Wu Cheng'en

Wu Cheng'en marubucin ƙasar Sin ne, mawaki, kuma ɗan siyasa a lokacin daular Ming . Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukansa a matsayin marubucin Tafiya zuwa Yamma, ɗaya daga cikin Litattafan Litattafan Sinawa na gargajiya .

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi Wu a Lianhui na lardin Jiangsu, daga baya kuma ya koma Huai'an . Shi Changyu (1999). "Introduction." in trans. W.J.F. Jenner, Journey to the West, volume 1. Seventh Edition. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. pp. 1–22.   Mahaifin Wu, Wu Rui, ya yi karatun firamare mai kyau kuma "ya nuna gwanintar karatu",  amma a ƙarshe ya yi rayuwarsa a matsayin mai sana'a saboda matsalolin kuɗi na iyalinsa. Duk da haka, Wu Rui ya ci gaba da "ba da himma ga ayyukan adabi", kuma tun yana yaro, Wu ya samu sha'awar wallafe-wallafe iri ɗaya - ciki har da wallafe-wallafen gargajiya, da shahararrun labaru, da tatsuniyoyi.  

Ya sha jarrabawar masarautar sau da yawa a kokarinsa na zama mandarin, ko jami'in sarki, amma bai samu nasara ba, kuma bai samu shiga jami'ar da ke Nanjing ba har sai da ya kai shekaru da yawa; Bayan haka ya zama jami'i kuma ya yi rubuce-rubuce a duka Beijing [1] da gundumar Changxing, [2] amma bai ji daɗin aikinsa ba, kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi murabus, wataƙila ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa yana rubuta labarai da waƙoƙi a garinsu. [2] A wannan lokacin ya zama ƙwararren marubuci, wanda ya samar da wakoki da karance-karance, kuma ya zama abokantaka da fitattun marubuta na wannan zamani. Duk da haka, Wu ya kasance matalauci a tsawon rayuwarsa kuma bai haifi 'ya'ya ba. [3] Bai gamsu da yanayin siyasa na lokacin da kuma lalacewar duniya ba, ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa a matsayin magada . [2]

 Aikin adabi 

 Tafiya zuwa Yamma 
Wataƙila Wu ya rubuta Tafiya zuwa Yamma shine babban abin da ya yi na shahara. An buga littafin ba tare da sunansa ba a cikin 1592, kuma Wu bai yi nuni ga aikin ba a cikin wasu rubuce-rubucensa.  Ana tsammanin Wu ya buga aikin ne ba tare da sunansa ba, kamar yadda aka saba a wancan lokacin, saboda rashin mutuncin almara a matsayin adabi na banza. An sami wani yanayi a da'irar adabin kasar Sin don yin koyi da adabin gargajiya na daular Qin, da Han, da Tang, da aka rubuta cikin Sinanci na gargajiya .  Duk da haka, a ƙarshen rayuwa, Wu ya yi adawa da wannan yanayin ta hanyar rubuta littafin, Tafiya zuwa Yamma, a cikin harshen harshe. Sama da karni uku galibin kasar Sin ba su san marubucin ba, ko da yake mutanen garinsa sun dangana masa littafin tun da wuri. 

Duk da haka, a farkon ƙarni na 20, Hu Shih da ɗalibansa sun gudanar da bincike da bincike na rubutu kan bayanan daular Qing tare da ba da shawarar Wu a matsayin marubuci. Shi Changyu (1999). "Introduction." in trans. W.J.F. Jenner, Journey to the West, volume 1. Seventh Edition. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. pp. 1–22. A cikin Gabatarwar da Arthur Waley ya yi, biri, Dokta Hu, jakadan Amurka a lokacin, ya ba da rahoton cewa, wata jarida ta 1625, wani nau'i ne na tarihin gida, daga garin Wu ya ce Wu a matsayin marubuci.  天启《淮安府志》，明淮安知府宋祖舜修，东河船政同知方尚祖等纂，初刻于天启六年（1606）。全书24卷首1卷

卷16人物2《近代文苑》吴承恩性敏而多慧，博极群书，为诗文下笔立成，清雅流丽，有秦少游之风。复善谐剧，所著杂记几种，名震一时。数奇，竟以明经授县贰，未久，耻折腰，遂拂袖而归。放浪诗酒，卒。有文集存于家。丘少司徒汇而刻之。

卷19《艺文志一·淮贤文目》吴承恩：《射阳集》四册，□卷；《春秋列传序》《西游记》。 The Dictionary of Ming Biography yayi sharhi cewa "don haka har yanzu ana tambayar ko wanene marubucin littafin," kuma Wu "ta yiwu da ba a manta da shi ba da ba don wannan kuskuren rubutun ba." [6]

Masanin ilimin adabi na jami'ar Brown ta kasar Sin David Lattimore ya ce: "Aikin da jakadan ya yi bai dace ba. Abin da mawallafin ya ce shi ne Wu ya rubuta wani abu mai suna The Journey to the West. Bai ambaci komai ba game da wani littafi. labarinmu, ko wani abu gaba ɗaya."  Mai fassara WJF Jenner ya yi nuni da cewa, ko da yake Wu yana da masaniya game da tsarin mulki da siyasa na kasar Sin, littafin da kansa ba ya hada da wani bayani na siyasa wanda "mai karantawa na gari ba zai iya sani ba." Jenner, W.J.F. (1984). "Translator's Afterword." in trans. W.J.F. Jenner, Journey to the West, volume 4. Seventh Edition. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ba a san nawa aka ƙirƙira littafin ba, da nawa aka haɗa da kuma gyara shi kawai, tunda yawancin tatsuniyoyi da ke bayan Tafiya zuwa Yamma sun riga sun wanzu a cikin tatsuniyoyi. 

Anthony C. Yu, a cikin gabatarwar cikakken fassararsa, ya bayyana cewa ainihin marubucin, kamar yadda yake da sauran manyan ayyukan almara na kasar Sin, "ba a fayyace ba" amma cewa Wu ya kasance "mafi yawan yiwuwar" marubucin. Anthony C. Yu, translated and edited, The Journey to the West Volume I (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), p. 16, 21.

 Sauran ayyuka 
Baya ga Tafiya zuwa Yamma, Wu ya rubuta kasidu da labaru masu yawa (ciki har da littafin tarihi mai suna A Record of the Tripods of Emperor Yu禹鼎记, wanda ya hada da gabatarwar Wu), ko da yake yawancin sun yi hasara. Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa sun tsira saboda bayan mutuwarsa, wani danginsa ya tattara rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da yawa kamar yadda ya iya samu ya tattara su zuwa littattafai huɗu, mai suna Remaining Manuscripts of Mr. Sheyang射阳先生存稿. Shi Changyu (1999). "Introduction." in trans. W.J.F. Jenner, Journey to the West, volume 1. Seventh Edition. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. pp. 1–22. Wasu daga cikin waƙarsa sun haɗa a cikin tarihin zamani kamar A Digest of Ming Poetry da Record of Ming Poetry . 

Dukkanin waƙoƙinsa da rubutun sa an bayyana su a matsayin "mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" kuma suna sukar cin hanci da rashawa na al'umma, kuma a cikin ɗayan waƙoƙin da ya tsira Wu ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai "ruhu mai ƙalubalantar".Shi Changyu (1999). "Introduction." in trans. W.J.F. Jenner, Journey to the West, volume 1. Seventh Edition. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. pp. 1–22. Waƙoƙin Wu sun mayar da hankali kan nuna motsin rai, kuma saboda wannan dalili an kwatanta aikinsa da na Li Bai,  kodayake har ma waƙoƙin da ya buga tare da sunansa har yanzu ba a tsara su a kan salon gargajiya ba (ko da yake ba su da "marasa kyau" kamar Tafiya zuwa Yamma). [1] Baya ga yin amfani da rubuce-rubucensa don sukar al'umma, Wu ya kuma yi alfahari da yanayin duniya na aikinsa, sabanin rubuce-buce masu ban sha'awa na wasu na zamani; a cikin gabatarwar A Record of the Tripods of Emperor Yu ya rubuta, "Littafina ba kawai ya ma'amala da allahntaka ba; yana ma da raunin mutane. "

 Bayanan kula 

 Manazarta 

 Zhou, Xianshen, "Wu Cheng'en". Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.


 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Works by Wu Cheng'en at Project Gutenberg
 Works by or about Wu Cheng'en at the Internet Archive