John White (mai mulkin mallaka kuma mai zane)

John White (  –  ) gwamnan mulkin mallaka ne na Ingila, mai bincike, mai zane, da kuma mai zane-zane. White yana cikin waɗanda suka yi tafiya tare da Richard Grenville a yunƙurin farko na mamaye Tsibirin Roanoke a 1585, yana aiki a matsayin mai zane da mai tsara taswirar balaguron. Ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin gwamnan yunƙurin na biyu na kafa yankin Roanoke a wannan tsibirin a 1587 kuma ya gano cewa 'yan mulkin mallaka sun ɓace a ɓoye.

A lokacin da yake a tsibirin Roanoke, ya yi zane-zane da yawa na ruwa game da yanayin da ke kewaye da shi da mutanen Algonkin. Wadannan ayyukan suna da mahimmanci saboda su ne mafi yawan zane-zane na al'ummar 'yan asalin Amurka na Gabashin teku; duk abubuwan da suka tsira na asali yanzu ana kiyaye su a cikin ɗakin bugawa na Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya.

A shekara ta 1587, White ya zama gwamnan Sir Walter Raleigh da ya gaza a yunkurin zama na dindindin a tsibirin Roanoke, wanda aka sani da tarihi a matsayin "Lost Colony". Wannan shine ƙoƙari na farko don kafa Mulkin mallaka na Ingila na dindindin a Sabon Duniya. Jikan White Virginia Dare ita ce yar Ingilishi ta farko da aka haifa a Arewacin Amurka. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1587, White ya koma Ingila don kayan aiki. An jinkirta tafiyar dawowa saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da Armada na Mutanen Espanya. Gwamna White a ƙarshe ya koma tsibirin Roanoke a watan Agustan shekara ta 1590, amma ya sami mulkin mallaka ya daɗe ya bar shi.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
Ba a san ainihin ranar haihuwar John White ba amma da alama an haife shi a wani lokaci a cikin 1530s-1540s. An san White da halartar coci a Ikklisiya na St Martin, Ludgate a Landan. A shekara ta 1566, ya auri Tomasyn Cooper; tare da wanda ya haifi ɗa, Thomas, wanda ya mutu da ƙuruciya, da kuma 'yar, Eleanor .  Ba a san komai game da horar da White a matsayin mai zane ba amma yana yiwuwa ya koyi aiki a matsayin mai nuna hoto a ƙarƙashin masanin London.

 Ayyuka 
A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida, ƙoƙarin kafa mulkin mallaka na Ingila a Sabon Duniya ya fara samun ƙarfi, kuma White nan da nan ya zama mai goyon baya mai himma. A shekara ta 1577, White na iya kasancewa tare da Martin Frobisher don neman karafa masu daraja da kuma hanyar arewa maso yamma zuwa Asiya a kan Baffin Island da Greenland. Duk da haka, ba a ambaci White da suna ba. Hotunansa daga wannan lokacin sun kasance na ƙasashe da mutane da suka haɗu a kan tafiya. A shekara ta 1585, White ya bi balaguron da Sir Ralph Lane ya jagoranta don ƙoƙarin gano mulkin mallaka na farko na Ingila a Arewacin Amurka. Sir Walter Raleigh ne ya aiko White a matsayin mai zane-zane na Sir Richard Grenville a tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa Sabon Duniya; yana aiki tare da masanin kimiyya Thomas Harriot, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara taswira da mai zane ga balaguron, wanda ya gamu da matsaloli masu yawa kuma ya koma Ingila a shekara ta 1586.  

 Mai zane-zane 
A shekara ta 1585, an ba White izinin "ja hankalin" mazaunan Sabon Duniya da kewayenta. A lokacin White a tsibirin Roanoke, ya kammala zane-zane masu yawa na ruwa na yanayin da ke kewaye da shi da kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar. Wadannan ayyukan suna da mahimmanci saboda su ne mafi yawan zane-zane na al'ummar 'yan asalin Amurka na Gabashin Gabas, kuma sun riga sun kasance na farko na "bincike na tafiye-tafiye" wanda aka kirkira a ƙarshen karni na 18 ta masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi tafiya tare da Kyaftin James Cook. Suna wakiltar rikodin gani na mazaunan ƙasar Amurka da mazaunan farko na Ingila suka haɗu da su.

Farin cikin White ga watercolor ya kasance mai ban mamaki - yawancin masu zane-zane na zamani sun fi son amfani da fenti na mai. Hotunan ruwa na White nan da nan za su zama abin mamaki a Turai; ba da daɗewa ba kafin masanin zane-zane na Flemish Theodor de Bry ya zana hotuna. Ta hanyar matsakaiciyar bugawa, zane-zanen sun zama sanannun kuma an rarraba su; an buga su a cikin 1590 a ƙarƙashin taken Amurka.

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