Taha Hussein

Taha Hussein ( , Arabic   ; 15 ga Nuwamba, 1889 - 28 ga Oktoba, 1973) yana cikin marubuta da masana Masar mafi tasiri a ƙarni na 20, kuma babban jigo a Renaissance na Larabawa da kuma motsi na zamani a duniyar Larabawa .  Waƙarsa ta soki ita ce "Shugaban Adabin Larabci" ( Arabic   ).   An zaɓe shi don kyautar Nobel a fannin Adabi sau ashirin da ɗaya. 

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Taha Hussein a Izbet el Kilo, wani ƙauye a Gundumar Minya da ke tsakiyar Masar . Shi ne na bakwai cikin 'ya'ya goma sha uku na iyayen Musulmi masu matsakaicin matsayi. Ya kamu da cutar ido tun yana ɗan shekara biyu, kuma ya makance sakamakon rashin da'a da wani likita mara ƙwarewa ya yi masa. [1] [2] Bayan halartar kuttab, ya yi karatun addini da adabin Larabci a Jami'ar El Azhar ; amma tun yana ƙarami, bai gamsu da tsarin ilimin gargajiya ba.

Lokacin da aka kafa Jami'ar Alkahira ta duniya a shekarar 1908, yana da sha'awar a shigar da shi jami'a, kuma duk da cewa shi talaka ne kuma makaho, ya sami matsayi. A shekarar 1914, ya sami digirin digirgir na uku a fannin rubutunsa kan mawaki kuma masanin falsafa mai shakku Abu al-ʿAlaʾ al-Maʿarri . 

 Taha Hussein a Faransa 
Taha Hussein ya tafi Montpellier, ya yi karatunsa a jami'ar, ya halarci darussa a fannin adabi, tarihi, Faransanci da Latin. Ya yi karatun rubutu na yau da kullun, amma bai sami damar cin gajiyar hakan ba domin "yana iya saba da ɗaukar ilimi da kunnuwansa, ba da yatsunsa ba." 

An kira shi ya koma Masar saboda mummunan yanayin da Jami'ar Alkahira ta wancan lokacin take ciki; amma bayan watanni uku, waɗannan yanayi sun inganta, kuma Taha Hussein ta koma Faransa. 

Bayan ya sami digirin MA daga Jami'ar Montpellier, Hussein ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Sorbonne . Ya ɗauki Suzanne Bresseau (1895–1989) don ta yi masa karatu, daga baya ya aure ta.   A shekarar 1917, Sorbonne ya ba Hussein digiri na biyu na PhD, a wannan karon saboda rubutunsa na digirin digirgir kan masanin tarihin Tunisia Ibn Khaldun, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ilimin zamantakewa.

 Aikin ilimi 
A shekarar 1919, Hussein ya koma Masar tare da Suzanne, kuma aka naɗa shi farfesa a fannin tarihi a Jami'ar Alkahira .  Ya ci gaba da zama farfesa a fannin adabin Larabci da harsunan Semitic . 

A Kwalejin Harshen Larabci da ke Alkahira, an naɗa Taha Hussein da alhakin kammala Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir ( Babban Ƙamus ), ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan makarantar. von Grunebaum, G. E. (1959). "Review of Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr, Murad Kāmil, Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 18 (2): 157–159. doi:10.1086/371525. ISSN 0022-2968. JSTOR 543279. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar. 

Taha Hussein memba ne na wasu cibiyoyin kimiyya a Masar da ma na duniya baki ɗaya. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Alexandria .

Aiki na sukar adabi, Akan waqoqin Jahiliyyah (  . ), wanda aka buga a shekarar 1926, ya kawo masa shahara da kuma wani shahara a duniyar Larabawa.  A cikin wannan littafin, Hussein ya nuna shakku game da sahihancin waƙoƙin Larabci na farko, yana mai iƙirarin cewa an gurbata shi a zamanin da saboda girman kai na ƙabila da kuma hamayya tsakanin ƙabilu. Ya kuma nuna a kaikaice cewa bai kamata a ɗauki Alƙur'ani a matsayin tushen tarihi na gaskiya ba.  Saboda haka, littafin ya tayar da fushi da ƙiyayya ga malaman addini a Al Azhar da sauran masu ra'ayin gargajiya, kuma an zarge shi da cin zarafin Musulunci. Mai gabatar da ƙara ya ce, duk da haka, abin da Taha Hussein ya faɗa ra'ayin wani mai bincike na ilimi ne; babu wani matakin shari'a da aka ɗauka a kansa, duk da cewa ya rasa mukaminsa a Jami'ar Alkahira a shekarar 1931. An haramta littafinsa amma an sake buga shi a shekara mai zuwa tare da ɗan gyare-gyare kaɗan a ƙarƙashin taken On Pre-Islamic Literature (1927). 

 Aikin siyasa 
Taha Hussein ƙwararren masani ne na farfaɗowar Masar a farkon ƙarni zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 kuma mai goyon bayan akidar ƙabilanci ta Masar . Duk da cewa ta shahara a matsayin Shugaban Adabin Larabci, Taha Hussein ɗan ƙasar Masar ne wanda ya ƙi harshen Larabawa . A cikin littafinsa mai suna The Future of Culture in Egypt, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1936, Hussein ya ce "Ga Masarawa, Larabci kusan harshe ne na ƙasashen waje; babu wanda ke magana da shi a gida, makaranta, a kan tituna, ko a cikin kulab. [...] Mutane a ko'ina suna magana da harshen da ba na Larabci ba, duk da kamanceceniya da shi."  A kan adawa da Pan-Arabists, Hussein ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin Masarawa zuriyar Masarawa ne kuma ba su da jinin Larabawa, kuma Larabci a matsayin harshen yau da kullun a Masar bai kamata ya ƙayyade makomar wata al'umma ba. 

Hussein ya soki rashin 'yanci a Jamus ta Nazi, yana rubutawa: "Suna rayuwa kamar al'ummar kwari. Dole ne su yi hali kamar tururuwa a cikin tururuwa ko kuma kamar ƙudan zuma a cikin gida." Hussein ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Masar da ta ƙi yin tsaka-tsaki ta kuma yaƙi da Jamusawa a yaƙin. 

A shekarar 1950, an naɗa shi Ministan Ilimi, wanda a cikinsa ya jagoranci kira ga ilimi kyauta da kuma haƙƙin kowa na samun ilimi.  Ya kuma mayar da yawancin makarantun Alƙur'ani zuwa makarantun firamare kuma ya mayar da wasu makarantun sakandare zuwa kwalejoji kamar Makarantun Likitanci da Noma. Bugu da ƙari, ana yaba masa da kafa wasu sabbin jami'o'i kuma shi ne shugaban Gadon Al'adu na Ma'aikatar Ilimi . von Grunebaum, G. E. (1959). "Review of Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr, Murad Kāmil, Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 18 (2): 157–159. doi:10.1086/371525. ISSN 0022-2968. JSTOR 543279. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022. Hussein ya ba da shawarar a rufe Jami'ar Al-Azhar a shekarar 1955 bayan wa'adinsa na ministan ilimi ya ƙare. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba