Aline Elizabeth Black

Aline Elizabeth Black, wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na aure Aline Elizabeth Black Hicks, (Maris 23, 1906 - Agusta 24, 1974) malamar makaranta ce 'yar Amurka, wacce aka san ta da shiga cikin shari'ar kotun kare hakkin jama'a wacce ta ta'allaka ne kan rashin daidaiton albashi.  

A shekarar 2008, Laburaren Virginia sun karrama Bakar fata a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Tarihin Bakar fata na Amurkawa a Virginia.  Bakar fata ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Norfolk's Backbone Award a shekarar 1971, don girmama rawar da ta taka wajen tabbatar da daidaito a fannin ilimi da sana'a.  name="EV">

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi Black a Norfolk, Virginia a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1906, ga Charles da Ida Black. Tarter, Brent. "Aline E. Black (1906–1974)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 30 March 2016. Ta yi karatu a gida kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Booker T. Washington . Black ta ci gaba da samun digiri daga Cibiyar Al'ada da Masana'antu ta Virginia kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1935.  Yayin da take makaranta, Black ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Booker T. Washington har sai da ta rasa aikinta a 1939 a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga shari'ar shari'a kan wariya ga albashi. Bayan ta rasa aikinta, Black ta fara aiki a kan digirin digirgir na sinadarai a Jami'ar New York, amma ba ta kammala digirin ba.  An sake daukar Black aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar Hukumar Makarantun Norfolk a 1941 kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta na farko a matsayin malamar sinadarai. Ta ci gaba da wannan aikin har zuwa 1970, bayan haka ta fara aiki a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jacox a matsayin ƙwararriyar ci gaban koyarwa har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1973. 

Black ya auri Frank A. Hicks a wani lokaci a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma ya haifi 'ya mace ɗaya. Ta mutu a Norfolk a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 1974, tana da shekaru 68, a Norfolk.

 Shari'ar shari'a 
Yayin da take karatun kwaleji, Bakar fata ta fara aiki a Norfolk a matsayin malamar kimiyya a tsarin makarantun gwamnati. Bakar fata ta sami kashi biyu bisa uku kacal na abin da malamar farar fata ta samu don wannan aiki, abin da ya zama ruwan dare ga masu ilimi 'yan Afirka-Amurka.  Wannan gaskiyar ita ce abin da ya fusata daga Ƙungiyar Malaman Norfolk da Ƙungiyar Malaman Jihar Virginia, waɗanda suka ji cewa wannan rashin daidaiton launin fata ya saɓa wa Kwaskwarima ta Sha Huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka .  A watan Oktoba na 1938, Bakar fata ta roƙi Hukumar Makarantar Norfolk da ta dogara da albashin malamanta bisa ƙwarewa da cancanta maimakon launin fata.  Hukumar makarantar ta ƙi amincewa da buƙatarta, tana mai cewa Bakar fata ta yi watsi da duk wani haƙƙinta na yin jayayya da albashin ko neman gyara lokacin da ta sanya hannu kan kwangilarta ta shekara-shekara.  Tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin malamai da haɗin gwiwar NAACP, Bakar fata ta shigar da ƙara a kan hukumar makarantar Norfolk a watan Maris na 1939, inda ta sanya ta a matsayin malamar farko da ta shigar da ƙarar nuna wariya ga albashi a jihar Virginia.  Ta samu rakiyar ƙungiyar lauyoyi, ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce Mataimakin Alkali na Kotun Koli ta Amurka Thurgood Marshall .  An yi watsi da ƙarar Black kuma lauyoyinta sun ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Kotun Ƙoli ta Virginia . A halin yanzu Hukumar Makarantar Norfolk ta rama wa Black saboda ƙararta ta hanyar rashin sabunta kwangilarta a watan Yunin 1939. Ganin cewa ba ta sake zama ma'aikaciya ba kuma ba ta da hurumin shigar da ƙara, tsarin kotu ya ƙi amincewa da ƙarar Black.  An soki ayyukan hukumar makarantar sosai kuma zanga-zanga ta mayar da hankali a ranar 24 ga Yuni na wannan shekarar. 

Ba tare da wata fargaba ba, ƙungiyoyin malamai sun gabatar da wani mai ƙara, Melvin O. Alston, wanda ya shigar da wata ƙara a kan hukumar makarantar, Alston da Hukumar Makaranta ta Birnin Norfolk . Wannan ƙarar ta yi nasarar zuwa Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka, wadda ta amince da hukuncin cewa albashin malamai ya faɗi ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarima ta Sha Huɗu.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906