Gidan Sarki Louis

Gadar Sarki Louis (Jamusanci: König-Ludwig-Brücke) ta ratsa kogin Iller a garin Kempten da ke Allgäu a kudancin Jamus. Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Royal Bavarian State ne ya gina ta a tsakiyar karni na 19. Bayan an sake gina ta kuma aka canza ta sau da yawa, a halin yanzu an rufe gadar saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali da ake kyautata zaton ba ta da tabbas.

 Wuri 
Gadar ta ratsa hanyar rafin kogin Iller da ke Kudancin Kempten. A lokacin da aka gina gadar, yankin da ke kewaye da gadar ya kasance ƙarami. A fannin ilimin ƙasa, ginin yana kan rufin moraine na ƙarshe da kuma moraines na koma bayan tattalin arziki na Würm glaciation .

 Tarihi 
An gina gadar katako, wadda aka raba zuwa sassa uku, bisa ga tsarin truss na Howe, wanda injiniyan Amurka William Howe ya ƙirƙiro, tsakanin 1847 da 1851. Tana da manyan gine-gine guda biyu a jere, tare da layin dogo na sama don layin dogo na Ludwig South-North .

Yayin da nauyin jiragen ƙasa da na locomotives ke ƙaruwa, an yarda a yi amfani da shi ta hanya ɗaya kawai. A shekarar 1880, an saka wani ƙarfe mai ƙarfi a tsakiyar gadar don ya tallafa mata.

An rufe ginin ga jiragen ƙasa a shekarar 1905, saboda gadojin siminti da ke makwabtaka da su ( Obere Illerbrücken ), waɗanda suka kusa kammalawa. A shekarar 1911, garin Kempten ya sayi gadar truss kuma ya canza ta don zirga-zirgar ababen hawa. Wehrmacht ta fashe yankin gabas na gine-ginen katako a watan Afrilun 1945. An cike gibin da ya taso a cikin wannan shekarar, ta amfani da gadar wucin gadi ta katako, wadda aka maye gurbinta da ginin haɗin gwiwa a shekarar 1957.

Bayan gina sabuwar tashar Kempten a shekarar 1969, an rufe ɗaya daga cikin gadojin siminti ga jiragen ƙasa kuma an canza shi don zirga-zirgar hanya. Don haka garin ya iya sake gina gadar da ta fi tsufa ga masu tafiya a ƙasa da masu kekuna a shekarar 1970. Gadar ta sami sunanta na yanzu 'King Louis Bridge' a shekarar 1988, hukumomin kiyaye muhalli suna kiranta da 'Iller Bridge I' a hukumance. Kafin wannan, an cire sassan gadar daga 1957 saboda lalacewar tsatsa. Bugu da ƙari, an cire sassan tsakiya da yamma na babban ginin katako na arewa daga 1986 da crane mai motsi kuma ɓangaren yamma ya gajarta, an juya shi digiri 180 sannan aka sanya shi a cikin gibin gabas.

Ita ce kawai gadar da ta rage da aka gina bisa tsarin ginin truss na Howe kuma ita ce mafi tsawo a cikinsu a Jamus,  mai yiwuwa a duk duniya. A shekara ta 2005, an kare itacen larch da itacen oak na gadar daga hasken rana tare da raga da aka yi da zare na roba, don magance lalacewar itace.    Da farko, an gina gadar ne don kare itacen daga yanayi. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ba zai iya hana lalacewa saboda danshi ba.

A tsawon lokaci, barnar da yanayi ya haifar ta ci gaba sosai, har garin ya yanke shawarar rufe gadar saboda dalilan tsaro a watan Disamba na 2013. Mutane kaɗan ne suka yi tambaya game da gyaran gadar kuma suka nemi a rushe ta. Majalisar Kempten ta yanke shawara kan gyaran. Kudaden wannan ya fito ne daga masu ba da gudummawa daban-daban, da sauransu Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya, Kare Yanayi da Tsaron Nukiliya . Tun daga ranar 1 ga Satumba na 2017, an rufe gadar hanya ta maƙwabta don jigilar ginin katako, wanda aka raba shi gida uku, tare da manyan cranes guda biyu, da farko zuwa gadar sannan zuwa wurin ajiye motoci a kan hanyar Kotterner. An gyara sassan gadar a can a wani bita na wucin gadi kuma an shirya don sake ginawa.   An mayar da tsakiyar gadar - wanda shi ma ya fi nauyi - a kan ginshiƙanta bayan gyarawa a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2018. 

 Gine-gine 
Gadar ta mamaye fadin mita 120 da zurfin mita 34 na kwarin Iller tare da katako uku, faɗin faɗinsu mita 35, 52 da 26 (daga Yamma zuwa Gabas).  Sashen giciye na babban ginin katako, gine-gine biyu masu siffar akwati, waɗanda ke da tsarin tallafi guda biyu na girder mai tsayin mita 5,26 kowannensu yana da saman sama da kuma abin ƙarfafa iska a ƙarƙashinsa. An tallafa wa waɗannan gine-ginen masu siffar akwati kusan kowace mita 12 tare da Saint Andrew's Cross.  Tsarin tallafi na girder yana da layuka uku. Dukansu layukan waje sun ƙunshi manyan rafters guda biyu, waɗanda ke tashi zuwa tsakiyar gadar. Katako mai ɗaure suna samar da tsakiyar layin tsarin tallafi na girder. Katako suna da sashin giciye mai murabba'i mai tsawon santimita 19 kuma an yi su da dutse kuma an gama su da katakon larch na Swiss da itacen oak da aka jika mai mai.  Katakororin kwance (bel na sama da bel na ƙasa) kowannensu ya ƙunshi katako uku masu layi ɗaya tare da girman sassan giciye na santimita 22 x 28 kuma suna da tsawon mita 10.6. An shirya sandunan rataye na ƙarfe biyu-biyu a kowane mita 2.12 a sassan gadar. Girman sassan giciye ya bambanta tsakanin santimita biyar kusa da ɗaukar gadar da santimita huɗu a tsakiyar sashe.  Wannan yana nuna cewa lissafin Carl Culmann an yi shi ne bisa ga Howe Truss.  BHS-Sonthofen  ne ya samar da sandunan rataye. Gine-ginen biyu masu siffar akwati suna tallafawa layukan dogo biyu na layin dogo a kan katakon giciye. Duk ginin katako yana jingina akan ginshiƙai biyu kusan tsayin mita 25 da kuma kan bearings biyu na counter, waɗanda aka gina da dutse tare da revement na ashlar. Duk bearings ɗin counter suna da sassan da aka yi da baka mai kaifi, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman ajiya don ruwan kashe gobara.  An isa wurin da aka gina katakon daga gefe da bangon katako da aka rataye ta hanyar "rufin" da aka yi da katako mai bango biyu da kuma rufin kwano.  Wannan rufin ya kasance mai jure yanayi (ruwan sama, rana) kuma yana jure wa tartsatsin wuta da tokar jiragen ƙasa masu tururi. 

Saboda ƙaruwar nauyin jiragen ƙasa (a shekara ta 1854 kusan 19, a shekara ta 1859 kusan 30, a shekarun 1890 kimanin tan 60  ) an yi amfani da gadar daga baya a hanya ɗaya. A shekara ta 1880, an gina flanges na ƙarfe (marasa ƙarfin lantarki) a tsakiyar gadar, waɗanda aka haɗa su da katako na sama, suna aiki azaman flanges na matsewa.  

Bayan da garin Kempten ya sayi gadar a shekarar 1911, layukan dogo sun lalace kuma an sanya wa ginin asali na gadar jirgin ƙasa hanya.

A shekarar 1986, an sake gina dukkan gadar gaba ɗaya. An cire mai ɗaukar kaya na arewa, gami da dukkan sassa uku, an canza mai ɗaukar kaya na yamma, an juya shi kuma an maye gurbin tsarin haɗin gwiwa daga 1951 a ɓangaren gabas na mai ɗaukar kaya na kudu.  An cire itacen ginshiƙin tsakiya na arewa. An cire bangarorin katako da aka rataye a gefen gadar don bayyana tsarin mai ɗaukar kaya. Garin Kempten ya rufe gadar a watan Disamba na 2013. An naɗe masu ɗaukar kaya da foil a cikin wani tsari mai rikitarwa don hana ƙarin lalacewa saboda yanayin yanayi.  An duba kwanciyar hankalin gadar, sakamakon ya haifar da bayanin tsarin gyara. Majalisar birnin Kempten ta amince ta gyara gadar a watan Agusta na 2015. Da farko, an kiyasta kuɗin da aka kashe shine 3.3 Yuro miliyan, amma farashin ƙarshe shine 5 Yuro miliyan.  An dauki nauyin kashi biyu bisa uku na kudin ne ta hanyar Shirin Kasa na Gina Hanya. Bayan gyara, za a bude gadar ga masu tafiya a ƙasa da masu keke. 

 Muhimmanci 

 Gadar Sarki Louis wani abin tarihi ne da aka lissafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Monument ta Bavarian. 
 A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2012, Majalisar Injiniya ta Ƙasa ta lissafa ginin a matsayin wani muhimmin tarihi na Injiniyan Jamus.  Dalilin bayar da kyautar ba wai kawai shine kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin gadojin jirgin ƙasa na katako (fiye da shekaru 150) a duk duniya ba kuma gadar Howe mafi tsufa a Turai,  amma kuma gaskiyar cewa an gina gadar ne bisa lissafi, maimakon a yi ta bisa ga ma'auni . Gadar tana nuna sauyawa zuwa gine-ginen da aka gina bisa ga ka'ida na ƙarni na 19. "Mutum zai iya faɗi, ba tare da yin ƙarin bayani ba, cewa za a ɗauki wannan a matsayin wani abin tarihi na injiniyan gine-gine na duniya." 

 Wakilci a cikin fasaha 
Gina ginin yana nuna farkon masana'antu da ci gaban fasaha. Saboda haka, an samar da zane- zane da yawa na gadar a wancan lokacin. Wannan ya canza bayan gina gadar siminti da ke makwabtaka da ita. An cire ginin katako gaba ɗaya a cikin hotunan zamani. Tun lokacin da aka gina gadar, an yi mata katako, har zuwa 1986, lokacin da aka cire bangarorin katako, waɗanda suka toshe ganin tsarin ginin. Duk da haka, yawancin hotunan abin tunawa - har ma da hotuna daga ranar da aka fara aikin - suna nuna gadar da tsarin ginin gini da ake iya gani.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba