Amber Reeves

Amber Blanco White ( née Reeves ; 1 Yuli 1887 - 26 Disamba 1981) marubuciya ce kuma ƙwararriyar 'yar Burtaniya 'yar asalin New Zealand kuma ƙwararriya a fannin mata.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Reeves a Christchurch, New Zealand, babban ɗan fari cikin 'ya'ya uku na Fabian feminist Maud Pember Reeves (wanda aka haifa Robison; 1865–1953)Maude & Amber, Ruth Fry, University of Canterbury Press, 1992. pp. 35, 44–58, 82–91, 99–121 kuma ɗan siyasa kuma mai kawo sauyi a zamantakewa a New Zealand William Pember Reeves . 

Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Landan a shekarar 1896, inda mahaifinta ya zama Wakili Janar na New Zealand . Goggon ta, 'yan uwanta, da kuma bayinta da suka rasu sun shiga gidan a Cornwall Gardens, Kensington . "London ta kasance mai ƙiyayya bayan New Zealand," in ji ta. "Babu 'yanci. Babu bakin teku. Tituna, tituna, tituna. Gidaje, gidaje." 

Reeves ta yi karatun Sakandare a Kensington har zuwa 1904, sannan ta yi tafiya zuwa Turai don ta iya Faransanci sosai. Mahaifinta bai cika son zuwa makarantar sakandare ta mata ba; lokacin da ya ba ta zaɓi tsakanin a gabatar da ita a kotu da kuma zuwa Jami'ar Cambridge, sai ta zaɓi Cambridge. Daga nan Reeves ta fara karatun Kimiyyar Ɗabi'a (falsafa) a Kwalejin Newnham a 1905. Da wuya mahaifinta ya ƙara nuna adawa domin koyaushe yana yaba nasarorin da ta samu a fannin ilimi.
Maude & Amber, Ruth Fry, University of Canterbury Press, 1992. pp. 35, 44–58, 82–91, 99–121

 Jami'ar Cambridge 
A lokacin da take Cambridge, Reeves ta fara hulɗa da wasu mata matasa waɗanda suka yi irin wannan sha'awar ta ta ilimi da kuma ra'ayinta na gurguzu a siyasa, inda ta ƙulla abota ta tsawon rai da Eva Spielmann (daga baya Eva Hubback ), wadda ta zama ƙwararriyar mai ilimi. Ta shiga cikin al'ummomi da dama, ciki har da al'ummar muhawara. A shekarar 1907, ta jagoranci muhawarar tsakanin kwalejoji da Girton, tana jayayya cewa "ra'ayin gurguzu game da rayuwa shine mafi daraja da kuma mafi amfani, ga gwamnati da kuma mutum ɗaya." 

A shekarar 1906, ta kafa ƙungiyar Fabian Society (CUFS) ta Jami'ar Cambridge tare da Ben Keeling, memba na ƙungiyar Fabian (wani lokaci ba ta aiki) a garin. CUFS ita ce ƙungiya ta farko a Cambridge da ta ɗauki mata aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. Matasa mata suna haɗuwa akai-akai da maza a matsayin daidai gwargwado kuma suna tattauna komai daga akidun addini zuwa munanan halaye na zamantakewa zuwa jima'i, wanda ba zai yiwu ba a cikin yanayin gargajiya na gidajensu. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Ta yi fice a karatunta, inda ta sami maki biyu a shekarar 1908. Gilbert Murray ta taɓa rubuta wani jawabi da ta yi wa Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Newnham, "A ganina, ya zama kamar takarda mafi kyau da na karanta a kwaleji - ina nufin kamar yadda matashi ya yi wa wani kuma daga mahangar da ba ta da ma'ana ta metaphysical." Wata ɗaliba ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mai hankali" bayan wata lacca da ta yi wa Ƙungiyar Falsafa. 

