Kasuwancin fitarwa

Ciniki da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli hanya ce ta kasuwa don magance gurɓataccen yanayi ta hanyar samar da abubuwan ƙarfafa tattalin arziki don rage gurɓataccen yanayi. An kuma san wannan ra'ayi da cap and trade (CAT) ko kuma tsarin ciniki na hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (ETS). Wani misali mai kyau shine cinikin hayakin carbon don CO  sauran iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli wanda kayan aiki ne don rage sauyin yanayi . Sauran tsare-tsaren sun haɗa da sulfur dioxide da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa.

A cikin tsarin cinikin hayaki, hukuma ta tsakiya ko hukumar gwamnati tana rarraba ko siyar da iyakantaccen adadin (a "cap") na izini wanda ke ba da damar fitar da takamaiman adadin takamaiman gurbataccen abu a cikin wani lokaci. Ana buƙatar masu gurɓata su riƙe izini daidai da hayakin su. Masu gurɓata da ke son ƙara hayakin su dole ne su sayi izini daga wasu da ke son sayar da su.Stavins, Robert N. (November 2001). "Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments" (PDF). Discussion Paper 01-58. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. Retrieved 2010-05-20. Market-based instruments are regulations that encourage behavior through market signals rather than through explicit directives regarding pollution control levels or methods

 Gabatarwa 
Gurɓataccen misali ne na waje na kasuwa. Wani waje shine tasirin wasu ayyuka a kan wani bangare (kamar mutum) wanda ba ya cikin ma'amala ta kasuwa da ke da alaƙa da wannan aikin. Kasuwancin fitarwa hanya ce ta kasuwa don magance gurɓataccen yanayi. Babban burin shirin cinikin hayaki shine rage farashin haduwa da manufa ta hayaki. A cikin tsarin cinikin hayaki, gwamnati ta kafa iyaka ta gaba ɗaya akan hayaki, kuma ta ayyana izini (wanda ake kira alawus), ko iyakantaccen izini don fitarwa, har zuwa matakin iyakar gaba ɗaya. Gwamnati na iya sayar da izini, amma a cikin tsare-tsaren da ke akwai, tana ba da izini ga mahalarta (masu gurɓataccen tsari) daidai da fitar da kowane mahalarta. An ƙaddara tushen ta hanyar ambaton hayakin tarihi na mahalarta. Don nuna bin doka, mai shiga dole ne ya riƙe izini aƙalla daidai da yawan gurɓataccen da ya fitar a lokacin. Idan kowane mahalarta ya bi, jimlar gurɓataccen da aka fitar zai kasance daidai da jimlar iyakokin mutum. Saboda ana iya siyan izini da siyarwa, mai shiga na iya zaɓar ko dai ya yi amfani da izininsa daidai (ta hanyar rage hayakin kansa); ko kuma ya fitar da ƙasa da izinin sa, kuma watakila ya sayar da izinin da ya wuce; ko kuma ya ba da fiye da izinin, kuma ya sayi izini daga wasu mahalarta. A zahiri, mai siye yana biyan caji don gurɓata, yayin da mai siyarwa ke samun lada don rage hayaki.

 Tarihi 
An fara nuna ingancin abin da daga baya za a kira shi "cap-and-trade" don rage gurɓataccen iska a cikin jerin nazarin ƙirar kwamfuta na micro-economic tsakanin 1967 da 1970 don Hukumar Kula da Gurɓataccen Jirgin Sama ta Kasa (wanda ya riga ya zama Ofishin Air da Radiation na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka) ta Ellison Burton da William Sanjour. Wadannan binciken sun yi amfani da tsarin lissafi na birane da yawa da kuma hanyoyin fitar da su don kwatanta farashi da tasirin dabarun sarrafawa daban-daban. Kowace dabarar ragewa an kwatanta ta da "mafi ƙarancin farashi" wanda aka samar ta hanyar shirin inganta kwamfuta don gano mafi ƙarancin haɗuwa da ragewa don cimma burin ragewa. A kowane hali an gano cewa mafita mafi ƙarancin tsada ya kasance mai tsada sosai fiye da adadin rage gurɓataccen yanayi wanda kowane dabarun ragewa na al'ada ya samar. Burton kuma daga baya Sanjour tare da Edward H. Pechan sun ci gaba da ingantawa  da ci gaba  waɗannan samfuran kwamfuta a sabuwar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. Hukumar ta gabatar da manufar ƙirar kwamfuta tare da dabarun rage farashin mafi ƙarancin kuɗi (watau, cinikin hayaki) a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara na 1972 ga Majalisa game da farashin iska mai tsabta. Wannan ya haifar da manufar "ƙaddamarwa da kasuwanci" a matsayin hanyar cimma "mafi ƙarancin farashi" don matakin da aka ba shi.

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