Shirley Abrahamson

Shirley Schlanger Abrahamson (17 ga Disamba, 1933 A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2020) ita ce babbar alkali ta 25 a Kotun Koli ta Wisconsin . Lauya kuma lauya 'yar Amurka, Gwamna Patrick Lucey ya naɗa ta a kotun a shekarar 1976, inda ta zama alkali mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a babbar kotun Wisconsin . Ta zama babbar alkali mace ta farko a kotun a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1996, kuma ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 29 ga Afrilu, 2015. A takaice dai, ta yi aiki a kotun tsawon shekaru 43 (1976–2019), wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama alkali mafi dadewa a tarihin Kotun Koli ta Wisconsin.

 Rayuwar farko da aiki 
An haifi Abrahamson Shirley Schlanger a birnin New York, 'yar baƙin haure Yahudawa ' yan Poland, Leo da Ceil (Sauerteig) Schlanger.   Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Hunter College da ke New York kuma a shekarar 1953 ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar New York .  Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Indiana, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar 1956 da babban matsayi kuma ta kammala karatunta na farko a ajinta. <  A Indiana, ta haɗu da mijinta, Seymour Abrahamson, kuma ta ƙaura tare da shi zuwa Madison, Wisconsin, don aikin digirinsa na uku a fannin ilimin dabbobi. 

A Madison, Abrahamson ta shiga jami'ar Wisconsin a matsayin malamar shari'a a fannin dokokin kundin tsarin mulki da kimiyyar siyasa, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a makarantar shari'a. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Wisconsin kuma ta sami digiri na SJD a tarihin shari'a na Amurka a shekarar 1962, inda ta rubuta takardar digirinta na uku kan tarihin shari'a na masana'antar kiwo ta Wisconsin.

Haka kuma a shekarar 1962, tana da shekaru 28, Abrahamson ta zama lauya mace ta farko da kamfanin lauyoyi na Madison , La Follette, Sinykin, Doyle & Anderson, ya dauka aiki. Cikin shekara guda, an nada ta a matsayin abokiyar aiki a kamfanin lauyoyi.  Ta yi aikin lauya a kamfanin (wanda daga baya aka sani da La Follette, Sinykin, Anderson & Abrahamson) na tsawon shekaru 14 masu zuwa kuma ta ci gaba da koyarwa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Wisconsin. 

 Aikin shari'a 
A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1976, Gwamna Patrick Lucey ya naɗa Abrahamson a Kotun Koli ta Wisconsin, wanda ya cike gurbin da mutuwar mai shari'a Horace W. Wilkie ta jawo.   A ranar 7 ga Satumba, an rantsar da ita a matsayin mace ta farko da za ta yi aiki a kotun koli ta Wisconsin .  Lucey ta ce tana fatan naɗinta zai ƙarfafa mata da yawa su shiga cikin harkokin shari'a da gwamnati, ta ƙara da cewa, "Abin takaici ne a halin yanzu babu mata da ke aiki a kowane mataki a tsarin shari'a na jihar."  An zaɓi Abrahamson zuwa cikakken wa'adi a kotun a shekarar 1979, da kashi 65% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa.  An sake zaɓenta a 1989, 1999, da 2009 - ɗaya daga cikin alkalan Wisconsin kaɗan da suka fuskanci abokin hamayya a kowace zaɓen da ta yi. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin Wisconsin, daga 1889 zuwa 2015, babban alkalin kotun koli ta Wisconsin ana tantance shi ne bisa ga matsayi - wanda ya fi dadewa a kotun zai zama babban alkalin har sai ya mutu ko ya yi ritaya. A shekarar 1994, babban alkalin kotun Nathan Heffernan ya sanar da cewa zai yi ritaya a karshen wa'adinsa, wanda aka tsara zai kare a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1995.  Mai jiran gadonsa ta hanyar girma shine Justice Roland B. Day, wanda, yana da shekaru 76, shi ma yana shirin yin ritaya a karshen wa'adinsa na yanzu, wanda zai kare a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1996.  Abrahamson shine na gaba a cikin manyan jami'an kotun. A lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki, Day ya shaida wa Abrahamson, "Zan zama babban alkalin kotun na tsawon shekara guda. Za ki zama babban alkalin kotun na dogon lokaci."  A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1996, Abrahamson ya zama babbar alkalin kotun Wisconsin mace ta farko.  Kamar yadda aka yi hasashen Day, ta zama babbar alkali ta biyu mafi dadewa a tarihin Wisconsin. "Justice Shirley S. Abrahamson". Wisconsin Court System. Retrieved December 20, 2020.

Abrahamson ta rubuta ra'ayoyi sama da 450 kuma ta shiga cikin hukunce-hukuncen kotu sama da 3,500 da aka rubuta. Ta shiga cikin yanke hukunci kan fiye da takardu 10,000 don sake dubawa, ketarewa, takaddun shaida da shari'o'in ladabtarwa na lauyoyi da na shari'a . 

Abrahamson ta kasance memba na Majalisar Cibiyar Shari'a ta Amurka kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Gudanar da Shari'a ta Dwight D. Opperman a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York . Ta kasance shugabar taron manyan alkalai kuma shugabar Hukumar Gudanarwa na Cibiyar Kotunan Jiha ta Kasa kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Masu Ziyarar Makarantun Shari'a da dama. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kasa ta Amurka kan Kimiyya, Fasaha da Shari'a, kuma ta kasance shugabar Kwamitin Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa kan Makomar Shaidar DNA. "Justice Shirley S. Abrahamson". Wisconsin Court System. Retrieved December 20, 2020.

A shekarar 1997, an zaɓe ta Abrahamson a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka,  kuma a shekarar 1998 an zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka,  ƙungiyoyin ilimi guda biyu a Amurka. Ta kasance memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Wisconsin. A shekarar 2004, an ba ta lambar yabo ta farko ta Dwight Opperman ta shekara-shekara don ƙwarewar shari'a ta ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Amurka . Ta sami lambar yabo ta Margaret Brent daga ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Amurka . 

Abrahamson ta sami wasu kyaututtuka da dama da kuma digirin girmamawa 15 daga jami'o'i da kwalejoji a faɗin Amurka. An nuna ta a cikin manyan (Manyan 100) Judges na Amurka: An Encyclopedia (2003), The Lawdragon 500 Leading Lawyers in America (2005), da kuma The Lawdragon 500 Leading Judges in America (2006). [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Takaddama kan gyaran fuska ga Babban Alkali 
A zaɓen bazara na Afrilu 2015, masu zaɓe sun amince da wani gyara ga kundin tsarin mulkin Wisconsin wanda ya canza yadda aka zaɓi babban alkalin kotun koli. Tun daga 1889, alkali mafi girma ya riƙe wannan matsayi, amma gyaran ya ba wa 'yan kotun damar zaɓar shugaban. A cewar ra'ayin Abrahamson a shari'ar 2002 State v. Gonzalez, "[U] sai dai idan wani gyara na kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadar akasin haka, zai fara aiki ne bayan an ba da takardar shaidar zaɓen a duk faɗin jihar." Don haka a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2015, a ranar da Hukumar Kula da Alhaki ta Gwamnatin Wisconsin ta ba da takardar shaidar zaɓen, rinjayen masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a kotun sun zaɓi Patience D. Roggensack a matsayin sabon babban alkalin kotun. 

Abrahamson ta shigar da ƙarar tarayya tana ƙalubalantar aiwatar da gyaran kundin tsarin mulki nan take, tana mai jayayya cewa ya kamata ta ci gaba da zama babbar alkali har sai wa'adinta ya ƙare a 2019. An saurari ƙararta a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2015. Alkalai biyar daga cikin bakwai sun nemi alkali na tarayya ya yi watsi da ƙarar Abrahamson.  A wannan rana, kotun tarayya ta ƙi amincewa da buƙatar Abrahamson na a mayar da ita babban alkali nan take. Alkalin Gundumar Amurka James D. Peterson ya yanke hukuncin cewa babu wata illa da Roggensack ke yi wa babban alkali yayin da ƙarar Abrahamson ta ci gaba.  Abrahamson ta ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Kotun Daukaka Ƙara ta Bakwai ta Amurka,   amma ta janye ƙarar a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, inda ta yanke shawarar cewa komai ya faru a ƙararta, wa'adinta zai kusa ƙarewa kafin lokacin da ƙarar ta ƙare. 

 Ritaya 
A ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2018, Abrahamson ta sanar da cewa ba za ta sake neman takarar Kotun Koli ta Wisconsin a shekarar 2019 ba .  Ta bar ofis a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2019, bayan ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 43 - wa'adi mafi tsawo a tarihin Kotun.   Ita ce mace daya tilo a kotun koli daga 1976 zuwa 1993; a cikin shekaru uku na karshe, kotun ta samu rinjayen mata 5-2. 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Shirley Schlanger ta ɗauki sunan Abrahamson lokacin da ta auri Seymour Abrahamson a watan Agusta na 1953. Seymour farfesa ce a fannin ilmin dabbobi kuma shahararriyar masaniyar kwayoyin halitta a duniya. Suna da ɗa ɗaya, Daniel, wanda ya bi mahaifiyarsa zuwa aikin lauya. Abrahamsons sun yi aure kusan shekaru 63 a lokacin da Seymour ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a watan Yulin 2016.

A watan Agusta na 2018, Mai Shari'a Abrahamson ta sanar da cewa an gano tana da cutar kansa .  Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta koma Berkeley, California, don ta kasance kusa da ɗanta da iyalinsa kuma ta shiga kula da marasa lafiya a shekarar 2020. Saboda annobar COVID-19, galibi tana iya mu'amala da iyalinta ta taga ko ta hanyar kiran bidiyo, amma ta sami damar ganin ɗanta da ido jim kaɗan kafin rasuwarta. Ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansar pancreas a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2020.  

 Tarihin zaɓe 

 Kotun Koli ta Wisconsin (1979–2009) 

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, April 3, 1979

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, April 4, 1989

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, April 6, 1999

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, April 7, 2009

 Duba kuma 

 Jerin Alkalan Kotun Koli ta Mata na Jiha

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutattun 2020
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba