Siege na Fort Zeelandia

Siege na Fort Zeelandia (Sinanci: 熱蘭遮城包圍戰; : Jia̍t-lân-jia Siân Pau-ûi-chiàn) na 1661-1662 ya kawo karshen Taiwan_under_Dutch_colonial_rule" id="mwTA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Taiwan under Dutch colonial rule">mulki Kamfanin Dutch East India a kan Taiwan kuma ya fara mulkin Tungning a kan tsibirin.

 Gabatarwa 
Daga 1623 zuwa 1624, Dutch sun kasance a yaƙi da Ming China a kan Pescadores. A shekara ta 1633 sun yi karo da rundunar jiragen ruwa karkashin jagorancin Zheng Zhilong a Yaƙin Liaoluo Bay, wanda ya ƙare a nasarar Dutch. A shekara ta 1632 Dutch sun kafa wani matsayi a kan tsibirin da ake kira Tayoan (yanzu Gundumar Anping ta Tainan), wanda aka raba shi daga babban bangare na Formosa ta hanyar tafkin da ba shi da zurfi wanda ake kira Taikang a cikin teku . Ginin Dutch ya kunshi manyan garkuwa guda biyu a bakin tekun: na farko kuma mafi girma shine Fort Zeelandia mai ganuwa da yawa, wanda yake a ƙofar bayin, yayin da na biyu shine karamin Fort Provintia, ofishin gudanarwa mai ganuwar.[13][14] Frederick Coyett, gwamnan Taiwan na Kamfanin Dutch East India, ya kasance a Fort Zeelandia tare da mutane 1,733: sojoji da jami'ai 905, bayi 547, mata da yara 218, da maza 63 da suka yi aure, yayin da wanda ke ƙarƙashinsa, Valentyn, ke kula da Fort Provintia da garrison na sojoji 140.[1][1]

A shekara ta 1659, bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba na kama Nanjing, Koxinga, ɗan Zheng Zhilong kuma shugaban ragowar masu goyon bayan Ming, ya ji cewa Daular Qing ta karfafa matsayinsu a China sosai, yayin da dakarunsa ke buƙatar ƙarin kayan aiki da sojoji. Ya fara neman wurin da ya dace a matsayin sansanin ayyukansa, kuma nan da nan wani dan kasar Sin mai suna   (Sinanci), wanda ke aiki ga Kamfanin Dutch East India a Formosa (Taiwan), ya gudu zuwa sansanin Koxinga a Xiamen kuma ya ba shi taswirar Taiwan.[16]

 Harin Koxinga 

 Saukowa 
A ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1661, rundunar Koxinga ta tashi daga Kinmen (Quemoy) tare da daruruwan junks na girma daban-daban, tare da kimanin sojoji 25,000 da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a cikin jirgin. Sun isa Penghu washegari. A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, an bar wani karamin garuruwa a Penghu yayin da babban rundunar ya bar kuma ya isa Tayoan a ranar 2 ga Afrilu. A tsibirin Baxemboy a cikin Bay of Taiwan, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da kewaye, mutane 2,000 na kasar Sin sun kai hari kan 'yan bindigar Dutch 240, suna rushe su.[7] Bayan sun wuce ta hanyar ruwa mai zurfi wanda ba a sani ba ga Dutch, sun sauka a bakin tekun Lak Georges [zh].[17] Jiragen ruwa uku na Dutch sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin kuma sun lalata da yawa har sai babban jirgin yakin su, Hector, ya fashe saboda harbin bindigogi da ke kusa da kayan bindigogi. Sauran jirage biyu sun kunshi jirgin ruwa da ƙaramin jirgin yaki, wanda ba zai iya hana Koxinga sarrafa ruwan da ke kewaye da Taiwan ba. Babu wani adawa da aka samu a lokacin. Sauran mutanen Koxinga sun sauka lafiya kuma sun gina gine-ginen ƙasa da ke kallon filin.

 Siege 
A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, Valentyn ya mika wuya ga sojojin Koxinga bayan sun kewaye Fort Provintia. Harin da aka yi da sauri ya kama Valentyn ba tare da shiri ba tun lokacin da yake ƙarƙashin tunanin cewa sansanin yana ƙarƙashin kariya na Fort Zeelandia. A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, sojojin Koxinga sun kewaye Fort Zeelandia, sun aika da firist din Dutch da aka kama Antonius Hambroek a matsayin wakilin, yana neman sojojin su mika wuya. Koyaya, Hambroek ya bukaci dakarun su yi tsayayya maimakon su mika wuya kuma an kashe su bayan sun koma sansanin Koxinga. Koxinga ya umarci bindigoginsa su ci gaba kuma ya yi amfani da bindigogi 28 don jefa bam a sansanin.[24]

Koxinga ya amince da ikon sojojinsa na mamaye sansanin. Sun fi yawan masu kare ashirin zuwa daya kuma yana da daruruwan bindigogi. Bayan shiryawa da kyau da kuma abubuwa da yawa, Koxinga ya jefa bam a cikin dare, ya rushe rufin gidan gwamnan Dutch. Duk da yake da farko ba su iya amsawa ba, Dutch sun sami damar sake sanya bindigoginsu kuma su mayar da wuta daga kusurwoyi daban-daban ta amfani da sansanonin bastion a matsayin wuraren gani. An kori harin tare da kashe daruruwan sojojin Koxinga mafi kyau. Gwamnan Dutch ya rubuta cewa an sanya bindigogin abokan gaba ba su da kyau, ba a kare su ba, kuma suna da sauƙin hallakawa. Harin bai haifar da wani lalacewa ba sai dai ya lalata wasu gidaje kuma ya yi wa wani dan bindigar Holland rauni. Da yake ya firgita da cin nasara, Koxinga ya watsar da hanyar da za a kama sansanin ta hanyar guguwa don neman yunwa.

A ranar 28 ga Mayu, labarai game da kewaye sun kai Jakarta, kuma Kamfanin Dutch East India ya aika da jiragen ruwa 12 da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 700 don sauƙaƙe sansanin. A karo na farko da suka yi ƙoƙarin sauka, mummunan yanayi ya tilasta musu su tafi, kuma 'yan asalin jirgin ruwa sun kama ma'aikatan jirgin lokacin da ya fadi a cikin rairayin bakin teku. 'Yan asalin sun kashe mafi yawan ma'aikatan kuma suka tura su Koxinga. A ranar 5 ga watan Yuli, rundunar agaji ta isa kuma ta shiga cikin ƙananan rikice-rikice tare da rundunar Koxinga. A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli, bangarorin biyu sun ba da babban yaƙi yayin da rundunar sojojin Holland ta yi ƙoƙari ta karya toshewar Koxinga. Na biyu, a ƙarshe ba a yi nasara ba don samun taimako a watan Oktoba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun yi ƙoƙari su jefa bam a matsayin kasar Sin tare da jiragensu, amma harbe-harben su sun yi tsayi sosai kuma sun rasa burinsu, suna ba da 'yan bindigar kasar Sin lokaci don shirya da mayar da wuta. A halin yanzu, ƙananan jiragen ruwa na Dutch sun shiga cikin jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin, wanda ya ja hankalin su cikin wani karamin kogi tare da janyewar ƙarya. Jiragen ruwa na Dutch ba su iya tserewa ba saboda iska ta mutu, kuma an tilasta musu su yi tafiya a cikin jiragensu, amma Sinawa sun kama su kuma sun kashe ma'aikatan da ke cikin jirgin, kuma sun yi amfani da pikes don kashe wadanda suka tsalle a cikin jirgin. Sinawa sun kama grenades na Dutch a cikin taru kuma sun jefa su a kan Dutch. Jirgin saman Holland Koukercken ya fadi a gaban wani canon na abokan gaba kuma ya nutse. Wani jirgi ya makale kuma ma'aikatansa sun gudu zuwa Fort Zeelandia. Sauran jiragen ruwa na Dutch sun tilasta su koma baya tare da asarar jiragen ruwa biyu, ƙananan jiragen ruwa uku, da kuma wadanda suka mutu 130.[27]

A watan Satumba, Koxinga ya kai hari kan sansanonin Dutch tare da niyyar kama su. Coyet ya yi tsokaci game da daidaito na harin bam na kasar Sin a kan wuraren bindigogi na Dutch a kan sansanin, wanda ya sa su tsaya. Masassaƙa na Dutch sun yi ƙoƙari su gina kagara a gindin sansanin amma sun kasa saboda harbin bindigogi na abokan gaba. Coyet ya umarci 'yan bindiga 50 da su samar da wuta mai kariya da kuma share' yan bindigar kasar Sin. Sun yi nasara, amma a cikin dare, Sinawa sun dawo kuma sun haƙa matsayin 'yan bindiga tare da cajin fashewa. Duk da haka sun tafi da wuri washegari yayin da 'yan bindigar ke komawa matsayinsu kuma sun kasa kashe su. Yaren mutanen Holland sun sami damar karfafa sansanin.[28]

A watan Oktoba, dakarun Dutch da yawa sun kai hari kan tsibirin da ke kusa don samar da kayayyaki. Harin ya zama bala'i lokacin da suka gamu da karamin rukuni na sojojin kasar Sin. Sun yi ƙoƙari su gudu, amma sun sha wahala sosai, sun rasa mutane 36.[29]

A watan Disamba, 'yan kwangila na Jamus da suka bar suka kawo Koxinga maganar rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin garuruwan, kuma ya kaddamar da babban hari a kan sansanin, wanda daga ƙarshe aka kori shi.[30] A watan Janairun shekara ta 1662, wani sajan Jamus mai suna Hans Jurgen Radis ya sauya sheka don ba Koxinga shawara mai mahimmanci game da yadda za a kama sansanin daga wani sansanin da sojojin kasar Sin suka kasance ba tare da lura da shi ba. Koxinga ya bi shawararsa kuma sansanin Dutch ya fadi cikin rana ɗaya. Wannan da'awar mai sauya sheka ya bayyana a cikin wani asusun da Frederick Coyett ya rubuta, wanda masana suka lura ya nemi ya wanke marubucin alhakin cin nasara. Wani sojan Switzerland ya kuma rubuta game da cin amanar da kansa. Ming rubuce-rubucen ba su ambaci wani mai sauyawa ko Jamusanci mai suna Hans Jurgen Radis ba.[30][31]

A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1662, rundunar Koxinga ta fara wani hari, yayin da sojojin ƙasa suka shirya don kai hari kan sansanin. Tare da raguwar kayayyaki kuma babu alamar ƙarfafawa, Coyett a ƙarshe ya ba da umarnin ɗaga fararen tutar kuma ya tattauna ka'idojin mika wuya, tsarin da aka kammala a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu. A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu, sauran ma'aikatan Kamfanin Dutch East India sun bar Taiwan; an ba su damar ɗaukar kayan kansu tare da su, da kuma isasshen kayan aiki don su isa ga mazaunin Dutch mafi kusa.

 Tortura 
Dukkanin bangarorin biyu sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a yakin. Wani likitan Holland ya gudanar da vivisection a kan wani fursuna na kasar Sin. Sinanci sun yanke al'aura, hanci, kunnuwa, da gaɓoɓin fursunonin Dutch yayin da suke da rai kuma sun mayar da gawawwakin da fursunoni ga Dutch. 'Yan tawayen kasar Sin sun riga sun yanke al'aura, idanu, kunnuwa, da hanci na mutanen Holland a cikin tawayen Guo Huaiyi.[35] Bakunan sojojin Holland sun cika da al'aurarsu da aka yanke ta hanyar Sinawa wadanda suka kuma buga ƙusa a cikin jikinsu, kuma suka yanke hanci, kafafu, da makamai kuma suka tura gawarwakin wadannan sojojin Holland zuwa sansanin.[36]

 'Yan asalin Taiwan 
'Yan asalin Taiwan sun kai hari kan Sinawa da Dutch. A cikin Masarautar Middag, 'yan asalin sun yi maraba da sojojin da kwamandan Koxinga, Chen Ze ke jagoranta. Lokacin da sojojin Chen Ze suka shiga cikin rashin tsaro, 'yan asalin sun kashe su a cikin barcin su, sun shafe 1,500 daga cikin sojojin Koxinga. Wannan shi ne mafi munin hare-haren 'yan asalin ƙasar da yawa a kan Sinawa. Na biyu mafi munin lamarin ya faru a kudu, inda wasu 700 daga cikin sojojin Koxinga 'yan asalin suka shafe su. 'Yan asalin da suka hada kai da Dutch a baya a kan Sinawa a lokacin Guo Huaiyi Rebellion a 1652 sun juya wa Dutch a lokacin kewaye. 'Yan asalin (Formosans) na Sincan sun sauya sheka zuwa Koxinga bayan ya ba su afuwa. Sun ci gaba da aiki ga Sinawa wajen kashe 'yan Holland da aka kama. A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1661, 'yan asalin iyaka a cikin duwatsu da filayen suma sun mika wuya kuma sun sauya sheka ga Sinawa. Sun yi bikin 'yancinsu daga ilimi na tilas a karkashin mulkin Holland ta hanyar farautar masu mulkin mallaka na Dutch da kuma fille musu kawunansu, yayin da suke lalata litattafan makarantar Kirista. Koxinga ya tsara wani shiri don ba da shanu, kayan aikin gona, da kuma koyar da dabarun noma ga 'yan asalin Taiwan. Ya ba su riguna da kawuna na Ming, ya ba da bukukuwa ga shugabannin, kuma ya ba da taba ga 'yan asalin da suka taru a cikin taron jama'a don saduwa da maraba da shi yayin da ya ziyarci ƙauyukansu bayan ya ci Dutch.

 Sakamakon haka 

 Fursunoni na Holland 
A lokacin da aka kewaye Fort Zeelandia, Sinawa sun dauki fursunonin Dutch da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai mishan din Dutch Antonius Hambroek da matarsa, da ɗansu da 'yarsu. Koxinga ya aika Hambroek zuwa Fort Zeelandia don shawo kan garuruwan su mika wuya; idan ba su yi nasara ba, za a kashe Hambroek lokacin da ya dawo. Hambroek ya hau Fort, inda sauran 'ya'yansa mata biyu suka kasance, kuma ya bukaci dakarun da kada su mika wuya. Daga baya ya koma sansanin Koxinga kuma an fille kansa. Bugu da ƙari, an yada jita-jita tsakanin Sinawa cewa Dutch suna ƙarfafa 'yan asalin Taiwan su kashe Sinawa. A matsayin fansa, Koxinga ya ba da umarnin kisan gilla na fursunonin maza na Dutch,  galibi ta hanyar gicciye da yanke kawunansu  tare da kashe 'yan mata da yara.[42] Sauran matan Dutch (ko wani ɓangare na Dutch) da yara sun zama bayi, tare da Koxinga ya ɗauki 'yar yarinyar Hambroek a matsayin ƙwaraƙwaransa (kwamanda na Dutch Caeuw ya bayyana ta a matsayin "mace mai dadi da jin daɗi"), yayin da aka sayar da wasu mata ga sojojin kasar Sin don zama matansu (na biyu) ko masoya. Jaridar yau da kullun ta sansanin Dutch ta rubuta cewa "an adana mafi kyawun don amfani da kwamandoji, kuma an sayar da sauran ga sojoji na yau da kullun. Farin ciki ita ce ta fada ga mutumin da bai yi aure ba, ta haka ne aka 'yantar da ita daga tashin hankali daga matan kasar Sin, wadanda ke kishi sosai ga mazajensu. "  Sinawa sun dauki mata a matsayin bayi da mata kuma ba a taɓa 'yantar su ba: a cikin 1684, wasu an ruwaito cewa har yanzu suna da rai.[46] A Quemoy, an tuntubi wani dan kasuwa na Dutch tare da tsari don sakin fursunoni, wanda dan Koxinga ya ba da shawarar, amma bai yi nasara ba.[47][48][49]

 Daga baya gamuwa da Ming-Dutch 
A shekara ta 1663, Dutch sun haɗa kai da Daular Qing a kan sojojin Zheng. A cikin shekara ta 1663, jiragen ruwa 15 na Dutch sun watsar da rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Zheng na daruruwan junks.

Dutch sun sace kayan tarihi kuma sun kashe 'yan majami'a bayan sun kai hari kan wani hadin gwiwar Buddha a Putuoshan a tsibirin Zhoushan a cikin 1665 yayin yakin da suka yi da dan Koxinga Zheng Jing . 

A shekara ta 1666, sojojin kasar Sin sun yi ƙoƙari su ci wani sansanin Dutch a Taiwan, wanda sojoji 300 na Dutch suka kare tare da dakarun kasar Sin 3,000. An gina sansanin ne don tabbatar da tasirin Dutch a tsibirin bayan faduwar Zeelandia. An sanye shi da manyan bastions guda huɗu da ke kallon filin fili amma ba su da kayan aiki da harsashi. Sojojin da kansu ba su da lafiya kuma ba su da kayan aiki. Sinawa sun yi ƙoƙari su dauki wani sansani a kan wani karamin dutse kusa da sansanin amma karamin rundunar sojojin Holland sun kori su. Daga nan sai suka gina wani karamin sansani a kan tudu a ƙarƙashin dutsen kuma suka kafa bindigogi huɗu don harba a sansanin Dutch. Bayan harbe-harbe 109, an kashe dan Holland daya, amma kusan dukkanin harbe-tarbe sun rasa kuma ba su lalata ganuwar ba. Kwanaki tara bayan isowa, sojojin kasar Sin sun tafi. Kwamandan garuruwan, Joan de Meijer, ya yi mamakin, saboda ya ji cewa duk wani kwamandan da ya dace ya kamata ya iya kama sansanin. Shugaban Ming, a zahiri, kwararren kwamandan ne, amma kamar sauran jami'an kasar Sin na zamani, bai saba da sansanonin Turai ba, wanda kuma ya rikitar da Koxinga a Zeelandia.

Keelung mallakar riba ce ga Kamfanin Dutch East India, tare da kashi 26% na ribar kamfanin da ke fitowa daga ayyukan su na Taiwan a cikin shekara ta 1664.  Yaren mutanen Holland sun ci gaba a Keelung har zuwa 1668, lokacin da juriya ta asali (watakila Zheng Jing ya zuga),  da kuma rashin ci gaba wajen sake dawo da wasu sassan tsibirin ya shawo kan hukumomin mulkin mallaka su bar wannan sansanin karshe kuma su janye daga Taiwan gaba ɗaya. 

A shekara ta 1672, rundunar sojan Koxinga, Zheng Jing, ta sake kayar da Dutch a yakin basasa, ta kashe ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 34 na Dutch kuma ta nutsar da ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa takwas na Dutch bayan fashi, kwanton bauna, da nutsewar jirgin ruwa na Dutch Cuylenburg a arewa maso gabashin Taiwan. Masu aikin jirgin ruwa na Dutch guda ashirin da daya sun tsere zuwa Japan. Jirgin yana kan hanyarsa daga Nagasaki zuwa Batavia a kan aikin kasuwanci.

 Tasirin al'adu 
An nuna yakin a cikin fim din The Sino-Dutch War 1661 (Chinese), wanda ya ƙare a nasarar Koxinga a kan Dutch.

 See also 

 Kamfanin Dutch East India
 Masarautar Tungning
 Koxinga

 Manazarta 

  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaTsibirin Formosa, da suka gabata da na yanzu: Tarihi, Mutane, albarkatu, da kuma Kasuwanci. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Tattalin Arziki, da Sauran Ayyuka, na James Wheeler Davidson, wani littafi daga 1903, yanzu a cikin Yankin jama'a a Amurka.
  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaTsibirin Formosa: Tarihin Tarihi daga 1430 zuwa 1900, na James Wheeler Davidson, wani littafi daga 1903, yanzu a cikin Yankin jama'a a Amurka.

 Bayanan littattafai 


 Haɗin waje 

 Koxinga - Tarihin Iyali na Cheng: "Ayyukan Hambroek" a chenghistory.blogspot.com
 Koxinga - Tarihin Iyali na Cheng: "Ayyukan Hambroek" a danshuihistory.blogspot

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba