Gordon Allport

Gordon William Allport (11 ga Nuwamba, 1897 - 9 ga Oktoba, 1967) masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne na Amurka. Allport yana ɗaya daga cikin masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na farko da suka mayar da hankali kan nazarin halayen mutum, kuma galibi ana kiransa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ilimin halayyar ɗan adam .  Ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar ma'aunin dabi'u kuma ya ƙi tsarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ga halayen mutum, wanda ya yi tunanin sau da yawa yana da zurfin fassara, da kuma tsarin ɗabi'a, wanda ya yi tunanin bai samar da cikakkun fassarori daga bayanan su ba. Maimakon waɗannan hanyoyin da suka shahara, ya ƙirƙiri ka'idar da ta dogara da halaye.  Ya jaddada keɓancewar kowane mutum, da mahimmancin mahallin da ke ciki, sabanin tarihi, don fahimtar halayen mutum.

Allport yana da tasiri mai zurfi da ɗorewa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, duk da cewa aikinsa ba a yawan ambatonsa kamar na sauran sanannun mutane ba.  Wani ɓangare na tasirinsa ya samo asali ne daga ƙwarewarsa ta bincike da fahimtar muhimman batutuwa (misali jita-jita, son zuciya, addini, halaye). Wani ɓangare na tasirinsa ya samo asali ne daga zurfin ra'ayin da ya yi wa ɗalibansa a lokacin dogon aikinsa na koyarwa, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun ci gaba da samun muhimman ayyuka a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Daga cikin ɗalibansa da yawa akwai Jerome S. Bruner, Anthony Greenwald, Stanley Milgram, Leo Postman, Thomas Pettigrew, da M. Brewster Smith . Ɗan'uwansa Floyd Henry Allport, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Makarantar 'Yan ƙasa da Harkokin Jama'a ta Jami'ar Syracuse (a Syracuse, New York) daga 1924 zuwa 1956, kuma farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Binciken Nazarin Ilimin Halin Dan Adam na Gabaɗaya, wanda aka buga a 2002, ya sanya Allport a matsayin mutum na 11 da aka fi ambaton ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a ƙarni na 20. 

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
Allport ya girma a cikin iyalin masu wa'azin Kirista masu addini.  An haife shi a Montezuma, Indiana, kuma shi ne ƙarami a cikin 'ya'yan John Edward guda huɗu da Nellie Edith (Mai hikima) Allport. Lokacin da Gordon Allport yake da shekaru shida, iyalin sun riga sun ƙaura sau da yawa kuma a ƙarshe sun zauna a Ohio . Karatunsa na farko yana makarantun gwamnati na Cleveland, Ohio.

John Allport likitan ƙauye ne kuma yana da asibitinsa da asibitinsa a gidan iyalinsa. Mahaifin Allport ya mayar da gidansu asibiti na wucin gadi, tare da marasa lafiya da kuma ma'aikatan jinya da ke zaune a can. Gordon Allport da 'yan uwansa sun girma ne kewaye da marasa lafiyar mahaifinsu, ma'aikatan jinya, da kayan aikin likita, kuma shi da 'yan uwansa sau da yawa suna taimaka wa mahaifinsu a asibitin.  Allport ya ruwaito cewa "Kula da ofis, wanke kwalaben magani, da kuma mu'amala da marasa lafiya muhimman fannoni ne na horona na farko" (shafi na 10) 172). HJelle, L.A., Ziegler, D.J. (1992). Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions, Research, and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.  A wannan lokacin, an rubuta sunan mahaifin Allport a cikin wani bayani a cikin littafin Samuel Hopkins Adams da aka fallasa a cikin Mujallar Collier game da magungunan da ba su da tushe, wanda daga baya aka sake bugawa a matsayin littafin The Great American Fraud : Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery . Duk da cewa yawancin littafin ya mayar da hankali kan manyan magungunan mallakar mallaka da aka tallata sosai da ake samu a farkon karni, marubucin ya ce Allport "ba zai taɓa yin amfani da wannan labarin ba idan ba don ƙoƙarin wasu likitocin Cleveland ba." An soki Allport saboda gano da kuma magance masu shan morphine ta hanyar wasiƙa kawai bisa ga wasiƙu da babu alƙawarin kai tsaye. Bayan ya karɓi wasiƙar Adams da ke bayanin ciwonsa, Allport ya amsa ta hanyar wasiƙa, yana gano Adams a matsayin mai shan morphine kuma yana aika allurai na "Dr. J. Edward Allport System," wanda aka tsara don warkar da masu shan morphine. Binciken maganin ya nuna cewa sinadarin da ke aiki a cikinsa ba komai bane illa ƙarin morphine, cike da kwalban wiski mai ruwan hoda "don haɗawa da morphin[sp] lokacin da ya yi ƙasa." Adams ya kira Allport da "[ɗan iska] wanda ke yin kamar likita ne," "ba ƙaramin abin kunya ba ne," kuma "ya fi haɗari" fiye da sauran masu sayar da maganin jaraba na zamba da aka ambata a baya a cikin littafin. 

Mahaifiyar Allport tsohuwar malamar makaranta ce, wacce ta yi amfani da ƙarfi wajen tallata ɗabi'unta na ci gaban ilimi da addini. HJelle, L.A., Ziegler, D.J. (1992). Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions, Research, and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 9780071126403

Marubutan tarihin rayuwa sun bayyana Allport a matsayin ƙaramin yaro mai himma wanda ya rayu a lokacin ƙuruciya mai nisa. A lokacin ƙuruciya, Allport ya haɓaka kuma ya kula da kasuwancinsa na bugawa yayin da yake aiki a matsayin editan jaridar makarantar sakandare. A shekara ta 1915, ya kammala karatunsa na biyu a ajinsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Glenville yana da shekaru goma sha takwas wanda hakan ya ba shi damar zuwa Jami'ar Harvard. Abin lura shi ne, ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan uwansa, Floyd Henry Allport, yana aiki a kan digirinsa na uku a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Harvard. 

Allport ya sami digirinsa na AB a shekarar 1919 a fannin Falsafa da Tattalin Arziki (ba ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ba).  

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Harvard, Allport ya yi tafiya zuwa Kwalejin Robert da ke Istanbul, Turkiyya, inda ya koyar da tattalin arziki da falsafa na tsawon shekara guda, kafin ya koma Harvard don neman digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a shekarar 1920. Littafinsa na farko, Halayen Mutum: Tsarinsu da Measurement a shekarar 1921, an rubuta shi tare da babban ɗan'uwansa, Floyd Henry Allport . Allport ya sami digirin digirgir na biyu a shekarar 1921, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Herbert Langfeld, sannan ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1922, a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa makarantar koyon darasi tare da Hugo Münsterberg kafin mutuwarsa a shekarar 1916.  

Daga nan Harvard ya ba wa Allport lambar yabo ta Sheldon Traveling Fellowship. Ya yi shekarar farko ta Sheldon yana karatu tare da sabuwar Makarantar Gestalt da ke Berlin da Hamburg, Jamus; sannan kuma a shekara ta biyu a Jami'ar Cambridge . 

Daga 1921 zuwa 1937, Allport ya taimaka wajen kafa hali a matsayin nau'in binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Amurka.  Ya koma Harvard a matsayin malami a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga 1924 zuwa 1926 inda ya fara koyar da darasinsa mai suna "Halayyar Mutum: Bangarorin Ilimin Halinsa da Zamantakewa" a 1924. A wannan lokacin, Allport ya auri Ada Lufkin Gould, wacce ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ce. Tare suka haifi ɗa ɗaya, ɗa namiji, wanda daga baya ya zama likitan yara.  Bayan ya je koyar da darussan gabatarwa kan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da halayyar ɗan adam a Kwalejin Dartmouth na tsawon shekaru huɗu, Allport ya koma Harvard kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can har tsawon aikinsa.

Allport memba ne na malamai a Jami'ar Harvard daga 1930 zuwa 1967. A shekarar 1931, ya yi aiki a kwamitin malamai da suka kafa Sashen Ilimin Zamantakewa na Harvard. A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, ya taimaka wajen samar da kwas na gabatarwa ga sabon Sashen Hulɗa da Jama'a. A wannan lokacin, shi ma editan Mujallar Ilimin Halin Dan Adam da Zamantakewa . Allport shi ma Darakta ne na Hukumar Kula da Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1933. 

A shekarar 1937, Allport ya fara aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Ya bayyana a shirye-shiryen tattaunawa na rediyo, ya rubuta sharhi kan adabi, labarai, da kuma littafin karatu.  An zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halin Dan Adam ta Amurka a shekarar 1939, inda ya kasance mutum na biyu mafi ƙarami da ya riƙe wannan muƙamin.  A shekarar 1943, an zaɓe shi Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halin Dan Adam ta Gabas . A shekarar 1944, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ilimin Halin Dan Adam na Batutuwan Zamantakewa. A shekarar 1950, Allport ya buga littafinsa na uku mai suna The Individual and His Religion . Littafinsa na huɗu, The Nature of Prejudice, an buga shi a shekarar 1954, bisa ga aikinsa da 'yan gudun hijira a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Littafinsa na biyar, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1955, an yi masa taken Becoming: Basic Considerations for Psychology of Personality . A shekarar 1963, an ba Allport lambar yabo ta Zinare daga Gidauniyar Ilimin Halin Dan Adam ta Amurka. A shekarar da ta biyo baya, ya sami lambar yabo ta APA ta Musamman kan Gudummawar Kimiyya. Gordon Allport ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1967, a Cambridge, Massachusetts, sakamakon cutar kansar huhu, wata ɗaya kacal kafin cikarsa shekaru 70. 

 Ka'idar halaye ta Allport 
Allport ya ba da gudummawa ga ka'idar halaye na mutum, kuma an san shi da masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na "halaye". Ya yi adawa da ra'ayin cewa ana iya rarraba mutane bisa ga ƙaramin adadin siffofi, yana jayayya cewa kowane mutum na musamman ne kuma yana bambanta ta da takamaiman halaye.  A cikin aikinsa, Concepts of Character and Personality (1927), Allport ya bayyana cewa halaye "halaye ne masu mahimmanci ga zamantakewa"  kuma suna zama masu faɗi sosai, halaye wani ɓangare ne na halayen mutum. Allport ya jaddada cewa halayen mutum shine abu mafi ban mamaki game da mutum. 

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko shi ne ya duba ƙamus ya gano kowace kalma da yake tunanin zai iya kwatanta mutum. Daga nan, ya ƙirƙiro jerin kalmomi 4500 masu kama da halaye. Ya tsara waɗannan kalmomi zuwa matakai uku na halaye. Wannan yayi kama da ainihin hasashe na Goldberg, ko kuma hasashen cewa mutane suna haɓaka kalmomin gama gari da ake amfani da su sosai don bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin hulɗarsu ta yau da kullun akan lokaci.

Tsarin halaye na Allport mai matakai uku sune:

1. Halayyar Ka'ida - Waɗannan halaye ba kasafai suke ba amma su ne halayen da ke mamaye kuma ke siffanta halayen mutum. Suna yin tasiri mai ƙarfi kan ɗabi'u waɗanda ke zama ɓangarorin asalin mutum. Waɗannan su ne sha'awa/sha'awar da ke iko, kamar buƙatar kuɗi, shahara, da sauransu.

2. Babban halayen - Waɗannan halaye ne na gabaɗaya da ake samu a wani mataki a cikin kowane mutum. Waɗannan su ne ginshiƙan gini na asali waɗanda ke tsara yawancin halayenmu duk da cewa ba su da ƙarfi kamar halayen asali. Suna tasiri amma ba sa tantance hali. Misalin babban halayen shine gaskiya.

3. Halayya ta biyu - Waɗannan halaye su ne ƙasƙantaccen matakin matsayi kuma ba su bayyana kamar manyan halaye ba (ba su da tasiri sosai). Halaye na biyu halaye ne da ake gani kawai a wasu yanayi (kamar abubuwan da aka so ko aka ƙi waɗanda aboki na kud da kud zai iya sani). Dole ne a haɗa su don samar da cikakken hoto na sarkakiyar ɗan adam.

Gabaɗaya, tsarin halaye na matakai uku na Allport yana ba da tsarin fahimtar matakai daban-daban na halaye waɗanda ke tsara halayen mutum gaba ɗaya.

 Ci gaban Proprium 

 1. Jin "ni" a jiki (shekara ta farko) 
Ana gane shi ne lokacin da jarirai za su iya fahimtar kansu ta hanyar jin daɗi da kuma gano abin da ke sa su da abin da ba ya sa su. 

 2. Jin daɗin kai (shekara ta biyu) 
Ko da yake fahimtar ko su wanene ta hanyar samun wani muhimmin suna yana da tasiri. Wannan zai iya ba su fahimtar yadda suke da kuma abin da hakan zai iya nufi a zamantakewa. 

 3. Jin girman kai (shekara ta uku) 
Da yake suna da fahimtar su wanene a wannan matakin, suna son samun wani nau'in 'yancin kai wanda za a iya kawar da shi daga kulawar manya. 

 4. Jin daɗin tsawaita kai (Shekara ta huɗu) 
A wannan matakin, yaron zai iya ganin jikinsa ya kuma miƙa zuwa ga kayan wasansa. Kalmomin da ake furtawa a cikin zuciyarsa nawa ne. 

 5. Fitowar hoton kai (shekara ta huɗu zuwa ta shida) 
Da alama akwai fahimtar kyawawan halaye na ni da kuma munanan halaye ga yara wanda zai iya kawo abin da suke tsammanin wasu za su zata daga gare su. A wannan matakin, ana samar da wasu manufofi da suke gani da kansu. 

 6. Fitowar kai a matsayin mai kula da hankali (shekara ta shida zuwa sha biyu) 
A wannan matakin, ana fahimtar cewa tunani zai iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin da suke yawan tunani game da tunaninsu. 

 7. Fitowar ƙoƙarin yin ƙoƙari (shekara ta goma sha biyu zuwa ƙuruciya) 
A wannan matakin, ana kyautata zaton cewa an gina manufofi na gaba ne don ba da ma'anar rayuwa ga mutum. Allport ya kalli mutum mai lafiya don ƙirƙirar matsaloli ta hanyar yin manufofi na gaba waɗanda za a iya ganin ba za a iya cimma su ba a lokuta da yawa. Wannan fahimtar ƙirƙirar waɗannan manufofi na dogon lokaci an saita ta ne don bambanta da sauran matakai har ma da kasancewa da halin kirki ko rashin lafiya. 

 8. Fitowar kai a matsayin mai ilimi (balaga) 
A wannan mataki na ƙarshe, ana ganin kai a matsayin wanda ya san kuma ya fi sauran ayyuka bakwai masu dacewa. Idan ka shiga dukkan matakai, sai ka ga kana amfani da ayyuka da gogewa da dama ko ma duka a cikin ayyukan yau da kullum 

 Nau'in Halitta da Siffofi 
Allport ya yi hasashen ra'ayin ƙarfin ciki da na waje waɗanda ke shafar halayen mutum. Ya kira waɗannan ƙarfin Genotypes da Phenotypes. Genotypes su ne ƙarfin ciki waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yadda mutum ke adana bayanai da amfani da su don mu'amala da duniyar waje. Phenotypes su ne ƙarfin waje, waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yadda mutum ya yarda da muhallinsa da kuma yadda wasu ke tasiri ga halayensa. Waɗannan ƙarfin suna samar da hanyoyin da muke nuna hali kuma su ne ginshiƙin ƙirƙirar halaye na mutum ɗaya.

Matsalar wannan hasashe ita ce ba za a iya tabbatar da ita ba domin su ka'idoji ne na ciki, waɗanda ake kyautata zaton muhallin waje ne ya yi tasiri a kansu.

 'Yancin kai na aiki na dalilai 
Allport yana ɗaya daga cikin masu bincike na farko da suka bambanta tsakanin Motiv da Drive. Ya ba da shawarar cewa tuƙi yana samuwa a matsayin martani ga wani dalili, wanda zai iya wuce dalilin a matsayin dalilin wani hali. Daga nan tuƙi zai zama mai zaman kansa kuma ya bambanta da manufar, ko manufar ta kasance ta ilhami ko wani abu daban. Ra'ayin cewa tuƙi na iya zama ba tare da tushen asali na wani hali ba ana kiransa da "yancin kai na aiki."

