Rikicin cikin gida a Kenya

Rikicin cikin gida a Kenya ya ƙunshi duk wani hali mai cutarwa ga memba na iyali ko abokin tarayya, gami da fyade, hari, cin zarafin jiki, da karuwanci. Rikicin cikin gida a Kenya yana nuna kididdigar duniya a cikin cewa mata sune mafi yawan wadanda abin ya shafa. Fiye da kashi 40% na mata masu aure a Kenya sun ba da rahoton cewa sun sha wahala daga tashin hankali na gida ko cin zarafin jima'i. A duk duniya, sama da kashi 30% na "mata masu haɗin gwiwa" masu shekaru 15 da haihuwa sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jiki ko na jima'i. Sau da yawa ba a yi nazarin dalilai da abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan babban kashi ba saboda rashin bayanai.

Abubuwa irin su ƙananan ilimi, addini, da Matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki duk sun dace yayin kallon abubuwan da ke haifar da tashin hankali a cikin gida a Kenya. Matsi na jima'i ya zama ruwan dare a Kenya kuma sau da yawa yakan haifar da cin zarafi. Mata masu juna biyu sun fi fuskantar cin zarafin gida saboda suna iya kasancewa cikin dangantaka. Mata masu juna biyu galibi suna da rauni a tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa, suna sanya su cikin haɗari mafi girma ga tashin hankali na gida saboda rinjaye na ubanni. Sau da yawa ana ganin ciki da ba a so a matsayin kuskuren mace, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin cin zarafi. Matsayin jinsi a Kenya yana ba da gudummawa ga karɓar cin zarafin gida.

Har ila yau, tashin hankali na cikin gida yana taimakawa ga mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa da na jiki. Sakamakon mummunan tashin hankali na gida sun hada da asarar ciki, rikitarwa, hauhawar jini, raunin jiki, da damuwa. A lokuta na baya-bayan nan an bayar da rahoton mutuwar. Bugu da kari, wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida sun fi kamuwa da cutar HIV / AIDS da sauran cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i. Amsa game da tashin hankali na cikin gida a Kenya sun haɗa da umarnin doka  da shirye-shiryen da kungiyoyin zamantakewa suka kafa.  Rashin bayar da rahoto game da tashin hankali na cikin gida a kasashe masu tasowa saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da kunya, shingen kudi, rashin sanin damar samun sabis, da rashin amincewa da ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya.

 Dalilan da suka haifar 

 Matsi na jima'i 
A Kenya, tare da wasu sassan Afirka, tilasta jima'i tsakanin matasa ya zama ruwan dare. An bayyana tilasta jima'i a matsayin duk wani gogewa wanda aka "tilasta wa mutum yin jima'i ba tare da son zuciyarsa ba".  A cikin binciken bincike a Kenya a shekara ta 2004, 11% na maza da 21% na mata masu shekaru 10-24 sun fuskanci tilasta jimaʼi a rayuwarsu. Mata sun ba da rahoton cewa tilasta wa abokin tarayya shine mafi yawanci, tare da tilasta wa sanannun da ke biyowa. Kashi 23% na wadannan mata da kashi 22% na wadannan maza sun gaya wa wani dangi ko aboki game da kwarewar.

A cikin 2014 Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya na Kenya ya ba da rahoto wanda ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 44 cikin dari na Matasa Kenya sun fuskanci cin zarafin jiki daga maza tun lokacin da suke yara.

 Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi 
Mata masu karancin ilimi galibi suna da karancin matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kuma dole ne su dogara da kudi ga abokin tarayya namiji, sau da yawa yana haifar da cin zarafi. Mata matalauta suma sun dogara da maza don kula da gida. A wasu dangantaka, maza suna hana matansu aiki, suna riƙe da su a cikin gidansu na zahiri da kuma cikin ikon mutumin. Wadannan mata sun yi shiru a fuskar cin zarafi.Hatcher, Abigail M.; Romito, Patrizia; Odero, Merab; Bukusi, Elizabeth A.; Onono, Maricianah; Turan, Janet M. (April 2013). "Social context and drivers of intimate partner violence in rural Kenya: implications for the health of pregnant women". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 15 (4): 404–419. doi:10.1080/13691058.2012.760205. PMC 3808173. PMID 23387300.

Mata da ke keta ka'idojin jinsi sau da yawa suna haifar da cin zarafi. Idan mace ba ta yi aiki da girmamawa da biyayya ba, ko kuma ba ta kammala ayyukanta ba, abokin aikinta ne ya "yi ta horo". Bugu da kari, maza ma suna fuskantar barazanar mata da ke yanke shawara mai zaman kanta. Idan ma'aurata sun amince da yanke shawara kuma matar ta saba da shi, hakan shine dalilin tashin hankali. Idan mace ta yi tambaya game da zaɓin kuɗi na namiji, ko kuma ta sa ya ji kamar ba ya samar da iyalin da kyau, namiji sau da yawa yana amfani da tashin hankali a cikin fushinsa.

A cikin wani binciken da aka yi da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya maza da mata a Afirka sun nuna cewa rashin aminci na maza yanayi ne da aka yarda da shi, har ma ana ƙarfafa shi, yayin da ana ganin rashin aminci na mata a matsayin halayyar da ta cancanci cin zarafin jiki. Bugu da ƙari, saboda haƙƙin namiji na rashin aminci an yarda da shi sosai, ƙin mace ta ba da izinin wannan hali kuma an gan shi a matsayin abin da ya dace da cin zarafi.

A cikin ƙungiyar maza, ana kallon tashin hankali na gida akan mata a matsayin hanyar gafarta wa "laifuka" na mace.  Nazarin ya kuma gano cewa lokacin da aka bincika shi kadai, mata sun yi iƙirarin cewa tashin hankali wani nau'i ne na soyayya. An yarda da shi sosai cewa bayan "sanarwa" na miji ko cin zarafin, matar ta sake samun daraja a cikin gida kuma ita ce mai karɓar ƙauna daga abokin tarayya.

 Ilimi 
Rashin ilimi a Kenya yana taimakawa ga yaduwar cin zarafi. A cikin 2003 "Binciken Demographic & Health", an yi kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin matakin ilimi na mai amsawa da kuma yawan mutanen da suka yi imanin cewa "yana da kyau ga namiji ya buge matarsa, idan ta yi jayayya da shi. " Simister, John Gordon (30 October 2009). "Domestic violence and female genital mutilation in Kenya: Effects of ethnicity and education". Journal of Family Violence. 25 (3): 247–257. doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9288-6. S2CID 21609519. An yi binciken tare da maza da mata, kuma yanayin gaba ɗaya ga duka biyun ya nuna cewa yayin da shekaru a cikin ilimi na mai shigar da kara, mutane kaɗan sun ji cewa tashin hankali na gida ya cancanci. Wani yanayin ya nuna lokacin da aka shirya ilimin mai amsawa game da yawan mutanen da suka yarda cewa "mutum yana da adalci wajen buga matarsa idan ta fita ba tare da ta gaya masa ba. "  Yayin da matakin ilimi ya karu, matsakaicin kashi wanda ya ji cewa da'awar da ke sama ta dace, ya ragu.

A cikin irin wannan binciken an yi la'akari da matsakaicin ilimin mai amsawa da mahaifiyarta. Shaidar ta nuna cewa yayin da ilimin mahaifiyar mai amsa ya karu, yawan masu amsawa waɗanda suka ji cewa tashin hankali na gida ya cancanci a wasu yanayi ya ragu kusan a layi. Labarin da ya bayyana wadannan binciken ya kammala cewa wannan alaƙar na iya zama saboda uwaye da suka fi ilimi suna renon yaransu don ƙin tashin hankali na gida.

 Lafiyar tunani da ta jiki 
Rikicin cikin gida yana shafar lafiyar hankali. Binciken da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 2008 ya gano cewa matan da suka bayar da rahoton cewa sun sha wahala daga tashin hankali na abokin tarayya sun kuma bayar da rahoton yiwuwar samun damuwa, tunanin kashe kansa, da yunkurin kashe kansa fiye da matan da ba su fuskanci tashin hankali ba. Bugu da ƙari, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa, baƙin ciki da damuwa duk suna ƙaruwa a cikin waɗanda ke fama da tashin hankali na gida. Musamman a tsakanin mata, tashin hankali na gida yana rage darajar kai, tsaro, da mutunci. Wani binciken da aka yi da hira a shekarar 1998 ya nuna cewa matan da suka ba da rahoton fuskantar tashin hankali suna da "ƙarin ganewar asali na tsoro fiye da matan da ba su ba da rahoton cin zarafi. "  Daga cikin mata a cikin binciken da suka gwada tabbatacce don PTSD na rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da duk wani abin damuwa a rayuwarsu, 30.6% sun ba da rahoton Cin zarafin manya. 

Wani binciken ya nuna cewa mafi girman haɗari ga tashin hankali na gida shine cin zarafin jiki tun yana yaro. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida na iya zama masu aikata laifin. Wannan binciken ya kuma sami alaƙa tsakanin tashin hankali na abokin tarayya (IPV) da ci gaban cututtukan cututtuka masu tsanani (duka na tunani da na jiki) a cikin maza da mata. Sauran sakamakon jiki na tashin hankali na gida sun haɗa da yiwuwar kamuwa da ciwon hanji, cututtukan gastrointestinal, da ciwon pelvic mai tsanani. Matsalolin ciki, haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i, da haɗarin ciki da ba a so suma suna ƙaruwa sakamakon tashin hankali na gida. Binciken Coker ya kuma gano cewa idan an fallasa tashin hankali na abokin tarayya da wuri, ana iya sanya matakai don rage tasirin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci.

 Amsoshin 

 Gwamnati 
Masanin kimiyya Patricia Kameri-Mbote ya rubuta cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya ya bayyana cewa maza mata da yara suna da 'yancin "rayuwa,' yanci, da tsaro na mutum da kariya daga doka. "  Duk da yake kundin tsarin mulki yana ba da kariya ga maza da mata daga "rashin tausayi ko azabtarwa, " ba ya samar da kariya a bayyane daga tashin hankali ga mata da 'yan mata. Dokar Shari'a ta Kenya tana da tanadi da ake amfani da shi don karewa daga tashin hankali na gida. A karkashin wani sashi da ake kira "Jima'i na Jima'i," an haramta nau'ikan "yi fyade" guda uku. Koyaya, yaren da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan tanadin ya ba da kansa ga ramuka da yawa. A karkashin wani sashi mai suna "Defilement," an rubuta cewa za a yi amfani da matsanancin hukunci ga maza da suka yi wa mata fyade a ƙarƙashin shekaru 14 ko yarinya da "ta kasance wawa ko wawa".  Ga mata masu aure, kariya daga fyade kusan babu, musamman idan an dauki auren a matsayin mai inganci a ƙarƙashin doka. Saboda gaskiyar cewa Kenya ba ta da mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aure, batun shekarun da za a yarda da dangantakar jima'i sau da yawa ba a bayyane yake ba.Kameri-Mbote, Patricia (2000). "Violence against women in Kenya. An analysis of law, policy and institutions" (PDF). International Environmental Law Research Centre. Retrieved 6 January 2018.

A kasashe da yawa, tilasta bin doka ba ta aiki a lokuta na tashin hankali na cikin gida saboda tsananin tashin hankali yana raguwa kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin "rashin jituwa na cikin gida". [1] Kamar yadda Lenore E. Walker ya rubuta a cikin "Psychology and Domestic Violence Around the World, " mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa "kamawa da ɗaurewa" ita ce hanyar da ta fi nasara don kawo karshen tashin hankali. Koyaya, wasu suna da ra'ayin cewa a yanayin da mutumin ba shi da kyakkyawar alaƙar al'umma ko alaƙar zamantakewa da yawa, shiga tsakani ta hanyar tilasta bin doka na iya ƙara tashin hankali.[1][1]￼

 Manazarta 

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