E. F. Schumacher

Ernst Friedrich Schumacher CBE (16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1911 - 4 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1977) masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin tattalin arziki wanda aka fi sani da shawararsa game da sikelin ɗan adam, rarraba da Fasahar da ta dace. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mai ba da shawara kan Tattalin Arziki ga Hukumar Kula da Karfe ta Burtaniya daga 1950 zuwa 1970, kuma ya kafa Kungiyar Ci gaban Fasaha ta Tsakiya (wanda yanzu ake kira Practical Action) a 1966.

A cikin 1995, littafinsa na 1973 Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered an sanya shi ta hanyar The Times Literary Supplement a matsayin daya daga cikin littattafai 100 mafi tasiri da aka buga tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.  A shekara ta 1977 ya wallafa A Guide for the Perplexed a matsayin mai sukar kimiyya jari-hujja kuma a matsayin bincike kan yanayin da tsarin ilimi.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Schumacher a Bonn, Jamus a shekarar 1911. Mahaifinsa farfesa ne na Tattalin arzikin siyasa. Ƙaramin Schumacher ya yi karatu a Bonn da Berlin, sannan daga 1930 a Ingila a matsayin Rhodes Scholar a New College, Oxford, [1] kuma daga baya a Jami'ar Columbia a Birnin New York, yana samun difloma a fannin tattalin arziki. Daga nan ya yi aiki a harkokin kasuwanci, noma da aikin jarida.[1] 'Yar'uwarsa, Elizabeth, ita ce matar masanin kimiyyar lissafi Werner Heisenberg .

 Masanin tattalin arziki 
Schumacher ya koma Ingila kafin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu . A wani lokaci a lokacin yakin, an tsare shi a wani gonar Ingila da ke ware a matsayin "maƙiya baƙo". A ciki waɗannan shekarun, Schumacher ya kama hankalin John Maynard Keynes tare da takarda mai taken "Multilateral Clearing"  wanda ya rubuta tsakanin zaman da ke aiki a fagen sansanin fursunoni. Keynes ya fahimci fahimtar da iyawar matashin Jamusanci, kuma ya sami damar sakin Schumacher daga tsare-tsare. Schumacher ya taimaka wa Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta tattara tattalin arziki da kudi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma Keynes ya sami matsayi a Jami'ar Oxford.

A cewar labarin mutuwar Leopold Kohr ga Schumacher, lokacin da aka buga "Multilateral Clearing" "a cikin bazara na 1943 a cikin Economica, ya haifar da kunya ga Keynes wanda, maimakon shirya bugawa daban, ya haɗa rubutun kusan a zahiri a cikin sanannen "Plan for a International Clearing Union", wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayar a matsayin White Paper 'yan makonni bayan haka.

 Mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Coal 
Bayan yakin, Schumacher ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ga, kuma daga baya Babban Mai Bayanai ga, Hukumar Kula da Burtaniya, wacce aka caje ta sake gina Tattalin arzikin Jamus. Daga 1950 zuwa 1970 ya kasance Babban Mai ba da shawara kan Tattalin Arziki ga Hukumar Kula da Karfe ta Kasa,  ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyi a duniya, tare da ma'aikata 800,000. A wannan matsayi, ya yi jayayya cewa kwal, ba man fetur ba, ya kamata a yi amfani da shi don samar da bukatun makamashi na yawan jama'ar duniya. Ya ga mai a matsayin hanya mai iyaka, yana tsoron lalacewa da kuma farashi hanawa, kuma ya kalli gaskiyar cewa "mafi arziki da mafi arha suna cikin wasu ƙasashe masu rikitarwa a duniya".

Matsayinsa a kan Kwamitin Coal sau da yawa ana ambata shi daga baya ta hanyar gabatar da Schumacher ko ra'ayoyinsa. Schumacher ya yi hasashen hauhawar OPEC da yawancin matsalolin makamashin nukiliya.

A shekara ta 1955, Schumacher ya yi tafiya zuwa Burma a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki. Yayinda yake can, ya haɓaka ka'idodin da ya kira "Tattalin Arziki na Buddha", bisa ga imanin cewa mutane suna buƙatar aiki mai kyau don Ci gaban ɗan adam mai kyau. Ya kuma yi shelar cewa "samarwa daga albarkatun gida don bukatun gida shine hanya mafi kyau ta rayuwar tattalin arziki. " Ya yi tafiya a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Duniya ta Uku, yana ƙarfafa kananan hukumomi su kirkiro tattalin arzikin da ke dogara da kansu. Kwarewar Schumacher ta kai shi ga zama na farko na abin da yanzu ake kira fasahar da ta dace: fasahar mai amfani da muhalli da ta dace da sikelin al'umma; ra'ayi da ke kusa da Ivan Illich. Ya kafa kungiyar Intermediate Technology Development Group (yanzu Practical Action) a shekarar 1966. An taƙaita ra'ayoyinsa na ci gaba ga mutane da yawa a cikin kalmomin kamawa kamar "girma na tsakiya", da "fasahar tsakiya". Ya kasance amintacce na Scott Bader Commonwealth E. F. Schumacher, "Multilateral Clearing" Economica, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 38 (May 1943), pp. 150–165 kuma a cikin 1970 shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙasa.

E. F. Schumacher ya sami rinjaye sosai daga Mahatma Gandhi da J. C. Kumarappa da ra'ayoyin Gandhi na "tattalin arzikin dindindin" da fasahar da ta dace. Yayinda yake gabatar da jawabin tunawa da Gandhi a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandhian a Varanasi (India) a cikin 1973, Schumacher ya bayyana Gandhi a matsayin mafi girma "masanin tattalin arziki na mutane" wanda tunanin tattalin arziki ya dace da ruhaniya kamar yadda ya saba da jari-hujja.E. F. Schumacher, "Multilateral Clearing" Economica, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 38 (May 1943), pp. 150–165

 Tasiri 
Schumacher was influenced by Richard Henry Tawney, Mahatma Gandhi, Leopold Kohr, Gautama Buddha, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, A.T. Ariyaratne, John Ruskin and the Catholic Church throughout his life. He and his solutions to the great economic problems influence the Schumacher Center for a New Economics, The Arche, George McRobie, William Schweke, and many others.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span>]

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haifaffun 1911