Dazuzzukan tsaunuka na Talamanca

Yankin dazuzzukan tsaunukan Talamancan, a cikin dajin da ke da danshi mai yawa, suna cikin tsaunukan Costa Rica da yammacin Panama a Tsakiyar Amurka.

 Saiti 
Dazuzzukan tsaunukan Talamancan sun mamaye yanki mai faɗi  a cikin tsaunukan Cordilleran, gami da Cordillera de Guanacaste, Cordillera de Tilarán, Cordillera Central, da Cordillera de Talamanca, daga arewa maso yammacin Costa Rica zuwa yammacin Panama, tare da wasu wurare a Cerro Hoya a kan Tsibirin Azuero na Panama.  Dazuzzukan tsaunuka suna sama da tsayin mita 750 zuwa 1500, har zuwa tsayin mita 3000, inda suke canzawa zuwa wuraren ciyawa da bishiyoyi na Costa Rican páramo a kan tsaunuka mafi tsayi. 

Dazuzzukan tsaunuka suna kewaye da su a ƙananan tsaunuka ta hanyar dazuzzukan ƙasa, ciki har da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Isthmian-Atlantic a kan gangaren Atlantika (Caribbean), dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Isthmian-Pacific a kudu a kan gangaren Pacific, da kuma dazuzzukan yanayi na Costa Rica a arewa maso yamma.

 Flora 
Dazuzzukan sun ƙunshi bishiyoyi masu koren kore, waɗanda suka haɗa da nau'ikan bishiyoyi da yawa (genera Ocotea, Persea, Nectandra , da Phoebe ) na dangin laurel ( Lauraceae ), da kuma itatuwan oak guda biyu masu ban mamaki, Quercus costaricensis da Quercus copeyensis . Lauraceae sune bishiyoyin da suka fi yawa a tsaunukan arewa, yayin da bishiyoyin oak ke da rinjaye a cikin dazuzzukan tsaunukan sama na Cordillera de Talamanca da ke kudu. 

Dazuzzukan suna da nau'ikan halittu iri-iri, tare da nau'ikan halittu da yawa, ciki har da nau'ikan halittu da yawa da suka shafi yanayi. Cordillera de Talamanca gida ne ga kimanin kashi 90% na nau'ikan tsire-tsire na Costa Rica. Sama da kashi 30% na nau'ikan tsire-tsire na yankin da kuma sama da kashi 50% na tsirrai masu tsayi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin halittu masu haɗari . 

Dazuzzukan tsaunuka na ƙasa suna faruwa sama da mita 750 a gangaren Atlantika da kuma har zuwa mita 1500 a gangaren Pacific, suna ƙaruwa har zuwa tsayin mita 2300. Dazuzzukan tsaunuka na sama suna ƙaruwa daga kimanin mita 2,300 har zuwa tsayin mita 3,300. Tsarin dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu tsayi suna samar da sauyi tsakanin dazuzzukan tsaunuka da kuma filayen tsaunuka masu tsayi.  

Laurels da itacen oak sune manyan bishiyoyin alfarwa a cikin ƙananan dazuzzukan montane, suna girma har zuwa mita 40 tsayi. Quercus copeyensis ita ce itacen oak da aka fi sani da ita, da sauran itatuwan alfarwa na yau da kullum sun hada da Mollinedia viridiflora, Trichilia havanensis, Ardisia glandulosomarginata, Chrysochlamys allenii, Billia hippocastanum, Damburneya salicina, Quetzalia occidentalis, Guarea tondulia tondulia, Guarea tondulia, Guarea tondulia, Guarea tondulia . glabrata, Miconia platyphylla, Lozania mutisiana, Ocotea austinii, da Ocotea holdridgeana . Dwarf dabino, gami da Geonoma orbignyana subsp. hoffmanniana, Chamaedorea warscewiczii, da <i id="mwaQ">Prestoea acuminata</i> var. <i id="mwag">acuminata</i> yana nuna yanayin ciyayi, tare da bamboo Aulonemia viscosa da kuma Sphaeradenia laucheana subsp. irazuensis mai kama da dabino. 

Itacen oak na Evergreen, galibi Quercus costaricensis, sune nau'ikan da suka fi yawa a cikin dazuzzukan tsaunukan sama. Itacen oak ya ƙunshi kashi 80% na bishiyoyin rufin a tsayin mita 2650 a Cordillera de Talamanca. Sciodaphyllum pittieri itace ne na gama gari, tare da nau'ikan Magnolia da Podocarpus oleifolius . Akwai nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da Frangula oreodendron, Drimys granadensis, Miconia schnellii, Zanthoxylum melanostictum, da Ilex pallida, da kuma nau'ikan Weinmannia, Viburnum, Vaccinium, Styrax, Symplocos, Clusia, Araliaceae, Lauraceae, Melastomataceae, da Myrsinaceae . Tsohuwar bamboo Chusquea talamancensis tana da yawa a cikin layer ɗin ciyayi, tana girma sosai har zuwa mita 6. Sauran tsire-tsire a cikin layin ciyayi sun haɗa da ciyayi na ericoid Disterigma humboldtii, Cavendishia bracteata, Macleania rupestris, da Sphyrospermum buxifolium, da kuma bromeliad Werauhia williamsii na ƙasa. Tsarin ciyayi na iya haɗawa da ferns na bishiyoyi (iyalin Cyatheaceae ), dwarf palms, Sphaeradenia, da ciyayi daga dangin shuke-shuken Acanthaceae, Ericaceae, Rubiaceae, da Solanaceae . Itacen Comarostaphylis arbutoides yana girma sosai kusa da iyakar gandun daji na sama (kimanin mita 3,200) a kan gangaren Pacific.  

 Fauna 
Yankin Costa Rica yana ɗauke da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 136, wato nau'in Panama guda 84. Dabbobin da suka shahara sun haɗa da jaguar, cougar, tapir, barewa, anteater, da kuma nau'ikan biri da dama. Talamancan oryzomys (Nephelomys devius) yana da yawa a yankin.

Tsuntsaye kuma suna da wakilci sosai. Yankin Costa Rica yana ɗauke da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 450, wato Panama 225. Manyan tsuntsayen da ke fuskantar barazanar zama a cikin dajin sune quetzal mai kyau, black guan ( Chamaepetes unicolor ), sulfur-winged parakeet, three-wattled bellbird, da kuma bare-necked umbrellabird, wanda ake samu a yankin Costa Rica da Panama, da kuma harpy gaggafa, wanda ake samu a yankin Panama.

Yankin muhalli ya yi daidai da yankin tsuntsayen Costa Rica da Panama da ke da yawan tsuntsayen da ke zaune a tsaunukan Panama. Hummingbird na Talamanca ( Eugens spectabilis ), hummingbird mai haske ( Selasphorus ardens ), hummingbird mai aman wuta ( Selasphorus flammula ), hummingbird mai scintilla ( Selasphorus scintilla ), hummingbird mai zafi ( Panterpe insignis ), farin ciki mai dutse ( Lampornis hemileucus ), purple-throated mountaingem ( Lampornis calolaemus ), farin makogwaro mai dutse ( Lampornis castaneoventris ), magenta-throated woodstar ( Philodice bryantae ), jan ƙarfe mai kai ( Microchera cupreiceps ), farin jela mai dutse ( Microchera chionura ), baƙin ciki mai ciki ( Eupherusa nigriventris ), rawaya-kore brushfinch ( Atlapetes luteoviridis ), baƙi guan, buff-fronted quaildove ( Zentrygon costaricensis ), Chiriqui quaildove ( Zentrygon) chiriquensis ), baƙar fata itace quail ( Odontophorus leucolaemus ), Costa Rican pygmy owl ( Glaucidium costaricanum ), bare-shanked screech owl ( Megascops clarkii ), orange-bellied trogon ( Trogon collaris aurantiiventris ), prong-billed parletnis ( parletzim barbet), prong-billed barbet . Touit costaricensis ), sulfur-winged parakeet ( Pyrrhura hoffmanni ), silvery-fronted tapaculo ( Scytalopus argentifrons ), streak-breasted treehunter ( Thripadectes rufobrunneus ), ruddy treerunner, ( Margarornis rubiginosus ), Cellibird glaus (Margarornis rubiginosus), Barella-bird glaubrine ƙuda mai baƙar fata ( Empidonax atriceps ), pewee duhu ( Contopus lugubris ), pewee ochraceous ( Contopus ochraceus ), mai kama kifi mai kama da ciki mai launin zinare ( Myiodynastes hemichrysus ), vireo mai fikafikai masu launin rawaya ( Vireo carmioli ), jay mai kama da silvery-throated ( Cyanolyca argentigula ), wren ochraceous ( Troglodytes ochraceus ), wren timberline ( Thryorchilus browni ), solitaire mai fuska baƙi ( Myadestes melanops ), thrush mai kama da baƙi ( Catharus gracilirostris ), thrush mai kama da sooty ( Turdus nigrescens ), flycatcher mai kama da baƙi da rawaya ( Phainoptila melanoxantha ), flycatcher mai kama da siliki mai dogon wutsiya ( Ptiliogonys caudatus ), chlorophonia mai kama da zinare ( Clorophonia callophrys ), wood tanager mai kama da sooty-covered ( Clorospingus pileatus ), finch mai fuska sooty ( Arremon) crasirostris ), rawaya-thighed finch ( Pselliophorus tibialis ), rawaya-kore finch ( Pselliophorus luteoviridis ), babban-ƙafa finch ( Pezopetes capitalis ), zinariya-bellied flycatcher ( Melozone leucotis ), volcano junco ( Junco vulcani ) harshen wuta-maƙarƙashiya warbler ( Oreothlypis gutturalis ), black-cheeked warbler ( Basileuterus melanogenys ), collared whitestart ( Myioborus torquatus ), black-thighed grosbeak ( Pheucticus tibialis ), blue-da-zinariya tanager ( Bangsia arnglee ), spain tanager Finch-billed ( Acanthidops bairdi ), slaty flowerpiercer ( Diglossa plumbea ), da dusky nightjar ( Antrostomus ) saturatus ) suna da yawa ko kuma kusan suna da yawa a yankin equator. 

Akalla nau'ikan halittu masu kama da ruwa guda 7 ne suka fi yawa a Cordillera, ciki har da kwaɗi mai guba, Chiriquí fire salamander ( Bolitoglossa cathyledecae ), da Cordillera Talamanca salamander ( Bolitoglossa sooyorum ).  


 Kariya da barazana 
Dazuzzukan tsaunukan Talamancan suna ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi kowanne kwanciyar hankali a Amurka ta Tsakiya, kodayake an share dazuzzukan itacen oak musamman don yin kiwo da gawayi.  Kashi 62% na yankin yana da kariya daga wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da na ƙasashen waje, ciki har da La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, Chirripó National Park, Barbilla National Park, Braulio Carrillo National Park, Volcán Poás National Park, Irazu Volcano National Park, Volcán Barú National Park, Cerro Hoya National Park, Rincón de la Vieja National Park, da Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve . 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba