Louis Massignon

Louis Massignon (25 ga Yuli 1883 - 31 ga Oktoba 1962) ƙwararren malamin addinin Katolika ne na Faransa kuma ƙwararren masanin addinin Katolika ne kuma ya kafa fahimtar juna tsakanin Katolika da Musulmi .  Ya kasance mutum mai tasiri a ƙarni na ashirin dangane da dangantakar Cocin Katolika da Musulunci kuma ya taka rawa wajen karɓar Musulunci a matsayin addinin Ibrahim a tsakanin Katolika.

Duk da cewa shi ma ɗan Katolika ne, ya yi ƙoƙarin fahimtar Musulunci daga ciki, don haka ya yi tasiri sosai kan yadda ake ganin Musulunci a Yamma; a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya share fagen buɗe hanyar tattaunawa a cikin Cocin Katolika game da Musulunci. Wasu malamai sun dage cewa bincikensa, girmama Musulunci da Musulmai, da kuma haɓaka manyan ɗalibai a cikin karatun Musulunci sun shirya hanya don kyakkyawan hangen nesa na Musulunci da aka bayyana a cikin Lumen gentium da Nostra a Majalisar Vatican ta Biyu . [1]

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Louis Massignon a Nogent-sur-Marne kusa da Paris, Faransa. Mahaifinsa, Fernand Massignon (1855–1922), mai zane kuma mai sassaka a ƙarƙashin sunan Pierre Roche, abokin marubuci ne na Joris-Karl Huysmans . [1] Yayin da mahaifinsa mai shakka ne, mahaifiyarsa, Marie Hovyn Massignon, tana da zurfin addu'a kuma ita ce farkon tasirin addini a gare shi. [1] Musuluntar Huysmans da kanta zuwa Katolika ta Roman ita ce ɗaya daga cikin manyan wahayi na farko na matashin Louis a cikin wata dangantaka ta abokantaka wacce ta kasance daga 1901 har zuwa mutuwar Huysmans a 1907.

 Nazarin 
Louis Massignon ya fara karatunsa a Lycée Louis-le-Grand da ke Paris (1896) inda ya yi abota da abokin karatunsa Henri Maspero, wanda daga baya ya zama sanannen masanin ilmin sinadari . Bayan kammala  (1901) ya fara tafiya zuwa Aljeriya inda iyalinsa ke da alaƙa, da kuma alaƙa da manyan jami'an mulkin mallaka: Henry de Vialar, Henry de Castries, da Alfred Le Chatelier, wanda ya kafa Shugaban Ilimin zamantakewa na Musulmi a Kwalejin Faransa da ke Paris.

A cikin 1902, ya ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya kammala  a kan wani rubutu kan Honoré d'Urfé da kuma fara rubutu kan na farko daga cikin batutuwa da dama na Larabawa: kamfanonin Fez a ƙarni na 15. Da yake binciko tushen karatunsa a Morocco a shekarar 1904, ya yi alƙawarin sadaukar da kansa ga karatun Larabci bayan wani rikici mai haɗari a cikin hamada. A shekarar 1906, ya sami  bisa ga ƙarfin karatunsa. 

 Juyawa zuwa Kiristanci 
A shekarar 1907, an tura shi aikin binciken kayan tarihi zuwa Mesopotamiya . A Baghdad, ya kasance baƙon babban dangin Musulmi na Alusi, waɗanda suka gabatar da shi ga nau'in karimcin Larabawa  da zai girmama a tsawon rayuwarsa. Alusi ne ya cece shi daga wani yanayi mai haɗari a cikin hamada lokacin da a shekarar 1908 - a lokacin juyin juya halin Turk na matasa - aka kama shi a matsayin "ɗan leƙen asiri" kuma kusan an kashe shi. (Alusi ya kuma taimaka masa wajen tattara tushen babban aikinsa na al-Hallaj na sihiri na ƙarni na 10.)

Wannan yanayin zaman fursuna, da kuma gogewar ruhaniya ta Musulmi, sun kuma kawo masa karbuwa zuwa Kiristanci: A cikin hatsarin mutuwa, wanda ya cika shi da matsanancin baƙin ciki na jiki, da farko ya ji nadama game da rayuwarsa ta baya, ya yi yunƙurin kashe kansa da aka yi niyya, ya faɗa cikin hayyaci da yanayi mai girma na tashin hankali (daga baya an gano shi a matsayin malaria, ko bugun jini da rana da gajiya suka haifar ), kuma a ƙarshe ya fuskanci kasancewar Allah a matsayin "ziyarar Baƙo", wanda ya mamaye shi, ya bar shi ba tare da taimako ba, yana jin an yi masa hukunci mai tsanani saboda ya yi wa wasu hukunci mai tsanani, kuma kusan ya sa ya rasa fahimtar kansa. Duk da haka, ya kuma fuskanci wannan ziyara a matsayin 'yanci daga zaman fursunansa (na waje), da kuma alƙawarin cewa zai koma Paris.  Shi da kansa ya fassara yanayin hayyacin a matsayin "martani na kwakwalwarsa ga tilasta masa tuba". 

Ya warke da sauri daga rashin lafiyarsa, ya sake samun wata kwarewa ta ruhaniya ta biyu kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Beirut tare da firist ɗin Iraqi Anastase-Marie al-Karmali (Anastasius-Maria the Carmelite ), wanda Massignon ya zama abokai da shi. A Beirut, Massignon ya yi ikirari ga Father Anastase-Marie, don haka ya tabbatar da musuluntarsa zuwa Katolika. Daga ƙarshe firist ɗin ya raka Massignon har zuwa Brittany kuma ya haɗu da iyayensa kafin ya koma Baghdad. Louis da Father Anastase-Marie za su ci gaba da rubuta wasiƙu har zuwa 1936. 

Massignon ya ji da gaske cewa ya sami taimako a lokacin haɗuwarsa da Allah da kuma cikin tubarsa ta hanyar taimakon abokai masu rai da matattu, daga cikinsu akwai Joris-Karl Huysmans  da Charles de Foucauld (1858–1916), waɗanda shi ma ya fuskanci Allah a cikin mahallin Musulmi. Don haka, tubarsa ta samar da tushe mai ƙarfi na dangantakarsa da na ƙarshe tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya sanya Massignon ya zama mai aiwatar da gadonsa na ruhaniya:  —Dokar kafa Ƙananan ' Yan'uwan Yesu, wanda Louis Massignon ya tabbatar da cewa an buga ta a shekarar 1928 bayan dogon shakku daga hukumomin Cocin game da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku .

Duk da haka, Massignon bai bi gayyatar Foucauld na ya zo ya same shi a rayuwarsa a matsayin bawan Allah a tsakanin 'yan Abzinawa a Tamanrasset ba. Madadin haka, a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1914, ya auri wani ɗan'uwa, Marcelle Dansaert-Testelin. 'Yarsa ƙwararriyar masaniyar harshe ce kuma mai nazarin al'adu, Geneviève Massignon .

 Ayyuka a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya 
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ya kasance jami'in fassara na  (Rundunar Leken Asiri ta Faransa ) a hedikwatar Sashen Mulkin Mallaka na 17 na Faransa, inda aka tura shi aikin Sykes-Picot (1917) a matsayin kyaftin na wucin gadi yana aiki bisa ga kwarewarsa a matsayin Larabawa da kuma Musulmi, bayan wani wa'adi da ya yi a matsayin Laftanar na biyu na sojojin ƙasa a sansanin Macedonian (1916), inda aka ambaci sunansa sau biyu a cikin jerin sunayen sojoji kuma aka ba shi lambar yabo saboda jarumtaka.

A cikin wannan aikin, ya saba da T. E. Lawrence a watan Agusta na 1917 a Alkahira, kuma a bayyane yake cewa akwai shirin haɗa Massignon da ƙungiyar Larabawa, rundunar Larabawa da ta haɗu da ƙungiyar Sharif Husain kuma Birtaniya da Faransa suka horar da su.  Ya yi hira da Lawrence sau da yawa da wasu a cikin littafin Handbook for Arabia, wanda ya zama misali ga nasa Annuaire du Monde Musliman . Dukansu sun yi irin wannan yanayin girmamawa da cin amana bayan rugujewar dangantakar Larabawa da Anglo-Faransa bayan bayyana sanarwar Balfour ta 1917. Massignon ba ya cikin abokan da ke cikin wasiƙun Lawrence da aka buga, wanda hakan ba yana nufin cewa Lawrence bai ɗauki sha'awar ilimi ba game da gudummawar da Massignon ya bayar ga Larabawa tun da, za a tuna  ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai son Faransanci .

 Aikin ilimi bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya 
A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1919, an naɗa Massignon a matsayin Shugaban Ilimin zamantakewa da zamantakewa na Musulmi a Kwalejin Faransa da ke Paris.  A watan Janairun 1926, an ba Massignon kujerar a watan Janairun 1926, lokacin da wanda ya ƙirƙiri kujera kuma mai ci, Alfred le Chatelier ya yi ritaya. Ya gudanar da bincike kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi Musulunci, kamar rayuwar al-Hallaj, abokin Muhammad Salman Pak da kuma muhimmancin Ibrahim ga addinan Ibrahim guda uku. Tun daga 1911, ya gyara wani mujalla kan duniyar Musulunci, Revue du monde musulman . 

An buga takardar digirinsa na uku mai jigo huɗu kan al-Hallaj, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1914, a shekarar 1922.  Ya ci gaba da aiki a kan rayuwar mai sihiri har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma ya nuna muhimmancin al-Hallaj a matsayin mutum a cikin ruhin Musulunci kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tattaunawa ta ilimi, fasaha, waƙa da tatsuniyoyi.  Mutane da yawa sun soki shi da cewa yana ba da fifiko ga wani mutum mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Musulunci: musamman suka mai kaifi ya bayyana a cikin littafin Edward Said na Orientalism . Haka kuma, yawancin Katolika sun ga babban buɗewarsa ga Musulunci da idanunsu masu shakku .

 Alƙawuran Addini 
A shekarun 1930, Francis na Assisi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwarsa: A shekarar 1931, Massignon ya zama babban malamin cocin Franciscan kuma ya ɗauki sunan "Ibrahim" (saboda karimcin da Ibrahim ya yi wa mala'iku).  A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1934, shi da Mary Kahil, abokiyarsa tun yana ƙarami, sun yi addu'a a cocin Franciscan da aka yi watsi da shi na Damietta, Masar, inda Francis na Assisi ya haɗu da Sultan al-Malik al-Kamil a shekarar 1219.  Sun ɗauki alƙawarin  ('maye gurbin'), suna miƙa rayukansu ga Musulmai, "ba don a tuba ba, amma don nufin Allah ya cika a cikinsu da kuma ta wurinsu". Wannan alƙawarin ya haifar da kafa ƙungiyar addu'o'in Badaliya a shekarar 1947, da farko a Alkahira sannan a Paris. Musamman bayan harin 9/11, an kuma kafa ƙungiyoyin addu'o'in Badaliya a Boston da Washington DC . 

Tare da ƙarfafawa daga Mary Kahil da kuma izinin Paparoma Pius XII, ya zama ɗan Katolika na Girka na Melkite a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1949, wanda ke nufin har yanzu yana cikin Cocin Katolika, amma ba ya da alaƙa da Rite na Romawa . Madadin haka, Cocin Melkite ya ƙunshi Katolika na Larabawa kuma ana bikin ibadar Bizantine da Larabci. Wannan a kaikaice ya ba Masassignon damar kasancewa kusa da Kiristocin Larabawa da Musulmai.

A matsayinsa na ɗan Katolika na Girka, ana iya naɗa shi firist duk da cewa ya yi aure (amma ba saboda wannan dalilin ba ne ya canza shi zuwa Katolika na Girka). Bishop Kamel Medawar ne ya naɗa shi a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1950, tare da izinin Patriarch Maximos na IV, duk da wasu adawa daga Holy See, wanda, duk da haka, ya karɓi naɗin firist ɗinsa. Kasancewarsa firist an yi shi ne don Massignon yana miƙa rayuwarsa a madadin wasu, musamman ga Musulmai.

 Jajircewar siyasa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu 
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki a matsayin malami, hankalinsa ya koma ga ayyukan siyasa don taimaka wa Musulmai da Kiristocin Larabawa. A cikin wannan ya bi tsarin Mahatma Gandhi, wanda ya yi nazari a kansa daga baya a rayuwarsa kuma ya ɗauki shi waliyyi, da kuma ƙa'idodinsa na ayyukan rashin tashin hankali ( ahimsa da satyagraha ). (Shi ma shugaban ƙungiyar Amis de Gandhi ne.) Ya bayyana a fili cewa ba ya fatan samun nasara a duk fannoni na aikinsa, amma, da farko, yana son ya shaida Gaskiya da Adalci, kamar yadda Yesu Kiristi ya yi.

Ya sadaukar da kansa ga waɗannan (a cikin tsari na lokaci):

 ga Larabawa da ke zaune a Falasdinu waɗanda aka kora daga gidajensu sakamakon kafa ƙasar Isra'ila a shekarar 1948; ya yi imani da wanzuwar Yahudawa, Musulmai, da Kiristoci cikin lumana a Falasdinu
 A kan matakin da gwamnatin Faransa ta dauka na sauke Sultan Sidi Muhammad na Morocco a shekarar 1953, wanda wasu shugabannin addinin Musulunci biyu masu kiran kansu, El Glaoui da El Kittani suka dauka; kwamitoci biyu ne suka goyi bayansa a kan hakan, wato Faransa-Islam da kuma sabuwar Faransa-Maghreb da aka kafa, wanda daga baya ya kunshi François Mitterrand, François Mauriac, André Julien.
 Domin afuwa ga fursunonin siyasa a Madagascar, a matsayin shugaban Comité pour l'amnistie aux condamnés politiques d'outre-mer . A karshe kwamitin ya cimma wannan afuwar
 Domin samun mafita cikin lumana ga rikicin mulkin mallaka a Aljeriya wanda ya kai ga Yaƙin 'Yanci na Aljeriya . Saboda haka, ya kafa aikin hajji tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a lokacin yaƙin zuwa cocin Seven Sleepers da ke Vieux-Marché saboda girmamawar da addinan biyu ke yi wa waliyyai. 

Tattaunawa tana da matuƙar muhimmanci a gare shi; ya kuma yi magana da masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Iran Ali Shariati wanda daga baya ya zama mai tasiri sosai a matsayin mai tunani na Musulunci na zamani a Iran. Shariati yana da matuƙar girmamawa ga Massignon kuma ya ƙaunace shi a matsayin malami kuma malami a cikin littafinsa Kavir (littafi) . A watan Agusta na 1957, Massignon ya halarci taron ƙasa da ƙasa na gidan sufi na Toumliline, wani taro tsakanin addinai wanda ya mayar da hankali kan Ilimi a wannan shekarar. A ƙarshen taron sarki Mohammed na Biyar ya gayyaci mahalarta zuwa fadarsa kuma ya ba Massignon Grand Cordon du Ouissam Alaoui, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙungiyar Faransa ta girmamawa ga Morocco). 

 Manazarta 









 Mémorial Louis Massignon, Sous la direction de Youakim Moubarac et des textes arabes de Ibrahim Madkour, Abd al-Rahman Badawi, Taha Hussein, etc., Dar el-Salam, Imprimerie de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Cairo, 1963.  OCLC 20425710
 Morillon, Jean. Massignon. Classiques du XXième Siècle, Editions Universitaires, Paris, 1964.
 Moubarac, Youakim: Bibliographie de Louis Massignon. Réunie et classée par Y. Moubarac, Institut Français de Damas, Damascus, 1956.  OCLC 61507397
 ––. Pentalogie Islamo-chrétienne, Volume 1: L'œuvre de Louis Massignon, Editions du Cénacle Libanais, Beirut, 1972.  OCLC 1054570
 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. In commemoration of Louis Massignon: Catholic, Scholar, Islamist and Mystic. University of Boston, November 18, 1983 in: Présence de Louis Massignon-Hommages et témoinages Maisonneuve et Larose ed. Paris 1987

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