Urums

Urums (/ʊəˈruːm/, //ʊˈruːm/ m/; Girkanci: Ουρούμ, Urúm; Turkiyya da Crimea Tatar: Urum,  [uˈɾum]) ƙungiyoyi ne da yawa na mutanen Orthodox na Girka da ke magana da Turkic 'yan asalin Crimea. Fitowa da ci gaban asalin Urum ya faru ne daga ƙarni na 13 zuwa 17. Haɗakar da Helenawa na Crimea tare da Goths na Crimea masu magana da Helenanci, tare da wasu kungiyoyin 'yan asalin da suka daɗe suna zaune a yankin, wanda ya haifar da canji a hankali na ainihin su.

 Tarihi 

 Magana 
Kalmar 'u' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci  (rūm), ma'ana Roman Ruwa daga baya Byzantine da <i id="mwPg">Girkanci</i>, tare da u mai mahimmanci a wasu harsunan Turkic. A cikin Turkiyya ta Ottoman a ƙarƙashin Daular Ottoman, Rum yana nuna Kiristoci na Orthodox da ke zaune a Daular; a cikin Turkiyya ta zamani, Rum yana nufin Helenawa da ke zaune da Turkiyya da Cyprus. Kalmar "Urum" ta ƙunshi u- wanda gabaɗaya ya bayyana a cikin kalmomin aro na Harshen Turkic da farko yana farawa da r- . Amfani da kalmar Urum na yau da kullun ya haifar da rikicewa, kamar yadda yawancin Helenawa masu magana da Turkiyya ake kira Urum.

Wadannan kabilun Helenawa suna amfani da kalmar a matsayin hanyar nuna kansu kabilanci:

 Urums na Arewacin Azovian 
Helenawa na Crimea (kuma daga baya na yankin Azovian da ke kusa; Donetsk Oblast na yanzu, Ukraine) sun kasance wakiltar kungiyoyi biyu: Romaioi mai magana da Helenanci, wanda yarensa aka sani da Rumeíka, a.k.a. Mariupol Greek, da kuma Urums mai magana da Turkic (wanda ake kira Graeco-Tatars).  Dukkanin kungiyoyin sun zauna a yankin a cikin ƙarni da yawa, kuma sun ƙunshi zuriyar tsohuwar (karni na 4 BC - ƙarni na 4 AD) Helenawa da Byzantine Kirista Girka masu mulkin mallaka na arewacin Tekun Baƙi da ciki na kudancin Rasha da Ukraine, da kuma Helenawa na Pontic waɗanda suka gudu a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ko' yan gudun hijira na tattalin arziki daga arewa maso gabashin Anatolia tsakanin faduwar Daular Trebizond zuwa Ottomans a cikin 1461 da 1828-29 Russo-Turkish War. Wasu mazauna Girka na yankin Crimea a hankali sun karɓi yaren Crimean Tatar a matsayin yaren uwa.

A shekara ta 1777, bayan da Daular Rasha ta mamaye Crimea, Sarauniya Catherine the Great ta umarci dukkan Helenawa daga tsibirin su zauna a yankin Arewacin Azov a kusa da Mariupol, kuma an san su da Helenawa na Arewacin Azovian (приазовские греки / Prizovskie greki) daga nan gaba. Wasu masana harsuna sun yi imanin cewa yaren da Arewacin Azovian Urums ke magana ya bambanta da yaren Crimean Tatar na yau da kullun a kan matakin dialectical kuma sabili da haka ya zama ɗayan harshe daban a cikin Ƙungiyar yaren Kypchak (duba Harshen Urum). 

Urums suna yin Kiristanci na Orthodox na Gabas. A cikin tarihi, sun wakilci ƙungiyar al'adu da aka ware kuma ba su zauna a garuruwan da Romaioi ke zaune ba, duk da raba al'adun Girka tare da su. Ba kamar Girkanci ba, Urum bai taɓa zama harshen ilimin sakandare a Ukraine ba. Masanin ilimin Turk Nikolai Baskakov ya kiyasta cewa a shekarar 1969, mutane 60,000 suna magana da Urum a matsayin yaren asali. Dangane da Ƙididdigar Jama'ar Ukraine ta 2001, kawai 112 daga cikin Helenawa 77,516 na yankin Donetsk sun lissafa harsuna ban da Girkanci, Ukrainian da Rasha a matsayin yarensu.

Manazarta 

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