Dokar inshorar lafiya

Umarnin inshorar lafiya ko dai wani ma'aikaci ne ko kuma mutum ɗaya da ya nemi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa maimakon (ko ƙari ga) tsarin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa . [1]

 Ostiraliya 
Shirin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa na Ostiraliya ana kiransa da Medicare, kuma ana ba da kuɗin ta hanyar haraji na gabaɗaya, gami da harajin Medicare akan albashi; amfani da Medicare ba dole ba ne kuma waɗanda suka sayi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa suna samun rangwame daga gwamnati akan kuɗin fansho. [1] Mutanen da ke da yawan kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara (A$70,000 a cikin kasafin kuɗin tarayya na 2008) waɗanda ba su da takamaiman matakan inshorar asibiti masu zaman kansu suna ƙarƙashin ƙarin ƙarin kuɗin harajin Medicare na 1%. [2] Mutanen da ke da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga ko ƙasa da haka na iya cancanci tallafin kuɗi don siyan inshorar mai zaman kansa, amma ba za su fuskanci hukunci ba idan ba su saya ba. [3] Dole ne kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu su bi sharuɗɗan da aka tabbatar da su da kuma ƙimar al'umma, amma za su iya iyakance ɗaukar nauyin cututtukan da suka riga suka kasance har zuwa shekara guda don hana zaɓin da ba daidai ba .

 Japan 
Japan tana da tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya wanda ya tilasta wa dukkan mazauna su sami inshorar lafiya, ko dai a wurin aiki ko ta hanyar kamfanin inshorar al'umma na gida, amma ba ya sanya hukunci ga mutane saboda rashin inshora.  Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Japan "tana kula da farashin kula da lafiya har zuwa ƙaramin bayani. Duk bayan shekaru biyu, likitoci da ma'aikatar lafiya suna tattaunawa kan farashi mai ƙayyadadden farashi ga kowace hanya da kowace magani. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye kuɗin inshora zuwa kusan $280 a wata ga matsakaicin dangin Japan."  Gwamnati ce ke tsara kuɗin inshora, tare da garantin fitowar da ƙimar al'umma.  Ba a ba wa masu inshora izinin musanta da'awa ko ɗaukar hoto ba, ko kuma su sami riba (ana ɗaukar kuɗin shiga na yau da kullun zuwa shekara mai zuwa, kuma idan ɗaukar kaya ya yi yawa, ƙimar za ta faɗi).  Kimanin kashi 10% suna guje wa kuɗin inshora na tilas; gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi ba sa ba su katunan inshora, waɗanda masu samar da kayayyaki ke buƙata.  Ana samun inshorar sirri ta son rai ta hanyoyi da dama ciki har da ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin kwadago don rufe kuɗaɗen da inshorar doka ba ta rufe ba, amma wannan ya kai kusan kashi 2% kawai na kuɗin kula da lafiya.  A aikace, likitoci ba za su hana marasa lafiya kulawa a cikin tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa mai rahusa ba saboda su ne mafi yawan marasa lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma likitoci ba za su iya samun isasshen kuɗi ta hanyar yi wa ƙaramin adadin marasa lafiya da ke da inshorar sirri hidima ba.   Jimlar kashe kuɗi kusan rabin matakin Amurka ne, kuma masu biyan haraji suna ba da tallafi ga talakawa. 

 Netherlands 
Netherlands tana da umarnin inshorar lafiya  kuma tana ba wa kamfanonin riba damar yin gasa don mafi ƙarancin tsare-tsaren inshorar ɗaukar hoto, kodayake akwai kuma masu inshorar haɗin gwiwa don haka amfani da mai inshorar kasuwanci don riba ba dole ba ne. Gwamnati tana tsara masu inshora kuma tana gudanar da tsarin daidaita haɗari don tallafawa masu inshora waɗanda ke ba da inshorar abokan ciniki masu tsada. Abubuwa da yawa suna rage matakin kuɗin da ke sauƙaƙa bin umarnin jama'a. Kudin kula da lafiya a Netherlands ya fi matsakaicin Turai amma ya yi ƙasa da na Amurka. Rabin kuɗin inshora ga manya ana biyan su ta hanyar harajin da ya shafi samun kuɗi wanda ke zuwa ga tallafin inshorar sirri ta hanyar tsarin sake inshorar haɗari wanda mai kula da shi ke gudanarwa. Gwamnati tana biyan dukkan kuɗin ga yara. Kashi arba'in cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a sun cancanci tallafin kuɗi. Kimanin kashi 1.5 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a na doka an kiyasta ba su da inshora. Masu tsara dokar Holland ba su yi tunanin wata matsala da rashin bin doka ba, dokar farko ta haifar da wasu takunkumi masu tasiri idan mutum bai ɗauki inshora ko biyan kuɗin inshora ba, kuma gwamnati a halin yanzu tana haɓaka hanyoyin aiwatarwa. 

 Switzerland 
Tsarin Switzerland yayi kama da na Netherlands inda kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ke fafatawa don samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar da ake buƙata don cika umarninta. Kudin inshora ba shi da alaƙa da kuɗin shiga, amma gwamnati tana ba da tallafi ga ƙananan mutane don taimaka musu su biya kuɗin shirinsu. Kimanin kashi 40% na gidaje sun sami wani nau'in tallafi a 2004. Mutane suna da 'yancin kashe kuɗi gwargwadon yadda suke so don shirye-shiryensu da siyan ƙarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya idan ana so. Tsarin yana da inshorar kama-da-wane ta hanyar kama-da-wane, tare da kusan kashi 99% na mutanen da ke da inshora. An ƙirƙiri dokokin da ke bayan tsarin a 1996.  Wani batu na baya-bayan nan a ƙasar shine hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya, wanda ya fi matsakaicin Turai. Duk da haka, waɗannan hauhawar farashin har yanzu sun ɗan yi ƙasa da ƙaruwar da aka samu a Amurka. 

 Amurka 

 Tarihi 
Gidauniyar Heritage ta fara gabatar da umarnin mutum ɗaya na siyan kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1989 a matsayin madadin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya .      Stuart Butler, wani tsohon mai goyon bayan umarnin mutum ɗaya a Gidauniyar Heritage, ya rubuta:

Gidauniyar Heritage ta canza matsayinta a shekarar 2011, inda ta kira umarnin da aka bayar na mutum ɗaya ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. 

Tun daga farkonta, ra'ayin ikon mutum ɗaya ya samu goyon bayan 'yan siyasa na jam'iyyar Republican a matsayin hanyar kasuwa mai 'yanci don sake fasalin kula da lafiya.   Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da Charles Grassley, Mitt Romney, da John Chafee .  An ji cewa ikon mutum ɗaya ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na alhakin mutum ɗaya, kuma ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fahimci cewa kasuwar kiwon lafiya ta musamman ce.

A shekarar 1993, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya gabatar da kudirin gyara harkokin kiwon lafiya wanda ya kunshi umarni ga ma'aikata su samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan ma'aikata ta hanyar kasuwar da aka tsara ta kungiyoyin kula da lafiya da kuma umarnin mutum daya.   Duk da haka, shirin Clinton ya gaza a daidai lokacin da ake fargabar cewa yana da sarkakiya ko kuma ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma a lokacin da ake fuskantar tarin tallace-tallace marasa kyau da ba a taba gani ba wanda kungiyoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masana'antar inshorar lafiya suka dauki nauyinsa.  A lokacin, sanatocin Republican sun gabatar da kudirin da zai bukaci mutane, ba ma'aikata ba, su sayi inshora, a matsayin madadin shirin Clinton. 

Shirin Hillary Clinton a shekarar 2008 ya kuma haɗa da ikon mutum ɗaya. 

 Manufa 
Bukatar izinin ɗaukar inshora a cikin tsarin da aka tsara kamar yadda yake a yanzu a Amurka na tasowa ne lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin da suke ciki ba. Kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi lokacin da ake buƙatar kamfanonin inshora su bayar da inshora a farashi ɗaya ga duk waɗanda suke so, kamar yadda suke ƙarƙashin Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi.

Manufar umarnin tarayya ko jiha na ɗaukar inshora shine don guje wa matsalolin masu hawa babur da matsalolin zaɓi mara kyau a wuraren inshorar lafiya, ta yadda ba za a sami mutane da yawa da suka fi rashin lafiya ba, ko tsofaffi da suka fi fuskantar rashin lafiya, a cikin wuraren inshorar.   Idan akwai zaɓi mara kyau da yawa, farashin kuɗi na iya ƙaruwa, ko kuma ya yi yawa, kuma ana iya kiransa " masu mutuwa ",  inda farashin farashi ya kai matsayi mai tsanani, domin mutanen da suka fi rashin lafiya ne kawai ke cikin wuraren.

 Massachusetts 
An fara aiwatar da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya a matakin jiha: dokar gyaran lafiyar Massachusetts ta 2005. A shekarar 2006, ɗan Republican Mitt Romney, gwamnan Massachusetts a lokacin, ya sanya hannu kan dokar mutum ɗaya tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. A shekarar 2007, wani kudirin Majalisar Dattawa wanda ke ɗauke da dokar tarayya, wanda Bob Bennett ( R - UT ) da Ron Wyden ( D - OR ) suka rubuta, ya jawo goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu.  

Kafin a zartar da dokar, farashin kula da lafiya ga kowane mutum a Massachusetts ya fi kowanne yanki a ƙasar ban da DC. Daga 2003 zuwa 2008 (shekaru uku kafin da kuma shekaru biyu bayan an zartar da ita) kuɗin inshorar Massachusetts ya ci gaba da zarce sauran Amurka, duk da haka, yawan ci gaban Massachusetts daga shekara zuwa shekara ya ragu sakamakon dokar. 

, more than 97 percent of Massachusetts residents were insured, which made it the state with the lowest percentage of people without health insurance.

Ba a dakatar da umarnin jihar Massachusetts na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ba a lokacin ACA, kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa akwai umarnin Tarayya da na jiha na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ga mazauna MA. Bayan dakatar da umarnin Tarayya a 2018, umarnin jihar ya ci gaba da aiki. 

Wasu sun soki jihar Massachusetts dangane da umarnin saboda bayan ACA, jihar ta ci gaba da dawo da kadarorin Medicaid  ƙa'idodi fiye da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ta buƙata (kuɗaɗen kula da dogon lokaci) don su dawo daga kadarori duk kuɗaɗen magani da aka biya a madadin masu karɓar Medicaid masu shekaru 55 zuwa sama, gami da waɗanda suka kai shekaru 55 zuwa sama waɗanda suka sami faɗaɗa Medicaid na ACA.    

Sukar da ake yi wa mutanen da abin ya shafa ita ce mutanen da abin ya shafa za su buƙaci a biya cikakken kuɗin magani, ba ma kawai wani nau'in kuɗin da ya yi daidai da na farko ba. Mutanen da abin ya shafa suna ƙarƙashin umarnin, kuma za su biya tarar kin amincewa da faɗaɗa Medicaid na Medicaid ko ACA. Abin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin rashin adalci shi ne, kodayake umarnin an yi shi ne don manufar da aka faɗa don ba da damar haɗa haɗari yadda ya kamata don inshora, mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin dawo da duk kuɗaɗen likita ba su da haɗarin tara kansu, kuma suna iya biyan duk kuɗin likita da aka biya musu. 

 Sauran umarnin mutum ɗaya na jiha 
New Jersey da Gundumar Columbia sun amince da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya wadda ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019, Jennings, Katie (May 30, 2018). "New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate". Politico. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2018. kuma California, Rhode Island, da Vermont sun fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020.   Sauran jihohi suna ba da ƙimar al'umma da garantin bayar da su ba tare da umarni ba.       

 Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi 
Da farko 'yan Republican sun yaba da nasarar da Romney ya samu wajen kafa wani wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a Massachusetts. A lokacin yakin neman zaben Romney na 2008, Sanata Jim DeMint ( R - SC ) ya yaba da ikon Romney na "daukar wasu kyawawan ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya, da kuma amfani da su ga buƙatar samun inshorar kowa." Romney da kansa ya ce game da wa'adin mutum ɗaya: "Ina alfahari da abin da muka yi. Idan Massachusetts ta yi nasarar aiwatar da shi, to hakan zai zama abin koyi ga ƙasa."  A cikin yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na 2008, Sanata Barack Obama ya yi kamfe a kan wa'adi na mutum ɗaya.  Obama ya kai hari ga Hillary Clinton da John Edwards saboda goyon bayan da suka ba wa wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a lokacin muhawarar farko da kuma a cikin tallan talabijin. 

Duk da haka, bayan an amince da dokar mutum ɗaya a matsayin babban ɓangare na Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta Shugaba Obama a 2009, 'yan Republican sun fara adawa da dokar. A shekarar 2009, kowane Sanata ɗan Republican (ciki har da Bennett, wanda ya rubuta dokar 2007 tare da wani umarni) ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don bayyana dokar a matsayin "ba bisa ƙa'ida ba". (Bayanin adawarsa, Bennett daga baya ya ce: "Ban mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai na gyaran kamar yadda ya kamata ba, kuma wataƙila da na kaɗa ƙuri'a ta wata hanya idan na fahimci cewa dokar mutum ɗaya ce a cikinta. Kawai ina so in bayyana adawata ga shawarar Obama a kowane lokaci.")  Jaridar New York Times ta rubuta: "Yana iya zama da wahala a tuna yanzu, idan aka yi la'akari da irin ƙarfin halin da 'yan Republican da yawa ke kai mata hari a matsayin hari ga 'yanci, amma tanadin da ke cikin dokar lafiyar Shugaba Obama wanda ke buƙatar duk Amurkawa su sayi inshorar lafiya ya samo asali ne daga tunanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya." 

Sauran 'yan siyasar Republican waɗanda a baya suka goyi bayan wasu manufofi, ciki har da Romney da Orrin Hatch, suma sun fito a matsayin masu suka ga dokar da ke cikin dokokin Obama.   A rubuce-rubuce a cikin jaridar The New Yorker, Ezra Klein ya bayyana cewa "sakamakon ƙarshe shine... wata manufa da a da take da goyon baya mai yawa a cikin Jam'iyyar Republican ta fuskanci adawa mai haɗin kai ba zato ba tsammani." 

Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da Obama ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2010 ta ƙunshi umarnin mutum ɗaya na fara aiki a shekarar 2014. 

A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2013, an buga ƙa'idodi na ƙarshe na umarnin mutum ɗaya a cikin Rijistar Tarayya ( 78   ),  tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare da aka buga a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2013 ( 78   ). 

Ta hanyar Dokar Rage Haraji da Ayyuka ta 2017, an saita umarnin mutum ɗaya na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi zuwa $0 tun daga shekarar 2019. Dokar ba ta soke umarnin mutum ɗaya ba domin an yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya karya tsarin sulhu . 

A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2018, Alkalin Gundumar Reed O'Connor na Texas ya yanke hukuncin cewa umarnin Obamacare ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki saboda "Ba za a iya sake karanta Dokar Mutum ɗaya a matsayin aikin Harajin Majalisa ba kuma har yanzu ba a yarda da ita ba a ƙarƙashin Sashe na Kasuwanci na Tsakanin Jihohi - ma'ana Dokar Mutum ɗaya ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki."    California da wasu jihohi da dama sun jagoranci ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar . Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar ta tabbatar da wani ɓangare na ra'ayin O'Connor game da rashin bin ƙa'ida na ACA ba tare da umarnin mutum ɗaya ba a watan Disamba na 2019. An ɗaga shari'ar zuwa Kotun Koli don a saurari shari'ar a matsayin California v. Texas a lokacin wa'adin kotun na 2020-21; a cikin hukuncin 7-2 da aka bayar a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2021, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Texas da sauran jihohin da suka fara ƙalubalantar umarnin mutum ɗaya ba su da tsayayye, domin ba su nuna rauni a baya ko a nan gaba da ya shafi tanadin ba. Kotun Koli ba ta yanke hukunci kan daidaiton ikon mutum ɗaya a wannan shari'ar ba.   

 Kalubalen Tsarin Mulki 
Babban lauyan jihar Republican ya kalubalanci umarnin ACA a kotunan tarayya. A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2012, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da tanadin a matsayin kundin tsarin mulki.  Babban Alkali John Roberts ya gabatar da mafi rinjayen ra'ayi a cikin National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, wanda ya goyi bayan Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da kuri'u 5-4. Kotun ta yanke hukunci cewa duk da cewa bangaren "umarnin mutum ɗaya" na dokar ba shi da kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sashen Kasuwanci, an fassara shi a matsayin haraji kuma saboda haka yana da inganci a ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisa na "tsaftacewa da karɓar haraji."   A cikin takardar aiki ta Satumba 2010,  wani labarin da ke tafe a cikin Jaridar Shari'a da 'Yanci ta Jami'ar New York, da kuma lacca da aka bayar a NYU, Randy Barnett na Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown ya yi jayayya cewa umarnin ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin koyarwar Kasuwanci da Sashe Masu Muhimmanci da Daidai, kuma aiwatar da shi daidai yake da "sarrafawa mutane." Ya yi jayayya cewa, yin hukunci kan rashin yin wani abu ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai idan an tabbatar da wani muhimmin aiki na mutum. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Majalisa ta kasa aiwatar da umarnin a karkashin ikonta na biyan haraji saboda hukuncin ba wai yana samar da kudaden shiga ba ne bisa ga Dokar da kanta.

 Sukar umarnin mutum ɗaya 
Masu fafutukar inshora ( AHIP ) a Amurka suna fafutukar cewa dokar ta zama dole don tallafawa batun da aka tabbatar da inganci da kuma ƙima ga al'umma, wanda ke iyakance biyan kuɗin inshorar ; masu inshora sun ba da shawarar cewa an yi nufin dokar ne don hana zaɓe mara kyau ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa mutane masu lafiya sun sayi inshora don haka faɗaɗa haɗarin .   An yi la'akari da dokar a zuciyar shawarwarin gyaran lafiyar lafiya a Amurka  kuma "wajibi ne" kafin a samar da sharaɗi ga kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya, tunda duk wani gyara da ba dole ba zai kasa faɗaɗa ɗaukar nauyin.     Wani dandalin tattaunawa na AHIP/Kaiser na 2008 ya ambaci umarnin Holland da Switzerland (duba sama); Rahoton da aka buga na AHIP bai ambaci hukunci ba amma ya ce Switzerland "tana aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyoyi da yawa..."  A watan Oktoba na 2009, Kaiser Health News ta ba da rahoton cewa "Masana'antar inshora a bayyane take tana damuwa game da soke umarnin." 

Wasu bincike na shaidun gwaji sun nuna cewa barazanar zaɓin da ba daidai ba an yi shi ne da yawa,  kuma cewa ƙin haɗari da zaɓin da ya dace na iya daidaita shi.  Misali, jihohin Amurka da yawa suna da garantin fitowar  da iyakoki kan ƙima,  amma Massachusetts ne kawai ke da umarni na mutum ɗaya ; haka nan, kodayake Japan tana da umarni na musamman, kusan kashi 10% na mutane ba sa bin doka, kuma babu hukunci (kawai suna ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da inshora ba - duba sama ). Ba tare da umarni ba, kamfanonin inshora na riba dole ne su dogara da ƙin haɗari don cajin kuɗi akan haɗarin da ake tsammani, amma an takaita su da abin da abokan ciniki ke son biya; umarni yana kawar da wannan ƙuntatawa, yana ba wa kamfanonin inshora damar caji ƙari.  Gwamnatocin da ke sanya umarni dole ne su ba da tallafi ga waɗanda ba za su iya biya ba, don haka suna canza farashin ga masu biyan haraji .   

Masanin tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Chicago, Casey B. Mulligan, ya yi jayayya cewa, duk da rashin kyawun zaɓi, ba lallai ba ne a ba da umarnin mutum ɗaya kuma yana rage inganci matuƙar an ba da tallafin inshora sosai. "Masu amfani da kayayyaki waɗanda suka ƙi tallafin gwamnati ta hanyar gazawa, misali, don siyan shirin tallafi, ya kamata mu masu biyan haraji na Tarayya mu gode musu. ACA ta yi akasin haka da 'aikin mutum ɗaya'...."  Wani bincike da ke tabbatar da hujjar Mulligan ya bayyana a cikin Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na Shugaban Ƙasa na 2019, wanda kuma ya kammala da cewa zaɓi mara kyau ba shi da isasshen hujjar tattalin arziki don hana tsare-tsaren da ba a tallafa musu ba waɗanda ke ɗauke da " amfanoni masu mahimmanci " kamar ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko ta kwakwalwa.

Dokar inshora ta fuskanci adawa a fannoni daban-daban na siyasa, tun daga ƙungiyoyin da ke da ra'ayin hagu kamar Jam'iyyar Green da sauran masu fafutukar kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu ra'ayin dama, kamar Gidauniyar Heritage, FreedomWorks, da Cibiyar Cato da wasu membobin Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka .  

Masu adawa kamar Michael Cannon, Daraktan Nazarin Manufofin Lafiya a Cibiyar Cato, sun yi jayayya ta falsafa cewa ya kamata mutane su sami 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati a cikin al'umma ba a matsayin batun 'yancin ɗan adam . Ya bayyana cewa gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi ba sa son ko kuma ba sa iya tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don tallafawa mutanen da ba za su iya biyan inshora a halin yanzu yadda ya kamata ba. Ya kuma bayyana cewa farashin ƙara ɗaukar hoto ya fi sauran gyare-gyare, kamar rage yawan kurakurai da haɗurra a cikin magani, wanda zai yi wa al'umma fa'ida sosai. "Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates" (PDF). Kaiser Family Foundation. January 31, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2009.

Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a daga 2009 zuwa 2012 ya ci gaba da gano cewa yawancin Amurkawa sun ƙi hukunta mutane saboda rashin siyan inshorar lafiya.    

 Umarnin mai aiki 
A Amurka, Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (PPACA) ta ƙunshi umarnin ma'aikata da na mutum ɗaya waɗanda suka fara aiki a shekarar 2014. Umarnin ma'aikaci na PPACA ya buƙaci duk kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata 50 ko fiye na cikakken lokaci su samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar lafiya mai araha ga aƙalla 95% na ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu har zuwa shekaru 26, ko kuma su biya kuɗi nan da shekarar 2016. A cikin manyan ƙasashen EU guda biyu, Faransa da Jamus, Inshorar Lafiya ta Doka (SHI) ta umarci ma'aikata da ma'aikata su biya kuɗin inshorar lafiya na doka. A Faransa, inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa (PHI) na son rai ne kuma ana amfani da shi don ƙara yawan biyan kuɗi daga tsarin rashin lafiya na doka. Haka nan ya shafi Jamus inda kuma yana yiwuwa a fita daga SHI idan kai mai yawan albashi ne kuma kana cikin PHI amma idan mutum ya kai shekaru 55 kuma yana cikin ɓangaren PHI dole ne ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin PHI kuma ba zai iya komawa cikin SHI ba. Mutanen da ba su da aikin yi yawanci za su iya ci gaba da biyan kuɗinsu ta hanyar inshorar zamantakewa kuma talakawa suna samun tallafi daga gwamnati don samun inshora. Yawancin ma'aikata suna samun inshora ta hanyar zama memba na dole na "asusun rashin lafiya" waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne marasa riba waɗanda ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka kafa kuma yanzu aka ba su matsayin doka. A Jamus da Faransa, kamar yadda yake a yawancin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya na Turai, gudummawar da mutum ke bayarwa ga kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ya bambanta dangane da matakin kuɗin shiga na mutum ba bisa ga yanayin lafiyarsa ba. Kashi 0.2% ne kawai na Jamusawa ba su da inshora, galibi suna aiki da kansu, masu kuɗi da talakawa, da kuma mutanen da suka kasa biyan gudummawa ga inshorar doka ko kuɗin inshorar lafiya na masu zaman kansu. Tsakanin 1990 da 2000, kason kuɗin shiga na SHI na Faransa da ke zuwa kai tsaye daga ma'aikata ta hanyar albashi ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 30% zuwa kashi 3% kawai kuma gudummawar kai tsaye ta ma'aikata shi ma ya faɗi. Bambancin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ƙaruwar kuɗin shiga daga harajin gwamnati, don haka ya faɗaɗa tushen gudummawar da ake buƙata ga tsarin inshorar lafiya.  

 Duba kuma 

 Gyaran kula da lafiya
 Mai ba da shawara kan lafiya
 Tattalin arzikin lafiya
 Inshorar lafiya
 Sabbin Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya
 Samar da alhakin da aka raba tsakanin mutane

 Nassoshi 
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