Tsakiyar Atlas Tamazight

Tsakiyar Atlas TamazightAtlassic (sunan asali: , Tamazight [tæmæˈzɪxt, θæmæˈsɪxθ]; Larabci) yare ne na Berber na dangin yaren Afroasiatic wanda kusan masu magana miliyan 2.7 ko 7.4% na yawan mutanen Maroko ke magana.  

Tamazight ta Tsakiya tana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan Berber da aka fi amfani da su, tare da Tachelhit, Kabyle, Riffian, Shawiya da Tuareg . A Maroko, tana matsayi na biyu a jerin harsunan da aka fi amfani da su bayan Tachelhit . Ana iya kiran dukkan harsuna biyar da "Tamazight", amma masu magana da Central Atlas su ne kawai ke amfani da kalmar kawai. Kamar yadda yake a cikin harsunan Afroasiatic, Tamazight tana da jerin " ƙaramin baƙaƙe " (wanda aka gane a matsayin pharyngealized ), uvulars, pharyngeals kuma ba shi da phoneme / p /. Tamazight tana da tsarin phonemic mai sau uku amma kuma tana da kalmomi da yawa ba tare da wasula ba.

Tsarin kalmomi na yau da kullun shine fi'ili-babban-abu amma wani lokacin subject-verb-object .  Kalmomi suna canzawa don jinsi, lamba da yanayi, ta amfani da prefixes, kari da circumfixes . Ana canza fi'ili sosai, ana yiwa alama don lokaci, al'amari, yanayi, murya, mutumin da abin ya shafa da kuma polarity, wani lokacin ana yin ablaut . Aron da aka yi daga Larabci ya mamaye dukkan manyan azuzuwan kalmomi, gami da fi'ili; fi'ili da aka aro, duk da haka, an haɗa su bisa ga tsarin asali, gami da ablaut .  

 Rarrabawa 
Tamazight ta Tsakiya tana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan Berber guda huɗu da aka fi amfani da su, tare da Kabyle, Tachelhit, da Riffian,  kuma ta zo ta biyu a matsayin harshen Berber da aka fi amfani da shi bayan Tachelhit a Maroko.    Bambancin waɗannan yarukan yana da sarkakiya saboda masu magana da wasu harsuna na iya kiran harshensu da 'Tamazight'.  Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin dukkan ƙungiyoyi uku galibi suna da tsarin sauti da ƙamus, maimakon tsarin rubutu .  Tamazight kanta tana da babban matakin bambancin ciki, gami da ko sprantization ya faru.  

Masu magana da harshen Central Atlas Tamazight suna kiran kansu da Amazigh (pl. Imazighen ), wani nau'in kalmar endonym wanda ba a tabbatar da asalinsa ba, amma ana iya fassara shi da "mutane masu 'yanci".   Kalmar Tamazight, nau'in mace na Amazigh, tana nufin yaren. Sauran ƙungiyoyin Berber suna amfani da kalmomin biyu a matsayin nasu, kodayake masu magana da harshen Central Atlas Tamazight suna amfani da su akai-akai kuma musamman.  

Tamazight tana tsakiyar wani ci gaba na yare tsakanin Riff zuwa arewa maso gabas da Shilha zuwa kudu maso yamma.  Kamus na asali na Tamazight ya bambanta sosai da Shilha, kuma tsarin magana ya fi kama da Riff ko Kabyle.  Bugu da ƙari, Tamazight yana da bambancin ciki fiye da Shilha. 

An raba yarukan Tamazight zuwa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi uku da yankuna na ƙasa: waɗanda ake magana a tsaunukan Atlas na Tsakiya ; waɗanda ake magana a tsaunukan High Atlas ; da kuma waɗanda ake magana a Jbel Saghro da ƙwanƙolinsa.  Duk da cewa halayyar sihirin  >  ;  >  ko kuma  ;  >  ;  >  ko kuma  ; da kuma  > ,  ko kuma  yana bayyana a cikin harsunan Berber a tsakiya da arewacin Morocco da Algeria,  kamar yadda yake a cikin yarukan Tsakiya da yawa, yana da wuya a cikin masu magana da High Atlas Tamazight, kuma babu shi a cikin masu magana da Tamazight daga gindin Jbel Saghro .   Harsunan Kudu (misali Ayt Atta ) ana iya bambanta su ta hanyar amfani da kalmomi: yayin da wasu yaruka ke yin nuni da /d/ (misali /d argaz/ "mutum ne"), yarukan Kudu suna amfani da fi'ili na taimako na yau da kullun (High Atlas, Souss-Basin ƙasar karkara, Jbel Atlas Saghro) /g/ (misali /iga argaz/ "mutum ne").  Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin kowace ƙungiya uku galibi suna da tsarin sauti. 

 Tarihi 
Berbers sun rayu a Arewacin Afirka tsakanin yammacin Masar da Tekun Atlantika tun kafin tarihin da aka rubuta ya fara a yankin kimanin ƙarni 33 da suka gabata.    A ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (K.S.), birnin Carthage, wanda Phoenicians suka kafa, ya faɗaɗa ikon mallakarsa a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka ; bayan Yaƙin Punic, Roma ta maye gurbinsa da hegemon na yanki. Yankin Atlas na Tsakiya da kansa ya kasance mai zaman kansa a duk tsawon lokacin gargajiya, amma lokaci-lokaci ana amfani da kalmomin aro zuwa Central Atlas Tamazight, kamar , "plough ox", daga Latin , "tawagar shanu"  da kuma aẓalim "albasa" < Punic bṣal-im,  sun shaida hulɗar kakanninsu da waɗannan masu nasara.

Larabawa sun mamaye yankin Maroko da Aljeriya na zamani a kusan karni na 7,  sun haifar da kwararowar ƙaura daga Larabawa da kuma karɓar Musulunci daga Berber.  Musamman bayan isowar Banu Hilal a Tunisiya ta zamani a ƙarni na 11, ƙarin yankunan Arewacin Afirka sun zama masu magana da Larabci tsawon ƙarni. Duk da haka, tare da sauran yankuna masu tsaunuka na Arewacin Afirka, Tsakiyar Atlas ta ci gaba da yin magana da Berber.

Tsakanin ƙarni na 12 zuwa 15, Tsakiyar Atlas, tare da sauran ƙasar Maroko, sun faɗa cikin mulkin Masarautar Almoravid, Almohad, da Marinid . Tun daga ƙarni na 17, yankin ya amince da mulkin Daular Alaouite, dangin sarauta na Maroko na yanzu. Duk da haka, ikon mallakar yankin ya kasance mai iyaka; har zuwa ƙarni na 20, yawancin Atlas na Tsakiya yana cikin yanayin siba, yana amincewa da sahihancin ikon sarauta na ruhaniya amma yana ƙin da'awar siyasa.  Faɗaɗar Ait Atta tun daga ƙarni na 16 ya dawo da Tamazight cikin yankin Tafilalt na Larabawa  kuma ya sanya sauran kabilun yankin a kan tsaro, wanda ya haifar da kafa kawancen Ait Yafelman .

Yarjejeniyar Fez ta 1912 ta sanya yawancin ƙasar Morocco ta zama yankin da Faransa da Sifaniya ke iko da shi (ƙarƙashin mamayar sojojin Faransa da Sifaniya), inda ta bar masarautar Alaouite amma ta kafa rundunar sojojin Faransa a yankin Atlas sannan ta naɗa kwamishina janar na Faransa.  Duk da haka, ƙabilun Berber na Tsakiyar Atlas, kamar sauran yankuna, sun yi tsayin daka ga mulkin Faransa, wanda ya daɗe har zuwa 1933 a yanayin Ait Atta .

Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Morocco a shekarar 1956, an fi mai da hankali kan asalin Larabawan ƙasar,  kuma an kafa tsarin ilimin harshen Larabci na ƙasa, inda harsunan Berber, ciki har da Tsakiyar Atlas Tamazight, ba su da gurbi. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1994 gwamnati ta amsa buƙatun Berber na amincewa da Berber ta hanyar yanke hukunci cewa ya kamata a koyar da Berber da kuma kafa watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a cikin harsunan Berber guda uku, ciki har da Tsakiyar Atlas Tamazight.  Don haɓaka harsuna da al'adun Tamazight da sauran Berber, gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Al'adu ta Masarautar Amazigh (IRCAM) a shekarar 2001.  
Adadin masu magana da harsunan Berber gabaɗaya batun kimantawa ne maimakon ƙididdigar harshe. Akalla kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Maroko suna magana da yarukan Berber.  An kiyasta cewa kimanin 40~49% na masu magana da Berber na Maroko suna magana da Tamazight, yayin da Shilha ya ba da umarni 32~40% da Riff 20~25%. 

 Matsayi 
Tamazight, tare da sauran harsunan Berber na Morocco, suna da ƙarancin matsayin zamantakewa, galibi ana amfani da su a gida, kuma ba kasafai ake amfani da su a cikin mahallin hukuma ko na hukuma ba. Ana samun watsa shirye-shiryen kafofin watsa labarai da kiɗa a cikinsa,  kuma akwai manufar koyar da shi a makarantu, kodayake ba koyaushe ake amfani da shi ba.

Daga cikin masu magana da harshen Tamazight na Central Atlas, kashi 40–45% suna magana da harshen ɗaya, yayin da sauran ke amfani da Larabci a matsayin harshe na biyu.  Masu magana da harshen ɗaya galibi sun ƙunshi tsofaffi da yara.  Mata sun fi maza iya magana da harshen ɗaya, domin yawanci suna zama a ƙauyen yayin da maza ke zuwa aiki a birane.  Tunda Tamazight ita ce harshen gida, 'yan mata suna girma suna magana da harsunan Berber kuma suna ba wa 'ya'yansu - wannan rarraba jinsi yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye harshen.  Masu magana da harshen Berber masu magana da harshen biyu sun koyi Larabcin Moroccan ta hanyar makaranta, ƙaura, kafofin watsa labarai, ko ta hanyar gwamnati.  Yawancin yaran Berber na karkara suna magana da harshen ɗaya. Suna fama don samun nasara a makarantun da malamai ba sa magana da harshen Berber, kuma suna buƙatar su koyi Larabci da Faransanci. 

Karkara ta Morocco, ciki har da yankin Central Atlas, tana fama da talauci. Tamazight tare da danginta na Shilha suna fuskantar "ƙunci" yayin da iyalai na karkara, waɗanda tattalin arziki ya tilasta musu,  suka ƙaura zuwa birane suka daina yin magana da Tamazight, wanda hakan ya sa masana da yawa ke jin tsoron canjin harshen Berber ko koma baya.   Duk da haka, an ruwaito cewa masu magana da Tamazight ba sa ƙaura kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin Berber da yawa.  Bugu da ƙari, Tamazight tana da isassun masu magana da harshen asali waɗanda ba za a ɗauke su a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin haɗari ba,  kodayake an ruwaito cewa masu magana da Tamazight suna da ƙarancin haihuwa fiye da ƙasar Morocco gaba ɗaya. 
alt=The entrance to the IRCAM (Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe) building in Rabat. Two women are standing in front of a large, metal plaque with the word "IRCAM" written on it in large letters, and the organization's logo.|thumb|300x300px|IRCAM (Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe) a Rabat
Tun daga lokacin kuri'ar raba gardama ta kundin tsarin mulkin Morocco, 2011, harsunan Berber suna da hukuma a Morocco tare da Larabci. A shekarar 1994, Sarki Hassan na biyu ya ayyana cewa yaren Berber na ƙasa zai sami matsayi na hukuma; ana taƙaita watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a cikin Tamazight, da kuma Shilha da Rif, sau uku a rana; kuma ana haɓaka kayan ilimi ga makarantu.    A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2001 Sarki Mohammed na VI ya sanya hannu kan dokar ( Dahir 1–01–299) ta ƙirƙiri da kuma tsara Cibiyar Al'adu ta Masarautar Amazigh (IRCAM).    Hukumar IRCAM ta ƙunshi ƙwararru, masu fasaha, da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, waɗanda sarki ya naɗa su.  Cibiyar, wadda take a Rabat, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa rubutun Tifinagh a Morocco.  Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa da ƙungiyoyin al'adu da dama a Maroko waɗanda ke fafutukar ci gaban Berber, suna kira da a amince da shi a matsayin harshen hukuma, a yi amfani da shi sosai a kafofin watsa labarai, kuma a koyar da shi a makarantu.  

 Manazarta 

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