Kaisar (Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mercury)

Kaisar shine taken Orson Welles na 1937 wanda ya dace da Julius Kaisar na William Shakespeare, wani kayan ado na zamani wanda ya haifar da kwatanta da Fascist Italiya da Nazi Jamus. An yi la'akari da nasarar da Welles ya samu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, an fara shi ne a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1937, a matsayin samar da farko na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mercury, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kansa wanda ya gabatar da jerin shirye-shirye masu daraja a Broadway har zuwa 1941.

 Fitarwa 
Kashewa da Shirin Gidan Wasanni na Tarayya a 1937, Orson Welles da John Houseman sun kafa kamfaninsu, wanda suka kira gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mercury. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga taken mujallar iconoclastic, The American Mercury .  : 119-120 Kamfanin na asali ya haɗa da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Joseph Cotten, George Coulouris, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Ruth Ford, Arlene Francis, Martin Gabel, John Hoysradt, Whitford Kane, Norman Lloyd, Vincent Price, Erskine Sanford, Stefan Schnabel da Hiram Sherman. : 186–190 

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mercury ya buɗe a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1937, tare da Kaisar [1]::339 - Welles ta zamani-tufajiyar gyare-gyare na Shakespeare Julius Kaisar, ya zama mai sauƙi a cikin yawon shakatawa na anti-fascist wanda Joseph Cotten daga baya ya bayyana a matsayin "mai ƙarfi, na zamani wanda ya sa Broadway a kunnensa". [2]::108 An saita saitin gaba ɗaya ba tare da labule ba, kuma an fentin bangon mataki na tubali ja mai duhu. An sami canje-canje ta hanyar hasken wuta kadai.[3] ::165 A kan mataki akwai jerin masu tasowa; an yanke murabba'i a cikin wani tasowa a lokaci-lokaci kuma an saita fitilu a ƙarƙashinsa, suna nuna kai tsaye don haifar da "cathedral na haske" a Nuremberg Rallies. "Ya shirya shi kamar wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa wanda ya faru da dare da ya gabata", in ji Norman Lloyd, wanda ya taka rawar Cinna the Poet.[4]

A cikin wani yanayi wanda ya zama babban abin da ya faru a wasan kwaikwayon, Cinna the Poet ya mutu a hannun ba taron jama'a ba amma na rundunar 'yan sanda ta sirri. Lloyd ya kira shi "wani yanayi na musamman [wanda] ya kama masu sauraro ta hanyar da wasan kwaikwayon ya tsaya na kimanin minti uku. Masu sauraro sun dakatar da shi da bulala. "

Baya ga daidaita rubutun, Welles ya ba da umarnin samarwa kuma ya taka rawar Marcus Brutus. Marc Blitzstein ne ya yi kiɗa; Samuel Leve ne ya shirya saiti; manajan samarwa da mai tsara hasken wuta shine Jean Rosenthal .  :  An fara maimaitawa a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1937. A ƙarshen Oktoba, wakilin manema labarai Henry Senber ya kula da wani bikin da ke bayyana sabon alamar lantarki da ke nuna gidan wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin Mercury. Farashin tikiti ya kasance daga 55 cents, don kujeru a saman balcony, zuwa $ 2.20 don kujerun ƙungiyar mawaƙa na gaba. : 34–35 

An samar da shi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mercury zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo mafi girma a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1938.  : Ya gudana har zuwa Mayu 28, 1938, don jimlar wasanni 157.
"Kaisar ba shakka shine babban nasarar da Welles ya samu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba, "in ji mai sukar Richard France. : 106 

Dan wasan kwaikwayo Joseph Holland, wanda ya taka rawar gani a cikin Kaisar, Welles ya soke shi ba da gangan ba yayin wasan kwaikwayon a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1938 .  Welles ya yi da wuka na ainihi, wanda ya kama haske sosai a lokacin kisan kai. Holland ya fadi a kan bene na mataki kuma ya kasance ba tare da motsi ba, kuma a cikin lokaci mambobin simintin sun fahimci cewa yana zubar da jini sosai. A ƙarshen lamarin an kai shi asibiti ta taksi. A cikin watan da ya dauki Holland don murmurewa, John Hoysradt ne ya taka rawar Kaisar. Holland ta koma simintin Kaisar a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1938. 

 Bayanan al'adu 
Cinna the Poet (1959), wani zane da Jacob Landau ya kirkira shekaru 20 bayan an yi muhimmiyar al'amari a Kaisar, yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na zamani. 

Fim din Richard Linklater na 2008 Ni da Orson Welles wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na soyayya wanda aka shirya a cikin kwanaki kafin bude Kaisar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mercury . Christian McKay ya sami yabo da yawa saboda yadda ya nuna Welles,  kuma An kira Ni da Orson Welles daya daga cikin manyan fina-finai goma masu zaman kansu na 2009 ta Hukumar Bincike ta Kasa.  Mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo na Wall Street Journal Terry Teachout ya ajiye yabo na musamman ga wasan kwaikwayon fim din na Kaisar: "Abin da ya sa Ni da Orson Welles su kasance masu ban sha'awa ga malaman wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka shi ne cewa ƙungiyar ƙirar Mista Linklater ta sami Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gaiety a Isle of Man. Wannan gidan ya yi kama da tsohuwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo a kan titin 41st, wanda aka rushe shekaru biyar bayan Julius Kaisar ya buɗe a can. Ta amfani da sakamakon asali na Samuel Levety ya dace da wasu shirye-shiryen Julius wanda ya dace da su na asali na asali na Julius, lokacin da aka rubuta.

 Manazarta