Kwagh-Hir

Kwagh-hir (a zahiri yana nufin wani abu mai sihiri ko wani abu na sihiri da kuma furtawa kwaa-hee )  wani nau'i ne na fasaha mai gina al'adu da yawa na mutanen Tiv na tsakiyar Najeriya wanda ya shahara a shekarun 1960. Wasan kwaikwayo ne na jama'a mai ban mamaki wanda ke ba da labaran ɗabi'a na abubuwan da suka faru a baya da na yanzu, kuma ya haɗa da wasan yara, zane-zane, waƙoƙi, kiɗa, rawa da labarai masu rai don nuna jigogin ɗabi'unsa. Mutanen Tiv suna amfani da shi don ƙarfafa imani na gargajiya da isar da wasu labaran duniya don ilmantarwa, zamantakewa, samar da nishaɗi na duniya da magance matsalolin zamantakewa.  

 wani nau'i ne na fasaha mafi girma na , tsohuwar al'ada ce ta mutanen Tiv inda masu ba da labari masu kirkirar suka bi da iyalin zuwa zaman ba da labari, yawanci a farkon sa'o'i na dare bayan aikin noma na rana ta hasken wata.

Mafi sanannun bambancin  a cewar Jonathan Fogel na iya zama Punch da Judy show, wanda haruffa masu ganewa ke lalata mutane da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin labarai yayin da suke ambaton ɗabi'un al'adu.

 an sanya shi a cikin Jerin wakilan Al'adun Al'adu na Dan Adam a cikin 2019 ta hanyar yanke shawara na Kwamitin Gwamnati: 14. COM 10. B.27 "Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance". UNESCO. Retrieved 21 February 2020.

 Asali da ci gaba 
Labari ya nuna cewa, Adikpo Songo daga Akpagher; Mbatyav a cikin yankin Gboko na yanzu na Jihar Benue, Najeriya, shine wanda ya kafa . Adikpo Songu, a cikin wata hira da Iyorwuese Hagher, masanin Kwagh-hir, ya yi ƙoƙari ya tabbatar da wannan ra'ayi da shugabannin ƙungiyar kwagh-hir da sanannun dattawa a Tivland suka yi.

Songu, mai goyon bayan United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC) ya bayyana cewa, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1960 a lokacin barkewar rikicin siyasa a Tivland da aka sani da Nande-Nande (tsarin konewa), inda mambobin UMBC suka tayar da gwamnatin Northern People's Congress (NPC), suna ƙone dukiyoyinsu, gami da na ma'aikatan gwamnati da shugabannin, ya tsere zuwa asibitin Kirista na Mkar, kusa da Gboko, don magani, amma a hankali, don tserewa daga kama 'yan sanda.

A kan hanyarsa ta dawowa daga asibitin Kirista na Mkar, bayan ya yi tafiya kusan kilomita 12, ya isa kusa da Kogin Orkoor lokacin da ba zato ba tsammani ya ji sautin kiɗa mai ban sha'awa. Yayin da ya kusanci, yana ɓoyewa a bayan igiyoyin bamboo kuma yana kallo, ya ga taron mutane biyu. Matsayinsu ya yi daidai da jagorancin dangin biyu, Mbayion da Mbatyav. An ɗaga fararen tutar tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu waɗanda dukansu suna da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, 'yan mata masu rawa da bukukuwa a kan  (dandalin). Daga nan sai ya fahimci cewa masu wasan kwaikwayon ba mutane ba ne amma  (ruhohi).

Kungiyoyin biyu sun yi kama da shiga gasar da ta kama da al'adar ba da labari ta Tiv da aka sani da , amma tare da bambanci. A wannan yanayin, maimakon mai ba da labari, mutum zai zo tsakiyar filin wasa kuma a saman muryarsa ya sanar da masu sauraro abin da suke shirin gani. Sa'an nan kuma masu wasan kwaikwayo za su shiga cikin yankin ko dai a matsayin dabbobi masu rawa ko , suna rawa don jaddada halayensu.

A Songu ya ce ya yi barci yana kallon wasan kwaikwayon, kuma bayan ya farka washegari, babu wani abu a kusa da shi don nuna cewa wani abu na irin wannan ya faru a wurin. Don haka ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa dole ne  ya zaɓe shi da gangan don manufar ba shi alhakin kawo  ga mutanen Tiv, da bil'adama a cikin tsari da salon da aka ba shi damar kallo. A

Koyaya, Gowon Ama Doki ya yi gargadi cewa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na  na zamani ya haife shi ne ga Adikpo Songu daga dangin Mbatyav a yankin Gboko na Jihar Benue lokacin da ya gudanar da masu sauraro tare da 'yan tsana da masquerades a cikin 1960. 

Duk da haka, ma'anar malamai na , gami da Doki, shine kamar kowane wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, ba za a iya haɗa kwagh-ir da mutum ɗaya a matsayin mai farawa ba. Maimakon haka, halitta ce ta yawan jama'a, suna taruwa don raba abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin shekarun 1960 ne aka yi sanarwa mai ban mamaki na ; hada zane-zane, kiɗa, kirkira da zane-zane don fadada kalmomin mai ba da labari a cikin nau'in gidan wasan kwaikwayo.Hagher, Iyorwuese (2003). The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance. Ibadan: Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd. pp. 44–48. ISBN 978-36442-4-6.Doki, Gowon (2006). Traditional Theatre in Perspective: Signs and Signification in Igbe, Girinya, and Kwagh-hir. Makurdi: Aboki Publishers. p. 128. ISBN 978-9-788-09830-0.Harper, Peggy (October 1997). "The Kwagh-hir of the People of Tiv: A Note on Dramatised History Telling and Constructions of Nature among the Tiv of Southern Nigeria". Environment and History. 3 (3): 371–376. doi:10.3197/096734097779555845. Retrieved 20 February 2020.

 Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Nyambuan 
Kafin , Tiv ya ga wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka sani da Nyambuan wanda ya shahara tsakanin 1934 da 1939. Nyambuan a zahiri yana nufin nama ya tafi mara kyau. Yana da taken da motsi da aka yi niyya don kawar da Mbatsav (mutanen mugunta). Ayyukan Nyambuan sun zo da tasirin zamantakewa, siyasa kuma sun nemi sake kafa tsari ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na Cathartic da nufin kawar da auren musayar Tiv da aka sani da  (wanda aka fassara a matsayin darajar kasuwanci) da kuma maido da rushewar al'adu da tsarin mulkin mallaka ya ɗora wa mutanen Tiv. Ayyukan sun ɗauki nau'in biki, tare da 'yan wasan kiɗa da masu rawa waɗanda suka zama babban bangare na wasan kwaikwayon wanda ya dogara da al'ada. Akwai kamawa da yawa da kuma tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba na masu wasan Nyambuan. 

Kwagh-hir, wanda daga baya ya fito kuma ana yin sa a yau, ya rage jaddada tattaunawa saboda zalunci da aka yi wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Nyambuan ta hanyar hadin gwiwar masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya.

 Tsarin tsari 
Ƙungiyar  ko taron yana da fannoni da yawa a cikin tsarinta na tsari. Ya ƙunshi ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na membobi waɗanda duk suna da matsayi daban-daban da za su taka. A cewar Iyorwuese Hagher, ƙungiyar  ta yau da kullun an raba ta zuwa huɗu: gudanarwa; masu yin wasan kwaikwayo; mawaƙa da masu sassaka (masu sassaka).  B

 Gudanarwa 
An gano matsayi da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar  da ta shafi maza, mata da matasa.

 Ter kwagh-hir (shugaban) - Yana ba da ainihi ga rukuni kuma yana tabbatar da jituwa tsakanin rukuni.
 Orkyon (shugaban kwamitin gudanar da rukuni na ) - Yawancin lokaci memba ne mai arziki na al'umma wanda ke ba da albarkatu don jin daɗin rukuni
 Ordondon (shugaban kwamitin gudanar da rukuni na ) - Yana taimakawa  a cikin walwalar rukuni.
 Orngeren (sakatare) - Yana kiran tarurruka kuma yana gabatar da ajanda. Har ila yau, ya fitar da sanarwa daga gudanarwa zuwa membobin
 Ikpanyar (mai ba da kuɗi) - Yana da alhakin duk kuɗin da ke tarawa ga ƙungiyar kuma yana ba da kuɗi iri ɗaya daidai.
 Tor Kwagh-hir (darakta na fasaha) - Shugaban ƙungiyar gudanarwa. Yana daidaita dukkan ƙungiyar kuma yana kula da jin dadin su.
 Torkwase (shugaban mata) - Yana kallon jin daɗin mata masu zane-zane da buƙatu yayin wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, yana kula da wasan kwaikwayo na dukan mata suna rawa kuma yana koya musu waƙoƙi.
 Dugeri (mai kariya) - Yana tabbatar da horo da warware ƙananan rikice-rikice tsakanin mambobi.
 Tor Ikyo (mai tsaron gandun daji) - Shugabannin da jagororin masu zane-zane a cikin gandun daji.
 Agum-a-ior (matasa) - Yana tabbatar da amincin baƙi, kiyaye abubuwa da kuma karfafa masu wasan kwaikwayo yayin samarwa.

 Masu wasan kwaikwayo 
Akwai 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da dama a cikin ƙungiyar  kuma rawar da suke takawa ta dogara ne akan labarin da suke son nunawa. Duk da haka, jerin da ke ƙasa yana nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ake samu a kusan kowace ƙungiyar  da ke wanzuwa.

  (mai ba da labari) - Mafi yawan memba wanda ke da alhakin dangantaka tsakanin masu sauraro da masu wasan kwaikwayo. Ya nuna alamun masu wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya cika hutu tare da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa.
  (masqueraders) - Wadanda ke bayan abin rufe fuska da tufafin wasan kwaikwayo.
  (mutumin haskakawa) - Mai kula da fitilu. Yana ɗauke da fitilar a matsayin jagora ga  a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.
  (masu wasan kwaikwayo) - Masu kula da wasan kwaikwayo daga ƙarƙashin dandalin.
  (mai busa ƙaho ko mai kula da lokaci) - Lokaci na tsawon wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban

 Masu kiɗa 
Masu kiɗa suna karkashin jagorancin  (babban mai bugawa) wanda  ke taimakawa. Sauran mawaƙa da yawa sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kuma suna kunna nau'ikan drum daban-daban da aka sani da  (Tiv native snare drum),  (Tiv native bass drum), da dai sauransu.

 Mai zane-zane 
Mai zane-zane () ba a gani sosai a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon . Koyaya, shi ne babban jagora na ƙungiyar . A aikace, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin marubucin rubutun da darektan saboda yana ƙayyade fassarar da kyawawan wasan kwaikwayo. An hayar mai zane-zane, bisa ga kirkirarsa don samar da bukukuwa da abin rufe fuska ga rukuni.

 Filin wasan kwaikwayo 
An raba matakin  zuwa babban yanki, matsayin mawaƙa, bayan fage da ɗakin taro.

Babban yanki shine tsari na rabin zagaye a cikin yankin wasan kwaikwayon. Wannan shi ne inda masu zane-zane ke yin mafi kyawun ƙwarewarsu bayan suna motsawa a gefen gefen. Matsayin mawaƙa yana a kusurwar mataki. Ya haɗu da masu sauraro tare da bayan fage kuma mawaƙa da masu rawa suna shagaltar da shi.

Gidan baya yawanci shine bayan gidaje masu zagaye. Wannan yanki an ƙuntata shi sosai ga membobin ƙungiyar . Gidan taron shine yankin da ke kewaye da babban filin wasa a kusa da inda masu sauraro ke zaune.Hagher, Iyorwuese (2003). The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance. Ibadan: Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd. pp. 44–48. ISBN 978-36442-4-6.

 Kwagh-hir kyakkyawa da kayan shafawa 
Kwagh-hir kyawawan abubuwa an samo su ne daga alamu na al'adun Tiv kuma suna nuna fahimtar Tiv game da rayuwarsu. An tsara wannan ta hanyar amfani da ra'ayoyi daban-daban na ƙira waɗanda aka ɗora su cikin nau'o'i daban-daban don nuna ayyukan al'umma. Masks suna da kyau kuma suna nuna yanayin kyawawan halaye na mutanen Tiv. Ya ƙunshi wasu raye-raye na zamantakewar Tiv kamar swange, gberichul, ihinga, ivom, iee, igbe, ibiamegh, girinya da sauran siffofin ban dariya.

Kayan aiki daban-daban na kwagh-hir duk suna da halin kirki. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na halitta ne, ba daidai ba ne har ma da ba'a, duk da haka duk suna nuna nuna nuna bambancin ɗabi'a da takunkumi na al'ummar Tiv. Ana nuna wayar da kan jama'a game da tarihi a wasu bukukuwa waɗanda ke wakiltar abubuwan da suka faru kamar lokacin da mace ta farko ta fito ko kuma lokacin da salon tufafi na zamani na ƙirar Turai suka sami karɓa na gida.

 puppets suna da kyawawan halaye kamar hanci na triangular, idanu masu kama da Nok, ƙananan leɓuna da hanci na uku. Launuka da aka yi amfani da su wajen zanen 'yan tsana suna da ƙarfi, saboda masu zane-zane na  suna amfani da launuka kai tsaye daga tushe. Babu wani yunkuri na da gangan na ƙirƙirar sautuna, inuwa ko tintura. Ana yin kayan ado don masquerade sosai kuma suna da launi sosai.

Kowane abu ne da abin rufe fuska da kayan rufe fuska don nuna aikin alama da motsi wanda ke bayyana fannoni na ra'ayi na duniya na Tiv. Kowane abu na abin rufe fuska yana bayyana, kuma yana fassara gaskiyar tsakanin mutum, dabba, ruhu, da muhalli. Kowane mutum yana nuna zurfin motsin rai na tsoro, dariya, fushi, soyayya har ma da rashin kulawa. Kowane hali na kwagh-hir yana da alaƙa da bayyanarsa kuma yana haifar da wani nau'i na ganewa ga masu sauraro.Bunch, Richard (2017). Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv. BFP Publishing. p. i. ISBN 978-0-692-98547-2.

 Shahararrun daraktocin zane-zane na kwagh-hir 
Wadannan sune wasu daga cikin sanannun Ator-a-Kwagh-hir (direkta na fasaha):

 Apev Akaa
 Anande Chieshe
 Chia Gbagir Hagher, Iorwuese (2014). The Kwagh-hir Theater: A Weapon for Social Action. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-6250-5.
 Ayange Gwer
 Adasu Jirgba
 Kende Kaase
 Adikpo Songo

 Bayani 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba