Mary Elizabeth Braddon

Mary Elizabeth Braddon (4 ga Oktoba 1835 - 4 ga Fabrairu 1915) shahararriyar marubuciyar marubuciya ce ta Ingila a zamanin Victorian .  An fi saninta da littafinta mai suna Lady Audley's Secret na shekarar 1862, wanda aka yi wasan kwaikwayo da kuma daukar fim sau da yawa. An buga littafinta Circe (1867) a ƙarƙashin sunan Babington White .

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi Mary Elizabeth Braddon a Soho, Landan, kuma ta yi karatu a wani gida. Mahaifiyarta Fanny ta rabu da mahaifinta Henry saboda rashin imani a shekarar 1840, lokacin da Braddon ke da shekaru biyar. Lokacin da Braddon ke da shekaru goma, ɗan'uwanta Edward Braddon ya tafi Indiya sannan daga baya ya zama Firimiyan Tasmania . Mary ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon shekaru uku, lokacin da Clara da Adelaide Biddle suka yi abota. Suna taka rawa kaɗan ne kawai, amma Braddon ta sami damar kula da kanta da mahaifiyarta. Adelaide ta lura cewa sha'awar Braddon na yin wasan kwaikwayo ta ragu yayin da ta fara rubuta littattafai. 

Braddon ya haɗu da John Maxwell (1824–1895), wani mai buga jaridu na mujallu, a watan Afrilun 1861 kuma ya ƙaura tare da shi a 1861.  name="ven">Victor E. Neuburg, The Popular Press Companion to Popular Literature, Popular Press, 1983. , pp. 36–37. Duk da haka, Maxwell ya riga ya auri Mary Ann Crowley, wacce yake da 'ya'ya biyar. Yayin da Maxwell da Braddon ke zaune a matsayin miji da mata, Crowley yana zaune tare da iyalinta. A 1864, Maxwell ya yi ƙoƙarin halatta dangantakarsu ta hanyar gaya wa jaridu cewa suna da aure bisa doka; "duk da haka, Richard Brinsley Knowles ya rubuta wa waɗannan takardu, yana sanar da su cewa surukarsa kuma matar Maxwell ta gaske tana raye, ta haka ya fallasa matsayin 'matar Braddon' a matsayin abin da ke ɓoye a fuskarta".  Braddon ya yi aiki a matsayin uwar gida ga 'ya'yansa har zuwa 1874, lokacin da matar Maxwell ta mutu kuma suka sami damar yin aure a Cocin St. Bride da ke Fleet Street . Braddon ya haifi 'ya'ya shida daga gare shi: Gerald, Fanny, Francis, William, Winifred Rosalie, da Edward Herry Harrington.
Babbar 'yarta, Fanny Margaret Maxwell (1863–1955), ta auri masanin kimiyyar halitta Edmund Selous a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1886. A shekarun 1920, suna zaune a Wyke Castle, inda Fanny ta kafa reshen gida na Cibiyar Mata a 1923, wanda ta zama shugabar farko. 

Ɗansu na biyu shi ne marubucin marubuci William Babington Maxwell (1866–1939).

Braddon ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 1915 a Richmond (a lokacin tana Surrey) kuma an binne ta a Makabartar Richmond .  Gidanta yana cikin Lichfield House a tsakiyar garin, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da wani rukunin gidaje a shekarar 1936, Lichfield Court . Akwai wani allo da ke tunawa da Braddon a cocin cocin Richmond, wanda kawai yake kiranta "Miss Braddon". An sanya wa wasu tituna da ke kusa suna ne saboda haruffa a cikin littattafanta - mijinta mai haɓaka gidaje ne a yankin. 

 Aiki 

 Rubutu 
Braddon marubuciya ce mai hazaka, tana rubuta littattafai sama da 80 tare da dabarun ƙirƙira. Mafi shahara ita ce Secret ɗin Lady Audley (1862), wanda ya sami karɓuwa da kuma arziki a matsayin littafin da ya fi sayarwa.  name="ven">Victor E. Neuburg, The Popular Press Companion to Popular Literature, Popular Press, 1983. ISBN 0879722339, pp. 36–37. Braddon ta fara buga babi na farko na littafinta a jere a watan Yuli, 1861, a cikin Robin Goodfellow, mujallar adabi mallakar Maxwell, sannan daga baya kuma Mujallar Sixpenny . Daga nan aka sake buga Secret ɗin Lady Audley a matsayin labari kuma aka sayar da shi har zuwa bugu tara a shekarar farko ta bugawa. Ya kasance a rubuce tun lokacin da aka buga shi kuma an yi wasan kwaikwayo da daukar hoto sau da yawa, tare da fara daidaita mataki na farko a Landan a lokacin hunturu na 1863. 

Baya ga Secret ɗin Lady Audley, an buga wani sanannen littafin Braddon, Aurora Floyd , a shekarar 1863. Tunda ya kuma nuna wata mace da ta makale a cikin dangantaka mai ƙarfi, an kira Aurora Floyd da Secret ɗin Lady Audley a matsayin "littattafan bigamy na Braddon." Kamar Lady Audley, an fara nuna Aurora Floyd a cikin Temple Bar , wata mujalla, kafin ya bayyana a cikin sabon salo.

A cikin kasidar "Fictions of Sensation" a cikin littafin Steel True Blade Straight 2023 Annual, an taƙaita dabarar litattafan jin daɗin Braddon ta waɗannan kalmomi: "Littattafan sun fara da aure, yawanci tsakanin jaruma mai ban mamaki da wani attajiri ɗan ƙauye, kafin su shiga soyayyar gida, kuma wani mummunan laifi ya katse su, wanda mafitar ta fi bayyana ga mai karatu fiye da haruffa, kafin a ba da bayani na ƙarshe da ya shafi wani nau'in son zuciya. Son zuciya shine mafi mahimmanci, kuma Braddon ya ɗauki wannan jigon zuwa wani matsayi na sha'awa har mai karatu ya fara mamaki."

Wasu masu suka sun yi kuskuren danganta littafin RD Blackmore mai suna Clara Vaughan (1864) da Braddon.

Braddon ya rubuta ayyuka da dama na almarar allahntaka, ciki har da yarjejeniyar da labarin shaidan Gerard ko The World, the Flesh, and the Devil (1891), da kuma labaran fatalwa "The Cold Embrace", "Eveline's Visitant" da "At Chrighton Abbey".   Tun daga shekarun 1930 zuwa gaba, sau da yawa ana tattara waɗannan labaran a cikin tarin littattafai kamar The Supernatural Omnibus (1931) na Montague Summers da kuma Fifty Years of Ghost Stories (1935).  Braddon ya kuma rubuta almarar tarihi. A cikin High Places ya nuna ƙuruciyar Charles I.  London Pride ta mayar da hankali kan Charles II .  Mohawks an saita su ne a lokacin mulkin Sarauniya Anne .  Isma'il an saita su ne a lokacin da Napoleon III ya hau mulki. 

Braddon ta kafa mujallar Belgravia a shekarar 1866. Ta hanyar gudanar da mujallarta, Braddon ta ƙara dabarun ban mamaki da ta riga ta yi amfani da su a cikin littattafanta na baya. Ta hanyar Belgravia, ta ɗaukaka suna na nau'inta ta hanyar nuna shi ta hanyar da ba ta da gangan. Mawallafiyar adabi Kate Matacks, wacce ta bi bayan marubucin tarihin rayuwar Braddon na farko Robert Wolff, ta yi jayayya cewa Braddon ta makale cikin maimaita dabarar da Lady Audley's Secret ta yi - tana yin labarai masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke kiyaye kuɗin shigarta amma wataƙila sun cutar da ingancin fasaha. Wannan ra'ayi yana nuna abin da masu sukar Braddon na farko suka yi iƙirari, cewa ita "bawan salon da ta ƙirƙira ce." Duk da haka, lokacin da aka bincika aikinta a matsayin marubuciya kuma edita na Belgravia, ya bayyana cewa amfani da Braddon na jin daɗi ba iyakancewa ba ne amma zaɓi ne da aka yi da gangan kuma mai ƙarfi. name="Palmer">

Bayyanar " masu ɓarna " ya bayyana a matsayin martani ga almarar abubuwan mamaki . Bayyana manyan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin labarin - ko kuma masu ɓarna - ya zama dabarar da ake amfani da ita don lalata suna da shaharar nau'in.  name="Tarr 2022 428–452"> Marubuta kamar Wilkie Collins da Braddon, waɗanda dukkansu marubutan farko ne na almarar abubuwan mamaki, sun yi ƙoƙarin mayar da martani ga waɗannan suka ta hanyar ƙarfafa masu bita da kada su bayyana sirrin labaransu. 

 Bugawa 
Braddon ta kafa mujallar Belgravia (1866), wadda ta bai wa masu karatu littattafai masu kayatarwa, waƙoƙi, labaran tafiye-tafiye da tarihin rayuwa, tare da kasidu kan salon zamani, tarihi da kimiyya. Ta kasance tare da zane-zane masu tsada kuma ta samar da tushen adabi a farashi mai araha. Ta kuma gyara mujallar Temple Bar .

Braddon ba wai kawai marubuciyar littattafai ba ce, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai buga mujallu.  Godiya ga zane-zane da yawa da kuma ƙarancin farashi, Belgravia ta taimaka wajen kawo littattafai ga masu sauraro. 

 Gado 
Akwai wani rubutu mai tsokaci kan ayyukan Braddon a cikin littafin Michael Sadleir mai suna Things Past (1944).  name="ven">Victor E. Neuburg, The Popular Press Companion to Popular Literature, Popular Press, 1983. ISBN 0879722339, pp. 36–37.

A shekarar 2014 aka kafa ƙungiyar Mary Elizabeth Braddon don girmama rayuwar Braddon da ayyukansa. 

 Wahayi da rayuwar mutum 
Mary Elizabeth Braddon mai sha'awar karatu ce kuma ta fara rubuta labarai tun tana 'yar shekara 11.

Tana da 'yan'uwa biyu, Edward da Maggie: Edward ya tafi Indiya a shekarar 1847, Maggie kuma ta auri Antonion Cartighoni ta koma Naples,  ta bar Mary da mahaifiyarta su kaɗai. Wannan ya haifar da 'yanci ga Braddon, wanda ya ƙaura zuwa larduna a shekarar 1852. Tana da sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta fara aiki a kan dandamali.  Tsakanin shekarun 1852 da 1860, ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta tana yawo a larduna a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarta.  Ta yi wasan kwaikwayo iri-iri, misali; Shakespeare, wasan kwaikwayo, barkwanci, burlesques, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun game da Indiya da Crimea.  Braddon ya kuma taka rawa a cikin "wasu daga cikin shahararrun wasannin kwaikwayo na lokacin", gami da sanannun wasannin kwaikwayo kamar Black-Eyed Susan da sabbin ayyukan Charles Reade, waɗanda daga baya za a canza su zuwa littattafan ban sha'awa. Duk da sha'awarta ga wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sadaukarwarta ga wasan kwaikwayo, ba ta taɓa samun matsayi na jagoranci ba, kuma saboda hakan, a hankali ta mayar da hankalinta ga rubuta littattafai.  Aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo ya zaburar da ita ta rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da waƙoƙi daga baya.

A watan Janairun 1864, Maxwell ya yi iƙirarin cewa Braddon da Maxwell ba su yi aure ba. 

 Jerin wasu daga cikin labaran almara 

Wasu littattafai a cikin wannan jerin da ba a cika ba sun fito ne daga kundin masu sayar da littattafai na Jarndyce Mata Marubuta 1795–1927. Kashi na I: A–F (Bazara 2017).

 Wasannin kwaikwayo 
An yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ayyukan Braddon da dama, ciki har da:

 Aurora Floyd, na Colin Henry Hazlewood, an fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a Britannia Theatre Saloon, London, 1863. 
 "Rubutu Mai Sanyi", wanda Jonathan Firth ya fito a ciki, BBC Radio 4, 2009.
 Littafin Lady Audley’s Secret, na Colin Henry Hazlewood, ya fara fitowa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Victoria, London, a shekarar 1863. 
 Sirrin Lady Audley, wanda Theda Bara, Fox Film Corp., ta fito a shekarar 1915.
 Sirrin Lady Audley, wanda Neve McIntosh, Kenneth Cranham, da Steven Mackintosh suka fito a ciki, fim ɗin PBS Mystery! 2000.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Matattun 1915
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba