Sanarwar Leipzig

Yarjejeniyar Leipzig kan Canjin Yanayi na Duniya wata sanarwa ce da aka yi a shekarar 1995, tana neman karyata gaskiyar cewa akwai Yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da batun dumamar yanayi.[1] An bayar da shi a cikin wani sabuntawa a cikin 1997 kuma an sake sake sabunta shi a cikin 2005, yana da'awar cewa masana kimiyya 80 da masu binciken labarai na talabijin 25 ne suka sanya hannu yayin da sanya ƙarin masu sa hannu 33 ke jiran tabbatar da cewa waɗannan ƙarin masana kimiyya 33 har yanzu sun yarda da sanarwa. [2][3] Dukkanin sassan sanarwar, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa babu wata yarjejeniya ta kimiyya game da muhimmancin dumama duniya kuma yana adawa da shawarwarin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) ne ya rubuta su.￼

Sanarwar farko ta dogara ne akan taron 9-10 Nuwamba 1995, wanda Helmut Metzner ya shirya a Leipzig, Jamus. Sanarwar ta biyu ta dogara ne akan taron magaji a Bonn, Jamus a ranar 10-11 ga Nuwamba 1997. SEPP da Kwalejin Turai don Harkokin Muhalli ne suka tallafa wa taron kuma suna da taken Taron Kasa da Kasa kan Rikici na Greenhouse.

A yau, ana ɗaukar sanarwar a matsayin kamfen ɗin yaudara, wanda ƙungiyar ƙin yarda da canjin yanayi ta yi amfani da dabarun ƙwararru na ƙarya, don jefa shakku game da yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da dumamar duniya.John Cook et al: Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence. PLOS ONE 2017, .

 Fassara 

 Sanarwar 1995 
Sanarwar 1995 ta tabbatar da cewa: "Babu wata yarjejeniya ta kimiyya a yau game da muhimmancin dumama ɗakunan ɗakunan ɗakuna daga hauhawar matakan carbon dioxide. Akasin haka, yawancin masana kimiyya yanzu sun yarda da gaskiyar cewa ainihin abubuwan lura daga tauraron dan adam na duniya ba su nuna wani dumama yanayi ba. " Sanarwar ta ƙarshe ta kasance daidai a lokacin, amma tare da ƙarin bayanai da gyaran kurakurai, duk nazarin ma'aunin zafin tauraron dan Adam yanzu suna nuna ƙididdigar dumama mai mahimmanci.

Sanarwar ta kuma soki Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi, tana cewa: "Makamashi yana da mahimmanci ga duk ci gaban tattalin arziki, kuma man fetur na burbushin halittu suna samar da babbar hanyar samar da makamashi ta duniya a yau. A cikin duniyar da talauci ita ce mafi girman gurɓataccen zamantakewa, duk wani ƙuntatawa kan amfani da makamashe wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziƙi ya kamata a kalli shi da hankali. "

 Sa hannu 
A cewar shafin yanar gizon SEPP, akwai sa hannu 79 ga sanarwar 1995, gami da Frederick Seitz: shugaban SEPP na yanzu. Wataƙila shahararren mai sanya hannu ga sanarwar shine Dokta Robert E. Stevenson, tsohon masanin kimiyya na NASA da Scripps Institution of Oceanography .  An sabunta jerin sa hannu na ƙarshe a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1996. Daga cikin wadannan 79, 33 sun kasa amsawa lokacin da SEPP ta nemi su sanya hannu kan sanarwar 1997. SEPP ta kira masu sanya hannu "kusan masana 100 na yanayi".

David Olinger na St. Petersburg Times ya yi jayayya da sa hannu ga sanarwar 1995. A cikin wata kasida a ranar 29 ga Yulin 1996, ya bayyana cewa masu sa hannu da yawa, ciki har da Chauncey Starr, Robert Balling, da Patrick Michaels, sun sami kuɗi daga masana'antar mai, yayin da wasu ba su da horo na kimiyya ko kuma ba za a iya gano su ba. (paywall)

Sanarwar 1995 ta fara: "A matsayin masana kimiyya, muna da sha'awar yiwuwar ayyukan ɗan adam na iya shafar yanayin duniya". Koyaya, waɗanda aka gano a matsayin masana kimiyya da masana yanayi sun haɗa da akalla masu gabatar da yanayi goma, gami da Dick Groeber na Dick's Weather Service a Springfield, Ohio. Groeber, wanda bai kammala digiri na jami'a ba, ya lakafta kansa masanin kimiyya ne saboda shekaru talatin zuwa arba'in na nazarin kansa. (paywall)

A kowane hali, yana da wahala a kimanta jerin sa hannu na sanarwar 1995, kamar yadda shafin yanar gizon SEPP bai ba da ƙarin bayani game da su ba sai dai ga jami'arsu, idan su farfesa ne.

 Sanarwar 1997 
Sanarwar 1997 ta sabunta sanarwar 1995 ta hanyoyi da yawa. Bambanci mafi bayyane shine mayar da hankali kan Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, yayin da taron Kyoto ke cikin aiwatar da kammala shi. Sanarwar ta ce:

 "Mun yi imanin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto - don rage hayakin carbon dioxide daga wani ɓangare na al'ummar duniya kawai - yana da haɗari mai sauƙi, ba shi da tasiri, kuma yana da lalacewar tattalin arziki ga ayyuka da ka'idojin rayuwa. ... Muna la'akari da manufofi masu tsananin kula da hayaki da suka samo asali daga taron Kyoto - ba su da goyon baya daga kimiyya mai zurfi - don ba su da shawara kuma ba su da kyau. "

Sanarwar ta fara ne: "A matsayin masana kimiyya masu zaman kansu da ke damuwa da matsalolin yanayi da yanayi, mu...". Kamar yadda yake tare da sanarwar 1995, an gabatar da tambayoyi game da asalin kimiyya na masu sa hannu, kuma wasu sun yi tambaya game da matakin da za a iya ɗauka su masu zaman kansu. Saboda yawancin wadanda suka sanya hannu kan sanarwar 1997 sun sanya hannu kan sanarwa ta 1995, damuwar da David Olinger da sauransu suka tayar bayan sanarwa ta 1995 har yanzu suna da mahimmanci.

Fred Singer da magoya bayansa galibi suna bayyana masu sanya hannu a matsayin masana kimiyyar yanayi, kodayake masu sanya hannu a yanzu sun haɗa da masu gabatar da yanayi 25. Wani muhimmin rahoto da ke adawa da shaidar kimiyya ta masu sanya hannu shi ne wani shiri na musamman na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Denmark wanda Øjvind Hesselager ya wallafa.[1] Hesselager ya yi ƙoƙarin tuntuɓar masu sanya hannu a sanarwar Turai 33 kuma ya gano cewa ba za a iya gano huɗu daga cikinsu ba, goma sha biyu sun musanta cewa sun taɓa sanya hannu, wasu kuma ba su ma ji labarin Sanarwar Leipzig ba. Waɗanda suka tabbatar da sa hannu sun haɗa da likita, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya, da kuma masanin ilimin halittu. Bayan ya yi watsi da masu sanya hannu waɗanda takardun shaidarsu suka yi yawa, ba su da mahimmanci, ƙarya ne, ko kuma ba za a iya tabbatar da su ba, Hesselager ya yi iƙirarin cewa sunayen 20 ne kawai a cikin jerin suna da wata alaƙa ta kimiyya da nazarin sauyin yanayi, kuma an san wasu daga cikin waɗannan sunayen sun sami tallafi daga masana'antar mai da mai, gami da masana'antar kwal ta Jamus da gwamnatin Kuwait (babban mai fitar da mai). Sakamakon rahoton Hesselager, Singer ya cire wasu, amma ba duka ba, na sa hannun da aka ƙi amincewa da su. Adadin sa hannun da ke kan takardar, a cewar sanarwar manema labarai ta SEPP, ya ragu daga 140 (a cewar sanarwar manema labarai ta Disamba 1997) zuwa 105 (har zuwa Fabrairu 2003).￼

Matsayin SEPP shine cewa "wasu daga cikin masu sa hannu na asali ba su da takardar shaidar ilimi 'daidai' - duk da cewa sun fahimci batutuwan yanayi na kimiyya sosai. Don kauce wa irin wannan lalata, muna so mu ƙuntata Yarjejeniyar Leipzig ga masu sa hannu tare da cancanta mara kyau". Don magance batun amincin mai sa hannu, SEPP ya ba da ƙarin bayani game da kowane mai sa hannu a shafin yanar gizon su kuma ya lissafa masu gabatar da yanayi daban daga sauran masu sa hannu.

 2005, an sake fasalinsa 
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shafin yanar gizon Singer na SEPP ya lissafa sanarwar "2005, da aka sake sabuntawa" (wanda har yanzu ya yi magana game da taron Kyoto na 1997 a matsayin abin da zai faru a nan gaba).  Wannan sigar ta haɗa da da'awar: "A zahiri, masana da yawa na yanayi yanzu sun yarda cewa ainihin abubuwan lura daga tauraron dan adam na yanayi ba su nuna wani dumamar duniya ba".

 Amfani da sanarwa 
Wasu a cikin motsi na "kimiyya mai sauti" sun ambaci sanarwa. Fred Singer ya ambaci shi a cikin ginshiƙan edita da ke bayyana a cikin daruruwan shafukan yanar gizo da manyan wallafe-wallafe, gami da The Wall Street Journal, Miami Herald, The Detroit News, Chicago Tribune, The Plain Dealer, Memphis Commercial Appeal, The Seattle Times, da Orange County Register. Jeff Jacoby, wani marubuci tare da The Boston Globe, ya bayyana masu sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Leipzig a matsayin "masana kimiyya na yanayi" wanda "ya haɗa da fitattun malamai. " Tankunan tunani kamar Gidauniyar Heritage, Cibiyar Heartland, da Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Ostiraliya sun kira su "masana tarihi. " Dukansu Yarjejeniyar Lezig da Yarjejeniyar Oregon ta Frederick Seitz an nakalto su a matsayin tushen iko yayin tattaunawar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka da Majalisar Wakilai.

Kodayake mahimman bayanai waɗanda sanarwar Leipzig ta dogara da su (kamar ma'aunin zafin tauraron dan adam) an soke su ta hanyar bincike na gaba, kuma sabbin shaidu da yawa sun tara,  ana ci gaba da ambaton sanarwar, tare da Oregon Petition, a matsayin shaidar ra'ayoyin masana kimiyya na yanzu game da canjin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, masu shirya ba su canza matsayinsu na ƙin dumamar duniya tare da aikin ɗan adam a matsayin direba na farko ba.

 Rubutun asali 
The 1997 declaration also updated its citations of evidence that appeared to run contrary to the consensus on global warming. For example, the 1995 declaration cites "observations from earth satellites," where the 1997 declaration cites "observations from both weather satellites and balloon-borne radiosondes." As with satellite data, subsequent analysis of radiosondes has shown a statistically significant warming trend.



Bayyanawa ta 1997:



Sanarwar 2005 (an sake duba):



 Dubi kuma 

 Ra'ayi na kimiyya game da canjin yanayi

 Manazarta 

 Abubuwan da suka danganci 

 Rahoton Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Danish (DR1), rahoton talabijin da Christian Jensen ya ambata.
 Hans Bulow da Poul-Eric Heilburth, "The Energy Conspiracy" (wasan bidiyo), Filmakers Library, 124 East 40th Street, New York, NY 10016.
 Sheldon Rampton da John Stauber, Ku amince da Mu, Mu Masana ne: Yadda Masana'antu ke sarrafa Kimiyya da Wasanni tare da Makomarku (New York, NY: Tarcher Putnam, 2002).
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba