Nicolas Restif na Breton

Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne, an haife shi Nicolas-Edme Rétif ko Nicolas-Edmes Restif (frfr [ʁetif]; 23 ga Oktoba 1734 - 3 ga Fabrairu 1806), wanda aka fi sani da Rétif, marubuci litattafan Faransa ne. frKalmar retifism don takalma fetishism an sanya masa suna (wani littafi na farko, mai taken Fanchette's Foot, ya bi kyakkyawar jarumi da kyakkyawar ƙafarta, wanda, tare da kyakkyawar fuskarta, ya sa ta da takalminta cikin matsala mai yawa). An kuma san shi da kirkirar kalmar "mai zane-zane" a cikin littafin mai suna, The Pornographer .Mai ɗaukar batsa.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
An haife shi ɗan manomi a Yonne" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sacy, Yonne">Sacy (a Yonne ta yanzu), Rétif ya sami ilimi daga Jansenists a Bicêtre, kuma a kan korar Jansenists ɗayan 'yan uwansa ne ya karɓa, wanda ya kasance curé. Saboda wani abin kunya da ya shiga, an koya masa aiki ga mai buga littattafai a Auxerre, kuma, bayan ya yi amfani da lokacinsa, ya tafi Paris. A nan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai buga takardu, kuma a cikin 1760 ya auri Anne ko Agnès Lebègue, dangin tsohon maigidansa a Auxerre. Ba da daɗewa ba ya rungumi Furotesta.

Ba har sai shekaru biyar ko shida bayan aurensa ba ne Rétif ya bayyana a matsayin marubuci, kuma daga wannan lokacin zuwa mutuwarsa ya samar da littattafai masu yawa, wanda ya kai wani abu kamar ɗari biyu, da yawa daga cikinsu an buga su da hannunsa, a kusan kowane batun da za a iya tunaninsa. Rétif ya sha wahala a wani lokaci ko wani matsanancin talauci. Ya yi amfani da abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa don littattafansa, waɗanda, "duk da ra'ayinsu, suna dauke da hotuna masu gaskiya na al'ummar Faransa a gaban Juyin Juya Halin". An bayyana shi a matsayin mai son zamantakewar al'umma da kuma mai son jima'i a cikin rubuce-rubucensa.

Abubuwan asali na waɗannan, kuma hakika na dukkan littattafansa, sun kasance abubuwan ban sha'awa na wallafe-wallafen saboda ƙarancin su, kyawawan zane-zane masu ban sha'a waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu ke ƙunshe da su, da kuma tsarin rubutun da aka tsara mafi yawansu.

Rashin aikin a lokacin juyin juya halin ya tilasta masa yin rayuwa ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce, yana cin gajiyar sabon 'yancin' yan jarida. A shekara ta 1795 ya sami kyauta na 2000 francs daga Yarjejeniyar Thermidor .Duk da sanarwar da ya yi game da sabon iko, sanannunsa na aristocratic da sunansa sun sa ya fada cikin kunya. Kafin mutuwarsa, Napoleon ya ba shi matsayi a ma'aikatar 'yan sanda; ya mutu a Paris kafin ya hau matsayin.

 Bincike 
A cewar 1911 Britannica,

Shi da Marquis de Sade sun ci gaba da ƙiyayya da juna, yayin da Benjamin Constant da Friedrich von Schiller suka yaba da shi kuma ya bayyana a teburin Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière, wanda ya sadu da shi a shekara ta 1782.Jean François de La Harpe ya ba shi lakabi "Voltaire na ma'aikatan gida".Surrealists sun sake gano shi a farkon karni na 20.

Har ila yau, an san shi da goyon bayan Kwaminisanci, hakika kalmar ta fara bayyana a zamani (1785) a cikin littafinsa na Joseph-Alexandre-Victor Hupay de Fuveau wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "kwaminisanci" tare da aikinsa na Al'ummar Falsafa.

Marubucin Mario Vargas Llosa yana da babi game da Rétif a cikin littafinsa The Notebooks of Don Rigoberto .

Mawallafin Faransanci Catherine Rihoit ya sanya Restif de la Bretonne babban hali a cikin littafinta na 1982 La Nuit de Varenne . An sanya shi fim a cikin wannan shekarar, samar da Faransanci da Italiyanci da ake kira La Nuit de Varennes (sunan Faransanci, a Turanci, Wannan Dare na Varennes) ko Il mondo nuovo (sunan Italiyanci, a Turanci), Sabon Duniya). Jean-Louis Barrault ya buga Restif . Fim din kuma yana da Marcello Mastroianni a matsayin Casanova da Harvey Keitel a matsayin Thomas Paine .

A cikin bincikensa game da waka mai suna "Ode to Buggers," David M. Halperin ya ba da shawarar cewa rubuce-rubucen Rétif na iya samo asali ne daga rikice-rikice na ciki da ke kewaye da jima'i. Akwai muhawara mai yawa game da gaskiyar wannan ƙarshe.

Rétif ya kasance "mai zane-zane" a cikin ma'anar zamani na kalmar, kasancewar marubucin zane-zane na jima'i. Koyaya, shi ma "mai zane-zane" ne a cikin ma'anar kalmar Girkanci ta Dā, yayin da ya rubuta game da rayuwar yau da kullun na karuwanci, kuma ya damu da jin daɗin su. Ma'anar ta ƙarshe ce da ya yarda da ita a matsayin amfani da kalmar daidai.

 Ayyuka 
Mafi mahimmancin ayyukansa sune:

 Le Pied de Fanchette, wani labari (1769), labarin wata kyakkyawar yarinya maraya ta Faransa wacce 'yan takalma ke bin ta.
 Le Pornographe (1769), wani shiri na tsara karuwanci wanda aka ce Sarkin sarakuna Joseph II ne ya aiwatar da shi, yayin da ba a yarda da wasu alamomi ba daga kasashen nahiyar.
 Le Paysan perverti (1775), wani labari mai ban sha'awa tare da manufar ɗabi'a, wanda ya zama babban abin bugawa, wanda ya sa ya bi shi da "La Paysanne Pervertie" (1784). 
 Rayuwar mahaifina (1779) 
 La Découverte Australe par un Homme-Volant (1781),  wani aiki ne na fiction-science wanda aka sani da abubuwan da ya kirkira na annabci.
 Les Contemporaines (42 vols., 1780-1785), babban tarin gajerun labaru
 Ingenue Saxancour, kuma wani labari (1785) 
 Les Nuits de Paris (farawa 1786: rahoto ciki har da Satumba Massacres na 1792) 
 Anti-Justine (1793), amsar da aka yi wa Marquis de Sade na baya.
 Tarihin kansa na musamman na Monsieur Nicolas (16 vols., 1794-1797), wanda a lokacin da yake da shekaru sittin ya saita tunaninsa, ra'ayoyinsa game da ka'idoji da zamantakewa, ƙiyayya, kuma sama da duka ƙaunarta da yawa, na gaske da na sha'awa. A ciki, Rétif ya ba da labarin farkon farkawarsa ta jima'i tsakanin 1738 da 1744, lokacin da ya tuna da fuskantar mafi kyawun motsawar jima'i a farkon yaro (duba rubutu don cikakkun bayanai). Koyaya, kundin biyu na ƙarshe kusan aiki ne daban kuma ba shi da ban sha'awa a ra'ayin marubutan Encyclopædia Britannica na 1911.
 Les Posthumes (1802) misali ne na wasan kwaikwayo na sararin samaniya na farko da kuma motsa jiki a cikin ilimin harshe.

 Ayyuka a cikin fassarar Turanci 









 Dubi kuma 

 Al'umma ta Abokan Gaskiya
 Victor na Hupay
 Shirin al'umma na falsafa

 Bayani 

 Manazarta 


 [[Philippe Barr, Rétif de la Bretonne Spectateur nocturne: une esthétique de la pauvreté,]] Rodopi, "Faux-Titre", 2012, 
 "Bibliographie et Iconographie de tous les ouvrages de Restif de la Bretonne"
 Monsieur Nicolas: Or, The Human Heart Laid Bare, translated, edited and abridged by Robert Baldick (1966) (Autobiography)
 A. Porter: Restif's Novels: Or, An Autobiography in Search of an Author (1967)
 Mark Poster: The Utopian Thought of Restif de la Bretonne (1971)

 Haɗin waje 

 Works by Restif de La BretonneaShirin Gutenberg
 Works by or about Nicolas Restif de la Bretonnea cikinTarihin Intanet
 Shiga cikin Encyclopedia na Fiction Science
 Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na "Société Rétif de La Bretonne" tare da tarihin rayuwa, littattafai, labarai, labarai, da dai sauransu da biyan kuɗi a jaridar.
 (a cikin Faransanci) Terre de ecrivainsƘasar marubuta
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba