Šuppiluliuma I

Šuppiluliuma I, also Suppiluliuma (/ˌsʌpɪlʌliˈuːmə/) or Suppiluliumas (died c. 1322 BC) (/-məs/) was an ancient Hittite king (r. –1322 BC).

Ko da kafin ya hau gadon sarauta, Šuppiluliuma ya nuna kansa a matsayin kwamandan soja wanda ke karewa da dawo da yankunan Hittite bayan wani lokaci na hare-haren kasashen waje. Da zarar sarki, ya ci gaba da wannan shirin na karfafawa da fadadawa, a Anatolia da Siriya, tare da babban nasara. Nasara a kan babban abokin hamayya, masarautar Upper-Mesopotamiya ta Mittani, ta haifar da fadada ikon Hittite a kan wasu ƙananan masarauta a arewacin Siriya, shigar da 'ya'yan ƙaramin sarki Hittite kamar mataimakan sarakuna na gida a Aleppo da Karchemish, kuma raguwar jihar Mittanian kanta ta zama abin dogaro da Masarautar Hittite.

Dangantaka da Masar ta yi tsalle tsakanin abota da ƙiyayya, wanda ya kai ga abin da ake kira Zannanza Affair, inda aka rinjayi Šuppiluliuma ya aika daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa maza don ya auri gwauruwar sarauniyar Masar kuma ya hau gadon sarauniyarta. Kisan yarima na Hittite ya haifar da dogon lokaci na ƙiyayya tsakanin Hittite da Masar, kuma fursunonin Šuppiluliuma sun haifar da barkewar annoba wanda ya lalata al'ummar Hittite aƙalla shekaru ashirin. Ga duk nasarorin da ya samu, ɗansa Muršili II ya zargi rashin tausayi na Šuppiluliuma da wannan mugunta.

 Asalin 
Asalin Šuppiluliuma ba a bayyane yake ba. An yi amfani da wata sanarwa a cikin asalin jikansa na III don nuna cewa mahaifin Šuppiluliuma da kakan kakansa na III shine Sisušili II. Koyaya, kalmomin da ke ciki (wanda, a zahiri, zai nuna cewa Ōitattušili III shi ne babban jikan Ōittušili II) na iya nuna zuriya mai nisa, kuma Ōitatušili da ake tambaya na iya zama sanannen Ōitutušili I a farkon ikon Hitti a ƙarshen karni na 17 BC. Binciken alamun hatimi da ke kiran Šuppiluliuma a matsayin ɗan Tudyaliya III (wani lokacin ana kiransa II) ya haifar da watsar da ra'ayin da ya gabata ta yawancin masana. Yawancin malamai yanzu sun kammala cewa Šuppiluliuma ɗan magajinsa ne, Tudzaliya III, wanda ya daɗe yana aiki a matsayin kwamandan soja. Koyaya, bayanin matar farko ta Šuppiluliuma a matsayin "babban sarauniya, 'yar babban sarki, jarumi, " ya haifar da ganewarta a matsayin 'yar Tudia III,  wanda ya sa Šuppilulauma suruki kuma mai yiwuwa ɗan karɓa na wannan sarki. 

 Janar na gaba 
Dangane da Ayyukan Šuppiluliuma wanda ɗansa kuma magaji na biyu Muršili II ya kirkiro, Šuppilulauma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara da babban kwamandan soja ga wanda ya riga shi Tudzaliya III, yana taimakawa wajen dawo da ƙasashensa daga Šamuzaya, inda kotun ta kafa kanta don ƙarin tsaro daga harin abokan gaba. 

Tudaniya da Šuppiluliuma sun yi nasarar kamfen akan Kaška a arewa, sannan suka shiga tsakani don dawo da iko da kare yankunan Kaššiya da Kogin Kogin Koginsa zuwa yamma da kudu maso yamma, suna mayar da martani ga masu mamaye su.[undefined] Bayan ya magance sabon barazana daga Kaška a karkashin Piyapili, Tudangliya da Šuppiluliuma, dole ne su yi yaƙi da Sarki Karanni (ko Lanni) na Azzi a arewa maso gabas. Karanni ya mamaye yankin Hitti kuma har ma ya yi barazanar Šamuá, amma an ci shi, Tudáaliya da Šuppiluliuma sun mamaye Azzi-á. Yaƙi a Kummaʹa (watakila Kemah) da alama ya haifar da nasarar Hitti, kamar yadda Azzi-ʹayaša daga baya aka samu a matsayin mai mulkin Hitti.[1]

Tudaniya da Šuppiluliuma sun yi nasarar kamfen akan Kaška a arewa, sannan suka shiga tsakani don dawo da iko da kare yankunan Kaššiya da Kogin Kogin Koginsa zuwa yamma da kudu maso yamma, suna mayar da martani ga masu mamaye su.[undefined] Bayan ya magance sabon barazana daga Kaška a karkashin Piyapili, Tudangliya da Šuppiluliuma, dole ne su yi yaƙi da Sarki Karanni (ko Lanni) na Azzi a arewa maso gabas. Karanni ya mamaye yankin Hitti kuma har ma ya yi barazanar Šamuá, amma an ci shi, Tudáaliya da Šuppiluliuma sun mamaye Azzi-á. Yaƙi a Kummaʹa (watakila Kemah) da alama ya haifar da nasarar Hitti, kamar yadda Azzi-ʹayaša daga baya aka samu a matsayin mai mulkin Hitti.[1]Lokacin da Tudaliya III ya mutu, ya kamata ɗansa Tudaliya the Younger ya gaji kursiyin, wanda Šuppiluliuma da sauran mambobin ƙwararrun Hittite suka rantse da aminci. Ba a bayyana ko Tudaliya the Younger ya hau gadon sarauta ba,  kafin magoya bayan Šuppiluliuma su kashe shi, tare da wasu 'yan uwansa. Tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da Tudyaliya a matsayin babban kwamandan soja, Šuppiluliuma I yanzu ya zama sarki. Kisan Tudyaliya the Younger daga baya an gano shi ne ta hanyar annabi a matsayin dalilin barkewar annoba da ta lalata mulkin Hittite na tsawon shekaru ashirin, a cikin mulkin ɗan Šuppiluliuma kuma magaji na biyu Muršili II. Dangane da al'ada, gwauruwar sarki da ya gabata, Dadu-Xeba, ta ci gaba da jin daɗin taken sarauniya, Tawananna, har zuwa mutuwarta.

 Manazarta