Kisan kiyashi na Jallianwala Bagh

Kisan kiyashi na Jallianwala Bagh (IPA), wanda aka fi sani da Kisan kiyashi na Amritsar, ya faru ne a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1919. Babban taron jama'a sun taru a Jallianwala Bagh a Amritsar, Punjab, Indiya ta Burtaniya, a lokacin baje kolin Baisakhi na shekara-shekara don nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Rowlatt da kuma kama masu fafutukar 'yancin kai na Indiya Saifuddin Kitchlew da Satyapal. A mayar da martani ga taron jama'a, Brigadier-Janar Reginald Dyer ya kewaye mutane da Gurkha da Sikh sojan Indiya.  Jallianwala Bagh za a iya  ne kawai a gefe ɗaya, yayin da sauran bangarorin uku suka kewaye su da gine-gine. Bayan ya toshe hanyar fita tare da dakarunsa, Dyer ya umarce su da su harbe taron, suna ci gaba da harbe ko da masu zanga-zangar sun yi ƙoƙarin tserewa. Sojojin sun ci gaba da harbe har sai harsashin su ya ragu kuma an umarce su da su tsaya. Kimanin wadanda aka kashe ya bambanta daga 379 zuwa 1,500 ko fiye da mutane;  sama da wasu 1,200 sun ji rauni, daga cikinsu 192 sun sami mummunan rauni.   Biritaniya ba ta taɓa neman gafara a hukumance ba game da kisan kiyashi, amma ta nuna zurfin "murna" a cikin 2019. 

Kisan gillar ya haifar da sake tantance rawar da sojojin Burtaniya suka taka lokacin da suka fuskanci fararen hula don amfani da "ƙaramin ƙarfi duk lokacin da zai yiwu" (kodayake Sojojin Burtaniya ba su da hannu kai tsaye a kisan gillar; Sojojin Indiya ƙungiya ce daban). Duk da haka, dangane da ayyukan sojojin Burtaniya daga baya a lokacin tawayen Mau Mau a yankin Mallakar Kenya, masanin tarihi Huw Bennett ya nuna cewa ba koyaushe ake bin wannan sabuwar manufar ba.  An sake horar da sojojin da dabarun rage tashin hankali don sarrafa taron jama'a. 

Matakin zalunci na yau da kullun da rashin ɗaukar alhakin ya ba wa al'ummar ƙasar mamaki,  wanda ya haifar da mummunan rashin amincewa da jama'ar Indiya game da manufofin Burtaniya.  Sakataren Yaƙi na Ƙasa, Winston Churchill, ya yi Allah wadai da harin a matsayin "abin ban tsoro", kuma a muhawarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Burtaniya a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1920, 'Yan Majalisa sun kaɗa ƙuri'a 247 a kan Dyer da ƙuri'a 37. Binciken da bai yi nasara ba, tare da yabo na farko ga Dyer, ya ƙara rura wutar fushin da ake yi wa 'yan Birtaniya a tsakanin al'ummar Indiya, wanda ya haifar da rashin haɗin kai na 1920-22. 

 Bayani 

 Dokar Tsaron Indiya 
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Birtaniya Indiya ta ba da gudummawa ga yaƙin Birtaniya ta hanyar samar da ma'aikata da albarkatu. Miliyoyin sojoji da ma'aikata 'yan Indiya sun yi aiki a Turai, Afirka, da Gabas ta Tsakiya, yayin da gwamnatin Indiya da sarakunan suka aika da kayayyaki masu yawa na abinci, kuɗi, da harsasai. Bengal da Punjab sun kasance tushen ayyukan yaƙi da mulkin mallaka . Hare-haren juyin juya hali a Bengal, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da rikice-rikice a Punjab, sun isa su kusan gurgunta gwamnatin yankin.   Daga cikin waɗannan, tawayen da aka shirya wa sojojin Indiya na Burtaniya a watan Fabrairun 1915 shi ne mafi shahara a cikin wasu makirci da 'yan kishin ƙasa na Indiya suka tsara tsakanin 1914 da 1917 a Indiya, Amurka da Jamus.

An dakatar da shirin tayar da zaune tsaye na watan Fabrairu lokacin da jami'an leƙen asiri na Birtaniya suka kutsa kai cikin ƙungiyar Ghadar, inda suka kama manyan mutane. An kuma murkushe bore a ƙananan rundunonin sojoji da sansanonin sojoji a Indiya. Dangane da yaƙin Birtaniya da barazanar da ƙungiyar 'yan aware ta yi a Indiya, an zartar da Dokar Tsaron Indiya ta 1915, wadda ta takaita 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa. Michael O'Dwyer, Laftanar Gwamnan Punjab a lokacin, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan wannan doka, musamman saboda barazanar Ghadarite a lardin. 

Kudaden da aka kashe wajen yaƙin da aka shafe tsawon lokaci ana kashewa a fannin kuɗi da ma'aikata sun yi yawa. Yawan waɗanda suka mutu a yaƙin, ƙaruwar hauhawar farashin kaya bayan ƙarshensa, wanda ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon haraji mai yawa, mummunar annobar mura ta 1918, da kuma katsewar ciniki a lokacin yaƙin ya ƙara wa wahalar ɗan adam a Indiya. An farfaɗo da ra'ayin 'yan kishin ƙasa na Indiya kafin yaƙin yayin da ƙungiyoyi masu matsakaicin ra'ayi da tsattsauran ra'ayi na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya suka kawo ƙarshen bambance-bambancensu don haɗa kai. A shekarar 1916, Majalisar ta yi nasara wajen kafa Yarjejeniyar Lucknow, ƙawance ta wucin gadi da Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Duk-Indiya . Yarjejeniyar siyasa ta Birtaniya da Manufofin Indiya na Whitehall bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya suka fara canzawa, tare da amincewa da Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, wanda ya fara zagaye na farko na gyaran siyasa a yankin Indiya a 1917.    Duk da haka, an yi la'akari da cewa wannan bai isa ba a cikin gyare-gyaren da ƙungiyar siyasa ta Indiya ta yi. Mahatma Gandhi, kwanan nan ya koma Indiya, ya fara bayyana a matsayin shugaba mai ƙarfin hali wanda a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa ƙungiyoyin rashin biyayya na farar hula suka girma da sauri a matsayin nuna tashin hankali na siyasa. 

Kutsen Ghadar da aka yi kwanan nan, kasancewar aikin Raja Mahendra Pratap na Kabul a Afghanistan (tare da yiwuwar alaƙa da Bolshevik Rasha), da kuma wani motsi na juyin juya hali da har yanzu ke aiki musamman a Punjab da Bengal (da kuma mummunan tashin hankalin jama'a a duk faɗin Indiya) ya haifar da naɗin kwamitin tayar da zaune tsaye a shekarar 1918 wanda Sidney Rowlatt, wani alkali ɗan Anglo-Masar, ya jagoranta. An ba ta aikin tantance alaƙar Jamus da Bolshevik da ƙungiyar 'yan bindiga a Indiya, musamman a Punjab da Bengal. Bisa ga shawarwarin kwamitin, an zartar da Dokar Rowlatt, wacce ta tsawaita Dokar Tsaron Indiya ta 1915 don iyakance 'yancin jama'a.     

Zartar da Dokar Rowlatt a shekarar 1919 ta haifar da babban rikicin siyasa a duk faɗin Indiya. Abin mamaki, a shekarar 1919, Yaƙin Anglo-Afghanistan na Uku ya fara ne bayan kisan gillar Amir Habibullah da kuma kafa Amanullah Khan a madadinsa. A matsayin martani ga Dokar Rowlatt, Muhammad Ali Jinnah ya yi murabus daga kujerarsa ta Bombay, yana rubuta wa mataimakinsa wasiƙa, "Saboda haka, a matsayin zanga-zanga kan zartar da Dokar da kuma yadda aka zartar da ita, na yi murabus... Gwamnati da ta zartar ko ta sanya wa irin wannan doka takunkumi a lokutan zaman lafiya ta rasa ikirarinta na kiranta gwamnati mai wayewa".  Kiran Gandhi na yin zanga-zanga kan Dokar Rowlatt ya cimma martanin da ba a taɓa gani ba na tashin hankali da zanga-zanga masu zafi.

 Kafin kisan kiyashin 
Musamman a Punjab, lamarin ya fara tabarbarewa cikin sauri, tare da katsewar layin dogo, na'urorin sadarwa, da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa. Wannan motsi ya kai kololuwa kafin karshen makon farko na watan Afrilu, inda wasu suka yi rikodin cewa "kusan dukkan Lahore yana kan tituna, an kiyasta cewa yawan jama'ar da suka ratsa Anarkali Bazaar ya kai kusan 20,000".  Jami'ai da yawa a cikin sojojin Indiya sun yi imanin cewa tawaye zai yiwu, kuma sun shirya don mafi munin abu. An ce Laftanar-Gwamnan Punjab na Burtaniya, Michael O'Dwyer, ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan su ne farkon kuma alamun da ba a ɓoye ba na makircin wani tawaye da aka shirya a kusa da watan Mayu, a kan layin tawayen 1857, a lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya za su janye zuwa tsaunuka don bazara. 

Kisan gillar Amritsar, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a lokaci guda, wasu masana tarihi sun bayyana su a matsayin sakamakon wani shiri da gwamnatin Punjab ta yi na dakile irin wannan makirci.  An ce James Houssemayne Du Boulay ya haifar da alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin tsoron tashin hankalin Ghadarite a tsakiyar wani yanayi mai tsauri a Punjab, da kuma martanin Birtaniya wanda ya ƙare da kisan gillar. 
A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, Marcella Sherwood, wata tsohuwa mai wa'azin Ingila, wacce ke tsoron lafiyar yara 'yan Indiya kusan 600 da ke ƙarƙashin kulawarta, tana kan hanyarta ta rufe makarantu ta kuma mayar da yaran gida.   Yayin da take tafiya ta cikin wani ƙaramin titi mai suna Kucha Kurrichhan, wani taron jama'a ya kama ta wanda ya kai mata hari da ƙarfi. Wasu 'yan Indiyawan yankin ne suka ceto ta, ciki har da mahaifin ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibanta, wanda ya ɓoye ta daga taron jama'a sannan ya yi safarar ta zuwa sansanin Gobindgarh .   Bayan ya ziyarci Sherwood a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, kwamandan rundunar sojojin Indiya na yankin, Brigadier Janar Dyer, ya fusata da harin, ya ba da umarni cewa kowane namijin Indiya da ke amfani da wannan titi ya rarrafe tsawonsa a kan hannunsa da gwiwoyinsa a matsayin hukunci.   Daga baya Dyer ya yi wa wani mai duba 'yan Birtaniya bayani: "Wasu 'yan Indiya suna rarrafe suna fuskantar allolinsu . Ina so su san cewa mace 'yar Birtaniya tana da tsarki kamar allahn Hindu, don haka dole ne su rarrafe a gabanta."  Ya kuma ba da izinin bulala ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba ga jama'a ga mutanen da suka yi kama da ɗan sanda . Daga baya Marcella Sherwood ta kare Dyer, tana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ceton Punjab". 

 Wadanda suka mutu 
Anata jayayya kan jimillar adadin waɗanda suka mutu. Jaridun da suka buga a safiyar yau sun ambaci wani adadi na farko da ya yi daidai da na waɗanda suka mutu 200, wanda Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya bayar, misali,

Gwamnatin Punjab, wadda Hukumar Mafarauta ta yi suka a kanta saboda rashin tattara alkaluma masu inganci, ta bayar da kimanin adadin 200 ne kawai. Lokacin da membobin kwamitin suka yi hira da wani babban ma'aikacin gwamnati a Punjab ya yarda cewa ainihin adadin zai iya fi haka.  Kungiyar Sewa Samiti ta gudanar da bincike daban-daban kuma ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 379, da kuma raunuka masu tsanani 192. Hukumar Mafarauta ta dogara ne da alkaluman mutuwar mutane 379, kuma kusan sau 3 na wannan adadin sun ji rauni, wanda ke nuna cewa an kashe mutane 1,500.  A taron Majalisar Dokokin Masarautar da aka gudanar a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1919, binciken da Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya ya jagoranta ya kammala da cewa akwai yara maza 42 a cikin wadanda suka mutu, mafi karanci daga cikinsu yana da watanni 7 kacal.  Hukumar Mafarauta ta tabbatar da mutuwar maza 337, maza 41 da jariri mai makonni shida. 

A watan Yulin 1919, watanni uku bayan kisan kiyashin, an ba wa jami'ai aikin gano waɗanda aka kashe ta hanyar gayyatar mazauna birnin don yin sa-kai da bayanai game da waɗanda suka mutu.  Wannan bayanin bai cika ba saboda tsoron cewa za a gano waɗanda suka halarci taron a matsayin waɗanda suka halarci taron, kuma wasu daga cikin matattu ba su da alaƙa ta kud da kud a yankin. 

Winston Churchill ya bayar da rahoton cewa an kashe kusan mutane 400, kuma an ninka adadin wadanda suka jikkata sau uku ko hudu a Majalisar Dokokin Westminster, a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1920. 

Tunda alkaluman hukuma sun nuna cewa akwai kurakurai game da girman taron jama'a (6,000–20,000  ), adadin harsasai da aka harba da kuma lokacin harbi, Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta kafa wani bincike daban, tare da sakamakon da ya bambanta sosai da binciken Gwamnatin Burtaniya. Adadin wadanda suka mutu da Majalisar ta ambata ya fi 1,500, tare da kimanin mutane 1,000 da suka mutu. 

Swami Shraddhanand ɗan ƙasar Indiya ya rubuta wa Gandhi game da mutuwar mutane 1,500 a cikin lamarin. 

Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi ƙoƙarin danne bayanai game da kisan gillar,  amma labarai sun bazu a Indiya kuma aka fara samun ɓacin rai; ba a san cikakkun bayanai game da kisan gillar a Birtaniya ba sai a watan Disamba na 1919.   

 Abin tunawa da gado 


 Manazartaoshi 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba