Ben Chifley

Joseph Benedict Chifley (/ˈtʃɪfli/;  22 Satumba 1885 - 13 Yuni 1951) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 16 na Australiya daga 1945 zuwa 1949. Ya rike mukamin a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Australian Labor Party (ALP), kuma ya kasance sananne ne don bayyana kokarin sake gina Australia bayan yakin, aiwatar da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da shige da fice da kuma inganta kasa da manyan masana'antu.

An haifi Chifley a Bathurst, New South Wales, kuma ya shiga New South Wales Government Railways bayan ya bar makaranta, daga ƙarshe ya cancanci zama direba. Kafin ya shiga siyasa, ya kasance mai shirya Tarayyar Tarayyar Ma'aikatan Locomotive, kuma ya kasance darektan The National Advocate . Bayan da aka samu nasarar tsayawa takara da yawa a baya, an zabi Chifley a majalisar dokoki a Zaben tarayya na 1928. A shekara ta 1931, an nada shi Ministan Tsaro a gwamnatin James Scullin . Ya yi aiki a cikin majalisa na kasa da shekara guda kafin ya rasa kujerarsa a Zaben tarayya na 1931, wanda ya ga gwamnati ta sha wahala a zaben.

Bayan da aka ci shi a zaben, Chifley ya ci gaba da shiga siyasa a matsayin jami'in jam'iyya, yana tare da jagorancin Labor na tarayya a kan ƙungiyar Lang Labor. Ya yi aiki a kwamiti na sarauta a cikin tsarin banki a 1935, kuma a 1940 ya zama babban ma'aikacin gwamnati a Ma'aikatar Makamai. An sake zabar Chifley a majalisa daga baya a wannan shekarar, a yunkurinsa na uku tun 1931. An nada shi a matsayin Mai ba da kuɗi a sabuwar Gwamnatin Curtin a 1941, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisa kaɗan da ke da kwarewar ministoci a baya. A shekara mai zuwa Chifley ya kara zama Ministan sake ginawa bayan yakin, wanda ya sanya shi daya daga cikin manyan mambobin gwamnati. Ya zama Firayim Minista bayan mutuwar Curtin a ofis a 1945, inda ya kayar da Firayim Ministan mai wucin gadi Frank Forde a zaben shugabanci.

A Zaben tarayya na Australiya na 1946, an sake zabar Chifley tare da raguwar rinjaye - karo na farko da gwamnatin Labor ta sake lashe zaben. Yaƙin ya ƙare wata guda bayan ya hau mulki, kuma a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa gwamnatinsa ta fara wani shiri mai ban sha'awa na sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da tsare-tsaren gina al'umma. Wadannan sun hada da fadada jihar jin dadin, kara yawan Shige da fice bayan yakin zuwa Ostiraliya, da kuma kafa Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya, Kungiyar leken asiri ta Tsaro ta Australiya (ASIO), da Shirin Dutsen Snowy. Wasu daga cikin sabbin dokokin sun samu nasarar kalubalantar su a Babban Kotun, kuma a sakamakon haka an yi wa kundin tsarin mulki gyare-gyare don ba gwamnatin tarayya iko a kan ayyukan zamantakewa.

Wasu daga cikin manufofin tattalin arziki na Chifley da suka fi shiga tsakani ba su da kyau daga kasuwancin Australiya, musamman ƙoƙari na mallakar bankunan ƙasa. An kayar da gwamnatinsa a Zaben tarayya na Australia na 1949, wanda ya kawo Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Robert Menzies zuwa mulki a karon farko. Ya ci gaba da zama Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa har zuwa mutuwarsa, wanda ya zo 'yan watanni bayan Zaben tarayya na Australiya na 1951; Labor bai koma gwamnati ba har zuwa 1972. Don gudummawar da ya bayar ga wadatar bayan yakin, Chifley galibi ana daukar shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan Firayim Ministocin Australia. Jam'iyyar Labor Party tana girmama shi sosai, tare da jawabinsa na "haske a kan tudu" da aka gani a matsayin mai mahimmanci a cikin tarihin jam'iyyar da kuma ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Australiya.

An haifi Chifley a 29 Havannah Street, Bathurst, New South Wales, a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1885. Shi ne na farko na 'ya'ya maza uku da aka haifa ga iyayen Roman Katolika: Mary Anne (née Corrigan) da Patrick Chifley II . Mahaifinsa, masassaƙi, an haife shi ne a Bathurst ga baƙi na Irish daga County Tipperary, yayin da aka haifi mahaifiyarsa a County Fermanagh, a Arewacin Ireland na yanzu.[2]

A lokacin da yake da shekaru biyar, an tura Chifley ya zauna tare da kakansa gwauruwa, Patrick Chifley I, wanda ke da karamin gona a Limekilns, New South Wales, yayin da kawunsa, Mary Bridget Chifley, ta ajiye musu gida. Chifley ya fara karatunsa a makarantar jihar, wacce aka sani da "school na rabin lokaci" saboda karami ne don bayar da darussan yau da kullun; ya raba malami ɗaya tare da al'ummar makwabta.[3] Ya koma gidan iyayensa yana da shekaru 13, bayan rasuwar kakansa a watan Janairun 1899, kuma ya halarci makarantar Patrician Brothers na kimanin shekaru biyu.[4] Ya kasance mai karatu mai son karatu tun yana ƙarami, kuma daga baya zai kara da karancin iliminsa ta hanyar halartar azuzuwan a makarantun dare ko Cibiyoyin injiniya.[5]

Bayan barin makaranta, aikin farko na Chifley shine a matsayin mataimakin mai caji a wani kantin sayar da kayan gida. Daga baya ya yi aiki a wani tannery na wani lokaci, sannan a watan Satumbar 1903 ya shiga New South Wales Government Railways a matsayin "yaro mai shago" a Bathurst locomotive shed.[6] A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, an inganta shi ta hanyar matsayi zuwa mai tsabtace injiniya da mai kashe gobara, sannan a ƙarshe a watan Maris na shekara ta 1914 zuwa direba-mai tuka injiniya.[7] Matsayin direba an dauke shi da daraja, kuma Chifley ya zauna a gwaje-gwaje daban-daban kafin a tabbatar da shi. Ya haɓaka kyakkyawar fahimtar fasaha game da locomotives dinsa, kuma ya zama malami da malami a Cibiyar Jirgin Ruwa ta Bathurst.[8] Chifley ya tuka jiragen kasa na kaya da na fasinjoji. Ya kasance a Bathurst kuma ya yi aiki a kan Babban hanyar jirgin kasa ta Yamma, ban da 'yan watanni a shekara ta 1914 lokacin da ya tuka a kan babbar babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Kudancin kuma ya yi aikin daga Harden, New South Wales.[7]

Chifley ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Locomotive .  Bai taba rike mukamin zartarwa ba, ya fi son yin aiki a matsayin mai shirya taron, amma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin yanki a taron jihohi da tarayya. Ya ci gaba da suna don sulhu, yana kula da kyakkyawar dangantaka tare da gudanar da layin dogo da kuma sassan da suka fi gwagwarmaya a kungiyar.[9] Koyaya, Chifley na ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin gida na yajin aikin Australiya na 1917, kuma a sakamakon haka NSWGR ta kore shi. Shi da yawancin sauran masu yajin aiki an sake dawo da su, amma sun rasa matsayi da kuma abubuwan da suka danganci; An saukar da Chifley daga direban injiniya zuwa mai kashe gobara.[10] Duk da maimaita lobbying, ba a dawo da fa'idodi na kafin 1917 ba har zuwa 1925.[11] Bayan yajin aikin, gwamnatin jihar William Holman ta kuma cire rajistar ƙungiyarsu, ta sanya ta cikin mummunar matsala ga sauran ƙungiyoyin jirgin ƙasa. Chifley ya yi aiki don tabbatar da sake yin rajista, wanda ya faru a 1921, kuma ya shiga cikin kafa ƙungiyar ƙasa - Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Engineers - a cikin 1920.[12] Ya bayyana a matsayin gwani mai shaida a gaban Kotun sulhu da sasantawa ta Commonwealth a 1924, wanda daga baya ya aiwatar da sabon lambar yabo ta masana'antu ta tarayya ga masu amfani.[13]

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