Ministan shugaban kasa (Jamus)

Ministan-shugaban (Jamus: Ministerpräsident, mai suna [] i) shine shugaban gwamnati a cikin goma sha uku daga cikin jihohin goma sha shida na Jamus.

 Matsayi da iko na kundin tsarin mulki 
Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin Jamus (Dokar Tushen) ta bayyana Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus a matsayin tarayyar, kowace jiha ta Jamus tana da ikon mallaka, iyakance ta Dokar Tushen kawai. Dokar Tushen ta ba jihohi cikakken hankali don ƙayyade tsarin jihohin su, kawai yana bayyana cewa kowace jiha ta Jamus dole ne ta zama jamhuriya ta zamantakewa da dimokuradiyya a ƙarƙashin mulkin doka (Mataki na 28.1). A aikace duk jihohin Jamus sun karɓi wani nau'i na tsarin majalisa na jamhuriya: Duk da wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin kundin tsarin mulki na kowane jiha, ministocin-shugabanni suna da ikon shugaban zartarwa (misali nadawa da korar mambobin majalisa ko bayyana jagororin siyasa na majalisa) da kuma ikon da ayyuka na shugaban kasa (misali ikon ba da gafartawa a madadin jihar da kuma yin wasu ayyukan bikin). Saboda haka, ikonsu da ayyukansu suna kama da na shugaban zartarwa, amma ya bambanta da tsarin shugaban kasa, ba a zabe su kai tsaye ba kuma sun dogara da amincewar majalisar dokokin jihar. Don haka, matsayin tsarin mulki na minista-shugaban ya bambanta da na shugaban kasar Jamus a matakin tarayya, wanda kawai ke da matsayin shugaban zartarwa, yayin da Shugaban Jamus ke yin karin iko da ayyuka na shugaban kasa na tarayya.

Kodayake dukkan ministocin shugaban kasa goma sha shida suna da kusan matsayi iri ɗaya a jihohinsu, akwai kuma wasu muhimman bambance-bambance tsakanin tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihar game da shugaban kasa da gwamnati. Wannan ya fara ne da tsarin zabe: Majalisar dokokin jihar ce ke zabar dukkan ministocin shugabanni, amma yayin da a wasu jihohi ana buƙatar mafi rinjaye na mambobin majalisa don samun nasara, a wasu jihohin mafi rinjaye (mafi yawan kuri'un da aka jefa) ya isa. Haka kuma yake ga hanyoyin tunawa: A wasu jihohi, majalisa na iya jefa kuri'a ga mai rike da mukamin daga mukamin, yayin da a wasu jihohi majalisa dole ne ta zabi sabon mai rike da muhalli a lokaci guda (zaɓin gina rashin amincewa). A Bavaria, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin tunatar da ministan-shugaban ba. A cikin jihohi goma sha biyar, kundin tsarin mulki na jihar ya bayyana ministan-shugaban a matsayin shugaban majalisar ministoci, yana ba shi damar, don tantance jagororin siyasa na majalisar ministocin, amma wannan ba haka ba ne a Bremen, inda Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai kawai ke da fifiko na bikin akan sauran mambobin majalisar ministociya. Ikon ministan-shugaban kasa don tsara majalisar ministoci ya bambanta: Wasu jihohi suna ba da izini ga mai rike da mukamin cikakken hankali wajen nada ko korar ministocin ministoci, yayin da wasu ke sanya iyakoki. Tsarin mulki na Bremen bai baiwa Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai wani tasiri kai tsaye a kan abin da ke cikin majalisar ministoci ba.
JihaTakenƘofar zaɓeHanyar tunawaMatsayi a cikin majalisaIkon tsara majalisar ministociHakkin ba da gafaraMafi ƙarancin shekaruSauran tanadiBaden-WürttembergAccording to the Bremen state constitution, the Senate (the Bremen state government) includes two mayors, one of whom also holds the position of President of the Senate. The President of the Senate is the head of government (de facto), whose role corresponds to that of a minister-president in the other german states, while the other mayor is his or her deputy (Deputy President of the Senate). The title of mayor only refers to the functions of the two members of the Senate as heads of the administration of the city of Bremen (the city of Bremerhaven, which also belongs to the state, has its own local administration). Regardless, in informal contexts or in the media, the President of the Senate is often simply called 'mayor'. See Minista-shugabanYawancin mambobikuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewaiyakance (naɗa na majalisa wanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewar majalisa, majalisa ta jihar na iya tunatar da kowane ministoci tare da kashi biyu bisa uku) eh ne35Jihar Bavaria mai 'yanciMinista-shugabanmafi rinjaye mai sauƙibabujagora ƙwarewaiyakance (naɗa na ofisoshin da ke ƙarƙashin amincewar majalisa) eh ne40BerlinMagajin gari mai mulkimafi rinjaye mai sauƙikuri'ar rashin amincewa (idan majalisar dokokin jihar ba ta zabi sabon magajin gari mai mulki ba a cikin kwanaki 21, ana sake saka tsohon mai rike da mukamin ta atomatik) jagora ƙwarewacikebabu (dukan majalisa) 18 (a zahiri) BrandenburgMinista-Shugabamafi yawan mambobi (ƙaddamarwa ta farko da ta biyu), da yawa (ƙaddar ta uku) kuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewacikeeh ne18 (a zahiri) Birnin Hanseatic na BremenShugaban Majalisar Dattawa da Magajin garinmafi rinjaye mai sauƙikuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewaGabatarwa na bikinbabu (majalisa ta zaba kuma ta kori dukkan mambobin majalisar ministoci) babu (dukan majalisa) 18bazai zama memba na majalisar dokokin jihar baHamburgMagajin gari na farko da Shugaban Majalisar DattawaYawancin mambobikuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewaiyakance (naɗa na ofisoshin da ke ƙarƙashin amincewar majalisa) babu (dukan majalisa) 18bazai zama memba na majalisar dokokin jihar baHesseMinista-shugabanYawancin mambobikuri'ar rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewaiyakance (kusa da mambobin majalisa dangane da amincewar majalisa) eh ne18 (a zahiri) membobin gidaje masu daraja, waɗanda suka yi mulki a Jamus kafin 1918, ba su cancanci aiki baƘananan SaxonyMinista-shugabanmafi yawan mambobi ko jam'i, idan majalisar dokokin jihar ba ta zabi minista-shugaban kasa a cikin kwanaki 21 kuma ba ta rushe kanta ba saboda hakakuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewaiyakance (naɗa na ofisoshin da ke ƙarƙashin amincewar majalisa) eh ne18 (a zahiri) Mecklenburg-VorpommernMinista-shugabanmafi yawan mambobi ko jam'i, idan majalisar dokokin jihar ba ta zabi minista-shugaban kasa a cikin kwanaki 28 kuma ba ta rushe kanta ba saboda hakakuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewacikeeh ne18 (a zahiri) Arewacin Rhine-WestphaliaMinista-Shugabamafi yawan mambobi (ƙaddamarwa ta farko), mafi rinjaye mai sauƙi (ƙaddar ta biyu da ta uku), runoff (ƙaddara ta huɗu) kuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewacikeeh ne18dole ne ya zama memba na majalisar dokokin jiharRhineland-PalatinateMinista-shugabanYawancin mambobikuri'ar rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewacikeeh ne18 (a zahiri) SaarlandMinista-shugabanYawancin mambobikuri'ar rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewaiyakance (naɗa na ofishin da korar da ke ƙarƙashin amincewar majalisa) babu (dukan majalisa) 18 (a zahiri) Jihar Saxony mai 'yanciMinista-shugabanmafi yawan mambobi (ƙaddamarwa ta farko), mafi rinjaye mai sauƙi (bayan ƙaddamarwa) kuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewacikeeh ne18 (a zahiri) Saxony-AnhaltMinista-shugabanmafi rinjaye na mambobi ko mafi rinjaye, idan majalisar dokokin jihar ba ta zabi minista-shugaban kasa a cikin kwanaki 14 kuma ba ta rushe kanta ba saboda hakakuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewacikeeh ne18 (a zahiri) Schleswig-HolsteinMinista-shugabanmafi yawan mambobi (ƙaddamarwa ta farko da ta biyu), da yawa (ƙaddar ta uku) kuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewacikeeh ne18 (a zahiri) Jihar 'Yanci ta ThuringiaMinista-shugabanmafi yawan mambobi (ƙaddamarwa ta farko da ta biyu), da yawa (ƙaddar ta uku) kuri'a mai gina jiki na rashin amincewajagora ƙwarewacikeeh ne18 (a zahiri) 
Ta hanyar matsayinsu a cikin Bundesrat, ministocin-shugabanni na iya yin tasiri sosai a kan siyasar kasa a cikin tsarin tarayya. Tare da wasu ministocinsu, galibi suna wakiltar jiharsu a cikin Bundesrat (Majalisar Tarayyar Jamus). Kowace gwamnatin jihar tana da wakilci a cikin Bundesrat da wakilai uku zuwa shida, dangane da yawan jama'ar jihar.

 Jerin masu rike da mukamai na yanzu 
Mai rike da mukamin da ya fi dadewa shi ne Reiner Haseloff, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan-shugaban Saxony-Anhalt tun daga 19 ga Afrilu 2011. Olaf Lies, ministan-shugaban Lower Saxony (tun daga 20 ga Mayu 2025), shine mafi gajeren aiki.
StatePortraitHead of governmentPartyTook officeTime in officeLegislative sessionCurrent cabinetBaden-Württemberg130x130pxWinfried KretschmannGreens12 May 2011 14 years, 235 days15th16th17thBavaria130x130pxMarkus SöderCSU16 March 2018 7 years, 292 days17th18th19thSöder IIIBerlin130x130pxKai WegnerCDU27 April 2023 2 years, 250 days19thWegnerBrandenburg130x130pxDietmar WoidkeSPD28 August 2013 12 years, 127 days5th6th7th8thWoidke IVBremen130x130pxAndreas BovenschulteSPD15 August 2019 6 years, 140 days20th21stBovenschulte IIHamburg100x100pxPeter TschentscherSPD28 March 2018 7 years, 280 days21st22nd23rdTschentscher IIIHesse130x130pxBoris RheinCDU31 May 2022 3 years, 216 days20th21stRhein IILower Saxony130x130pxOlaf LiesSPD20 May 2025 227 days19thLiesMecklenburg-Vorpommern130x130pxManuela SchwesigSPD4 July 2017 8 years, 182 days7th8thSchwesig IINorth Rhine-Westphalia106x106pxHendrik WüstCDU27 October 2021 4 years, 67 days17th18thWüst IIRhineland-Palatinate100x100pxAlexander SchweitzerSPD10 July 2024 1 year, 176 days18thSchweitzerSaarland127x127pxAnke RehlingerSPD25 April 2022 3 years, 252 days17thRehlingerSaxony116x116pxMichael KretschmerCDU13 December 2017 8 years, 20 days6th7th8thKretschmer IIISaxony-Anhalt130x130pxReiner HaseloffCDU19 April 2011 14 years, 258 days6th7th8thHaseloff IIISchleswig-Holstein130x130pxDaniel GüntherCDU28 June 2017 8 years, 188 days19th20thGünther IIThuringia130x130pxMario VoigtCDU12 December 2024 1 year, 21 days8thVoigt

 Wakilan 
Ministocin-shugabanni sun nada memba daya na majalisar ministocin su a matsayin mataimakin su. A mafi yawan jihohi mataimakin ministan-shugaban yana da taken Mataimakin Ministan-shugaba (a Berlin Mayor, a Bremen Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai da kuma a Hamburg Mayor na biyu). A wasu jihohi, kundin tsarin mulki na jihar ya ba da izinin zabar mataimakin fiye da ɗaya. Ana amfani da wannan zaɓi a wasu lokuta a cikin gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa tare da jam'iyyun sama da biyu, kodayake a wannan yanayin yawanci ana kafa matsayi tsakanin mataimakan (mutumin minster-shugaban farko da na biyu ko, a Bavaria, 'mataimakin minista-shugaban' da ƙarin mataimakin mataimakin shugaban). Berlin lamari ne na musamman, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki na jihar ke buƙatar nadin wakilai biyu daidai.

Ayyukansu da ayyukansu sun yi kama da na mataimakin shugaban Jamus a matakin tarayya. Mafi mahimmanci, mataimakin minista-shugaban (ko daidai) na ɗan lokaci yana aiki a matsayin Minista-shugaba idan mai rike da mukamin ya mutu ko rashin iyawa har zuwa ƙarshen rashin iyawa ko zaben magaji ta majalisar dokokin jihar. Wani bambanci ga wannan shine ka'idoji a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jihar Bavaria (Art. 44.3), wanda ya sanya mataimakin minista-shugaban (don harkokin cikin gida) da Shugaban Landtag (don wakilcin waje) a matsayin masu maye gurbin. Ministocin da suka yi murabus galibi suna ci gaba da zama a ofis a matsayin ministocin mukaddashin (ko daidai) da kansu har sai an zabi magaji. Wannan duk da haka ba haka ba ne, idan dalilin murabus din wani nau'i ne na tsarin mulki, shari'a ko rashin jituwa na gargajiya tare da ofis, wanda mai rike da mukamin ya shiga: Dokar asali ta haramta Shugaban Jamus daga rike mukamin a cikin gwamnatin jihar a lokaci guda (Art. 55.1). Dangane da Dokar Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya, haka ya shafi alƙalai a Kotun Tsarin mulki ta Tarayya (§ 3.3). Ba a haramta zama memba a lokaci guda a cikin Bundestag ko gwamnatin tarayya ga minista-shugaban kasa (ko wasu mambobin gwamnatin jiha) a karkashin dokar tarayya, amma a wasu jihohi (misali Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia) kundin tsarin mulki na jihar ya haramta shi kuma gabaɗaya ba ya cikin al'adar siyasa. Sabili da haka, masu rike da mukamai da aka zaba ko aka nada su a irin wannan mukamin yawanci suna yin murabus kuma suna guje wa ci gaba da rike mukamin minista-shugaban a kan wani mataki, suna barin wannan rawar ga mataimakin su.According to the Bremen state constitution, the Senate (the Bremen state government) includes two mayors, one of whom also holds the position of President of the Senate. The President of the Senate is the head of government (de facto), whose role corresponds to that of a minister-president in the other german states, while the other mayor is his or her deputy (Deputy President of the Senate). The title of mayor only refers to the functions of the two members of the Senate as heads of the administration of the city of Bremen (the city of Bremerhaven, which also belongs to the state, has its own local administration). Regardless, in informal contexts or in the media, the President of the Senate is often simply called 'mayor'. See 

Yawancin lokaci, irin wannan cikakken maye gurbin na tsawon kwanaki ko ma 'yan sa'o'i, amma kuma akwai lokuta da irin waɗannan Ministocin-shugabanni suka kasance a ofis na dogon lokaci saboda zaben sabon mai mulki na yau da kullun ya kasance da wahala; wannan ya faru misali a Schleswig-Holstein a cikin 1987/88: Zaben jihar a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1987 ya haifar da rikici tsakanin ƙungiyar tsakiya ta CDU da FDP, wanda ya goyi bayan Uwe Barschel mai mulki, da jam'iyyun tsakiya na SPD da SSWats 37. Saboda rashin ƙarfi na sakamakon zaben ga CDU kuma sama da duk batun Barschel, abin kunya ne na cin hanci da rashawa, Barschel ya bayyana murabus dinsa daga 2 ga Oktoba kuma ya mutu bayan 'yan kwanaki a wani otal a Geneva a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ba a bayyana shi ba har zuwa yau. A sakamakon haka, mataimakin tsohon Henning Schwarz ya zama mukaddashin Minista-shugaban. Kokarin zabar sabon Minista-shugaban majalisa a majalisar dokokin jihar ya gaza saboda matsalar, don haka majalisar ta rushe kanta kuma an gudanar da zaben jihar a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1988. SPD ta fito ne daga wadannan tare da mafi yawan kujeru kuma an zabi babban dan takarar sa Björn Engholm a matsayin Minista-shugaban a ranar 31 ga Mayu. Schwarz ya rike mukamin Minista-Shugaban kwanaki 242.

 Fritz Schäffer, Ministan-Shugaba na Bavaria (1945) 
 Karl Geiler, Ministan-Shugaba na Hesse (1945-1946) 
 Heinrich Welsch, Minista-Shugaba na Saarland (1955-1956) 

 Dubi kuma 

 Minista mai kula da (Prussia) 

 Manazarta