Masallacin Adina

Masallacin Adina masallaci ne mai tarihi a gundumar Malda, West Bengal, Indiya.  Shi ne mafi girman gini irinsa a yankin Indiya kuma an gina shi a lokacin Sultanate na Bengal a matsayin masallacin sarauta ta Sikandar Shah, wanda shi ma aka binne shi a ciki. Masallacin yana cikin Pandua, tsohon babban birnin sarauta.

Babban ginin yana kama da salon Masallacin Umayyad da ke Damascus, salon da aka yi amfani da shi lokacin gabatar da Musulunci a sabbin yankuna.  Sarautar Bengal ta farko ta kasance mai burin sarauta bayan ta kayar da Sultanate na Delhi sau biyu a 1353 da 1359. An ƙaddamar da Masallacin Adina a 1373.

An kammala shi a shekarar 1375, kuma shi ne mafi girman masallaci a duk yankin Indiya a lokacin.   Wurin wani abin tunawa ne mai muhimmanci ga ƙasa . 

 Asalin Ma'anar 
Ana fahimtar sunan Adina a matsayin ma'anar Juma'a, wanda ke haɗa masallacin da sallar jam'i ta mako-mako. Sunaye makamantan haka suna bayyana a wasu wurare, kamar Masallacin Adina da ke Patan, Gujarat, Masallacin Satgachiya da ke Jhenidah, da kuma wurin Bara Azina da ke Bagerhat, inda Azina ke iya wakiltar cin hanci da rashawa na yankin Adina. 

 Zane 
Tsarin masallacin ya haɗa da gine-ginen Bengali, Larabawa, Farisa da Byzantine . An gina shi da tubalan dutse waɗanda aka rufe da tubali, dutse, rufin stucco, filasta, siminti, gilashi ko santsi na lemun tsami.  An haɗa furannin dutse a cikin baka na ciki da waje a kewayen ginin.  An gina shi da duwatsun haikalin Hindu da aka rushe kuma ya haɗa da zane-zane da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga gine-ginen Hindu da Buddha kafin Musulunci.   Wasu sassan bango na waje suna riƙe da sassaka, kamar giwaye da siffofi na rawa, suna nuna wannan sake amfani da shi. 

Masallacin yana da tsarin salon zamani mai siffar murabba'i mai siffar kusurwa huɗu tare da farfajiya a buɗe. Akwai kusurwoyi da dama. Ginin ya kai  . Katangar yamma gaba ɗaya tana nuna salon mulkin mallaka na Farisa ta Sasanian kafin Musulunci. Mafi kyawun fasalin masallacin shine babban katangar da ke kan babban titin tsakiyar birni, babban katangar farko da aka gina a yankin, da kuma wani fasali da aka yi tarayya da shi tare da salon Sasanian. Masallacin ya kwaikwayi girman masarautar Farisa da saninsa.  Dakin addu'a yana da matakai biyar masu zurfi, yayin da katangar arewa, kudu da gabas da ke kewaye da farfajiyar ta ƙunshi hanyoyi uku. Jimilla, waɗannan hanyoyin suna da ginshiƙai 260 da kuma katangar dome 387. Cikin farfajiyar yana da fuskokin baka 92 da aka rufe da wani shinge, wanda a bayansa za a iya ganin katangar dome.  Dandalin da aka ɗaga sama, wanda shine gidan tarihin Sultan da jami'ansa, har yanzu yana nan. Ɗakin kabarin Sultan yana haɗe da bangon yamma.  

 Adina terracotta 
Kawata Masallacin Adina da aka yi da terracotta yana nuna haɗewar zane-zanen Musulunci da zane-zanen da aka samo daga sassaka na Buddha da Hindu na zamanin Pāla-Sena, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna nuna kamanceceniya da tsarin gine-ginen haikalin Hindu na zamani. An gina shi tsakanin 1364 da 1374 AD a lokacin Sultanate na Bengal, ana ɗaukar masallacin a matsayin abin tunawa na farko na Musulunci a Bengal da ya haɗa da kayan ado na terracotta. An gina shi galibi da tubalin yumbu da aka gasa a cikin turmi mai lemun tsami da turmi mai ƙurar bulo, ya haɗa fasalulluka na gine-ginen Asiya ta Tsakiya tare da al'adun fasaha na gida. Tsarin ado ya haɗa da furannin fure, tsarin geometric, fitilun rataye da kayan sarewa, tare da abubuwan Pāla-Sena kamar taga caitya, layukan sarƙoƙi, zane-zanen zane da kararrawa da furannin lotus.     An haɗa wani allon da ke nuna wata doguwar bishiya mai rassan da ke yaɗuwa da Kalpataru na Buddha. Babban mihrab da ke kan bangon yamma, tare da ginshiƙai sama da ɗari uku na masallacin, yana nuna haɗakar sassaka da tsarin gine-gine na asali cikin salon Indo-Islamic na Bengal.  
An sake fassara wasu siffofi daga fasahar Hindu ta baya a matsayin sabbin siffofi na ado. An daidaita sarkar da aka yi da duwatsu masu daraja, wadda a da ta ƙunshi hotunan alloli, zuwa tsarin furanni ko furanni masu daraja, yayin da aka canza salon kirtimukha zuwa zane-zanen kayan lambu masu kyau. Kayan ado na terracotta na masallacin ya haɗa da abubuwa na gida fiye da kowane abin tunawa na Musulunci da ya gabata a Bengal, gami da wakilcin shuke-shuke, 'ya'yan itatuwa da furanni, da kuma siffofi kamar lotus, sarkar da aka yi da duwatsu masu daraja da duwatsu masu daraja, tassels, baka masu foil da yawa, da zane-zanen sarka da lanƙwasa.  
Al'adar fasaha da kanta tana da masu sassaka duwatsu na asali kafin Musulunci, waɗanda suka samar da gumakan Buddha da Hindu, waɗanda a tarihi ake ɗaukarsu da muhimmanci fiye da masu sana'ar terracotta.    Da isowar Musulunci, wanda ya guji hotunan duwatsu masu siffar mutum, terracotta ta zama babbar hanyar ƙawata masallaci, tana ɗaukaka matsayin masu sana'ar terracotta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Musulmai. Alamun tayal masu launi da fenti suna nan a bayyane a kan ginin. A cikin ginin, arewacin tsakiyar mihrab, akwai wani minbar dutse da aka sassaka (bangare), wanda matakala ta kusanci shi, wanda ya haɗa da ƙirar kirtimukha a cikin ƙawata shi.   

 Tarihi 

 Bengal na zamanin da 
An gina masallacin ne a lokacin mulkin Sikandar Shah, Sultan na biyu na daular Ilyas Shahi ta Bengal Sultanate . An tsara masallacin ne don nuna burin masarautar bayan nasarori biyu da ta samu a kan Sultanate na Delhi a karni na 14.  An yanke shi daga arewacin Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 8/14 da farkon ƙarni na 9/15, sarakunan Bengali Musulmi sun yi ta kallon yamma don neman wahayi daga al'adu. Don haka, misali, rubutun da ke kan Masallacin Ādīna ya bayyana Sultan Sekandar a matsayin "Sultan mai girma, mafi hikima, mafi adalci, mafi sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma mafi cikar Sarakunan Larabawa da Farisa (ʿArab o ʿAjam)" (S. Ahmed, shafi na 103). 38).  Rubuce-rubuce a kan masallacin sun ayyana Sikandar Shah a matsayin "Sultan mai girma" kuma " Khalifan masu aminci".  Wani tatsuniya kuma ta ce Raja Ganesha daga baya ya yi amfani da masallacin a matsayin fadarsa ta sarauta.   An binne Sultan a cikin wani kabari da aka makala a bango yana fuskantar alkiblar Makka. 

Masallacin yana cikin birnin tarihi na Pandua, tsohon babban birnin Sultanate na Bengal. Pandua cibiyar kasuwanci ce mai bunƙasa kuma mai cike da al'adu a zamanin mulkin sarkin.

 Indiya ta Mulkin Mallaka 
Girgizar ƙasa ta lalata masallacin a ƙarni na 19. An daina amfani da shi. Yawancin Pandua kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na daji .

 Indiya Mai Zaman Kanta 
Masu fafutuka daga Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata da kuma Vishva Hindu Parishad sun yi ikirarin cewa an gina masallacin ne ta hanyar rushe wani "Haikali na Adinath", don haka dole ne a mayar da shi ga mabiya addinin Hindu. 

 Rubutu 
Sultan Sikandar ya yi umarni da a rubuta waɗannan kalmomi a fuskar masallacin ta yamma:A zamanin Sarkin Musulmi mai girma, mafi hikima, mafi adalci, mafi sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma cikakkiya daga cikin Sarakunan Larabawa da Farisa, waɗanda suka dogara ga taimakon Allah Mai Rahama, Abul Mujahid Sikandar Shah Sarkin Musulmi, ɗan Ilyas Shah, Sarkin Musulmi. Allah Ya dawwama mulkinsa har zuwa Ranar Alƙawari (Tashin Alƙiyama). 

 Gidan Hotuna 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba