Manufofin muhalli

Manufofin muhalli ita ce alkawarin da gwamnatoci ko kungiyoyi suka yi don karɓar dokoki, ka'idoji, da sauran kayan aikin manufofi da nufin magance batutuwan muhalli. Wadannan yawanci sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, kula da sharar gida, kariya ga yanayin halittu, kiyaye halittu masu yawa, gudanar da albarkatun kasa, da kuma kare namun daji da nau'in da ke cikin haɗari Misali, game da manufofin muhalli, aiwatar da manufofin da ke da yanayin muhalli a matakin duniya don magance batun Canjin yanayi.Reed, Peter (2012), "The Alkali Inspectorate 1874–1906: Pressure for Wider and Tighter Pollution Regulation", Ambix, Vol.59, No.2, pp.131-151.

 Ma'anar 
Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin shine bayyana manufofi muhalli shine cewa ya ƙunshi manyan kalmomi guda biyu: muhalli da manufofi. Muhalli yana nufin tsarin halittu na zahiri, amma kuma yana iya la'akari da yanayin zamantakewa (ingancin rayuwa, kiwon lafiya) da kuma yanayin tattalin arziki (gidan kula da albarkatu, bambancin halittu).  Ana iya bayyana manufofi a matsayin "hanyar aiki ko ka'idar da gwamnati, jam'iyya, kasuwanci ko mutum ya karɓa ko ya gabatar". Don haka, manufofin muhalli suna mai da hankali kan matsalolin da ke tasowa daga tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga al'ummar ɗan adam ta hanyar samun tasiri (matsananciyar) ga dabi'un ɗan adam. Irin waɗannan dabi'un ɗan adam galibi ana kiransu lafiya mai kyau ko kuma yanayin 'tsabtace da kore'. A aikace, masu sharhi kan manufofi suna ba da nau'ikan bayanai iri-iri ga tsarin yanke shawara na jama'a.

An fara amfani da manufar muhalli a cikin shekarun 1960 don fahimtar cewa duk matsalolin muhalli, kamar muhalli kanta, suna da alaƙa da juna. Magana da matsalolin muhalli yadda ya kamata (kamar iska, ruwa, da gurɓataccen ƙasa) yana buƙatar duba haɗin su da tushen tushen su, da kuma yadda manufofi da ke magance wasu matsaloli zasu iya haifar da tasiri a kan wasu matsaloli da manufofi. "Matsayin muhalli" don haka ya zama mai da hankali ga manufofin jama'a da manufofin muhalli kalmar da za ta koma ga yadda aka magance batutuwan muhalli gaba ɗaya.

Batutuwan muhalli da aka saba magance su ta hanyar manufofin muhalli sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance su ba) gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, kula da sharar gida, kula da yanayin halittu, kariya ga albarkatun kasa, dabbobin daji da nau'in da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma gudanar da waɗannan albarkatun halitta ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Kwanan nan, manufofin muhalli sun kuma halarci sadarwa game da batutuwan muhalli. Manufofin muhalli galibi suna magance batutuwa a cikin ɗaya daga cikin bangarori uku na muhalli: muhalli (alal misali, manufofi da aka yi niyyar kare wani nau'in ko yankuna na halitta), hanya (alal misali، da ke da alaƙa da makamashi, ƙasa, ruwa), da kuma yanayin ɗan adam (yanayin da aka gyara ko aka tsara ta mutane, alal misali, tsara birane, gurɓataccen yanayi).  Yin manufofin muhalli sau da yawa ya ragargaje sosai, kodayake masu sharhi kan manufofin mujallu sun daɗe suna nuna bukatar ci gaban manufofin muvalangi masu zurfi da hadin kai.Reed, Peter (2012), "The Alkali Inspectorate 1874–1906: Pressure for Wider and Tighter Pollution Regulation", Ambix, Vol.59, No.2, pp.131-151.

 Tarihi 
Damuwa game da gurɓataccen yanayi da barazanar da yake yi wa mutane da kuma yanayi ya ba da babbar ƙarfafawa ga ci gaban manufofin muhalli. A cikin 1863, a cikin Ƙasar Ingila, matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka taso daga sakin sunadarai masu cutarwa sun haifar da karɓar Dokar Alkali da ƙirƙirar Sufeto Alkali.  A shekara ta 1956, an karɓi Dokar Tsabtace Iska ta 1956 bayan Babban Smog na Landan na 1952 wanda aka yi imanin ya kashe mutane 12,000. Damuwa game da tasirin gurɓataccen yanayi wanda aka haifar da bugawa, a cikin 1962, na Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, ya haifar da farkon yunkurin muhalli na zamani. Har ila yau, ya nuna farkon "yanayi" ya zama damuwa game da manufofin jama'a, kamar yadda Caldwell ya nuna a 1963. Wadannan damuwa masu girma, da kuma karuwar tallace-tallace game da matsalolin muhalli da haɗari, sun tilasta gwamnatoci su gabatar ko karfafa dokoki da manufofi da nufin inganta kariya ta muhalli.

 Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi 
Karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli da damuwa sun ba da babbar hujja don karɓar manufofin muhalli le cibiyoyin da gwamnatoci suka yi. Kare muhalli ya zama abin da aka mayar da hankali ga manufofin jama'a.

 Tsarin mulki 
Dokar ta kasance hanyar gargajiya da ta fi dacewa don yin manufofi a yankuna da kasashe da yawa.   Ya dogara da karɓar dokoki (sau da yawa ana tallafawa ta doka), don hanawa, tilasta ko iyakance halayyar ɗan adam da ayyuka. A cikin manufofin muhalli, wannan ya haɗa da, alal misali, sanya iyakoki ko ka'idoji don gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, hayakin mota, tsarawa ko hana amfani da abubuwa masu haɗari, fitar da abubuwa masu lalata ozone, zubar da sharar gida, da dokoki don kare nau'in da ke cikin haɗari da wuraren halitta.

 Manazarta