Yaƙin Krivolak

Yaƙin Krivolak (a cikin Bulgarian: Криволашко сражение, Битка при Криволак) yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya ne, wanda aka yi tsakanin 21 ga Oktoba da 22 ga Nuwamba 1915. An yi yaƙi a matakin farko na Yakin Makidoniya, a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Balkans . A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, sojojin Bulgeriya sun kai hari kan wuraren da Faransa ke rike da su kusa da tashar jirgin kasa ta Strumica, a lokacin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Serbia (Yarzu ta Arewacin Makidoniya), inda suka fara yakin. Yaƙi ya ci gaba har zuwa 22 ga Nuwamba, lokacin da ƙungiyoyi biyu na Serbia suka kasa kama Skopje, don haka ya sa ci gaba da ayyukan hare-haren Entente haɗari kuma ya tilasta Faransanci su kwashe sojojin su daga yankin.

Rashin nasarar Entente a Krivolak da kuma yakin da ya biyo baya na Kosturino ya haifar da cikakken janyewar sojojin Allied daga Serbia, don haka ya ba da damar Ƙasashen Tsakiya su sake buɗe layin dogo na Berlin zuwa Constantinople. Abokan hulɗa, a halin yanzu, sun karfafa tsaron su a Girka.

 Gabatarwa 
A ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1914, kisan gillar magajin Austro-Hungary mai suna Archduke Franz Ferdinand ya haifar da sanarwar yaki da Austria-Hungarian da Serbia. Rikicin nan da nan ya jawo hankalin dukkan manyan kasashen Turai, wanda ya sanya manyan kasashe na tsakiya a kan Haɗin gwiwar Entente kuma ya fara yakin duniya na farko. Bayan shigar da Daular Ottoman cikin yakin a gefen manyan kasashe (Nuwamba 1914), muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin Balkans ya zama halin Bulgaria. Bulgaria ta dauki matsayi mai mahimmanci a gefen Serbia, kuma shiga tsakani a kowane bangare na masu fafatawa zai zama mai mahimmanci. Bulgaria da Serbia sun yi yaƙi sau biyu a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata: a cikin Yakin Serbo-Bulgaria na 1885 da Yaƙin Balkan na Biyu na 1913. Bulgaria ta sha kashi a 1913, kuma gwamnatin Bulgaria da mutane gabaɗaya sun ji cewa Serbia ta sace ƙasar da ta dace ta Bulgaria. Duk da yake Allies za su iya ba Bulgaria ƙananan yankuna daga Serbia da Girka mai tsaka-tsaki, alkawuran da suka shafi Tsakiyar Tsakiya sun fi jan hankali, suna ba da damar ba da mafi yawan ƙasar, wanda Bulgaria ta yi ikirarin. Tare da cin nasarar Allied a Yaƙin Gallipoli (Afrilu 1915 zuwa Janairu 1916) da kuma cin nasarar Rasha a Gorlice-Tarnów (Mayu zuwa Satumba 1915) yana nuna Ƙarfin Tsakiya Tsakiya, Sarki Ferdinand ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Jamus kuma a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1915, Bulgaria ta fara tattarawa don yaki.

Bayan nasarar sojojin Serbia a Yaƙin Kolubara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1914, gaban Serbia ya ga kwanciyar hankali har zuwa farkon kaka na shekara ta 1915. A karkashin umurnin Field Marshal Agusta von Mackensen, Sojojin Balkan na Austro-Hungary, Sojoji na 11 na Jamus da jiragen ruwa a kan Danube da Sava sun fara kai farmaki a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1915, mafi girman kai farmaki kan Serbia. A watan Satumbar 1915, duk da hadaya mai yawa na sojojin Serbia, Sojojin Balkan na Austro-Hungary, bayan sun haye kogin Sava da Drina da sojojin Jamus na 11 bayan sun hambarar da Danube, sun mamaye Belgrade, Smederevo, Požarevac da Golubac, suna samar da babbar gada a kudancin kogin Sava Da Danube, kuma sun tilasta sojojin Serbia su janye zuwa kudancin Serbia. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1915, sojojin Bulgarian guda biyu sun kai hari, sun mamaye rukunin Serbia, sun shiga kwarin kogin Kudancin Morava kusa da Vranje har zuwa 22 ga Oktoba 1915. Sojojin Bulgarian sun mamaye Kumanovo, Štip, da Skopje kuma sun hana janyewar sojojin Serbia zuwa iyakar Girka da Salonika.

Abokan hulɗa sun yi alkawarin tura sojoji zuwa Serbia, amma babu wani abu da ya faru har tsawon shekara guda. Amma tare da tattara Bulgaria zuwa kudu, halin da ake ciki ga Serbia ya zama mara kyau. Abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshe sun tilasta Faransanci da Burtaniya su aika da ƙaramin rundunar balaguro na ƙungiyoyi biyu don taimakawa Serbia. Amma har ma wadannan sun isa da wuri a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Girka ta Salonika don tasiri ga ayyukan. Babban dalilin jinkirin shine rashin sojojin Allied saboda mawuyacin halin da ake ciki a Yammacin Gabas. Entente ta yi amfani da tsaka-tsaki na Girka a matsayin uzuri, kodayake za su iya amfani da bakin tekun Albania don tura ƙarfafawa da kayan aiki cikin sauri a cikin watanni 14 na farko na yakin.  (Kamar yadda Serbian Marshal Putnik ya ba da shawarar, sojojin Montenegrin sun ba da isasshen kariya ga bakin tekun Albania daga arewa - a nesa mai aminci daga duk wani ci gaban Bulgarian a kudu a yayin da Bulgarian ya shiga tsakani.) An kuma jinkirta Entente saboda doguwar tattaunawar sirri don kawo Bulgaria cikin sansanin Allied, wanda zai sauƙaƙa bukatar Serbia ga taimakon Franco-British.

A cikin taron, rashin goyon bayan Allied ya rufe makomar sojojin Serbia. A kan Serbia, Ƙasashen Tsakiya sun jagoranci Sojojin Bulgaria, Sojojin Jamus, da Sojojin Austro-Hungary, duk a ƙarƙashin umurnin Field Marshal Mackensen. Jamusawa da Austro-Hungarians sun fara kai hari a ranar 7 ga Oktoba tare da babbar bindigogi, sannan suka biyo bayan hare-hare a fadin koguna. Sa'an nan, a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, sojojin Bulgarian sun kai hari daga bangarori biyu, daya daga arewacin Bulgaria zuwa Niš, ɗayan daga kudu zuwa Skopje. Nan da nan ya karya ta hanyar sojojin Serbia marasa ƙarfi, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su hana ci gabanta. Tare da ci gaban Bulgarian, matsayin Serbia ya zama mara bege; babban sojojin su a arewa sun fuskanci ko dai kewaye da tilasta mika wuya ko koma baya.

Marshal Putnik ya ba da umarnin cikakken koma baya na Serbia, kudu da yamma ta hanyar Montenegro da Albania. Serbs sun fuskanci matsaloli masu yawa: mummunan yanayi, hanyoyi marasa kyau da kuma bukatar sojoji su taimaka wa dubban fararen hula da suka janye tare da su. Sojojin Serbia 125,000 ne kawai suka isa gabar tekun Adriatic kuma suka shiga jiragen sufuri na Italiya waɗanda suka ɗauki sojojin zuwa Corfu da sauran tsibirai na Girka kafin su yi tafiya zuwa Thessaloniki. Marshal Putnik dole ne a ɗauka a duk lokacin da aka koma baya; ya mutu sama da shekara guda bayan haka a asibitin Faransa.

 Yaƙi 
Rukunin Faransanci da Burtaniya sun yi tafiya zuwa arewa daga Thessaloniki a watan Oktoba 1915 a karkashin hadin gwiwar Janar Maurice Sarrail na Faransa da Janar Bryan Mahon na Burtaniya. Daga 15-16 ga Oktoba, ƙungiyoyin Faransanci na 57, 122 da 156, gami da ƙungiyoyi biyu na Chasseurs d'Afrique da ɗaya daga cikin Zouaves, sun isa tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Gevgelija da Strumica. [Lura 1] A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, ƙungiyoyin Faransanci sun isa Krivolak a kan kogin Vardar, yayin da Burtaniya ta mamaye yankin da ke da muhimmanci tsakanin Kosturino Pass, Vardar da tafkin Doiran. Wannan ci gaba ya taimaka wa sojojin Serbia da ke janyewa, yayin da Bulgarians suka mayar da hankali ga manyan dakarun a gefen kudancin su don magance yiwuwar mamaye yankinsu. Kwamandan Faransanci ya fahimci kasancewar Bulgarian a Babuna Pass tsakanin Veles da Bitola kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya kai ga ƙungiyar sojojin Serbia da ke arewa maso yammacin hanyar.[1][1][1]

A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, rundunar Bulgarian ta 14 ta sauka daga Strumica zuwa tashar jirgin kasa ta Strumica da nufin lalata gadar jirgin kasa da ke kusa kuma ba zato ba tsammani ta gamu da sojojin Faransa. An kori 'yan Bulgaria daga hanyar jirgin kasa kuma an kore su daga Rabrovo kilomita 7 (11  zuwa gabas yayin da Faransanci suka karfafa ikon su sama da kilomita 30 (48) na hanyar jirgin kasa har zuwa tashar Demir Kapija. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, Sojojin Bulgaria na biyu a karkashin Janar Georgi Todorov da Stefan Bogdanov sun kwace Veles da Kumanovo, suna yanke yawancin Serbs da suka janye daga Faransanci. A ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba, rundunar ta 57 ta kafa gada mai tsaka-tsaki a kusa da Karahojali a gabashin Vardar, wanda ke rufe layin mil 15 (24  tsakanin Gradec da Krivolak. A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, an jefa gadoji biyu a kan Vardar, don sauƙaƙe samar da sabbin matsayi. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, wani dakarun Faransa sun hana yunkurin da brigades uku na Bulgarian suka yi na mamaye gadoji. Rashin horo da isasshen kariya, sojojin Bulgarian sun ragu yayin da suke caji, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka 3,000. A wannan rana, ƙungiyar 156 ta kwace ƙauyukan Dorlobos da Kajali . 

 Manazarta 

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