Mudbrick

Mudbrick (ko laka-brick), wanda kuma ake kira tubali mara wuta, tubali ne da aka bushe da iska wanda ya ƙunshi cakuda laka (wanda ke dauke da laka, yumɓu, yashi, da ruwa) tare da kayan ɗaurewa, kamar shinkafa ko kara. An san cewa an yi amfani da bulo tun daga 9000 KZ. 

Daga kusan 5000-4000 KZ, tukwane na laka sun samo asali ne a cikin tubali don kara ƙarfi da dorewa. Duk da haka, a wasu yankuna masu dumi tare da ƙananan katako don yin amfani da murhu, ana ci gaba da amfani da bulo. Har ma a yau, bricks sune ma'auni na gine-gine a wasu yankuna masu zafi- galibi a wasu sassan Afirka da yammacin Asiya. A cikin karni na 20, an haɓaka toshewar ƙasa ta amfani da matsin lamba mai girma a matsayin madadin mai arha da kuma muhalli don samun tubalin da ba a ƙone su ba tare da ƙarfi fiye da tubalin da aka bushe da iska. 

 Duniyar Farko 
Tarihin samar da mudbrick da gini a kudancin Levant na iya kasancewa tun daga baya kamar Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (misali, PPNA Jericho).  Wadannan busassun laka, wanda aka fi sani da adobe ko kawai mudbrick, an yi su ne daga cakuda yashi, yumɓu, ruwa, sau da yawa ana daidaita su da rassan rassan da aka yanka da rassan, kuma sune kayan da aka fi sani don gina gine-ginen yumɓu a duk faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya na dā na dubban shekaru.   Har yanzu ana yin tukwane ba tare da wuta ba a duk faɗin duniya, ta amfani da hanyoyin zamani da na gargajiya.  

An gina gidaje na 9000 KZ na Jericho daga laka,  wanda aka sanya shi da laka, kamar yadda suke a shafuka da yawa a fadin Levant a cikin dubban shekaru masu zuwa. Kyakkyawan adana laka daga wani shafin a Tel Tsaf, a cikin kwarin Urdun, an rubuta su zuwa 5200 KZ, kodayake babu wata shaida cewa wannan shafin shine na farko da ya yi amfani da fasahar. Shaida ta nuna cewa abun da ke cikin mudbrick a Tel Tsaf ya kasance mai ɗorewa aƙalla shekaru 500, a duk lokacin tsakiyar Chalcolithic.Rosenberg, Danny; Love, Serena; Hubbard, Emily; Klimscha, Florian (22 January 2020). "7,200 years old constructions and mudbrick technology: The evidence from Tel Tsaf, Jordan Valley, Israel". PLOS ONE. 15 (1) e0227288. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1527288R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227288. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6975557. PMID 31968007.

Mazaunan Kudancin Asiya na Mehrgarh sun gina kuma sun zauna a cikin gidajen laka tsakanin 7000-3300 KZ. An yi amfani da bulo a fiye da shafuka 15 da aka ruwaito da aka danganta da karni na 3 KZ a cikin wayewar Indus Valley ta dā. A lokacin Mature Harappan, an yi amfani da tubalin da aka ƙone.

Mesopotamians sun yi amfani da tubalin da aka bushe da rana a cikin ginin birninsu; Roman Ghirshman, La ziggourat de Tchoga-Zanbil (Susiane), Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, vol. 98 lien Issue 2, pp. 233–238, 1954 yawanci waɗannan tubalin suna kwance a ƙasa kuma suna lankwasawa a saman, ana kiransu bulo na laka. Wasu an kafa su a cikin murabba'in murabba'i kuma an zagaye su don tsakiya ta fi kauri fiye da iyakar. Wasu ganuwar suna da wasu darussan tubali da aka ƙone daga tushe har zuwa layin splash don tsawaita rayuwar ginin.
A cikin Minoan Crete, a shafin Knossos, akwai shaidar archaeological cewa an yi amfani da tubalin da aka bushe a cikin Neolithic (kafin 3400 KZ). 

A cikin duniyar Girka ta Dā, ana amfani da bulo don gina ganuwar, garu da birane, kamar ganuwar Citadel na Troy (Troy II).  Wadannan bricks ana yin su ne da kara ko busassun kayan lambu.

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