ʿApiru

ʿApiru (Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎔𐎗𐎎, romanized: ʿPRM, Ancient Egyptian: 𓂝𓐰𓊪𓐰𓂋𓅱𓀀𓏪, romanized: Ꜥprw), also known in the Akkadian version Ḫabiru (sometimes written Habiru, Ḫapiru or Hapiru; Akkadian:  𒄩𒁉𒊒, ḫa-bi-ru or *ʿaperu) is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile Crescent for a social status of people who were variously described as rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, bowmen, servants, slaves, and laborers.

Saboda kamanceceniyar harshe tsakanin kalmar 'Apiru da "Ibraniyawa", malaman farko sun daidaita su da Isra'ilawa. Koyaya, yawancin malaman zamani yanzu suna ɗaukar haɗin kai tsaye, suna ba da shawarar cewa yayin da wasu Isra'ilawa na farko na iya samo asali ne daga wannan rukuni, mai yiwuwa sun karɓi laƙabin harshe a cikin tsari.

 Magana 
An fara gano kalmar ne a cikin fassarar Akkadian "Xia-bi-ru" ko "Xiapi-ru". Saboda binciken da aka samu daga baya a cikin Ugaritic da Masarawa wanda ya yi amfani da ƙayyadaddun ʿ, p da r, kuma a cikin hasken canjin sauti da aka kafa daga Arewa maso Yammacin Semitic ʿ zuwa Akkadian ʿ, [1] tushen wannan kalmar an tabbatar da shi ne ʿ-p-r [2] [3] [4] [5][6] Wannan tushen yana nufin "ƙura, datti", kuma yana da alaƙa da halayyar ʿApiru a matsayin makiyaya, ma'aikata, mutanen da ba sa cikin al'adun al'adu. [4][5] Tsarin yanayin kalmar shine qatilu, wanda ke nuna matsayi, yanayin. [3][4]

 Sumerogram   
Kalmar Akkadian a wasu lokuta tana canzawa tare da Sumerograms  . Kalmomin Akkadian don Sumerograms sun kara da  da gloss "raider", wanda ya gabatar da shawarar karanta Sumerogram a matsayin wannan kalma. Koyaya, haruffa na Amarna sun tabbatar da rubutun sa ga.az, kuma haruffa daga Ugarit sun tabbatar da rubuta , wanda ke nuna cewa an karanta waɗannan Sumerograms kamar yadda aka rubuta kuma ba su aiki a matsayin Ideograms ba. Kalmar Akkadian kawai da ta dace da irin wannan rubutun ita ce "šagašu" (barbari), to amma haskakawar Akkadian ga kalmar Akkadian tana da ban mamaki, kuma ma'anar šagašu ba ta dace da ainihin Ōabiru ba. Saboda haka, ma'anar sa.gaz ya kamata a samu a cikin kalmar Yammacin Semitic kamar Aramaic  , wanda ke nufin "mud, ba tare da kwanciyar hankali ba",   yayin da kalmar Sãoabatu ya kamata a fassara ta a matsayin "mutum", wanda ya dace da ma'anar kalmar Sãoabiru / Apiru .      

 Manazarta