Motown

Motown wata alama ce ta rikodin Amurka mallakar Universal Music Group . Berry Gordy Jr. ne ya kafa ta a matsayin Tamla Records a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1959,   an kafa ta a matsayin Motown Record Corporation a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1960.  Sunanta, wanda yake wakiltar motoci da birane, ya zama laƙabi ga Detroit, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin cibiyar masana'antar kera motoci a Amurka  kuma inda aka fara kafa kamfanin rikodin.

Motown ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗakar wakokin gargajiya a matsayin wata alama mallakar Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka wanda ya sami nasara a tsakanin masu kallo farare. A shekarun 1960, Motown da manyan kamfanoninta (gami da Gordy, Soul) su ne suka fi shahara a cikin abin da aka sani da sautin Motown, wani salon waƙar soul tare da sauti da jan hankali mai tasiri ga pop . Motown ita ce kamfanin kiɗan soul mafi nasara, tare da darajar dala miliyan 61 a 1988. Tsakanin 1960 da 1969, Motown tana da waƙoƙi 79 da suka kai manyan goma na <i id="mwOA">Billboard</i> Hot 100 .

A watan Maris na shekarar 1965, Berry Gordy da Dave Godin sun amince su ba da lasisin sunan lakabin Tamla Motown don fitar da su nan gaba a Burtaniya ta hanyar EMI Records Limited. Ba da daɗewa ba, yayin da Berry Gordy ke da sunan alamar, Tamla Motown ita ma ta zama babban sunan da ake amfani da shi a wajen Amurka ga waɗanda ba sa cikin lasisin EMI.

Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Detroit Riots na 1967, da kuma asarar manyan ƙungiyar rubuta waƙa/shiryawa Holland–Dozier–Holland a wannan shekarar saboda takaddamar sarauta, Gordy ya ƙaura da Motown zuwa Los Angeles, California, kuma ya faɗaɗa zuwa shirya fina-finai da talabijin. Kamfani ne mai zaman kansa har sai da MCA Records ta sayi shi a 1988. PolyGram ya sayi alamar daga MCA a 1993, sai kuma magajin MCA Universal Music Group, wanda ya sayi PolyGram a 1999. 

Motown ta shafe mafi yawan shekarun 2000 tana da hedikwata a birnin New York a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Universal Motown da kuma ƙungiyar Universal Motown Republic . Daga 2011 zuwa 2014, ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar The Island Def Jam Music Group ta Universal Music.    A shekarar 2014, duk da haka, UMG ta sanar da rusa Island Def Jam, kuma Motown ta koma Los Angeles don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin Capitol Music Group, wanda yanzu ke aiki daga Capitol Tower .  A shekarar 2018, an shigar da Motown cikin Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame a wani biki da aka gudanar a gidan tarihi na Charles H. Wright . 

A shekarar 2021, Motown ta rabu da Capitol Music Group don ta sake zama kamfani mai zaman kansa.  A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2022, Ethiopia Habtemariam ta sanar da cewa za ta sauka daga mukamin shugabar/Shugaba na Motown.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, wakokin da aka sanya wa hannu a Motown sun hada da City Girls, Migos, Lil Baby, Lil Yachty, Smino, Vince Staples, YoungBoy Never Broke Again, da kuma wasu mawaka da dama a cikin nau'ikan hip hop da R&amp;B .

 Tarihi 

 Farkon Motown 
Sha'awar Berry Gordy ga harkar rikodin ta fara ne lokacin da ya buɗe wani shagon rikodin da ake kira 3D Record Mart, wani shago inda yake fatan "ilimantar da abokan ciniki game da kyawun jazz", a Detroit, Michigan . Duk da cewa shagon bai daɗe ba, sha'awar Gordy ga harkar kiɗa ba ta shuɗe ba. Ya kan ziyarci gidajen rawa na Detroit a tsakiyar birnin, kuma a Flame Show Bar ya haɗu da manajan mashaya Al Green (ba mawaƙin rai mai suna iri ɗaya ba ), wanda ke da kamfanin buga waƙoƙi mai suna Pearl Music kuma ya wakilci mawaki Jackie Wilson da ke Detroit. Ba da daɗewa ba Gordy ya zama ɓangare na ƙungiyar mawakan waƙa—tare da 'yar uwarsa Gwen Gordy da Billy Davis —waɗanda suka rubuta wa Wilson waƙoƙi. A watan Agusta na 1957, an fitar da " Reet Petite " kuma ya zama babban waƙar da suka fi so.  A cikin watanni goma sha takwas masu zuwa, Gordy ya taimaka wajen rubuta wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Wilson guda shida, ciki har da " Lonely Teardrops ", wani babban abin da ya shahara a shekarar 1958. Tsakanin 1957 da 1958, Gordy ya rubuta ko ya samar da fitattun 'yan wasa sama da ɗari ga mawaka daban-daban, tare da 'yan uwansa Anna, Gwen da Robert, da sauran masu haɗin gwiwa a cikin haɗuwa daban-daban. 
A shekarar 1957, Gordy ya haɗu da Smokey Robinson, wani mawaƙi ɗan shekara goma sha bakwai a yankin, yana gaban wata ƙungiyar waƙar da ake kira Matadors. Gordy yana sha'awar salon waƙar da Robinson ya rera. A shekarar 1958, Gordy ya rera waƙar ƙungiyar "Got a Job" (waƙar amsa ga " Get a Job " ta Silhouettes ), kuma ya fitar da ita a matsayin waƙa ta hanyar hayar waƙar ga wani babban kamfani a wajen Detroit mai suna End Records, wanda ke New York. Wannan aikin ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin ga wani ƙaramin furodusa. "Get a Job" ita ce waƙa ta farko da ƙungiyar Robinson ta rera, wadda yanzu ake kira Miracles . Gordy ya rubuta wasu rikodin da dama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar irin wannan tsari, musamman tare da United Artists .

A shekarar 1958, Gordy ya rubuta kuma ya shirya " Come to Me " don Marv Johnson, yana rikodin waƙar a Detroit's United Sound Systems . Ganin cewa waƙar tana da babban damar haɗuwa, Gordy ya ba da hayar ta ga United Artists don rarraba ta ƙasa amma kuma ya sake ta a cikin gida a kan alamar kamfaninsa na farko.  Da yake buƙatar dala 800 don rufe ƙarshen yarjejeniyarsa, Gordy ya nemi iyalinsa su ranci kuɗi daga asusun ajiyar iyali na haɗin gwiwa.  Bayan wasu muhawara, iyalinsa sun yarda, kuma a watan Janairun 1959 aka fitar da "Come to Me" a yankin a kan sabon kamfanin Tamla na Gordy.  Da farko Gordy yana son sanya wa kamfanin Tammy Records suna, bayan waƙar da Debbie Reynolds ta shahara daga fim ɗin Tammy and the Bachelor na 1957, wanda Reynolds shi ma ya fito a ciki. Lokacin da ya ga an riga an fara amfani da sunan, Berry ya yanke shawarar amfani da Tamla. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] A watan Afrilun 1959, Gordy da 'yar'uwarsa Gwen sun kafa Anna Records wanda ya fitar da waƙoƙi kusan goma sha biyu tsakanin 1959 da 1960. Mafi shahara shine " Money (That's What I Want) " na Barrett Strong, wanda Gordy da sakatare mai suna Janie Bradford suka rubuta, kuma Gordy ya shirya.  Yawancin waƙoƙin da Anna da Tamla Records suka rarraba a gida an rarraba su ne a ƙasa ta hanyar Chess Records (wani lokacin tare da alamun Anna da Tamla). Dangantakar Gordy da Chess ta haɓaka hulɗa ta kud da kud da Harvey Fuqua, ɗan'uwan Charlie Fuqua na Ink Spots . Daga baya Harvey Fuqua ya auri Gwen Gordy a 1961.

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