Kabari na Graceland (Washington, DC)

Kabarin Graceland wani kabari ne na 30   ) wanda ke cikin unguwar Carver Langston na Washington, DC, a Amurka. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1871 a matsayin makabarta masu zaman kansu da ke buɗewa ga jama'a, amma da farko ya yi wa al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka hidima. Daga 1884 zuwa 1885, an tura gawawwakin sama da 1,200 zuwa Kabari na Graceland daga Holmead's Burying Ground. Lokacin da makabarta ta fuskanci matsalolin kudi, masu mallakar sun yi ƙoƙari su sayar da ƙasar. Wannan ya haifar da doguwar gwagwarmaya mai zafi da ta shafi kungiyar Graceland Cemetery Association, masu riƙe da kuri'a, gwamnatin Gundumar Columbia, da Majalisa ta Amurka. An rufe Kabari na Graceland ta hanyar Dokar Majalisa a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 1894. An kuma yi jayayya sosai game da cire ragowar, amma kotun ta yanke hukunci a lokacin rani na 1895 cewa masu riƙe da kuri'a ba su da damar hana cire su. Yawancin gawawwakin da ke Graceland an sake binne su a Kabari na Woodlawn a Washington, DC.

Wani bangare na Maryland Avenue NE yana gudana ta hanyar wani bangare na tsohon makabartar. Kamfanin Washington Railway da Electric Company ne suka sayi mafi yawan makabarta kuma suka zama gidan wutar lantarki da kuma ayyukan titin titin. Wannan ƙasar daga baya ta zama Hechinger Mall.

 Halitta 
An kirkiro Kabari na Graceland ne saboda bukatar babban kabari na karkara ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka a Washington, DC, a ƙarshen 1800s. A wannan lokacin, kusan dukkanin makabarta da ba na Katolika ba a cikin birni an raba su da launin fata, tare da wuraren binne fararen fata kawai da suka ki shiga cikin baƙar fata a kan dukiyarsu. A shekara ta 1850, akwai makabarta 16 a birnin Washington, amma uku ne kawai suka yi aiki da 'yan Afirka na Afirka: (Eastern Methodist Cemetery, ko "Old Ebenezer Cemetery"; Harmoneon Cemetery), da Mount Pleasant Plains Cemetery).  A ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1852, Majalisar Birnin DC ta kafa doka don hana jana'izar a kowane wuri na binnewa a cikin iyakokin Birnin Tarayya da kuma hana kafa sabbin wuraren binnewa a Birnin Tarayyar. 

Ja'ar Afirka ta Afirka da ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri suna buƙatar sabon makabartar. A cikin 1870, wani rukuni na fararen fata masu ci gaba sun yanke shawarar sayen wani fili na ƙasa da ke bayan iyakar Birnin Tarayya kuma su gina makabartar da aka haɗa da launin fata.   An yi hayar Kabari na Graceland ta hanyar Dokar Majalisa a Sashe na 5 na Dokar Mayu 5, 1870 ("Aiki don samar da ƙirƙirar kamfanoni a cikin Gundumar Columbia a ƙarƙashin doka ta gaba ɗaya", 16 Stat. 106).  An kafa shi a karkashin dokokin Gundumar Columbia a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1871.  Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1871,  kungiyar Graceland Cemetery Association ta sami kadada 30 (120,000 m2) don wurin binnewa a kan wani yanki na ƙasar da ke da iyaka da Bladensburg Road NE, K Street NE, 17th Street NE, da Benning Road NE.  

 Aiki 
Daga 1871 zuwa 1873, an yi wa Kabari na Graceland kyau kuma an dasa bishiyoyi da yawa. An shimfiɗa hanyoyi masu juyawa ta hanyar tsaunuka masu juyawa na makabartar,   kuma an gina gidan mai kula mai tsada. Rabin kudancin dukiyar ya gangara zuwa kudu. Akwai maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa a nan, kuma wannan yanki ya ɗan marshy. Ƙarshen gabashin Columbia Railway, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin titin birni, ya ƙetare titin. Kabarin ya kasance a saman tudu, wanda ya ba shi kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da birnin da Capitol na Amurka.

Kabarin Graceland ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Kwamitin Daraktoci. Kwamitin ya kunshi shugaban kasa, sakatare-mai ba da kuɗi, da daraktoci uku.   An kuma kafa kwamitin ba da shawara mai mambobi bakwai don ba da shawara ga kwamitin daraktoci kan ayyukan makabarta.  

An buɗe makabartar game da Afrilu 1873.  A cikin watanni tara na farko na aiki, kimanin jana'iza 40 sun faru. Kusan duk waɗannan sun kasance tare da iyakar kudancin makabartar, wanda ke gudana tare da Benning Road.

Kimanin wuraren binnewa 42,000 sun kasance a Graceland. Da farko an gudanar da farashin da ba su da yawa,  don ƙarfafa binnewa. Farashin kayan ya kasance daga $ 3 a yankin kudancin marshy zuwa $ 22 don babban shafin dutse. Kudin binnewa ma sun kasance ƙasa: Budewa da rufe kabari yana da tsada kawai $ 4, yayin da sarrafa jikin yana da tsadar $ 5.  (Matsayi na kabari, wuraren binnewa, shinge, da sauran ci gaba sun fi tsada.) Idan aka kwatanta, a mashahuriyar (kuma kusan fari) Kabari na Rock Creek, buɗewa da rufe kabari ya kai $ 6.50. 

Kodayake a wasu lokuta sananne ne ga al'ummar baƙar fata na birnin, Graceland bai taɓa kamawa ba. Kabarin Harmony na Columbian shine mafi mashahuriyar kabari na Afirka ta Amirka a birnin,  tare da Kabari na Payne a cikin unguwar Marshall Heights a gabashin Kogin Anacostia na biyu mafi mashahurin.  Kabarin Graceland bai shahara sosai ba, duk da haka, har zuwa 1890. An binne jimlar 'yan Afirka 4,722 a can tsakanin 1880 da 1894 (kashi 4.7 cikin dari na duk jana'izar baƙar fata a cikin birni), amma ita ce mafi girman wurin binnewa ga' yan Afirka na Amurka a cikin 1890 da 1891. A lokacin da aka rufe shi, daruruwan (watakila dubban) wuraren binnewa da ba a yi amfani da su ba a Graceland mallakar baƙi ne. Kodayake an binne fararen fata 1,073 ne kawai a Graceland daga 1880 zuwa 1894 (kawai kashi 0.8 cikin dari na duk jana'izar fararen fata a cikin birni, wannan a zahiri adadi ne mai yawa ga makabartar da aka haɗa da launin fata. Duk da haka, a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1893 akwai jana'iza 5,700 a Graceland. Yawancin waɗannan suna cikin tsayin mita 100 (30  mai faɗi tare da iyakar kudanci. Lots a nan sun kasance mafi arha a cikin makabartar, galibi saboda yanayin marshy.

 Karin game da ayyukan 
Kodayake an yi niyyar Kabari na Graceland ya zama Kabari na ƙauyuka, nesa da ci gaba, gidaje, da sauran gine-gine an gina su ba da daɗewa ba. Tun a farkon watan Yunin 1873, an gina otal mai hawa uku, mai dakuna 25 a fadin titin daga Graceland.[1] A watan Janairun 1878, an gina sabbin gidaje da yawa a kusa da wurin binnewa. Rashin ƙanshin gawawwakin da ke ruɓewa da ƙanshin da aka bari a cikin ruwa na gida ya tsoratar da mazauna yankin, waɗanda suka sha wahala daga barkewar typhoid a 1877. Hukumar Lafiya ta DC ta damu, kuma, kuma ta ba da umarnin nazarin makabartar a ƙarshen 1877 don nazarin batun. Kodayake Hukumar ta gano a watan Janairun 1878 cewa makabarta ba ta da alhakin barkewar cutar typhoid, ta nuna damuwarta cewa babban wurin binnewa yana kusa da gidaje.[2]￼

D da haka, koR-korafen ba su ƙare ba. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1892, yawancin mazauna yankin da likitoci sun koka game da ruwan da ba shi da kyau da ƙanshi a kusa da Kabari na Graceland. Fiye da mazauna yankin 200 sun sanya hannu kan takarda suna neman Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta rufe shi. Wani barkewar typhoid a lokacin rani na 1892 ya kara matsin lamba don rufe Graceland. Binciken da jami'an kiwon lafiya na gari suka yi ya gano cewa ƙasa a kudancin makabartar tana da maras kyau sosai har kaburbura galibi suna cike da ruwa lokacin da aka tono (kuma dole ne a fitar da su kafin a saukar da akwatin gawa). Jami'ai sun tabbatar da cewa an haƙa kaburbura kusa da juna don ganuwar tsakanin kaburbura sau da yawa ta rushe - ta ba da damar ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtuka daga jikin da ke kusa don wankewa cikin sabon, buɗe kabari. A ƙarshe, matsin lamba don rufe makabartar ya zama mai ƙarfi sosai har aka gabatar da doka a cikin kwanakin da suka gabata na Majalisa ta Amurka ta 52 don rufe makabarta. Kwamishinonin Birnin DC sun goyi bayan lissafin, H.B. 9874,  wanda Sanata Jacob Harold Gallinger (R-New Hampshire) da Wakilin John J. Hemphill (D-South Carolina) suka gabatar. Har ma The Washington Post ta shirya don goyon bayan lissafin. Frank Presbrey, shugaban Graceland Cemetery, da kuma kwamitin daraktocin Graceland sun yi tsayayya da dokar. Kudin ya mutu lokacin da Majalisa ta dakatar a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1893.

Tare da matakin majalisa wanda, a halin yanzu, ya gaza, mazaunan birni sun matsawa birnin don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin ikon da aka ba Gundumar Columbia a ƙarƙashin Ƙaddamarwa ta 4 ta 1892. Sashe na 2 na Ƙaddamarwa ya ba kwamishinonin birni iko mai yawa don yin "dokokin 'yan sanda".  Richardson, Steven J. "The Burial Grounds of Black Washington: 1880–1919." Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 52 (1989), pp. 304–326 Amma an gabatar da tambayoyi game da ko Ƙaddamarwar Haɗin gwiwa a zahiri ta ba da ikon rufe Kabari na Graceland (misali, rufe ikon 'yan sanda ne?)   A ƙarshen Maris 1893, Mataimakin Lauyan DC ya ce yana shakkar cewa rufewa ya fada ƙarƙashin ikon kulawar' yan sanda.

 Manazarta 

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