Mary Colter

Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter (4 ga Afrilu, 1869 - 8 ga Janairu, 1958) ta kasance mai zane da zane-zane 'yar Amurka. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun masu zane-zane 'yan Amurka a zamaninta. Ita ce mai tsara gine-gine da wurare da yawa na Kamfanin Fred Harvey da kuma Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Santa Fe, musamman a Babban Lambun Kasa na Grand Canyon . Ayyukanta suna da tasiri sosai yayin da ta taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar salo, ta haɗa gine-ginen Farfaɗowar Mulkin mallaka na Spain da kuma Farfaɗowar Mission tare da zane-zanen ' yan asalin Amurka da abubuwan Rustic, waɗanda suka shahara a duk faɗin Kudu maso Yamma . Colter ta kasance mai son kammalawa, wacce ta shafe tsawon rayuwa tana fafutukar kare hangen nesanta na ado a fagen da maza suka fi rinjaye. 

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Mary Colter a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ga baƙi 'yan asalin Ireland William da Rebecca Crozier Colter. Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Colorado da Texas kafin su zauna a St. Paul, Minnesota, garin da ta ɗauka a matsayin gidanta, lokacin da Mary ke da shekaru goma sha ɗaya.  

A shekarar 1880, garin St. Paul yana da yawan jama'a 40,000 da kuma yawan 'yan asalin Sioux Indians. Tun tana ƙarama, wani abokin iyali, John Graham, ya bai wa iyalan Colter zane-zanen Sioux, waɗanda fursunoni suka yi a Fort Keogh.  Wannan shine lokacin da sha'awarta ga al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka ta fara. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Lokacin da al'ummar Indiya ta faɗa cikin bala'i sakamakon barkewar cutar ƙanjamau, mahaifiyar Colter ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙona duk abubuwan da 'yan asalin Amurka suke da su saboda tsoron cewa zai sa iyalinta su yi rashin lafiya. Duk da haka, Mary ta ɓoye waɗannan zane-zanen daga mahaifiyarta don haka ta hana su ƙonewa. Mary kuma ta ajiye waɗannan zane-zanen Sioux iri ɗaya a tsawon rayuwarta, ta ba da su ga Tarihin Kasa na Custer Battlefield a shekarar 1956. 

Colter ta kammala karatun sakandare a shekarar 1883 tana da shekaru 14.   Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a shekarar 1886, Colter ta halarci Makarantar Zane ta California (wanda yanzu ita ce Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco) har zuwa 1890, inda ta karanci zane-zane da zane.   Ta yi alƙawarin cewa, idan ta kammala karatun, za ta koma St. Paul don tallafa wa mahaifiyarta da babbar 'yar uwarta, wacce ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani.  Yayin da take San Francisco, ta yi aiki a ofishin mai gine-gine don samun ƙwarewa da kuma tallafa wa kanta.  Malamai sun koyar da ita, ciki har da Arthur Frank Mathews, wanda ya zana hoton Colter na farko da aka sani. 

Bayan ya koyar a Makarantar Horarwa ta Stout Manual da ke Menomonie, Wisconsin na tsawon shekara guda,  Colter ya koma St. Paul ya koyar da zane-zane, zane-zane, da gine-gine na tsawon wasu shekaru.  [ <span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2018)">tushe mara tabbas?</span> ] Colter ta koyar a Makarantar Sakandare ta Fasaha ta Makanikai tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar kuma ta yi lacca a Makarantar Tsawaita Jami'a.  A wannan lokacin, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'i.  Ita ma 'yar ƙungiyar makaranta ce, kuma ta ba da laccoci da darussa da dama da suka shafi fasaha.  

 Sana'a 
A wani labari,  a shekarar 1902, Minnie Harvey Huckel ta taimaka wa Colter ta sami aikin bazara tare da Fred Harvey Company na iyalinta (mai kula da shahararrun gidajen cin abinci na Harvey House), tana ƙawata Ginin Indiya a Otal ɗin Alvarado da ke Albuquerque (tun lokacin da aka rushe shi).   Gine-ginen Indiya, ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin Minnie da mijinta ya aiwatar, an yi su ne don nishadantar da fasinjoji yayin da jiragen ƙasa ke tsayawa don cika ruwa da mai. An ba Colter ƙalubalen shirya ɗakunan siyarwa don masu yawon buɗe ido su iya tunanin nuna kayayyaki a gidajensu.  Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Charles Whittlesey a Otal ɗin El Tovar kuma ta fara tsara shagon curio. Bayan ta koma St. Paul don koyarwa a kaka, Colter ta ci gaba da aikinta a kan shagon curio, wanda ya zama Gidan Hopi . 

Tsawon shekaru bakwai masu zuwa, Colter ta ci gaba da aiki a Harvey daga St. Paul. Ta ci gaba da koyarwa da kuma shigarta cikin fasaha da kulab a birnin. A shekarar 1908, Colter ta ƙaura tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yar uwarta zuwa Seattle don ɗaukar matsayi na haɓaka Sashen Kayan Ado na shagon Frederick da Nelson da ke Seattle. Colter ta bar aikin a shekarar 1909, lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta yi rashin lafiya ta mutu. 'Yan'uwan Colter sun koma St. Paul don binne mahaifiyarsu a filin iyali. 
Rukuni:Haihuwan 1869

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