Rhoda Broughton

Rhoda Broughton (29 Nuwamba 1840 - 5 Yuni 1920) marubuciyar ƙabilar Welsh ce kuma marubuciyar gajerun labarai.  Littattafan farko nata sun sami suna saboda sha'awar ban mamaki, don haka ayyukanta masu ƙarfi daga baya, waɗanda suka yi watsi da su, duk da cewa an kira ta sarauniyar ɗakunan karatu masu yawo . An san littafinta Dear Faustina (1897) da ra'ayin mazan jiya . Littafinta Lavinia (1902) ya nuna wani saurayi da ya yi kama da "marar namiji", wanda ke fatan an haife shi a matsayin mace. Broughton ya fito ne daga baronets na Broughton, a matsayin jikanyar baronet na 8. Ta kasance 'yar'uwar Sheridan le Fanu, wacce ta taimaka mata ta fara aikinta na adabi. Ta kasance abokiyar marubuciya Henry James ta daɗe kuma an san ta da dangantakarta da Lewis Carroll da Oscar Wilde .

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Rhoda Broughton a Denbigh da ke Arewacin Wales a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1840, 'yar Rev. Delves Broughton, ƙaramin ɗan Rev. Sir Henry Delves-Broughton, baronet na 8, da Jane Bennett, 'yar wani babban lauya ɗan ƙasar Ireland, George Bennett. Goggon ta, Susanna Bennett, ta auri fitaccen marubucin almara Sheridan le Fanu .

Rhoda Broughton ta fara sha'awar adabi tun tana ƙarama, musamman waƙa. William Shakespeare ya yi mata tasiri, kamar yadda ambato da ambato akai-akai a cikin ayyukanta suka nuna. Wataƙila, bayan karanta The Story of Elizabeth na Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie, ta sami ra'ayin gwada baiwarta. Ta rubuta aikinta na farko cikin makonni shida. Wasu sassan wannan littafin ta tafi da shi a ziyarar da ta kai wa kawunta Sheridan le Fanu, wanda shi kansa marubuci ne mai nasara, wanda ya yi matuƙar farin ciki da shi kuma ya taimaka mata wajen buga shi - littattafanta biyu na farko sun bayyana a shekarar 1867 a cikin Mujallar Jami'ar Dublin . Le Fanu ta kuma gabatar da ita ga mawallafin Richard Bentley, wanda ya ƙi littafinta na farko saboda rashin kyawun rubutu, amma ya karɓi na biyu.  Broughton ta kuma gabatar da Mary Cholmondeley ga mawallafinta a kusan 1887.   Salon rubutun Broughton shine ya rinjayi wasu marubuta kamar Mary Cecil Hay, wacce ake tsammanin tana da irin wannan salon tattaunawa. 

Bentley ta kuma buga wani littafi nata wanda da farko ya ƙi. Ta yi ƙoƙarin amfani da sanannen tsarin bene mai hawa uku don daidaita shi da yadda masu karatun Bentley ke zato. Dangantakarsu ta aiki ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da Macmillan ya karɓi gidan buga littattafai na Bentley a ƙarshen shekarun 1890. A lokacin Broughton ta buga littattafai 14 cikin tsawon shekaru 30. Goma daga cikinsu suna cikin nau'in littafi uku, wanda ta ga yana da wahala ta bi shi. Bayan gazawar kasuwanci ta Alas!, wanda ta sami mafi girman kuɗinta a lokacin da take kan gaba a aikinta, ta yanke shawarar rubuta littattafai guda ɗaya maimakon haka. Wannan shine tsarin mafi kyawun ayyukanta. Duk da haka, ba ta taɓa zubar da sunanta na farko ba don ƙirƙirar jarumai masu sauri tare da ɗabi'u masu sauƙi, kamar yadda yake a cikin littattafanta na farko, kuma har yanzu ana watsi da shi a matsayin kawai ƙarami da ban sha'awa.

Bayan karɓar mulki, Broughton ta ci gaba da zama tare da Macmillan ta kuma buga wasu littattafai shida a can, amma a lokacin shahararta tana raguwa. A cikin wani sharhi da aka buga a jaridar The New York Times ta ranar 12 ga Mayu 1906, wata K. Clark ta yi korafin cewa sabon littafinta yana da wahalar samu kuma ta yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa ba a yaba wa irin wannan marubuci mai kyau ba.

Bayan 1910 ta koma Stanley, Paul & Co, waɗanda suka buga littattafai uku nata. An buga littafinta na ƙarshe, A Fool in Her Folly (1920), bayan mutuwarta tare da gabatarwa daga wata abokiyar aiki kuma abokiyar aikinta, Marie Belloc Lowndes . Ana iya ɗaukar wannan aikin a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin rayuwa kuma wataƙila an rubuta shi a baya, amma an danne shi saboda dalilai na kashin kai. Yana magana ne game da abubuwan da suka faru da wata matashiya marubuciya kuma yana nuna nata, kamar yadda littafinta na baya mai suna A Beginner yake yi. Rubutun yana cikin rubutun hannunta, wanda ba a saba gani ba, kamar yadda wasu ayyukan da suka gabata aka rubuta wa mataimaki.

Shekarun ƙarshe na Broughton sun yi ne a Headington Hill, kusa da Oxford inda ta rasu a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1920, tana da shekaru 79. An buɗe wani allo mai launin shuɗi a gidanta a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2020.  

 Ayyuka 
Somerset Maugham, a cikin ɗan gajeren labarinsa mai suna "The Round Dozen" (1924, wanda aka fi sani da "The Ardent Bigamist") ya lura: "Na tuna Miss Broughton ta taɓa gaya mini cewa lokacin da take ƙarama mutane suna cewa littattafanta suna da sauri kuma lokacin da ta tsufa suna cewa suna da jinkiri, kuma yana da wahala sosai tunda ta rubuta irin wannan littafin tsawon shekaru arba'in."

Rhoda Broughton ba ta taɓa yin aure ba, kuma wasu masu suka suna ɗauka cewa sha'awar da ta nuna ba ta yi daɗi ba ce ta sa ta gwada alkalamin ta maimakon wasu ayyukan adabi kamar na Mrs Thackeray Ritchie. Yawancin rayuwarta ta yi tare da 'yar uwarta, Eleanor Newcome, har zuwa mutuwarta a Richmond a 1895. A cikin wannan ta bi al'adar manyan marubutan marubuta kamar Maria Edgeworth, Jane Austen ko Susan Ferrier . Amma akwai wasu kyawawan halaye da suka sa aka sanya ta cikin irin wannan babban abokin tarayya. A cikin labarinsa game da ita, Richard C. Tobias ya kira ta "babbar marubuciya mace a Ingila tsakanin mutuwar George Eliot da farkon aikin Virginia Woolf ". Ya kwatanta aikinta da sauran marubutan littattafai na lokacin kuma ya kammala da cewa nata ya kai matsayi mafi girma.

Wasan da Kyandir (1899) kamar yadda Jane Austen ta sake rubutawa ne (1818): a wannan karon jarumar ta yi aure saboda dalilai masu ma'ana kuma an 'yantar da ita tun farko saboda ƙaunarta ta gaskiya, wanda dalili ya hana ta yin aure shekaru da suka gabata. Wasiƙar ƙarshe ta mijinta da ke mutuwa ta tilasta mata yanke shawara tsakanin soyayya da arziki. Duk da haka, sabon haɗuwa da tsohon masoyinta ya tilasta mata ganin cewa a zahiri abu ne mai kyau da ba ta aure shi ba. Soyayyarsa ta zama ƙasa da ta isa ga farin cikinta. Littafin ya rubuta ne ta wata mace mai girma da hikima, wadda ta ga duniya.

A cikin A Beginner (1894) Broughton ta ƙirƙiro wata matashiyar marubuciya wacce aka buga aikinta a ɓoye sannan daga baya mutane marasa sani suka wargaza ta a gaban fuskarta. Littafin ya yi magana ne game da batutuwan ɗabi'a na rubutu da kuma ko ya dace budurwa ta rubuta labaran soyayya ko ma na batsa. Scylla ko Charybdis? (1895) tana da uwa tana ɓoye tarihin rayuwarta mai ban sha'awa daga ɗanta kuma tana damuwa da ƙaunarsa har ma da kishin wasu mata, wani makirci har zuwa wani lokaci tana tsammanin ' Ya'yan Lawrence da Masoya (1913). Littafin ya yi tambaya game da al'adun zamantakewa wajen bayyana yadda za su iya zama barna ga mutanen da ba su da shiru waɗanda suka taɓa kauce wa hanya madaidaiciya. A wata hanya daban, ana yin irin wannan suka a cikin Foes in Law (1900), inda babban tambayar ita ce wace salon rayuwa ce ke haifar da farin ciki mafi girma: na al'ada ko na wanda ya dace da buƙatun sirri.

Littafinta na gaba, Dear Faustina (1897), ya yi magana game da wata jaruma da aka jawo hankalinta ga wata yarinya mai kama da Sabuwar Mace . Wannan Sabuwar Mace Faustina ba ta damu da tarurrukan zamantakewa ba kuma ta keɓe lokacinta don yaƙi da rashin adalci na zamantakewa. Ko kuma haka yake da alama da farko, amma mai karatu ya ji cewa Faustina ta fi sha'awar sanin da kuma burge wasu 'yan mata, wanda kuma za a iya fassara shi a matsayin suka ga Sabuwar Mace a matsayin wani nau'i. Taɓawa tsakanin maza da mata ya sake bayyana a Lavinia (1902), amma a wannan karon saurayi ne wanda ake yawan sa shi ya bayyana ba shi da namiji har ma ya furta burinsa na a haife shi mace. Wannan littafin ya kuma shafi sha'awar Birtaniya ga jaruman yaƙi. A hankali yana yin tambayoyi game da manyan ra'ayoyi na maza.

Koyaushe wani muhimmin abu a cikin dukkan littattafanta shine sukar rawar da mace ke takawa da matsayinta a cikin al'umma. Sau da yawa matan Broughton suna da ƙarfin hali kuma tare da su, tana iya karkatar da hotunan gargajiya na mace. Wannan ya ƙare a cikin A Waif's Progress (1905), inda Broughton ta ƙirƙiri ma'aurata waɗanda suka juya komai na gargajiya baya, tare da matar ta cika ra'ayin cewa mijinta ya tsufa, mai kuɗi.

Tarin Broughton mai suna Tales for Christmas Eve (1873, wanda aka fi sani da Twilight Stories ) tarin labarai ne guda biyar na fatalwa .  Robert S. Hadji ya bayyana "gajerun labaran fatalwanta ba su da ban tsoro kamar na kawunta, amma an yi su da fasaha". Hadji ta kuma bayyana labarin Broughton mai suna "Babu Abin da Yake da Gaskiya" (1868, vt. "Gaskiya, Gaskiyar da ta Cika, da Babu Abin da Yake da Gaskiya") a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin labaranta mafi wayo". 

A lokacin rayuwarta, Broughton tana ɗaya daga cikin sarauniyar ɗakunan karatu da ke yawo . Shahararta da nasararta sun yi yawa har wasu suka ga ya dace su yi mata barkwanci a cikin ayyukan kamar "Groweth Down Like A Toadstool" ko "Gone Wrong" na "Miss Rody Dendron". Abin tausayi ne ba mu san yadda ta ɗauki irin waɗannan abubuwan ba. Wataƙila ta tsaya musu kamar yadda ta yi wa mutane kamar Oscar Wilde ko Lewis Carroll, waɗanda ba su da ƙauna. An ce na biyun ya ƙi gayyatar saboda Broughton zai kasance a wurin. Na farko ya sami daidai a cikinta idan aka zo ga maganganun ban dariya a cikin al'ummar Oxford, inda ba a son ta sosai, saboda ba'a da ta yi wa wannan saitin a cikin littafinta na Belinda (1883). Duk da haka, tana da abokai da yawa a cikin da'irar adabi, mafi shahara daga cikinsu shine Henry James, wanda ta kasance abokai tare da shi har mutuwarsa a 1916. A cewar Helen C. Black, James yana ziyartar Broughton kowace maraice, lokacin da suke duka a Landan.

 Alamun al'adu 
"Baƙar Tumaki ta koma ɗakin yara ta karanta littafin Cometh up as a Flower da sha'awa mai zurfi da rashin fahimta. An hana shi buɗe shi saboda 'zunubin' sa..." Daga ɗan gajeren labarin Rudyard Kipling, Baa Baa Black Sheep, wanda aka buga a 1888.

 Tsarin littafin nazari 

 Labarai gajeru 

 "Gaskiya, Gaskiyar Duka, Kuma Babu Komai Sai Gaskiya". Ta marubucin "Cometh Up as a Flower". 1868 Fabrairu, Temple Bar, Vol. 22, shafi na 340–348
 "Mutumin da ke da Hanci". Na Rhoda Broughton, marubucin littafin "Cometh Up as a Flower." 1872 Oktoba, Temple Bar, Vol. 36, shafi na 328–342
 "Ga shi, mafarki ne!" Ba a sanya hannu ba. 1872 Nuwamba, Temple Bar, Vol. 36, shafi na 1. 503–516
 "Poor Pretty Bobby". Na Rhoda Broughton. 1872 Disamba, Temple Bar, Vol. 37, shafi na 1. 61–78
 "Ƙarƙashin Mayafin". Na Rhoda Broughton. 1873 Janairu, Temple Bar, Vol. 37, shafi na 205–212
 Tatsuniyoyin Hauwa'ar Kirsimeti . Bentley ta 1873; Labarun Twilight . Bentley ta 1879
 Gaskiya, Gaskiyar Duka, Kuma Babu Komai Sai Gaskiya (1868)
 Mutumin da ke da Hanci (1872)
 Ga shi, mafarki ne! (1872)
 Matalauciyar Kyakkyawar Bobby (1872)
 A ƙarƙashin Riga (1873)
 "Abin da Yake Nufi". Na Rhoda Broughton. Satumba 1881, Temple Bar, Vol. 63, shafi na 1. 82–94
 Ru'ayoyin Betty . Na Rhoda Broughton, marubucin "Nancy," "Red as a Rose is She," da sauransu. 1883 Disamba 15, 22, 29, The Bristol Mercury da Daily Post, shafi na 1883. 6
 Mrs. Smith na Longmains . Na Rhoda Broughton, marubucin littafin "Cometh Up as a Flower," "Good-Bye Sweetheart," "Not Wisely, But Too Well," "Nancy," "Red as a Rose is She," &c., &c. 31 Oktoba, 7 Nuwamba 1885, Sheffield da Rotherham Independent, Ƙarin shafi. 2–3, shafi. 3
 Ru'ayoyin Betty da Mrs. Smith na Longmains . 1886, Routledge Paperback; 1889, Blackett
 "Wahayin Betty" (1883)
 "Mrs. Smith na Longmains" (1885)
 "Shin Ta Yi Hauka?" Na Rhoda Broughton. 1888 Disamba 26, Jaridar Belfast News-Letter, shafi. 3
 "Gidan Hutu". Na Rhoda Broughton [labari]. 1891 Satumba, Temple Bar, Vol. 93, shafi na 1. 68–72
 A Faɗin Ƙofar. Na Rhoda Broughton, marubucin littafin "Red as a Rose is She," "Nancy," da sauransu. 1892 Yuni 11, The Penny Illustrated Paper Vol. 62, shafi na 1. 372–373
 Mai Martaba Mai Jin Daɗi. Rhoda Broughton ta Sa hannu. 1893 Mayu, a cikin Mujallar Pall Mall Juzu'i na 1, shafi na 1. 8–19
 "Rent Day". Na Rhoda Broughton, marubucin "Good-Bye Sweetheart", da sauransu. 1893 Yuni, Temple Bar, Vol. 98, shafi na 228–248
 "Fitowar Kirsimeti" 1895, Lambar Kirsimeti Mai Hoto ta Uwargida
 "Jifan Dutse" 1897 Mayu, Masarautar Uwargida Juzu'i na 2, shafi na 1. 11–17
 "A cikin Ayyukan Manzanni Biyar". Na Rhoda Broughton. 1897 Yuli 10, Jaridar Republican ta Scranton, shafi. 10. 1901 Fabrairu, Jerin Ludgate na 2, Vol. 11, shafi na 10. 340–351

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

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 Works by Rhoda Broughton   
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 Rhoda Broughton  

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