Mai Kifi yana so

Fisher Ames ( /eɪm z / ; Afrilu 9, 1758 – Yuli 4, 1808) wakili ne a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka daga Gundumar Majalisa ta 1 ta Massachusetts . Ya shahara wajen tallata sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki a lokacin taron amincewa da jiharsa, wanda ya sa shi ya zama ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Amurka na wa'adi huɗu tare da Gwamnatin Washington. A cikin wannan matsayin, ya kasance jagora mai mahimmanci na Jam'iyyar Tarayya a Majalisar Wakilai kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya shahara saboda ƙwarewarsa mai ƙarfi a matsayin mai ba da jawabi. Ames yana cikin kwamitin da ya rantsar da Shugaba Washington, ya tsara kalmomin ƙarshe da aka amince da su a cikin Kwaskwarima ta Farko game da 'yancin addini a 1789 kuma ya yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na majalisa cikin nasara ga masu ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa a Majalisa. A zamaninsa, mafi girman aikinsa shine kare Yarjejeniyar Jay a 1796, wanda ya sami isassun ƙuri'u don zartar da yarjejeniyar. An san jawabin Yarjejeniyar Jay na Ames tsawon shekaru da yawa bayan haka kuma ya kafa mizani ga ɗan siyasa na baya a muhawara da jawabai don bi har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Ames ya bar Majalisar Dokoki a shekarar 1797, saboda raguwar lafiya, kuma ya ci gaba da zama mai rubuta manufofin Tarayya na tsawon shekaru goma bayan aikinsa na Majalisar Dokoki. Ames ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1808, yana da shekaru hamsin; wanda ya sanya shi na farko cikin Ubanni uku da suka kafa Majalisar Dokoki da suka mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuli - tare da Thomas Jefferson da John Adams - waɗanda dukansu suka mutu a shekarar 1826.

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
An haifi Ames a Dedham a Lardin Massachusetts Bay .  Mahaifinsa, Nathaniel Ames, ya mutu lokacin da Fisher yake ɗan shekara shida kacal, amma mahaifiyarsa, Deborah Fisher, ta yanke shawarar, duk da ƙarancin kuɗin shigarta, ta ba wa yaron ilimin gargajiya. Ya fito ne daga ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin iyalai a Massachusetts kuma a cikin zuriyarsa akwai William Ames .  Yana ɗan shekara shida ya fara karatun Latin, kuma yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu, an tura shi Kwalejin Harvard, ya kammala karatunsa a 1774 lokacin da ya fara aiki a matsayin malami. Yayin da yake koyar da makaranta, Ames ya kuma yi karatun lauya a ofishin William Tudor .  A 1779 an karɓe shi a matsayin ɗalibin lauya a wani kamfanin lauyoyi na Boston, kuma a 1781 an shigar da shi cikin lauyoyin Suffolk. kuma ya fara aikin lauya a Dedham a wannan shekarar. Ames bai son shari'a sosai ba amma ya yi aiki da shi cikin nasara. 

Yana da ɗan'uwa, wanda kuma ake kira Nathaniel Ames . 'Yan'uwan suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na siyasa da salon zamantakewa.  Nathaniel "ya ji daɗin aikinsa na likitan ƙauye, bawan ƙungiyar masu fafutuka, da kuma mai kare talakawa." [  Ya zama shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat-Republican a Dedham.  Ya fi zama a gida tare da manoma da ma'aikata waɗanda ya girma tare.  A gefe guda kuma, Fisher yana son yin ado mai kyau, yana sha'awar al'ummar Boston, kuma yana da tasiri a fannin Tarayya.  Fisher yana gudanar da aikinsa na lauya daga bene na farko na Ames Tavern . 

An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 1793.  Ames yana da 'ya'ya shida, ciki har da John, Seth,  da William   tare da matarsa, Frances.  Ames yana da gona a kan Federal Hill a Dedham wanda ya yi haya.  Idan yanayi ya yi kyau yayin da yake gida daga Washington, zai yi tafiya zuwa gonar kowace rana don duba amfanin gona da ake nomawa a can. 

 Aikin siyasa 

 Massachusetts 
A shekara ta 1788, ya zama memba na yarjejeniyar Massachusetts wadda ta amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka .  Jawabinsa masu "fahimta da gamsarwa" a cikin taron sun taimaka wajen samun isassun kuri'u don amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin.  Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an zaɓe shi don yin aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts tare da Nathaniel Kingsbury .  

Bayan ya sauka daga Majalisar Dokoki, ya ci gaba da harkokin siyasa kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Gwamna daga 1798 zuwa 1800. A cikin sabon aikinsa, Ames ya gabatar da ɗaya daga cikin manyan jawabai kan mutuwar Shugaba Washington.

 Tarayya 
An zaɓe Ames a Majalisar Dokoki ta Amurka ta Farko, bayan ya doke Samuel Adams don samun wannan muƙamin.  Ya yi mamakin nasarar da ya samu.  Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Tarayya, musamman Essex Junto . Lokacin da Ames ya ba da rahoto ga Majalisa a ƙarshen Maris 1789, an tura shi ga kwamitin dindindin na ɗan Majalisa wanda zai tsara da kuma aiwatar da rantsar da Shugaba George Washington. Ames ya ce: "Lokacin da na ga Washington, na ji motsin rai mai ƙarfi. Ina ganin babu wani mutum da ya taɓa da'awar girmamawa kamar shi." Daga baya, a Ranar Bikin Rantsarwa, ya zauna a kan kujera ɗaya a Cocin St. Paul, New York, don hidimar Kirista bayan rantsar da shi, kuma ya fi shahara da cewa: "Lokaci ya ɓata masa rai." 

Ames ya kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Biyu da ta Uku da kuma a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Majalisar Dokoki ta Huɗu .  Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki daga 4 ga Maris, 1789, zuwa 3 ga Maris, 1797. A lokacin Majalisar Dokoki ta Farko, shi ne shugaban Kwamitin Zaɓe . A shekara ta 1796, ba shi da ɗan takarar sake tsayawa takara amma ya ci gaba da aiki a fannin shari'a a Dedham.

Ko da yake yana ƙarami, an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu magana a Majalisar.  Ames ya gabatar da ɗaya daga cikin manyan jawabai na farko a tarihin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka lokacin da ya yi magana don goyon bayan Yarjejeniyar Jay .  Ames ya kare muradun New England da ƙarfi, kamar adawa da haraji kan molasses.  Duk da goyon bayansa ga Federalist, Ames zai ƙi amincewa da jam'iyyarsa idan ya ji ba ta da amfani ga ƙasar. Misali, a shekara ta 1789 Ames ya yi jayayya kan naɗin Thomas Willing a matsayin Shugaban Bankin Amurka da aka ƙirƙiri a Hamilton. 

A shekara ta 1794, mutanen Charleston, South Carolina sun ƙone shi a cikin wani mutum-mutumi tare da William Pitt, Benedict Arnold, da kuma Iblis saboda matsayinsa na goyon bayan Birtaniya. 

 Ra'ayoyin siyasa 
Ames ya damu da yadda shaharar 'yan Republican na Jefferson ke ƙaruwa, waɗanda suka ba da shawarar Amurka ta ɗauki gwamnatin wakilci irin ta Republican bisa ga gwamnatin bayan juyin juya hali a Faransa. Masu ra'ayin gurguzu na Hamilton (wanda Ames ɗaya ne daga cikinsu), kodayake su ma sun yarda da Jamhuriyar, sun ba da shawarar kafa gwamnatin tarayya mai ƙarfi tare da iko makamancin misalin Birtaniya. Ames ya ji cewa Tsarin Tarayya a kusa da kundin tsarin mulki mai tsabta da ƙarfi shine tsarin da ya kamata Amurka ta bi don hana sabuwar ƙasar gazawa. Ya yi gargaɗi game da wuce gona da iri na dimokuraɗiyya ba tare da ɗabi'a da hankali ba: "Dalilin da ya shahara ba koyaushe yake sanin yadda ake yin daidai ba, kuma ba koyaushe yake yin daidai ba lokacin da ya sani." Ya kuma ji cewa dimokuraɗiyya kaɗai tsari ne mai rauni wanda ba zai iya tsayayya da ɓullowa zuwa zalunci ba. "Dimokuradiyya ba za ta dawwama ba. Yanayinta ya wajabta cewa sauyinta na gaba ya zama mulkin kama-karya na soja....Dalili kuwa shi ne, zaluncin abin da ake kira mutane, kuma da takobi, duka suna aiki iri ɗaya don ƙasƙantar da su da lalata su, har sai babu wani mutum da ya rage da ruhun neman 'yanci, ko ɗabi'a mai ikon kiyaye adalci. Kamar annoba mai ƙonewa da ke lalata jikin ɗan adam, babu abin da zai iya wanzuwa ta hanyar rushewarta sai ƙwari." Haka nan, Ames ya gargaɗi 'yan ƙasarsa game da haɗarin masu zagin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, waɗanda ke haifar da rashin haɗin kai kuma su kai ƙasarsu cikin bauta: "Ƙasarmu ta yi girma ga haɗin kai, ta yi muni ga kishin ƙasa, ta yi dimokuraɗiyya ga 'yanci. Abin da zai faru da ita, Wanda ya sa ta fi sani. Mummunan halinta zai mulke ta, ta hanyar yin aiki bisa wautarta. Wannan an tsara shi ne ga dimokuraɗiyya."

Ames ya yi daidai da hasashen John Adams game da juyin juya halin Faransa kuma ya nuna shakku da rashin yarda da wuce gona da iri da ke faruwa a faɗin Faransa, yana tsoron cewa hakan zai iya yin mummunan tasiri ga siyasar Amurka idan aka yi la'akari da ƙawancen da aka yi tsakanin Faransa da Amurka a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka. 

 Mai tsara ɓangaren 'Yancin Addini na Kwaskwarima ta 1 
Daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta 1789, Majalisar Dokoki ta Farko ta yi aiki kan Dokar Haƙƙoƙi. Fisher Ames ya saurari shawarwarin abokan aikinsa yayin da aka gabatar da su a zaman tattaunawa kan yadda ya kamata su tsara dokoki don hana wani nau'in cocin ƙasa, kamar Cocin Ingila, da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin addini, kuma kusan ƙarshen bazara, a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1789 ya gabatar da shawararsa: "Majalisa ba za ta yi wata doka da ta kafa addini ba, ko kuma ta hana yin amfani da shi 'yancin yinsa, ko kuma ta keta haƙƙin lamiri." Wannan kalmomin da 'yan majalisar suka furta sun gamsu, kuma aka mika su ga Majalisar Dattawa tare da duk wasu gyare-gyare. Majalisar Dattawa za ta yi sauye-sauye da dama ga kalmomin Ames, amma bayan 'yan makonni, ta fahimci abin da Ames ya rubuta shi ne tsarin da duk suka nema, kuma sigar ƙarshe da ta zama ɓangare na Kwaskwarima ta 1 game da 'yancin addini ta karanta: "Majalisa ba za ta yi wata doka da ta shafi kafa addini ba, ko kuma hana yin amfani da shi 'yancin yinsa; ...." 

 Ra'ayoyi kan bauta 
Fisher Ames ya rubuta a cikin wata wasiƙa ta 1790: "Ba ni da ra'ayin bauta," amma babu wasu maganganun da ya sani da suka tabbatar ko yana son kawar da bauta ko ma ya ƙi. An rubuta su sosai a cikin sauran wasiƙunsa da majiyoyin farko waɗanda suka tabbatar da cewa bayin da iyayensa suka mallaka ne, kuma dangin matarsa masu bayi ne. Duk da haka, Fisher Ames da kansa bai taɓa siyan bawa ba, ya sayar da ɗaya, ko kuma yana cikin ikon 'yantar da ɗaya. A matsayinsa na ɗan Majalisa, Ames ya nuna fushi kan ɓata lokaci kan batutuwan bauta a Majalisa, kuma ya ji cewa matsala ce ga jihohi, ba gwamnatin tarayya ba. Ames ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don Dokar Bautar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta farko, amma banda ɗan ambaton bauta da Fisher Ames ya yi a cikin wasiƙunsa tsakanin 1789-1808, ba su isa su tabbatar da cikakken ra'ayi kan batun ta wata hanya ko wata ba. Wataƙila, matsayinsa kan tsarin bauta shi ne cewa shi da kansa ba shi da sha'awar mallakar bayi, amma bai yi tunanin kawar da bayi zai yiwu ba, kuma kamar yawancin mutanen zamaninsa sun yarda da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na duniyar da mutane ke rayuwa a ciki. 

 Shekarun da suka biyo baya 
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, Massachusetts jiha ce mai ra'ayin Federalist.  Duk da haka, Dedham ta rabu tsakanin masu ra'ayin Federalist da masu ra'ayin Republican .  

Ames ya koma gida Dedham a shekarar 1797.   Da ya dawo, ya firgita da yadda yawan 'yan Republican ke ƙaruwa a garin, ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan'uwansa Nathaniel,  wanda ke zaune a maƙwabta.   A shekarar 1798, ya shirya wani biki na huɗu ga watan Yuli ga mazauna 60 wanda ya cika da waƙoƙin ƙasa da jawabai.   Mahalarta taron sun rubuta wa Shugaba John Adams wasiƙa ta musamman, suna alƙawarin goyon bayansu idan sabuwar ƙasar ta shiga yaƙi da Faransa.   Da yake magana game da XYZ Affair, suna son Faransa ta san cewa "ba mu ɗauke da wani nauyi na ƙasashen waje ba - ba za mu biya haraji ba." 

Nathaniel Ames ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarsa cewa ɗan'uwansa ya shawo kan "wasu mutane kaɗan" su sanya hannu kan wasiƙar ta hanyar "matse su da abinci da abin sha."  Duk da ƙoƙarin ɗan'uwansa ɗan Majalisar Wakilai, Nathaniel ya yi imanin cewa "Babban Taron Jama'a" a cikin garin yana tare da 'yan Republican.  A nasa ɓangaren, Fisher ya rubuta wa Sakataren Harkokin Waje Timothy Pickering bayan jam'iyyar cewa "ci gaban ra'ayoyi masu kyau" yana cin nasara a Dedham akan "watakila ruhin da ya fi mugunta da ke akwai," Jam'iyyar Republican.  Membobin fitattun 'yan gurguzu na Tarayya sun ci gaba da ziyartarsa a gidansa na Dedham, ciki har da Alexander Hamilton a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1800. 

Ames ya goyi bayan kiran Joshua Bates a matsayin mai hidimar Cocin Farko da Ikklisiyar Dedham, amma daga baya ya bar wannan cocin ya zama Bishop .  

A lokacin da yake halartar wani taron Gari a Dedham, ya tashi ya yi magana ya kuma gabatar da ɗaya daga cikin "masu ba da magana."  Wani ma'aikaci ya tashi ya yi magana a bayansa ya ce "Mr. Mai Gudanarwa, balaga ta ɗan'uwana Ames ba ta tuna min da komai ba sai hasken ƙwaro, wanda ke ba da isasshen haske don nuna rashin muhimmanci."  Sai ya zauna nan da nan. 

A shekara ta 1805, an zaɓi Ames a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Harvard . Ya ƙi yin aiki saboda rashin lafiya.  Ames ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1808.  Nathaniel ya shirya jana'iza a Dedham kuma ya aika da cikakkun bayanai zuwa ga firinta don a buga.  George Cabot ya aika da wani ma'aikaci don ya yi magana da matar Ames game da shirya jana'izar a gidansa.  Bazawara ta yarda.  Nathaniel ya yi imanin cewa manufar Cabot ita ce ya kunyata Garin Dedham saboda ra'ayoyinta na siyasa na Jam'iyyar Republican  kuma bai halarta ba.  An binne Ames a Makabartar Tsohon Kauye .

 Gado 
Shi ne sunan Jami'ar Ames Christian .  An sanya wa Makarantar Ames, wacce yanzu ake kira Dedham's Town Hall, suna saboda shi.  An sanya wa Titin Ames suna saboda shi da iyalinsa. 

Duk da ƙarancin shekarun da ya yi yana aikin gwamnati, Fisher Ames yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a zamaninsa. Ames ya jagoranci manyan mukamai na Tarayya a Majalisar Wakilai. Amincewarsa da Dokar Haƙƙoƙin Jama'a ta sami goyon baya a Massachusetts ga sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Duk da haka, babban shahararsa ta zo ne a matsayin mai ba da jawabi, wanda wani masanin tarihi ya kira shi "mafi iya magana a cikin masu ba da shawara na Tarayya." 

 Rubuce-rubuce 
Ames ya fara siyasa ta hanyar rubuta muƙaloli a jaridun gida a ƙarƙashin sunayen Camillus da Lucius Junius Brutus .  yin hakan ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahara fiye da iyakokin Dedham.  Ya kuma buga muƙaloli da dama, suna sukar mabiyan Jefferson.

 Duba kuma 

 Iyalan Ames

 Bayanan kula 

 Manazarta 
Fisher Ames to Eliphalet Pearson, January 6, 1806 in W.B. Allen, ed.
Kirk, Russell. 
F. Ames to A. Hamilton (July 31, 1791), in Syrett and Cooke, eds.
Kirk, Russell. 
Adams, Henry. 
Fisher Ames, letter of October 26, 1803, Works, p. 483. 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba