Ijazah

An ijazah ( Arabic  , "izini", "izini", "lasisi"; jam'i: ijazahs ko ijazat ) lasisi ne da ke ba wa mai shi izinin aika wani rubutu ko batu, wanda wani wanda ya riga ya mallaki irin wannan iko ya bayar. Yana da alaƙa musamman da watsa ilimin addinin Musulunci .  Lasisi yawanci yana nuna cewa ɗalibi ya sami wannan ilimin daga mai bayar da ijaza ta hanyar koyarwa ta baki, kodayake an sassauta wannan buƙatar akan lokaci.  Ijaza tana samar da jerin masu aikawa da izini waɗanda suka koma ga marubucin asali sau da yawa suna tare da rubuce-rubucen hadisi, fiqhu da tafsir ; amma kuma ya bayyana a cikin ayyukan asiri, tarihi, da falsafa, da kuma tarin adabi.  Duk da cewa ijaza tana da alaƙa da Musuluncin Sunni, ra'ayin kuma ya bayyana a cikin hadisai na mabiya Shi'a na Twelver . 

George Makdisi, farfesa a fannin nazarin gabas, ya yi hasashen cewa ijazah ita ce asalin digirin jami'a na ilimi da kuma digirin digirgir .  Farfesa a fannin Larabci, Alfred Guillaume (SOAS); Farfesa a fannin ilimin zamantakewa, Syed Farid al-Attas ( Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Singapore )  Farfesa a fannin nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya, Devin J. Stewart ( Jami'ar Emory ) sun yarda cewa akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin ijazah da digirin jami'a.  Duk da haka, Toby Huff da wasu sun ƙi ka'idar Makdisi.   Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. XIX: "No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world."  Devin J. Stewart ya lura da bambanci a cikin ikon bayar da izini (farfesa na kowane mutum na ijazah da kuma wani kamfani a fannin jami'ar). 

 Bayani 
A cikin wata takarda mai taken Traditionalism in Islam: An Essay in Interpretation,  Farfesa William A. Graham na Harvard ya bayyana tsarin ijazah kamar haka:

 Hasashe kan asalin digirin digirgir 
A cewar Lexikon des Mittelalters da A History of the University in Europe, asalin digirin digirgir na Turai ya ta'allaka ne a kan koyarwar zamanin da, inda tushensa ya koma tun zamanin da da kuma farkon zamanin koyarwar Kiristanci na Littafi Mai Tsarki .  Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. XIX: "No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world." Wannan ra'ayi ba ya nuna wata alaƙa tsakanin ijazah da digirin digirgir ba.  George Makdisi ya bayyana cewa ijazah wani nau'in digirin ilimi ne ko digirin digirgir da aka bayar a makarantun tsakiya na zamanin da, kamar wanda ya bayyana daga baya a jami'o'in tsakiyar Turai.   Devin J. Stewart shi ma yana ganin kamanceceniya, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "lasisi na koyar da doka da bayar da ra'ayoyin shari'a a bayyane yake ainihin takarda ce ta matsayin hukuma ko na shari'a," yayin da kuma ya lura da bambanci a cikin ikon bayar da izini (farfesa na mutum ɗaya na ijzazah da kuma wani kamfani a yanayin jami'ar). Alfred Guillaume ya gabatar da ka'idar asalin Musulunci ta asali a cikin  hanyar Alfred Guillaume, wanda ya ba da misali da ijazah a matsayin mafarin licentia docendi, wanda Syed Farid al-Attas ya yarda da shi. 

A cikin wani bincike na 1970 kan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin jami'ar Kirista da madrasah ta Musulunci, da farko Makdisi ya yi ra'ayin cewa digirin digirgir na Kirista na jami'ar tsakiyar zamanai shine abu ɗaya tilo a cikin jami'ar da ya fi bambanta da takardar shaidar ijazah ta Musulunci.  Duk da haka, a cikin 1989, ya ce asalin digirin digirgir na Kirista na tsakiyar zamanai ("licentia docendi") ya samo asali ne daga ijāzah al-tadrīs wa al-iftā''' ("lasisi don koyarwa da bayar da ra'ayoyin shari'a") a cikin tsarin ilimin shari'ar Musulunci na tsakiyar zamanai.  Makdisi ya gabatar da cewa ijazat attadris shine asalin digirin digirgir na Turai, kuma ya ci gaba da nuna tasiri ga magisterium na Cocin Kirista.  A cewar takardar 1989, ijazat yayi daidai da cancantar digirin digirgir na Shari'a kuma an haɓaka shi a ƙarni na tara bayan kafa makarantun shari'a na Madh'hab . Domin samun digirin digirgir, ɗalibi "ya yi karatu a makarantar shari'a ta ƙungiyar, yawanci shekaru huɗu don kwas ɗin farko na farko " da kuma aƙalla shekaru goma don kwas ɗin bayan digiri . An sami "digirgir" bayan an yi masa jarrabawa ta baki don tantance asalin wasiƙun ɗan takarar," da kuma gwada "ikon ɗalibin na kare su daga duk wani ƙin yarda, a cikin muhawarar da aka tsara don manufar" waɗanda sune darussan ilimi da ake yi a duk lokacin "aikinsa a matsayin ɗalibin digiri na biyu na shari'a ." Bayan ɗaliban sun kammala karatunsu na bayan digiri, an ba su digiri na uku wanda aka ba su matsayin faqih (ma'ana " malamin shari'a "), mufti (ma'ana "farfesa na ra'ayin shari'a ") da mudarris (ma'ana "malamin"), waɗanda daga baya aka fassara su zuwa Latin a matsayin magister, farfesa da likita'' bi da bi.
manazarta