Yanayin ɗan adam

Yanayin ɗan adam, wanda aka fi sani da anthropogeography, reshe ne na ilimin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin yadda mutane ke hulɗa da wurare. Yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar sararin samaniya tsakanin al'ummomin mutane, al'adu, tattalin arziki, mutane, salon rayuwa da mahallinsu. Misalan sun haɗa da alamu kamar Yaduwar birane da sake gina birane. Yana kallon yadda hulɗar zamantakewa ke haɗawa da mahalli ta amfani da hanyoyin inganci (bayyanawa) da yawa (lambar). Wannan fannin fannoni da yawa ya samo asali ne daga ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar muhalli, yana taimakawa wajen gina cikakken fahimtar yadda aikin ɗan adam ke tsara sararin da muke rayuwa a ciki.

 Tarihi 

An kafa Royal Geographical Society a Ingila a cikin 1830. An nada farfesa na farko na ilimin ƙasa a Ƙasar Ingila a 1883,  kuma babban masanin ilimin ƙasa na farko da ya fito a Burtaniya shine Halford John Mackinder, wanda aka nada farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a 1922.

An kafa National Geographic Society a Amurka a cikin 1888 kuma ta fara buga mujallar National Geographic wacce ta zama, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa, babban mai fadada bayanan ƙasa. Al'umma ta daɗe tana tallafawa binciken ƙasa da ilimi a kan batutuwan ƙasa.

An kafa kungiyar American Geographers a cikin 1904 kuma an sake masa suna American Association of Geographers ne a cikin 2016 don nuna halin da ke ƙaruwa na duniya na membobinta.

Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na hanyoyin ƙasa da ake amfani da su don dalilai ban da bayyanawa da kuma yin la'akari da kaddarorin jiki na duniya shine taswirar John Snow ne barkewar kwalara ta Broad Street ta 1854. Kodayake Snow ya kasance likita ne kuma ya fara ilimin cututtukan cututtuka maimakon masanin ilimin ƙasa, taswirarsa mai yiwuwa tana ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na yanayin kiwon lafiya.

Bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa a yanzu tsakanin fannoni na zahiri da na ɗan adam sun haɓaka a kwanan wata. Haɗin tsakanin halaye na zahiri da na ɗan adam na yanayin ƙasa ya fi bayyane a cikin ka'idar Ƙaddamar da muhalli, wanda Carl Ritter da sauransu suka shahara a ƙarni na 19, kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da fagen ilmin halitta na lokacin. Ƙaddamar da muhalli shine ka'idar cewa halaye na jiki, tunani da ɗabi'a na mutane kai tsaye ne saboda tasirin yanayin su na halitta. Koyaya, a tsakiyar karni na 19, ƙaddamar da muhalli yana ƙarƙashin hari saboda rashin tsananin hanyar da ke da alaƙa da kimiyya ta zamani, kuma daga baya a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da wariyar launin fata da mulkin mallaka.

 Filaye 
Babban fannoni na nazarin a cikin yanayin ƙasa na ɗan adam suna mai da hankali kan manyan fannoni na:

 Al'adu 
Yanayin al'adu shine nazarin kayayyakin al'adu da ka'idoji - bambancin su a fadin sarari da wurare, da kuma alakar su. Yana mai da hankali kan bayyanawa da nazarin hanyoyin da harshe, addini, tattalin arziki, gwamnati, da sauran al'adun al'adu suka bambanta ko kuma sun kasance daga wuri zuwa wani da kuma bayyana yadda mutane ke aiki a sararin samaniya.

 Ƙananan fannoni sun haɗa da: Yanayin zamantakewa, Yanayin dabbobi, Yanayin harshe, Jima'i da sarari, Yanayin yara, da Addini da yanayin ƙasa.

Yanayin ci gaba shine nazarin yanayin ƙasa na Duniya tare da la'akari da yanayin rayuwa da ingancin rayuwa mazaunanta, nazarin wurin, rarrabawa da tsarin sararin samaniya na ayyukan tattalin arziki, a duk faɗin Duniya. Batun da aka bincika yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar hanyar mai bincike.

 Manazarta