 Alaƙa da HG Wells 
HG Wells abokiyar iyayen Reeves ce kuma ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu jawabi da suka yi jawabi a CUFS. Bayan jawabin Reeves ga ƙungiyar Falsafa, an yi ta rade-radin cewa ita da Wells, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubuta kuma masu hazaka a rabin farko na ƙarni na ashirin, sun tafi Paris don hutun karshen mako. Bayyanar su tare a wani liyafar cin abinci da aka shirya wa abokin aikinsu Fabian kuma Gwamnan Jamaica Sir Sydney Olivier, Baron Olivier na farko shine farkon bayyana dangantakar soyayya tsakanin ma'auratan. Wells ya yi iƙirarin cewa Reeves ya mayar da martani ga sha'awarsa ta son batsa mai ban sha'awa, da kuma "hasashe na jima'i" da matarsa Jane ba za ta iya jurewa ba. Wells ya dage cewa a yi shiru game da dangantakarsu, kodayake Reeves bai ga dalilin da zai sa a ɓoye sirrin dangantakarsu mai ban sha'awa ba. Da zarar dangantakarsu ta shahara, an yi yunƙurin wargaza ta, musamman daga mahaifiyar Amber da kuma daga George Rivers Blanco White, lauya wanda daga baya zai aure ta. 

Reeves ta damu da kada ta raba auren Wells, duk da cewa tana son ta haifi ɗansa. Labarin cewa tana da ciki a bazara na 1909 ya girgiza dangin Reeves, kuma ma'auratan sun gudu zuwa Le Touquet-Paris-Plage inda suka yi ƙoƙarin yin rayuwa tare. Babu ɗayansu da ya yi kyau da zaman gida; kaɗaici da damuwa game da ciki, da kuma sarkakiyar yanayin ya sa ta shiga cikin damuwa, kuma bayan watanni uku suka yanke shawarar barin Le Touquet. Wells ya kai ta Boulogne ya saka ta a cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa Ingila, yayin da shi kuma ya zauna don ci gaba da rubuce-rubucensa. Reeves ya tafi ya zauna tare da Wells da matarsa Jane lokacin da suka dawo Sandgate . Amma a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1909, ta auri Rivers Blanco White. A rayuwarta ta ƙarshe ta rubuta, "Ban shirya auren Rivers ba; ya shirya shi da HG, amma koyaushe ina tunanin shine mafi kyawun abin da zai iya faruwa." 

Wells ya rubuta littafin roman à clef Ann Veronica bisa ga dangantakarsa da Reeves. Mawallafin littafinsa, Frederick Macmillan, ya ƙi littafin, saboda yuwuwar lalacewar da zai iya yi; duk da haka, T. Fisher Unwin ya buga shi a kaka ta 1909, lokacin da jita-jita game da Wells ta yi yawa. Daga baya Wells ya rubuta cewa yayin da halin Ann Veronica ya dogara ne akan Amber, halin da ya yi imanin ya fi kusa da ita shine Amanda a cikin littafinsa mai suna The Research Magnificent . A ranar 31 ga Disamba 1909, ta haifi 'ya mace, Anna-Jane, wacce ba ta san cewa mahaifinta na gaske shine HG Wells ba har sai da ta kai shekara 18. 

 Aiki da rayuwar iyali 
Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta ɗauki Reeves aiki, tana kula da wani sashe da ke kula da ɗaukar mata aiki. Wani ɓangare na aikinta shi ne ƙarfafa ma'aikata da masu ɗaukar ma'aikata su ga cewa mata suna da ikon yin ayyuka daban-daban fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Daga baya ta ɗauki nauyin albashin mata a Ma'aikatar Harin Makamai . A shekarar 1919, an naɗa ta a Majalisar Whitley, amma a wannan shekarar aka dakatar da nadinta. Humbert Wolfe, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati, ta rubuta wa Matthew Nathan, sakataren majalisar, yana mai nuna cewa sallamar Amber ya fi faruwa ne saboda matar aure ce, kuma barin ta daga aikin gwamnati "wauta ce ƙwarai". [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

A shekarar 1921, ƙarfin gwiwarta a fannin mata ma'aikata ya sa ta yi fito-na-fito da tsoffin sojoji waɗanda ke da iko sosai ta hanyar ƙungiyoyinsu. An gaya mata cewa wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki sun tuntuɓi ministar kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani tsohon soja da zai iya barci cikin kwanciyar hankali yayin da take aiki a cikin gwamnati. Ta sami sanarwar korar aiki, kuma, ban da lokacin da ta yi da Ma'aikatar Kwadago a shekarar 1922, wannan shine ƙarshen aikinta na ma'aikatan gwamnati. Ta fara aiki a kan littafinta mai suna Give and Take, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1923. Amber ba ta ji daɗin zama uwar gida ba; a wani lokaci ta rubuta: Rayuwar wanke-wanke a ƙananan gidaje daban-daban da kuma zama ƙarƙashin kowane mutum a cikin komai ga namijin da ke karɓar albashi, ina ganin yana da matuƙar illa ga mata da kuma duk wani ra'ayi da za su iya tasiri. Yana da wulaƙanci da ƙuntatawa kuma babu abin da za a faɗa don amfanin sa... ...Yaya zan so a sake yin aiki tuƙuru wanda ya tayar da hankali ga rayuwar waje.Akwai ɗan matsala a aurenta da George Rivers Blanco White. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsu, dukansu sun ɗauki kyawawan halaye game da ' yancin bayyana soyayya wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'ummar adabi, masu ilimi da kuma masu ra'ayin hagu a lokacin, amma yayin da suka girma, waɗannan halaye sun fara canzawa. Rubuta game da aure a cikin littafinta Worry in Women, ta bayyana cewa idan mutane suka zaɓi karya ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, dole ne su kasance cikin shiri don jure wa laifi. Ta kuma bayyana cewa idan mace ba ta da aminci, bai kamata ta gaya wa mijinta ba, tana rubutawa, "idan akwai wani abu da ya shafi ƙarya, to wannan shi ne." 

Baya ga Anna-Jane, Reeves yana da 'ya'ya biyu, Thomas, lauya mai lasisin mallaka, da kuma (Margaret) Justin Blanco White, wani mai zane. Justin ya auri Conrad Hal Waddington, masanin ilmin halittu, kuma yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, masanin lissafi Dusa McDuff da kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Caroline Humphrey . Harrison and White, 10267 

 Rubuce-rubuce 
Reeves ya buga littattafai guda huɗu da kuma ayyuka huɗu marasa almara, waɗanda suka shafi fannoni daban-daban, amma duk suna raba sharhin gurguzu da na mata game da al'ummar jari-hujja. Waɗannan su ne:

 Ladar Nagarta (1911)
 Wata Mata da Mijinta (1914)
 Helen cikin Soyayya (1916)
 Ba da Kuma Ɗauka: Littafin Ban Mamaki (1923)
 Ƙasanta Banki (1934)
 Sabuwar Farfaganda (1938)
 Damuwa a Cikin Mata (1941)
 Ɗabi'a ga Masu Kafirci (1949)

Ta kuma rubuta sharhi kan littattafai ga Queen da Vogue, da kuma labarai na Saturday Review . Na ɗan lokaci ita ce editan jaridar Townswomen's Guild ta Townswoman . 

Reeves ta yi aiki tare da Wells a kan Aikin, Arziki da Farin Ciki na Ɗan Adam (1931). A cikin wannan littafin, ta yi bincike kuma ta tattara bayanai kan lalacewar cinikin roba a kan al'ummar 'yan asalin Sashen Putumayo, Peru, da Kongo ta Belgium (duba Rahoton Shari'a don bayanin manyan take haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a ƙarshen). Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga wani sashe kan yadda ake tara dukiya ta hanyar samar da tarihin sabbin iko da ƙarfi "suna gudu da hauka a cikin hauka na ƙarshe don riba ta sirri da ta sirri". Wells ya haɗa da babin "Matsayin Mata a Aikin Duniya" a shawarar Amber, kodayake bayan karanta babin ta roƙe shi ya haɗa da rashin amincewa cewa ba lallai ne ta yarda da abin da ya faɗa ba. 

 Aikin siyasa 
A lokacin yakin neman zaben 1924, an nemi Reeves ta yi magana a madadin 'yan takarar Jam'iyyar Liberal da Labour . Ta zabi ta goyi bayan Jam'iyyar Labour: "Masu sauraron Liberal mutane ne masu kyawawan halaye. Sun zauna a tsaye a jere suna tafa safar hannu ta auduga... Amma lokacin da na isa taron Jam'iyyar Labour a unguwannin talakawa, tsakanin masu biyan kuɗi da mazan jirgin ƙasa da mata sanye da huluna masu hannu goma na velvet - lokacin da na ga fuskokinsu masu launin toka da rawaya a cikin waɗannan dakunan taruwa, na san kwatsam cewa su mutanena ne." Ba da daɗewa ba ta zama memba na jam'iyyar kuma ta goyi bayan mijinta a matsayin ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar Labour na Holland-tare da Boston a Lincolnshire. Kujerar ta tafi hannun 'yan Liberal a zaɓen maye gurbin da aka yi a farkon wannan shekarar kuma White ta kasa lashe ta.

Reeves ta yi ƙoƙarin samun ra'ayoyinta kan kuɗi, daga baya ta tattara a cikin littafinta mai suna The Nationalization of Banking, wanda Jam'iyyar Labour ta amince da shi, kuma ita da Rivers suka zama masu alhakin wani littafin jam'iyya mai suna Womens Leader . Reeves ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar Fabian Society, kuma a wannan lokacin da yawa daga cikin 'yan Fabian sun yarda cewa akwai buƙatar yin aiki ta hanyar Jam'iyyar Labour ta majalisar dokoki. Ta tsaya takara sau biyu a matsayin 'yar takarar Hendon, a 1931 da 1935. 

 Koyarwa 
Na wani lokaci Reeves tana koyarwa a Kwalejin Morley da ke Landan. Da farko abokiyarta daga Cambridge Eva Hubback ta gayyace ta don ta taimaka, ta zama cikin ƙungiyar malamai a shekarar 1928, tana ba da darussa sau biyu a mako kan ɗabi'a da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. A shekarar 1929, shekara guda bayan zartar da Dokar Daidaito ta 'Yancin Haƙƙin mallaka wadda ta ba wa mata kaɗa ƙuri'a iri ɗaya da maza, ƙungiyar Fabian Society ta ba ta izinin yin lacca kan "Masu Zaɓen Sabuwar Mata da Zaɓe Mai Zuwa". Duk da haka, ta janye daga wannan laccar don yin aiki a kan kamfen ɗin zaɓen maye gurbin ga mijinta a Holland-with-Boston . Ta yi lacca a Morley tsawon shekaru talatin da bakwai, tana sake duba darussanta akai-akai don haɗa da ƙarin tunani na tunani. A shekarar 1946, ta zama shugabar makaranta bayan mutuwar Hubback. Lokacin da aka naɗa sabuwar shugabar makaranta a shekarar 1947, ta koma yin lacca da rubuta littafinta Ɗabi'a ga waɗanda ba su yarda ba . 

 Rayuwa daga baya 
A watan Yulin 1960, Rivers ta sha fama da bugun jini wanda ya sa ya gurgunta a gefen damansa. Reeves ya shiga cikin damuwa kuma a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa ta damu sosai kuma ta fara baƙin ciki. Ta rubuta wa 'yarta Anna-Jane, wacce take Singapore a lokacin, "Idan akwai haikalin Confucian a KL, za ku iya yin ɗan tayin (idan yana son hadayu)... ... Ina da imani da shi yanzu fiye da allahnmu wanda yake ba mu kunya ko'ina." Lokacin da Rivers ta mutu a ranar 28 ga Maris 1966, Reeves ta ƙuduri aniyar ci gaba da rayuwa kamar yadda ya kamata. Masanin tarihi na New Zealand Keith Sinclair wanda ke rubuta tarihin rayuwar mahaifinta ya ziyarta ta, kuma sau biyu masu yin tambayoyi daga BBC sun ziyarce ta (An watsa wata hira ta mintuna 40 da Denys Gueroult ta Radio 4 a watan Satumbar 1970).  Duk da cewa tana jin daɗin tattauna siyasa da al'amuran duniya, ta ji takaici game da fatan gurguzu na ƙuruciyarta, kuma ta goyi bayan Conservatives a zaɓen 1970 . Ta yi imanin cewa mutanen da ba daidai ba ne ke jagorantar 'yan hagu kuma 'yan adawa ne kawai za su kaɗa ƙuri'a a kansu. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1981, an kwantar da ita a asibiti a St John's Wood kuma ta mutu a ranar 26 ga Disamba  tana da shekaru 94.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1981
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba