Fataucin gawayi a Somaliya

Lokacin da gwamnatin tsakiyar Somaliya ta ruguje a shekara ta 1991, an sake buɗe kasuwancin gawayin Somaliya da aka taɓa daidaita shi. A cikin 1990s, yakin basasa na Somaliya, ambaliyar El Niño mai lalata, da rage shiga kasuwannin Turai ya sa tsohuwar masana'antar ayaba mai wadata ta durkushe, wanda ya haifar da karuwar dogaro ga cinikin gawayi.

Ba da daɗewa ba gawayi ya zama ginshiƙin ginshiƙan tattalin arziƙin siyasa a Somaliya kuma a ƙarshe ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe ga cibiyoyin aikata laifuka irin su Al-Shabaab.  Duk da kokarin da kasashen duniya ke yi na dakile cinikayyar a shekarun 2010, tana samun bunkasuwa lokaci-lokaci kuma tana ci gaba da zama abin da zai haifar da dagula harkokin siyasa a yankin kahon Afirka.

Shekaru da yawa, an kafa hanyar kasuwanci ta hanyar kasuwanci tare da Larabawa a bakin tekun Gabashin Afirka. Ya fara ne da yankewa da ƙone itatuwan Acacia a Somaliya, sannan ya kai ragowar da aka ƙone ta ƙasa zuwa tashar Jirgin ruwa a kudancin Somaliya (musamman tashar jiragen saman Kismayo da Barawe) kafin a motsa shi arewa ta teku sama da kilomita 4000 zuwa cibiyoyin da ke cikin Jihohin Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Duk da haramcin Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan duk fitar da gawayi na Somaliya a cikin 2012,  cinikin gawayi sau da yawa ana ɓoye shi kamar yadda ya samo asali ne daga wasu ƙasashe, kuma cin hanci da rashawa na sufuri da jami'an kwastam ya zama ruwan dare. Da zarar a cikin jihohin Gulf, matsakaitan suna sayar da gawayi a cikin ƙananan yawa ga masu siyarwa da gidajen cin abinci don amfani da bututun ruwa na shisha da nama, bi da bi.

 Tasirin fataucin gawayi na Somalia 
Cinikin gawayi a cikin Horn of Africa ya haifar da kudaden shiga masu yawa ga kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka. A farkon shekarun 2010, Al-Shabaab ta samar da dala miliyan 8-18 a kowace shekara ta hanyar haraji zirga-zirgar gawayi a hanya guda. A shekara ta 2013, jimlar kuɗin fitarwa ya kai dala miliyan 360-384 a kowace shekara. A ƙarshe, cinikin ya ragu, kuma a shekara ta 2018 darajar babbar ta tsaya a US $ 120  zuwa US $ 150 miliyan a kowace shekara,   tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara ga kungiyoyin ta'addanci wanda ya kai US $ 7.5  zuwa US $ 10 miliyan. Bayan ƙananan zuwa babu aikin kasuwanci a cikin 2019-2021, cinikin gawayi na Somalia ya sake fitowa a cikin 2022.    

Cinikin gawayi yana da mummunar tasiri ga muhalli a Somaliya. Musamman, samar da gawayi yana haifar da sare daji mai yawa a yankunan Jubaland, Bay, da Lower Shabelle."Charcoal: Somalia's burning issue". correctiv.org. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO)  ta kiyasta cewa a cikin shekarun 2011 zuwa 2017 an sare kimanin itatuwan acacia miliyan 8 don samar da jaka miliyan 16 na gawayi. Wannan yana nufin cewa a matsakaita, an sare itace ɗaya a kowane sakan 30 a cikin wannan lokacin shekaru bakwai.   Idan irin wannan adadin sare daji ya ci gaba, zai haifar da cikakkiyar lalacewar bishiyoyi a Somaliya a shekara ta 2060."CTF152 Hold Counter Charcoal Smuggling Conference". Combined Maritime Forces (CMF). 24 November 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Kashe gandun daji ya bar kasar da ke fama da fari, yunwa, da ambaliyar ruwa kuma yana kara haɗarin rikice-rikice game da albarkatun da rikice-rikicen jin kai. 

 Direbobin fataucin gawayi na Somalia 
Direbobin da ke yin fataucin gawayi na da bangarori da dama. Dillalan gawayi na Somaliya sun bayyana cewa sana’ar ita ce kadai hanyar da ta dace, saboda samun aikin yi yana da wuyar samun aikin yi da rashin koguna da ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa na sa noman ta yi tsauri. Wakilan Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) sun jaddada bukatar magance talauci da saka hannun jari a damammakin kasuwanci don samar da yanayi na sauran nau'o'in rayuwa mai dorewa.Wasike, Andrew (5 November 2018). "Violations of UN ban on Somali charcoal continue unabated – DW – 05/11/2018". dw.com. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Rawanin cibiyoyi na jihohi da karfin ruwa don sa ido, hanawa da kuma dakile cinikin su ma suna haifar da fataucin gawayi.

Babban direba na cinikin gawayi ba bisa ka'ida ba shine babban buƙata ga gawayi na Somaliya a cikin jihohin Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), wanda sau da yawa ana sanya jakunkunan gawayi a matsayin halattacce."CTF152 Hold Counter Charcoal Smuggling Conference". Combined Maritime Forces (CMF). 24 November 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2023.Wasike, Andrew (5 November 2018). "Violations of UN ban on Somali charcoal continue unabated – DW – 05/11/2018". dw.com. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Kasuwancin ya kasance mai fa'ida. A cikin shekara ta 2012, an sayar da jaka na gawayi wanda aka sayar da shi a kusan US $ 3-4 a Somaliya don kusan US $ 10 a cikin Gulf States. Tsarin cinikin gawayi ya kara tsananta rashin daidaituwa na Somalia. Ya haifar da manyan 'yan siyasa na Somalia sun zama masu dogaro da goyon baya na mutum kuma sun shiga cikin gasa, wanda ke lalata Somalia da yankin Bahar Maliya.

 Takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan fitar da gawayi daga Somalia 
A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012 Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) ta zartar da kudurin 2036 wanda ya sanya Takunkumi kan fitar da gawayi daga Somalia. Kudin ya haramta shigo da gawayi ta Somaliya daga kasashe membobin kuma ya yi kira ga kasashe makwabta da su aiwatar da takunkumin. Kudin ya yi niyyar yanke kudade ga Al-Shabaab wanda ke samun miliyoyin daloli daga cinikin gawayi zuwa jihohin Gulf. A cikin shekara ta 2014, UNSC ta biyo baya tare da ƙuduri na 2182, wanda aka ba da izinin ƙasashe membobin su bincika jiragen da ake zargi da ɗaukar gawayi daga Somaliya ta hanyar keta haramcin, da kuma kamawa da kuma zubar da kayan haramtacce ta hanyar karkatar da jiragen zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Resolution 2182 ya kuma jaddada muhimmiyar rawar da kungiyoyin yanki suka taka, kamar Tarayyar Afirka, don aiwatar da takunkumin."CTF152 Hold Counter Charcoal Smuggling Conference". Combined Maritime Forces (CMF). 24 November 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Har yanzu ana amfani da haramcin gawayi kuma an sake tabbatar da shi a cikin ƙuduri na 2662 a watan Nuwamba 2022, wanda kuma ya jaddada bukatar rage ajiya a ciki da kewayen Kismayo.

 Manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 
An gudanar da haramtacciyar fataucin gawayi a Somaliya ta hanyar hadaddun ’yan wasa, da suka hada da ‘yan kasuwa, masu safara, dillalai, da dillalai, da kuma masu hannu da shuni wajen kera takardu na bogi domin kaucewa takunkumin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauka na fitar da gawayi. Jihohi daban-daban da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun aiwatar da matakan yaki da fataucin mutane domin yakar cinikin. Wannan sashe yana ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da manyan ƴan wasan da ke da hannu ko dai a ci gaba da yaƙi da batun fataucin gawayin Somaliya.

 Al-Shabaab 
A farkon shekarun 2010, Al-Shabaab ta sami kudaden shiga daga tushe daban-daban da suka shafi gawayi, gami da samarwa, harajin sufuri, kudaden dubawa, cajin tashar jiragen ruwa, da harajin fitarwa. Tsarin haraji da Al-Shabaab ya sanya an yi iƙirarin cewa yana da ƙwarewa sosai, yana kama da na ƙaramar ƙasa. A cikin 2012-2013, masu sa ido na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun gano 'yan kasuwa 39 a Kismayo. Daga cikin wadannan, biyu an haɗa su da Al-Shabaab kuma sun gudanar da kashi 32% na gawayi da ke barin birnin. Lokaci-lokaci, duk da haka, Al-Shabaab ya kuma haramta cinikin gawayi a yankunan da suke sarrafawa kuma ya rushe cinikayya don hana hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga ga abokan adawar siyasa, galibi hukumomin Somaliya. Wannan kuma yana da alama shine dabarun yanzu.