Mutanen Krahn

Krahn kabilanci ne na Laberiya da Ivory Coast . Wannan rukuni na cikin dangin yaren Kru kuma ana kiran mutanenta a wasu lokuta da Wee, Guéré, Sapo, ko Wobe. Wataƙila hulɗar Yamma da yaren Kru ita ce ainihin dalilin ci gaban waɗannan sunaye daban-daban.

 Tarihi 
Krahn sun isa wani yanki na Laberiya da aka sani da "Grain Coast" a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙaura na farkon karni na 16 daga arewa maso gabas da abin da ke yanzu Ivory Coast. Wannan ƙaura ya faru ne saboda matsin lamba ga mutanen yankin da ya haifar da ƙaurawar kabilun daga yammacin Sudan bayan faduwar daular zamani, da kuma karuwar yaƙe-yaƙe na yanki.

A wannan lokacin, cinikin bayi na Afirka ya zama sananne a cikin Laberiya. Wasu ƙananan rukuni na Kru sun sayar da su cikin bautar da maƙwabtansu, amma ya fi zama ruwan dare ga Krahn da sauran mutanen bakin teku a Laberiya su zama 'yan kasuwa na gida, kasuwanci a cikin kasuwar bayi ta Yamma. Mutane da yawa Kru sun kashe kansu maimakon fuskantar bautar.[1][2]

 Yaƙe-yaƙe na Laberiya 
A ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, Laberiya ta fuskanci tashin hankali na farar hula wanda adawa da gwamnatin Amurka-Liberiya da Tolbert ta haifar da juyin mulkin soja, wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar suka shirya a wani bangare. Rikicin ya ƙare a juyin mulki a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1980, inda Master Sergeant Samuel Kanyon Doe, memba na kabilar Krahn kuma shugaban kungiyar da ke da hannu a juyin mulkin, ya kwace iko, ya zama shugaban asalin Liberia na farko da shugaban kasa.  Tare da shugaba Krahn da ke aiki a matsayin babban mutum na siyasa, Krahn da aka taɓa raina yanzu an haɗa shi da kyau a cikin hukumar Liberia.

Wannan hauhawar matsayi ya haifar da yawancin masu magana da Krahn su koma babban birnin, Monrovia. Doe ya fara nuna fifiko ga Krahn, musamman ga waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar ƙabilarsa. Wadannan matakan sun hada da nada mambobin dangin kabilanci na Krahn daga Ivory Coast, wanda aka fi sani da Wee, zuwa Babban Jami'in Tsaro, da kuma daukar matakai don hana mutanen wasu kabilun zuwa manyan mukamai na gwamnati.

A shekara ta 1985, martani na Doe ga adawarsa ya haifar da babban "mai adawa da Joe".Mackinlay, John; Alao, Abiodun (1995).  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1989, 'yan gudun hijira da' yan cikin gida sun fara shirya kungiyoyin soja kuma daga ƙarshe sun mamaye Laberiya daga Ivory Coast, wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa da Doe da magoya bayansa na Krahn. Yayin da wannan yaƙin ya ci gaba, National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) ya fara kai hari kan fararen hula na Krahn a yankunan Nimba da Grand Gedeh, suna lalata dukkan al'ummomi yayin da suke tafiya a cikin ƙasar.

A tsakiyar 1990 yakin ya karu, wanda ya haifar da sa hannun kasashen waje. Sojojin adawa sun sace Doe kuma sun kashe shi. Bayan cire mulkin Doe da ci gaba da yakin basasa, 'yan gudun hijirar Krahn sun fara tserewa daga Laberiya zuwa Ivory Coast, wasu suna dauke da harshen Krahn tare da su.Mackinlay, John; Alao, Abiodun (1995). 

Kodayake an cire Doe daga mulki a shekarar 1990, yakin basasa bai ƙare a hukumance ba har zuwa 1997, a wannan lokacin shugaban NPFL Charles Taylor ya tsaya takarar shugabancin, ya lashe Babban zaben 1997 a cikin rikice-rikice da yawa. Saboda adawar da suka yi wa Taylor da kuma alakarsu da gwamnatin da ta gabata da kuma kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye kamar ULIMO, Taylor ta fara tsanantawa da Krahn. A shekara ta 1998, Taylor ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe ɗaya daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa, tsohon shugaban yaƙi Roosevelt Johnson, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice a Monrovia, a lokacin da kuma bayan haka an kashe daruruwan Krahn kuma daruruwan wasu suka tsere daga Laberiya. Wannan taron na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da barkewar Yaƙin basasar Liberia na Biyu.  

A shekara ta 2003, mambobin kabilar Krahn sun kafa kungiyar 'yan tawaye, Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL), suna adawa da Taylor. Kungiyar ta rushe a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a ƙarshen yakin basasa na biyu. 

 Tarihin baya-bayan nan 
Tsayawa da ya biyo bayan yakin basasa ya ba da damar Krahn su sake zama a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ya zuwa 2022, ana samun Krahn a cikin yankunan Nimba, Grand Gedeh, da Sinoe, da kuma Ivory Coast.

 Al'adu 
Krahn na Laberiya sun kasance mafarauta, masunta da manoma, a al'adance suna mai da hankali kan samar da shinkafa da maniyyi. Ci gaban yankuna da yawa tare da mazauna Krahn da yawa sun jagoranci yawancin ƙaramin ƙarni na Krahn su yi ƙaura zuwa yankuna kamar Monrovia .  Wee a Ivory Coast sun kasance mafarauta, masunta da manoma, kodayake sun fi mayar da hankali kan amfanin gona kamar "shinkafa, yams, taro, manioc, masara, da ayaba. " Kamar Krahn a Laberiya, al'adun Wee na farauta da noma sun zama marasa dorewa, kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun dauki aiki da yawa a sansanonin lu'u-lu'u da gonakin roba. "

 Tsarin siyasa na farko 
alt=A Wee face mask designed to look like a leopard. On display at the Indianapolis Museum of Art|thumb|282x282px|Wee Face mask a kan nuni a Indianapolis Museum of Art 
Early Krahn political organizations were traditionally decentralized in both Liberia and Ivory Coast.  [<span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2020)">unreliable source?</span>] Often, tribes did not have a central governing power, instead turning to a village "headman" who rose to a position of social esteem through skill, hard work, and luck in hunting and farming. These individuals often formed councils consisting of young warriors for protection and village elders to serve as consultants in village affairs. This governing group would broker trades with neighboring tribes, as well as make important decisions for the tribe members.  

A cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kabilanci, ba sabon abu ba ne ga abin rufe fuska na bikin don yin aiki biyu a cikin al'ada da siyasa. Wadannan abin rufe fuska galibi ana yin su ne bayan dabbobi kuma ana amfani da su a matsakancin al'umma. Hakanan suna iya kasancewa hanyar aiwatar da kulawar zamantakewa a cikin shekaru kafin karɓar dokokin Yamma a Lokacin mulkin mallaka.
alt=A wood carved, Krahn face mask on display at the National Museum of African Art|thumb|Wani abin rufe fuska na Krahn a baje kolin a Gidan Tarihi na Afirka a Washington, DC 
Mutane da yawa na Krahn sun yi imanin cewa abubuwa suna da ruhohi ko rayuka (animism). Wee na Ivory Coast sun kuma yi imanin cewa duniyar halitta ta ƙunshi "ruhohin daji".  Waɗannan ruhohin suna cikin duniya da mutum bai taɓa su ba, kuma Wee sun yi imanin gore kiyaye waɗannan ruhohin da kwanciyar hankali yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar kabilar. Duk lokacin da sabuwar ƙasa ta buƙaci noma don filaye ko faɗaɗa, ko kuma lokacin da ƙabilar ke buƙatar yin aiki a waje da ƙauyen, ya zama dole a ba da gudummawa ga ruhohi. An ci gaba da imanin cewa ruhohin daji suna ɗaukar siffar jiki don yin hulɗa tare da mazauna ƙauyen da shiga cikin bukukuwan. Wee sun yi imanin cewa ruhohin daji na iya sadarwa tare da mutane ta hanyar mafarki, sau da yawa suna buƙatar a halicci abin rufe fuska don girmama su a cikin namiji ko mace. Wadannan abin rufe fuska suna aiki da ayyuka daban-daban, daga bukukuwan al'ada, nishaɗi, da kuma abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a cikin labarun ɗabi'a zuwa ikon shari'a da siyasa. Yawanci, ana kallon abin rufe fuska na mata a matsayin wanda ba shi da kyau kuma ya fi kyau fiye da abin rufe fuskar maza kuma ana amfani da su don al'ada da nishaɗi, yayin da abin rufe rufe fuska ya fi kama da mummunan kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin yanayin zamantakewar siyasa. Dukkanin abin rufe fuska na Wee an yi imanin cewa suna karkatar da maita, kuma da yawa suna fuskantar sauye-sauye a cikin aikin su na farko a lokacin rayuwarsu.

 Harshe 
Harshen Krahn yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Kru a cikin Iyalin yaren Nijar-Congo . Kodayake yawancin kabilun da ke magana da harshen Kru sun karɓi Turanci a matsayin yarensu na biyu, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa har yanzu yawancin 'yan Liberiya suna magana da Kru. A cikin yarukan Kru akwai ƙananan rukuni da yawa, tare da Kru na Gabas da Yamma suna ba da rabuwa ta farko ta rarraba harshe na kabilanci. Krahn ya fada karkashin Yammacin Kru, ƙungiyar Wee . 

Wasu malamai sun kara nuna bambanci tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Krahn, tare da bambance-bambance na Gabas da ake magana a arewa maso gabashin Laberiya da Yammaci Krahn da ake magana da su a duk fadin Grand Gedeh County da Ivory Coast. Ya zuwa 2020, akwai kusan masu magana da Eastern Krahn 99,000 a cikin Laberiya, tare da ƙarin masu magana da Western Krahn 100,000 a Laberiya kuma, bisa ga kimantawa na 1993, 12,000 a Ivory Coast.  

 Dubi kuma 

 Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci a Afirka

 Manazarta 

 Bayanan littattafai 




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