Mataki na motocin man fetur

An gabatar da haramtacciyar motocin man fetur ko hanawa (alal misali ta hanyar haraji) akan siyar da sabbin motocin da ke amfani da man fetur na burbushin ko amfani da motocin da ake amfani da man shafawa, da kuma karfafawa don amfani da wasu nau'ikan sufuri. Motocin da ke amfani da man fetur, kamar su man fetur (mai), dizal, kerosene, da man fetus an saita su da kasashe da yawa. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman sassa uku na tsarin fitar da man fetur na burbushin halittu, sauran su ne fitar da tashoshin samar da man fetus don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma decarbonisation na masana'antu.

Kasashe da birane da yawa a duniya sun bayyana cewa za su hana sayar da motocin fasinjoji (musamman motoci da bas) da ke amfani da Man fetur kamar man fetur, iskar mai, da dizal a wani lokaci a nan gaba.[1][2] Ma'anar haramtacciyar sun haɗa da kalmomi kamar "banning gas cars", "banning petrol cars", "the petrol and diesel car ban", [3] ko kuma kawai "the diesel ban".[4][5][6] Wata hanyar fita ita ce amfani da Yankunan fitar da iska a cikin birane.￼

 Tarihi 
Dalilan da suka sa aka haramta ci gaba da sayar da motocin man fetur sun hada da: rage haɗarin kiwon lafiya daga gurɓataccen 2" href="./Particulate" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Particulate">ƙwayoyin, musamman dizal PM10s, da sauran hayaki, musamman nitrogen oxides;  haɗuwa da iskar gas mai ɗumi ta ƙasa, kamar CO2, manufofi a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ƙasa kamar Kyoto Protocol da Yarjejeniyar Paris; ko 'yancin makamashi. Manufar hana motocin da ke amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu tana da kyau ga gwamnatoci saboda tana ba da manufa mai sauƙi,  idan aka kwatanta da harajin carbon ko cire man fetur. 

Akwai wasu adawa da kawai motsawa daga motocin burbushin halittu zuwa motocin lantarki, saboda har yanzu suna buƙatar babban rabo na ƙasar birni. A gefe guda, akwai nau'ikan motoci da yawa (wutan lantarki) waɗanda ke ɗaukar ɗan sarari kaɗan, kamar su (kaya) kekuna da babura na lantarki da babura. Yin keken keke da tafiya a kan gajeren nesa, musamman a cikin birane, mafi kyau kuma mai yiwuwa tare da matakai kamar cire hanyoyi da wuraren ajiye motoci da inganta kayan aikin keken keke le Hanyoyin tafiya (ciki har da hanyoyi), yana ba da wani zaɓi na maye gurbin duk motocin burbushin halittu da motocin lantarki. Kodayake har yanzu akwai ƙananan birane marasa mota (kamar Venice), da yawa suna hana dukkan motoci a wasu sassan birni, kamar cibiyoyin birni.  

 Hanyoyi 
Hana motocin burbushin burbushin halittu na iyaka yana buƙatar hukumomi su kafa dokokin da ke ƙuntata su ta wata hanya. Hanyoyin da aka gabatar sun hada da:

 Hana ci gaba da tallace-tallace ko rajistar sabbin motocin da ke amfani da takamaiman man fetur daga wani kwanan wata a wani yanki. A ranar aiwatarwa, motocin da ke akwai za su kasance bisa doka don tuki a kan manyan hanyoyi na jama'a.
 Hana shigo da sabbin motocin da ke amfani da takamaiman man fetur daga wani kwanan wata zuwa wani yanki. An shirya wannan a kasashe kamar Denmark da Isra'ila;  duk da haka, wasu kasashe, kamar Isra'ila, ba su da doka a kan batun.
 Hana duk wani amfani da wasu motocin da ke amfani da takamaiman man fetur daga wani kwanan wata a cikin wani yanki. Ƙuntatawa irin su waɗannan sun riga sun kasance a cikin biranen Turai da yawa, yawanci a cikin mahallin yankunansu masu ƙarancin fitarwa (LEZs). 

Motocin sel na man fetur (wutan lantarki) (FCVs ko FCEVs) kuma suna ba da izinin gudu a kan (wasu) man fetur marasa burbushin halittu (watau, hydrogen, ethanol,  methanol, ).

Birane gabaɗaya suna amfani da gabatarwar yankuna masu ƙarancin fitarwa (LEZs) ko yankuna masu fitarwa (ZEZs), wani lokacin tare da takardar shaidar ingancin iska kamar Crit'air (Faransa), don ƙuntata amfani da motocin burbushin halittu a wasu ko duk yankinta. Wadannan yankuna suna girma a cikin adadi, girman, da tsauri. Wasu haramtacciyar birni a kasashe kamar Italiya, Jamus, da Switzerland ana kunna su ne kawai na ɗan lokaci a wasu lokutan rana, a lokacin hunturu, ko kuma lokacin da akwai faɗakarwar hayaki (alal misali, a Italiya a watan Janairun 2020); waɗannan ba sa ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga kawar da motocin man fetur, amma suna sa mallakar da amfani da irin waɗannan motocin ba su da kyau yayin da aka ƙuntata kuma farashin tuki yana ƙaruwa.

Wasu ƙasashe sun ba masu amfani da ƙarfafawa daban-daban kamar tallafi ko raguwar haraji don ƙarfafa sayen motocin lantarki, yayin da ake biyan haraji mai yawa.

Tare da taimakon tallafin gwamnati, Norway ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta sami mafi yawan sabbin motocin da aka sayar a cikin 2021 su zama lantarki. A watan Janairun 2022, kashi 88 cikin 100 na sabbin motocin da aka siyar a kasar na lantarki ne. Koyaya, sabanin rahotanni da yawa na ƙarya game da al'amarin, ba a shirya haramtacciyar sayar da sabbin motocin man fetur ko rajistar sabbin motoci na man fetur ba.

 Wuraren da aka tsara don hana motocin burbushin halittu 

 Kasashen Duniya 
A Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 da aka gudanar a Glasgow gwamnatoci da kamfanoni da yawa sun sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa da ba ta bin doka ba don hanzarta sauyawa zuwa motoci da motoci masu fitar da iska 100% (Glasgow Declaration). Sun so duk sabbin motoci da motoci kada su fitar da iskar gas a cikin bututun ruwa ta hanyar 2035 a manyan kasuwanni da kuma 2040 a duniya. Amurka da China (mafi girman kasuwannin mota) ba su sanya hannu ba kuma Jamus ba ta sanya hannu ba (mafi girma kasuwar mota a cikin EU). Har ila yau, ba su cikin jerin masu sa hannu ba sune manyan masana'antun mota Volkswagen, Toyota, Renault-Nissan da Hyundai-Kia.

 Tarayyar Turai 
A cikin 2018, Denmark ta ba da shawarar haramtacciyar EU a kan motocin man fetur da dizal, amma hakan ya sabawa ka'idojin EU. A watan Oktoba na 2019, Denmark ta ba da shawara don fitar da motocin man fetur a matakin memba na shekara ta 2030 wanda wasu kasashe 10 na EU suka goyi bayan. A watan Yulin 2021, Faransa ta yi adawa da haramtacciyar motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki kuma musamman a kan motocin hybrid. A watan Yulin 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar rage fitar da hayaki 100% don sabbin tallace-tallace na motoci da vans tun daga shekara ta 2035. A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2022, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kada kuri'a don amincewa da shawarar Hukumar Tarayyar Tarayyar, amma yarjejeniya tare da kasashe membobin Tarayyar Tsaro ta zama dole kafin a zartar da doka ta ƙarshe.

A ranar  ga Yuni , Ministan Kudi na Jamus Christian Lindner ya bayyana cewa gwamnatinsa za ta ki amincewa da haramcin.CO="true" id="mwASo" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO/green/2022/06/22/germany-refuses-to-agree-to-eu-ban-on-new-fossil-fuel-cars-from-2035&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;26 June 2022&quot;},&quot;website&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;euronews&quot;},&quot;language&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwD9Q\">&nbsp;</span><cite about=\"#mwt137\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwD9U\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/06/22/germany-refuses-to-agree-to-eu-ban-on-new-fossil-fuel-cars-from-2035\" id=\"mwD9Y\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Germany refuses to agree to EU ban on new fossil fuel cars from 2035\"</a>. <i id=\"mwD9c\">euronews</i>. 22 June 2022<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwD9g\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwD9k\">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite>"}}' id="cite_ref-42" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Amma a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2022, bayan sa'o'i 16 na tattaunawa, duk ministocin yanayi na kasashe 27 na EU sun amince da shawarar hukumar (wani ɓangare na 'Fit for 55' kunshin) don hana sayar da sabbin motocin konewa na ciki ta hanyar 2035 (ta hanyar '[ gabatar da] 100% CO2 rage fitarwa da 2035   don sabbin motoci da vans '). Jamus ta goyi bayan burin 2035, ta tambayi Hukumar ko motocin hybrid ko man fetur na CO2 na iya bin shawarar; Frans Timmermans ya amsa cewa Hukumar ta ci gaba da "buɗe-buɗe", amma a lokacin 'haɗe-haɗe ba su isar da isasshen raguwar hayaki ba kuma madadin man fetur sun kasance masu tsada sosai.'  Dokar "zero CO2 emissions for new cars and vans in 2035" Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da ita a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2023.

A watan Satumbar 2024, ministan masana'antu na Italiya ya yi kira ga EU da ta sake tantance haramcin ta na 2035 akan man fetur da motocin diesel, yana ba da shawarar sake dubawa a baya don bayyanawa. Gwamnatin Italiya ta tura don samun sauƙin kai wajen cimma burin decarbonization da kuma sauyawa a hankali daga injunan konewa.

 Kasashe 
Kasashen da aka gabatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya ko aiwatar da tallace-tallace 100% na motocin fitarwa sun haɗa da China (ciki har da Hong Kong da Macau), Japan, Singapore, Burtaniya, Koriya ta Kudu, Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, Slovenia, Jamus, Italiya, Faransa, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Kanada, jihohin Amurka 12 da suka bi Shirin Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) na California, Sri Lanka, Cabo Verde, da Costa Rica. See Table 2.1

 Jirgin ruwa 
Za a dakatar da fitarwa daga wuraren tarihi na duniya na Norway Geirangerfjord da Nærøyfjord daga 2026. 

Baya ga Jiragen ruwa da batir ko kuma jiragen ruwa na trolley ke motsawa, an yi ƙoƙari da yawa don daidaita ƙarfin ruwa na nukiliya wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na sojojin ruwa na ƙasashe da yawa na shekaru da yawa a cikin nau'ikan jiragen ruwa na nukliya, Masu ɗaukar jirgin sama na nukiliyar da masu fashewar nukiliya zuwa amfani da farar hula. Duk da yake an gina samfurori kamar Otto Hahn (jirgi)  (Jamusanci) NS Savannah (Amurka) da RV Mirai (Japan), jirgin da ba mai amfani da nukiliya ba ne kawai ya kasance a cikin aikin farar hula shine Sevmorput na Rasha wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta gina a ƙarshen 1980s. Tarayyar Soviet da magajinta Rasha suma suna kula da rundunar Jirgin ruwa na nukiliya don ci gaba da bude Hanyar Tekun Arewa.

Jirgin ruwa da jiragen ruwa sun dogara da albarkatun sabuntawa maimakon man fetur (iska da ƙarfin tsoka na mutum bi da bi) amma suna da rashin amfani dangane da saurin da farashin ma'aikata kuma saboda haka an cire su daga kusan dukkanin amfani da kasuwanci. Akwai wasu yunkurin amfani da jiragen ruwa masu amfani da iska don dalilai na kasuwanci, amma tun daga 2022 sun kasance a gefe.

Ana bincika wasu man fetur a matsayin wani ɓangare na decarbonization na ɓangaren jigilar kaya na teku. Misali, methanol ya zama sananne a matsayin man fetur mai sauyawa: ana iya amfani dashi a cikin injunan mai amfani biyu kuma, lokacin da aka ƙera shi daga wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa, Hydrogen da aka kama CO2 a matsayin "e-methanol", na iya ba da raguwar iskar gas idan aka kwatanta da man fetur na gargajiya.   A halin yanzu, ammoniya tana cikin ci gaba mai aiki a matsayin madadin man fetur na sifili a cikin nau'in "e-ammoniya", wanda ba ya ƙunshe da Kwayoyin carbon kuma don haka ba ya fitar da CO2 a lokacin konewa.   Kodayake yawancin ababen more rayuwa, aminci, da ƙalubalen farashi sun kasance, masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki na kasuwanci na tsammanin jiragen ammoniya don shiga aiki a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

Tsaro na makamashi da matakan inganci suma mahimmanci ne don rage hayaki na jigilar kayayyaki. Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a ko'ina ita ce jinkirin tururi: rage saurin jirgin ruwa na iya samar da babban tanadin man fetur tunda Amfani da man fetur kusan daidai yake da cube na saurin. Misali, rage saurin jirgin ruwa daga 27 zuwa 18 knots na iya rage amfani da ~50% ko fiye. Wata fasahar da ke tasowa ita ce motsi mai taimakon iska, musamman ta hanyar Flettner rotors, waɗanda ke motsawa a tsaye waɗanda ke amfani da tasirin Magnus don samar da turawa. Gwaje-gwaje da gyare-gyare suna nuna tanadin man fetur na akalla 10% lokacin da aka yi amfani da rotors na Flettner, kuma cewa fasahar tana samun karbuwa sosai.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba