Mata a cikin ƙungiyar wallafa

Matan da ke cikin ƙungiyar wallafe-wallafe ( WIP ) wani ƙoƙari ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka yi don kafa hanyoyin sadarwa na madadin da mata suka ƙirƙira da kuma waɗanda mata suka ƙirƙira. Ƙungiyar ta ƙarfafa mata su rubuta da buga ayyukansu a cikin mujallu na mata waɗanda mata suka gyara, suka buga ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na mata, sannan aka rarraba su ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun da shagunan sayar da littattafai na mata . WIP ta fito a cikin shekarun 1960 daga ƙungiyar 'yancin mata, wani reshe na ra'ayin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ke ɗaukar tsarin ubangida a matsayin batu na tsari mai tsari wanda ba za a iya gyara shi ba. Yawancin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suma 'yan ra'ayin mata ne masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma 'yan madigo waɗanda suka yi amfani da ƙungiyar WIP don ƙirƙirar tattalin arziki da al'adu masu mayar da hankali kan mata.Travis, "The Women in Print Movement," pp. 276-280.

Ƙungiyar ta kasance mai raba kan jama'a kuma tana da bambancin ra'ayi, inda ɗaruruwan jaridu da jaridu na mata ke aiki a matakin gida da na yanki.   Tsakanin 1968 da 1973, an kafa mujallu sama da 560 na mata.  Duk da cewa yawancin ilimin Ingilishi ya mayar da hankali kan WIP a Amurka da Burtaniya, akwai kuma mujallu na mata da jaridun mata a Ostiraliya, Faransa, Kanada, Afirka ta Kudu, Jamus, Netherlands, Ireland, New Zealand, da Indiya.Huisman and van Vught, "Women in Print."Luker, "Women into Print."Murray, Mixed Media, p. 5.

Matan littattafai na WIP sun yi amfani da wallafe-wallafensu don wayar da kan jama'a, dawo da su da sake buga rubuce-rubucen mata na baya, bayyana kansu, ilimi, da kuma daidaita motsi. Ma'aikatan buga littattafai na mata sun samar da hanyar samun damar rubuce-rubucen mata ba tare da takunkumi da kuma kula da masu buga littattafai na gargajiya ba. Ma'aikatan buga littattafai na WIP da firintoci sun kuma ba wa mata ƙwarewa ta aiki da ta ƙwararru a rubutu, gyara, daidaita rubutu, da ɗaurewa. Littattafan sayar littattafai na mata wurare ne inda masu sha'awar mata za su iya haɗuwa, su ɗauki nauyin tarurruka, su nemo wallafe-wallafen da ke da wahala ko ba za a iya samu a manyan shagunan sayar littattafai ba. Yawancin mujallu na WIP, ma'aikatan buga littattafai, da shagunan sayar littattafai suna aiki a matsayin ƙungiyoyi marasa tsari waɗanda suka dogara da aikin son rai da na sa kai. 

Yawancin jaridu da mujallu na WIP ba su daɗe ba saboda dalilai da yawa, musamman ƙalubalen ci gaba da harkokin kasuwanci masu adawa da jari-hujja waɗanda ke buƙatar albarkatu masu yawa kamar kayan aiki, kayayyaki, da aiki. Duk da haka, WIP ta yi tasiri a cikin ƙungiyar 'yancin mata da fahimtar jama'a game da mata, tsarin ubangida, da kuma tsarin mata.  Malamar adabi da sadarwa Simone Murray ta kira "shiga cikin al'adun kafofin watsa labarai na mata" "mafi girman ci gaba a ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin na buga littattafai."  Mawallafa da suka tsira zuwa ƙarni na 21 sun haɗa da Feminist Press, Virago Press, da Naiad Press . Mujallun WIP da ke akwai sun haɗa da <i id="mwTw">Sinister Wisdom</i> da 13th Moon .

 Magabatan da suka gabace su 
alt=Black and white photograph of Louisa Lawson, a white Australian woman in dark clothing.|thumb|Louisa Lawson ta kafa jaridar The Dawn, wata mujallar mata mai suna The Faith Journal, wadda ta ƙunshi dukkan mata masu gyara da firintoci.
Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na farko sun yi amfani da kalmar da aka rubuta don shirya ayyukan 'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma rinjayar ra'ayin jama'a game da haƙƙin mata a ƙarni na 19 da 20. A shekara ta 1888, Louisa Lawson, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Australiya, ta kafa jaridar <i id="mwXQ">The Dawn</i>, wacce ta ƙunshi dukkan editocin mata da firintocin bugawa.Luker, "Women into Print," p. 125. 

Wata magabaciyar WIP ita ce <i id="mwZA">Vice Versa</i>, wata mujallar 'yan madigo da Lisa Ben ta kafa a shekarar 1947. A lokacin, dokokin batsa sun hana a buga da kuma yaɗa abubuwan da ke cikinta na 'yan luwaɗi da madigo, don haka Ben ta yi amfani da na'urar buga rubutu a ofishinta a RKO Studios don tsarawa, gyarawa, da kuma buga Vice Versa . Yawanci tana yin kwafi goma na kowace fitowa, tana ba wa abokai, kuma tana roƙonsu su ba wa sauran 'yan madigo a cikin da'irarsu mujallar. Ben ya yi tsammanin ƙungiyar WIP za ta mayar da hankali kan ayyukan sa kai, da satar kayan ofis, da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na yaɗa labarai na yau da kullun. 

Mujallar <i id="mwbw">The Ladder</i> mujallar 'yan madigo ce da ' Yan Matan Bilitis suka buga kuma ita ce ta farko a cikin ƙungiyar WIP. Ta kasance mai son raba kan jama'a maimakon raba kan jama'a, amma sharhin littafin Barbara Grier na ' yan madigo a cikin The Ladder ya ƙirƙiri wata hanya ta tattaunawa da raba littattafan 'yan madigo, gami da labaran baƙaƙe waɗanda aka yi wa kallon "shara." Daga baya Grier ya zama editan The Ladder a cikin yanayi mai sarkakiya, ya raba ta da 'Yan Matan Bilitis, kuma ya kafa Naiad Press .

 Dalilai 
Masu rajin kare hakkin mata sun yi suka ga manyan kafofin watsa labarai da kuma wasu kafofin watsa labarai na New Left, wadanda ba kasafai suke buga rubuce-rubucen mata ba, suna mayar da ma'aikatan mata zuwa matsayin masu buga rubutu, sannan kuma suna buga labaran nuna wariyar jinsi wadanda suka yi watsi da yunkurin 'yancin mata da ke tasowa. A farkon shekarun 1970, mata sun dauki nauyin wasu wallafe-wallafe da dama, ciki har da <i id="mwfg">Los Angeles Free Press</i>, <i id="mwgA">Great Speckled Bird</i>, da kuma <i id="mwgg">Rat</i> . Karuwar kamfanoni da kuma mallakar manyan jaridu ya shafi masu rajin kare hakkin mata wadanda ke son rubuce-rubucensu su yadu a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu 'yanci da masu zaman kansu.  Masu rajin kare hakkin mata sun yi imanin cewa bugawa wani aiki ne na siyasa kuma "mata, da suka fahimci wannan gaskiyar, dole ne su shiga tsakani a cikin ayyukan samar da adabi don tabbatar da cewa muryoyin mata suna bayyana a fili." 

Mata sun fuskanci takunkumin hana fita yayin da suke ƙoƙarin a buga ko a buga rubuce-rubucensu a sirri. A shekarar 1971, ƙungiyar Ain't I a Woman? a birnin Iowa ba su sami wata firintar kasuwanci da ke son buga bayanai game da lafiyar mata ba, gami da hotunan koyarwa da ke nuna binciken kansu a mahaifa. Wannan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Jaridar Mata ta Iowa City a shekarar 1972.  Akwai ƙaruwar buƙatar albarkatun da za a iya samu game da lafiyar mata, musamman bayan gabatar da maganin hana haihuwa a Amurka a shekarar 1960. Bayanai game da maganin ya kasance kaɗan kuma ana iya hana su daga mata marasa aure, saboda Griswold v. Connecticut ya kafa haƙƙin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa ba tare da tsangwama daga gwamnati ba ga ma'auratan aure. Haƙƙin mutanen da ba su yi aure ba na mallakar maganin hana haihuwa an kafa su ne kawai a shekarar 1972 tare da Eisenstadt v. Baird . 

Masu buga littattafai na gargajiya da masu buga littattafai na kasuwanci da yawa sun ƙi buga littattafai na 'yan madigo. Bayan Yuni Arnold bai sami mai buga littattafai don littafinta mai suna The Cook and the Carpenter ba, ta kafa Daughters, Inc. kuma ta buga shi da kanta.   Rikicin akida saboda rarrabuwar 'yan luwadi/kai tsaye a cikin ra'ayin mata shi ma ya rinjayi ƙirƙirar wallafe-wallafen 'yan madigo da yawa. Misali, Marilyn Webb ta kafa <i id="mwqA">Off Our Backs</i> a shekarar 1969 bayan an "tsarke ta" daga DC Women's Liberation saboda kasancewarta 'yar madigo. An kuma kafa Furies Collective da jaridarta ta hanyar 'yan madigo waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin kafa haɗin gwiwa da masu ra'ayin mata kai tsaye. 

Karuwar shaharar buga takardu da kuma araha na na'urorin daukar hoto suma manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da ci gaban da yaduwar WIP ne. Na'urorin daukar hoto suna ba wa mata damar buga takardu da yawa ba tare da lokaci mai yawa, aiki, ko ƙwarewar fasaha ba.  Matan mata 'yan Australiya kuma wanda ya kafa Pandora Press, Dale Spender, ya yi imanin cewa mata ana ba su damar yin tasiri sosai a cikin bugawa tun daga shekarun 1970 saboda wannan ya zo daidai da karuwar fasahar kwamfuta. Alaƙar al'adun bugawa da mata ya haifar da ghetto na buga littattafai masu launin ruwan hoda . 

 Asalin 
Kathryn Thoms Flannery ta gano shekarar 1968 a matsayin shekarar da ta fi kowacce a duniya a fannin wallafa littattafai daban-daban na mata. Mujallun WIP da aka kafa a shekarar 1968 sun haɗa da Lilith, <i id="mwxw">Babu Nishaɗi da Wasanni</i>, Muryar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata, da Bayanan kula daga Shekarar Farko . 

Matan littattafai na WIP sun sami tasiri daga ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da na al'adu na zamani, ciki har da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a, Sabuwar Hagu, da ƙungiyoyin dimokuraɗiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar Students for a Democratic Society da kuma Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee . Mayar da hankali kan WIP kan son rai, kayan ado na DIY da kuma haɗin kai suma sun samo asali ne daga tunanin rashin da'a .   

Wani muhimmin taron da aka yi a cikin wannan motsi shi ne taron farko na Mata a Bugawa, wanda ya gudana a Omaha, Nebraska a watan Agusta na 1976. Mata masu gyara, firintoci, masu buga littattafai, da masu sayar da littattafai 132 sun halarci taron, wanda ya wakilci ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi 80. June Arnold na Daughters, Inc., Coletta Reid na Diana Press, da Charlotte Bunch of <i id="mw6g">Quest: A Feminist Quarterly</i> ne suka shirya taron. Reid da Bunch tsoffin membobin Furies Collective ne. Taron ya kasance na raba gari tun daga farko, tare da halartar ƙungiyoyin WIP waɗanda ba su da maza suna aiki a kowane ɓangare na ayyukansu, kodayake an yi keɓancewa ga "mata na Duniya ta Uku da ke aiki tare da maza a ayyukan Duniya ta Uku." 

Bayan taron, Carol Seajay ta kafa Jaridar Labarai ta Shagunan Littattafai ta Mata ( FBN ), wadda ta canza sunanta zuwa Labaran Shagunan Littattafai na Mata a shekarar 1984. Seajay ta gyara, ta buga, kuma ta rarraba FBN a matsayin aikin mace ɗaya har zuwa 2000. FBN tana da yaɗuwar yaɗuwa a ƙasashen duniya kuma ta zama cikakkiyar mujallar kasuwanci ga masu buga littattafai da masu sayar da littattafai na mata. Mata a cikin wannan motsi sun yi amfani da FBN don neman bayanai don littattafansu na mujallu, raba labarai, tallata sabbin littattafai, da kuma neman shawara game da kasuwancin littattafai.

Matan da ke da hannu a WIP sun kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma raba albarkatu a tarurruka kamar taron baje kolin littattafai na mata na duniya da kuma taron OutWrite, wanda aka gudanar a rabin lokaci a shekarun 1980 da 1990.  

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba