Lady Charlotte Baƙo

Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Guest (née Bertie; 19 ga Mayu 1812 - 15 ga Janairu 1895), daga baya Lady Charlotte Schreiber, ta kasance mashahuriyar Ingila wacce aka fi sani da ita a matsayin mai bugawa na farko a cikin tsarin bugawa na zamani na Mabinogion, wallafe-wallafen farko na Burtaniya. Baƙo ya kafa Mabinogion a matsayin tushen rubutun wallafe-wallafen Turai, yana da'awar wannan sanarwa tsakanin masu wallafe-walfinai a cikin mahallin sha'awar zamani don soyayya ta Sarki Arthur da ƙungiyar Gothic. Sunan Mabinogion da aka yi amfani da shi don littafin ya samo asali ne daga kuskuren marubucin zamani, wanda William Owen Pughe da Al'ummomin Welsh na London suka riga suka kafa a karni na 18.

A matsayinta na ƙwararren masanin harshe kuma matar wani shahararren masanin ƙarfe na Welsh  John Josiah Guest,  ta zama jagora a cikin nazarin adabi da Renaissance na Welsh na karni na 19. Tare da mijinta na biyu, Charles Schreiber, ta zama sanannen mai tara kayan kwalliya na Victorian; ana gudanar da tarin su a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert. Ta kuma kirkiro manyan tarin magoya baya, wasanni, da katunan wasa, wanda ta ba da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. An lura da ita a matsayin mai masana'antu na kasa da kasa, mai koyar da sassaucin ra'ayi, mai ba da agaji da kuma mai karɓar bakuncin jama'a.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Lady Charlotte a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1812 a Uffington House a Uffinger, Lincolnshire, 'yar Albemarle Bertie, 9th Earl of Lindsey (1744-1818), da matarsa ta biyu Charlotte Susanna Elizabeth Layard .  An yi mata baftisma Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Bertie . Lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida ta sha wahala saboda rasuwar mahaifinta kuma a wannan shekarar ta kuma kama ta a cikin gobarar gida, daga inda ta tsere. Mahaifiyarta daga baya ta sake auren Reverend Peter William Pegus (ɗan uwanta na farko), wanda aka ruwaito cewa Charlotte ba ta son shi. Tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu da' yan uwa mata. Da shigewar lokaci mahaifiyarta a hankali ta fara canzawa daga kasancewa mace mai aiki zuwa wani wanda ya koma baya da rashin lafiya. A wannan lokacin ne Charlotte ta fara maye gurbin mahaifiyarta a cikin gudanar da gidan.

Ya bayyana cewa ta ji daɗin mafaka na lambun kuma da shigewar lokaci ta fara nuna rashin son a ajiye ta a ciki. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha tara tana ci gaba da neman gafara ga ayyukan iyalinta. Tun tana ƙarama tana da sha'awar siyasa kuma tana bayyana ra'ayinta sosai game da batutuwan da ta kafa ra'ayi a kai. Charlotte ta nuna babban iyawa ga harsuna da adabi. Ta koya wa kanta Larabci, Ibrananci, da Farisa tare da karatun Latin, Girkanci, Faransanci da Italiyanci tare da malamin 'yan uwanta. Daga kallon rayuwar Lady Charlotte a bayyane yake cewa an tsara rayuwarta, saboda ita wani ne wanda ya tashi da wuri kuma a bayyane ya raina ragonci.

Hawan Lady Charlotte ya sadu da ka'idodin da al'umma ta riƙe ga ajin ta. Ta koyi ƙwarewa daban-daban, kamar raira waƙa da rawa. Kamar yadda ta fito ne daga dangin aristocratic, Berties, halartar makarantar jama'a ba ta yi nasara ba; wasu daga cikin dangin an zalunta su, misali Lindsey, wanda aka cire shi da sauri daga makaranta, daga nan gaba mai koyarwa ne ke ba da iliminsa. Lady Charlotte ba ta da abokai na kusa kuma idan akwai ta fi kusa da 'yan uwan O'Brien.

 Ayyuka 

 Keɓewa ga ilimi 
Yunkurin farko na ma'aikata na kasa a duniya, Chartism, ya taimaka wa Lady Charlotte ta fahimci cewa akwai bukatar "suna da hannu a cikin aikin da ya dace ga mutanen Dowlais". Yawancin mutane masu arziki a cikin karni na 19 sun taimaka wajen bunkasa ilimi da wuraren shakatawa ga mutanen da suka yi musu aiki: wannan wani abu ne da Baƙi suka yi. Tare da goyon bayan dan uwanta, Henry Layard, Lady Charlotte daga ƙarshe ta mayar da hankali ga ƙoƙarinta wajen samar da ilimi a Dowlais. Duk da jima'i, babban rashin amfani a wannan rana a cikin al'amuran jama'a, Lady Charlotte ta sami nasarar yada ra'ayoyinta da aiwatar da yawancin ci gaban iliminta.

Ana iya ganin sadaukarwarta don ƙoƙarin inganta ilimi a cikin ɗakin karatu da aka gina a tsakiyar shekarun 1840. Da farko akwai kuɗin biyan kuɗi na 1s 6d, duk da haka daga baya an canza wannan a 1853 kuma ya zama ɗakin karatu na jama'a.

Ana iya ganin sadaukarwarta don ƙoƙarin inganta ilimi a cikin ɗakin karatu da aka gina a tsakiyar shekarun 1840. Da farko akwai kuɗin biyan kuɗi na 1s 6d, duk da haka daga baya an canza wannan a 1853 kuma ya zama ɗakin karatu na jama'a.

 Ginin ƙarfe na Dowlais 
Dowlais Ironworks babban ƙarfe ne na ƙarni na 19 wanda ke kusa da Merthyr Tydfil, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙarfe huɗu da ke kewaye da Merthyr, sauran uku sune Cyfarthfa, Plymouth da Penydarren Ironworks . 

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