Istiodactylidae

Istiodactylidae ƙaramin iyali ne na pterosaurs. An sanya wa wannan iyali suna a shekara ta 2001 bayan an gano cewa nau'in halittar Istiodactylus ba memba ne na nau'in Ornithodesmus ba. 

 Tsarin da rarraba 
An samo ragowar takaddun da za a iya sanya su da tabbaci ga Istiodactylidae a Burtaniya da China, a cikin duwatsu daga farkon zamanin Cretaceous (Barremian zuwa Aptian).  Arbour da Currie (2011) sun bayyana Kanada Gwawinapterus beardi a matsayin memba na Istiodactylidae da ke zaune a ƙarshen Cretaceous (mataki na sama na Campanian);  duk da haka, Witton (2012) ya ba da shawarar tsarin maye gurbin hakora a cikin wannan dabba bai dace da na pterosaurs ba, yana ba da shawarar cewa jinsin na iya zama ba na pterosurian ba. Ƙarin bincike ya ba da shawarar cewa jinsin a zahiri kifi ne. Mafi mahimman jinsunan da aka sani na iya zama Archaeoistiodactylus linglongtaensis, daga Tsakiyar Jurassic na China;  duk da haka, an kuma ba da shawarar cewa samfurin holotype na wannan nau'in na iya zama ainihin samfurin Darwinopterus wanda ba a kiyaye shi ba.  Hongshanopterus, wanda ake zaton istiodactylid daga China, an sake rarraba shi a matsayin memba wanda ba naistiodactylida ba na Ornithocheiroidea na rashin tabbas na phylogenetic ta Witton (2012). 

Istiodactylids sun kasance pterosaurs masu matsakaici tare da kwance, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa kamar na duck. Suna da ƙananan hakora da ke rufe jawansu, duk da haka, kuma ana iya ganin wannan a cikin mafi yawan jinsuna masu ci gaba kamar Istiodactylus . 

 Rarraba 
Da ke ƙasa akwai cladogram da ke nuna matsayin phylogenetic na wannan rukuni a cikin Pteranodontia daga Andres da Myers (2013). Cladogram da ke ƙasa shine topology wanda Kellner et al. suka dawo da shi (2019). A cikin binciken, sun dawo da Istiodactylinae a cikin ƙungiyar Istiodactyliformes, kuma sun sanya Istiodactylus da Liaoxipterus zuwa sabon subfamily da ake kira Istiodactyleinae, amma sun ci gaba da Nurhachius a matsayin memba na asali.

 Paleobiology 

 Hanyar Rayuwa 
Ba sa shiri da ornithocheiroids ba, yanayin beyar istiodactylids ya dace da rayuwar duniya kuma an sami burbushinsu da yawa a cikin ma'ajiyar ruwa mai tsafta. Ana ɗaukar Istiodactylids a matsayin daidai gwargwado na pterosaurian da ungulu: suna aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan tsaftacewa a wuraren zama. Ba a yi nazarin iyawar ninkaya na Istiodactylids ba, sabanin Ornithocheirids..[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">citation needed</span>]