Anthony Eden

Robert Anthony Eden, Earl na 1 na Avon (12) Yuni 1897 – 14 ga Janairu 1977), ɗan siyasa ne kuma jami'in soja na Birtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya kuma Shugaban Jam'iyyar Conservative daga 1955 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus a 1957.

Bayan samun ci gaba cikin sauri a matsayin matashin ɗan majalisar dokoki na Conservative, ya zama sakataren harkokin waje yana da shekaru 38, kafin ya yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa da manufofin sulhu na Neville Chamberlain game da gwamnatin Benito Mussolini ta Fascist a Italiya.   Ya sake riƙe wannan matsayin a mafi yawan lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kuma karo na uku a farkon shekarun 1950. Bayan ya kasance mataimakin Winston Churchill na kusan shekaru 15, Eden ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar Conservative kuma firayim minista a 1955, kuma wata guda bayan haka ya lashe zaɓen gama gari .

Sunan Eden a matsayin ƙwararren jami'in diflomasiyya ya ɓace a shekarar 1956 lokacin da Amurka ta ƙi goyon bayan martanin sojojin Anglo-Faransa ga rikicin Suez, wanda masu suka daga ɓangarori daban-daban suka ɗauka a matsayin koma-baya na tarihi ga manufofin ƙasashen waje na Birtaniya, wanda hakan ke nuna ƙarshen tasirin Birtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya .  Yawancin masana tarihi suna jayayya cewa ya yi kurakurai da dama, musamman rashin fahimtar zurfin adawar Amurka ga matakin soja.  Watanni biyu bayan umarnin kawo ƙarshen aikin Suez, ya yi murabus daga mukamin Firayim Minista saboda rashin lafiya, kuma saboda ana zarginsa da ɓata wa Majalisar Wakilai suna saboda haɗin gwiwa da Faransa da Isra'ila. 

Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar Eden a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin firayim ministan Birtaniya da ba su yi nasara ba a ƙarni na 20, kodayake tarihin rayuwa guda biyu masu tausayi sun yi wani abu don canza daidaiton ra'ayi.  Robert Rhodes James (1986) Anthony Eden; D. R. Thorpe (2003) Eden. Thorpe (2003) Eden. Shi ne na farko cikin firayim ministan Birtaniya goma sha biyar da Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Biyu ta naɗa a zamanin mulkinta na shekaru saba'in. 

 Iyali 
An haifi Robert Anthony Eden a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1897 a Windlestone Hall, County Durham, cikin iyali mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na manyan mutane . Shi ne na uku cikin 'ya'ya maza huɗu na Sir William Eden, Baronet na 7 da na 5, da Sybil Frances Gray, memba na dangin Grey mai suna Northumberland . Sir William tsohon kanar ne kuma alkali na gida daga wani tsohon iyali mai suna . Mutum ne mai ban mamaki kuma sau da yawa mai yawan fushi, ƙwararren mai launin ruwa ne, mai zane-zane, kuma mai tattara masu ra'ayin kama-karya .   Mahaifiyar Eden ta so ta auri Francis Knollys, wanda daga baya ya zama babban mai ba da shawara kan sarauta, amma Yariman Wales ya hana auren.  Duk da cewa ta shahara a yankin, tana da dangantaka mai tsami da 'ya'yanta, kuma rashin iyalinta ya lalata dukiyar iyali,  ma'ana babban ɗan'uwan Eden Tim ya sayar da Windlestone a shekarar 1936.  Da yake magana game da iyayensa, Rab Butler daga baya ya yi ba'a cewa Anthony Eden - mutumin kirki amma mai halin rashin tausayi - "rabin mahaukaci ne, rabin mace kyakkyawa".  

Kakan kakan Eden shine William Iremonger, wanda ya jagoranci Rundunar Kafa ta Biyu a lokacin Yaƙin Peninsular kuma ya yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashin Duke na Wellington (kamar yadda ya zama) a Yaƙin Vimeiro .  Shi ma zuriyar Gwamna Sir Robert Eden ne, Baronet na 1, na Maryland, kuma, ta hanyar dangin Calvert na Maryland, yana da alaƙa da tsoffin shugabannin Katolika na Roman Katolika na iyalan Arundell da Howard (gami da Dukes na Norfolk ), da kuma iyalan Anglican, ciki har da Earls na Carlisle, Effingham da Suffolk . Calverts sun koma Cocin da aka kafa a farkon ƙarni na 18 don sake mallakar Maryland . Hakanan yana da wasu 'yan Denmark (iyalin Schaffalitzky de Muckadell) da kuma zuriyar Norwegian (iyalin Bie).  Eden ya taɓa jin daɗin jin cewa ɗaya daga cikin kakanninsa, kamar kakannin Churchill, Duke na Marlborough, shine masoyin Barbara Castlemaine . 

An yi ta rade-radin cewa mahaifin Eden na asali shi ne ɗan siyasa kuma mai rubutu George Wyndham, amma ana ganin hakan ba zai yiwu ba domin Wyndham yana Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin da aka ɗauki cikin Eden.  An yi ta rade-radin cewa mahaifiyar Eden ta yi lalata da Wyndham.  Mahaifiyarsa da Wyndham sun yi musayar maganganu masu daɗi a shekarar 1896 amma Wyndham ba kasafai yake zuwa Windlestone ba kuma wataƙila bai mayar da martani ga yadda Sybil ke ji ba. An yi ta rade-radin Eden amma, a cewar marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa Robert Rhodes James, wataƙila bai yarda da su ba. Bai yi kama da 'yan uwansa ba, amma mahaifinsa Sir William ya danganta hakan da kasancewarsa "mai launin toka, ba Adnin ba". 

Eden yana da babban ɗan'uwa, John, wanda aka kashe a fagen daga a shekarar 1914,  da kuma wani ƙane, Nicholas, wanda aka kashe lokacin da jirgin yaƙi  ya yi hatsari.Bam  ya fashe ya nutse a Yaƙin Jutland a shekarar 1916. 

 Rayuwar farko 
Eden ya yi karatu a makarantu biyu masu zaman kansu. Ya halarci Makarantar Sandroyd da ke Surrey daga 1907 zuwa 1910, inda ya yi fice a harsuna.  Daga nan ya fara a Kwalejin Eton a watan Janairun 1911.  A can, ya lashe kyautar Divinity kuma ya yi fice a wasan kurket, rugby da kuma tseren kwale-kwale, inda ya lashe lambobin House a karshe. 

Eden ya koyi Faransanci da Jamusanci a ranakun hutu na nahiyar Turai, kuma tun yana yaro, ana cewa ya fi jin Faransanci fiye da Turanci.  Duk da cewa Eden ta sami damar yin magana da Adolf Hitler a Jamusanci a watan Fabrairun 1934 da kuma Firayim Ministan China Zhou Enlai a Faransanci a Geneva a 1954, ya fi son, saboda ƙwarewarsa, ya sami masu fassara su fassara a tarurruka na yau da kullun.  

Duk da cewa daga baya Eden ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da sha'awar siyasa har zuwa farkon shekarun 1920, marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa ya rubuta cewa wasiƙunsa na matasa da littattafan tarihin rayuwarsa "sun bayyana ne kawai" lokacin da yake tattaunawa kan batun. Ya kasance mai ƙarfi, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, yana tunanin mahaifinsa mai kare kansa "wawa" a watan Nuwamba 1912 saboda ƙoƙarin hana kawunsa mai goyon bayan kasuwanci kyauta daga takarar Majalisa. Ya yi farin ciki da kayen da Charles Masterman ya sha a zaɓen maye gurbin da aka yi a watan Mayu 1914  kuma ya taɓa mamakin mahaifiyarsa a cikin tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar gaya mata ɗan majalisar da girman rinjayensa ga kowace mazaba da suka wuce.  A shekarar 1914 ya zama memba na ƙungiyar Eton ("Pop"). 
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