Brooks Adams

Peter Chardon Brooks Adams (24 ga Yuni, 1848 - 13 ga Fabrairu, 1927) lauya ne ɗan Amurka, masanin tarihi, masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma mai sukar jari-hujja . 

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Adams a Quincy, Massachusetts, a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1848, ɗan Charles Francis Adams da Abigail Brown Brooks .  Ya halarci makarantu a Amurka da Turai . 

Adams jikan jikan Shugaban Kafa kuma Shugaba John Adams ne, jikan Shugaba John Quincy Adams, ƙaramin ɗan jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka Charles Francis Adams, kuma ɗan'uwan Charles Francis Adams Jr. da Henry Adams . Henry shi kansa masanin falsafa ne, masanin tarihi, kuma marubuci, wanda ayyukan ɗan'uwansa suka yi tasiri a kan ka'idojin tarihi. Kakansa na wajen uwa shi ne Peter Chardon Brooks, mutumin da ya fi kowa kuɗi a Boston a lokacin mutuwarsa.

Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 1870 kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard a shekarar 1870 da 1871.  Adams ya kasance sakatare ga mahaifinsa a Geneva, a shekarar 1872, inda na biyun ya kasance mai sasantawa kan ikirarin Alabama, a ƙarƙashin " Yarjejeniyar Washington ."  An shigar da shi cikin lauyoyi a shekarar 1873, ya yi aikin lauya a Boston har zuwa 1881, sannan ya sadaukar da kansa ga aikin adabi. 

 Ka'idojin zamantakewa 
Adams ya yi imani da cewa wayewar kasuwanci tana tasowa kuma tana faɗuwa a cikin zagayawa da za a iya hasashenta. Da farko, tarin mutane suna taruwa a manyan cibiyoyin jama'a suna shiga cikin ayyukan kasuwanci. Yayin da sha'awarsu ta arziki ke ƙaruwa, suna yin watsi da dabi'un ruhaniya da na ƙirƙira. Kwadayinsu yana haifar da rashin yarda da rashin gaskiya, kuma daga ƙarshe al'umma ta ruguje lokacin da sabuwar al'umma mai kuzari a fannin tattalin arziki ta maye gurbinta.

A cikin Dokar Wayewa da Lalacewa (1896), Adams ya lura cewa yayin da sabbin cibiyoyin yawan jama'a suka bayyana a yamma, cibiyoyin cinikin duniya sun koma daga Constantinople zuwa Venice zuwa Amsterdam zuwa London . An kwatanta wannan aikin da ayyukan baya, masu tsawo na Decline of the West (1918) na Oswald Spengler da A Study of History (1934–1961) na Arnold Toynbee .   "Gwargwadon yadda motsi ke hanzarta al'ummomi, kuma yayin da al'ummomi ke ƙarfafawa, suna wucewa ta cikin babban canji na ilimi. Makamashi yana daina samun hanyar shiga cikin tunanin kuma yana ɗaukar siffar jari; don haka yayin da wayewa ke ci gaba, yanayin tunani yana ɓacewa, yayin da ake haɓaka yanayin tattalin arziki kuma don haka sabbin nau'ikan mutane suna mamaye duniya."

 Babu wani abu mai ban mamaki da ya mamaye ɗan adam kamar wannan saurin motsi mai ban mamaki da rashin tsayawa, wanda ke canza hanyoyin gasa da canza hanyoyin ciniki; domin ta wurinsa miliyoyin maza da mata marasa adadi an riga an shirya su ga farin ciki ko wahala kamar yadda dabbobi da bishiyoyi, waɗanda suka yi girma a cikin daji, an ƙaddara su ɓace lokacin da mutum ya mamaye ƙasa.

 Romawa sun tara dukiyar da suka yi amfani da ita wajen gudanar da Daularsu, ta hanyar kwacewa da bautar duniya. Daular da wannan taska ta ƙunsa ta ruguje lokacin da musayar ra'ayi ta kai gawar Italiya zuwa gabar tekun Bosphorus . Saurin motsi tsakanin 'yan daba na Yamma ya haifar da azabar Yaƙin Jihadi, wanda a ciki Constantinople ya faɗi yayin da biranen Italiya suka tashi; yayin da Venice da Genoa, tare da su , dukkan wayewar Larabci, suka ragu lokacin da Portugal ta kafa sadarwa kai tsaye da Hindustan .

 Buɗewar teku a matsayin babbar hanya ta haifar da Gyaran Addini da gina Antwerp, yayin da a ƙarshe ta lalata Spain ; kuma a ƙarshe babban sauyi na ƙarshe na zamanin tururi, wanda ya mamaye duniya a Landan, ya wanke duniya da jini daga Mississippi zuwa Ganges . Don haka ana wa'azin addinai kuma ana manta su, dauloli suna tashi da faɗuwa, falsafar da aka haifa kuma suna mutuwa, fasaha da waƙoƙi suna fure da shuɗewa, yayin da al'ummomi ke wucewa daga wargajewa inda tunani ke kunna zuwa ga haɗin kai wanda matsin lamba ya ƙare a mutuwa. Adams ya yi hasashen a cikin Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Amurka (1900) cewa "ƙawancen Anglo-Saxon " zai taso a adawa da China kuma birnin New York zai zama cibiyar kasuwancin duniya. 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
A shekarar 1889, Adams ya auri Evelyn Davis, 'yar Admiral Charles Henry Davis . Ba su da 'ya'ya.  'Yar'uwar Evelyn Davis Anna ita ce matar Henry Cabot Lodge . 'Yar'uwarta Louisa ita ce matar John Dandridge Henley Luce, ɗan Stephen Luce .

Brooks Adams ya ɗauki Wilhelmina Harris a matsayin sakataren zamantakewa na kansa da matarsa a shekarar 1920. Harris ya zauna tare da su kuma ya yi musu aiki har sai da Brooks da Evelyn suka mutu.

 Ganewa 
An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1918. 

 Gado 
Brooks Adams shine Adams na ƙarshe da ya zauna a gidan danginsa, Peacefield, a Quincy, Massachusetts. Bayan mutuwar Adams, bisa ga buƙatunsa, gidan ya zama gidan tarihi. An fara gudanar da shi ta cikin iyalin, sannan daga baya, Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa . Peacefield yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Wuraren Tarihi na Adams na Ƙasa .

 Hotuna 

 Itacen iyali 

 Ayyuka 

 'Yantar da Massachusetts: Mafarki da Gaskiya, Kamfanin Houghton Mifflin, 1919 [Shafin Farko na 1. 1887].
 Ma'aunin Zinare: Nazarin Tarihi, Alfred Mudge & Son, 1894.
 Dokar Wayewa da Rushewa: Muƙala Kan Tarihi, Kamfanin Macmillan, 1895.
 Girman Tattalin Arzikin Amurka , Kamfanin Macmillan, 1900.
 Sabuwar Daular, Kamfanin Macmillan, 1902.
 Layin Jirgin Ƙasa a Matsayin Wakilan Jama'a: Nazari Kan Mulkin Kai, Boston, 1910.
 Ka'idar Juyin Juya Halin Jama'a, Kamfanin Macmillan, 1913.

 Rubuce-rubuce 

 "Yaƙin Spain da Daidaito na Duniya," Dandalin 25 (6), Agusta 1898.
 "Sabon Gwagwarmayar Rayuwa Tsakanin Al'ummai," Mujallar McClure 12 (6), Afrilu 1899.
 "Rashin Ingancin Ingila a Yammacin Indiya," The Forum, Yuni 1899.
 "Gasa ta Yaƙi da Tattalin Arziki," Scribner's 31 (3), Maris 1902.
 "John Hay," Mujallar McClure 19 (2), Yuni 1902.
 "Kula da Harajin Sufuri na Shari'a," The North American Review, Satumba 1904.
 "Yanayin Shari'a: Hanyoyi da Manufar Ilimin Shari'a." A cikin: Tsarin Mulki da Shari'a: Ilimin Shari'a na Kimiyya. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1906.
 "Dokar Ƙarƙashin Rashin Daidaito: Monopoly." A cikin: Tsarin Mulki da Dokar: Ilimin Shari'a na Kimiyya. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1906.
 "Matsala a Wayewa," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CVI, 1910.
 "Rushewar Gwamnatin Jari-hujja," Jaridar The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CXI, 1913.

 Wani 

 Henry Adams, Lalacewar Ka'idodin Dimokuradiyya, tare da gabatarwa daga Brooks Adams. New York: Kamfanin Macmillan, 1919.

 Manazarta 

Category:Mutuwan  1927
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba