Mary Elizabeth Mohl

Mary Elizabeth Mohl ko Mary Elizabeth Clarke (22 ga Fabrairu 1793 - 15 ga Mayu 1883) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya wacce aka san ta da mai masaukin baki a salon gyaran gashi a Paris. An san ta da laƙabinta na "Clarkey". An yaba mata saboda 'yancin kanta da tattaunawarta. Daga ƙarshe ta auri Julius von Mohl, masanin tattalin arziki . Ta kasance mai son Faransa, mai ra'ayin mata, kuma abokiyar Florence Nightingale . Ta rubuta game da sha'awarta ga tarihin haƙƙin mata .

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Mary Elizabeth Clarke a Westminster a shekara ta 1793.  Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, Charles Clarke, Mary, tana da shekaru 8, mahaifiyarta, Elizabeth, da kakarta sun ƙaura zuwa Faransa a shekara ta 1801.Duk masu kula da ita mata ne masu ƙarfi da son kai. Kakarta 'yar Scotland ta yi mu'amala da masu tunani kamar David Hume da Adam Smith a Edinburgh kuma kafin juyin juya halin Faransa ta zauna a Dunkirk . Mahaifiyar Mary Elizabeth mai tunani mai 'yancin ci gaba ce. Ba a rasa dangantaka da Ingila ba; a shekarar 1808, 'yar'uwar Mary, Eleanor, ta auri John Frewen-Turner, ɗan majalisar dokoki. Mary ta kan ziyarci gidansu a Cold Overton da ke Leicestershire akai-akai.  Daga ƙarshe, fara'ar Mary ta zama abin sha'awa a ko'ina, kuma sakamakon haka ta sami wasu fitattun masu neman aure da kuma muhimman abokan hulɗa a Faransa da Ingila. 

Mary ta kasance mai kyakkyawar mu'amala da Madame Récamier, wacce ita ce mai gidan hayarsu a Abbaye-aux-Bois,  kuma jagora a cikin ƙungiyar masana fasaha ta Faransa. Bayan dawo da masarautar Bourbon a shekarar 1815 ,Mary Clarke ta san Juliette Recamier ... Ta hanyarta, ta haɗu da manyan marubutan adabi kamar Stendhal, Hugo, Prosper Merimee da Chateaubriand . Chateaubriand - marubucin Memoirs from Beyond the Grave - a yanzu dattijo ne mai fushi, amma ya yi farin ciki lokacin da aka nishadantar da shi da "la jeune anglaise". Schofield, Hugh (18 March 2017). "The most fashionable Englishwoman in Paris". BBC News Magazine. BBC. Retrieved 20 March 2017.A watan Yunin 1822, Mary da mahaifiyarta suka ziyarci Ingila da Scotland. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi mata aure, Claude Charles Fauriel, wanda ya zama abokinta na aminci, ya bayyana sha'awarsa lokacin da ya rubuta wa Mary game da Auguste Sirey, wanda aka yi magana a kai a matsayin amaryar Mary. Ya damu da yadda aka yi shawarar cewa Sirey za ta tafi Ingila tare da su.  A lokacin dangantakarta da Claude Fauriel, ta saba da dangin shahararren marubuci kuma mawaƙi ɗan Italiya Alessandro Manzoni 
A shekara ta 1838 ta yi ƙaura ta ƙarshe lokacin da ta yi hayar ɗakuna a saman marubuci kuma masanin tarihi François-René de Chateaubriand . Waɗannan gidaje ne na hawa na uku a 120 Rue du Bac a gundumar Saint-Germain. A can, "ta bayar da gida daga gida" ga William Thackeray, Brownings, da Trollopes, "da kuma ga manyan mutane, diflomasiyya da 'yan siyasa da yawa." Schofield, Hugh (18 March 2017). "The most fashionable Englishwoman in Paris". BBC News Magazine. BBC. Retrieved 20 March 2017. Tsawon kusan shekaru arba'in, gidan Clarke da daga baya Mohl ya kasance cibiyar ilimi a Paris. 

A wannan lokacin an gabatar da ita ga dangin William Nightingale, ciki har da 'yarsa Florence Nightingale . Florence Nightingale ta rubuta cewa "Clarkey" mai masaukin baki ce mai ban sha'awa wadda ba ta damu da kamanninta ba, kuma kodayake ra'ayoyinta ba koyaushe suke jituwa da baƙinta ba, "ba ta iya gundura kowa ba." An ce halayenta abin tayar da hankali ne kuma abin ban mamaki, kuma ta bayyana a fili cewa ba ta girmama matan Birtaniya waɗanda take ɗauka a matsayin marasa muhimmanci. Ta ce idan aka ba ta zaɓi tsakanin zama mace ko baiwar kwale-kwale to za ta zaɓi 'yancin kwale-kwalen.  Gabaɗaya tana guje wa mata kuma tana yin lokacinta tare da masana maza kamar Fauriel da Mohl.

Duk da haka Clarkey ta yi keɓancewa, ciki har da George Eliot, Lady Augusta Stanley, Elizabeth Gaskell  da kuma Florence Nightingale musamman. Ita da Florence za su ci gaba da kasancewa abokai na kud da kud na tsawon shekaru 40 duk da bambancin shekarunsu na shekaru 27. Mohl ta nuna cewa mata za su iya zama daidai da maza, ra'ayin da Florence ba ta samu daga mahaifiyarta ba. 

A shekara ta 1847, tana da shekaru kusan 54, ta auri masanin ilimin gabas Julius von Mohl wanda shi ne ɗan firayim minista ga sarkin Württemberg .  An ce wani ya yi tari lokacin da ta ba da shekarunta a lokacin auren kuma an rubuta cewa yana da shekaru 39.  Angon yana da shekaru kusan 47.

Henry James ya bayyana yaddaMadam Mohl ta kan sauka daga wani wuri mai cike da mutane, sau da yawa a cikin wani kududdufi mai laka, a ƙofar gidanmu, tana faranta mana rai da asalinta da kuma sabonta. Ina iya ganinta yanzu, ta iso, ƙafafunta a kan shingen gaban wuta, gashinta yana tashi, da kuma rashin tsaftar jikinta gabaɗaya wanda aka yi masa alama da kyau. Schofield, Hugh (18 March 2017). "The most fashionable Englishwoman in Paris". BBC News Magazine. BBC. Retrieved 20 March 2017.A shekara ta 1854, Florence Nightingale ta tafi tare da ƙungiyar mata don taimakawa wajen kula da mutanen da suka ji rauni daga Yaƙin Crimea a Scutari. Mary da mijinta sun taimaka wa karatun Nightingale kuma sun sake taimaka wa Nightingale lokacin da ta yi tafiya ta Paris a kan hanyarta ta zuwa Crimea. Mary tana da wasu alaƙar adabi daban-daban. Elizabeth Gaskell ce ta rubuta wani ɓangare na Mata da 'Ya'ya Mata yayin da take zaune tare da Mohl. Mohl da kanta ta rubuta Madame Récamier, tare da Sketch of the History of Society in France, wanda aka buga a Landan a 1862. Wannan littafin ya samo asali ne daga iliminta game da Récamier, amma kuma ya bayyana sha'awarta ga mata da tarihin haƙƙinsu. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare mata da karatu a tsawon rayuwa.

A tsakanin shekarun 1870–71, Mohl ta yanke shawarar guje wa yaƙin Faransa da Prussia, kuma ta yi hunturu tare da abokai a Landan. Bayan ta yi ritaya daga aikin mai masaukin baki, Mohl ta mutu a Paris a shekarar 1883. An binne ta tare da mijinta a Paris a makabartar Pere Lachaise.  Schofield, Hugh (18 March 2017). "The most fashionable Englishwoman in Paris". BBC News Magazine. BBC. Retrieved 20 March 2017.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haifaffun 1793
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba