Manufofin kiwon lafiya

Ana iya bayyana manufar lafiya a matsayin "shawarwari, tsare-tsare, da ayyukan da ake gudanarwa don cimma takamaiman manufofin kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma". [1] A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, manufar kiwon lafiya a bayyane za ta iya cimma abubuwa da dama: tana bayyana hangen nesa na gaba; tana bayyana abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da kuma rawar da ake tsammani na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban; kuma tana gina yarjejeniya da kuma sanar da mutane. [1]

 Hanyoyi daban-daban 
Manufar lafiya sau da yawa tana nufin abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya a cikin wata manufa. An fahimta ta wannan ma'anar, akwai nau'ikan manufofin lafiya da yawa, gami da manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya, manufofin lafiyar jama'a, manufofin lafiyar kwakwalwa, manufofin ayyukan kiwon lafiya, manufofin inshora, manufofin kiwon lafiya na mutum, manufofin magunguna, da manufofi da suka shafi lafiyar jama'a kamar manufofin rigakafi, manufofin hana shan taba ko manufofin ciyar da shayarwa . Manufar kiwon lafiya kuma na iya rufe batutuwa da suka shafi isar da kiwon lafiya, misali na kuɗi da wadata, samun damar kulawa, ingancin kulawa, da daidaiton lafiya. [1]

Manufar kiwon lafiya ta kuma haɗa da shugabanci da aiwatar da manufofin da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, wanda wani lokacin ake kira da shugabancin lafiya,  tsarin kiwon lafiya ko gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya.  Tsarin manufofi na iya taimakawa wajen nuna kwararar daga ci gaban manufofin da suka shafi kiwon lafiya zuwa manufofin da suka shafi kiwon lafiya da aiwatar da shirye-shirye zuwa tsarin kiwon lafiya da sakamakon lafiya. Ya kamata a fahimci manufofi fiye da dokar ƙasa ko manufofin kiwon lafiya da ke tallafawa shiri ko shiga tsakani. Manufofin aiki sune dokoki, ƙa'idoji, jagorori, da ƙa'idodin gudanarwa waɗanda gwamnatoci ke amfani da su don fassara dokokin ƙasa da manufofin zuwa shirye-shirye da ayyuka.  Tsarin manufofin ya ƙunshi yanke shawara da aka yanke a matakin ƙasa ko na ƙasa (gami da shawarwarin kuɗi) waɗanda ke shafar ko ana isar da ayyuka da kuma yadda ake isar da su. Don haka, dole ne a mai da hankali kan manufofi a matakai da yawa na tsarin kiwon lafiya kuma a kan lokaci don tabbatar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Yanayin manufofi masu tallafawa zai sauƙaƙa faɗaɗa ayyukan kiwon lafiya. 

Akwai fannoni da dama na siyasa da shaidu da za su iya tasiri ga shawarar gwamnati, kasuwanci na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko wata ƙungiya ta ɗauki wata takamaiman manufa. Manufar da ta dogara da shaidu ta dogara ne akan amfani da kimiyya da bincike mai zurfi kamar gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa bazuwar don gano shirye-shirye da ayyuka waɗanda ke iya inganta sakamakon da suka dace da manufofi. Yawancin muhawarar siyasa suna kewaye da manufofin kula da lafiyar mutum, musamman waɗanda ke neman gyara tsarin kula da lafiya, kuma galibi ana iya rarraba su a matsayin falsafa ko tattalin arziki . Muhawarar falsafa ta mayar da hankali ne kan tambayoyi game da haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya, ɗabi'a da ikon gwamnati, yayin da batutuwan tattalin arziki sun haɗa da yadda za a haɓaka ingancin isar da kiwon lafiya da rage farashi. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]
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Tsarin kiwon lafiya na zamani ya ƙunshi samun damar samun ƙwararrun likitoci daga fannoni daban-daban da kuma fasahar likitanci, kamar magunguna da kayan aikin tiyata . Hakanan ya haɗa da samun damar samun sabbin bayanai da shaidu daga bincike, gami da binciken likita da binciken ayyukan kiwon lafiya . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

A ƙasashe da yawa, an bar wa mutum ya sami damar samun kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da ayyukan yi ta hanyar biyan su kai tsaye a matsayin kuɗin da za a kashe a aljihunsa, kuma ga masu zaman kansu a masana'antar likitanci da magunguna don haɓaka bincike. Tsara da samar da albarkatun lafiyar jama'a ana rarraba su tsakanin mahalarta kasuwar aiki. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Wasu ƙasashe suna da wata manufa ta musamman don tabbatar da kuma tallafawa dukkan 'yan ƙasarsu, don ba da kuɗaɗen gudanar da bincike kan lafiya, da kuma tsara isassun adadi, rarrabawa da ingancin ma'aikatan lafiya don cimma burin kiwon lafiya. Gwamnatoci da yawa a faɗin duniya sun kafa tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya, wanda ke ɗauke nauyin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya daga 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu ko daidaikun mutane ta hanyar haɗa haɗarin kuɗi. Akwai hujjoji daban-daban na goyon baya da kuma adawa da manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya da sauran su. Kula da lafiya muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsarin kiwon lafiya don haka sau da yawa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan fannoni na kashe kuɗi ga gwamnatoci da daidaikun mutane a duk faɗin duniya.

 Zaɓuɓɓukan manufofin kiwon lafiya na mutum 

 Falsafa: haƙƙin lafiya 
Kasashe da hukumomi da dama suna haɗa falsafar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam wajen jagorantar manufofin kiwon lafiyarsu. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa kowace ƙasa a duniya tana da hannu a aƙalla yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam guda ɗaya da ta shafi haƙƙin da ya shafi lafiya, gami da haƙƙin lafiya da sauran haƙƙoƙin da suka shafi yanayin da ake buƙata don lafiya mai kyau.  Sanarwar Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UDHR) ta tabbatar da cewa kula da lafiya haƙƙi ne na dukkan mutane: 

 Mataki na 25 na UDHR : "Kowa yana da haƙƙin samun yanayin rayuwa mai dacewa don lafiya da walwalar kansa da ta iyalinsa, gami da abinci, tufafi, gidaje da kula da lafiya da kuma ayyukan zamantakewa da suka wajaba, da kuma haƙƙin samun tsaro idan akwai rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, zawarawa, tsufa ko wasu rashin abin rayuwa a cikin yanayi da ba shi da iko."

A wasu yankuna da kuma tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na addini, manufofin kiwon lafiya suna da tasiri ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyin da addini ya tsara don kula da waɗanda ke cikin mawuyacin hali, ciki har da marasa lafiya. Sauran yankuna da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna amfani da ƙa'idodin ɗan adam wajen ayyana manufofin lafiyarsu, suna tabbatar da irin wannan wajibcin da ake tsammani da kuma haƙƙin lafiya .   A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya Amnesty International ta mayar da hankali kan lafiya a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, tana magance rashin isassun magungunan HIV da haƙƙin mata na jima'i da haihuwa, gami da bambance-bambancen mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a cikin da kuma a faɗin ƙasashe. Babban mujallar likitanci The Lancet ta yi maraba da irin wannan ƙaruwar kulawa ga lafiya a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali. 

Akwai cece-kuce mai yawa game da manufofi kan waɗanda za su biya kuɗin kula da lafiya ga dukkan mutane da kuma a wane yanayi. Misali, ana amfani da kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke kashewa kan kiwon lafiya a matsayin wata alama ta duniya ta jajircewar gwamnati ga lafiyar mutanenta.  A gefe guda kuma, wata ƙungiya mai ra'ayi da ta fito daga Amurka ta ƙi amincewa da ra'ayin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ta hanyar kuɗaɗen masu biyan haraji a matsayin wanda bai dace da haƙƙin (wanda ake ganin ba shi da mahimmanci ba) na hukuncin ƙwararru na likita, da kuma damuwar da ke tattare da hakan cewa shigar gwamnati cikin kula da lafiyar 'yan ƙasarta na iya ɓata haƙƙin sirri tsakanin likitoci da marasa lafiya. Hujjar ta ƙara da cewa inshorar lafiya ta duniya ta hana haƙƙin marasa lafiya na raba kuɗin shigarsu bisa ga son ransu.  (Reprinted as "The Political Fallacy that Medical Care is a Right.") 

Wani batu a muhawarar kare hakkin jama'a shi ne yadda gwamnatoci ke amfani da dokoki don sarrafa gasa tsakanin masu samar da inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu da tsarin inshorar zamantakewa na ƙasa, kamar yadda lamarin yake a shirin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa na Kanada . Masu goyon bayan Laissez-faire suna jayayya cewa wannan yana rage ingancin tsarin kiwon lafiya, har ma waɗanda za su iya biyan kuɗin ayyukan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suna fitar da albarkatu daga tsarin jama'a.  Matsalar a nan ita ce ko kamfanonin inshorar lafiya da masu zuba jari ko ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya ke da mafi kyawun matsayi don yin aiki don amfanin abokan cinikinsu idan aka kwatanta da ƙa'idoji da kulawa na gwamnati. Wani ikirari a Amurka ya ɗauki gwamnati ta wuce gona da iri kan masana'antar kiwon lafiya da inshora a matsayin ƙarshen ziyarar agaji daga likitoci tsakanin talakawa da tsofaffi. 

 Tattalin Arziki: Tallafin Lafiya 
Akwai nau'ikan manufofin kiwon lafiya da yawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan kiwon lafiya don yaɗa haɗarin tattalin arziki na rashin lafiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kula da lafiya da gwamnati ke bayarwa (ta hanyar haraji ko inshora, wanda kuma aka sani da tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya), inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa na tilas ko na son rai, da kuma cikakken jarin ayyukan kula da lafiya na mutum ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da asusun ajiyar kuɗi na likita, da sauransu.   Ana ci gaba da muhawara kan wace irin manufar kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya ke haifar da ingancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya mafi kyau ko mafi muni, da kuma yadda za a tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da kuɗaɗen da aka ware yadda ya kamata, yadda ya kamata da kuma adalci .

Akwai hujjoji da dama a ɓangarorin biyu game da batun manufofin kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu:

Da'awar cewa kula da lafiya na gwamnati yana inganta inganci da ingancin isar da kulawar lafiya ta mutum:

 Kuɗaɗen da gwamnati ke kashewa kan lafiya yana da matuƙar muhimmanci don samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya da shirye-shirye da dorewa. Lu, C.; Schneider, M. T.; Gubbins, P.; Leach-Kemon, K.; Jamison, D.; Murray, C. J. (2010). "Public financing of health in developing countries: A cross-national systematic analysis". The Lancet. 375 (9723): 1375–1387. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60233-4. PMID 20381856. S2CID 25760026.
 Ga waɗanda ba za su sami kulawa ba saboda rashin kuɗi, duk wani ingantaccen kulawa ci gaba ne.
 Tunda mutane suna ɗaukar kula da lafiya a matsayin kyauta (idan babu kuɗin inshora ko biyan kuɗi tare), suna iya neman kulawar rigakafi wanda zai iya rage nauyin cutar da kuma kuɗin kula da lafiya gaba ɗaya a cikin dogon lokaci. 
 Tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya yana rage ɓarna ta hanyar cire mai shiga tsakani, wato kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu, don haka rage yawan ayyukan gwamnati.  Musamman, rage yawan takardu da ƙwararrun likitoci ke yi don sarrafa da'awar inshora yana ba su damar mai da hankali sosai kan kula da marasa lafiya . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Da'awar cewa kula da lafiya mai zaman kansa yana haifar da inganci da inganci a cikin kula da lafiyar mutum:

 Ra'ayin cewa kula da lafiya kyauta ne da gwamnati ke bayarwa zai iya haifar da yawan amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya, don haka yana ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa idan aka kwatanta da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu.  
 Magani da aka ba da kuɗi daga masu zaman kansu yana haifar da inganci da inganci ta hanyar ƙara samun dama da rage lokutan jira na musamman don ayyukan kiwon lafiya da fasahohi. Sade, R. M. (1971). "Medical Care as a Right: A Refutation". New England Journal of Medicine. 285 (23): 1288–1292. doi:10.1056/NEJM197112022852304. PMID 5113728. (Reprinted as "The Political Fallacy that Medical Care is a Right.")  
 Iyakance rabon kuɗaɗen gwamnati don kula da lafiyar mutum ba ya rage wa 'yan ƙasa marasa inshora damar biyan kuɗin kula da lafiyarsu a matsayin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe daga aljihu . Ana iya yin amfani da kuɗaɗen gwamnati don samar da ayyukan kula da gaggawa ba tare da la'akari da matsayin inshora ko ikon biya ba, kamar Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Gaggawa da Aiki a Amurka. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]
 Kula da lafiya mai zaman kansa wanda aka ba shi kuɗi kuma ake gudanarwa yana rage buƙatar gwamnatoci su ƙara haraji don biyan kuɗin kula da lafiya, wanda rashin inganci tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati zai iya ƙaruwa saboda yawan tsarin birokrasi.  

 Sauran fannoni na manufofin kiwon lafiya 
Zaɓuɓɓukan manufofin kiwon lafiya sun wuce samar da kuɗi da kuma isar da kulawar lafiyar mutum, har zuwa fannoni kamar binciken lafiya da tsara ma'aikatan lafiya, a cikin gida da kuma ƙasashen duniya.

 Manufar binciken likita 
Binciken likitanci na iya zama tushen bayyana manufofin kiwon lafiya bisa shaida, da kuma batun manufofin kiwon lafiya kanta, musamman dangane da hanyoyin samun kuɗaɗen da take samu. Waɗanda ke goyon bayan manufofin gwamnati don binciken likitanci da gwamnati ke bayarwa sun yi nuni da cewa cire riba a matsayin dalili zai ƙara yawan sabbin dabarun likitanci.  Waɗanda ke adawa da shi suna jayayya cewa zai yi akasin haka, saboda cire ƙarfafawar riba yana kawar da ƙarfafawar kirkire-kirkire kuma yana hana haɓaka da amfani da sabbin fasahohi.  

Kasancewar ingantaccen binciken likitanci ba lallai bane ya haifar da manufofi bisa ga shaida ba. Misali, a Afirka ta Kudu, wacce yawanta ya kafa tarihi kan kamuwa da cutar HIV, manufofin gwamnatin da ta gabata suna takaita kudade da damar yin maganin AIDS sun fuskanci ce-ce-ku-ce mai tsanani idan aka yi la'akari da dalilin ƙin karɓar shaidar kimiyya kan hanyoyin yaɗa cutar.  Canjin gwamnati daga ƙarshe ya haifar da canji a manufofi, tare da aiwatar da sabbin manufofi don samun damar yin ayyukan HIV sosai.  Wata matsala kuma ta shafi mallakar fasaha, kamar yadda lamarin Brazil ya nuna, inda aka samu muhawara kan manufofin gwamnati da ke ba da izinin yin magungunan hana kamuwa da cutar a cikin gida da ake amfani da su wajen magance cutar HIV/AIDS ta hanyar keta haƙƙin mallaka na magunguna .

 Manufar ma'aikatan lafiya 
Wasu ƙasashe da hukumomi suna da takamaiman manufofi ko dabarun tsara isassun adadi, rarrabawa da ingancin ma'aikatan lafiya don cimma burin kiwon lafiya, kamar magance ƙarancin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya. A wasu wurare, ana rarraba tsarin ma'aikata tsakanin mahalarta kasuwar aiki a matsayin hanyar laissez-faire ga manufofin kiwon lafiya. Manufofin da suka dogara da shaidu don haɓaka ma'aikata galibi suna dogara ne akan binciken da aka samu daga binciken ayyukan kiwon lafiya .

 Lafiya a manufofin ƙasashen waje 
Gwamnatoci da hukumomi da yawa suna haɗa da fannin kiwon lafiya a cikin manufofin ƙasashen waje don cimma burin kiwon lafiya na duniya . An ga inganta kiwon lafiya a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi a matsayin muhimmin abu don cimma wasu manufofi a cikin ajandar duniya, ciki har da: 

 Inganta tsaron duniya - wanda ke da alaƙa da fargabar annoba a duniya, yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta da gangan, da kuma yuwuwar ƙaruwar rikice-rikicen jin kai, bala'o'i na halitta, da gaggawa;
 Inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki - gami da magance tasirin tattalin arziki na rashin lafiya ga ci gaba, barkewar annoba a kasuwar duniya, da kuma ribar da ake samu daga karuwar kayayyakin kiwon lafiya a duniya;
 Inganta adalci a zamantakewa - ƙarfafa lafiya a matsayin darajar zamantakewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da tallafawa Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

 Manufar lafiya ta duniya 
Manufar kiwon lafiya ta duniya ta ƙunshi tsarin shugabanci na duniya wanda ke ƙirƙirar manufofin da ke ƙarƙashin lafiyar jama'a a duk faɗin duniya. Wajen magance lafiyar duniya, manufar kiwon lafiya ta duniya "tana nufin la'akari da buƙatun lafiyar mutanen duniya gaba ɗaya fiye da damuwar wasu ƙasashe."  An bambanta shi da manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya (yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin ƙasashe masu 'yanci) da manufofin kiwon lafiya na kwatantawa (nazarin manufofin kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin jihohi), cibiyoyin manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya sun ƙunshi masu aiwatarwa da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke tsara martanin lafiyar duniya. 

 Manufar lafiya ta EU 
Tarayyar Turai tana ba da gudummawa ga inganta lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar ba da kuɗi da dokoki don magance magunguna, haƙƙin marasa lafiya a fannin kiwon lafiya na ƙetare iyaka, rigakafin rashin lafiya, da kuma haɓaka lafiya mai kyau. Kasashen Tarayyar Turai suna da babban alhakin tsara da kuma isar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya da kula da lafiya. Saboda haka, manufofin kiwon lafiya na Tarayyar Turai suna aiki don ƙara wa manufofin ƙasa, tabbatar da kariyar lafiya a duk matakan Tarayyar Turai da kuma ƙarfafa Ƙungiyar Lafiya.  Manufofin manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na Tarayyar Turai da shirye-shiryen su shine karewa da inganta lafiyar mazauna Tarayyar Turai, haɓaka zamani da kuma haɓaka tsarin kiwon lafiya da kayayyakin more rayuwa na dijital, ƙara juriyar tsarin kiwon lafiya na Turai, da kuma inganta ikon ƙasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai na hana da kuma mayar da martani ga annoba a nan gaba. A cikin wata ƙungiyar aiki ta manyan jami'ai kan lafiyar jama'a, wakilai daga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da gwamnatocin ƙasashe suna muhawara kan batutuwan kiwon lafiya na dabarun. Ana aiwatar da manufofin kiwon lafiya na Tarayyar Turai da shirye-shiryen aikin shekara-shekara tare da taimakon ƙasashe membobinta, cibiyoyi, da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu sha'awa. 

 Matsayin Hukumar Turai 
Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Tsaron Abinci ta Tarayyar Turai tana taimaka wa ƙasashe mambobi a ƙoƙarinsu na karewa da inganta lafiyar mutanensu da kuma tabbatar da samun dama, inganci, da juriya ga tsarin kula da lafiyarsu. Ana cimma wannan ta hanyoyi da dama, kamar ta hanyar gabatar da dokoki, samar da tallafin kuɗi, daidaitawa da sauƙaƙe musayar mafi kyawun ayyuka tsakanin ƙasashen EU da ƙwararrun lafiya da kuma ayyukan haɓaka lafiya. 

 Dokoki 
Yarjejeniyar Aiki da Tarayyar Turai ta bai wa Tarayyar Turai ikon zartar da dokokin lafiya bisa ga Mataki na 168 (kare lafiyar jama'a), Mataki na 114 (kasuwa ɗaya), da Mataki na 153 (manufofin zamantakewa). Tarayyar Turai ta amince da dokoki a waɗannan fannoni: Haƙƙoƙin majiyyaci a fannin kiwon lafiya na ƙetare iyaka, Magunguna da na'urorin likitanci (sa ido kan magunguna, magungunan ƙarya, gwaje-gwajen asibiti), Tsaron lafiya da cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, Kula da lafiya ta dijital, Taba, gabobi, jini, kyallen takarda da ƙwayoyin halitta. Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kuma za ta iya aika shawarwari kan lafiyar jama'a ga ƙasashe membobinta. 

 Haƙƙoƙin marasa lafiya a fannin kiwon lafiya na ƙetare iyaka 
'Yan ƙasar EU, bisa doka, suna da 'yancin samun kulawar lafiya a kowace ƙasa mamba ta EU kuma ƙasarsu ta asali za ta biya su diyya saboda kulawar da aka samu a wani wuri.  Katin Inshorar Lafiya ta Turai (EHIC) ya tabbatar da cewa ana ba da kulawar lafiya mai mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya kuma a farashi ɗaya kamar na mutanen da aka yi wa inshora a wannan ƙasar. 

 Magunguna da na'urorin likitanci 
Tarayyar Turai (EU) tana tsara izinin magunguna a matakin Tarayyar Turai ta Hukumar Magunguna ta Turai ko kuma a matakin ƙasa ta hanyar hukumomin da suka dace a ƙasashen membobin Tarayyar Turai. 

 Barazanar lafiya a kan iyakoki 
Domin tabbatar da babban matakin kariya ga lafiya a Tarayyar Turai, sa ido, gargaɗi da wuri, shiri, da kuma matakan da za a ɗauka don magance manyan barazanar da ke yawo a kan lafiya suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Cibiyar Rigakafin Cututtuka da Kula da Cututtuka ta Turai (ECDC) tana ba ƙasashen EU shawarwari, tallafi, da ilimi masu zaman kansu kan haɗarin lafiyar jama'a, gami da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa. 

 Inganta lafiya da kuma magance cututtuka 

 Ciwon daji - Baya ga tasirinsa kai tsaye ga lafiyar mutane da walwalarsu, ciwon daji yana kuma shafar harkokin kuɗi na jama'a, tsarin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa, yawan aiki, da ci gaban tattalin arziki, wanda duk ya dogara ne da samun ma'aikata masu lafiya. Majalisar ta amince da shawarar tantance cutar kansa a shekarar 2003, kuma ta ƙarfafa ƙasashen EU su kafa shirye-shiryen tantancewa bisa ga yawan jama'a, waɗanda aka tabbatar da inganci. An takaita gwajin cutar kansa ga ciwon nono, mahaifa da hanji, don haka a shekarar 2022 ƙasashe mambobi sun yanke shawarar faɗaɗa mayar da hankali don haɗawa da ciwon daji na prostate, huhu da na ciki .  Tarayyar Turai ta kuma zartar da wasu matakai don kare ma'aikata daga abubuwa masu haɗari da sinadarai, kamar gubar da abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa da sauye-sauye . 

 Taba - Tare da mace-mace sama da 700,000 a kowace shekara, shan taba shine babban haɗarin lafiya da za a iya hanawa kuma shine babban abin da ke haifar da mace-macen da ba a yi ba a Tarayyar Turai (kimanin kashi 50% na masu shan taba suna mutuwa da wuri, a matsakaici, shekaru 14 kafin waɗanda ba sa shan taba). Umarnin kayayyakin taba ya kafa jagororin samarwa, lakabi, da sayar da taba da kayayyaki masu alaƙa. An aiwatar da babban haraji akan kayayyakin taba ta hanyar wani umarni kan tsari da ƙimar harajin da aka yi amfani da shi ga taba da aka ƙera, da nufin rage shan taba, musamman tsakanin matasa. Shawarar Majalisar 2009 kan muhallin da ba a shan taba ba ta buƙaci dukkan ƙasashe membobin EU su ɗauki matakan kariya daga fallasa hayakin taba ga mutane a wuraren jama'a da wuraren aiki. 

 Allurar Rigakafi - Manufar allurar riga-kafi ƙwarewa ce ta ƙasashen mambobi. Tarayyar Turai tana taimaka wa ƙasashen mambobi wajen daidaita manufofinsu da shirye-shiryensu. A watan Disamba na 2018 Majalisar ta amince da shawarar haɓaka haɗin gwiwar Tarayyar Turai kan cututtukan da allurar riga-kafi za a iya hana su. Wannan aikin ya tsara jagora kan magance jinkirin allurar riga-kafi, ƙara yawan allurar riga-kafi, ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar siyan allurar rigakafi, da tallafawa bincike da kirkire-kirkire . A watan Disamba na 2022, ministocin lafiya na Tarayyar Turai sun amince da ƙarshen Majalisar kan allurar riga-kafi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun hanyoyin hana cututtuka da inganta lafiyar jama'a. Ƙarshen ya mayar da hankali kan fannoni biyu na aiki: yaƙi da ƙin allurar riga-kafi da kuma shirya wa ƙalubalen da ke tafe ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Tarayyar Turai. 

 Zuba jari a fannin lafiya 
Shirin EU4Health yana samar da kuɗi don magance matsalolin lafiya na ƙasashen waje, inganta wadatar kayan aikin likita, magunguna, sauran kayayyaki masu alaƙa da rikici, da kuma ƙarfafa juriyar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Sauran shirye-shiryen EU suna ƙara ba da kuɗi ga tsarin kiwon lafiya, binciken lafiya, kayayyakin more rayuwa da sauran manyan batutuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, musamman 

 Ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya ta Horizon Europe - tana tallafawa kirkire-kirkire da bincike don ƙirƙirar EU mai juriya wacce ke shirye don fuskantar sabbin ƙalubale, don ayyukan dijital masu inganci waɗanda kowa ke samu, da kuma ingantaccen kiwon lafiya mai sauƙin samu. 
 Asusun haɗin gwiwar EU - zuba jari a fannin lafiya a ƙasashen EU da yankuna
 Tsarin juriya da murmurewa 

 Duba kuma 


 Nassoshi 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Binciken Tsarin Hadin Gwiwa don Manufofin Lafiya da Tsarin
 Mujallar Manufofin Lafiya da Tsare-tsare
 Cibiyar Tarihi a Lafiyar Jama'a, Makarantar Tsafta da Magungunan Yankuna ta Landan

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba