Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (née Fernández; an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1953) lauya ce ta Argentina, 'yar siyasa wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Argentina na 56 daga 2007 zuwa 2015, kuma daga baya a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Argentina na 37 a karkashin Shugaba Alberto Fernández daga 2019 zuwa 2023. 

Gwauruwar Néstor Kirchner, ita ma Uwargidan Shugaban kasa ce a lokacin shugabancinsa daga 2003 zuwa 2007. Ita ce shugabar mata ta biyu a Argentina (bayan Isabel Perón) kuma ta farko da aka zaba kai tsaye zuwa ofis. An bayyana kansa a matsayin Peronist kuma mai ci gaba, ana kiran tsarin siyasarta Kirchnerism .  Tun daga shekara ta 2024, ta kasance shugabar jam'iyyar Justicialist Party. [ba a cikin jiki ba][not in body]

An haife ta a La Plata, lardin Buenos Aires, ta yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Kasa ta La Plata, kuma ta koma Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, tare da mijinta, Néstor Kirchner, bayan kammala karatunta. An zabe ta a majalisar dokoki ta lardin, yayin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin magajin gari na Río Gallegos . An zabe ta a matsayin Sanata na kasa a shekarar 1995, kuma tana da rikice-rikice, yayin da aka zabi mijinta a matsayin gwamnan Santa Cruz . A shekara ta 1994, an kuma zabe ta a majalisar dokoki wacce ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin Argentina gyare-gyare. Ita ce uwargidan shugaban kasa daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2007 bayan An zabi mijinta a matsayin shugaban kasa.

Néstor Kirchner bai sake tsayawa takara ba. Maimakon haka, ta zama dan takara na Front for Victory alliance, ta zama shugaban kasa a Zaben shugaban kasa na 2007. Lokacin mulkinta na farko ya fara ne da rikici tare da bangaren noma, kuma an ki amincewa da tsarin harajin da ta gabatar. Bayan wannan ta sanya kudaden fansho masu zaman kansu, kuma ta kori shugaban Babban Bankin. Farashin ayyukan jama'a ya kasance yana tallafawa, kuma ta sake gina Kamfanin makamashi na YPF a sakamakon haka. Kasar tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da sauran kasashe na Kudancin Amurka, kuma tana da alaƙa da kasashen yamma a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunkurin siyasa na yanki da aka sani da ruwan hoda. Ta kuma ci gaba da manufofin kare hakkin dan adam na mijinta, kuma tana da dangantaka mai banƙyama da manema labarai. Néstor Kirchner ya mutu a shekara ta 2010, kuma an sake zabar ta a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2011. Ta lashe Babban zaben 2011 tare da kashi 54.11% na kuri'un,  mafi girman kashi da kowane dan takarar shugaban kasa ya samu tun 1983. Bambancin 37.3% tsakanin kuri'un da ta samu da kuma tikitin da ya zo na biyu Binner-Morandini, shine na biyu mafi girma a tarihin babban zaben Argentina. Ta kafa kula da kudi a lokacin wa'adin ta na biyu, kuma kasar ta fada cikin rashin amincewa a shekarar 2014. Ta bar ofis a shekarar 2015 tare da amincewarta sama da kashi 50%, wani abu mai ban sha'awa ga shugabannin Argentina, wadanda tun lokacin da suka dawo da dimokuradiyya yawanci sun gama gwamnatocinsu da ƙananan maki.

A lokacin da take shugaban kasa, cin hanci da rashawa da yawa sun Bayani kuma gwamnatinta ta fuskanci zanga-zangar da yawa. An wanke ta daga tuhumar da ta shafi tallace-tallace na farashi mai arha na gaba.[undefined] A shekara ta 2015, an tuhume ta da hana binciken da aka yi game da fashewar bam din AMIA na 1994, bayan zargin da Alberto Nisman ya yi game da "yarjejeniya" (a memorandum) da aka sanya hannu tsakanin gwamnatinta da Iran wanda ake zaton yana neman rashin hukunci ga 'yan Iran da ke da hannu a harin ta'addanci. [1][2] A cikin 2017, wata takardar izinin kamawa da Claudio Bonadio ya bayar ta tuhume ta da "cin amana", amma saboda kariya ta majalisa, ba ta je kurkuku ba, kuma daga baya aka sauke zargin cin amana, yayin da wasu zarge-zargen da suka shafi zargin Nisman suka kasance. [3][4][5] A cikin 2018, an tuhume ta da cin hanci da rashawa kan zargin cewa gwamnatinta ta karɓi cin hanci don musayar kwangilar ayyukan jama'a.[6][7] A watan Satumbar 2020, Kotun daukaka kara ta tarayya ta tabbatar da shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa ta Fernández de Kirchner, inda ta yanke hukuncin da tsohon shugaban ya yi ba daidai ba.[8] Bayan nazarin da'awar wadanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba tare da Iran, a watan Oktoba 2021, Kotun Magana ta Tarayya ta 8 ta ayyana karar ba ta da amfani. Alƙalai sun kammala cewa babu wani laifi a sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tare da Iran, kuma sun ayyana korar Fernández de Kirchner da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma.[9] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, Kotun Koli ta ki amincewa da bukatar mai karewa kuma ta tabbatar da cewa Fernández de Kirchner za ta sami shari'a a kan wannan shari'ar.[10] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an yanke mata hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku da kuma haramtacciyar mukamin gwamnati saboda cin hanci da rashawa.[11][12] Kotun daukaka kara ta tarayya ta amince da hukuncin a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, da kuma Kotun Koli a watan Yunin shekara ta 2025. [13][14]

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 

Ta fara karatunta na kwaleji a Jami'ar La Plata . Ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam na shekara guda, sannan ta bar shi kuma ta yi karatun doka a maimakon haka. Ta sadu da abokin karatunta Néstor Kirchner a shekarar 1973. Ya gabatar da ita ga muhawara ta siyasa. Akwai rikice-rikicen siyasa mai tsanani a lokacin da ya haifar da faduwar gwamnatin soja ta Juyin Juya Halin Argentina, dawowar tsohon shugaban kasar Juan Perón daga gudun hijira, zaben Héctor Cámpora a matsayin shugaban Argentina, da kuma farkon matakan Dirty War. Peronism, Siyasa ta hagu, da adawa da mulkin mallaka sun rinjaye ta. Duk da kasancewar masu tausayi na 'yan tawaye na Montoneros a La Plata, Kirchners ba su taɓa shiga kansu ba. Cristina da Néstor sun yi aure a wani bikin farar hula a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1975. Mahaifiyarta ta ba su ayyukan gudanarwa a ƙungiyar ta. An yi juyin mulkin Argentina na 1976 a shekara mai zuwa. Cristina ta ba da shawarar ƙaura zuwa Río Gallegos, garin Néstor, amma ya jinkirta tafiyarsu har sai da ya kammala karatu a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1976. 

Cristina ba ta kammala karatu ba lokacin da suka koma Río Gallegos kuma suka kammala sauran batutuwa tare da ilimin nesa. An yi ikirarin cewa ba ta kammala karatu ba kuma tana iya aiki a matsayin lauya ba tare da samun digiri ba. Wannan ra'ayin ya samo asali ne daga masanin tsarin mulki Daniel Sabsay, kuma ya haifar da rashin amincewar Jami'ar La Plata (UNLP) don sakin digiri. Ta yi rajista a Kotun Koli ta Santa Cruz a shekarar 1980, ɗakin daukaka kara na Comodoro Rivadavia a shekarar 1985 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga Jam'iyyar Justicialist a shekarar 1983. Har ila yau, akwai bayanan ƙananan shari'o'i inda ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya. An aika da'awar zuwa shari'a sau hudu, kuma alƙalai Norberto Oyarbide, Ariel Lijo, Sergio Torres, da Claudio Bonadio duk sun yanke hukuncin cewa tana da digiri.

Néstor ya kafa Kamfanin lauya wanda Cristina ta shiga a shekarar 1979. Kamfanin ya yi aiki ga bankunan da kungiyoyin kudi waɗanda suka shigar da karar korar mutane, wanda ke da karuwar kudi a lokacin saboda hukuncin 1050 na Babban Bankin ya kara yawan riba don rance. Kirchners sun sami filaye ashirin da daya a farashi mai arha yayin da suke gab da siyar da su. Kamfanin lauyoyin su ya kare ma'aikatan soja da ake zargi da aikata laifuka a lokacin Dirty War .  An tilasta bacewar mutane a lokacin, amma ba kamar sauran lauyoyi ba Kirchners ba su taba sanya hannu kan habeas corpus ba. Julio César Strassera, mai gabatar da kara a cikin 1985 Trial of the Juntas a kan sojoji, ya soki rashin matakan shari'a na Kirchners a kan sojozi, kuma ya dauki sha'awar su daga baya a cikin batun wani nau'i na munafunci.

 Ayyukan siyasa 
An zabi Cristina Kirchner a matsayin mataimaki a majalisar dokokin lardin Santa Cruz a shekarar 1989. Jam'iyyar Justicialist Party (PJ), karkashin jagorancin Carlos Menem, ta koma shugabancin a Babban zaben 1989. Ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan wucin gadi na Santa Cruz na 'yan kwanaki, bayan da aka kori Ricardo del Val a shekarar 1990.  Ta shirya yakin neman zabe na Néstor lokacin da aka zabe shi gwamna na Santa Cruz a shekarar 1991. A shekara ta 1994, an zabe ta a majalisar dokoki wacce ta yi gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Argentina.

An zabe ta a matsayin sanata na kasa a Babban zaben 1995. Ta yi adawa da wasu takardun kudi da Menem ya gabatar, kamar yarjejeniya da shugaban kasar Chile Patricio Aylwin wanda ya amfane Chile a cikin takaddama game da iyakar Argentina da Chile. An tambayi Ministan Tsaro Oscar Camilión a Majalisa game da cin zarafin fataucin makamai na Argentina; Kirchner ya gaya masa cewa dole ne ya yi murabus, wanda ya ki ya yi. A sakamakon haka, ta yi wa kanta suna a matsayin mai kawo matsala. An cire ta daga rukunin PJ a Majalisa a shekarar 1997 saboda rashin adalci. Ta yi murabus daga kujerar sanata a wannan shekarar kuma ta tsaya takarar mataimakiyar kasa a zaben tsakiya na 1997 a maimakon haka. Menem ya ƙare wa'adinsa a 1999 kuma Fernando de la Rúa ya maye gurbinsa. Fernández de Kirchner ta shiga cikin kwamiti don bincika karkatar da kuɗi tare da ɗan majalisa Elisa Carrió, kuma ta shiga rikici da ita. Ta sake tsayawa takarar sanata a Zaben tsakiya na shekara ta 2001.

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