William F. Albright

William Foxwell Albright (24 ga Mayu, 1891 - 19 ga Satumba, 1971) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai ilmin kayan tarihi, masanin Littafi Mai Tsarki, masanin ilimin falsafa, kuma ƙwararre kan tukwane . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki na Amurka mafi tasiri a ƙarni na ashirin,"  bayan da jama'a suka san shi a 1948 saboda rawar da ya taka wajen tabbatar da naɗaɗɗun Littattafan Tekun Matattu .  Ya kasance babban mai nazari kuma mai aiki da ilmin kayan tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar ilmin kayan tarihi ta Littafi Mai Tsarki. Albright ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na WW Spence na Harsunan Semitic a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins daga 1930 zuwa 1958 kuma ya kasance Daraktan Makarantar Binciken Gabas ta Amurka a Urushalima na tsawon shekaru da yawa tsakanin 1922 da 1936.

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi Albright a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1891, a Coquimbo, Chile,  shi ne babban ɗan fari cikin 'ya'ya shida na mishan na Methodist na Amurka Wilbur Finley Albright da Zephine Viola Foxwell, 'yar asalin Cornish-American .  Albright ɗalibi ne na Jami'ar Upper Iowa .  Ya auri Ruth Norton a shekarar 1921  kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza huɗu. Ya sami digirinsa na Doctor of Philosophy daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins da ke Baltimore, Maryland, a shekarar 1916 kuma ya karɓi aikin farfesa a can a shekarar 1927. Albright ya kasance W. Farfesa W. Spence na Harsunan Semitic daga 1930 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 1958. Shi ne Daraktan Makarantar Bincike ta Gabas ta Amurka da ke Urushalima daga 1922-1929, da 1933-1936, kuma ya yi muhimman ayyukan tarihi a wurare a Falasdinu kamar Gibeah (Tell el-Fûl, 1922) da Tell Beit Mirsim (1926, 1928, 1930, da 1932). 
Albright ya shahara ga jama'a a shekarar 1948 saboda rawar da ya taka wajen tabbatar da ingancin Takardun Tekun Matattu,  amma ya yi suna a fannin ilimi a matsayin babban mai nazari da kuma mai aiki da ilmin kayan tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki, "wannan reshe na ilmin kayan tarihi wanda ke haskaka 'tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, ra'ayoyin addini da ayyuka da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam da alaƙar da ke cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki ko kuma waɗanda suka shafi mutanen da aka ambata a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki."  Duk da haka, Albright ba mai nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki ba ne; a cikin littafinsa na Yahweh da Allolin Kan'ana, misali, ya yi jayayya cewa Yahwism da addinin Ka'ana na da suna da alaƙa ta juna, wanda "dukansu sun sami riba mai yawa a musayar da ta fara a kusan ƙarni na goma kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na biyar kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa." 

Duk da cewa galibi masanin ilmin kimiya na tarihi ne, Albright ya kasance masanin ilmin kimiya na tarihi wanda ya bayar da gudummawa a kusan dukkan fannoni na nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya: misali na jerin abubuwan da ya yi shi ne takarda ta 1953, "Sabon Haske daga Masar akan Tsarin Lokaci da Tarihin Isra'ila da Yahuda", inda ya tabbatar da cewa Fir'aunan Masar Shoshenq na I - Shishaq na Littafi Mai Tsarki - ya hau mulki a tsakanin 945 da 940 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. 

Marubuci mai hazaka, ban da Yahweh da Allolin Kan'ana, sun haɗa da The Archaeology of Palestine: From the Stone Age to Christianity, da kuma The Bible Period from Abraham to Ezra . Ya kuma gyara kundin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Anchor akan Irmiya, Matta, da Revelation .

A tsawon rayuwarsa, an karrama Albright da kyaututtuka, digirin girmamawa, da lambobin yabo, kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin " Yakir Yerushalayim " (ɗan ƙasar da ya cancanci zama ɗan ƙasar Urushalima)—karo na farko da aka ba wa wanda ba Bayahude ba wannan lambar yabo.   An zaɓe shi a cikin Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1929.  An zaɓe shi memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka a 1955 kuma memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1956.   Bayan rasuwarsa a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1971, gadonsa ya ci gaba ta hanyar masana da yawa da aikinsa ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su, waɗanda suka ƙware a fannonin da Albright ya fara. An sake sanya wa Makarantar Nazarin Gabas ta Amurka, Urushalima, suna zuwa Cibiyar Binciken Kayan Tarihi ta Albright, don girmama nasarorin da Albright ya samu a fannin kayan tarihi.  

 Binciken tarihi da hasashe 
Tun daga shekarun 1930 har zuwa rasuwarsa, shi ne shugaban masana ilmin kayan tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki kuma wanda aka amince da shi ya kafa ƙungiyar ilmin kayan tarihi ta Littafi Mai Tsarki . Daga tushensa na sukar Littafi Mai Tsarki na Jamus game da tarihin labaran Littafi Mai Tsarki, Albright, ta hanyar aikinsa na musamman a fannin ilmin kayan tarihi (da kuma haɓaka nau'in tukwane na yau da kullun don Falasdinu da Ƙasa Mai Tsarki) ya kammala da cewa labaran Littafi Mai Tsarki game da tarihin Isra'ila, sabanin sukar Littafi Mai Tsarki na Jamusawa na lokacin, sun kasance daidai. Wannan yanki har yanzu yana ci gaba da jayayya sosai a tsakanin masana. Ɗalibin Albright George Ernest Wright ya gaji shugabancinsa na ƙungiyar ilmin kayan tarihi ta Littafi Mai Tsarki, yana ba da gudummawa ta ƙarshe a Shekem da Gezer . Albright ya yi wahayi, ya horar kuma ya yi aiki tare da ƙarni na farko na masana ilmin kayan tarihi na Isra'ila na duniya, waɗanda suka ci gaba da aikinsa, kuma suka ci gaba da hangen nesansa.

Sauran ɗalibai kamar Joseph Fitzmyer, Frank Moore Cross, Raymond E. Brown, da David Noel Freedman, sun zama shugabannin ƙasashen duniya a nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya, gami da tarihin Semitic na Arewa maso Yamma da kuma paleography. John Bright, Cyrus H. McCormick Farfesa na Fassarar Ibrananci da Tsohon Alkawari a Union Seminary da ke Richmond (PhD, Johns Hopkins, 1940), ya ci gaba da zama "shahararren masanin tarihin Tsohon Alkawari na Amurka na farko" kuma "wanda za a iya cewa shine mafi tasiri a makarantar Albright", saboda "ɗanɗanonsa na Amurka na yau da kullun, kamar na W[illiam] James ".  Ta haka ne Albright da ɗalibansa suka yi tasiri ga fannoni daban-daban na ilimin manyan makarantu na Amurka daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1970, bayan haka masana masu gyara kamar TL Thompson, John Van Seters, Niels Peter Lemche, da Philip R. Davies suka haɓaka kuma suka haɓaka wani sharhi mai sauƙi game da ra'ayin Albright cewa ilimin kayan tarihi yana goyan bayan fayyace tarihin Isra'ila kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kamar sauran ilimin kimiyya daban-daban ( Edmund Husserl a cikin ilimin halittu da Max Weber a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da zamantakewa na addini ), Albright ya ƙirƙira kuma ya haɓaka fannin ilmin kayan tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki, wanda yanzu ake koyarwa a jami'o'i a duk duniya kuma yana da ma'anoni a fannoni na ƙasa, al'adu, da addini. [ <span title="who has compared him to the illustrious Husserl and Weber? (September 2015)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Tasiri da gado 
Bugawar Albright a cikin littafinsa na shekara-shekara na Makarantun Binciken Gabas ta Amurka, 1932, game da tono Tell Beit Mirsim, da kuma bayanin matakan Zamanin Tagulla da Zamanin Ƙarfe a wurin a cikin 1938 da 1943, ta nuna babban gudummawa ga gano wuraren da aka yi bisa ga nau'in yumbu, wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi. "Tare da wannan aikin, Albright ya sanya ilimin kayan tarihi na Isra'ila ya zama kimiyya, maimakon abin da ya kasance a da: tono inda aka bayyana cikakkun bayanai da kyau a cikin tsarin tarihi wanda ba shi da damuwa wanda gabaɗaya ne gwargwadon yiwuwa kuma sau da yawa ba daidai ba ne."

A matsayinsa na editan Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research daga 1931 zuwa 1968, Albright ya yi tasiri ga ilimin Littafi Mai Tsarki da ilmin kayan tarihi na Falasɗinu . "UXL Newsmakers, at Findarticles.com". Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2007. Albright ya ba da shawarar "ilimin kayan tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki" inda aikin masanin kayan tarihi, a cewar abokin aikinsa William G. Dever, shine "haskakawa, fahimta, da kuma, a cikin mafi girman ayyukansu, don 'tabbatar' da Littafi Mai Tsarki."  A nan, tarbiyyar Albright ta American Methodist ta bayyana a sarari. Misali, ya dage cewa "gabaɗaya, hoton da ke cikin Farawa tarihi ne, kuma babu wani dalili na shakkar daidaiton cikakkun bayanai na tarihin rayuwa" (watau, na adadi kamar Ibrahim ). Hakazalika ya yi iƙirarin cewa ilimin kayan tarihi ya tabbatar da mahimmancin tarihin Littafin Fitowa, da kuma cin Kan'ana kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Littafin Joshua da Littafin Alƙalai .

Tun bayan mutuwarsa, hanyoyin da sakamakon Albright ya bi sun ƙara zama abin tambaya. A shekarar 1993, William G. Dever ya rubuta cewa:An soke manyan ka'idojin [Albright], wani ɓangare ta hanyar ci gaba da sukar Littafi Mai Tsarki, amma galibi ta hanyar ci gaba da binciken kayan tarihi na matasa 'yan Amurka da Isra'ilawa waɗanda shi da kansa ya ba su ƙarfafa gwiwa da kuzari... Abin mamaki shi ne, a ƙarshe, sabuwar ilimin kayan tarihi na 'duniyar' ce ta ba da gudummawa mafi yawa ga nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki, ba 'ilimin kayan tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki ba.' Masanin Littafi Mai Tsarki Thomas L. Thompson ya rubuta cewa zuwa shekara ta 2002 hanyoyin "ilimin tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki" sun zama na zamani:Fassarar tarihi [ Wright da Albright] ba za ta iya yin iƙirarin cewa gaskiya ne ba, kamar yadda take yi daga wata hanya da ke karkatar da bayananta ta hanyar zaɓe wanda ba shi da wakilci, wanda ke yin watsi da ƙarancin bayanai na tarihin farkon ƙarni na biyu, kuma wanda da gangan ya kafa hasashe bisa ga nassoshin Littafi Mai Tsarki waɗanda ba a bincika ba, waɗanda za a tabbatar da su ta hanyar irin waɗannan (na wannan lokacin) ma'aunin lissafi marasa ma'ana a matsayin "daidaitaccen yiwuwa" ... 

 Littattafai 

 Tarihin Tarihin Falasdinu: Daga Zamanin Dutse Zuwa Kiristanci (1940  /rev.1960)
 Daga Zamanin Dutse zuwa Kiristanci: Addinin Allah da Tsarin Tarihi, Johns Hopkins Press, 1946
 Ra'ayoyin Duniyar Littafi Mai Tsarki . Urushalima: Kamfanin Buga Littattafai na Ƙasa da Ƙasa Jm Ltd, 1959.
 Yahweh da Allolin Kan'ana: Nazarin Tarihi na Imani Biyu Masu Bambanci (1968)
 Matthew (tare da CS Mann) a cikin jerin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Anchor (1971) 
 Lokacin Littafi Mai Tsarki daga Ibrahim zuwa Ezra



 Duba kuma 

 ilmin kayan tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki
 Jerin kayayyakin tarihi a cikin ilmin kayan tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki
 Ra'ayoyin Duniyar Littafi Mai Tsarki

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba