Elizabeth Eastlake

Elizabeth, Lady Eastlake (17 Nuwamba 1809 - 2 Oktoba 1893), an haife ta Elizabeth Rigby, marubuciya ce ' yar Ingila, mai sukar fasaha kuma masanin tarihin fasaha wacce ta ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga Quarterly Review . An san ta da rubuce-rubucenta da kuma muhimmiyar rawar da take takawa a duniyar fasaha ta London .

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Elizabeth Eastlake a Norwich cikin babban iyalin Edward da Anne Rigby. Mahaifinta, likita kuma masanin gargajiya, da mahaifiyarta sun haɗa ta cikin rayuwarsu ta zamantakewa da tattaunawa da manyan 'yan ƙasa da masana.

Tun tana ƙarama, Eastlake tana son zane kuma ta ci gaba da karatun zane har zuwa shekarunta na ashirin, lokacin da mai zane Edward Daniell ya koya mata zane da zane.  Ta yi karatu a sirri kuma ta koyi Faransanci da Italiyanci, amma bayan rashin lafiya a 1827 ta yi jinya a Jamus da Switzerland . Ta zauna shekaru biyu kuma ta fara buga littattafai tsawon rayuwa tare da fassarar makalar Johann David Passavant kan fasahar Turanci. Tafiya ta biyu zuwa Jamus a 1835 ta haifar da wani labari kan Goethe . Bayan tafiya zuwa Rasha da Estonia don ziyartar wata 'yar'uwa mai aure, wasiƙunta da aka buga da littafin tafiye-tafiyenta A Residence on the Shores of the Baltic (1841) sun haifar da gayyatar yin rubutu don Bitar Kwata-kwata ta edita John Gibson Lockhart .

A shekara ta 1842, mahaifiyarta Anne wadda mijinta ya mutu ta ƙaura tare da 'ya'yanta mata zuwa Edinburgh . A can ne aikin adabi na Eastlake ya haifar da shiga cikin da'irar zamantakewa ta ilimi, ciki har da fitattun mutane kamar Lord Jeffrey, John Murray da David Octavius Hill . Hill, tare da taimakon Robert Adamson, ya ɗauki hotonta a cikin jerin nau'ikan farko kusan 20. 

Duk da rubutaccen littafin tarihin rayuwarta a shekarar 1846 da ke cewa akwai "diyya" da yawa ga mata marasa aure, shekaru uku bayan haka, tana da shekaru 40, ta auri mai zane, masanin tarihin fasaha kuma mai suka Sir Charles Lock Eastlake .  Shi ne Daraktan farko na National Gallery a Landan kuma a shekarar 1853 ya zama shugaban farko na Photographic Society . Ta haɗu da shi a cikin aiki mai himma da zamantakewa, tana nishadantar da masu fasaha kamar Landseer da kuma haɗuwa da mutane da yawa da suka shahara, ciki har da Lord Macaulay, Anna Jameson da Ada Lovelace . Al'adarta ta tafiye-tafiyen nahiyar ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1850 da 1860 yayin da ita da mijinta suka yi rangadin ƙasashen Turai da dama don neman sabbin kayayyaki don gallery. 

 Rubuce-rubuce kan fasaha 
Eastlake ta yi rubutu sosai game da zane-zane. Julie Sheldon a cikin The Letters of Elizabeth Rigby, Lady Eastlake ta tattara cikakken littafin tarihi. 

Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali sune:

Sharhin Vanity Fair da Jane Eyre, a cikin Kwata-kwata Review juzu'i na 84, 1848 – wanda aka san shi da ra'ayinta game da Jane Eyre .  Ta yi jayayya game da ɗabi'ar littafin, tana rubuta cewa 'shaharar Jane Eyre shaida ce ta yadda aka dasa ƙaunar soyayya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin yanayinmu' kuma ta taƙaita da 'Littafi ne mai ban mamaki sosai: ba mu da wani abin tunawa da ya haɗa irin wannan iko na gaske da irin wannan ɗanɗano mai ban tsoro'. 

Kiɗa da Fasahar Tufafi, wani littafi na 1852 wanda ya ƙunshi rubuce-rubuce biyu na baya na Bita na Kwata-kwata kan waɗannan batutuwa

Masu Zane-zane na Zamani, a cikin Bitar Kwata-kwata, vol. 98, 1856 – dogon sharhi mai zurfi kan ka'idar ado ta John Ruskin . Ta yi watsi da "ƙa'idar ƙarya ta asali" cewa "harshen zane yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a matsayin abin da ake amfani da shi na tunani, amma da kansa babu komai".  Ta amsa cewa kowace fasaha (misali zane) dole ne ta yi abin da kawai za ta iya yi kuma cewa "ƙarfin fasaha, ƙarancin tunani mai yawa za a sami hoto wanda zai iya ɗaukewa".  Ruskin ya rikitar da waƙa da zane: yayin da waƙa ke amfani da alamu don bayyana tunani, zane yana nuna abubuwa. 

Daukar Hoto, a cikin Kwata-kwata Review, vol. 101, 1857, yana ɗaya daga cikin sharhin farko kan fasahar daukar hoto.  Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa ta musanta 'ayyukan haske' a cikin kyawawan fasaha.  Ta yi iƙirarin cewa daukar hoto ta hanyar injiniya yana sake samar da bayanai ba tare da hukunci ba, duk da haka ya fi daidai kuma daidai fiye da idanun ɗan adam kuma a nan "wakilin da aka yaba da kuma wanda aka ci zarafinsa da yawa mai suna Daukar Hoto yana ɗaukar matsayinta na halal".  "Ga duk abin da Fasaha ta kasance hanya ce ta zuwa yanzu, amma ba ƙarshenta ba, daukar hoto shine wakilin da aka ware",  wanda zai iya barin fasaha ta zama mai 'yanci ta zama mai fasaha da gaske.

Tarihin Ubangijinmu, 1864, kammala karatunta na ƙarshe guda biyu na jerin littattafan fasaha masu tsarki da na almara ta marigayiya Anna Jameson .

Daga cikin sauran rubuce-rubucenta akwai rubuce-rubuce kan Madame de Stael, Anna Jameson, Makarantar Fasaha ta Mata ta Royal, Kaspar Hauser, Raphael, Michelangelo, Titian, Leonardo da Vinci, da Dürer . Biyar na ƙarshe sun zama jigon littafinta mai suna Five Great Painters (1883). 

Ta taimaka wajen yaɗa tarihin fasahar Jamus a Ingila, a matsayin mai suka da kuma mai fassara ( Waagen da Kugler ). Wani lokaci tana haɗin gwiwa da mijinta Charles Eastlake, kuma ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1865.

A shekarar 1895, ɗan uwanta Charles Eastlake Smith ya gyara wasiƙunta da Wasiƙunta .

 Suna 
A ƙarni na 20, ana tunawa da ita galibi saboda daukar hoto da kuma sharhin da ta yi wa Jane Eyre . Sukar da ta yi wa John Ruskin an danganta ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai riƙon amana ga matarsa da ta rabu da ita, Effie Gray . A cewar masanin tarihi Rosemary Mitchell, duk da haka, aikinta a matsayin masanin tarihin fasaha da marubuciya ya kasance mai mahimmanci kuma na asali. Mitchell ta ɗauki Eastlake a matsayin mai sukar ilimi da fahimta,  kuma Marion Lochhead ta ɗauki Eastlake a matsayin 'majagaba a aikin jarida na mata'. 

Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mata masana tarihin zane-zane na ƙarni na 19 tare da Anna Jameson da Emilia Dilke . 

Mafi mahimmanci, Janice Schroeder ta yi Allah wadai da ɗabi'unta da ke goyon bayan matsayin mata a cikin tsarin aji a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. 

 A cikin al'adun jama'a 
Emma Thompson ce ta fito a matsayin jarumar Eastlake a cikin fim ɗin Effie Gray (2014). Thompson ne ya rubuta rubutun fim ɗin.

 Ayyuka 

 Gidan zama a bakin Tekun Baltic (1841); London, 1844. 
 Sharhin Jane Eyre na Eizabeth Rigby  Archived  
 Kiɗa da Fasahar Tufafi, muƙaloli biyu da aka sake bugawa daga Binciken Kwata-kwata (1852)
 Tatsuniyoyin Livonian: Mai Ra'ayin Kauna, Wolves, The Jewess Daga Marubuciyar Wasiku Daga Baltic New York: Harper & Brothers. 1856. Naɗaɗɗen launin ruwan kasa mai rauni. Lamba ta 85 - Laburaren Littattafai Zaɓaɓɓu
 Daukar hoto 1857
 Zane-zane 60 na Elizabeth Rigby daga Tate Gallery
 Tarihin Ubangijinmu kamar yadda aka misalta a cikin ayyukan fasaha (1890)
 Baltische briefe... (Leipzig, FA Brockhaus, 1846)
 Mujallu da wasiƙun Lady Eastlake (London, J. Murray, 1895)

 Duba kuma 

 Anna Brownell Jameson
 John Gibson

 Manazarta 

 Nassoshi 


 Lady Eastlake and Edinburgh Society in The Scotsman, 4 December 1895
 National Galleries of Scotland
 Scran
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