Batutuwan muhalli a Colombia

Muhalli, Kolombiya kasa ce mai yawan gaske daga yanayin ƙasarta zuwa namun daji na halitta. Bambancin halittu shine sakamakon wurin da yake da shi da kuma tsawo. Ita ce ƙasa ta huɗu mafi girma a Kudancin Amurka kuma ƙasa ce kawai a Kudanci da ke da iyaka a kan Tekun Pacific da Caribbean. Za'a iya raba ƙasar Colombia zuwa manyan yankuna shida: Caribbean, Pacific (ciki har da gandun daji na Choco), yankin Orinoco, yankin Amazonia, yankin Andean, da yankin Insular. 52.2% na muhalli galibi Andes, Amazon, da Pacific Basins ne, sannan kuma Orinoco basin 13.9%, Andes da Caribbean. Ana ɗaukar wurare masu zafi na Andes, Choco, da Caribbean a matsayin wurare masu yawa waɗanda ke sanya waɗannan yankuna cikin haɗarin haɗarin maida hankali ga ayyukan mulkin mallaka. Colombia ta karbi bakuncin nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 1800 kuma aƙalla ana gano sabon nau'in guda ɗaya a kowace shekara. Shekaru da yawa na yakin basasa da tashin hankali na siyasa sun hana binciken halittu da muhalli a Colombia. Rikicin siyasa a Colombia yana haifar da canjin tsarin ƙasa ta hanyar noman amfanin coca da opium, sake gudanar da ayyukan hawan, da kuma watsar da ƙasa a wasu yankuna.

Akwai batutuwan muhalli da yawa a Colombia. Batutuwa sun hada da sare dazuzzuka, zaizayar kasa, gonakin haramtattun kwayoyi da ake nomawa a ma’adanar kasa ta mafia (ba manoma ba), gurbatar yanayi a kan manyan ruwa ta hanyar kamfanoni (manufofin da ba a kayyade / rashin kulawa da kuma cin hanci da rashawa na kananan hukumomi da tarayya) da sauransu.

Akwai lalacewar ingancin ƙasa da ruwa daga gurɓacewar yanayi ta hanyar amfani da sinadarai a cikin aikin tace coca, malalar ɗanyen mai a cikin kogunan cikin gida sakamakon zagon ƙasa na bututun mai, yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, da gurɓataccen iska (musamman a Bogotá) daga hayakin motoci.Hatsari na yanayi sun haɗa da tsaunukan tsaunuka da ke ƙarƙashin ficewar wuta, girgizar ƙasa lokaci-lokaci, da fari na lokaci-lokaci.

 Kashe daji 
Colombia na asarar dazuzzukan kilomita 2,000 a kowace shekara sakamakon sare dazuka, a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2003.  Wasu sun nuna cewa wannan adadi ya kai 3,000 km2 saboda sare-tsaki ba bisa ka'ida ba a yankin. Sakamakon sare dazuzzuka ya samo asali ne daga sare itace, ƙananan kiwo, hako ma'adinai, haɓaka albarkatun makamashi kamar wutar lantarki, kayayyakin more rayuwa, samar da hodar iblis, da noma. Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na asalin gandun daji na ƙasar an cire shi sakamakon sare daji.  

Sake dazuzzuka a Colombia an fi niyya ne a gandun daji na farko wanda ya mamaye sama da kashi 80% na Colombia. Wannan yana da tasiri mai zurfi a cikin muhalli a cikin cewa Colombia tana da wadata sosai a cikin nau'in halittu, tare da kashi 10% na nau'in duniya, wanda ya sa ta zama ƙasa ta biyu mafi bambancin halittu a duniya."Tropical rainforests: Colombia". Mongabay.com. Retrieved August 24, 2008.

Binciken da aka yi game da gandun daji na kasa da na yanki a Colombia ya gano asarar hekta 5,116,071 na gandun daji tsakanin 1990 da 2005 wanda ke nuna yawan gandun daji a shekara-shekara na hekta 341,071.Armenteras, Dolors; Cabrera, Edersson; Rodríguez, Nelly; Retana, Javier (1 December 2013). "National and regional determinants of tropical deforestation in Colombia". Regional Environmental Change. 13 (6): 1181–1193. doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0433-7. S2CID 155033791. Wannan ya kammala yawan mutanen da ke sare daji ya kai 0.62%. Ana samun ƙimar sare daji mafi girma a yankunan da ke kusa da yankunan karkara inda yankunan da aka kiyaye suka fi kasancewa. Kodayake yawancin yanayin halittu a cikin Amazon, Choco, da Orinoco sun kasance ba su da lalacewa, kashi 71% na asalin gandun daji a cikin Andes an shafe su.Etter, Andrés; McAlpine, Clive; Wilson, Kerrie; Phinn, Stuart; Possingham, Hugh (June 2006). "Regional patterns of agricultural land use and deforestation in Colombia". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 114 (2–4): 369–386. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.013.Ocampo-Peñuela, Natalia; Pimm, Stuart L. (7 December 2015). "Elevational Ranges of Montane Birds and Deforestation in the Western Andes of Colombia". PLOS ONE. 10 (12) e0143311. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1043311O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143311. PMC 4671720. PMID 26641477. Juyin juya halin gandun daji yana da mafi girman yiwuwar a yankin Andean da Caribbean, kodayake gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a cikin Pacific da Amazon suna ci gaba da kawar da su. Tsarin halittu mafi haɗari ga sare daji ya kasance: filayen da ke arewacin Amazonia, da gandun daji na Andes mai zafi, da kuma tsakiyar tsawo, da gandu daji masu zafi da ƙasa a cikin Caribbean da filayen gandun daji masu zafi na Magdalena. Rashin gandun daji yana faruwa akai-akai a yankuna masu laushi, inda yawan shanu da yawan karkara ba su da yawa. An yi rikodin shuka shuke-shuke ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin babban direba na sare daji a Colombia.   Tattalin arzikin duniya ya kara sabbin abubuwan da ke haifar da sare daji, kamar samar da man fetur, hakar ma'adinai, da kuma fitar da hydrocarbon. A matakin kasa, yawan mutanen karkara, yankunan da aka kiyaye, aikin shanu, da gangara, direbobi ne na sare daji. Kashe gandun daji muhimmiyar lamari ce ta muhalli saboda bambancin halittu da yanayin halittu da waɗannan gandun daji ke samarwa da duk rayuwar da za a iya rasawa. Yankunan da ke cikin gandun daji galibi suna kan ƙasa mai ƙarancin amfani kuma suna da nisa daga hanyoyi.

 Kashe daji na Amazon 
A Colombia, yawancin gandun daji suna cikin Amazonia.Armenteras, Dolors; Cabrera, Edersson; Rodríguez, Nelly; Retana, Javier (1 December 2013). "National and regional determinants of tropical deforestation in Colombia". Regional Environmental Change. 13 (6): 1181–1193. doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0433-7. S2CID 155033791. Jama'ar wannan yankin ba su da yawa wanda ke haifar da yankin da za a mai da hankali ta hanyar sare daji da kuma manyan matakan ayyukan hawan ruwa. A cikin Amazonia na Colombia daga 1990 zuwa 2005 akwai asarar gandun daji na 1,886,769 ha (3.9%) tare da yawan shekara-shekara na 0.49%. Kashe gandun daji a wannan yankin ana lissafa shi ga yawan jama'a da amfani da ƙasa. Amazonia tana da ƙananan yanki tare da ƙananan noma (gami da amfanin gona ba bisa ka'ida ba), da kiwon shanu. Wutar a cikin Amazon kuma ta kasance a matsayin mai haɓaka lalacewar gandun daji wanda shine alamar ayyukan yanka da ƙonewa da ke da alaƙa da amfani da albarkatun kasa. Sakamakon binciken ya ba da shawarar sare daji a cikin Amazonia sau da yawa yana faruwa a yankunan karkara da ba a mamaye su ba inda ake kirkirar "mutanen mulkin mallaka suna motsawa da yardar rai kuma wuraren mulkin mallaka ta amfani da kogi".

 Kashe daji a cikin Orinoco 
Mafi yawan Orinoco sun hada da wuraren ciyawa da makiyaya tare da karamin noma, gandun daji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar kogi da karamin jama'a.Armenteras, Dolors; Cabrera, Edersson; Rodríguez, Nelly; Retana, Javier (1 December 2013). "National and regional determinants of tropical deforestation in Colombia". Regional Environmental Change. 13 (6): 1181–1193. doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0433-7. S2CID 155033791. Babban barazana ga wannan yankin shine sare daji, kuma sare daji babbar barazana ce ga bambancin halittu. Daga 1990 zuwa 2005, 507,337 ha wanda shine 3.2% na gandun daji na Orinoco ya ɓace a shekara-shekara na 0.83% . Dalilan sare daji a wannan yankin sun fito ne daga amfani da ƙasa don noma, amfanin gona ba bisa ka'ida ba, da hakar ma'adinai zuwa tsawo. Kamar Amazonia, Orinoco ba ta da yawan jama'a kuma tana da karamin noma (gami da amfanin gona ba bisa ka'ida ba), da kiwon shanu. Kashe gandun daji yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar amfanin gona na doka da ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma hakar ma'adinai wanda ke da mummunar tasiri ga gandun daji a ƙasashe mafi girma na kwandon. A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata Orinoco tare da Amazonia sun fuskanci matsin lamba daga kamfanonin man fetur.