Edward Oxford

Edward Oxford (19 Afrilu 1822 - 23 Afrilu 1900) ɗan Ingila ne wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Sarauniya Victoria a 1840. Shi ne na farko na mutane bakwai da ba su da alaƙa da su waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin kashe ta tsakanin 1840 da 1882. An haife shi kuma ya girma a Birmingham, ya nuna halin da ba daidai ba wanda wani lokacin yana barazana ko tashin hankali. Yana da jerin ayyuka a mashaya, dukansu ya rasa saboda halinsa. A cikin 1840, jim kadan bayan an kore shi daga wani mashaya, ya sayi bindigogi biyu kuma ya harbe Sarauniya Victoria da mijinta, Yarima Albert sau biyu. Babu wanda ya ji rauni. 

An kama Oxford kuma an tuhume shi da babban cin amana. Wani juri ya same shi ba shi da laifi saboda rashin hankali kuma an tsare shi har abada a cikin yardar Mai Girma a asibitocin masu aikata laifuka guda biyu na Jihar: na farko a Asibitin Bethlem Royal sannan, bayan 1864, Asibitin Broadmoor. Baƙi da ma'aikata ba su dauke shi mahaukaci ba.

A shekara ta 1867 an ba Oxford tayin saki idan ya koma mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya; ya yarda kuma ya zauna a Melbourne, Australia, a ƙarƙashin sabon sunan "John Freeman". Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ado, ya yi aure kuma ya zama mutum mai daraja a cocinsa na gida. Ya fara rubuta labaru a kan bangarorin da suka fi dacewa da rayuwar Melbourne don The Argus, waɗanda aka buga a ƙarƙashin sunan "Liber". Daga baya ya wallafa wani littafi, Lights and Shadows of Melbourne Life, wanda ke kallon bangarorin masu arziki da masu laushi na Melbourne.

Shari'ar Oxford, da kuma shari'ar M'Naghten daga baya, ta haifar da sake fasalin dokar kan hauka mai laifi a Ingila. A watan Janairun 1843 Daniel M'Naghten ya kashe Edward Drummond - sakataren sirri na Firayim Minista - yana kuskuren shi da Firayim Ministan, Robert Peel . Kamar Oxford, an kuma sami M'Naghten ba shi da laifi saboda rashin hankali. Shari'o'in Oxford da M'Naghten sun sa bangaren shari'a su tsara dokokin M'Nahten akan umarnin da za a ba wa juri don kare hauka.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
An haifi Edward Oxford a Birmingham, Ingila, a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1822. Iyayensa sune George Oxford da matarsa Hannah (née Marklew). Ma'auratan sun hadu a gidan cin abinci na Birmingham Hope and Anchor, wanda iyayensa Hannah ne suka mallaka; George ya kasance mai yin zinariya kuma yana samun matsakaicin £ 20 a mako.[1][1] [lower-alpha 1] Edward shine na uku daga cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na ma'auratan, kodayake hudu ne kawai suka tsira har zuwa 1829. [4] A cewar Jenny Sinclair, marubucin tarihin Edward, halin George ya kasance mara kyau lokacin da yake ƙarami kuma ya kasance "mai saurin sha kuma mai shan giya" lokacin da yake da shekaru ashirin. Dangantakar George da Hannah ta kasance mai cin zarafi kuma George, a lokuta daban-daban, ya yi barazana, ya yi yunwa, ya buge kuma ya jefa tukunya a Hannah, wanda ya bar ta da ciwo.[1][1] George ya mutu a watan Yunin 1829 lokacin da Edward ke da shekaru bakwai, lokacin da iyalin ke zaune a London.[1]

Bayan rad-linkid="112" href="./Shilling_(British_coin)" id="mwYQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shilling (British coin)">s mijinta, Hannah ta koma Birmingham tare da Oxford kafin su koma London, inda Hannah ta fara zama mai kula da gida ga wani banki. A cewar masanin tarihi Paul Murphy, halin Oxford a matsayin matashi ba daidai ba ne kuma yana da "haɗin da ba a haifar da shi ba, dariya mai banƙyama"; wannan hali ya haifar da gazawar kantin abinci guda biyu mahaifiyarsa ke aiki a lokacin. A shekara ta 1831 kakan mahaifiyarsa yana kula da Oxford a Birmingham kuma ya fara aiki ga mai sutura. Lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha huɗu an tura Oxford zuwa aiki a King's Head, mashaya ta kawun a Hounslow, sannan wani ɓangare na Middlesex. Halinsa na rashin daidaituwa ya ci gaba: ya kashe fitilun gas lokacin da mashaya ta cika da kwastomomi, ya kai hari ga wani da babban chisel ko screwdriver - wanda aka same shi da laifin kai hari kuma ya ci tarar £ 1 10s 6d - kuma ya harbe kibiya ga wani yaro, ya ji masa rauni.[10] 

Lokacin da Shugaban Sarki ya rufe watanni goma sha ɗaya bayan isowarsa, Oxford ta ɗauki jerin ayyuka a wasu mashaya na London.[1] An kore shi daga Makiyayi da Garken a titin Marylebone High Street bayan ya kai hari ga abokin aiki da wuka; ya kasance 'yan watanni kawai a Hat da Flowers a St Luke's, da watanni huɗu a Hog in the Pound a titin Oxford, inda yake kan albashi na £ 20 a shekara. [1][1][1] [lower-alpha 1] An kore shi a ranar 30 ga Afrilu kuma an ba shi albashin kwata na £ 5.[1] [lower-alpha 1] Bayan barin Hog in the Pound, Oxford ya koma tare da mahaifiyarsa da 'yar'uwarsa a 6 West Place, West Square, Lambeth.[1][1]

 Yunkurin kisan kai: Afrilu zuwa Yuni 1840 
Kwanaki uku bayan ya rasa aikinsa, Oxford ya tafi shagon a Blackfriars Road kuma ya kashe £ 2 a kan bindigogi biyu da kwalban foda. Ya yi aiki a cikin lambunsa na baya, yana harba bindigogin da aka caje da foda, amma mai yiwuwa ba a ɗora shi da harbi ba;  ya kuma ziyarci tashar harbi a Leicester Square, inda ya yi aiki da bindigoginsu.  Kimanin mako guda bayan ya koma ciki, ya bugi mahaifiyarsa ba tare da wani dalili ba kuma ya yi mata barazana da bindiga; ta koma Birmingham jim kadan bayan haka, ta bar Oxford a Lambeth tare da 'yar'uwarsa Susannah da mijinta William Phelps.  A cikin wata mai zuwa Oxford ta kirkiro wata kungiya ta almara, Young England, ƙungiyar juyin juya halin soja wanda shi ne jagora. Ya rubuta takarda na dokoki goma sha ɗaya, wanda A. W. Smith mai ban mamaki ya sanya hannu; na farko daga cikin waɗannan shine "Za a ba kowane memba bindigogi, takobi, bindiga da wuka; za a ajiye biyun a dakin kwamitin". Ya tsara jerin manyan mambobi - duk wadanda ba gaskiya ba ne - a cikin matsayi na shugaban kasa, mambobin majalisa, janar, kyaftin da lieutenants, kuma kowane matsayi yana da "alama ta bambanci" don nuna matsayinsu, kamar baƙar fata (ga shugaban) ko babban farar fata (ga mambobin majalisun). 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haifaffun 1822