Matthew Charlton

Matthew Charlton (15 Maris 1866 - 8 Disamba 1948)  ɗan siyasan Australiya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP) da kuma Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa daga 1922 zuwa 1928. Ya jagoranci jam'iyyar zuwa cin nasara a Zaben tarayya na 1925 da 1925.

An haifi Charlton a Linton, Victoria, amma tun yana yaro ya koma Lambton, New South Wales . Ya bar makaranta tun yana ƙarami don yin aiki a ma'adinan kwal, da farko a matsayin mai saurin gudu. Charlton ya zama sananne a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago, kuma a cikin 1910 an zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin New South Wales don Jam'iyyar Labor. Ya sauya zuwa majalisar tarayya a shekarar 1910. Charlton ya kasance mai adawa da aikin soja, kuma ya kasance tare da Labor bayan rabuwa da jam'iyyar a 1916. An zabe shi shugaban jam'iyya a farkon 1922, bayan mutuwar Frank Tudor . Ya kara yawan kuri'un Labour a zaben 1922 amma ya sha wahala a baya a 1925. Ya yi murabus a matsayin jagora a farkon 1928, James Scullin ya gaje shi, kuma ya bar siyasa daga baya a wannan shekarar.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
Ba a rubuta komai game da rayuwar Charlton ba, yayin da ya girma a wani gundumar hakar ma'adinai da ba a sani ba. An san, duk da haka, cewa an haifi Charlton a ranar 15 ga Maris 1866 a Linton, Victoria, wani karamin gari kusa da Ballarat wanda a yau yana da ƙasa da mazauna 500.[1] An haife shi ne ga Matthew Charlton, mai hakar ma'adinai na Ingila daga Durham, da Mabel (née Foard). A shekara ta 1871, mahaifin Charlton mai shekaru biyar ya koma tare da iyalinsa zuwa Lambton, wani yanki na Newcastle, New South Wales. Bayan karatun firamare a Lambton Public School, Charlton ya fara aiki a Lambton Colliery a matsayin mai farautar kwal; aikin yara kawai yana buɗe ƙofofin karusai na kwal.[2] Lokacin da ya tsufa don aikin, an ba Charlton aiki a fuskar kwal. A shekara ta 23 ya auri Martha Rollings a kusa da New Lambton.[3][4]

 Sha'awar da ke tasowa a siyasa 
A cikin 1896 shirye-shiryen rage albashin ma'aikatan kwal ya haifar da yajin aiki. Charlton ya goyi bayan gwagwarmayar da aka yi da rage albashi, amma kokarin ya gaza kuma, tare da sauran masu hakar ma'adinai da yawa, ya koma filayen zinariya kusa da Kalgoorlie, Yammacin Australia. Bayan shekaru biyu a can, Charlton ya koma Lambton kuma ya zama jami'i a cikin Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Colliery,  ya zama mai ba da kuɗi a 1901. Yayinda yake zaune a wannan matsayi, Charlton ya kuma shirya shari'o'in sulhu. Da yake gwagwarmaya don inganta yanayin ma'aikatan ma'adinai, ya halarci taron kungiyar kwadago a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1902, inda ya koma ga zama kasa ga masana'antar hakar kwal, yana gaskanta cewa zai "kawar da gasa tsakanin masu mallakar da suka raunana albashin ma'adanai da yanayin". An yi adawa da wannan ra'ayin kamar yadda yake da tsattsauran ra'ayi amma an yi sulhu da ke roƙon gwamnatocin jihohi su buɗe da gudanar da ma'adinan kwal nasu, yayin da suke tabbatar da babban abin sha'awa na cikakken kasa.

 Ayyukan siyasa na jihar 
Abokan aiki sun bukaci Charlton ya tsaya takarar gundumar Waratah, kuma a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1903 Charlton ta zama memba na biyu na gundumar a Majalisar Dokokin New South Wales. Wakilin da ya yi a wannan gundumar bai daɗe ba, yayin da a shekara mai zuwa ya koma Northumberland, ya maye gurbin John Norton. Charlton ya zama mai magana da yawun masu hakar ma'adinai, yana magana da mahimmanci game da al'amuran hakar ma-adinai a majalisa. A shekara ta 1909 yajin aikin ma'aikatan hakar kwal ya buge New South Wales kuma kungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata ta kira Charlton don wakiltar shi a gaban kwamitin albashi. Charlton bai yi nasara ba wajen samun yanayi mafi kyau ga masu hakar ma'adinai amma ya warware rikicin, yana magana da masu hakar a fadin jihar kuma ya shawo kansu su koma aiki. Ya yi murabus daga siyasar jihar kuma a cikin 1910 Charlton ya kwace sashen Hunter na tarayya daga Frank Liddell da ke zaune. Hunter ya kasance wurin zama mai aminci na Labor tun daga lokacin.

 Farkon aikin tarayya 
Charlton ya sami nasara nan take tare da Andrew Fisher kuma an inganta shi zuwa shugabancin kwamitoci na wucin gadi a cikin House a 1913, duk da haka Charlton yayi barazanar yin murabus a 1915 saboda takaddama game da jinkirin gwamnati wajen ba da kwamitin karin iko. Fisher ya kwantar da hankalinsa kuma a cikin 1916 Charlton ya tabbatar da amincinsa ga sabon shugaban Labour Billy Hughes ta hanyar jefa kuri'a ga dokar raba gardama ta Hughes, duk da cewa ya yi tsayayya da kwaskwarima kuma ya yi yaƙi da shi sosai. Koyaya, Charlton ya yarda da sakamakon amincewar raba gardama kuma ya sake tabbatar da amincinsa ga Hughes ta hanyar kare shi lokacin da ya zama abin zargi na caucus. Charlton ya yi ƙoƙari ya karkatar da hare-haren da aka yi wa Hughes zuwa taron jam'iyya, amma Hughes ya bar jam'iyyar kafin a yanke shawara. 

 Manazarta 

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