Canjin fasaha

Canjin fasaha (TT) za a iya bayyana shi mafi kyau a matsayin tarin ra'ayoyi game da yadda sababbin fasahohi ke faruwa, ƙarfin motsawa a bayansu, da kuma yadda aka haɗa su cikin al'umma.[1] TT ya samo asali ne daga fannoni da yawa, gami da Tarihin kimiyya, nazarin fasaha, da tattalin arzikin juyin halitta. Tare da ci gaban fasaha, TT tana la'akari da canje-canje na al'umma kamar "ayyukan masu amfani, ka'idoji, hanyoyin sadarwar masana'antu (sakewa, samarwa, rarraba), ababen more rayuwa, da ma'anar alama ko al'ada".[2] Hughes yana nufin 'web mara sutura' inda kayan tarihi na zahiri, kungiyoyi, al'ummomin kimiyya, da ayyukan zamantakewa suka haɗu.[3] Canjin fasaha yana faruwa ne lokacin da akwai babban canji a cikin waɗannan tsarin zamantakewa da fasaha.[2][4]

 Ka'idar tsawo mai tsawo 
Masanin tattalin arziki na Rasha Kondratiev  ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaban tattalin arziki yana aiki a cikin haɓakawa da raguwa na kimanin shekaru 50. Wadannan zagayen suna da alamun lokutan fadadawa, tsayawa da koma baya. Lokacin fadada yana da alaƙa da gabatar da sabuwar fasaha, misali wutar lantarki ko microprocessor. A lokacin bugawa, Kondratiev ya yi la'akari da cewa zagaye biyu sun faru a karni na sha tara kuma na uku yana farawa a farkon karni na ashirin. Marubutan zamani, irin su Freeman da Perez  sun tsara zagaye biyar a zamanin zamani:

 Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu (1770-1830) 
 Victoria wadata: Shekarar tururi da Rail (1830-1880) 
 Zamanin Karfe (1880-1930) 
 Man fetur, samar da taro da kuma kungiyar masu amfani (1930-1980) 
 Shekarar Bayanai (1980-?) 

Freeman da Perez  sun ba da shawarar cewa kowane sake zagayowar ya ƙunshi fasahohi mai yawa, samar da su da tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ke tallafa musu. An kira su 'tsarin fasaha da tattalin arziki', suna ba da shawarar cewa sauyawa daga wannan tsarin zuwa wani shine sakamakon sabbin fasahohi masu tasowa.

Bayan rikicin kudi na shekara ta 2008, marubutan kamar Moody da Nogrady  sun ba da shawarar cewa sabon sake zagayowar yana fitowa daga tsohuwar, wanda ke kan amfani da fasahar mai ɗorewa a cikin duniyar da ta lalace.

 Tsarin fasaha, hanyoyi da gwamnatoci 
Thomas Kuhn  ya bayyana yadda canjin tsari shine babban canji a cikin fahimtar ka'idar kimiyya. Misalan kimiyya sun haɗa da canjin tunani daga miasma zuwa ka'idar ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin dalilin cututtuka. Gina a kan wannan aikin, Giovanni Dosi  ya haɓaka manufar 'tsarin fasaha' da 'hanyar fasaha'. A la'akari da yadda injiniyoyi ke aiki, tsarin fasaha shine hangen nesa game da matsalar fasaha, ma'anar abin da matsalolin da mafita suke. Yana nuna ra'ayin takamaiman ci gaba. Ta hanyar gano matsalolin da za a warware tsarin yana da tasiri ga canjin fasaha. Tsarin aikin warware matsala da kuma jagorancin ci gaba shine hanyar fasaha. A cikin irin wannan salon, Nelson da Winter (, ) sun bayyana manufar 'tsarin fasaha' wanda ke jagorantar canjin fasaha ta hanyar imanin injiniyoyi game da waɗanne matsalolin da za su warware. Ayyukan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kungiyoyi shine sakamakon tsarin tsari da fahimta wanda ke ƙayyade halayyar bincike. Wannan ya sanya iyakoki da kuma hanyoyi (jagoranci) zuwa waɗancan iyakoki.

 Halin da ke da matakai da yawa (MLP) akan sauye-sauyen fasaha 

 Tsarin zamantakewa da fasaha da sauye-sauye 
Kwanan nan, iyakar maganganun dorewar ilimi da mayar da hankali ga bincike sun fadada fiye da nazarin samfuran fasaha, sababbin abubuwa da sauye-sauye na gaba. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen yanzu suna nazarin kayan fasaha da sababbin abubuwa ta hanyar tsarin zamantakewa da fasaha. An yi jayayya cewa wannan tsarin zamani ya fito ne don mayar da martani ga karuwar fahimtar gaggawa na matsalolin muhalli da kuma fahimtar cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin da ke dogara da juna don rage tasirin.

Tsarin sauye-sauyen fasaha ya amince da co-juyin halitta da kuma bayyanar juna na canjin al'umma tare da sababbin fasahohi. Koyaya, tsarin sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da fasaha yana la'akari da ra'ayi mai zurfi game da haɗin da fasaha ke kiyayewa tare da tsarin da ke haifar da buƙatar sababbin sababbin abubuwa kuma a ƙarshe suna samarwa da kiyaye su. Fiye da haka, tsarin da suka hada da tsarin zamantakewa da fasaha sun hada da fasaha, cibiyoyin samarwa, ababen more rayuwa, cibijin kiyayewa, ka'idoji, ma'anar al'adu da kuma ayyukan masu amfani da kasuwanni. Saboda haka, ana iya bayyana sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da fasaha a matsayin sauye-shiryen girma daga tsarin zamantakewa zuwa wani wanda ya shafi canje-canje a cikin tsarin fasaha da zamantakewa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna a cikin madauki. Gabaɗaya, sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da fasaha tsari ne mai jinkiri yayin da sababbin fasahohi ke faruwa a hankali tare da hanyoyin da aka daidaita saboda tsananin ka'idojin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu, ababen more rayuwa da ka'idoji. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin dogaro da hanya, ƙirƙirar 'kulle-ins' na fasaha wanda ke hana kirkire-kirkire wanda ke rushe yanayin da ake ciki. Sabili da haka, ci gaba da yaduwar sabbin fasahohi sun dogara da fiye da fa'idodi masu yawa, suna ba da haske game da rikitarwa na dakarun da kuma girma da yawa da ke wasa.

 Tsarin hangen nesa mai yawa (MLP) 
Halin hangen nesa mai yawa (MLP) kayan aiki ne na nazari wanda ke ƙoƙarin magance wannan rikitarwa da juriya ga canji. Da yake mai da hankali kan ci gaban sauye-sauye masu yawa kamar yadda ya saba da sababbin fasahohi, MLP ta damu da kanta game da sauye-shiryen tsarin zamantakewa da fasaha, musamman tare da sauye zuwa dorewa da juriya. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, MLP Yanayi da matakai uku na nazari da heuristic wanda matakai ke hulɗa da daidaitawa don haifar da sauye-sauyen tsarin zamantakewa da fasaha; shimfidar wuri (macro-mataki), gwamnatoci (meso-mataki) da niche (micro-mataki).  Da farko, matakin mulkin yana wakiltar tsarin yanzu da ayyukan da ke tattare da manyan dokoki, cibiyoyi da fasahohin da ke karfafa kansu. Tsarin zamantakewa da fasaha yana da ƙarfi sosai a cikin ma'anar cewa sababbin abubuwa har yanzu suna faruwa duk da haka a hankali kuma tare da hanyar da za a iya hangowa. Wannan ya sa mulkin ya 'ƙuntata' kuma ya yi tsayayya da sauye-sauyen fasaha da zamantakewa. Abu na biyu, an bayyana matakin shimfidar wuri a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru, abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a cikin al'adun al'adu masu zurfi, macro-tattalin arziki, macro- siyasa da tsarin sararin samaniya, wanda zai iya fitowa daga girgizar da ke da alaƙa da yaƙe-yaƙe, rikicin tattalin arziki, bala'in halitta da rikice-rikicen siyasa. Bugu da ƙari, shimfidar wurare sun wuce tasirin kai tsaye na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, duk da haka suna motsawa da matsa lamba a kansu a matakin mulki da matakan niche. A ƙarshe, an bayyana niche a matsayin "wurin sababbin abubuwa" inda masu ba da gudummawa ke kula da ci gaban sabbin fasahohi. An haife shi daga tasirin kasuwa da ka'idoji, niche yana inganta sababbin abubuwa waɗanda suka bambanta da mulkin da ke akwai kuma yawanci suna buƙatar ci gaban shimfidar wuri wanda ke buɗe windows na dama a matakin mulkin. Sabili da haka, MLP tana halayen sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da fasaha ga hulɗar dakarun da ke daidaitawa a matakin mulkin tare da dakarun masu rikitarwa daga duka shimfidar wuri da matakan niche.

 Dubi kuma 

 Tattalin arzikin juyin halitta
 Ruwa na Kondratiev
 Canjin fasaha
 Tsarin kirkire-kirkire na fasaha
 Manufofin Fasaha
 Juyin juya halin fasaha
 Gudanar da Canji (Gwamnati) 

 Manazarta