Martin A. Armstrong

Martin Arthur Armstrong (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1949) ɗan Amurka ne mai hasashen tattalin arziki wanda aka yanke masa hukunci kan babban laifi na zamba a saka hannun jari . Ya yi shekaru 11 a gidan yari saboda wani makircin Ponzi wanda ya zambaci masu zuba jari dala miliyan 700 tare da ɓoye kadarorin dala miliyan 15 daga masu kula da harkokin kuɗi. Hakanan an san shi da ƙirƙirar Tsarin Amincewar Tattalin Arziki, yawancin hasashensa bai cika ba ko kuma an soki shi.

 Rayuwar farko da aiki 
An haifi Armstrong a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1949, a New Jersey. Yana da shekaru goma sha uku, Armstrong ya fara aiki a wani kamfanin sayar da tsabar kuɗi da tambari a Pennsauken, New Jersey . Yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, ya sayi jakar tsabar kuɗi ta Kanada mai tsada wadda na ɗan lokaci za ta sa shi zama miloniya idan ya sayar da su kafin su faɗi .  name="Paumgarten 2009">  Bayan ya kalli littafin The Toast of New York a makarantar sakandare, Armstrong ya yi imani da cewa kadarorin ba sa daraja a kan lokaci kuma a tarihi wani irin firgici na tattalin arziki yana faruwa a kowace shekara 8.6.   Falsafar tattalin arzikinsa ta sami tasiri daga mahaifinsa, lauya wanda kakansa ya rasa dukiya a hatsarin Wall Street na 1929.   Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Armstrong ya halarci Cibiyar RCA (yanzu Kwalejin Fasaha ta TCI ) a birnin New York na ɗan lokaci kuma ya yi binciken kwasa-kwasan a Jami'ar Princeton amma bai sami digiri na kwaleji ba.  

Bayan ya zama manajan shagon mai gidansa yana da shekaru ashirin da ɗaya, shi da abokin aikinsa sun buɗe shagon masu tattara tsabar kuɗi da tambura.  name="12f3d"> Armstrong ya ci gaba daga saka hannun jari a tsabar kuɗin zinariya zuwa bin farashin kayayyaki na karafa masu daraja . Paumgarten, Nick (October 12, 2009). "The Secret Cycle: Is the financier Martin Armstrong a con man, a crank, or a genius?". The New Yorker. pp. 66–79. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2025.  A shekarar 1973, Armstrong ya fara buga hasashen kasuwar kayayyaki a matsayin abin sha'awa. Yayin da kasuwancin tsabar kuɗi da tambura ya ragu, ya ɓatar da ƙarin lokaci a kan harkokin kasuwancinsa na kayayyaki, inda ya ƙaddamar da wasiƙar labarai da aka biya a 1983.  Ba da daɗewa ba, an zarge shi da zamba ta wasiƙa da rashin biyan haraji kan tallace-tallacen zinariya. Ya kai ƙarar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Amurka kuma ya sha kaye. An buƙaci ya biya harajin baya na dala $600,000. Zuwa watan Satumba na 1987, bashinsa ya kai dala miliyan $4.4, gami da dala miliyan $2.7 a cikin harajin da ba a biya ba. Ya shigar da ƙarar fatarar kuɗi a watan Satumba na 1987.  Tun daga lokacin Armstrong ya yi ciniki da sunayen kasuwanci daban-daban, ciki har da Princeton Economics International, Princeton Economic Consultants, Inc., Economic Consultants of Princeton, Inc., da Armstrong Report, Inc.  

 Tsarin Amincewar Tattalin Arziki 
Tsarin Amincewar Tattalin Arziki na Armstrong ka'idar zagayowar tattalin arziki ce da ke nuna cewa raƙuman tattalin arziki suna faruwa a kowace shekara 8.6, ko kwana 3141, wanda yake kusan kusan.  A ƙarshen kowace zagaye akwai rikici wanda bayan haka yanayin tattalin arziki zai inganta har zuwa lokacin rikicin shekaru 8.6 na gaba. Ka'idar ta dogara ne akan jerin firgicin kuɗi na tarihi (26 a cikin shekaru 224, tsakanin 1683 da 1907), wanda ke haifar da mita na kimanin shekaru 8.6. Paumgarten, Nick (October 12, 2009). "The Secret Cycle: Is the financier Martin Armstrong a con man, a crank, or a genius?". The New Yorker. pp. 66–79. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2025.  Armstrong ya kammala da cewa raƙuman shekaru 8.6 sun ratsa ta cikin manyan raƙuman ruwa da ke ƙaruwa da ƙarfi wanda ya kai raƙuman ruwa shida na shekaru 8.6 suna gina babban dogon raƙuman ruwa na shekaru 51.6.   Haka kuma mahimman su ne zagayowar kwata na shekaru 2.15.  Armstrong ya ɓoye zagayowarsa kuma The New Yorker ya yi tsokaci cewa Armstrong ya ba da shawarar cewa samfuransa sun samo asali ne daga wasu muhimman abubuwa da lissafin kwamfuta masu rikitarwa maimakon a cikin adadi mai sauƙi na asiri.  

 Hasashen 
A cewar jaridar The New Yorker, an fara amfani da ka'idar Armstrong a shekarar 1977 lokacin da ya yi amfani da ita wajen hasashen hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Paumgarten, Nick (October 12, 2009). "The Secret Cycle: Is the financier Martin Armstrong a con man, a crank, or a genius?". The New Yorker. pp. 66–79. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2025.  A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1998, an ambato Armstrong a cikin Financial Times yana hasashen cewa matsalolin kudi na Rasha za su yi illa ga Turai fiye da rikicin kudi na Asiya na 1997. Wasu masu sharhi sun yi jayayya cewa kasashe masu karfi da Rasha (misali Jamus da kananan kasashen gabashin Turai) ne kawai za su fuskanci mummunan tasiri.  Wannan ya zama mafi kusanci da gaskiya, inda FTSE100 na Burtaniya da CAC 40 na Faransa suka murmure gaba daya kafin Disamba kuma DAX na Jamus ya kai matakin kafin rikicin nan da watan Nuwamba na shekara mai zuwa. [ <span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (January 2021)">bincike na asali?</span> ] A cikin shekarun baya, Armstrong ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya annabta durƙushewar tattalin arziki da kansa, yana ƙara zargin cewa wannan hasashen ya jawo hankalin CIA ; duk da haka, an riga an fahimci yiwuwar rugujewa makonni da suka gabata. Justin Fox ya rubuta a cikin Time cewa samfurin Armstrong "ya yi kira da yawa a kan-da-wane ta amfani da dabara bisa ga lissafin pi mai daidaituwa."  A cikin Barron's, Robin Blumenthal ya lura cewa samfurin ya yi kira da a canza ra'ayi a watan Yunin 2011.  A cewar Paul Mason da ke rubutu a cikin The Guardian, Armstrong ya yi hasashen ba daidai ba cewa rikicin bashi na ƙasa, ko "Big Bang" kamar yadda ya kira shi, zai fara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2015. 

 Keta dokokin CFTC 
A shekarar 1985, an gano Armstrong ya karya dokokin Hukumar Ciniki ta Commodity Futures (CFTC) ta hanyar rashin yin rijista a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan cinikin kayayyaki, gazawar isar da takardun bayyanawa ga abokan ciniki, da kuma gazawar kiyaye ingantattun bayanai.  A shekarar 1987, an tuhumi daya daga cikin kamfanonin kasuwanci na Armstrong, Economic Consultants of Princeton Inc., da rashin bayyana yarjejeniyar raba kwamitoci, kuma an tuhumi wani daga cikin kamfanoninsa, Princeton Economic Consultants Inc. da laifin yin kuskuren bayyana sakamakon aikin da aka yi hasashe da kuma cire wani bayani da ake bukata a cikin tallace-tallace.  Takunkumin da aka dora wa Armstrong da kamfanoninsa daga ciniki na tsawon watanni goma sha biyu, soke rajistar su, sanya umarnin dakatarwa da daina kasuwanci, da kuma sanya takunkuman farar hula da suka kai dala dubu hamsin. 

 Hukuncin laifi 
A shekarar 1999, masu binciken zamba na Japan sun zargi Armstrong da karɓar kuɗi daga masu zuba jari na Japan, da haɗa waɗannan kuɗaɗen da wasu masu zuba jari ba daidai ba, da kuma amfani da sabon kuɗin don biyan asarar da ya samu yayin ciniki.  Masu gabatar da ƙara na Amurka sun kira shi shirin Ponzi na dala biliyan uku.  Ana zargin kamfanin Republic New York Corporation ne ya taimaka wa Armstrong a cikin shirinsa, wanda ya samar da bayanan asusun ƙarya don kwantar da hankalin masu zuba jari na Armstrong. A shekarar 2001, bankin ya amince ya biya dala miliyan 606 a matsayin diyya saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin badakalar. 

An gurfanar da Armstrong a gaban kotu a shekarar 1999, kuma Alkali Richard Owen ya umarce shi da ya mika dala miliyan goma sha biyar na zinare da kayan tarihi da aka saya da kudin asusun; jerin sun hada da kwalkwali na tagulla da kuma guntun Julius Caesar .   Armstrong ya samar da wasu daga cikin kayayyakin amma ya yi ikirarin cewa sauran ba su hannun sa ba; wannan ya haifar da kin amincewa da tuhume-tuhumen kotu da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kudi ta Amurka da CFTC suka gabatar, wanda ya shafe shekaru bakwai a gidan yari har sai da ya cimma yarjejeniyar amincewa da masu gabatar da kara na tarayya.    A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Armstrong ya yarda da yaudarar masu zuba jari na kamfanoni da kuma hada kudaden abokan ciniki ba daidai ba - ayyukan da a cewar masu gabatar da kara suka haifar da asarar kayayyaki sama da dala miliyan 700 - kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a gidan yari.  

An saki Armstrong daga gidan yari na tarayya a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2011 bayan ya shafe shekaru goma sha ɗaya a gidan yari. A ƙarshe an rufe shari'ar da ake yi wa Armstrong a shekarar 2017, inda aka raba kimanin dala miliyan 80 ga masu neman beli bisa ga takardun kotu. Armstrong ya ɗaukaka ƙara kan ƙin karɓar belinsa na ɗaukar sauran kadarorinsa daga akwatunan ajiya a New York da Pennsylvania zuwa gare shi a Florida, amma ɗaukaka ƙarar ta gaza a shekarar 2019. Dangane da hukuncin da aka yanke masa na aikata manyan laifuka, Armstrong "bai tuba ba" a cewar Bloomberg News . A shekarar 2014, ɗan wasan barkwanci ɗan ƙasar Italiya, mai fafutuka, kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Five Star Movement, Beppe Grillo, ya ambaci wani labari da L'Antidiplomatico ya rubuta wanda ya ambaci Armstrong a matsayin wanda ke goyon bayan ra'ayoyin Grillo na kin amincewa da Yuro kuma ya yi kira da a yi kuri'ar raba gardama kan batun, kuma ya gabatar da shi a matsayin masanin tarihi wanda ya bayyana Grillo a matsayin fitaccen jarumi a gwagwarmayar dimokuraɗiyya kuma ya ambaci labarin The Economist "Send in the Clowns" (dangane da Grillo da Silvio Berlusconi ) don tabbatar da Armstrong a matsayin ƙwararre mai ra'ayin akasin The Economist . A shafinsa na yanar gizo, Armstrong ya bayyana kansa a matsayin masanin tarihi kuma masanin tattalin arziki "mai shahara a duniya", mai tasiri ga Ronald Reagan, kuma abokin Margaret Thatcher, ba tare da ambaton wasu cikakkun bayanai game da tarihin rayuwarsa ba, kamar hukuncin da aka yanke masa na aikata laifuka.

 Ɓoyayyen tsabar kuɗi na rare cache 
A shekarar 2014, wani ma'aikacin kwana-kwana ya sayar da akwati mai tsabar kuɗi 58 ga wani shagon sayar da kayan abinci na Philadelphia kan dala 6,000, wanda ya ce ya same shi yayin da yake share ginshiƙin wani gida a New Jersey. A shekarar 2017, lokacin da shagon sayar da kayan abinci ya sanar da cewa za su yi gwanjon tsabar kuɗin kuma farashinsu ya kai dala miliyan 2.5, Armstrong ya fito ya ayyana kansa a matsayin mai mallakarsa. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ɓoye tsabar kuɗin a tsohon gidan mahaifiyarsa don ya cire su "daga littattafai" don tsammanin kamfaninsa zai bayar. Shagon sayar da kayan abinci ya kai ƙarar Armstrong, yana roƙon kotu ta ayyana shagon sayar da kayan abinci a matsayin masu mallakarsu yayin da Armstrong ya yi ƙara, shi ma yana neman mallakarsa. A shekarar 2019, gwamnatin Amurka ta ji labarin tsabar kuɗin kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa su wani ɓangare ne na rumbun ajiyar kayan abinci da Armstrong ya ƙi miƙawa a shekarar 1999, kuma wanda ya yi shekaru bakwai a gidan yari saboda raini. Baya ga tsabar kuɗi masu tsada, rumbun ajiyar kayan abinci, wanda darajarsu ta kai dala miliyan 12.9, ya haɗa da sandunan zinariya 102, tsabar zinare 699, da kuma tsohon guntun Julius Caesar . [1] [2] An tsige Armstrong. A cewar Alan M. Cohen, Armstrong ya amince ya boye tsabar kudin. Lauyoyin Armstrong sun ce a cikin wani karar kotu cewa Armstrong bai yi wannan ikirarin ba. Yanzu haka gidan gwanjon yana da tsabar kudin kuma gwamnatin Amurka ta shigar da kara don kwace shi.  

 Fim ɗin shirye-shirye 
Fim ɗin shirin gaskiya na shekarar 2014 mai suna The Forecaster ya ba da labarin tsarin kuɗi na Armstrong, ɗaurin kurkukunsa, da kuma sakinsa. Marcus Vetter da Karin Steinberger ne suka ba da umarni, kuma Arte ne ya shirya shi tare.  Fim ɗin ya gabatar da iƙirarin Armstrong cewa ba shi da laifi, cewa bankin da abin ya shafa shi ne ya yi laifi, cewa an tilasta masa ya yarda da zamba, kuma FBI tana bin tsarin tattalin arzikinsa. Ba a yi hira da wakilan Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka a cikin fim ɗin ba. Wani mai suka a Los Angeles Times ya bayyana fim ɗin a matsayin "wanda aka yi niyya musamman a matsayin dandamalin share suna ga Armstrong don ya danganta sigar abubuwan da suka faru" kuma ba shi da hangen nesa saboda gazawarsa na gabatar da sharhi daga hukumomi.  Wani mai suka a New York Times ya yi Allah wadai da "iƙirari da zato na gefe ɗaya" da kuma sautin "ƙasa da shakku " na fim ɗin.  Wani mai suka a Washington Post ya lura cewa "kodayake masu goyon bayan Armstrong a cikin fim ɗin suna da ƙarfi cewa [samfuransa suna aiki], darakta Marcus Vetter yana fama da shawo kan masu kallo marasa ilimi." 

 Sauyin yanayi 
A cewar DeSmog, Armstrong ya sha wallafawa a shafinsa na yanar gizo yana musanta wanzuwar sauyin yanayi da ɗan adam ya haifar .  Ya yi iƙirarin a shekarar 2018, "Yanayi yana canzawa kuma yana cikin zagayowar al'ada - ba ta hanyar ɗan adam ba",  kuma a watan Yunin 2016 cewa "Birtaniya na shiga Zamanin Kankara ". 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Armstrong ya sake aure kuma yana da ɗa da 'ya mace. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba