Harshen Swahili na yau da kullun

Harshen Swahili na yau da kullun ya tashi a lokacin mulkin mallaka a matsayin nau'in yarukan yaren Swahili.

Standard Swahili ya ba da damar sadarwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban: ya sauƙaƙa hadin gwiwar siyasa tsakanin mayakan adawa da wariyar launin fata daga Afirka ta Kudu da masu koyar da sojin Tanzaniya kuma ya ci gaba da ba wa membobin al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka ma'anar alaƙa da ƙasarsu.[1]

Mataki na farko na daidaitawa na Swahili ya gudana ne ta Jami'o'in Jami'o-Imi'i zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya, wanda daga baya kungiyoyi masu ƙwarewa kamar Kwamitin Harshen Ƙasa da Ofishin Littattafan Gabashin Afirka suka ci gaba.

 Halin da ake ciki 
A cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1990, wallafe-wallafen Swahili suna da makarantu biyu na falsafa: wanda ke da al'ada, wanda masu goyon bayansa suka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar tsoffin siffofin waka, da kuma mai ci gaba, wanda ke neman ƙirƙirar sabon waka kyauta.[1] Masu bin al'ada sun fi son rubuce-rubuce a cikin yaruka yayin da masu ci gaba suka ba da shawara ga Standard Swahili . [1] Kodayake bangarorin biyu ba tare da wata shakka ba sun ga shi a matsayin halittar mulkin mallaka, masu ci gaba kamar su Wilfred Whiteley, Ireri Mbaabu, Shihabuddin Chiraghdin, Mathias Mnyampala, Rocha Chimerah da David Massamba sun goyi bayan Standard Swahili a matsayin kayan aiki na sadarwa tsakanin al'adu da gina al'umma.[1] Abokan hamayyarsu kamar su Abdallah Khalid, John Mugane, Alamin Mazrui da Ibrahim Noor Shariff sun soki shi a matsayin tilasta wa mutum tare da tarihin da ba a yarda da shi ba.[1]

 Tarihi 

 Tarihin Farko 
Proto-Swahili ya tashi a matsayin daya daga cikin yarukan arewa maso gabashin gabar teku na dangin Bantu wani lokaci tsakanin 100 da 500 AZ. A shekara ta 800 AZ, Swahili ya karfafa manyan kungiyoyin yarukansa guda biyu, kuma a karni na 18, Swahili ya zama harshen magana na Gabashin Afirka. An fara daidaitawa a cikin karni na 19 a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Turai.

Mutanen Turai da Amurkawa na farko da suka yi ciniki tare da masu magana da Swahili sun yi jerin kalmomi da yawa don taimakawa kansu da sadarwa, amma nazarin tsarin yaren ya fara ne a karni na 19. Wani muhimmin adadi don daidaitawa shine Johann Ludwig Krapf, wani mishan na Jamus wanda ya fara rubuta Swahili ta amfani da haruffa na Latin; ya zaɓi Yaren Kimvita na Mombasa a matsayin tushe don rubuta harshe da ƙamus na Swahili.  Krapf ya kuma fassara wani ɓangare na Littafin Farawa zuwa Swahili . Krapf ya ga daidaituwa a matsayin muhimmiyar manufa amma bai yi tsammanin zai faru a karni na 19 ba.

 UMCA 
Zanzibar ita ce "babban birni" na Gabashin Afirka da yammacin Tekun Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Jami'o'i zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya wanda ya fara a 1864, ya zaɓi Yaren Kiunguja a matsayin tushe don rubuce-rubucen su: yaren 'yan kasuwa ne na Zanzibar waɗanda suka dauki nauyin mafi yawan caravans  Ba su san yadda za su daidaita Swahili ba, amma sun ƙare ta amfani da nau'ikan homogenised a shekara ta 1844. Swahili a wannan lokacin yare ne na kabilanci, amma matsayinsa na harshen magana na cinikin caravan shine dalilin da ya sa ya zama babban harshe na aikin ban da gaskiyar cewa yana da alaƙa da harsuna da yawa na yankin. Wasu masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun ki amincewa da ra'ayin yin amfani da Swahili ko kuma musamman yaren Kiunguja a cikin juyin juya halin su saboda yawancin masu magana Musulmi ne, amma UMCA ta rungume shi a matsayin kayan aiki na juyin Musulmai.

UMCA ta wallafa litattafai da yawa don koyar da yaren tare da taimakon masu ilimi da tsoffin bayi waɗanda aikin ya ajiye duk da rashin iya juyar da waɗannan Musulmai zuwa Kristanci. Edward Steere da Richard Lewin Pennell sun musayar wasiƙu game da fassarorin Swahili a cikin 1868-1872, suna tattaunawa mai tsawo game da zaɓin kalmomin su; wasikarsu ta nuna yadda UMCA ta dogara da masu magana da yaren Swahili na farko kamar malamai da ɗaliban makarantun su. Mafi shahararren masu magana shine Abd al Aziz al-Amawi, masanin musulmi, qadi da faqih wanda ya taimaka wa UMCA tare da fassarorin (musamman Linjilar Luka) kuma ya yi muhawara game da tauhidin. Sauran su ne mutanen Zanzibari masu suna Kassim, Ali, Hamisi wa Kai, Masasa da Muhammed bin Khamis waɗanda suka gudanar da bincike a fagen ga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ta hanyar tambayar mazauna yankin ko sun fahimci wasu kalmomi da jimloli. Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun gwada fassarorin su ta hanyar karanta su ga ɗalibai kuma suna tambayar su karanta rubuce-rubucen su da ƙarfi: a wannan lokacin, babu wata yarjejeniya da aka kafa don rubuta Swahili ta amfani da haruffa na Latin, kuma abubuwan lura sun taimaka wajen gano mafi kyawun aikin rubutun kalmomi. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, dole ne su ƙirƙira ko daidaita kalmomin da ke nuna abubuwan da ba a sani ba kamar "coci" ko "firist". Fassarar Swahili na Sabon Alkawari da aka buga a 1883 wani muhimmin abu ne a cikin tsarin daidaitawa tun lokacin da ya haɗa da duk abubuwan da aka gano na farkon tsarin tsarawa.

Wasu harsuna na cikin gida (Bondei, Shambala, Somaliya, Masaai, Malagasy da sauransu) sun ba da hankali, amma UMCA ta yi imanin cewa yin amfani da harshe ɗaya zai ba wa masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje damar juyar da mazauna yankin yadda ya kamata, don haka Swahili ya zama ma'auni na al'ummar. Dukkanin makarantun UMCA sun yi amfani da Swahili a matsayin matsakaiciyar koyarwa; manufa ta kuma buga mujallar wata biyu a Swahili, "Msim Registr", wanda ya ba da damar mutane daga bangarorin da ke gaba da al'ummar UMCA suyi magana a cikin daidaitattun Swahili iri-iri. Dalibai da malamai a duk faɗin aikin sun tattara labarai na cikin gida kuma sun rubuta labaran da suka aika wa editan; wurin bugawa yana cikin Zanzibar. Zaɓin harshe na editocin mujallar an yi niyyar isar da ma'anar haɗin iyali a cikin manufa: ana kiran masu karatu da yawa ("ɗan'uwa, abokai"), yayin da kalmomin bautar ("iyali, al'umma") da kundi ("taro, garken") suna nufin duk Kiristoci ko yawan manufa ɗaya.

 Mulkin mallaka na Jamus da Burtaniya 
Ƙamus na Turanci-Swahili (1894) da Swahili-Ingilishi (1903) da daga]-linkid="77" href="./Arthur_Cornwallis_Madan" id="mwwA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Arthur Cornwallis Madan">Arthur Cornwallis Madan ya  sun zama manyan tushe don daidaitawa na Swahili. Babu wata manufa ta hukuma da ta ayyana Swahili a matsayin mafi mahimmancin harshe, duk da haka, yayin da yankuna da masu magana da Swahili ke zaune suka zama mulkin mallaka ta Jamus, matsayin yaren ya karu ne saboda taimakon da ya samu daga gwamnatin Jamus da ke son haɗa yankin Afirka a ƙarƙashin harshe ɗaya na mulki. Yawancin fitattun malaman Swahili na farkon karni sune Jamusawa:  [de], Carl Meinhof,  [de], da Diedrich Westermann. Har ila yau, gwamnatin Jamus ta karfafa amfani da haruffa na Latin don rubuta Swahili ta hanyar sanya shi misali a makarantu.

A cikin 1893, UMCA ta kirkiro Kwamitin Fassara - kwamitin masana wanda aikin su shine kula da sake dubawa da sake bugawa na tsoffin wallafe-wallafen da kuma kirkirar sabbin. Kwamitin Fassara ya canza wasu amfani da kalmar kuma ya maye gurbin, alal misali, Isa Masiya tare da Yesu Kristo a matsayin fassarar Swahili na sunan Yesu Kristi don ya rabu da haɗin Isa da Yesu na Musulunci. A wannan lokacin, aikin ya kauce daga aikin gwada sabbin matani a cikin aji.

An ba da Jamusanci Gabashin Afirka ga Burtaniya bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko, yana ƙarawa ga yankunansu a yankin; gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ga damar haɗa kan Swahili kuma ta gudanar da tarurruka da yawa don tantance ma'auni guda ɗaya na koyarwa da mulki tun daga 1925 a Dar es Salam. Taron ya karɓi yaren Kiunguja a matsayin daidaitattun tsari kuma ya kafa Kwamitin Harshen Ƙasa (ILC) don daidaitawa a cikin 1930. Kwamitin ba shi da mambobi na Afirka har zuwa 1939, kuma babu mambobi na Afrika masu jefa kuri'a har sai an ba da 'yancin kai ga mazauna. Ya buga ƙamus na Swahili-Ingilishi da Ingilishi-Swahili a cikin 1939; dukansu an tattara su tare da manufa don " inganta" da "civilizing" magana da Swahili; ILC ta ga bugawa a matsayin alamar "cikakke" na tsarin daidaitawa. Ayyukan Hukumar sun jawo zargi daga rashin jituwa da tushen Latin na orthography zuwa ƙiyayya ga ra'ayin cewa ya kamata Turawa su shiga cikin tsara harshe a Afirka.

An kafa Ofishin wallafe-wallafen Gabashin Afirka a 1948 don inganta halitta da rarraba wallafe-walfinai a cikin Turanci da harsuna na gida, galibi Swahili; darektan farko na ofishin shine Charles Granston Richards wanda ya rike wannan mukamin a 1948-1963. EALB ta buga littattafai a cikin Swahili, Turanci, LUganda, Luo, Kikuyu da sauran harsuna, amma Swahili ta mamaye fitarwa tare da 41% na littattafan da aka buga da aka rubuta a cikin wannan harshe. Sun kuma buga jagororin don ingantaccen rubutu kamar "Hints to Translators" da "Wasu Hanyoyi na Rubuta", wanda ya bayyana nau'ikan fiction da yawa waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a cikin wallafe-wallafen Turai kamar wadanda ba fiction da tarihin rayuwa. Marubucin Tanzaniya Shaaban bin Robert, wanda ake kira Uba na Swahili, ya yi aiki tare da EALB kuma an buga shi a cikin Standard Swahili bisa ga yaren Kiunguja amma tare da wasu siffofin yaren da aka haɗa. Har ila yau, EALB ta tantance wallafe-wallafen ta, ta share nassoshi game da wariyar launin fata da sauran batutuwa "masu rikici", wanda sau da yawa ya juya fitar da su zuwa farfagandar gwamnati.

Gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yankuna na Afirka suna da fifiko daban-daban na harshe: Uganda galibi tana da sha'awar Luganda kuma ba ta mai da hankali sosai ga Swahili ba; Zanzibar ta ƙarfafa bugawa a Larabci da Swahili na musamman yayin da Tanganyika ta nuna goyon baya mai ƙarfi ga kungiyoyin da ke inganta Swahili. 'Yan siyasa masu adawa da mulkin mallaka na Tanganyika sun kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Tanganyika kuma sun zaɓi Standard Swahili a matsayin kayan aiki na juriya; Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kenya ta kuma yi amfani da Swahili don tattara jama'a a kan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Bayan shugaban TANU Julius Nyerere ya zama shugaban farko na Tanzania, ya inganta shirin Elimu ya Kujitegemea wanda ya kafa ilimi na asali na duniya da ingantaccen karatu da rubutu - duka a cikin Swahili. Amfani da Swahili Ajami (haruffa na Larabci) ya ci gaba a Tanganyika har zuwa 1940s yayin da mutanen bakin teku suka yi amfani da shi na dogon lokaci, tare da mahimman marubuta kamar Alamin Mazrui da Muhamadi Kijuma suna inganta shi sosai.

Kasashen Gabashin Afirka na zamani suna da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da Standard Swahili: wasu suna ganin shi a matsayin tsarin mulkin mallaka wanda gwamnatocin kasashen waje suka tilasta musu, wasu sun fi son Turanci a matsayin matsakaici don makaranta (har ma a Tanzania inda Swahili shine harshen majalisar, Turanci ya mamaye a makarantar sakandare da sakandare), duk da haka mutane da yawa suna kiransa harshen ƙasa ko na hukuma. Bambancin Swahili wanda ake amfani dashi a zahiri a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ya kasance mai girma duk da daidaituwa. An sake fasalin ILC a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Kiswahili a 1964 kuma ta samar da Standard Swahili Dictionary a 1981. Gwamnatin Kenya ta kirkiro irin wannan kungiya, CHAKITA, wacce mambobinta suka shiga cikin fassarar kundin tsarin mulkin Kenya zuwa Swahili.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba