Harshen Karitiâna

Kabixiana, wanda aka fi sani da Caritiana ko Yjxa, yare ne na Tupian da ake magana da shie a  Jihar Rondônia,  na kasar Brazil, da kusan mutane  210 daga cikin mutane 320 na Karitiana . Harshen na cikin iyalin yaren Arikém daga hannun jari na Tupi. Ita ce kawai yaren da ya tsira a cikin iyali bayan sauran mambobi biyu, Kabixiâna da Arikém,sun ƙare.

 Tarihi 
Kodayake an yi imanin cewa hulɗar Yammacin Turai ta farko da mutanen Karitiana sun fara ne a karni na 17, hulɗar farko da aka rubuta ta ne a 1907 lokacin da binciken da Cândido Rondon ya gudanar ya nuna cewa sun riga sun yi aiki ga masu amfani da roba na Bolivia. Sadarwa tsakanin mutanen Karitiana da Caucasians, duk da haka ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1950 tare da sa hannun ISA da mishaneri na Roman Katolika Salesian. A sakamakon ziyarar masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, an tattara jerin kalmomi da jimloli, wanda ya ba Farfesa Aryon Rodrigues, wanda ke aiki a Jami'ar Campinas a lokacin, damar rarraba harshe a matsayin memba na iyalin Arikém ta hanyar kwatanta harshe da kayan da ke akwai akan harshen Arikém.

Yawancin mutanen Karitiana suna da harsuna biyu a Karitiana da Portuguese, kuma duk da karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da kuma matakin yaduwar harshe,  UNESCO ta lissafa harshe a matsayin mai rauni saboda ƙananan masu magana da kusanci da birnin Porto Velho. [1] Aikin karatu da rubutu a cikin shekarun 1990 ya haifar da dalibai 24 da aka sanya su karatu da rubutu, kuma an kirkiro rubuce-rubucen al'adu, da kuma rikodin sauti. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, malamai na asali suna gudanar da darussan a ƙauyuka. Koyaya, aikin karatu da rubutu ya ƙare a cikin 1997 saboda rashin kudade na dindindin.

 Takardun 
Wasu daga cikin ayyukan farko a kan harshe sun kasance a cikin shekarun 1970s ta mishan David Landin, wanda ya shafe lokaci a ƙauyen Karitiana tsakanin 1972 da 1977, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin FUNAI (Fundação Nacional do Índio) da SIL International (Summer Institute of Linguistics) (Landin, 2005). Yafi nazarin haɗin kai (1984), amma kuma ya tattara ƙamus wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar ƙamus na Karitiana (2005). Wani mai bincike na farko shine Gloria Kindell, kuma daga SIL, wanda ya bincika fannoni na phonological da syntactic na Karitiana (1981).

Maganar farko ta Karitiana, duk da haka, Luciana Storto ne ya buga ta (1999),  tana kwatanta batutuwa a kan ilimin sauti, ilimin lissafi da haɗin kai, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ta buga takardu da yawa a kan Karitana haɗin kai (2003, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014). Daga baya, an ci gaba da buga karatu da yawa game da harshe, wanda ya shafi batutuwa da yawa. Ana Müller, alal misali ta wallafa takardu a kan Karitiana semantics (2006, 2009, 2010, 2012). Ivan Rocha da Silva ya samar da ayyuka iri-iri a kan Karitiana syntax (Rocha 2014),  gami da cikakkun bayanai guda biyu a kan batutuwa (2011, 2016). A fannin al'umma, Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden ya rubuta wasu fannoni na zamantakewa na mutanen Karitiana, musamman bincike game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da dabbobi. Ya wallafa wani littafi game da dabbobi na gida tsakanin Kartitiana (2012).

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin sautin 
A gabaTsakiyaKomawaBabbai aikiĩɨ ɨɨ̃TsakaninZa a yi amfani da shiẽko kumaõƘananana nanã
Ana iya rarrabe wasula na Karitiana ta hanyar fasalulluka [high], [back], da [round], kuma yana iya zama gajere ko tsawo, baki ko hanci.

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
BiyuwaCoronalPalatalVelarGishiriHancimnɲŋPlosiveptkFricativeshRhoticɾSemivoweljw
Karitiana kuma tana da [tʃ] da [ʔ] amma, a cewar Luciana Storto (1999),  bayyanar [ʔ] ana iya hangowa, kuma [tʃ) yana da matukar wuya, kodayake yana faruwa a cikin sunayen sirri na Karitiana.

The nasals  are pre-oralized  if they are preceded by an oral vowel, and post-oralized  if they are followed by one. The velar nasal  is denasalized to  before oral vowels in unstressed syllables, post-oralized to  before oral vowels in stressed syllables, and pre-oralized  after oral vowels.  are nasalized  when surrounded by nasal vowels.

 Yanayin Yanayi 
Everett  ya lissafa nau'ikan kalmomi shida don Karitiana. Gabaɗaya, Karitiana tana bin yanayin gabaɗaya a cikin yarukan Tupi na gabatar da ƙaramin alamar dogaro ko yanayin suna, kodayake tana da ingantaccen tsarin ƙididdigar maganganu. Kalmomin da suka danganci Valence suna faruwa kusa da tushen aikatau fiye da sauran prefixes kuma, a cewar Everett, bambancin valence mafi mahimmanci a cikin Karitiana shine bambancin tsakanin kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da yawa kamar yadda wannan ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jujjuyawar magana da gine-gine, kamar kafa sassan da suka dace, tambayoyi da kuma mummunar, da kuma kafa alaƙar nahawu. Karitiana tana nuna tsarin binary nan gaba / wanda ba na nan gaba ba da kuma wasu sassan da suka dace. Har ila yau, yana da jujjuyawar buƙata, ƙayyadaddun shaida na zaɓi, tsarin maida hankali ga kalma tsakanin sauran gine-gine. Karitiana tana da ma'anar ma'anar da aka haɗa da aikatau don samun sunaye. Gabaɗaya, sunayen da ke aiki a matsayin mahimman muhawara don aikatau an bar su ba tare da alama ba don shari'a, amma muhawara marasa mahimmanci na iya karɓar alamun shari'a da alamun shariʼa.

 Wakilan sunaye 
Akwai sunan sarauta kyauta da prefixes na sunaye, wanda na ƙarshe yana aiki don ƙetare-maɓallin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadyadaddun, kuma yana aiki a matsayin masu mallaka lokacin da aka haɗa shi da sunaye.

Karitiana ba ta da bambanci tsakanin namiji da mace (kamar "shi" ko "ta" a Turanci). 

Wak mutum na uku i shine kawai wakilin kyauta wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don bayyana mallaka.
+Wakilan mutumWakilan kyautaGabatarwa na sunayeMai banbanciYawancin mutaneMai banbanciYawancin mutaneMutum na farkoNa MusammanHaɗuwaMutum na biyuMutum na uku - -
Misalan sunayen sarauta kyauta da prefixes:


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