Al-Damun

Al-Damun (Larabci: الدامون, al-Dâmûn), ƙauyen Larabawa ne na Falasɗinu wanda ke da nisan kilomita 11.5 (mil 7.1) daga birnin Acre wanda ya rasa mutane a lokacin yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948. A shekarar 1945, ƙauyen yana da mazauna 1,310, yawancinsu Musulmai ne, sauran Kiristoci kuma. Al-Damun tana iyaka da Kogin al-Na'amin (Kogin Belus), wanda mazauna ƙauyen suka yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushen ban ruwa da ruwan sha daga rijiyoyin da aka kafa.

 Tarihi 
Abubuwan da aka tono a shafin sun nuna raguwar tukwane daga Late Bronze Age, har zuwa ciki har da farkon Islama, Crusader, Mamluk da Ottoman. Wataƙila ƙauyen Damun ne a ƙasan Galili, wanda aka lura a zamanin Roman.

An ambaci Al-Damun a cikin tsoffin majiyoyin Larabawa da Farisa tun daga ƙarni na 11 AD. Al'adar gida ta gano ƙauyen a matsayin wanda ke ɗauke da kabarin annabi Dhul-Kifl, wanda aka ambaci sunansa a cikin Alƙur'ani sau biyu. Duk da al'adar Musulunci ta yi iƙirarin cewa kabarin yana cikin al-Kifl kusa da Najaf ko Kifl Hares kusa da Nablus, Nasir Khusrawl, wanda ya ziyarci yankin a shekara ta 1047, ya rubuta "Na isa wani ƙaramin kogo, wanda yake a Damun inda na yi ziyarat ma, domin ana cewa kabarin Dhul-Kifl ne.""

Al-Damun ya kama shi da Crusaders, wadanda suka kira shi "Damar" ko "Damor", a lokacin da suka mamaye Levant a cikin 1099;  kuma ya kasance a hannunsu ba kamar yawancin Falasdinu ba, wanda Ayyubid suka ci nasara a karkashin Sultan Saladin a cikin 1187.  A cikin 1253 John Aleman, Ubangiji na Kaisariya, ya sayar da ƙauyuka da yawa, gami da al-Damun, ga Knights Hospitaller .  An ambaci shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na yankin Crusaders a cikin hudna (yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya) tsakanin Crusadors na Acre da Mamluk a ƙarƙashin Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun a cikin 1283.

 Daular Ottoman 
Al-Damun, kamar sauran Falasdinu, an haɗa shi cikin Daular Ottoman a cikin 1517, kuma a cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 1596 ƙauyen yana cikin Akka Nahiya (Subdistrict of Acre), wani ɓangare na Safad Sanjak (District of Safed). Yawan jama'a sun kunshi gidaje 33 da maza biyu, duk Musulmi. Mazauna sun biya haraji mai mahimmanci na 20% a kan alkama, sha'ir, itatuwan 'ya'yan itace, auduga, awaki da ƙudan zuma, ban da "kudin shiga na lokaci-lokaci"; jimlar kudaden shiga sun kasance 6,045 akçe.

Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18 ƙauyen ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin dangin Zaydani na yankin, wanda ya zama sananne a Galili ta hanyar kamfen ɗin Sheikh Zahir al-Umar. Masallaci ƙauyen ya gina shi ne ta hanyar multazim (manomi na haraji), kawun Zahir Ali ibn Salih, a cikin 1722-23. Rubutun da aka rubuta a kan masallacin ya ba da asalin dangin Zaydani kuma ya haɗa da waka da aka keɓe wa Ali. A ƙarshen karni na 18, Giovanni Mariti ya lura cewa a kusa da al-Damun da Mi'ar akwai "kwari biyu masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda aka yi wa ado da bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi. Manoma da ke zaune a cikin ƙauyuka da ke kewaye, suna jin daɗin yanayi mafi kyau. "  Taswirar da Pierre Jacotin ya yi daga Mamayewar Napoleon na 1799 ya nuna wurin, mai suna Damoun . 

A shekara ta 1875, al-Damun ya wadata kuma yana da kusan 800, galibi mazauna Musulmai da masallatai biyu. Baya ga yiwuwar kabarin Dhul-Kifl, akwai wani wuri mai tsarki da aka keɓe ga wani Sheikh Abdallah a kan wani tudun da ke kusa. Ottomans ne suka kafa makarantar firamare ga yara maza a 1886.   Jerin yawan jama'a daga kimanin 1887 ya nuna cewa Khirbet al-Damun yana da kimanin mazauna 725, duk Musulmai.

 Dokar Burtaniya 
A lokacin ƙidayar jama'a ta 1922 a Falasdinu, al-Damun yana da yawan mutane 727, daga cikinsu 687 Musulmai ne kuma 40 Krista ne. Dukkanin Kiristoci Roman Katolika ne. Yawan jama'a ya karu a ƙidayar shekara ta 1931 zuwa 917: Musulmai 870 da Kiristoci 47, suna zaune a cikin gidaje 183.

A farkon karni na 20 an taru da gidajen al-Damun a kan hanya daya, kuma tun daga 1935 mazauna sun fara gina su da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi. Mazauna suna shan ruwan sha daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke kusa kuma suna ban ruwa da wasu amfanin gonarsu daga Kogin Na'amin. Sun kuma shiga cikin ayyukan hadin gwiwa, musamman yin mats da kwando daga ciyawa. Babban amfanin gona na al-Damun shine alkama, sorghum, sha'ir, da zaitun, amma kuma sananne ne ga albasa da cantaloupes.

A cikin Kididdigar 1945 yawan mutanen al-Damun ya kai 1,310; Musulmai 1,240 da Kiristoci 70,   Jimlar yankin ƙauyen ya kai dunams 20,357 na ƙasa bisa ga binciken ƙasa da yawan jama'a.  709 dunams sun kasance shuke-shuke da ƙasa mai ban ruwa, 17,052 da aka yi amfani da su don hatsi, yayin da aka gina dunams 111 (birni).

Kafin Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948 Haganah ta ajiye fayiloli a duk ƙauyukan PALA. Shigar da al-Damun a shekarar 1947 ya lissafa mutane 25 da ake zargi da shiga cikin ƙungiyar 'yan kasa ta Palasdinawa. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1948 rahotanni na Haganah sun ce dan babban mai mallakar ƙasa, Sadiq Karaman, ya biya garuruwan ALA na yankin P£5000 don barin, watakila a cikin ƙoƙari na hana ƙauyen shiga cikin tashin hankali a yakin Falasdinu na shekara ta 1948. 

 Isra'ila 
Bayan nasarar farko ta Isra'ila a tsakiyar Galili a lokacin matakin farko na Operation Dekel, raka'a na Sheva Brigade na Haganah sun koma yamma kuma sun kama al-Damun, a tsakanin sauran yankunan Larabawa, a mataki na biyu na aikin a ranar 15-16 ga Yuli, 1948. Koyaya, masanin tarihin Palasdinawa, Aref al-Aref, ya fara kama shi a farkon watan Mayu 1948, bayan faduwar Acre. Masanin tarihin Isra'ila Benny Morris ya ce mazauna sun yi sanyin gwiwa ta hanyar faduwar Acre sannan Nazarat, don haka suka gudu a lokacin bombardment da ya riga harin da aka kai wa kauyen. An kori sauran mazauna kuma an hallaka al-Damun kanta gaba ɗaya bisa ga masana tarihi biyu.

Bayan yakin an sanya yankin cikin Jihar Isra'ila. Mazaunan kibbutz na Yas'ur suna amfani da ƙasar ƙauyen don noma, wanda aka gina shi a ƙasar al-Birwa. Al-Damun yana daga cikin ƙauyukan Palasdinawa waɗanda aka gudanar da zanga-zangar tunawa da dawowa, yawanci a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ranar Nakba, kamar zanga-zambe da Kungiyar Kare Hakkin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta shirya.Ronen, 1966. Cited in Stern, 2010,  Ed-Damun Final Report 

A cewar masanin tarihin Palasdinawa Walid Khalidi a cikin shekara ta 1992, shafin ya "yi girma da ƙayoyi, cacti, itatuwan zaitun, da bishiyoyi. Dutsen da tarkace na kankare sun warwatse a kusa da shi. Tsarin da ya riga ya kare tushen ruwa na tsakiya kuma ya tsara kwarara ya tsaya ba tare da kulawa ba kuma yana rushewa a wurare da yawa. Kabari ya wanzu, kodayake alamun kan wasu kaburbura suna rushewa.  Masanin tarihin Burtaniya Andrew Petersen ya rubuta cewa ƙauyen yana da wasu gidajen dutse na ƙarni na goma sha takwas ko goma sha tara.

 Dubi kuma 

 Yankunan Palasdinawa da ba a cika su ba a Isra'ila

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Bayanan littattafai 

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