Philip Sheridan

Philip Henry Sheridan (Maris 6, 1831 [ 1 ]  – Agusta 5, 1888) ya kasance babban jami'in rundunar sojin Amurka kuma janar na Tarayyar Turai a yakin basasar Amurka . Aikinsa ya shahara saboda saurin hawansa zuwa manjo janar da kuma kusancinsa da Janar Ulysses S. Grant, wanda ya sauya Sheridan daga kwamandan rundunar sojojin ƙasa a Yammacin Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo don jagorantar Rundunar Sojojin Potomac a Gabas . A shekara ta 1864, ya kayar da sojojin Confederate a ƙarƙashin Janar Jubal A farkon kwarin Shenandoah da kuma lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa na kwarin, wanda mazauna yankin suka kira "The Burning", yana ɗaya daga cikin amfani da dabarun ƙasa da aka fara yi a yaƙin. A shekara ta 1865, sojojin dokinsa sun bi Janar Robert E. Lee kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tilasta masa mika wuya a Kotun Appomattox .

A shekarunsa na ƙarshe, Sheridan ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Indiya da ƙabilun 'yan asalin Amurka na Babban Filaye . Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka da kare wurin shakatawa na Yellowstone National Park, a matsayin soja da kuma ɗan ƙasa mai zaman kansa. A shekara ta 1883, an naɗa Sheridan babban janar na rundunar sojojin Amurka, kuma a shekara ta 1888 an ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin Janar na Sojoji a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Grover

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Sheridan a Albany, New York, a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1831, [ 2 ]  shi ne na uku cikin 'ya'ya shida na John da Mary Meenagh Sheridan, 'yan asalin Ireland Katolika daga yankin Killinkere da ke County Cavan, Ireland. Ya girma a Somerset, Ohio . Ƙarami a tsayi, ya kai ƙafa 5 da inci 5 kacal (165) cm) tsayi, wanda hakan ya sa aka yi masa laƙabi da "Ƙaramin Phil". Abraham Lincoln ya bayyana bayyanarsa a cikin wani labari mai shahara: "Ƙaramin mutum mai launin ruwan kasa, mai kauri, mai dogon jiki, gajerun ƙafafu, wuyansa ba shi da isasshen da zai rataye shi, da kuma dogayen hannaye waɗanda idan idon sawunsa suka yi ƙaiƙayi zai iya goge su ba tare da sunkuya ba." [ 4 ]

Tun yana yaro, Sheridan ya yi aiki a wani babban shago sannan daga baya ya zama babban magatakarda kuma mai kula da littattafai a wani shagon kayan busassun kaya. A shekara ta 1848, ya sami izinin shiga Kwalejin Soja ta Amurka da ke West Point, New York, daga wani zaɓe daga ɗaya daga cikin abokan cinikinsa, ɗan Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka Thomas Ritchey, wanda ɗan takararsa na farko aka kore shi bayan ya faɗi jarrabawar lissafi kuma an ruwaito cewa ya nuna "rashin kyawun hali". [ 5 ]  A shekara ta huɗu da ya yi a West Point, an dakatar da Sheridan na tsawon shekara guda saboda faɗa da abokin karatunsa William R. Terrill . [ 6 ] A ranar da ta gabata, Sheridan ya yi barazanar kashe shi da wani bayonet da aka riga aka tsara don mayar da martani ga cin mutuncin da aka yi masa a filin faretin. Ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1853, a aji na 34 a cikin ajinsa na ɗaliban jami'a 52. [ 7 ]

An naɗa Sheridan a matsayin laftanar na biyu na brevet kuma an tura shi zuwa rundunar sojojin Amurka ta farko a Fort Duncan a Eagle Pass, Texas, sannan zuwa rundunar sojojin Amurka ta huɗu a Fort Reading a Anderson, California . Yawancin aikinsa da rundunar sojojin Amurka ta huɗu yana yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific, ya fara da aikin binciken ƙasa zuwa kwarin Willamette a 1855, a lokacin da ya shiga Yaƙin Yakima da Yaƙe-yaƙen Kogin Rogue, yana samun ƙwarewa wajen jagorantar ƙananan ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da wasu ƙwarewar diflomasiyya a tattaunawarsa da ƙabilun Indiya. A ranar 28 ga Maris, 1857, ya ji rauni lokacin da harsashi ya ci hancinsa a Middle Cascade, Oregon Territory . [ 2 ] Shi da wata mace 'yar Indiya daga Rogue River suka zauna tare a lokacin wani ɓangare na rangadin aikinsa. Abokanta fararen fata sun sanya mata suna Frances, 'yar Takelma Chief Harney ce. [ 8 ]

A watan Maris na shekarar 1861, kafin fara Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, an ɗaukaka Sheridan zuwa Laftanar na farko, sannan kuma zuwa kyaftin a watan Mayu, 'yan makonni bayan fara yaƙin bayan harin da Confederate ta kai wa Fort Sumter . [ 2 ]

 Yaƙin Basasa 

 Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yamma 
Wata guda bayan haka, Sheridan ya jagoranci rundunarsa ta farko a fagen fama, inda ya jagoranci wata ƙaramar runduna da ta haɗa da rundunarsa. A Yaƙin Booneville, Mississippi, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1862, ya riƙe runduna da dama na rundunar sojojin dawaki ta Confederate ta Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers, ya kauce wa babban harin da aka kai masa da hayaniya, sannan ya ba da rahoton bayanan sirri game da halayen abokan gaba. [ 13 ] Ayyukansa sun burge kwamandojin rundunar, ciki har da Brig. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, har suka ba da shawarar haɓaka Sheridan zuwa ga Brigadier General . Sun rubuta wa Halleck, "Brigadiers ƙalilan ne; nagari ƙalilan ne. ... Wanda aka sanya wa hannu a ƙasa yana roƙon a ba ku ƙarin girma ga Sheridan. Ya cancanci nauyinsa na zinariya." An amince da wannan ƙarin girma a watan Satumba, amma ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli a matsayin lada ga ayyukansa a Booneville. [ 14 ] Bayan Booneville, ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinsa ya ba shi dokin da ya sanya wa suna Rienzi bayan fafatawar Rienzi, Mississippi, wadda ya hau a duk lokacin Yaƙin Basasa. [ 15 ]

An tura Sheridan ya jagoranci rundunar sojoji ta 11, ta III Corps, a rundunar sojojin Manjo Janar Don Carlos Buell ta Ohio . A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1862, Sheridan ya jagoranci rundunarsa a Yaƙin Perryville . Bisa umarnin Buell da kwamandan rundunarsa, Manjo Janar Charles Gilbert, Sheridan ya aika rundunar sojojin Col. Daniel McCook don tabbatar da samar da ruwa ga rundunar. McCook ya kori rundunar sojojin Confederate ya kuma samar da ruwa ga sojojin Union da suka busasshe a Doctor's Creek. Gilbert ya umarci McCook da kada ya ci gaba sannan ya hau doki don yin shawara da Buell. A kan hanya, Gilbert ya umarci sojojin sojojinsa su kai hari ga rundunar sojojin Confederate a gaban Dan McCook. Sheridan ya ji karar harbin bindigar kuma ya zo gaba tare da wani rundunar sojojin. Duk da cewa sojojin sojojin sun kasa tabbatar da tsayin daka a gaban McCook, sojojin sojojin Sheridan sun kori 'yan Kudu. Gilbert ya dawo ya umarci Sheridan da ya koma matsayin McCook na asali. Zaluncin Sheridan ya shawo kan 'yan tawayen Confederate da ke adawa da shi a ƙarƙashin Manjo Janar Leonidas Polk, cewa ya kamata su ci gaba da kare kansu. Sojojinsa sun yi watsi da hare-haren Confederate daga baya a wannan rana, amma ba su shiga cikin faɗa mafi muni na ranar ba, wanda ya faru a gefen hagu na Union. [ 16 ]