Gajaaga

Gajaaga, wanda aka fi sani da Galam, masarauta ce ta Soninke a saman Kogin Senegal a Yammacin Afirka wadda ta wanzu tun kafin 1000 CE zuwa 1858. Masarautar tana cikin ƙasar Senegal ta yanzu da wasu sassan Mali . Wani lokaci ana kiranta da Ƙasar Zinare, wadda take fitar da ita da yawa, kuma 'Galam' a zahiri yana nufin "zinare" a Wolof .  A tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, Gajaaga wataƙila ita ce jiha mafi ƙarfi a yankin Kogin Senegal na sama.  Tana iko da gefen kogin biyu daga yankin Kayes zuwa Bakel . 

Galam ya kasance bawa ga daular Jolof da Takrur.

 Tarihi 
Daular Bacili ta kafa wata ƙasa ga Daular Ghana, inda ta kiyaye al'adar macizai ta gargajiya ta Wagadu.  Sun zo yankin daga Neja Delta ta Cikin Gida a tsakanin ƙarni na 8 da 11 na AD kuma suka mamaye mutanen 'Gaja' Soninke na asali,  amma ikonsu ya ƙaru ne kawai a ƙarni na 13.  A wani lokaci Gajaaga ya zama ma'aikacin Daular Mali, ya ci gaba da kasancewa haka har zuwa 1506, lokacin da hare-haren Songhai suka karya ikon Mali a Sahel. 

Da fitowar Deniankes a Futa Toro, Gajaaga ta zama jiha mai zaman kanta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16. 

A shekara ta 1690, malamin addinin Fula Torodbe Malick Sy  ya zo Gajaaga yana neman wurin da zai yi amfani da fassararsa ta shari'a . Tunka ya ba shi iko kan wani gari da kuma daga ƙarshe duk yankin Bundu da ba shi da yawan jama'a.   Duk da haka, a ƙarni na 18, ikon Bundu ya ƙaru yayin da suka kwace ƙasa daga tsoffin shugabanninsu, kuma Gajaaga ya ragu.  Gajaaga kuma ya rasa ƙasa ga masarautun Khasso da Guidimakha . A farkon ƙarni na 18, sun sha wahala daga hare-haren Trarza Moors da Kaarta . 

Faransawa sun gina sansani a Gajaaga a shekarar 1700, daga nan ne yawancin bayin da aka sayar da su daga Saint-Louis suka fito a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya.  Shiga cikin cinikin bayi da kuma ƙaruwar tasirin sojojin Orman na Morocco a kwarin Kogin Senegal ya haifar da mummunan tashin hankali na zamantakewa wanda ya shafi Gajaaga kamar maƙwabtanta. Tun daga shekarar 1700, masarautar ta ga rikice-rikicen maye gurbi da yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa akai-akai, wanda ya lalata haɗin kan ƙungiyar. Waɗannan sun kai ga mamayewar Kaarta da Khasso a shekarar 1750, wanda, duk da cewa an kayar da su, ya nuna raunin Gajaaga.  

Bayan dogon lokaci da suka yi a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa da Yaƙin Napoleon, Faransawa sun sake kafa sansani a Bakel a shekarar 1820 kuma suka ba wa 'Companie de Galam' ikon mallakar cinikin koguna a shekarar 1824, duk don ƙoƙarin karkatar da ciniki daga wuraren da Birtaniya ke riƙe da Kogin Gambia .  Yayin da suke kasancewa tsaka-tsaki a cikin rikice-rikicen gida, Faransawa sun matsa wa masu mulki ta hanyar ƙara ko rage biyan kuɗi da kyaututtuka na al'ada, suna haifar da hamayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da ƙauyuka. Tunka biyu na Gooy da Camera sun fafata don neman gadon sarautar Gajaaga daga 1833 zuwa 1841 tare da Faransawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin da suke ƙoƙarin raunana ƙarfin ƙasar Kaarta .  A shekarar 1844 Faransawa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban da shugabannin larduna biyu Gooy da Camera, suna amincewa da rabuwar kansu . 

Rushewar ikon mallakar Kamfanin a shekarar 1848 ya haifar da fashewar sabbin wuraren ciniki da kuma ƙarin rikici tsakanin shugabannin yankin don sarrafa ciniki da kuma kuɗaɗen shiga na kwastam, wanda "siyasar yaƙi" ta Faransa ba ta yi wani tasiri ba. 'Yan kasuwa a Saint-Louis sun ƙara buƙatar mamayewa a matsayin hanyar kafa tsari.  Barazanar El Hadj Omar Saidou Tall ta bai wa gwamnan Faransa Louis Faidherbe uzurin da yake buƙatar yi kamar yadda suka buƙata. A shekarar 1855 ya haɗa Bakel da Medine, inda ya gina wani sansanin soja. Rashin kama wannan sansanin soja na Tall a shekarar 1857 ya tabbatar da ikon Faransa a yankin. A shekarar 1858 sun haɗa rabin Gooy suka mai da sauran sansanin soja, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Bacilli na shekaru dubu a Gajaaga. 

 Gwamnati da al'umma 
Jiha ta tsakiya ita ce larduna biyu, Gooy da Kamera, tare da manyan biranensu a Tiyabu da Makhaana bi da bi.  Kowannensu tunka ne ke jagorantarsa, wanda mafi tsufa a cikinsu ya mulki dukkan masarautar. Tunka shi ne babban kwamandan sojoji kuma mai gudanar da shari'a kuma yana da 'yancin biyan haraji ga jama'a, kodayake ƙauyuka sun riƙe 'yancin kai mai yawa aƙalla har zuwa isowar Turawa.  Masu mulki ko dambe sun sami goyon bayan 'yan griots na Sakko waɗanda suka haddace kuma suka karanta tarihin zuriyarsu mai daraja. 

Al'ummar Gajaaga ta kasance cikin jerin manyan tsare-tsare masu sarkakiya. Ɗaya ya ƙunshi manyan mutane, 'yantattu, da bayi; wani kuma ya bambanta tsakanin 'yan ƙasa da baƙi, Musulmai da masu bautar gumaka, ƙungiyoyin aiki, ko matakin bauta da matsayin ubangida ko mai kula da abin da ake magana a kai. Wasu bayi an ba su damar riƙe sunayensu da gadonsu tsawon tsararraki; wasu kuma an ɗora musu alhakin ayyukan gida; wasu kuma an ƙaddara su don cinikin bayi .  Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban suna zaune a ƙauyuka da aka keɓe. Mafi shahara sune shugabannin jaruman animism da kuma ma'aikatan gona, tare da kowace iyali a cikin na ƙarshe da aka haɗa a cikin dangantaka ta tallafi da ɗaya daga cikin na farko. 
A tsawon lokaci, rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da suka faru sakamakon shigar Turawa da cinikin bayi sun haifar da yaƙin basasa, wanda yawancinsa na farar hula ne. Ikon mallakar manyan mutane a kan bindigogi ya haifar da ƙaruwar zalunci ga ƙananan attajirai da kuma ra'ayin da ya dace a kan wanda zai gaje shi a rikicin maye gurbi. Raguwar cinikin bayi a farkon ƙarni na 19 ta kawar da mafi mahimmancin fitar da Gajaaga, wanda hakan ya ƙara raunana jihar tare da share fagen mulkin mallaka na hukuma.

 Tattalin Arziki 
Gajaaga jiha ce da ke da gabar kogi, kuma mafi yawan tattalin arzikin ya dogara ne akan tsarin noma biyu inda ake shuka amfanin gona ɗaya a tsaunuka a lokacin damina, yayin da aka noma wani a yankin ambaliyar ruwa yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta Kogin Senegal ta ragu a lokacin rani. Wannan ya bai wa mazauna yankin inshora daga ruwan sama mara daidaituwa.  Masu mulki, ma'aikatan gona, da kuma mutanen da ke da 'yanci suna da bayi don yin aiki a gonakinsu. 

A ƙarni na 17, Gajaaga ta kasance cibiyar wani babban yanki na 'yan kasuwa na Soninke da ke haɗa ta da Diarra da Timbuktu a gabas, kudu maso gabas zuwa Segou, da kuma kudu zuwa Tanda da Wuli a saman Kogin Gambia .  Iyalan Marabout Jula sun yi cinikin hauren giwa, bayi, zinariya, da zane da bayi suka saka waɗanda kuma suke aiki a matsayin kuɗi. 

Gajaaga a ƙarni na 18 tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohin da suka fi alaƙa da kasuwancin Turai.  Kowace shekara idan ruwan ya yi ambaliya, jiragen ruwan kasuwanci za su bar Saint-Louis a bakin kogin, su isa Gajaaga a watan Satumba. Lokacin ciniki ya ɗauki watanni kaɗan, a lokacin ne 'yan kasuwa za su dawo ƙasan kogin kuma jula na gida za su fara safa da shiri don shekara mai zuwa.  Bayi, waɗanda aka kama daga yaƙe-yaƙen Daular Bamana da Imamanci na Fula Djallon ko kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar da maharan suka kama daga Sahara, su ne mafi mahimmancin ciniki.  Gajaaga ya samar da mafi yawan bayin da aka fitar daga Saint-Louis, da kuma bayi da yawa da aka sayar wa Birtaniya a bakin Kogin Gambia . 

A lokacin ƙarni na 17 da farkon ƙarni na 18, gasar Turai da rashin tsaro da hare-haren bayi da yaƙi suka haifar sun shaƙe masana'antun masana'antar yadi da masana'antar ƙarfe a cikin gida, amma masana'antar yin amfani da bawon gida ta taso a madadinta.

 Nassoshi 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba