Gwajin Rikicin Cikin Gida na Minneapolis

Gwajin Rikicin cikin gida na Minneapolis (MDVE) ya kimanta tasirin martani daban-daban na 'yan sanda ga kiran tashin hankali na gida a Minneapolis, Minnesota. Wannan gwaji an aiwatar da shi a lokacin 1981-82 ta Lawrence W. Sherman, Darakta na Bincike a Gidauniyar 'yan sanda, da kuma Sashen' yan sanda na Minneapolis tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa.  Daga cikin masu aikata laifuka na cikin gida wadanda akwai yiwuwar dalilin da ya sa aka kama su, tsarin binciken ya bukaci jami'ai su zaɓi kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu aikata laphikun don kamawa, za a ba da shawara ga kashi ɗaya bisa ɗaya bisa uku kuma za a raba kashi ɗaya bisa bisa uku daga abokin aikinsu na gida.

Sakamakon binciken, wanda ke nuna tasirin hanawa ga kamawa, yana da "kusan tasirin da ba a taɓa gani ba a sauya ayyukan 'yan sanda na yanzu".  Daga baya, jihohi da yawa da Hukumomin tilasta bin doka sun kafa manufofi don kamawa, ba tare da izini ba, don shari'o'in tashin hankali na cikin gida wanda jami'in'in 'yan sanda mai amsawa yana da yiwuwar dalilin da ya sa laifi ya faru.

 Tarihi 
Rikicin cikin gida a tarihi an kalli shi a matsayin al'amari na iyali mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya buƙatar shiga tsakani da gwamnati ko shari'ar aikata laifuka. Kafin farkon shekarun 1970s, 'yan sanda a Amurka sun goyi bayan hanyar "hannun kai" ga kiran tashin hankali na cikin gida, tare da kamawa kawai da aka yi amfani da shi azaman mafita ta ƙarshe. A wannan lokacin, ana rarraba shari'o'in tashin hankali na cikin gida a matsayin shari'o-rashin cin zarafi. A cikin shekarun 1970s, yawancin hukunce-hukuncen Amurka ba su ba da izini ga 'yan sanda su kama mutane a kowane mummunan hari ba, ko ya shafi abokin tarayya na cikin gida ko a'a, sai dai idan harin ya faru a gaban jami'in. Wani umarni na kotu na 1978 a Birnin New York ya ba da umarnin cewa a kama mutane ne kawai a lokuta na tashin hankali mai tsanani, don haka jami'ai a maimakon haka sun yi ƙoƙari su sulhunta rikice-rikicen iyali.

A farkon shekarun 1970s, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata 'yan sanda su yi ƙoƙari su sulhunta rikice-rikice.

Kididdiga game da abin da ya faru na tashin hankali na cikin gida, wanda aka buga a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ya taimaka wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar da kuma kara yawan gwagwarmaya. Wani binciken da aka buga a 1976 ta Gidauniyar 'yan sanda ya gano cewa' yan sanda sun shiga tsakani akalla sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata a cikin kashi 85 cikin dari na kisan kai'aurata. A ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s, 'yan mata da kungiyoyin kare mata da aka yi wa duka suna kira ga' yan sanda da su dauki tashin hankali na cikin gida da gaske da kuma canza dabarun shiga tsakani. A wasu lokuta, waɗannan kungiyoyin sun ɗauki matakin shari'a a kan sassan 'yan sanda, gami da Oakland, California da Birnin New York, don samun su don kama mutane a cikin shari'o'in tashin hankali na gida. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda sun ba da fifiko ga kiran rikice-rikice na cikin gida.

A shekara ta 1978, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta wallafa wani rahoto, Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates, wanda ya bukaci a yi nazari mai zurfi game da manufofi da ayyuka bisa ga ka'idodin Kula da zamantakewa da kuma amfani da hanawa don kula da aikata laifuka.[1] Dangane da shawarwarin makarantar, Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa ta fara ba da gudummawa ga nazarin tasirin hanawa na takunkumin aikata laifuka kuma, a cikin 1980, ɗayan karatun da aka tallafawa shine gwajin tashin hankali na cikin gida na Minneapolis.￼

 Manazarta