John James Audubon

John James Audubon (an haife shi Jean-Jacques Rabin, Afrilu 26, 1785 - Janairu 27, 1851) ɗan Faransa ne, ɗan kasuwa, masanin halitta, mai bincike, kuma masanin tsuntsaye . Sha'awarsa ta zane da ilmin tsuntsaye ta koma ga shirin yin cikakken tarihin dukkan nau'ikan tsuntsaye na Arewacin Amurka.    Ya shahara saboda nazarinsa mai zurfi game da tsuntsayen Amurka da kuma zane-zanensa masu cikakken bayani (amma na soyayya), waɗanda aka zana a Scotland da Ingila don babban littafi mai launi (folio biyu) mai suna Tsuntsayen Amurka (1827-1838), da kuma littattafai biyar na rubutu mai taken Tarihin Rayuwar Ornithological (1831-1839).

Gudummawar kimiyya ta Audubon ta kasance mai cike da cece-kuce amma tana da cece-kuce. An zarge shi da zamba, satar bayanai, da kuma rashin da'a a kimiyya a lokacin rayuwarsa da kuma bayan mutuwarsa.    Tun daga shekarar 2025, Jerin Tsuntsayen Duniya na IOC (v.15.1) ya danganta shi a matsayin wanda ya fara rubuta nau'ikan tsuntsaye 23 (14 daga cikinsu sun dogara ne akan samfuran da ya saya ko ya karɓa daga abokan aikinsa) da kuma nau'ikan halittu 13.  Wannan kiyasin ya wuce gona da iri ne saboda ya haɗa da aƙalla nau'in tsuntsaye guda ɗaya marasa tabbas (Traill's Flycatcher Muscicapa traillii ) wanda aka daidaita kwanan nan (a matsayin Willow Flycatcher ) tare da neotype,  da kuma nau'in halittu guda ɗaya (arewacin Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus washtoniensis ) wanda aka gina bisa hoton da aka yi wa kwafi da kuma bayanan da aka ƙirƙira.  Wani sabon nau'in Audubon (wani nau'in Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi na arewacin Harris ) ya dogara ne akan samfurin da aka sace. 

An kuma yi ta sukar Audubon sosai saboda siyan bayi da sayar da su, satar gawawwaki, da kuma safarar 'yan asalin Amurka. [1] [2] Ya zuwa shekarar 2025, ƙungiyoyin Audubon na yanki sama da goma sha biyu a faɗin Amurka sun canza sunayensu. Duk da haka, Ƙungiyar Audubon ta Ƙasa ta ci gaba da jajircewa ga sunan da aka san su da shi, [3] kuma garuruwa, unguwanni, da tituna da yawa a faɗin Amurka har yanzu suna ɗauke da sunansa (misali, Audubon, Pennsylvania ).

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Audubon a Les Cayes a yankin Saint-Domingue na Faransa (yanzu Haiti )  a gonar rake ta mahaifinsa. Shi ɗan Laftanar Jean Audubon ne, wani jami'in sojan ruwa na Faransa (kuma mai zaman kansa ) daga kudancin Brittany,  da uwar gidansa, Jeanne Rabine,  wata mai aikin ɗaki mai shekaru 27 daga Les Touches, Brittany (yanzu tana cikin yankin Pays de la Loire na zamani).   Sun sanya masa suna Jean Rabin.  Wani mai rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa a shekarar 1887 ya bayyana cewa mahaifiyarsa mace ce daga wani gonar Louisiana.  Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu lokacin da yake ɗan watanni kaɗan, domin ta sha fama da cututtukan wurare masu zafi tun lokacin da ta isa tsibirin. Mahaifinsa ya riga ya haifi yara marasa jinsi daban-daban da ba a san adadinsu ba (daga cikinsu akwai 'ya mace mai suna Marie-Madeleine),  wasu daga cikin waɗanda mai kula da gidansa, Catherine "Sanitte" Bouffard  (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin quadroon, ma'ana ta kasance kashi uku cikin huɗu na asalin Turai).  Bayan mutuwar Jeanne Rabin, Audubon ya sabunta dangantakarsa da Sanitte Bouffard kuma ya haifi 'ya mace da ita, mai suna Muguet. Bouffard kuma ya kula da jaririyar Jean. 

Babban Audubon ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, inda Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal ta kama shi aka kuma daure shi. Bayan an sake shi, ya goyi bayan manufar Patriot sosai.  Ya daɗe yana aiki don adana kuɗi da kuma tabbatar da makomar iyalinsa da gidaje. Saboda yawan boren bayi a yankin Caribbean, ya sayar da wani ɓangare na gonarsa a Saint-Domingue a 1789 kuma ya sayi gona mai fadin eka 284 mai suna Mill Grove, mil 20 daga Philadelphia, don ya rarraba jarinsa. Ƙara yawan tashin hankali a Saint-Domingue tsakanin 'yan mulkin mallaka da bayi, waɗanda suka fi su yawa, sun shawo kan babban Audubon ya koma Faransa, inda ya zama memba na Rundunar Tsaron Republican . A 1788 ya shirya Jean kuma a 1791 aka kai Muguet Faransa.   
An yi renon yaran a Couëron, kusa da Nantes, Faransa, ta hannun Audubon da matarsa 'yar Faransa, Anne Moynet Audubon, waɗanda ya aura shekaru kafin lokacin da yake a Saint-Domingue. A shekara ta 1794 sun ɗauki yaran biyu a hukumance don daidaita matsayinsu na shari'a a Faransa.  Sun sake wa yaron suna Jean-Jacques Fougère Audubon da kuma yarinyar Rose. 

Tun daga ƙuruciyarsa, ƙaramin Audubon yana da sha'awar tsuntsaye. "Na ji kusanci da su...yana da alaƙa da hauka [wanda] dole ne ya bi sawuna a rayuwa."  Mahaifinsa ya ƙarfafa sha'awarsa ga yanayi:

A Faransa a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa da kuma bayansa, Audubon ya girma ya zama mutum mai kyau da son jama'a. Ya buga sarewa da goge, kuma ya koyi hawa, shinge, da rawa.  Audubon ya ji daɗin yawo a cikin daji, sau da yawa yana dawowa da abubuwan sha'awa na halitta, gami da ƙwai da gidajen tsuntsaye, waɗanda ya yi zane-zane marasa kyau.  Mahaifinsa ya yi niyyar yin ɗansa matukin jirgin ruwa. A lokacin yana da shekaru goma sha biyu, Audubon ya tafi makarantar soja ya zama ɗalibi a cikin ɗakin kwana. Nan da nan ya gano cewa yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da rashin lafiya a teku kuma ba ya son lissafi ko kewayawa. Bayan ya faɗi jarrabawar cancantar jami'in, Audubon ya ƙare aikinsa na farko na sojan ruwa. Ya sake komawa binciken gonaki, yana mai da hankali kan tsuntsaye. 
A shekara ta 1803, mahaifinsa ya sami fasfo na karya domin Jean-Jacques ya tafi Amurka don gujewa shiga yaƙin Napoleon . Jean-Jacques mai shekaru 18 ya shiga jirgin ruwa, yana mai sanya sunansa ga John James Audubon.  Jean Audubon da Claude Rozier sun shirya haɗin gwiwa na kasuwanci ga 'ya'yansu maza John James Audubon da Jean Ferdinand Rozier don neman haƙar ma'adinai a Pennsylvania a gidan Audubon na Pennsylvania na Mill Grove. Haɗin gwiwar Audubon da Rozier ya dogara ne akan sayen rabin kason Jean Audubon na wani gona a Haiti, da kuma ba da kuɗi ga haɗin gwiwar kamar yadda aka samu ta hanyar rabin riba a haƙar ma'adinai.  
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