Gurbacewar ruwan karkashin kasa

Gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa (wanda kuma ake kira gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa ) tana faruwa ne lokacin da aka saki gurɓatattun abubuwa zuwa ƙasa suka shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa . Wannan nau'in gurɓatar ruwa kuma yana iya faruwa ta halitta saboda kasancewar ƙaramin abu da ba a so, gurɓata, ko ƙazanta a cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda hakan ke sa a fi kiransa gurɓata maimakon gurɓata . Gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa na iya faruwa daga tsarin tsaftar muhalli, zubar da shara, fitar da ruwa daga masana'antun tace ruwa, magudanar ruwa, tashoshin cika mai, fashewar hydraulic (fracking), ko kuma amfani da takin zamani fiye da kima a noma . Gurɓata (ko gurɓata) na iya faruwa daga gurɓatattun abubuwa na halitta, kamar arsenic ko fluoride . [1] Amfani da ruwan ƙasa mai gurɓata yana haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar guba ko yaɗuwar cututtuka ( cututtukan da ake ɗauka daga ruwa ).

Gurɓataccen ruwa sau da yawa yana samar da gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin wani ruwa . Motsin ruwa da yaɗuwa a cikin ruwan yana yaɗa gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa wani yanki mai faɗi. Iyakarsa mai ci gaba, wacce galibi ake kira gefen ruwa, na iya haɗuwa da rijiyoyin ruwan ƙasa da ruwan saman ƙasa, kamar su maɓuɓɓugai da maɓuɓɓugai, wanda hakan ke sa wadatar ruwan ta zama mara aminci ga mutane da namun daji. Ana iya nazarin motsin gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ake kira gaban ruwa, ta hanyar samfurin sufuri na ruwa ko samfurin ruwan ƙasa . Binciken gurɓataccen ruwa na ƙasa na iya mai da hankali kan halayen ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa, ilimin ƙasa, ilimin ruwa, da yanayin gurɓatattun abubuwa. Hanyoyi daban-daban suna da tasiri kan jigilar gurɓatattun abubuwa, misali yaɗuwa, shawa, hazo, ruɓewa, a cikin ruwan ƙasa.

Ana nazarin hulɗar gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa da ruwan saman ta hanyar amfani da samfuran sufuri na ruwa. Hulɗa tsakanin ruwan ƙasa da ruwan saman yana da sarkakiya. Misali, koguna da tafkuna da yawa suna ciyar da su ta hanyar ruwan ƙasa. Wannan yana nufin cewa lalacewar ruwan ƙasa misali ta hanyar fashewa ko wuce gona da iri, na iya shafar koguna da tafkuna da suka dogara da shi. Shigowar ruwan gishiri cikin ruwan teku misali ne na irin wannan hulɗa. [1] [2] Hanyoyin rigakafi sun haɗa da: amfani da ƙa'idar kariya, sa ido kan ingancin ruwan ƙasa, yanki na ƙasa don kare ruwan ƙasa, gano tsarin tsafta a wurin da ya dace da kuma amfani da dokoki. Lokacin da gurɓatawa ta faru, hanyoyin gudanarwa sun haɗa da maganin ruwa a wurin amfani, gyara ruwan ƙasa, ko kuma a matsayin mafita ta Gurɓatattun abubuwa da ake samu a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa suna rufe nau'ikan sinadarai na zahiri, na halitta, na halitta, na bacteriological, da na rediyoaktif. Ainihin, gurɓatattun abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke taka rawa a gurɓataccen ruwan saman ana iya samun su a cikin gurɓataccen ruwan karkashin kasa, kodayake mahimmancin su na iya bambanta., watsi da shi.


 Nau'ikan gurɓata 
Gurɓatattun abubuwa da ake samu a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa suna rufe nau'ikan sinadarai na zahiri, na halitta, na halitta, na bacteriological, da na rediyoaktif. Ainihin, gurɓatattun abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke taka rawa a gurɓataccen ruwan saman ana iya samun su a cikin gurɓataccen ruwan karkashin kasa, kodayake mahimmancin su na iya bambanta.

 Arsenic da fluoride 

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da sinadarin Arsenic da fluoride a matsayin gurɓatattun abubuwa marasa tsari a cikin ruwan sha a duk duniya.  

Arsenic mara tsari shine nau'in arsenic da aka fi sani da shi a cikin ƙasa da ruwa. [1] Arsenic na metalloid na iya faruwa ta halitta a cikin ruwan ƙasa, kamar yadda aka fi gani a Asiya, ciki har da China, Indiya da Bangladesh . [2] A cikin Ganges Plain na arewacin Indiya da Bangladesh, gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa mai tsanani ta hanyar arsenic da ke faruwa ta halitta yana shafar kashi 25% na rijiyoyin ruwa a cikin zurfin ruwa guda biyu na yankuna. Ruwan ƙasa a waɗannan yankuna kuma yana gurɓata ta hanyar amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari da aka yi da arsenic. [3]

Haka kuma sinadarin Arsenic a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa na iya kasancewa a inda ake aikin haƙar ma'adinai ko kuma wurin zubar da sharar ma'adinai da ke zubar da sinadarin arsenic.

Fluoride na halitta a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa yana kara zama abin damuwa yayin da ake amfani da zurfin ruwan karkashin kasa, "inda mutane sama da miliyan 200 ke fuskantar barazanar shan ruwa mai yawa." [1] Ana iya fitar da Fluoride musamman daga duwatsun aman wuta masu acidic da tokar aman wuta da aka watsar lokacin da taurin ruwa ya yi kasa. Yawan sinadarin fluoride a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa babbar matsala ce a Pampas na Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Indiya, Pakistan, Gabashin Afirka, da wasu tsibiran aman wuta ( Tenerife ) [2]

A yankunan da ke da yawan sinadarin fluoride a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa wanda ake amfani da shi wajen shan ruwa, sinadarin fluorosis na hakori da na ƙashi na iya zama ruwan dare kuma mai tsanani. 

 Cututtukan da ke haifar da cututtuka 
Rashin ingantattun matakan tsafta, da kuma rijiyoyin da ba a sanya su yadda ya kamata ba, na iya haifar da shan ruwan da ya gurɓata da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke ɗauke da su a cikin najasa da fitsari . Irin waɗannan cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar najasa da baki sun haɗa da typhoid, kwalara da gudawa . [1] [2] Daga cikin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda huɗu da ke cikin najasa ( ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, protozoa, da helminths ko ƙwai na helminth), ana iya samun uku na farko a cikin ruwan ƙasa mai gurɓata, yayin da ƙwai na helminth galibi ana tace su ta hanyar matrix na ƙasa. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Ana ɗaukar ruwa mai zurfi da aka killace a matsayin mafi aminci ga ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Cututtukan da ke fitowa daga ruwan sharar da aka yi wa magani ko wanda ba a yi masa magani ba na iya gurɓata wasu ruwaye, musamman ma marasa zurfi.  

 Nitrate 
Nitrate shine gurɓataccen sinadarai da aka fi sani a cikin ruwan ƙasa da magudanar ruwa na duniya.  A wasu ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, matakan nitrate a cikin ruwan ƙasa suna da matuƙar yawa, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli masu yawa na lafiya. Hakanan yana da karko (ba ya lalacewa) a ƙarƙashin yanayin iskar oxygen mai yawa. 

Ƙara yawan sinadarin nitrate a cikin ruwan ƙasa na iya faruwa ne sakamakon tsaftar muhalli a wurin, zubar da najasa da ayyukan noma. [1] Saboda haka, yana iya samun asali daga birni ko noma. [2]

Matakan nitrate sama da 10 mg/L (10) ppm) a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa na iya haifar da " cutar jarirai masu launin shuɗi " (wanda aka samu ta hanyar methemoglobinemia ). [1] Ma'aunin ingancin ruwan sha a Tarayyar Turai ya ƙayyade ƙasa da 50 mg/L na nitrate a cikin ruwan sha . [2]

An yi jayayya game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nitrates a cikin ruwan sha da kuma cutar blue baby syndrome a wasu nazarce-nazarce. [1] [2] Barkewar cutar na iya faruwa ne saboda wasu dalilai banda ƙaruwar yawan nitrates a cikin ruwan sha. [3]

 Sinadaran Halitta 

Sinadaran da ke canza yanayin halitta (VOCs) gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa ne mai haɗari. Galibi ana shigar da su cikin muhalli ta hanyar ayyukan masana'antu marasa kulawa. Ba a san da yawa daga cikin waɗannan sinadarai masu cutarwa ba har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma lokaci ya yi kafin a ci gaba da gwada ruwan ƙasa a kai a kai don gano waɗannan sinadarai a cikin ruwan sha. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Manyan gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke cikin VOC da ake samu a cikin ruwan ƙasa sun haɗa da sinadaran hydrocarbons masu ƙamshi kamar mahaɗan BTEX ( benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene da xylenes ), da kuma sinadaran chlorine da aka haɗa da tetrachlorethylene (PCE), trichlorethylene (TCE), da vinyl chloride (VC). BTEX muhimman abubuwan haɗin fetur ne. PCE da TCE su ne sinadaran da ake amfani da su a masana'antu a cikin ayyukan tsaftacewar busasshe da kuma a matsayin mai rage man ƙarfe, bi da bi. [1] [2]

Sauran gurɓatattun halittu da ke cikin ruwan ƙasa kuma waɗanda aka samo daga ayyukan masana'antu sune polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Saboda nauyin kwayoyin halitta, naphthalene shine PAH mafi narkewa da motsi da ake samu a cikin ruwan ƙasa, yayin da benzo(a)pyrene shine mafi guba. Ana samar da PAHs gabaɗaya azaman samfuran da suka biyo baya ta hanyar ƙonewar abubuwan halitta marasa cikakke. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Ana iya samun gurɓatattun halittu a cikin ruwan ƙasa a matsayin maganin kwari da maganin kashe kwari . Kamar sauran sinadarai na roba, yawancin magungunan kashe kwari suna da tsarin kwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa. Wannan rikitarwa yana ƙayyade yadda ruwa ke narkewa, ƙarfin sha, da kuma motsi na magungunan kashe kwari a cikin tsarin ruwan ƙasa. Don haka, wasu nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari suna da motsi fiye da wasu don haka suna iya isa ga tushen ruwan sha cikin sauƙi. [1]

 Karfe 
Akwai wasu karafa da dama da ke faruwa a zahiri a wasu tarin duwatsu kuma suna iya shiga cikin muhalli ta hanyar hanyoyin halitta kamar su iskar gas. Duk da haka, ayyukan masana'antu kamar hakar ma'adinai, aikin ƙarfe, zubar da shara mai ƙarfi, fenti da aikin enamel, da sauransu na iya haifar da ƙaruwar yawan ƙarfe masu guba, gami da gubar, cadmium da chromium . Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa suna da yuwuwar shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa. [1]

Shigowar karafa (da metalloids) a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa zai shafi dalilai da dama, musamman ta hanyar halayen sinadarai wadanda ke tantance raba gurɓatattun abubuwa tsakanin matakai da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban. Don haka, motsin karafa ya dogara ne da yanayin pH da redox na ruwan karkashin kasa. [1]

 Magunguna 
Adadin magungunan da aka samo daga ruwan sharar da aka yi wa magani da ke shiga cikin ruwa yana cikin gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke tasowa a cikin ruwan ƙasa da ake nazari a kai a duk faɗin Amurka. [1] Shahararrun magunguna kamar maganin rigakafi, magungunan hana kumburi, magungunan rage damuwa, magungunan rage cunkoso, da sauransu galibi ana samun su a cikin ruwan sharar da aka yi wa magani. [2] Ana fitar da wannan ruwan sharar daga wurin magani, kuma sau da yawa yana shiga cikin ruwan ko kuma tushen ruwan da ake amfani da shi don shan ruwa. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Adadin magungunan da ke cikin ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma ruwan saman kasa ya yi kasa da abin da ake ganin yana da hatsari ko kuma abin damuwa a mafi yawan yankuna, amma yana iya zama matsala mai karuwa yayin da yawan jama'a ke karuwa kuma ana amfani da ruwan sharar da aka sake maidowa don samar da ruwan birni. [1] [2]

 Wasu 
Sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa na halitta sun haɗa da nau'ikan organohalides da sauran mahaɗan sinadarai, man fetur hydrocarbons, mahaɗan sinadarai daban-daban da ake samu a cikin tsabtace mutum da kayayyakin kwalliya, gurɓataccen magani wanda ya haɗa da magungunan magunguna da abubuwan da ke cikin su. Gurɓatattun abubuwa marasa tsari na iya haɗawa da wasu abubuwan gina jiki kamar ammonia da phosphate, da radionuclides kamar uranium (U) ko radon (Rn) waɗanda ke samuwa a zahiri a wasu halittu na ƙasa. Shigowar ruwan gishiri shi ma misali ne na gurɓataccen yanayi, amma galibi ayyukan ɗan adam suna ƙaruwa. [1]

Gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa batu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a duk duniya. Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan ingancin ruwan ƙasa na manyan magudanan ruwa na Amurka tsakanin 1991 da 2004, ya nuna cewa kashi 23% na rijiyoyin gida suna da gurɓatattun abubuwa a matakan da suka fi ma'aunin lafiyar ɗan adam. [1] Wani bincike ya nuna cewa manyan matsalolin gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa a Afirka, idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin mahimmancinsu sune: (1) gurɓatar nitrate, (2) abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka, (3) gurɓatar halittu, (4) gishiri, da (5) magudanar ma'adinan acid. [2]

 Dalilai 
Abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa sun haɗa da (ƙarin bayani a ƙasa):

 Yanayi na halitta (geogenic)
 Tsarin tsafta a wurin
 Najasa da laka na najasa
 Takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari
 Ɓoyewar kasuwanci da masana'antu
 Karyewar ruwa
 magudanar ruwa a cikin shara
 Wani

 Yana faruwa ta halitta (geogenic) 
"Geogenic" yana nufin faruwa ta halitta sakamakon ayyukan ƙasa. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Gurɓatar arsenic ta halitta tana faruwa ne saboda laka na aquifer yana ɗauke da sinadarai masu rai waɗanda ke haifar da yanayin rashin lafiyar ruwa a cikin aquifer. Waɗannan yanayi suna haifar da narkewar ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙarfe oxides a cikin laka, don haka, sakin arsenic, wanda galibi yana ɗaure da ƙarfe oxides, cikin ruwa. Sakamakon haka, ruwan ƙasa mai arzikin arsenic galibi yana da wadataccen ƙarfe, kodayake hanyoyin biyu galibi suna ɓoye alaƙar arsenic da ƙarfen da aka narkar. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Ana samun Arsenic a cikin ruwan ƙasa galibi a matsayin arsenite na nau'in da aka rage da kuma arsenate na nau'in da aka yi wa oxidized, gubar arsenite ta fi ta arsenate girma. [1] Binciken da WHO ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 20% na ramuka 25,000 da aka gwada a Bangladesh sun sami yawan arsenic da ya wuce 50 μg/L. [2]

Faduwar sinadarin fluoride yana da alaƙa da yawan sinadarin fluoride da kuma narkewar sa kamar fluorite ( CaF2 ) . [1] Yawan sinadarin fluoride a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa yawanci yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin sinadarin calcium a cikin ruwan. [ [2] Matsalolin lafiya da ke tattare da sinadarin fluoride a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa na iya faruwa idan yawan sinadarin fluoride a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa ya wuce 1.5 mg/L, wanda shine ƙimar jagorar WHO tun daga 1984. [2]

Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayyar Switzerland (EAWAG)  kwanan nan ta haɓaka dandalin Binciken Ruwa na Ruwa (GAP), inda za'a iya kimanta haɗarin gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin wani yanki ta amfani da bayanan ƙasa, na ƙasa da sauran bayanan muhalli ba tare da gwada samfurori daga kowane albarkatun ruwa ba. Wannan kayan aikin kuma yana bawa mai amfani damar samar da taswirar haɗarin yiwuwar arsenic da fluoride.

Yawan sinadaran da ke cikin ƙasa kamar gishiri, ƙarfe, manganese, uranium, radon da chromium, na iya zama asalin ƙasa. Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama da mahimmanci a cikin gida amma ba su yaɗu kamar arsenic da fluoride ba. [1]

 Tsarin tsafta a wurin 
Gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da nitrate na iya faruwa daga ruwan da ke shiga ƙasa daga tsarin tsaftar muhalli kamar bandakuna da tankunan septic, ya danganta da yawan jama'a da yanayin ruwa. [1]

Abubuwan da ke sarrafa makomar ƙwayoyin cuta da jigilar su suna da sarkakiya kuma ba a fahimci mu'amalar da ke tsakaninsu sosai ba. [1] Idan aka yi watsi da yanayin ruwa na gida (wanda zai iya bambanta a cikin 'yan murabba'in kilomita kaɗan), kayan aikin tsafta masu sauƙi a wurin kamar bandakuna na iya haifar da manyan haɗarin lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar gurɓataccen ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Ruwa yana kwarara daga ramin kuma yana wucewa yankin ƙasa mara cika (wanda ba a cika shi da ruwa gaba ɗaya ba). Daga nan, waɗannan ruwaye daga ramin suna shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa inda zasu iya haifar da gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa. Wannan matsala ce idan aka yi amfani da rijiyar ruwa da ke kusa don samar da ruwan ƙasa don amfanin ruwan sha . A lokacin wucewar ƙasa, ƙwayoyin cuta na iya mutuwa ko kuma su sha sosai, galibi ya danganta da lokacin tafiya tsakanin ramin da rijiyar. [1] Yawancin, amma ba duk ƙwayoyin cuta ba ne ke mutuwa cikin kwanaki 50 na tafiya ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. [2]

Matsayin kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta ya bambanta sosai dangane da nau'in ƙasa, nau'in ruwa, nisan da sauran abubuwan muhalli. [1] Misali, yankin da ba shi da isasshen ruwa yana "wankewa" a lokacin dogon lokaci na ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, wanda ke samar da hanyar ruwa don wucewar ƙwayoyin cuta cikin sauri. [2] Yana da wuya a kimanta nisan aminci tsakanin bandaki ko tankin septic da tushen ruwa. A kowane hali, irin waɗannan shawarwari game da nisan aminci galibi ana yin watsi da su ta hanyar waɗanda ke gina bandaki na rami. Bugu da ƙari, filayen gida suna da iyakataccen girma don haka galibi ana gina bandaki na rami kusa da rijiyoyin ruwan ƙasa fiye da abin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin lafiya. Wannan yana haifar da gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa da kuma rashin lafiya ga 'yan gida lokacin da suke amfani da wannan ruwan ƙasa a matsayin tushen ruwan sha. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

 Najasa da laka na najasa 
Gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa na iya faruwa ne sakamakon fitar da sharar da ba a yi magani ba, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka kamar raunukan fata, gudawa mai jini da kuma dermatitis. Wannan ya fi yawa a wuraren da ke da ƙarancin kayan aikin kula da ruwan shara, ko kuma inda akwai gazawar tsarin zubar da najasa a wurin. [1] Tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da abubuwan gina jiki, najasar da ba a yi magani ba kuma tana iya samun babban nauyin ƙarfe masu nauyi waɗanda za su iya shiga cikin tsarin ruwan ƙasa. [2]

Ruwan da aka yi wa magani daga cibiyoyin tace najasa na iya isa ga magudanar ruwa idan aka shigar da ruwan ko aka fitar da shi zuwa wuraren tace najasa na yankin. Saboda haka, waɗannan abubuwan da ba a cire su a wuraren tace najasa na gargajiya ba na iya isa ga ruwan ƙasa. [1] Misali, an gano yawan ragowar magunguna a cikin ruwan ƙasa sun kai kashi 50 mg/L a wurare da dama a Jamus. [2] Wannan ya faru ne saboda a wuraren sarrafa najasa na gargajiya, ƙananan gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar hormones, ragowar magunguna da sauran ƙananan gurɓatattun abubuwa da ke cikin fitsari da najasa ana cire su kaɗan kaɗan sannan sauran kuma ana fitar da su zuwa ruwan saman, daga nan kuma yana iya isa ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.

Gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa na iya faruwa daga zubar da magudanar ruwa wanda aka lura a misali a Jamus.  Wannan kuma na iya haifar da gurɓatar ruwan sha. 

Yaɗa ruwan shara ko dattin najasa a cikin noma na iya zama tushen gurɓatar najasa a cikin ruwan ƙasa. 

 Takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari 
Nitrate kuma zai iya shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani fiye da kima, gami da yaɗuwar taki . Wannan saboda ƙaramin ɓangare ne kawai na takin da ke tushen nitrogen ake mayar da shi zuwa amfanin gona da sauran abubuwan shuka. Sauran suna taruwa a cikin ƙasa ko kuma suna ɓacewa a matsayin kwarara. [1] Yawan amfani da takin da ke ɗauke da nitrogen tare da yawan narkewar nitrate a cikin ruwa yana haifar da ƙaruwar kwararar ruwa zuwa ruwan saman ƙasa da kuma shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda hakan ke haifar da gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa. [2] Yawan amfani da takin da ke ɗauke da nitrogen (ko na roba ne ko na halitta) yana da illa musamman, domin yawancin nitrogen da tsire-tsire ba sa ɗauka ana canza shi zuwa nitrate wanda ake iya cire shi cikin sauƙi. [3]
Sinadaran gina jiki, musamman nitrates, a cikin takin zamani na iya haifar da matsaloli ga muhallin halitta da kuma lafiyar ɗan adam idan aka wanke su daga ƙasa zuwa magudanar ruwa ko kuma aka zuba su ta cikin ƙasa zuwa cikin ruwan ƙasa. Amfani da takin nitrogen mai yawa a cikin tsarin amfanin gona shine babban abin da ke haifar da sinadarin nitrogen a cikin ruwan ƙasa a duk duniya. [1]

Rukunan dabbobi /dabbobi na iya haifar da yuwuwar zubar da nitrogen da karafa zuwa ruwan karkashin kasa. [1] Yawan amfani da taki na dabbobi na iya haifar da gurɓatar ruwan karkashin kasa tare da ragowar magunguna da aka samo daga magungunan dabbobi. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai suna magance matsalar nitrate da ta shafi ci gaban noma, a matsayin babbar matsalar samar da ruwa wadda ke buƙatar kulawa da shugabanci mai kyau. [1] [2]

Ruwan magungunan kashe kwari na iya shiga cikin ruwan karkashin kasa wanda ke haifar da matsalolin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓatattun rijiyoyin ruwa. [1] Yawan magungunan kashe kwari da ake samu a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa yawanci yana da ƙasa, kuma sau da yawa iyakokin da aka ƙayyade dangane da lafiyar ɗan adam da aka wuce suma suna da ƙasa sosai. [1] Maganin kashe kwari na organophosphorus monocrotophos (MCP) ya bayyana yana ɗaya daga cikin wasu magungunan kashe kwari masu haɗari, masu dorewa, masu narkewa da motsi (ba ya haɗuwa da ma'adanai a cikin ƙasa) waɗanda za su iya isa ga tushen ruwan sha. [2] Gabaɗaya, ana gano ƙarin mahaɗan magungunan kashe kwari yayin da shirye-shiryen sa ido kan ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa suka zama mafi girma; duk da haka, ba a gudanar da sa ido sosai a ƙasashe masu tasowa ba saboda yawan kuɗin bincike. [1]

 Kasuwanci da masana'antu 
An gano nau'ikan gurɓatattun abubuwa marasa tsari da na halitta a cikin ruwayen ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin ayyukan kasuwanci da masana'antu. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Ma'adinan ma'adinai da wuraren sarrafa ƙarfe su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kasancewar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan ƙasa mai tushen ɗan adam, gami da arsenic. Ƙarancin pH da ke tattare da magudanar ma'adinan acid (AMD) yana taimakawa wajen narkewar ƙarfe masu guba waɗanda za su iya shiga tsarin ruwan ƙasa daga ƙarshe. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]
Akwai karuwar damuwa game da gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa sakamakon man fetur da ke fitowa daga tankunan ajiyar mai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (USTs) na tashoshin mai . [1] Haɗakar BTEX su ne abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a cikin man fetur. Haɗakar BTEX, gami da benzene, suna da yawan da ya fi ƙasa da ruwa (1) g/mL). Kamar yadda mai ya zube a teku, matakin da ba ya juyawa, wanda ake kira Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL), zai "shawagi" a kan teburin ruwa a cikin tafkin. [1]

Ana amfani da sinadarai masu sinadarin chlorine a kusan kowace masana'anta inda ake buƙatar masu cire mai. [1] PCE wani sinadari ne mai amfani sosai a masana'antar tsabtace busasshe saboda ingancinsa na tsaftacewa da ƙarancin farashi. An kuma yi amfani da shi don ayyukan rage mai a ƙarfe. Saboda yana da saurin canzawa, ana samunsa sau da yawa a cikin ruwan ƙasa fiye da ruwan saman ƙasa. [2] [ tushen da ba shi da tabbas? ] TCE ta daɗe ana amfani da ita a matsayin tsaftace ƙarfe. An sanya sansanin soja na Anniston Army Depot (ANAD) a Amurka a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa na EPA Superfund (NPL) saboda gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa mai nauyin fam miliyan 27 na TCE. [3] Dukansu PCE da TCE na iya lalacewa zuwa vinyl chloride (VC), mafi gubar hydrocarbon mai sinadarin chlorine. [1]

Hakanan ana iya zubar da nau'ikan masu narkewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, suna ɓoyewa cikin lokaci zuwa tsarin ruwa na ƙasa.[1]

Sinadaran da aka yi amfani da chlorine kamar PCE da TCE suna da yawa fiye da ruwa kuma ana kiran matakin da ba a iya mirgina shi da Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa (DNAPL) . [1] Da zarar sun isa ga ruwa, za su "nutse" kuma daga ƙarshe su taru a saman ƙananan yadudduka marasa shiga. [1] [2] A tarihi, wuraren sarrafa itace kuma suna fitar da kwari kamar pentachlorophenol (PCP) da creosote zuwa muhalli, wanda ke shafar albarkatun ƙasa. [3] PCP wani maganin kwari ne mai narkewa sosai kuma mai guba wanda aka lissafa kwanan nan a cikin Yarjejeniyar Stockholm kan Gurɓatattun Halittu Masu Dorewa . PAHs da sauran semi-VOCs sune gurɓatattun abubuwa da ke da alaƙa da creosote.

Duk da cewa ba za a iya narkar da su ba, duka LNAPLs da DNAPLs har yanzu suna da damar narkewa a hankali cikin yanayin ruwa (mai narkewa) don ƙirƙirar bututun ruwa don haka ya zama tushen gurɓatawa na dogon lokaci. DNAPLs (masu narkewar chlorine, manyan PAHs, creosote, PCBs ) suna da wahalar sarrafawa domin suna iya zama a cikin zurfin tsarin ruwan ƙasa. [1]

 Ragewar ruwa 
Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan na rijiyoyin ruwa ("Fracking") a Amurka ya haifar da damuwa game da haɗarin gurɓata albarkatun ruwa.[1] EPA, tare da wasu masu bincike da yawa, an ba su izini don nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin fashewar ruwa da albarkatun ruwa mai sha.[2] Duk da yake yana yiwuwa a yi fashewar ruwa ba tare da samun tasiri mai dacewa a kan albarkatun ruwa ba idan akwai tsananin sarrafawa da matakan gudanar da inganci, akwai lokuta da yawa inda aka lura da gurɓataccen ruwa saboda rashin kulawa ko gazawar fasaha.[3]

Duk da yake EPA ba ta sami muhimmiyar shaidar yaduwar ba, tasirin tsari akan ruwan sha ta hanyar fashewar ruwa, wannan na iya zama saboda rashin isasshen bayanan fashewar tsari kafin da bayan bayanan ruwa akan ingancin ruwan sha, da kuma kasancewar wasu wakilai na gurɓata wanda ke hana haɗin tsakanin mai mai mai da iskar gas da tasirinsa.[1]

Duk da rashin shaidar da EPA ta yi, wasu masu bincike sun yi muhimmiyar lura game da karuwar gurɓataccen ruwa a kusa da manyan wuraren hako man fetur / gas da ke Marcellus [1] (British Columbia, Kanada).[2] A cikin kilomita ɗaya na waɗannan takamaiman shafuka, wani ɓangaren ruwan sha mai zurfi ya nuna matakan ƙimar ethane" id="mwApk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Methane">methane, ethane, da propane fiye da yadda aka saba. Binciken Helium mafi girma da sauran iskar gas mai daraja tare da hauhawar matakan hydrocarbon yana tallafawa bambancin tsakanin iskar gas da ke fashewa da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa a "baya" abubuwan hydrocarbon. Wannan gurɓataccen an yi hasashen cewa sakamakon leaky, gazawar, ko kuma ba a shigar da iskar gas ba.[3]

Furthermore, it is theorized that contamination could also result from the capillary migration of deep residual hyper-saline water and hydraulic fracturing fluid, slowly flowing through faults and fractures until finally making contact with groundwater resources;[1] however, many researchers argue that the permeability of rocks overlying shale formations are too low to allow this to ever happen sufficiently.[2] To ultimately prove this theory, there would have to be traces of toxic trihalomethanes (THM) since they are often associated with the presence of stray gas contamination, and typically co-occur with high halogen concentrations in hyper-saline waters.[2] Besides, highly saline waters are a common natural feature in deep groundwater systems. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Duk da yake ƙaddamarwa game da gurɓataccen ruwa a matsayin sakamakon ruwa mai fashewa na ruwa yana ƙuntata a cikin sarari da lokaci, masu bincike sun yi la'akari da cewa yiwuwar gurɓatawar iskar gas ta hanyar tsari ya dogara da amincin tsarin man fetur / iskar gas, tare da wurin da ke cikin gida wanda zai iya samar da hanyoyin gudana don ƙaurawar iskar mai.

Kodayake ya yadu, gurɓataccen tsari ta hanyar fashewar ruwa ya kasance mai jayayya sosai, ɗayan manyan tushen gurɓatawar da ke da mafi yawan yarjejeniya tsakanin masu bincike na kasancewa mafi matsala shine takamaiman fashewar haɗari na ruwa mai fashewa da ruwa. Ya zuwa yanzu, yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na gurɓataccen ruwa sun samo asali ne daga hanyoyin da aka samo asali daga ƙasa maimakon kwararar ƙasa daga tsarin shale.[1] Duk da yake lalacewar na iya zama a bayyane, kuma ana yin ƙoƙari da yawa don hana waɗannan haɗarin su faru akai-akai, rashin bayanai daga zubar da mai yana ci gaba da barin masu bincike a cikin duhu. A yawancin waɗannan abubuwan, bayanan da aka samu daga ɓarkewa ko ɓarkewar sau da yawa ba a fahimta ba, kuma ta haka ne zai haifar da masu bincike zuwa rashin ƙarshe.[2]

Masu bincike daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da albarkatun kasa ta Tarayya (BGR) sun gudanar da binciken samfurin don samar da iskar gas mai zurfi a Arewacin Jamus. Sun kammala cewa yiwuwar karami ne cewa hauhawar ruwa mai fashewa ta hanyar ƙasa zuwa farfajiyar zai shafi ruwa mai zurfi.[1]

 Rashin shara 
Rashin ruwa daga wuraren zubar da shara na iya haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa. Chemicals na iya isa cikin ruwan kasa ta hanyar hazo da runoff. Ana buƙatar sabbin wuraren zubar da shara da yumɓu ko wani abu na roba, tare da leachate don kare ruwan ƙasa da ke kewaye. Koyaya, tsofaffin wuraren zubar da shara ba su da waɗannan matakan kuma galibi suna kusa da ruwa da ƙasa mai zurfi. Rufewar shara har yanzu na iya haifar da barazana ga ruwan kasa idan ba a rufe su da wani abu mai hana ruwa ba kafin rufewa don hana gurɓataccen abubuwa.[1]

Love Canal was one of the most widely known examples of groundwater pollution. In 1978, residents of the Love Canal neighborhood in upstate New York noticed high rates of cancer and an alarming number of birth defects. This was eventually traced to organic solvents and dioxins from an industrial landfill that the neighborhood had been built over and around, which had then infiltrated into the water supply and evaporated in basements to further contaminate the air. Eight hundred families were reimbursed for their homes and moved, after extensive legal battles and media coverage.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]

 Rashin cikawa 
Bayanan tauraron dan adam a cikin Mekong Delta a Vietnam sun ba da shaida cewa yawan famfo na ruwan kasa yana haifar da raguwar ƙasa da kuma sakin arsenic da yiwuwar wasu karafa masu nauyi.[1] Ana samun Arsenic a cikin yumbu saboda girman girman su zuwa girman rabo dangane da ƙwayoyin yashi. Yawancin ruwan da aka kwashe yana tafiya ta cikin yashi da dutse tare da ƙarancin arsenic. Koyaya, yayin da ake yin amfani da shi, babban gradient na tsaye yana jan ruwa daga yumɓu marasa ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka yana inganta sakin arsenic cikin ruwa.[2]

 Sauran 
Za'a iya haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar zubar da sinadarai daga ayyukan kasuwanci ko masana'antu, zubar da sunadarai da ke faruwa yayin sufuri (misali zubar da man fetur na diesel), zubar da sharar gida ba bisa ka'ida ba, shiga daga Runoff na birane ko ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, gishiri na hanya, sinadarai masu lalata daga filayen jirgin sama har ma da gurɓatar yanayi tunda ruwan kasa yana daga cikin sake zagayowar ruwa.[1]

Amfani da herbicide na iya taimakawa ga gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar shiga cikin arsenic. Herbicides suna ba da gudummawa ga desorption na arsenic ta hanyar tattarawa da jigilar gurbataccen. Chlorinated herbicides suna nuna ƙaramin tasiri a kan arsenic desorption fiye da phosphate irin herbicides. Wannan na iya taimakawa wajen hana gurɓatawar arsenic ta hanyar zabar magungunan herbicides da suka dace da maida hankali daban-daban na arsenic da ke cikin wasu ƙasa.[1]

Kabarin gawawwakin da lalacewarsu na gaba na iya haifar da haɗarin gurɓataccen ruwa.

 Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su 
Hanyar ruwa ta hanyar ƙasa na iya samar da amintaccen shingen halitta ga gurɓata amma yana aiki ne kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau.[1]

Tsarin yanki yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jigilar gurbataccen abu. Yankin na iya samun yadudduka na yashi, dutse mai fashewa, yumɓu, ko hardpan. Yankunan karst topography a kan dutse mai laushi wani lokacin suna da rauni ga gurɓataccen ƙasa daga ruwan ƙasa. Kuskuren girgizar ƙasa na iya zama hanyoyin shiga don shigar da gurbataccen ƙasa. Yanayin teburin ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga samar da ruwan sha, ban ruwa na noma, zubar da sharar gida (ciki har da sharar nukiliya), mazaunin namun daji, da sauran batutuwan muhalli.[1]

Yawancin sunadarai suna fuskantar lalacewa ko canjin sunadarai, musamman a tsawon lokaci a cikin tafkunan Ruwa na ƙasa. Wani nau'i mai mahimmanci na irin waɗannan sunadarai shine hydrocarbons masu chlorinated kamar trichloroethylene (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a masana'antar masana'antu da masana'antar lantarki) da tetrachloroethylene da aka yi amfani dashi a masana'antun tsaftacewa. Dukkanin wadannan sunadarai, wadanda ake zaton su ne masu haifar da cutar kansa, suna fuskantar halayen lalacewa, wanda ke haifar da sabbin sunadarai masu haɗari (ciki har da dichloroethylene da vinyl chloride). [1]

 Ma'amala da ruwa na sama 
Kodayake suna da alaƙa da juna, ana nazarin ruwa da Ruwa na ƙasa da kuma sarrafa su azaman albarkatun daban-daban. Ma'amala tsakanin ruwan kasa da ruwan sama suna da rikitarwa. Ruwa na sama yana shiga cikin ƙasa kuma ya zama ruwan kasa. Sabanin haka, ruwan kasa na iya ciyar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Misali, koguna da tabkuna da yawa suna ciyar da ruwa na ƙasa. Wannan yana nufin cewa lalacewar ruwa mai zurfi misali ta hanyar fracking ko a kan abstraction, zai iya shafar koguna da tabkuna da suka dogara da shi. Rashin ruwan gishiri a cikin ruwa na bakin teku misali ne na irin wannan hulɗa.

A spill or ongoing release of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic plume. The movement of the plume, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]

 Prevention 

 Ka'idar kariya 
Ka'idar kariya, ta samo asali ne daga Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli da Ci gaba, tana da mahimmanci wajen kare albarkatun ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa. Ka'idar kariya ta ba da cewa "inda akwai barazanar lalacewar da ba za a iya juyawa ba, ba za a yi amfani da cikakken tabbacin kimiyya a matsayin dalilin jinkirta matakan da suka dace don hana lalacewar muhalli ba".

 Kula da ingancin ruwa 
An aiwatar da shirye-shiryen sa ido kan ingancin ruwa a kai a kai a kasashe da yawa a duniya. Su ne muhimman abubuwan da za su fahimci tsarin hydrogeological, da kuma ci gaban samfuran ra'ayi da taswirar rauni na ruwa.

Dole ne a saka idanu kan ingancin ruwan kasa a kai a kai a fadin ruwa don tantance yanayin. Ya kamata a gudanar da sa ido kan ruwan kasa ta hanyar takamaiman manufa, alal misali, takamaiman gurɓataccen damuwa. Ana iya kwatanta matakan gurɓataccen da jagororin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) don ingancin ruwan sha. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa an rage iyakokin gurbatawa yayin da aka sami ƙarin ƙwarewar likita.

Ya kamata a ba da isasshen saka hannun jari don ci gaba da saka idanu na dogon lokaci. Lokacin da aka sami matsala, ya kamata a dauki mataki don gyara shi. Yaduwar ruwa a Amurka ta ragu tare da gabatar da buƙatun sa ido mai tsauri (da magani) a farkon 90s.

Al'umma na iya taimakawa wajen saka idanu kan ingancin ruwan kasa.

Scientists have developed methods by which hazard maps could be produced for geogenic toxic substances in groundwater. This provides an efficient way of determining which wells should be tested.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]

 Yankin ƙasa don kare ruwan kasa 
Ci gaban taswirar amfani da ƙasa an aiwatar da su ta hanyar hukumomin ruwa da yawa a ma'auni daban-daban a duniya. Akwai nau'ikan taswirar yanki guda biyu: taswirar rauni na ruwa da taswirar kariya ta tushe.

 Taswirar rauni ta ruwa 
Yana nufin tsananin (ko na halitta) na tsarin ruwa na ƙasa ga gurɓataccen yanayi. A zahiri, wasu aquifers sun fi fuskantar gurɓataccen yanayi fiye da sauran aquifers. Rashin ruwa mai zurfi wanda ba a iyakance shi ba yana cikin haɗarin gurɓataccen ruwa saboda akwai ƙananan yadudduka don tace gurɓata.

Yankin da ba a cika shi ba na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jinkirta (kuma a wasu lokuta kawar da) cututtukan cututtuka don haka dole ne a yi la'akari da su yayin kimanta rashin lafiyar ruwa. Ayyukan halittu sun fi girma a saman ƙasa inda raguwar pathogens gabaɗaya ya fi tasiri.

SA">R-shiryen T rauni yawanci ya haɗa D rufe taswirD="mwA6c">O da yawa Na abubuwan jiki waɗanda aka zaɓa don bayyana matsalar ruwa. Hanyar taswirar ma'auni ta GOD da Foster da Hirata suka kirkira (1988) suna amfani da sigogi guda uku da ke akwai ko kuma ana kimanta su da sauƙi, matakin ƙuntataccen ruwa na ƙasa, yanayin yanayin ƙasa na Overlying strata da zurfin ruwa. World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). "Protecting Groundwater for Health - Understanding the drinking-water catchment" (PDF). Retrieved March 20, 2017.  Ƙarin hanyar da EPA ta haɓaka, tsarin ƙididdiga mai suna "DRASTIC", yana amfani da dalilai bakwai na hydrogeological don haɓaka ƙididdigar rauni: zurfin teburin ruwa, cibiyar caji, kafofin watsa labarai na Aquifer, kafofin watsa labaru na ƙasa, Topography (dutse), Tasiri akan Yankin vadose, da hydraulic Conductivity.

Akwai takamaiman muhawara tsakanin masu ilimin ruwa game da ko ya kamata a kafa matsalar ruwa ta hanyar gaba ɗaya (na asali) ga duk gurbataccen abu, ko kuma musamman ga kowane gurbataccen.

 Taswirar kariya 
Hanyoyin nazari ta amfani da daidaitattun don bayyana kwararar ruwa da jigilar gurbataccen abu sune aka fi amfani da su. WHPA wani shiri ne na nazarin kwararar ruwa wanda US EPA ta kirkira don tsara yankunan kamawa a cikin yankin kariya.

Hanyar da ta fi sauƙi ta zoning tana amfani da hanyoyin da aka daidaita da nisa inda aka cire ayyukan a cikin nesa da aka ƙayyade daidai a kusa da maki masu banƙyama.

Za'a iya tsara tsarin tsabtace muhalli a cikin hanyar da za a hana gurɓata ruwan kasa daga waɗannan tsarin tsabtace. An samar da cikakkun jagororin don kimanta nisa mai aminci don kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen wuri. An gabatar da ka'idoji masu zuwa don zama mai aminci (watau yanke shawara akan wurin) na tsarin tsabtace wuri: 

 Tsakanin kwance tsakanin tushen ruwan sha da tsarin tsaftacewa Darajar jagora don rabuwa a kwance tsakanin tsarin tsaftace-kwatanta na shafin da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sun bambanta sosai (misali 15 zuwa 100 m nisan kwance tsakanin gidan wanka da rijiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa) [1]
 Ka'idodin jagora don rabuwa a kwance tsakanin tsarin tsabtace wuri da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sun bambanta sosai (misali 15 zuwa 100 m nesa a kwance magareng ga gidan wanka da Rijiyoyin ruwa na ƙasa)  
 Tsakanin tsaye tsakanin rijiyar ruwan sha da tsarin tsabtace muhalli
 Irin ruwa
 Hanyar ruwa mai zurfi
 Layer da ba za a iya shiga ba
 Rashin ruwa da ruwa
 Yawan ruwan da ke kwarara
 Haɗuwa, watau buƙatar yin la'akari da yanki mai girma na tsarawa

As a very general guideline it is recommended that the bottom of the pit should be at least 2 m above groundwater level, and a minimum horizontal distance of 30 m between a pit and a water source is normally recommended to limit exposure to microbial contamination.[1] However, no general statement should be made regarding the minimum lateral separation distances required to prevent contamination of a well from a pit latrine. For example, even 50 m lateral separation distance might not be sufficient in a strongly karstified system with a downgradient supply well or spring, while 10 m lateral separation distance is completely sufficient if there is a well developed clay cover layer and the annular space of the groundwater well is well sealed.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Batutuwan ma'aikata da shari'a suna da mahimmanci wajen tantance nasarar ko gazawar manufofi da dabarun kariya na ruwa. A cikin Amurka Dokar Kula da Kula da albarkatu da dawowa tana kare ruwan kasa ta hanyar tsara zubar da sharar gida mai ƙarfi da shararru mai haɗari, da kuma Dokar Amsa ta Muhalli, Biya, da Hakki, wanda aka fi sani da "Superfund", yana buƙatar gyara wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari da aka watsar.

 Gudanarwa 
Za'a iya haɗa zaɓuɓɓuka don gyara ruwan da aka gurbata a cikin waɗannan rukunoni:

 containing the pollutants to prevent them from migrating further
 removing the pollutants from the aquifer
 remediating the aquifer by either immobilizing or detoxifying the contaminants while they are still in the aquifer (in-situ)
 treating the groundwater at its point of use
 abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water. [better source needed]

Ana iya amfani da na'urorin tsarkake ruwa ko tsarin maganin ruwa na "maɓallin amfani" (POU) da dabarun tsabtace ruwa na filin don cire wasu nau'ikan gurɓataccen ruwa kafin sha, wato duk wani gurɓatawar datti. Ana samun tsarin tsarkake ruwa da yawa na kasuwanci ko kayan sinadarai wanda zai iya cire pathogens, chlorine, mummunan dandano, ƙanshi, da ƙarfe masu nauyi kamar gubar da mercury.

Techniques include boiling, filtration, activated charcoal absorption, chemical disinfection, ultraviolet purification, ozone water disinfection, solar water disinfection, solar distillation, homemade water filters.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]

 Gyara ruwan kasa 
Za'a iya cire gurɓataccen abu daga ruwan kasa ta hanyar amfani da dabaru daban-daban don haka ya zama lafiya don amfani. Hanyoyin maganin ruwa na ƙasa (ko gyare-gyare) sun haɗa da fasahar halitta, sinadarai, da kuma fasahar maganin jiki. Yawancin hanyoyin maganin ruwa na ƙasa suna amfani da haɗin fasahohi. Wasu daga cikin dabarun maganin halittu sun haɗa da bioaugmentation, Bioventing, Biosparging, Bioslurping, da phytoremediation. Wasu dabarun maganin sunadarai sun haɗa da allurar ozone da iskar oxygen, hazo na sunadarai, rabuwa da membrane, musayar ion, shawo kan carbon, sinadarin sinadarai na ruwa, da kuma farfadowa da surfactant. Ana iya aiwatar da wasu dabarun sunadarai ta amfani da nanomaterials. Hanyoyin maganin jiki sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance su ba, famfo da magani, iska mai iska, da kuma cirewa na biyu.

 Barin 
Idan magani ko gyaran ruwan da aka gurɓata ya zama da wahala ko tsada, to, barin amfani da ruwan da ke cikin ruwa da kuma samun madadin tushen ruwa shine kawai wani zaɓi.

 Misalan 

 Afirka 

 Lusaka, Zambia 
Yankunan da ke kusa da birane na Lusaka, babban birnin Zambia, suna da yanayin ƙasa wanda ke da karstified sosai kuma saboda wannan dalili - tare da karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin waɗannan yankunan da ke ke kusa da gari - gurɓata rijiyoyin ruwa daga latrines babbar barazanar lafiyar jama'a ce a can.

 Garin Babati, Tanzania 
A Tanzania, mazauna da yawa sun dogara da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, galibi daga rijiyoyin da ba su da zurfi, don sha da sauran dalilai na gida. Kudin samar da ruwa na hukuma ya haifar da gidaje da yawa da suka dogara da rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu maimakon ruwa da wuraren tsabtace birane na Babati. Amfani da ruwa daga tushen ruwa na wucin gadi na ingancin da ba a sani ba (musamman rijiyoyi masu zurfi) ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan da ke dauke da ruwa. A Tanzania, an bayar da rahoton yara 23,900 a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 suna mutuwa a kowace shekara daga cututtukan hanji da zawo da ke da alaƙa da shan ruwa mara kyau.

 Asiya 

 Indiya 
Kogin Ganga (GRB)  wanda shine ruwa mai tsarki ga Hindu yana fuskantar mummunar gurɓataccen arsenic. Indiya ta rufe kashi 79% na GRB, kuma saboda haka jihohi da yawa sun shafi. Jihohin da abin ya shafa sun hada da Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Haryana, da West Bengal. Matakan arsenic sun kai 4730 μg / L a cikin ruwan kasa, ~ 1000 μg / l a cikin ruwan ban ruwa, kuma har zuwa 3947 μg / kg a cikin kayan abinci dukansu sun wuce ma'aunin Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don ruwan ban ruwa da kuma ma'auni na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don ruwan sha. A sakamakon haka, mutanen da aka fallasa suna fama da cututtukan da ke shafar aikin su na fata, jijiyoyi, haihuwa da fahimta, kuma suna iya haifar da ciwon daji.   

A Indiya gwamnati ta ci gaba da inganta ci gaban tsabtace muhalli don yaki da hauhawar gurɓataccen ruwa a yankuna da yawa na ƙasar. Kokarin ya tabbatar da nuna sakamako kuma ya rage gurɓataccen ruwa na ƙasa kuma ya rage damar rashin lafiya ga uwaye da yara waɗanda wannan batun ya fi shafa. Wannan wani abu ne da ake buƙata sosai kamar yadda binciken ya nuna, yara sama da 117,000 a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar suna mutuwa a kowace shekara saboda cinye gurɓataccen ruwa. Ƙoƙarin ƙasashe sun ga nasara a cikin sassan da suka fi bunkasa tattalin arziki na ƙasar.

 Arewacin Amurka 

 Norco, California 
Garin Norco, California ya shafi gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa na Trichloroethylene da Hydrazine sakamakon rashin daidaituwa da rashin kulawa da kayan aiki masu haɗari da ayyukan zubar da su daga Wyle Laboratories, wanda ke kusa da Makarantar Sakandare ta Norco. An gano matakan Trichlorethylene har zuwa sau 128 sama da iyakar aminci na jihohi don ruwan sha kuma an sami Hydrazine a cikin rijiyoyi 2 da ke kusa.

Shafin ba ya aiki, kuma shafin tsaftacewa ne mai aiki.

 Walkerton, Kanada 

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Binciken Yanayi na Amurka - Ofishin Ruwa na Kasa
 Taron Ruwa na Ƙasar Burtaniya
 IGRAC, Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Duniya
 IAH, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Hydrogeologists
 Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa da tsabta muhalli (takardun da ke cikin ɗakin karatu na Sustainable Sanitation Alliance) 
 UPGro - Bayyana yiwuwar Ruwa na Ruwa ga Matalauta
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba