Waƙar Burma

Rawa a Burma (tun daga shekarar 1989 da aka fi sani da Myanmar ) za a iya raba ta zuwa raye-raye masu ban mamaki, na gargajiya da na ƙauye, da kuma na nat, kowannensu yana da halaye daban-daban. Duk da cewa rawa ta Burma ta yi kama da salon rawa na gargajiya na maƙwabtanta, musamman Thailand, tana riƙe da halaye na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta ta da sauran salon yanki, gami da motsi mai kusurwa, mai sauri da kuzari da kuma mai da hankali kan matsayi, ba motsi ba. 

 Tarihi 
Asalin rawar Burma an samo shi ne daga al'adun Pyu, Halin, da Mon a yankunan tsakiya da ƙananan Irrawaddy tun daga aƙalla ƙarni biyu kafin zamanin Kiristanci .  Shaidun kayan tarihi sun nuna tasirin Indiya a cikin wannan.   Akwai kuma tasirin al'adun Thai da Khmer a lokacin mamaya da yawa da mamayewa da suka faru a cikin shekaru dubu biyu masu zuwa.  Akwai wani ingantaccen tsari na rawa, kamar Yama Zatdaw (sigar Burma ta Ramayana) a cikin 1767, lokacin da Burma ta kori Ayutthaya (  ) kuma ya kwace wani babban ɓangare na kotun Thailand. 

Wasu daga cikin halittun da suka tsira (ciki har da raye-rayen belu, nat gadaw da zawgyi) suna girmama haruffan tatsuniyoyi waɗanda suka kasance na Burmese, wasu daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga zamanin kafin Buddha. Akwai kuma dangantaka ta kud da kud tsakanin nau'ikan rawa na Burmese na gargajiya da kuma rawar ɗan adam, inda na farko a bayyane yake yana kwaikwayon rawar ɗan adam, amma kuma da rawar ɗan adam yana kwaikwayon motsin rawa na marionette.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a shekarar 1948, akwai lokacin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilar al'adun Burma wanda ya haifar da kafa Makarantar Kiɗa ta Jiha a Mandalay a shekarar 1953. An yaba wa wata fitacciyar mai rawa ta wannan lokacin, Oba Thaung, wajen tsara kundin waƙoƙin Burma da ba su da takardu. An tattara manhajar karatunta a makarantar zuwa darussa biyar na rawa da aka tsara a matsayin zangon karatu na shekaru biyar. Kowanne daga cikin darussa biyar an raba shi zuwa jerin rawa da ya ƙunshi jimillar matakai 125, kowanne mataki kuma tsawonsa ya kai mintuna goma daidai. 

 Horarwa 
Makarantar Inwa ta Fasaha da ke Mandalay wata makarantar sakandare ce ta al'adu a Mandalay wadda ke shirya matasa masu fasaha don yin rawa da kiɗan gargajiya na Myanmar bisa ga ƙa'idodin ƙwararru. 

 Rawar Bagan 
Wannan rawa ta samo asali ne daga zamanin daular Pyu (ƙarni na 5-10). An yi amfani da ƙananan kayan kida masu sauƙi kuma salon rawa yana da jinkiri da kwanciyar hankali. Kayan da masu rawa suka saka, kamar yadda aka nuna a zane-zanen bango, ƙanana ne kuma suna bayyana abubuwa.

 Bilu rawa 
Bilus (aljanu ko ogres) tsoffin haruffa ne, waɗanda ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga wata al'umma ta almara da ta yi yawo a Indiya da Burma kimanin shekara ta 2000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Littattafan addinin Buddha sun bayyana su a matsayin na asali kuma wasu kabilu suna jin tsoronsu.

A cikin adabi, an bayyana Belus a matsayin mai ikon canza yanayin rayuwa —ikon ɗaukar kamanni daban-daban na zahiri. Akwai nau'ikan aljanu iri-iri guda 24, kowannensu yana da sunansa da rawar da yake takawa a cikin labarai da wasannin kwaikwayo. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun shine Dasagiri, aljani a cikin tarihin Ramayana na Indiya.

A kowace siffarsa, Belus yana nuna Shaiɗan. Yana da ban tsoro, mai girman kai da kuma mugunta a dabi'ance. Amma yana da gefen laushi. A cikin rawa na yau da kullun, Dasa-Giri yakan ba da furanni ga wata yarinya mai kyau. Matar da ba ta iya yin watsi da gefen dabbar ba kuma ta ƙi kyautarsa mai ƙauna. Aljanin sai ya nuna baƙin cikinsa game da ƙin amincewa.

 Rawar Kinnara da Kinnari 
Akwai nassoshi da yawa a cikin adabin Pali da Sanskrit game da tsuntsayen tatsuniyoyi masu kai da gangar jikin ɗan adam, Kinnara (namiji) da Kinnari (mace). A cewar adabin, tsuntsayen sun samo asali ne daga Indiya ta tarihi. Suna bayyana a cikin wasu jawaban Buddha da kansa.

A Burma, ana samun hotunan salon rawa na Tsuntsu da aka zana da sassaka a bango a Bagan da kuma (har ma a da) daga masarautun Pyu .

Waƙoƙin da raye-rayen sun bayyana farin cikin sake haɗuwar Tsuntsu bayan rabuwar dare 700 sakamakon ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da ambaliyar ruwa. Rawar ta shahara a matsayin alamar soyayya ta gaskiya kuma tana da tarihi mai daɗaɗɗe wanda ƙungiyoyin rawa na Burma ke kiyayewa.

Masu rawa suna sanye da fikafikai masu kaɗawa a wuyan hannunsu, sabanin fikafikai a hammatarsu, kamar yadda yake a al'adar Thailand da sauran ƙasashen Asiya . Rawar motsin tsuntsaye tana da laushi da kyau, kuma tana da tsari mai kyau tare da waƙoƙin da ke tare da ita.

 Rawar ruhohin tsaro na Dutsen Popa 
A cewar tatsuniyar mutanen Burma (amma wataƙila bisa ga bayanan tarihi), Me Wunna, kyakkyawar gimbiya 'yar'uwar sarkin Thaton ce a ƙasar Burma . Ta rabu da ɗan'uwanta, ta ƙi yin aure da wani ɗan sarki kuma ta zauna a gudun hijira ita kaɗai a cikin dazuzzukan Dutsen Popa . A matsayinta na mai bin addinin Buddha mai ibada, ta guji cin nama kuma tana rayuwa ne kawai akan furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Galibi tana sanya abin rufe fuska na aljani don tsoratar da maƙiya da abokai. Don haka ana ɗaukarta a matsayin aljani mai cin furanni.

Daga baya ta kamu da son wani mai aika kayan sarauta mai kyawawan jiki, kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu masu hazaka tare da shi. Abin takaici, an kashe mijinta saboda rashin ɗaukar furanni daga dutsen. Sakamakon haka, ya zama mutum mai hazaka.

'Ya'yan Me Wunna guda biyu, lokacin da suka girma, sun zama jarumai masu daraja a cikin Rundunar Sojan Sama. Abin takaici, sun faɗa cikin wani makirci, an kashe su saboda yin ƙarya, kuma suka rikide suka zama shahararrun Ruhohi guda biyu, "Brother Nats" na Taungbyone .

Amma ba ƙarshen lamarin ba ne. Mummunan labarin mutuwar 'ya'yanta ba da daɗewa ba ya sa Me Wunna ta mutu cikin baƙin ciki. Don haka ta zama 'yar ƙasa kuma ta kasance a cikin Dutsen Popa, inda ta zama "Mai Girma" ga babban iko a cikin Masarautar Nats.

Mai rawa, sanye da kayan sarauta na launin kore, tana kwaikwayon Ruhu. A kanta akwai abin rufe fuska na aljani. A hannunta, tana riƙe da wutsiyar dawisu guda biyu, alamar rana, don korar Duhu (mugun abu). Tana rawa a matsayin wata alama da alheri da dabara.

 Rawar Nat 
A Burma, al'ada ce a yi ba da kyautar kwakwa mai kore, hannaye uku na ayaba, da wasu kayan haɗi, ga Mai Kula da Ruhun Ƙasa ( nat ) kafin wani muhimmin taro kamar bikin rantsar da shugaban ƙasa. Wannan kwantar da hankalin Ruhu yawanci ana yi ne ta hanyar ƙwararren Ma'aikacin Ruhu (Nakadaw).

Sau da yawa ana sanya wa mai rawan riga ja, gami da jan madauri, da kuma a kirji, da kuma mayafin ja mai ɗaure da aka ɗaure. Da kayan da aka miƙa a kan tire, ita ko shi suna rawa don farantawa juna rai kuma suna maimaita jerin waƙoƙin sau uku. Yayin da take rawa matsakaiciya, tana rera waƙoƙin al'ada ga Ruhohin Ƙasa guda 37 (Spirits) da kuma Nat na Gida.

A farkon rawa, rawa tana da laushi kuma tana da tarihi na kiɗa. Bayan umarnin baki, mai rawa yana ƙara ƙarfin waƙar. Yayin da matsakaici ke umurtar ruhohi, motsin da kiɗan sun kai ga wani yanayi mai ban mamaki.

 Rawar fitilar mai 
A cikin rawar fitilar mai (  ), fitilar mai ta gargajiya da aka bayar ga Buddha ita ce lagwanin auduga mai haske wanda aka jiƙa a cikin tukunyar ƙasa mai cike da mai shine babban abin rawa. Kyandir mai haske yanzu yawanci yana maye gurbinsa. Mutanen Rakhine na yammacin Burma suna haɗa rawan fitilar mai a cikin yawancin raye-rayen gargajiya, galibi na ibada, ga Buddha.

Hannun mai wasan kwaikwayo koyaushe suna kan juye (don riƙe mai). Dattawan da suka tuna suna yin wasa da fitilun gargajiya sun ce sirrin shine kada a bar fitilar ta faɗi yayin da, a lokaci guda, tana bayyana takamaiman maganganu tare da halaye daban-daban na hannu da ƙafafu. "Kusan jaraba ce," in ji su.

 Rawannin Ramayana 
A shekara ta 1767, Sarki Hsinbyushin na daular Konbaung ya dawo da fursunonin Siamese zuwa Inwa (Ava), babban birnin masarautar. Daga cikin fursunonin akwai masu rawa a kotun Siamese waɗanda suka yi rawa a Ramayana ( Yama Zatdaw ) sanye da abin rufe fuska.

A cikin wannan almara, Rama ita ce jarumi kuma babban hali, Sita ita ce jaruma, kuma Dasa-Giri ita ce mugu aljani. A wani ɓangare na al'ada, Rama ta shagaltu da Zinare Deer, wanda siffa ce ta 'yar'uwar aljani ta Dathagiri (Ravana) ta aljani. Dathagiri da kansa ya canza siffarsa a matsayin Wawa. Daga nan sai aka ga Rama yana bin sawun Barewa mai ban sha'awa sosai. Barewa ta bar wasu alamu a matsayin hanya.

 U Min Gyaw dance 
U Min Gyaw, wanda aka fi sani da Pakhan Kyaw, sanannen mutum ne na Burmese nat (ruhi). Akwai nau'ikan tarihin rayuwarsa daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine, kasancewarsa ƙwararren mai doki kuma ɗan wani amintaccen mai kula da sarki; an ba shi lambar yabo ta sarauta kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta garin Pakhan da ke tsakiyar Burma. Duk da haka, da zarar ya hau mulki, ya shagala da shan giya, caca (musamman faɗan zakara ), da kuma yin mata.

Daga ƙarshe ya sami ƙarfin halin sauke sarki da sauran mutane, ciki har da ƙanne biyu matasa, 'ya'yan wani babban mutum. Waɗannan 'yan'uwa biyu sun shahara a matsayin 'yan ƙasa kuma suka ci gaba da yin ayyukan mugunta na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, a farkon aikinsu, 'yan'uwan biyu sun yi amfani da sabbin ikonsu don biyan Count ɗin da kuɗinsa, wanda ya haifar da kisan gillar Count da dawowarsa a matsayin Nat U Min Gyaw.

Idan ya ɗauki siffar ɗan adam, U Mingyaw yana shan ruwan toddy, ruwan 'ya'yan itacen palmyra (wanda aka fi sani da " toddy dabino "). Abincin da ya fi so, wanda aka haɗa da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, shine kaza ko kaza da aka soya. Saboda haka, mafi kyawun maganin tsarkakewa ana tsammanin shine tukunyar toddy da kaza da aka soya. Masu shigar da ƙara sun yi imanin cewa U Min Gyaw zai cika duk wata buƙata da aka yi masa a lokacin da yake cikin hayyacinsa, kodayake yawanci yana tsammanin kwamiti.

A wani wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun, Medium ya jawo hankalin U Min Gyaw ta hanyar ba shi kwalban giya a hannu ɗaya da kuma kaza da aka soya a ɗayan hannun. Mai rawa yana kwaikwayon salon maye na Ruhu.

 U Shwe Yoe da Daw Moe suna rawa 
Maimakon wannan rawa ta gargajiya, wannan rawa misali ce ta fasahar gargajiya ta Burma ta zamani. Rawar ta bayyana ne daga al'adar nishadantar da jama'a, musamman masu sa kai da ke shiga Ranar Tuta ko kuma ayyukan agaji na al'umma. Manufarta ita ce a zaburar da mutane su bayar da gudummawa da kuma yin ayyukan alheri don inganta rayuwa ta gaba.

Sunayen U Shwe Yoe da Daw Moe ƙagaggun labarai ne (ba na cikin kowane rubutu na gargajiya ba) kuma an zaɓe su ne saboda tasirinsu na waƙa. Babu wata waƙa da aka kafa don rawa. Madadin haka ƙungiyar makaɗa tana yin kowace waƙa mai rai, ko kuma ana amfani da waƙoƙin da aka yi rikodi a wasu lokutan. 'Yan ƙasa masu sha'awa waɗanda ba su da horo na rawa na yau da kullun galibi suna yin rawar. Matsayin su ne Old Bachelor ( U Shwe Yoe ) da Spinster (Daw Moe), na biyun wanda ko dai ɗan rawa namiji ko mace ke taka rawa. An tsara wasan kwaikwayo ne kawai kuma an tsara shi don bai wa masu sauraro mafi kyawun magani.

Kayan suturar suna da ban mamaki kuma suna da ban sha'awa, tare da abubuwan da ba makawa na gashin baki na U Shwe Yoe (wanda aka yi wa ado da kansa) da kuma laima mai jujjuyawa ta Pathein . Cikin barkwanci, ya nuna ƙaunarsa kuma ya yi wa Daw Moe wasa, yayin da ita kuma ta mayar da martani cikin hikima da fasaha. Masu sauraro, galibi yara da tsofaffi, sun yi tafawa da ƙarfi suna ƙarfafa Shwe Yoe dagewarsa. 

 Rawar ƙungiyar Yein 
Yein wani nau'i ne na rawa ta rukuni wanda ke nuna 'yan rawa da yawa suna rawa tare kuma suna motsa kawunansu, kugunsu, ƙafafunsu, da hannayensu zuwa ga bugun kiɗa, wanda ƙungiyar makaɗa ta gargajiya ta Burma da ake kira hsaing waing ko ganguna ke yi . Ƙungiyoyin mawaka galibi suna yin ta a lokacin Thingyan .

 Zat pwe duet dance 
Ana kiran wasannin kwaikwayo na dare-dare, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na melodrama, slapstick, rawa na gargajiya, har ma da wakokin pop "zat pwe" a Burma. Waɗannan wasannin yanayi ana shirya su ne a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na bamboo na wucin gadi kuma galibi wani ɓangare ne na ayyukan tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara a bukukuwan pagoda . Masu wasan kwaikwayo ƙungiyoyi ne na tafiya, yawanci ƙwararrun 'yan rawa maza da mata, mawaƙa, masu barkwanci, da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna yawo ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Rawar Duet, wani ɓangare na yau da kullun na Zat Pwe, yawanci yana farawa kusan ƙarfe 2 ko 3 na safe, kuma yana ɗaukar kimanin awanni biyu.

Gabaɗaya manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo suna rawa tare da manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Mazan suna rawa a wani wuri, galibi suna da abubuwa masu ƙarfi da ƙirƙira. Maza da mata suna rawa a cikin waƙoƙin duet kuma suna musayar alƙawarin masoya.

Sau da yawa akwai wani fanni na gasa don ganin wanda a cikin ƙungiyar zai iya samun tagomashin mafi ƙarfi. A duk wannan, ƙungiyar makaɗa dole ne ta daidaita da abin da ke faruwa a kan dandamali. Idan aka yi shi da ƙwarewa, wannan rawa na iya haifar da suna a ƙasa ga ƙungiyar.

 Rawar Zawgyi 
Zawgyi mutum ne mai hazaka a fannin ilmin alchemy na ƙasar Burma. Ana cewa ya sami ƙwarewarsa ta hanyar sihiri . Yana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka masu kauri kusa da Himalaya inda yake kiwon ganyaye don dalilai na sihiri. Bayan ya yi shekaru da yawa yana neman dutse na Falsafa kuma ta haka ya sami matsayin Zawgyi. Wani lokaci, da taɓa sandar sihirinsa yana haifar da "mace-mace marasa ma'ana" daga bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da 'ya'yan itace masu siffar mace don cika burinsa na jiki.

Rawar ta nuna Zawgyi yana yawo a daji, yana yawo da sandarsa, yana niƙa ganye da kuma caca cikin farin ciki bayan ya sami Dutse.

 Hotunan Hotuna 

 Duba kuma 

 Al'adun Myanmar

 Manazarta i 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba