Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed

Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed or Ahmad Luṭfi Sayyid Pasha  ) (15 Janairu 1872 - 5 Maris 1963) Fitaccen ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Masar, mai ilimi, mai fafutukar yaƙi da mulkin mallaka, kuma shugaban farko na Jami'ar Alkahira . Ya kasance mutum mai tasiri a cikin ƙungiyar kishin ƙasa ta Masar kuma ya yi amfani da matsayinsa a kafofin watsa labarai don ƙoƙarin samun 'yancin kai na Masar daga mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Hakanan yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsara ƙabilancin Masar na zamani, haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsara ƙabilancin Masar na addini da kuma 'yancin kai . An san shi da "Farfesa na Zamani". Lutfi yana ɗaya daga cikin masu adawa da ƙabilancin Larabawa, yana mai dagewa cewa Masarawa 'yan Masar ne ba Larabawa ba.  Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin malamai da masana mafi tasiri a tarihin Masar.  

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Lutfi a ƙauyen Berqin da ke karkara, kusa da Al Senbellawein a cikin Gundumar Dakahlia a ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, 1872. Ya yi karatu a kuttāb na gargajiya, makarantar gwamnati a Manṣūra, Makarantar Sakandare ta Khedivial da ke Alƙahira [1] da kuma Makarantar Shari'a da ke Alƙahira. A lokacin da yake makarantar lauya, Al-Sayyid ya yi hulɗa da mutane masu tasiri kamar Muhammad Abduh da Hassuna al-Nawawi. Abduh ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gogewar Lutfi game da motsinsa na kawo sauyi da kuma akidarsa game da siyasa. [2]

 Rubuce-rubuce da aikin ilimi 
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar lauya, Lutfi ya shiga sashen shari'a na ayyukan gwamnati kuma ya yi aiki a can har zuwa 1905, sannan a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Birtaniya ta Lord Cromer . Lutfi ya zama babban editan wata jarida mai suna Al Jarida a 1907. Takardar ta shahara wajen rubuta littattafai masu haske da sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ta jawo hankalin masu fafutukar sassaucin ra'ayi da yawa. Rubuce-rubucen da Lutfi ya rubuta wa Al Jarida a lokacin da yake babban edita ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mafi mahimmanci da tasiri a gare shi. Ya bayyana ra'ayoyinsa na sassaucin ra'ayi game da 'yancin Masar da kuma yadda mutane dole ne su tashi tsaye su ɗauki mataki a cikin wasiƙun labarai; saboda waɗannan ra'ayoyin, Lutfi ya ƙirƙiri suna ga kansa a kafofin watsa labarai da gwamnatin Masar.

 Lamarin Denshaway 
Lamarin Denshawai wani mummunan rikici ne da ya faru a watan Yunin 1906 tsakanin manoman Masar a ƙauyen Denshaway da jami'an Birtaniya waɗanda ke farautar kurciya a yankin. Turawan Birtaniya sun mamaye Masar a shekarar 1882 kuma sun tura sojoji don taimakawa wajen kawar da tawayen Urabi, wata ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin tsarin mulki ta Masar. A ranar 13 ga Yunin 1906, jami'an Birtaniya biyar suna farautar kurciya a Denshaway, wani yanki da ke buƙatar amincewar shugabanni. An amince da farautar, amma shugaban ba ya tare da jami'an. Hourani, Albert. 1962. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. pg 177.

Sun harbi tattabarai mallakar mutanen ƙauyen, wanda hakan ya fusata masu gidaje. Babban abin da ya haifar da hakan shi ne harbin matar shugaban addu'a, Abd-el-Nebi, ba da gangan ba a masallacin yankin. Mutanen ƙauyen Masar sun fusata, suka kai hari kan jami'an Birtaniya, inda suka bude musu wuta, suka raunata biyar; jami'an kuma suka kunna wuta a wani gidan hatsi mallakar Abd-el-Nebi. Abd-el-Nebi, wanda matarsa ta ji rauni sosai, ya bugi ɗaya daga cikin jami'an da sanda. Dattijo Hassan Mahfouz ya haɗu da shi, wanda aka kashe tattabararsa. Sauran mutanen ƙauyen sun jefa musu duwatsu. Jami'an sun miƙa makamansu, tare da agogonsu da kuɗinsu, amma hakan bai gamsar da mazauna ƙauyen ba. Jami'ai biyu sun tsere, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya sami damar tuntuɓar manyansa; ɗayan ya mutu sakamakon zafin rana a wani wuri mai nisa daga ƙauyen. Wani manomi ɗan ƙasar Masar wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa jami'in da ke mutuwa, sojoji suka kashe shi, suka yi zaton manomi ne ya kashe shi. A halin yanzu, dattawan sun shiga tsakani, suna ceto sauran jami'an suka kuma bar su su koma sansaninsu. Hourani, Albert. 1962. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. pg 177.

Bayan lamarin, an kama mutanen ƙauye 52 bisa laifin cin zarafin jami'an Birtaniya. Ahmed Lutfi-al Sayyid ne ya jagoranci shari'ar mutanen ƙauye. A matsayinsa na babban editan Al Jarida, Lutfi ya sami damar yaɗa labarin lamarin cikin sauri, gami da labarin mutanen ƙauye da aka gurfanar. Ya shiga shari'ar a matsayin lauya bayan ya gano cewa 'yarsa tana da hannu kai tsaye, wanda hakan ya sa Lutfi ya ɗauki mataki. Wata sanarwa da Lutfi ya fitar ta bayyana yadda aka yi wa wanda ake tuhuma ta ce: "Sun faɗa wa Denshwai, ba su bar mutum ko ɗan'uwansa ba. A hankali suka rataye ɗaya suka yi wa ɗayan bulala." Wannan lamari ne na Denshwai wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Masar ta farko da Lutfi ya ƙirƙira. Hourani, Albert. 1962. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. pg 177.

 Hizbal-Umma 
A shekarar 1907 bayan afkuwar Denshawi, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed ya kafa jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko a Masar, el-Umma ("Ƙasar"), wadda ta zo ne a matsayin martani ga afkuwar Denshaway ta 1906 da kuma karuwar ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Masar. Aikin da Lutfi ya yi a baya tare da Al Jarida ya taimaka masa daga rubuce-rubuce da dama da ya buga a cikin jaridar tare da samun goyon baya kan afkuwar Denshwai. Shiga cikin wannan lokacin ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan rawar da ya taka wajen korar sojojin Birtaniya a ƙarni na 20. Haka kuma a shekarar 1907 ne Lutfi ya buga Al Jarida, tarin ra'ayoyinsa na kishin ƙasa da ra'ayoyinsa kan batutuwan siyasa, wanda bayanin manufarsa ya ce: " Al Jarida jam'iyya ce ta Masar kawai wadda ke da nufin kare muradun Masar na kowane iri".  Lutfi ya gabatar wa al'ummar Larabawa ra'ayoyin masanin falsafa kuma masanin tattalin arziki na Birtaniya John Stuart Mill da ma'anarsa ta sassaucin ra'ayi .

 Gudummawar ilimi 
Ahmed Lutfi al-Sayyid mutum ne mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ya yi imani da daidaito da haƙƙoƙi ga dukkan mutane. Gudummawar Lutfi ga Masar a cikin ra'ayoyi da ƙungiyoyin ilimi ta sake fasalta tarihi a Masar. An ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jami'an Masar na farko da suka gabatar da ayyukan Mill da karatu ga jama'ar Larabawa gaba ɗaya don su ilmantar da kansu kan ra'ayoyin sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata mutane su sami ra'ayi a cikin abin da ke faruwa a gwamnatinsu da ƙasarsu, kuma dukkan mutane suna da wasu haƙƙoƙin jama'a waɗanda ba za a iya kwace su ba. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan adawa da mulkin mallaka da mummunan tasirin da yake yi wa ƙasashe, wanda shine abin da ya sa ya zama memba mai himma a cikin shigar Birtaniya a Masar. Ya ɗauki matsayi mai ƙarfi a kan ra'ayin Larabawa da aka yi a wancan lokacin wanda ya jaddada haɗakar dukkan ƙasashen Larabawa da mutane zuwa wani abu ɗaya. Ya yi imanin cewa Masarawa sun bambanta da Larabawa kuma suna da nasu imani da al'adu daban-daban. Hourani, Albert. 1962. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. pg 177.

 Shekarun da suka biyo baya da mutuwa 
Daga 16 ga Satumba 1915 zuwa 30 ga Nuwamba 1918, Lutfi ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Laburare na Ƙasa na Masar . Hourani, Albert. 1962. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. pg 177. Yayin da yake aiki a ɗakin karatu, Lutfi ya yi ayyuka da yawa, ciki har da fassara daga Aristotle ta hanyar sigar Faransanci . Ya kasance memba na tawagar Masar zuwa taron zaman lafiya na Paris da aka gudanar a Versailles a 1919, inda ya yi kira da a sami ' yancin Masar daga Birtaniya .

Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed shi ne darakta na farko na Jami'ar Masar, wanda aka rantsar a ranar Litinin 11 ga Mayu 1925. Ya kasance babban aminin Taha Hussein kuma ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na darektan jami'a a matsayin zanga-zangar adawa da shawarar gwamnatin Masar na canja wurin Hussein daga mukaminsa na jami'a a 1932.  Ya sake yin murabus a 1937 lokacin da 'yan sandan Masar suka kutsa kai cikin kotun Jami'ar Masar . Daga ƙarshe ya sauka daga mukamin shugaban ƙasa a watan Mayu 1941. A lokacin shugabancinsa na Jami'ar Masar, an fara ba wa mata ƙarin girma da digiri na jami'a.

An san shi da babban malami, kuma ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa, Husayn Fawzi al-Najjar, ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna "Lutfi al-Sayyid, Malamin Zamani" ( Lutfi al-Sayyid Ustadh al-Jil ).

Bugu da ƙari, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed ya riƙe muƙamai kamar ministan ilimi, ministan harkokin cikin gida, darektan majalisar harshen Larabci, ɗan majalisar dattawa, da kuma darektan majalisar littattafai. Ya rasu a shekarar 1963.

 Tasiri da gado 
Yawancin tasirin siyasa na Lutfi ya fito ne daga maganganun ƙasashen yamma da ya ci karo da su a lokacin da yake karatu a jami'ar lauyoyi. Manyan masu tasiri a cikinsa sune Aristotle, John Locke, Bentham, Mill, Spencer, Rousseau, Comte, da Le Bon . Lutfi ya ga kishin ƙasa na Masar a matsayin sakamakon tarihi da muhalli kai tsaye, shi ya sa yake adawa da akidun Musulunci, Larabawa, da kuma akidun Ottoman. Lutfi ya ƙi addini a matsayin tushen ƙasa kuma maimakon haka ya yi kira da cewa amfanin zamantakewa da siyasa ya fi muhimmanci. An ɗauki koyarwar Lutfi da ayyukansa da muhimmanci har aka yi masa lakabi da ustād̲h̲ al-d̲j̲īl ko "Farfesa na Zamani." 

 Duba kuma 

 Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Masar
 Kishin ƙasar Masar

 Manazarta 

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