Warder Clyde Allee

Warder Clyde "WC" Allee (5 ga Yuni, 1885 - 18 ga Maris, 1955) masanin kimiyyar muhalli ne na Amurka. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan majagaba a fannin ilimin halittu na Amurka.   A matsayinsa na ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar dabbobi da kuma masanin muhalli, an fi sanin Allee kuma an san shi da bincikensa kan ɗabi'un zamantakewa, tarin dabbobi da rarraba su a cikin muhallin ruwa da kuma na ƙasa.  Allee ya halarci Kwalejin Earlham kuma bayan kammala karatunsa a 1908, ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na uku a Jami'ar Chicago inda ya sami digiri na uku name="Sterling"  kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na uku a 1912.  name="Schmidt, Karl Patterson 1957" 

Babban binciken da Allee ya yi ya faru ne a lokacin da yake Jami'ar Chicago da kuma a dakin gwaje-gwajen halittu na ruwa da ke Woods Hole a Massachusetts. Binciken da ya yi ya haifar da wallafe-wallafe da dama, wadanda suka fi shahara sune Ka'idojin Ilimin Halittu na Dabbobi da Hadin Dabbobi .  Allee ya auri marubuciya Marjorie Hill Allee kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a fannin ilmin halittu har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1955 yana da shekaru 69.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Warder Clyde Allee a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1885, a wata gona a Bloomingdale, Indiana, ga Mary Emily Newlin da John Wesley Allee. Yana da asalin dangin Huguenot na Faransa; asalin sunan mahaifi an rubuta shi d'Ailly.  An sanya masa suna ne bayan kakarsa ta uba, Sarah Ann Warder. Mahaifinsa maraya ne tun yana yaro kuma ya girma a gidajen dangi daban-daban a yankin Bloomingdale.  Clyde Allee ya halarci makarantar ƙauye mai ɗaki ɗaya kuma ya jagoranci ajinsa a fannin tallafin karatu. A Kwalejin Friends' Bloomingdale, ya sake zama shugaban ajin karatunsa kuma ya lashe gasar ba da jawabi. 

Yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ya koyar da makarantar ƙauye na tsawon shekara guda, sannan kuma azuzuwa na biyar da shida a makarantar firamare ta Bloomingdale na tsawon shekara guda. Sannan, yana da shekaru goma sha tara, ya fara shekararsa ta farko a Kwalejin Earlham.  Ya girma a cikin Ƙungiyar Abokansa kuma ya auri Marjorie Hill, wacce zuriyar Quaker ta ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na sha bakwai.  Ƙarfin imaninsa na Quaker zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a bincikensa daga baya a aikinsa na ilimi da sana'a. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Asalin iyali tare da tasirin Quaker a Kwalejin Earlham sun taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar salon Quaker wanda aka zaɓi Allee. A shekarar 1912, ya auri Marjorie Hill, wata mamba a ƙungiyar abokai tsawon rayuwarsa. Allee ta haɗu da Marjorie lokacin da take ɗalibi a Kwalejin Earlham yayin da Allee ke ɗalibi na farko. Marjorie ta fi sha'awar Adabin Turanci da Rubutu kuma za ta ci gaba da taimaka wa mijinta a littattafansa da takardun kimiyya.  Musamman, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai suka, mai haɗin gwiwa, kuma marubuciya tare lokaci-lokaci. Daga ƙarshe, ta kafa kanta a matsayin marubuciya, tare da jerin littattafai masu mahimmanci ga 'yan mata. 

 Aikin jami'a 
Ya sami digirinsa na farko daga Kwalejin Earlham a shekarar 1908, da kuma digirinsa na biyu da kuma digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Chicago a shekarar 1910 da 1912 bi da bi, inda ya kammala karatunsa na summa cum laude. Ya kasance ɗalibi a Victor Ernest Shelford kuma a can ya yi amfani da ra'ayoyin gadon muhalli .  Allee ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilmin dabbobi daga 1910 zuwa 1912.

Tsakanin 1912 da 1921 ya koyar a Jami'ar Illinois, Kwalejin Williams, Jami'ar Oklahoma, Kwalejin Lake Forest, da kuma Dakin Gwaji na Halittu na Ruwa a Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Ya koma Jami'ar Chicago a 1921 a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilmin dabbobi kuma aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa farfesa a 1928.   Ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban da ya ba wa jagoranci a wannan matsayin shi ma ya shahara a fannin ilimin halittu; Garrett Hardin .  Bugu da ƙari, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Fasaha, Adabi, da Kimiyya (1924-1926) da kuma sakataren Sashen Nazarin Dabbobi (1927-1934). Bayan ya yi ritaya a 1950, ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Florida da ke Gainesville, inda ya kasance babban farfesa a fannin ilmin halittu har zuwa mutuwarsa a Maris 1955. 

 Sana'a 
Frank R. Lillie, shugaban Sashen Nazarin Dabbobi a Jami'ar Chicago kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Dakin Gwaji na Halittu na Ruwa a Woods Hole, MA, ya yi tasiri sosai ga Allee.   Allee ya sami sha'awar hulɗa da tsarin rarraba dabbobi masu shayarwa a lokacin da yake koyarwa a Dakin Gwaji na Halittu na Ruwa a Woods Hole a Massachusetts daga 1914 zuwa 1921.  Allee kuma ya sami tasiri daga ka'idar taimakon juna ta Peter Kropotkin . 

A shekarar 1923, Allee ya fara rubuta jerin takardu masu taken, Tarin Dabbobi. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, ya buga bincikensa a cikin wani littafi mai suna iri ɗaya. Sakamakon binciken Clyde Allee ya nuna wanzuwar sha'awar rashin sani a cikin nau'ikan halittu ga sauran mutane na nau'ikan halittu iri ɗaya. Wannan binciken ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa cunkoso yana da illa ga wasu dabbobi.  Binciken Allee ya kuma taimaka wajen bayyana haɗin gwiwa, inda nau'ikan halittu biyu ke hulɗa da juna ta hanya mai amfani wacce ba ta da mahimmanci ga rayuwar ɗayan halittu. Ya kamata kuma a lura cewa tushen dimokuradiyya na Allee ya zo ne a lokacin da makomar siyasar duniya da ɗabi'un ɗan adam ke cikin tambaya. A matsayinsa na Quaker, Allee ya himmatu ga zaman lafiya a duniya kuma wannan alƙawarin ya riga ya wuce ka'idarsa ta zamantakewa.  Imani na Allee Quaker ya haifar da haɓaka sadaukarwarsa don nuna yadda haɗin gwiwa yake da mahimmanci a duniyar halitta. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban tasirin Allee .

 Tasirin Allee 
Allee ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen bincike kan fa'idodin halittu masu aiki a cikin rukuni maimakon a matsayin mutane ɗaya. Ta hanyar lura da ƙungiyoyin halittu, Allee ya gano cewa haɗin kai yana da amfani kuma yana da mahimmanci a yanayi. Tasirin Allee yana bayyana kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin yawan jama'a da kuma lafiyar kowane mutum na al'umma ko nau'in halitta.

 Tasirin Zamantakewa 
Binciken da Allee ya yi kan tarin jama'a da kuma ci gaban haɗin gwiwa ya yi daidai da fafutukar da yake yi wa al'umma, imaninsa na addini, da kuma adawa da yaƙi . An ɗaga shi a matsayin Quaker, Allee ya yi watsi da yaƙi a bainar jama'a, wanda hakan ya sa aka zarge shi da suka da tsananta masa. 

A shekarun 1940, Allee ya yi jayayya cewa bincikensa kan halayen zamantakewa na dabbobi ya ba da shaida bayyanannu game da tushen halitta na yaƙi. Musamman ma, ya yi imanin cewa ka'idarsa kan zamantakewa na halittu bisa ga haɗin kai tsakanin mutane ta tabbatar da cewa yaƙi ba abu ne na halitta ba. A cewar Gregg Mitman, Allee ya ɗauki masana kimiyyar muhalli a matsayin "masu warkar da zamantakewa" waɗanda suka sami damar samar da tushe na ɗabi'a ta hanyar bincikensu. 

 Shiga cikin wasu ayyukan kimiyya 
Ciwon ƙashin baya ya haifar da gurgunta, kuma Allee ya yi amfani da keken guragu bayan 1935. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da cikakken jadawalin koyarwa, bincike da rubutu. Allee ya ci gaba da yin bazara a Dakin Gwaji na Ruwa da ke Woods Hole, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin amintacce daga 1932 zuwa 1955. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1928, Allee ya karɓi ragamar babban edita a 1937 kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan matsayin har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma jagoranci Kwamitin Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi na Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa wadda aka kafa a 1941 don neman da kuma gudanar da kuɗaɗen ayyukan bincike a fagen. An zaɓe shi memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1950. 

 Littattafai 
Jajircewar Allee ga bincike ya haifar da takardu sama da 200 da littattafai sama da goma sha biyu, ciki har da Animal Aggregations: A Study in General Sociology (1931), Animal Life and Social Growth (1932), The Social Life of Animals (1938), Principles of Animal Ecology, waɗanda Alfred E. Emerson, Orlando Park, Thomas Park, da Karl P. Schmidt (1949) suka rubuta tare, da kuma Cooperation among Animals, with Human Implications (1951).

 Tunawa, mutuwa, da gado 
Masana ilmin halittu da masana tarihi da yawa sun yi imanin cewa darajar Allee ta ragu sakamakon aikin wani masanin muhalli, George C. Williams . Aikin Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966), ya karyata binciken Allee kan haɗin gwiwar rukuni ta hanyar jaddada mahimmancin zaɓin mutum ɗaya da kuma samar da samfuran da suka karya ra'ayin zaɓen rukuni.

Duk da haka, bincike da gadon Allee har yanzu ana sane da su kuma ana tattaunawa a kansu a yau yayin da masana kimiyya da yawa ke ci gaba da sha'awar ƙa'idodin da ke bayan tasirin Allee. A shekarar 1973, Ƙungiyar Halayyar Dabbobi ta fara bayar da kyautar WC Allee don mafi kyawun gabatar da aikin bincike na ɗabi'a da ɗalibi ya yi a gasar da aka gudanar a taronsu na shekara-shekara.

Allee ya mutu a Gainesville, Florida, yana da shekaru 69, a shekarar 1955, kuma ya mutu ne bayan ya mutu. Ya bar 'ya'yansa mata biyu. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Littattafan tarihi 

 Allee, WC (1931). Tarin Dabbobi. Nazari a fannin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Gabaɗaya. Jami'ar Chicago Press, Chicago. 
 Allee, WC (1949). Ka'idojin Ilimin Halittu na Dabbobi . Kamfanin WB Saunders, Philadelphia. ISBN 0-7216-1120-6
 Allee, WC, Schmidt, KP (1951). Geography Dabbobin Muhalli: Izini, Sake rubutawa, 2nd, bisa Tiergeographie auf oekologischer Grundlage na Richard Hesse . John Wiley & Sons, New York.
 Courchamp, Franck. Luděk Berec da Joanna Gascoigne. (2008). Tasirin Allee a fannin Muhalli da Kare Muhalli. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-857030-9 .
 Emerson, Alfred E. Thomas Park: "Warder Clyde Allee: Masanin Halittu da Ilimin Halittu". Kimiyya juzu'i na 121, Lamba 3150 (13 ga Mayu, 1955), shafi. 686-687 (bayan rasuwarsa)
 Dugatkin, Lee Alan. (2006). Daidaito na Altruism: Masana Kimiyya Bakwai Sun Nemi Asalin Alheri. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-12590-2
 Mitman, Gregg. Yanayin Yanayi: Ilimin Halittu, Al'umma, da Tunanin Zamantakewa na Amurka, 1900–1950, Kimiyya da Tushen Tunani . Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-226-53237-0

 Duba kuma 

 Yanayin ƙasa na dabbobi
 Zaɓin rukuni
 Yawan jama'a
 Superorganism

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba