Ayyukan 'Yanci na Kasa

Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kai ta Ƙasa ( Ação Libertadora Nacional, ALN ) ƙungiya ce ta 'yan daba ta birane masu ra'ayin Marxist-Leninist a Brazil wadda ta yi adawa da mulkin kama-karya na sojojin Brazil . Carlos Marighella ne ya kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1967, bayan rabuwar kai a Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Brazil . Ita ce babbar ƙungiyar masu makamai ta hagu a Brazil, wadda ta yi fice a yawan 'yan bindigar da ta samu damar jawowa.  A lokacin da take aiki, ALN ta ɗauki alhakin wasu manyan ayyuka, ciki har da fashi da makami a bankuna don ba da kuɗaɗen yaƙi, sace Jakadan Amurka a Brazil a shekarar 1969, da kuma garkuwa da wasu mutane a bainar jama'a don a musanya su da 'yan bindiga da aka tsare. 

 Tarihi 

 Yanayin siyasa 
Bayan juyin mulkin Brazil a shekarar 1964, mulkin kama-karya na soja ya danne bayyanar siyasa ta dimokuradiyya tare da kawo cikas ga tsammanin sauyin zamantakewa cikin lumana a Brazil, wanda ya haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi na siyasa na 'yan bindiga masu ra'ayin hagu da yawa.  A watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, an harbi Carlos Marighella kuma an kama shi da jami'an Ma'aikatar Siyasa da Zamantakewa (DOPS) a cikin wani gidan sinima da ke Rio de Janeiro . Ta hanyar hukuncin kotu, an sake shi a shekara mai zuwa kuma ya yanke shawarar shiga cikin adawa da mulkin kama-karya.  A cikin mujallarsa mai suna The Brazilian Crisis, Marighella ya yi nazarin yanayin ƙasa ta hanyar kallon rikicin aji kuma ya soki layin jam'iyyar PCB mai zaman lafiya, wanda a lokacin ya goyi bayan juriya ta hanyar yajin aiki na gaba ɗaya .  

 Tsarin aiki 
A ranar farko ta watan Disamba na shekarar 1966, Marighella ya rubuta wata wasiƙa yana mai watsi da matsayinsa a Hukumar Zartarwa ta Ƙasa ta PCB, inda ya yi jayayya cewa "ya fi kyau a yi watsi da zama tare a hukumance maimakon rayuwa cikin firgici da lamirina".  Saboda waɗannan bambance-bambancen siyasa, ya jagoranci, tare da Joaquim Câmara Ferreira, ƙirƙirar "São Paulo Dissidence", wani reshe na PCB wanda ke ba da shawarar yaƙi da makamai.  Bayan taron Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Latin Amurka (OLAS) a Havana a shekarar 1967, a ƙarshe an kori masu adawa daga PCB, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar ALN.  

 Aiki 
Tun lokacin da aka kafa ALN, ta yi amfani da wasu matakai na daukar makamai domin kwace bindigogi da kudi domin inganta tsarin 'yan daba. A wannan lokacin, kungiyar ta samar da manufofi da takardu da dama da nufin bayyana wa mutane manufofin ayyukan soji. Yawancin wadannan takardu an yada su ne a wuraren da aka gudanar da ayyukan. A cikin daya daga cikin wadannan takardu na 1969, ALN ta bayyana muhimmancin wadannan ayyuka na samar da ababen more rayuwa kuma ta yi watsi da ra'ayin Leninist na tsarin dimokuradiyya, tunda kungiyar ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "sojojin 'yan daba, 'yan ta'adda da 'yan fashi, ba mutanen da suka dogara da kuri'un wasu masu juyin juya hali ko duk wanda ya yi aiki a kan aikin yin juyin juya hali ba".  Manufar siyasa ta irin wannan tsari ita ce a tabbatar da fashin ba a matsayin wadanda aka saba gani ba, amma wadanda ke da manufar siyasa bayyananne, tunda ta hanyar tabbatar da wadannan ayyuka, 'yan bindigar sun nemi gina labari inda suka yi Allah wadai da ta'addancin da mulkin kama-karya ya aikata kuma suka yi jayayya kan shawararsu ta shiga cikin adawa da makamai.  An nuna wannan dabarar ta hanyar sanarwar 1968 mai suna "Ga mutanen Brazil":


 Sace mutane 
Daga cikin sace jakadu guda huɗu da aka yi a tarihin Brazil, ALN ta shiga biyu. Na farko, tare da haɗin gwiwar MR-8, jakadan Amurka ne Charles Burke Elbrick, a watan Satumbar 1969, wanda ya haifar da 'yantar da fursunonin siyasa 15 kuma ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai ga ƙungiyar. Sace na biyu shine na jakadan Jamus Ehrefried Von Holleben, wanda ya haifar da sakin fursunonin siyasa 44. 

 Danniya 
An harbe Marighella a wani kwanton bauna da wani ma'aikacin ceto Sérgio Paranhos Fleury, daya daga cikin manyan masu azabtar da mulkin kama-karya, ya jagoranta a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1969, a titin Casa Branca da ke São Paulo.  Joaquim Câmara Ferreira ("Tsohon mutum" ko "Toledo"), wani dan jarida kuma tsohon memba na PCB tun shekarun 1940, ya jagoranci ALN tun daga lokacin har zuwa mutuwarsa, a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1970, lokacin da José Silva Tavares ya ba da rahotonsa, "Severino", wanda aka azabtar bayan an kama shi. Fleury da membobin tawagarsa sun azabtar da Joaquim Câmara har lahira. 

A shekarar 1971, ƙungiyar Fleury ta kama Eduardo Collen Leite (wanda aka fi sani da Bacuri), wani muhimmin memba na ALN, kuma ya mutu bayan kwanaki 109 na tsarewa da azabtarwa.  A shekarar 1972, wani gungun 'yan adawa waɗanda suka yi horo a yaƙi a Cuba sun ƙirƙiri Popular Liberation Movement (Molipo). Yawancin 'yan bindigar da ke kan gaba an kashe su a shekarar 1974, kuma daga baya ALN da kyar ta tsira daga mamayar da sojoji suka yi musu. Kwamandan soja na ƙarshe na ALN bayan mutuwar Marighella shine Carlos Eugênio Paz, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Clemente a lokacin yaƙin. Kasancewarsa mutumin da aka fi nema a zaluncin, ya yi gudun hijira zuwa Faransa a shekarar 1973 kuma ya zauna a can har zuwa 1981. Shi ma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan bindiga kaɗan da suka tsira ba tare da an taɓa tsare su ko azabtar da su ba. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Brazil na ƙarshe da suka sami afuwa, a watan Mayu na 1982. Har zuwa Oktoba na 2009, ya buga littattafan On the Trail of the ALN da Travel to the Armed Struggle, kuma ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2019.

 Rashin jituwa 
A shekarar 1972, ƙungiyoyi biyu masu adawa da gwamnati, waɗanda suka yi gajeriyar rayuwa da kuma 'yan bindiga kaɗan, sun rabu da ALN: Popular Liberation Movement (Molipo)  da Leninist Tendency (TL) . Molipo ta mutu bayan da aka tsare membobinta da yawa, aka azabtar da su, ko kuma aka kashe su.

 Manazarta