Allport ya ba da misali na mutumin da ke neman kammala aikinsa ko sana'arsa. Manufarsa ta asali na iya zama jin ƙarancin daraja da aka gina a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, amma himmarsa a aikinsa da kuma dalilin da ya samu, daga baya, shine buƙatar yin fice a sana'ar da ya zaɓa, wanda ya zama abin da mutumin ke so. Allport ya ce ka'idar:... yana guje wa wauta game da kuzarin rayuwa a yanzu, a halin yanzu, kamar yadda ya ƙunshi siffofi na farko (ilhami, motsin rai mai ƙarfi, ko kuma Id wanda ba ya canzawa). Koyo yana kawo sabbin tsarin sha'awa kamar yadda yake yi da sabbin iyawa da ƙwarewa. A kowane mataki na ci gaba, waɗannan sha'awa koyaushe suna zamani ne; duk abin da ke motsawa, yana motsawa yanzu. 

 Littattafan tarihi 

 Ka'idojin Halayya da Halaye. Mujallar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, 24(5-1927), shafi na 284–293
 Nazarin motsi mai bayyana ra'ayi (tare da Vernon, PE) (1933) New York: Macmillan Publishers .
 Halaye, a cikin Littafin Jagora na Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Zamantakewa, edita. C. Murchison, (1935). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press, 789–844.
 Halayya: Fassarar tunani . (1937) New York: Holt, Rinehart, &amp; Winston .
 Tsarin Nazari na Masanin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam (1940). Littattafan Gargajiya a Tarihin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam -- Allport (1940)
 Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Jita-jita [tare da Leo Postman ] (1947). New York: Henry Holt &amp; Company
 Mutum ɗaya da Addininsa: Fassarar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam. Oxford, Ingila: Macmillan, 1950.
 Yanayin Halayyar Mutum: Takardu da aka Zaɓa. (1950; 1975). Westport, CN : Greenwood Press . 
 Yanayin Nuna Bambanci . (1954; 1979). Reading, MA : Kamfanin Pub na Addison-Wesley . 
 Zama: Muhimman Abubuwan Da Ake Yi Don Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam. (1955). New Haven: Yale University Press . ISBN 0-300-00264-5
 Halayyar ɗan adam da haɗuwar zamantakewa. (1960). Boston: Beacon Press .
 Tsarin da Ci Gaba a Halaye. (1961). Majallar Kwalejin Harcourt. ISBN 0-03-010810-1
 Wasiku daga Jenny. (1965) New York: Harcourt, Brace &amp; World
 Mutumin da ke cikin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam (1968). Boston: Beacon Press.

 Duba kuma 

 Sikelin Allport - ma'aunin bayyanar wariya a cikin al'umma da Gordon Allport ya ƙirƙiro a shekarar 1954.
 Jerin malaman kimiyya da addini
 Hasashe game da hulɗa
 Lakabi na Babban Iko

 Bayanan kula 

 Nassoshi 

 Matlin, MW., (1995) Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam. Texas: Masu Buga Kwalejin Harcourt Brace.

 Ƙarin karatu 

 Ian Nicholson, Ƙirƙirar Halayya: Gordon Allport da Kimiyyar Kai, Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka, 2003, 
 Hocutt, Max (2004). Bita - Ƙirƙirar Halayyar Mutum. Sharhin Metapsychology akan layi An  Archived  
 Nicholson, I. (2000). "'Bayanin fahimta mai ma'ana': Gordon Allport, Floyd Allport da siyasar halayen mutum." Mujallar Tarihin Kimiyyar Halayya 3 6: 463–470.
 Nicholson, I. (1998). Gordon Allport, hali, da kuma 'al'adar ɗabi'a', 1897–1937. Tarihin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, 1, 52–68.
 Nicholson, I. (1997). Ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da asalin hankali: Tsarin 'buɗaɗɗen' Gordon Allport. Mujallar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, 37, 60–78.
 Nicholson, I. (1997). Don "daidaita ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ɗabi'un zamantakewa": Gordon Allport da kwas na farko a ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Amurka. Journal of Personality, 65, 733–742.
 Game da Yanayin Nuna Bambanci: Shekaru Hamsin Bayan Allport, hrg. von Peter Glick, John Dovidio, Laurie A. Rudman, Blackwell Publishing, 2005, 
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba