Black Guard (Brazil)

Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta Mai Ceto (Fotigal: Guarda Negra da Redentora ) ƙungiya ce ta sirri ta sojoji  a Rio de Janeiro  wadda ta ƙunshi tsoffin bayi 'yan Afirka na Brazil da aka 'yantar a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1888, ta hanyar sa hannun Dokar Zinare ta Isabel, Gimbiya Daular Brazil .

Masu gadin sun haɗa da 'yan capoeirista waɗanda suka kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin gungun titi na Rio de Janeiro. 

José do Patrocínio, tsohon ɗan jam'iyyar Republican ne ya jagoranci ƙungiyar, kuma manufarta ita ce kare lafiyar Iyalan Masarautar Brazil da kuma tabbatar da cewa Gimbiya Imperial ta hau kan karagar mulki, a wani martani ga barazanar juyin mulkin jam'iyyar Republican.  Ƙungiyar ta fara ayyukanta jim kaɗan bayan kawar da bauta kuma ta daɗe har zuwa lokacin da aka ayyana Jamhuriyar a Brazil a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1889. 

 Bayani 
A shekarun 1880, Brazil ta ci gaba da samun wadata kuma bambancin zamantakewa ya ƙaru sosai, gami da fafutukar farko ta neman haƙƙin mata .  Duk da cewa Sarki, Pedro II, yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, bai da ɗa. Don haka, babu magajin masarautar .  Isabel, Gimbiya Daular Brazil, ba ta ga kanta ta zama sarauniya ba,  kuma mijinta ba shi da farin jini.  A tsawon shekaru goma, ƙungiyoyin da ke fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa sun ƙaru a cikin membobinsu, musamman ma masu riƙe da bayi.  An sanya hannu kan Dokar Zinare a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1888, ta hannun Isabel, Gimbiya Daular Brazil, wadda ta kawo ƙarshen bauta a Brazil .  Dokar ta sami karɓuwa sosai. Bayan amincewa da ita, Joaquim Nabuco ya rubuta cewa "sarautar ta fi shahara fiye da da." Isabel ta shahara sosai a tsakanin tsoffin bayi, waɗanda aka sani da 'Mai Fansar Baƙar fata'. 

 Tarihi 
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan sanya hannu kan dokar, wata ƙungiya mai suna "Mazauna Wata" ta shirya rundunar Black Guard a Rio de Janeiro . An keɓe ta don kare Isabel, mai tsaron da farko ƙungiyar sirri ce.  Ana tsammanin mai ƙalubalantar ƙungiyar José do Patrocínio ne ya jagoranci ƙungiyar; ya kuma ƙarfafa ta ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin fararen fata.  A matsayin martani ga ƙaruwar ƙungiyar 'yan jam'iyyar Republican,  ƙungiyar tana da membobi sama da 600 bayan watanni shida  kuma ta tsaya kai tsaye tana adawa da Jam'iyyar Republican ta São Paulo . Sakamakon haka, an sami rikici mai tsanani tsakanin membobin ƙungiyar da 'yan jam'iyyar Republican.  Membobin ƙungiyar sun goyi bayan Isabel kuma sun yi tunanin za ta gaje Pedro. Masanin tarihi Evaristo de Moraes ya rubuta cewa "babu wata hanyar da za a iya shawo kan wannan hayaniyar, wadda ke bayyana a ƙafafun uwar bayi mai gashin zinare [Gimbiya Isabel] kuma har zuwa ƙirƙirar rundunar Black Guard." 

Kwamandan farko na masu gadi shine Clarindo de Almeida, ma'aikacin gwamnatin Brazil. Masu adawa da kungiyar sun yi jayayya cewa João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira ne ke amfani da shi, Shugaban Majalisar Ministoci .  'Yan sanda galibi sun yi watsi da ayyukan masu gadi.  A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1888, membobin masu gadi sun katse taron 'yan jam'iyyar Republican a Rio wadanda ke sauraron Silva Jardim yana jawabi. A ranar 30 ga Disamba, 'yan sandan Black Guard sun yi barazana ga Jardim da José Lopes da Silva, wadanda ke shirin yin zanga-zanga a Makarantar Faransanci ta Rio. A wurin zanga-zangar, 'yan bakar fata 500 sun taru a waje kafin fada ya barke tsakanin Bakar fata biyu a cikin masu sauraro da 'yan jam'iyyar Republican. Rikicin da ya biyo baya ya dauki tsawon mintuna 30, yayin da membobin 'yan sandan Black Guard suka yi kokarin shiga ginin, har sai da 'yan sanda da ke kan hanya suka kawo karshen fadan. Jardim ya gama magana, kuma yayin da 'yan jam'iyyar Republican suka bar ginin, an sake kai musu hari. Hargitsi ya bazu a fadin birnin kuma an yi ta arangama tsakanin kungiyoyi masu adawa da juna da mutuwar mutum daya. 

A watan Janairun 1889, an yi ta rade-radin cewa an kafa wani reshe a São Paulo kuma an yi amfani da irin wannan dabara a Espírito Santo . A cikin watan Fabrairu, Baƙar fata masu dauke da makamai sun ci gaba da tarwatsawa da kai hari ga 'yan jam'iyyar Republican, musamman Jardim wanda ke rangadin yawon buɗe ido don samun goyon baya ga motsinsa. Hukumomin yankin sun nemi Jardim ya kawo sojojin sojoji lokacin da ya ziyarci garinsu. Baƙar fata ɗari uku sun taru don yin zanga-zanga a Angostura, kuma tarzoma ta barke a wasu wurare da Jardim ya yi tafiya. Duk da cewa babu wata shaida da ta danganta tarzomar kai tsaye da Black Guard, masanin tarihi Michael R. Trochim ya ce irin wannan tashin hankali "yana da alaƙa a zukatan 'yan Brazil da yawa tare da Black Guard." Akwai fargabar cewa tarzomar za ta rikide ta zama yakin basasa mai yaɗuwa. A watan Yuli, Black Guard ta shiga cikin ƙarin rikici da 'yan Republican. A ƙarshen shekarar 1889, tashin hankalin launin fata ya ƙare sosai yayin da 'yan Republican suka sami iko a Rundunar Sojojin Brazil, kuma an kawo ƙarshen Rundunar Sojojin Baƙar fata ta hanyar sanarwar Jamhuriyar a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1889. Floriano Peixoto ya bayyana cewa juyin mulkin ya samo asali ne daga imani da cewa Rundunar Sojojin Baƙar fata za ta kai hari a Rio,   kuma wasu jami'an sojoji sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin hujja. 

 Manazarta