Bernard Baruch

Bernard Mannes Baruch  (Agusta 19, 1870 - Yuni 20, 1965) ɗan Amurka ne mai kuɗi kuma ɗan siyasa .

Bayan ya tara dukiya a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York, ya burge Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ta hanyar gudanar da tattalin arzikin ƙasar a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a matsayin shugaban Hukumar Masana'antun Yaƙi . Ya ba Wilson shawara a lokacin taron zaman lafiya na Paris . Ya sami wata babbar riba a kasuwar bayan yaƙi, amma ya hango faduwar Wall Street kuma ya yi nasara sosai a gaba.

A Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya zama mai ba da shawara na kud da kud ga Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt kan rawar da masana'antu ke takawa a fannin samar da makamashin nukiliya. An yaba masa da rage lokacin samar da tankuna da jiragen sama sosai. Daga baya ya taimaka wajen haɓaka shirye-shiryen gyara ga sojojin da suka ji rauni. A shekarar 1946, ya kasance wakilin Amurka a Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kodayake Tarayyar Soviet ta ƙi shirin Baruch na kula da makamashin nukiliya na ƙasa da ƙasa.

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Bernard Baruch a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1870 a Camden, South Carolina, ga dangin Yahudawa .   Iyayensa su ne Belle ( née Wolfe) da Simon Baruch, likita kuma likitan tiyata na Confederate .     Bernard shi ne na biyu cikin 'ya'ya maza huɗu, ciki har da 'yan'uwa Herman B. Baruch, Sailing Wolfe Baruch, da Hartwig Nathaniel Baruch.  

Tun yana ɗan shekara 10, Baruch da iyalinsa suka ƙaura daga Camden zuwa birnin New York . Yana ɗan shekara 14, ya fara zuwa Kwalejin City ta New York a arewacin Manhattan . Daga baya ya kammala karatunsa a kwalejin. "City University of New York: The Baruch Family". Archived from the original on December 28, 2014. Annie was Episcopalian and Bernard was Jewish. Annie's father never gave his consent and did not attend their wedding, however eventually he was forced to admit that he had been wrong. Bernard and Annie latter agreed that they would raise their two daughters Episcopalian and let their son decide for himself.

 Aikin kasuwanci 
Baruch ya zama dillali sannan kuma abokin tarayya a AA Housman &amp; Company . [ <span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2023)">yaushe?</span> ] Da albashinsa da kwamitocinsa, ya sayi kujera a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York akan $19,000 ( equivalent to $720,000 a shekarar 2024 ).  A can, ya tara dukiya kafin ya kai shekara 30 yana hasashen kasuwar sukari, wadda ke bunƙasa a Hawaii . Baruch ya kafa Kamfanin Rubber na Intercontinental na New York, wanda ya mamaye kasuwar roba ta guayule a Amurka tare da hannun jari a Mexico . Abokan hulɗarsa a cikin wannan kamfani sune Sanata Nelson Aldrich, Daniel Guggenheim, John D. Rockefeller Jr., George Foster Peabody, da sauransu.  A shekarar 1903, Baruch yana da nasa kamfanin dillanci kuma ya sami suna a matsayin "The Lone Wolf of Wall Street" saboda ƙin shiga kowace harkar kuɗi. A shekarar 1910, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu kuɗi na Wall Street . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Bayan 1924, Baruch ya sami miliyoyin kuɗi a kasuwar bijimai . A shekarar 1927 ya fara shakkar cewa wannan yanayi zai iya ci gaba, sakamakon asarar da ya samu a rugujewar kasuwar gidaje ta Florida .  Wani labari da aka saba gani ya ce ya sayar da hannun jarinsa bayan wani mai gyaran takalma ya fara tattaunawa da shi game da kasuwa. A cewar Baruch, wani mabaraci wanda sau da yawa yake taimaka masa da kuɗi ya ba shi tukuici kusa da kololuwar kasuwar 1929,  amma a lokacin ya riga ya rage yawan kasuwarsa. Saboda rashin jin daɗin rage darajar riba da Babban Bankin Tarayya ya yi a lokacin bazara na 1927, ya bayyana shakkunsa ga sauran 'yan kasuwa kuma ya fara sayar da hannun jarinsa don neman jingina, kuɗi da zinariya,  kuma yana sayar da hannun jari na ɗan lokaci.  A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1929, bayan kololuwar Dow, Baruch ya ƙi shiga cikin tarin masu kuɗi don tallafawa kasuwar da ke raguwa.  Ya shawarci Will Rogers mai barkwanci da ya fita daga kasuwa kafin hatsarin; Rogers ya yi hakan kuma daga baya ya gaya wa Baruch "ka ceci rayuwata". 

 Mai ba shugaban ƙasa shawara 

 Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya 
A shekarar 1916, Baruch ya bar Wall Street don ya ba Shugaba Wilson shawara kan tsaron ƙasa da sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya. Ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara ga Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa kuma a watan Janairun 1918, ya zama shugaban sabuwar Hukumar Masana'antar Yaƙi . Da jagorancinsa, ƙungiyar ta yi nasarar gudanar da tattalin arzikin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. A shekarar 1919, Wilson ya nemi Baruch ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci a Taron Zaman Lafiya na Paris . Baruch bai amince da diyya da Faransa da Birtaniya suka buƙata daga Jamus ba, kuma ya goyi bayan ra'ayin Wilson cewa akwai buƙatar samun sabbin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa, da kuma ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe . 

Saboda ayyukansa na tallafawa yaƙin, an ba Baruch lambar yabo ta musamman ta Soja tare da ambato mai zuwa:

 Lokacin tsakanin yaƙi 
A shekarun 1920 da 1930, Baruch ya bayyana damuwarsa cewa Amurka na buƙatar ta shirya don yiwuwar sake wani yaƙin duniya. Yana son wata sigar da ta fi ƙarfi ta Hukumar Masana'antu ta Yaƙi, wadda yake ganin ita ce kawai hanyar da za ta tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin harkokin kasuwanci na farar hula da buƙatun soja. Baruch ya kasance fitaccen mai ba da shawara kan gwamnati a wannan lokacin, kuma ya goyi bayan manufofin cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje na Franklin D. Roosevelt bayan zaɓensa.

Baruch kuma ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga shirin Eleanor Roosevelt mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce na gina al'umma mai matsuguni ga iyalai marasa aikin yi na hakar ma'adinai a Arthurdale, West Virginia da ke kudu maso gabashin Morgantown .  Dangantakar ba ta hana Kwamitin Nye na Majalisar Dokoki binciken rawar da Baruch ya taka a fafutukar neman riba a yaƙi ba. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

A shekarar 1940, yayin da yake amsa roƙon da aka yi masa na taimaka wa Harry Truman wajen sake tsayawa takara a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, Baruch ya samar da muhimman kuɗaɗen tallafi. 

 Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu 
Lokacin da Amurka ta shiga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Roosevelt ya naɗa Baruch mai ba da shawara na musamman ga darektan Ofishin Yaƙi. Ofisoshinsa a wannan lokacin suna 120 Broadway .  Baruch ya goyi bayan abin da aka sani da kudirin "aiki ko yaƙi". Ya ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar wata hukuma mai ƙarfi ta dindindin kamar tsohuwar Hukumar Masana'antu. Ka'idarsa ta haɓaka rawar da 'yan kasuwa fararen hula da masu masana'antu ke takawa wajen tantance abin da ake buƙata da kuma wanda zai samar da ita. An karɓi ra'ayoyin Baruch galibi, inda aka naɗa James Byrnes don aiwatar da su. An kiyasta cewa waɗannan manufofin sun rage lokacin da ake ɗauka don samar da tankuna, bama-bamai, da sauransu kuma sun kama Hitler da mamaki gaba ɗaya.  A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Baruch ya kasance amintaccen mai ba da shawara kuma amintaccen mai ba da shawara ga Roosevelt, wanda a cikin 1944 ya yi wata ɗaya a matsayin baƙo a yankin Baruch na South Carolina, Hobcaw Barony kusa da Georgetown . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

A watan Fabrairun 1943, Roosevelt ya gayyaci Baruch ya maye gurbin shugaban Hukumar Samar da Yaƙi da ake sukar sa sosai , Donald M. Nelson . Baruch ya daɗe yana sha'awar wannan aiki, kuma ya amsa cewa kawai yana buƙatar tambayar likitansa ko yana da ƙoshin lafiya don wannan aiki. Duk da haka, a lokacin jinkirin, mai ba da shawara kan shugaban ƙasa Harry Hopkins ya shawo kan Roosevelt cewa korar Nelson bisa buƙatun sojoji zai sa ya yi kama da mai rauni, kuma lokacin da Roosevelt da Baruch suka haɗu a Fadar White House, Roosevelt ya ƙi tattaunawa kan tayin aikin.  
A shekara ta 1944, Baruch ya umarci kwamitin likitoci wanda ya samar da shawarwari don kafa ƙwararren likitanci na Likitancin Jiki da Gyaran Jiki, sannan ya samar da sama da dala miliyan ɗaya na kuɗi ga makarantu da yawa na likitanci don ci gaba da wannan aikin. Mahaifin Baruch, Simon Baruch, likitan tiyata ne kuma shine malamin farko na likitancin jiki a Jami'ar Columbia da ke Manhattan.  A wannan shekarar, Baruch da Dr. Howard Rusk, likitan rundunar sojin sama, sun shawarci Roosevelt da ya faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen gyaran jiki ga sojojin da suka ji rauni a cikin dukkan rundunonin soji. Bayan yaƙin, Hukumar Tsoffin Sojoji ta amince da waɗannan shirye-shiryen. 

A shekarar 1946, Shugaba Harry S. Truman ya naɗa Baruch a matsayin wakilin Amurka a Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A ranar Juma'a, 14 ga Yuni, 1946, Baruch ya gabatar da Tsarin Baruch, wani sabon sigar shirin Acheson-Lilienthal, ga UNAEC, wanda ya gabatar da shawarar kula da makamashin nukiliya na duniya a lokacin. Tarayyar Soviet ta ƙi shawarar Baruch a matsayin rashin adalci ganin cewa Amurka ta riga ta mallaki makaman nukiliya; ta ba da shawarar cewa Amurka ta kawar da makaman nukiliyarta kafin a aiwatar da tsarin sarrafawa da dubawa. An samu tsaiko. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Baruch ya yi murabus daga kwamitin a shekarar 1947. Tasirinsa ya fara raguwa, yayin da ra'ayoyinsa suka yi ta zarce na gwamnatin Truman. 

 Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa 
Baruch sananne ne kuma sau da yawa yana tafiya ko zaune a Lafayette Park na Washington, DC . Akwai wani labari mai shahara wanda ke da'awar cewa Baruch bai son a kai shi Fadar White House ba kuma yana zaune a kan benci yana jiran hasken sigina da ke nuna cewa shugaban ƙasa ya shirya ganinsa. Wannan ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da "ɗan ƙasar Park Bench".  A shekarar 1960, a ranar haihuwarsa ta casa'in da tara, an keɓe wani benci na tunawa da wurin shakatawa a Lafayette Park da ke gaban Fadar White House ga Baruch ta hanyar Boy Scouts .    yi wa Baruch tagulla mai girman gaske a zaune a kan benci a wurin shakatawa a harabar Kwalejin Baruch da ke Manhattan.

Ya ci gaba da ba da shawara kan harkokin ƙasashen duniya har zuwa mutuwarsa sakamakon bugun zuciya a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1965 a gidansa da ke birnin New York, yana da shekaru 94. Mutane 700 ne suka halarci jana'izarsa a Temple Shaaray Tefila, majami'ar iyali. Kabarinsa yana cikin Makabartar Flushing a Flushing, Queens, birnin New York.

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Baruch yana da jerin dawakan tsere masu kyau kuma ya yi tsere da sunan "Kershaw Stable". A shekarar 1927, dokinsa, Happy Argo, ya lashe gasar Carter Handicap . 
Winston Churchill da Baruch abokai ne na kud da kud. Wani lokaci Churchill yana zama a gidan Baruch da ke New York lokacin da yake ziyartar Amurka bayan yaƙin (Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu). 

 Iyali 
Baruch ya auri Annie Griffin, ’yar Bishop, daga New York a shekara ta 1897. Mahaifinta bai amince da auren ba ko kuma ya halarci aurensu amma daga baya ya sulhunta da Bernard. "City University of New York: The Baruch Family". Archived from the original on December 28, 2014. Annie was Episcopalian and Bernard was Jewish. Annie's father never gave his consent and did not attend their wedding, however eventually he was forced to admit that he had been wrong. Bernard and Annie latter agreed that they would raise their two daughters Episcopalian and let their son decide for himself. [ <span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2023)">yaushe?</span> ] Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya uku: Belle Baruch ; Bernard Baruch Jr.; da Renée Baruch. 'Ya'yansu mata sun girma ne a matsayin Episcopalian, yayin da aka ba wa Bernard Jr. damar zaɓar addininsa.   

'Yarsa, Belle Baruch, mai sha'awar wasanni, ba ta taɓa yin aure ba. Ɗansa, Bernard Baruch Jr., ya auri Winifred Beatrice Mann daga 1932 zuwa 1945.  'Yarsa Renee ta auri Henry Robert Samstag.

 Barony na Hobcaw 
Tsakanin 1905 da 1907, Baruch ya sayi kimanin  na Hobcaw Barony na ƙarni na 18, ya haɗa gonaki 14 a Waccamaw Neck a gundumar Georgetown, South Carolina, tsakanin Winyah Bay da Tekun Atlantika . Ya gina sassan kadarorin a matsayin wurin farautar hunturu kuma daga baya ya sayar da kadarorin ga babban ɗansa, Belle. Bayan rasuwarta a shekarar 1964, an mayar da kadarorin zuwa Gidauniyar Belle W. Baruch a matsayin wurin adana ilimi da bincike na Hobcaw Barony.   Kadarorin sun haɗa da gine-ginen tarihi 37 daga masana'antar noman shinkafa ta ƙarni na 18 da 19, da wuraren shakatawa na hunturu na farkon zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. An sanya wa kadarorin suna ga Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi ta Ƙasa a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1994. 

Daga baya Amintattun Gidauniyar Belle W. Baruch suka zaɓi Jami'ar South Carolina da ke Columbia da Jami'ar Clemson da ke Clemson don adanawa da nazarin Hobcaw Barony, gami da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka da yanayin halittu na bakin teku. Jami'ar South Carolina ta kafa Cibiyar Belle W. Baruch don Kimiyyar Ruwa da Teku, kuma Jami'ar Clemson ta kafa Cibiyar Belle W. Baruch don Kimiyyar Ruwa da Teku.  Jami'o'in biyu sun ƙulla haɗin gwiwa da wasu makarantu a South Carolina waɗanda bincike da shirye-shiryen ilimi ke ba da gudummawa ga ilimin halittu na bakin teku. Gidauniyar Belle W. Baruch da kuma North Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve sun haɗu suna gudanar da Cibiyar Binciken Hobcaw Barony tare da ba da rangadin yawon buɗe ido da shirye-shirye na musamman.   

 Gado da girmamawa 
A cewar masanin tarihi Thomas A. Krueger:

 Tsawon rabin ƙarni, Bernard Baruch yana ɗaya daga cikin attajirai da kuma manyan mutane a ƙasar. Babban mai hasashe, jami'in gwamnati, mai ba da shawara kan shugaban ƙasa, mai taimakon siyasa, kuma mai taimakon almajirai, rayuwarsa ta jama'a ta ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukan cikin gida na tsarin siyasar Amurka. 

A shekarar 1925, Baruch ya bai wa ƙungiyar United Daughters of the Confederacy lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Mrs. Simon Baruch don tunawa da mahaifiyarsa, don tallafawa masana waɗanda suka rubuta littattafai masu cikakken bayani game da tarihin Confederacy . Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance memba na farko na ƙungiyar kuma ta tallafa wa ayyukanta.

Baruch (tare da Adlai Stevenson II ) ya zaɓi bayar da takardunsa na kansa ga Jami'ar Princeton saboda sha'awar Woodrow Wilson da Dean Mathey . 

 An sanya wa Kwalejin Baruch ta Jami'ar Birnin New York suna saboda shi.
 Filin tsere na Saratoga ya sanya wa Bernard Baruch Handicap suna don girmama shi.
 An ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Laws a shekarar 1933 daga Jami'ar Oglethorpe da ke Brookhaven, Georgia . 
 Gidajen Bernard M. Baruch, ko kuma Baruch Houses, wani gini ne na gidaje na jama'a wanda Hukumar Gidaje ta Birnin New York (NYCHA) ta gina a Lower East Side na Manhattan, wanda aka sanya masa suna.

 A cikin al'adun jama'a 

 An ambace shi a cikin wani shiri na The Donna Reed Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show (Season 2, Episode 28 "Divorce"), Leave It to Beaver, The Patty Duke Show, Make Room for Daddy da kuma a cikin The Burns and Allen Show, littafin Art Buchwald na 1959 A Gift From the Boys, da kuma fim ɗin 1936 " Dodsworth ".
 An ambaci ɗabi'ar Baruch ta tattauna al'amura a kan benci a wurin shakatawa a cikin wasan barkwanci a cikin wani gajeren fim mai suna Bugs Bunny na 1949, Rebel Rabbit .
 Francis X. Bushman ya taka rawar Bernard Baruch a fim ɗin Wilson (1944).
 Larry Gates ya nuna Bernard Baruch a cikin fim ɗin Funny Lady (1975).
 Sam Wanamaker ya nuna Bernard Baruch a cikin Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (1981).

 Duba kuma 

 Continental, Arizona, wani gari ne na kamfani wanda Kamfanin Rubber na Intercontinental Baruch ya kafa

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba