'Yan fashin teku na United Argentina

Piratas Unidos Argentinos (PUA), wanda aka fassara a matsayin United Argentine Pirates, ita ce ƙungiyar ɗan fashi ta farko da aka sani a Argentina kuma ɗaya daga cikin majagaba a Latin Amurka. An kafa shi a cikin 1986 ta ƙungiyar matasa ciki har da Daniel Sentinelli (wanda aka fi sani da "El Chacal") da Pablo Kleinman (wanda aka sake sani da "Doctor Trucho"), ƙungiyar ta mai da hankali kan bincika da karya tsarin kwamfuta, suna ba da gudummawa ga fitowar al'adun ɗan fashi a ƙasar. An bayyana su a matsayin "masu satar bayanai" waɗanda ke aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa da koyar da kansu, galibi suna aiki ba tare da albarkatun al'ada ba a farkon kwanakin lissafin mutum, wanda ke motsawa ta hanyar son sani game da modems da hanyoyin sadarwar dijital masu tasowa.

 Tarihi 
Kungiyar ta fito ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s Buenos Aires a cikin sabon yanayin lissafi na mutum a Argentina, inda tsarin allon bulletin (BBS), Delphi, da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar sauya fakiti kamar ARPAC da CIBA, sun yi aiki a matsayin dandamali na dijital na farko. PUA an kafa ta ne a matsayin "kungiyar masu fashin kwamfuta ta gari" ta matasa masu fasaha da ke sha'awar modems da sadarwar farko. Sun sami sananne da sauri don rushe masu aiki da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar shiga tsakani, gwaje-gwaje, da dabarun "phreaking" don samun damar layin tarho na duniya da tsarin nesa. Ayyuka na farko sun haɗa da karya cibiyar sadarwa ta Delphi a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, inda membobin suka yi amfani da asusun masu amfani, suka bincika ayyukan gudanarwa da aka ɓoye, har ma da canza tsarin biyan kuɗi, suna ɓata ma'aikatan Amurka waɗanda ke kallon su a matsayin masu shigowa. Ayyukansu mafi ƙarfin zuciya sun faru ne a farkon shekarun 1990, lokacin da suka sami damar shiga hanyoyin sadarwar gwamnatin Amurka ta hanyar kwangila na soja da hanyoyin sadarwar tauraron dan adam. Wannan ya kai ga kasa da kasa ya firgita hukumomi, wanda ya sa FBI ta aika da wakili zuwa Montevideo, Uruguay - cibiyar PUA ta al'ada don ayyukan ƙetare kan iyaka - a cikin 1992. A cikin martani mai ƙarfin zuciya, ƙungiyar ta shirya zanga-zangar jama'a a wani cybercafé a unguwar Belgrano ta Buenos Aires, inda suka yi amfani da tsarin tsaro a gaban masu kallo da kafofin watsa labarai, suna nuna sauƙin irin waɗannan keta doka da kuma jawo hankali sosai ba tare da haifar da kamawa ba. Kodayake membobin sun fi son bayyana PUA a matsayin "ƙungiyar abokai da ke raba ilimi da kayan aiki" maimakon ƙungiyar da aka tsara, halayensu na haɗin gwiwa da kuma jaddadawa kan binciken ɗabi'a sun yi wahayi zuwa ga irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru a duk faɗin Latin Amurka, gami da kungiyoyin matasa a Chile, Brazil, da kuma bayan. Ayyuka sun kai kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990 amma sun fara raguwa a kusa da 1991 yayin da manyan mambobi kamar Pablo Kleinman suka mayar da hankali ga ayyukan da suka dace, kamar fadada kayan aikin FidoNet a Argentina da karatun ilimi a Amurka. Kungiyar ta rushe yadda ya kamata a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, yayin da membobin suka sauya zuwa matsayi na tsaro na yanar gizo a cikin karuwar binciken shari'a da kasuwanci na intanet.

 Shahararrun mambobi 
Daniel Sentinelli (wanda aka fi sani da "El Chacal"), memba ne na kafa kuma sanannen mutum na kungiyar. A farkon shekarunsa na 20 a lokacin da aka kafa PUA, Sentinelli ya ƙware a cikin intrusions na cibiyar sadarwa, phreaking, da farkon cryptography. Ya kasance daga cikin 'yan fashin kwamfuta na farko na Argentina da suka bayyana ainihinsa a fili a farkon shekarun 1990, ya karya daga ka'idar rashin sani. Ya ba da lacca a taron Hacking Congress na farko na Argentina game da ɓoye sirri mai kyau (PGP) da kuma tasirinsa ga tsaro na bayanai. Bayan rushewar PUA, Sentinelli ya zama mai ba da shawara kan tsaro na yanar gizo ga kamfanoni, cibiyoyin kuɗi, da hukumomin gwamnati, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin marubuci ga gidan yanar gizon dijital Dominio Digital .  

 Kyauta 
PUA alama ce ta fitowar "yaƙin 'yan tawaye na bayanai" a Latin Amurka, tare da haɗin gwiwar masu son sani tare da muhawara ta farko game da samun dama ta dijital, sirri, da ka'idojin tsaro na yanar gizo. Yawancin hacks din da ba su da lalacewa sun fallasa raunin tsarin banki, sadarwa, da tsarin gwamnati, suna tasiri ga ci gaban manufofin tsaro na cyber da wayar da kan jama'a a Argentina. Ta hanyar nuna dabarun jama'a ba tare da mugunta ba, sun taimaka wajen lalata hacking kuma sun karfafa sauyawa zuwa ayyukan "farin hat". Ayyukan membobin da suka biyo baya a fannoni masu dacewa - kamar aikin shawarwari na Sentinelli da ayyukan fasaha na Kleinman - sun ƙware al'ummar masu fashin kwamfuta na gida, suna jagorantar tsararraki masu zuwa da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ɓangaren IT mai girma na Argentina. Labarin kungiyar ya ci gaba a matsayin dutse na al'adu a tarihin fasaha na Argentina, wanda aka rubuta a cikin asusun jarida da kuma ba da labari mai ban sha'awa game da sababbin matasa a cikin iyakantaccen albarkatu, kodayake ba su fuskanci manyan tuhume-tuhumen da ba kamar kungiyoyin da suka biyo baya ba.

 Manazarta