John Henning (1771-1851)

John Henning (2 ga Mayu 1771 - 8 ga Afrilu 1851) masanin zane-zane ne na Scotland wanda ya fara aikinsa a matsayin masassaƙi. Ayyukansa masu ban sha'awa sune samfurin guda ashirin da ya kirkira na Parthenon da Bassae friezes.  Wadannan sun dauki shi shekaru goma sha biyu don kammala. Sauran mutane da yawa sun kwafe wannan ra'ayin amma ba zai iya haƙƙin mallaka ga aikin mai zane-zane mai daɗewa ba, kuma ba zai iya yin komai don hana wannan ba.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
An haifi Henning a Paisley ɗan Samuel Henning masassaƙi da mai ginawa. Ya horar da zane-zane a karkashin mahaifinsa. 

An san shi da iyawarsa a matsayin mai zane-zane lokacin da ya kirkiro cameos na abokansa da danginsa. Bayan ya auri Catherine Sunter lokacin da yake da shekaru 28 kuma ya karfafa shi ta hanyar cameos na farko ya shiga kasuwanci a Glasgow sannan kuma Edinburgh yana jan hankalin abokan ciniki waɗanda suka haɗa da Sir Walter Scott. Josiah Wedgwood ya burge shi da aikinsa kuma ya amince da ya goyi bayan su ga Henning.Wall, John That Most Ingenious Modeller: The Life and Work of John Henning, Sculptor, Melrose Books, Ely, U.K. 2008.  A cikin 1810 an lissafa shi a matsayin "mai tsara hoto" wanda ke zaune a 48 Rose Street a First New Town a Edinburgh a arewacin Princes Street.

A cikin 1811, John da Catherine sun koma London inda Henning ya ga sabon Elgin Marbles a cikin Burlington House kuma ya shawo kan Ubangiji Elgin ya ba shi damar zanawa da kwafa su. An ce kwamiti daga Gimbiya Charlotte na lambar yabo ta hoto ya yi wa Henning wahayi zuwa gare shi don ya fahimci cewa zai iya amfani da zane-zanensa don ƙirƙirar ƙirar dutse wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don sake haifar da friezes a cikin ƙarami.Wall, John That Most Ingenious Modeller: The Life and Work of John Henning, Sculptor, Melrose Books, Ely, U.K. 2008. ISBN 978-1-906050-58-0 Henning kuma ya yi amfani da zamansa tare da Gimbiya don gabatar da ita ga karatun da ya fi tsattsauran ra'ayi. Wannan aikin zai kasance na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu kodayake Henning ya yanke shawarar ƙara Bassae frieze ga aikinsa, kuma wannan bai isa Ingila ba har sai 'yan shekaru cikin aikinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan fasalin Parthenon frieze yana da inci biyu kawai, amma sama da ƙafa ashirin da huɗu.

A shekara ta 1820, Henning ya shirya sayar da aikinsa kuma a bayyane yake cewa bai kwafe ragowar friezes ba, amma ya sake su. Game da Parthenon frieze ya yi amfani da zane-zanen da William Pars ya dauka a cikin 1765, zane-zanensa da Ubangiji Elgin ya ba da izini daga Feodor Ivanowitsch kafin a tura su Ingila kuma muhimmancin zane-zancen da Jacques Carrey ya yi. Hotunan karshe ba su da cikakkun bayanai, amma abin da ya fi muhimmanci an yi su shekaru goma sha uku kafin fashewar da ta lalata Parthenon a shekara ta 1687.

An sayar da kwafin karamin Parthenon frieze ga William IV don £ 42 a cikin 1821  amma ba a san inda yake ba. Ya kasa samun haƙƙin mallaka a kan wannan aikin kuma wasu sun amfana ta hanyar yin kwafi. An san kaɗan ne na asali na waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa.Wall, John That Most Ingenious Modeller: The Life and Work of John Henning, Sculptor, Melrose Books, Ely, U.K. 2008. ISBN 978-1-906050-58-0

A cikin 1827, Henning da ɗansa sun kirkiro siffofi a cikin salon Parthenon frieze don allo da aka gina a Hyde Park Gate a London. A shekara mai zuwa, John Jr. ya tabbatar da cewa zai sake yin kwafin Parthenon frieze don Athenaeum Club na London. Kodayake kawai fiye da rabin tsawon 524 feet na asali wannan samfurin ya kasance a daidai sikelin kuma an gina shi daga dutse na Bath bisa yarjejeniya da Decimus Burton, masanin gine-ginen kulob din.

Henning ya kuma yi samfurin rabin wanda yake fatan haifuwa don gine-gine masu sauƙi. Henning ya gano cewa sun shahara sosai amma wasu da ba su da izini na aikinsa sun kama kasuwancin a duk faɗin Turai. Har ila yau, abin damuwa ga Henning shine ƙarancin ingancin wasu kwafin. Saboda wannan Henning ya zama mai goyon bayan dokokin da ke tasowa game da haƙƙin mallaka amma kuma bai gamsu da cewa nasararsa ba ta da lada.Wall, John That Most Ingenious Modeller: The Life and Work of John Henning, Sculptor, Melrose Books, Ely, U.K. 2008. ISBN 978-1-906050-58-0

A cikin 1845, Henning ya sake saka hannun jari a lokacinsa wanda ya danganci friezes. A wannan lokacin ya yi niyyar sake fasalin biyu a matsayin zane-zane. An yi hujjojin gwaji amma abin takaici abokin aikinsa a cikin kamfanin, Alfred Robert Freebairn (1794-1846), ya mutu kafin a kammala kowanne daga cikin ayyukan. Henning ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1851, shekaru biyu bayan matarsa. An binne shi a matsayin matalauci a Finchley Churchyard . 

 Kyauta 
Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya ne ya samo samfuran zane-zane na Henning a cikin 1938. Kungiyar Athenaeum da allo a Hyde Park suna nan. Har yanzu ana gano kwafin aikin Henning.Wall, John That Most Ingenious Modeller: The Life and Work of John Henning, Sculptor, Melrose Books, Ely, U.K. 2008. ISBN 978-1-906050-58-0

 Iyali 
Ɗan fari na Henning John Henning (1801-1857) shi ma masassaƙi ne. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Isis ta azurfa ta Society of Art don taimakon da ake kira "The Good Samaritan". A shekara ta 1825 an ba shi izinin gyara mutum-mutumi na Sarauniya Anne a gaban Cathedral na St Paul . A cikin 1836 ya kirkiro bangarorin alama a gaban Manchester Art Gallery .

Samuel Henning (c.1802-1832) ya taimaka wa mahaifinsa wajen maido da Elgin Marbles . Ya tsara kabarin Duncan Sinclair a Kabari na Kensal Green . Ya mutu daga kwalara a lokacin annobar 1832.

Wani ɗa Archibald Skirving Henning ya zama mai zane kuma yana da wasu zane-zane a cikin tarin jama'a a Ƙasar Ingila. Archibald ya mutu yana da shekaru 59 a Manchester a 1864.  An sanya masa suna ne bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Scotland Archibald Skirving .

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba