Sergei Prokofiev

Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev  ( 27 April [    – 5 Maris 1953) [ n 3 ] mawaki ne na Rasha , mai buga piano, kuma mai shirya waƙa wanda daga baya ya yi aiki a Tarayyar Soviet .  A matsayinsa na wanda ya ƙirƙiri manyan mawakan da aka amince da su a nau'ikan kiɗa da yawa, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawakan ƙarni na 20. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da waƙoƙin da aka ji sosai kamar Maris daga The Love for Three Oranges , suite <i id="mwNg">Laftanar Kijé</i>, ballet <i id="mwOA">Romeo da Juliet</i> - daga cikinsu aka ɗauki "Dance of the Knights" - da Peter and the Wolf . Daga cikin siffofi da nau'ikan da ya yi aiki a cikinsu, ya ƙirƙiri - ban da juvenilia - opera bakwai da aka kammala, symphonies bakwai, ballets takwas, piano concertos biyar, violin concertos guda biyu, cello concerto, symphony-concerto don cello da orchestra, da piano sonatas tara da aka kammala.

Da farko Prokofiev ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar Saint Petersburg Conservatory, ya fara samun suna a matsayin mai tsara waƙoƙi da kuma mai buga piano, inda ya sami shahara da jerin ayyukan kiɗa masu ban sha'awa da kuma na fasaha don kayan kidansa, gami da waƙoƙin piano guda biyu na farko. A shekarar 1915, Prokofiev ya yi fice daga rukunin mawaƙa da mai buga piano na yau da kullun tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Scythian Suite, wacce aka tattara daga kiɗan da aka tsara don wani wasan rawa da Sergei Diaghilev na Ballets Russes ya ba da umarni. Diaghilev ya ba da umarnin ƙarin waƙoƙin rawa guda uku daga Prokofiev - Chowt , Le pas d'acier da The Prodigal Son - waɗanda, a lokacin da aka fara yin su, duk sun haifar da mamaki tsakanin masu suka da abokan aiki. Amma babban abin da Prokofiev ya fi sha'awa shi ne opera, kuma ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa a cikin wannan nau'in, ciki har da The Gambler da The Fiery Angel . Nasarar opera ɗaya da Prokofiev ya samu a rayuwarsa ita ce The Love for Three Oranges, wadda aka tsara don Chicago Opera kuma ta yi a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa a Turai da Rasha.

Bayan juyin juya halin 1917, Prokofiev ya bar Rasha da amincewar Kwamishinan Jama'ar Soviet Anatoly Lunacharsky, kuma ya zauna a Amurka, sannan Jamus, sannan Paris, yana rayuwa a matsayin mawaƙi, mai buga piano da kuma jagoran kiɗa. A shekarar 1923 ya auri wata mawaƙiya 'yar Spain, Carolina (Lina) Codina, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu; suka rabu a shekarar 1947. A farkon shekarun 1930, Babban Mawuyacin Halin ya rage damar da ake da ita na shirya waƙoƙin ballet da opera na Prokofiev a Amurka da Yammacin Turai. Prokofiev, wanda ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin fitaccen mawaƙi, ya ƙi lokacin da yawon buɗe ido a matsayin mai buga piano, kuma ya ƙara komawa Tarayyar Soviet don gudanar da sabbin waƙoƙi; a shekarar 1936, daga ƙarshe ya koma ƙasarsa tare da iyalinsa. Manyan nasarorin da ya samu a Tarayyar Soviet sun haɗa da Laftanar Kijé, Peter and the Wolf, Romeo and Juliet, Cinderella, Alexander Nevsky, Symphonies na Biyar da Shida, On Guard for Peace, da kuma Piano Sonatas Nos. 6–8.

Mamayar da Nazi ta yi wa Tarayyar Soviet ta sa Prokofiev ya rubuta aikinsa mafi girma, sigar opera ta <i id="mwaQ">Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya</i> ta Leo Tolstoy; ya rubuta littafin tare da Mira Mendelson, abokiyar zamansa ta daɗe kuma daga baya ta zama matarsa ta biyu. A shekarar 1948, an kai wa Prokofiev hari saboda shirya " tsarin da ya saba wa dimokuradiyya". Duk da haka, ya sami goyon bayan kansa da na fasaha daga sabbin tsararrun mawakan Rasha, musamman Sviatoslav Richter da Mstislav Rostropovich : ya rubuta Sonata Piano na Tara don na farko da kuma Symphony-Concerto don na biyu.

 Rayuwa da aiki 

 Yaro da waƙoƙin farko 
An haifi Sergey Sergeevich Prokofiev a ranar 27 April [    [ n 3 ] a wani kauye a Sontsovka, wani ƙauye a yankin Bakhmut na gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha . Sontsovka, wanda yanzu Sontsivka ta san shi, wani ɓangare ne na Pokrovsk Raion na yanzu a yankin Donetsk na Ukraine .  Mahaifinsa, Sergei Alekseyevich Prokofiev, masanin noma ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa a Moscow . Mahaifiyar Prokofiev, Maria ( née Zhitkova ), ta fito daga wani dangin tsoffin 'yan bauta na Saint Petersburg  waɗanda dangin Sheremetev ne suka mallaka, waɗanda a ƙarƙashin kulawarsu ake koyar da yara 'yan bauta na wasan kwaikwayo da fasaha tun suna ƙanana.     Reinhold Glière, malamin farko na Prokofiev, ya bayyana ta a matsayin "mace mai tsayi mai kyawawan idanu masu wayo ... wacce ta san yadda za ta ƙirƙiri yanayi na ɗumi da sauƙi game da ita." Reinhold Glière. "First Steps" from  Bayan aurensu a lokacin bazara na 1877, Prokofievs sun ƙaura zuwa wani ƙaramin gida a gundumar Smolensk. Daga ƙarshe, Sergei Alekseyevich ya sami aiki a matsayin injiniyan ƙasa, wanda ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ɗalibansa, Dmitri Sontsov, ya ɗauke shi aiki, zuwa gidan da Prokofievs suka ƙaura a yankin Ukraine. 

A lokacin haihuwar Prokofiev, Maria—bayan ta rasa 'ya'ya mata biyu a baya—ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga kiɗa; a lokacin ƙuruciyar ɗanta, ta shafe watanni biyu a shekara a Moscow ko St Petersburg tana ɗaukar darussan piano.  Sergei Prokofiev ya sami kwarin gwiwa ta hanyar jin mahaifiyarsa tana yin piano da yamma, galibi ayyukan Chopin da Beethoven ne, kuma ya rubuta waƙar piano ta farko yana ɗan shekara biyar, "Gallop na Indiya", wanda mahaifiyarsa ta rubuta: yana cikin yanayin F Lydian (babban sikelin tare da digiri na 4), yayin da matashin Prokofiev ya ji "rashin son magance baƙaƙen waƙoƙi".  Yana da shekara bakwai, ya kuma koyi yin wasan dara . Vishnevetskiy (2009): pp. 15–16 Chess ya kasance abin sha'awa a gare shi, kuma ya saba da zakarun duniya José Raúl Capablanca, wanda ya doke su a wasan baje kolin a lokaci guda a 1914, da Mikhail Botvinnik, wanda ya buga wasanni da yawa tare a shekarun 1930.  [ n 5 ] Yana da shekaru tara, ya rubuta wasan opera na farko, The Giant, da kuma wani wasan kwaikwayo da sauran waƙoƙi daban-daban.  Opera ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin nau'in Prokofiev da ya fi son yin aiki a ciki. 

 Ilimi da ayyukan farko 
A shekara ta 1902, mahaifiyar Prokofiev ta haɗu da Sergei Taneyev, darektan Moscow Conservatory, wanda da farko ya ba da shawarar cewa Prokofiev ya fara darussa a piano da waƙa tare da Alexander Goldenweiser . [undefined] Ba tare da ya iya shirya hakan ba, [2] Taneyev ya shirya wa mawaƙi kuma mai buga piano Reinhold Glière ya yi bazara ta 1902 a Sontsovka yana koyar da Prokofiev. [2] Jerin darussan farko sun ƙare, bisa dagewar Prokofiev mai shekaru 11, inda mawakin da ya fara yin ƙoƙarinsa na farko na rubuta waƙoƙin symphony. [1] A lokacin bazara mai zuwa, Glière ya sake ziyartar Sontsovka don ya ba da ƙarin koyarwa. Lokacin da, shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Prokofiev ya rubuta game da darussansa tare da Glière, ya ba da yabo ga hanyar tausayi ta malaminsa amma ya yi korafin cewa Glière ya gabatar da shi ga tsarin jumlar "square" da gyare-gyare na al'ada, wanda daga baya dole ne ya daina koyo. [3] Duk da haka, tare da kayan aikin ka'idar da ake buƙata, Prokofiev ya fara gwaji da jituwa mara kyau da kuma sa hannun lokaci na musamman a cikin jerin gajerun waƙoƙin piano da ya kira "ƙa'idodi" (bayan abin da ake kira "siffar waƙa", mafi daidai, siffa ta ternary, wanda aka gina su a kai), yana kafa tushen salon waƙarsa.
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