Brutus (Cicero)

Cicero's Brutus (wanda aka fi sani da De claris oratoribus) tarihi ne na Roman oratory . An rubuta shi a matsayin tattaunawa, inda Marcus Junius Brutus da Titus Pomponius Atticus suka nemi Cicero ya bayyana halayen dukkan manyan masu magana na Romawa har zuwa lokacin su. Daga nan Cicero yayi ƙoƙari ya ba da shawarar sake gina tarihin Romawa. Kodayake an rubuta shi a matsayin tattaunawa, Cicero ne ya yi yawancin maganganun tare da shiga tsakani na lokaci-lokaci daga Brutus da Atticus. Wataƙila an rubuta aikin ne a cikin 46 BC, tare da manufar kare jawabi Cicero. Ya fara da wani sashi na gabatarwa game da maganganun Girkanci na makarantun Attic, Asiatic, da Rhodian, kafin ya tattauna masu magana da Romawa, ya fara da Lucius Junius Brutus, "The Liberator", kodayake ya zama mafi ƙayyadaddun daga lokacin Marcus Cornelius Cethegus.

 Halin da ake kira 

 Cicero - Shi ne babban mutum na aikin. Ya ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa bayan yakin basasa, da yawa daga cikin masu magana "mai kyau" sun bar ko kuma sun tsere daga Roma. Mutanen kalilan da suka rage a baya suna ɓoyewa cikin shiru. Cicero ya tuna ziyarar da ya kai ga taron da kuma wasu daga cikin masu magana da ya ji. Ya kuma ambaci karatunsa na magana da kuma sadaukar da kansa ga karatun falsafa.
 Brutus - Abokin Atticus ne kuma mutumin da ba ya son magana.
 Atticus - Abokin Brutus ne wanda ya sadu da Cicero yayin da yake tafiya a wani wuri. Cicero ya ambaci cewa Atticus ya fito ne daga Athens lokacin da ya tattauna farkon oratory. Atticus ya yi magana aƙalla daga cikin maza uku.

 Tarihin magana 
Cicero ya fara aikinsa ta hanyar yin kuka game da mutuwar abokinsa Quintus Hortensius (wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 50 BC) sannan ya yi tunani kan ko wani ya kamata ya ji bakin ciki cewa abokinsa ya mutu. Tattaunawarsa ta ci gaba zuwa lokacin da ya haɗu da Brutus da Atticus. Sun fara tattauna wata wasika da ta nuna cewa jihar Roma ta sha wahala da yawa kuma Roma tana cikin rikice-rikice. Cicero ya ci gaba kuma ya bayyana cewa yana so ya rubuta tarihin duniya na Roman oratory. Saboda mummunar juyin mulki na jihar, Cicero ya ga ya zama dole a rubuta wannan Tarihin Magana. Cicero ya fara ne da bayyana cewa magana abu ne mai wuyar samu kuma ya kasance na farko a garin Atticus: Athens. Magana ba ta bayyana a jaririyar Athens ba, amma a bayyane yake a cikin balaga na ikonta. Ya gano maganganu daga mutane kamar su Peisistratos, Solon, Pericles, kuma ya ambaci yadda mutane kamar Socrates suka kalubalance su. Ya ci gaba da cewa jawabin ya iyakance ne kawai a Athens kuma ba ya ko'ina a Girka. Daga nan ne jawabin ya bazu a wasu sassan Asiya da duniya.

Daga nan ne Cicero ya fara gano asalin oratory a Roma. Ya ambaci mutane kamar Manius Curius Dentatus, M. Popilius, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica har ma ya tattauna yadda Cato the Elder da Lysias the Athenian suka yi kama da juna a cikin ladabi, hali, da takaice. Cicero ya ambaci ra'ayin cewa Cato ya rufe da wasu adadi, amma har yanzu yana da ban sha'awa. Bayan Cato, sabbin masu magana sun bayyana a Roma kamar Severius Galba . Ya kuma ba da misali game da yadda Galba ya sami damar cin nasara a kotun tare da magana mai ban mamaki, mai ma'ana da kuma cewa an 'yantar da mutanensa (a cikin shari'ar kotu) daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen.

 Rashin amincewa 
Ana ganin aikin Cicero a matsayin jerin masu magana da ci gaban oratory a Roma. Duk da yake manufar Brutus ita ce yin rikodin tarihin oratory kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ya kasa wanzuwa, wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa Cicero ya kasa aikinsa. Wannan matsala ce saboda Cicero ya kasa hada da jerin abubuwan da suka dace na Roman oratory ta hanyar watsar da adadi kamar Gaius Marius, Sulla, Catiline, da Publius Clodius Pulcher.Brutus: The End of Oratory and the Beginning of History?&quot;},&quot;jstor&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;43646670&quot;},&quot;journal&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies&quot;},&quot;volume&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;46&quot;},&quot;pages&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;195–211&quot;},&quot;doi&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;10.1111/j.2041-5370.2003.tb00741.x&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwgg\">&nbsp;</span><cite about=\"#mwt13\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFSteel2002–2003\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Steel, C.E.W. (2002–2003). \"Cicero's Brutus: The End of Oratory and the Beginning of History?\". <i id=\"mwgw\">Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies</i>. <b id=\"mwhA\">46</b>: <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwhQ\">195–</span>211. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"81\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwhg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.2003.tb00741.x\" id=\"mwhw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.1111/j.2041-5370.2003.tb00741.x</a>. <a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"82\" href=\"./JSTOR_(identifier)\" id=\"mwiA\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a><span id=\"mwiQ\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&nbsp;</span><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646670\" id=\"mwig\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">43646670</a>.</cite>"}}" id="cite_ref-4" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Masana kuma suna jayayya cewa Brutus ba cikakkiyar jerin ba ne saboda Cicero ya kasa hada kansa a cikin jerin sa.

Wani zargi game da Brutus shine cewa ba shi da cikakkun bayanai. Aikin kawai ya bayyana lambun da mutum-mutumi na Plato inda maza uku ke shirin tattauna maganganu, amma ban da haka, aikin ba shi da wasu bayanai. Ganin cewa yanayin ba shi da cikakkun bayanai, tattaunawar ba ta da.

 Manazarta