Risto Ryti

Risto Heikki Ryti (pronunciation Finnish: [ˈristo ˈhei̯kːi ˈryti]; 3 Fabrairu 1889 - 25 Oktoba 1956) ɗan siyasan Finland ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Finland daga 1940 zuwa 1944.  Ryti ya fara aikinsa a matsayin dan siyasa a fannin tattalin arziki kuma a matsayin mutum na siyasa a lokacin yakin basasa. Ya yi hulɗa da yawa na kasa da kasa a duniyar banki da kuma cikin tsarin League of Nations . Ryti ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista a lokacin Yaƙin hunturu da Zaman Lafiya na wucin gadi, kuma a matsayin shugaban kasa a lokacin Yankin Ci gaba .

Ryti ya rubuta Yarjejeniyar Ryti-Ribbentrop ta 1944 - mai suna bayan kansa da Joachim von Ribbentrop - wasika ta sirri ga Nazi German Führer Adolf Hitler inda Ryti ya amince da kada ya kai ga zaman lafiya daban a cikin Ci gaba da Yakin Soviet ba tare da amincewa daga Nazi Jamus ba, don samun taimakon soja na Jamus ga Finland don dakatar da Yakin Vyborg-Petrozavodsk na Soviet akan Finland.  Murabus dinsa ba da daɗewa ba ya ba magajinsa, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, damar wuce yarjejeniyar kuma ya yi sulhu da Tarayyar Soviet da zarar an dakatar da harin.

Bayan yakin, Ryti shine babban wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar yaki ta Finland (1945-1946),  wanda ya haifar da yanke masa hukunci kan laifuka game da zaman lafiya.[3] An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru goma amma Shugaba Juho Kusti Paasikivi ya gafarta masa a shekarar 1949. Sunansa bai ji rauni ba, amma lafiyarsa ta sha wahala kuma bai sake komawa rayuwar jama'a ba.

 Rayuwa ta farko da aiki 
An haifi Risto Ryti a Huittinen, Satakunta,  ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza bakwai, daga cikin' yan uwa 10. Iyayensa sune Kaarle Evert Ryti (tsohon Yli-Mauriala), manomi, da Ida Vivika Junttila .  Kodayake ya fito ne daga asalin noma, a lokacin yarinta Ryti bai shiga cikin aiki a babban gonar iyali ba, kasancewar shi yaro ne mai son karatu kuma mai son ilimi.[3] Ya yi karatu a takaice a makarantar Pori Grammar School,  sannan aka koya masa a gida, kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Helsinki a 1906 don nazarin doka. Ryti shi kadai ne daga cikin 'yan uwansa da ya wuce jarrabawar shiga jami'a; duk da haka' yan uwansa mata uku ma sun shiga.[6]

Ryti ya kammala karatu a cikin kaka na 1909 yayin da Finland ke motsawa zuwa lokaci na biyu na Russification. Da yake tserewa daga mummunan yanayi na siyasa a babban birnin, Ryti ya koma asalinsa a Satakunta, inda ya kafa kansa a matsayin lauya a Rauma. A wannan lokacin ya saba da Alfred Kordelin, daya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi arziki a Finland. Ryti ya zama lauyan Kordelin, kuma a ƙarshe maza biyu sun zama abokai na kusa.[6] A wannan lokacin Ryti ya kuma ci gaba da karatu, ya zama Master of Laws a 1912. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1914 ya koma Oxford don nazarin Dokar teku, amma barkewar yakin duniya na ya tilasta masa komawa Finland. A shekara ta 1916 ya auri Gerda Paula Serlachius (1886-1984). [7] Suna da 'ya'ya uku, Henrik (1916-2002), Niilo (1919-1997), da Eva (1922-2009). 

A cikin lokacin bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na I, kafin Finland ta sami 'yancin kai, dangantakar kasuwanci ta Ryti da Kordelin ta kara kusanci, kuma ya bayyana cewa Kordelin zai nemi Ryti ya zama janar manajan kamfanonin kasuwancinsa da yawa. Koyaya, a watan Nuwamba 1917 Ryti da matarsa sun ga kisan Kordelin a hannun wani Bolshevik na Rasha.[7] Masu aikin jirgin ruwa na Rasha karkashin jagorancin wani mai gyaran tufafi na Finnish sun yi garkuwa da jam'iyyar Kordelin, tare da niyyar satar su. Ryti, lauyan Kordelin, ya ki ba da izinin fashi bisa doka duk da cewa an yi masa barazanar bindiga. Sojojin White Guard masu dauke da makamai duk da haka sun kasance kuma yanayin ya kara muni zuwa fada. Mutane 20 ciki har da Kordelin sun mutu. Ryti ya sami ceto ta hanyar rashin aiki a cikin bindigar abokan gaba.

 Dan siyasa da kuma banki 

 Dan majalisa da ministan kudi 
A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Finland Ryti bai taka rawar gani ba, ya kasance yana ɓoye tare da iyalinsa a Helsinki mai rinjaye Red. Bayan haka, duk da haka, zai shiga cikin siyasa sosai, an zabe shi memba na National Progressive a 1919, yana da shekaru talatin memba na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta. A cikin wannan shekarar, an zabi dan takarar jam'iyyar, mai sha'awar Ryti, Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, a matsayin shugaban Finland na farko.[7] Ryti ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisa daga 1919 zuwa 1924 kuma daga 1927 zuwa 1929. A cikin 'yan shekarun farko a majalisa, Ryti ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin shari'a, sannan daga baya kwamitin kudi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Birnin Helsinki daga 1924 zuwa 1927. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span>]

A cewar masanin tarihin Finland Martti Turtola, Ryti ya yi nasara a siyasa a cikin 'yan shekarun farko bayan yakin basasar Finland saboda ra'ayoyinsa masu sassaucin ra'ayi, dimokuradiyya, da na jamhuriya sun shahara a lokacin. Bugu da ƙari, nasarar siyasa ta Ryti ta ci gaba har ma bayan jam'iyyarsa mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta National Progressive Party ta ragu zuwa jam'iyya mai banƙyama, saboda an dauke shi gwani musamman a cikin manufofin tattalin arziki kuma, abin da ke da mahimmanci, bawan da ba shi da son kai na ƙasar da ya ki yin siyasa (duba Martti Turtola, Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

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