Koyarwar Paasikivi-Kekkonen

Koyarwar Paasikivi-Kekkonen wata Koyarwar manufofin kasashen waje ce da Shugaban Finland Juho Kusti Paasikivi ya kafa kuma magajinsa Urho Kekkonen ya ci gaba, da nufin tsira da Finland a matsayin mai zaman kanta, ƙasar mai dimokuradiyya a kusa da Tarayyar Soviet.

An kafa Ƙungiyar Paasikivi a shekara ta 1958 don inganta koyarwar a Finland da kasashen waje. Paasikivi da Kekkonen sun zama membobin girmamawa na Society.

 Tarihi 
Finland da Tarayyar Soviet sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Paris a watan Fabrairun 1947, wanda ban da izinin Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Moscow ta tanada:

 Ƙuntata girman Sojojin tsaro na Finland,
 Bayar da yankin Petsamo ga Tarayyar Soviet a bakin tekun Arctic,
 Yarjejeniyar tsibirin Porkkala daga Helsinki ga Soviets don amfani da shi azaman sansanin sojan ruwa na shekaru 50 (an dawo da shi kafin jadawalin a 1956),
 Samun damar wucewa kyauta zuwa wannan yanki a duk faɗin ƙasar Finland, da
 Sakamakon yaki ga Tarayyar Soviet ya yanke shawarar dala miliyan 300 na zinariya (wanda ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 570 na Amurka a 1952, shekarar da biyan ya ƙare).

 Ayyukan da aka yi 
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1948, Finland ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Abokantaka, Haɗin Kai, da Taimako tare da Tarayyar Soviet. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniyar taimakon juna, an tilasta wa Finland, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet, idan ya cancanta, don tsayayya da hare-haren makamai da "Jamus ko abokanta" (watau, NATO) suka yi wa Finland ko kuma Tarayyar Soviétique ta hanyar Finland. A lokaci guda, yarjejeniyar ta amince da sha'awar Finland ta kasance a waje da rikice-rikicen iko. An sabunta wannan yarjejeniyar na tsawon shekaru 20 a 1955, a 1970, kuma a 1983. Wannan ya ba Finland damar riƙe 'yancin kai a harkokin cikin gida, misali tsarin majalisa na jam'iyyun da yawa, kuma kada ta shiga Gabashin Gabas. Koyaya, shiga NATO ko wata ƙungiya ta bayyane tare da Yamma ba ta da tambaya  kuma manufofin ƙasashen waje galibi suna iyakance.

 Rashin amincewa 
Finns na zamani sau da yawa suna sukar koyarwar Paasikivi-Kekkonen kamar yadda yake nunawa ga "liturgy" na kyakkyawar dangantaka. Kasashen biyu sun shirya ta hanyar soja. Koyaya, cinikayya ta duniya tana aiki, a cikin tsarin cinikayya tsakanin ƙasashe biyu. Bugu da ƙari, manufofin suna da alaƙa da shugaban kasar Kekkonen, wanda hakan ya yi amfani da matsayinsa a matsayin "mai kula da dangantakar Soviet" a kan abokan adawar siyasa. An yi amfani da tantancewa kai tsaye, na hukuma da kuma wadanda ba na hukuma ba, don fina-finai da sauran ayyukan da aka dauka a bayyane a matsayin masu adawa da Soviet, kamar The Manchurian Candidate ko The Gulag Archipelago, kodayake ba a iyakance 'yancin siyasa ba.

Daga baya zargi ya hada da wadannan batutuwa:

 Tarayyar Soviet ba ta dauki Finland a matsayin kasa mai tsaka-tsaki ba, amma "ta yi ƙoƙari ta kasance tsaka-tsakin". Kodayake Kekkonen ya yi nasara sosai wajen riƙe ikon mallaka a kan al'amuran Finland, matsayin Finland a kan al-amuran kasa da kasa, kamar mamaye Czechoslovakia, sau da yawa ba shi da tabbas ko kuma Soviet-friendly. Harin da aka yi a shekarar 1977 a satar jirgin saman Soviet ya kara nuna wannan; tasirin da ba daidai ba na jakadan Soviet, wanda zai mamaye taron gwamnati don yin buƙatu, ya nuna cewa gwamnatin Finland tana da matsala wajen kare tsangwama ta Soviet. Tarayyar Soviet tana da babban aikin diflomasiyya a Finland, kuma Kekkonen ya yi magana da Tarayyar Soviétique ta hanyar Shugaban tashar KGB maimakon ta hanyar tashoshin diflomasiyyar yau da kullun. Soviets sun shiga tsakani a siyasar Finland ta hanyoyi daban-daban, misali ta hanyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Finland  da kuma hulɗar Soviet-friendly a wasu jam'iyyun (misali Kekkonen's K-linja in the Center Party).
 Sojojin Soviet sun ci gaba da kasancewa a shirye don mamaye Helsinki daga Tallinn idan akwai yaƙi. Shirye-shiryen, waɗanda suka kasance cikakke, an bar su a baya a cikin janyewar sojojin Soviet daga Estonia bayan Estonia ta sake samun 'yancin kai a 1991.
 Manufar ba ta da girmamawa a Yamma. 'Yan wasan siyasa na kasashen waje na Yamma da ma'aikatan soja ko dai ba su san game da manufofin ba ko kuma sun ɗauka cewa gazawar ce tun daga farko. Game da tsohon, an san jami'an sojin Burtaniya da yin tambaya game da yawan sojojin Soviet da ke Finland. Game da ƙarshen, an horar da makaman nukiliya a kan manufofi a Finland,  tare da zaton cewa duk wani yiwuwar juriya na Finnish ga mamayar Soviet zai zama wani gazawar.
 Akwai hadin gwiwar ɓoye tsakanin gwamnatin Finland da hukumomin leken asiri na Yamma. CIA na iya tallafawa Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party mai adawa da Kwaminisanci, babbar jam'iyya, sau da yawa mai jagorantar gwamnati, kodayake a hankali ta zama mai goyon bayan Soviet tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, tare da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da yawa da ke riƙe da matsayi mai tasiri tsakanin sauran irin waɗannan jam'iyyun. Har ila yau, akwai hadin gwiwar leken asiri na soja, alal misali ba da izinin jiragen SIGINT don bincika cibiyar sadarwa ta radar ta Soviet (bisa ga Pekka Visuri ) da kuma samar da bayanan girgizar ƙasa don gano gwajin nukiliyar Soviet. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span>]

 Kashewa 
Finns sun amsa da hankali a cikin 1990-91 ga faduwar ikon Soviet da rushewa USSR. Sun soke takunkumin da yarjejeniyar 1947 da 1948 suka sanya ban da haramtacciyar samun makaman nukiliya, sun shiga cikin nuna damuwar Nordic game da juyin mulki da aka yi wa shugaban Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev, kuma sun ba da karuwar ƙarfafawa ba bisa ka'ida ba ga 'yancin Baltic.

A lokaci guda, ta hanyar maye gurbin yarjejeniyar taimakon juna ta Soviet-Finnish tare da yarjejeniyoyi kan hadin kai da kasuwanci gaba ɗaya, Finns sun sanya kansu a kan daidaito yayin da suke riƙe da dangantakar abokantaka ta biyu. Daga baya Finland ta bunkasa alakar kasuwanci ta kan iyaka kuma ta gabatar da damarta a matsayin ƙofar kasuwanci zuwa Rasha. Ya tabbatar da Rasha cewa ba za ta gabatar da da'awar game da tsohuwar yankin Finland da aka ba da ita ba bayan Ci gaba da Yaƙi (ko da yake ƙananan mutane ba su yarda ba), kuma sun ci gaba da tabbatar da muhimmancin kyakkyawar dangantakar kasashen biyu har sai Dangantakar Rasha da EU ta kara tsanantawa saboda Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine. Bayan mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, an watsar da manufofin tsaka-tsaki har abada. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2022, Firayim Minista Sanna Marin, tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyun da ke mulki da na adawa, ya ba da sanarwar Yunkurin shiga NATO wanda ya haifar da shigar Finland cikin rukunin a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2023 .

 Dubi kuma 

 Kasancewa a Finland
 Rikicin Frost na dare
 Bayani Rikicin
 Siyasa ta Finland
 Siyasa ta Tarayyar Soviet

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba