Nathaniel Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne (An haife shi Hathorne; 4 ga Yuli, 1804 - 19 ga Mayu, 1864) marubuci ne na Amurka kuma marubucin gajeren labari. Ayyukansa galibi suna mai da hankali kan tarihi, ɗabi'a, da addini.

An haife shi a 1804 a Salem, Massachusetts, daga dangin da ke da alaƙa da garin. Hawthorne ya shiga Kwalejin Bowdoin a 1821, an zabe shi zuwa Phi Beta Kappa a 1824,  kuma ya kammala a 1825. Ya buga aikinsa na farko a 1828, littafin Fanshawe; daga baya ya yi ƙoƙari ya hana shi, yana jin cewa bai dace da ma'auni na aikinsa na baya ba. Ya wallafa gajerun labaru da yawa a cikin littattafai na lokaci-lokaci, waɗanda ya tattara a cikin 1837 a matsayin Twice-Told Tales . A shekara mai zuwa, ya yi alkawarin aure ga Sophia Peabody . Ya yi aiki a gidan al'ada na Boston kuma ya shiga Brook Farm, al'umma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, kafin ya auri Peabody a 1842. Ma'auratan sun koma The Old Manse a Concord, Massachusetts, daga baya suka koma Salem, Berkshires, sannan zuwa The Wayside a Concord. An buga Wasikar Scarlet a cikin 1850, sannan wasu litattafai suka biyo baya. Wani nadin siyasa a matsayin mai ba da shawara ya ɗauki Hawthorne da iyalinsa zuwa Turai kafin su koma Concord a 1860. Hawthorne ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1864.

Yawancin rubuce-rubucen Hawthorne a kan New England, kuma ayyuka da yawa suna da misalai na ɗabi'a tare da wahayi na Puritan. Ayyukansa na almara ana ɗaukar su wani ɓangare na motsi na Romantic kuma, musamman, duhu romanticism. Jigogi nasa galibi suna mayar da hankali kan mugunta da zunubi na bil'adama, kuma ayyukansa galibi suna da sakonnin ɗabi'a da zurfin rikitarwa na tunani. Ayyukan da ya buga sun haɗa da litattafai, gajerun labaru, da tarihin abokinsa na kwaleji Franklin Pierce, wanda aka rubuta don yakin neman zabensa na 1852 na Shugaban Amurka, wanda Pierce ya lashe, ya zama shugaban kasa na 14.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
Nathaniel Hathorne, kamar yadda aka rubuta sunansa da farko, an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1804, a Salem, Massachusetts; an kiyaye wurin haihuwarsa kuma an buɗe shi ga jama'a.Who Belongs To Phi Beta Kappa , Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed October 4, 2009 Kakansa, William Hathorne, ya kasance Puritan kuma na farko daga cikin iyalin da ya yi hijira daga Ingila. Ya zauna a Dorchester, Massachusetts, kafin ya koma Salem. A can ya zama muhimmin memba na Massachusetts Bay Colony kuma ya rike mukamai da yawa na siyasa, ciki har da majistare da alƙali, ya zama sananne saboda mummunan hukuncin da aka yanke masa. Dan William, kakan Hawthorne John Hathorne, yana daya daga cikin alƙalai da ke kula da gwajin maƙaryaci na Salem. Hawthorne mai yiwuwa ya kara da "w" ga sunansa a farkon shekarunsa na ashirin, jim kadan bayan kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji, a kokarin raba kansa da sanannun kakanninsa. Mahaifin Hawthorne Nathaniel Hathorne Sr. ya kasance kyaftin din teku wanda ya mutu a 1808 na zazzabin rawaya a Dutch Suriname;  ya kasance memba na East India Marine Society.  Bayan mutuwarsa, gwauruwarsa ta koma tare da matashi Nathaniel, 'yar'uwarsa Elizabeth, da ƙanwarta Louisa don zama tare da dangi masu suna Mannings a Salem,  inda suka zauna shekaru 10. Matashi Hawthorne ya buga a kafa yayin da yake wasa "bat da ball" a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1813,  kuma ya zama gurgu kuma ya kwanta a kan gado na shekara guda, kodayake likitoci da yawa ba su sami wani abu da ba daidai ba tare da shi. 

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1816, iyalin sun zauna a matsayin masu zama tare da manoma  kafin su koma wani gida da kawunan Hawthorne Richard da Robert Manning suka gina musamman a Raymond, Maine, kusa da Tafkin Sebago.  Shekaru bayan haka, Hawthorne ya dubi lokacinsa a Maine da farin ciki: "Waɗannan kwanaki ne masu ban sha'awa, domin wannan ɓangaren ƙasar ya kasance daji a lokacin, tare da warwatsewar tsaunuka kawai, da kuma kashi tara cikin goma na itace na farko. "  A cikin 1819, an tura shi Salem don makaranta kuma nan da nan ya koka game da marmarin gida da kasancewa nesa da mahaifiyarsa da 'yan uwansa mata.  Ya rarraba batutuwa bakwai na The Spectator ga iyalinsa a watan Agusta da Satumba 1820 don nishaɗi. An rubuta jaridar da aka yi da hannu kuma ta haɗa da litattafai, waƙoƙi, da labarai da ke nuna jin daɗin saurayin marubucin.

   Kakan Hawthorne Robert Manning ya nace cewa yaron ya halarci kwaleji, duk da zanga-zangar Hawthornes. Tare da tallafin kudi na kawunsa, an tura Hawthorne zuwa Kwalejin Bowdoin a 1821, wani bangare saboda alaƙar iyali a yankin, kuma saboda ƙarancin kuɗin karatun sa. Hawthorne ya sadu da shugaban kasar Franklin Pierce na gaba a kan hanyar zuwa Bowdoin, a tashar mataki a Portland, kuma biyun sun zama abokai da sauri. Da zarar a makaranta, ya kuma sadu da mawaki na gaba Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, dan majalisa na gaba Jonathan Cilley, da kuma mai gyara jirgin ruwa na gaba Horatio Bridge .  Ya kammala karatu tare da aji na 1825, kuma daga baya ya bayyana kwarewarsa a kwalejin ga Richard Henry Stoddard:
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1864

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