Dean Acheson

Dean Gooderham Acheson / ATCH - iss - ən ATCH  11 ga Afrilu, 1893 12 ga Oktoba, 1971) ɗan siyasa ne kuma lauya ɗan Amurka. A matsayinsa na sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka na 51, ya kafa manufofin harkokin waje na gwamnatin Harry S. Truman daga 1949 zuwa 1953. Shi ne kuma babban mai ba da shawara kan manufofin harkokin waje na Truman daga 1945 zuwa 1947 a farkon shekarun Yaƙin Cacar Baki . Acheson ya taimaka wajen tsara Doka ta Truman da Shirin Marshall, da kuma Ƙungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewa maso Tekun Atlantika . Ya kasance a fannin shari'a na sirri daga Yuli 1947 zuwa Disamba 1948.  Bayan 1949, Acheson ya fuskanci suka daga 'yan Republican waɗanda Sanata Joseph McCarthy ya jagoranta kan manufofin Truman game da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China .

A lokacin rikicin makamai masu linzami na Cuba na shekarar 1962, Shugaba John F. Kennedy ya kira Acheson don neman shawara, inda ya shigar da shi cikin kwamitin zartarwa ( ExComm ), wata kungiyar ba da shawara kan dabarun yaki. A matsayinsa na ɗan ƙasa mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1968, ya shawarci Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson da ya yi shawarwari kan zaman lafiya da Arewacin Vietnam .

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Dean Gooderham Acheson a Middletown, Connecticut, a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1893. Mahaifinsa, Edward Campion Acheson, ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne ɗan asalin Ingila (wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Kanada a 1881). Ya zama firist na Cocin Ingila bayan kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Wycliffe kuma daga baya ya zama bishop na Cocin Episcopal . Ya koma Amurka, daga ƙarshe ya zama Bishop na Connecticut. Mahaifiyarsa, Eleanor Gertrude (Gooderham), ’yar asalin Kanada ce, daga William Gooderham, Sr. (1790–1881), wanda ya kafa Gooderham da Worts Distillery na Toronto. Kamar mahaifinsa, Acheson ɗan Democrat ne mai ƙwazo kuma mai adawa da haramcin.

Acheson ya halarci Makarantar Groton da Kwalejin Yale (1912–1915), inda ya shiga Scroll and Key Society, an zaɓe shi zuwa Phi Beta Kappa,  kuma ɗan'uwa ne na Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (babin Phi). A Groton da Yale, ya yi suna a matsayin mai son yin liyafa da kuma mai barkwanci; yana da ɗan nesa da abokan karatunsa amma har yanzu yana da farin jini a wurin abokan karatunsa; abokansa sun haɗa da Cole Porter da Archibald MacLeish .   Sanannen girman kai na Acheson - ya raina manhajar karatu a Yale saboda ta mayar da hankali kan haddace darussan da aka riga aka sani - ya bayyana da wuri. A Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard daga 1915 zuwa 1918, duk da haka, hankalin Farfesa Felix Frankfurter ya tafi da shi kuma ya kammala na biyar a ajinsa. 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1917, yayin da take aiki a rundunar tsaron ƙasa, Acheson ta auri Alice Caroline Stanley (12 ga Agusta, 1895 - 20 ga Janairu, 1996).  Tana son zane da siyasa kuma ta kasance mai tasiri a cikin aurensu mai ɗorewa; sun haifi 'ya'ya uku: David Campion Acheson, (mahaifin Eleanor D. Acheson ), Jane Acheson Brown da Mary Eleanor Acheson Bundy, (matar William Bundy ). 

 Sana'a 
Alkali Louis Brandeis na Kotun Ƙoli ya fara sabuwar al'ada ta ɗaliban lauyoyi masu hazaka su yi wa alkalan Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka aiki. Acheson ya yi masa aiki na tsawon wa'adi biyu daga 1919 zuwa 1921. Frankfurter da Brandeis abokan hulɗa ne na kud da kud, kuma Alkalin Kotun Ƙoli na gaba Frankfurter ya ba da shawarar cewa Brandeis ya yi yaƙi da Acheson. 

A tsawon aikinsa na dogon lokaci, Acheson ya nuna:

 Ƙarfin tunani da manufa mai ban mamaki, da kuma ƙarfin ciki mai ƙarfi. Ya zana dogayen layuka da kuma siffar doki mai kyau, alheri mai ƙarfin gwiwa, kyawun tunani mai ban sha'awa, da kuma fara'a wanda babban abin jan hankalinsa shine gaskiya mai ratsawa....[Ya] yana da saurin gudu da kai tsaye.... An ɗauke Acheson a matsayin mai hankali na ƙarni na 18 wanda yake shirye ya yi amfani da basira mara kunya ga al'amuran jama'a da na sirri. 

 Diflomasiyyar tattalin arziki 
Acheson, wanda ya kasance ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na tsawon rayuwarsa, ya yi aiki a wani kamfanin lauyoyi a Washington, Covington &amp; Burling, sau da yawa yana magance matsalolin shari'a na duniya kafin Franklin Delano Roosevelt ya naɗa shi Mataimakin Sakataren Baitulmali a watan Maris na 1933. Lokacin da Sakatare William H. Woodin ya yi rashin lafiya, Acheson ya sami kansa a matsayin mukaddashin sakatare duk da rashin saninsa game da kuɗi. Saboda adawarsa da shirin FDR na rage darajar dala ta hanyar sarrafa farashin zinare (don haka ya haifar da hauhawar farashin kaya), an tilasta masa yin murabus a watan Nuwamba na 1933. Ya ci gaba da aikin lauya. 

 Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu 
An dawo da Acheson a matsayin mataimakin sakataren harkokin waje a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1941, kuma ya aiwatar da mafi yawan manufofin tattalin arziki na Roosevelt na taimakawa Birtaniya da kuma cutar da ƙasashen Axis .  Acheson ya aiwatar da manufar Lend-Hase wadda ta taimaka wajen sake samar da makamai ga Birtaniya da takunkumin mai na Amurka/Birtaniya/Holand wanda ya rage kashi 95 cikin 100 na man fetur na Japan kuma ya ƙara ta'azzara rikicin da Japan a 1941.  Roosevelt ya daskarar da duk kadarorin Japan kawai don ya ɓata musu rai. Bai yi nufin ya daina kwararar mai zuwa Japan ba. Shugaban ya bar Washington zuwa Newfoundland don ganawa da Churchill. Yayin da yake tafiya, Acheson ya yi amfani da waɗannan kadarorin da aka daskarar don hana man Japan. Bayan dawowar shugaban, ya yanke shawarar cewa zai yi kama da rauni kuma mai daɗi don soke takunkumin mai na asali . 

A shekarar 1944, Acheson ya halarci taron Bretton Woods a matsayin babban wakili daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. A wannan taron an tsara tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya bayan yakin. A nan ne aka haifi Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Bankin Duniya, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Gabaɗaya kan Haraji da Ciniki, wanda na ƙarshe zai rikide ya zama Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya .

 Diflomasiyya a Yaƙin Cacar Baki 
Daga baya, a shekarar 1945, Harry S. Truman ya zaɓi Acheson a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ; ya riƙe wannan matsayin yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Sakatarorin Harkokin Waje Edward Stettinius, Jr., James F. Byrnes, da George Marshall . A ƙarshen shekarar 1946, Acheson ya nemi hutawa tare da Tarayyar Soviet. A shekarar 1946, a matsayinsa na shugaban kwamitin musamman don shirya wani shiri don kula da makamashin atomic na duniya, ya rubuta rahoton Acheson-Lilienthal . Da farko, Acheson ya yi sulhu da Joseph Stalin .

Yunkurin Tarayyar Soviet na mamaye yankin Gabas ta Turai da kuma Turkiyya da Iran ya canza tunanin Acheson. Tun daga wannan lokacin, wani masanin tarihi ya rubuta, "Acheson ya fi 'halarce' a lokacin ƙirƙirar Yaƙin Cacar Baki ; shi ne babban mai ginin gine-gine."  Acheson sau da yawa yana riƙe mukaddashin sakatare a lokacin tafiye-tafiyen sakataren a ƙasashen waje akai-akai, kuma a wannan lokacin ya ƙara ƙulla alaƙa da Shugaba Truman. Acheson ya ƙirƙiro manufar kuma ya rubuta buƙatar Truman ta 1947 ga Majalisa don neman taimako ga Girka da Turkiyya, jawabin da ya jaddada haɗarin mulkin kama-karya (amma bai ambaci sunan Tarayyar Soviet ba) kuma ya nuna babban canji a manufofin ƙasashen waje na Amurka wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin Doka ta Truman . 

A ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1947, Acheson ya karɓi lambar yabo ta yabo daga Shugaba Truman. 

 Kare Takardar Fari 
A lokacin bazara na 1949, bayan nasarar da ba a zata ba ta jam'iyyar Democrat a zaɓen 1948, Acheson ya sa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta samar da wani bincike kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin Sin da Amurka kwanan nan. Takardar da aka sani a hukumance da Hulɗar Amurka da China tare da Tunani na Musamman ga Zamanin 1944-1949, wanda daga baya aka kira shi da Takardar Fari ta China, ta yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da duk wani kuskuren fahimta game da diflomasiyyar China da Amurka ga juna.  An buga a lokacin da Mao Zedong ya mamaye mulki, takardar mai shafuka 1,054 ta yi jayayya cewa tsoma bakin Amurka a China zai gaza. Duk da cewa Acheson da Truman sun yi fatan binciken zai kawar da jita-jita da zato, takardun sun taimaka wajen shawo kan masu suka da yawa cewa gwamnati ta gaza wajen dakile yaduwar kwaminisanci a China. 

 Yaƙin Koriya 
Jawabin Acheson a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1950, a gaban Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasa  bai ambaci yankin Koriya da Formosa (Taiwan) a matsayin wani ɓangare na "kewayen tsaro" mafi mahimmanci na Amurka ba, wanda aka sani da Layin Acheson.   Tun lokacin da yaƙin Koriya ya ɓarke a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 'yan watanni kaɗan bayan haka, masu suka, musamman a Koriya ta Kudu, sun ɗauki kalaman Acheson a matsayin cewa goyon bayan Amurka ga sabuwar gwamnatin Syngman Rhee a Koriya ta Kudu zai kasance kaɗan kuma jawabin ya bai wa Stalin da Kim Il Sung "haske mai haske" don su yi imani da cewa Amurka ba za ta shiga tsakani ba idan suka mamaye Kudu. Duk da haka, lokacin da aka buɗe tarihin Soviet a shekarun 1980, bincike ya gano cewa jawabin bai yi wani tasiri ba ga shawarar Kwaminisanci na yaƙi a Koriya. [ 22 ]

 Menon Cabal da kuma 'ƙarshen dangantaka mai sauƙi da atomatik' 
Yaƙin neman zaɓen Acheson game da manufofin ƙasashen waje ya ɓata wa wasu ƙawayen Amurka na gargajiya rai, waɗanda suka haɗa kai da ministan harkokin wajen Indiya Krishna Menon, a cikin abin da Acheson ya kira a lokaci-lokaci a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa a matsayin ' Menon cabal '.  Membobin ƙungiyar sun haɗa da Anthony Eden da Selwyn Lloyd daga Birtaniya; RG Casey na Ostiraliya; da Lester B. Pearson na Kanada, wanda ya lura a cikin 1951 cewa "kwanakin dangantaka mai sauƙi da kai tsaye da Amurka sun ƙare".  Ƙungiyar Menon za ta kawo cikas ga manufofin diflomasiyyar Acheson na Yaƙin Koriya, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarfi fiye da lokacin Acheson a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Waje,   yayin da bayanin Acheson na ƙoƙarin diflomasiyyar ƙungiyar a matsayin 'fasaha' da Menon da Pearson suka yi wa Pearson rauni da kansa, wanda zai ci gaba da zama Firayim Minista na Kanada. 

 Hare-haren "rashin nasarar China" 
Da nasarar Kwaminisanci a yakin basasar China, China ta sauya daga abokiyar Amurka zuwa abokiyar gaba mai zafi—masu iko biyu suna yaƙi a Koriya a shekarar 1950. Masu suka sun zargi Acheson da abin da suka kira " rashin China " kuma sun ƙaddamar da zanga-zangar shekaru da dama ga mulkin Acheson; Acheson ya yi wa abokan hamayyarsa ba'a kuma ya kira wannan lokacin a cikin littafin tarihinsa mai suna The Attack of the Primitives . Duk da cewa ya ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsa na mai adawa da kwaminisanci, masu adawa da kwaminisanci daban-daban sun kai masa hari saboda rashin ɗaukar wani mataki mai ƙarfi wajen kai hari ga kwaminisanci a ƙasashen waje da kuma cikin gida, maimakon yin biyayya ga manufofinsa na hana faɗaɗa kwaminisanci. Shi da Sakataren Tsaro George Marshall sun fuskanci hari daga mutane kamar Joseph McCarthy ; Acheson ya zama abin dariya ga wasu Amurkawa, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin daidaita rikici da jin daɗi. Dan Majalisa Richard Nixon, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban ƙasa zai nemi shawara daga Acheson, ya yi ba'a ga "Kwalejin Acheson ta Makiyaya ta Kwaminisanci". Wannan suka ya yi ƙarfi sosai bayan da Acheson ya ƙi "juya wa Alger Hiss baya" lokacin da aka zargi na biyun da laifin ɗan leƙen asiri na Kwaminisanci, kuma aka same shi da laifin rantsuwar ƙarya saboda musanta cewa shi ɗan leƙen asiri ne.  Beisner, pp. 79, 83

 Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa 
Acheson ya yi ritaya a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1953, ranar ƙarshe ta gwamnatin Truman, kuma ya yi aiki a hukumar gudanarwa ta Yale tare da Sanata Robert A. Taft, ɗaya daga cikin masu sukarsa mafi tsauri. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1955. 

Acheson ya koma aikin lauya na sirri. Duk da cewa aikinsa na gwamnati ya ƙare, tasirinsa bai ƙare ba. Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta yi watsi da shi amma ta jagoranci ƙungiyoyin manufofin Democrat a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. Yawancin manufofin mayar da martani masu sassauci na Shugaba John F. Kennedy sun fito ne daga takardun matsayin da wannan ƙungiyar ta tsara. [ <span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2021)">wanne?</span> ]

Ofisoshin shari'a na Acheson suna da tsari mai kyau a kusa da Fadar White House kuma ya yi abubuwa da yawa ba tare da aiki ba. Ya zama mai ba da shawara na hukuma ga gwamnatocin Kennedy da Johnson. A lokacin rikicin makamai masu linzami na Cuba, misali, Kennedy ya tura shi zuwa Faransa don ya yi wa Shugaban Faransa Charles de Gaulle bayani da kuma samun goyon bayansa ga katangar Amurka. Acheson ya yi adawa da shawarar ƙarshe kawai ta katangar da ta sa ya yi murabus daga kwamitin zartarwa. 

A shekarun 1960, Acheson ya kasance babban memba na wata ƙungiyar dattawan dattijan jam'iyya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da aka sani da Wise Men, waɗanda da farko suka goyi bayan Yaƙin Vietnam. A matsayinsa na sakataren harkokin waje, Acheson ya goyi bayan ƙoƙarin Faransa na sarrafa Indochina a matsayin farashin da ake buƙata don tallafawa NATO ta Faransa, da kuma dakile gurguzu. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1968, ra'ayinsa ya canza. Shugaba Johnson ya nemi Acheson ya sake duba manufofin sojan Amurka, kuma ya kammala da cewa nasarar soja ba zai yiwu ba. Ya shawarci Johnson da ya janye da wuri-wuri, don guje wa rarrabuwar kawuna mai zurfi a cikin Jam'iyyar Democrat. Johnson ya karɓi shawarar Acheson, dangane da rage yaƙin, da kuma yanke shawarar kada ya sake tsayawa takara. Acheson ya amince da Hubert Humphrey, kuma ya goyi bayan Richard Nixon a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a 1968. Ya ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Nixon ta hanyar Henry Kissinger, yana mai da hankali kan NATO da kuma al'amuran Afirka. Ya karya yarjejeniyar Nixon a 1970 da kutsen da aka yi a Cambodia .

A shekarar 1964, Acheson ya sami lambar yabo ta Shugaban Ƙasa ta 'Yanci, tare da Distinction. A shekarar 1970, ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer don Tarihi saboda tarihin rayuwarsa a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department . Laburaren Zamani sun sanya littafin a lamba ta 47 a cikin manyan littattafansu 100 marasa almara na ƙarni na 20. 

Acheson ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini mai tsanani a gonarsa da ke Sandy Spring, Maryland a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1971 yana da shekaru 78. An same shi kwance a kan teburinsa a lokacin da yake karatunsa.  An binne Acheson a Makabartar Oak Hill da ke Georgetown, Washington, DC  Beisner, pp. 79, 83

 A cikin kafofin watsa labarai 
John Dehner ne ya dauki nauyin Acheson a cikin shirin talabijin na shekarar 1974 mai suna The Missiles of October .

A cikin fim ɗin Thirteen Days na shekarar 2000, Len Cariou ne ya fito a fim ɗin Acheson.

 Littattafai 

 Littattafai 
Wanda ya gabatar a bikin Creation: My Years in the State Department (WW Norton, 1969), tarihin Acheson, ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer Prize for History ta 1970. Yana nan a yanar gizo .

 Acheson, Dean. Ɗan Democrat Ya Duba Jam'iyyarsa (1955)
 Acheson, Dean. Ɗan ƙasa ya kalli Majalisa (1957)
 Acheson, Dean. Zane-zane daga Rayuwar Maza da Na Sani (1961)
 akan layi

 Acheson, Dean. Yana gabatarwa a Creation (1969) akan layi
 Acheson, Dean. Yaƙin Koriya (1971)
 Shafuka 222.
 McLellan, David S., da David C. Acheson, editoci. Tsakanin Abokai: Wasikun Kai na Dean Acheson (1980)
 Truman, Harry S. da Dean Acheson. Soyayya da aminci: wasiƙar sirri ta Harry S. Truman da Dean Acheson, 1953-1971 (2010)

 Labarai 

 “Taƙaitaccen Rahoton Kwamitin Babban Lauya”. Mujallar Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Maris 1941), shafi na 143–146.
 “Mr. Justice Brandeis”. Harvard Law Review, Vol. 55, No. 2 (Disamba 1941), shafi na 191–192.
 “Rubutun Bayanin Amurka ga Tarayyar Soviet game da Tambayar Mashigin Tekun Turkiyya, Agusta 19, 1946”. Mujallar Gabas ta Tsakiya, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Janairu 1947), shafi na 88–89.
 “Bayani Kan Indiya Daga Dean Acheson, Mukaddashin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Disamba 3, 1946” . Mujallar Gabas ta Tsakiya, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Afrilu 1947), shafi na 209.
 "Buƙata da Rashin". Masanin Amurka, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Kaka 1948), shafi na 476–477.
 "Abwehr von Aggressionen". Matsalar Ost, Vol. 2, Na 39 (Satumba 28, 1950), shafi. 1240.
 "Proklamation des Nationalen Notstands a Amurka". Matsalar Ost, Vol. 3, Na 1 (Janairu 6, 1951), shafi. 31. Haɗe-haɗe tare da Harry S. Truman .
 “Ci gaban Al'ummar Duniya.” Takardun Ƙungiyar Dokokin Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka a Taronta na Shekara-shekara (1921–1969), Vol. 46 (24–26 ga Afrilu, 1952), shafi na 18–25.
 "Mafarkin Rabuwa". Harkokin Waje, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Afrilu 1958), shafi na 371–382.
 “Felix Frankfurter” . Harvard Law Review, Vol. 76, No. 1 (Nuwamba 1962), shafi na 14–16.
 "Aikin Haɗin gwiwa" . Harkokin Waje, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Janairu 1963), shafi na 247–260.
 "Kwantar da Kan Kuba". Takardun Ƙungiyar Dokokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Amurka a Taronta na Shekara-shekara (1921-1969), Vol. 57, Law and Conflict: Changing Patterns and Contemporary Challenges (25-27 ga Afrilu, 1963), shafi na 9-18. Quincy Wright da Abram Chayes ne suka rubuta tare.
 "Turai: Shawara ko Kuskure". Harkokin Waje, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Janairu 1966), shafi na 198–205.
 “Hanyar Lauya Zuwa Zaman Lafiya”. Jaridar Virginia Quarterly Review, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Lokacin bazara na 1966), shafi na 337–348.
 "Girman Kan Lauyoyin Duniya". Lauyan Duniya, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Yuli 1968), shafi na 591–600.
 “Cire Inuwar da Aka Yi Wa Kotuna”. Mujallar Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka, Vol. 55, No. 10 (Oktoba 1969), shafi na 919–922.
 "Hasken Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje". Harkokin Waje, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Yuli 1971), shafi na 593–606.
 "Yadda Rikici Ya Yi Aiki". Manufofin Ƙasashen Waje, Lamba ta 7 (Lokacin bazara na 1972), shafi na 41–53. An yi rubutu tare da Chalmers M. Roberts, W. Averell Harriman da Arthur Krock .

 Sharhin littafi 

 “Bita kan Dokar Ma'aikata ta Maryland, ta Malcolm H. Lauchheimer” . Harvard Law Review, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Disamba 1919), shafi na 329–332. Cikakken rubutu yana samuwa a JSTOR .
 “Bita kan Siffanta Makomar Gaba: Manufofin Ƙasashen Waje a Zamanin Canji, na Robert R. Bowie” . Kwata-kwata na Kimiyyar Siyasa, Vol. 79, Lamba ta 3 (Satumba 1964), shafi na 435–436.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba