William Wallace

Sir William Wallace ( Scottish Gaelic  ,  ; Norman Faransanci :  ;    – 23 ga Agusta 1305) jarumi ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabanni a lokacin Yaƙin Farko na 'Yancin Kan Scotland . 

Tare da Andrew Moray, Wallace ya ci nasara a kan rundunar sojojin Ingila a Yaƙin Stirling Bridge a watan Satumba na 1297. An naɗa shi Guardian na Scotland kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka kayar da shi a Yaƙin Falkirk a watan Yuli na 1298. A watan Agusta na 1305, an kama Wallace a Robroyston, kusa da Glasgow, aka miƙa shi ga Sarki Edward na ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa aka rataye shi, aka zana shi aka kuma tsare shi bisa laifin cin amanar ƙasa da laifukan da aka aikata wa fararen hula na Ingila.

Tun bayan rasuwarsa, Wallace ya sami matsayi mai ban mamaki fiye da ƙasarsa ta haihuwa. Shi ne jarumin waƙar Blind Harry ta ƙarni na 15 mai suna The Wallace kuma shine batun ayyukan adabi na Jane Porter da Sir Walter Scott, da kuma fim ɗin Braveheart wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Academy Award .

 Bayani 
William Wallace ɗan ƙaramin ƙabila ne, amma ba a san da yawa game da tarihin iyalinsa ko ma asalinsa ba. Tambarin William da aka samu a cikin wasiƙar da aka aika zuwa birnin Hanse na Lübeck a shekarar 1297,  ya ba da sunan mahaifinsa Alan Wallace.   Wannan Alan Wallace na iya zama iri ɗaya da wanda aka lissafa a cikin littafin Ragman Rolls na 1296 a matsayin mai haya a Ayrshire, amma babu wani ƙarin tabbaci.  Wasu sun yi hasashen cewa Alan ya riƙe Ellerslie, kusa da Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, kuma idan gaskiya ne, gidan zai iya zama wurin haihuwar William,  kodayake babu wani rikodin Wallaces yana riƙe da gidan a tsakiyar ƙarni na 13. Waƙar Blind Harry ta ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 ta ba da uba na daban ga William, Sir Malcolm na Elderslie, a Renfrewshire, kuma hakan ya haifar da yiwuwar haihuwar William.   Babu wata shaida ta zamani da ta danganta shi da ɗayan wuraren, kodayake yankunan biyu suna da alaƙa da dangin Wallace mafi girma.  Bayanai sun nuna membobin farko na iyalin suna riƙe da gidaje a Riccarton, Tarbolton, Auchincruive a Kyle da Stenton a Gabashin Lothian .  Su ne 'yan uwan James Stewart, Babban Mai Kula da Scotland na 5, yayin da filayensu suka faɗi a yankinsa. An yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan'uwan Wallace Malcolm da John an san su daga wasu tushe, amma akwai rashin shaidar da za a iya tabbatarwa game da dangantakar John da William. 

Asalin sunan Wallace da alaƙarsa da kudu maso yammacin Scotland suma ba su da tabbas, banda sunan da aka samo daga tsohon  na Ingilishi. (wanda aka furta '   ), ma'ana '   ko '   .  Yana yiwuwa dukkan Wallaces a yankin Clyde baƙi ne na zamanin da daga Wales, amma, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da kalmar ga masarautar Strathclyde mai magana da Cumbric ta 'yan Birtaniya Celtic, da alama sunan mahaifi yana nufin mutanen da aka ɗauka a matsayin "Welsh" saboda yaren Cumbric ɗinsu.  

 Aikin soja 

 Rikicin Siyasa a Scotland 
Lokacin da Wallace yake girma, Sarki Alexander na uku ya mallaki Scotland. Mulkinsa ya ga lokacin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki. A ranar 19 ga Maris 1286, duk da haka, Alexander ya mutu bayan ya faɗi daga kan dokinsa.   Magajin gadon sarautar jikanyar Alexander ce, Margaret, Maid of Norway . Tun tana ƙarama kuma a Norway, sarakunan Scotland sun kafa gwamnatin masu kula da ita. Margaret ta yi rashin lafiya a kan tafiyarta zuwa Scotland kuma ta mutu a Orkney a ƙarshen Satumba 1290. Duncan, "William, son of Alan Wallace", pp. 47–50; Grant, "Bravehearts and Coronets", p. 91. Rashin magaji bayyananne ya haifar da wani lokaci da aka sani da "Babban Dalili", tare da jimillar masu fafatawa goma sha uku da ke da'awar gadon sarauta. Waɗanda suka fi sahihanci su ne John Balliol da Robert Bruce, kakan sarkin nan gaba, Robert the Bruce . 

Da Scotland ta yi barazanar faɗawa cikin yaƙin basasa, sarakunan Scotland sun gayyaci Sarki Edward na ɗaya na Ingila don ya yi sulhu. Kafin a fara aikin, ya dage cewa duk masu fafatawa su amince da shi a matsayin Lord Paramount na Scotland . A farkon Nuwamba 1292, a wata babbar kotun feudal da aka gudanar a gidan sarauta da ke Berwick-upon-Tweed, an yanke hukunci a madadin John Balliol wanda ke da mafi ƙarfi a shari'a bisa ga kasancewa babba a cikin tarihin asalin ƙasa duk da cewa ba kusa da jini ba .

Edward ya ci gaba da ɗaukar matakai don rage ƙarfin John a hankali, yana ɗaukar Scotland a matsayin ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin kama- karya, yana neman a girmama shi da kuma tallafa wa sojoji a yaƙin da yake yi da Faransa - har ma ya kira Sarki John Balliol ya tsaya a gaban kotun Ingila a matsayin mai ƙara na gama gari. Ba da daɗewa ba 'yan Scotland suka gaji da sarkinsu da ya yi musu rashin jituwa sosai, kuma manyan mutanen masarautar sun yi zargin cewa an kwace masa alkiblar al'amura, waɗanda suka naɗa Majalisar Dokoki ta Sha Biyu - a aikace, wani sabon kwamitin Masu Tsaro - a Stirling a watan Yulin 1295. Sun ci gaba da ƙulla yarjejeniyar taimakon juna da Faransa - wadda aka sani a shekarun baya a matsayin Ƙungiyar Auld .