Yitzhaq Shami

Yitzhaq Shami ( Hebrew  , Haihuwar Yitzhaq Sarwi ; Agusta 4, 1888 - Maris 1, 1949) marubuci Bayahude ne kuma Ba'isra'ile, wanda ya rubuta duka cikin Larabci da Ibrananci.  Shi ɗaya ne daga cikin farkon marubutan adabin Ibrananci na zamani a Falasɗinu ta tilas, kafin ƙasar Isra'ila. Ayyukansa sun kasance na musamman ga lokacinsa, tun da yake ya bambanta da yawancin marubutan Ibrananci na lokacin ya kera fasaharsa bisa ga haruffa waɗanda ko dai Larabawa ne ko Yahudawa Sephardic, suna zaune a cikin Falasɗinu na Ottoman, kuma tasirinsa na wallafe-wallafen ya kasance mafi rinjaye Larabawa da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Shami ta buga gajerun labarai, novella daya, wakoki da dama da kasidu da dama.

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi Shami a Hebron (al-Khalil) a shekarar 1888, babban ɗansa maza uku. Mahaifinsa, Eliyahu, ɗan kasuwa ne na yadi ɗan asalin ƙasar Siriya, wanda ya ƙaura daga Damascus zuwa Hebron a shekarar 1885. Saboda haka, an san mahaifin da "a-Shami" (Damascene), kuma shine asalin sunan alkalami da marubucin ya karɓa daga baya. Daga ƙarshe, ya zama sunansa na shari'a. [1] Mahaifiyarsa, Rivka Castel, ’yar Hebron ce daga dangin Castel mai daraja, dangin Sephardic na gargajiya waɗanda suka rayu a Hebron tsawon tsararraki. [2] Da yake girma, Shami yana magana da Larabci tare da mahaifinsa, da Ladino tare da mahaifiyarsa, kuma iyalin sun gudanar da rayuwarsu ta al'ada a Gabas ta Tsakiya na lokacin. Iyalinsa suna da lura da addini, kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya yi karatun Ibrananci da Larabci a makarantar addini ta yankin. [3]

A lokacin da Shami ke girma, mahaifinsa ya yi tafiya a faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma yankin don kasuwancinsa, kuma ta hanyar mahaifinsa, Shami ya fuskanci mutanen ƙauyen (fellahim), waɗanda daga baya aka ɗauke su a matsayin haruffa a cikin labaransa. Jurji Zaydan (ya mutu a shekara ta 1914) wanda ya kafa Al-Nahda ta Larabci (Farfaɗowa), ya sabunta harshen Larabci, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jami'ar Alkahira, kuma uban Pan-Arabism . "He had begun his career writing on themes of Arabic literary production, both in Arabic and Hebrew", Salim Tamari, "Ishaq al-Shami and the Predicament of the Arab Jew in Palestine", palestine-studies.org

An tura Shami zuwa wani wuri a Hebron domin yin karatu a ƙarƙashin Rabbi Chaim Hezekiah Medini, fitaccen marubucin Sdei Chemed da Babban Rabbi na Hebron. "He had begun his career writing on themes of Arabic literary production, both in Arabic and Hebrew", Salim Tamari, "Ishaq al-Shami and the Predicament of the Arab Jew in Palestine", palestine-studies.org Saboda tasirin adabin duniya, ya yi tawaye ga ilimin addini kuma aka nemi ya bar yeshiva saboda "halayensa na bidi'a."  A shekara ta 1905 yana ɗan shekara 17, ya ƙaura zuwa Urushalima ya yi rajista a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Ezra, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1907. Mahaifinsa ya ƙi karatunsa na duniya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta aika masa da kuɗi a ɓoye a wasu lokutan har sai da ta kashe kanta. A lokacin karatunsa, ya haɗu da wasu matasa marubuta, cikinsu har da Yehuda Burla . Yayin da yake zaune a Urushalima, ya fara sanya tufafin ƙasashen yamma kuma ya fuskanci Zionism, yana haɗuwa da manyan jaruman ƙungiyar Zionist ta gaba kamar shugaban Isra'ila na gaba Yitzhak Ben-Zvi da mawaƙin Ibrananci Shmuel Yosef Agnon . Ana kuma kyautata zaton ya jawo hankalin Firayim Ministan Isra'ila na gaba David Ben-Gurion a matsayin ƙwararre kan al'ummar Larabawa.

Bayan kammala karatunsa, Shami ya fara koyarwa. Da farko ya koyar a matsugunan noma na Yahudawan Sihiyona na Gedera da Mazkeret Batya kafin ya koma Damascus don yin aiki a matsayin malamin Ibrananci. Yayin da yake can, ya ji cewa David Ben-Gurion da Yitzhak Ben-Zvi suna shirin yin karatun shari'a a Constantinople . Yana son shiga cikinsu, amma an hana shi yin hakan saboda rashin kayan aiki. Madadin haka, ya koma Bulgaria inda ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin malamin Ibrananci, yana fatan tara isassun kuɗi don yin rajista a makarantar lauya. Yayin da yake Bulgaria, ya haɗu da Pnina Gingold, wata Bayahudiya 'yar gudun hijira zuwa Falasdinu daga Rasha wadda ita ma take koyarwa a Bulgaria. Sun yi aure, amma shirinsu na komawa Falasdinu ya wargaje sakamakon barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya : za su jira har sai ƙarshen yaƙin ya dawo. Yayin da suke Bulgaria, an haifi ɗansu Yedidya. "He had begun his career writing on themes of Arabic literary production, both in Arabic and Hebrew", Salim Tamari, "Ishaq al-Shami and the Predicament of the Arab Jew in Palestine", palestine-studies.org

Bayan sun dawo Falasdinu a ƙarshen yaƙin, sun ƙaura zuwa Hebron kuma dukkansu sun yi aiki a matsayin malamai. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin sakataren al'ummar Yahudawa a Hebron. Matsalar kuɗi da ta addabe shi a tsawon rayuwarsa, da kuma cutar zuciya ta Pnina, da kuma ciwon huhu a cikin shekarun baya za su kawo cikas ga rubuce-rubucensa na adabi. Pnina ya mutu a shekarar 1925, kuma daga baya aka sake aurensa da Sarah Kalish, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya da ya haɗu da ita a Damascus. Ya tsira daga kisan kiyashin Hebron na 1929 ta hanyar ɓoyewa a gidan iyalan Mani. "He had begun his career writing on themes of Arabic literary production, both in Arabic and Hebrew", Salim Tamari, "Ishaq al-Shami and the Predicament of the Arab Jew in Palestine", palestine-studies.org Shami ya damu ƙwarai da lamarin, kuma ya sanya hannu kan wata takarda da ke Allah wadai da ƙoƙarin farfagandar Larabawa tare da yin kira da a gudanar da bincike na Birtaniya tare da manyan malaman Hebron da sauran mutane. "He had begun his career writing on themes of Arabic literary production, both in Arabic and Hebrew", Salim Tamari, "Ishaq al-Shami and the Predicament of the Arab Jew in Palestine", palestine-studies.org

Daga ƙarshe Shami ya bar Hebron, ya fara zama a Tiberias inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami, sannan a Haifa, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami kuma magatakarda na kotu. Ya ci gaba da kewar garinsu, kuma a cikin wata wasiƙa ta 1932 ga abokinsa na tsawon rai David Avisar, ya nuna sha'awar rubuta littafi kan tarihin birnin. Ya yi sauran rayuwarsa yana zaune a Haifa, kuma ya mutu a can a shekarar 1949.

 Ayyukan adabi 
"Ya fara aikinsa na rubutu kan jigogi na samar da adabi na Larabci, duka a cikin Larabci da Ibrananci. Rubuce-rubucen farko da har yanzu suke akwai sun haɗa da gudummawa kan almarar tarihi ta Jurji Zaydan, sassa daban-daban kan waƙoƙin Larabawa, da kuma muƙala kan asalin wasan kwaikwayo na Larabawa na zamani. Taskar Tarihin Birnin Urushalima ta kuma haɗa da wasiƙu a cikin Larabci tare da wasu abokan aikinsa, ciki har da abokin aikinsa marubucin Sephardic Yehuda Burla, amma a bayyane yake babu ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubucensa na Larabci da aka buga 

Jimillar ayyukan Shami ba su da yawa, galibi gajerun labarai ne. Duk da haka, wasu masu suka sun ɗauke shi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun marubutan Sephardic na Ibrananci na zamani."  Ayyukansa da aka fi sani da su sune gajerun littattafan labari - Vengeance of the Fathers . An buga shida daga cikin waɗannan gajerun labarai da kuma littafin labari bayan mutuwarsa a matsayin labaran Shami a Ibrananci - Sipurey Shami, a Turanci (2000),  da kuma a Faransanci. 

 Ra'ayoyi Masu Mahimmanci 
Mai sukar Ibrananci na zamani Gershon Shaked ya rubuta cewa Ɗaukar Fansa ta Ubanni, wanda aka buga a 1928, yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka a cikin adabin Ibrananci na zamani. Anton Shammas marubuci kuma mai sukar Falasɗinu, ya rubuta—"Shami ya kawo shi cikin fage na adabin Ibrananci na zamani kimanin shekaru saba'in da suka gabata, ingantaccen Falasɗinu na gida wanda ba a daidaita shi ba, ko kuma an ƙalubalance shi, tun da Ɗaukar Fansa ta Ubanni ita ce kawai littafin da ke cikin adabin Ibrananci na zamani wanda haruffansa, shimfidar wurare da muryar labarinsa duk Falasɗinawa ne."  Merle Rubin, a cikin Los Angeles Times Book Review ya bayyana shi a matsayin "Labarun haske daga gabas ta tsakiya da ta gabata". "He had begun his career writing on themes of Arabic literary production, both in Arabic and Hebrew", Salim Tamari, "Ishaq al-Shami and the Predicament of the Arab Jew in Palestine", palestine-studies.org Issa Boullata, a cikin Al Jadid ya bayyana ayyukan a matsayin shaidar wanzuwar tare da juna wanda ya ɓace. "He had begun his career writing on themes of Arabic literary production, both in Arabic and Hebrew", Salim Tamari, "Ishaq al-Shami and the Predicament of the Arab Jew in Palestine", palestine-studies.org

Jerold Auerbach, Farfesa Emeritus of History "He had begun his career writing on themes of Arabic literary production, both in Arabic and Hebrew", Salim Tamari, "Ishaq al-Shami and the Predicament of the Arab Jew in Palestine", palestine-studies.org kuma marubucin Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel, ya yaba wa littafin Shami mai suna Hebron Stories a matsayin "wani abin da ke jan hankali game da Hebron a farkon karni na ashirin." 

A shekara ta 2004, ƙungiyar ilimi ta Falasɗinu ta amince da Shami a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Falasɗinu masu muhimmanci. Da wannan—ya ɗauki matsayi na musamman a matsayin wani abu na al'adu na Isra'ilawa da Falasɗinu. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

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