Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani

’Abd al-Qāhir bn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-Jurjānī (Larabci: عبد القاهر بن عبد الرحمن الجرجاني), wanda aka fi sani da Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (Larabci: عبد الجرهان), Persian. wanda aka kafa a Gorgan a karni na 4 AH/karni na 11 miladiyya. Ya kasance babban masanin ilimin nahawu da ilimin falsafa a zamaninsa[2]. Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manya-manyan masana ilimin adabi a Musulunci na tsakiya[3]. Ana daukar Al-Jurjani a matsayin wanda ya assasa wajen kafa lafazin larabci (’ilm al-balāgha) a matsayin ilimi mai zaman kansa[4]. Al-Jurjānī wanda aka fi sani da babban jigo a tarihin ilimi na Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci, al-Jurjānī ya canza ƙarni na nahawu, falsafa, da hadisai na larabci zuwa ƙayyadaddun ka'idar kyawun harshe wanda ya ta'allaka kan ra'ayoyin balaga (faṣāḥa) da haɗin kai (naẓm).

Ayyukansa guda biyu - Dalā'il al-I'jāz ("The Tables of Inimitability") da Asrār al-Balāgha ("The Secrets of Eloquence") - ana ɗaukar su matani na tushe a fagen maganganun Larabci. Tare, sun tsara tsarin nazarin wallafe-wallafen da ya yi tasiri sosai ga fassarar Kur'ani, waƙoƙin gargajiya, da ilimin magana a duk faɗin duniyar Islama kusan kusan kusan kusan shekara dubu. Al-Jurjānī ta kira game da harshe da kyawawan wallafe-wallafen ba wai kawai ya tsara ci gaban balāgha a matsayin horo mai zaman kansa ba, har ma ya ba shi girmamawa ta dindindin a matsayin mai gabatarwa na tunanin harshe na Larabci.

 Rayuwa 
An haifi ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī a kusa da 400 AH / 1010 AZ a garin Jurjān (wanda aka fi sani da Gorgan), wani gari na tarihi a arewa maso gabashin Iran kusa da Tekun Caspian .  Ya rayu a Lokacin Buyid, lokacin da aka nuna ta hanyar basira, farfadowar Farisa, da kuma bunƙasa na ilimin Larabci tsakanin malaman da ba Larabawa ba a gabashin duniyar Islama.

Ya yi karatun harshe da ilimin harshe a karkashin Abu'l-Ḥosayn Fāresī, dalibi kuma dan dan Abū ʿAlī al-Fārisī (d. 377 AH / 987 AZ), masanin ilimin harshe na Makarantar Basran. Duk da yake al-Jurjānī mai yiwuwa bai taɓa saduwa da Abū ʿAlī kai tsaye ba saboda bambancin shekaru, koyarwarsa ta rinjaye shi sosai kuma ya shiga cikin zurfin aikinsa, al-Idāḥ. Al-Jurjānī daga ƙarshe ya rubuta wani bayani mai zurfi game da shi: al-Mughnī fī Sharḥ al-Idāḥ, yana nuna sha'awarsa mai zurfi da aminci na ilimi.

ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī ya shafe dukkan aikinsa na ilimi a garinsu na Jurjān, inda ya zama babban mutum a rayuwar ilimi da harshe na yankin. Ba kamar yawancin malamai na zamaninsa ba waɗanda suka nemi goyon baya a manyan cibiyoyin birane kamar Baghdad, Nishapur, ko Rayy, al-Jurjānī ya zaɓi ya kasance yana da tushe a cikin lardinsa, yana ba da kansa ga koyarwa, rubutu, da bauta.

Sunan Al-Jurjānī ya jawo dalibai daga ko'ina cikin duniyar Islama, inda ya sami taken "Imam na Larabci" don nuna godiya ga ikonsa da iko a fagen. Ya yi aiki da kansa kuma bai haɗa kansa da kowane kotun sarauta ba, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar amincinsa na ilimi da kuma 'yancin kai na ilimi. An san Al-Jurjānī da ibada, tsattsauran ra'ayi da kwanciyar hankali. Al-Silafī ya ambaci shi a cikin ƙamus na tarihin rayuwarsa, yana cewa: "Ya kasance mai ibada kuma ya gamsu. Wani ɓarawo ya taɓa shiga gare shi yayin da yake addu'a ya sace abin da ya samu, kuma ʿAbd al-Qāhir ya gan shi amma bai karya addu'arsa ba".

