Louise Bourgeois

Louise Joséphine Bourgeois ( [lwiz buʁʒwa] i; 25 Disamba 1911 - 31 Mayu 2010)  ta kasance mai zane-zane na Faransa-Amurka. Kodayake an fi saninta da manyan siffofi da fasahar shigarwa, Bourgeois ta kasance mai zane-zane da mai buga takardu. Ta bincika jigogi iri-iri a cikin dogon aikinta ciki har da gida da iyali, jima'i da jiki, da mutuwa da rashin sani. Wadannan jigogi sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru tun tana yarinya wanda ta yi la'akari da tsarin warkarwa. Kodayake Bourgeois ta nuna tare da masu nunawa kuma aikinta yana da alaƙa da Surrealism da Fasahar mata, ba a haɗa ta da wani motsi na fasaha ba.

 Rayuwa 

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Bourgeois a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1911 a birnin Paris, Faransa. Ita ce ta tsakiya cikin uku da aka haifa ga iyayen Joséphine Fauriaux da Louis Bourgeois .  Iyayenta suna da wani gallery wanda ya fi ma'amala da kayan ado na dā. Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haihuwarta, iyalinta sun ƙaura daga Paris kuma sun kafa bita don gyara zane-zane a ƙarƙashin gidansu a Choisy-le-Roi, wanda Bourgeois ya cika da kayayyaki inda suka zama sanye.  

A cikin 1930, Bourgeois ta shiga Sorbonne don nazarin lissafi da lissafi, batutuwan da ta kimanta don kwanciyar hankali,   tana cewa "Na sami zaman lafiya na tunani, kawai ta hanyar nazarin dokoki wanda babu wanda zai iya canzawa. "

 Shekaru na Tsakiya 
Ga Bourgeois, farkon shekarun 1940 sun wakilci matsalolin sauyawa zuwa sabuwar ƙasa da gwagwarmayar shiga duniyar baje kolin Birnin New York. Ayyukanta a wannan lokacin an gina su ne daga tarkace da katako wanda ta yi amfani da shi don sassaƙa siffofin katako. An rufe ƙazantar itacen da fenti, bayan haka an yi amfani da ƙusa don ƙirƙirar ramuka da ƙugiyoyi a ƙoƙarin nuna wasu motsin rai. Halin Barci yana daya daga cikin irin wannan misali wanda ke nuna adadi na yaki wanda ba zai iya fuskantar ainihin duniya ba saboda rauni. A duk rayuwarta, an halicci aikin Bourgeois ne daga sake duba rayuwarta ta baya yayin da ta sami wahayi da catharsis na wucin gadi daga shekarunta na yarinta da cin zarafin da ta sha daga mahaifinta. A hankali ta haɓaka ƙarin amincewar fasaha, kodayake shekarunta na tsakiya sun fi duhu, wanda watakila saboda ta sami kulawa kaɗan daga duniyar fasaha duk da nunin farko da ta yi a shekarar 1945. Mahaifin Bourgeois ya mutu a shekara ta 1951, sannan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka.

A shekara ta 1945, an nuna Bourgeois a cikin baje kolin Mata masu zane-zane goma sha huɗu a Peggy Guggenheim's Art of This Century, mai taken The Women .  Duk da yake wannan nune-nunen ya haifar da muhawara game da matsayin mata masu zane-zane a cikin duniyar fasaha, ya kuma bayyana su a matsayin daban daga takwarorinsu na maza kuma ya karfafa ra'ayi mai lalacewa na kwarewar mata ta duniya. Da yake tsokaci game da karbar ta a matsayin mace mai zane a cikin shekarun 1940, Bourgeois ta ce ba ta "san wane fasahar da mace ta yi ba....Babu kwarewar mata a cikin fasaha, aƙalla ba a cikin nawa ba, saboda ba kawai ta hanyar kasancewa mace ba ne mutum yana da kwarewa daban. "

A shekara ta 1954, Bourgeois ya shiga kungiyar American Abstract Artists Group, tare da mutane da yawa na zamani, daga cikinsu Barnett Newman da Ad Reinhardt . A wannan lokacin ta kuma yi abota da masu zane-zane Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko, da Jackson Pollock .  A matsayin wani ɓangare na American Abstract Artists Group, Bourgeois ya yi canji daga itace da tsarin tsaye zuwa marmara, gilashi, da tagulla yayin da ta bincika damuwa kamar tsoro, rauni, da asarar iko. Wannan canjin ya kasance canji. Ta yi magana game da fasaharta a matsayin jerin ko jerin da ke da alaƙa da kwanaki da yanayi, tana kwatanta aikinta na farko a matsayin tsoron faɗuwa wanda daga baya ya canza zuwa fasahar faɗuwa da juyin halitta na ƙarshe a matsayin fasahar ratayewa a can. Rikicin da ta yi a rayuwa ta ainihi ya ba ta ikon tabbatar da abubuwan da ta samu da kuma gwagwarmaya ta hanyar fasaha ta musamman. A shekara ta 1958, Bourgeois da mijinta sun koma wani gida a West 20th Street, a Chelsea, Manhattan, inda ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki har tsawon rayuwarta.

Duk da gaskiyar cewa ta ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa fasaharta ta kasance mai fafutukar mata, batun Bourgeois shine mata. Ayyuka irin su Femme Maison (1946-1947), Torso self-portrait (1963-1964), da Arch of Hysteria (1993), duk suna nuna jikin mata. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, hotonta ya zama mafi yawan jima'i yayin da ta bincika dangantakar da ke tsakanin maza da mata da kuma tasirin motsin rai na yarinta mai wahala. Hotunan jima'i irin su Janus Fleuri (1968) sun nuna cewa ba ta jin tsoron amfani da nau'in mace a sababbin hanyoyi. Ta ce, "Aikin na yana magance matsalolin da suka gabata". "Misali, kishi ba namiji ba ne ko mace ba. "  Duk da wannan da'awar, a cikin 1976 an nuna Femme Maison a kan murfin littafin Lucy Lippard Daga Cibiyar: Mata Essays on Women's Art kuma ya zama gunkin ƙungiyar fasahar mata.  Tare da tasowa na mata, aikinta ya sami masu sauraro da yawa.
Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1911

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