Paul Gauguin

Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin ( / ɡ oʊ ˈɡæn / ;  ; 7 ga Yuni 1848 - 8 ga Mayu 1903) ɗan Faransa ne mai zane, mai sassaka, mai buga takardu, mai yin yumbu, kuma marubuci, wanda aikinsa ya fi alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Post-Impressionist da Symbolist . Ya kuma kasance mai tasiri a fannin sassaka itace da sassaka itace a matsayin siffofin fasaha.   Duk da cewa ya yi nasara kaɗan a rayuwarsa, an san Gauguin tun daga lokacin saboda gwajin amfani da launi da salon Synthetist wanda ya bambanta da Impressionism .

An haifi Gauguin a birnin Paris a shekarar 1848, a tsakiyar rikicin shekarar juyin juya hali ta Turai . A shekarar 1850, iyalan Gauguin suka zauna a Peru, inda ya fuskanci wani abin alfahari na yarinta wanda ya bar masa wani tasiri na dindindin. Daga baya, matsalolin kuɗi sun kai su Faransa, inda Gauguin ya sami ilimi na yau da kullun. Da farko yana aiki a matsayin dillalin hannun jari, Gauguin ya fara zane a lokacin hutunsa, sha'awarsa ga fasaha ta taso ne daga ziyartar gidajen tarihi da nune-nunen . Matsalar kuɗi ta 1882 ta shafi aikinsa na dillanci sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da komawa ga zane na cikakken lokaci. Ilimin fasaha na Gauguin galibi ya koyar da kansa kuma ba na yau da kullun ba ne, wanda ya samo asali ne daga alaƙarsa da sauran masu fasaha maimakon horo na ilimi . Shiga duniyar fasaha ya sami sauƙi ta hanyar saninsa da Camille Pissarro, babban mai ra'ayin kwarjini . Pissarro ya ɗauki matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Gauguin, yana gabatar da shi ga sauran masu fasaha da dabaru na kwarjini.

Ya yi baje kolin tare da masu ra'ayin Impressionists a farkon shekarun 1880, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara haɓaka salon sa na musamman, wanda aka siffanta shi da amfani da launuka masu ƙarfi da kuma abubuwan da ba na gargajiya ba. Ayyukansa a Brittany da Martinique sun nuna sha'awarsa ta nuna rayuwar asali da shimfidar wurare . A shekarun 1890, fasahar Gauguin ta sami babban sauyi a lokacin da yake zaune a Tahiti, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, inda ya nemi mafaka daga wayewar Yamma . Shekarun Gauguin na baya-bayan nan a Tahiti da Tsibirin Marquesas sun kasance cike da matsalolin lafiya da matsalolin kuɗi.

Zane-zanensa na wannan lokacin, waɗanda aka yi su da launuka masu haske da jigogi na Symbolist, sun yi nasara sosai a tsakanin masu kallo na Turai saboda bincikensu game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane, yanayi, da duniyar ruhaniya . Fasahar Gauguin ta shahara bayan mutuwarsa, wani ɓangare daga ƙoƙarin dillali Ambroise Vollard, wanda ya shirya nune-nunen aikinsa a ƙarshen aikinsa kuma ya taimaka wajen shirya nune-nunen muhimman abubuwa guda biyu bayan mutuwarsa a Paris.   Ayyukansa sun yi tasiri ga avant-garde na Faransa da kuma yawancin masu fasaha na zamani, kamar Pablo Picasso da Henri Matisse, kuma an san shi da alaƙarsa da Vincent da Theo van Gogh .

 Tarihin Rayuwa 

 Tarihin iyali da farkon rayuwa 
An haifi Gauguin a birnin Paris ga Clovis Gauguin da Aline Chazal a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1848, shekarar juyin juya hali a duk faɗin Turai. Mahaifinsa, ɗan jarida mai shekaru 34 daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a Orléans,  ya tilasta wa guduwa daga Faransa lokacin da hukumomin Faransa suka hana jaridar da ya rubuta wa rubutun.   Mahaifiyar Gauguin 'yar shekara 22 ce ga André Chazal, mai sassaka, da Flora Tristan, marubuciya kuma mai fafutuka a farkon ƙungiyoyin gurguzu. Haɗinsu ya ƙare lokacin da André ya harbe matarsa Flora kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku saboda yunƙurin kisan kai.  

Kakar Paul Gauguin, Flora Tristan, 'yar shege ce ga Thérèse Laisnay da Don Mariano de Tristan Moscoso. Ba a san cikakken bayani game da asalin dangin Thérèse ba; Don Mariano ya fito ne daga dangin masu arziki na Sipaniya daga birnin Arequipa na Peru . Shi jami'in Dragons ne.  Membobin dangin Tristan Moscoso masu arziki sun riƙe manyan mukamai a Peru.  Duk da haka, mutuwar Don Mariano da ba zato ba tsammani ta jefa uwargidansa da 'yarsa Flora cikin talauci.  Lokacin da auren Flora da André ya gaza, ta nemi a ba ta ƙaramin sulhu na kuɗi daga dangin mahaifinta 'yan Peru. Ta yi tafiya zuwa Peru da fatan faɗaɗa rabonta na dukiyar dangin Tristan Moscoso. Wannan bai taɓa faruwa ba; amma ta yi nasarar buga wani sanannen littafin tafiye-tafiye na abubuwan da ta fuskanta a Peru wanda ya fara aikinta na adabi a 1838. Kakar Gauguin ta taimaka wajen kafa harsashin juyin juya hali na 1848. An sanya ta a ƙarƙashin sa ido daga 'yan sandan Faransa kuma tana fama da yawan aiki, ta mutu a 1844.  Jikanta Paul "ya yi wa kakarsa sujada, kuma ya ajiye kwafin littattafanta tare da shi har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa". 

A shekara ta 1850, Clovis Gauguin ya tafi Peru tare da matarsa Aline da ƙananan yaransa da fatan ci gaba da aikinsa na jarida a ƙarƙashin kulawar dangantakar matarsa da Kudancin Amurka.  Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a kan hanya, kuma Aline ta isa Peru a matsayin bazawara tare da Paul ɗan watanni 18 da 'ya'yansa biyu. 'Yar uwarta , Marie. Mahaifiyar Gauguin ta sami maraba daga kakan mahaifinta, wanda surukinsa, José Rufino Echenique, zai hau kujerar shugabancin Peru nan ba da jimawa ba.  Har zuwa shekaru shida, Paul ya ji daɗin tarbiyya mai kyau, tare da masu kula da jinya da bayi. Ya riƙe tunawa mai kyau game da lokacin yarintarsa wanda ya sanya "ra'ayoyi marasa gushewa game da Peru waɗanda ke damun sa har tsawon rayuwarsa".  

A shekara ta 1882, kasuwar hannayen jari ta faɗi kuma kasuwar zane-zane ta yi tsami. Paul Durand-Ruel, babban dillalin zane-zane na Impressionists, ya fuskanci matsala musamman, kuma na ɗan lokaci ya daina siyan hotuna daga masu zane kamar Gauguin. Kuɗin Gauguin ya ragu sosai, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa ya tsara shirinsa na zama cikakken mai zane.  A cikin bazara biyu masu zuwa, ya yi zane tare da Pissarro kuma wani lokacin Paul Cézanne .

 Manazarta