Thomas Cromwell

Thomas Cromwell (/ ˈkrɒmwəl, -wɛl/; [1]   - 28 ga Yuli 1540) ɗan ƙasar Ingila ne kuma lauya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban minista ga Sarki Henry na VIII daga 1534 zuwa 1540, lokacin da aka fille kansa bisa umarnin Sarki, wanda daga baya ya zarge shi da laifin kisa.

Cromwell na ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan Ingilishi na Ingilishi. A matsayinsa na babban sakataren Sarki, ya kafa sabbin hanyoyin gudanarwa waɗanda suka canza ayyukan gwamnati. Ya taimaka wajen soke auren Sarki da  don Henry ya auri Anne Boleyn bisa doka. Henry ya kasa samun amincewar Paparoma Clement VII don sokewa a 1533, don haka Majalisar ta amince da ikirarin Sarki na zama Babban Shugaban Cocin Ingila, yana ba shi ikon soke auren kansa. Cromwell daga baya ya tsara tsarin Bishara da sake fasalin Ikilisiyar Ingila daga mukamai na musamman na Vicegerent a cikin Ruhaniya da Vicar-janar (sunayen biyu suna nufin wannan matsayi).  [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5] 2 

 Tarihin iyali da farkon rayuwarsa 

 Putney 
Ana tunanin Thomas Cromwell an haife shi ne ko kusan 1485[1] [1] [1] a cikin Putney, [ƙananan-alpha 1] sannan ƙauye a Surrey yana ba da sabis na jirgin ruwa a kan Thames da ke sama daga London.[1] Kakansa, John, ya ƙaura zuwa yankin daga Nottinghamshire [ƙananan-alpha 1] don gudanar da injin niƙa (don sarrafa ulu) wanda Archbishop na Canterbury ya yi masa hayar, [1] wanda ke da wani babban gida a sama a Mortlake kuma shi ne ubangijin mazaunin Wimbledon.[1] Mahaifinsa, Walter (c. 1450 – c. 1514[1]), ya kasance mai burin yeoman mai gida wanda ya yi sana'o'i daban-daban, yana aiki a matsayin manomin tumaki da mai sarrafa ulu ("mai cika" da "mai shear"), [1] yayin da kuma yake gudanar da gidan abinci da mashaya.[1] Shahararriyar al'adar cewa shi ma maƙeri ne mai yiwuwa, kodayake ƙungiyar za ta iya tasowa daga amfani da madadin sunan sunan Smith[1] (kamar a cikin "Cromwell wanda aka fi sani da Smyth"[1]).[1] A matsayin ɗan kasuwa mai nasara, ana kiran mahaifin Cromwell akai-akai don hidimar juri kuma an zaɓe shi Constable na Putney a 1495.[1] Ya kasance yana yawan gogewa tare da doka da kansa a cikin kotuna na gida, sau da yawa akan ƙananan al'amura, [ƙananan-alpha 1] amma kuma don hari da kuma, a ƙarshe, a cikin 1514, don "ƙarya da zamba" [1] cire shaida daga littafin kotu game da hayar gidan sa, hukuncin da ya kai ga kwace duk ƙasar da ya tara.

Ba a san komai game da mahaifiyar Cromwell ba, duk da cewa ta fito ne daga sanannen dangin, Meverells na Staffordshire . Gabaɗaya ana kiranta "Katherine Meverell", sunanta na farko ba shi da tabbas. Ta auri mahaifin Cromwell a shekara ta 1474 yayin da take zaune a Putney a gidan wani lauya yankin, John Welbeck .  

An ɗauka cewa Cromwell shine ƙarami cikin yara uku. Yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu: babba, Katherine, ta auri Morgan Williams, ɗan lauyan Welsh wanda ya zo Putney a matsayin mai bin Sarki Henry VII lokacin da ya kafa kansa a Fadar Richmond da ke kusa;  ƙarami, Elizabeth, ta auri William Wellyfed, manomi na tumaki.  Katherine da Morgan dan, Richard, ya yi aiki a hidimar kawunsa kuma a cikin kaka na 1529 ya canza sunansa zuwa Cromwell. Richard shi ne kakan Oliver Cromwell . 

Babu wani rikodin da ya tsira game da kwanakin yaro na Cromwell a Putney, kuma ba a san ko an taɓa tura shi makaranta ba ko kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan koyo. Mutane daban-daban daga Putney sun girma a rayuwarsa ta girma, kuma ya ci gaba da dangantaka ta kusa da 'yan uwansa mata biyu da iyalansu.

 Rayuwa ta farko 

 Faransa, Italiya da Low Countries 
Cromwell ya yarda da Thomas Cranmer, Babban Bishop na Canterbury, cewa ya kasance "ruffian ... a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa". A farkon karni na 16, saboda dalilan da ba a bayyana ba, ya bar iyalinsa a Putney kuma ya haye Channel zuwa nahiyar Turai, ana zargin bayan ya kwashe wani lokaci a kurkuku. Bayanan ayyukansa a Faransa, Italiya da Low Countries suna da matsala. Hadisin cewa da sauri ya zama dan kasuwa kuma ya yi tafiya tare da sojojin Faransa zuwa Italiya, inda a cikin 1503 ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Garigliano, ya samo asali ne daga wani labari da marubucin Italiyanci na zamani Matteo Bandello ya nuna Cromwell a matsayin shafi ga soja, yana ɗauke da pike da kwalkwali. Marubutan da yawa daga baya sun bi da wannan labarin a matsayin gaskiya, ciki har da John Foxe a cikin Ayyukansa da Tarihi na 1563. Duk da bayyanar da ke cikin littafin Bandello, MacCulloch ya nuna cewa labarin "picaresque" yana ba da mafi kyawun alamun da ke akwai don haskaka haske game da rashin tabbas na tafiyar Italiyanci ta farko.

Yayinda yake a Italiya, Cromwell da alama ya shiga aiki a cikin gidan Frescobaldi na bankuna na Florentine (Bandello yana da matashi mai ban mamaki Francesco Frescobaldi da alheri yana cetonsa daga yunwa a kan titunan Florence). Ya bayyana cewa daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai sayar da tufafi a cikin Low Countries, inda yawan tafiyarsa da masu sayar da kaya na Ingilishi  ya ba shi damar haɓaka lambobin sadarwa masu amfani da kuma samun masaniya da harsuna da yawa.  Cromwell, wanda aka sani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ban mamaki, mai yiwuwa ya riga ya iya Faransanci da Italiyanci, tare da ƙwarewa a cikin Latin, tare da wasu ilimin kuma na Tsohon Girkanci.

 Komawa Italiya 
A wani lokaci Cromwell ya koma Italiya: bayanan asibitin Ingilishi a Roma sun nuna cewa ya zauna a can a watan Yunin 1514,  yayin da takardu a cikin Tarihin Vatican suka nuna cewa ya kasance wakili ga Babban Bishop na York, Kadinal Christopher Bainbridge, kuma ya kula da batutuwan Ikklisiya na Ingilishi kafin Roman Rota. 

A cikin 1517-1518, ya sake tafiya zuwa Roma, a wannan lokacin don samun amincewar Paparoma Leo X don cikakkiyar indulgences da St Mary's Guild, Boston  za ta sayar da ita a matsayin wani ɓangare na kasuwanci mai tasowa. A lokacin wannan tafiya mai tsawo, Cromwell ya yi nazarin dalla-dalla sabon fitowar bisharar Erasmus. Karinsa ya sa ya, a karo na farko, ya yi shakkar halattaccen aikin da yake bayarwa. Tracy Borman ya ba da shawarar cewa a wannan lokacin ne Cromwell ya ci gaba da raina papacy, saboda sauƙin da ya iya sarrafa Paparoma don ba da takardar neman izinin Boston ba tare da la'akari da shi ba.

 Aure da fitowa 
A wani lokaci a cikin waɗannan shekarun, Cromwell ya koma Ingila, inda a kusa da 1515 ya auri Elizabeth Wyckes (d. 1529). : "Elizabeth's death is likely to have been in February or early March 1529". Ita ce gwauruwar Thomas Williams, Yeoman na Guard, kuma 'yar wani Putney shearman, Henry Wyckes, wanda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Gentleman Usher ga Sarki Henry VII. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya uku:

Matar Cromwell ta mutu a shekara ta 1529 kuma an yi imanin cewa 'ya'yansa mata, Anne da Grace, sun mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan mahaifiyarsu.: "Elizabeth's death is likely to have been in February or early March 1529". Wataƙila mutuwarsu ta samo asali ne daga ciwon gumi. Shirye-shiryen da aka yi wa Anne da Grace a cikin nufin Cromwell, wanda aka rubuta a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1529, an ƙetare su a wasu kwanan wata. Gregory ya rayu fiye da mahaifinsa da shekaru 11 kawai, ya mutu sakamakon gumi a shekara ta 1551.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba