Rikicin da aka yi wa mata a Peru

An bayyana tashin hankali ga mata a Peru a matsayin cin zarafi ko tashin hankali da aka yada wa wadanda aka haifa mata. Rikicin abokin tarayya (IPV) shine mafi yawan nau'ikan tashin hankali na jinsi wanda ke faruwa duk da cewa yana iya faruwa a lokaci guda tare da tashin hankali na jima'i da motsin rai.

Mata na Peru suna rayuwa daban da maza, suna fuskantar mafi girman talauci da tashin hankali na gida da na jima'i. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, kashi 49% na mata masu haɗin gwiwa (mata da suka yi aure, suka zauna tare da namiji, ko kuma suna da abokin jima'i na yau da kullun) a Lima da kuma kashi 61% a Cusco sun ba da rahoton tashin hankali na jiki daga abokin tarayya a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. Don cin zarafin jima'i da abokin tarayya ya yi waɗannan kashi sun kasance 23% a Lima da 47% a Cusco.

 Rikicin jinsi 
Matsayi da nuna bambanci na mata a Peru yana da rikitarwa saboda ya bambanta da aji, kabilanci, da kuma matsayin tattalin arziki na mata a cikin al'ummar gargajiya ta Peruvian. Ba kamar mata a Amurka ba, mata da ke zaune a Peru galibi suna da hannu a cikin kayan aikin gona da kuma sana'a. Gwamnatin Peruvian ba ta san wannan rikitarwa sau da yawa ba.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peru na 1993 ya amince da ainihin haƙƙin mutum ga ɗabi'arsa, jiki, da amincin tunani. Koyaya, ba ta faɗaɗa waɗannan kariya ga mata ba, kuma ba ta da takamaiman dokokin nuna bambanci waɗanda suka shafi mata. Sashe masu zuwa suna tsara nau'ikan tashin hankali na jinsi da mata ke fuskanta.

 Rikicin cikin gida 
A shekara ta 2006, cibiyoyin Ma'aikatar Mata da Ci gaban Jama'a (MIMDES) sun ba da rahoton shari'o'i 25,036 na tashin hankali a cikin gida a Peru. Cibiyoyin sun taimaka wa matsakaicin maza da mata 2,067 a kowane wata. MIMDES kuma tana aiki da Layin zafi kyauta, wanda ya kula da buƙatun 7,785 don taimako game da rikice-rikicen iyali a lokacin shekara ta 2006. 

Kungiyoyin mata sun lura cewa shan barasa da halayen gargajiya ga mata sun kara matsalolin fyade da cin zarafin jima'i - musamman a yankunan karkara. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 69 cikin 100 na matan Peruvian sun ce sun sha wahala daga wasu nau'ikan tashin hankali a rayuwarsu.

Cin zarafin yana da tsanani kuma yana ci gaba da aiwatar da tilasta bin doka, da kuma dokokin da gwamnati ke nuna bambanci ga mata. MIMDES da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun bayyana cewa yawancin shari'o'in cin zarafin gida ba a bayar da rahoton ba. Majiyoyin NGO sun bayyana cewa yawancin shari'o'in da aka ruwaito ba su haifar da tuhuma ba saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya ko kuma saboda kudin shigar da korafi. Kariya ta shari'a da ta jiki da aka bayar sun iyakance saboda jinkirin shari'a, rashin tabbas a cikin doka, da kuma rashin mafaka ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Dangane da binciken da aka yi a Lima, Peru a cikin 2007, matan da aka zalunta suna da haɗarin sau 1.63-da ya karu ga daukar ciki ba tare da niyya ba. Bugu da ƙari, matan da suka fuskanci cin zarafin jiki da na jima'i sun ninka 3.31 da za su iya samun ciki ba da gangan ba.

Halin da al'adu suna daidaita tsarin cin zarafi. A cikin zamantakewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na birane, "Mas me pegas, mas te quiero" (Yayin da kuka doke ni, da yawa ina son ku) ana amfani da shi don komawa ga amor serrano (ƙaunar ƙasa mai girma). Wannan yana nuna abubuwa biyu: na farko, waɗanda ke Peru suna zargin matan da aka yi wa duka waɗanda suke matalauta da 'yan asalin ƙasar saboda cin zarafin da suke fuskanta kuma na biyu, cewa mata suna jin daɗin tashin hankali.

Shige da fice a cikin Peru ya kasance muhimmiyar matsala a Peru. A cewar Alcalde, yana iya samar da daya daga cikin sakamako biyu. Na farko, yana iya ba da damar mace ta bar mai cin zarafin ta a baya amma na biyu, ƙaura zuwa Lima na iya ƙara tashin hankali saboda mata (a cikin sabon birni) dole ne su dogara da abokin cin zarafin.

OjoPúblico ya ruwaito a cikin 2025 cewa an bincika jami'an 2,239 na 'Yan sanda na kasa na Peru tsakanin 2018 da 2024 saboda zargin tashin hankali a kan mata, tare da lura cewa jami'an 269 sun kasance masu aikata laifuka kuma da yawa ba su fuskanci horo ba saboda zargin su na tashin hankali. Akresh and DeWalque, 2010 Armed conflict and schooling: Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan genocide. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #4606.

 Kisan mata 
Tsakanin shekarun 2010 da 2017, an kashe mata 837 a Peru yayin da aka yi wasu yunkurin kisan kai 1,172 a lokacin. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa a cikin kimanin kashi 81% na yunkurin kisan mata, hukumomi ba su dauki wani mataki ba don kare wanda ya tsira, kuma kashi 24% na mata da suka juya zuwa tsarin shari'a don taimako daga baya maza da suka nemi kariya.

 Rikicin LGBTQ 
An yi mummunar tashin hankali da aka yada a kan yawan mutanen LGBTQ na Peruvian. Na farko, bisa ga binciken da aka yi don tantance yaduwar tilasta jima'i tsakanin matasa a Peru, maza da mata waɗanda suka ba da rahoton tilasta jimaʼi sun ba da rahoton ƙarin cututtukan rayuwa, ƙarancin shekaru a jima'i na farko, da halayyar ɗan luwaɗi a nan gaba a cikin maza.

Na biyu, yawan mutanen Peruvian sun fuskanci nuna bambanci da tashin hankali.[1] Nazarin tsakanin MSM a Peru sun nuna cewa mata masu canza launin fata suna nuna mafi girman adadin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau.[1] Wannan sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da ƙimar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, aikin jima'i, da rashin samun ilimi.[2] Bugu da ƙari, mata masu canza launin fata a Peru galibi suna fama da IPV kuma ba sa samun taimako daga 'yan sanda.[3] Wadannan dalilai sun haifar da yaduwar cutar kanjamau a tsakanin mata masu canza launin fata a Lima, Peru zuwa 29.6%.[1]￼

 Rikicin jima'i 
Peru ta nuna hadin gwiwar gwamnatin jihar a cikin aikata da ci gaba da cin zarafin jima'i. Koyaya, hujja da dalilan yin cin zarafin jima'i sun bambanta a duk yankin kuma sun canza a tsawon lokaci.

Ko jihar tana inganta cin zarafin jima'i ko kuma kawai ta ba da izinin hakan ya faru yana da wuyar tantancewa saboda rashin samun damar yin rikodin jihar ko shaidu. Koyaya, ƙididdigar da aka haɗa sun nuna tsari a cikin rikice-rikicen jihohi da tashin hankali na jima'i. Ta hanyar rikice-rikicen Peru da 'yan tawaye, akwai tsawo biyu a cikin yawan cin zarafin jima'i wanda ya dace da lokutan wahala a lokacin rikici. An haɗa shi da raunanawar PCP-SL bayan an kama Abimael Guzmán a shekarar 1992, yawan abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin jima'i a Peru sun ragu sosai. Wannan alaƙar ta nuna cewa jihar ta yi amfani da cin zarafin jima'i a matsayin kayan aiki na yaki. Koyaya, kodayake ya yadu, tashin hankali na jima'i a Peru ya fi zaɓa kuma an yi shi da shawarwari - kusan kashi 71% na shari'o'in da suka shafi wanda ya kamu. Maimakon shiga cikin fyade, ana yawan karbar wadanda aka azabtar idan aka gano su a matsayin masu adawa da jihar.

Rikicin jima'i da ya gabata a kan mata a wannan lokacin rikici na ciki, girgizar tashin hankali yana da tasirin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci ga mata. Dangane da binciken da Grimard et al. suka yi, firgici na tashin hankali ya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mata masu juna biyu, sau da yawa yana hana ci gaban yaransu. Wannan gaskiya ne ko da lokacin da ake sarrafa yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

A shekara ta 2001, Shugaban rikon kwarya Valentín Paniagua ya ba da hayar kwamiti na mutane goma sha biyu don bincika take hakkin dan adam. Hukumar ta dauki kimanin shekaru biyu don gabatar da rahotonta na karshe. Rahoton ya gano cewa fyade shine mafi yawan cin zarafi, wanda ya zama kusan 48% a Peru. Jami'an soja sune mafi yawan masu laifi (48% a Peru). Bugu da ƙari, ana yawan yin tashin hankali na jima'i yayin da aka tsare wadanda aka azabtar (52% a Peru). 

A ƙarshe, tashin hankali na jima'i a Peru ya kasance kuma sau da yawa har yanzu ana ci gaba da shi ga 'yan asalinsa. A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta Kasa, kashi 20% na yawan mutanen Peru 'yan asalin ƙasar ne. Wadannan al'ummomin ba su da fa'ida a siyasa da tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'ar ƙasa. Jiha ta mayar da martani da tashin hankali da zalunci.

 Dubi kuma 

 Laifi a Peru
 NiUnaMenos (Peru) 
 Mata a Peru

 Manazarta 

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