George Washington Carver

George Washington Carver (  1864  – Janairu 5, 1943) masanin kimiyyar noma ne kuma mai ƙirƙira wanda ya haɓaka wasu amfanin gona zuwa auduga da hanyoyin hana ƙarancin ƙasa .  Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana kimiyyar baƙar fata na farkon ƙarni na 20.

A lokacin da yake farfesa a Cibiyar Tuskegee, Carver ya ƙirƙiro dabarun inganta nau'ikan ƙasa da suka lalace sakamakon shuka auduga akai-akai. Yana son manoma matalauta su noma wasu amfanin gona, kamar gyada da dankali mai zaki, a matsayin tushen abincinsu da kuma inganta rayuwarsu.  A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, Tashar Gwaji da ke Tuskegee ta buga labarai sama da arba'in masu amfani ga manoma, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu ya rubuta, waɗanda suka haɗa da girke-girke; da yawa daga cikin sanarwar sun ƙunshi shawarwari ga manoma matalauta, gami da yaƙi da ƙarancin ƙasa tare da ƙarancin kuɗi, samar da manyan amfanin gona, da adana abinci.

Baya ga aikinsa na inganta rayuwar manoma, Carver shi ma jagora ne wajen haɓaka muhalli .  Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinsa, gami da Lambar Spingarn ta NAACP . A zamanin da aka sami rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin launin fata, shahararsa ta kai fiye da al'ummar baƙar fata. An san shi sosai kuma an yaba masa a cikin al'ummar fararen fata saboda nasarori da baiwarsa da yawa. A shekarar 1941, mujallar Time ta yi wa Carver lakabi da "Baƙar fata Leonardo ". 

 Shekarun farko 
An haifi Carver a cikin bauta, a Diamond Grove, (yanzu Diamond, Newton County, Missouri ), kusa da Crystal Palace, wani lokaci a farkon shekarun 1860. Ranar haihuwarsa ba ta da tabbas kuma Carver bai san ta ba domin kafin a kawar da bauta a Missouri, wanda ya faru a watan Janairun 1865, a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka . Bawan da ya yi masa hidima, Moses Carver, ya fito ne daga dangin baƙi 'yan asalin Jamus ko Ingila, Mark D. Hersey (2011), My Work Is That of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver , University of Georgia Press, . ya sayi iyayen George, Mary da Giles, daga William P. McGinnis a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1855, akan $700 (~$ 18,609 a 2024 ).   

Giles ya mutu kafin a haifi George kuma lokacin da yake da mako guda, masu satar mutane da daddare sun sace shi, 'yar'uwarsa, da mahaifiyarsa daga Arkansas . An garzaya da ɗan'uwan George, James, zuwa mafaka daga masu satar. Masu satar sun sayar da mutanen uku a Kentucky . Moses Carver ya ɗauki John Bentley don ya nemo su, amma ya sami jariri George ne kawai. Moses ya yi shawarwari da masu satar don dawo da yaron kuma ya ba Bentley lada. Bayan an kawar da bauta, Moses Carver da matarsa, Susan, sun renon George da babban ɗan'uwansa, James, a matsayin 'ya'yansu. Sun ƙarfafa George ya ci gaba da neman ilimi, kuma "Goggo Susan" ta koya masa muhimman abubuwa na karatu da rubutu

Ba a yarda da baƙar fata su shiga makarantar gwamnati da ke Diamond Grove ba. George ya yanke shawarar zuwa makarantar yara baƙar fata mai nisan mil 10 (16) km) kudu, a Neosho . Da ya isa garin, sai ya ga makarantar a rufe take domin dare. Ya kwana a wani rumbun adana abinci da ke kusa. A cewarsa, washegari da safe ya haɗu da wata mace mai kirki, Mariah Watkins, wacce yake son yin hayar ɗaki daga gare ta. Lokacin da ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "George na Carver", kamar yadda ya yi duk rayuwarsa, ta amsa cewa daga yanzu sunansa "George Carver". George ya ji daɗin Mariah Watkins da kalmominta, "Dole ne ka koyi duk abin da za ka iya, sannan ka koma duniya ka mayar wa mutane da iliminka", ya yi masa babban tasiri. 

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, saboda yana son halartar makarantar da ke can, ya koma gidan wani dangin reno, a Fort Scott, Kansas . Mark D. Hersey (2011), My Work Is That of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver , University of Georgia Press, . Bayan ya shaida kisan wani baƙar fata da wasu fararen fata suka yi, Carver ya bar birnin. Ya halarci makarantu da dama kafin ya sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Minneapolis da ke Minneapolis, Kansas . Mark D. Hersey (2011), My Work Is That of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver , University of Georgia Press, .

A lokacin da yake Minneapolis, akwai wani George Carver a garin, wanda hakan ya haifar da rudani wajen karɓar wasiku. Carver ya zaɓi harafin tsakiya ba zato ba tsammani kuma ya fara neman a aika masa da wasiƙu zuwa ga George W. Carver. Wani ya taɓa tambaya ko "W" yana nufin Washington, sai Carver ya yi murmushi ya ce, "Me zai hana?" Duk da haka, bai taɓa amfani da Washington a matsayin sunansa na tsakiya ba, kuma ya sanya hannu a kan sunansa a matsayin George W. Carver ko kuma kawai George Carver. 

 Ilimin kwaleji 
Carver ya nemi shiga kwalejoji da dama kafin a karɓe shi a Jami'ar Highland da ke Highland, Kansas. Da ya isa, sun ƙi barinsa ya halarci saboda launin fatarsa.   A watan Agusta na 1886, Carver ya yi tafiya da keken hawa tare da JF Beeler daga Highland zuwa Eden Township da ke Ness County, Kansas.  Ya mallaki gida  kusa da Beeler, inda yake kula da ƙaramin wurin adana shuke-shuke da furanni da kuma tarin ƙasa. Ya noma gonaki da hannu da    na da'awar, shuka shinkafa, masara, masarar Indiya da amfanin gona na lambu, da kuma bishiyoyi daban-daban na 'ya'yan itace, bishiyoyin daji, da bishiyoyi. Ya kuma sami kuɗi ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban a gari kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kiwon dabbobi . 

Duk da cewa a wasu lokutan ana kiran Carver da "likita", bai taɓa samun digirin digirgir na hukuma ba, kuma a cikin wata tattaunawa ta sirri da Pammel, ya lura cewa "ba daidai ba ne", wanda wasu suka ba shi saboda iyawarsa da kuma zato game da iliminsa.  Duk da cewa bai sami digirin digirgir na farko ba, Kwalejin Simpson da Jami'ar Selma sun ba shi digirin digirgir na girmamawa na kimiyya a rayuwarsa.   Bugu da ƙari, Jihar Iowa ta ba shi digirin digirgir na haruffan ɗan adam bayan mutuwarsa a 1994. 

 Cibiyar Tuskegee 
A shekara ta 1896, Booker T. Washington, babban jami'i na farko kuma shugaban Cibiyar Tuskegee (wanda yanzu Jami'ar Tuskegee ce ), ya gayyaci Carver ya jagoranci Sashen Noma.  Carver ya koyar a can tsawon shekaru 47, inda ya haɓaka sashen zuwa cibiyar bincike mai ƙarfi kuma ya yi aiki tare da ƙarin shugabannin kwaleji biyu a lokacin mulkinsa. Ya koyar da hanyoyin jujjuya amfanin gona, ya gabatar da wasu hanyoyin samun kuɗi ga manoma waɗanda za su inganta ƙasar yankunan da aka noma sosai a auduga, ya fara bincike kan kayayyakin amfanin gona (chemmargy), kuma ya koyar da tsararrakin ɗaliban baƙar fata dabarun noma don wadatar da kansu. Mark D. Hersey (2011), My Work Is That of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver , University of Georgia Press, .
Rukuni:Matattun 1943
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba