Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Janairu 30, 1882 - Afrilu 12, 1945), wanda aka fi sani da FDR, shi ne shugaban Amurka na 32, ya yi aiki daga 1933 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1945. Shi ne Shugaban Amurka mafi tsawo, kuma shi kadai ne ya yi aiki fiye da wa'adi biyu. Shirinsa na farko da na biyu sun kasance a kan yaki da Babban Mawuyacin hali, yayin da na uku da na huɗu suka gan shi ya canza mayar da hankali ga shigar Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, Roosevelt a baya ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Jihar New York daga 1911 zuwa 1913 kuma a matsayin gwamnan 44 na New York daga 1929 zuwa 1932.

An haife shi a cikin shahararrun Delano da Roosevelt a Hyde Park, New York, Roosevelt ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard tare da digiri na farko. An fara zabarsa a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jihar New York a 1910, kuma ya yi aiki a wannan kujerar kafin ya zama mataimakin sakataren Sojan Ruwa a karkashin Shugaba Woodrow Wilson, yana riƙe da wannan mukamin daga 1913 zuwa 1920. Roosevelt ya kasance abokin takarar James M. Cox a kan tikitin Democrat a Zaben shugaban kasa na 1920, wanda Cox ya rasa ga dan takarar Republican Warren G. Harding . A shekara ta 1921, ya kamu da cutar shanyewar jiki wanda ya gurgunta ƙafafunsa har abada. Koyaya, a wani bangare ta hanyar ƙarfafawar matarsa Eleanor, ya koma ofishin gwamnati bayan an zabe shi gwamna na New York a 1928, kuma a lokacin da yake gwamna, ya inganta shirye-shirye don yaki da Babban Mawuyacin hali. Bayan karbar zaben Democrat, Roosevelt ya kayar da Shugaba Herbert Hoover a cikin nasara mai yawa a Zaben shugaban kasa na 1932.

 Rayuwa ta farko da aure 

 Yaronta 
An haifi Franklin Delano Roosevelt a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1882, a Hyde Park, New York, ga ɗan kasuwa James Roosevelt I da matarsa ta biyu, Sara Ann Delano . Iyayensa, wadanda 'yan uwansa ne na shida, sun fito ne daga masu arziki, wadanda suka kafa iyalan New York - Roosevelts da Delanos, bi da bi - kuma sun zauna a Springwood, babban yanki a kudancin cibiyar tarihi ta Hyde Park. James ya kasance fitaccen dan jam'iyyar Bourbon Democrat wanda ya taba daukar Franklin don saduwa da Shugaba Grover Cleveland . A lokacin wannan taron, Cleveland ya ce: "Mutumina, ina yin burin ban mamaki a gare ku. Yana da cewa ba za ku taɓa zama Shugaban Amurka ba. "  Mahaifiyar Franklin Sara, babbar tasiri a farkon shekarunsa, da zarar ta bayyana, "Ɗana Franklin Delano ne, ba Roosevelt ba ne kwata-kwata. "  James, wanda ke da shekaru 54 lokacin da aka haifi Franklin, wasu suka ɗauka a matsayin uba mai nisa, kodayake mai ba da labari James MacGregor Burns ya nuna James yana hulɗa da ɗansa fiye da yadda ya saba a lokacin. Franklin yana da ɗan'uwa, James Roosevelt "Rosy" Roosevelt, daga auren mahaifinsa na baya.

 Ilimi da farkon aiki 
Yayinda yake yaro, Roosevelt ya koyi hawa, harbi, tashi, da kuma yin polo, wasan tennis, da golf. Tafiye-tafiye zuwa Turai akai-akai - farawa tun yana da shekaru biyu kuma daga shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyar - ya taimaka wa Roosevelt ya zama mai magana da Jamusanci da Faransanci. Sai dai don halartar makarantar jama'a a Jamus yana da shekaru tara, Roosevelt ya sami koyarwa a gida har zuwa shekara 14. Daga nan sai ya halarci Makarantar Groton, makarantar kwana ta Episcopal a Groton, Massachusetts .  Bai kasance daga cikin shahararrun ɗaliban Groton ba, waɗanda suka kasance 'yan wasa mafi kyau kuma suna da ra'ayoyin tawaye. Shugabanta, Endicott Peabody, ya yi wa'azi game da aikin Kiristoci don taimakawa marasa galihu kuma ya bukaci ɗalibansa su shiga aikin gwamnati. Peabody ya kasance mai tasiri sosai a duk rayuwar Roosevelt, yana yin bikin aurensa kuma ya ziyarce shi a matsayin shugaban kasa.

Kamar yawancin abokan karatunsa na Groton, Roosevelt ya tafi Kwalejin Harvard. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Alpha Delta Phi  da Fly Club,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gaisuwa a makaranta.  Roosevelt bai kasance sananne ba a matsayin dalibi ko ɗan wasa, amma ya zama babban editan jaridar Harvard Crimson ta yau da kullun, wanda ke buƙatar burin, kuzari, da ikon sarrafa wasu. Daga baya ya ce, "Na dauki darussan tattalin arziki a kwaleji na tsawon shekaru hudu, kuma duk abin da aka koya mini ba daidai ba ne".
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