Arthur Nebe

Arthur Nebe (Jamusanci: [ˈaʁtuːɐ̯ ˈneːbə] i; 13 Nuwamba 1894 - 21 Maris 1945) ya kasance ma'aikacin SS na Jamus wanda ke da manyan mukamai a cikin kayan tsaro da 'yan sanda na Nazi Jamus kuma, daga 1941, babban mai aikata Holocaust.

Nebe ya tashi ta hanyar rundunar 'yan sanda ta Prussian ya zama shugaban' yan sanda na Nazi Jamus (Kriminalpolizei; Kripo) a 1936, wanda aka haɗa shi cikin Babban Ofishin Tsaro na Reich (RSHA) a 1939. Kafin mamayewar Jamus ta 1941 a Tarayyar Soviet, Nebe ya ba da kansa don aiki a matsayin kwamandan jami'in, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kisa guda huɗu na SS. An tura rukunin a cikin Cibiyar Tsaro ta Tsakiya, a cikin Belarus ta zamani; ya ba da rahoton sama da mutane 45,000 da suka mutu a watan Nuwamba 1941. A ƙarshen 1941, an mayar da Nebe zuwa Berlin kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa tare da RSHA. Nebe ya umarci Kripo har sai an zarge shi kuma an kashe shi bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba na kashe Adolf Hitler a watan Yulin 1944.

Bayan yakin, aikin Nebe da kuma shiga cikin makircin 20 ga Yuli a kan Hitler sun kasance batun asusun neman gafara da yawa daga waɗanda suka tsira daga cikin makirci, waɗanda suka nuna shi a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan sanda da kuma mai adawa da Nazi. Wadannan hotuna tun daga lokacin da masana tarihi suka lalata su wadanda suka bayyana shi a matsayin mai cin zarafi da kuma mai kisan gilla wanda ke haifar da wariyar launin fata da sana'a.

 Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II 

 Aikin 'yan sanda 
An haife shi a Berlin a shekara ta 1894, ɗan malamin makaranta, Nebe ya ba da kansa don aikin soja a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na I kuma ya yi aiki da bambanci. A cikin 1920, ya shiga rundunar 'yan sanda ta Berlin, Kriminalpolizei (Kripo; 'Yan sanda masu aikata laifuka). Ya kai matsayin mai binciken 'yan sanda a 1923 da kuma kwamishinan' yan sanda a 1924.

Nebe dan kasar ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda ya rungumi sauyawar kasar zuwa mulkin dama a cikin shekarun 1930. A watan Yulin 1931, ya shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi (lambar jam'iyya 574,307) da SS (lambar SS 280,152).  Nebe ya zama mai hulɗa da Nazis a cikin 'yan sanda masu aikata laifuka a Berlin, tare da alaƙa da ƙungiyar SS ta Berlin da Kurt Daluege ya jagoranta. A farkon 1932, Nebe da sauran masu bincike na Nazi sun kafa NS (National Socialist) Civil Service Society of the Berlin Police .  A 1933, ya sadu da Hans Bernd Gisevius, wanda a lokacin jami'in ne a hedikwatar ''Yan sanda na Berlin; bayan yakin, Gisevius ya samar da labarin neman gafara game da ayyukan zamanin Nazi na Nebe. A shekara ta 1935, an nada Nebe a matsayin shugaban 'yan sanda masu aikata laifuka na Prussia. Ya sami matsayin SS-Gruppenführer da Janar na 'yan sanda a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1941. 

 Shugaban 'yan sanda na sashen masu aikata laifuka na kasa 
A watan Yulin 1936, 'Yan sanda masu aikata laifuka na Prussia sun zama sashen bincike na manyan laifuka a Jamus, Reichskriminalpolizeiamt (Ofishin' yan sanda na Reich ko RKPA). An haɗa shi, tare da 'yan sanda na sirri, Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo), a cikin Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo), tare da Reinhard Heydrich a cikin umurni gaba ɗaya. An nada Nebe a matsayin shugaban RKPA, yana ba da rahoto ga Heydrich .  Ƙara Kripo zuwa ikon Heydrich ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da tushe na jihar 'yan sanda ta Nazi. Har ila yau, ya haifar da "matsalolin" ma'aikata daga SD, Gestapo da Kripo a cikin matsayi na jagoranci a cikin 'yan sanda da jami'an tsaro a Jamus.

A ranar 27 ga Satumba 1939, Himmler ya ba da umarnin kirkirar Babban Ofishin Tsaro na Reich (Reichssicherheitshauptamt ko RSHA); sabuwar kungiyar ta ƙunshi sabis na leken asiri, ayyukan tsaro, 'yan sanda na sirri da masu aikata laifuka. RSHA ta kasu kashi da yawa, gami da Kripo, wanda ya zama Sashen V na RSHA. Manufar Kripo, wacce Nebe ta rungumi, ita ce "kawar da aikata laifuka". A karkashin jagorancinsa, sanye take da ikon kamawa da tsarewa, Kripo ta yi aiki kamar Gestapo, gami da amfani da abin da ake kira tsare-tsare da kuma manyan tarurruka na "masu zaman kansu".

A cikin 1939, Nebe ya ba da kwamishinan ofishinsa na 'yan sanda masu aikata laifuka, Christian Wirth na Stuttgart, ga Action T4, wanda ke gudanar da shirin euthanasia (kisan kai) na nakasassu. Har ila yau, a cikin 1939, a matsayin shugaban Kripo, ya shiga cikin tattaunawar yakin da ke zuwa akan Sinti da Roma. Nebe ya so ya hada da aika "Gypsies" na Berlin zuwa wuraren da aka shirya don Yahudawa da sauransu a gabas. A watan Oktoba 1939, ya umarci Adolf Eichmann da ya sanya Sinti da Roma tare da Yahudawa a kan sufuri zuwa Poland da aka mamaye a karkashin "Nisko Plan". A watan Nuwamba, Nebe ya yi wa Georg Elser tambayoyi bayan yunkurin kisan kai na Elser a kan Hitler, inda ya kammala cewa Elser yana faɗin gaskiya lokacin da ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana aiki shi kaɗai.

 Yaƙin Duniya na II 

 Einsatzgruppe B 
Kafin mamayewar Nazi na Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1941 a Operation Barbarossa, an sake fasalin 'yan tawagar kisa ta 'Einsatzgruppe', wadanda a baya suka yi aiki a Poland, kuma an sake sanya su a karkashin umarnin Reinhard Heydrich. Nebe ya ba da kansa don yin umurni da Einsatzgruppe B, ƙungiyar kisa ta SS da ke aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Sojoji ta Tsakiya yayin da mamayewar ta ci gaba. Aikin ƙungiyar shine ya kawar da Yahudawa da sauran "marasa kyau", kamar kwaminisanci, "Gypsies", "Asiatics", nakasassu, da marasa lafiya a asibitin kwakwalwa a yankunan da Wehrmacht ta mamaye. Einsatzgruppe kuma ta harbe masu garkuwa da fursunonin yaki da sojoji suka mika su don kisa.

 Ayyukan kisan gilla 
A kusa da 5 ga Yulin 1941, Nebe ya karfafa 'Einsatzgruppe B kusa da Minsk, ya kafa hedkwatar kuma ya kasance a can na watanni biyu. Kisan ya ci gaba da sauri. A cikin Rahoton Yanayin Ayyuka na 13 ga Yuli, Nebe ya bayyana cewa an kashe Yahudawa 1,050 a Minsk, kuma ya lura cewa ana ci gaba da kawar da Yahudawa a Vilna inda aka harbe Yahudawa 500 a kowace rana. A cikin wannan rahoton, Nebe ya ce: "An kashe Yahudawa 96 ne kawai a Grodno da Lida a cikin kwanakin farko. Na ba da umarni don kara wadannan ayyukan". Ya ba da rahoton cewa ana kawo kisan kai a cikin tsari mai kyau kuma an gudanar da harbe-harbe "a karuwa". Rahoton ya kuma sanar da cewa Einsatzgruppe dinsa yanzu yana kashe wadanda ba Yahudawa ba a Minsk.

A cikin rahoton 23 ga Yuli, Nebe ya gabatar da ra'ayin "magani ga matsalar Yahudawa" kasancewa "maras amfani" a yankin da aka ba shi saboda "yawan yawan Yahudawa"; watau akwai Yahudawa da yawa da mutane kalilan za su kashe su. A watan Agustan 1941, Nebe ya fahimci cewa albarkatun Einsatzgruppe' ba su isa ba don biyan fadada umarnin ayyukan kisan kai, wanda ya haifar da hada mata da yara Yahudawa tun daga wannan watan.

 Sabbin hanyoyin kashewa 
A watan Agustan 1941, Himmler, bayan ziyarar da ya kai Minsk, ya yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a sami wasu hanyoyin kisan kai, maimakon harbe-harbe. Ya gaya wa Heydrich cewa ya damu game da lafiyar tunanin maza na SS.[1] Himmler ya juya ga Nebe don tsara hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta kashewa, musamman wanda zai kare masu kisa daga mummunan aikin su. An yi la'akari da kisan kai tare da iskar carbon monoxide, wanda aka riga aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Reich a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin "euthanasia", amma an dauke shi da wahala sosai ga ayyukan kisan kai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da aka mamaye.

Nebe ya yanke shawarar gwada gwaji ta hanyar kashe marasa lafiya na Soviet, da farko tare da fashewa kusa da Minsk, sannan tare da hayaki na mota a Mogilev. Tunanin yin amfani da iskar gas ya samo asali ne daga wani abin da ya faru a baya na Nebe. Wata dare bayan wani biki, Nebe ya koma gida yana maye, ya ajiye a cikin garage dinsa, kuma ya yi barci tare da injin yana gudana, kusan ya mutu daga guba na carbon monoxide daga hayaki. Don gudanar da gwaje-gwajen, ya umarci likitan SS Albert Widmann, memba na cibiyar aikata laifuka ta RKPA, ya zo Minsk tare da kilo 250 (550  na fashewa da bututun fitarwa. Kashegari, Widmann, Nebe, da kuma masanin fashewa sun gudanar da gwajin su na farko a cikin bunkers da aka shirya a yankin Minsk. Dangane da shaidar da aka gabatar a shari'ar Widmann bayan yakin:

 Manazarta 

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