Masquerade ceremony

Bikin yin ado da abin rufe fuska (ko kuma al'adar da aka rufe da abin rufe fuska, biki, jerin gwano ko rawa ) wani lamari ne na al'adu ko addini wanda ya shafi sanya abin rufe fuska . An ga wannan al'adar a cikin tarihi tun daga zamanin da har zuwa yau. Suna da jigogi daban-daban. Ma'anarsu na iya bambanta daga komai, ciki har da rayuwa, mutuwa, da haihuwa. A cikin addinin Dogon, imani na gargajiya na mutanen Dogon na Mali, akwai raye-rayen abin rufe fuska da yawa, gami da bikin Sigi .   Sigi ya shiga Littafin Tarihi na Guinness a matsayin "bikin addini mafi tsayi". 

Daga cikin wasu misalai akwai abubuwan da suka shafi ƙasashen waje kamar su Egungun maskerades, Eyo maskerades, Northern Edo maskerades, Omabe festival of Nsukka, Aktakpa festival of Obollo-Afor, Caribbean Carnival (wanda ake kira "Mas"), Jonkonnu, da Mardi Gras Indians .

 Tarihi 
Akwai shaidar abin rufe fuska da ke da alaƙa da al'adu tun zamanin Neolithic . Wasu daga cikin abubuwan rufe fuska na farko sun fito ne daga Kudancin Levantine waɗanda aka tsara tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na tara da takwas kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Waɗannan abubuwan rufe fuska suna cikin kayan tarihi daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da bukukuwan gargajiya. Abubuwan da aka samo sun haɗa da kwanyar da aka yi da ƙira, gypsum, beads na itace, yadi, dutse, kwando, ƙashi, ɗan adam, da siffofi na zoomorphic . Hotunan sun kuma haɗa da ƙananan abin rufe fuska na dutse waɗanda ke wakiltar abin rufe fuska, wanda aka yi da kayan halitta, wataƙila ya yi kama da su. Yawancin abin rufe fuska daga wannan zamanin an yi su ne da kayan da ba su da ƙarfi kamar itace, zare, yadi, da gashin fuka-fukai. Saboda haka, sun ɓace lokaci. Abubuwan rufe fuska da aka yi da kayan da suka daɗe ba su da yawa waɗanda galibi suna barin waɗannan abubuwa daban-daban. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun yarda da amfani da abin rufe fuska a cikin bukukuwan addini amma saboda ƙarancinsu, ba za su iya ƙara nazarin abin rufe fuska don kiyaye kiyaye su ba. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun kuma gano zane-zanen alamar kogo waɗanda ke nuna cranes masu ƙafafuwan ɗan adam amma sauran tsuntsayen daidai suke da yanayin halittarsu. Masana sun haɗa waɗannan zane-zanen da bukukuwan da aka rufe da abin rufe fuska na zamanin da.
A lokacin bauta a Amurka, Baƙar fata 'yantattu da bayi sun haɗa addinan Afirka da bukukuwan bukukuwa don ci gaba da yin al'adunsu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Noir . Dokar Noir a cikin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Faransa ta haramta duk wani addinan da ba na Katolika ba kuma ta buƙaci mutanen da ba su da 'yanci da bayi su koma Katolika. A matsayin wani aiki na juriya da kuma cin amanar bayi, 'yan Afirka sun haɗa al'adun ɓoye su da al'adun Turai.   Bruijn, Mirjam de; & Dijk, Rijk van, The Social Life of Connectivity in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan (2012), pp. 250, 264, . Retrieved March 3, 2020.

 Wasan kwaikwayo 
Aikin kwaikwayo na masquerade muhimmin ɓangare ne na al'ada, wasan kwaikwayo da bayar da labarai. An tsara ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo don bayyana asali, ruhi, ko na mai zane, sau da yawa suna haɗuwa da kamewa, alamu, da al'ada zuwa cikin kyakkyawan bayyanar gani. Bruijn, Mirjam de; & Dijk, Rijk van, The Social Life of Connectivity in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan (2012), pp. 250, 264, . Retrieved March 3, 2020. Masu rawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bukukuwan ruhaniya da na al'umma da yawa, tare da wasannin kwaikwayonsu da ke da alaƙa da matsayi na alama. A cikin al'adu da yawa, masu wasan kwaikwayo da aka rufe da abin rufe fuska suna wakiltar halittu masu tsarki, ruhohin yanayi, ko kakannin da aka girmama. Wasu suna ɗaukar aikin kwantar da hankalin ruhohi ta hanyar motsi, yayin da wasu ke nishadantar da jama'a a lokacin bukukuwa da tarukan jama'a. Adjaye, Joseph K., Time in the Black Experience (Issue 167 of Contributions in Afro-American and African studies, ), Greenwood Publishing Group (1994), p. 92, . Retrieved March 3, 2020.

A cikin bukukuwan ado na Yammacin Afirka, ana yin rawar rawa mai zurfi ta hanyar rarrabuwar jinsi, tare da rawa mai rufe fuska da maza ke yi bisa al'ada saboda mahimmancin ruhaniya, al'adu, da na al'ada. Waɗannan 'yan rawa maza galibi suna cikin ƙungiyoyin sirri kuma suna ɗauke da ruhohin kakanni, alloli, ko ƙarfin halitta ta hanyar motsin jiki mai ƙarfi, mai nuna alama. Mata masu rawa za su taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar waƙa, da kuma jagorantar salon bikin, musamman a cikin wahayi ko al'adun farawa. Bruijn, Mirjam de; & Dijk, Rijk van, The Social Life of Connectivity in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan (2012), pp. 250, 264, . Retrieved March 3, 2020.

 A cikin Addini 
Al'adu da addinai da yawa a tsawon tarihi sun yi amfani da abin rufe fuska a matsayin muhimmin abu a cikin bukukuwansu ko ayyukan ibadarsu. Dogon sun yi imanin cewa abin rufe fuska su ne haɗin kai daga wannan duniyar da kuma sama. Sun yi imanin cewa abin rufe fuska, ta hanyar rawa, suna haɗa su da allahntaka. A cikin addininsu, halittu masu rai kamar bishiyoyi, tsirrai, da halittu suna shagaltar da ruhohi. Ana girmama waɗannan ruhohin sosai kuma Dogon yana ba da hadayun jini don hana ramuwar gayya lokacin da aka yi amfani da waɗannan kayan don yin abin rufe fuska. Dogon yana da abin rufe fuska sama da 70 da ke wakiltar dabbobi da halittun tatsuniyoyi. 

Yarabawa wata ƙungiya ce ta Afirka daga kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Suna bikin Gélédé, wani bikin da aka yi da kayan ado don tunawa da muhimmancin mata. Ga Yarabawa, an yi nufin Gélédé ne don girmama kakanninsu, ruhohin duniya, da kuma allahiyarsu ta duniya. 

A al'adun Slavic, ana bikin Svyatki. Tsohon hutun arna ne wanda tushen Kiristanci ne inda ake amfani da abin rufe fuska don ɓoye asalin mai sawa. Svyatki kuma biki ne da aka yi niyya don bauta wa allahn rana da Budurwa Maryamu . Ya kasance abin da aka saba yi wa mahalarta wannan biki su yi "rigar Kirsimeti." Sanya kayan Kirsimeti ya ƙunshi sanya suttura, juya tufafi a ciki, ko sanya suttura kamar dodo ko dabba. Mahalarta za su ƙazantar da tufafinsu da datti, fenti, ko jini, a matsayin wakilcin muguntar duniya. Abubuwan rufe fuska da kayan ado sun yi aiki a matsayin alamar masu zunubi ko masu zunubi. Sannan za a yi musu baftisma, tsaftace kansu a cikin tafkuna za su wanke halayensu da aka nuna zunubai. Bruijn, Mirjam de; & Dijk, Rijk van, The Social Life of Connectivity in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan (2012), pp. 250, 264, . Retrieved March 3, 2020.

Waɗannan al'adu suna amfani da abin rufe fuska don ƙara haɗa kansu da al'adun kakanninsu kuma suna hidima ta alama a fannoni da yawa na addinansu.

 Abin rufe fuska 
Abubuwan rufe fuska da ake amfani da su a bukukuwan ado sun bambanta daga al'ada, biki, da kuma lokaci a tarihi. Wasu daga cikin tsofaffin abubuwan rufe fuska da aka samu a zamanin Neolithic sun tsufa fiye da ƙirƙirar rubutu .  Hotunan da aka gano sun fi shekaru dubu ashirin da biyar suna nuna mutane suna sanya abin rufe fuska na dabbobi amma, kamar sauran abubuwan rufe fuska na wannan zamanin, an yi imanin cewa waɗannan abubuwan rufe fuska an yi su ne da kayan da za a iya gyara su kuma ba za su iya jure gwajin lokaci ba.  Abubuwan rufe fuska na bukukuwa na yanzu sun haɗa da na ƙabilar Dogon. Abubuwan rufe fuska na Dogon an yi su ne da itace. Suna nuna barewa, mafarauta, jimina, ƙaho, wasu kuma suna ɗauke da "gicciye biyu" wanda ke wakiltar hannun allah. Bontadi, Jarno; Bernabei, Mauro (2016-03-01). "Inside the Dogon Masks: The Selection of Woods for Ritual Objects". IAWA Journal. 37 (1): 84–97. doi:10.1163/22941932-20160122. ISSN 0928-1541.

 Zamani 
A matsayin tsohuwar al'adar da ke ɓoye sirri, har yanzu ana iya ganinta a yau a kusan kowace al'ada. Boye asalin mutum a bayan abin rufe fuska ya wuce lokaci. A yau, ana bikin Ranar Matattu a Mexico . Biki ne na tunawa da waɗanda suka mutu da rai. Ana bikin tare da dangi na kusa, wanda ya haɗa da ƙawata kaburburansu da hotuna, furanni, da abubuwan ci kamar abinci, giya, da sigari. Bruijn, Mirjam de; & Dijk, Rijk van, The Social Life of Connectivity in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan (2012), pp. 250, 264, . Retrieved March 3, 2020. Mutane suna sanye da kayan kwalliya, kayan sawa, da abin rufe fuska na dabbobi da ake amfani da su don wakiltar matakai tara na duniyar ƙasa, wanda aka sani a Mexico da Mictlan . Adjaye, Joseph K., Time in the Black Experience (Issue 167 of Contributions in Afro-American and African studies, ), Greenwood Publishing Group (1994), p. 92, . Retrieved March 3, 2020. Kudancin Mexico, a Brazil, ana bikin Carnival a farkon Maris. Bikin Carnival yana ba wa mutanen Brazil damar bayyana kansu cikin 'yanci ta hanyar kowane irin kayan sawa, yana wakiltar komai daga burinsu zuwa mafarki. Bruijn, Mirjam de; & Dijk, Rijk van, The Social Life of Connectivity in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan (2012), pp. 250, 264, . Retrieved March 3, 2020. An lura da al'adun rufe fuska a New Orleans a cikin unguwannin Baƙar fata da 'Yan Indiyawan Mardi Gras (wanda kuma ake kira Baƙar fata Indiya masu rufe fuska) ke yi a lokacin bikin Carnival .  Adjaye, Joseph K., Time in the Black Experience (Issue 167 of Contributions in Afro-American and African studies, ), Greenwood Publishing Group (1994), p. 92, . Retrieved March 3, 2020. Bruijn, Mirjam de; & Dijk, Rijk van, The Social Life of Connectivity in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan (2012), pp. 250, 264, . Retrieved March 3, 2020. 

 Duba Haka 

 Abin rufe fuska
 Kwallon masquerade (rawar Turai)
 Maskarada (bikin Soule)
 Abin rufe fuska na gargajiya na Afirka 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba