Harshen Itzaʼ

Itza (wanda aka fi sani da Itza ko Itzaj) yare ne na Mayan da ke cikin haɗari wanda Mutanen Itza ke magana a kusa da Tafkin Peten Itza a arewa maso tsakiyar Guatemala da makwabta Belize . Harshen Maya da ƙasa da masu magana da kyau 40, duk tsofaffi.[1]

Itzaʼ ita ce harshen gudanarwa a duk faɗin Yucatán Peninsula a lokacin mulkin Chichen Itza . Daga baya, mutanen Itza suna da al'ummar Maya mai zaman kanta ta ƙarshe a Mesoamerica har zuwa shekara ta 1697. [1] A wannan lokacin, mutanen Itza sun sake zama a gidan kakanninsu a cikin Petén Basin . [1] Kashe babban birnin Itza da Mutanen Espanya suka tilasta wa mutanen Itza su gudu ko su zauna tsakanin Mutanen Espanya, kamar a San Jose, Guatemala, inda kawai masu magana da harshen zamani ke zaune.

Mutanen Itza na zamani sune na karshe na Lowland Maya da za su iya gano al'adunsu kai tsaye zuwa zamanin pre-Columbian. Harshen Itzaʼ yana nuna wannan tarihin a cikin nomenclature na duniya ta halitta: Kalmomin Itzaʼ da ke nufin aikin gona da ayyukan noma sun kasance ba su canza ba tun lokacin da aka fara rubuta su. Bugu da ƙari, Itzaʼ yana da ƙamus mai wadata don amfanin gona da dabbobi waɗanda ke ƙunshe da takamaiman bayani game da nau'o'i daban-daban da mutane na jinsin.

 Rarraba 
Itzaʼ na cikin reshen Yucatec na Harsunan Mayan . Sauran harsuna a cikin reshen Yucatecan sune Yucatec, Lacandon, da Mopan. Dukkanin yarukan Yucatecan suna da alaƙa da juna. Koyaya, mutanen da ke magana da Itza' da waɗanda ke magana da Yucatec suna da wahalar fahimtar juna. Akwai rassa 12 daban-daban na harshen Mayan, duk suna da ƙananan iyalai kamar Itzaʼ.

Gwamnatin Guatemala ta haramta yin magana da Itzá a cikin shekarun 1930 kuma tsararraki biyu na Itzá Maya sun girma suna koyon Mutanen Espanya kawai. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s ya kawo karuwar sha'awa tsakanin mutanen Maya, gami da Itzá, wajen adana al'adunsu. Gwamnatin Guatemala ta kafa wata hukuma, Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala, don taimakawa ci gaba da adana harsunan Mayan daban-daban, gami da Itza'.

 Yankin da aka rarraba 
Ana magana da Itzaʼ a arewacin Tekun Petén Itzá a San Jose, Sashen Petén, Guatemala . Daga cikin kabilanci na 2,000, akwai kusan 1,000 masu magana da Itza' da suka rage, mafi yawansu kuma suna amfani da Mutanen Espanya.

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna alamun sauti na Itza:  Inda rubutun ya bambanta da bayanin IPA, rubutun da Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala ta yi amfani da shi an lura da shi a cikin ƙuƙwalwa.
BiyuwaAlveolarPalatalVelarGishirifilimasu wahalaPlosive / AfricateRashin lafiyafiliptSashenSashenkSunan da aka yifitarwapʼtʼSunubiyar TsaroSashenkʼfashewaSashen da aka yiFricativesSanyahHancimnKusanciljw
An karɓi alamun /d, g, f, v, r, ɲ/ daga Mutanen Espanya kuma suna nan ne kawai a cikin kalmomin aro.Hofling, Charles Andrew (1991). "Itzá Maya Texts, with a Grammatical Overview" (PDF). Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc.

 Sautin sautin 
Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna sautin sautin Itza. Duk sautunan sai dai /ə/ suna da daidaituwa mai tsawo, kuma tsawon sautunan ya bambanta.
A gabaTsakiyaKomawaBabbai iːu uːTsakanine eːəo oːƘananana aː
Harshen Itza ba ya ƙunshe da sautin ko farar.

 Harshen harshe 

 Sunaye 
Ana nuna alamar mallakar tare da wannan ɓangaren ergative kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a cikin gine-ginen magana. Ana nuna gine-ginen mallaka daban-daban dangane da ko mallaka ta asali ne ko ba ta asali ba. Sassan jiki, 'yan uwa, da dukiyar mutum suna da alama kamar yadda aka mallaka daban-daban fiye da sassan duka. Ƙarin gine-ginen mallaka sun wanzu kuma ana amfani da su gabaɗaya inda mai shi ba shi da rai.

Duk sunayen a cikin Itza' suna da Jima'i na ilimin lissafi. Jima'i na maza da mata suna da alama a bayyane ta hanyar prefix, yayin da jinsi mai tsaka-tsaki ba shi da alama. Ba a yi alama da jinsi a kan dukkan sunaye ba: yawanci, sunaye masu dacewa da sana'o'i sun yi alama da jima'i, yayin da wasu rukunoni ba su yi ba. Alamun jinsi na Itza' suma suna taka rawar masu tsarawa masu tsauri: takamaiman mutane a duk faɗin duniya za su kasance da alamar jinsi, yayin da nassoshi ga nau'ikan abubuwa ba za su kasance ba.

 Kalmomin 
Itzaʼ yare ne na ergative-absolutive wanda ke nuna Rarraba ergativity. Alamun mutum masu amfani suna nuna batutuwa marasa ma'ana a cikin ɓangaren ajizanci da duk batutuwa masu ma'ana, yayin da alamun mutum masu mahimmanci ke nuna batutuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin ɓangare mai cikakke da kuma sassan da suka dogara da duk abubuwa.

Itzaʼ yana amfani da yanayin da ba daidai ba don nuna yanayin nan gaba: yanayin yana haɗuwa da adjective na lokaci don samar da gini na gaba. An gina lokacin da ya gabata ta hanyar amfani da cikakkiyar lokacin da adjectives na lokaci. Kamance-kamance a cikin abubuwan da ba su da gaskiya da cikakkun gine-gine na iya ba da shawarar cewa Itza' suna la'akari da baya da nan gaba su zama kama, wanda ke nuna ra'ayi na duniya na Itza' cewa Lokaci yana da zagaye.

 Tsarin jumla 
Itzaʼ yana da tsari na kalma na VOS, kodayake VSO ma ya zama ruwan dare kuma duk umarnin kalmomi suna yiwuwa. Topicalization ana nuna shi ta hanyar ƙara ma'anar da motsi na kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita zuwa matsayi na farko na jumla.

Gabaɗaya, masu gyarawa suna gaba da kalmomin da suke gyarawa: adjectives, lambobi, masu ƙayyadewa, da ƙin yarda duk suna bin wannan tsari. Abubuwan mallaka, masu nunawa, da sassan dangi duk suna bin kalmomin da suke gyarawa; adjectives na iya faruwa a wannan matsayi.

 Kalmomin kalmomi 
Itzaʼ yana da wadataccen ƙamus na noma da lissafi. Itza yana da takamaiman kalmomi don tsara kaddarorin daban-daban na nau'o'i daban-daban da mutane a cikin jinsin. Tsire-tsire da dabbobi daban-daban suna da girma, launi, da dandano da kalmomi daban-daban.Atran, Chase, Fedick, Knapp, McKillop, Marcus, Schwartz., Webb, Scott, Arlen F., Scott L., Gregory, Heather, Joyce, Norman B., Malcolm C. (1993). "Itza Maya Tropical Agro-Forestry". Current Anthropology. 34: 633–700. doi:10.1086/204212. JSTOR 2744279. S2CID 147519787.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Bugu da ƙari, kalmomin noma a cikin Itza' kusan ba su da tasiri ta hanyar hulɗa da Mutanen Espanya, suna ba da damar fahimtar ƙamus na yau da kullun na Itza kafin hulɗa.

 Misali 
Turanci ItzaƊayaYuniBiyuKaUku'OxHuduKanBiyarAyyukaMutuminWinikMaceIxch'upKarnukaPek'RanaK'inWataIx'ujRuwaJa'Fararen fataSäkYellowK'änRedChäkBaƙar fataB'oxCin abinciJanälDubaYa kasanceJiU'yajRaira waƙaK'äyGrayKusPinkChäkpuse'enGreenYa'axBlue

 Magana 
Magana a cikin Itzaʼ alama ce ta amfani da maimaitawa da daidaituwa na harshe. Sau da yawa ana maimaita kalmomi da gine-ginen harshe a cikin jumla don jaddada abin da ake magana. Sakamakon jimloli sun hada da jimloli da yawa, cikakkun kalmomi kamar a cikin jumla:

Maimaitawa na wakilin a cikin goma da aikatau k-im-bʼel, da kuma kusan maimaitawa na wakilcin eech / fasaha, ya dace da jawabin Itza'. Irin wannan salon wallafe-wallafen yana kama da parataxis a cikin Turanci, salon magana inda ake son sauƙi, jimloli masu daidaitawa a kan dogon lokaci, jimloli.

Magana, ta kowa da na almara, sau da yawa tana amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin - ƙwayoyin da aka sanya kafin da bayan jumla don tsara wannan magana a cikin magana gaba ɗaya. Wadannan barbashi suna isar da alaƙar sararin samaniya da na lokaci tsakanin sabbin bayanai da tsofaffin bayanai a cikin magana, suna haifar da manyan sassan magana.

Matsayi, fasalin, da yanayi suna haɗuwa a cikin Itzaj Maya verbal da adverbial morphosyntax. Magana ta Itzaj tana nuna rarrabuwa tsakanin abin da mutum ya sani daga kwarewar mutum da ke cikin gidan mutum da gari (ainihin), da abin da ba a san shi sosai ba, amma ana iya tunaninsa, a nesa da sararin samaniya.Hofling, Charles Andrew (1998). "Irrealis and Perfect in Itzaj Maya". Anthropological Linguistics. 40 (2): 214–227. JSTOR 30028624.

 Dubi kuma 

 Mutanen Itza
 Yankin Harshe na Mesoamerica

 Bayanan littattafai 

 Charles Andrew Hofling: Matani na Itzá Maya tare da bayyani na ilimin lissafi. Jami'ar Utah Press, Salt Lake City 1991. 321 shafi na  
 Charles Andrew Hofling, Félix Fernando Tesucún: Tojtʼan: ƙamus na Maya itzaj - Castilian. [Hasiya]
 Charles Andrew Hofling: Itzaj Maya Grammar. . Jami'ar Utah Press, Salt Lake City 2000. ISBN 0-87480-666-6 
 Charles Andrew Hofling, Félix Fernando Tesucún: Itzaj Maya-Spanish-English Dictionary. Jami'ar Utah Press, Salt Lake City 1997. ISBN 0-87480-550-3 

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 


 Itzaʼ-harshe albarkatun a Native-languages.org
 Kalmomin Itza na Erik Boot da aka shirya a FAMSI
 Taswirar Harsunan Maya a Guatemala

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