Edward Hunter (mai jarida)

Edward Hunter (2 ga Yuli, 1902 - 24 ga Yuni, 1978)   marubuci ne na Amurka, ɗan jarida, mai farfaganda, kuma wakilin leken asiri wanda aka san shi da rubuce-rubucen adawa da kwaminisanci. Ya kasance sanannen iko a kan Yakin tunani. Dukkanin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam na zamani da kuma masana tarihi na baya za su soki daidaito da tushen rahotonsa game da wanke kwakwalwa, amma duk da haka ra'ayin ya zama mai tasiri a lokacin Yakin Cold na Amurka.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Hunter a New York a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1902. 

 Jarida 
Hunter ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan jarida da wakilin kasashen waje na tsohuwar Sabis ɗin Labaran Duniya.

Daga 1926 zuwa 1928, Hunter ya yi aiki ga jaridar Hankow Herald a Hankou, China, kuma yana tafiya a Japan da China a lokacin mamayewar Japan na Manchuria da kuma sasantawa daga China. Ya ba da rahoto game da mamayar Japan a Manchuria kafin ya kwashe shekaru biyar a Spain yana rufe Yaƙin basasar Spain. Daga baya ya rufe Yaƙin Italo-Abyssinian na Biyu tsakanin Italiya da Habasha kuma ya lura da hanyoyin yaƙi na tunanin mutum da aka yi amfani da su a duk waɗannan lokuta da kuma lokacin shirye-shiryen Jamus don Yaƙin Duniya na II.

Ya ci gaba da aiki a jaridu da yawa, ciki har da The Newark Ledger, The New Orleans Item, da kuma a cikin jiharsa, The New York Post, The Nework American, Tactics, da Counterattack  . Daga baya ya yi aiki a Faransa a Chicago Tribune' Paris edition . Hunter ya kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin Jaridar Jarida, ƙungiyar kwadago ta 'yan jarida, wanda ya ji masu goyon bayan kwaminisanci ne suka mamaye shi.

Ya zauna a cikin Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Matasan Amurkawa don 'Yanci. A watan Janairun 1964 ya fara buga jaridar Tactics a karkashin jagorancin Anti-Communism Liaison, Inc. Hunter ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar da kuma editan jaridar har zuwa 1978. 

 Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci 
Masanin tarihi Julia Lovell ya soki rahoton Hunter a matsayin "baƙon abu" da kuma ban sha'awa. A shekara ta 1956, masana halayyar dan adam na gwamnatin Amurka sun kammala bayan sun bincika fayilolin POWs na Yakin Koriya cewa wanke kwakwalwa kamar yadda Hunter ya bayyana bai wanzu ba, amma tasirin rahotonsa ya kasance mai mahimmanci, kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara wayar da kan jama'a game da barazanar Kwaminisanci na shekaru da yawa. Lovell ya yi jayayya cewa Hunter ya kirkiro "hoton 'wankewar kwakwalwa' mai iko na kasar Sin ... [wannan] ya yi la'akari da wani ra'ayi na Maoist wanda ya kai daga China zuwa Koriya da Malaya", amma takardun Amurka da aka bayyana sun nuna hoto mai rikitarwa da rikici game da tasirin kasar Sin da burin kasa da kasa a Asiya.

 Ayyukan leken asiri 
Hunter ya ba da shaida ga Sanata Keating yana mai bayyana cewa ya shiga Ofishin Ayyuka na Dabarun (OSS) game da lokacin harin Pearl Harbor kuma ya yi aiki don rayuwar kungiyar.

Bayan yaƙin ya "taimaka rufe shagon" kuma ya ci gaba da aikin leken asiri a ƙarƙashin wasu hukumomi daban-daban kamar SSU, Sashin Ayyuka na Sojojin Amurka. Lokacin da aka shirya CIA a 1947, Hunter ya shiga karkashin kariya ta jarida.

 Yaƙi da tunani 
Hunter an yarda da shi sosai kamar yadda ya kirkiro kalmar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin wata kasida ta 1950 don Miami News . Staff writer (26 Jun. 1978). "People in the News—Deaths" (obituary). Ottawa Journal. p. 26. Ya fara amfani da shi a fili a cikin wata kasida ga Miami News a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1950.  A cikin wannan labarin da kuma ayyukan da suka biyo baya, Hunter ya yi iƙirarin cewa ta hanyar hada ka'idar Pavlovian tare da fasahar zamani, masana halayyar dan adam na Rasha da na kasar Sin sun haɓaka dabarun da za su iya sarrafa hankali. Bambancin Hunter ne na kalmar Sinanci "xinao", ma'ana "tsabtace kwakwalwa. " Kamar yadda marubucin Dominic Streatfeild ya ba da labarin, Hunter ya ɗauki kalmar bayan ya yi hira da tsoffin fursunonin kasar Sin waɗanda aka sake su.  Ya yi amfani da shi ga dabarun tambayoyi da KGB ta yi amfani da su a lokacin tsarkakewa don cire ikirari daga fursunoni marasa laifi, kuma daga can, an yi la'akari da bambance-bambance - kula da hankali, canjin tunani, gyaran halayyar, da sauransu.

Bayan shekara guda, an buga littafin Hunter mai suna Brain-Washing in Red China: The Calculated Destruction of Men's Minds, yana gargadi game da tsarin Maoist mai girma na "sake ilmantarwa".  Sabuwar kalmar ta sami hanyar shiga cikin al'ada a cikin littafin The Manchurian Candidate da fim din mai suna iri ɗaya a shekarar 1962.
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

manazarta