Ya mutu a cikin 471 AH / 1078 AZ, mai yiwuwa a Jurjān (Gorgan, garin da ya kwashe dukan rayuwarsa. 

 Kyauta 
Kyautar Al-Jurjānī a cikin maganganun Larabci da ilimin harshe yana da mahimmanci. An yaba masa da kafa kimiyya na maganganun Larabci (ʿilm al-balāgha) a matsayin horo mai jituwa da ka'idoji, musamman reshe na ʿilm al'bayān (kimiyya ta bayyana maganganu, gami da kwatanci da simile). Ayyukansa ba kawai sun tsara misalai na magana ba amma a maimakon haka sun bayyana hanyoyin ciki wanda harshe ke samar da ma'ana, kyakkyawa, da tasirin motsin rai.

Ma'anarsa game da naẓm - tsarin kalmomi da kuma tsarin kalmomi - ya gabatar da sabon fahimta game da magana: cewa ikon magana ya fito ne ba kawai daga kalmomi masu zaman kansu ba, amma daga dogaro da juna da jituwa na tsari da ma'ana. Wannan fahimta ta sauya ka'idar wallafe-wallafen Larabci, fassarar Kur'ani (tafsir), da falsafar harshe.

Daga baya malaman kamar al-Sakkākī da Jalāl al-Din Qazwīnī za su gina kan ka'idodin al-Jurjānī, suna haɓaka balāgha a cikin kimiyya ta al'ada tare da sassanta - tsarin da har yanzu ana koyar da shi a makarantun tauhidin Musulunci na gargajiya a duk faɗin duniyar Musulmi a yau. Baya ga maganganu, gudummawar al-Jurjānī ga harshen Larabci (naḥw) da kuma yanayin (taṣrīf) - musamman ta hanyar ayyukan kamar al-Mughnī fī Sharḥ al-Idāḥ da al-ʿUmda fī al-Taṣrīf - sun karfafa al'adar ilimin Larabci na Makarantar Basran kuma sun tsara hanyar da aka koya da kuma fahimta na ƙarni.

 Ayyuka 

 Dalā'il al-I'jāz (Abubuwan da suka shafi rashin amincewa) 
 Asrār al-Balāgha (Asirin Bayyanawa) 
 Al-Awāmil al-Mi'ah (The Hundred Elements) - Wani ɗan gajeren rubutu a kan 100 modificers, ko barbashi, a cikin Larabci da kuma amfani da su daban-daban tare da misalai.
 Al-Jumal (Hotuna) 
 Kitab ʿArūd (Tsarin Waƙoƙi) 
 Al-Maghna fī Sharḥ al-Idah", kundi talatin
 Al-Miftāḥ (The Key), sanannen littafi ne game da yanayin Larabci.
 Muʿjam al-taʿrifāt (Compendium of Definitions) 
 Al-Muqtasad, wani ɗan gajeren Al Maghna .
 Sharḥ al-Fātiḥa fī Mujallad (Bayyana Al-Fatiha a cikin Volume) 
 Al-Talkhiss bi Sharḥihi (The Brief of Sentence Elucidation) 
 Al-'Umhad fī al-Taṣrīf (Tushen Morphology) 
 Wani tarin tarihin kan ayyukan Abi-tammam, al-Buh'turi, da al-Mutannabī.

 Dubi kuma 

 Jerin Ash'aris

 Manazarta 

 Bayanan littattafai 














 Haɗin waje 

 "Summary of Disagreements Between at-Taftazani and al-Jurrujani" wani aiki ne na Larabci, wanda ya fara daga 1805, wanda ya kwatanta aikin Abd al-Qahir al-Jirjani da aikin Taftazani
 Works by Abd al-Qahir al-JurjaniaLibriVox (littafan sauti na yankin jama'a) 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba