William Archer (mai sukar)

William Archer (23 Satumba 1856 - 27 Disamba 1924) marubuci ne na Scotland, mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma Mai gyara rubutun Ingilishi wanda ya kasance, don mafi yawan aikinsa, a London. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na farko game da wasan kwaikwayo na Henrik Ibsen, kuma aboki da kuma mai ba da shawarar George Bernard Shaw .

 Rayuwa da aiki 
An haifi Archer a Perth, ɗan fari ne na 'ya'ya tara na Thomas Archer da matarsa Grace, mai suna Morrison . Thomas ya koma sau da yawa yana neman aiki, kuma William ya halarci makarantu a Perth, Lymington, Reigate da Edinburgh. Ya shafe wasu sassan yarinta tare da dangi a Norway inda ya zama mai iya magana da yaren Norwegian kuma ya saba da wallafe-wallafen Henrik Ibsen.

Archer ya sami tallafi a Jami'ar Edinburgh don nazarin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi, falsafar ɗabi'a da na halitta, da lissafi. Lokacin da iyalin suka koma Ostiraliya a 1872, ya kasance a Scotland a matsayin dalibi. Yayinda yake a jami'a ya zama jagora-marubuci na Edinburgh Evening News a 1875, kuma bayan shekara guda ya ziyarci iyalinsa a Ostiraliya, ya koma Edinburgh. A shekara ta 1878, daidai da sha'awar mahaifinsa, ya koma London don horar da shi a matsayin lauya. Ba shi da sha'awar doka, kuma yanzu yana sha'awar gidan wasan kwaikwayo, amma ya shiga Haikali na Tsakiya kuma ya zama lauya a 1883: bai taɓa yin aiki ba. Ya tallafa wa kansa ta hanyar aiki a matsayin mai sukar The London Figaro, kuma bayan ya gama karatunsa na shari'a ya fara aiki ga The World, wanda ya ci gaba daga 1884 zuwa 1906. A Landan nan da nan ya zama sananne sosai saboda aikinsa.

Archer ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da Ibsen ga jama'ar Ingilishi, wanda ya fara da fassarar The Pillars of Society, wanda aka samar a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gaiety a 1880. Wasan farko ne na Ibsen da aka samar a London amma ba a san shi sosai ba. Ya kuma fassara, shi kaɗai ko tare da haɗin gwiwa, wasu shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Scandinavian: Ibsen's A Doll's House (1889), The Master Builder (1893, tare da Edmund Gosse); Edvard Brandes's A Visit (1892); Ibsen'an Peer Gynt (1892, tare da Charles Archer); Georg Brandes "William Shakespeare"; (1895) Little Eyolf (1895); da John Gabriel Borkman (1897); kuma ya shirya Ibsen'n's Prose Dramas (1890-1891).

 Ayyuka 

 Ayyuka masu mahimmanci 

 Masu wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi na yau da kullun (1882) 
 Henry Irving, wani binciken (1883) 
 Game da gidan wasan kwaikwayo: Essays and Studies (1886) 
 Masks ko Fuskokin? Nazarin A cikin Halitta na Ayyuka (1888) 
 W. C. Macready, tarihin rayuwa (1890) 
 Matar Alan; Nazarin Dramatic a cikin Yanayi Uku (1893) 
 "The Theatrical World for..." (1893-97), a cikin kundi biyar
 Amurka ta yau da kullun, Bincike da Tunanin (1900) 
 Mawallafa na Ƙananan Ƙasa (1901) John Lane, Shugaban Bodley, London
 Tattaunawar Gaskiya (1904) 
 Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa: Shirin da Kimanin, tare da H. Granville Barker, (1907) 
 Ta hanyar Afirka-Amurka (1910) 
 Rayuwa, Shari'a, da Mutuwar Francisco Ferrer (1911) 
 Yin wasa (1912) 
 Indiya da Makomar (1917) 
 Tsohon Wasan kwaikwayo da Sabon (1923)

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1924