Barbara Napier

Barbara Napier ko Naper mace ce ta Scotland da ke da hannu a cikin gwajin mayu na Arewacin Berwick na 1591. Bayanai game da tuhumar da aka yi mata sun tsira, kuma bayan da James VI da kansa ya shiga tsakani,  an same ta da laifi na tuntubar mayu, amma ba a san ko, kamar sauran mutanen da ake tuhuma, an kashe ta ba. 

 Tarihi 
Barbara Napier na iya kasancewa 'yar'uwa ko dangi na William Napier na Wrychtishousis, gidan sarauta da aka rushe yanzu a kudancin tsakiyar Edinburgh, kusa da Bruntsfield . Ta auri mai sayar da littattafai mai suna George Ker a shekara ta 1572. George Ker ya mutu a La Rochelle a shekara ta 1576, sannan ta auri Archibald Douglas, wani burgess na Edinburgh, wanda ɗan'uwansa Robert Douglas ya kasance laird na Corshogill kusa da Drumlanrig da Durisdeer .  Iyalinta sun hada da ɗa da 'yar, Janet Douglas . 

Marubucin tarihin David Moysie ya rubuta cewa Napier da Euphame MacCalzean "maza ne masu suna guir", ma'ana su mambobi ne na masu arziki,  kuma irin waɗannan maganganu sun bayyana a wasu kafofin na zamani game da matsayinsu mai kyau a cikin al'umma. Wani marubucin neo-Latin, John Johnston, ya yi wani abu mai alaƙa, yana bayyana su a matsayin masu daraja, ba masu lalacewa ba, yayin da labarin game da gwaje-gwajen, Newes daga Scotland, ya ce "suna da suna a matsayin mata masu gaskiya kamar duk wanda ke zaune a cikin Cittie na Edenbrough kafin a kama su".

Gwaje-gwaje da zarge-zargen maita a cikin 1591 sun haɗa da tafiyar da James VI ya yi kwanan nan don saduwa da Anne ta Denmark, wanda "iska mai saɓani"  da kuma rikice-rikicen siyasa da ya shafi Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell. Zarge-zarge a kan Barbara Napier kuma sun danganta da rawar da mijinta ya taka a cikin ayyukan da aka dauka a kan John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell a cikin 1588. Ta kasance sananne ga Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus da matarsa ta uku Jean Lyon, Countess of Angus, kuma wataƙila sun yi musu aiki ko kuma sun kasance kusa da gidansu. An taƙaita zarge-zargen ko tuhumar a cikin batutuwan da aka sani da "labaran dittay", waɗanda Robert Pitcairn ya buga a 1833.

 William Napier 
William Napier na Wrichtishousis kuma yana da alaƙa da harkokin kasuwanci na Jean Lyon, Countess na Angus . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1590, James Lumsden na Airdrie a Crail (ya mutu a shekara ta 1598) da William Napier sun ba da lu'u-lu'u na sarauta wanda ya kunshi lu'u a cikin saitin zinariya wanda ya kai kambin zinare 2,000 na Faransa ga Majalisar Privy. Sun sami lu'u-lu'u daga Countess na Angus, kuma sun yi alkawari a madadin ta ga wani dan kasuwa na Edinburgh Jacob Barron don rance, ba tare da sanin cewa lu'u ne na sarauta ba. Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, an sayar da lu'u-lu'u da yawa na Maryamu, Sarauniya ta Scots ko kuma an yi alkawarin rance daga Regent Moray da William Kirkcaldy na Grange a lokacin yakin basasar Marian, kuma wannan lu'u'u-ulu'u na iya barin tarin sarauta a wannan lokacin. Lumsden, kamar Barbara Napier, ta kasance mai goyon bayan Earl na Bothwell, kuma ta shiga cikin Raid of Falkland a shekara ta 1592.

Lumsden da Napier suna da alaƙa, mahaifiyar William Napier, Jonet Uddert, a matsayin gwauruwa, ta auri kawun Lumsden. A matsayinsa na ɗan kasuwa na Edinburgh, William Napier ya shiga cikin jigilar kaya kuma a cikin 1589 ya yi kwangila don dawo da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da sojoji na Spain da suka makale a Scotland bayan cin nasarar Armada na Spain.

 Zarge-zargen maita 
Geillis Duncan, wata mace da ake zargi da maita, ta yi zargin a cikin ikirarin cewa Barbara Napier ta haifar da rashin lafiya na Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus. An ruwaito cewa Earl ya mutu daga wata cuta mai ban mamaki ba za a iya samun magani ko magani ba. Ya yi rashin lafiya a Langhope kuma ya mutu a Smeaton kusa da Dalkeith a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1588.  An ce mayu sun haifar da mutuwarsa daga gumi da zazzabi ta hanyar gasa hoton shi da wuta.
Donald Robinson ya yi ikirarin cewa Euphame MacCalzean, Barbara Napier, Agnes Sampson da sauransu sun halarci taron mayu a "Atkynson's ko Acheson's Haven" inda aka ba da hoton James VI kuma aka ba shaidan don halakar sarki.

An ce Napier ta sayi kayan yaudara don taimakawa lafiyarta da kuma kokarin inganta dangantakarta da Jean Lyon, Countess of Angus . Ta yi fatan cewa Agnes Sampson za ta iya hana cutar da safe ta Jean Lyon. An kuma zargi Sampson da ba Barbara Napier zobe mai ban sha'awa da aka saita da dutse wanda zai sami ƙaunar Jean Lyon. Agnes Sampson da Barbara Napier sun hadu a Dalkeith da "Camroune-brig-end" kusa da Braid Burn, don tattaunawa ta abokantaka da kuma "kwangilar hameliness".  

An ce Napier ya nemi Sampson ta kare mijinta ta hanyar sihiri yayin da yake aikin soja a kan dangin Maxwell a "Raid of Dumfries" da kuma a gidan Cowhill a Holywood, yayin wani mataki na baya-bayan nan da aka yi wa Ubangiji Maxwell a watan Mayu 1588 a lokacin da aka kewaye Lochmaben Castle. Wani ɗan'uwan David Maxwell na Cowhill shi ne kyaftin din Lochmaben . 
Sampson ya yi hoton cire mai kyau don cutar da abokin gaba na Barbara Napier da mijinta, mutumin da ake kira "Archie", wanda ake zaton Archie (Maxwell), ɗan'uwan laird na Cowhill. A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari mai ban sha'awa, an sanya hoton "Archie" a cikin kurciya a cikin Craigmillar Castle Park. Sampson ya shawarci Napier da ya mai da hankali sosai, "ka ɗauki alfarwa", ga bayan kula da sha'awa. Archibald Maxwell na Cowhill da alama ya tsira, kuma an ambaci wani mutum mai wannan sunan a cikin Registry of the Privy Council a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

An ce Barbara Napier ta biya shawarwari tare da kyaututtuka na masana'antu, ta ba da shawarar aikawa da Sampson "cocin" na lilin ko rufe kansa, da kuma tsawon tufafi masu launin ruwan kasa ga Richie Graham, wanda ya ba da taimako ga ɗanta. Graham ya kuma shawarce ta kan gano wani nau'i biyu wanda ya kasance na marigayi mijinta, George Ker.

 Shari'a da hukunci 
Jakadan Ingila a Edinburgh, Robert Bowes, ya ji cewa an zargi Napier da sauransu da yin amfani da su don kashe sarki ta hanyar maita da kuma "ƙaddamar" mutuwar Earl na Angus, kuma za a gwada su a ranar 12 ga Afrilu. Ya ji cewa ta rubuta wasika ga Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell, wanda kuma ake zargi da shiga maita.

Masu juriya a kan ta sun same ta da laifi ne kawai na ƙaramin laifi na tuntuɓar mayu. An wanke ta daga shiga tare da Sampson wajen yin hoton Earl na Angus, da kuma halartar taron da ake zargi da maita a Arewacin Berwick .  Wannan da alama ya kasance ne saboda shaidar da aka yi mata ta kunshi shaidar kawai daga mutanen da aka riga aka same su da laifin maita. James VI ya yarda cewa "babu wata shaida sai dai ta mayu". Bowes ya fahimci cewa mai shari'a ya yi muhawara game da shari'ar da ta wuce tsakar dare. Barbara Napier tana da "dangi da abokai masu kyau" kuma sun sami damar taimakawa har ma da zama masu juriya a kan assize.

James VI bai gamsu da wannan hukunci ba, kuma a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1591 ya rubuta wa Ma'aikacin Shari'a Lewis Bellenden don hanzarta kisa. An furta hukuncin ta ko "ƙaddamarwa", kuma ta ce tana da ciki. James VI ya umarci Shugaba Thirlestane" id="mw6w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane">John Maitland na Thirlestane da likitoci su bincika ta don ganin ko tana da ciki, kuma idan ba ta da ciki, a ƙone ta kuma a cire ta a fili. James ya rubuta wa Maitland tare da umarninsa don ci gaba da tambayar Euphame MacCalzean da Ritchie Graham:

Sarkin ya so a yi kira da a soke hukuncin farko da aka yanke wa Napier, don a kara gurfanar da Earl na Bothwell, kuma an shirya "kaddamar da kuskure".[1] James VI ya yi magana da juriya, waɗanda suka fuskanci hukunci saboda shawarar da suka yanke, a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1591, kuma sun yarda da ra'ayoyinsa kuma an gafarta musu "kuskuren". Wasu mambobin asalin sun kasance ma'aikatan gidan sarauta a Holyroodhouse, ciki har da; John Boig, Master Porter, George Boig, Masters of the Ale Cellar, da John Seaton, creil-man. Sauran mambobi sun wakilci lauya John Russell. Lauyoyin sun ba da adawa ga James VI, suna jayayya cewa ra'ayoyinsa sun rikice bambancin "mai kyau" tsakanin dokar farar hula da ta aikata laifuka.[2]￼

Makomar Barbara Napier ba ta da tabbas. Majalisar gari ta sayi kayan aiki don gina wuta don kisa kuma an yi amfani da waɗannan a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1591 a lokacin konewar Euphame MacCalzean . [undefined] Ra'ayin masanin tarihi na karni na 17 na dangin Douglas, David Hume na Godscroft, shine cewa an saki Barbara Napier.[2] An rasa dukiyarta ga kambin ta hanyar "escheat", kuma ta wuce ga Robert Learmonth da Earl na Morton, wanda ya shirya cewa kayan za su koma ga 'yar Barbara Napier.[1]￼

An sake ta daga tsare a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1592, amma ba a bayyana ta ba tare da laifi ba kuma ɗan'uwanta William Napier na Wrychtishouses shine mai gargadi. Shaidar cewa ba a kashe Barbara Napier ba kuma ta rayu fiye da shekaru goma bayan shari'ar ta fito ne daga bayyanar sunanta a cikin Registry of Deeds da Registry of Decreets, bayanan ma'amaloli na shari'a a cikin National Records of Scotland da Edinburgh City Archives . 

 Manazarta 

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