Nicholas na II

Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov; 18 May  [ 6 Mayu] 1868 - 17 Yuli 1918) ya kasance Sarkin sarakuna na Rasha, Sarkin Majalisa na Poland, kuma Babban Duke na Finland daga 1 ga Nuwamba 1894 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus a 1917. Sarautarsa sama da shekaru 22 ta nuna babi na karshe na Daular Romanov, wanda ya mallaki Rasha sama da ƙarni uku. Nicholas ya auri Alix na Hesse (daga baya Alexandra Feodorovna), kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyar: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, da Anastasia, da ɗa, Alexei, Tsesarevich .

An haife shi a Tsarskoye Selo, Nicholas shi ne ɗan fari na Sarkin sarakuna Alexander III da Sarauniya Maria Feodorovna . An yi masa ilimi a asirce kuma an horar da shi don aikin soja, amma an dauke shi da rashin shiri don bukatun mulkin babban daular. A matsayinsa na masarautar kundin tsarin mulki, ya yi tsayayya da sake fasalin siyasa kuma ya riƙe iko na mulkin mallaka, duk da kafa Duma. Sarautarsa ta ga ci gaban masana'antu da haɗin gwiwar diflomasiyya, gami da Yarjejeniyar Hague da Yarjejeniya ta Anglo-Rasha ta 1907, amma kuma an yi masa alama da tashin hankali na cikin gida, cin nasarar soja, da kuma zargi mai yawa.

 Rayuwa ta farko 

 Haihuwar haihuwa da asalin iyali 
An haifi Nicholas a ranar 18 May  Mayu [ ] 1868, a Fadar Alexander a Tsarskoye Selo kudu da Saint Petersburg, a lokacin mulkin kakan mahaifinsa, Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II . Shi ne ɗan fari na Tsesarevich Alexander Alexandrovich da matarsa, Tsesarevna Maria Feodorovna (née Princess Dagmar of Denmark).  Alexander Alexandrovich ya kasance magaji ga kursiyin Rasha a matsayin na biyu amma ɗan fari na Emperor Alexander II da Empress Maria Alexandrovna (née Princess Marie na Hesse da Rhine). Maria Feodorovna 'yar Sarki Christian IX ce da Sarauniya Louise ta Denmark .

An yi wa Nicholas baftisma a cikin Chapel of the Resurrection na Fadar Catherine a Tsarskoye Selo a ranar 1 ga Yuni [ ] 1868 ta hanyar mai ikirari dangin sarki, protopresbyter Vasily Borisovich Bazhanov. Iyayensa sun kasance Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II (kakan mahaifinsa), Sarauniya Louise na Denmark (kakar mahaifiyarsa), Yarima Frederik na Denmark (ɗan mahaifiyarsa), da Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna (babban kawunsa).  Yaron ya sami sunan Romanov na gargajiya Nicholas kuma an sanya masa suna ne don tunawa da ɗan'uwan mahaifinsa kuma ango na farko na mahaifiyarsa, Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich na Rasha, wanda ya mutu yana ƙarami a shekara ta 1865. Ba bisa ka'ida ba, an san shi da "Nicky" a duk rayuwarsa.

Cummings yana so ya zama mawaki tun yana yaro kuma ya rubuta waka kowace rana daga shekaru 8 zuwa 22, yana bincika nau'o'i daban-daban. Ya yi karatun Latin da Girkanci a Makarantar Sakandare ta Cambridge Latin . Ya halarci Jami'ar Harvard, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Arts Magna cum laude kuma an zabe shi zuwa kungiyar Phi Beta Kappa a shekarar 1915. A shekara mai zuwa, ya sami digiri na Master of Arts daga jami'ar. A lokacin karatunsa a Harvard, ya ci gaba da sha'awar shayari na zamani, wanda ya yi watsi da harshe na al'ada da haɗin kai kuma yana da niyyar yin amfani da harshe. Waƙoƙinsa na farko da aka buga sun bayyana a cikin Eight Harvard Poets (1917). Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki ga dillalin littafi.

Tsar Nicholas II shi ne dan uwan farko da aka cire na Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich . Don rarrabe tsakanin su, Grand Duke sau da yawa ana saninsa a cikin dangin sarki a matsayin "Nikolasha" da "Nicholas the Tall", yayin da Tsar shine "Nicholasthe Short".
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