Apuleius

Apuleius / / ˌ æp j ʊ ˈliːəs / APP -yuu APP LEE -əs ; kuma ana kiransa Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis ; c. 124 - bayan 170  ) marubuci ne na harshen Latin na Numidian, masanin falsafar Platon kuma mai magana.  An haife shi a lardin Romawa na Numidia, a garin Berber na Madauros, M'Daourouch na zamani, Aljeriya .  Ya yi karatun Platonism a Athens, ya tafi Italiya, Ƙaramar Asiya, da Masar, kuma ya kasance mafari ne a cikin ƙungiyoyin asiri ko asirai da dama . Babban abin da ya fi shahara a rayuwarsa shi ne lokacin da aka zarge shi da yin amfani da sihiri don samun hankalin (da dukiyar) ga wata hamshakin attajiri. Ya yanke hukunci sannan ya rarraba nasa kariyar a gaban mai mulki da kuma kotun majistare da aka yi a Sabratha, kusa da Oea ( Tribulus na zamani, Libya). Ana kiran wannan da Apologia .

Shahararren aikinsa shine littafinsa na bawdy picaresque mai suna Metamorphoses, in ba haka ba ana kiransa The Golden Ass . Shi ne kawai littafin littafin Latin wanda ya tsira gaba ɗaya. Yana ba da labarin kasadar jarumin sa, Lucius, wanda ya gwada sihiri kuma aka mai da shi jaki bisa kuskure. Lucius ya bi ta hanyoyi daban-daban kafin allahn Isis ya mayar da shi mutum. 

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Apuleius a Madauros, wani yanki mai mulkin mallaka a Numidia a kan iyakar Arewacin Afirka da ke kan iyaka da Gaetulia, kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin " Rabin Numidian Rabin Gaetulian ."  Madaurus shi ne mulkin mallaka guda ɗaya inda Augustine na Hippo daga baya ya sami wani ɓangare na karatunsa na farko, kuma, ko da yake yana da nisa daga bakin tekun Romanized, a yau shine wurin da wasu rugujewar Rum. Dangane da sunansa na farko, ba a ba da wani abin farin ciki ba a kowane tsohuwar tushe;  Rubuce-rubucen ƙarshen zamani sun fara al'adar kiran sa Lucius daga sunan jarumin littafinsa.  Cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwarsa sun fito galibi daga jawabinsa na tsaro ( Apology ) da aikinsa na Florida, wanda ya ƙunshi snippets da aka ɗauka daga wasu mafi kyawun maganganunsa.

Mahaifinsa alkali ne na birni ( duumvir )  wanda ya yi wa ƴaƴansa maza biyu wasiyya a lokacin mutuwarsa kusan sesterces miliyan biyu.  Apuleius yayi karatu tare da maigida a Carthage (inda daga baya ya zauna) sannan daga baya a Athens, inda ya karanci falsafar Platon a tsakanin sauran batutuwa. Daga baya ya tafi Roma  don nazarin lafazin Latin kuma, mai yiwuwa, ya yi magana a kotunan shari'a na ɗan lokaci kafin ya koma ƙasarsa ta Arewacin Afirka. Ya kuma yi balaguro da yawa a Asiya Ƙarama da Masar, yana nazarin falsafa da addini, ya ƙone gadonsa yayin da yake yin haka.

Apuleius ya kasance mafari ne a cikin asirai na Greco-Roman da yawa, gami da Sirrin Dionysian .  Shi firist ne na Asclepius  kuma, bisa ga Augustine,  sacerdos provinciae Africae (watau firist na lardin Carthage).

Bai dade da komawar sa gida ba ya dau hanyar sabuwar tafiya zuwa Iskandariya .  A hanyarsa ta zuwa wurin ya yi rashin lafiya a garin Oea ( Trabulus a yau) kuma an karɓe shi da kyau a gidan Sicinius Pontianus, wanda abokansa ne sa’ad da ya yi karatu a Atina.  Mahaifiyar Pontianus, Pudentilla, gwauruwa ce mai arziki. Da yardar danta – hakika kwarin gwiwa – Apuleius ya amince ya aure ta.  A halin yanzu, Pontianus da kansa ya auri 'yar wani Herennius Rufinus; Ya fusata cewa dukiyar Pudentilla ta fita daga cikin dangi, ya ingiza surukinsa, tare da wani ƙanensa, Sicinius Pudens, ɗan ƙaramin yaro, da kawun mahaifinsu, Sicinius Aemilianus, don haɗa kai da shi wajen tsige Apuleius akan zargin cewa ya sami soyayyar Pudentilla ta hanyar laya da tsafi.  An saurari karar a Sabratha, kusa da Tripoli, c. 158 AD, kafin Claudius Maximus, proconsul of Africa .  Zargin da kansa ya yi kama da abin ba'a, kuma tsaro mai ruhi da nasara da Apuleius yayi magana yana nan. Ana kiran wannan da Apologia (Magana akan Sihiri) . 

Apuleius ya zargi wani babban abokin gaba da laifin mayar da gidansa gidan karuwai da karuwanci da matarsa.  

Daga cikin aikinsa na gaba, mun sani kadan. Idan aka yi la’akari da yawancin ayyukan da ya rubuta, tabbas ya sadaukar da kansa ga wallafe-wallafe. A wasu lokatai ya kan gabatar da jawabai a bainar jama'a don gagarumin tarba; yana da alhakin baje kolin wasannin motsa jiki da na namun daji a lardin, kuma majalisar dattijai ta Carthage da sauran 'yan majalisar dattawa sun kafa mutum-mutumi don girmama shi.    

Ba a san kwanan wata, wuri da yanayin mutuwar Apuleius ba.   Babu wani tarihin ayyukansa bayan shekara 170, al’amarin da ya sa wasu ke ganin cewa lallai ya mutu a wajajen lokacin (an ce a shekara ta 171), ko da yake wasu malaman suna ganin cewa watakila ya rayu a 180 ko ma 190. 

 Ayyuka 

 The Golden Ass 

Golden Ass (Asinus Aureus) ko Metamorphoses shine kawai littafin Latin wanda ya tsira gaba ɗaya. Ayyuka ne masu ban sha'awa, marasa girmamawa, da kuma ban dariya wanda ke danganta abubuwan ban dariya na wani Lucius, wanda ya gabatar da kansa kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da sanannun masana falsafa Plutarch da Sextus na Chaeronea. Lucius yayi gwaje-gwaje da sihiri kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya zama jaki. A cikin wannan yanayin, yana jin kuma yana ganin abubuwa da yawa masu ban mamaki, har sai ya tsere daga matsalarsa ta hanyar da ba a tsammani ba. A cikin wannan labarin an sami raguwa da juyawa, mafi tsawo daga cikinsu shine sanannen labarin Cupid da Psyche. Wannan labarin misali ne mai ban sha'awa na wani labari mai ban shaʼawa wanda aka adana a cikin wani rubutu na dā.[1]

Metamorphoses ya ƙare tare da jarumi (sake ɗan adam), Lucius, mai sha'awar farawa a cikin asiri na asiri na Isis ; yana nisantar haramtattun abinci, yana wanka, ya tsarkake kansa. An gabatar da shi ga Navigium Isidis . Daga nan kuma sai a yi masa bayanin sirrin littafan kungiyar asiri, sannan a sake tona masa wasu sirrikan kafin ya shiga tsarin farawa, wanda ya hada da jarrabawar abubuwan da suka shafi tafiya zuwa kasa. An nemi Lucius da ya nemi farawa a cikin al'adun Osiris a Roma, kuma a ƙarshe an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin pastophoroi. - ƙungiyar firistoci waɗanda ke hidima Isis da Osiris. 

 Uzuri 
 () is the version of the defence presented in Sabratha, in 158–159, before the proconsul Claudius Maximus, by Apuleius accused of the crime of magic. Between the traditional exordium and peroratio, the argumentation is divided into three sections:

 Karyata zargin da ake yi masa na sirri. Ya nuna cewa ta hanyar auren Pudentilla ba shi da wani dalili na sha'awar kuma yana ɗauke da shi, a hankali da kuma halin kirki, a kan abokan hamayyarsa.
 Ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa abin da ake kira "ayyukan sihiri" a haƙiƙanin gwaje-gwajen kimiyya ba makawa ba ne ga mai kwaikwayon Aristotle da Hippocrates, ko ayyukan addini na ɗan Plato na Roman.
 Takaitaccen tarihin abubuwan da suka faru a Oea tun zuwansa da kuma murƙushe jayayya a kansa.

Babban sha'awar  tarihi ne, kamar yadda yake ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da marubucinsa, sihiri da rayuwa a Afirka a ƙarni na biyu. 

 Sauran 
Sauran ayyukansa su ne:

 Florida. Tarin abubuwa ashirin da uku daga jawabinsa da laccoci daban-daban.
 De Platone et dogmate eius (A kan Plato da Koyarwarsa) . Bayani a cikin littattafai biyu na kimiyyar lissafi da ka'idojin Plato, wanda rayuwar Plato ta riga ta wuce
 (A kan Allah na Socrates) . Aiki kan wanzuwar da kuma yanayin daemons, matsakaici tsakanin alloli da mutane. Augustine na Hippo ya kai hari kan wannan rubutun. Ya ƙunshi wani sashi da ke kwatanta alloli da sarakuna wanda shine farkon rikodin da ya faru na karin magana "iyalai yana haifar da raini":  parit enim conversatio contemptum, raritas conciliat admirationem (iyalai yana samar da raini, ƙarancin yana kawo sha'awa) 
 A sararin samaniya. Wannan fassarar Latin na aikin Pseudo-Aristotle De Mundo mai yiwuwa ne ta hanyar Apuleius.

Apuleius ya rubuta wasu ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ba su tsira ba. Ya rubuta ayyukan wakoki da almara, da kuma rubuce-rubucen fasaha a kan siyasa, dendroology, noma, likitanci, tarihin halitta, ilmin taurari, kiɗa, da lissafi, kuma ya fassara Plato's Phaedo . 

 Batsa 
Ayyukan da ba daidai ba da aka danganta ga Apuleius sun haɗa da: 

 Peri Hermeneias ( Akan fassarar ). Takaitaccen sigar Latin na jagora zuwa dabaru na Aristotelian .
 Asclepius . Fassarar Latin na tattaunawar Hellenanci da ta ɓace ( cikakkiyar magana ) mai nuna Asclepius da Hamisa Trismegistus .
 Herbarium Apuleii Platonici ta Pseudo-Apuleius .

 Apuleian Sphere 
Apuleian Sphere da aka bayyana a cikin Petosiris zuwa Nechepso, wanda kuma aka sani da " Columcille's Circle" ko "Petosiris Circle",  na'urar tsinkayar sihiri ce don tsinkayar rayuwar mai haƙuri. .

 Duba kuma 

 Boethius
 Dandalin adawa

 Bayanan kula 


 Manazarta 

 Kara karantawa 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Works by Apuleius in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
 Works by Apuleius at Project Gutenberg
 Works by or about Apuleius at the Internet Archive
 Works by Apuleius at Perseus Digital Library
 Works by Apuleius at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
 Works by Apuleius at Open Library 
 L. Apuleii Opera Omnia, Lipsia, sumtibus C. Cnoblochii, 1842, pars I (the Metamorphoses) and pars II (Florida, De Deo Socratis, De Dogmate Platonis, De Mundo Libri, Asclepius, Apologia et Fragmenta), in a critical edition with explanatory notes
 The works of Apuleius, London, George Bell and sons, 1878 (English translation)
 Apuleius (123–180 CE) the Famous Berber writer
 Apulei Opera (Latin texts of all the surviving works of Apuleius) at The Latin Library
 English translation of Florida by H. E. Butler
 English translation of the Apologia by H. E. Butler
 English translation of the God of Socrates by Thomas Taylor 
 Apuleius – Apologia: Seminar (Latin text of the Apologia with H. E. Butler's English translation and an English crib with discussion and commentary)
 Apology as Prosecution: The Trial of Apuleius
 Apuleius' works: text, concordances and frequency list
 Ongoing website for "Apuleius and Africa" conference
 Apuleius and Africa Bibliography
 The Spectacles of Apuleius: a digital humanities project
 Free public domain audiobook version of Apuleius on the Doctrines of Plato translated by George Burges

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba