Pavlos Kalligas

Pavlos Kalligas (Girkanci; Smyrna, 1814 - Athens, 1896) ya kasance lauya ne na Girka, marubuci kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Athens, memba da Kakakin Majalisar Hellenic, ministan harkokin waje, ilimi, kudi da adalci kuma shugaban bankin ƙasar Girka.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
An haifi Kalligas a Smyrna a cikin Daular Ottoman a cikin 1814, ga Panagis Anninos-Kalligas, wani attajiri ɗan kasuwa daga Cephalonia, da Sofia Mavrokordatou daga Chios .  Tare da barkewar Juyin Juya Halin Girka a 1821, mahaifinsa ya ɗauki iyalin zuwa Trieste don kauce wa kisan kiyashi na Girka. An tura Pavlos Kalligas zuwa Makarantar Flanginian a Venice kuma ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Heyer a Geneva, kafin ya koma Trieste don taimakawa a kasuwancin kasuwanci na mahaifinsa. Bayan mutuwar dattijon Kalligas a 1832, duk da haka, Pavlos ya bar kasuwanci kuma ya juya zuwa doka, yana karatu a jami'o'in Munich, Berlin da Heidelberg. A cikin wannan karshen ya sami digirin digirinsa a fannin shari'a a karkashin Eduard Gans da Friedrich Carl von Savigny . 

Bayan kammala karatunsa, a cikin 1837 Kalligas ya zo tare da mahaifiyarsa zuwa Masarautar Girka mai zaman kanta, da farko a Nafplion sannan a Athens, inda aka zabe shi malami na Dokar Halitta a sabuwar Jami'ar Athens. A shekara ta 1839 an nada shi malami na Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa kuma a shekara ta 1843, an nada shi farfesa na Shari'a ta Roma. A wannan matsayin ya zama memba na majalisar dokokin Girka ta farko, yana wakiltar furofesoshi na jami'a kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Girka na 1844 ya tanada. An yanke wa'adinsa a jami'ar a watan Yunin 1845, lokacin da ya yi rikici da Firayim Minista Ioannis Kolettis, kuma an kore shi daga mukaminsa.

 Ayyuka 
Ayyukan da ya wallafa suna da yawa: ban da litattafan shari'a, ya kasance marubuci mai ƙwazo na litattafai da yawa da karatu a kan tarihi - da sauransu a kan Yaƙin basasar Ingila, bikin kotu na Byzantine, tashin hankali na Nika da Majalisar Florence - da falsafar - daga masana falsafar Girkawa na dā zuwa ga tsaransa Theophilos Kairis da Petros Brailas Armenis, Leopold von Ranke's Die Venezianer a Morea: 1685-1715 a kan Mulkin Venetian a cikin Peloponnese, ya taimaka wa Pandas, ya rubuta littafin wallafe-wallafen, Vλένος (Θ Phlas).[1][2] Wannan na ƙarshe yana da mahimmanci ga wallafe-wallafen Girkanci na zamani, saboda shine aikin halitta na farko a cikin Girkanci, yana ƙoƙarin nuna mummunan gaskiyar ƙasar Girka mai zaman kanta, sabanin yadda ake bi da soyayya ga mutanen zamaninsa.[2]

 Ra'ayoyin siyasa 
Kalligas ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "yaro na karni na 19", kuma saboda haka ya yi shelar imaninsa ga mashahuriyar sarauta. A lokaci guda, ya kasance mai sukar iyakokin tsarin majalisa na lokacinsa, musamman na cin hanci da rashawa da cin gashin kai na jam'iyyun, kuma ya yi gargadi game da haɗarin "tsananin mafi rinjaye".

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba