Thomas Doughty (mai bincike)

Thomas Doughty (1545 - 2 ga Yulin 1578) ya kasance dan Ingila ne, soja, masanin kimiyya kuma sakataren Christopher Hatton . Haɗin da ya yi da Francis Drake, a kan tafiya ta 1577 don kai hari kan Jirgin ruwa na Spain, ya ƙare a cikin shari'ar jirgin ruwa don cin amana da maita, da kuma kashe Doughty.

Kodayake wasu malamai suna shakkar ingancin zarge-zargen cin amana, kuma suna tambayar ikon Drake na gwadawa da kashe Doughty, lamarin ya kafa muhimmiyar misali: bisa ga tarihin Sojojin Ruwa na Ingila, mai taken To Rule the Waves: Yadda Sojojin Sojojin Burtaniya suka tsara Duniya ta zamani ta Arthur L. Herman, hukuncin Doughty ya kafa ra'ayin cewa kyaftin din jirgin shine cikakken mai mulki, ba tare da la'akari da matsayi ko zamantakewar fasinjojinsa ba.

 Tushen rikici 

Doughty befriended Drake during Drake's military actions in Ireland.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span>] Drake, Doughty and John Wynter left Plymouth, England in 1577, purportedly on a simple trip to Alexandria.  Drake's real mission was to interfere with Spanish treasure fleets in the New World; whether he proceeded with the full knowledge and sanction of Queen Elizabeth I, and whether his original intent was the circumnavigation of the globe are still topics of scholarly debate (see Kelsey, "Sir Francis Drake: the Queen's Pirate.")  The three men apparently shared responsibility for the voyage but Drake soon assumed the role of commander of the expedition, a matter which caused friction between Drake and the aristocratic Doughty.

An ba Doughty umurni na jirgin ruwan Portuguese da aka kama, Santa Maria (wanda aka sake masa suna Maryamu). Rashin jituwa tsakanin Drake da Doughty ya kara muni lokacin da Doughtay ya kama ɗan'uwan Drake, Thomas Drake, yana sata daga kayan da aka kama na jirgin. Drake ya ɗauki umurnin Maryamu kuma ya sake sanya Doughty don ya umarci jirginsa na Pelican. A lokacin doguwar tafiya a fadin Tekun Atlantika, ƙiyayya ta Drake ta karu, ta hanyar fushi da ɗan'uwansa. Daga bisani Drake ya sauke Doughty zuwa kwamandan ƙaramin jirgin ruwa mai suna Swan. Wannan zagi ya zama da yawa ga Doughty, kuma ya fara gunaguni sosai game da "Kapitan Janar".

 Haraji 
Lokacin da Swan ya rabu da sauran rundunonin a lokacin guguwa mai tsanani, Drake ya gamsu cewa Doughty yana yin maita. A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1578, a kan haɗuwar rundunar, Drake da Doughty sun yi jayayya ta ƙarshe; Drake ya buge Doughty kuma ya umarce shi a ɗaure shi da mast. A ranar 3 ga Yuni an kama Doughty da ɗan'uwansa, John Doughty, kuma an hana ma'aikatan yin hulɗa da su. Drake ya zargi Doughty da kasancewa "mai ba da shawara da kuma mai tayar da kayar baya", kuma ɗan'uwansa da kasancewa "maƙaryaci da mai guba".

 Shari'a da kisa 
Jirgin ya isa Puerto San Julián, tashar jiragen ruwa ta halitta a Patagonia a Argentina)" id="mwRA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)">Lardin Santa Cruz na Argentina a ranar 20 ga Yuni. Shari'ar Doughty ta fara ne a ranar 30; Drake ya zargi Doughty da ba kawai tawaye ba, amma cin amana. Doughty ya fara yin kira da a dauke shi tare da rundunar a matsayin fursuna kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya koma Ingila, amma Drake ya ki. Doughty na gaba ya bukaci Drake ya nuna kwamishinsa daga Sarauniya ya ba shi irin wannan iko, wanda Drake ya sake ki amincewa da shi, wanda lauya da aboki na Doughty, Leonard Vicary, ya amsa, "Wannan ba lawe ba ne ko kuma mai fushi da adalci. " Drake ya amsa, 'Ba ni da... yin tare da ku lauyoyi masu wayo, neythar na kula da lawe, amma na san abin da zan yi. "

Babban shaidar da aka yi wa Doughty an ambaci shi a cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka samo a cikin ɗakin karatu na Burtaniya kuma an tattara shi a cikin William Sandys Wright Vaux na The World Encompassed, bisa ga wani katako da malamin Drake, Francis Fletcher ya ajiye. Wannan kayan ya ƙunshi maganganu da yawa daga Doughty wanda watakila an yi shi cikin zafi na fushi. Za a iya fassara maganganun a matsayin masu tayar da kayar baya, amma kotun shari'a ba za ta iya yin hukunci da masu tayar baya ba (an bincika su a Robinson da Hannay; an sake gabatar da tuhumar a Vaux). Akwai shaidu guda biyu masu banƙyama: shaidar Edward Bright, masassaƙin jirgin, wanda, shi kaɗai daga cikin zarge-zargen, Doughty ya musanta a bayyane, da kuma yarda da Doughty cewa ya bayyana ainihin manufar tafiyarsu ga William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, mai ba da shawara na guje wa matsala tare da Mutanen Espanya. Drake ya zana bayyanar ga Burghley a matsayin cin amanar Sarauniya Elizabeth; duk da haka, juri na ma'aikatan jirgin sun yanke Doughty hukunci na tawaye kawai, sun ƙi zargin cin amana, kuma bayan Drake ya yi watsi da ko zai nemi mutuwar Doughty.

Bayan samun hukuncin da aka yanke masa, Drake ya tara juriya kuma ya samar da takardu daban-daban daga manyan mutanen Ingila don tallafawa kansa; duk da haka, bai samar da kwamiti na sarauta ba, wanda ya yi iƙirarin ya bar shi a cikin jirginsa. Da yake jayayya cewa Doughty barazana ce ga rayuwarsa da kuma balaguron gabaɗaya, Drake ya bukaci a kashe shi. Mutanen sun amince duk da cewa wasu ba su da son rai; Drake ya tambayi idan akwai wasu shawarwari masu ma'ana na madadin mafita. Doughty da kansa ya ba da shawarar cewa a saki shi da zarar rundunar ta isa Peru, amma Drake ya ki, yana mai da'awar cewa Doughty zai faɗakar da Mutanen Espanya game da aikinsu. John Wynter ya ba da kansa don ci gaba da tsare Doughty a cikin jirginsa, Elizabeth, wanda Drake ya amince da shi da farko, amma ya cancanci sanarwar ta hanyar cewa jirgin zai koma Ingila ba tare da wani rabo na dukiyar da za su samu daga kai hari kan jiragen Mutanen Espanya ba. Ba da daɗewa ba ma'aikatansa suka yi ihu ga Wynter, kuma an rufe makomar Doughty.

Doughty ya nemi shi da Drake su karɓi tarayya tare, kuma kamar yadda labarin zamani na Francis Fletcher ya ruwaito, "Kuma bayan wannan tsattsarkan abinci, sun ci abinci a wannan tebur tare, da farin ciki, cikin natsuwa, kamar yadda suka taɓa yi a rayuwarsu, kowannensu yana taya juna murna, kuma yana barin su, ta hanyar shan juna, kamar dai an yanke wa juna kai ne kawai". A ranar 2 ga Yuli 1578, an yanke wa Thomas Doughty.Kelsey, Harry (8 October 2009). "Drake, Sir Francis (1540–1596), pirate, sea captain, and explorer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 24 July 2025. Ba da daɗewa ba, Drake ya canza sunan flagship dinsa daga The Pelican zuwa The Golden Hind  don girmama Christopher Hatton, wanda alamarsa ita ce hind, watakila a matsayin ƙoƙari na daidaita abin da ya faru na Doughty.

 Sakamakon da bincike 
Yanayin shari'ar - abokantaka ta farko ta maza, rashin amincewar Doughty a kan mutuwarsa - sun yi wahayi zuwa ga ra'ayoyi da yawa game da abin da zai iya faruwa tsakanin Doughty da Drake. Iyalin Drake sun ci gaba da jita-jita cewa Doughty ya kasance kusa da matar Drake, Mary. Sauran masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa Doughty ya kasance ɗan leƙen asiri a cikin aikin Burghley a duk lokacin tafiyar.

Bincike ya nuna, duk da haka, cewa ba duk mazajen da suke so su kasance wani ɓangare na abin da ke zama hari na fashi ba; John Wynter musamman ya yi magana game da shi. Kelsey ya kammala cewa Drake yana so ya kafa misali mai tsanani game da rashin horo a cikin ma'aikatan; zaɓin da ya yi na gudanar da shari'ar Doughty a wannan wuri inda Ferdinand Magellan ya kashe masu tayar da kayar baya ba zai iya zama daidai ba. Duk da haka, sauran kewayen ya sha wahala daga rashin amincewa. A watan Janairun shekara ta 1580, lokacin da Drake ya makale a kan wani kogi a Tekun Celebes, malamin jirgin Francis Fletcher ya ba da wa'azi wanda ya haɗa masifarsu da mutuwar Doughty. Don wannan aikin, Drake ba wai kawai ya cire Fletcher daga ayyukansa ba amma ya ɗaure shi a cikin murfin ƙofa kuma, duk da rashin ikonsa na yin hakan, ya bayyana shi an kore shi.

Lamarin Doughty ya ci gaba da damun Drake lokacin da ya dawo Ingila. A can, John Doughty, ɗan'uwan marigayin, ya nemi mafita ta shari'a, amma an kori aikin ne saboda fasaha.[1] Har ila yau, akwai tsegumi game da ingantaccen masassaƙin, Edward Bright, zuwa matsayin mai kula da jirgin Marigold, wanda ba za a iya gujewa ba a karanta shi azaman biyan kuɗi don yin ƙarya da shaidar da aka yi wa Doughty. Drake bai taba iya samar da takardu da ke nuna cewa yana da cikakken iko don yin aiki kamar yadda ya yi ba. Har ma akwai jita-jita, kusan tabbas karya, cewa Drake yana ƙarƙashin hayar Earl na Leicester don kashe Doughty. A cewar Leicester's Commonwealth na zamani (1584), Leicester ya so a kashe Doughty saboda Doughty na iya tuhumar shi da laifin kisan Walter Devereux, Earl na Essex.￼

 A cikin al'adun gargajiya 
Kashewar Doughty shine batun waka ta Solomon Kane ta Robert E. Howard, "The One Black Stain".

A cikin shirin na shekarun 1960 na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na yara na Burtaniya Sir Francis Drake, 'The Doughty Plot', an ba da labarin yadda aka gwada Doughty kuma aka kashe shi, kodayake ba daidai ba ne a tarihi kuma ya sa Drake ya zama jarumi.

A cikin 1980, "Drake's Venture", cikakken wasan kwaikwayo na kayan ado na mahimman abubuwan da suka faru, an yi shi ne don talabijin, tare da John Thaw a matsayin Francis Drake da Paul Darrow a matsayin Thomas Doughty .

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