Linda Carol Brown

Linda Carol Brown (20 ga Fabrairu, 1943) Maris 25, 2018) ta kasance mai fafutukar daidaito a fannin ilimi a Amurka. A matsayinta na yarinya 'yar makaranta a shekarar 1954, Brown ta zama cibiyar shari'ar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amurka da Brown da Hukumar Ilimi .   Brown tana aji uku a lokacin, kuma ta nemi yin rajista a Makarantar Sumner da ke Topeka, Kansas. An hana ta shiga saboda launin fatarta.  Kararta game da wariya a makarantun firamare ta yi nasara a ƙarshe kuma sakamakon shari'ar Kotun Koli ya soke koyarwar 'raba amma daidai' wadda aka kafa a baya a cikin Plessy da Ferguson . Brown ya zama malami kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama.

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Linda Brown a Topeka, Kansas, a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1943. Ita ce babbar 'ya'ya mata uku na Leola da Oliver Brown .  name="biocom"> Oliver Brown ƙwararren mai walda ne kuma fasto.  name="cnnobit">  name="guardianobit"> Bisa umarnin NAACP, iyayen Brown sun yi ƙoƙarin shigar da ita makarantar firamare ta Sumner da ke kusa kuma aka hana su.   name="usatodayobit"> name="brownfound"> Wannan ya ba iyalan Brown damar shiga ƙungiyar ƙarar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da NAACP ta tsara kuma ta tallafa, wanda a ƙarshe za a yanke hukunci a shari'ar Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka da Brown da Hukumar Ilimi . Sunan Browns ya kasance na farko a cikin haruffa a cikin iyalai da ke shigar da ƙarar Hukumar Ilimi ta Topeka, shi ya sa aka fara lissafa sunan su kuma ana kiran shari'ar da Brown da Hukumar Ilimi . Duk da cewa Kotun Ƙoli ta amince da haƙƙinta na halartar makarantar da ba ta da bambanci, Brown bai sami damar halartar Sumner ba.  A lokacin da aka yanke hukunci kan lamarin a shekarar 1954, Brown yana makarantar sakandare ta firamare, wadda ba a raba ta da wani ba.   An ruwaito cewa 'yan jarida sun ci zarafin Brown bayan hukuncin.  Daga baya Brown ya halarci Jami'ar Washburn da Kansas State . 

 Shiga cikin Brown da Hukumar Ilimi 

A lokacin shari'ar da aka yi tsakanin Brown da Hukumar Ilimi, masauki ga ɗaliban baƙar fata a makarantun gwamnati bai dace ba.

Yawancin yaran baƙar fata an yi musu ilimi a makarantun da ba su da kayan more rayuwa kamar ruwan famfo ko azuzuwan da suka dace. Muddin makarantun baƙar fata da makarantun fararen fata suna ba da masauki iri ɗaya, makarantu za su iya ci gaba da kasancewa masu rarrabuwa a ƙarƙashin hukuncin Plessy da Ferguson na 1896.

Domin tilasta wa gwamnati ta gyara rashin daidaiton albarkatu tsakanin makarantu, NAACP ta yi shari'o'in da ke faɗin ƙasar da fatan cewa wata ƙara za ta kai ga Kotun Ƙoli. A Topeka, NAACP ta sami iyalai 13 da ke son shigar da 'ya'yansu makarantu marasa rarrabuwa. Duk da cewa Linda Brown ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Monroe da aka ware, wadda take da nisan mil fiye da gidanta, Makarantar Firamare ta Sumner tana da shinge shida daga gidanta. Bayan an hana ta shiga Sumner, iyayenta sun sami damar shiga ƙarar da NAACP ta shigar a kotu.

Duk da cewa Sumner yana da 'yan tubalan gida kaɗan, Browns ba su son aika ɗansu zuwa Sumner ba. A gaskiya ma, mahaifiyar Brown ta halarci Monroe kuma tana son malamai da muhalli a Monroe. A lokacin, baƙar fata masu hazaka, waɗanda suka yi karatun kwaleji ba za su iya shiga fannoni da yawa cikin sauƙi ba saboda shingen launin fata. Da yawa daga cikinsu sun koma koyarwa a makarantun baƙar fata galibi. Saboda girman malamai a Monroe, Browns sun yi matuƙar farin ciki da makarantar. A ƙarshe sun canza ra'ayinsu domin a ƙa'ida, idan ba sa son Monroe, suna son samun zaɓin aika Linda zuwa Sumner.  

A shari'ar, Kotun Gundumar Kansas ta Amurka ta gano cewa "cancantar ilimin malamai a makarantun masu launin fata [sun] yi daidai da na makarantun fararen fata [kuma] ... cewa darussan da aka tsara na karatu iri ɗaya ne a duk makarantun Topeka ... [kuma yayin da] yara masu launin fata a lokuta da yawa [an] buƙaci su yi tafiya mai nisa fiye da yadda za a buƙaci su yi tafiya idan za su halarci makarantar fararen fata, ... gundumar makarantar tana jigilar yara masu launin fata zuwa da dawowa makaranta kyauta. Babu irin wannan sabis [wanda] aka bai wa yara fararen fata."  NAACP ta ɗaukaka ƙarar hukuncin Kotun Gundumar Amurka, kuma Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta saurari shari'ar, wadda ta soke hukuncin kuma ta gano cewa hanyoyin daban-daban amma daidai sun saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki, suna karya Kwaskwarima ta 5 da Kwaskwarima ta 14 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki .  

 Aiki da iyali 
A tsawon rayuwarta, Brown ta ci gaba da fafutukar neman daidaito a fannin samun ilimi a Kansas. "Linda Brown Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved April 25, 2018. Brown ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar Head Start kuma abokiyar shirye-shirye a Gidauniyar Brown.  Ta kasance mai magana a bainar jama'a James, Mike. "Linda Brown of Brown v. Board of Education dies; was a symbol of struggle against segregation". USA Today. Retrieved April 25, 2018. kuma mai ba da shawara kan ilimi. Carlson, Michael (March 28, 2018). "Linda Brown obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved April 25, 2018.   Ta saki mijinta na farko,  Charles D. Smith.   Mijinta na biyu, Leonard Buckner, ya mutu.   Mijinta na uku shine William Thompson,   wanda shi ma ya riga ta rasu.  Tana da 'ya'ya biyu, Charles da Kimberley, daga aurenta na farko.  Ita ma jikokinta, C. Andrew Smith III, Donnell Smith, da Lawrence Smith sun rasu.

A shekarar 1979, tare da 'ya'yanta suna zuwa makarantun Topeka,  Brown ta sake buɗe ƙararta a kan Hukumar Ilimi ta Kansas, tana mai jayayya cewa wariya ta ci gaba.   Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta yanke hukunci a kan ta a shekarar 1993. 

 Gado 
Baya ga fafutukar da take yi a fannin shari'a da ilimi a tsawon rayuwarta, gadon Linda Brown ya haɗa da ayyana matsayin tarihi mai tarihi ga makarantar firamare ta Sumner, makarantar da fararen fata kawai ke kusa da ita da take son zuwa tare da maƙwabtanta, da kuma makarantar firamare ta Monroe Elementary da ta fi nisa, wacce baƙar fata kawai ke zuwa, wadda ta halarta. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin wata alama ta gadon Baƙar fata. Grinberg, Emanuella; Jones, Sheena; Vera, Amir (March 26, 2018). "Linda Brown, woman at center of Brown v. Board case, dies". CNN. Retrieved April 25, 2018. A shekarar 1992, an ayyana Monroe a matsayin wurin tarihi na ƙasa. 

 Mutuwa 
Brown ta rasu a garinsu na Topeka da ta daɗe tana zaune a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2018. Duk da cewa iyalinta ba su yi tsokaci ba, Gwamnan Kansas Jeff Colyer ya yi wa Brown godiya ta hanyar Tweet : "Shekaru sittin da huɗu da suka wuce, wata ƙaramar yarinya daga Topeka ta kawo ƙarar da ta kawo ƙarshen wariya a makarantun gwamnati a Amurka. Rayuwar Linda Brown ta tunatar da mu cewa wani lokacin mutanen da ba a tsammani za su iya yin tasiri mai ban mamaki kuma ta hanyar yi wa al'ummarmu hidima za mu iya canza duniya da gaske." 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba