Manufofin makamashi na Tarayyar Turai

Manufofin makamashi na Tarayyar Turai suna mai da hankali kan tsaron makamashi, dorewa, da haɗa kasuwannin makamashi da kasashe membobin. Wani muhimmin bangare na shi shine manufofin yanayi. Babban manufofin makamashi da aka karɓa a cikin 2009 shine manufofi na 20/20/20, wanda ke ɗaure ga duk ƙasashen membobin EU. Manufar ta haɗa da ƙara rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin amfani da makamashi na ƙarshe zuwa 20%, rage iskar gas da 20% da haɓaka ingancin makamashi da 20%. Bayan an cimma wannan burin, an sanya sabbin manufofi don 2030 a raguwar kashi 55% na hayakin gas a shekarar 2030 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Green ta Turai. Bayan mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, manufofin makamashi na EU sun juya zuwa ga Tsaro na makamashi a cikin kunshin manufofin su na REPowerEU, wanda ke bunkasa turawa mai sabuntawa da kayan aikin man fetur ga madadin masu samar da man fetur.

 Tarihi 

 Kwanaki na farko 
Tarihin Kasuwancin makamashi a Turai ya fara ne da Ƙungiyar Karfe da Karfe ta Turai, wanda aka kirkira a 1951 bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II don rage tashin hankali tsakanin Faransa da Jamus ta hanyar sanya su cikin tattalin arziki. Lokaci na biyu mai mahimmanci shine kafawa a cikin 1957 Euratom, don haɗin gwiwa kan makamashin nukiliya. Bayan shekara guda, Yarjejeniyar Roma ta kafa motsi na kyauta na kayayyaki, wanda aka yi niyya don ƙirƙirar kasuwa ɗaya kuma don makamashi. Koyaya, shekaru talatin bayan haka, haɗin kasuwannin makamashi bai riga ya faru ba.

 Farawar kasuwar cikin gida 
Yarjejeniyar Maastricht ta 1992, wacce ta kafa Tarayyar Turai, ba ta da wani babi na musamman game da makamashi. Kasashen membobin da ke son riƙe da ikon cin gashin kansu a kan makamashi sun ƙi irin wannan babi, musamman waɗanda ke da mafi girman tanadin makamashi. Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta zartar da umarni don Kasuwar wutar lantarki ta ciki a shekarar 1996, kuma wani a kasuwar gas ta ciki shekaru biyu bayan haka. Umurnin don kasuwar wutar lantarki ya ƙunshi abin da ake buƙata cewa aikin cibiyar sadarwa da samar da makamashi bai kamata kamfani ɗaya (mai iko) ya yi ba. Samun samar da makamashi daban zai ba da damar gasa a wannan bangaren, yayin da aikin cibiyar sadarwa zai ci gaba da tsari.

 Makamashi mai sabuntawa da burin 20/20/20 
A shekara ta 2001, an zartar da umarnin farko na Sabuntawa na Makamashi, a cikin mahallin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta 1997 game da Canjin yanayi. Ya haɗa da burin ninka rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin makamashi na EU daga 6% zuwa 12% nan da shekara ta 2010. Karin bangaren wutar lantarki ya fi girma, tare da burin 22%. Shekaru biyu bayan haka an ba da umarni wanda ya kara rabon biofuels a cikin sufuri.

 Manazarta