Harshen Wichita

Wichita yare ne na Caddoan da ake magana a Anadarko, Oklahoma, ta Wichita da Ƙabilun da ke da alaƙa. Mai magana da al'adun gargajiya na ƙarshe, Doris Lamar-McLemore, ya mutu a 2016, [1] kodayake a cikin 2007 akwai masu magana da harshe na farko guda uku da ke raye. [2] Wannan ya sa Wichita ya ƙare; duk da haka, kabilar tana ba da azuzuwan don sake farfado da harshe kuma tana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Wichita Documentation Project na Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder. [3][4]

 Harsuna 
Lokacin da Turawa suka fara zama a Arewacin Amurka, Wichita ta rabu zuwa yaruka uku; Waco, Tawakoni, da Kirikirʔi꞉s (aka, Wichita Proper). [1] Koyaya, lokacin da aka yi barazanar harshe kuma yawan masu magana ya ragu, bambance-bambance na yare sun ɓace.[1]

 Matsayi 
A ƙarshen shekara ta 2007 akwai masu magana da asali guda uku,  amma sanannen mai magana da asali na ƙarshe, Doris Lamar-McLemore, ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 2016. Wannan raguwa ne mai tsanani daga masu magana 500 da Paul L. Garvin ya kiyasta a cikin 1950. 

 Rarraba 
Wichita memba ne na dangin yaren Caddoan, tare da Caddo na zamani, Pawnee, Arikara, da Kitsai . 

 Fasahar sauti 
Harshen Wichita ba sabon abu ba ne, ba tare da sautunan labia ba (ko da yake akwai Labovellars biyu /kw/ da /w/). Akwai hanci guda daya kawai (dangane da ka'idar rikice-rikice ɗaya ko fiye da sautunan hanci na iya bayyana, amma duk ra'ayoyin suna da alaƙa da cewa su allophones ne na wannan sautin, a mafi kyau), kuma mai yiwuwa tsarin wasula uku ta amfani da tsawo kawai don bambanci.

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Wichita tana da ƙwayoyi 10. A cikin rubutun Amurka da aka saba amfani da shi yayin bayyana Wichita,  ana rubuta shi, kuma  shine.
AlveolarDorsalGishirifilibakinsa.PlosivetkkʷʔRashin lafiyat͡sFricativeshMai sautinn about="#mwt39" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɾ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwgQ" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ɾ ~ nSemivoweljw
Kodayake Rood ko Garvin ba su haɗa da hanci a cikin sigogi na su na Wichita ba, Rood daga baya ya haɗa hanci a rubuce-rubucen sauti don takarda na 2008 ("Wasu Wichita Recollections: Al'adun Al'adu da aka nuna a cikin Harshe") suna tallafawa bayyanar akalla /n / .

 Labials are generally absent, occurring in only two roots: kammac to grind corn and camma:ci to hoe, to cultivate (⟨c⟩ = ).
 Apart from the  in these two verbs, nasals are allophonic. The allophones  and  are in complementary distribution: It is  before alveolars ( and in geminate ) and initially before a vowel, and  elsewhere. Thus its initial consonant clusters are  and , and its medial and final clusters are .
 Final r and w are voiceless: 
 Glottalized final consonants: One aspect of Wichita phonetics is the occurrence of glottalized final consonants. Taylor asserts that when a long vowel precedes a glottal stop, there is no change to the pronunciation. However, when the glottal stop is preceded by a short vowel, the vowel is eliminated. If the short vowel was preceded by a consonant, then the consonant is glottalized. Taylor hypothesizes that these glottalized final consonants show that the consonant was not originally a final consonant, that the proto form (an earlier language from which Wichita split off, that Taylor was aiming to reconstruct in his paper) ended in a glottal stop, and that a vowel has been lost between the consonant and glottal stop.

Ƙarshen kalma ta asaliCanjiSakamakonMisali na WichitaBabu canji - (snow)  - (ƙashin) 

  - dogon wasali
 V - gajeren wasali
 C - mai amfani
 # - sautin da ya gabata ya ƙare kalma

 Taylor ya kuma gano cewa rubutun phonetic na baya sun rubuta phoneme  (rubuce), kamar yadda yake faruwa bayan , yayin da  an rubuta shi lokacin da  ya riga shi.
 *kw, *w, *p haɗuwa; ko Me ya sa Wichita Ba ta da : 
 A cikin Wichita sautunan /kw/ da  ba a rarrabe su ba lokacin da suka fara kalma, kuma kalma-farko *p ya zama . Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne, saboda yawancin yarukan Caddoan suna furta kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don farawa da *w tare da  . A cikin Wichita, an haɗa sautuna uku lokacin da aka riga su da wata ma'ana. Wichita ya sauya ma'anar farko *p zuwa /kw/ tare da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na *p. /kw/ da  sun kasance daban bayan wasali. Misali, kalmar 'mutum' ita ce  a cikin Wichita, amma  a cikin Kudancin Band Pawnee da  a cikin Skiri Pawnee . 

 Dokokin sauti 

 Haɗuwa da morpheme-ƙarshe  da kuma morpheme na farko  ko  zuwa :   

  yana canzawa zuwa /kw/ a duk lokacin da ya bi wani sashi na consonantal wanda ba  ko /kw/ ba:  

  yana canzawa zuwa  kafin  ko /kw/. Misalai mafi yawa sun haɗa da prefix na rukuni-da yawa r- kafin morpheme da ke farawa da : 

  tare da  ko  don ba da : 

  canzawa zuwa  kafin  ko duk wani wanda ba sautin ba: 

  canzawa zuwa  kafin : 

 , , da  canzawa zuwa  bayan  ko : 

 Sautin sautin 
Wichita tana da wasula uku ko hudu, dangane da bincike:  
A gabaKomawaBabbaɪ ~ i ~ eTsakaninɛ ~ æ (o/u) Ƙanananɒ ~ a
Wadannan ana fassara su kamar yadda, e, a, o/u.

Ana cire sautunan ƙarshe na kalma.

Kodayake Rood ya yi amfani da harafin a cikin rubutun sa,  Garvin a maimakon haka yana amfani da shi, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa  alama ce ta daban.  Koyaya, la'akari da rashin daidaito a cikin sauti na wasali, abin da ke da mahimmanci game da waɗannan rubutun shine cewa suna tabbatar da wasula na baya wanda ba shi da ƙasa.

Taylor yana amfani da rubutun Garvin a cikin bincikensa, amma ya yi la'akari da canjin *u zuwa /i / a cikin Wichita, amma ba shi da isasshen misalai don cikakken nazarin duk yanayin da zai yiwu. Ya kuma tattauna yiwuwar sauyawa daga *a zuwa , amma kuma, ba shi da isasshen misalai don haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ra'ayi. Taylor ya sami  kawai yana faruwa tare da tsayawar ƙarar ƙarar ƙira.  

Rood argues that  is not phonemic, as it is often equivalent to any vowel +  + any vowel. For example,  is frequently contracted to  (the high tone is an effect of the elided consonant). There are relatively few cases where speakers will not accept a substitution of vowel +  + vowel for ; one of them is  'eagle'. [<span title="Is this saying that [kóːs] would NOT be understood to mean &quot;eagle&quot;? (June 2021)">clarification needed</span>]

Rood ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa, tare da wasula guda uku waɗanda suke da ƙarfi, tsakiya, da ƙasa, bambancin gaba-baya ba sautin ba ne, kuma saboda haka mutum na iya magana game da lissafin wasula 'na tsaye' (duba ƙasa). Hakanan an yi iƙirarin wannan ga ƙananan harsuna, kamar harsunan Arewa maso Yammacin Caucasian da Harsunan Ndu na Papua New Guinea.

Akwai a bayyane aƙalla bambancin hanyoyi biyu a cikin Tsawon wasula. Rood ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai bambancin hanyoyi uku, wanda yake da wuya a tsakanin harsunan duniya, kodayake an tabbatar da shi sosai ga Mixe, kuma mai yiwuwa yana cikin Estonian. Koyaya, a cikin Wichita, ga kowane ɗayan halaye uku zuwa huɗu na wasula, ɗaya daga cikin tsawon uku yana da wuya, kuma ban da ƙarin wasula masu tsawo sau da yawa suna ƙunshe ko dai ƙarin morpheme, ko kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa prosody na iya aiki. Misali,

 nɪːt͡s.híːʔɪh 'mai ƙarfi'
 nɪːt͡s.híːʔɪh 'masu karfi'ya

 Helikin: 'Bari ya same ka'
 Helixːhɪɾʔíːɾas 'Bari ya same shi a gare ku'

  'akwai'
  'a nan ne' (ya ce lokacin da aka ba da wani abu) 
  'wannan'

(Lura cewa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin harsuna da yawa don amfani da tsawo na prosodic tare da nunawa kamar 'akwai' ko 'wannan'.) 

Wannan ya bambanta da Mixe, inda yake da sauƙi a sami bambancin tsawon hanyoyi uku ba tare da ƙara morphemes ba.

A karkashin binciken Rood, to, Wichita tana da sautuna 9 na sauti: 
TakaitaccenTsawon LokaciTsawon LokaciBabbaɪAn tsara shiɪːTsakaninɛYa kasanceɛːƘanananaYa kasanceaː

 Sauti 

 Kalmomin da kuma sauti 
Duk da yake jerin wasula ba a saba gani ba (sai dai idan an dauki karin wasula masu tsawo a matsayin jerin), tarin sassan suna ko'ina a Wichita. kalmomi na iya farawa da rukuni kamar su  () da [ɾːh] (). Ƙungiyar da ta fi tsayi da aka lura a Wichita ita ce ƙididdiga biyar, ƙidaya  a matsayin ƙididdiga ɗaya:  'yayinda yake barci'; duk da haka, kalmomin Wichita sun fi CV ko CVC.

 Harshe da kuma yanayin mutum 
Wichita yare ne mai haɗuwa, harshe na polysynthetic, ma'ana kalmomi suna da tushen aikatau wanda aka kara bayanai; wato, ana ƙara morphemes (affixes) zuwa tushen aikatau. Wadannan kalmomi na iya ƙunsar batutuwa, abubuwa, abubuwa masu kai tsaye, kuma mai yiwuwa suna nuna mallaka. Don haka, ana iya sadarwa da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa da kalmomi guda ɗaya. Misali, /kijaʔaːt͡ssthirʔaːta͡s/ yana nufin "mutum yana yin wuta".

Sunaye ba su bambanta tsakanin mutum ɗaya da jam'i ba, kamar yadda aka ƙayyade wannan bayanin a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikatau. Wichita kuma ba ta rarrabe tsakanin jinsi, wanda zai iya zama matsala ga fassarar harshen Ingilishi.

Tsarin jumla ya fi sauƙi fiye da Turanci, tare da kalmomin da aka tsara bisa ga muhimmancin ko sabon abu. Sau da yawa ana sanya batun [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] na jumla da farko. Masanin harshe David S. Rood, wanda ya rubuta takardu da yawa game da harshen Wichita, ya rubuta wannan misali, kamar yadda Bertha Provost (mai magana da asali, yanzu ya mutu) ya yi magana a ƙarshen shekarun 1960.  

Batun [bayani da ake buƙata] na jumlar shine kakanninmu, kuma ta haka ne jumlar ta fara da shi, maimakon Allah, ko halitta (when.he.made.us.dwell). Wannan yana haifar da mutum ya kammala cewa Wichita yana da tsari mai yawa kyauta, inda wasu sassan jumla ba sa buƙatar kasancewa kusa da juna don a haɗa su. 

Cikakken lokacin yana nuna cewa an kammala wani aiki; a gefe guda, lokacin da ya dace yana nuna cewa batun yana shirin ko shirin aiwatar da wani aiki. Al'amarin al'ada yana nuna aikin al'ada, misali: "yana shan sigari" amma ba "yana shan taba ba". Lokaci mai tsawo yana bayyana wani aiki, wanda yake tare da wani abu.

Wichita ba ta da magana ta kai tsaye ko murya mai wucewa. Lokacin amfani da lokacin da ya gabata, masu magana dole ne su nuna ko wannan ilimin da ya gabata ya dogara ne akan jita-jita ko ilimin mutum. Wichita tana da bambancin rarrabewa a cikin mutum na farko, watau hanyoyi daban-daban na bayyana "mu" wanda ya haɗa ko cire mai sauraro. Wichita kuma ya bambanta tsakanin mutum ɗaya, lambobi biyu da jam'i, maimakon mafi sauƙi ko ƙididdigar da aka saba samu.

 Bayanan da aka rubuta 
Wasu affixes na Wichita sune: 
Gabatarwamasanin ilimin kimiyyaa ... ki- [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Magana ta aoristaːʔa ... ki- [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] nan gabakeʔe-Bayani na gabaAn shirya shi ne:cikakkeaɾa-cikakkiyar ƙa'idaaːɾa-nunawata/ti-mai ban sha'awaiskiri-mai tsawoa/i-wajibi nehi/i-Abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gabakiʔi-zaɓikaʔa-mai ba da izinikaɾa-
SuffixescikakkeØajizanci -smai zurfi -staɾisna yau da kullun -ːssya makara -iːhiːʔ


 imperfective.future.
 'Na ji cewa za ta dafa shi. '

 Ƙididdigar kayan aiki 
 Ƙaddamarwa ita ce Rá:hir, an kara shi a tushe. Wata hanyar bayyana kayan aiki, wanda aka yi amfani da shi kawai don sassan jiki, shine matsayi na halayyar haɗuwa a cikin ma'anar kalma.

 ha:rhiwi:cá:hir 'ta amfani da kwano' (ha:rhihiwi:c 'kwano') 
 ika:rá:hir 'tare da dutse' (ika:ʔa 'dutse') 
 kirikirʔi:sá:hir 'a cikin Wichita (harshe) ' (kirikirʔi) '
 iskiʔo:rʔeh 'ka riƙe ni a hannunka' (iskiʔ 'mataki na biyu, abu na farko'; 'mai riƙewa'; ʔawir 'makami'; ahiʔ 'ka riƙe').
 keʔese:cʔíriyari 'za ku girgiza kai' (keʔes 'batun na biyu na gaba'; 'mai tunani'; ic 'fuska'; ʔiriyari 'tafiyewa'. A zahiri: 'zafiyewa, ta amfani da fuskarka').

 Matsayi da fasalin 
Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan prefixes na yanayin lokaci dole ne ya faru a kowane cikakkiyar kalma.
mai tsawo; jagoraa / iaorist (yawanci na baya) a... kicikakke; baya-bayan nanAraBayani na gabaAn shirya shi ne:subjunctiveha... kiexclamatory; nan da naniskiriya kamata yaKarazaɓikaʔanan gabakeʔeAbubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gabakiʔishiga tsakaninatambaya mai nunawaranunawatamummunar alamaʔa
Lura: kara (ya kamata), shi kaɗai, koyaushe yana nufin 'batun ya kamata', amma a cikin gine-gine masu rikitarwa ana amfani da shi don aiki mai ban mamaki, kamar a cikin 'abin da za ku yi idan...') 
cikakkeØajizancismai zurfistarisna yau da kullunːss
Sauran prefixes da suffixes sune kamar haka:

 Juyin juya halin yana nuna farin ciki.
 Ana amfani da imperative a matsayin tsari na umarni.
 Ana amfani da canjin umarni wajen ba da umarni a cikin jerin, kamar bayyana yadda mutum ke yin wani abu. 
 Wannan yana faruwa ne kawai tare da wakilan mutum na 2 ko na 3 kuma kawai a cikin mutum ɗaya.
 Sau da yawa ana fassara zaɓi 'Ina so' ko 'batun ya kamata'.
 Kodayake ya kamata ya nuna cewa aikin shine aikin batun, ana amfani dashi akai-akai don maganganu masu mahimmanci a cikin gine-gine masu rikitarwa.
 Rukunin dindindin yana nuna cewa farkon da ƙarshen taron ba su da mahimmanci, ko kuma cewa taron yana da alaƙa da wani abu.
 Bayyanawa shine sunan da aka fi amfani da shi na Wichita wanda ke fassara kalmomin Ingilishi daga mahallin. Yana nuna tsinkaya a matsayin mai sauƙi. Lokaci koyaushe ba na gaba ba ne, abin da aka bayyana gaskiya ne, kuma halin da ake ciki yawanci ɗaya ne na tattaunawar yau da kullun. 
 Gabatarwa ita ce ti- tare da mutane na 3 da ta- in ba haka ba
 Ana amfani da aorist a cikin labarai, labaru, da kuma yanayin da wani abu ya faru ko kuma zai iya faruwa a baya.
 Za'a iya fassara makomar ta hanyar gargajiya. Dole ne a kowane abin da zai faru a nan gaba, ba tare da la'akari da yadda yake gabatowa ba, sai dai idan an bayyana taron a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen wani, a wannan yanayin ana amfani da intentive a maimakon haka.
 cikakke yana nuna an kammala shi kwanan nan. 
 Yana sanya gaskiyar kammala aikin ta zama tabbatacciya, kuma ya ƙayyade wani abin da ya faru a baya-bayan nan.
 Aorist intentive yana nufin 'Na ji cewa za su je ... amma ba su yi ba. '
 Ma'anar nunawa tana nufin 'Za su je ... ' ba tare da nuna wani abu game da shaidar da sanarwa ta dogara da ita ba, ko kuma game da yiwuwar kammalawa.
 Maganar jujjuyawar zaɓi tana faruwa tare da aorist, nan gaba, ko cikakkun lokuta. 
 Idan ya faru, yana ƙayyade cewa bayanin mai magana ya fito ne daga wasu tushe ban da lura da mutum ko ilimi. 
 'Na ji hakan ... ' ko 'Ban sani ba, amma ... '
 Idan bai faru ba, nau'in yana nuna cewa shaidar rahoton shine lura da mutum.

Misalan: ʔarasi 'gurba'
á:kaʔarásisƙididdigar ƙididdigaNa ji tana dafa shikiyakaʔarásisƙididdigar ƙididdigaNa ji tana dafa shiá:kaʔarásikiƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddenNa ji tana dafa shiá:kaʔarásistarisƙididdigar ƙididdigaNa ji tana shirin dafa shikiyakaʔarásistarisƙididdigar ƙididdigaNa ji tana shirin dafa shiá:kaʔarásiki:ssƙididdigar ƙididdigaNa ji cewa koyaushe tana dafa shikiyakaʔarásiki:ssƙididdigar ƙididdigaNa ji cewa koyaushe tana dafa shiákaʔárasisaorist imperfectiveNa san kaina tana dafa shiákaʔárasikicikakkiyar aoristNa san kaina ta dafa shiákaʔarásistarismai zurfiNa san kaina za ta dafa shiákaʔaraásiki:ssaorist na yau da kullunNa san kaina ta dafa shi koyaushekeʔárasikiFarkon nan gabaZa ta dafa shikeʔárasisRashin cikakkiyar gabaZa ta dafa shikeʔárasiki:ssgaba gaba gabaKullum za ta dafa shiehéʔárasikiƙididdigar ƙayyadaddun gabaNa ji cewa za ta dafa shiehéʔárasisƙididdigar gaba mara cikakkeNa ji cewa za ta dafa shieheʔárasiki:ssƙididdigar gaba ɗayaNa ji cewa za ta kasance koyaushe za ta dafa shiTaʔarásisnuna rashin cikakkeTana dafa shi; Ta dafa shiTaʔarásistarismai nunawa da niyyaTana shirin dafa shitaʔarásiki::sBayyanawa na yau da kullunKullum tana dafa shiza a iya: za a iyamai ban sha'awaTa tafi, ta dafa shi!aʔarásisJagoran da bai cika baSa'an nan kuma ka dafa shihaʔarásikiimpermal imperfectBari ta dafa shiki:ʔárasikiƘarshen da ya dace a nan gabaBari ta dafa shi daga bayaki:ʔárasiki:ssgaba mai mahimmanciDole ne koyaushe ka bari ta dafa shiá:raʔarásikiƙididdigar cikakkiyar cikakkeNa ji ta dafa shiá:raʔarásistarisƙididdigar cikakkiyar niyyaNa ji cewa za ta dafa shiAraʔárasikicikakke cikakkeNa san ta dafa shikeʔeʔárasisZaɓin ajizanciIna fatan ta kasance tana dafa shikeʔeʔárasikiZaɓin kammalawaIna fatan ta dafa shikeʔeʔárasistarisZaɓin da aka yi niyyaIna fatan ta shirya dafa shikeʔeʔárasiki:sszaɓi na gama gariIna fatan koyaushe za ta dafa shikeʔeʔárasiki:hi:ʔZaɓin ya makaraIna fatan ta dafa shiKaraʔárasisya kamata ya zama ajizanciYa kamata ta dafa shikaraʔarásiki:ssya kamata ya zama gama gariYa kamata ta dafa shi koyaushekaraʔárasiski:hiʔya kamata ya makaraYa kamata ta dafa shi

 Masu gyarawa 
An zauna:hahdukta:wʔickaɗantiʔihwannanha:rí:hcewahanthirihgobetiʔikhánthirisʔihjiyachih á:kiʔí:rakhárisʔí:hba zato ba tsammaniti:ʔnan takewahtunishahhar yanzuchihci gabaTiʔriha nanharaha canhy:raka:hhanyar fitaHalittagefenKathaa gefen (i) Waƙowajehaa cikin ruwakaa cikin wani shinge ba tare da wani abu baka:a cikin sararin samaniyaKataskaa cikin wani filiTunanina cikin wani shugabancikataskeʔerta hanyar yadikataskeʔero:cdaga wata hanya daga filin

 Shari'a 
 A cikin yaren Wichita, akwai alamun shari'a kawai don obliques. Ga wasu misalai:

 Kayan aiki 

 Ƙaddamarwa: Ráhir, an kara shi a tushe
 Wata hanyar bayyana kayan aiki, wanda aka yi amfani da shi kawai don sassan jiki, shine matsayi na 
 ha:rhiwi:cá:hir 'ta amfani da kwano' (ha:rhihiwi:c 'kwano') 
 ika:rá:hir 'tare da dutse' (ika:ʔa 'dutse')  

 Yanayin Locative 
Yawancin sunaye suna ɗaukar ma'anar kiyah:

Amma wasu suna amfani da :

Duk wani sashi na magana (watau kowane jumla) za'a iya canza shi zuwa sashi na locative ta hanyar 

  'kogi ne'
  'inda rafin yake'

 Magana da muhawara 
Wichita yare ne na polysynthetic. Kusan duk bayanan da ke cikin kowane jumla mai sauƙi ana bayyana su ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden kalma. Abinda kawai ya bambanta da wannan shine (1) ƙwayoyin suna, musamman waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin wakilai na kalmomin wucewa amma wani lokacin waɗanda ke cikin wasu ayyuka, da kuma (2) takamaiman ƙwayoyin gyare-gyare. Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita daga labarin ita ce: "Archived copy" (PDF). 

Lura cewa squirrel shine wakili kuma yana faruwa da kansa ba tare da wani morphemes da ke nuna lamba ko wani abu ba. Kalmomin, ban da sassan magana na ambaton, aorist, maimaitawa, da ajizanci, suma suna dauke da morphemes wanda ke nuna wakili ne guda, mai haƙuri yana da haɗin kai, jagorancin aikin yana zuwa saman, kuma duk bayanan ƙamus game da dukan kalmar mai haƙuri, "babban yawan nama".

 Jima'i 
A cikin harshen Wichita, babu bambancin jinsi (WALS).

 Mutum da mallaka 
MaganaManufarMutum na farko -t- -ki-Mutum na biyu -s- -a:-Mutum na uku -i-Øhada da -ciy- -ca:ki-
Aikatau 'ka mallaki, mallaki' a cikin Wichita shine /uR ... ʔi/, haɗuwa da preverb 'mai mallaka' da tushen 'kasancewa'. Ana iya bayyana mallaka na suna ta hanyar haɗa wannan suna a cikin wannan aikatau da kuma nuna mutumin mai shi ta hanyar wakilin batun:  


 Alamar lamba 
Ana iya raba sunaye zuwa waɗanda za a iya ƙidaya da waɗanda ba su da ƙidaya. Gabaɗaya, wannan yana da alaƙa da yiwuwar alamar jam'i: Ana iya yin alama da sunayen ƙididdiga don biyu ko jam'i; idan ba haka ba, ana ɗauka su ne guda ɗaya. Ba za a iya lissafa sunayen da ba a iya lissafin su ba.

Waɗannan sunayen da ba a iya lissafawa ba waɗanda su ma ruwa ne ana nuna su kamar haka ta hanyar morpheme na musamman, Kir.

Wadanda ba a iya lissafawa waɗanda ba ruwa ba ne ba a yi musu alama a Wichita ba. Wannan fasalin ana kiransa busassun abu. An haɗa siffofi kamar ye:c 'wuta', kirʔi:c 'gurasa', da ka:hi:c 'gishiri' a cikin wannan rukunin.

An rarraba sunayen ƙididdigar Wichita zuwa waɗanda ke da haɗin kai da waɗanda ba su da. Ƙungiyar ta haɗa da mafi yawan kayan, kamar itace; duk abin da ya zo a cikin ɓangarori, kamar nama, masara, ko gari; da duk wani akwati kamar tukwane, kwanon rufi, ko jaka lokacin da aka cika su da ɓangarorin wani abu.

Wasu daga cikin wadanda ba na hadin kai ba kuma suna da alama don wasu ƙuntatawa na zaɓe. Musamman, tare da wasu kalmomi, sunayen rayayyu (ciki har da sunayen mutum na farko da na biyu) suna buƙatar magani na musamman lokacin da suke marasa lafiya a cikin jumla. Duk lokacin da akwai mai haƙuri mai rai ko abu na wasu aikatau kamar u... Raʔa ' kawo' ko Irasi 'bincike', ma'anar ma'anar (/hirʔ/, /hiʔr/, /hirʔi/) tana faruwa tare da aikatau. Amfani da wannan morpheme ba a iya hango shi ta hanyar doka ba kuma dole ne a ƙayyade shi ga kowane aikatau a cikin harshen da ke buƙatar shi.

Kamar hiʔri 'mai haƙuri yana da rai', morpheme wakhahr, yana nufin 'mai haƙori aiki ne'.

Sunayen ƙididdigar da ba rayayyu ba ne ko ayyuka, kamar kujerun, apples, duwatsu, ko sassan jiki, ba sa buƙatar kowane nau'in yarjejeniyar aji a cikin harshen Wichita.

Halin da ake kira "Cinema" yana nuna kowane mutum ko duk wanda ba na uku ba a cikin jumlar a matsayin jam'i.

Morpheme don 'ƙungiya' ko 'mai haƙuri ba ɗaya ba ne'. Siffar wannan ta bambanta daga aikatau zuwa aikatau, amma yawanci haɗin kai shine maki.

The noncollective plural is usually |ʔak|. Instead of a morpheme here, some roots change form to mark plural. Examples include:
MaganaMai banbanciYawancin mutanemai dafa abinciGishiriwa:rasʔi:rʔcin abincikaʔacʔakashewakiʔessa
Wani abu na tsari a cikin wanda ba na mutum na uku ba za a iya nuna shi a bayyane a matsayin mutum ɗaya, biyu, ko jam'i. Morpheme ra:k alama ce ta yawa; haɗuwa oh hi da ʔak alama ce ta biyu. Singular yana da alama ta sifili.

Idan duka wa da mai haƙur mutum ne na uku, wasu kalmomin da ba su da ma'ana suna ba da damar bambance-bambance iri ɗaya ga mara lafiya kamar yadda zai yiwu ga abubuwan da ba na uku ba: guda ɗaya, biyu, da jam'i. Wadannan kalmomi (kamar 'ku zo' da 'ku zauna') suna ba da damar morpheme wa don nuna 'mai haƙuri biyu'. A duk sauran lokuta morphemes ru, ra, r, ko ʔak na nufin 'mai haƙuri yana da yawa'.

 __hau__ Ma'anar ba ta da mahimmanci
 __hau____hau____hau__ Marasa lafiya na mutum na uku ba shi da mahimmanci
 Sakamakon haka, wanda ba na uku ba ne. Idan duka batun da abu ba mutum na uku ba ne, ambaton shine kawai ga abu.
 Aiki ... Mutumin da ba na uku ba ne biyu
 Sakamakon ya haɗu da ma'anar ra:k da ʔakTunanin
 sifili guda 

 Haɗari 
A cewar shafin yanar gizon Ethnologue Languages of the World, yaren Wichita "ba ya barci", ma'ana cewa babu wanda ke da ƙwarewar alama. Mai magana da harshen Wichita na karshe, Doris Jean Lamar McLemore, ya mutu a shekarar 2016. Dalilin raguwar yaren shine saboda masu magana da harshen Wichita sun sauya zuwa magana da Turanci. Don haka, ba a koya wa yara Wichita ba kuma dattawa ne kawai suka san yaren. "Ƙoƙarin da aka yi don yin rubuce-rubuce da adana harshe" suna aiki ta hanyar aikin rubuce-aikacen Wichita.

 Kokarin farfadowa 
Wichita da Ƙabilun da ke da alaƙa sun ba da darussan harshe, waɗanda Doris McLemore da Shirley Davilla suka koyar. Ƙabilar ta kirkiro aji na nutsewa ga yara da aji ga manya. Masanin harshe David Rood ya haɗu da masu magana da Wichita don ƙirƙirar ƙamus da CDs na harshe. Ƙabilar tana haɗin gwiwa tare da Rood na Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder don yin rubuce-rubuce da koyar da harshen ta hanyar Wichita Documentation Project . 

 Bayani 

 Manazarta 







 Ƙarin karantawa 

 Marcy. (1853).  (shafi na 307-308). 







 Shirin da ya yi amfani da shi (1950).

 Makarantar, Henry. (1851–1857). Bayanan tarihi da kididdiga game da tarihin, yanayin, da kuma yiwuwar kabilun Indiya na Amurka. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo.
 Makarantar, Henry. (1953).  (shafi na 709-711)  


  (Bayani game da yaren Waco)  

 Haɗin waje 

 Hoton Wichita, yaren Caddoan
 Wichita da Ƙabilai Masu Ƙungiya Harshe Class, tare da ƙamus na samfurin
 Shirin Bayanan Harshen Wichita An adana shi 2011-06-06 a 
 Harshen Indiya na Wichita (Witchita)
 Hotuna na Doris Jean Lamar McLemore yana ba da labarin halittar Wichita a Wichita
 Binciken Red River na Louisiana, a cikin shekara ta 1852 / ta Randolph B. Marcy; tare da taimakon George B. McClellan. wanda Portal ya shirya zuwa Tarihin Texas. Dubi Appendix H, wanda ke kwatanta harsunan Turanci, Comanche, da Wichita.

PVB:preverb PORT:portative (canja motsi verb don ɗaukar aikatau) }}
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba