Johann Ludwig Krapf

Johann Ludwig Krapf (11 ga Janairu 1810 - 26 ga Nuwamba 1881) ya kasance mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Jamus a Gabashin Afirka, da kuma mai bincike, masanin harshe, da kuma matafiyi. Krapf ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen binciken Gabashin Afirka tare da Johannes Rebmann . Su ne Turawa na farko da suka ga Dutsen Kenya tare da taimakon Akamba wanda ke zaune a gangarensa da Kilimanjaro. Ludwig Krapf ya ziyarci Ukambani, ƙasar Mutanen Kamba, a cikin 1849 kuma a cikin 1850. Ya sami nasarar fassara Sabon Alkawari zuwa Harshen Kamba. Krapf ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bincika bakin tekun Gabashin Afirka, musamman a Mombasa.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Krapf a cikin dangin Lutheran manoma a kudu maso yammacin Jamus. Tun daga lokacin karatunsa ya haɓaka kyautarsa ta harsuna . Ya fara karatun Latin, Greek, Faransanci da Italiyanci . Ya kamata ya bi ƙarin harsuna a tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan ya gama makaranta ya shiga Makarantar Hidima ta Basel yana ɗan shekara 17 amma ya daina karatun sa saboda yana da shakku game da aikinsa na mishan. Ya karanta tiyoloji a Jami’ar Tübingen kuma ya sauke karatu a shekara ta 1834. Sa’ad da yake aiki a matsayin mataimakin limamin ƙauye, ya sadu da wani mai wa’azi a ƙasar Basel, Peter Fjellstedt, wanda ya ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba da aikinsa na wa’azi a ƙasashen waje. 

 Habasha 
A cikin 1836 Ƙungiyar Mishan na Cocin Anglican (CMS) ta gayyace shi don shiga aikinsu a Habasha .  Ofishin Jakadancin Basel ya ba shi goyon bayan Anglican kuma daga 1837 zuwa 1842 ya yi aiki a wannan tsohuwar ƙasar Kirista. Ya shirya kansa ta wurin koyon tsohon Ge'ez da harshen Amharic na tsaunuka . Saukowa a Tadjura, Krapf ya bi hanyar kasuwanci zuwa Shewa, inda ya gabatar da kansa ga mai mulkinsa, Meridazmach Sahle Selassie, sannan ya raka Meridazmach a yakin neman zabe a kudancin Shewa. Asalin ibada na Krapf bai taimaka masa sosai wajen fahimta da kuma jin daɗin addinin Kiristanci na Habasha na gargajiya ba, musamman yadda suka fi mai da hankali kan waliyyai, liturgi da kuma amfani da Ge'ez, harshen da ba a magana. Lokacin da ya tashi daga Shewa a 1842, ya sami hanyarsa ta zuwa Gonder ta tare shi bayan yakin Debre Tabor, ya koma kotun Adara Bille, wani basarake na Wollo Oromo wanda ya yi masa fashi. Krapf ya yi nasarar tserewa tare da bayinsa, kuma ya yi hanyarsa ta zuwa Massawa da taimakon agaji na mazauna yankin. 

Don haka ya mai da hankali kan al'ummar Oromo na kudancin Habasha, a zamaninsa da ake kira Galla, waɗanda a lokacin suka kasance masu imani da addinin gargajiya. Ya koyi harshensu kuma ya fara fassara sassan Sabon Alkawari zuwa cikinsa. Yayin da 1842 ya ga Krapf ya sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Tübingen don binciken da ya yi a cikin harsunan Habasha, ya kuma shaida korar duk mishan na Yamma daga Habasha, wanda ya ƙare aikinsa a can. A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da abokin aikinsa, Carl Wilhelm Isenberg, ya buga tarihin lokacinsa a Habasha, Journals of Isenberg da Krapf a 1843. Ya sake fasalin fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na Abu Rumi zuwa Amharic don BFBS . 

 Kenya 
Krapf ya dauki wani lokaci a Alexandria, Masar, inda ya yi aure. Daga nan ne ya tashi zuwa Gabashin Afirka da fatan ya isa kabilar Oromo daga yankin da ke gabar tekun Kenya a yanzu. Yawancin gabar tekun gabashin Afirka a lokacin wani bangare ne na sultan Zanzibar . Sultan Sayyid Said ya ba shi izinin fara tashar mishan a birnin Mombasa na gabar teku. Krapf ya sake farawa ta hanyar koyon harsunan mutanen Mijikenda na gida da kuma Swahili wanda harshe ne na harshen Gabashin Afirka na sadarwa.

Jim kadan bayan isa birnin Mombasa matarsa da 'yarsa suka sha wahala kuma suka mutu sakamakon zazzabin cizon sauro .  Krapf ya koma babban filin Rabai a kan tuddai na bakin teku ya fara tasharsa New Rabai (Rabai Mpya). Anan ya rubuta ƙamus na farko da nahawu na yaren Swahili. Ya kuma soma nazarin wasu harsunan Afirka, yana tsara ƙamus da kuma fassara sassan Littafi Mai Tsarki. Yana aiki da wani alkali musulmi mai suna Ali bin Modehin, ya fassara Genesis. Ya ci gaba da fassara Sabon Alkawari, da kuma Littafin Addu’a gama-gari. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan ba a buga su ba, ko da yake daga baya aka yi amfani da shi wajen sake fasalin fassarar a cikin harshen Swahili na kudanci. 

A cikin 1846 ya kasance tare da Johannes Rebmann, wani ɗan Lutheran na kudu maso yammacin Jamus wanda ke hidimar CMS. Krapf da Rebmann sun tashi don yin bincike a cikin yankin gabashin Afirka kuma su ne Turawa na farko da suka ga tsaunukan Kilimanjaro da Dusar ƙanƙara .  Sun aika da rahotanni game da su zuwa Turai waɗanda masana suka yi musu ba'a.

Rashin lafiyar Krapf ta tilasta masa komawa Jamus a shekara ta 1853. Ya zo da tsofaffin rubuce-rubucen Swahili da yawa, ciki har da kwafin Littafin Yaƙin Tambuka, rubutun Swahili na farko. A Korntal ya ci gaba da karatunsa na harshe da kuma aikinsa na ba da shawara ga mishan na Kirista. 

 Asalin sunan mahaifi Krapf 

 Cocin Anglican na Kenya yana kirga shi a matsayin uban kafa ta.
 Masana harsuna sun yi ta zana ayyukansa yayin da yake nazarin harsuna dabam dabam kamar Ge'ez, Amharic, Oromo, Swahili, Kamba, Mijikenda da Maasai .
 Gidansa a New Rabai yanzu yana cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Rabai, ɗaya daga cikin gidajen tarihi na ƙasar Kenya . Ana kiran ginin ofishin jakadancin Jamus a Nairobi "Ludwig-Krapf-House".
 A garinsa Tübingen-Derendingen akwai makarantar firamare da ke ɗauke da sunansa.

 Manazarta