Schadenfreude

Schadenfreude (/ˈʃɑː testemunfrɔɪdə/ i;  [ˈʃaːdn̩ˌfʁɔʏ̯də] i; lit. Fassarar zahiri ta kayan aiki "farin ciki") shine kwarewar jin daɗi, farin ciki, ko gamsuwa da kai wanda ya zo daga koyon matsaloli, gazawar, ciwo, wahala, ko wulakanci na wani. Kalmar aro ce daga Jamusanci. An gano Schadenfreude a cikin yara tun suna da watanni 24 kuma yana iya zama muhimmiyar motsin zuciyar zamantakewa da ke kafa "rashin daidaito".

 Magana 
 kalma ce da aka aro daga Jamusanci. Yana da fili na Schaden ("ƙazayewa / lahani") da  ("farin ciki"). An fara ambaton kalmar Jamusanci a cikin matani na Turanci a cikin 1852 da 1867, kuma an fara amfani da ita a cikin rubutun Turanci a cikin 1895.  A cikin Jamusanci, an fara tabbatar da shi a cikin shekarun 1740. Na farko da alama shine Christoph Starke, "Synopsis bibliothecae exegeticae in Vetus Testamentum," Leipzig, 1750.

 Dalilan tunani 
Masu bincike sun gano cewa akwai karfi uku da ke motsawa a bayan schadenfreude - tashin hankali, gasa, da adalci.

Girman kai yana da alaƙa mara kyau tare da mitar da tsananin schadenfreude da mutum ya samu; mutanen da ke da ƙarancin girman kai suna fuskantar schadenfreud akai-akai da ƙarfi.

Ana kyautata zaton cewa wannan dangantaka ta baya-bayan nan tana shiga tsakani ne ta hanyar sha'awar tunanin ɗan adam don fayyace da kuma kare asalin kansa ko kuma na cikin ƙungiya.[1] Musamman, ga wanda ke da girman kai mai girma, ganin wani ya gaza zai iya kawo masa ƙaramin ƙarfin gwiwa (amma ba a iya faɗi ba) saboda girman kai na mai lura yana rage barazanar da yake yi imani da cewa ɗan adam yana fuskantar matsayinsa ko asalinsa. Tunda wannan mutum mai kwarin gwiwa ya fahimci cewa, ba tare da la'akari da yanayi ba, nasarori da gazawar ɗayan mutumin ba za su yi tasiri sosai ga matsayinsa ko jin daɗinsa ba, ba su da isasshen jari a cikin yadda ɗayan mutumin yake rayuwa, ko da kuwa yana da kyau ko mara kyau.￼￼

Sabanin haka, ga wani da ke da ƙarancin girman kai, wanda ya fi cin nasara yana haifar da barazana ga tunanin kansa, kuma ganin wannan mutumin ya faɗi na iya zama tushen ta'aziyya saboda suna ganin ingantaccen dangi a cikin matsayi na ciki ko a cikin rukuni.

 Ma'ana 
Schadenfreude yana da kwatankwacin a wasu harsuna da yawa (kamar: a cikin yaren Dutch , Yaren mutanen Sweden , Danish, Hungarian karöröm Czech__que____que____que__ da Slovak__) amma ba a saba amfani da shi daidai da kalmar Turanci guda ɗaya daidai ba. Akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a bayyana ra'ayin a Turanci.

epi daidai yake da kai tsaye,  wanda aka aro daga Girkanci epichairekakia (ἐπιχαιρεκακία, wanda aka Chara tabbatarwa a cikin Aristotle ) daga ἐπί epi 'a kan', kuma kuma kuma da Kakon 'mugunta'. [3] [4]

Ciwon poppy mai tsayi wani abu ne na al'adu [1] inda mutane masu matsayi mai girma ke fushi, suna kai farmaki, suna yankewa, ko kuma suna sukar su saboda an rarraba su a matsayin mafi kyau fiye da takwarorinsu. Wannan yayi kama da "begrudgery", ƙiyayya ko kishi game da nasarar takwarorinsa. Idan wani ya ji farin ciki ta hanyar faduwar wanda aka azabtar daga alheri, za su fuskanci schadenfreude.￼

Hutun Roman misali ne daga waƙar Byron Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, inda wani Gladiator a tsohuwar Roma ke sa ran a "kisansa don yin hutun Roman" yayin da masu sauraro za su ji daɗin kallon wahalarsa. Kalmar tana nuna lalata da rikici ban da jin daɗin zalunci.

Morose delectation (Latin: delectatio morosa), ma'ana "al'adar zama tare da jin daɗin mugunta",  cocin zamani ya ɗauki shi a matsayin zunubi. Marubucin Faransanci Pierre Klossowski ya ci gaba da cewa roƙon sadism shine rashin jin daɗi.  

"Gloating" kalma ce ta Ingilishi mai ma'ana iri ɗaya, inda "gloat" ke nufin "don lura ko tunani game da wani abu tare da nasara kuma sau da yawa mummunar gamsuwa, gamsuwa, ko farin ciki" (misali, yin murna da masifar abokin gaba). 

 Halin da ya danganci ko ra'ayoyi 
Displeasure at another's happiness is involved in envy, and perhaps in jealousy.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span>] The pseudo-German coinage "freudenschade" similarly means sorrow at another's success. The correct form would be Freudenschaden, since the pseudo-German coinage incorrectly assumes the n in Schadenfreude to be an interfix and the adjective  ("unfortunate") a noun.

Rashin jin daɗi game da sa'ar wani shine Gluckschmerz, kalmar Jamusanci da aka kirkira a 1985 a matsayin abin ban dariya ta Wanda Tinasky; ainihin Jamusanci zai zama Glücksschmerz .  Tun daga wannan lokacin an yi amfani da shi a cikin ilimin kimiyya.Google Books (the 1659 and 1700 dates are incorrect)

Sadism yana ba da farin ciki ta hanyar haifar da ciwo, yayin da schadenfreude shine farin ciki akan lura da masifa kuma musamman, gaskiyar cewa ɗayan ya cancanci masifa.

A cikin Dokokin Nicomachean, Aristotle ya yi amfani da epikhairekakia (ἐπιχαιρεκακία a cikin Girkanci) a matsayin wani ɓangare na kalmomi uku, wanda epikhairekakia ke tsaye a matsayin akasin phthonos (φθόνος), kuma Nemesis (νέμεσις) yana da ma'ana. Nemesis shine "amsa mai raɗaɗi ga sa'a mai kyau na wani", yayin da phthonos amsa mai raɗaayi ne ga duk wani sa'a na wani, wanda ya cancanci ko a'a. Mutumin epikhairekakos (ἐπιχαιρέκακος) yana jin daɗin rashin sa'ar wani.

A cikin 2014, bincike a cikin hanyar binciken kan layi ya bincika dangantakar da ke tsakanin halaye na schadenfreude da 'Dark Triad' (watau narcissism, Machiavellianism, da psychopathy). Binciken ya nuna cewa wadanda suka amsa wadanda ke da matakan da suka fi girma na halayen Dark Triad suma suna da matakan schadenfreude mafi girma, suna shiga cikin manyan ayyukan adawa da zamantakewa, kuma suna da sha'awar jin dadi.

 Crab mentality - Misali game da halin ƙiyayya
 Katagelasticism - Yanayin tunanin mutum wanda mutum ke jin daɗin yin dariya da wasu
 Jerin maganganun Jamusanci a Turanci
 Revenge - Ayyuka masu lahani a kan mutum ko rukuni don amsa korafi

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba