Marie Rose Cavelan

Marie Rose Cavelan (c. 1752 - fl. 1795) ta kasance mai shuka ta Afirka da Girka kuma mai juyin juya hali. Wata mace mai launin fata mai 'yanci, ta auri Julien Fédon, Katolika ta Faransa, kamar kanta ta asalin da aka haɗu. Tare, ita da mijinta sun sayi gonar kuma sun shiga matsayin masu shuka da masu mallakar bayi a lokacin mulkin mallaka. 

Grenada ta sauya tsakanin mulkin Faransa da Burtaniya sau da yawa a lokacin rayuwar ma'auratan, wanda ya haifar da tsanantawa ga ma'aikatar lokacin da Burtaniya ke da iko. An kama Cavelan a shekara ta 1787 kuma an tilasta ta samar da shaidar matsayinta na kyauta, kodayake an san ta da kyau ga Burtaniya, bayan da ta gudanar da ma'amaloli da yawa na kasuwanci tare da 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya. Kodayake manyan masu mallakar ƙasa, an ƙara hana Cavelan da mijinta damar shiga cikin al'amuran jama'a. A cikin shekarun 1790 sun fara 'yantar da bayinsu kuma a cikin 1795 sun yi tawaye da Mulkin Burtaniya. Masu cin amana, sun jagoranci tawaye wanda ya kai kusan shekaru biyu, amma Birtaniya ba ta kama su ba. Ba a san inda Cavelan yake ba bayan tawaye ya ƙare.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Marie Rose Cavelan a kusa da shekara ta 1752 a cikin Mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Le Grenade ga Marianne Lemico da Michel Cavelan . Mahaifinta ya yi hijira daga Martinique kuma ya koma Le Grenade a kusa da 1750. Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga Sainte Rose Parish na Le Grenade . Takardun al'adun ta suna rikice-rikice, kamar yadda wasu ke magana da ita a matsayin mulatresse libre, mace mai 'yanci kuma wasu suna nuna ta zama femme mestive, mace mai gauraye Amerindian da Mulatto.

A ƙarshen Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai a cikin 1763, Faransanci sun ba da La Grenade ga Burtaniya. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da izinin 'yanci masu launin fata su mallaki ƙasa da makamai, su yi aure, kuma suyi motsa jiki kyauta, dukansu an ƙuntata su a ƙarƙashin gwamnonin Faransa. A wannan lokacin tashin hankali, uku daga cikin 'yan'uwa mata na Cavelan, Elizabeth, Marguerite da Marie Rose, za su auri' yan uwan iyalin Fédon. A shekara ta 1774, Cavelan ya auri Julien Fédon a wani bikin Ingilishi,  yayin da Birtaniya suka hana su bikin Katolika.  A shekara ta 1779, Faransanci sun sake kwace Grenada,  kuma a shekara mai zuwa, ma'auratan sun sake yin aure a ƙarƙashin hukumomin Faransa a ranar 31 ga Janairun 1780 a wani bikin Katolika.   Daga baya, sun haifi 'yar da aka haifa a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.

 Jagora ga tawaye 
A shekara ta 1784, Birtaniya ta sake samun iko da Grenada, wanda ya sa yawancin manoman Faransa su koma Trinidad. Dokokin zalunci da Burtaniya ta zartar ga Katolika na Faransa, tsakanin 1784 da 1795, sun kara hana baƙi 'yanci shiga cikin al'amuran jama'a na mulkin mallaka. Da farko, an yi amfani da dokokin ne don rage ikon cin gashin kai na Katolika na Faransa,  amma kamar yadda wurin da masu shuka na Faransa suka mamaye ya zama 'yanci masu launi,  an fara amfani da dokokin a kansu. Cavelan da Fédon da farko sun zauna a Grand Pauvre (yanzu Saint Mark Parish), inda suka gudanar da karamin shuka, wanda aka sani da Lancer .  A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1787, an kama Cavelan a karkashin dokar da ta wuce a shekarar da ta gabata, wanda ya buƙaci ta nuna shaidar matsayinta na "mai launi kyauta" ga hukumomi a babban birnin, St. George's. An san ta sosai ga hukumomi, a matsayin mai mallakar gonar, Lancer, wanda ya yi kasuwanci da sunanta, kuma a matsayin matar Fédon. Lokacin da aka zartar da dokar, ba ta ga wani dalili na tafiya mil goma sha huɗu daga gidanta zuwa babban birnin ba don yin rajistar matsayinta na kyauta, saboda manufar shari'a ita ce ta rage masu yawo.

Dokar da ake zaton ta shafi dukkan masu launi kyauta amma yawanci ana aiwatar da ita ne kawai a kan mata, a matsayin hanyar hana Haɗuwa da ƙarfafa fifiko na fari. Idan Cavelan ba ta iya tabbatar da matsayinta na 'yanci a cikin makonni shida ba, an ba hukumomi ikon sayar da ita cikin bautar. Fédon ya yi amfani da hanyar sadarwarsa, ya tuntubi Joseph Verdet, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mafi kyawun mutum a bikin aurensu da François Philip, wanda ya kasance mai arziki farar fata, don tabbatar da matsayinta. John Hay, mai shari'a na zaman lafiya, ya yarda da rantsuwarsu kuma ya saki Cavelan bayan makonni da yawa na ɗaurin kurkuku,  ya ba ta takardar shaidar 'yanci.

Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1789, wanda ya haifar da tawaye a duk faɗin Caribbean na Faransa. A cikin shekara ta 1790, Fédon, tare da wasu Faransanci talatin da biyar, galibi masu launin kyauta, sun sanya hannu kan "Bayyanawar Jama'a ta Aminci",  wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa kodayake Faransanci, amincinsu ya kasance tare da Burtaniya.  A wannan shekarar, Cavelan da Fédon sun koma Saint John Parish. Sayar da Lancer, wanda ya ƙunshi kadada 38.5 na ƙasa da bayi goma don fam dubu uku da ɗari da hamsin (£ 3,150). A lokaci guda sun sayi Belvidere Estate, gonar koko da kofi daga James Campbell, "Babban memba na Majalisar kuma tsohon mukaddashin Gwamna" na mulkin mallaka. Don farashin fam dubu goma sha biyar (£15,000), sayan ya haɗa da kadada 450 na ƙasa da gine-gine, shanu 16, dawakai 5, da bayi 80. Da farko a shekara ta 1790, ma'auratan sun fara 'yantar da bayin da suke da su, suka saki Guillaume La Grange; Louis; da Mary Jeanne daga Tsibirin Cabresse tare da 'ya'yanta, Francois Louis, Edward da Rose a shekara ta 1891. Samun irin wannan babban dukiya, shaidar cewa ma'auratan sun koma daga cin nasara zuwa wani ɓangare na masu launin fata masu launin fata.

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