Masallacin Juma'a na Ashtarjan

Masallacin Juma'a na Ashtarjan wanda kuma aka sani da Masallacin Jameh na Imanshahr da Masallacin Jameh na Oshtorjan, masallacin Juma'a ne na 'yan Shi'a (jāmeh), wanda ke Ashtarjan, Gundumar Falavarjan, a lardin Isfahan, Iran, yana da nisan kimanin  kudu maso yamma da birnin Esfahan .

An ƙara masallacin a cikin Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran a ranar 3 ga Maris 1937, wanda Hukumar Al'adu, Sana'o'i da Yawon Bude Ido ta Iran ta gudanar.

 Tarihi 
Wani mai kula da masallacin Ilkhanid daga Ashtarjan ne ya ba da umarnin, kuma an rubuta shi da rubuce-rubuce guda biyu daban-daban tun daga 1315–16, wannan masallacin ya tsira cikin kyakkyawan yanayi. Da alama an yi ginin cikin sauri, an aiwatar da shi a matakai cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Rubutun da ke cikin masallacin ya ambaci Ahmad ebn Banna da Haji Mohammad Kashi Tarash a matsayin masu ginin da ke kula da ginin masallacin. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka sa wannan masallacin ya rayu bayan fiye da ƙarni bakwai shine wayoyin ƙarfe da aka sanya a cikin bangon masallacin da ke haɗa shi. 

 Muhawara da kuma yanayin siyasa 
Rubuce-rubucen sun bayyana yanayin siyasa mai sarkakiya na zamanin Ilkhanid. Yayin da aka gina masallacin a ƙarƙashin mulkin Shi'a na Oljeitu (wanda aka tabbatar ta hanyar haɗa sunayen Imamai Goma Sha Biyu ), Fakhr al-Dunya wa'l-Din Muhammad b. Mahmud b. 'Ali al-Ushturjani ne ya ba da umarnin gina shi, wanda aka gano a matsayin mustawfi (akawun gwamnati) kuma munshi (sakatare), maimakon babban mai wa'azi . Lakabinsa da aka ƙawata, kamar "Sarkin Masu Wa'azi a Duniya," ya nuna canjin yanayin ikon siyasa a wannan lokacin. 

 Gine-gine 

 Waje 
Kofar shiga arewa ta masallacin tana da wani katafaren gida mai siffar stalactite wanda ke shimfida ƙofar baka mai kaifi. Yana da kayan ado na siffofi na mosaic mai haske da shuɗi mai duhu tare da terracotta mara gilashi, da kuma rubutun tushe da aka yi da tile mosaic thuluth . Akwai kuma bangarorin Kufic murabba'i da aka yi da terracotta da tayal mai gilashi. An ƙawata minarets guda biyu da ke gefen ƙofar da madauri na rubutun <i id="mwUA">banna'i</i> a cikin tayal mai gilashi. Tashar gabas tana da tsari mafi sauƙi fiye da ƙofar arewa. Tana da bangarorin stucco tare da rubutu mai launin fure. 

 Ciki 
Cikin masallacin yana da fili a buɗe wanda aka kewaye shi da ɗakunan addu'a a ɓangarori uku. An yi wa bangon ado da haɗin tubalin laka mai sauƙi da filastar ado, wanda ke ɗauke da zane-zanen da aka yanke. Ɗakin kumbon yana da ƙusoshi masu ƙyalli waɗanda suka koma ganga mai gefe 16. Tagogi masu kusurwa huɗu suna nuna kumbon. Akwai wasu abubuwa na ado, kamar hakarkarin terracotta da filastar da aka fenti, waɗanda ke ƙara kyawun gani, da kuma zane mai haske na polychrome a cikin fari, ja, shuɗi, da kore. Mihrab yana kewaye da ginshiƙan baka masu kaifi tare da madaurin filastar mai rikitarwa. An gyara ɗakunan addu'o'i, waɗanda ke a ɓangarorin uku na farfajiyar kwanan nan. Ana amfani da filastar sosai don ƙirar haɗin ƙarya, ƙirar fure, da fenti mai haske na polychrome, yayin da terracotta da tayal masu gilashi suna ƙara wa ciki kyau da madauri, ƙirar geometric, da rubutu. Ana yin madaurin rubutu a cikin rubutun naskh da Kufic sau da yawa a launuka masu bambanci kamar shuɗi da fari. Cikin masallacin na iya nuna ƙwarewar masu sana'arsa, ciki har da "Ahmad ibn Muhammad" (mai gini) da "Hajji Muhammad" (mai yanke tayal), wanda ke nuna gadon fasahar Iran ta musamman. Sunayensu suna kan ƙofar waje ta arewa, kodayake mai yanke tayal yana nufin aikin tayal ne kawai, wanda kusan babu komai a ciki. 

 Bayani dalla-dalla 
Masallacin yana da fadin , kuma tana da ƙofofi biyu na arewa da kudu. Ƙofar arewa tana da tsayin mita 13 kuma an kewaye ta da ragowar minarets biyu na tubali waɗanda aka yi wa ado da tayal mai launin turquoise. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na waɗannan minarets ne kawai suka tsira; an gina su ta yadda yin amfani da minaret ɗaya zai haifar da juyawar ɗayan minaret. Ƙofar kudu ta masallacin tana da  tsayi kuma an yi masa ado da fenti mai launi.  

Kayan ado yana da matuƙar muhimmanci fiye da tsarin farko. Bambancin zane-zane, kayan aiki, da haɗin kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kayan ado suna wakiltar tarin dabarun ado daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Ana samun tubalin da aka fallasa ne kawai a cikin arcades, kodayake wataƙila wannan yanki yana da rufin filastik kamar yadda ake amfani da shi sosai a sauran tsarin. An sassaka filastar a cikin nau'ikan ƙira daban-daban, gami da tsarin geometric; launukan fure a cikin babban sassauci; haɗin tubali mai kwaikwayon, da toshe ƙarshen tubali - a wasu wurare da aka tsara don saita rubutun kufic mai kusurwa huɗu. A kan bangon da kumbin wurin ibada, alamun sun nuna cewa an zana filastar a cikin launuka masu haske. Babban stucco mihrab yana bayyana wani yanki na musamman, yana kaiwa ga yankin canji. A cikin cikin kumbin, abubuwan terracotta na ado suna samar da haƙarƙari takwas na radial; nau'ikan filastar fenti daban-daban suna cika hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa. An yi wa ƙofar shiga ta arewa ado mai kyau da mosaic faience, glazed da terracotta mara gilashi.   

 Minarets 
An rage tsawon minarets zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsayinsu na asali a tsawon lokaci. Duk da haka, sassan da suka rage sun ci gaba da zama  ƙofar gida, wanda ke misalta ƙwarewar gine-gine na salon Ilkhanid. 

 Rubuce-rubuce 
Masallacin Ashtarjān yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na rubuce-rubucen da ba a zata ba saboda girmansa da wurin da yake. Miles ya gano rubuce-rubuce ko rubuce-rubucen tarihi guda 47, gami da rubuce-rubucen gini guda shida waɗanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ginin masallacin da kuma wanda ya yi masa hidima, sassa ashirin da bakwai na Alƙur'ani da aka zaɓa saboda mahimmancin addininsu da halayen adonsu, jimloli goma sha uku na ibada, albarkoki, ko fitar da maniyyi na ibada waɗanda ke bayyana imani da addu'o'in Musulunci, da kuma rubuce-rubucen baƙi guda biyu, ɗaya ya fara daga 1333 da kuma wani rubutu daga baya daga 1476 wanda ke nuna babban gyaran masallacin. Wannan yawan rubuce-rubucen yana ba da damar fahimtar masallacin da tarihinsa da fannoni daban-daban.Miles, George C. (1974). "The Inscriptions of the Masjid-i Jami' at Ashtarjan". Iran. 12: 89–98. doi:10.2307/4300505. JSTOR 4300505.

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman bayanai daga rubuce-rubucen shine asalin mai kula da masallacin, Fakhr al-Dunya wa'l-Din Muhammad b. Mahmud b. 'Ali al-Ushturjani. An gano shi a matsayin mutumin da ya "ba da umarnin gina wannan masallaci mai albarka." Duk da cewa lakabinsa, al-sahib al-azam da malik al-wuzara' fi'l-'alam ("babban ubangiji, sarkin masu wa'azi a duniya"), sun nuna wani babban jami'i, Miles ya nuna cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba a 715/1315, shekarar da aka gina masallacin. Miles, George C. (1974). "The Inscriptions of the Masjid-i Jami' at Ashtarjan". Iran. 12: 89–98. doi:10.2307/4300505. JSTOR 4300505.

Ta hanyar nazarin kwatancen rubuce-rubuce na zamani, taken vizier ya zama ruwan dare a zamanin Ilkhanid kuma ba a keɓe shi ga manyan jami'ai kawai ba. Mai kula da masallacin, Muhammad b. Mahmud b. 'Ali al-Ushturjani, an san shi a matsayin mustawfi da munshi maimakon vizier. Wannan gano ya haskaka yadda ake amfani da lakabi mai yawa a wannan zamanin, yana nuna yadda shaidun tarihi za su iya ƙalubalantar zato bisa ga lakabi kawai.Miles, George C. (1974). "The Inscriptions of the Masjid-i Jami' at Ashtarjan". Iran. 12: 89–98. doi:10.2307/4300505. JSTOR 4300505.

Rubuce-rubucen kuma suna ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da gina masallacin. Sun rubuta sunayen manyan maƙeran da abin ya shafa, ciki har da Mason Ahmad b. Muhammad, wanda aka fi sani da haddad (maƙerin ko mai aikin ƙarfe), da Hjajji Muhammad, mai yanke tayal daga Tabriz . Waɗannan sunaye suna nuna haɗin gwiwar ginin masallaci kuma suna jaddada gudummawar ƙwararrun maƙeran fasaha. Duk da cewa rubuce-rubucen ginin suna ba da bayanai na asali, Miles ya nuna cewa cikakken bincike na duk rubuce-rubucen yana nuna fahimtar tarihi da manufar masallacin. Misali, maimaita kiran sunayen Muhammad da Imamai Goma Sha Biyu a cikin rubutun Kufic yana nuna halayen Shi'a na masallacin kuma yana danganta gininsa da faffadan mahallin da jihar Ilkhanid ta rungumi Shi'a a hukumance a ƙarƙashin Oljeitu . Rubutun da ke ɗauke da gyaran masallacin a shekara ta 881/1476 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Pir Kamal al-D[in] Isma'il, ɗan Zahir al-Din Ibrahim, ya ba da ɗan haske game da muhimmancin masallacin a ƙarni na gaba. Wannan rubutu, wanda aka yi wa umarni a lokacin mulkin sarkin Aq Qoyunlu Uzun Hasan, ya kuma nuna yadda ake dawwama wajen kula da masallaci da gyaransa.Miles, George C. (1974). "The Inscriptions of the Masjid-i Jami' at Ashtarjan". Iran. 12: 89–98. doi:10.2307/4300505. JSTOR 4300505.

 Manazarta 

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