Ƙaddamar da muhalli

Tsarin muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da ƙaddamar da yanayi ko ƙaddamar da ƙasa) shine nazarin yadda yanayin jiki ke sa al'ummomi da jihohin suyi ga wasu hanyoyin tattalin arziki ko ci gaban zamantakewa (ko ma gabaɗaya, al'adu).  Jared Diamond, Jeffrey Herbst, Ian Morris, da sauran masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun haifar da farfado da ka'idar a ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya. Wannan makarantar tunani ta "Ƙaddamar da muhalli" tana nazarin yadda ƙarfin ƙasa da na muhalli ke tasiri ga gine-ginen jihar, Ci gaban tattalin arziki, da cibiyoyin. Duk da yake an yi amfani da fassarar tsohuwar fassarar ƙasa don ƙarfafa mulkin mallaka da tsakiya na Turai, adadi na zamani kamar Diamond suna amfani da wannan hanyar don ƙin wariyar launin fata a cikin waɗannan bayanin. Diamond ya yi jayayya cewa ikon Turai ya sami damar mulkin mallaka, saboda fa'idodi na musamman da mahallinsu suka bayar, sabanin kowane irin fifiko na asali.

 Tarihi 

 Lokaci na gargajiya da na zamani 
Ka'idojin farko na ƙaddamar da muhalli a Tsohon China, Tsohon Girka, da Tsohon Roma sun ba da shawarar cewa siffofin muhalli gaba ɗaya sun ƙayyade halayen jiki da na ilimi na dukan al'ummomi. Guan Zhong (720-645 BC), wani shugaban majalisa na farko a kasar Sin, ya yi imanin cewa halaye na manyan koguna sun tsara halin mutanen da ke kewaye da su. Koguna masu saurin gudu da karkatarwa sun sa mutane "masu haɗama, marasa hankali, da kuma yaƙi". Masanin falsafar Girka ta dā Hippocrates ya rubuta irin wannan labarin a cikin littafinsa "Airs, Waters, Places".

 Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Yamma 

An soki ƙaddamar da muhalli a matsayin kayan aiki don halatta mulkin mallaka, wariyar launin fata, da mulkin mallaka a Afirka, Amurka, da Asiya.Gilmartin, Mary (2009). "Colonialism/Imperialism". In Gallaher, Carolyn; Dahlman, Carl T.; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (eds.). Key concepts in political geography. Sage. pp. 115–123. ISBN 978-1-4129-4671-1. OCLC 192080009. Tsarin muhalli ya ba masu ilimin ƙasa damar tabbatar da mafi girman fararen Turai da kuma yanayin mulkin mallaka. Binciken ya karfafa hujjojin addini kuma a wasu lokuta ya maye gurbin su a ƙarshen karni na 19.

Marubutan da yawa, ciki har da Thomas Jefferson, sun goyi bayan kuma sun ba da izini ga mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta hanyar jayayya cewa yanayin zafi ya sa mutane ba su da wayewa. Jefferson ya yi jayayya cewa yanayin zafi yana ƙarfafa ragonci, halayen shakatawa, lalata da al'ummomin da ke lalacewa gabaɗaya, yayin da sauye-sauye a cikin yanayin tsakiyar da arewacin latitudes ya haifar da ƙa'idodin aiki mai ƙarfi da al'umma masu wayewa. Adolf Hitler ya kuma yi amfani da wannan ka'idar don yabon mafi girman tseren Nordic.

 Manazarta