Robert Citron

Robert Citron 
Robert Lafee Citron (14 ga Afrilu, 1925 - 16 ga Janairu, 2013) ya daɗe yana Mai Tara Haraji na Orange County, California, lokacin da ta ayyana fatarar Babi na 9 a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1994. An kawo fatarar ne ta hanyar dabarun saka hannun jari na Citron,  wanda ya zama kamar ƙoƙari ne na samun kuɗaɗen shiga mai yawa ga gundumar, ba tare da ƙara haraji ba, ta hanyar manyan mukamai masu haɗari a cikin takardun lamuni. Dabarar ta biya da farko. A cikin 1994, an sami karyewar kuɗi lokacin da ƙimar riba ta ƙaru kuma masu ba da kuɗi ga gundumar sun buƙaci ƙarin jingina daga gundumar.  Daga baya an bayyana cewa Citron ya dogara ne da wani masanin ilmin taurari na wasiƙa da mai sihiri don hasashen ƙimar riba yayin da kuɗin gundumar ya fara raguwa. 

 Rayuwar farko 
An haife shi a Los Angeles, Citron ya girma a Burbank da Hemet . Mahaifinsa, Jesse, shine likitan da ya kawo ƙarshen sha'awar WC Fields ga scotch .  Ya halarci Jami'ar Kudancin California amma bai kammala karatunsa ba.  A shekarar 1960, sashen tattara haraji na Orange County ya ɗauke shi aiki, tsawon shekarun da aka ɗaukaka shi, kuma lokacin da ya tsaya takara shi ne mai kula da sashen. Ya tsaya takarar kujerar Mai karɓar haraji a shekarar 1970 inda ya yi nasara. Shekaru uku bayan haka Orange County ta haɗa ofisoshin mai karɓar haraji da ma'aji kuma a wannan lokacin ne Citron ya zama Ma'ajin-Ma'aji-Ma'aji. 

 Ma'aji-Mai Tara Haraji 
Citron ya mallaki wasu asusun Orange County da dama, ciki har da Babban Asusun, Asusun Zuba Jari, da kuma asusun Commingled Pool. Ya aika da takardun harajin gundumar da taken da ke jan hankali, kamar "Haraji da aka biya akan lokaci ba ya taɓa cin tara."  Ya sake lashe zaɓe sau bakwai; a nasararsa ta ƙarshe a zaɓe, abokin hamayyarsa, John Moorlach, ya yi zargin cewa ribar da ya samu sakamakon yin fare mai haɗari ne. 

A matsayinsa na mai kula da asusun Orange County daban-daban, Citron ya ɗauki matsayi mai ƙarfi ta amfani da yarjejeniyar sake siyan kaya (repos) da kuma bayanan farashi mai laushi (FRNs). Asarar da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin kuɗi ta kai adadin dala biliyan 2 kuma ta faru ne sakamakon yawan amfani da su don hauhawar ƙimar riba ta tarayya.  A wata ma'anar, idan ƙimar riba ta tarayya ba ta tashi ba, babban matsayin ciniki zai kasance matsayi mai riba sosai; idan ƙimar riba ta tashi, matsayin ciniki zai haifar da asara mai yawa. A zahiri, ƙimar riba ta tashi.

Asusun Orange County, wanda Citron ke gudanarwa, ya kai darajar dala biliyan 8. Duk da haka, Citron ya fita zuwa kasuwar ajiyar kuɗi ya kuma yi amfani da County Pools zuwa adadin da ya kama daga 158% zuwa sama da 292%. Domin samun wannan matakin riba, ya yi amfani da takardun kuɗi na baitulmali a matsayin jingina. Ribar asusun ta yi yawa na tsawon lokaci kuma Citron ya koma ɓoye kuɗin da ya wuce kima. Ya amsa laifin canja wurin takardun kuɗi daga Orange County General Fund zuwa Orange County Treasury Commingled Pool ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.

 Fatarar gundumar 
Duk da cewa masu kula da harkokin kuɗi da takwarorinsu na gundumar sun riga sun fara nazarin dabarun saka hannun jari mai haɗari na Citron tun daga shekarar 1992, bayan wani labarin da aka buga a mujallar ciniki, Derivatives Week, kuɗaɗen gundumar ba su fara wargajewa ba sai a farkon 1994.  Chapter 14: Orange County, pp.  221–244.  A wannan lokacin, Bankin Tarayya ya fara ƙara yawan ribar Amurka, wanda ya sa tsare-tsare da yawa a cikin rijiyoyin saka hannun jari na Orange County suka faɗi. Sakamakon haka, dillalai suna neman ƙarin biyan kuɗi daga Orange County. Waɗannan ƙarin biyan kuɗi an ba su wani ɓangare ta hanyar wani dala miliyan 600 na takardun lamuni na birni da Orange County ta bayar. Duk da haka, wannan gyara ya zama na ɗan lokaci ne kawai. A watan Disamba na 1994, Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) ta fahimci abin da ke faruwa, kuma ta toshe "juyawa" na dala biliyan 1.25 a cikin ajiyar ("juyawa" a zahiri yana nufin bayar da wani repo lokacin da na baya ya ƙare, amma a sabon ƙimar riba da ke akwai). A wannan lokacin wasu suna da'awar cewa Orange County ba ta da wata hanyar da ta wuce ta shigar da ƙarar fatara.  A lokacin da gundumar ke cikin fatara, an rage kasafin kuɗin shirinta, an kori ma'aikatan gwamnati kusan 3,000, kuma an rage dukkan ayyuka.

Daga baya masanin harkokin kuɗi John C. Hull ya bayyana lamarin a matsayin "misali na musamman" na wata cibiya da ta fara samun riba ta hanyar cinikayya mai haɗari, ta zama mai sakaci game da haɗari sakamakon haka, sannan ta yi asara mai muni. 

 Hukuncin laifi 
Citron yana fuskantar shekaru 14 a gidan yari, ya amsa laifin aikata laifuka shida da kuma wasu gyare-gyare uku na musamman.  ] Tuhume-tuhumen sun hada da shigar da bayanan karya da na yaudara ga mahalarta da ke sayen takardun shaida a cikin Tashar Zuba Jari ta Orange County. An yanke wa Citron hukuncin shekara daya na sakin aiki da kuma shekaru biyar na gwaji mai kulawa, kuma ya yi aikin sa'o'i 1,000 na hidimar al'umma.   Ya yi shekara guda a gidan yari, inda aka ba shi izinin yin aiki a kwamishinar . 

 Mutuwa 
Citron ya mutu yana da shekaru 87 a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2013. 

 Duba kuma 

 Jerin asarar ciniki

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925