Elspeth Reoch

Elspeth Reoch (ya mutu Kirkwall 1616) ya kasance mai zargin maƙaryaci na Scotland. An haife ta ne a Caithness amma tun tana yarinya ta yi amfani da dangi tare da dangi a tsibirin Lochaber kafin ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar Orkney. 

Aiwatar da Dokar Maƙaryaci ta Scotland ta 1563, ya sanya maita babban laifi a Scotland, saboda haka ana hukunta shi da mutuwa.

Shekaru na farko na karni na 17 sun kasance lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa a tsibirin yayin da sauye-sauyen iko tsakanin Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney da kuma Bishop James Law ya faru. Da zarar ya kasance a cikin iko, Bishop Law ya haifar da sake fasalin kotu a cikin 1614 wanda masana sunyi la'akari da cewa yana da tasiri sosai a kan gwajin maita a Orkney. Duk wani nassoshi game da wani fada a cikin maganganun da aka ba masu tambayoyin da ake zargi da mayu ana canza su akai-akai don karanta shaidan ko aljani.

A lokacin da aka yi mata shari'a a Kirkwall a ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1616 Reoch ta yi ikirarin zargin maita da yaudarar mazauna tsibirin ta hanyar yin kamar ba ta da magana. Da yake tabbatar da cewa ta sami umarni game da yadda za a sami ikon sihiri lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha biyu yayin da take zaune tare da kawunta a Lochaber, ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana da iyawar hangen nesa. Ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa tana iya haifar da ko warkar da cuta ta hanyar maimaita waƙoƙi yayin da take cire petals daga ciyawa ta Melefour. Hanyar rayuwarta ita ce ta mai yawo ko mai yawo wanda ya yi amfani da sihirinta don tallafa wa kansa.

An sami Reoch da laifi kuma an kashe ta hanyar maƙurewa; an ƙone jikinta a wannan rana.

 Tarihi 
Mazaunan tsibirin Orkney suna da dogon al'ada na imani da nau'ikan maita, maita da halittu masu ban mamaki.[1] An yarda da ikon sihiri a matsayin wani ɓangare na salon rayuwa gaba ɗaya kuma ba a yi musu tambayoyi ba.[2] Yin farautar maƙaryaci a Scotland ya fara ne a cikin kimanin 1550;  majalisar dokokin Maryamu, Sarauniya ta Scots ta zartar da Dokar Maƙaryaci ta Scotland a cikin 1563, [2] suna yin hukuncin maita da ke ƙarƙashin hukuncin kisa.[3][4] Kodayake tsibirin Orkney ya kasance a hukumance a ƙarƙashin dokar Norway har zuwa 1611,  Scotland ce ta gudanar da shi daga 1468  a ƙarƙashin mulkin Scottish earls.[5] Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, wanda aka fi sani da Black Patie, yana da iko da tsibirin a cikin 1594 a lokacin gwajin maƙaryaci na farko  amma farkon shekarun karni na 17 lokaci ne na rikice-rikicen siyasa. [9] An tsare Black Patie a kurkuku kuma daga ƙarshe an kashe shi bayan ya fusata Sarki James wanda ya nada James Law, mai tsayin daka na Episcopalian, a matsayin Bishop na Orkney. Law ya ɗauki matsayin Sheriff kuma ya kula da shari'o'i daga baya.[10]  Masanin tarihi Liv Helene Willumsen  yayi la'akari da sauye-sauyen kotu da Bishop Law ya haifar a kusa da 1614 da kuma maido da bishops ya yi tasiri sosai a kan gwajin maƙaryaci amma ya kasa inganta tsaka-tsaki na ayyukan. [14]

 Rayuwa ta mutum 
Reoch's father, Donald Reoch, was a piper in the service of the Earl of Caithness. She had a sister and a brother.[16]  Although born in Caithness she stayed on an island in Lochaber, where at least two of her aunts lived, before arriving in Orkney.[17][18]

Babu wani bayyane rubuce-rubuce game da matsayin auren Reoch, amma ta haifi akalla yara biyu ga maza biyu. Bayan haihuwar ɗanta na farko  Reoch ta ci gaba da cewa ba ta iya magana.[20][21] A wannan lokacin mahaifinta ya mutu ya bar dan uwanta a matsayin babban dangi.[22] Ya yi mata mummunan rauni a kokarin da ya yi na tilasta mata yin magana.[22] Yin amfani da wani nau'i na azabtarwa wanda yayi kama da wanda Graham na Claverhouse ya yi amfani da shi daga baya, ya karfafa igiya a kanta;  ya kuma yi amfani da igiya tare da ƙarfe don doke ta. [23][22] Kashewar ba ta yi nasara ba don haka ya sa ta halarci coci tare da shi don yin addu'a don taimakawa warkar da ita;  Reoch duk da haka ya kasance shiru na dogon lokaci. [22][24]

Masanin tarihin Orcadian Ernest Marwick ya bayyana salon rayuwarta a matsayin na mai yawo, mutumin da ke da halaye na nomadic ko bara, wanda da'awarsa na fahimta ta ba ta samun kudin shiga.[25] Ya dauke ta "marar lahani", "matalauta ce da aka yaudare ta da maza da ta dauka a matsayin fairies".[26] Wataƙila ta sha wahala daga wani nau'in shanyayyen barci kuma an kuma fuskanci wasu nau'ikan rauni, mai yiwuwa fyade ko jima'i, abubuwan tunawa da suka zama tushen labarin da ta ba da labarin ga masu tuhumar ta.[27] Masanin tarihi Diane Purkiss ya yi hasashen cewa ɗan'uwan Reoch na iya kasancewa abokin aurenta  kodayake wasu masana kimiyya ba su yarda da wannan ra'ayi ba.[22][28]

 Zargewa da ikirari 
A karkashin tambayoyi Reoch ta bayyana cewa lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha biyu tana zaune a Lochaber tare da ɗaya daga cikin kawunta.[29][30] Yayinda take tsaye a gefen tafkin, tana jiran jirgin ruwa, maza biyu ne suka kusance ta, daya yana sanye da ƙarar fata ɗayan kuma a cikin kore.[31] Mutumin da ke cikin kore ya gaya mata cewa tana da kyau; duk da zanga-zangar abokinsa, wanda ya ji Reoch ba zai iya ɓoye sirri ba, mutumin ya ba da shawarar zai iya gaya wa Reoch yadda za a san duk abin da take so.[31] Da yake yana da iko mai ban mamaki, Reoch ya matsa masa ya gaya mata abin da zai yi.[31] Ya gaya mata ta tafasa kwai amma dole ne kada ta ci shi.  Maimakon haka ta yi amfani da kwantar da hankali daga dafa kwai don shafa idanunta da hannayenta marasa wankewa, wanda zai ba ta ikon gani da sanin duk abin da take so.[32]

Ta ce mutumin da ya yi ado da kore ya gaya mata ta je gidan wani daga cikin kawunta wanda ke da gwauruwa da jikarta ko dai suna zama ko ziyartar.[32] Iyalin ba su san cewa yaron ba, wanda yayi kama da Reoch, yana da ciki daga wani mutum mai aure har sai Reoch ya fuskanci ta game da shi a gaban su.[32] Bayan da farko ya musanta zargin, yaron ya roki Reoch da ya taimaka wajen zubar da ciki amma ta ki, tana gaya mata ta tambayi Allan McKeldow wanda shi ma ya ki shiga.[33] Kasa da shekaru biyu bayan haka, bayan Reoch ta haifi ɗanta marar aure, ɗaya daga cikin maza ya sake bayyana a gefen gadonta a gidan 'yar'uwarta.[33][29] Ta yarda cewa tana da jima'i da "mutumin ban tsoro"  bayan ya ziyarce ta a cikin dare uku a jere; wannan shine mutumin da ya yi ado da baki lokacin da ta fara saduwa da su a lochside. [24][34] Ta yi iƙirarin cewa shi dangi ne mai suna Johne Stewart, wanda aka kai masa hari, kuma ya sanar da ita "ba ya mutu kuma ba ya da rai amma har abada ya makale tsakanin sama da ƙasa".[35] Ya gaya mata cewa don riƙe ƙwarewarta ta sihiri "ya kamata daga nan gaba ta zama wawa".[24]

Reoch ta furta cewa ta hanyar amfani da ƙwarewarta ta hangen nesa ta hango wani rukuni na maza a wani lokacin shan giya na rana a gidan Edmond Callendar. Wadannan maza sun hada da Patrick Traill, mutumin da take da ciki, da Robert Stewart, ɗan Black Patie; dukansu suna da igiyoyi a wuyansu. An yi tsinkaya kafin Earl na Caithness ya isa Orkney.[26]  Ta kuma yarda da ƙirƙirar sihiri don warkar da rashin lafiya ta hanyar rera "A cikin sunan Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti" yayin da take jan petals daga ciyawa ta Melefour tsakanin yatsa da yatsa. 

 Shari'a 
Ya bambanta da ƙasar Scotland, inda Majalisar Privy ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje, babu wani rikodin cewa tana da hannu a kan Orkney inda, daga 1615, Procurator Fiscal ya haifar da sauraro a Kotun Sheriff ko kuma dattawan coci sun ji su.[5] Ya zama ruwan dare ga masu tuhuma su fassara kalmar shaidan ko aljani a maimakon kowane suna ga wani fada wanda ake zargi da maƙaryaci zai iya amfani da shi a cikin sanarwa.[39] Robert Coltart ne ya gabatar da tuhumar a kan Reoch, mai gabatar da kara wanda Bishop Law ya nada.[40][41] An zarge ta da yaudarar talakawan Sarki tare da yaudararta na rashin iya magana da kuma aikata "ƙararru mai banƙyama da banƙyama na maita".[40]￼

A shari'arta a ranar 12 ga Maris 1616   a Kirkwall,  Reoch ta yarda cewa ta yi tarurruka da yawa tare da Iblis, wanda ya ɗauki siffar almara;  ta ce daya daga cikin tarurruka ya faru ne a ranar Halloween. [42][40][43] A daya daga cikin aikinsu ya sanar da ita cewa "Orkney Priestgone ne, saboda akwai ministoci da yawa a ciki".[43] 

An sami Reoch da laifi kuma an kashe ta;  an maƙure ta sannan aka ƙone jikinta a wannan rana.  [45][46][47]

 Dubi kuma 

 Allison Balfour

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba