Raylawni Branch

Raylawni Branch (an haife ta a shekara ta 1941) baƙar fata ce ta farko a Mississippi a ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a, ƙwararriyar malamar jinya kuma jami'ar rundunar sojojin sama ta Amurka . An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka wajen haɗa Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi (Hattiesburg) a shekara ta 1965, wacce ta kasance cikin lumana sabanin tashin hankalin da wariyar launin fata ta fara haifarwa bayan shigar James Meredith jami'ar Mississippi (Oxford) a shekara ta 1962.

 Rayuwar farko 
An rene ta a Hattiesburg, Prentiss, da Mount Carmel, Mississippi, da kuma Chicago, Illinois . Lokacin da iyalinta suka ƙaura daga Hattiesburg zuwa Chicago, ba su da matsuguni sau biyu ko uku, suna zaune a wurin shakatawa. Ba ta da kyakkyawan tunanin zama a Arewa. Ta je makarantun da galibinsu fararen fata ne inda malamin bai taɓa yi mata magana ba.   name="archives">

Ta sake zama matsuguni a Chicago bayan da iyalin suka rasa gidansu saboda matsalolin shari'a na mahaifinta. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a Kurkukun Cook County a shekarar 1955, iyalan suka koma Mississippi. 

Lokacin da ta kammala karatunta na aji takwas, ta yi ƙaura sau goma sha ɗaya kuma ta yi karatu a makarantu takwas. A Mississippi, Branch ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Hattiesburg (a wancan lokacin Rowan) kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1959. A can ta koyi fafutukar siyasa, alfahari, da kuma yadda ake gudanar da tsarin daga Marjorie Chambers, malamar tarihinta. Ta kuma sami ƙarfafa gwiwa ta hanyar sauraron jawaban Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a rediyo. name="archives">"M335 Branch (Raylawni) Collection". Archived from the original  on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2008. 

 Fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a 
Tun tana ƙarama, ta yi aiki a wani gidan cin abinci mai suna Fat's Kitchen a gundumar kasuwanci ta Mobile Street ta Hattiesburg. A can ta haɗu da wani abokin ciniki na yau da kullun, Clyde Kennard, wanda yunƙurinsa na haɗa Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi ya fara a shekarar 1956 kuma zai yi wasa a gaban ƙananan idanun Branch. A shekarar 1959 ta ga Kennard a safiyar ranar da aka naɗa shi tare da babban mai ra'ayin wariya Dr. William David McCain, shugaban (a lokacin) Kwalejin Kudancin Mississippi, don tattauna aikace-aikacen shigarsa. Ta sami Kennard irin mutumin da ya yi imani da nagartar mutum. Har ma yana da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da Dr. McCain, wanda sananne ne mai wariyar launin fata da wariya. Ya yi tunanin cewa ba ya buƙatar kariya. Branch da wasu sun roƙe shi ya "Bari wani ya tafi tare da kai." Amma Kennard bai ga wata buƙata ba.  

Ganawar da McCain ta yi da shi ta haifar da kama shi bisa zargin aikata laifuka na ƙarya da kuma fara wani mummunan rashin adalci wanda ya kai ga mutuwar Kennard da wuri yana da shekaru 36 saboda maganin cutar kansa da ya yi wa gidan yarin Mississippi. Bayan kama shi na biyu, Branch ya halarci shari'ar kuma yana cikin waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin sa Johnny Lee Roberts, shaidan da masu gabatar da ƙara suka yi masa, ya faɗi gaskiya ko ya gudu daga jihar. Roberts ya ƙi, yana tsoron cewa KKK za ta cutar da iyalinsa da suka bari a Mississippi. 

Bayan kammala karatun sakandare ta sake gwada Arewa a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ƙaura a gonaki a Michigan, tana zaune a ƙananan gidaje ba tare da kayan aiki ba, sannan ta sake komawa Mississippi. 

Daga 1959 zuwa 1965, ta kasance mai kula da gida, ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. Lokacin da masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a na arewa suka fara aiki a Mississippi a farkon shekarun 1960 tare da Ma'aikatar Delta da ƙungiyoyi makamantansu, ta fara aiki sosai, tana aiki a matsayin sakatare na Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Jama'a ta Gundumar Forrest da kuma memba na Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Tarayya, Kwamitin Haɗa Kai na Ɗalibai Masu Zaman Kansu da Taron Jagorancin Kiristoci na Kudancin . Ta shiga cikin ayyuka da dama, ciki har da Maris na 28 ga Agusta, 1963 a Washington don Ayyuka da 'Yanci inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane 250,000 da suka saurari jawabin Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. na " Ina da Mafarki ".  name="archives">"M335 Branch (Raylawni) Collection". Archived from the original  on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2008. Ta haɗa tashoshin bas na Greyhound Lines da Trailways Transportation System a Hattiesburg, kuma ita ce Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da aka taɓa ɗauka aiki a masana'antar tufafi ta Big Yank. Ta kuma zama Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da ya taɓa bayar da matsayi a matsayin mai aiki a kamfanin wayar tarho na gida.   

A cikin NAACP ta san mutane da yawa kamar Aaron Henry, Charles Evers, da Medgar Evers . A daren da aka kashe Medgar Evers, 12 ga Yuni, 1963, ta je wurin Jackson ta zauna tare da gwauruwa Myrlie Evers-Williams . 

A shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru ashirin da huɗu, Branch ta kasance Sakatare na Gundumar Forrest, Mississippi NAACP lokacin da ta ɗauke ta aiki don haɗa manyan jami'o'in Mississippi, Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi. NAACP ta yi tayin biyan kuɗin karatunta amma ba kuɗin rayuwa ba - wani abu da ya sa ta yanke shawarar janyewa bayan shekara ta farko. A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1965, ita (a lokacin Raylawni Young) da Elaine Armstrong 'yar shekara goma sha takwas 'yar asalin Hattiesburg sun zama ɗaliban Afirka ta farko a Mississippi Southern.  name="archives">"M335 Branch (Raylawni) Collection". Archived from the original  on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2008. 

A lokacin kaka na shekarar 1965, an haɗa Jami'ar Jihar Ole Miss da Jami'ar Jihar Mississippi - ta farko cikin tashin hankali, ta biyun cikin lumana. Shugabannin Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi, kamar Shugaba William David McCain, sun fahimci cewa yaƙin da ake yi na ci gaba da wariya ya ƙare. Saboda haka, sun yi tsare-tsare masu yawa na sirri don shigar da Branch da Armstrong da halartarsu. An naɗa mai kula da malamai da mai koyarwa a asirce ga kowannensu. Sashen 'yan sanda na harabar jami'ar wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin tura Kennard gidan yari lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga, yanzu yana da umarni masu tsauri don hana ko dakatar da duk wani lamari da ya shafi ɗaliban baƙar fata biyu. An ɗauki ɗaliban 'yan wasa, 'yan'uwa, da shugabannin siyasa don su kwantar da hankalinsu da kuma kare jami'ar daga irin wannan mummunan talla da Ole Miss ta sha wahala daga martanin da ta mayar wa James Meredith .  name="archives">"M335 Branch (Raylawni) Collection". Archived from the original  on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2008.

Sakamakon haka, Branch ta samu ɗan ƙaramin rauni a shekarar da ta yi a jami'ar.

Ta yi karatun digiri a fannin Pre-Medicine kuma tana da aikin karatu da aiki a harabar jami'a a sashen ilmin halittu. Matan biyu sun halarci azuzuwan tare da masu gadi shida, ɗaya daga cikinsu ɗan sanda ne na gida wanda ya taɓa kai mata hari da ƙarfi a wani rikicin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Hukumar jami'ar ta naɗa Dakta Geoffrey Fish, mai nazarin teku wanda ke koyar da ilmin halittu a matsayin mai kula da ita da kuma mai koyar da ita. Kifi ya nuna sha'awarsa ga matan biyu, ya ba su shawara da aiki a fannin nazarin aiki. Ya kasance mai kirki sosai, yana sauraronsu, kuma yana kama da uba a gare su. 

A yau, Branch ta ce ana yi mata mu'amala kamar kowa, kuma rashin maki da ta samu ya faru ne saboda yanayin kuɗinta da na iyalinta, kuma saboda rashin ilimin sakandare da ta samu, ta yi magana da Turanci mara inganci.  name="archives">"M335 Branch (Raylawni) Collection". Archived from the original  on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2008.

Halartar jami'a ya kasance mata matsala sosai. A wannan lokacin (Satumba 1965) tana da ƙananan yara uku, masu shekaru uku, biyar, da shida, da za ta kula da su. Mijinta na farko yana da tabin hankali kuma ba ya barin ta ta yi karatu da dare. NAACP tana biyan kuɗin makarantata, amma babu kuɗin rayuwa. Tana samun dala 80 a kowane mako daga aikin ɗalibi kuma tana samun ƙaramin taimako daga Ma'aikatar Delta, daga Vernon Dahmer, da makamantansu.  name="archives">"M335 Branch (Raylawni) Collection". Archived from the original  on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2008. 

Ta saba da shahidi Vernon Dahmer, wanda ya yi aiki tare da shi a NAACP da kuma rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a.

Tun daga farkon shekarun 1960, sau da yawa tana halartar tarurruka a gidan Dahmer inda matarsa Ellie za ta riƙa kallon hanya don gujewa haɗari daga KKK yayin da suke haɗuwa. Dahmer ya kasance mai himma wajen kare Kennard a lokacin gwagwarmayarsa da William David McCain da Hukumar Mulkin Jihar Mississippi kan yunƙurin Kennard na shiga Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi kuma shi ma yana goyon bayan ƙoƙarin Reshe. A watan Janairun 1966, a daren da ya gabata kafin gidan Dahmer ya yi luguden bam da bam da KKK ta yi masa, ya aika mata da akwatunan kayan abinci don ciyar da iyalinta.

Bayan rabuwa da mijinta a shekarar 1966, Branch ta bar Mississippi zuwa New York, inda ta sami tallafin karatu don yin karatun aikin jinya a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Jinya ta Episcopal ta St. John. Yayin da take makaranta a Arewa, ta kasance mai himma sosai a cikin ƙungiyar Yaƙin Vietnam . A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1967, tana cikin masu zanga-zangar adawa da yaƙi 35,000 da Kwamitin Haɗa Kai na Ƙasa ya shirya don kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin a Vietnam, waɗanda suka taru don zanga-zanga a Ma'aikatar Tsaro, wacce aka kira "Tattaki a kan Pentagon ".  name="archives">"M335 Branch (Raylawni) Collection". Archived from the original  on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2008.

Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin aikin jinya daga Jami'ar Miami a shekarar 1969.  name="archives">"M335 Branch (Raylawni) Collection". Archived from the original  on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2008.

Bayan ta shiga rundunar sojojin sama a shekarar 1975, ta zama laftanar kanar da aka tura zuwa sansanin sojojin sama na Keesler, kuma ta yi aiki a sansanin sojojin sama na Lowry da ke Denver, Colorado. A rundunar sojin sama, ta kasance a matsayin mai kula da jiragen sama, ta kasance babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya, ta kasance darakta a wani dakin tiyata, kuma mataimakiyar darakta.  "M335 Branch (Raylawni) Collection". Archived from the original  on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2008. 

Branch ta koma Hattiesburg a shekarar 1987, kuma tana matukar farin ciki da ta samu. A shekara mai zuwa ta shiga shirin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi. Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a, tare da ƙaramin digiri a fannin Ilimi, a shekarar 1993.  

Reshe ta kasance Malamar digiri a fannin aikin jinya a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Pearl River  kuma Ma'aikaciyar jinya, American Red Cross ta Kudancin Tsakiyar Mississippi. A watan Maris na 2004 ta yi ritaya daga Malamar Aikin jinya a Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi. 

A shekara ta 2003 ta tsaya takarar Sanatan Jihar Mississippi a matsayin 'yar jam'iyyar Republican . 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba