Lina Eckenstein

Lina Dorina Johanna Eckenstein (23 Satumba 1857 - 4 Mayu 1931) ƙwararriyar masaniyar tarihi ce kuma ƙwararriyar masaniyar tarihi 'yar Burtaniya wacce aka amince da ita a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniyar falsafa kuma ƙwararriya a cikin ƙungiyar mata.

 Rayuwa 
Mahaifin Eckenstein ɗan gurguzu ne daga Bonn wanda ya tsere daga Jamus bayan juyin juya halin da ya gaza na 1848. An haifi Eckenstein a Islington, London, a shekara ta 1857; ɗan tsauni mai zaman kansa Oscar Eckenstein ƙane ne.  Eckenstein tana da harsuna iri-iri waɗanda ake kyautata zaton ta samu a wasu cibiyoyin ilimi a Switzerland ko Jamus. 
Chris Williams, 'Eckenstein, Oscar Johannes Ludwig (1859–1921)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2014 accessed 1 Oct 2015 
Ta lura bayan ta shiga wata ƙungiya da masanin lissafi (kuma a lokacin da masanin ilimin eugenics ) Karl Pearson ya kafa, wanda ya ba wa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na matsakaicin matsayi damar yin magana game da jima'i. Ƙungiyar, wacce ake kira Ƙungiyar Maza da Mata, ta gudanar da aiki a ƙarshen shekarun 1880. An ɗauki Eckenstein a matsayin "sabuwar mace" kuma ta gabatar da bincike da ta yi game da dangantakar jima'i tsakanin Romawa da maza da mata 'yan Switzerland a lokacin Gyaran Mulkin.  Ƙungiyar ta tattauna batutuwan mata da na sassaucin ra'ayi, ciki har da kawo ƙarshen duk wani tsoma baki na doka a cikin karuwanci da kuma ko ya kamata a biya diyya ga uwa.  Karl da Maria Pearson da 'ya'yansu, Sigrid, Helga, da Egon, za su ci gaba da zama abokan Eckenstein har abada.

 Malami 
Ta tallafa wa kanta da kuɗi ta hanyar gudanar da bincike, gyarawa, koyarwa, da fassara. Ta yi aiki mai mahimmanci a kan Albrecht Dürer don abokin Pearson Martin Conway wanda aka yaba mata a shafin taken littafinsa.  Iyalan Eckenstein Jamusawa ne, amma ta kuma san Faransanci da Italiyanci, Jamusanci na Tsakiya, Turanci na Tsakiya, da tarihin Latin da na Tsakiya na gargajiya da na Tsakiya. Wannan nasarar ilimi ta sa ta cancanci zama shugabar gwamnati, amma ta zama shugabar Margery Corbett .  A shekara ta 1896 ta buga Woman Under Monasticism: Chapters on Saint-Lore and Convent Life tsakanin AD 500 da AD 1500,  wanda ta sadaukar wa Karl da Maria Pearson.  Wannan aikin ya haɗa majiyoyi da yawa, wasu da ta fassara, don jayayya cewa da yawa daga cikin burin da mata ke nema a ƙarni na ashirin an cimma su ta wasu hanyoyi ta hanyar mata a cibiyoyin addini shekaru dubu da suka gabata.  Ta bayyana tawayen 'yan matan a Poitiers bayan mutuwar Radegund . Tsawon shekaru biyu 'yan matan sun ƙi amincewa da sabuwar abbess wadda mazan Katolika suka naɗa.  Ana yaba wa aikin Eckenstein wajen dawo da Caritas Pirckheimer daga duhun tarihi. Ana tsammanin wannan aikin shine mafi ilimi a cikin littattafanta duk da haɗa wasu tarihin Jamusawa masu shakku ko tatsuniyoyi.  Marubucin Ingilishi George Gissing a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara ne ya karanta shi a watan Yulin 1896. 

 Matafiyi 
A shekara ta 1902 ta ratsa kwarin Arno ta kuma buga labarin tafiye-tafiyenta. A shekara mai zuwa ta fara wani sabon tserewa, tana aiki tare da masana kayan tarihi Hilda da Flinders Petrie a Masar. Ta ɗauki nauyin gudanarwa na gudanar da sansanin haƙa rami da kuma tabbatar da cewa an tsara abubuwan da aka gano daidai. Ta yi aiki a wuraren haƙa rami a Abydos, Saqqara, Serabit el-Khadim, da El Shatt . A cikin Osireion a Abydos, ta kwafi fasahar da ke bango.  A cikin haikalin Sarki Seti, ta yi alaƙa tsakanin wasu fasahar Masar da waƙar yara.  Ta yi matukar sha'awar alaƙar da ke tsakanin hoton ibada mai shekaru 3,000 da labarin mutuwar Cock Robin har ta buga wani bincike na kwatanta waƙoƙin yara a shekara ta 1906. A shekara ta 1921 ta buga A History of Sinai wanda ya dogara da aikinta da Petries, yana bin diddigin tarihin yankin kafin Masarawa.  Eckenstein ta cancanci buga littattafai a kan Sinai, domin ta yi tafiya a cikinsa da raƙumi tare da Hilda Petrie (kimanin 1905) da kuma jagora ɗaya. Ta buga wasu littattafai da dama waɗanda suka haɗa gaskiya da tunani. Ɗaya daga cikin littattafanta da aka buga a 1924, Tutankh-aten, ya kasance game da yarintar Musa da aka yi tunaninta. 

Daga shekarar 1908 ta ƙara shiga cikin yaƙin neman haƙƙin mata. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan, tana goyon bayan tsohuwar ɗalibarta, kuma a yanzu abokiyarta, Margery Corbett a Geneva a shekarar 1920. Margery ita ce sakatariyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙungiyoyin Kare Hakkin Mata . Dukansu sun halarci babban taron Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Mata ta Duniya, inda Eckenstein ta tabbatar da cewa ana samun shirye-shiryen a harsuna daban-daban na Turai.

Ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1931 sakamakon gajiya da kuma ciwon cystitis mai tsanani a Little Hampden, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. 

 Gado 
Bayan rasuwarta, an sake buga wasu littattafai guda biyu: Sihiri na Kalmomi a shekarar 1932 da kuma The Women of Early Christianity a shekarar 1935. An sadaukar da na farko ga Sigrid, Helga da Egon Pearson, kuma yana jayayya cewa akwai tushen al'adun Indo-Turai. 

 Ayyuka 

 Mace a ƙarƙashin addinin Monasticism: Babi-babi kan Rayuwar Saint-Lore da Convent tsakanin AD 500 da AD 1500, 1896  
 Rayuwa da fasaha ta Albrecht Dürer, 1902
 Ta hanyar Casentino, 1902
 Nazarin Kwatanta a Tsarin Yara, 1906
 Bautar Wata a Sinai akan Abubuwan Tarihi na Masar, 1914 
 Tarihin Sinai, 1921 
 Tutankh-aten, 1924
 Siffar Kalmomi: Nazari a Harshe Dangane da Al'ada, 1932
 Matan Kiristanci na Farko, 1935

 Manazarta