Bob Moses ; sun rabu a shekarar 1966.   name="crdl"> ] Ta koyar a matsayin farfesa a fannin nazarin Afirka a Sashen Nazarin Baƙar fata da Puerto Rico a Kwalejin Hunter da ke birnin New York,  name="disaspora"   name="crdl"  kuma ana yaba mata da gabatar da kalmar Maafa don bayyana kisan kiyashin Afirka.  

 Yurugu 
Littafin Ani na shekarar 1994, Yurugu: Sukar Tunani da Halayyar Al'adu ta Turai da ke Tsakiyar Afirka, ya yi nazari kan tasirin al'adun Turai kan ƙirƙirar tsarin hukumomi na zamani, ta hanyar mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka, daga mahangar Afirka.    Wanda marubucin ya siffanta shi a matsayin "mai suka da gangan," ya samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Dogon ta rashin cikawa da lalata wanda mahaliccinsa ya ƙi.  

Da take duba dalilan da ke haifar da fifikon fararen fata a duniya, Ani ta yi jayayya cewa tunanin Turai ya yi imani da fifikon kansa a fili, tana mai cewa: "Al'adun Turai na musamman ne wajen tabbatar da muradun siyasa." 

A Yurugu, Ani ta gabatar da ra'ayi mai sassa uku game da al'adu, bisa ga ra'ayoyin

 Asili, iri na tsakiya ko "matrix mai tsiro" na al'ada;
 Utamawazo, "tunanin da aka tsara ta al'ada" ko kuma ra'ayin duniya, "yadda dole ne a tsara tunanin membobin al'ada idan ana son a cika asili "; kuma
 Utamaroho, "muhimmin ƙarfin" ko "tushen kuzari" na al'ada wanda "ke ba shi sautin motsin zuciyarsa kuma yana motsa halayen membobinsa na gama gari."   

Kalmomin da Ani ke amfani da su a cikin wannan tsari sun dogara ne akan Swahili . Asili kalma ce ta Swahili ma'ana "asali" ko "asali"; utamawazo da utamaroho su ne ilimin zamani da Ani ya ƙirƙira, bisa ga kalmomin Swahili utamaduni ("wayewa"), wazo ("tunani") da roho ("rayuwar ruhi").    Ba a ɗaukar utamawazo da utamaroho a matsayin waɗanda suka bambanta da asili ba, amma a matsayin bayyanarsa, waɗanda "aka haife su daga asili kuma, bi da bi, suka tabbatar da shi." 

Ani ta siffanta asili na al'adun Turai a matsayin wanda ra'ayoyin rabuwa da iko suka mamaye, tare da rabuwa da ke kafa bambance-bambance kamar "mutum" da "yanayi"; "bature" da "ɗayan"; "tunani" da "ji."  Ani ya rubuta cewa "amfani da tsare-tsare na 'duniya' marasa ma'ana a cikin ƙwarewar Turai shine don sarrafa mutane, don burge su, da kuma tsoratar da su." 

A cewar tsarin Ani, utamawazo na al'adun Turai "an tsara shi ne ta hanyar akida da gogewar al'adu ta halittu," kuma utamaroho ko ƙarfinsa mai mahimmanci shine rinjaye, wanda aka nuna a cikin dukkan tsare-tsaren Turai da kuma sanya dabi'u da wayewar Yammacin duniya a kan mutane a duk faɗin duniya, yana lalata al'adu da harsuna da sunan ci gaba.

Littafin ya kuma yi magana game da amfani da kalmar Maafa, wadda aka gina bisa kalmar Swahili wadda ke nufin "babban bala'i," don bayyana bauta . Masu tunani masu mayar da hankali kan Afirka daga baya sun shahara kuma sun faɗaɗa ra'ayin Ani.  Da yake ambaton tarihin bauta na ƙarni da yawa da kuma misalai na baya-bayan nan kamar binciken Tuskegee, Ani ta yi jayayya cewa Turawa da fararen Amurkawa suna da "iko mai yawa na aikata cin zarafi a kan wasu al'adu" wanda ya haifar da "mummunan hali na ɗan adam da kisan kare dangi".  

 Karɓar girmamawa mai mahimmanci 
Philip Higgs, a cikin littafin African Voices in Education, ya bayyana Yurugu a matsayin "kyakkyawan bayanin ɗabi'un zaman tare mai jituwa tsakanin bil'adama", amma ya ambaci littafin "kaucewa tsarin rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da rikici da mutum ke samu a cikin dukkan al'ummomi, gami da na 'yan asalin ƙasar," a matsayin rauni.  Molefi Kete Asante ta bayyana Yurugu a matsayin "aikin kirki".  Stephen Howe ya zargi Ani da rashin sha'awar Afirka ta gaske (bayan soyayya) kuma ya ƙalubalanci sukarta game da dabarun "Eurocentric" tunda ta saka hannun jari sosai a cikin amfani da shi a cikin littafin. 

 Littattafai 

 "Akidar Mulkin Turai," Mujallar Nazarin Baƙaƙe ta Yamma . Vol. 3, No. 4, Winter, 1979, da Présence Africaine, No. 111, 3rd Quarterly, 1979.
 "Tatsuniyar Turai: Ra'ayin Ci Gaba," a cikin M. Asante da A. Vandi (eds), Tunanin Baƙar fata na Zamani, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980 (59–79).
 Bari Da'irar Ta Kasance Ba Tare Da Katsewa Ba: Tasirin Ruhaniya ta Afirka a Kasashen Waje . New York: Nkonimfo Publications, 1988 (asalin 1980).
 "Bari Da'irar Ta Kasance Ba Tare Da Katsewa Ba: Tasirin Ruhaniya ga Baƙar fata-Amurka," Présence Africaine . Lamba 117-118, 1981.
 "Nyama na Maƙerin Baƙi: Muhimmancin Ƙarfe a Afirka," Mujallar Nazarin Baƙaƙe . Vol. 12, Lamba ta 2, Disamba 1981.
 Bari Da'irar Ta Ruhaniya Ta Kasance Ba Tare Da Katsewa Ba: Tasirin Ruhaniya ta Afirka a Kasashen Waje. New Jersey: Red Sea Press, 1992. 
 "Kyakkyawan 'Asa' na Afirka da Sanin Ƙasa," a cikin Kariamu Welsh-Asante (ed.), The Aesthetic na Afirka, Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1993 (63–82)
 Yurugu: Sharhi kan Tunani da Halayyar Al'adun Turai da ke mai da hankali kan Afirka . Trenton: Afirka World Press, 1994.
 "Asili na Afirka," a cikin Zaɓaɓɓun Takardu daga Takardun Taro kan Ɗabi'a, Ilimi Mai Girma da Nauyin Al'umma, Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1996.
 "Don Warkar da Mutane", a cikin Erriel Kofi Addae (ed.), Don Warkar da Mutane: Masanan Afirkan da ke Ma'anar Sabuwar Gaskiya, Columbia, MD.: Kujichagulia Press, 1996 (91-125).
 "Rubutawa a matsayin hanyar ba da damar 'yancin kai na Afirka," a cikin Elizabeth Nuñez da Brenda M. Greene (eds), Bayyana Kanmu; Marubutan Baƙaƙe a cikin shekarun 1990, New York: Peter Lang, 1999 (209–211).

 Duba kuma 

 Tsarin Afirka
 Sheikh Anta Diop
 John Henrik Clarke
 Leonard Jeffries
 Molefi Kete Asante

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba