Muhalli na al'adu

Ilimin Muhalli na al'adu shine nazarin daidaitawar ɗan adam ga yanayin zamantakewa da na zahiri. Daidaitawar ɗan adam tana nufin tsarin halittu da al'adu waɗanda ke ba da damar yawan jama'a su tsira kuma su haife su a cikin yanayin da aka ba su ko canzawa. Ana iya aiwatar da wannan ta hanyar diachronically (bincike abubuwan da suka wanzu a lokuta daban-daban), ko kuma a lokaci guda (bincike tsarin yanzu da abubuwan da ke ciki). Babban gardamar ita ce yanayin halitta, a cikin ƙananan sikelin ko al'ummomin rayuwa da ke dogara da shi, babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar zamantakewa da sauran cibiyoyin ɗan adam. A cikin ilimin kimiyya, lokacin da aka haɗa shi da nazarin Tattalin arzikin siyasa, nazarin tattalin arziki a matsayin siyasa, ya zama ilimin muhalli na siyasa, wani yanki na ilimi. Har ila yau, yana taimakawa wajen yin tambayoyi game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi kamar cutar Easter Island Syndrome .

 Tarihi 
Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Julian Steward (1902-1972) ya kirkiro kalmar, yana tunanin ilimin muhalli na al'adu a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yadda mutane ke daidaitawa da irin waɗannan mahalli iri-iri. A cikin Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution (1955), ilimin muhalli na al'adu yana wakiltar "hanyoyin da canjin al'adu ke haifar da shi ta hanyar daidaitawa da muhalli". Wani mahimmin batu shi ne cewa duk wani karbuwa na ɗan adam a wani bangare ne na tarihi kuma ya haɗa da fasahohi, ayyuka, da ilimin da ke ba mutane damar rayuwa a cikin yanayi. Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da mahalli ke tasiri ga halin daidaitawar ɗan adam, ba ya ƙayyade shi. Ta wannan hanyar, Steward da hikima ya raba rikice-rikice na muhalli daga ayyukan ciki na al'adun da suka mamaye wani yanayi. Idan aka kalli shi na dogon lokaci, wannan yana nufin cewa muhalli da al'adu suna kan hanyoyi daban-daban na juyin halitta kuma cewa ikon ɗayan ya rinjayi ɗayan ya dogara da yadda aka tsara kowannensu. Wannan da'awar ne - cewa yanayin jiki da na halitta yana shafar al'ada - wanda ya tabbatar da rikici, saboda yana nuna wani bangare na Ƙaddamar da muhalli akan ayyukan ɗan adam, wanda wasu masana kimiyyar zamantakewa suka sami matsala, musamman waɗanda ke rubutu daga hangen nesa na Marxist. Ilimin muhalli na al'adu ya fahimci cewa yankin muhalli yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara al'adun yankin.

 A cikin yanayin ƙasa 
A cikin yanayin ƙasa, ilimin muhalli na al'adu ya bunkasa ne don mayar da martani ga tsarin " yanayin shimfidar wuri" na Carl O. Sauer. An soki makarantar Sauer saboda rashin kimiyya kuma daga baya don riƙe ra'ayi na al'ada. Ilimin muhalli na al'adu ya yi amfani da ra'ayoyi daga ka'idar muhalli da tsarin don fahimtar daidaitawar mutane da mahallinsu. Wadannan masu ilimin muhalli na al'adu sun mayar da hankali kan kwararar makamashi da kayan aiki, suna nazarin yadda imani da cibiyoyi a cikin al'ada ke tsara musayar ta tare da yanayin muhalli da ke kewaye da ita. A cikin wannan hangen nesa mutane sun kasance wani ɓangare na muhalli kamar kowane abu. Manyan masu aiki da wannan nau'in ilimin muhalli na al'adu sun hada da Karl Butzer da David Stoddart.

 Manazarta