Harsunan Ethio-Semitic

Ethio-Semitic (kuma Ethiopian Semitic, Ethiosemitic, Ethiopic ko Abyssinian ) iyali ne na harsuna da ake magana a Habasha, Eritrea da Sudan .  Sun samar da reshe na yammacin Harsunan Kudancin Semitic, kanta reshe ne na Semitic.

Da jimillar masu magana da harshen 57,500,000 a shekarar 2019, ciki har da kimanin masu magana da harshen biyu 25,100,000, Amharic ita ce harshen da aka fi amfani da shi a cikin ƙungiyar, harshen da aka fi amfani da shi a Habasha kuma yaren Semitic na biyu a duniya bayan Larabci .   Tigrinya tana da masu magana da harshen miliyan 7 kuma ita ce yaren da aka fi amfani da shi a Eritrea.   Tigre ita ce yaren da aka fi amfani da shi a Eritrea, kuma tana da ƙaramin yawan masu magana a Sudan. Yaren Geʽez yana da tarihin adabi a cikin rubutun Geʽez tun daga ƙarni na farko AD. Ba a sake yin amfani da shi ba amma ya kasance harshen ibada na Cocin Tewahedo na Habasha da na Eritrea, da kuma takwarorinsu na Katolika na Gabas .

 Ci gaba 
Yawanci ana ɗaukar cewa haɗin kan harsunan Ethio-Semitic ne. [ <span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar bayani</span> ] Duk da haka, ba su da alaƙa da sabbin abubuwa da yawa da aka saba gani. Marcel Cohen da Harold C. Fleming sun yi tunanin cewa za su iya wakiltar rassan Semitic guda biyu daban-daban waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Afirka da kansu. Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya bayyana dalilan da za a yi la'akari da harsunan Semitic na Habasha a matsayin rukuni ɗaya, kuma ya lura da rashin dalilan da za a iya rarrabawa a cikin Semitic.

 Tsarin suna mai tsari da wasali CaCāCi, misali √kʼtʼl 'kisa' → *kʼatʼāli 'kisa';  
 Fi'ili mai ƙirƙira don ' wanzuwa ', *hallawa;  
 Ƙarshen ƙarshe mara iyaka *-ot; 
 Canje-canjen ma'ana da aka raba a cikin tushen Semitic da dama, misali 
 √blʕ 'cin abinci' < Proto-Semitic √blʕ 'cin abinci' (ya maye gurbin PS √ʔkl, wanda kawai ya tsira a cikin suna *ʔVkl- 'hatsi');
 √lḫsʼ 'baƙin ciki' < PS √lḫsʼ 'don cirewa, bare' (PS √kʼlp yana tsira ne kawai a cikin Zay kʼəlfi );
 √ngŝ 'zama sarki' < PS √ngɬ 'turawa, matsawa don aiki' (ya maye gurbin PS * malik 'sarki', wanda kawai ya tsira a cikin nau'in jam'i mai karyewa *ʔamlāk, ma'ana 'allah');
 *ŝʼaħāy 'rana' < PS √ɬʼħw 'haskaka' (ya maye gurbin PS *ɓamš-);
 Kalmomi masu ƙirƙira da aka raba, kamar √kʼyħ 'to be red', √mwkʼ 'to be hot', √nbr 'to sit', √ndd 'to burn', *ħamad- 'toshes', *marayt- 'earth'. 

Wani ƙarin bayani na musamman na "causative-reflexive" *ʔasta-, wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin bayani guda biyu na Proto-Semitic causative prefixes *ʔa-, *š- da kuma alamar reflexive-passive *-t-, yana da amfani a cikin Ge'ez kuma ya bar wasu abubuwa a cikin Tigre, Tigrinya da Amharic, amma ba a san shi da wani ƙarin bayani mai zaman kansa a cikin ƙananan harsuna ba. Wani tsari mai kama da haka amma gajere na ƙirƙira *ʔat- ya taso a cikin harsunan banda Ge'ez, kuma yana yiwuwa *ʔasta- wani sabon abu ne na Proto-Ethio-Semitic wanda daga baya ya rasa yawan aiki. Bulakh, Maria; Kogan, Leonid (2012). 

 Urheimat ta Kudu ta Semitic 
An yi ta muhawara sosai kan asalin harsunan Kudancin Semitic, inda wasu majiyoyi, kamar A. Murtonen (1967) da Lionel Bender (1997),  suka nuna asalinsu daga Habasha, wasu kuma suka nuna yankin kudancin Larabawa . 

Kwanan nan (2009), wani bincike da aka yi bisa tsarin Bayesian ya nuna asalin Kudancin Larabawa, inda aka gabatar da harsunan Semitic daga kudancin Larabawa kimanin shekaru 2,800 da suka gabata.  Wannan nazarin kididdiga ba zai iya kimanta lokacin ko inda kakannin dukkan harsunan Semitic suka bambanta daga Afroasiatic ba, amma ya nuna cewa bambancin rassan Gabas, Tsakiya, da Kudancin Semitic ya fi faruwa a Levant .  A cewar wasu masana, Semitic ya samo asali ne daga wani harshe na baya a Arewacin Afirka, wataƙila a kudu maso gabashin Sahara, kuma hamada ta tilasta wa mazaunanta yin ƙaura a ƙarni na huɗu na BC - wasu kudu maso gabas zuwa abin da yanzu ake kira Habasha, wasu kuma arewa maso gabas daga Afirka zuwa Kan'ana, Siriya da kwarin Mesopotamia . 

 Rarrabuwa 
Cohen (1931) da Hetzron (1972) ne suka gabatar da wani babban sashe na Ethiopic zuwa rassan arewa da kudu kuma ya sami karbuwa sosai, amma ba a bi shi a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ba.  Rainer Voigt  ya yi jayayya cewa siffofin da aka saba amfani da su don ayyana ƙungiyar Arewa da Kudu ba su keɓance su ba amma kuma ana samun su a wasu harsuna na ɗayan ƙungiyar, yayin da wasu ba su shafi dukkan ƙungiyar ba. Bulakh da Kogan   sun yarda kan ƙin amincewa da Semitic na Arewacin Habasha, kuma suna nuna wasu siffofi na musamman musamman a cikin Ge'ez da Tigre; suna ci gaba da tallafawa babban ƙungiyar Kudu, amma ba ƙungiyar Transversal Southern ta Hetzron ta Amharic-Argobba da Harari-Gurage ta Gabas ba.


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