Tecun Uman

Tecun Uman  (1500? - Fabrairu 20, 1524) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan ƙarshe na mutanen K'iche'Maya, a cikin tsaunukan da ake kira Guatemala . Bisa kididdigar tarihin Kaqchikel, dan kasar Spain mai ci Pedro de Alvarado ya kashe shi a lokacin da yake fafatawa da Sipaniya da kawayensu a kan hanyar Quetzaltenango a ranar 12 ga Fabrairun 1524. An ayyana Tecun Uman a matsayin gwarzon kasa na Guatemala a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1960, kuma ana bikin tunawa da ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, bikin tunawa da mutuwarsa. Tecun Uman ya zaburar da ayyuka iri-iri tun daga kera mutum-mutumi da wake-wake har zuwa nada labarin almara ta hanyar raye-rayen gargajiya har zuwa addu'a. Duk da haka, kasancewar Tecun Uman ba a bayyana shi sosai ba, kuma an tabbatar da cewa yana da wahala a raba mutumin da almara.

 Yaƙin El Pinar 
A cikin 1522 Hernán Cortés ya aika abokan kawancen Mexico don su leko yankin Soconusco na Chiapas lowland, inda suka sadu da wakilai daga Iximche da Q'umarkaj a Tuxpán;  duka masarautun Maya masu ƙarfi sun bayyana amincinsu ga sarkin Spain .  Amma abokan Cortés a Soconusco ba da daɗewa ba suka sanar da shi cewa K'iche' da Kaqchikel ba su da aminci, kuma a maimakon haka suna tursasa ƙawayen Spain a yankin. Cortés ya yanke shawarar tura Pedro de Alvarado tare da sojan doki 180, sojojin 300, crossbows, muskets, 4 cannons, manyan adadin harsasai da bindiga, da dubban mayaƙan Mexico masu haɗin gwiwa daga Tlaxcala, Cholula da sauran garuruwa a tsakiyar Mexico;  sun isa Soconusco a shekara ta 1523. 
Pedro de Alvarado da sojojinsa sun ci gaba tare da gabar tekun Pacific ba tare da hamayya ba har sai da suka isa kogin Samalá a yammacin Guatemala. Wannan yanki ya kafa wani yanki na masarautar K'iche, kuma sojojin K'iche sun yi ƙoƙarin hana Mutanen Espanya ketare kogin. Da zarar an gallawa, maharan sun mamaye matsugunan da ke kusa da su a kokarinsu na tsoratar da K'iche'.  A ranar 8 ga Fabrairun 1524 Sojojin Alvarado sun yi yaƙi a Xetulul, wanda abokansa na Mexico suka kira Zapotitlán (na zamani San Francisco Zapotitlán ). Ko da yake sun sami raunuka da dama ta hanyar kare maharba na K'iche, Mutanen Espanya da kawayensu sun mamaye garin suka kafa sansani a kasuwa.  Daga nan sai Alvarado ya juya ya nufi tudun mun tsira zuwa tsaunukan Saliyo Madre zuwa tsaunin K'iche, ya haye hanyar zuwa cikin kwarin Quetzaltenango mai albarka. A ranar 12 ga Fabrairun 1524 Alvarado na Mexico abokan Alvarado sun yi kwanton bauna a cikin wucewa kuma mayakan K'iche sun kora su baya amma cajin sojan doki na Spain da ya biyo baya ya zama abin mamaki ga K'iche', wanda bai taɓa ganin dawakai ba. Sojojin dawakai sun warwatsa K'iche' kuma sojojin suka tsallaka zuwa birnin Xelaju (Quetzaltenango na zamani) kawai sai suka ga babu kowa.  Ko da yake ra'ayi na kowa shine cewa yariman K'iche Tecun Uman ya mutu a yakin baya kusa da Olintepeque, asusun Mutanen Espanya sun bayyana a fili cewa aƙalla ɗaya kuma mai yiwuwa biyu daga cikin sarakunan Q'umarkaj sun mutu a cikin fadace-fadacen farko. ku Quetzaltenango.  An ce mutuwar Tecun Uman ya faru ne a yakin El Pinar,  kuma al'adar gida ta kasance mutuwarsa a Llanos de Urbina (Plains of Urbina), a kan kusanci zuwa Quetzaltenango kusa da ƙauyen zamani na Cantel .  Pedro de Alvarado, a cikin wasiƙarsa ta uku zuwa ga Hernán Cortés, ya kwatanta mutuwar ɗaya daga cikin sarakuna huɗu na Q'umarkaj a kan kusanci zuwa Quetzaltenango. Wasikar ta kasance mai kwanan ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1524 kuma an rubuta shi a lokacin zamansa a Qu'umarkaj. 

 Labarin 
The legends relate that Tecun Uman entered battle adorned with precious quetzal feathers, and that his nahual (animal spirit guide), also a quetzal bird, accompanied him during the battle. In the midst of the battle, Alvarado and Tecun Uman met face to face, each with weapon in hand. Alvarado was clad in armor and mounted on his warhorse. As horses were not native to the Americas and peoples of Mesoamerica had no beasts of burden of their own, Tecun Uman assumed they were one being and killed Alvarado's horse. Another version says he merely attacked the horse in an attempt to knock Alvarado down, having no prior illusion that both man and animal to be one and the same. Tecun Uman quickly realized his error and turned for a second attack but Alvarado's thrust his spear into his opponent's heart. The K'iche' prince's nahual, filled with grief, landed on the fallen hero's chest, staining its breast feathers red with blood, and thereafter died. From that day on, all male quetzals bear a scarlet breast and their song has not been heard since. Further, if one is to be placed in captivity, it would die, making the quetzal a symbol of liberty.

Wani asusun ya yi iƙirarin yin rikiɗe mai yawa na dakarun addini da na abin duniya.  A cikin wannan sigar Tecun Uman da kansa ya rikide ya zama quetzal ko kuma, a wasu bambance-bambancen, zuwa ga mikiya da aka ƙawata da rawanin guda uku - ɗaya na zinariya, ɗaya na lu'u-lu'u da ɗaya na emeralds. Sauran 'yan ƙasar sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe Alvarado, amma wata budurwa mai karfi ta kiyaye shi, wanda aka fi sani da Budurwa Maryamu . Tecun Uman ya kira sihirin kansa, kuma a cikin niyyar kashe Alvarado, ya buge dokin Alvarado ya mutu. Da ya ji cewa ya kashe dabbar ne kawai ba mutumin ba, ya yi ƙoƙari ya gyara kuskurensa, amma da mashin Alvarado ya gicciye shi da sauri.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Wani nau'i daban-daban ya ce Tecun Uman ya sami damar kashe Alvarado amma a ƙarshe ya kasa kuma wani sojan da aka sani da sunan Argueta ya kashe shi. 

Tatsuniyoyi na yanki daga yankin da ke kusa da tsohon babban birnin K'iche' na Q'umarkaj sun kiyaye imanin cewa an binne shi a ƙaramin wurin binciken kayan tarihi na Atalaya,  daga Q'umarkaj kanta. 

 Shaidun tarihi 
Haƙiƙanin kasancewar Tecun Uman mai tarihi shine batun muhawara mai gudana. Ɗaya daga cikin shaidun da ke nuna cewa ya rayu ya fito ne daga wasiƙar da Alvarado ya rubuta zuwa Hernán Cortés. Duk da haka, wasiƙar tana da cikakkun bayanai, tare da Alvarado kawai ya ambaci yakin da ya biyo baya: "A cikin wannan al'amari an kashe daya daga cikin shugabannin hudu na birnin Utatlán, wanda shi ne kyaftin janar na dukan wannan ƙasa."  Alvarado bai ba da suna ga Janar na K'iche'; Haka kuma bai ambaci yadda aka kashe mutumin ko da hannun wanene ba. Wasu takardun 'yan asalin da dama sun bayyana zuwan Alvarado a cikin abin da zai zama Guatemala, ciki har da Título C'oyoi wanda ya kwatanta yakin a cikin sharuddan kama da almara na zamani. Har ila yau, wannan takarda ta ƙunshi sanannen sunan shugaban K'iche kamar Tecum Umam .[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Popol Vuh  ya tabbatar da abubuwan lura na Bartolomé de las Casas da Título de Totonicapán, wanda ya rubuta cewa sarakuna huɗu sun mallaki K'iche' a lokacin yaƙin Spain. An sa ran ɗan fari na mai kula da tabarmar (mafi ƙarfi daga cikin iyayengiji) zai tabbatar da kansa ta hanyar jagorantar sojojin K'iche kuma an ba shi lakabi "nima Rajopop achij", irin wannan lakabin da aka ba Tecun Uman. a cikin Tatulo K'oyoi. Wannan duka an haɗa su tare da zuriyar sarakunan K'iche da aka ba da kusa da ƙarshen Popul Vuh da wani sashe na Título de Totonicapan, waɗanda duka suna nufin ɗan Mai Kula da Matiyu a matsayin " Tecum " a lokacin zuwan Alvarado.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Bayani na biyu don rashin cikakken cikakken bayani a cikin wasiƙar Alvarado shine cewa Tecun Uman ya yi yaƙi da ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Alvarado, da sunan Argueta. Wannan shawarar ta samo asali ne a kan iƙirarin da zuriyar Argueta ke yi na cewa lakin da suke riƙe a matsayin gadon magabata na da tabo da jinin gwarzon K'iche. 

 Suna 
An yi imanin cewa "Tecun Uman" ya kasance mafi kusantar ba sunan mai mulki ba amma yana iya aiki a matsayin wani nau'i na take. Farkon bayyanar sunan da aka yi rikodin yana cikin Título C'oyoi wanda a ciki ake kiransa "nima rajpop achij adelantado Tecum umam rey k'iche' don k'iq'ab'." Fassara, wannan jimlar tana nufin: " babban kyaftin-janar Tecum, jikan sarkin K'iche's Don K'iqab '. " Saboda haka, kalmar "uman" ko "umam" kawai tana nufin "jikan" kuma baya cikin ɓangaren. Sunan Tecun kwata-kwata. An yi nuni da cewa “umam” na iya kasancewa ana nuni ne da tsatson zuriyarsa, ko kuma asalin sunan ya samo asali ne daga wani lakabi da aka ba jarumin wato “q’uq’umam” ma’ana “ tsohon gashin fuka-fukai ”. ko kuma yana iya fitowa daga sunan ƴan asalin ƙasar don fitaccen dutsen mai aman wuta: " Teyocuman ." 

 Baile de la Conquista 

Guatemalan Baile de la Conquista (" Rawar Nasara ") rawa ce ta gargajiya da ke aron tsarinta daga Baile de los Moros na Sipaniya (" Dance of the Moors "), wanda ke tunawa da korar Moors daga Spain. An san raye-rayen da aka yi a cikin wasu yankuna na Latin Amurka na mulkin mallaka a lokacin da limaman Katolika suka ƙarfafa amfani da ita don taimaka musu wajen jujjuya al'ummomin ƴan asali daban-daban.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

A Guatemala, raye-rayen na ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru na farko na cin nasara, wanda ya danganta ne da arangama tsakanin Tecun Uman da Pedro de Alvarado, wanda hakan ke zama wata alama ta rigima mafi girma da suka shiga. Rawar ta sake nuna mamayewar da Alvarado ya jagoranta da kuma mamaye Guatemala. Don dacewa da al'adun Baile de los Moros, an maye gurbin aikin yariman Moorish da na Tecun Uman. Don haka an nuna cewa tsarin raye-rayen ya tilasta musu samar da jagora ga sojojin kasar, inda Tecun Uman ya kirkiro shi musamman don wannan dalili.  An ba da wannan ka'idar gabaɗaya kaɗan, bisa la'akari da cewa irin waɗannan takardu kamar Título K'oyoi sun bayyana tun kafin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Baile de la Conquista. 

 Jarumin kasa 
An ayyana Tecun Uman a matsayin Jarumi na kasa na Guatemala a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1960, kuma ana yin bikin kowace shekara a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu saboda jaruntaka da mutuncin da ya nuna na adawa da Maciyan Spain.  Tecun Uman's namesakes sun hada da wani karamin gari a cikin sashen San Marcos a kan iyakar Guatemala-Mexico da kuma m hotels, gidajen cin abinci, da kuma Spanish makarantu a dukan Guatemala. Hakanan ana tunawa da shi a cikin waƙar Miguel Ángel Asturias da ke ɗauke da sunansa.  Sabanin farin jininsa, a wasu lokuta masu rajin kare al'adun kasar Maya sukan yi watsi da shi, wadanda suke ganin matsayinsa na gwarzon kasa abin ban haushi, idan aka yi la'akari da dadewar tarihin cin zarafin al'ummar kasar Guatemala. 

 Duba kuma 

 Cerro Quiac
 Kaibil Balam
 Tecunumania, wanda shine nau'in tsire-tsire na furanni na dangin Cucurbitaceae, mai suna bayan Sarki. 

 Bayanan kula 

 Manazarta 


 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 



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