Henry Brose

Henry Herman Leopold Adolph Brose (15 ga Satumba 1890 - 24 ga Fabrairu 1965) masanin kimiyyar Australiya ne kuma mai fassara. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko, an tsare shi a matsayin fursuna a Jamus. Shi ne Australiya na farko da aka ba shi PhD daga Jami'ar Oxford. Brose ya rike kujerar Lancaster-Spencer na Physics a Jami'ar Nottingham daga 1931 zuwa 1935, kuma ya fassara wasu mahimman matani na kimiyyar lissafi daga Jamusanci zuwa Turanci. Fassararsa na mahimman matani na Jamusanci akan ka'idar Einstein na Janar Relativity sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga karɓar ka'idar a duniyar Turanci. A cikin 1935, Brose ya koma Ostiraliya inda ya shiga binciken ciwon daji. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wanda ake zargi da tausayi ga mulkin Nazi, an tsare shi a Australia daga 1940 zuwa 1943, wanda ya kawo karshen aikinsa na ilimi.

 Rayuwa 
An haife shi a Adelaide, Brose ya halarci Kwalejin Prince Alfred kuma ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Adelaide a 1910 tare da B.Sc. a cikin lissafi. Wani memba na kungiyar 'yan wasa ta Jami'ar Adelaide, an ba Brose lambar yabo ta Jami'a Blue don' yan wasa a shekarar 1910. A cikin 1911-12 ya koyar da Faransanci a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, kuma a cikin 1913 an ba shi Kyautar Rhodes Scholarship na Kudancin Australia. Brose ya tafi Christ Church, Oxford don nazarin lissafi.

 Gidan Kurkuku na Ruhleben 
Yayinda yake ziyartar dangi a Hamburg a shekara ta 1914, hukumomin Jamus sun kama shi kuma sun tsare shi a Ruhleben, a wajen Berlin, a matsayin fursunonin farar hula a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko. A lokacin da aka kama shi, Brose ya zama mai sha'awar ka'idar Einstein ta Relativity, ya fahimci muhimmancinsa kuma, yayin da yake Ruhleben, ya fara fassara littattafai biyu game da Janar Relativity wanda ya bayyana kwanan nan: masanin falsafa Moritz Schlick's Space and Time in Contemporary Physics da masanin tauraron dan adam Erwin Freundlich's The foundations of Einstein's Theory of Gravitation.König, Heidi (2006). "General relativity in the English-speaking world: the contributions of Henry L. Brose". Historical Records of Australian Science. 17 (2): 169–195.

Brose ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan ilimi da Ruhleben internes suka shirya. Masana daga fannoni daban-daban sun yi amfani da su don ba da laccoci a sansanin, an shirya su a sararin samaniya. Brose ya ba da lacca game da ƙarfin barbashi, hydrodynamics, da bambancin lissafi.König, Heidi (2006). "General relativity in the English-speaking world: the contributions of Henry L. Brose". Historical Records of Australian Science. 17 (2): 169–195.

A shekara ta 1917, yanayin da ke sansanin ya kara tsananta tsarin mulkinsa. Brose yana fama da matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya. An ba da taimako daga waje: wani ɗan kasuwa na Jamus, wanda ya sani daga Adelaide, ya shirya ganawa da Consul na Hamburg Arnold Gumprecht, a gidansa an ba Brose damar ciyar da shekara ta ƙarshe ta yaƙin, a kan 'saki a kan parole' da kuma koyar da yaran mai ba da shawara a Turanci. A can, lafiyarsa ta warke, kuma ya ba da lokacinsa na hutu ga karatu da fassarori.König, Heidi (2006). "General relativity in the English-speaking world: the contributions of Henry L. Brose". Historical Records of Australian Science. 17 (2): 169–195.

 Oxford 1919-1925 
A cikin bazara 1919, Brose ya koma Oxford. A watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, an ba shi digiri na BA da MA a lokaci guda, bayan dokoki na musamman. Ya ci gaba da yin bincike kan spectrophotometry a Clarendon Laboratory, wanda Frederick Alexander Lindemann ya jagoranta wanda kuma ya amince da kula da aikin digiri na Brose mai taken 'A critical study of the development of the theory of relativity'. A lokacin yakin, lambobin sadarwa tsakanin al'ummomin kimiyya na ƙasashe masu fafutuka sun rushe; a sakamakon haka, ba fiye da 'yan masanan kimiyyar Ingilishi ba har yanzu sun ji game da ka'idar jan hankali ta Einstein. Lindemann ya yi farin ciki da ilimin Brose kuma ya shirya masa ya ba da lacca game da Janar Relativity ga Cibiyar Kimiyya a Clarendon. Da yake karfafawa daga masanin ilimin lissafi John Scott Haldane (wanda ya kasance a cikin masu sauraro), Brose ya ci gaba da buga lacca da taken: Theory of Relativity: An Introductory Sketch bisa ga Rubutun asali na Einstein (Blackwell, Oxford 1919)..

Tun lokacin da ya dawo Ingila, Brose ya yi ƙoƙari ya buga fassarorin Erwin Freundlich da Moritz Schlick. Amma tunanin lokacin yaƙi har yanzu yana da haske, kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin ilimi na ƙasashe masu fafatawa a baya sun kasance da matsala. A yunkurin farko - kuma duk da goyon bayan sanannun masana kimiyya kamar Lindemann, Arthur Stanley Eddington, da masanin tauraron dan adam na Oxford Herbert Hall Turner - Brose bai iya samun mai bugawa da ke son buga rubutun masanin kimiyya na Jamus ba.König, Heidi (2006). "General relativity in the English-speaking world: the contributions of Henry L. Brose". Historical Records of Australian Science. 17 (2): 169–195. Wannan ya canza a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1919, lokacin da aka bayyana sakamakon Gwajin Eddington, yana tabbatar da Ka'idar Einstein ta Janar Relativity.

 General Relativity a cikin duniyar Turanci: Fassarar Brose 
A lokacin yakin, masanin taurari na Cambridge Arthur Stanley Eddington ya koyi game da sabon ka'idar Einstein ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar Dutch Willem de Sitter. Tare da Frank Watson Dyson, ya hau balaguro don sanya daya daga cikin tsinkayinsa - karkatar da haske a cikin filin nauyi - zuwa gwaji, a lokacin hasken rana na Mayu 1919. Shahararren sanarwa ta hukuma ta kasance a taron hadin gwiwa na Astronomical Society da Royal Society a Burlington House a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1919. Brose ya halarci taron a matsayin baƙon Turner, Lindemann na ɗaya daga cikin masu magana. Sanarwar ta haifar da ɗaukar hoto mai zurfi a Ingila da Amurka kuma ta haifar da babbar sha'awar jama'a. A wannan lokacin, ana buƙatar shahararrun littattafai game da sabon ka'idar sosai.

Ba kasa da fassarori shida na Brose a kan Janar Relativity an sanya su a hannun masu karatun Ingilishi tsakanin 1920 da 1924: Freundlich's The foundations of Einstein's Theory of Gravitation ya bayyana a watan Maris na 1920, Moritz Schlick's Space and Time in Contemporary Physics a watan Afrilu na 1920, Alexander Moszkowski's Einstein the searcher: aikinsa ya bayyana daga tattaunawa da Einstein a cikin Hermann Weyl's Space, Time, Matter a 1922, kuma a ƙarshe, a cikin 1924, Erwinlich's Ka's The Theory of Relativity of Einstein' The Chemists Born: Theory of Max

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965