William McKinley

William McKinley (29 ga Janairu, 1843 - 14 ga Satumba, 1901) shi ne shugaban Amurka na 25, yana aiki daga 1897 har zuwa kisansa da aka yi masa a 1901. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Republican, ya jagoranci sake daidaitawa wanda ya sanya 'yan Republican da yawa a cikin jihohin masana'antu da kuma duk faɗin ƙasar shekaru da yawa. McKinley ya samu nasarar jagorantar Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka kuma ya kula da wani lokaci na fadada Amurka, tare da mamaye Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, da Samoa ta Amurka.

McKinley shine shugaban karshe da ya yi aiki a Yaƙin basasar Amurka; shi kadai ne ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mutum mai shiga tsakani kuma ya kawo karshen shi a matsayin babban jami'in brevet. Bayan yakin, ya zauna a Canton, Ohio, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya kuma ya auri Ida Saxton . A shekara ta 1876, an zabi McKinley a Majalisa, inda ya zama gwani na Jamhuriyar Republican a kan farashin kariya, yana gaskata kariya za ta kawo wadata. Tarihin McKinley na 1890 ya kasance mai kawo rigima sosai kuma, tare da sake rarraba jam'iyyar Democrat da nufin fitar da shi daga ofis, ya haifar da shan kashi a cikin mulkin Democrat na 1890. An zabe shi gwamna na Ohio a cikin 1891 da 1893, yana jagorantar matsakaici tsakanin babban birnin da bukatun ma'aikata.

McKinley ya sami zaben Jamhuriyar Republican na shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1896 a cikin matsanancin tattalin arziki kuma ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na Democrat William Jennings Bryan bayan yakin neman zabe na gaba inda ya ba da shawarar "kuɗi mai kyau" (ma'auni na zinariya sai dai idan an canza shi ta yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa) kuma ya yi alkawarin cewa manyan farashi za su dawo da wadata. Shugabancin McKinley ya ga ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri. Ya ƙi azurfa kyauta don ya ci gaba da al'ummar a kan ma'aunin zinariya, kuma ya ɗaga farashi mai kariya, ya sanya hannu kan Dingley Tariff na 1897 don kare masana'antun da ma'aikatan masana'antu daga gasa ta kasashen waje da kuma tabbatar da wucewar Dokar Gold Standard ta 1900. 

 Rayuwa ta farko da iyali 
An haifi William McKinley Jr. a shekara ta 1843 a Niles, Ohio, ta bakwai cikin yara tara na William McKinleys Sr. da Nancy (née Allison) McKinley . [1] McKinleys sun kasance daga asalin Ingilishi da Scots-Irish kuma sun zauna a yammacin Pennsylvania a karni na 18. Kakanninsu na baƙo shine David McKinley, wanda aka haifa a Dervock, County Antrim, a Arewacin Ireland na yanzu. An haifi William McKinley Sr. a Pennsylvania, a Pine Township, Mercer County . [1]

Iyalin sun koma Ohio lokacin da babban McKinley yaro ne, ya zauna a New Lisbon (yanzu Lisbon). Ya sadu da Nancy Allison a can, kuma sun yi aure daga baya.[1] Iyalin Allison galibi sun fito ne daga asalin Ingilishi kuma daga cikin mazauna farko na Pennsylvania. Kasuwancin iyali a bangarorin biyu shine yin ƙarfe. McKinley babban jami'in ya yi aiki a ko'ina cikin Ohio, a New Lisbon, Niles, Poland, kuma a ƙarshe Canton.[3] Gidan McKinley ya kasance, kamar mutane da yawa daga Yammacin Yamma Ohio, sun shiga cikin Whiggish da kuma halin abolitionist, wanda ya dogara da imani na Methodist na iyali.[4]

Ƙaramin William ya bi al'adar Methodist, ya zama mai aiki a cocin Methodist na gida yana da shekaru goma sha shida.[5] Ya kasance mai ibada na Methodist na tsawon rayuwa.

A shekara ta 1852, iyalin suka ƙaura daga Niles zuwa Poland, Ohio, don yaran su iya halartar makarantun da suka fi kyau. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Poland Seminary a 1859, McKinley ya shiga shekara mai zuwa a Kwalejin Allegheny da ke Meadville, Pennsylvania. Ya kasance memba mai daraja na Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity .  Ya kasance a Allegheny na shekara guda, ya koma gida a 1860 bayan ya yi rashin lafiya da baƙin ciki. Ya kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Mount Union, yanzu Jami'ar Mount Union, a Alliance, Ohio, inda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin amintattu.[8] Kodayake lafiyarsa ta warke, kudaden iyali sun ragu, kuma McKinley bai iya komawa Allegheny ba. Ya fara aiki a matsayin magatakarda kuma daga baya ya ɗauki aikin koyarwa a wata makaranta kusa da Poland, Ohio.[9]

 Yaƙin basasa 
Lokacin da jihohin Confederate suka rabu kuma yakin basasar Amurka ya fara a 1861, dubban mutane a Ohio sun ba da kansu don hidima. Daga cikinsu akwai McKinley da dan uwansa William McKinley Osbourne, wadanda suka shiga cikin sabuwar kungiyar Poland Guards a watan Yunin 1861. [10] Mutanen sun tafi Columbus inda aka karfafa su tare da wasu ƙananan raka'a don samar da rundunar sojan Ohio ta 23.

Mutanen ba su da farin ciki da sanin cewa, ba kamar gwamnatocin masu sa kai na Ohio ba, ba za a ba su izinin zabar jami'an su ba; gwamnan Ohio, William Dennison zai sanya waɗannan. Dennison ya nada Colonel William Rosecrans a matsayin kwamandan rundunar, kuma mutanen sun fara horo a gefen Columbus. McKinley da sauri ya ɗauki rayuwar soja: ya rubuta jerin wasiku zuwa jaridar garinsu yana yabon Sojoji da Union. jinkirin bayar da kayan aiki da makamai ya sake kawo maza cikin rikici tare da jami'an su, amma Manjo Rutherford B. Hayes ya shawo kansu su yarda da abin da gwamnati ta ba su; salon sa na hulɗa da maza ya burge McKinley, ya fara haɗin kai da abota wanda zai kasance har zuwa mutuwar Hayes a shekara ta 1893.

sajan wata daya na horo, McKinley da 23rd Ohio, yanzu jagorancin Colonel Eliakim P. Scammon, sun tashi zuwa yammacin Virginia (a yau wani ɓangare na West Virginia) a watan Yulin 1861 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kanawha Division.[14] McKinley da farko ya yi tunanin Scammon martinet ne, amma lokacin da rundunar ta shiga yaƙi, sai ya fahimci darajar hakowarsu ba tare da jinkiri ba. Saduwarsu ta farko da abokan gaba ta zo ne a watan Satumba lokacin da suka kori sojojin Confederate a Carnifex Ferry a yanzu West Virginia.[16] Kwanaki uku bayan yaƙin, an sanya McKinley aiki a ofishin brigade quartermaster, inda ya yi aiki don samar da rundunarsa, da kuma a matsayin magatakarda. A watan Nuwamba, rundunar ta kafa wuraren hunturu a kusa da Fayetteville (a yau a West Virginia).[18] McKinley ya shafe lokacin hunturu yana maye gurbin wani kwamishinan da ba shi da lafiya, kuma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1862 an kara shi zuwa wannan matsayi.[19] Rundunar ta ci gaba da ci gaba a wannan bazara tare da Hayes a matsayin kwamandan (Scammon ya jagoranci brigade) kuma ya yi yaƙi da ƙananan rikice-rikice da yawa da sojojin 'yan tawaye.[20]
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