Kwatanta hadurran nukiliya na Chernobyl da Fukushima

Har zuwa yau, Hadarin nukiliya a Chernobyl (1986) da Fukushima Daiichi (2011) tashoshin makamashin nukiliya ne kawai haɗarin nukiliyar INES na matakin 7. 

 Hadarin nukiliya na Chernobyl da Fukushima 
Tebur mai zuwa a gasa ya kwatanta hatsarin nukiliya na Chernobyl da Fukushima.
Plant NameChernobylFukushima DaiichiLocationSoviet Union (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) Japan Date of the accidentApril 26, 1986March 11, 2011INES Level7Plant commissioning date19771971Years of operation before the accident9 years (plant)40 years (plant)Electrical outputplant (net): 3700 MWe (4 reactors)reactors (net): 925 MWe (Units 1–4)plant (net): 4546 MWe (6 reactors)reactors (net): 439 MWe (Unit 1), 760 MWe (Units 2–5), 1067 MWe (Unit 6)Type of reactorRBMK-1000 graphite moderated, 2nd generation reactor without containmentBWR-3 and BWR-4 reactors with Mark I containment vesselsNumber of reactors4 on site; 1 involved in accident6 on site; 4 (and spent fuel pools) involved in accident; one of the four reactors was empty of fuel at the time of the accident.Amount of nuclear fuel in affected reactors1 reactor—190 tonnes (t, metric tons = 210 U.S. short tons): spent fuel pools not involved in incident - note that figures were converted into US tons4 reactors—854 tonnes (t, metric tons): 81 t in Unit 1 reactor, 111 t in Unit 2 reactor, 111 t in Unit 3 reactor, 0 t in Unit 4 reactor (defueled), 59 t in Unit 1 spent fuel pool (SFP), 119 t in Unit 2 SFP, 104 t in Unit 3 SFP, and 269 t in Unit 4 SFPCause of the accidentProximate cause was human error and violation of procedures. The unsafe reactor design caused instability at low power due to a positive void coefficient and steam formation. When an improper test was conducted at 1:00 am at low power, the reactor became prompt critical. This was followed by a steam explosion that exposed the fuel, a raging fire, and a core meltdown. The fire lasted for days to weeks, and there is controversy over whether it was the fuel burning, nuclear decay heating or whether the graphite moderator that made up most of the core was involved.  See Chernobyl Disaster, Note 1, for more discussion.The plants were not designed with consideration of such a large tsunami concurrently occurring with the ground sinking. Subsequent review did not lead to mitigation. A major earthquake and tsunami caused the destruction of power lines and backup generators. Once the plants were without external power and the generators were flooded, a catastrophic decay heat casualty ensued, leading to major reactor plant damage including meltdowns.Maximum level of radiation detected300 Sv/h shortly after the explosion in vicinity of the reactor core.530 Sv/h inside Unit 2 containment vessel in 2017 according to Japan Times.Radioactivity releasedAccording to IAEA, total release was .  in iodine-131 equivalent As of 2014, a peer reviewed estimate of the total was 340–780 PBq, with 80% falling into the Pacific Ocean. Radiation continues to be released into the Pacific via groundwater.Area affected An area up to  away contaminated, according to the United Nations.Radiation levels exceeding annual limits seen over  to northwest and  to south-southwest, according to officials.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>]Exclusion Zone Area30 km20 km (30 km voluntary) extending north-west to 45 km in the downwind direction to Iitate, FukushimaPopulation relocated335,000 (About 115,000 from areas surrounding the reactor in 1986; about 220,000 people from Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine after 1986)154,000Population returnedNone122,000Direct fatalities from the accidentTwo immediate trauma deaths; 28 deaths from acute radiation syndrome out of 134 showing symptoms; four from an industrial accident (helicopter crash); 15 deaths from radiation-genic thyroid cancers (as of 2005); as many as 4,000 to 90,000 cancer related deaths.1 confirmed cancer death attributed to radiation exposure by the government for the purpose of compensation following opinions from a panel of radiologists and other experts, medical sources pending for long-term fatalities due to the radiation.Current statusAll reactors were shut down by 2000. The damaged reactor was covered by a hastily built steel and concrete structure called the sarcophagus. A New Safe Confinement structure was installed in November 2016, from which the plant will be cleaned up and decommissioned.Cold shutdown declared on 16 December 2011, but decommissioning is likely to take 30 to 40 years. All fuel rods in reactor 4 pool removed. Fukushima disaster cleanup is ongoing.

 Rashin gurɓataccen rediyo 
Ranar rahotoWuriLokacinIodine-131 (TBq) Caesium-137 (TBq) Tushendagazuwadagazuwa2002Chernobyl25 Afrilu - Yuni 19861,600,0001,940,00059,000111,000NEA22 Maris 2011Fukushima12 - 15 Maris 2011400,0003,00030,000ZAMG2 ga Afrilu 201112 - 19 Maris 201110,000700,0011,00070,000ZAMG12 Afrilu 201111 Maris - 5 Afrilu 150,00012,000NSC 12 Afrilu 201111 - 17 Maris 2011130,0006,100NISA 7 Yuni 2011160,00015,000NISA 24 ga watan Agusta 201111 ga Maris - 5 ga Afrilu  130,00011,000NSC 15 Satumba, 2011 Maris - Satumba100,000200,00010,00020,000Kantei 
Ranar rahotoWuriLokacinAdadin (TBq) Tushen12 Afrilu 2011Chernobyl25 Afrilu - Yuni 19865,200,000NISA Fukushima11 Maris - 5 Afrilu 2011630,000NSC 11 - 17 Maris 2011370,000NISA Afrilu 20114 ga Afrilu 2011154NSC 25 ga Afrilu 201124 ga Afrilu 2011246-7 Yuni 201111 - 17 Maris 2011770,000NISA 7 Yuni 2011840,000NISA,  bugawa 17 ga watan Agusta 20113-16 Agusta 20110.07Gwamnati 23 ga watan Agusta 201112 Maris - 5 Afrilu 2011630,000NISA 
Ranar rahotoLokacinA cikin teku (TBq) Tushenkai tsayekai tsaye21 ga Mayu 20111 - 6 Afrilu 20114,700Tepco Ƙarshen watan Agusta 2011Maris - Agusta 20113,50016,000JMA8 ga Satumba 2011Maris - Afrilu 201115,000Kungiyar Masanin Kimiyya 29 ga Oktoba 201121 Maris - 15 Yuli 201127,100IRSN

 Dubi kuma 

 Kwatanta Chernobyl da sauran fitowar rediyo
 Mutuwa saboda bala'in Chernobyl
 Jerin hatsarori a wurin Mayak

 Bayani 

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Haɗin waje 

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