Wilhelmina FitzClarence, Countess na Munster

Wilhelmina FitzClarence, Countess of Munster ( wanda aka haifa Kennedy-Erskine ; 27 Yuni 1830 – 9 ga Oktoba 1906) ta kasance abokiyar aikinta kuma marubuciya 'yar Birtaniya. Mahaifiyarta, Lady Augusta FitzClarence, 'yar William na Huɗu ce ta Burtaniya ; Wilhelmina, wacce aka fi sani da Mina, an haife ta kwana ɗaya bayan gadon William a matsayin sarki. Ta yi tafiya tun tana ƙarama a faɗin Turai, tana ziyartar kotunan Faransa da Hanover . A shekarar 1855, Mina ta auri ɗan uwanta na farko William FitzClarence, Earl na 2 na Munster ; suna da 'ya'ya tara, ciki har da Earl na 3 da na 4 na Munster.

Earl da Countess na Munster sun zauna a Palmeira Square da ke Brighton . Daga baya a rayuwa, Lady Munster ta zama marubuciya kuma marubuciya a kan gajerun labarai. A shekara ta 1889, ta fitar da littafinta na farko, Dorinda ; na biyu kuma, A Scotch Earl, ya biyo baya shekaru biyu bayan haka. A shekara ta 1896 an buga littafin Ghostly Tales, tarin labarai kan abubuwan al'ajabi waɗanda aka manta da su a yau. Lady Munster ta kuma samar da tarihin rayuwarta mai suna My Memories and Miscellanies, wanda aka fitar a shekara ta 1904. Ta mutu shekaru biyu bayan haka.

 Iyali da rayuwar farko 
An haifi Wilhelmina "Mina" Kennedy-Erskine a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1830 a Gidan Dun, Montrose, Scotland. Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga Hon. John Kennedy-Erskine da matarsa Lady Augusta FitzClarence, 'yar William IV (wanda ya zama sarki kwana ɗaya kafin haihuwar Mina). Mahaifinta, ɗa na biyu ga Earl na 13 na Cassilis, kyaftin ne tare da Lancers na 16 kuma mai kula da dawaki ga Sarki William kafin ya mutu a shekara ta 1831 yana da shekaru 28.  Kakarta ta uba, Anne Watts, zuriya ce daga dangin Schuyler, dangin Van Cortlandt (gami da Stephanus Van Cortlandt ), da kuma dangin Delancey na Arewacin Amurka ta Burtaniya .

Mina ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta bazawara da 'yan'uwanta biyu a wani "gidan bulo mai kyau" a kan Kogin Thames mai suna Railshead, wanda ke kusa da gidan da kakanninta suka mallaka.  Sarki William ya ziyarci iyalin sau da yawa kuma yana son Mina sosai;  a wani lokaci, ya ziyarci don ya ta'azantar da 'yarsa lokacin da Mina mai shekaru uku ko huɗu ta kusan mutuwa sakamakon "zazzabin kwakwalwa mai haɗari".  Kennedy-Erskines suma suna ziyartar Windsor Castle a lokacin mulkin sarki. 

Shekaru biyar bayan mutuwar Kennedy-Erskine, Lady Augusta ta auri Lord Frederick Gordon-Hallyburton, wani shawara da ta ɓata wa iyayen mijinta na farko rai.  Wannan shawara ta haifar da rabuwar Lady Augusta da Railshead. A shekara ta 1837 ta zama Mai Kula da Gida a Fadar Kensington bayan mutuwar 'yar uwarta, Lady De L'Isle .    Mina ta zauna a can har sai da ta yi aure.  Ita da 'yar uwarta Millicent sun ji daɗin kiɗa kuma suna da ƙauna ta musamman ga mawakin Italiya Marietta Alboni . Shugaban mawaƙa na 'yan'uwa mata na Italiya ya shirya ganawa da Alboni a asirce, amma haɗuwar ba ta yi kyau ba; mawaƙin ya gano cewa 'ya'yan "mai kula da gida" ne, kuma, idan aka yi la'akari da cewa ba mata ba ne, sun tafi jim kaɗan bayan haka. 

A ƙarshen shekarun 1840, Mina ta yi tafiya ta Turai tare da iyalinta domin su "koyi harsuna su kuma kammala karatunsu".  Tafiyar ta fara ne a shekarar 1847, lokacin da Mina ta yi tafiya zuwa Dresden saboda sha'awar mahaifiyarta ga 'ya'yanta mata su koyi Jamusanci.  Daga 1847 zuwa 1849, ita da iyalinta sun zauna a Paris kusa da Arc de Triomphe, kuma iyalan Sarauta na Faransa waɗanda Louis Philippe I da Sarauniya Marie Amelie ke jagoranta suka yi musu maraba.  Sun tafi jim kaɗan bayan faduwar sarki da sarauniya daga mulki, saboda birnin ya zama ba zato ba tsammani ga waɗanda suke da matsayi.  A shekarar 1850, sun ziyarci kotun Hanover kuma Ernest Augustus, Sarkin Hanover da iyalinsa suka karɓe su; daga baya a wannan shekarar, suka koma Fadar Kensington kuma Mina da Millicent suka fito cikin al'umma . 

 Aure 
Mina ta auri ɗan uwanta na farko William FitzClarence, Earl na 2 na Munster a Wemyss Castle a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1855 a wani aure mai kama da juna inda 'yar uwarta Millicent ta auri James Hay Erskine Wemyss .   Kamar Mina, FitzClarence jikan William na IV ne; tun yana ƙarami, ya gaji mahaifinsa Earl na 1, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Windsor Castle kuma ɗan sanda na Round Tower har zuwa lokacin da ya kashe kansa a 1842.  FitzClarences sun yi tafiya zuwa Hamburg nan da nan bayan auren, suna ziyartar schlosses na gida da dangin Yarima Christian na Schleswig-Holstein (wanda daga baya ya auri Gimbiya Helena ).  An haifi ɗansu na fari, Edward, cikin shekara guda.  Ma'auratan za su haifi 'ya'ya tara, huɗu daga cikinsu sun wuce mahaifiyarsu:

 Edward, Viscount FitzClarence (29 Maris 1856 - 1870)  
 Hon. Lionel Frederick Archibald (24 Yuli 1857 - 24 Maris 1863)  
 Geoffrey FitzClarence, Earl na 3 na Munster (18 Yuli 1859) – 2 ga Fabrairu 1902); ya mutu ba tare da wata matsala ba  
 Hon. Arthur Falkland Manners (18 Oktoba 1860 - 1861)  
 Aubrey FitzClarence, Earl na 4 na Munster (7 ga Yuni 1862) – 1 Janairu 1928); ya mutu ba tare da wata matsala ba  
 Hon. William George (17 Satumba 1864) – 4 Oktoba 1899); ta auri Charlotte Elizabeth Williams   
 Hon. Harold Edward (15 Nuwamba 1870 – 28 ga Agusta 1926); sun auri Frances Isabel Eleanor Keppel; ɗansu shine Earl na 5 na Munster   
 Lady Lillian Adelaide Katherine Mary (10 Disamba 1873) – 15 ga Yuli 1948); ta auri Kyaftin William Arthur Boyd   
 Lady Dorothea Augusta (5 ga Mayu 1876 - 1942); ta auri Manjo Chandos Brydges Lee-Warner  

Earl da Countess na Munster sun zauna a Palmeira Square da ke Brighton .    A cewar wani labarin da ke cikin mujallar mata ta zamani The Lady's Realm, Countess ta rayu cikin kwanciyar hankali. A shekara ta 1897, mujallar ta ba da rahoton cewa ta yi ritaya a Brighton tsawon shekaru talatin da biyar da suka gabata. Labarin ya nuna cewa sha'awarta ga birnin ta samo asali ne daga tunanin yarinta na ziyartar can tare da Sarki William.  Labarin ya kuma bayyana cewa saboda lafiyar Lord Munster ba ta aiki, Countess tana rayuwa cikin "keɓewa kwatancen", kodayake an danganta salon rayuwarta da ƙaunar "rayuwar shiru, adabi, da fasaha".  Ta mutu a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1906,  bayan ta yi shekara biyar da bazawara. 

 Aikin adabi 

Daga baya a rayuwata, Lady Munster ta zama marubuciya kuma marubuciya ta gajerun labarai, tana rubutu a ƙarƙashin taken Countess of Munster. Tana da shekaru kusan sittin,  ta buga littattafai biyu; nata na farko, Dorinda, a 1889, na biyu kuma, A Scotch Earl, a 1891.  Labarin Dorinda ya ta'allaka ne akan wata matashiya wacce daga ƙarshe ta kashe kanta bayan ta sace ayyukan fasaha daga abokanta. Oscar Wilde ya lura da ƙwarewar Munster wajen rubuta Dorinda ; ya kwatanta jarumar littafin "mai wayo sosai" da "wani irin jaririya" Becky Sharp,  kuma ya yaba da ikon marubucin "na zana" ... a cikin jimloli kaɗan, hotuna mafi kyau na nau'ikan zamantakewa da keɓancewa na zamantakewa".  A shekara ta 1888, wani labarin Munster game da waƙar ballad ya bayyana a cikin The Woman's World, mujallar mata ta Victorian da Wilde ya shirya.  Wani ɗan Scotland Earl, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wani mutum mai lalata ɗan Scotland mai suna Lord Invergordon, bai sami karbuwa sosai daga mutanen zamaninsa ba. Spectator ya buga wani sharhi mai suka jim kaɗan bayan buga shi wanda ya nuna cewa "rashin girmamawa ga al'ummar arziki da matsayi" da littafin ya yi kusa da Republican ko Gurguzu.  Sharhin ya soki A Scotch Earl saboda rashin "wani abin da ya dace na gini ko salo", kuma ya ƙara da cewa Lady Munster "ba ta kuma ba za ta taɓa zama marubuci mai ƙwarewa ba". 

A shekara ta 1896, Munster ya fitar da Ghostly Tales, tarin labarai "wanda aka rubuta ta hanyar da ta yi kama da labaran abubuwan ban mamaki na gaske".   Lady's Realm ta ɗauki labaranta a matsayin gaskiya.  An buga wani kyakkyawan sharhi game da Ghostly Tales a cikin Jaridar Saturday Review a shekara ta 1897, inda aka kwatanta labaran a matsayin "masu nishadantarwa da ban mamaki", amma an lura cewa ba duka sun dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka faru na al'ajabi ba.  Hugh Lamb ya haɗa da labarin "mai ban mamaki" na Countess "The Tyburn Ghost" a cikin littafinsa na 1979 da aka gyara Tales from a Gas-Lit Graveyard . Ya rubuta a lokacin cewa ayyukan Lady Munster "masu bibliophiles da masana tarihi sun yi watsi da su gaba ɗaya tun bayan mutuwarta".  Lamb ya ɗauki wannan abin takaici, domin ya ɗauki Ghostly Tales "mai yiwuwa mafi kyawun aikinta" kuma ɗaya daga cikin "tarin labaran fatalwa na Victorian da suka wakilci gaske".  Lamb ta kuma haɗa da wani labarinta, "The Page-Boy's Ghost", a cikin wani littafi na 1988.  Duk da haka, marubuciya kuma editan zamani Douglas A. Anderson ta kira labaran Countess "abin da aka saba gani, mai ban dariya", waɗanda "abin da za a iya mantawa da shi sosai". 

A shekarar 1904, Lady Munster ta samar da wani tarihin rayuwarta mai suna My Memories and Miscellanies . A cikin gabatarwar littafin, ta bayyana cewa "wasu abokai masu daraja" sun shawo kanta ta rubuta shi, duk da rashin amincewarta, saboda "dogon rayuwarta" ta shaida "babu wasu abubuwan ban sha'awa".  An kira littafin da "babban aikinta" a cikin Jaridar Manchester Guardian a lokacin mutuwarta a 1906.  The Countess ta rubuta littafin gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tunawa, kuma ta nuna nadama cewa ta daina rubuta littafinta tun tana ƙarama bayan wani ya karanta shi ba daidai ba.  Tarihin rayuwarta ya haɗa da wasu abubuwan da aka ruwaito na fatalwar mace "Green Jean" a Gidan Wemyss; Lady Munster ta yi iƙirarin cewa wasu 'yan uwanta da dama, ciki har da Millicent, sun ga fatalwar yayin da take zaune a can. 

 Kakanni 


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