Margaret S. Collins

Margaret James Strickland Collins (Satumba 4, 1922  name="Lewis 2016"> – Afrilu 27, 1996) ƙwararriyar 'yar Afirka-Amurka ce, ƙwararriyar masaniyar ƙwayoyin cuta ( masanin dabbobi ) ƙwararriya a nazarin tururuwa, kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a. An yi wa Collins laƙabi da "Uwar Tururuwa" saboda zurfin bincikenta kan tururuwa.  name="Lewis 2016"  Tare da David Nickle, Collins ta gano wani sabon nau'in tururuwa mai suna Neotermes luykxi . Lokacin da Collins ta sami digirin digirgir na PhD, ta zama mace 'yar Afirka-Amurka ta farko da ta zama ƙwararriyar masaniyar ƙwayoyin cuta kuma mace 'yar Afirka-Amurka ta uku da ta zama ƙwararriyar masaniyar dabbobin . 

 Takaitaccen bayani game da rayuwa 
An haifi Margaret S. Collins a shekarar 1922 a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta West Virginia . Ta fara jami'a tana da shekaru goma sha huɗu kuma ta kammala karatun digirin farko a fannin ilmin halittu daga Jami'ar Jihar West Virginia a shekarar 1943.  Jami'ar Chicago ta ba ta digirin digirgir na Falsafa a shekarar 1950, inda ta zama mace bakar fata ta uku a ƙasar.  Malaminta Alfred E. Emerson .  name=":0"  Rubutunta na digiri shine Bambancin jure bushewa tsakanin nau'ikan tururuwa (Reticulitermes),  tare da wani labarin da ya dogara da wannan aikin a fannin Ilimin Halittu, mujallar Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halittu ta Amurka.  name="Strickland - Ecology 1950">

Collins ta koyar a Jami'ar Florida A&amp;M da kuma Jami'ar Howard . Ta ɗauki kanta a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyya a fannin noma,  kuma ta yi aiki mai zurfi a fannin noma a Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka, ta ƙware a kan kwari na Guyana da Florida. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970 zuwa 1996, Collins abokiyar bincike ce a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Smithsonian, Sashen Nazarin Halittu .  name=":1"> Babban fannin nazarinta shine tururuwa na Caribbean .  name=":1"   Binciken rayuwarta game da tururuwa ya haɗa da: juyin halittar juriyar bushewa a cikin tururuwa; juriyar nau'ikan tururuwa daban-daban ga yanayin zafi mai yawa; halayen kariya a cikin tururuwa na Kudancin Amurka, gami da kariyar sinadarai; ilimin halittu na tururuwa; yawan nau'ikan tururuwa a cikin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi; da ilimin halittu na ɗabi'a, tsarin halitta, da ilimin halittu.  name=":2" 

Ta kuma kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, inda aka yi mata barazanar bam saboda shirin yin jawabi a jami'a kan ilmin halitta da daidaito, kuma 'yan sanda da FBI sun biyo ta lokacin da take direban sa kai a lokacin da ta kauracewa bas.  Fafutukarta ta takaita aikinta na kimiyya na ɗan lokaci: ta kasance tana buga takarda ɗaya ko biyu a shekara, amma ba ta da wani wallafe-wallafe tsakanin 1952 da 1957.  name=":2"  Ta jagoranci wani taron karawa juna sani na AAAS a shekarar 1979 a Houston, wanda daga baya aka buga a matsayin Kimiyya da Tambayar Daidaito ga Dan Adam . 

Collins har yanzu tana yin bincike lokacin da ta mutu tana da shekaru 73 a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1996, a Tsibirin Cayman.   Ta mutu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya, kuma, kamar yadda ta yi fatan yi, yayin da take kan tafiya a filin wasa.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Margaret S. Collins a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1922, a Cibiyar, West Virginia . Collins ita ce ɗa na huɗu ga Rollins James da Luella Bolling James.  name="Lewis 2016">Lewis, Vernard R. (June 2016). "Child Prodigy, Pioneer Scientist, and Women and Civil Rights Advocate: Dr. Margaret James Strickland Collins (1922–1996)". Florida Entomologist. 99 (2): 334–336. doi:10.1653/024.099.0235. An bayyana Cibiyar a matsayin gari baƙar fata da kuma garin kwaleji. Sakamakon haka, akwai mutane da yawa masu ilimi a Cibiyar, West Virginia.  Mahaifin Collins, Rollins James, ya sami digirinsa na farko daga Jami'ar Jihar West Virginia da kuma digirinsa na biyu daga Cibiyar Tuskegee, jami'o'in Baƙar fata na tarihi.  Da waɗannan digirin, James ya yi aiki tare da George Washington Carver na ɗan lokaci.  Daga nan James ya koyar da Aikin Noma na Ƙwararru a Jihar West Virginia, ya gudanar da shirin kiwon kaji a Jihar West Virginia, ya koyar a makarantar sakandare ta dakin gwaje-gwaje ta Jihar West Virginia, kuma wakiliyar gundumar ce ta UDSA .  Mahaifiyar Collins, Luella James, tana son zama ƙwararren masanin ilmin kayan tarihi amma karatunta a Jihar West Virginia ya yi ƙasa saboda jinsi; daga baya ta daina kwaleji. 

Tun tana ƙarama Collins tana sha'awar ilimin dabbobi. Lewis, Vernard R. (June 2016). "Child Prodigy, Pioneer Scientist, and Women and Civil Rights Advocate: Dr. Margaret James Strickland Collins (1922–1996)". Florida Entomologist. 99 (2): 334–336. doi:10.1653/024.099.0235. Ta hanyar wahayi daga littattafan masanin halitta Ernest Thompson Seton, Two Little Savages da Rolf in the Woods, Collins za ta bincika dazuzzuka da rumbun adanawa kusa da gidanta na yarinta domin tattara kwari.  Lokacin da Collins ke da shekaru 6 kacal, an san ta a matsayin yarinya mai hazaka; sakamakon wannan nasarar, an ba ta damar samun tarin littattafai a ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Jihar West Virginia.  Kwarewar Collins mai ban sha'awa da kuma ƙwarewar karatu a matakin jami'a ya ba ta damar tsallake aji biyu ta kammala karatun sakandare da wuri. "SIA Acc. 01-038, National Museum of Natural History (U.S.) Dept. of Entomology, Curatorial Records, 1959-1996". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved February 24, 2015. A lokacin da take da shekaru 14, Collins ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dakin Gwaji ta Jami'ar Jihar West Virginia. 

 Ilimi 
Bayan kammala karatunta da wuri daga Makarantar Dakin Gwaji ta Kwalejin Jihar West Virginia, Collins ta ci gaba da karatunta har sai da ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin dabbobi a shekarar 1950.  A shekarar 1936, Collins ta fara shekararta ta farko a Jami'ar Jihar West Virginia, wata jami'a ta Bakar fata a tarihi, a kan tallafin karatu na ilimi. "SIA Acc. 01-038, National Museum of Natural History (U.S.) Dept. of Entomology, Curatorial Records, 1959-1996". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved February 24, 2015. Collins ta fuskanci matsaloli da yawa a matsayinta na dalibar digiri a Jami'ar Jihar West Virginia saboda jinsinta.  Ta sha wahala wajen neman mai ba da shawara a fannin ilmin halittu, wanda fannin da maza suka fi rinjaye.  Daga ƙarshe Collins ta sami jagoranci daga Toye Davis da Frederick Lehner, waɗanda dukkansu farfesoshi ne a Jami'ar Jihar West Virginia.  Tare Davis da Lehner suka taimaka wajen samun damar Collins a fannin ilmin halittu.  A shekarar 1943, Collins ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin halittu tare da ƙananan digiri a fannin Physics da Jamusanci. Daga baya a shekarar 1943, Collins ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Chicago inda ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin dabbobi.  Alfred E. Emerson, ƙwararre kan tururuwa, ya ba Collins shawara a Jami'ar Chicago.  Emerson ya taimaka wa Collins a karatunta kuma ya kare ta daga wariyar launin fata, amma bai bar ta ta yi aikin filin ba saboda yana ganin mata suna da ban haushi a lokacin balaguron kimiyya.  Emerson ya taimaka wa Collins wajen haɓaka da kuma kammala rubutunta, Differences in Toleration of Drying among the Species of Termites (Reticulitermes) .  Rubutun Collins yana da kyau a fannin entomology kuma ana ambatonsa sau da yawa. Lewis, Vernard R. (June 2016). "Child Prodigy, Pioneer Scientist, and Women and Civil Rights Advocate: Dr. Margaret James Strickland Collins (1922–1996)". Florida Entomologist. 99 (2): 334–336. doi:10.1653/024.099.0235. Collins ta kuma rubuta wani kasida bisa ga rubutunta a fannin Ecology, mujallar Ecological Society of America . Lokacin da Collins ta sami digirin digirgir, ta zama likitan dabbobi na Baƙar fata na uku kuma ƙwararren likitan dabbobi na Baƙar fata na farko. Strickland, Margaret (July 1950). "Differences in Toleration of Drying between Species of Termites (Reticulitermes)". Ecology. 31 (3): 373–385. Bibcode:1950Ecol...31..373S. doi:10.2307/1931492. JSTOR 1931492.

 Aiki da kuma fafutukar kare daidaiton launin fata 
An yi aiki da Collins a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Howard da ke Washington, Gundumar Columbia yayin da mijinta na farko, Bernard Strickland, ya halarci Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Howard. "SIA Acc. 01-038, National Museum of Natural History (U.S.) Dept. of Entomology, Curatorial Records, 1959-1996". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved February 24, 2015. Daga baya Collins ta saki Strickland ta bar Jami'ar Howard saboda ba ta kula da malamai mata da maza daidai gwargwado.  Ta fara aiki a Jami'ar Florida A&amp;M kuma yayin da take can ta auri mijinta na biyu Herbert L. Collins. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu. An nada Collins farfesa na cikakken lokaci a Florida A&M, ta zama shugabar sashen ilmin halittu a 1953. Sau da yawa tana zuwa wurin shakatawa na Everglades National Park tare da iyalinta.  A lokacin da take Florida, an gayyaci Collins zuwa laccar baƙi a wata jami'a ta gida wacce galibin fararen fata ne kan ilimin halittu da daidaito. An soke laccar saboda barazanar bam. 

Collins ta kuma yi aikin sa kai wajen tuƙa mutane zuwa aiki a lokacin da Majalisar Ɗaliban Florida A&M ta kauracewa bas. 'Yan sanda da FBI sun sa ido sosai kan Collins saboda ayyukanta na yaƙi da rashin daidaiton launin fata. Yaƙin neman daidaito na Collins ya takaita aikinta na kimiyya daga 1952 zuwa 1957 kuma ba ta buga wata takarda a wannan lokacin ba.

Collins ta nemi tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa don yin karatu a Jami'ar Minnesota na tsawon shekara guda.  Daga 1961 zuwa 1962, Collins ta kasance mai bincike a Tashar Gwajin Noma ta Minnesota da ke St. Paul inda ta yi nazarin tururuwa na Arewacin Amurka. 

A shekarar 1964, Collins ta koma Washington, DC, ta kuma koma Jami'ar Howard a matsayin farfesa na cikakken lokaci. "SIA Acc. 01-038, National Museum of Natural History (U.S.) Dept. of Entomology, Curatorial Records, 1959-1996". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved February 24, 2015. Collins ta kuma yi aiki a Kwalejin Birnin Tarayya (wanda yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Gundumar Columbia ) na tsawon shekaru goma.  Bugu da ƙari, Collins ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar Entomological Society of Washington a lokacin da take Washington, DC, kuma abokiyar bincike a Cibiyar Smithsonian . 

A shekarar 1968, tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Smithsonian da Makarantar Digiri ta Jami'ar Howard, Collins ta jagoranci wani balaguro zuwa Mexico. A shekarar 1972 ta yi tafiyar bincike zuwa Hamadar Sonoran da ke Arizona wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Hamada ta Amurka da Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa suka tallafa mata. A wannan shekarar, an gayyaci Collins zuwa Lakca ta Clark a Kwalejin Scripps ; Collins ta yi lakca game da bincikenta da gogewarta.

Yayin da take cikin binciken filin a Guyana, Collins ta sake buɗe Tashar Bincike ta Alfred Emerson a shekarar 1979. Lewis, Vernard R. (June 2016). "Child Prodigy, Pioneer Scientist, and Women and Civil Rights Advocate: Dr. Margaret James Strickland Collins (1922–1996)". Florida Entomologist. 99 (2): 334–336. doi:10.1653/024.099.0235. Haka kuma, a shekarar 1979, Collins ta shirya wani taron karawa juna sani ga Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka .  Taron ya mayar da hankali kan Kimiyya da Tambayar Daidaito ga Dan Adam.  Bayan taron karawa juna sani ta buga wani littafi mai taken da aka mayar da hankali kan taron karawa juna sani, Kimiyya da Tambayar Daidaito ga Dan Adam. Shekarar 1979 ta kasance shekara mai cike da aiki ga Collins domin ta kuma fara bincike kan tsarin kariya na tururuwa tare da Glenn D. Prestwich. 

Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970 zuwa 1996, Collins ta yi bincike kan tururuwa a yankin Caribbean ta hanyar Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Smithsonian, Sashen Nazarin Halittu, musamman tururuwa na Guyana . "SIA Acc. 01-038, National Museum of Natural History (U.S.) Dept. of Entomology, Curatorial Records, 1959-1996". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved February 24, 2015. A lokacin waɗannan balaguron, Collins ta sanar da sojojin Guyana hanyoyin ginawa waɗanda za su guji lalacewar tururuwa  da kuma yadda ake amfani da fitar da tururuwa don ƙarfafa kayan gini.  Collins ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga tarin tururuwa na Smithsonian. An tsara kayan da ta tattara a matsayin Collins Collins Collins a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Tarihi. 

 Bincike da bincike 
Collins ta ga kanta a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyya a fannin noma kuma ta yi aiki mai zurfi a fannin noma a Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka, ta ƙware a kan kwari na Guyana da Florida . Tare da abokin aikinta David Nickle, Collins ta gano wani sabon nau'in tururuwa mai suna Neotermes luykxi, ko kuma tururuwa mai danshi na Florida, a shekarar 1989.  Wannan nau'in tururuwa asalinsa ya fito ne daga Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, da Tsibirin Virgin .  A Florida, waɗannan tururuwa galibi suna yaɗuwa daga gabashin gundumar Broward zuwa Key Largo .  Collins ta yi bincike kan juyin halittar juriyar bushewa a cikin tururuwa, jure wa yanayin zafi mai yawa, da yawan nau'ikan tururuwa a cikin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi da ke damun su. Ta kuma yi bincike kan halayen kariya a cikin tururuwa na Kudancin Amurka, kare sinadarai na tururuwa, ilimin halittu na tururuwa, ilimin halittu na ɗabi'a, tsarin halitta, da kuma ilimin halittu.

 Shekarun da suka biyo baya 
Duk da cewa tana da matsalolin lafiya a shekarun 1980 da 1990, Collins ta ƙara yawan aikinta a fagen, inda ta yi tafiye-tafiye daban-daban zuwa Caribbean. "SIA Acc. 01-038, National Museum of Natural History (U.S.) Dept. of Entomology, Curatorial Records, 1959-1996". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved February 24, 2015. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1996, Collins ta mutu tana da shekaru 73  a Southern Cross Club da ke Little Cayman, Tsibirin Cayman a wani balaguro saboda matsalar bugun zuciya .  .

 Zaɓaɓɓun ayyukan da aka buga 

 Collins, MS, Wainer, IW, & Bremner, TA (1981). Kimiyya da Tambayar Daidaito ga Dan Adam . Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.  
 Alaƙar ruwa a cikin tururuwa. Babi a cikin Krishna K, Weesner F (ed). Ilimin Halittar Tururuwa (1969). 
 Collins, MS "Jami'ar AAAS ta Jensen." Kimiyya, vol. 196, no. 4292, 1977, shafi na 1. 832–832. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba