Raymond Carver

Raymond Clevie Carver Jr. (25 ga Mayu, 1938 - 2 ga Agusta, 1988) marubuci ne kuma mawaƙi ɗan Amurka. Ya buga tarin labaransa na farko, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?, a cikin 1976. Tarin littattafansa na musamman, What We Talking About When We Talking About Love (1981), ya sami yabo nan take kuma ya kafa Carver a matsayin wani muhimmin mutum a duniyar adabi.  Sai kuma Cathedral (1983), wanda Carver ya yi la'akari da shi a matsayin babban aikinsa kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban aikinsa.  An buga tarin labaransa na ƙarshe, Where I'm Calling From, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa a 1988. A cikin zaɓen Carver na 1989 don Kyautar Pulitzer for Fiction, masu yanke hukunci sun kammala da cewa, "Farfaɗowar labarin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya samo asali ne daga ƙwarewar Carver a cikin tsari." 

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Carver a Clatskanie, Oregon, wani gari mai niƙa a Kogin Columbia, kuma ya girma a Yakima, Washington, ɗan Ella Beatrice Carter (ɗan asalin Casey) da Clevie Raymond Carver. [1] Mahaifinsa, ma'aikacin injin yanka katako daga Arkansas, mai kamun kifi ne kuma mai shan giya sosai. Mahaifiyar Carver tana aiki a kai a kai a matsayin mai hidima da kuma ma'aikacin dillalai. An haifi ɗan'uwansa, James Franklin Carver, a shekarar 1943.

Carver ya yi karatu a makarantun yankin da ke Yakima. A lokacin hutunsa, ya kan karanta littattafai da Mickey Spillane ya wallafa ko kuma littattafai kamar Sports Afield da Outdoor Life, sannan ya yi farauta da kamun kifi tare da abokai da 'yan uwa.

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Yakima a shekarar 1956, Carver ya yi aiki tare da mahaifinsa a wani injin yanka katako a California. A watan Yunin 1957, yana da shekaru 19, ya auri Maryann Burk mai shekaru 16, wacce ta kammala karatunta daga wata makarantar Episcopal mai zaman kanta ta 'yan mata. An haifi 'yarsu, Christine La Rae, a watan Disamba na 1957. An haifi ɗansu na biyu, ɗa mai suna Vance Lindsay, shekara guda bayan haka. Carver ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jigilar kaya, mai gyara, mataimakin ɗakin karatu, da kuma ma'aikacin injin yanka katako, yayin da Maryann ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gudanarwa, malamar Turanci ta makarantar sakandare, mai sayar da kaya, da kuma mai hidimar abinci. 

 Aikin rubutu 
Carver ya ƙaura zuwa Paradise, California, tare da iyalinsa a shekarar 1958 don ya kasance kusa da surukarsa.  Ya fara sha'awar rubutu yayin da yake halartar Kwalejin Jihar Chico kuma ya shiga wani kwas na rubutu mai ƙirƙira wanda marubucin marubuci John Gardner, wanda a lokacin ya kammala karatun digiri na uku a Kwalejin Marubuta ta Iowa, wanda ya zama mai ba da shawara kuma yana da babban tasiri a rayuwar Carver da aikinsa. A shekarar 1961, labarin Carver na farko da aka buga, "The Furious Seasons", ya bayyana. Ya fi shahara fiye da aikinsa na baya, labarin ya yi tasiri sosai ga William Faulkner . Daga baya an yi amfani da "Furious Seasons" a matsayin taken tarin labarai da Capra Press ta buga, kuma wani ɓangare ne na tarin, No Heroics, Please  da Call If You Need Me . 

Carver ya ci gaba da karatunsa a ƙarƙashin marubucin gajerun labarai Richard Cortez Day (tsohon ɗalibi na shirin Iowa) tun daga kaka ta 1960 a Kwalejin Humboldt State da ke Arcata .  Ya zaɓi kada ya ɗauki darussan harshen waje da shirin Turanci ya buƙata kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin nazarin gabaɗaya a 1963. A wannan lokacin an fara buga shi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin edita na Toyon, mujallar adabi ta kwalejin, inda ya buga wasu rubuce-rubucensa da yawa a ƙarƙashin sunansa da kuma sunan barkwanci John Vale. 

Tare da matsakaicin B-minus ɗinsa, wanda ya ƙara ta'azzara sha'awarsa ta barin aikin koyarwa don ƙoƙarin adabi, wanda ya samu yabo daga wata shawara mai kyau daga Day, an karɓe Carver a cikin Taron Horar da Marubuta na Iowa akan tallafin karatu na dala $1,000 don shekarar karatu ta 1963-1964. Kasancewar yana son California kuma bai iya daidaitawa da yanayin babban aji na tsakiya na shirin ba, ya kammala maki 12 kacal daga cikin 30 da ake buƙata don digirin MA ko maki 60 don digirin MFA. Duk da cewa darektan shirin Paul Engle ya ba shi tallafin karatu na shekara ta biyu na karatu bayan da Maryann Carver ta shiga tsakani da kanta ta kuma kwatanta halin da mijinta ke ciki da mummunan gogewar Tennessee Williams a cikin shirin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, Carver ya yanke shawarar barin Jami'ar Iowa a ƙarshen zangon karatu. A cewar marubuciyar tarihin rayuwa Carol Sklenicka, Carver ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami MFA daga Iowa a 1966 a cikin <i id="mwaw">manhajar karatu</i> ta baya.  Maryann, wacce ta dage kammala karatunta don tallafawa ayyukan ilimi da adabi na mijinta, daga ƙarshe ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Jihar San Jose a shekarar 1970 kuma ta koyar da Turanci a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Altos har zuwa 1977. Bayan kammala karatun digiri a Stanford, ta yi ɗan gajeren lokaci ta shiga Jami'ar California, shirin digiri na uku na Turanci na Santa Barbara lokacin da Carver ya koyar a makarantar a matsayin malamar ziyara a 1974. 

A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, Carver da iyalinsa sun zauna a Sacramento, inda ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a wani kantin sayar da littattafai kafin ya zama mai kula da dare a Asibitin Mercy.  Ya yi duk aikin tsaftace gida a cikin awa ɗaya sannan ya rubuta sauran aikinsa. Ya yi binciken azuzuwan da ake kira Kwalejin Jihar Sacramento a wancan lokacin, gami da bita tare da mawaƙi Dennis Schmitz . Ba da daɗewa ba Carver da Schmitz suka zama abokai, kuma Carver ya rubuta kuma ya buga littafinsa na farko na waƙoƙi, Near Klamath, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Schmitz. 

Shekarar 1967 ta kasance shekara mai muhimmanci ga Carver, inda ta fito da "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?" a cikin littafin Martha Foley na shekara-shekara na Best American Short Stories da kuma littafin da ake sa ran bugawa na Near Klamath daga Kwalejin Jihar Sacramento ta Ingila. Ya yi rajista na ɗan lokaci a shirin digiri na kimiyya na ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar Iowa a wannan bazarar amma ya koma California bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Carvers ya koma Palo Alto, California, don ya sami damar ɗaukar aikinsa na farko a fannin farar hula, a Science Research Associates, wani reshe na IBM da ke kusa da Menlo Park, California, inda ya yi aiki lokaci-lokaci a matsayin editan littattafai da darektan hulɗa da jama'a har zuwa 1970. 

 Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa 

 Rashin auren farko 
Wannan ɓangare na bitar Scott Driscoll  na tarihin Maryann Burk Carver na 2006  ya bayyana raguwar aurenta da Raymond.

Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938