Eligiusz Niewiadomski

Eligiusz Józef Niewiadomski (1 Disamba 1869 - 31 Janairu 1923) ya kasance mai zane-zane na zamani na Poland kuma mai sukar fasaha wanda ya nuna tausayi ga ƙungiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Kasa ta dama. A shekara ta 1922, ya kashe shugaban Poland na farko, Gabriel Narutowicz, a makon farko a ofishinsa a matsayin shugaban kasa.

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Niewiadomski ne a cikin dangin zuriya. Mahaifinsa, Wincenty Niewiadomski, na makamai na Prus, tsohon soja ne na Tashin hankali na Janairu kuma ma'aikaci ne a Warsaw mint. A lokacin da yake da shekaru biyu, Eligiusz ya rasa mahaifiyarsa Julia, kuma 'yar'uwarsa Cecylia ce ta tashe shi. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar kasuwanci ta gida a 1888, Niewiadomski ya koma St. Petersburg, inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Imperial. Ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 1894 tare da girmamawa, kuma ya sami tallafin karatu a École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts a Paris. Bayan ya dawo Warsaw, ya zama dalibi na Wojciech Gerson, daya daga cikin sanannun masu zane-zane na Poland na zamanin.

Bayan 1897, ya koyar da zane a Warsaw_Polytechnic" id="mwIw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Warsaw Polytechnic">Warsaw Polytechnic . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da mujallu da jaridu da yawa na Warsaw a matsayin ɗan jarida da mai sukar fasaha, wanda ya ba shi sananne sosai, galibi tsakanin masu fasaha da kansu. Ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin fasaha daban-daban, daga cikinsu "sake ganowa" na Dutsen Tatra, wanda a lokacin ya ja hankalin wasu sanannun masu zane-zane na Poland, mawaƙa da marubuta a matsayin tushen wahayi. Niewiadomski ya shirya kuma ya buga taswirar Tatras, ɗaya daga cikin taswirar yawon bude ido na farko na yankin. Ya kuma shirya jerin taswirar tarihi na Poland, Album of the History of Poland (1899). Ya kuma shiga cikin sake tsara ƙungiyar fasaha ta Zachęta . Yin amfani da lambobin sadarwa da aka samu a can, ya inganta ra'ayin kirkirar Kwalejin Fine Arts ta daban a Warsaw. Koyaya, lokacin da aka buɗe makarantar a ƙarshe a 1903, ba a gayyaci Niewiadomski ya koyar a can ba.

A siyasance, Niewiadomski ya kasance mai goyon bayan kishin kasa, musamman National League. A shekara ta 1901 'yan sanda na Tsarist sun kama shi saboda safarar takardun farfaganda na kasa daga Galicia zuwa Vistula Land. Ko da yake an sake shi bayan watanni da yawa a gidan yarin Pawiak, ya rasa aikinsa a Warsaw Polytechnic kuma ya fada cikin talauci. Wannan ya kara karfafa imanin siyasa. A lokacin Yakin Rasha da Jafananci ya inganta ra'ayin yin sabuntawa na Rasha, wanda aka cire shi daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa.

Don samun rayuwa, Niewiadomski ya fara koyar da darussan fasaha a makarantu da majami'u da yawa a Poland. Ya kuma yi frescoes a cikin Cocin St. Bartholomew na Konin. Koyaya, littafinsa guda biyu On Mediaeval Art ya sayar da kyau, kuma Niewiadomski yana gab da manta da shi daga tsaransa.

Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na I kasance a Warsaw, inda ya buga littattafai da takardun shaida da ke kwatanta ra'ayoyinsa game da rawar da fasaha ke takawa. Ya kuma ci gaba da koyar da tarihin fasaha da fasaha a makarantu daban-daban. A ranar 1 ga Maris 1918 an nada shi darektan zane-zane da zane-zane a Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Majalisar Regency, mukamin da masu fasaha da yawa suka ƙi a baya.

Bayan da Poland ta sake samun 'yancin kai, Niewiadomski ya shiga Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta sabuwar kasar. A cikin 1920, a lokacin Yakin Poland-Soviet, ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga Sojojin Poland amma an ƙi shi saboda ya tsufa. Koyaya, leken asirin Poland ya karbe shi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara takardun Rasha. A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin, a ƙarshe ya sami nasarar shawo kan manyansa su canja shi zuwa aikin gaba kuma ya yi yaƙi a cikin 5th Legions' Infantry Regiment.

An sake shi a 1921, Niewiadomski ya koma Ma'aikatar Al'adu kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin magatakarda. Koyaya, a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1921, bayan gwamnatin Antoni Ponikowski ta ki baiwa sashen Niewiadomski kasafin kuɗi mafi girma, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. Daga nan sai ya ba da kansa ga rubuce-rubuce kuma ya shirya littattafai da yawa a kan zanen Poland na ƙarni na 19 da 20, da kuma ka'idar fasaha. Ya yi rayuwarsa ta hanyar kwatanta littattafai.

 Kashe Gabriel Narutowicz 
A ranar 9 ga Disamba 1922 Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zabi Gabriel Narutowicz a matsayin Shugaban Poland na farko. Bayan muhawara mai zafi, takarar Narutowicz ta sami nasarar tara kuri'u 289, gami da kuri'u 113 na 'yan majalisa masu tsiraru na kasa. Dan takarar da aka kayar da shi na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kasa Maurycy Zamoyski ya tara kuri'u 227, duk da haka 'yan Democrat na kasa sun yanke shawarar kauracewa shugaban kasa kuma sun sanar da cewa "Reds, Jews, and Germans" ne suka zabe shi maimakon 'yan Poland. Wannan ya fara lokacin tashin hankali a Warsaw, inda magoya bayan ra'ayoyin kishin kasa suka nuna rashin amincewa da zaben shugaban su.

A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1922 sabon shugaban da aka zaba ya halarci bude baje kolin fasaha a Zachęta Art Gallery . Niewiadomski, baƙo mai yawa a irin waɗannan tarurruka, ya fitar da bindiga, ya kusanci Narutowicz, kuma ya harbe shi. Shugaban ya mutu nan take. An kama shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, Niewiadomski ya bukaci a yanke masa hukuncin kisa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin mutuwa ta hanyar harbi. An yanke hukuncin ne a Warsaw_Citadel" id="mwVQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Warsaw Citadel">Warsaw Citadel a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 1923. Yana da shekaru 53. An binne jikinsa a Kabari na Powązki na Warsaw.

Bayan 'yan watanni bayan mutuwarsa, wani sanannen likitan kwakwalwa, Maurycy Urstein, ya kira kisan Niewiadomski kisan kai na shari'a, saboda mai aikata laifin yana da rashin lafiya da rashin hankali amma kotun ta yi watsi da bukatar shaidar kwararru ta kwakwalwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Bayan an kashe shi, Niewiadomski ya kasance mai kawo rigima. Mutane 10,000 ne suka halarci jana'izarsa.

 Fim din 
A shekara ta 1977 darektan Jerzy Kawalerowicz ya yi fim din Mutuwar Shugaban kasa game da kisan Gabriel Narutowicz . Zdzisław Mrożewski ne ya taka rawar Narutowicz, kuma Marek Walczewski ne ya buga Niewiadomski.

 Dubi kuma 

 Jerin 'yan Poland

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haihuwan 1869
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba