Kuskuren ganewa

Kuskuren ainihi shine kariya a cikin dokar aikata laifuka wanda ke da'awar ainihin rashin laifi na wanda ake tuhuma, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya lalata shaidar laifi ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa duk wani mai shaida da laifin ya yi tunanin cewa sun ga wanda ake tuhumar ba daidai ba, yayin da a zahiri mutumin da shaidar ta gani wani ne. Wanda ake tuhuma na iya yin tambaya game da ƙwaƙwalwar mai shaida (samarwa, alal misali, cewa ganowa sakamakon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙarya ce), da kuma fahimtar mai shaida (susamarwa, misali, cewa mai shaida yana da rashin gani, ko kuma cewa laifin ya faru ne a wurin da ba shi da haske).

 Nazarin 
Gwaje-gwaje da yawa sun nuna yadda za'a iya sarrafa tunanin shaidu. A cikin wani binciken da Elizabeth Loftus ta yi, an nuna wa batutuwa bidiyon hadarin mota sannan aka tambayi ko dai "Yaya saurin motocin ke tafiya lokacin da suka buga juna?" ko kuma wannan tambaya tare da aikatau "hit" wanda aka maye gurbin da aikatau ""smashed". Batutuwan da aka tambayi tambayar da kalmar "ƙaddamarwa" sun ba da ƙididdigar sauri mafi girma. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka tambaye shi idan akwai gilashin da ya fashe a wurin, waɗanda suka ji "ya fashe" sun fi dacewa da amsawa da tabbaci, duk da cewa babu gilashin fashewa da aka nuna a cikin bidiyon.

Tare da yatsan yatsa na kwayoyin halitta da shaidar DNA yanzu sun zama ruwan dare, ana sake bincika yawancin abubuwan da suka danganci shaidar ido. A cewar Innocence Project, kashi 73% na shari'o'in da aka yi na DNA sun haɗa da kuskuren ganewar shaidar ido.

 Nazarin shari'a 
Ibrahim Lincoln ya yi amfani da kuskuren ainihi a matsayin kariya ga William "Duff" Armstrong a 1858. Ya yi magana game da almanac na manomi don tabbatar da cewa mai shaida ba zai iya ganin Armstrong a cikin hasken wata ba, kamar yadda ya yi iƙirarin, saboda matsayin wata a wannan dare ba zai samar da isasshen haske ba. An wanke Armstrong.

 Adolf Beck 
Wani sanannen shari'ar kuskuren ainihi a Ƙasar Ingila shine shari'ar Adolf Beck, wanda ya yi shekaru da yawa a kurkuku a matsayin mai zamba, an sake shi bayan kammala hukuncinsa, sannan aka sake kama shi a kan wannan zargi kafin a kama ainihin mai zamba na irin wannan bayyanar.

 Ronald Cotton 
Wani lamari da ke nuna kuskuren ainihi shine batun Ronald Cotton . A watan Yulin 1984, wani mutum ya shiga gidan Jennifer Thompson a Burlington, North Carolina kuma ya yi mata fyade. A lokacin harin, ta yi nazarin fuskar mai kai hari, ta yanke shawarar gano shi idan ta tsira daga harin. Lokacin da aka gabatar da hoton hoto, ta gano Cotton a matsayin mai kai mata hari. Sau biyu, ta ba ya shaida a kansa ta hanyar cewa ta gano shi. An sami Cotton da laifin fyade da fashi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai da shekaru 54 a kurkuku.

 Manazarta