Rikicin ruwa tsakanin Malaysia da Singapore

Dukansu Singapore da Malaysia suna da rikici kan samar da ruwa tun lokacin da aka raba Singapore da Malaysia a 1965. 

A cikin 1910, shugabannin gundumomi na Singapore da Sultan Ibrahim na jihar da yankunan Johor a Malaya makwabciyarta sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ta ba Singapore damar yin hayar filaye a Johor kuma ta yi amfani da ruwanta kyauta. Wannan ya kasance don tabbatar da isassun ruwan sha a birnin Singapore na mulkin mallaka da ke saurin zamanantar da shi a cikin shekarun 1900.

Sashen Ruwa na Municipal na Singapore, karkashin David J. Murnane, ya fara shigo da danyen ruwa daga Gunong Pulai a 1927 da tace ruwa a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1929. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ruwa da dama tsakanin kasashen biyu.

 Tarihi 

 Yarjejeniyar 1962 
An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ruwa ta farko tsakanin Sultan Ibrahim II, Sultan na Johor da Kwamishinonin Municipal na Birnin Singapore a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1927, a karkashin Majalisar Dokoki ta Straits Settlements. Ba ta da ƙarfi. An ba Singapore damar hayar 8.5 km2 na ƙasa a Gunong Pulai a cikin jihar Johor ta Malaysia don samar da ruwa mai laushi, don farashin 30 sen da 4,047 sqm a matsayin kuɗin haya na shekara-shekara amma farashin ruwa ya kasance sifili. An ware ƙarin 64.7 km2 na ƙasa a Johor don yiwuwar ƙarin amfani, tare da ƙarin kudade. A bangarensa, Johor na iya samun cubic mita 3,637 a kowace rana na ruwan da aka tsabtace daga Singapore a cikin adadin 25 sen da 4.55 cu m, tare da tanadi don karuwa bayan 1929.

 Yarjejeniyar 1990 
A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1961, Tarayyar Malaya ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ta baiwa Singapore damar zana har zuwa galan miliyan 86 na masarauta (390,000 m3) na ruwa a kowace rana daga Tebrau River, kogin Skudai, da Pontian Reservoir, da Gunung Pulai Reservoir, tare da aiki ta hanyar 2011 na shekara-shekara na tafki na Singapore zuwa 2011. kasa, da kuma Sen 3 akan kowane galan 1,000 na danyen ruwa da aka ja. A sakamakon haka, Singapore don samar da Johor kowace rana tare da ruwa mai tsabta har zuwa kashi 12 cikin dari na ruwan da aka zana, tare da mafi ƙarancin 18,184 cu m, kuma a farashin 50 cents a kowace 1,000 gallons. Yarjejeniyar ta tsara yiwuwar sake dubawa a cikin shekaru 25.

 Yarjejeniyar 1927 
A ranar 29 ga Satumbar 1962, an sake rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta samar wa Singapore 'yancin zana galan miliyan 250 na masarauta (1,100,000 m3) a kowace rana daga kogin Johor, tare da aiki har zuwa 2061. Duk yarjejeniyoyin biyu sun tanadi farashin 3 cents na Malaysia a kan galan 1,000 na masarauta (4 500). A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Singapore ta biya haya a kan ƙasar "a daidaitattun kuɗin da ya dace don gina kuri'a a kan filin gari", kuma ya bi farashin ruwa da farashin da aka bayyana a cikin yarjejeniyar 1961 tare da samar da sake dubawa na farashi mai yiwuwa a cikin shekaru 25.

1986 da 1987, alamar shekaru 25 ga yarjejeniyoyin biyu.

Johor ya yanke shawarar kada ya sake nazarin farashin a karkashin yarjejeniyar kuma ya kara yarda cewa babu wata kasa da za ta iya kara farashin ruwa a gefe guda.

 Yarjejeniyar 1961 
A shekara ta 1994, an gina tafkin Linggiu a saman Kogin Johor kuma yana tattara da kuma fitar da ruwan sama. Wannan yana tura ruwan teku zuwa cikin teku, yana tabbatar da cewa ruwan kogi ba shi da gishiri sosai don a kula da shi. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Jama'a (PUB) ta Singapore ce ke sarrafa shi. Yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da karawa ga yarjejeniyar 1962. Yarjejeniyar Rabuwa da aka sanya hannu tsakanin Singapore da Malaysia a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 1965 ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar ruwa daga 1961 da 1962 kuma ta ba Singapore damar amfani da ruwa wanda ya samo asali daga gefen Malaysia na iyaka har zuwa 2061.

 Rikici 
A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2018, gwamnatin Malaysia ta bayyana cewa an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a wani lokaci daban kuma ya kamata farashin ya karu."Finding ways to increase water supply from Johor River", The Straits Times, 17 January 2018 Ya ambaci misalin ruwan da China ta sayar wa Hong Kong a baya, wanda ya kasance kusan US $ 5.8 a kowace  .  Koyaya, Singapore ta yi iƙirarin cewa wannan kwatancin farashin ba daidai ba ne saboda yayin da Hong Kong ta ɗauki farashin gina ababen more rayuwa kuma China ta ɗauki kuɗin kiyayewa don samar da ruwa ga Hong Kong, Singapore ta biya duk farashin tafkunan a Johor, madatsun ruwa, bututun mai, shuka, kayan aiki, da dai sauransu, kuma Singapore ta biya dukkan farashin aiki da kiyaye ababen more more rayuwa.

A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2011, yarjejeniyar ruwa ta 1961 ta kare, kuma an mika ayyukan ruwa da kayayyakin aiki ga gwamnatin jihar Johor. Aikin mika ragamar mulki ya hada da masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ta Skudai da Gunung Pulai, wadanda hukumar kula da harkokin jama'a ta kasar Singapore ta gina kuma ta gudanar da su tsawon shekaru 50, da kuma gidajen famfo guda biyu a Pontian da Tebrau."Finding ways to increase water supply from Johor River", The Straits Times, 17 January 2018

The 1962 Water Agreement, which expires in 2061, entitles Singapore to draw up to 250 million gallons a day (mgd) of water from the Johor River."Finding ways to increase water supply from Johor River", The Straits Times, 17 January 2018 Singapore pays 3 sen per thousand gallons of raw water and sells treated water back to Johor at 50 sen per thousand gallons, a fraction of the cost of treating the water. There has been numerous disputes between the two nations over the fairness of the deal, with Malaysia arguing Singapore is an affluent nation profiting from Malaysia's water resources due to the deal, and Singapore arguing that its treatment of water and subsequent resale of said treated water to Malaysia is done at a generous price, as Singapore makes no economic profit off the resale due to the costs involved in refining the water.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span>]

A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 2018, firaministan Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad ya bayyana aniyarsa ta sake tattaunawa da kasar Singapore yayin da yake kallon karancin farashin da ake fitar da ruwa zuwa kasar Singapore ya sanya Malaysia ta yi asarar dimbin kudaden shiga."Finding ways to increase water supply from Johor River", The Straits Times, 17 January 2018

 Rashin gurɓata Kogin Johor 
Tun daga farkon 2015, fari, gurɓataccen ruwa da manyan fitarwa don yaƙar salinity sun rage matakan ruwa a cikin madatsun ruwa na Kogin Johor zuwa ƙarancin tarihi, wanda ya tilasta Johor ya nemi ƙarin ruwan sha daga Singapore a lokuta uku a cikin 2015 da 2016 da kuma sanya abinci na ruwa ga mazauna 85,000 da masu amfani da masana'antu a cikin Afrilu 2016."Finding ways to increase water supply from Johor River", The Straits Times, 17 January 2018

A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2017, Kogin Johor ya gurɓata bayan wani tafki a cibiyar halittu ya fashe, wanda ya sa ruwan da aka gurɓata ya gudana cikin jikin ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin kogi ciki har da shari'ar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2019 lokacin da aka sami matakan ammoniya a cikin kudancin. Ministan Harkokin Waje na Singapore Vivian Balakrishnan a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2019 ya yi gargadin cewa "babban barazana" na Kogin Johor shine rashin kariya ta muhalli kuma maganin ruwa na yanzu yana jawo ruwa mai yawa daga kogin fiye da yadda zai iya samarwa a kan tushen dorewa. Har ila yau, akwai damuwa mai yawa cewa abubuwan da suka faru kamar gurɓataccen guba na Kogin Kim zai zama bala'i ga ƙasashen biyu.

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 Dangantakar Malaysia da Singapore

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