Siouan languages

Siouan (/ˈsuːən/ SOO-ən), wanda aka fi sani da Siouan-Catawban (/ˌsuːən kəˈtɔː.bən/ SO O-ən kə-TAW-bən), iyali ne na harshe na Arewacin Amurka wanda ke cikin Great Plains, Ohio da kwarin Mississippi da kudu maso gabashin Arewacin Amurka tare da wasu harsuna a gabas.

 Sunan 
Marubutan da ke kiran dukan iyalin Siouan sun bambanta rassan biyu a matsayin Yammacin Siouan da Gabashin Siouan ko kuma "Siouan-daidai" da "Catawban". Wasu sun ƙuntata sunan "Siouan" ga reshen yamma kuma suna amfani da sunan Siouan-Catawban ga dukan iyalin. Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, ana amfani da sunan "Siouan" ba tare da bambanci ba.

 Rarrabawar iyali 
Iyalin Siouan sun ƙunshi wasu harsuna 20 da yare daban-daban:

 (†)  - Harshen da ya ƙare

Ana iya haɗa harsunan Siouan cikin Harsunan Yammacin Siouan da Catawban.

The Western Siouan languages are typically subdivided into Missouri River languages (such as Crow and Hidatsa), Mandan, Mississippi River languages (such as Dakota, Chiwere-Ho-Chunk, and Dhegihan languages), and Ohio Valley Siouan languages (Ofo, Biloxi, and Tutelo). The Catawban branch consists of Catawban and Woccon.

Charles F. Voegelin ya kafa, bisa ga shaidar harshe, cewa Catawban ya bambanta da sauran yarukan Siouan, gami da yarukan Sioux makwabta na Piedmont da Appalachia, don a dauke shi reshe daban. Voegelin ya ba da shawarar cewa Biloxi, Ofo da Tutelo sun ƙunshi rukuni ɗaya wanda ya kira Ohio Valley Siouan . Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da harsuna daban-daban na tarihi da mutanen Siouan ke magana ba kawai a cikin kwarin Kogin Ohio ba, amma a fadin Appalachian Plateau da kuma cikin yankunan Piedmont na Virginia da Carolinas na yanzu. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyi sun yi hijira ko kuma sun yi hijirar nesa da nisa bayan hulɗar Turai, sun ƙare har zuwa nesa kamar Ontario na yanzu da kudancin Mississippi. Gabaɗaya, yarukan Siouan na Appalachia da Piedmont wani lokacin ana haɗa su a ƙarƙashin kalmar Tutelo, Tutelo-Saponi, ko Yesah (Yesa:sahį)  a matsayin yaren da mutanen Monacan, Manahoac, Haliwa-Sapini, da Occaneechi ke magana a tarihi. 

 Farko na Siwa 
Proto-Siouan shine kakannin da aka sake ginawa na dukkan yarukan Siouan na zamani.

 Shawarwari da suka gabata 
Akwai wasu ayyukan kwatankwacin a cikin yarukan Siouan-Catawban. Wolff (1950-51) yana daga cikin ayyukan farko da suka fi cikakke a kan batun. Wolff ya sake gina tsarin proto-Siouan, kuma Matthews ya gyara wannan (1958). An nuna tsarin na ƙarshe a ƙasa:

Game da wasula, an sake gina wasula biyar na baki:  da wasula uku na hanci . Wolff kuma ya sake gina wasu ƙididdigar ƙira  .

 Shirin yanzu 
Ayyukan hadin gwiwa da suka shafi Siouanists da yawa sun fara ne a 1984 Comparative Siouan Workshop a Jami'ar Colorado tare da burin ƙirƙirar ƙamus na Siouan wanda zai haɗa da sake fasalin Proto-Siouan. Wannan aikin ya samar da bincike daban-daban game da tsarin sauti na Proto-Siouan, wanda ya bayyana a ƙasa: 

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
A cikin wallafe-wallafen Siouanist (misali, Rankin et al. 2015), rubutun sauti na Amurka shine al'ada, don haka IPA * shine Americanist *š, IPA *j shine Americanist*y, da sauransu.

Babban canji ga tsarin da aka gabatar a baya an kammala shi ta hanyar lissafin tsarin rarraba jerin tashoshin da yawa a cikin harsunan Siouan na zamani ta hanyar gano su zuwa jerin tashoshi da yawa a farkon harshe. Binciken da ya gabata ya gabatar da jerin tsayawa guda ɗaya kawai.

Yawancin ƙididdigar ƙididdigal da Wolff (1950-1951) ya gabatar za a iya lissafa su saboda haɗuwa da gajerun wasula kafin ƙididdigatattun kalmomi. Misali, Matthews (1958: 129) ya ba da *краke a matsayin tsari na 'maza'. Tare da ƙarin bayanai daga mafi girman saiti na yarukan Siouan tun daga tsakiyar karni na ashirin, Rankin et al. (2015) sun ba da *waroː (-ka) a matsayin tsarin da aka sake ginawa don 'maza.'

Ba kamar shawarwarin Wolff da Matiyu ba, babu wata sanarwa ta hanci a cikin Proto-Siouan. Harshen hanci kawai ya taso ne a cikin yarukan 'ya'ya lokacin da wasula ta hanci ta biyo baya.Some Siouan languages have however developed a phonemic contrast between the non-nasal sonorants w- and r- and the corresponding nasals m- and n-. These historical developments are presented in the following article:  Bugu da ƙari, akwai saiti na sautuna waɗanda ke wakiltar nau'ikan da aka hana su na sonorants. Wadannan sautuna suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin yarukan 'ya'ya, tare da *w yana bayyana a matsayin [w] ko [m] a cikin yawancin yarukan'ya, yayin da *W yana da ra'ayi na [w], [b], [mb], ko [p]. Gaskiyar darajar sauti na waɗannan abubuwan hanawa batu ne na wasu muhawara, tare da wasu suna jayayya cewa suna tasowa ta hanyar jerin *w + *w ko *r + * r ko laryngeal da *w ko / r.
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