Harshen Kiliwa

Kiliwa (kuma Kiliwi, Ko'lew ko Quiligua) (a cikin Kiliwa: Koleeu ñaja) yare ne na Yuman da ake magana a Baja California, a arewa maso yammacin Mexico, ta Mutanen Kiliwa.

Mutane saba'in da shida sun ba da rahoton yarensu a matsayin Kiliwa a cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020. [1] Koyaya, ƙididdiga a cikin shekarar 2018 ta sami masu magana huɗu kawai da suka rage.

 Tarihi 
Mauricio J. Mixco ne ya yi nazarin harshen Kiliwa sosai, wanda ya buga matani na Kiliwa da ƙamus da nazarin haɗin kai.

Kwanan nan a tsakiyar shekarun 1900, Mixco ya ba da rahoton cewa membobin 'yan asalin duniya suna magana da Kiliwa a matsayin yarensu na farko, tare da Kiliwas da yawa kuma suna magana da harsuna biyu a Paipai. A farkon karni na ashirin da daya, har yanzu ana magana da Kiliwa; ƙididdigar 2000 ta ba da rahoton masu magana 52. Koyaya, ana ɗaukar yaren yana cikin haɗarin halaka.

Kiliwa yare ne na Yuman Family Language Summit, wanda ake gudanarwa kowace shekara tun shekara ta 2001. 

 Rarraba 
Kiliwa ita ce wakilin kudancin dangin Yuman, kuma ita ce mafi banbanci daga sauran harsuna, waɗanda suka zama Core Yuman. Makwabtan Kiliwa a kudu, Cochimí, suna magana da harshe ko dangin harsuna wanda mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da amma ba a cikin iyalin Yuman ba. Sakamakon haka, Kiliwa suna kwance a "cibiyar nauyi" ta tarihi don bambancin Yuman daga Cochimí da rassan Yuman daga juna.

Masana ilimin harshe ba su yarda da ko kakannin harshe na Kiliwa sun fi yin ƙaura zuwa yankin Baja California daga arewa daban daga kakannin Cochimí da Core Yumans, ko kuma sun bambanta da waɗancan kungiyoyin da ke wurin. Hanyar jayayya ta Glutrochronology ta nuna cewa rabuwa da Kiliwa daga Core Yuman na iya faruwa kimanin shekaru 2,000-3,000 da suka gabata.

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
BiyuwaAlveolarPalatalVelarRashin ƙarfiGishirifiliLab.filiLab.HancimnɲDakatar da / AfricateRashin lafiyapttʃkkʷqʔFricativesxxʷhhʷRhoticrKusanciljw
Allophones na /p, t, k, kw/ na iya faruwa kamar [β, ð, ɣ, ɣw]. Sauti mai kama da /j/ bayan /h/ na iya zama mai son kai kamar [j̊], kamar yadda yake tare da sautin da aka yi amfani da shi shine allophone na /hw/.

 Sautin sautin 
Akwai nau'ikan wasali guda uku; /i, u, a/, wanda kuma za'a iya rarrabe shi da tsawon wasali /iː, uː, aː/. Sautunan wasula na kusa /i, u/ na iya kaiwa ga sautunan wasila na tsakiya kamar [e, o], kuma tare da tsawon wasula kamar [eː, oː]. Sautin schwa na epenthetic [ə] na iya faruwa a cikin tushen tushen-farkon ƙididdiga.

 Halin magana 
Kiliwa yana da ƙididdigar farar hula guda uku, waɗanda ke da matsayi mai girma, mai faɗuwa, da ƙananan matakin.

 Rubutun kalmomi 

 Harshen haruffa 
An rubuta harshen Kiliwa ta amfani da haruffa na Roman da aka gyara, kamar yadda al'adun harshe a tarihi ba a rubuta su ba kuma gaba ɗaya ba ne. Ya ƙunshi ƙididdiga 15 waɗanda suka haɗa da 3 digraphs: 意, 意,
+Harshen haruffa WasikaPhonemeMisalan KiliwaFassarar Turancib/b/A'b 
ÁbelWanene? 
A ina?ch/t͡ʃ/Ch 
Jcheetsata
da dariyag/g/Mug 
MsigGurasar 
Ɗayah/h/H' 
HaaBakin Yes
Haka ne,k/k/Jaq 
KujatJinin
kasusuwal/l/L 
Msigl paaypHanci na 
Shidam/m/SM mai kyau
SmakTortilla Leaf
Shafin/n/Babu 
Mpaan
NYarinya 
'Yar'uwany/ɲ/Nh 
JnhieelBlack 
Lariatp/p/Rashin Rashin Ruwa
Rashin daidaituwapCiwo
cikis/s/S 
KiisBarci Mai Girma
Babbat/t/T 
MatKu ci 
A'aw/w/KuwaaZa a zaunada kuma/j/Y Tay
Tayda kumaBabba
iri'/ʔ/Jo'on 
Msi'Taurari
Mai Girma
Har ila yau akwai 5 gajeren sautin da 5 tsawo: /a/, /aː/, /e/, /iː/,/iː/ , /o/, /u/, da /uː/. Wadannan suna wakiltar a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa.
+SautinSautin sautinIPAMisalan KiliwaFassara ta Turancia/a/Á 
TayInda 
Babbaaa/aː/Jaa Maaw Yaaywaa
Maa YaaywaaaaDon zuwa 
Kakar kunamada kuma/e/E Pel wat Miy pi jse
Pel wat Miy pi jseda kumaYaki 
Don dawo da Quillee/eː/Ee 
Tee JuweeRashin jin 
Dare don bayarwai/i/Ipaa 

Kaichmaa

Kemelootí

Kemelootía cikinMutane 
Kudi / ƙarfe / ƙarfena biyu/iː/Yiit 
Chiin TiingkiilTsuntsu Dariya
Tsuntsu mai ban dariyao/o/Ko 
JsiloRamin
Zuciyaoo/oː/Enhoo 
KekooYaki / Yaki 
Maceu/u/U 
Ku'nipKula da / kula da 
Talakawauu/uː/Uu 
Piyauu KuuBarci Don ɗaukar / ɗorawa Kakan (uwa) 
Don ɗaukar / ɗora kakan (uwa) 
Sauran digraphs da aka yi amfani da su a cikin harshen Kiliwa sun haɗa da: gu, hu, da ku . An nuna su a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa.
DigraphsPhonemeMisalan KiliwaFassara ta Turancigu/ɡw/Pagu 
HkuiguNeman Rabbit
Neman farautahu/hw/P"huh'k" ii 
Mphuh-miThud 
Wannan akwatin / jakahu/hw/Hu u Ju sawi
Ju ya nunaTsabtace
wurin zamaku/kw/Hku 
TukuipaaiDon farautar 
Dabbobi
Ana amfani da hada / , / a matsayin ɗan gajeren hutu, [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] kamar wannan a cikin Mutanen Espanya. 

 Lambobin 
Ana iya bayyana lambobi a Kiliwa har zuwa dubban ba tare da amfani da kalmomin aro na Mutanen Espanya ba. Ana yin ƙididdigar ta amfani da yatsunsu da yatsun ƙafa. Akwai kamanceceniya da kalmar Kiliwa 'sal' wanda shine tushen 'fingur / hannu'. "
AdadinKiliwaFassarar Turanci1MsigƊaya2JuwakBiyu3Jmi'kUku4MacijinHudu5SalchipamBiyar6Msigl paaypShida7Juwakl paaypBakwai8Jmi'kl paaypTakwas9Msig tkmatTara10Chipam msigGoma
An kafa lambobi masu zuwa ta hanyar amfani da nau'in wuri na goma 'chipam' sannan ya biyo bayan lambar da ta ninka (lambar wadanda aka jera a sama daga 1-9).
AdadinKiliwa Ulrich, Alexis. Fassarar Turanci10Chipam msigGoma20Chipam juwakAshirin30Chipam jmi'ktalatin40Chipam mnakarba'in50Chipam salchipamKashi hamsin60Chipam msigl paaypsittin70Chipam juwakl paaypKashi saba'in80Chipam jmi'kl paaypTakwas90Chipam msig tkmatKashi casa'in
An kafa daruruwan ta hanyar amfani da kalmar 'chipam msig u' kun yuu chipam' sannan kuma lambobi masu yawa da aka samu a cikin lambobi 1-9.Ulrich, Alexis. 
AdadinKiliwa Ulrich, Alexis. Fassarar Turanci100Chipam msig u" kun yuu chipam msigƊari200Chipam msig u" kun yuu chipam juwakDubu ɗari300Chipam msig u" kun yuu chipam jmi'kƊari uku400Chipam msig u" kun yuu chipam mnakƊari huɗu500Chipam msig u" kun yuu chipam salchipamƊari biyar600Chipam msig u" kun yuu chipam msigl paaypƊari shida700Chipam msig u" kun yuu chipam juwakl paaypƊari bakwai800Chipam msig u" kun yuu chipam jmi'kl paaypƊari takwas900Chipam msig u" kun yuu chipam msig tkmatƊari tara
A ƙarshe, ana kafa dubban ta hanyar amfani da kalmar 'chipam msig u' kuetet' kafin sake amfani da lambobi masu yawa.Ulrich, Alexis. 
AdadinKiliwa Ulrich, Alexis. Fassara ta Turanci1,000Chipam msig u" kuetet msigDubban2,000Chipam msig u" kuetet juwakDubban Biyu3,000Chipam msig u" kuetet hmi'kDubban uku4,000Chipam msig u" kuetet mnakDubban huɗu5,000Chipam msig u" kuetet salchipamDubban biyar6,000Chipam msig u" kuetet msigl paaypDubban shida7,000Chipam msig u" kuetet juwakl paaypDubban bakwai8,000Chipam msig u" kuetet jmi'kl paaypDubban takwas9,000Chipam msig u" kuetet msig tkmatDubban tara10,000Chipam msig u" kuetet cipam msigDubban Goma

 Yanayin Yanayi 
Halin halittar a cikin harshen Kiliwa ya ƙunshi adadi da yawa da kuma clitics. Ana samun ƙarin waɗannan a kan aikatau maimakon sunan. Wadannan affixes yawanci ba a taɓa su ba kuma an kara su zuwa tushen da aka gyara.

 Ɗaya daga cikin mutane da yawa 
A cikin Kiliwa akwai hanyoyi da yawa na fadada kalmomi. Akwai da yawa don rarrabe shi daga nau'i ɗaya. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da su sune t, chau, m, u da si'waa . 
Mai banbanciYawancin mutaneHarsheWannan 
MiWadannan Mit
Mitin1. Turanci 
2. KiliwaMatsayin 
KuwaaDukanku kun zauna 
Kuwaat1. Turanci 
2. KiliwaKa zo! 
KiyeeDukanku ku zo 
Kitiyee1. Turanci 
2. KiliwaYana so 
UnyieeyMuna son 
Unyieey chau1. Turanci 
2. KiliwaOwl 
OjooOwls 
Ojoo chau1. Turanci 
2. KiliwaHill 
WeeyHills 
Uweey1. Turanci 
2. KiliwaCoyote 
Mlti"Coyotes 
Mlti" si'waa1. Turanci 
2. KiliwaIdanu 
YuuIdanu 
Yuum1. Turanci 
2. Kiliwa
Har ila yau, akwai wasu lokuta inda nau'in jam'i ke canza wasula, misali: Kashewa!  (Kinyii); Ka kashe su!  (Kenyoot); Ka kama!  (Kiyuu); Ka kama su!  (Kiyeewi); Ka tsaya!  (Ku'um); Dukanku suna tsaye!  (Ke'ewi). 

 Karin magana 
An yi amfani da shi a cikin adjectives ko sunaye don nuna matsayi mai girma na ma'ana.

Misalan:
Kyakkyawan / mafi kyauMgaai maaiDwarfNmoohh maaiMai nauyiMechaa maaiWadanda suka ji rauniTgap maaiMai ban tsoroHhchool maai
Sauran maganganu sun haɗa da: Mgaai (mafi kyau), Mak (a nan), Paak (a nan) Psap mi (a yau), Hhchoom (a yau) Kiis i'bm (daga baya), Mat pi'im kun (ba a taɓa gani ba) 

Misalan:
Ya fi kyauMaganin MgaaiIta ce mafi kyauPaa mgaai gapYa fi ni kyauPaa mgaai gap nhal im mat
Babu wanda a nanKa sanya ma'ali umaFitowa daga nanMak kpaamKa zo nanMak kiyee
A can nePaak kuwaaMotar ta wuce ta canOwa' kose'hhin e' mil pahhkaai tumatirTsaya a canPaa ku'u' kiyuu
Ba zan iya a yau baPsap na ahhaa mat semiooMahaifiyata za ta zo yauPsap mi nhab nh'oo puhhaaJam'iyyar a yauEnhiaai yiima" u" enhiaai mim
An yi ruwan sama da yawa jiyaHhchoom hhu'hhak maaiMahaifin na ya tafi jiyaNhab s'oot hhchoom kupaa tumatNa tafi bakin teku jiyaHhchoom hha' tayel ahhaa
Zan gan ka daga bayaKiis i'bm maat psaawi
Ba zan taba ziyarce ka baMat pi'im kun mil waal ahhaa matMe ya sa ba ka taɓa zuwa ba?Piyim mat pi'im miyee mat mi o'Me ya sa ba ka ziyarce ni ba?Mat pi'im kun pinhee na mat i'

 Siffa 
-Tay: wani abu mai girma / babba ga dabbobi da abubuwa ko wani yana samun iko / matsayi mafi girma saboda sana'a.

Misalan:
Babban kai'Iyi tayBabban hanciPi' tayBabban kareTat tay
LauyanHa' kumaag tayMai tsara gine-gineUwa' kosay tayMai zaneTukujaay tay
Ana amfani da Suffix P don nuna wani abu na ƙaramin digiri don adjectives da yawa.

Misalan:
RuwaJa'alWani abu mai laushiJa'alp
DuhuTeeyWani duhuTeeyp
Baƙar fataNyieegWani baƙar fataNyieegp
Mai laushiJo'onWani ɗan gajerenJo'onp
Rashin ruwaYa kasanceWani abu ya busheA'aayp

 Haɗin kai 
Haɗuwa suna haɗa ra'ayoyi biyu ko fiye a cikin jumla ɗaya. Har ila yau, akwai haɗin haɗin kai don raba zaɓuɓɓuka biyu ko fiye da juna da aka gabatar a cikin jumla.

Misalan: /and/ yana fassara a cikin Kiliwa zuwa e.
Juan da PedroJuan da Pedro daRuwa da gishiriJa' da kuii eKarnuka da catTat da nmi" daNi da kaiMa'p da nyaapKujerar da teburJuwaa u" da tmaa tay u"

 Kalmomin 

 Kalmomin sun fi rikitarwa fiye da sunaye a cikin harshen Kiliwa
 Akwai karin prefixes na aikatau, da kuma ƙananan suffixes da infixes
 Gabatarwa suna nuna ƙarin tsari a cikin harshe

 Aikin aure 
Haɗuwa tana ba mu damar faɗar abin da aikin ke yi da kuma faruwa a cikin aikatau 

 Misali a Kiliwa: Haɗuwa da Verb Tmaa (ci) 

 Da suka gabata da na yanzu 

 Yanzu 
Tushen: 
Ina cin abinciNhaap tmaaKuna cin abinciMa'a'aYa ciNhipaa tmaaMuna cin abinciPanhaap tmaaSuna cin abinciNhipaat tmaa-t

 Abubuwan da suka gabata 
Tushen: 
Na ciNhaap kuiil tmaaKuna cinyeMa'p kuiil tmamaaYa ciNhipaa kuiil tmaaMun ciPanhaap kuiil tmaat chauSun ciNhipaat kuiil tmaat chau

 Makomar nan gaba 
Tushen: 
Zan ciNhaap tmaa seti' uma'Za ku ciMa'p tmamaa seti' uma'Zai ciNhipaa tmaa seti' uma'Za mu ciPanhaap tmaat chaut seti' uma'Za su ciNhipaat tmaat chaut seti' uma'

 Sunaye 
A cikin harshen Kiliwa suna da alama ta tabbatacce da mara iyaka 
TabbatacceBa tare da iyaka ba -hi (daya)  -si (daya) 

 Mai tantance NP 
Kiliwa yana da digiri 3 na nesa wanda ya bayyana a cikin wakilin mutum na uku 

Misalan:
 -mi"Wannan" (kusa mai magana)  -Kayan aiki"Wannan" (kusa mai ji)  -ba"Wannan" (daga duka biyun) 

 Bayyanawa NP 
Harshen Kiliwa kuma ana auna shi a cikin wakilin mutum na uku mai zaman kansa a cikin Np 

Misalan:

Mi-chau → 'waɗannan;su' → (kusa mai magana) 

paa-chau → 'waɗanda;su → (kusa mai sauraro) 

Sai dai su → (da ke nesa da duka biyun) 

mi-t cham 'Wannan / (s) ya bar (shi) "

mi-chau-t caam-u → 'Waɗannan/suna barin (shi) "

m '-saau 'Na ga wannan / shi / ta'

mi-chau=m=juak-m ʔ-cam → 'Ina barin tare da waɗannan/su'

mi-chau-l '-saau 'Na duba cikin waɗannan ɗaya/su'

 Alamun jinsi 
Lokacin da ake magana game da namiji ko dabba mutum yana ƙara kumeei 

Lokacin da ake magana game da mace mutum ko dabba mutum yana ƙara Kkoo 

 Axis 
Misali: kumeei namiji ne kuma Kkoo mace ce
KarnukaTat (Mace) kareTat kökoo (Maza) kareTat kumeeiCow / BullHhakWata saniyaHhak kökooBullHhak kumeei

 Rubuce-rubuce 
Kiliwa yare ne na ƙarshe wanda yawanci ke bin tsari na batun-abu-kalma. Ya kamata a sami sashi na abu mai dogara a gaban aikatau, yayin da sassan dangi ko adjectival suka bayyana bayan sunan da suka gyara. Duk da yake mahallin halayyar, ƙin yarda, mataimakan, da dai sauransu na iya canza sanya wasu fannoni, nau'in Object-Verb ya kasance gaskiya a yawancin jumla.

Misali na jumla mai wucewa wanda tsarin shine kawai abu-kalma: 
+Wannan / shi / ta ci / ta zura coyotes.KiliwaBatunAbubuwan da aka yi amfani da suKalmamit melti'caum pahmaawannan - mitcoyotes - melti'caumcin abinci / kai - Pahmaa
Kalmomi tare da musantawa yawanci suna ƙunshe da tsarin abu-kalma, duk da haka, tsarin asali zai zama batun - pre-kalma mara kyau - abu - aikatau - ƙarshe mara kyau. Misali: 
+Wannan mutumin bai harbe wannan kare baKiliwaBatunPre-verb Neg.Magana-MaganarƘarshen Neg.kuumiimit kuat tatpaam hkkaa matWannan mutumin - kuumiimitba haka ba - kuatFarko ɗayaharba (wannan) kare - tatpaam (wannan kare) hkkaa (harba) Mat

 Sunayen wurare 
Sunayen Kiliwa masu zuwa sun fito ne daga taswirar da aka bayar a Mixco (2000:70).

 Gidaje

 Ja' Kupan /xaʔ kupan/ - Ruwa Mai zafi
 Jpi' Kunaan /xpiʔ kuna:n/ - San Isidro
 Mjuaa /mxwa:/ - Motoci
 Pnyil /pɲil/ - Santo Domingo
 Ku'ii Yuwu /kuʔi: yuwuʔ/ - San Quintin
 Juiim Ja' /xwi:m haʔ/ - San Felipe
 Ipaa Cha'amui /ipa: t͡ʃaʔamwi/ - Tijuana
 Jua Nyimaat /xwa: ɲima:t/ - Mexicali
 Ja'Tay Juatu' /xaʔtaj xwatuʔ/ - Ensenada
 Yuul Mat /ju:l mat/ - Santa Catarina

 Abubuwan halitta

 Ku'ii Yaku' /kuʔiː yakuʔ/ - Salinas
 Ɗa /hi:l/ - Canyon na Bege
 Hyaau /hja:w/ - San Matías Pass
 Kumsalp /kumsalp/ - Colnett Point

 Duwatsu

 Mou Weey /mow we:j/ - Cerro Borrego
 Nyaay Weey /ɲa:j we:j/ - saman da ke kudu da Cerro Borrego
 Mou Wa' Weey /mow waʔ we:j/ - Cerro Salvatierra
 Kaay Spkuin /ka:j spkwin/ - saman da ke kudu da Cerro Salvatierra
 Mt Waay Walu Weey /mt wa:j walu we:j/ - Picacho de Diablo
 Jaal Jak /xa:l xak/ - Sierra de San Pedro MartirDutsen San Pedro Martir
 Kunyil Weey /kuɲil mu:j/ - Cerro ColoradoDutsen Colorado

 Jikin ruwa

 Ja'tay /xaʔtaj/ - Tekun Pacific
 Chuwílo Tay /t͡ʃuwilo taj/ - Arroyo Grande
 Mat Pchuj / pt͡ʃux/ - San José Creek
 Msuan /mswan/ - San Telmo Creek
 Jmil /xmil/ - Kogin San Rafael
 Ja' Hiil /xaʔ hi:l/ - Kogin Colorado

 Manazarta 

 Mixco, Mauricio J.. 1971. Kiliwa Grammar. Ph.D. rubutun, Sashen Harshe, Jami'ar California, Berkeley.
 Mixco, Mauricio J.. 1976. "Tattafan Kiliwa". Jaridar Duniya ta Harshen Harshen Amirka Jerin Rubutun Indiyawan Amirka 1:92-101.
 Mixco, Mauricio J.. 1977. "Ƙungiyar Harshe ta Ñakipa da Yakakwal na Lower California". Jaridar Duniya ta Harshen Amurka 43:189-200.
 Mixco, Mauricio J.. 1983. Kiliwa Texts: "Lokacin da na ba da alamar taurari" Jami'ar Utah Anthropological Papers No. 107.  (Littafi da tatsuniyoyi da Rufino Ochurte da Braulio Espinosa suka ba da labari bayan 1966.). Birnin Salt Lake.
 Mixco, Mauricio J.. 1985. Littafin Kiliwa Dictionary. Jami'ar Utah Anthropological Papers No. 109. Birnin Salt Lake.
 Mixco, Mauricio J.. 1996. Kiliwa daga Arroyo León, Baja California. Tarihin Harsunan 'yan asalin Mexico No. 18. Birnin Mexico: Colegio de México.
 Mixco, Mauricio J.. 2000. Kiliwa Munich, Jamus: Lincom.
 Mixco, Mauricio J.. 2006. "Harsunan 'yan asalin ƙasar". A cikin The Prehistory of Baja California: Ci gaba a cikin Archaeology of the Forgotten Peninsula, wanda Don Laylander da Jerry D. Moore suka shirya, shafuffuka 24-41. Gainesville: Jami'ar Jami'ar Florida . 
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 2006. "Yankin San Quintín-El Rosario". A cikin The Prehistory of Baja California: Ci gaba a cikin Archaeology of the Forgotten Peninsula, wanda Don Laylander da Jerry D. Moore suka shirya, shafuffuka na 179-195. Gainesville: Jami'ar Jami'ar Florida . 
 Ochoa Zazueta, Yesu Mala'ika. 1978. Kiliwa da duniya sun kasance haka. Birnin Mexico: Cibiyar Nazarin Indiyawan Kasa,

 Haɗin waje 

 Jerin kalmomin Kiliwa Swadesh (daga Wiktionary) 
 AULEX ƙamus na Mutanen Espanya-Kiliwa

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba