Bautar da aka yi wa bautar

Bauta ta wucin gadi wani nau'i ne na aiki wanda ake ɗaukar mutum aiki ba tare da albashi ba na tsawon wasu shekaru. Kwantiragin, wanda ake kira " indenture ", ana iya shiga da son rai don biyan kuɗi gaba ɗaya, a matsayin biyan wani abu ko sabis (misali tafiya), diyya da ake zargin an biya daga baya, ko biyan bashi . Haka kuma ana iya sanya indentation ba tare da son rai ba a matsayin hukunci na shari'a . An kwatanta wannan aikin da irin wannan tsarin bauta, kodayake akwai bambance-bambance.

Kamar kowace rance, ana iya sayar da takardar izinin shiga. Yawancin masu gidaje dole ne su dogara ga masu tsaka-tsaki ko masu kula da jiragen ruwa don ɗaukar ma'aikata da jigilar su, don haka irin waɗannan mutanen galibi suna sayar da takardar izinin shiga ga masu shuka ko wasu bayan isowar jiragen. Kamar bayi, farashinsu yana ƙaruwa ko raguwa, ya danganta da wadata da buƙata. Lokacin da aka biya takardar izinin shiga (rance), ma'aikacin yana da 'yanci amma ba koyaushe yana cikin ƙoshin lafiya ko lafiya ba. Wani lokaci ana iya ba shi fili ko ƙaramin kuɗi don siyan sa, amma ƙasar yawanci ba ta da kyau. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Duk da cewa yawancin ma'aikatan da aka yi wa kwangila manya ne, yara kuma za a iya ba su takardar shaidar, wanda hakan ke mayar da kula da yaron ga mai kwangilar, amma kuma yana ba wa mai kwangilar fa'idar aikin yaron .

 Kwangiloli 
Ta hanyar gabatar da shi, cikakkun bayanai game da ma'aikatan da aka yi wa rijista sun bambanta a yankunan shigo da kaya da fitarwa, kuma yawancin kwangilolin ƙasashen waje an yi su kafin tafiyar, tare da fahimtar cewa masu son yin ƙaura suna da isassun ƙwarewa wajen yin kwangilolin ƙasashen waje da kansu, kuma sun fi son samun kwangila kafin tafiyar. 

Yawancin kwangilolin ma'aikata da aka yi sun ƙaru ne a cikin shekaru biyar, tare da damar tsawaita wasu shekaru biyar. Kwangiloli da yawa kuma sun ba da izinin tafiya gida kyauta bayan an kammala aikin da aka umarta. Duk da haka, gabaɗaya babu wata manufa da ke tsara ma'aikata da zarar an kammala lokutan aiki, wanda ya haifar da rashin adalci akai-akai. 

 Amurka 
Har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, bautar da aka yi wa lasisin mallaka ta zama ruwan dare a Amurka ta Burtaniya . Sau da yawa hanya ce ga Turawa su yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Amurka: suna sanya hannu kan takardar izinin mallaka don biyan kuɗin shiga mai tsada. Duk da haka, ana amfani da tsarin don cin zarafin da yawa daga cikinsu, da kuma 'yan Asiya (galibi daga Indiya da China) waɗanda ke son yin ƙaura zuwa Sabuwar Duniya. Waɗannan mutanen Asiya galibi ana amfani da su ne don gina hanyoyi da tsarin layin dogo. Bayan da takardar izinin mallakarsu ta ƙare, baƙi suna da 'yancin yin aiki da kansu ko wani ma'aikaci. Akalla wani masanin tattalin arziki ya ba da shawarar cewa "bautar da aka yi wa lasisin mallaka wani shiri ne na tattalin arziki da aka tsara don magance kurakuran da ke cikin kasuwar jari". 

Tsakanin rabin zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na baƙin haure na Turai zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Amurka tsakanin shekarun 1630 da juyin juya halin Amurka sun shiga ƙarƙashin takardun izinin shiga .  Duk da haka, yayin da kusan rabin baƙin haure na Turai zuwa yankunan mulkin mallaka na goma sha uku bayi ne, a kowane lokaci ma'aikatan da ba a taɓa ba su takardar izinin shiga ba sun fi su yawa, ko kuma waɗanda takardar izinin shiga ta ƙare, don haka aikin albashi kyauta ya fi yawa ga Turawa a yankunan mulkin mallaka.  Mutanen da aka ba su takardar izinin shiga suna da mahimmanci a adadi galibi a yankin daga arewacin Virginia zuwa New Jersey . Sauran yankunan mulkin mallaka sun ga ƙarancinsu. Jimillar baƙin haure na Turai zuwa dukkan yankunan mulkin mallaka 13 kafin 1775 ya kai kusan 500,000; daga cikin waɗannan 55,000 fursunoni ne da ba su da son rai. Daga cikin kusan 450,000 na Turawa da suka zo da son rai, Tomlins ya kiyasta cewa kashi 48% na waɗanda aka ba su takardar izinin shiga ne.  Kimanin kashi 75% na waɗannan ba su kai shekara 25 ba. Shekarun manya ga maza shine shekaru 24 (ba 21 ba); waɗanda suka haura shekaru 24 galibi suna zuwa ne bisa kwangiloli na tsawon shekaru uku.  Game da yaran da suka zo, Gary Nash ya ba da rahoton cewa "da yawa daga cikin bayin 'yan'uwa ne, 'yan'uwa mata, 'yan'uwa mata, da kuma 'ya'yan abokan Turawan da suka yi ƙaura, waɗanda suka biya kuɗin tafiyarsu a madadin aikinsu sau ɗaya a Amurka." 

 Manazarta 


 "Barbados Side-by-Side Transcription". Slavery Law & Power in Early America and the British Empire.