Robert Adrain

Robert Adrain (30 Satumba 1775 - 10 Agusta 1843) ɗan gudun hijira ne daga ƙasar Ireland wanda ya shahara a matsayin masanin lissafi a Amurka. Ya bar Ireland bayan ya jagoranci 'yan tawayen jam'iyyar Republican a Tawayen 1798, kuma ya zauna a New Jersey da Pennsylvania . Tare da Nathaniel Bowditch, yana da matsayi na zama malami na farko da ya buga binciken lissafi na asali a Amurka. Wannan ya haɗa da tsara hanyar mafi ƙarancin murabba'i yayin da yake aiki akan matsalar bincike (a cikin shaidu biyu na ƙa'idar kuskure mai faɗi da aka buga daban-daban daga Carl Friedrich Gauss ) wanda galibi ake tunawa da shi.    Fanninsa na sha'awar lissafi da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin taurari da ilimin geodesy . Yawancin bincikensa na lissafi sun mayar da hankali kan siffar Duniya . 

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi Adrain a Carrickfergus, County Antrim, Ireland. Mahaifinsa, wanda asalinsa ɗan asalin Faransa ne, malamin makaranta ne kuma mai ƙera kayan aikin lissafi, kuma da alama ya sami kyakkyawar ilimi har sai da ya kai shekara 15 lokacin da iyayensa biyu suka mutu. Daga nan ya taimaki kansa da 'yan uwansa huɗu ta hanyar ɗaukar matsayin mahaifinsa a matsayin malami da kuma malami mai zaman kansa. Hogan, Edward R (1 May 1977). "Robert Adrian: American mathematician". Historia Mathematica. 4 (2): 157–172. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(77)90109-4. ISSN 0315-0860. Swetz, Frank J. (2008). "The Mystery of Robert Adrain". Mathematics Magazine. 81 (5): (332–344) 333–336. doi:10.1080/0025570X.2008.11953574. ISSN 0025-570X. JSTOR 27643138. S2CID 126151584. A cikin manufar gyaran dimokuraɗiyya da 'yancin kai na ƙasa, a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1798 ya jagoranci rundunar United Irishmen a cikin rundunar 'yan tawaye da Henry Joy McCracken ya jagoranta a Yaƙin Antrim .  A fafatawar da ya yi da sojojin Burtaniya, ya kusan ji masa mummunan rauni sakamakon wani daga cikin mutanensa. Bayan an kwantar da shi lafiya, tare da lada a kansa, shi da matarsa da ɗansa sun tsere zuwa Amurka. 

Duk da cewa shi kansa ya koyar da kansa a fannin lissafi, amma ya sami matsayin koyarwa a makarantar da ke Princeton, New Jersey . A shekara ta 1801 ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Gundumar York da ke York, Pennsylvania . Ya rubuta wa Wakilin Lissafi (wanda George Baron ya gyara), mujallar lissafi ta farko a Amurka, inda ya ba da gudummawar labarin farko da aka buga a Amurka kan algebra na diophantine . Daga baya ya yi ƙoƙari sau biyu, a cikin 1808 da 1814, don kafa mujallarsa, The Analyst, ko kuma, Gidan Tarihi na Lissafi . Duk da cewa bai sami isassun masu biyan kuɗi ba,  an ɗauki kundin farko na Analyst a matsayin "mafi kyawun tarin ayyukan lissafi da aka samar a Amurka har zuwa wannan lokacin". Baya ga Adrain, ya haɗa da gudummawar Nathaniel Bowditch, Robert Patterson, John Gummere da Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler . Hogan, Edward R (1 May 1977). "Robert Adrian: American mathematician". Historia Mathematica. 4 (2): 157–172. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(77)90109-4. ISSN 0315-0860. An biyo baya da girmamawa.

A shekara ta 1809, an kira Adrain zuwa matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Rutgers (a lokacin Sarauniya) wadda a shekara ta 1810 ta ba shi lambar girmamawa ta MA. A shekara ta 1812, aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow of the American Philosophical Society McConnell, Charles (1998), "The Aftermath of the Rising of 1798", in Archie Reid ed. The Liberty Tree:The story of the United Irishmen in and around the Borough of Newtownabbey, Newtownabbery Borough Council Bi-Centenary Publication, ISBN 0953337308, (65–68), 65 kuma a shekara ta gaba, lokacin da ya ɗauki matsayi a Columbia, na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka .  Daga shekara ta 1827, ya zama Farfesa a Lissafi a Jami'ar Pennsylvania

A shekara ta 1825, ya kafa wani littafi mai ɗan nasara wanda ya yi niyya ga masu karatu da yawa, The Mathematical Diary, wanda aka buga har zuwa 1832.  An tsara shi bisa ga Correspondent, amma a matakin lissafi mafi girma wajen warware matsaloli da bayyana su. Swetz, Frank J. (2008). "The Mystery of Robert Adrain". Mathematics Magazine. 81 (5): (332–344) 333–336. doi:10.1080/0025570X.2008.11953574. ISSN 0025-570X. JSTOR 27643138. S2CID 126151584.

A shekara ta 1834, an nemi Adrain ya yi murabus daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania saboda rashin tarbiyyar aji (misalin ɗalibai suna juya benci da jefa ƙwai). Ya koma New Brunswick . Ya yi hayar ɗakin makaranta kuma ya ba da koyarwa ta sirri har zuwa 1836. Bayanan gida a New Brunswick sun nuna cewa a shekarun 1830, ya riƙe wata mace mai suna Caroline da ɗanta Alfred a cikin bauta. McConnell, Charles (1998), "The Aftermath of the Rising of 1798", in Archie Reid ed. The Liberty Tree:The story of the United Irishmen in and around the Borough of Newtownabbey, Newtownabbery Borough Council Bi-Centenary Publication, ISBN 0953337308, (65–68), 65 McConnell, Charles (1998), "The Aftermath of the Rising of 1798", in Archie Reid ed. The Liberty Tree:The story of the United Irishmen in and around the Borough of Newtownabbey, Newtownabbery Borough Council Bi-Centenary Publication, ISBN 0953337308, (65–68), 65 Bayan 1836, ya koma New York ya koyar a Makarantar Grammar Kwalejin Columbia kafin ya yi ritaya zuwa New Brunswick a 1840 inda bayan shekaru uku ya mutu. Hogan, Edward R (1 May 1977). "Robert Adrian: American mathematician". Historia Mathematica. 4 (2): 157–172. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(77)90109-4. ISSN 0315-0860.

Ana ba da shawarar cewa Adrain, a yau, bisa ga imaninsa cewa "sashen ƙarshe kuma mafi girma na kimiyyar lissafi ya ƙunshi aiwatar da shi ga dokoki da abubuwan da suka faru na duniyar halitta", za a ɗauke shi a matsayin masanin lissafi mai amfani. Daga cikin manyan abubuwan da yake sha'awa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin taurari da kuma ilimin ƙasa, babban abin da ya fi damunsa shi ne yanayin ƙasa mai motsi, musamman binciken lissafi na siffar duniya.

Adrain shine mahaifin ɗan majalisa Garnett B. Adrain . An yi masa bikin tunawa da shi da wani allo mai launin shuɗi, wanda aka buɗe a Carrickfergus ta Ulster History Circle.

 Manazarta