Chhau

Chhau, wanda kuma aka rubuta Chhou, rawa ce ta Indiya mai kama da ta gargajiya wadda ke da al'adun yaƙi da na gargajiya.  Ana samunta a cikin salo uku da aka sanya wa suna bayan wurin da ake yin su, wato Purulia Chhau na Yammacin Bengal, Seraikella Chhau na Jharkhand da Mayurbhanj Chhau na Odisha .

Rawar ta kama daga bikin fasahar yaƙi, wasan kwaikwayo da wasannin motsa jiki da ake yi a cikin jigogin bukukuwa na rawa ta gargajiya, zuwa rawa mai tsari tare da jigogi na addini da ake samu a cikin Shaivism, Shaktism da Vaishnavism . Kayan sutura sun bambanta tsakanin salon, inda Purulia da Serakeilla ke amfani da abin rufe fuska don gano halin.  Labarun da masu rawa na Chhau suka tsara sun haɗa da waɗanda suka fito daga waƙoƙin Hindu kamar Ramayana da Mahabharata, Puranas da sauran adabin Indiya .  

Rawar a al'ada ƙungiya ce ta maza, wacce ake yin ta a yankuna musamman a lokacin bazara kowace shekara, kuma tana iya zama nau'in rawa mai kama da juna wanda ya samo asali daga haɗewar raye-rayen Hindu na gargajiya da al'adun tsoffin kabilun yanki.  Rawar tana haɗa mutane daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki cikin ruhin biki da addini.  

 Asalin Ma'anar 
Chhau salon rawa ne da ya samo asali daga yankunan Gabashin Indiya .  Wataƙila an samo shi ne daga Sanskrit Chāya (inuwa, hoto ko abin rufe fuska).   Wasu suna danganta shi da tushen Sanskrit Chadma (ɓata), duk da haka wasu kamar Sitakant Mahapatra sun nuna cewa an samo shi ne daga Chhauni (sansanin soja, sulke, ɓoye) a cikin harshen Odia.  

 Siffofin Chhau 
Ana yin rawar Chhau ne galibi a lokacin bukukuwa a yankin Jharkhand, West Bengal da Odisha, musamman bikin bazara na Chaitra Parva wanda dukkan al'umma ke halarta.  Ana yin rawar Purulia Chhau a lokacin bikin rana. 
Abin rufe fuska yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin rawar Chhau a salon Purulia da Seraikella.  Ana isar da ilimin rawa, kiɗa da kuma yin abin rufe fuska ta baki.  Rawar Chhau da ake samu a arewacin Odisha ba ta amfani da abin rufe fuska yayin rawa, amma suna yin hakan ne lokacin da masu fasaha suka fara bayyana a kan dandamali don gabatarwa ga masu sauraro. 

Salo biyu na rawa ta Chhau waɗanda ke amfani da abin rufe fuska, suna haɗa nau'ikan rawa da na yaƙi ta amfani da dabarun yaƙi na gwaji (wanda ake kira khel ), salon tafiya na tsuntsaye da dabbobi (wanda ake kira chalis da topkas ) da kuma motsi bisa ga ayyukan matan gida na ƙauye (wanda ake kira uflis ).  Mohan Khokar ya ce wannan nau'in rawa ta Chhau ba shi da ma'anar al'ada ko ta al'ada, nau'i ne na bikin al'umma da nishaɗi. 

Rawar maza ce ke yin ta, da daddare a cikin wani fili mai faɗi, wanda ake kira akhada ko asar . Rawar tana da tsari kuma an saita ta zuwa ga waƙoƙin gargajiya, ana buga ta a kan bututun reed mohuri da shehnai .  name="unescochhau"  Akwai ganga iri-iri da ke raka ƙungiyar kiɗan, ciki har da dhol (ganga mai siffar silinda), dhumsa (babban ganga mai kettle) da kharka ko chad-chadi . Jigogin waɗannan raye-rayen sun haɗa da tatsuniyoyi na gida, almara da shirye-shirye daga Ramayana da Mahabharata da sauran jigogi marasa ma'ana. 

Abubuwan da suka fara rawa a Chhau (musamman salon Purulia) ba wai kawai Paika da Natua ba ne, har ma rawa ta Nachni ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bai wa Chhau matsayinta na yanzu. Rawar Chhau ta aro salon tafiya da motsi na mata daga rawa ta Nachni kusan kawai (Bhattacharya, 1983, Chakravarti, 2001, Kishore, 1985). Abubuwan rawa na mata a Chhau sun gabatar da sassan Lasya Bhava daga Natya Shastra wanda ya kawo kyau, sha'awa, da kyau a cikin salon rawa, yayin da, motsin rawa na maza masu kama da virile an danganta shi da salon rawa tandava na Shiva (Bose 1991). Akwai fassarori daban-daban ga tandava da lasya . Na ambaci ma'anar tandava da lasya da aka fi yarda da ita a sama. Bose ya gabatar da muhawara tsakanin dangantakar lasya da tandava a cikin nazarin rawa a cikin rubutun Sanskrit. Duba Bose, Mandakranta.

 Salo uku na Chhau 
Saraikella Chhau ta samo asali ne a Seraikela, lokacin da take ƙarƙashin mulkin Kalinga na Gajapati Rule, hedikwatar gudanarwa ta yanzu ta gundumar Seraikela Kharsawan ta Jharkhand, Purulia Chhau a gundumar Purulia ta Yammacin Bengal da Mayurbhanj Chhau  name="mayur"> a gundumar Mayurbhanj ta Odisha . Bambanci mafi girma tsakanin ƙananan nau'ikan guda uku shine game da amfani da abin rufe fuska. Yayin da, ƙananan nau'ikan Seraikela da Purulia na Chhau suna amfani da abin rufe fuska yayin rawa, Mayurbhanj Chhau ba ya amfani da komai.  

Tsoffin manyan mutane na wannan yanki ne suka ƙirƙiro dabarun Seraikella Chhau da kuma waƙoƙin da suka rera, kuma a zamanin yau mutane daga kowane fanni suna rawa da shi.  Seraikella Chhau ana yin ta da abin rufe fuska na alama, kuma wasan kwaikwayo yana tabbatar da rawar da ɗan wasan yake takawa.  name="khokar1984p187"  Purulia Chhau tana amfani da manyan abin rufe fuska waɗanda aka tsara su da siffar halin da ake yi; misali, halin zaki yana da abin rufe fuska na zaki da kayan jiki tare da ɗan wasan yana tafiya a kan ƙafa huɗu.  name="cl"  Waɗannan abin rufe fuska an ƙera su ne ta hanyar masu tukwane waɗanda ke yin hotunan laka na alloli da alloli na Hindu kuma galibi an samo su ne daga gundumar Purulia ta Yammacin Bengal.  A Mayurbhanj Chhau ana yin sa ba tare da abin rufe fuska ba kuma a zahiri yana kama da Seraikella Chhau.  

 Ganewa 
A shekarar 2010, an rubuta rawar Chhau a cikin Jerin Wakilan UNESCO na Gadon Al'adu na Bil Adama . 

Gwamnatin Odisha ta kafa Cibiyar Rawa ta Gwamnati ta Chhau a shekarar 1960 a Seraikella da Mayurbhanj Chhau Nritya Pratisthan a Baripada a shekarar 1962. Waɗannan cibiyoyin suna yin horo wanda ya haɗa da malaman addini na gida, masu fasaha, masu tallafawa da wakilan cibiyoyin Chhau da kuma masu ɗaukar nauyin wasanni. Bikin Chaitra Parva, wanda yake da muhimmanci ga Rawa ta Chhau, gwamnatin jihar ce kuma ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. Sangeet Natak Akademi ta kafa Cibiyar Rawa ta Ƙasa don Rawa ta Chhau a Baripada, Odisha .  

 A cikin al'adun jama'a 

 Fim ɗin Hindi mai suna Barfi! yana da wasu wurare da suka nuna Purulia Chhau a ciki. 


 Cibiyar Al'adu ta Gabashin Yankin, Kolkata, ta kawo muku shirin gaskiya. Bidiyon wani shiri ne na gaskiya game da Purulia Chhau ta Yammacin Bengal. Chhau wani nau'in rawa ne na rabin gargajiya daga Gabashin Indiya wanda ke da asalin ƙabila da na gargajiya.

 Abin rufe fuska na Chhau 
Chhau masks da rawa na West Bengal141x141px Mai rawa a Chhau a Bagmundi213x213pxabin rufe fuska na chhau213x213pxabin rufe fuska da kayan kida na Chau Dance141x141pxDurga da Zaki, Chhau na salon PuruliaAn saka Purulia Chhau Dance a cikin jerin raye-rayen duniya na UNESCO .  Babban bambanci tsakanin Purulia Chhau da Mayurbhanj Chhau shine amfani da abin rufe fuska. Purulia Chhau tana amfani da abin rufe fuska a rawa, amma Mayurbhanj Chhau ba shi da abin rufe fuska wanda hakan ke ƙara bayyanar fuska tare da motsin jiki da motsin jiki.  A al'ada, ana yin rawar chhau a tsakiyar watan Maris lokacin da da'irar noma ɗaya ta ƙare kuma sabon da'ira ya fara.  Masu rawa na Purulia Chhau suna sanya abin rufe fuska mai launin ƙasa da na wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke wakiltar halayen tatsuniyoyi. Bayan yin siffar abin rufe fuska da yumbu, ana fentin shi kuma an yi masa ado da Shola da sauran abubuwa.
An yi rijistar abin rufe fuska na Chhau na Purulia a ƙarƙashin Alamomin Ƙasa .  Kamar yadda bambancin asali na Purulia Chhau abin rufe fuska ya kebanta kuma na gargajiya ne.
Masu fasaha ne ke yin waɗannan abin rufe fuska ta hanyar al'ummar Sutradhar . Yin abin rufe fuska yana ɗaukar matakai daban-daban. Ana liƙa takarda mai laushi guda 8-10, a nutsar da shi a cikin manne mai narkewa, ɗaya bayan ɗaya a kan abin rufe fuska kafin a shafa masa laka da foda mai laushi. An yi siffofin fuska da yumbu. Ana shafa laka da zane na musamman sannan a busar da abin rufe fuska da rana. Bayan haka, ana goge abin rufe fuska kuma ana yin zagaye na biyu na busar da rana kafin a raba yadudduka na zane da takarda daga abin rufe fuska. Bayan an gama kuma an haƙa ramuka don hanci da idanu, abin rufe fuska yana da launi kuma an yi masa ado.  

 Hotunan Hotuna 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba