Tsohon Kabari na Yahudawa, Prague

Makabartar Yahudawa ta Tsohon Tarihi (Czech: Starý židovský hřbitov) makabartar Yahudawa ce a Prague, Jamhuriyar Czech, wacce take ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a irinta a Turai kuma ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan tarihi na Yahudawa a Prague. Ta yi aiki tun daga rabin farko na ƙarni na 15 har zuwa 1786. An binne fitattun mutane na al'ummar Yahudawa a nan; daga cikinsu akwai malamin Yahudawa Jehuda Liva ben Becalel – Maharal (kimanin 1526–1609), ɗan kasuwa Mordecai Meisel (1528–1601), masanin tarihi David Gans (kimanin 1541–1613) da kuma malamin Yahudawa David Oppenheim (1664–1736). A yau makabartar tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa da ke Prague.

 Tarihi 

 Wanda ya riga ya kasance 
Tsohon Kabarin Yahudawa ba shine makabartar Yahudawa ta farko a Prague ba - wanda ya riga shi ana kiransa "Aljanna ta Yahudawa" wanda ke cikin yankin New Town na Prague na yanzu. An rufe wannan makabartar ta hanyar umarnin Sarki Vladislaus II a cikin 1478 saboda korafe-korafen 'yan ƙasar Prague. Daga baya ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin titunan New Town.

 Juyin Halitta 
Ba a san ainihin ranar da aka kafa Tsohon Kabari ba. Alamar kawai ita ce tsohuwar kabarin a cikin makabartar daga 1439 wanda ke na rabbi da mawaki Avigdor Kara.
Farawa a tsakiyar karni na 15, rikodin kaburbura shine layin lokaci na binnewa. Dutsen kabarin na ƙarshe an rubuta shi ne a shekara ta 1787; shekaru uku da suka gabata, Sarkin sarakuna mai haske Josef II ya haramta binnewa a cikin ganuwar birni saboda dalilai na tsabta. Daga baya Yahudawa na Prague sun yi amfani da makabartar a Žižkov, wanda aka kafa a karni na 17 saboda annobar annoba.

 Yankin da binnewa a cikin yadudduka 
A cikin fiye da ƙarni uku da aka yi amfani da shi a cikinsa, makabartar ta ci gaba da fama da rashin sarari. Taƙawa da girmamawa ga kakannin da suka mutu ba sa barin Yahudawa su kawar da tsoffin kaburbura. Lokaci-lokaci ne kawai aka ba wa al'ummar Yahudawa damar siyan filaye don faɗaɗa makabartar kuma sau da yawa dole ne ta sami sarari ta wasu hanyoyi; idan ya cancanta, an tara sabon ƙasa a yankin da ake da shi. Saboda wannan dalili, akwai wurare inda har yanzu akwai layuka goma sha biyu. [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ambato] Godiya ga wannan mafita tsoffin kaburbura da kansu sun kasance ba tare da matsala ba. Duk da haka, yayin da aka ƙara sabbin matakai, ya zama dole ko dai a shimfiɗa kan duwatsun kaburbura da ke da alaƙa da tsoffin kaburbura (da na ƙasa) don kare su, ko kuma a ɗaga duwatsun zuwa sabon wuri mafi girma. Wannan yana bayyana dajin duwatsun kaburbura mai yawa da mutum ke gani a yau; da yawa daga cikinsu suna tunawa da wani mutum da aka binne shi da yawa a ƙasa. Wannan kuma yana bayyana dalilin da yasa aka ɗaga saman makabartar mita da yawa sama da titunan da ke kewaye; ganuwar riƙewa suna da mahimmanci don riƙe ƙasa da kaburbura a wurin.

 Dutsen kabari 
Akwai nau'o'i biyu na abubuwan tunawa na jana'izar Yahudawa (a cikin Ibrananci Matzevot)  - wanda ya tsufa shine katako ko dutse, ainihin rectangular, amma tare da ƙarewa daban-daban a saman. Kabari (a cikin Ibrananci ohel - alfarwa) ya bayyana daga baya, a zamanin Baroque. Gabaɗaya ya fi wakilci fiye da nau'in farko da aka ambata kuma yayi kama da ƙaramin gida. Irin waɗannan kaburbura suna tunawa a makabartar misali Maharal ko Mordekai Maisel .  'Kabari' ba su da ragowar; an binne su a ƙasa.

Tsohon kaburbura a kan makabartar Tsohon Yahudawa ba su da kyau, duk da haka nan da nan yawan kayan ado (pilasters, volutes, ƙofofin ƙarya, da dai sauransu) sun fara ƙaruwa. Yawancin kaburbura da aka yi wa ado sune karni na 17. Koyaya, a kan kowane kabari akwai haruffa na Ibrananci waɗanda ke sanar da sunan mutumin da ya mutu da ranar mutuwarsa ko binne shi. yabo mai yawa game da kyawawan halaye na matattu ya bayyana a gefen taƙaitaccen yabo ("na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai albarka") a lokacin Renaissance. Daga karni na 16 kaburbura suna nuna marigayin ta hanyar alamomi daban-daban, suna nuna rayuwar, hali, sunan ko sana'ar mutane (duba teburin da ke ƙasa don cikakkun bayanai). [1]￼
Halayen AddiniHalayen MutumGwanin sarautaSunan kirkiHannun albarka guda biyuCohen, zuriyar firistocin HaikaliRuwan inabiHaihuwar haihuwa, rayuwa mai kyau, mai wadataKwano da kwanoLevite, zuriyar mataimakan Haikali Cohens
Sunan ko SunanAyyukaMazaMataZakiArye, Leib ko Yehudah (duba Gn 49,9) TsuntsuTzipora, Feigele ko TaubeleLittafinCantorDokiNaftali (Gn 49, 29). Tzvi ko HirschRoseRosaHarp ko ViolinMai kiɗaBearYissachar, Dov ko BeerSunan da aka yi amfani da shiLancetLikitaWolfZeev ko Biliyaminu (Gn 49,27) TsuntsuMa'auniScissorsMai suturaHexagramDauda ko MenahemGooseNasaraJaririMai yanka

 Shahararrun mutane 
Wannan jerin ya bi ƙididdigar shirin a dama.

 Wani karamin kabari mai iyaka da alamomin Magen David da goose (gans yana nufin goose a cikin Jamusanci)  na David Gans ne (1541-1613), zamani na Maharal da sauran manyan Yahudawa na karni na 16, masanin lissafi, masanin taurari, masanin ilimin ƙasa da masanin tarihi, wanda tarihinsa Cema David ya haɗa da tarihin Czech.
 Wani kabari na Gersonides - Mordekai Katz ben Gershom (ya mutu a shekara ta 1592) da ɗansa Betzalel (ya mutu 1589) - ya nuna wurin sauran har abada na manyan masu buga littattafai na Yahudawa na Prague. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansu, Prague hagadah, an san shi a duk faɗin Turai.
 Wani tumba tare da hexagram a saman bangon gaba, wanda ke nufin sunan Dauda, na rabbi David Oppenheim (1664-1736). Tarin littattafansa ya zama muhimmin bangare na sashin Ibrananci na Bodleian Library a Oxford.
 Wani kabari na rectangular na rabbi da mawaƙi Avigdor Kara (ya mutu 1439) shine mafi tsufa a makabartar. Har yanzu ana maimaita waƙarsa wacce ta kwatanta babban kisan gilla na Prague Ghetto a cikin 1389 a ranar Yom Kippur a Tsohon Majami'a.
 Wani dutse mai tsawo na rectangular yana tunawa da Aharon Meshulam Horowitz (ya mutu ca. 1545), Bayahude mafi arziki na zamaninsa, wanda ya fara gina Majami'ar Pinkas.
 A kan tudun Nephele (nephele zubar da ciki ne a cikin Ibrananci) an binne yara da suka mutu kafin su kai wata daya. Ragowar da kaburbura da aka samu yayin gina Prague ta zamani an canja su zuwa wannan wuri, ma.
 Tsohon kabarin a cikin makabartar na dan kasuwa ne, mai taimako kuma sanannen jama'a na ghetto Mordekai Maisel (1528-1601). Ya gina majami'a a yankin Yahudawa wanda aka sanya masa suna.
 Rabbi Judah Löw ben Betzalel (1512-1609) da matarsa suna hutawa a ƙarƙashin wani kabarin, wanda aka yi wa ado da alamomin zaki da ruwan inabi. Rabbi Judah, wanda kuma ake kira Maharal, ya rubuta litattafai da yawa na addini da falsafa. Sunansa kuma yana da alaƙa da tatsuniyoyi; labari game da Golem shine mafi shahara.
 Wani kabarin na Hendl Bassevi (ya mutu 1628) mai yiwuwa ne mafi wakilci a makabartar. Zaki da ke zaune a kan gables na kabarin ba alama ce ta sunan Yahuza ba; suna ɗauke da makamai na mijin Hendl Jacob Bassevi. Shi ne Bayahude na farko a Daular Habsburg da ya sami lakabin sarauta. Ba za a iya samun kabarin wannan dan kasuwa mai cin nasara a Kabari na Prague ba, saboda ya mutu kuma an binne shi a Mladá Boleslav.
 Kabarin karshe da za a ambata ya rufe kabarin Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (1591-1655), likita kuma masanin da aka haifa a tsibirin Krita, wanda ya yi aiki a fannoni da yawa na kimiyya kuma ya zauna a wurare da yawa a Turai, Asiya da Afirka.

 A cikin al'adun gargajiya 
Hermann Goedsche a cikin littafinsa na 1868 Biarritz (To Sedan) ya ƙunshi wani babi da ake kira "The Jewish Cemetery in Prague and the Council of Representatives of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. " A ciki, Goedsche (wanda bai san cewa kawai biyu daga cikin "ƙabilai" na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na asali goma sha biyu ne suka rage ba) ya nuna wani taron dare na ɓoye na membobin wani asiri na rabbinical cabal wanda ke shirin wani aljanu "Manuwar Yahudawa". Babi ya yi kama da wani yanayi a cikin Alexandre Dumas' Giuseppe Balsamo (1848), inda Joseph Balsamo a.k.a. Alessandro Cagliostro da kamfanin suka shirya batun Diamond Necklace . 

An ambaci makabarta a cikin Umberto Eco's The Prague Cemetery, littafin da aka sanya masa suna.

 Manazarta