Oto-Manguean languages

Harsunan Oto-Manguean ko Otomanguean (/ˌoʊtoʊˈmæŋɡiːən/ OH-to-MANG-ghee-ən) babban iyali ne wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan iyalai da yawa na Harsunan asali na Amurka. Dukkanin yarukan Oto-Manguean da ake magana a yanzu 'yan asalin Mexico ne, amma reshen Manguean na iyali, wanda yanzu ya ƙare, ana magana da shi har zuwa kudu kamar Nicaragua da Costa Rica. Oto-Manguean ana kallon shi a matsayin dangin harshe da aka tabbatar.

Mafi yawan masu magana da harsunan Oto-Manguean a yau suna cikin jihar Oaxaca ta Mexico, inda rassa biyu mafi girma, Zapotecan da Mixtecan, kusan mutane miliyan 1.5 ke magana. A tsakiyar Mexico, musamman a jihohin Mexico, Hidalgo, da Querétaro, ana magana da harsunan reshen Oto-Pamean: Otomi da Mazahua masu alaƙa da juna suna da masu magana sama da 500,000. A cikin duniyar harshe ta Mesoamerica, dangin Otomanguean sun fito ne a matsayin mafi banbanci da rarraba sosai. 

Wasu harsunan Oto-Manguean suna mutuwa ko kuma suna cikin haɗari sosai; alal misali, duka Ixcatec da Matlatzinca suna da ƙasa da masu magana 250, mafi yawansu tsofaffi ne. Sauran harsuna, musamman na reshen Manguean, wanda ake magana a waje da Mexico, sun ƙare; sun haɗa da Harshen Chiapanec, wanda aka ayyana ya ƙare bayan 1990. Sauran, kamar Subtiaba, wanda ya fi dacewa da Me'phaa (Tlapanec), sun ƙare kuma an san su ne kawai daga farkon karni na 20.

Iyalin harshe na Oto-Manguean shine mafi yawan bambance-bambance kuma mafi yawan iyalan harshe da ke da wakilci a Mesoamerica. Bambancin ciki ya yi daidai da na Indo-Turai, kuma an kiyasta cewa an yi magana da harshen Proto-Oto-Manguean wani lokaci kafin 2000 KZ. Wannan yana nufin cewa aƙalla a cikin shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata, harsunan Oto-Manguean sun kasance tare da sauran harsunan Mesoamerica kuma sun haɓaka halaye da yawa da suka dace da su cewa yanzu ana ganinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sprachbund, wanda ake kira Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. 

Koyaya, Oto-Manguean kuma ya fito ne daga sauran iyalan harsuna na Mesoamerica a cikin siffofi da yawa. Ita ce kawai dangin harshe a Arewacin Amurka, Mesoamerica, da Amurka ta tsakiya waɗanda dukkansu harsuna ne na sauti. Har ila yau, yana da tsari mai zurfi fiye da sauran harsunan Mesoamerica. Wani halayyar Oto-Manguean shine cewa kusan dukkanin mambobinta suna nuna VSO (kalma-subject-object) tsari na asali na masu jefa kuri'a.

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 

 Tarihin rarrabuwa 
Manuel Orozco da Berra ne ya fara gabatar da dangantakar kwayar halitta tsakanin Zapotecan da Mixtecan a 1864; ya kuma haɗa da Cuicatec, Chocho, da Amuzgo a cikin rukuni. A cikin 1865, Pimentel ya kara Mazatec, Popoloca, Chatino, da Chinantec kuma ya kafa wani rukuni na Pame, Otomi da Mazahua, farkon reshen Oto-Pamean. Rarrabawar Daniel Brinton ta 1891 ta kara da Matlatzinca da Chichimeca Jonaz zuwa ƙungiyar Oto-Pamean ta Pimentel, wacce ba a san ta da wannan sunan ba, kuma ya sake rarraba wasu harsuna na harsunan da aka haɗa a baya na ƙungiyar Oaxacan. A cikin 1920, Walther Lehmann ya haɗa da yarukan Chiapanec-Mangue kuma ya kafa manyan rukuni na ƙungiyar Oaxacan daidai. A cikin 1926, Schmidt ya kirkiro sunan "Otomi-Mangue" don ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi harsunan Oto-Pamean da Chiapanec-Mangue. Kungiyoyin Oto-Pamean da Main Oaxacan ba su haɗu cikin iyali ɗaya ba har sai da aka rarraba Edward Sapir a 1929, wanda ya haɗa su a cikin yarukan Hokan. 

A cikin shekarun 1950, an fara yin aikin sake ginawa a kan kungiyoyin yaren Oto-Manguean. Doris Bartholomew ne ya sake gina Proto-Oto-Pamean, Morris Swadesh ne ya sake ginawa Proto-Zapotecan, da Fernández de Miranda da Roberto Weitlaner ne suka sake gina Proto. Rarrabawar da Campbell ya yi (1997) ita ce ta farko da ta gabatar da ra'ayi ɗaya game da harsunan Oto-Manguean. A cikin 1981, William Merrifield ya buga sake fasalin Kalmomin dangi na kowane reshe na Oto-Manguean da na Proto-Oto-Manguean. Har ila yau, Terrence Kaufman ya sake fasalin da ba a buga ba na harshen Proto-Oto-Manguean . 

Duk da rashin cikakken sake fasalin Proto-Oto-Manguean, yanzu masana sun yarda da dangin harshe, ciki har da Lyle Campbell, Terrence Kaufman, da William Poser. Campbell da Poser, suna rubutawa a shekara ta 2008, sun kammala cewa, "Tlapanec-Subtiaba ya tabbatar da cewa ba na 'Hokan' ba kamar yadda Sapir (1925a) ya nuna, amma ya zama reshe na Otomanguean...." Duk da haka, wasu karatun sun riƙe hadawa a cikin Hokan, musamman Joseph Greenberg da aka ƙi rarraba a shekarar 1987,  da kuma ayyukan da aka samo asali daga Merritt Ruhlen. Rubuta a cikin 1988, Leonardo Manrique har yanzu ya lissafa Tlapanec-Mangue a matsayin iyali mai zaman kansa.Marlett, Stephen. 2013. "Bibliografia del Me'phaa", SIL

Matsayin Harshen Amuzgo a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Mixtecan ko kuma a matsayin kafa reshen kansa daga ɓangaren Proto-Oto-Manguean an tattauna shi da Longacre, wanda ya yi jayayya da ƙarshen,  amma rarrabuwa da aka fi yarda da ita a halin yanzu ta Lyle Campbell (1997) ya bi Kaufman a cikin la'akari da Amuzgo a zama reshe na Mixtecan. Swadesh (1960) da Rensch sun haɗa da harshen Huave a matsayin reshe daban a cikin Oto-Manguean, amma haɗawar ta tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya jurewa ba, kamar yadda yawancin cognates sun kasance kalmomin aro daga Zapotec. Huave yanzu ana ɗaukarsa yare ne mai zaman kansa.
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