Maud Cruttwell

Maud [Alice Wilson] Cruttwell (1859 - 25 Afrilu 1939) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce 'yar Ingila, masanin tarihin fasaha, marubuciya kuma mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa. Littattafan ta kan masu fasahar Renaissance na Italiya misalai ne na farko na salon sharhi na Giovanni Morelli da Bernard Berenson .

 Daga mai zane zuwa mai suka 
An haifi Maud Cruttwell a Frome a shekarar 1859 ga lauya Wilson Clement Cruttwell da matarsa Georgiana (ɗan Daniel), wacce take da shekaru 11 kuma ƙarama a cikin yara 11.  Babban ɗan'uwanta shine Edward Cruttwell, injiniyan mazaunin da ke da alhakin gina Tower Bridge. A cewar abokin Cruttwell masanin tarihi na fasaha Bernard Berenson "mahaifiyarta Bayahudiya ce mai jini a jika". 

Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane, tana baje kolin a baje kolin Royal Academy da sauran gidajen tarihi na London a farkon shekarun 1890.  A cikin wannan, mai sukar fasaha Julia Cartwright,  wacce ta kuma gabatar da Cruttwell ga marubuciya kuma mai suka Violet Paget (wadda ta buga a ƙarƙashin sunan Vernon Lee). A shekarar 1893, Paget, wacce take tafiya tare da ita, ta gabatar da Cruttwell a Florence ga matar Berenson Mary Costelloe ; daga 1894 Cruttwell ta zama mai kula da gidan Costelloe, a madadin koyarwa a fannin fasahar Renaissance ta Italiya. Costelloe, ƙwararren masanin tarihin fasaha kamar Berenson, ya zauna a Florence kusa da Villa I Tatti na Berenson kuma daga baya ya sami damar auren Berenson lokacin da tsohon mijinta ya mutu a 1900; ta zama aboki kuma mai goyon bayan Crutwell.  Ta hanyar Costelloe, Cruttwell ya haɗu da Berenson kuma ya zama memba na ƙungiyar ɗalibansa, yana nazarin tarihin fasaha akan ƙa'idodin nazari na Giovanni Morelli .   A cewar Carlo Ginzburg, ta amfani da hanyar Morellian, masanin tarihin fasaha yana aiki kamar mai bincike, "kowannensu yana ganowa, daga alamun da wasu ba su lura da shi ba, marubuciyar a wani lamari na laifi, a ɗayan kuma na zane".  Ayyukan Cruttwell na gaba akan masu fasaha duk "sun buɗe da babi kan 'halaye' na tsohon maigidan da ake magana a kai, wata hanya da ke bayyana amincinta ga 'hanyar kimiyya' ta ƙwarewa" kuma wanda ke nuna ta a fili a matsayin almajirin Morelli da Berenson.  Da yake tunawa a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa game da Florence a farkon karni na ashirin, mai zane William Rothenstein ya rubuta a 1932, yana kwatanta birnin da tarihin zamanin da: "Akwai sansanonin makamai da kuma hamayya mai tsanani a Florence a wancan lokacin, kamar yadda yake a lokutan baya; amma yaƙin bai yi muni sosai ba, kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da sarakunan ducal. Berenson, Horne, Loeser, Vernon Lee, Maud Cruttwell, duk suna da sojojin haya - da manyan bindigoginsu." 

 Rubuce-rubuce kan fasaha 
A shekara ta 1897, Cruttwell ta fara buga labarai kan fasahar Renaissance a cikin mujallun fasaha; an buga littafinta na farko, akan Luca Signorelli, a Landan a shekara ta 1899.  Bayan haka, sai aka buga wani aiki akan Mantegna (London, 1901).  A cikin littafinta na uku Luca da Andrea della Robbia da Magajinsu (London, 1902), ta nuna bambanci da fifikon ayyukan Andrea della Robbia idan aka kwatanta da na ɗan uwansa Luca .  Aikinta akan wannan littafin ya ƙunshi bincike mai zurfi a cikin tarin littattafai a duk faɗin Turai, kuma ya haifar da sake sanya wasu siffofi da yawa.  Littafin ya sami karbuwa sosai, kodayake masanin tarihin fasaha mai adawa da Morrelli Wilhelm von Bode ya yi suka sosai.  Littattafan ta guda biyu na gaba kan Verrocchio (1904) da Pollaiuolo (1907) (wanda Bode ya rubuta wani sharhi mai tsanani) wani mawallafi ne (Arthur Strong) wanda ya yi jayayya da Berenson, amma Cruttwell ta yi nasarar tabbatar da cewa kyakkyawar dangantakarta da Berensons ta ci gaba. 

Bayan haka, littattafai biyu kan fasaha a Florence ( Jagorar Zane-zane a cikin Gidajen Tarihi na Florentine (1907) da Jagora ga Zane-zane a cikin Coci-coci da Ƙananan Gidajen Tarihi na Florence (1908)), da kuma jagora zuwa Venice, Venice da Taskar ta (1909). A cikin 1907 Cruttwell ta rubuta wa Berensons cewa tana rubuta littafinta na ƙarshe kan fasaha, akan Donatello (wanda aka buga a ƙarshe a 1911), yayin da take da niyyar ƙaura zuwa Paris da kuma neman "aikin jarida na zamani".

 Rayuwa, almara da tarihin rayuwa 
Cruttwell tana da alaƙa da wasu fitattun mutane na mata da 'yan madigo na zamaninta; ban da Paget da Mary Berenson, ta kasance mai wasiƙa akai-akai ga Ottoline Morell, Gertrude Stein da Alice B. Toklas . Tun daga shekarar 1907 zuwa gaba da alama ta fito. A shekarar 1907 Mary Berenson ta lura a cikin littafin tarihinta cewa Cruttwell "mai hauka ce [daga yanayi] mai ƙin maza da kuma son mata." A shekarar 1908 ta yi tsokaci cewa Cruttwell ta yi ado "da murya mara kyau," kuma a wata ziyara a shekarar 1912 Cruttwell ta bayyana ga kibanta kuma "tana sanye da kayan lalata." A shekarar 1913 Cruttwell ta buga wani labari mai suna Fire and Frost, wanda jarumar ta, wacce ta dogara da marubucin, tana son kyau da fasahar Italiya, ta yanke shawarar ba za ta taɓa yin aure ba, kuma ta yi abota da ma'aurata bisa ga Berensons.  Cruttwell ta ci gaba da zama a Paris amma sauran littattafanta kawai su ne tarihin rayuwar Princesse des Ursins (1927) da Madame de Maintenon (1929).  A wannan lokacin tana rubuta wa Paget (wasikar 3 ga Disamba 1929) na "wannan mummunan halin Berenson, mai kama da ƙarya har ma da fasahar da suke yi kamar suna kula da ita." 

Cruttwell ta mutu a birnin Paris a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1939; labarin mutuwarta a jaridar The Times ya lura cewa littattafanta kan masu fasaha na Italiya, duk da cewa an rubuta "shekaru da yawa da suka wuce har yanzu ana daraja su a matsayin ayyukan yau da kullun."  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan sha'awar Cruttwell ta sake bunƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na karuwar girmamawa ga ayyukan masana fasaha na mata tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa gaba. 

 Manazarta