Arverni

Arverni ( Gaulish : * Aruernoi ) mutanen Gallic ne da ke zaune a yankin Auvergne na zamani a zamanin ƙarfe da kuma zamanin Romawa . Sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun da suka fi ƙarfi a zamanin Gaul na dā, suna fafatawa da fifikon yankin tare da maƙwabciyar Aedui . 

An ambaci su a shekara ta 207 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) a matsayin waɗanda suka yi wa kwamandan Carthaginian Hasdrubal Barca jana'iza. Shugabanninsu Luernius da Bituitus ne suka jagorance su, Arverni sun kasance kan gaba a wata babbar daula. Bayan da Domitius Ahenobarbus da Fabius Maximus suka ci Bituitus a shekara ta 121 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), daular Arvernian ta koma mulkin mallaka a kan wasu kabilun da ke makwabtaka da ita. 

A shekara ta 52 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), a lokacin Yaƙin Gallic, shugaban Arvernian Vercingetorix ya jagoranci tawayen Gallic akan sojojin Caesar . Bayan nasarar farko a Yaƙin Gergovia, Romawa sun ci Vercingetorix a Yaƙin Alesia, bayan haka Arverni suka rasa ikon suzerainty. Duk da haka, sun ci gaba da riƙe matsayin civitas libera, kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa ƙabila mai wadata a lokacin mulkin Romawa. A ƙarƙashin sarki Augustus, an ƙaura da babban birninsu daga Gergovia zuwa Augustonemetum ( Clermont-Ferrand na yanzu). 

Bayan mamayar yankin Alemannic a ƙarni na 3 AD, Clermont-Ferrand ya ragu amma ya ci gaba da zama muhimmin cibiya a ƙarshen zamanin Romawa. A shekara ta 475, duk da gwagwarmayar jarumtaka da bishop ɗinsu, Sidonius Apollinaris, ya jagoranta, daga ƙarshe aka miƙa yankin Arvernian ga Visigoths.

 Suna 
An ambaci su a matsayin Arvernos ta Caesar (tsakiyar 1st c. BC),  Arvernorum ta Livy (ƙarshen 1st c. BC),  A̓roúernoi (Ἀρούερνοι) ta Strabo (farkon 1st c. AD),  da kuma A̓rouernō͂n (Ἀρουερνῶν) ta Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).  , s.v. Arveni.

Sunan Arverni wani nau'i ne na Gaulish * Aruernoi ( waƙa. * Aruernos ). Har yanzu ba a fayyace asalinsa ba. Pierre-Yves Lambert ya ba da shawarar fassara shi a matsayin "waɗanda ke sama", ta hanyar raba sunan da * ar(e)-uer-no - (cf. supernus na Latin).  A madadin haka, an kuma gabatar da alaƙa da tushen Gaulish * uernā - (" alder "; cf. French vergne, Occitan verne ) shi ma. 

Yankin Auvergne, wanda aka ba da shaida a cikin 511 a matsayin ecclesiae Arvenicae ( pagus Arvenicus ko pago Alvernio a cikin 9th c., Alvernhe ca. 1071–1127) ana kiransa da sunan kabilar Gallic. 

 Yanayin ƙasa 
Ana tsammanin cewa yankin Arverni kafin zamanin Romawa ya yi daidai da iyakokin garuruwan Arvernorum na zamanin Romawa, wanda daga baya Diocese na Clermont na zamanin da ya gada. Don haka yankinsu ya ƙunshi sassan Puy-de-Dôme da Cantal na zamani, sassan Haute-Loire da Allier, da kuma ƙananan yankuna na Creuse, Loire da Aveyron . 

Sun zauna a gabashin Lemovices da Petrocorii, kudu da Bituriges Cubi da Aedui, arewa da Ruteni, Cadurci da Vellavi, da kuma yammacin Segusiavi da Ambarri . Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 1:31:3; 7:8:2.

 Tarihi 

 Tarihin farko 
An san cewa Arverni sun fi ƙarfin ikon ƙabila a Gaul a ƙarni na 3 da na 2 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) . Ƙarfinsu ya dogara ne akan fasahar ƙarfe da makamai masu ƙarfi, noma mai inganci da wadatar abinci, hakar ma'adinai, ciniki da rinjayen sojoji a kan maƙwabtansu tare da biyan haraji a gare su. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Amma lokacin da Romawa na Quintus Fabius da Gnaeus Ahenobarbus suka kayar da sarkin Arverni Bituitus a shekara ta 121 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa a yakin kogin Isère mai tsanani, mulkinsu ya koma ga Aedui da Sequani . Ba kamar Allobroges ba, waɗanda aka kawo ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa kai tsaye sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙen Celtic na shekarun 120, Arverni sun yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar da ta kiyaye 'yancin kansu, kodayake an rage yankinsu. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Bayan Yaƙin Gallic, an yafe wa sojojin Arverni kuma aka mayar da majalisar dattawan ƙasar kan mulki. An ja Arverni da yawancin sauran ƙasashen Gaulish zuwa yankin siyasar Romawa amma sun riƙe cikakken haƙƙoƙi da mulkin gida. A cewar Gregory of Tours da littafinsa Historia Francorum ("Tarihin Franks"), sanatocin Arverni har yanzu suna aiki a ƙarni na shida kuma suna da hannu sosai a siyasar sabuwar ƙasar Frankish.
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