Asaf-ud-Daula

Mirza Asaf-ud-Daula (23 Satumba 1748 - 21 Satumba 1797) shi ne Oudh" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nawab wazir of Oudh">Nawab wazir na Oudh wanda Sarkin Mughal Shah Alam II ya tabbatar, daga 26 Janairu 1775 zuwa 21 Satumba 1787,  kuma ɗan Shuja-ud-Dowlah . Mahaifiyarsa da kakarsa sune Begums na Oudh . 

 Sarauta 
Asaf-ud-Dowlah ya zama Nawab yana da shekaru 26, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Shuja-ud-Daula, a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1775.  Ya hau gadon sarauta tare da taimakon Kamfanin Burtaniya na Gabashin Indiya, ya fi dan uwansa Saadat Ali wanda ya jagoranci tawaye a cikin sojoji. Kanal na Burtaniya John Parker ya kayar da masu tayar da kayar baya, inda ya tabbatar da maye gurbin Asaf-ud-Daula. An kashe Babban Ministan sa na farko, Mukhtar-ud-Daula, a cikin tawaye.

Sauran ƙalubalen mulkin Asaf shine mahaifiyarsa Umat-ul-Zohra (wanda aka fi sani da Bahu Begum), wanda ya sami iko sosai a kan baitulmalin da jagir da sojoji masu zaman kansu. Ta, a wani lokaci, ta nemi taimakon Kamfanin kai tsaye wajen nada ministocin masu adawa da Asaf. Lokacin da Shuja-ud-Daula ya mutu, ya bar fam miliyan biyu da aka binne a cikin ɗakunan zenana. Gwauruwa da mahaifiyar marigayi yarima sun yi ikirarin duk wannan dukiya a karkashin sharuddan wasiyya wanda ba a taɓa samar da shi ba. Lokacin da Warren Hastings ya matsawa nawab don biyan bashin saboda Kamfanin, ya sami rancen 26 lakh (2.6 miliyan) rupees daga mahaifiyarsa, wanda ya ba ta jagir (ƙasa) na sau hudu na darajar; daga baya ya sami 30 lakh (3 miliyan) don dawo da cikakken wankewa, da kuma amincewa da jagirs ba tare da tsangwama ga rayuwa ta Kamfanin ba. Wadannan jagirs daga baya an kwace su ne a kan tushen haɗin gwiwar begum a cikin tashin hankali na Chait Singh, wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar shaidar takardu. Daga ƙarshe wannan ya cire Umat-ul-Zohra a matsayin cikas ga mulkin Asaf.

Bayan tawaye na Saadat, Asaf ya nemi sake fasalin gwamnati, musamman ta hanyar nada manyan mutane masu goyon baya ga manufarsa da jami'an Burtaniya ga sojojinsa. Asaf ya nada Hasan Riza Khan a matsayin babban ministansa. Kodayake ba shi da ƙwarewa sosai a cikin gudanarwa, mataimakinsa Haydar Beg Khan ya zama mai goyon baya mai mahimmanci. An nada Tikayt Ray a matsayin ministan kudi.[1]

Asaf an san shi da karimci, musamman bayar da abinci da aikin jama'a a lokutan yunwa. Musamman, Bara Imambara a Lucknow, an gina shi a lokacin mulkinsa ta hanyar ma'aikata marasa galihu da ke neman aiki. Wani sanannen magana game da lokacinsa ya yi magana game da jinƙai: "Jisko na de Maulā, Usko de Asaf-ud-daulā" wanda ke fassara zuwa "wanda ko da Allah ba ya ba da shi, Asaf-ad-Daula ya ba da".

Johann Zoffany ne ya zana shi sau da yawa.

 Gine-gine da sauran gudummawa 
Nawab Asaf-ud-Dowlah an dauke shi babban masanin gine-gine na Lucknow. Tare da burin nuna darajar gine-ginen Mughal, ya gina wasu abubuwan tunawa kuma ya bunkasa birnin Lucknow a cikin gine-gine mai ban mamaki. Yawancin gine-ginen da suka tsira a yau, sun haɗa da sanannen Asafi Imambara, wanda ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido har ma a yau, da yankin Qaisar Bagh na tsakiyar garin Lucknow inda dubban mutane ke zaune a cikin gine-giginen da aka ta da daga matattu.

Asafi Imambara sanannen tsari ne wanda ke kewaye da kyawawan lambuna, wanda Nawab ya fara a matsayin aikin sadaka don samar da aiki a lokacin yunwa na shekara ta 1784. A cikin wannan yunwa har ma da manyan mutane sun zama masu talauci. An ce Nawab Asaf ya dauki ma'aikata sama da mutane 20,000 don aikin (ciki har da talakawa da manyan mutane), wanda ba masallaci ba ne ko mausoleum (ba kamar yadda aka saba da gine-gine na zamani ba). An nuna halin da Nawab ke da shi game da adana sunan manyan ɗalibai a cikin labarin ginin Imambara. A lokacin rana, talakawa da ke aiki a kan aikin za su gina ginin. A daren kowace rana ta huɗu, ana amfani da mutane masu daraja da na sama a asirce don rushe tsarin da aka gina, ƙoƙarin da suka karɓi biyan kuɗi. Ta haka ne aka kiyaye mutuncin su.

Nawab ya zama sananne sosai saboda karimcinsa har yanzu sanannen magana ne a Lucknow cewa "wanda ba ya karɓar (rayuwa) daga Ali-Moula, zai karɓa daga Asaf-ud-Doula" (Jisko na de Moula, Usko de Asaf-ut-Doula).

 Rumi Darwaza (Ƙofar Turkiyya) 
Rumi Darwaza, wanda ke tsaye da tsayi sittin,  wanda aka tsara (1784) bayan Sublime Porte (Bab-iHümayun) a Istanbul, yana daya daga cikin muhimman misalai na musayar tsakanin al'adu biyu. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba