Justine Constance Wirix-van Mansvelt

Justine Constance Wirix-van Mansvelt (22 Disamba 1876 - 18 Agusta 1937) ƙwararriyar Furotesta ce 'yar ƙasar Holland a fannin ayyukan mawaƙi kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Italiya Dante Alighieri (1265-1321).

 Haihuwa 
An haifi Justine Constance van Mansvelt a Schoonhoven a matsayin ɗa na biyu ga Rinse van Mansvelt, wanda ya yi ritaya da matsayin babban jami'in harba manyan bindigogi, da Augustina Maria Wilhelmina Slingeland. Ɗansu na fari, ɗan'uwan Justine George Louis, ya mutu yana ƙarami.

Kakannin Justine a bayyane suke suna da sha'awar adabi sosai. Kakanta daga ɓangaren mahaifiyarta, alkalin kotun Leendert Slingeland (mijin Geertruy Hoek), tsohon ɗalibi ne a fannin adabi kuma yana aiki a madadin mazauna Schoonhoven a wurin sanya sabon mutum-mutumin Laurens Janszoon Coster (kimanin 1370–1440) a Grote Markett da ke Haarlem . A lokacin ana kyautata zaton Coster ɗan ƙasar Holland ne ya ƙirƙiro injin buga littattafai.

Kakanni biyu na Justine sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen adabi na Netherlands: A gefen mahaifinta, akwai lauya mai fasaha na Utrecht Anthony Jan van Mansvelt, wanda dole ne ya san mawaƙin Holland Jacobus Bellamy na ƙarni na 18 (1757–1786) da kansa. Ya zana hotunan Bellamy guda biyu, waɗanda yanzu suke cikin tarin Zeeuws Archief a Middelburg da kuma gidan adana kayan tarihi na teku MuZEEum a Vlissingen . A gefen mahaifiyarta akwai Melchior Hoek, wani jami'in sojoji mai ƙwarewa a rundunar sojojin Napoleon 's Grande Armée, wanda ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa game da abubuwan da ya fuskanta a yakin Rasha da Jamus. An buga wasu sassan wannan takarda a lokacin rayuwarsa. Kakan Justine na uba Rinse Koopmans, Farfesa a makarantar Mennonite da ke Amsterdam, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen adabi. Wannan kakanni na kusa ya buga a cikin mujallar adabi da al'adu ta Vaderlandsche letteroefeningen (1804) game da ayyukan mazan haruffa na Holland na ƙarni na 17.

 Imani 
Justine ta kasance 'yar asalin Furotesta. Daga baya a rayuwarta, ta zaɓi cocin Walloon, wata ƙungiyar Reformed ta Dutch. Kamar yadda dangin mahaifiyarta suka yi imani, akwai damar yin takamaiman ra'ayoyi game da lahira . Wataƙila kakan Leendert Slingeland, a lokacin karatunsa na Leiden, ya ziyarci laccoci na malamin tarihi Willem Bilderdijk (1756-1831), a Netherlands wani mawaki mai suna kuma wanda ya yi zamani da mawaƙin Ingila kuma mai sihiri William Blake (1757-1827). Bilderdijk ya rubuta waƙar makoki game da Julius Willem Bilderdijk, ɗansa mai shekaru ashirin wanda ya mutu a teku, yana shimfiɗa rubutun waƙarsa zuwa lahira. Waƙarsa mai suna De Geestenwareld (1811) ta ambaci halittun sama da ke kula da danginsu masu rai.

A kusa da dangin Justine, mun sami bazawar mawaki Jan Brand van Cabauw (1785–1847), Lord of Cabauw da wasu ƙauyuka biyu kusa da Schoonhoven, waɗanda kakan Slingeland ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kuma amintacce. Kakan kawu Gabriël Leonard van Oosten Slingeland shi ne magajin Brand a matsayin Lordship na ƙauyukan Cabauw da Zevender . A cikin ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, mawaƙin ya tuna ganin 'yarsa Isabella mai shekaru goma da ta mutu. A matsayinta na mala'ika ƙarama mai waƙa, Belle ta sauko daga sama don ta'azantar da mahaifinta mai baƙin ciki.

 Ilimi 
Matashiyar Justine Constance van Mansvelt ta zauna a Schoonhoven da The Hague. Iyalan Van Mansvelt daga babban birnin lardin Utrecht, wanda take ciki, tun daga ƙarni na 17, iyali ne na matsakaicin matsayi. A cikin ƙarni biyu (tun daga 1601) Van Mansvelt's sun kasance memba na majalisar birnin Utrecht.

An koyar da Justine Faransanci a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Malamar makaranta mai zaman kanta Marie Madeleine Rivoire, daga garin Torre Pellice na Italiya, ta fara aikin koyarwa na Dutch tun tana ƙarama, a shekarar 1880. Rivoire ta kasance daga dangin Furotesta na Arewacin Italiya Rivoire (Rivoir) na ƙungiyar addinin Waldensians ta zamanin da. A cikin ko kuma jim kaɗan bayan 1889, Rivoire ta ƙaura zuwa Hague, inda ta koyar da Faransanci a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta. Wataƙila ta ba Justine ilimin Faransanci na sakandare saboda lokacin da aka tsara a Brussels (duba na gaba). A cikin littafinta (wanda aka buga a 1929/1930), Justine ta yaba wa Marie Rivoire a matsayin jagorarta ta farko a duniyar adabi ta mawaƙiya kuma marubuciya ta Italiya ta zamanin da, Dante Alighieri, wanda zai zaburar da ita har tsawon rayuwarta.

A kusan shekarar 1895 aka tura Justine zuwa kammala karatunta a Brussels, kusa da Warande Park . Wannan wataƙila ita ce 'Institution de demoiselles' da gwauruwa Jouret ke gudanarwa a Rue Ducale . Godiya ga littafin baƙi da Justine mai shekaru ashirin ta yi amfani da shi, mun san ta dawo Hague a watan Nuwamba 1897.

A farkon shekarun aurenta, Justine ta koyi magana da rubutu a Italiyanci. Wataƙila malamar makaranta Marie Rivoire ta riga ta shuka iri na harshen Italiyanci. Kamar yadda aka gani daga labarinta na 1911, Justine ta ƙware a wannan yaren tun kafin fitowar littafinta na Florence (1930). Da alama mai yiwuwa ne farfesa a jami'a ta Italiya, Romano Nobile Guarnieri (1883-1955), daga garin Adria a Arewacin Italiya, ita ce malamarta ta biyu. A farkon ƙarni na 20, Guarnieri ta koyar da Italiyanci a Arnhem, wani birni na Holland kusa da kan iyakar Jamus. Justine ta zauna a garin Venlo da ke kusa da sansanin soja. Idan sha'awar ayyukan Dante ta riga ta kasance, da Justine ta sami sha'awar harshen Italiyanci saboda hakan. Ko ta yaya, wataƙila hulɗar mijin Justine (duba sakin layi na gaba) ta ƙara mata sha'awar yaren. Mijinta ya haɗu a matsayin mai fafatawa a fagen wasan dambe a ƙasashen waje da dama 'yan wasan Italiya a wasannin wasan dambe a Ostend ( Belgium ) da The Hague. Katunan gaisuwa da hotuna suna tunatar da kyakkyawar alaƙa da mijinta Anthonie da kuma Justine. Da alama dangantakar da ta fi daɗewa ita ce ta yi mu'amala da kyaftin ɗin sojojin doki na gasar Olympics ta 1908 , Alessandro Pirzio-Biroli (1877-1962). Taskar tarihin iyali ta ƙunshi, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ƙaramin tarin katunan gaisuwa na soja da ba a yi amfani da su ba, waɗanda suka samo asali tun daga shekarun farko na ƙarni na 20.

Al'adar iyali, ayyuka da hotuna da yawa suna nuna mana Justine a matsayin mace mai ilimi, wacce take da mata kuma uwa mai ƙauna (ta tsara wani nau'in allon goose ga 'ya'yanta), mai son kai da kuma kyan gani. Dole ne halinta mai kyau ya buɗe ƙofofi da yawa.

 Aure 
A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1899, Justine ta auri jami'in sojan doki da aka ambata a sama Anthonie Petrus Wirix a Hague, wacce daga ƙarshe ta yi ritaya a matsayin Kanar da kuma Knight a cikin Order of Orange-Nassau (sashen soja). Aurensu ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu: Bella Virginie Wirix (1900) da René Paul Wirix (1902). Daga baya ɗan ya zama wani ɓangare na masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin Holland a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Iyalin Wirix-van Mansvelt sun zauna galibi a Hague a Heemskerkstraat 23, a cikin unguwar 'Zeehelden' kusa da lambunan Fadar Noordeinde .

Anthonie Petrus Wirix shi ma marubuci ne na soja. Ɗaya daga cikin labaransa, game da amfani da sojojin doki, a shekarar 1928 ya fito da harshen Italiyanci . Da alama Justine ne ya fassara rubutun wannan labarin. Dangane da suna da shugaban sojojin Italiya a wancan lokacin: a kashi na biyu na shekarun talatin ne Il Duce ya zama wanda ba a so a tsakanin mutanen Holland. A matsayin bayanin ra'ayin da ya canza game da shi, jaridar De Telegraaf ta ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1937 ta nuna wani zane mai ban dariya game da manufofin zaman lafiya na masu mulkin kama karya na Italiya da Jamus ta hannun fitaccen mai zane-zanen siyasa Louis Raemaekers (1869–1956), wanda ya auri Johanna Petronella van Mansvelt, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan Justine.

Kamar yadda matarsa Anthonie Wirix ta yi sha'awar aikin Dante. Ta hanyar zane-zanen da ke cikin littafin Jacob van Maerlant mai suna 'Rhyme Bible' (1271), Anthonie ya yi ƙananan zane-zane masu launuka har zuwa 670 don waƙoƙi 34 na 'The Inferno' na waƙar Dante mai suna The divine Comedy ( La divina Commedia ). Waɗannan zane-zanen alkalami, waɗanda wataƙila ya yi nufin bugawa, wani ɓangare ne na tarihin iyalin kakan kakan Hoek da aka ambata. Zane-zanen alkalami guda 28 da ke kwatanta Vita Nuova na Dante a cikin tarin Wirix-van Mansvelt a ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Netherlands wataƙila ta hannun Wirix ne. Fasaha wataƙila ta kasance fasalin dangin Wirix, saboda 'yar'uwar Anthonie Victoire Leonhardt-Wirix (1875–1938) mai zane ce mai sha'awar zane da zane tsawon rai. Misalan ƙananan hotuna na Antonie da ke ƙasa sun nuna sassa uku na farko na Canto XV na The Divine Comedy . Dante (cikin ja) da jagoransa Virgil suna tafiya a gefen wani rafin ruwan wuta kuma a cikin canto an yi kwatanta tsakanin tsaron ruwa na Flemish da na Italiya.

 Nazarin Dante 
A ƙasar Netherlands, kusan shekara ta 1900, sha'awar al'adun gargajiya da harshen Italiya ta farfaɗo. A shekara ta 1904, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta ƙasar Holland ta kafa 'Nederlandsch Instituut' (Cibiyar Dutch) da ke Rome (a halin yanzu Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut Rome (KNIR)), don tsara takardun tarihin Dutch a cikin rumbun adana bayanai na Vatican da aka saki. Tun daga farko, cibiyar ta kuma ƙarfafa bincike kan Tarihin Romawa da fasaha. A shekara ta 1914, an kafa rassan farko na ƙasar Holland na 'Società Dante Alighieri' ( Dante Alighieri Society ) a Rome, don samar da abubuwan al'adu na Italiya a Netherlands. A shekara ta 1919 da 1920, Jami'o'i a Groningen da Leiden sun naɗa malaminsu na farko a harshen Italiya.

Sha'awar da ake da ita ga ayyukan Dante ta daɗe a Netherlands. Wannan sha'awar ta samo asali ne tun zamanin Romanticism na Dutch (1820-1880) kuma ta kai ga ƙarni na 21. Littafin Dutch mafi tsufa game da Dante ya yi magana game da fassarar Dante und seine Theologie ta 1865 ta Dr. Ferdinand Piper, Farfesa na Tauhidi a Berlin.

Ayyukan Dante sun taɓa Justine. Za mu iya ɗauka cewa sha'awar Dante ta samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarta da shekarunta na aure, wataƙila tun lokacin da aka fara darussa na Faransanci da Italiyanci: darussan da malaman Rivoire da Guarnieri za su iya bayarwa, a Hague da Arnhem. Ta faɗi a cikin littafinta cewa Marie Rivoire ta sa ayyukan su zama abin dogaro a gare ta. Rivoire ta gabatar da Justine ga labarin tafiyar Dante, wanda Virgil ya jagoranta, ta hanyar rayuwar bayan mutuwa ta The divine Comedy . Amma yana da wuya a yi tunanin cewa Guarnieri, wanda ya san ta tsawon akalla shekaru goma (kuma ya aika mata da katunan gaisuwa na Dante daga Italiya) bai taka muhimmiyar rawa ba wajen haɓaka ilimin da Justine ta samu. Guarnieri (a cikin 1914) ya kafa reshen Amsterdam, Arnhem da The Hague na 'Società Dante Alighieri'. A gaskiya ma, a farko, mutanen biyu sun iya taimaka mata ta ƙara sanin abubuwan da Dante ya ƙirƙira na Tsakiyar Zamani .

Da alama a shekarar 1911, Justine, mai shekaru talatin da huɗu, ta shirya buga wani labari a duniyar maza ta ƙwararrun Dante. Ya shafi wani labarin game da fassararta kan sashin 'The Inferno' na Dante a cikin mujallar al'adu da adabi ta lokacin a Netherlands . A cikin wannan labarin ta ba da - ƙarfin hali amma mai tawali'u - hangen nesanta kan bayanin Dante game da yadda mala'ikan da ya faɗi Lucifer ya kai duniya. Fassarori kan wannan batu daga wasu ƙwararrun Dante ba su gamsar da ita ba.

A cewar zane-zanen katunan gaisuwa a lokacin 1906-1932 da Justine da mijinta suka karɓa, ta san wasu ƙwararru da dama daga duniyar masoyan ayyukan ban mamaki na Dante na lokacinta da kanta. Daga cikin sunayensu mun sami Romano Guarnieri da aka ambata. Tare da marubutan Henri Hauvette, Farfesa a Jami'ar Paris, da Willem Alexander van Leer a Amsterdam (ɗaya daga cikin editocin biyu na girmamawar Dante ta Holland 1321-1921), a bayyane take ta ci gaba da hulɗa da juna. Yawancin sunayen iyalai na ƙasashen waje na iya zama na masu aiko da rahotanni daga rassan Italiya na Società Dantesca Italiana a Florence ko kuma na Rome 'Società Dante Alighieri'.

Babban abin da Justine ta fi sha'awa a cikin ayyukan mawaƙin zamanin da ya shuɗe ya haifar da ziyara da yawa zuwa Italiya. Tun daga shekarar 1928, bayan 'yarta ta yi aure kuma ɗanta ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Soja ta Dutch, Justine da mijinta sun zauna na tsawon lokaci a Naples, Florence, Ravenna da sauran biranen Italiya.

 Ƙarshen rayuwa 
Na wani lokaci Justine ta sha fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani. A watan Fabrairun 1937, mijinta daga garin shakatawa na Bordighera na Italiya ya rubuta wa ɗansa da surukarsa a Netherlands, yana gaya musu cewa mahaifiyarsu - wacce galibi take son tafiya - ta hau karusa zuwa wurin wasan kwaikwayo na hunturu a waje. Gaban katin gaisuwarsa ya nuna mana hoton baƙi a wurin wasan kwaikwayo, waɗanda Justine da kansa suka haɗu. Wataƙila alama ce ta farkon tabarbarewar lafiyar Justine wanda zai bayyana daga baya a wannan shekarar. A watan Yunin 1937, ita da mijinta suka dawo daga Bordighera zuwa Hague. Bayan makonni da dama a asibiti 'Ziekenhuis Bronovo' Justine Constance Wirix–van Mansvelt ta mutu a Hague a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1937, tana da shekaru sittin. Da wuri, a cewar marubucin wannan yabo a jaridun Haagsche Courant da Het Vaderland na 26 ga Agusta:

 Saboda rasuwar Madam Wirix-van Mansvelt, ƙasarmu dole ta yi baƙin ciki game da rashin baiwar da ta yi kuma ta yi fice a cikin halayya.

An binne gawarta a cikin ma'ajiyar danginta Van Mansvelt-Slingeland a makabartar Kerkhoflaan da ke The Hague.

 Gado 
Bazawara Anthonie Petrus Wirix da 'ya'yansu sun ba da gudummawar tarin littattafan Dantean mai yawa ga Laburaren Ƙasa na Netherlands. Wannan tarin ya ƙunshi rubuce-rubuce na gaske, zane-zane (mai yiwuwa Anthonie ne ya yi), kamannin rubuce-rubucen zamanin da, bugu na ayyukan Dante daga tsoffin shekaru da kuma nazarin fassarar zamani masu dacewa. Hakanan ya ƙunshi fassarori a cikin harsuna da yawa, musamman na The Divine Comedy. Daga 1937 zuwa yau, tarin Wirix-van Mansvelt ya nuna cewa Laburaren Ƙasa ya mai da hankali kan siyan littattafai ta Dante da kuma ta hanyar Dante.

 Kayayyakin adabi 
A shekarar 1921 (kafin shekarun tafiya) Justine ta zauna tare da gungun mutane a Ravenna saboda taron cika shekaru 600 da mutuwar Dante. Shin wannan ƙungiyar - 'yan ƙasar Holland 'yan asalin ƙasar Dante' - wakilan reshen 'Società Dante Alighieri' na ƙasar Holland ne? A lokacin, bisa ga girmamawar da aka ambata a jaridar, ƙwararrun 'yan Italiya sun yaba da kasancewar Justine. Wataƙila ɗan jaridar da ya rubuta labarin ya so, kimanin shekaru goma sha biyar bayan haka (1937), ya yi magana game da wani jawabi mai ban sha'awa a taron.

Babban aikin Justine shine littafin Dante mai suna Veelzijdigheid game da fassarar ra'ayoyin da aka ambata a cikin ayyukan Dante, wani nau'in ƙamus na adabi. Ya fi mayar da hankali kan ra'ayoyin da ke cikin waƙar almara ta ƙarni na 14 The Divine Comedy . An buga wannan littafin a cikin 1929 ta Van Stockum a The Hague. Fassararsa ta Italiyanci Il sapere universale di Dante ta fito shekara guda bayan haka, wanda kamfanin buga littattafai na Florence Tipografia Sordomuti ya buga. Shafin taken ya ƙunshi layuka daga sashin 'The Inferno' na The divine Comedy, wanda Justine ta canza a cikin jawabinta ga babban mawaƙi (waɗannan kuma suna cikin rubutun tsohon littafinta ):

 Dante, Vagliami 'l lungo studio e'l grande amore / Che m'ha fatto cercar lo tuo volume (Inf. I: 83, 84)
 (a cikin salon fassarar Justine ta Yaren mutanen Holland: Dante, / Domin ka ba ni lada ga dogon karatuna da kuma babban ƙaunar da ta sa ni neman aikinka )

Duk bugu biyun sun haɗa da waƙarta don yabon Dante. Tabbas ta kuma yi wa mai karatu na Italiya fassara. Gabatarwar Justine ta bugu na Dutch da kuma gabatarwarta ga bugu na Italiyanci an tsara ta ne a lokacin Ista. Wannan ranar alama ce: A Ranar Ista Dante ya dawo daga tafiyarsa ta lahira, kamar tashin Yesu Almasihu daga matattu. A cikin kwafinta na kanta, ta yi rijista cewa bugu na Dutch ya fito ne a ranar farko ta watan Yuli 1929: ranar auren ɗanta.

Ga mutanen da ke yi wa kansu tambayoyi na musamman game da ayyukan Dante, littafin Justine kamar yadda aka faɗa wani nau'in ƙamus ne, littafin tunani . A farkon lokaci Justine ta fahimci cewa Dante ya sanya dukkan ilimin lokacinsa a cikin ayyukansa. Ta yi nazarin ayyukan tare da mai da hankali kan The divine Comedy, ta raba bayanai masu yawa zuwa rukunoni 'enkelvoudige dingen' ('mutum ɗaya') da 'samengestelde dingen' ('mutum ɗaya da aka haɗa'), wanda ta raba a cikin veelzijdigheid na Dante da sigar Italiyanci. A cikin rukuni na farko, ɗaya ya sami ƙaramin rukuni 'mutum huɗu'. A cikin rukuni na biyu, ƙananan rukunoni: 'ma'adanai', 'shuke-shuke', 'dabbobi' da 'mutane'. Sannan Justine ta ƙara raba dukkan rukunoni. Dante da kansa a cikin aikinsa Il Convito ( The Banquet ), ya miƙa rukunoni da ƙananan rukunoni ga masu karatunsa. Fihirisar haruffan Justine ta nuna kyakkyawan yanayin 'veelzijdigheid' (bambancin) mawaƙin ilimi: mutum yana karanta kalmomi daga hawan doki zuwa biri, daga ganga zuwa tsawa, daga bayanin mafarki zuwa tunanin sana'a.

Mawakiyar ƙasar Holland Jan Toorop (1858–1928) ta yi wa launin ruwan mai taken 'Dante verheft de Ziel' (Dante yana ɗaga rai) musamman ga Justine. Zanen ya nuna Justine tana durƙusawa a gaban Dante cikin sha'awar Allah, tare da The Divine Comedy a ƙarƙashin hannunta. Ta yi amfani da shi don murfin littafinta na Dutch. Hoton Dante na Giotto (kimanin 1267–1337) da ta yi amfani da shi don kwatanta cikin bugunta na Italiya.

 Manazarta 

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