Gidan zama na duniya

Gidan zama na ƙasa gini ne mai zurfi wanda aka rufe shi ko kuma gaba ɗaya da ƙasa, wanda aka fi sani da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka na Great Plains da Eastern Woodlands. Yawancin ɗakunan ƙasa suna da zagaye a cikin gini tare da rufin dome, sau da yawa tare da tsakiya ko ɗan raguwar hayaki a saman dome. Gidajen duniya sanannu ne daga kabilun da suka fi zama a Filayen kamar Hidatsa, Mandan, da Arikara, amma kuma an gano su ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar Archaeology tsakanin shafuka na Al'adun Mississippian a gabashin Amurka.

 Tsarinsa 

 Kayan gini da dabarun 
alt=Small house built into small, grassy hill|left|thumb|Gidan da aka sake ginawa, Glenwood, Iowa
Ana gina gidajen zama na ƙasa ta amfani da fasahar wattle da daub daub, tare da murfin ƙasa mai zurfi. An sami siffar dome-kamar gidan zama na ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da kututturen bishiyoyi masu kusurwa (ko a hankali), kodayake ana amfani da rufin rufi a wasu lokuta. A lokacin gini ma'aikata za su tono wani yanki a 'yan ƙafa a ƙarƙashin farfajiyar, suna ba da damar dukan ginin ya sami bene a ƙarƙashin matakin ƙasa da ke kewaye. Sun sanya post a cikin ramuka a cikin ƙasa a kusa da gefen gidan ƙasa, kuma sun sanya saman su haɗu a (ko kusa) tsakiya. Wannan dabarar gini tana da ƙarfi kuma tana iya samar da manyan gine-gine (wasu kusan ƙafa 60 (18  a fadin), wanda fiye da iyali ɗaya za su zauna. Girman su yana iyakance ta tsawon kututturen bishiyoyi da ke akwai. Ana amfani da wuraren tallafi na tsaye na ciki a wasu lokuta don ba da ƙarin tallafi na tsari ga bargo na rufin.
alt=Two dirt-covered earth lodges, with a wooden platform between them and a lake in the background|thumb|Gidaje biyu na ƙasa a cikin Four Bears Park
Bayan an lulluɓe wani nau'i mai ƙarfi na sanduna (ko kara) ta hanyar kuma a kan katako mai haske, mutane galibi suna amfani da nau'i na ciyawar a matsayin wani ɓangare na rufin. An rufe tsarin gaba ɗaya da ƙasa. Yankin ƙasa (da kuma wani bangare na tushe na karkashin kasa) ya ba da kariya daga matsanancin yanayin zafi na Filayen. Tsarin ya kunshi yumbu na waje a kan yumbu na ciki na dogon ciyawa da rufin willow. An yi amfani da tsakiyar gidan ƙasa a matsayin rami na wuta, kuma an gina rami a tsakiya. Wannan rami na hayaki sau da yawa ana rufe shi da Jirgin ruwa a lokacin yanayi mara kyau. Ana tattara katako a kowane bazara yayin da kankara ta ragu kuma ta yanke su; an kuma yanke sabbin katako. Itacen da aka fi amfani da shi shine katako. Cottonwood mai laushi ne, itace mai laushi; wannan yana nufin cewa ɗakunan suna buƙatar sake ginawa kowane shekaru shida zuwa takwas.

 Aiki da amfani 
A cikin al'adun Hidatsa, maza ne kawai suka ɗaga manyan katako; sauran aikin mata ne suka yi. Saboda haka, an dauki gidan zama mallakar matar da ta gina shi. Wani shinge na katako da aka fallasa ya nuna ƙofar kuma ya ba da ƙofar shiga; waɗannan shinge galibi suna da mafi ƙarancin ƙafa 6 zuwa 9 (1.8 zuwa 2.7 a tsawon (wanda aka ƙayyade ta girman ɗakin kuma ya haifar da kauri na yumbu). An gina wani iska a cikin gidan, yana toshe iska kuma yana ba da sirri ga mazauna. Gidajen ƙasa sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da ramuka masu ɓoyewa (rami na tushen) da aka haɗa da willow da ciyawa, a ciki ana adana kayan lambu.[1]

 Wuraren da aka yi 
Sau da yawa ana gina gidajen zama na ƙasa tare da gonakin gona na kabilanci, suna sauyawa tare da tipis (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin farauta). Ana iya ganin gidan da aka sake gina a Iowa" id="mwPQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Glenwood, Iowa">Glenwood, Iowa's Lake Park. Ana iya ganin ƙauyen da ke cike da gidajen ƙasa a New Town, North Dakota. Ƙauyen ya ƙunshi ɗakunan ƙasa guda shida da kuma babban ɗaki ɗaya na bikin. Bugu da kari, an gina wani yanki na lambu da kuma gidajen sarauta don sahihanci. Gidan shakatawa yana buɗewa ga jama'a kuma yana yammacin New Town a Gidan Gidan Gida na Earthlodge. Gidajen duniya na iyali suna da kusan ƙafa 40 (12  a diamita. Gidan shakatawa na duniya ya fi   a diamita. Gidan shakatawa shine babban batu a cikin sake ginawa da sabunta al'adu ta kabilun da ke da alaƙa da Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. Wannan ita ce kawai ƙauyen irin wannan da Mandan, Hidatsa da Arikara Nations suka gina a cikin sama da shekaru 100.

 Amfani da al'adun Mississippian 
Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin Al'adun Mississippian sun gano gidajen zama na ƙasa, ko dai a ƙarƙashin (watau da suka gabata) ginin dutse ko kuma a matsayin gini na saman dutse. Gine-gine na gaba, rushewa, da sake gina gidajen ƙasa suna da alama sun kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin gini don wasu tuddai (ciki har da tudun a Town Creek Indian Mound da wasu tuddai a Ocmulgee National Monument). A cikin Gundumar Kanabec, Minnesota, Kogin Groundhouse yana gudana ta irin wannan cibiyar. A cewar Newton H. Winchell a cikin Aborigines na Minnesota, an sanya sunan kogin ne don gidajen ƙasa na Hidatsa, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin kafin Sioux su kore su zuwa yamma zuwa Kogin Missouri. Hidatsa suna zaune a cikin gidajen katako, an rufe su da ƙasa.