Guglielmo Oberdan

Guglielmo Oberdan (1 ga Fabrairu 1858 - 20 ga Disamba 1882) ɗan Italiya ne. An kashe shi bayan yunkurin da ya gaza na kashe Sarkin sarakuna na Austrian Franz Joseph, ya zama shahadar ƙungiyar hadin kan Italiya.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
An haife shi a garin Trieste, wanda ya kasance Austrian a lokacin. An yi wa Oberdan baftisma Dionisio Guglielmo Carlo . Sunansa na farko shine na kakansa. Guglielmo shine ainihin sunansa na biyu, wanda aka ba shi don girmama mahaifinsa, Guglielma Rossi . [1] Mahaifiyarsa mace ce ta Slovenia daga Šempas (Italiyanci: , Jamusanci: ) a cikin County na Gorizia da Gradisca, yayin da mahaifinsa, Valentino Falcier, soja ne na Venetian a cikin Sojojin Austriya (ko da yake a cikin rajistar farar hula na Trieste an nuna shi a matsayin mai yin burodi). [1] Asalin sunan mahaifiyarsa shine Oberdank (ko Oberdanch), daga baya Guglielmo Oberdan da kansa ya sanya shi cikin Oberdan.[1] Marubucin tarihin Oberdan ya ba da rahoton cewa ta hanyar wannan nau'in ne kawai a cikin shekaru wasu 'yan kasar Slovenia suka yi iƙirarin cewa shi "jinin su ne".[1] Mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga Noventa di Piave; ya rayu shekarunsa na ƙarshe a Venice, inda ya mutu a 1878. [1] Bai amince da ɗansa ba, don haka Guglielmo ya ɗauki sunan mahaifiyarsa. Mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa ne suka haife shi, Francesco Ferencich (Slovene) wanda mahaifiyarsa ta auri lokacin da Oberdan ke da shekaru hudu.[1] Akwai wasu jita-jita cewa mahaifinsa na biyu ya wulakanta shi, wanda mai ba da labari na Oberdan Francesco Salata ya kore shi, wanda a maimakon haka ya yi magana game da kyakkyawar dangantakarsu, ya ba da rahoton cewa mahaifinsa bai nuna bambanci tsakanin Oberdan da sauran 'ya'yansa maza ba, tare da Oberdan yana kiransa babbo kuma ya rubuta masa wasiƙu masu ƙauna yayin zamansa a Roma, kuma ya bayyana a cikin wasika ta ƙarshe daga kurkuku kafin a kashe shi cewa ziyarar mahaifinsa na "babban ta'aziyya" ce, ban da godiya ga komai.[1]

 Yunkurin kisan kai 

Kotun Austriya ta kama Oberdan kuma ta yanke masa hukuncin ratayewa. Mahaifiyarsa, Victor Hugo, da Giosuè Carducci sun yi kira ga jinƙai - amma ba su yi nasara ba. An yanke hukuncin kisa ne saboda Oberdan da kansa ya yarda cewa ya shirya kashe Sarkin sarakuna. Ba tare da wannan ikirarin ba da zai ceci ransa. A cewar Salata, shirin Oberdan shine ya samar da Italiya da shahadar saboda dalilin Trieste, tare da yunkurin kisan kai a matsayin hanyar samun wannan. Tare da yunkurin kisan kai ya gaza, kuma ɗaurin kurkuku ya hana shi aiki, sai ya zargi kansa da cika manufarsa, "watakila shi da kansa yana albarkaci makoma, wanda ya yanke shawarar cewa shahadarsa za ta kasance mafi tsarki kuma cewa jinin da za a zubar zai kasance nasa ne". Oberdan da aka hukunta ya ki amincewa da duk bukukuwan addini, yana mai cewa "Ni masanin lissafi ne kuma mai tunani mai zaman kansa, kuma ban yi imani da rashin mutuwa na rai ba". Kafin a kashe shi, ya yi ihu " (Long live Italy!), wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa sunansa na baya a matsayin shahadar al'ummar Italiya. An gina siffofinsa a garuruwa da birane a duk faɗin Italiya.

Sarkin sarakuna Franz Joseph, wanda ya yi sarauta na wasu shekaru 35, bai sake ziyartar Trieste ba.

The subsequent assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, and the revival of irredentism that followed, harked back to Oberdan's earlier attempt.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Hakki na harin da ya gabata da kisan kai 
A lokacin tsarin Oberdan kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa akwai muhawara game da alhakin Oberdan game da abin da ya faru a baya ya faru a Trieste a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta na wannan shekarar (1882). Da karfe 9 na yamma, yayin fareti na tsoffin sojan Austro-Hungary, wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ya jefa bam tsakanin jere na karshe na ƙungiyar tafiya da jere na farko na procession, ya ji wa mutane 15 rauni kuma ya kashe daya, Angelo Stocchi, mai shekaru 15 na Triestine wanda ke tsaye a kusurwa a wancan gefen hanya kuma an kashe shi. Bomba (model Orsini) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan harin ya kasance daidai da waɗanda aka samu a hannun Oberdan a lokacin da aka kama shi. Oberdan ya kasance a Trieste a lokacin wannan lamarin, kamar yadda mai gidan otal din  ya shaida, inda ya zauna, da kuma 'yarta, mai ba da gudummawa wanda ya gan shi yana wucewa kuma, ba tare da tabbaci ba, mai ɗaukar otal ɗin. Oberdan ya ɓoye kansa a matsayin Jamusanci, yana sadarwa tare da mai gidan a cikin harshen Jamusanci. Kotun Martial ta dauki Oberdan a matsayin mai alhakin watanni uku bayan haka, bayan kama shi a Ronchi .  An tabbatar da alhakin Oberdan na wannan harin a cikin Irredentist (ko da yake wannan na iya faruwa don kare wasu mutane).  A cikin littafin 'yan'uwa mata Ongaro, 'ya'yan , an ruwaito cewa wani Adela Delfino ne ya jefa bam din, 'yar'uwar abokin aji na Oberdan, wanda ake zargin yana ƙaunarsa, kuma wanda ya kasance a cikin ɗakin da Oberdan ya zauna a cikin dare tsakanin 1 da 2 ga Agusta tare da Oberdan kuma watakila Leopoldo Contento da kuma mai jiran ya tsaya a Ljubljana.[it] An ƙaddara cewa an kaddamar da bam din ba daga titin ba amma daga taga na wani gini (farko na lamba 9 a cikin  na Corso), daga cikinsu an ga wani saurayi mai jan gemu da hat  da gaggauta tafi. Wanda ake zargi na farko shi ne wani Leopoldo Contento, wanda yake da kamani mai ban mamaki da Oberdan. Wata yarinya, ta tsaya da wuka a Ljubljana, wacce wata iyali da ke zaune a lamba 9 na  na Corso ta yi aiki da ita, daga baya aka zarge ta. Har ila yau, an bar wannan wanda ake zargi da sauri kuma Oberdan ya zama babban wanda ake zarge. Kwanaki goma sha biyar bayan haka, 'yan sanda na Austriya, bayan wani rahoto daga' yan sanda na Italiya, sun kwace a cikin jirgin ruwa na  wani akwati cike da litattafan masu tayar da kayar baya, bama-bamai na Orsini da masu fashewa. An zargi 'yan Irredentists uku a cikin al'amarin jakar, amma an bar wannan bayan kisan Oberdan a ranar 20 ga Disamba. A cikin 1890 (shekaru bayan shahadar Oberdan) an sace takardun binciken da aka yi game da harin 2 ga watan Agusta da kuma na tambayoyin farko na Oberdan daga tarihin kotun Trieste. Wadannan takardun an aika su zuwa Udine a cikin akwati mai kasa biyu. Sun kasance a ɓoye har sai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko, lokacin da mai ba da labari na Oberdan Francesco Salata ya fara rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa Oberdan .  Babu wata hujja da ta hukunta Oberdan da ta fito daga takardun da aka gano, duk da haka, ba a cire cewa wasu daga cikin takardun sun "ya ɓace ba". Duk da haka, Salata ya ba da rahoton cewa wani mai gadi da farko ya bayyana cewa zai iya da'awar "kusan da tabbaci cewa mutumin da ya gaggauta daga wannan ginin a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta  Oberdan". Wannan mai tsaron duk da haka daga baya ya janye kan sanarwa yana cewa an yi shi "ta hanyar yiwuwar ba tabbaci ba". Wani mai gadi, wanda ya kasance, ya cire cewa mutumin na iya zama Oberdan. An ba da Oberdan a gaban shaidu shida daga abin da ya faru a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, wadanda duk sun cire cewa mutumin da aka gani a wurin na iya zama Oberdan.

 Kyauta 
"Waƙar yabo ga Oberdan" tana ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin yaƙi da Italiyanci suka fi so a lokacin WW1. A cewar Salata "a cikin sunan Oberdan, an amince da Irredentism a matsayin 'mai ba da izini na Triple Alliance'", tare da jinginar Irredentist akan bukatun Italiya a ƙasashen Habsburg waɗanda Austria ta yi tunanin sun "kawargadi tare da Triple Alliance" ana tashe su a wannan shekarar (na sanya hannu kan Triple Alliance) ta shahadar Oberdan.

Marubucin Slovenian Boris Pahor ya rubuta wani labari tare da wannan taken, inda ya haɗa abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar Oberdan. Marubucin Italiyanci Enzo Bettiza ya kuma nuna Oberdan a cikin littafinsa "The Ghost of Trieste", a ƙarƙashin sunan Stefano Nardenk (Narden).

An samar da fim din rayuwar Oberdan a 1915 ta fina-finai na Tiber na Roma. Ya fito da Alberto Collo a matsayin Oberdan kuma Emilio Ghione ne ya ba da umarni, wanda kuma ya taka rawar gwamnan Trieste. Yana daya daga cikin fina-finai masu kishin kasa da aka samar a Italiya a lokacin yakin duniya na farko.[1] Emilio Ghione ya sadu da Gabriele D'Annunzio a wani gayyatar fim din a Roma kuma D'Annuzio ya yaba da sunayen Ghione.[2]

A cikin 1924 Francesco Salata ya buga aikinsa mai zurfi da rubuce-rubuce a kan Oberdan Guglielmo Oberdan secondo gli atti segreti del processo: carteggi diplomasici e altri documenti inediti, wanda, duk da haka, ya kai wani tasiri daga tunanin mulkin Fascist.

John Gatt-Rutner, mai ba da labari game da marubucin Trieste Italo Svevo, ya nuna cewa Svevo - mai shekaru 21 a lokacin da aka kashe Oberdan - ya shafi shi sosai. Bayan haka, Svevo ya fara rubutu a kai a kai don jaridar Trieste Irredentist L'Indipendente . Bai taba ambaton Oberdan a bayyane ba - an tantance takarda sosai kuma hukumomin Austriya sun dauki duk wani nuna tausayi ga Oberdan a matsayin cin amana. Koyaya, a ranar 21 ga Janairun 1884, Svevo ya buga fassarar labarin Ivan Turgenev "Ma'aikaci da Mutumin da ke da White Hands", wanda aka tura mai gabatarwa zuwa gungume don aikin tawaye a madadin waɗanda aka zalunta; Svevo ya kara da cewa "Abin da ke motsawa da gaske ba shine mutuwar mutumin da ke da fararen hannayensu ba, amma sadaukar da kansa a madadin mutanen da ba su iya fahimtar shi ba. "Gatt-Rutner ya ce "Triestines ba za su iya rasa duk abin da ake kallo ga Oberdan ba, wanda a fili, wanda ke nunawa". 

 Manazarta