Adelbert Ames Jr.

Adelbert Ames Jr. (Agusta 19, 1880 - Yuli 3, 1955)  masanin kimiyya ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin halittar jiki, ilimin ido, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da falsafa . Ya fara nazarin ilimin kimiyyar gani a Kwalejin Dartmouth, yana aiki a matsayin farfesa na bincike, a lokacin kuma yana matsayin darektan bincike a Cibiyar Ido ta Dartmouth. Ya gudanar da bincike mai mahimmanci kan fannoni na hangen nesa na ido, gami da cyclophoria da aniseikonia . Wataƙila an fi sanin Ames da gina ruɗani na fahimtar gani, musamman ɗakin Ames da taga Ames . Ya kasance babban haske a Makarantar Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Transactalist kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta zamantakewa .

 Shekarun da aka kafa 
An haifi Adelbert Ames Jr. a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1880, a Lowell, Massachusetts .  Mahaifinsa, Adelbert Ames, janar ne a rundunar sojojin Tarayyar Turai a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa da Gwamnan Sake Ginawa kuma Sanata daga Mississippi ; mahaifiyarsa, Blanche Butler Ames, 'yar janar ne na Amurka Benjamin F. Butler, wani shugaban soja mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, ɗan siyasa, kuma ɗan takarar shugabancin Amurka wanda bai yi nasara ba. Baya ga aikinsa na soja da gudanarwa, Janar Ames ya sami haƙƙin mallaka da dama na Amurka don kafe fensir da sauran na'urorin injiniya. 'Yar'uwar Ames Blanche Ames mai rajin kare haƙƙin mata ce, kuma ɗan'uwansa Butler Ames ɗan siyasa ne kuma jami'in soja a lokacin Yaƙin Sifaniya da Amurka . Ɗansa, Adelbert Ames III (1921-2018), shine Farfesa Charles Anthony Pappas na Kimiyyar Jiki, Emeritus, a Jami'ar Harvard .   A cikin takardun bincike, an fi ambaton Adelbert Ames Jr. a matsayin Adelbert Ames II, domin hana shi ruɗani da mahaifinsa ko ɗansa. [ <span title="On Google Scholar, he is referred to as just A Ames or A Ames Jr, not II. (May 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Ames ya halarci makarantar Philips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, sannan ya tafi Kwalejin Harvard, inda ya sami digirin shari'a, kuma inda malamansa mafi tasiri su ne George Santayana da William James (waɗanda 'yarsu ta yi aure da su, amma ba ta yi aure ba). Bayan ya yi aikin lauya na tsawon shekaru kaɗan, Ames ya bar ta ya zama mai zane. Shekaru da yawa, yayin da yake aiki tare da 'yar'uwarsa, Blanche Ames (wadda ita ma mai zane ce), su biyun sun yi ƙoƙarin tantance ko za a iya inganta ingancin zane-zane ta hanyar nazarin kimiyya na gani. Ames ya fara inganta iliminsa game da abubuwan gani na ido, yana tsammanin da zarar ya ƙware su, zai koma zane. Kamar yadda yake, karatunsa ya ƙware shi kuma Ames ya mai da hangen nesa aikinsa na rayuwa.

Ames ya je Jami'ar Clark a shekarar 1914 don yin nazarin kimiyyar gani ta jiki, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mutane goma sha takwas da suka kafa ƙungiyar Optical Society of America a shekarar 1916. Lokacin da Amurka ta shiga Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1917, ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin kyaftin a fannin jiragen sama, sannan a matsayin mai kula da wani shagon injina inda aka ƙirƙiro samfuran kayan aiki. Yayin da yake cikin soja, ya ci gaba da karatunsa na na'urorin gani, wani ɓangare saboda ɗaya daga cikin sojojin da ke cikin shagon (wanda ya zama aboki kuma mai haɗin gwiwa) shine Charles Proctor, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Kwalejin Dartmouth .

 Kwalejin Dartmouth 
Bayan yaƙin, Ames ya tafi Kwalejin Dartmouth a shekarar 1919 don yin aiki tare da Proctor. Sun yanke shawarar gina babban samfurin idon ɗan adam ta amfani da gilashi don launuka daban-daban, barkwanci, da ruwan tabarau. A shekarar 1921, wannan aikin ya haifar da buga takardar kimiyya ta farko ta Ames, kyautar digirin girmamawa na Master of Arts, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin farfesa na bincike a wani sabon sashe na Physiological Optics.

A shekarar 1923, Ames ya fara ɗaukar ma'aikata a Cibiyar Ido ta Dartmouth. Daga Kamfanin Eastman Kodak, ya ɗauki mai tsara ruwan tabarau Gordon H. Gliddon. Ma'aikata da yawa sun shiga sashen tsawon shekaru, ciki har da Kenneth N. Ogle, wanda Ames ya yi aiki tare da shi kan yanayin rashin hankali da hangen nesa na ido . An zaɓe Ames a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1928. 

 Cibiyar Ido ta Dartmouth 
A shekarar 1935, Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ya zama Cibiyar Ido ta Dartmouth a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alfred Bielschowsky, inda Ames ya zama darektan bincike. Ames ya sami goyon baya daga tushe daban-daban, ciki har da John D. Rockefeller Jr., Gidauniyar Rockefeller, da Kamfanin Duban Amurka . Cibiyar a lokuta daban-daban tana ɗaukar ma'aikata tsakanin talatin zuwa arba'in, ciki har da masu bincike, da kuma likitocin da ke duba idanun marasa lafiya da yin gilashin ido.

Binciken da aka gudanar a cibiyar ya mayar da hankali kan hangen nesa na ido, ciki har da cyclophoria (halayyar idanu na juyawa a akasin al'amura a cikin ramukansu) da kuma aniseikonia (wanda kowanne ido yana da hoton retinal mai girman daban-daban na abu ɗaya). Wannan lahani na ƙarshe za a iya gyara shi ta hanyar ruwan tabarau waɗanda suka dawo da daidaiton girman hoto na yau da kullun.

A shekarar 1940, Bielschowsky ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani. Hermann Burian, likitan ido, ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin darakta na riƙo, sannan Walter Lancaster ya sami sauƙi. Bai sami damar yin tasirin da yake so ba, inda ya yi murabus a shekarar 1942. A cewar Herman M. Burian, babban likitan ido na riƙo, Ames "ya rasa sha'awarsa ga aikin Cibiyar, musamman sashenta na asibiti" kuma "ya ƙara komawa ga tasirin falsafa da zamantakewa na aikin".  Saboda rikice-rikice, murabus daga ma'aikata da kuma bayan yunƙurin sake tsarawa da bai yi nasara ba, a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1947 aka rufe cibiyar. 

 Nasarorin kimiyya da girmamawa 
Wataƙila Ames ya fi shahara da ɗakinsa mai suna, taga, da kujera. An kira waɗannan "daidaitattun tsari" ta abokin aikinsa William H. Ittelson, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin "tsari saƙonnin da ke shigowa iri ɗaya za su iya fitowa daga tsare-tsaren zahiri daban-daban na waje. Idan babu wasu bayanai,... za a ɗauki daidaitattun tsari iri ɗaya a matsayin iri ɗaya, komai bambancinsu a zahiri".

Ames ya kuma ƙirƙiro manufar "rashin tabbas na ciniki" yana mai cewa "tsarin tunani" ko tsammani na iya shafar fahimtar mutum game da abubuwan da ke motsa jiki na gani da sauran abubuwan da ke motsa jiki, kamar yadda yake a cikin Ames trapezoid . Wannan hasashe ya faɗaɗa tasirin abubuwan da ke motsa jiki daga tasirin da aka yi imani da shi sosai akan sakamakon mutum game da abubuwan da ke motsa jiki (abin da ke faruwa a idon mutane) zuwa ainihin fahimtar abubuwan da ke motsa jiki da kansa. Idan gaskiya ne, yana sanya shakku cikin ƙimar rahotannin shaidu ko da kuwa mutane ne da ba su da wata alaƙa da abubuwan da suka lura da su.

A shekarar 1941, Ames ya fara rubuta bayanai da safe kan nazarin fahimtarsa ta hanyar mu'amala. A shekarar 1960, abokin aikinsa Hadley Cantril ya buga wani zaɓi da aka gyara daga waɗannan bayanan, tare da Gabatarwa, kuma ya haɗa da wasiƙun Ames da John Dewey . 

A shekarar 1954, Dartmouth ta ba Ames lambar girmamawa ta Likitan Shari'a . A shekarar 1955 ya lashe lambar yabo ta Tillyer, wadda ƙungiyar Optical Society of America ta ba shi. Ames ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1955, kuma aka binne shi a Makabartar Dartmouth. Sunansa, da na 'yan uwansa, suma an rubuta su a kan kabarin iyayensa a makabartar iyalan Hildreth da ke Lowell.

A cikin jawabin da aka gabatar kan gabatar da lambar yabo ta Tillyer, shugaban ƙungiyar ya lissafa littattafai 38 da takardun kimiyya da Ames ya rubuta, da kuma takardun mallaka 21 da aka bai wa Ames. 

 Littattafai a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam 

 1946: "Ganewar gani ta binocular kamar yadda tsarin motsin unicular ya shafa a cikin mahalli na yau da kullun", Jaridar Amurka ta Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam 59:333–57
 1949: Tsarin Gine-gine da Abubuwan Da Suka Faru, shafuka 82–88 a cikin Ginawa don Mutumin Zamani, wanda Thomas Creighton, Princeton University Press ya shirya.
 1949: (tare da Hadley Cantril, AH Hastorf & WHIttelson) "Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam da Binciken Kimiyya", Kimiyya 110: 461–4, 491–7, 517–22.
 1950: Abubuwan Da Suka Faru, Yanayinsu da Asalinsu, Sauyi 1: 11,2
 1950: (tare da WH Ittelson) "Masauki, Haɗuwa da alaƙarsu da Nisa Mai Bayyana", Jaridar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam 30:43–62.
 1951: "Fahimtar Gani da Tagar Trapezoidal Mai Juyawa", Monographs na Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam 65(7): #324
 1953: "Sake Duba Asalin da Yanayin Fahimta", a cikin Hangen Nesa da Aiki, wanda S. Ratner, Rutgers University Press ya shirya
 1955: Littafin Fassara: Yanayin Fahimtarmu, Sharhinmu da Halayyarmu
 1961:  Kilpatrick FP (ed.). Bincike a fannin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Mu'amala . New York: Jaridar Jami'ar New York. doi : 10.1037/11303-000 . ISBN 0340115963 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Rashin jituwa na kwanan wata ( taimako ) Category:CS1 errors: ISBN date

 Ƙarin bayani 

 Takardun iyali na Ames Archived   Sophia Smith Collection, Kwalejin Smith

 Manazarta 

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