H. V. Evatt

Herbert Vere "Doc" Evatt (30 Afrilu 1894 - 2 Nuwamba 1965) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne kuma alƙali. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shari'a na Babban Kotun Ostiraliya daga 1930 zuwa 1940, Babban Lauyan da Ministan Harkokin Waje daga 1941 zuwa 1949, kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP) da Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa daga 1951 zuwa 1960. Evatt an dauke shi daya daga cikin fitattun masu ilimi na jama'a na Ostiraliya na karni na ashirin.

An haifi Evatt a Gabashin Maitland, New South Wales, kuma ya girma a Arewacin Sydney. Ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Sydney, inda ya sami digiri na Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) a 1924. Bayan wani lokaci a Majalisar Dokokin New South Wales (1925-1930), Gwamnatin Scullin ta nada Evatt a Babban Kotun a 1930. Yana da shekaru 36, kuma ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin tarihin kotun. An dauke shi alƙali mai kirkiro, amma ya bar kotun don neman zaben majalisar tarayya a Zaben tarayya na 1940.

A shekara ta 1941, ALP ta koma gwamnati a karkashin Firayim Minista John Curtin . An nada Evatt a matsayin Babban Lauyan da Ministan Harkokin Waje, mukamai da ya rike a karkashin Curtin da Ben Chifley har zuwa nasarar gwamnati a Zaben tarayya na 1949. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1948 zuwa 1949, kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Bayan mutuwar Chifley a 1951, an zabi Evatt a matsayin magajinsa a matsayin shugaban ALP. Rashin jituwa na cikin gida game da halin jam'iyyar ga Kwaminisanci a lokacin Yaƙin Cold ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa na jam'iyya a shekarar 1955. An kayar da ALP a zabuka uku na tarayya a jere a karkashin jagorancin Evatt, a 1954, 1955 da 1958. Ya fuskanci sauye-sauye uku kafin a shawo kansa ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a 1960 kuma ya karbi mukamin Babban Alkalin New South Wales.

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haifi Evatt a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1894 a Otal din Bankin da ke Gabashin Maitland, New South Wales . Shi ne na biyar cikin 'ya'ya maza takwas da Jane Sophia (Landan aka sani da "Jeanie") da John Ashmore Hamilton Evatt suka haifa; biyu daga cikin' yan uwansa sun mutu tun suna jariri.[1] A gefen mahaifinsa, Evatt ya fito ne daga dangin Anglo-Irish tare da tarihin aikin soja - kakan mahaifinsa shi ne Kyaftin George Evatt na 70th (Surrey) Regiment of Foot, yayin da kawunsa shi ne Manjo-Janar Sir George Evatt . [3] An haifi mahaifinsa a Cawnpore (yanzu Kanpur), Indiya, amma ya girma a Dublin, Ireland. Ya isa Ostiraliya yana da shekaru 16, kuma daga ƙarshe ya zauna a Morpeth, inda a 1882 ya auri Jeanie Gray, 'yar injiniyan ruwa daga Sydney. An haifi kakan mahaifiyar Evatt a Shoreditch, London, Ingila, yayin da aka haifi kakarsa a County Limerick, Ireland. Iyayensa - duka Anglicans - sun koma Gabashin Maitland a 1885, inda suka gudanar da Otal din Hunter River har zuwa 1891 sannan suka karɓi karamin Otal din Bankin.[4]

Evatt ya fara karatunsa a makarantar jihar. Mahaifinsa ya sha wahala na dogon lokaci kuma ya mutu a watan Oktoba 1901, lokacin da ɗansa yake da shekaru bakwai.[4] Iyalin sun zauna a Maitland har tsawon shekaru uku, amma daga ƙarshe suka koma Sydney don kusanci da dangin mahaifiyarsa, waɗanda ke zaune a Arewacin Kogin. Ta sayi gida a Milsons Point da ke kallon Sydney Harbour, a kusa da gidan iyayenta a Kirribilli. Daga baya aka rushe gidan don buɗe hanyar Sydney Harbour Bridge. Evatt ya shiga makarantar Fort Street Model School, wanda ke tsaye a fadin tashar jiragen ruwa a kan Observatory Hill. Ya halarci makarantar daga 1905 zuwa 1911, a cikin shekararsa ta ƙarshe yana aiki a matsayin shugaban majalisa da kyaftin din kungiyoyin wasan kurket da rugby. Ya kammala na biyu a cikin manyan gwaje-gwaje na jihar, kuma ya kasance dux na makarantarsa.[5]

A shekara ta 1912, Evatt ya fara karatu a Jami'ar Sydney, inda ya kasance MA Kwalejin St Andrew. Ya kammala karatu a 1915 tare da digiri na BA tare da girmamawa na farko a Turanci, Lissafi, da Falsafa, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Jami'ar. Evatt daga baya ya sami digiri na MA a 1917, da LLB tare da girmamawa na farko kuma ya sake samun lambar yabo ta Jami'ar a 1918 daga wannan jami'ar. A jami'a, Evatt ya buga wasan kurket, rugby league kwallon kafa, hockey da baseball. Ya kuma kasance Editan Hermes, mujallar wallafe-wallafen dalibai ta shekara-shekara, ya kasance Tutor a Kwalejin St Andrew, kuma Shugaban Jami'ar Sydney Union daga 1916 zuwa 1917. Tare da rubutunsa "Wasu fannoni na ikon sarauta", an ba shi digiri na LLD daga Jami'ar Sydney a 1924.   Evatt ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da jami'ar bayan kammala karatunsa, ya kasance a matsayin mai kula da kulob din Amateur Rugby League na Jami'ar.

Saboda rashin gani, Evatt bai iya aiki a Yaƙin Duniya na farko ba, inda aka kashe 'yan uwansa biyu. Ya zama fitaccen lauyan masana'antu a Sydney, yana aiki galibi ga abokan ciniki na ƙungiyar kwadago. A shekara ta 1925 an zabi Evatt a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Labor ta Australiya don Balmain a Majalisar Dokokin New South Wales . An sake zabarsa a matsayin dan takarar "Independent Labor" a 1927, Evatt ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki har zuwa 1930.

 Babban Kotun (1930-1940) 
A cikin 1930 gwamnatin Labor karkashin jagorancin James Scullin ta nada Evatt a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin Babban Kotun Ostiraliya. Wasu sun dauke shi a matsayin alƙali mai basira da kirkiro, ya gabatar da hukunce-hukuncen 'yan tsiraru da yawa, da yawa daga cikinsu Kotun Koli ta karɓa shekaru da yawa bayan haka. Evatt na iya, duk da haka, ya kasance mai son kai a kan benci. Sir Owen Dixon ya lura a cikin Australian Woollen Mills Ltd v F.S. Walton & Co. Ltd (1937 58 CLR 641) cewa Evatt ya kasance a wannan lokacin "cike da adawa ga mai amsa ... Mafi rashin shari'a".  Duk lokacin da Evatt ba shi da sha'awar shari'a ya bayyana ya tafi tare da Dixon. 

Evatt na ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai shida na Babban Kotun waɗanda suka yi aiki a Majalisar dokokin New South Wales, tare da Edmund Barton, Richard O'Connor, Adrian Knox, Albert Piddington da Edward McTiernan . A shekara ta 1934 Evatt ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a warewa Egon Kisch lokacin da ya yanke hukuncin cewa haramcin gwamnatin Lyons akan Kisch shiga Ostiraliya an kashe shi ba daidai ba kuma Kisch yana da 'yanci ya shiga kasar.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba