Mary Ann Nichols

Mary Ann Nichols, wacce aka fi sani da Polly Nichols (née Walker; 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1845 - 31 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1888), ita ce ta farko da aka kashe Landan ba a san shi ba wanda aka sani da Jack the Ripper, wanda aka yi imanin ya kashe kuma ya lalata akalla mata biyar a ciki da kewayen gundumar Whitechapel ta London daga ƙarshen watan Agusta zuwa farkon watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1888.

Kisan kai biyu da suka gabata da ke da alaƙa da mai kisan Whitechapel ba zai yiwu Jack the Ripper ne ya aikata su ba. Lokacin da kisan Mary Ann Nichols ya fara da alaƙa da wannan jerin, ya kara yawan manema labarai da sha'awar jama'a cikin ayyukan aikata laifuka da yanayin rayuwa na mazaunan East End na London.Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 96–113

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Mary Ann Nichols Mary Ann Walker a ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1845 a ko dai titin Dean, a kan Fetter Lane a London,   ko kuma Kotun Dawes, Shoe Lane (a kan titin Fleet), London.  Ita ce ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya uku da aka haifa wa Edward Walker, masassaƙin kulle (daga baya masassaƙin ƙarfe),  da Caroline (née Webb), mai wanki.  Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ta farko ba, kodayake an san ta da baftisma a shekara ta 1851. 

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Walker ya auri mai buga takardu mai suna William Nichols . An gudanar da bikin ne a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 1864 a cocin Saint Bride's Parish Church a Birnin London kuma mutane biyu masu suna Seth George Havelly da Sarah Good ne suka shaida shi.5" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Mary Ann Nichols"},"body":{"html":"<span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.casebook.org/victims/polly.html&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Mary Ann Nichols&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;casebook.org&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2 April 2004&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;26 August 2020&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA5I\">&nbsp;</span><cite about=\"#mwt50\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwA5M\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.casebook.org/victims/polly.html\" id=\"mwA5Q\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Mary Ann Nichols\"</a>. casebook.org. 2 April 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwA5U\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwA5Y\">26 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite>"}}' id="cite_ref-Mary_Ann_Nichols_7-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Bayan aurensu, ma'auratan sun zauna a takaice a titin Bouverie 30-31 kafin su zauna tare da mahaifin Mary Ann a titin Trafalgar 131. Tsakanin  da , ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyar: Edward John (an haife shi a shekara ta 1866), Percy George (an haifee a shekara ta 1878), Alice Esther (an haifi a shekara ta ), Eliza Sarah (an haifu a shekara ta 1879), da Henry Alfred (an haifa a shekara ta 1879).  Nichols tana da tsayi 5  in (1.57 , tana da idanu masu launin ruwan kasa, manyan kashin baya kuma, a lokacin mutuwarta, gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan sama.

 Rabuwa 
A ranar 6 ga s 1880, ma'auratan sun koma gidansu a 6 D-Block, Peabody Buildings, Stamford Street, Blackfriars Road, suna biyan kuɗin haya na mako-mako na 5s. 9d. Ba da daɗewa ba, ma'auratan sun rabu, tare da William daga baya ya koma tare da 'ya'yansa huɗu zuwa adireshin kusa da Old Kent Road.

Mahaifin Nichols ya zargi William da barin 'yarsa bayan ya gudanar da wani al'amari tare da ma'aikacin jinya wanda ya halarci haihuwar ɗansu na ƙarshe,  kodayake William Nichols yayi iƙirarin cewa aurensu ya ci gaba da aƙalla shekaru uku bayan ranar wannan abin da ake zargi, yana mai cewa matsalolin aurensu sun haifar da shan giya mai yawa na matarsa, kuma ya fara wani al'amarin ne kawai bayan Nichols ta bar shi. Daga baya ya tabbatar wa hukumomi cewa matarsa ta watsar da shi kuma tana yin karuwanci. 

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Nichols ta tara dogon rikodin 'yan sanda, kodayake duk kamawarta sun kasance ne don ƙananan laifuka kamar maye, rashin tsari, da karuwanci.

 1881–1887 
A shekara ta 1881, an san Nichols da zama a Lambeth Workhouse, inda ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mace mai ba da kyauta. Ta bar wannan gidan aiki a ranar 31 ga Mayu. Ba a san motsin zuciyarta a yawancin shekara mai zuwa ba, kodayake a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1882, ta sake komawa Lambeth Workhouse .  An san ta da zama tare da mahaifinta a Walworth na watanni da yawa a 1883 kafin ta bar gidansa bayan jayayya.

An buƙaci doka don tallafawa matarsa da ta rabu da ita, William Nichols da farko ya biya ta alawus na mako-mako na shillings biyar har zuwa bazara na 1882, lokacin da ya sami labarin cewa tana aiki a matsayin karuwa. Bayan ya ji wannan labarin, ya daina yin waɗannan biyan kuɗi, wanda ya sa Nichols ya aika da kira ta hanyar Lambeth Union yana neman ci gaba da wannan alawus na mako-mako. Lokacin da hukumomin Ikklisiya suka yi ƙoƙari su tattara kuɗin kulawa, William ya bayyana cewa matarsa ta bar iyalinta, ta bar 'ya'yansu a kulawarsa, kuma tana zaune tare da wani mutum, tana samun kuɗi ta hanyar karuwanci. Kamar yadda ba a buƙatar shi a doka ya tallafa wa matarsa idan tana samun kuɗi ta hanyar haramtacciyar hanya, Nichols ba ta karɓi biyan kuɗi daga mijinta ba.

Nichols ta shafe mafi yawan sauran shekarunta a cikin gidajen aiki da gidajen kwana, tana rayuwa ne daga taimakon sadaka da kuma karamin kuɗin da take samu a matsayin karuwa, kodayake tana yawan amfani da kuɗin da take da shi akan barasa. A shekara ta 1887, ta kafa dangantaka da wani gwauruwa kuma mahaifin uku mai suna Thomas Stuart Drew, kodayake ma'auratan sun rabu a ranar 24 ga Oktoba. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1887, Nichols ta fara yin barci a Trafalgar Square,  kodayake share yankin a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba ya haifar da dawowarta Lambeth Workhouse. A wannan lokacin, ta kasance a wannan gidan aiki na kasa da makonni biyu.

 1888 
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1888, uwargidan Lambeth Workhouse, Mrs Fielder, ta sami aikin Nichols a matsayin ma'aikacin gida ga Mr da Mrs Cowdry a Wandsworth. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta ɗauki wannan aikin, an san Nichols da ta rubuta wasika ga mahaifinta tana kwatanta gamsuwa da matsayinta, tana cewa: "Ina rubutu kawai don in ce za ku yi farin ciki da sanin cewa na zauna a sabon wuri na, kuma ina ci gaba har zuwa yanzu. Mutanenmu sun fita jiya, kuma ba su dawo ba, don haka ina da iko. Babban wuri ne a ciki, tare da itatuwa da lambuna da baya. Dukkansu ba ne da baya. Su masu shayarwa, kuma ina da gaske. Don haka ina da yawa don haka ina nan mutane.

Wataƙila saboda Nichols mashayi ne kuma ma'aikatanta ba su da mashayi, ta bar wannan aikin bayan watanni uku na hidima, ta sace tufafi masu daraja £ 3 10s. da kuma tserewa daga wurin. An sanar da mahaifinta wannan gaskiyar ta hanyar wasika a ranar 12 ga Yuli, don mayar da martani ga yunkurin dawo da wasikar tare da 'yarsa.

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1888, Nichols ta zauna a wani Gidan zama na yau da kullun a 18 Thrawl Street, Spitalfields, inda ta raba gado tare da wata tsohuwar mace mai suna Emily "Nelly" Holland .  Ta koma wani madadin gidan zama na yau da kullun a 56 Flower da Dean Street, Whitechapel, a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta.

 30-31 ga watan Agusta 
Da misalin karfe 11:00 na yamma a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, an ga Nichols yana tafiya a kan Whitechapel Road. Ta ziyarci gidan jama'a na Frying Pan a Brick Lane, Spitalfields, ta bar da karfe 12:30 na safe a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta. Da karfe 1:20 na safe, ta koma kicin gidan Hudu Flower da Dean Street. Minti hamsin bayan haka, mataimakin mai kula da gidan ya gan ta, wanda ya tambaye ta 4d da ake buƙata don gadonta. Lokacin da Nichols ta amsa cewa ba ta da kuɗin, an umarce ta da ta bar wurin. Ba tare da damuwa ba, Nichols ta motsa zuwa sabon hotonta na baƙar fata, tana amsawa: "Ba da daɗewa ba zan sami kuɗin da nake da shi. Duba abin da hoton da nake da ita yanzu. "  Daga nan sai ta bar gidan zama tare da yiwuwar niyyar samun kuɗin don biyan gado ta hanyar karuwanci kanta. Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 96–113Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 96–113   
Emily Holland ce ta ga Nichols ta ƙarshe da rai, tana tafiya ita kaɗai a kan titin Osborn da misalin karfe 2:30 na safe (kimanin awa ɗaya kafin mutuwarta). Ga Holland, Nichols ya yi kama da maye, a wani mataki ya fadi a bangon shagon mai sayarwa. Holland ta yi ƙoƙari ta shawo kan Nichols ta koma gidan zama na Thrawl Street, amma Nichols ya ki, yana mai cewa: "Na sami kuɗin zama sau uku a yau, kuma na kashe shi. "  Holland ta lura Nichols ba ta damu da yiwuwarta ta sami 4d. ana buƙatar biyan kuɗin gadonta. Kamfanin biyu sun rabu, tare da Nichols suna tafiya zuwa Whitechapel Road. 

 Kisan kai 
Da karfe 3:40 na safe, wani mai motar mai suna Charles Allen Cross (sunan haihuwa Lechmere) ya gano abin da ya yi imanin cewa tarpaulin ne da ke kwance a ƙasa a gaban ƙofar ƙofar da aka rufe a Buck's Row  (wanda aka sake masa suna Durward Street a 1892 ), Whitechapel, yayin da yake tafiya zuwa wurin aikinsa a Broad Street.  Wurin ya kasance kusan yadudduka 150 daga Asibitin London (yanzu an sake masa suna Royal London Hospital) da yadudduka 100 daga Blackwall Buildings. 

Bayan ya bincika abu, Cross ya gano cewa tarpaulin a zahiri jikin mace ne. Ta kwanta a bayanta da idanunta a buɗe, ƙafafunta a tsaye, takalminta ya tashi sama da gwiwoyinta  kuma hannunta na hagu yana taɓa ƙofar ƙofar bargo.  Wani direban karusa mai wucewa a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, Robert Paul, ya kusanci wurin kuma ya lura da Cross tsaye a kan hanya, yana kallon jikinta. Cross ya kira shi, kuma maza biyu sun yi tafiya zuwa gawar, wanda suka bincika. Gicciye ya taɓa fuskar matar, wanda har yanzu yana da dumi, sannan hannayenta, waɗanda suke sanyi. Ya bayyana ra'ayinsa ga Paul cewa matar ta mutu, amma Paul bai tabbata ba kuma ya yi tunanin cewa tana iya zama ba tare da sanin komai ba. Su biyu sun ja rigarta don rufe jikinta, sannan suka tafi neman dan sanda. Bayan saduwa da PC Jonas Mizen a kusurwar Hanbury Street da Baker's Row,  Cross ya sanar da ɗan sanda game da binciken da suka yi, ya kara da cewa: "Ta dubi ni ta mutu ko kuma ta bugu, amma a bangare na, na yi imanin ta mutu. "  Mutanen biyu sun ci gaba da hanyarsu ta yi aiki, sun bar Mizen don bincika binciken da suka gano.
Ba da daɗewa ba kafin Mizen ya isa Buck's Row, PC John Neil ya kusanci titin daga wata hanya a kan bugun sa, yana haskaka jikin Nichols da fitila. Ta hanyar haskaka wannan fitilar,  Neil ya ja hankalin PC John Thain, yayin da bugun sa ya wuce ƙofar Buck's Row, yana ihu: "Ga mace da aka yanke makogwarenta. Ku gudu nan da nan ga Dokta Llewellyn. " Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 96–113 Neil ya bincika wurin aikata laifuka don neman hanyoyin jini tare da fitilarsa. Bai ga komai ba. Ya kuma bincika hanya, amma bai ga alamun ƙafafun ba.

PC Thain ya kawo likitan tiyata Dr Llewellyn, wanda ya isa Buck's Row a karfe 4:00 na safe Llewellyn ya lura cewa an yi wa mace raunuka biyu masu zurfi na wuka, kuma da sauri ya bayyana rayuwarta ta ƙare, yana tantance ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa jikinta da ƙafafunta har yanzu suna da dumi cewa ta mutu kusan minti 30. Daga nan sai ya umarci PC Neil da ya cire gawar zuwa Old Montague Street Mortuary a kan wata motar hannu da Mizen ya kawo, yana mai cewa: "Ka motsa matar zuwa kabarin; ta mutu. Zan ci gaba da bincikenta". 
Yayin da labarai game da kisan ya bazu, mutane da yawa sun taru a wurin. Daga cikinsu akwai masu yankan dawakai uku daga wani makwabcin da ke kusa da shi a titin Winthrop mai suna Harry Tomkins, James Mumford da Charles Britten. Kowane mutum ya sanar da kisan da PC Thain ya yi yayin da yake wucewa su don neman Dokta Llewellyn. Dukkanin ukun an yi musu tambayoyi, tare da Tomkins da Britten sun yarda cewa sun bar wurin aikinsu a karfe 12:20 na safe na kimanin minti talatin, mai yiwuwa don sha a gidan jama'a na Roebuck da ke kusa.[undefined] Dukkanin ukun an kawar da su a matsayin wadanda ake zargi. Tambayar 'yan sanda game da duk masu haya na Buck's Row - gami da mazaunan dukiyar da ta fi kusa da inda aka gano jikin Nichols - ya bayyana cewa kodayake mazauna da yawa sun farka da sassa na farko, babu wanda ya ga ko ya ji wani abu mara kyau.[undefined] Dukkanin jami'an 'yan sanda da ke sintiri tare ko kusa da Buck's Row a farkon sa'o'i na 31 ga watan Agusta suma sun ba da rahoton jin da ganin wani abu mai tuhuma kafin gano jikin Nichols.[1] [2] ￼

 Bayan mutuwa 
An tura jikin Nichols zuwa Old Montague Street Mortuary a karfe 5:20 na safe. Wani Sufeto Spratling ne ya gano raunin da ke cikinta, wanda nan da nan ya aika da Dokta Llewellyn, wanda da farko ya koma gidansa. 

Bayan ci gaba da bincika jikin Nichols, Dokta Llewellyn ya gano cewa bangarorin biyu na fuskarta sun sami rauni ta ko dai wuyan hannu ko matsin yatsa kafin a yi wa raunukan makogwaro daga hagu zuwa dama. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan raunuka biyu ya auna inci takwas kuma sauran inci huɗu a tsawon; dukansu sun koma ga ginshiƙan kashin baya. An yi mata wuka sau biyu,  kuma an yanke cikinta Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 96–113 tare da rauni mai zurfi, inci biyu ko uku daga gefen hagu. An kuma yi wa cututtuka da yawa a cikin ciki, wanda ya sa hanji ya fito ta cikin raunukan, kuma irin wannan cututtuka uku ko hudu sun sauka a gefen dama na jikinta.Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 96–113 An kuma yi waɗannan yankan tare da wannan wuka, an kiyasta ya zama akalla inci 6-8 (15-20 cm) tsawo, kuma mai yiwuwa mai yankan ko wuka na mai yin takalma. Kowane rauni an yi shi ne a cikin tashin hankali da kuma turawa ƙasa. Llewellyn ya ci gaba da ra'ayi game da imaninsa cewa mai kisan yana da wasu ilimin jikin mutum. Babu gabobin da suka ɓace.  

Llewellyn ya kiyasta raunin zai ɗauki minti huɗu zuwa biyar don kammalawa, kuma ya nuna mamakinsa game da ƙananan jini a wurin aikata laifuka, "game da isa ya cika manyan tabarau biyu na ruwan inabi, ko rabin pint a waje".  Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 96–113  Ya yi imanin Nichols yana fuskantar wanda ya kai mata hari lokacin da ya riƙe hannunsa a bakinta kafin ya yanke makogwaro. Mutuwa za ta kasance nan take, kuma duk raunin da ta samu a ciki, wanda zai dauki kasa da minti biyar don yin, mai kisan ne ya yi shi bayan ta mutu. Llewellyn ya sami damar tantance wannan gaskiyar saboda raunin da aka yi wa jikin mutum bayan mutuwa ba ya haifar da zubar da jini kuma bazai haifar da asarar jini mai yawa daga jiki ba. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba