Mary Ann Radcliffe

Mary Ann Radcliffe (1746 – 1818)   ta kasance muhimmiyar mace 'yar Birtaniya a farkon fafutukar mata . 

 Rayuwa 
An haife ta ne a Nottingham, babbar 'yar wani ɗan kasuwan Anglican mai nasara James Clayton da matarsa Katolika Sarah Blatherwick kuma an yi mata baftisma a St Nicholas Nottingham a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1746.  James Clayton ya riga ya cika shekaru 70 a lokacin haihuwar Mary Ann kuma ya mutu lokacin da take da shekaru huɗu. 'Yar'uwar Mary Ann Sarah ta riga ta rasu ta bar Mary Ann a matsayin magajinsa. Mahaifiyarta ta rene Radcliffe a matsayin Katolika kuma ta yi karatu a Bar Convent da ke York. Mary Ann ta gudu ta auri Joseph Radcliffe na Coxwold, Yorkshire tana da shekaru 15. Da farko wani firist na Katolika ne ya auri su a sirri, amma iyayen Radcliffe sun dage cewa za ta auri Cocin Anglican kuma an yi auren a St Nicholas' da ke Nottingham a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1762. Da alama Joseph Radcliffe ya fito ne daga dangin Radcliffe na Old Hall na Ugthorpe, duk da haka Mary Ann Radcliffe ta dage a cikin tarihin rayuwarta cewa yana da alaƙa da Earl of Derwentwater, wata sanarwa da Lord Traquair ya tabbatar wanda ya ce suna "dangantaka ta musamman da dangin Derwentwater." An bayyana iyayen Joseph Radcliffe a cikin Wasika ta Uku ta tarihin rayuwar (Edinburgh, 1810) a matsayin suna zaune a Yorkshire, da kuma 'ma'aurata nagari' waɗanda suka "yi matuƙar farin ciki" 'da ganin ɗansu tilo da ya tsira da ya sami sauƙi a kula da shi.'  Ambaton farko na asalin mijinta na Derwentwater ya faru ne lokacin da ta lissafa 'ya'yanta maza: "sannan kuma Yusufu, wanda aka sanya masa suna bayan mahaifinsa, James, don tunawa da mahaifina, da kuma Earl na Derwentwater mara daɗi, wanda ya rasa ransa a lokacin tawayen 1715, da kuma Charles bayan ɗan'uwan Earl na D--, wanda ya yi shahada sakamakon wannan dalili, a 1745, wanda daga cikin iyalina ake gaya mini, mijina ya fito ne daga zuriyarsa  "

Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya takwas a jere, Ann, Mary Sarah, Joseph, James, Charles, Winifred da Frances. Su biyun sun mutu tun suna jarirai. Matsalolin kuɗi saboda ƙaruwar iyalansu sun tilasta wa Joseph Radcliffe saka hannun jari a masana'antar sukari, kuma bayan an yi hasashen cewa gadon Mary Ann ya ƙare. An sayar da kadarorin iyali a gundumomi uku da aka gada daga James Clayton don biyan bashin Joseph. Tun daga wannan lokacin a shekarar 1783 mijin Mary Ann bai iya kula da iyalin ba.  Ta nemi mukamai a matsayin mai kula da gida a Traquair House, mai kula da gida, da kuma a shagon sayar da kayan abinci .  Da aiki tuƙuru ta sami damar sanya 'ya'yanta maza, Joseph, James da Charles su kammala makaranta.  Joseph Radcliffe Senior ya sami aiki a matsayin mai kula da gida ga Sir John Stanley, Baronet Stanley na 6 a Alderley Park a shekarar 1783 kuma ba zai sake ganin Mary Ann Radcliffe ba. Joseph Radcliffe senior ya mutu a shekarar 1804 kuma Edward Stanley, ɗan Sir John kuma Bishop na Norwich shi ne mai aiwatar da wasiyyarsa. Babban ɗan Mary Ann, Joseph, ya zama ɗan kasuwa, ɗanta na biyu, James, mai dafa abinci a Holborn, ƙaramin ɗanta kuma Charles, bayan ya gudu daga aikin soja, ya zama ƙaramin mai zane mai nasara, wanda ya mutu a Salem Massachusetts a 1806.

Game da Mary Ann da mijinta, William Radcliffe the Rouge Croix Pursuivant ya rubuta "Joseph Radclyffe na Coxwold, wanda aka haifa a 1726, ya auri magajin James Clayton na Nottingham. "Da yake yana da ɗan arziki, wanda matarsa ta inganta, jim kaɗan bayan aurensa ya kula da gida a Grosvenor Square, tare da bas da huɗu, kuma ya ci gaba da kula da shi har tsawon lokacin da ya rage. Bazawararsa, mace mai hankali, tana da shagon takalma da aka riga aka shirya, a kusan 1795, a titin Oxford, kuma yanzu (1810) tana Edinburgh, bisa ga falalar, ina tsammanin, daga wata tsohuwar mata da ta sani." [The editor] (1810). Heirs-general to Radclyffe of Derwentwater and the Heirs-male to Dacre of Greystock, in Archaeologia Aeliana, or miscellaneous tracts relating to Antiquity. Newcastle: Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin mai kula da gida a Traquair House ga Earl of Traquair da matarsa, tsohuwar Mary Ravenscroft - ɗaliba tare da Radcliffe a Bar Convent, Radcliffe ta yi abota da masanin tauhidi ɗan Scotland mai jayayya Alexander Geddes . Wannan abota ta kasance har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1802. Geddes ta ƙarfafa ta ta bi lamirinta, wanda ya kai ga barin Katolika . Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin rabuwa da abokanta da magoya bayanta kuma ya ƙara mata wahalar neman aiki. An rubuta littattafan tunawa da ita, waɗanda aka fara a 1807, don tara kuɗi bayan kasuwancinta na ƙarshe, wani shagon burodi kusa da Portobello a Scotland ya gaza saboda cutar rheumatism da rashin lafiya ta Mary Ann. A lokacin da aka buga littattafan tunawa da ita a 1810, tana zaune ne a kan sadakar kawarta, Mrs Ferrier ta St John's Hill a Edinburgh. Ferrier da Watersons Wax Chandlers na High Street, Edinburgh su ne abin da ake sayarwa a littafin.

Ana yawan rubuta Mary Ann Radcliffe a matsayin wadda ta mutu a shekarar 1810, ranar da aka buga tarihin rayuwarta, duk da haka takardar shaidar mutuwarta ta nuna cewa ta mutu sakamakon 'ƙarewa' a shekarar 1818 a Edinburgh. Memoirs of Mrs Mary Ann Radcliffe Letter III pp 40 An binne ta a wani kabari da ba a yi wa alama ba a Makabartar Old Calton . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Ayyuka 
Radcliffe ta fi shahara da littafinta, The Female Advocate; ko kuma, An Attempt to Recover the Rights of Women from Male Usurpation (1799).  Wannan littafin ya tattauna yadda maza da ke aiki a masana'antar ma'adinai da sauran sana'o'i ke kwace ayyukan yi daga mata da tilasta musu yin karuwanci.  An tsara hujjar Radcliffe a cikin Kiristanci. Ta jaddada yadda mata masu mutunci ke komawa karuwanci saboda talauci da rashin aikin da ya dace.  Ta yi jayayya cewa rashin ilimi, wariya a cikin al'umma game da abin da mace mai kirki ya kamata ta yi ko bai kamata ta yi ba, ya hana mata samun aiki a wani wuri mai daraja.  

Akwai rashin jituwa game da ko Mary Ann Radcliffe ita ce marubucin littattafan Gothic da aka danganta mata. Manfroné tana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun littattafan Gothic na farkon ƙarni na sha tara kuma William Makepeace Thackeray ya tuna da ita da kyau. Memoirs of Mrs Mary Ann Radcliffe; a cikin Familiar Letters to Her Female Friend ya rikitar da al'amura ta hanyar yin watsi da Mary Ann a matsayin marubuciyar Gothic. Sauran littattafan da aka danganta ga Mary Ann Radcliffe sune Radzivil da The Fate of Velina de Guidova, duka an buga su a 1790 ta William Lane a Minerva Press . Jaridar Radclife (sic) New Novelist's Pocket Magazine ta bayyana a 1802, tarin labaran almara da aka tattara "ta Mrs Mary Anne Radclife, ta Wimbledon a Surrey." Tabbas Radcliffe yana zaune a Surrey a wannan lokacin. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, Mary Ann Radcliffe ta bayyana cewa manufarta ita ce ta buga dukkan littattafanta ba tare da an ambaci sunansu ba, amma mawallafinta ya tilasta mata yin wallafe-wallafe da sunanta don amfana da kamanceceniya da sunanta da ta shahararriyar marubuciyar Gothic Ann Radcliffe .

Littafinta da aka buga daga baya, The Memoirs of Mrs. Mary Ann Radcliffe; a cikin Wasikun da aka sani ga Abokinta Mata a 1810, ya bayyana tasirin yanayin rayuwarta a kan littafinta na farko.  An rubuta tarihin rayuwar ne da salon ɓoyewa da gangan, ana amfani da haruffan farko maimakon sunaye ga wurare da mutane, duk da haka ana iya gano da yawa ta amfani da alamun da Radcliffe ya bayar a cikin rubutun. Misali, yayin da take aiki a matsayin abokiyar zama ga wani dattijo a R____, ta ambaci gidan a matsayin wanda ke gaban wurin da aka sanya wa Magna Carta hannu, inda ta gano wurin a matsayin Runnymede . Littafin tarihin rayuwar Lady Traquair yana da amfani wajen samar da wasu cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar Radcliffe, gami da hulɗarta da Alexander Geddes .

 Littattafai 

 Mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata ko yunƙurin kwato haƙƙin mata daga kwace maza . Daga Mary Anne Radcliffe. London: An buga don Vernor da Hood, NO. 31, Kaji, 1799
 Tarihin Mrs. Mary Ann Radcliffe a cikin wasiƙun da aka saba da su ga ƙawarta mace . Edinburgh: An buga wa marubucin kuma Manners & Miller ya sayar, 1810

 Manazarta