Rundunar sojan ruwa ta Byzantine

Rundunar sojan ruwa ta Byzantine200x200pxAlamar mulkin mallaka (basilikon phlamoulon) tare da giciye na tetragrammic, wanda jiragen yaki na Byzantine suka ɗauka a karni na 14, kamar yadda Pseudo-Kodinos ya bayyana kuma aka kwatanta shi a cikin littafin Castilian Conosçimiento de todos los reynos (c.  1350 ) Verpeaux 1966, p. 167. "Other Byzantine flags shown in the "Book of All Kingdoms" (14th century)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2010-08-07.ShugabanninSarkin sarakuna na Byzantine (Babban kwamandan); droungarios tou ploïmou da dabarun batutuwa (karni na 8 zuwa 11), megas doux (bayan c.  1092 ) Ranar aiki330–1453HedikwatarConstantinopleYankunan da ke aiki Tekun Bahar Rum, Danube, Tekun BaƙiGirmac. maza  42,000  a cikin 899.Treadgold 1998, p. 67. c.  300  yaƙi a cikin ƙarni na 9th-10th.Treadgold 1998, p. 85. c. Jiragen yaki 150 a karkashin Manuel Komnenos .Wani bangare naDaular ByzantineAbokan hulɗaVenice, Genoa, Pisa, Jihohin Crusader, AydinidsMasu adawaVandals, Ostrogoths, Sassanid, Umayyad da Abbasid Caliphates, Masarautar tsibirin Crete, Fatimids, Slavs, Bulgarians, Rus', Norman, Genoa, Venice, Pisa, Jihohin Crusader, Seljuks, Anatolian beyliks, OttomansYaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yaƙiYaƙe-yaƙe na Justinian, rabin ƙarshen yaƙe- yaƙe-yanayin Romawa da Farisa, yaƙe-yaren Larabawa da Byzantine, yaƙe'yaƙe na Byzantine da Byzantines, yaƙe na Byzantium da yaƙe-yin Crusades da yaƙe na OttomanYaƙe-yaƙe na Byzantine da OttomanKafinsa Sojan ruwa na Romawa
Sojojin ruwa na Byzantine sune sojojin ruwa na Daular Byzantine. Kamar jihar da ta yi aiki, ci gaba ne kai tsaye daga magabata na Romawa, amma ya taka rawar gani sosai a cikin tsaro da rayuwar jihar fiye da yadda aka yi ta a baya. Yayin da jiragen ruwa na Daular Roma suka fuskanci wasu manyan barazanar ruwa na ruwa, suna aiki a matsayin rundunar 'yan sanda da ba ta da iko da girma ga sojojin, umarnin teku ya zama mahimmanci ga wanzuwar kasar ta Byzantine, wanda masana tarihi da yawa suka kira "daular maritime".

Barazana ta farko ga mulkin Romawa a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum ta kasance daga Vandals a ƙarni na 5, amma yaƙe-yaƙe na Justinian I a ƙarni na 6 ya kawo ƙarshen barazanarsu. Sake kafa rundunar jiragen ruwa na dindindin da kuma shigar da jirgin ruwa na dromon a daidai wannan lokacin kuma yana nuna ma'anar lokacin da sojojin ruwan Byzantine suka fara tashi daga tushensu na Roman marigayi da kuma haɓaka halayensa. Za a ci gaba da wannan tsari tare da fara yaƙe-yaƙe na Musulmi na farko a ƙarni na 7. Bayan da aka yi hasarar Levant da kuma Afirka daga baya, Bahar Rum ta rikide ta zama fagen fama tsakanin Rumawa da jerin kasashen musulmi. A cikin wannan gwagwarmaya, jiragen ruwa na Byzantine sun kasance masu mahimmanci, ba wai kawai don kare kariya daga dukiyoyi masu nisa na Daular ba a kusa da Basin Bahar Rum, amma har ma don tunkude hare-haren da ke cikin teku a kan babban birnin mulkin mallaka na Konstantinoful kanta. Ta hanyar amfani da sabuwar “wuta ta Girka”, sanannen sanannen kuma makamin sirri na sojojin ruwa na Byzantine, Constantinople ya sami ceto daga hare-hare da yawa kuma yawancin ayyukan sojan ruwa ya haifar da nasarar Byzantine.

Da farko, tsaron gaɓar tekun Byzantine da kuma hanyoyin zuwa Konstantinoful babban jirgin ruwa na Karabisianoi ya ɗauki nauyinsa. Ci gaba duk da haka an raba shi zuwa wasu jiragen ruwa na yanki da dama, yayin da aka kiyaye babban jirgin ruwa na Imperial a Constantinople, yana gadin birnin da kuma kafa tushen balaguro na ruwa. A ƙarshen karni na 8, sojojin ruwa na Byzantine, wani tsari mai kyau da kuma kiyayewa, ya sake zama babban ikon teku a cikin Bahar Rum. Rikici da sojojin ruwa na duniyar musulmi ya ci gaba da samun nasara daban-daban, amma a cikin karni na 10, Rumawa sun sami rinjaye a Gabashin Bahar Rum.

A cikin karni na 11, rundunar sojan ruwa, kamar Daular kanta, ta fara raguwa. Da yake fuskantar sabbin kalubalen sojan ruwa daga Yamma, an tilasta wa Byzantines su dogara da rundunar sojan ruwa na biranen Italiya kamar Venice da Genoa, tare da mummunar tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Daular da ikon mallakar. Wani lokaci na farfadowa a karkashin Daular Komnenos ya biyo bayan wani lokaci na raguwa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin mummunar rushewar Daular ta Crusade na huɗu a cikin 1204. Bayan da aka dawo da Daular a cikin 1261, sarakuna da yawa na Daular Palaiologan sun yi ƙoƙari su farfado da rundunar sojan ruwa, amma kokarin su kawai ya sami sakamako na wucin gadi. Sarkin sarakuna Andronikos II Palaiologos har ma ya rushe rundunar sojan ruwa gaba ɗaya, ya ba Venice damar kayar da Byzantines a yaƙe-yaƙe biyu, na farko wanda ya haifar da yarjejeniyar wulakanci wanda ya ga Venetians suna riƙe da tsibirai da yawa da aka kama daga sojojin Byzantine a lokacin yaƙin kuma ya tilasta wa na ƙarshe ya biya Venice don halakar da yankin Venetian na Constantinople a hannun mazaunan Genoese na birnin. A tsakiyar karni na 14, rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Byzantine, wacce ta iya sanya daruruwan jiragen yaki a teku, an iyakance ta zuwa 'yan dozin a mafi kyau, kuma kula da Tekun Aegean ya wuce ga rundunar sojan ruwa ta Italiya kuma, a cikin karni na 15, sabuwar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Ottoman. Rashin rundunar sojan ruwa ta Byzantine ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa faduwar Constantinople zuwa Daular Ottoman a cikin 1453.


 Tarihin aiki 

 Lokacin farko 

 Yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa da mamayewar barbarians: ƙarni na 4 da 5 
Rundunar sojan ruwa ta Byzantine, kamar Gabashin Roman ko Daular Byzantine kanta, ta ci gaba da tsarin Daular Romawa. Bayan Yaƙin Actium a cikin 31 BC, ba tare da wata barazana ta waje a cikin Bahar Rum ba, rundunar sojan ruwa ta Roma ta yi yawancin ayyukan 'yan sanda da masu tsaron gida. Yaƙe-yaƙe na teku, kamar waɗanda aka yi yaƙi ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata a cikin Punic Wars (264 zuwa 146 BC), ba su sake faruwa ba, kuma jiragen ruwa na Romawa sun ƙunshi ƙananan jiragen ruwa, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da sababbin ayyukansu. A farkon karni na 4 AD, jiragen ruwa na dindindin na Romawa sun ragu, don haka lokacin da jiragen ruwa na sarakunan Constantine the Great da Licinius suka yi karo a cikin 324 AD, an hada su da sababbin jiragen ruwa da aka gina ko kuma wadanda aka kwace daga biranen tashar jiragen ruwa na Gabashin Bahar Rum. Yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa na ƙarni na 4 da farkon ƙarni na 5, duk da haka, sun haifar da farfadowar aikin sojan ruwa, tare da jiragen ruwa da aka fi amfani da su don jigilar sojoji. Sojojin ruwa masu yawa sun ci gaba da aiki a Yammacin Bahar Rum a cikin kwata na farko na karni na biyar, musamman daga Arewacin Afirka, amma an kalubalanci ikon Roma na Bahar Rum lokacin da Vandals suka mamaye Afirka  (429 zuwa 442).  

Sabuwar Masarautar Vandalic ta Carthage, a ƙarƙashin mai iyawa Geiseric (r. 428-477), nan da nan ta kaddamar da hare-hare kan iyakar Italiya da Girka, har ma da korar da kwace Roma a cikin 455. Hare-haren Vandal sun ci gaba ba tare da raguwa ba a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya, duk da yunkurin da Romawa suka yi na kayar da su. Daular Yammacin ba ta da iko, rundunar sojan ruwa ta ragu zuwa kusan komai, amma sarakunan gabas har yanzu suna iya kiran albarkatu da ƙwarewar sojan ruwa na gabashin Bahar Rum. Wani balaguron Gabas na farko a cikin 448, duk da haka, bai wuce Sicily ba, kuma a cikin 460, Vandals sun kai hari kuma sun lalata rundunar mamayewar Romawa ta Yamma a Cartagena a Spain. A ƙarshe, a cikin 468, babban balaguron Gabas ya taru a ƙarƙashin Basiliscus, wanda aka yi la'akari da jiragen ruwa 1,113 da mutane 100,000, amma ya kasa da bala'i. Kimanin jiragen ruwa 600 sun ɓace ga jiragen wuta, kuma farashin kudi na fam 130,000 na zinariya da fam 700,000 na azurfa kusan sun rushe Daular. Wannan ya tilasta wa Romawa su yarda da Geiseric kuma su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Bayan mutuwar Geiseric a cikin 477, duk da haka, barazanar Vandal ta koma baya.

 Karni na shida - Justinian ya dawo da ikon Romawa a kan Bahar Rum 
Karni na 6 ya nuna sake haihuwar ikon sojan Rayuwa na Roma. A cikin 508, yayin da adawa da Masarautar Ostrogothic ta Theodoric ta tashi, an ruwaito Sarkin sarakuna Anastasius I (r. 491-518) ya aika da rundunar jiragen yaki 100 don kai hari kan iyakar Italiya. A cikin 513, janar Vitalian ya tayar da Anastasius. 'Yan tawayen sun tara jiragen ruwa 200 wadanda, duk da wasu nasarorin farko, admiral Marinus ya lalata su, wanda ya yi amfani da sinadarin sulfur don kayar da su.