Peckerwood

Peckerwood wani jigon kabilanci ne na Amurka da ake amfani da shi akan farar fata, musamman talakawan turawan karkara . [1] Asalin slur na kabilanci, an sake karbo kalmar ta hanyar wasu al'adu masu alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin kurkuku da haramtattun kulake na babur . [2] [3] [4] [5] An yi amfani da kalmar azaman jujjuyawar katako a Kudancin Amurka ta 1830s; Hakanan yana da ma'ana yana nufin mutanen farar fata da aka rubuta daga 1850s. [1] Tatsuniyar Ba-Amurke a cikin 1920s sun bambanta farin tsuntsun "peckerwood" da blackbird na Ba'amurke. [5] [6] Kalmar ta zama kalmar gama gari a cikin Jive .

 Tarihi 
Amfani da kalmar, jujjuyawar itacen itace, ya kasance a farkon karni na 19. The Oxford English Dictionary ya gano farkon amfani da aka buga zuwa jaridar Alabama a cikin 1835.  An yi amfani da Peckerwood game da fararen fata ta 1859; sau da yawa yakan ba da shawarar wani farar fata mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko matalauci.   An yi amfani da gajeriyar peck a cikin ma'ana guda a cikin 1920s.  A cikin tarihin Ba'amurke na Afirka a cikin 1920s, ɗan itacen yana wakiltar White Amurkawa a alamance, ya bambanta da blackbird da ke wakiltar Baƙin Amurkawa.  

 Subculture 
A tarihi, kalmar "peckerwood" an saba amfani da ita ga fararen fursunonin gaba ɗaya.  Makabarta a gidan yari na Leavenworth, wanda aka fi sani da Dutsen Hope, fursunoni da masu gadi sun fi saninsa da suna "Peckerwood Hill".  A cikin ƙarshen rabin karni na 20th kalmar, taƙaice don amfani da farar fata da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin titina da ƙungiyoyin kurkuku, irin su Aryan Brotherhood . Wannan al'adar kuma ana kiranta da PW, P-Dub, ko kuma tare a matsayin "The Woodpile".   Maza a cikin wannan rukuni ana kiran su "ƙuƙumma" da mata "gashin fuka". Ana amfani da itacen itace sau da yawa azaman alama ta gaba ɗaya ga ƙungiyar, kamar a cikin jarfa .  Yawancin lokaci ana zana shi da dogon baki, wani lokaci ana zana shi don kama da Woody Woodpecker ko Mista Horsepower .   Wani lokaci ana amfani da haruffan "PW" ko "APW" (Peckerwood da American Peckerwood). 

Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar don shiga matakin shiga na Aryan Brotherhood.  A cikin tsarin gidan yari, peckerwoods na iya ci gaba a cikin tsarin zamantakewar jama'a kuma su zama membobin ƙungiyar, ko ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya kamar Nazi Lowriders . Zama babban memba ya haɗa da aikata manyan laifuka da yawa.   Peckerwood kuma ana amfani da shi ta wasu tsarin gidan yari a matsayin sunan gamayya ga duk wata ƙungiyar masu fafutukar fatara, wanda wani lokaci ya zama tushen ruɗani.  A ciki da wajen gidan yari, tsarin al'adun peckerwood ya fi yawa a California, Texas da Amurka Kudu da Kudu maso Yamma, amma ƙasa da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewa maso Gabas .  

Mafi yawan al'adun gidan yarin Peckerwood sun samo asali ne a cikin raguwar gidajen yarin Amurka. Aryan Brotherhood ya samo asali ne a gidan yarin Jihar San Quentin a cikin 1964 a matsayin martani ga sabuwar ƙungiyar baƙar fata da aka kafa ta dangin Black Guerilla .    Ƙungiyar Aryan ta Jihar San Quentin tana amfani da ƙungiyar Mafia ta Iyali da ke da alaƙa da Irish (FAIM) don ayyukanta na kan titi.  An kafa kungiyar Aryan Brotherhood na Texas a cikin 80s bayan wargaza tsarin " ginin ginin " wanda aka raba ƙungiyoyi. ABT an samo asali ne azaman ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin Aryan Society da Aryan Brothers.

A cikin 1985, Aryan Circle ya samo asali daga peckerwoods waɗanda ba su shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar Aryan Brotherhood na Texas ba. Membobin Aryan Circle sun yi imanin ABT bai tsaya ga farar fata da gaske ba. Mark "Cowboy" Gaspard yana gaba, ana kiran ƙungiyar da farko Kiristocin Aryan amma sun canza suna saboda bambancin imani na membobin.   Ƙungiya da aka sani da "International Peckerwood Syndicate" an jera su a cikin Sashen Shari'a na Oregon a matsayin aiki a gidajen yarin Oregon. A cewar ADL, ƙungiyar, wanda kuma aka sani da "Insane Peckerwood Syndicate", wanda aka kafa a cikin 2005 kuma yana da kasancewa a jihar Washington.   Sauran ƙungiyoyin kurkukun da ke amfani da kalmar "peckerwood" a matsayin wani ɓangare na sunansu an rubuta su a Connecticut, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico . 

A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2013, Charles Gaskin, wanda memba ne na kungiyar bisa rahoton gwajinsa ya nuna, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 26 har zuwa rai da rai saboda kisan wani mai yin lalata da Neil Lee Hayes. A cewar rahoton, an bukaci Gaskin ya cutar da wani farar fata da ke da tarihin lalata da yara a karkashin "dokar peckerwood". 

 Gangunan tituna 
Ƙarshen al'adu na peckerwood ya kafa ƙungiyoyin tituna waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwa daga al'adun fata na fata da ayyukan ƙungiyoyin tituna na yau da kullun, kamar su haramtattun ƙwayoyi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin gungun “Peckerwood” na titi gabaɗaya suna tasowa ne a cikin fararen unguwanni masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin su ne bayyanar wani yanki na zamani na "fararen iko" wanda ya haɗu da abubuwan al'adun Latino na California, matsanancin wasanni da ƙananan al'adun cannabis .   A cikin salo waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa abubuwa na al'adun ƙungiyoyin Latino (Pendleton flannel da wando jakunkuna) da al'adun fata (Takalma na Doc Marten, Jaket ɗin bomb, da aski).  Hakazalika, membobin ƙungiyar Peckerwood suna kama da fararen launi kuma an san su da sanye da farar hula da gyale.  Alamar ƙungiyoyin jama'a da aka fi sani da Peckerwoods ita ce ƙirƙirar babban yatsan yatsan hannu da yatsan hannu da yatsa na hannun dama don samar da harafin "P," da yatsu huɗu na hagu don samar da harafin "W". 

Yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin Peckerwood a California suna biyayya ga ikon Nazi Lowriders, wanda ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin punk Vicious Circle da La Mirada Punks, da Insane White Boys, Skins Independent Skins, Orange County Skins, da ƙawancen ƙawancen Kudancin California Skinhead Alliance (SoCal Skins).  Jagoranci ƙawance tare da Nazi Lowriders, ƙungiyar Peckerwood Gang Public Enemy No. 1 (PEN1) an kafa shi a Long Beach, California a ƙarshen 80s, kuma an san shi don ɗaukar yara masu matsakaicin aji "latchkey " a cikin filin wasan punk na Kudancin California. PEN1 wanda kuma aka sani da ƙungiyar Peni Death Squad, ta sami kafa a matsayin ƙungiyar Peckerwood a ƙarshen 90s a Orange County, waɗanda Nazi Lowriders ke ɗaukar su. Membobin PEN1 kuma sun kafa babi na yanki na gungun ƙungiyoyin FSU (Fuck Shit Ups) a bakin tekun Huntington kuma.     A cikin 1993, an shigar da ƙungiyar Insane White Boys (IWB) a cikin Orange County kuma ta shahara kuma Nazi Lowriders ya ɗauke shi aiki.   Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi irin su Maƙiyin Jama'a No. 1 da Insane White Boys ana ɗaukar su "yara" a cikin ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin Peckerwood, inda ƙungiyoyin Nazi Lowrider ke jagorantar "manyan" waɗanda ke shigar da "yara" cikin membobinsu. Yaro na iya zama “junior”, kuma ƙarami na iya zama babba idan wasu manya uku suka zaɓa. 

A cikin tsarin kotunan Amurka, ba koyaushe ake karɓar zama memba a cikin ƙungiyar Peckerwood kamar yadda ke nuna wanzuwar babbar ƙungiyar Peckerwood ba. Ƙungiyoyin Peckerwood suna da ƙarancin tsarin mulki, kuma suna kasancewa cikin tsari fiye da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi. Smalltown Peckerwoods, ƙungiyar kusan mambobi ɗari a gabar tekun Amurka ta Yamma, ba a yanke hukuncin zama wani ɓangare na babbar ƙungiyar Peckerwood ba a cikin shari'ar 2008 People v. Williams, saboda manyan abubuwan gama gari sune akida da suna, maimakon ƙungiyoyi.    kuma shine sunan kungiyar haramtacciyar kungiyar babur Santee, California da aka kafa a 1987. A cewar 'yan sanda na gida, facin kulob din da suturar kulob din sun hada da hotunan Nazi, kuma an danganta mambobin kungiyar da laifukan ƙiyayya, kodayake kulob din ya musanta cewa yana nuna wariyar launin fata. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba