Margaret Nicholson

Margaret Nicholson (c. 1750 - 14 Mayu 1828) mace ce ta Ingila wacce ta kai hari ga Sarki George III a shekara ta 1786. Yunkurin da ta yi na banza kuma ya ɗan rabin zuciya a kan rayuwar Sarki ya zama sananne kuma an nuna shi a ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na Shelley: Fragments na Margaret Nicholson, wanda aka buga a 1810.

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Nicholson a Stockton-on-Tees a County Durham ga wani mai aski mai suna George Nicholson . A tsakiyar shekarun 1760, tana da shekaru 12, [1] an sami ta a matsayin baiwa, kuma daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin bawa a cikin gidaje daban-daban, gami da na Sir John Sebright da Lord Coventry. [2] Ba ta nuna alamun rashin lafiya ba.[3] Kafin shekara ta 1783, an kore ta daga aikinta bayan soyayya da wani bawa, kuma ta yi kama da fadawa cikin mawuyacin lokaci.[2] Shekaru bayan haka, ɗan'uwanta zai ba da rahoton cewa a wannan lokacin ne ta yi rashin lafiya, ta fada cikin dariya da dare.[3] Soyayyarta ta bar ta, kuma ta tallafa wa kanta ta hanyar zane-zane, ta zauna a cikin gida a titin Wigmore.[2] An bayyana ta a matsayin "a ƙasa da girman tsakiya, kuma tana da kyan gani sosai". [4]

Daga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1786 zuwa yunkurin da ta yi a kan rayuwar Sarki a watan Agusta, ta yi kira ga sarki fiye da sau 20. A cikin ɗayan irin wannan takardar neman izini, ta bukaci sasanta dukiya da aure mai kyau, watakila ga sarki da kansa.

 Harin da aka kai wa Sarki 
A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1786, Nicholson ya kusanci Sarki yayin da ya sauka daga karusa a Fadar St. James a kan uzuri na gabatar da shi da takarda, wanda a zahiri takarda ce mara kyau. Yayin da ya karbi abin da ake tsammani, sai ta yi huhu biyu a kirjinsa tare da wuka mai amfani da hauren giwa da aka ɓoye a cikin takarda kafin a kawo ta ƙarƙashin iko. An rubuta amsarsa a cikin asusun shafi. George, a bayyane yake yana tsoron cewa za a bi da ita ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda irin wannan mummunan hari, an ruwaito cewa: "Mauƙin halitta yana hauka; kada ka cutar da ita, ba ta cutar da ni ba"  Eigen, Joel Peter (2004). "Nicholson, Margaret (1750?–1828)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 5 November 2009  (Subscription required) 

Halin Sarki ya haifar da goyon bayan jama'a da kuma rikici game da yanayinta; mai yiwuwa ya sanar da shawarar da Majalisar Privy ta yanke don kada a gwada ta da cin amana, amma a karkashin Dokar Vagrancy ta 1744. An yi waxworks da zane-zane na Nicholson da taron, kuma an ba da rahoton cewa 'yan jama'a masu neman sani sun mamaye gidanta.

Binciken gidanta ya haifar da jerin wasikun da suka dace da kuma bayyane inda ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce magajin sarauta. Jaridu sun ɗauka cewa rashin hankali na Nicholson ya haifar da baƙin ciki game da barin ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciya. An bincika ta a cikin ɗakin Kwamitin Green Cloth ta Firayim Minista da Shugaban Kasuwanci William Pitt the Younger, Sakataren Cikin Gida Lord Sydney, Sakatare na Harkokin Waje Lord Carmarthen, Sir Francis Drake, da Mista Justice Addington .  An gano cewa a watan Yulin ta aika da korafe-korafe ga Sarki game da da'awarta ga kursiyin.

A cikin amsar da ta yi wa tambayoyin daga Addington, ta yi iƙirarin cewa budurwa ce, amma kuma ta yi iccirarin cewa ita ce mahaifiyar Lords Mansfield da Loughborough, dukansu biyu sun girme ta. Mai gidansa, mai ba da labari mai suna Jonathan Fiske, ya bayyana cewa tana da ƙwazo kuma tana da hankali, kuma tana samun rayuwarta ta hanyar yin zane-zane, tana yin mantuas. Ta musanta cewa tana son kashe Sarki, kuma ta ce kawai tana son "don samun hankalinsa".  Sanannen likitan Dr John Munro, wanda ya riga ya zama sananne ga shaidarsa a shari'ar kisan Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers, ya tabbatar da mahaukaciyarta, yana mai cewa "ba ta taɓa ganin wani mutum da ya fi rikici ba", kodayake ana tambayar wannan a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da tsare ta.  An sadaukar da ita ga mafaka da ya jagoranta, Asibitin Bethlem Royal, don rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Vagrancy ta 1744 bisa umarnin Sakataren Cikin Gida, Lord Sydney . Poole, Steve (2000). The politics of regicide in England, 1760–1850: Troublesome Subjects, Manchester University Press, , p. 70 Mambobin masu daraja za su iya biyan kuɗi don kallon ɗaurin da aka yi mata a asibiti, kuma an yi mata mummunan hanyar magani, gami da likitoci da suka kulle ta a cikin ɗakinta a sarƙoƙi kusan kusan shekaru 4. Ta mutu a can shekaru 42 bayan haka, duk da cewa da alama ta warke a cikin shekarun 1790.  Eigen, Joel Peter (2004). "Nicholson, Margaret (1750?–1828)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 5 November 2009  (Subscription required)

 Kyauta 
George ya ji daɗin karuwa bayan harin, kuma ya sami sakonnin taya murna daga ko'ina cikin masarautar. An yaba da haƙurin kwanciyar hankali da halin ci gaba ga mahaukaci. Ya rubuta cewa bayan "tsayar da Providence a cikin yunkurin da wata matalauciya ta yi a rayuwata" "yana da kowane dalili don gamsu da ra'ayin da ya farka a wannan ƙasa". Duk da haka, a sakamakon harin, an kara tsaro da ke kewaye da Sarki daga masu gadi 4 zuwa 11.

Shahararrun hotuna na Nicholson sun fito ne daga tsohuwar tsohuwar tsohuwa zuwa jarumi mai soyayya.Poole, Steve (2000). The politics of regicide in England, 1760–1850: Troublesome Subjects, Manchester University Press, , p. 70 A cikin 1810, Percy Bysshe Shelley da Thomas Jefferson Hogg sun rubuta kuma sun buga wani nau'i na waƙoƙin burlesque mai suna bayan ta, Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson . Maimakon amfani da sunayensu, littafin ya yi kamar waƙoƙi ne na Nicholson, "wanda dan uwanta, John FitzVictor ya shirya" kuma an buga shi bayan mutuwarta. A zahiri, har yanzu tana da rai kuma tana zaune a asibitin Bethlem.Eigen, Joel Peter (2004). "Nicholson, Margaret (1750?–1828)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 5 November 2009  (Subscription required)

Kurkuku na Nicholson a asibitin Bethlem ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma abokan adawar siyasa na George sun nuna shi a matsayin aikin mai zalunci da ke kauce wa mulkin doka. Har ila yau, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi adawa da shi, wadanda suka yi tunanin yana da karimci sosai. Koyaya, a cikin duka an gan shi a matsayin aikin alheri na ɗan adam a bangaren George saboda an maye gurbin shari'ar cin amana da sanya asibiti.Eigen, Joel Peter (2004). "Nicholson, Margaret (1750?–1828)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 5 November 2009  (Subscription required) Duk da wannan gaskiyar, gwamnati, kafofin watsa labarai, da jama'a sun yi watsi da yanayinta bayan aikinta, kuma ana zaton jihar ta watsar da ita don inganta bukatun siyasa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, gabatar da "ba laifi ba saboda rashin hankali", Dokar Criminal Lunatics 1800, da kuma shari'ar wani mahaukaci, James Hadfield, sun tsara maganin a Burtaniya na mahaukaci da ake zargi da aikata laifuka.

 Dubi kuma 

 John Frith (mai kai hari) 

 Manazarta