John Downer

Sir John William Downer, KC, KC (6 ga Yulin 1843 - 2 ga Agusta 1915) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne wanda ya yi wa'adi biyu a matsayin Firayim Minista na Kudancin Australia, daga 1885 zuwa 1887 kuma daga 1892 zuwa 1893. Daga baya ya shiga siyasar tarayya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata na Kudancin Australia daga 1901 zuwa 1903. Shi ne na farko na 'yan siyasa hudu na Australiya daga daular Downer.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Downer a Adelaide a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1843. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza huɗu da aka haifa wa Jane (née Field) da Henry Downer; mahaifinsa mai sa tufafi ne. Iyayensa sun yi hijira daga Ingila zuwa Kudancin Australia a 1838, daga cikin raƙuman ruwa na farko na baƙi na Burtaniya da Kamfanin Kudancin Australia ya fitar.

Downer ya fara karatunsa a wata makarantar kimiyya mai zaman kanta a Adelaide. Ya ci gaba da halartar Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide, a kan tallafin karatu.Downer, Alick (2012). The Downers of South Australia, p. 35. Wakefield Press, Adelaide.  A shekara ta 1862 ya dauki lambar yabo ta farko a jarrabawar jihar. Downer ya bi ɗan'uwansa Henry Edward Downer a cikin aikin lauya, yana aiki da labaransa na magatakarda tare da Henry da James Boucaut. An kira shi zuwa kotun a 1867. Daga baya ya fara aiki tare da ɗan'uwansa George Downer, tare da kamfaninsu G. & J. Downer ya zama "ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin lauyoyi na Adelaide na shekaru sittin masu zuwa".

 Siyasa ta Kudancin Australia 
An zabi Downer ba tare da hamayya ba a Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia a Babban zaben 1878, yana tsaye a kujerar mambobi biyu na Barossa. Ya ci gaba da wakiltar Barossa har sai da ya yi murabus don shiga majalisar tarayya a shekara ta 1901. Masu jefa kuri'a sun kai daga Gawler a fadin Kwarin Barossa zuwa Kogin Murray; tushen goyon bayansa na farko ya kasance a Gawler. 

A watan Yunin 1881, an nada Downer a matsayin babban lauya a cikin ma'aikatar da John Cox Bray ya kafa, yana aiki har zuwa nasarar gwamnati bayan Zaben 1884. Ya gabatar da sauye-sauye da yawa na shari'a, musamman Dokar Gidauniyar Mata ta 1883 wacce ta soke dokar ɓoyewa kuma ta ba da damar mace mai aure ta mallaki dukiya, shiga kwangila da shiga cikin shari'a a cikin haƙƙinsu. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na farko game da 'yancin mata na duniya kuma ya yi tsayayya da yunkurin hada da cancantar dukiya, kodayake bai goyi bayan' yancin mata na tsayawa a majalisa ba. Ya kuma yi nasarar ɗaukar takardun kudi da ke ba da damar waɗanda ake tuhuma su ba da shaida a kan rantsuwa, da kuma yin gyare-gyare ga ayyukan rashin kuɗi da aure.

A ranar 16 ga Yuni 1885, Downer da kansa ya zama Firayim Minista a karo na farko, tare da sake zama Babban Lauyan. Yayinda yake Firayim Minista, Downer ya kula da gina layin jirgin kasa na farko daga Adelaide zuwa Melbourne. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ga kafa wuraren ban ruwa a gefen Kogin Murray. Kodayake wannan ma'aikatar ta dauki shekaru biyu kuma ta zartar da dokoki masu yawa, sau da yawa tana cikin matsaloli, kuma a watan Yunin 1886 dole ne a sake gina ta.

A Taron mulkin mallaka da aka gudanar a London a lokacin 1887, Downer ya wakilci Kudancin Australia, amma a lokacin da ya dawo Australia an kayar da gwamnatinsa. Wannan ma'aikatar tana da alhakin farashi wanda ke sanya ƙarin ayyukan kariya. Downer bai sake zama a ofis ba har tsawon shekaru da yawa, amma a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1892 ya sake zama Firayim Minista, yana kuma karɓar fayil ɗin Babban Sakatare. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1893 ya musanya wannan don matsayin Mai ba da kuɗi na Kudancin Australia, amma an kore shi a Zaben 1893 ta hanyar mai sassaucin ra'ayi mai suna Kingston tare da goyon bayan sabuwar jam'iyyar Labor Party karkashin jagorancin John McPherson. Downer ya ce game da wannan jam'iyyar: 'Su 'yan wasa ne masu basira sosai. Ina da girmamawa sosai ga yadda suke amfani da kowane bangare don manufar su tare da cikakkiyar rashin son kai'. Ga mafi yawan lokacin har zuwa 1899 Downer ya jagoranci adawa.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Matattun 1915