Littafin Bangaskiya da Ra'ayoyi

Littafin Imani da Ra'ayi ( Judeo-Arabic  כתאב אלאמאת  ; Arabic     ) littafi ne da Saadia Gaon ya rubuta (kammala 933)  wanda shine farkon gabatarwar tsari da tushe na falsafa na akidun Yahudanci .

Asalin aikin yana cikin Yahudanci-Larabci a cikin haruffan Ibrananci tare da ambato daga Attaura. Yahuda ben Saul ibn Tibbon ya yi fassarar Ibrananci na farko a cikin 1186, mai suna Emunot ve-Deot ( Hebrew   Imani da Ra'ayi ). Samuel Rosenblatt ya buga fassarar da ba a gauraya ba zuwa Turanci a cikin 1948.

Gabatarwa ta gabaci aikin, wanda ya ƙunshi babi goma, kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 933.

 Gida da Gabatarwa 
An rubuta aikin ne don kare addinin Yahudanci na Rabbin a kan Yahudanci Karaite, wanda ya ƙi Attaura ta Baka ( Mishnah da Talmud ).

A cikin filla-filla na gabatarwar sa, Sa’adiya ta yi magana kan dalilan da suka sa ya shirya ta. Zuciyarsa ta yi baƙin ciki sa’ad da ya ga ruɗani game da al’amuran addini da suka mamaye mutanen zamaninsa, ya sami imani marar hankali da ra’ayi mara haske a halin yanzu a tsakanin waɗanda suke da’awar Yahudanci yayin da waɗanda suka ƙaryata imani suka yi girman kai da kurakuransu. Maza sun nutse a cikin tekun shakku da raƙuman ruhi na ruhi, kuma babu mai taimakonsu, don haka Sa’diya ta ji an yi kira da haƙƙi don kuɓutar da su daga bala’in da suke ciki ta hanyar ƙarfafa muminai a cikin imaninsu da kawar da tsoron waɗanda suke cikin shakka.

Bayan gabatar da jawabai na gaba daya na dalilan rashin tabbas da shakku da ma’anar imani, Sa’adiya ta bayyana mabubbugar ilimi guda uku: wato, hasashe na gabobin jiki, da hasken hankali, da larura na hankali, da kuma tushe na hudu na ilimin da masu tsoron Allah suka mallaka, “wahayi na hakika” da ke cikin nassosi. Ya nuna cewa imani da koyarwar wahayi ba ya ware bincike mai zaman kansa don neman ilimi amma hasashe kan batutuwan addini yana ƙoƙarin tabbatar da gaskiyar koyarwar da aka samu daga Annabawa da kuma karyata hare-hare kan koyarwar da aka saukar, wanda dole ne a ta da shi ta hanyar binciken falsafa zuwa jirgin ainihin ilimi.

 Abubuwan da ke ciki 
A cikin sassa biyu na farko, Sa’adiya ta yi magana game da matsalolin metaphysical na halittar duniya (i.) da haɗin kan mahalicci (ii.); a cikin sassan da ke gaba, ya yi magana akan wahayi (iii.) da rukunan imani da suka ginu bisa adalcin Ubangiji, wadanda suka hada da biyayya da rashin biyayya (iv.), da kuma cancanta da rashin cancanta (v.). Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan ɓangarori sune waɗanda ke magance rai da mutuwa (vi.), da tashin matattu (vii.), waɗanda, a cewar marubucin, wani ɓangare na ka'idar fansa ta Almasihu (viii.). Aikin ya ƙare da wani sashe kan sakamako da hukunce-hukuncen rayuwa ta gaba (ix.). Sashe na goma, kan mafi kyawun tsarin rayuwa ga bil'adama a wannan duniya, dole ne a dauki shi a matsayin kari, tun da nasiharsa ga dabi'un dabi'a sun kara wa'azin zuwa ga madaidaicin tunani da ingantaccen imani da ke kunshe cikin babban jiki.

 i Halittar duniya 
Don koyarwar halittar duniya, Saadia ta bayar da hujjoji guda huɗu; uku daga cikinsu suna nuna tasirin falsafar Aristotelian, wanda kuma za a iya gano shi a wasu wurare a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Bayan hujjojinsa masu ma'ana sun kai shi ga ƙarshe cewa an halicci duniya a lokacin da yake cikin yanayi, ya ci gaba da bayyana kuma ya musanta ka'idoji goma sha biyu na asalin duniya. Wannan ɓangaren na sashe na farko yana ba da haske mai ban sha'awa game da ilimin Saadia game da masana falsafa na Girka, wanda wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga karatun Aristotle. A ƙarshen sashe, Saadia ta musanta takamaiman ƙin yarda ga koyarwar Yahudawa game da Halitta, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga ra'ayoyin lokaci da sarari .

 ii Haɗin kan Mahalicci 
Ka'idar Allah ta riga ta fara ne da ci gaban ra'ayin cewa ilimin ɗan adam yana tasowa ta matakai daga mafi kyawun ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa zuwa mafi zurfin ra'ayoyi don haka ra'ayin allahntaka, wanda ya fi duk wani ilimi a cikin dabara, shine kansa shaida na gaskiyarsa. Ra'ayin Allah a cikin Yahudanci a matsayin mahalicci dole ne ya nuna halayen rayuwa, iko, da ilimi. Hakazalika, ra'ayin mahalicci yana nuna haɗin kan Allah. Don wannan ra'ayi Saadia ta bayar da hujjoji uku kai tsaye da uku a kaikaice, na biyun yana nuna cewa dualism ba shi da ma'ana. Duba tauhidin apophatic da sauƙin allahntaka .

Ƙididdigar cikakken haɗin kai na Allah an kafa ta ta hanyar ƙaryata koyarwar Kiristanci na Triniti, wanda, a ra'ayin Saadiya, ya taso daga kuskuren fassarar halaye uku na Allah da aka riga aka ambata: rai, iko, da ilimi. An haɗa shi da ƙin yarda da koyarwar Triniti, jita-jita ce ta ra'ayoyi dabam-dabam game da mutuntakar Yesu waɗanda ke bayyana cikakkiyar fahimtar gardama na Kirista. Dubi ƙa'idodin bangaskiya na Yahudawa: Hadin kai na Allahntaka .

Domin ya yiwu a fahimci ra'ayin Allah na tauhidi a cikin dukkan tsarkinsa, da kuma 'yantar da maganganun Nassosi daga sabanin da ke tsakaninsu game da ruhin cikakken ra'ayin Allah, Saadia ta fassara dukkan wahalhalun Littafi Mai Tsarki da suka shafi wannan matsala, ta amfani da tsarin rukunoni goma na Aristotelian, wanda ya nuna babu ɗaya daga cikinsu, wanda, ya nuna, za a iya amfani da shi ga Allah. Bayan wannan sashe, marubucin ya nuna zurfin jin daɗin addini game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Allah da Allahntakar da rai ɗan adam ke riƙewa lokacin da ilimin Allah na gaskiya ya ratsa ta.

 iii Wahayi da Umarni 
An bai wa mutum "dokokin allahntaka" da aka bayyana a cikin Attaura a matsayin hanyar samun babban ni'ima. A cewar wani rarrabuwa da Saadia ta aro daga Mu'tazila amma bisa ga ra'ayin Yahudawa, an raba dokokin zuwa na hankali da wahayi, kodayake har ma da na ƙarshen za a iya bayyana su da hankali, kamar yadda misalai da yawa suka nuna. Wani bayani, wanda Saadia ta kai hari ga ra'ayin ƙungiyar Hindu ta "Barahaima" ( Brahmans ) don nuna cewa mutum ba ya buƙatar annabawa, ya gabatar da labarinsa na annabci da kuma neman afuwa ga Annabawa. Wannan ya biyo bayan waɗannan maganganu kan muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma sahihancin al'adar Littafi Mai Tsarki, ta hanyar musanta ra'ayin Kirista da Musulunci cewa an soke Dokar da aka saukar a Isra'ila, da kuma suka kan jerin sukar Hiwi al-Balkhi ga ikon Nassosi.

 iv 'Yancin nufi: biyayya da rashin biyayya 
Tushen wannan sashe shine ka'idar ' yancin nufin da kuma sulhuntawa da ikon Allah da kuma ilimin komai . A cikin ɓangaren farko na Saadia ta gabatar da koyarwar da ta mai da hankali kan ɗan adam wadda ke ɗaukar mutum a matsayin abin da ya shafi dukkan halitta; kuma a ƙarshensa ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin kanun labarai takwas waɗannan sassa na Littafi Mai Tsarki waɗanda za su iya haifar da shakku game da 'yancin ayyukan ɗan adam. Duba 'Yancin Zaɓe A cikin tunanin Yahudawa .

 v Daraja da rashin amfani 
Mutane sun fada cikin aji goma game da cancanta, rashin cancanta, da halayen addini da ɗabi'a. A cikin bayaninsa na biyun farko, salihai da fajirci, Sa’adiya ta dukufa wajen magance wahalhalun da masu ibada suke ciki da kuma sa’ar fajirci. Akasin haka, kwatancin aji na ƙarshe, na masu tauhidi, yana kai shi ga cikakken bayani, bisa Littafi Mai Tsarki, na tuba, addu’a, da sauran shaidun tsoron ’yan Adam.

 vi Rai da mutuwa 
Wani bincike na wasu ka'idoji guda shida ya gabatar da ra'ayinsa game da rai. Jerin ya yi daidai da waɗanda Aristotle da Pseudo-Plutarch suka riga suka bayar.  Ya bayyana dangantakar rai da jiki, tushen haɗin kansu, haɗin gwiwarsu a cikin ayyukan ɗan adam, kasancewarsu tare ko lokacin da aka ƙayyade na rayuwa, rabuwarsu ko mutuwarsu, da kuma yanayin rai bayan mutuwa. Sashen ya ƙare da musanta koyarwar gilgul ko metempsychosis .

 vii Tashin matattu 
Anan Sa’adiya ta ƙaryata ƙin yarda da aka yi, bisa yanayi, dalili, da kuma Littafi Mai-Tsarki, game da koyarwar tashin matattu, kuma ta ba da hujjar hakan da ke cikin al’ada. Daga nan sai ya tattauna tambayoyi goma da suka shafi wannan koyarwar, waɗanda suke da sha'awa kamar yadda "ba da damar fahimtar ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin, wanda kuma duk da kasancewarsu ɗaya, ba zai iya yin watsi da su ba ko da irin wannan mutum kamar Saadia" (Guttmann).

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje da nassoshi 
Littattafan tarihi

 Saadia B. Joseph, 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia


Albarkatu

 Cikakken rubutu, fassara ta Kafich ( Ibrananci ), daat.ac.il
 Littafin Imani da Ra'ayoyi . Fassarar Samuel Rosenblatt. Yale Judaica (1948). ISBN 0-300-04490-9
 Cikakken Rubutu a Larabci
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba