Gudanar da sharar gida a Thailand

Akwai batutuwa daban-daban na sarrafa sharar gida a Tailandia, gami da yin amfani da robobi da yawa, sharar masana'antu, da sauransu.

 Rashin ƙarfi 

 Kayan shara na gari 
Thai ga kowane mutum yana samar da kimanin kilo 1.14 na sharar gida a kowace rana - kashi 50 cikin dari na abin da zai iya lalacewa. Dangane da kididdigar Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, sharar gida a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin 2016 ya kai tan miliyan 27, kusan kashi 0.7 cikin dari daga shekarar da ta gabata. Daga cikin wannan, an samar da tan miliyan 4.2 a Bangkok. Adadin shekara-shekara a shekara ta 2009 ya kasance tan miliyan 15.1. Kimanin kashi ashirin cikin dari na jimlar an samar da su a yankin Bangkok Metropolitan Area (BMA)  Daga cikin sharar da aka samar a cikin 2015, kimanin tan miliyan biyar ne kawai aka sake amfani da su. Kimanin tan miliyan takwas ne kawai aka sarrafa bisa ga mafi kyawun ayyukan duniya. Daga cikin wuraren zubar da shara 2,500 na Thailand, kusan kashi 20 ne kawai ake sarrafa su yadda ya kamata. A cewar Ma'aikatar Kula da Magunguna (PCD), babban mai kula da sharar gida na Thailand, kasar tana fuskantar matsaloli masu tsanani na kula da shayarwa. Wadannan batutuwan suna ƙaruwa. Wichan Simachaya, darektan janar na PCD, ya ce yawan sharar gida zai iya ci gaba da girma da tan 600,000 a shekara, saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da yawon bude ido. 

Shirin kula da sharar ta Thailand ya yi kira da a zubar da kashi 75 cikin 100 na jimillar sharar ta Thailand yadda ya kamata ko kuma a sake yin amfani da su ta wata hanya nan da shekarar 2021, sama da kashi 49 na yanzu. Nan da shekarar 2021, gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna shirin kashe jimillar baht biliyan 177 (dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) kan fasahar sarrafa shara da yakin wayar da kan jama'a. "Muna da tarar shara amma babu wanda ya damu," in ji Wijarn. "Muna bukatar kara karfafa jami'an tsaro tare da koyar da mutane sake sarrafa su, sake amfani da su da kuma rage sharar gida." 

A Thailand rawar da ke cikin kula da sharar gida (MSW) da kuma kula da shayarwa na masana'antu an shirya su ne ta Gwamnatin Royal Thai, wanda aka raba tsakanin gwamnatin tsakiya, gwamnatocin yanki, da kananan hukumomi. Kowace gwamnati tana da alhakin ayyuka daban-daban. Gwamnatin tsakiya tana da alhakin karfafa ka'idoji, manufofi, da ka'idojin. Gwamnatocin yankuna suna da alhakin daidaita gwamnatocin tsakiya da na gida. Karamar hukuma suna da alhakin kula da sharar gida a yankin da suke mulki. Gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da kansu ba sa zubar da sharar gida, amma a maimakon haka suna hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu waɗanda PCD ta ba su wannan haƙƙin. Babban matsala shine rashin kudade don kula da sharar gida - matsakaicin gidan Thai yana biyan kasa da dala daya a wata don zubar da shararsu mai ƙarfi. Manyan kamfanoni sune Cibiyar Gudanar da Kasuwancin Masana'antu ta Bangpoo;  Babban Kamfanin Kula da Muhalli na Jama'a Limited (GENCO);  SGS Thailand;  Gudanar da Waste Siam Ltd (WMS);  Better World Green Public Company Limited (BWG). da Professional Waste Technology (1999) Kamfanin Jama'a Ltd Babban kamfani na dawo da albarkatu shine Wongpanit, wanda ke sayen kayan sake amfani da su (takarda, filastik, gilashi, aluminum, ƙarfe) a kusan 11,300 baht a kowace ton.  Gheewala, Shabbir (2011-12-10). "Thai Style Recycling". Waste Management World (WMW). Retrieved 13 June 2016. Wadannan kamfanoni suna da alhakin sharar da suka karɓa daga abokan cinikin su kafin a zubar da su.

 Sharar kwayoyin halitta 
PCD ta yi kiyasin cewa a cikin 2017 sharar da aka tara da gundumomi a fadin Thailand ya kai kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na yawan sharar da kasar ke fitarwa: an ruwaito tan miliyan 7.6 - kashi 64% - na sharar da aka tattara ta kasance sharar kwayoyin. Ana tsammanin cewa babban ɓangaren wannan sharar ba wai kawai 'ya'yan itace da peeling kayan lambu ba ne, amma abinci mai ragi na ci. Wannan a cikin al'ummar da yara 400,000 zuwa 600,000 na iya zama rashin abinci mai gina jiki saboda talauci, amma duk da haka kashi goma na dukan yara suna da kiba. Halayen da suka ci gaba ba su ƙunshi takin gargajiya ko rarrabuwa ba: kashi 64 cikin 100 na al'ummar Thailand ba sa ware shara a cewar wani bincike.

 Sharar filastik 
Thailand mai amfani ne mai amfani da filastik sau ɗaya. 'Yan Thailand suna amfani da jaka biliyan 70 na filastik a shekara. Kasar babbar mai ba da gudummawa ce, tare da China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam da Sri Lanka,  har zuwa 60% na gurɓataccen filastik a cikin teku. Yankunan bakin teku 23 na Thailand suna zubar da kimanin tan miliyan daya na shara a cikin teku a kowace shekara. Takalma na filastik sun kai kashi 15%, filastik suna da kashi bakwai, kuma sigari na sigari kashi biyar. A cewar Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da muhalli, tururuwan teku 150, 100 whales da dolphins, da 12 dugongs suna mutuwa a kowace shekara daga sharar da aka watsar, rabin su suna mutuwa daga cin jakar filastik.

A watan Yunin 2017, Thailand ta yi alkawari a wani taron kasa da kasa don rage amfani da filastik. Tailandia ta yarda cewa rashin sarrafa sharar gida shine babban dalilin rashin kyawun tarihin Thailand. Wakilai da ke wakiltar gwamnatin mulkin sojan Thailand a wurin taron, sun jajirce wajen kawo karshen matsalar. Don haka, ta sanya sarrafa sharar gida a cikin dabarunta na shekaru 20 na kasa.

A cikin wani mataki mai sauƙi na ci gaba, Sashen Kula da Kayayyakin Ruwa na Tailandia (PCD) ya sami yarjejeniyoyin daga manyan kwalaben ruwa guda biyar don dakatar da yin amfani da hatimin filasta a kan kwalaben ruwan sha nan da 1 ga Afrilu 2018. Tambarin hular ita ce ƙaramin filastik ɗin da aka ƙera a kan hular kwalbar wanda dole ne a goge kafin a iya buɗe kwalbar. Nazarin ya gano cewa kwalabe ba tare da su ba ba su da haɗari ga lafiyar lafiya. PCD na da burin cire su daga dukkan kwantena na ruwa a karshen shekarar 2018. A cewar PCD, Thailand na samar da kwalaben ruwan sha na filastik biliyan 4.4 a kowace shekara. Kashi 60 cikin 100, ko biliyan 2.6, na waɗannan kwalabe suna da hatimin hula. Nauyin murfin hular filastik kadai yana kusan tan 520 a kowace shekara.

A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2018 ne gwamnatin kasar Thailand ta fara wani shiri na rage amfani da kwantena kumfa da buhunan robobi guda daya a sabbin kasuwannin kasar. Alamu na farko sun nuna cewa jama'ar Thailand ba su amince da waɗannan ƙoƙarin ba.

Finally, a ban on single-use plastic bags with a thickness of less than 36 microns at major retailers was enacted to take effect on 1 January 2020. The ban exempts, until 2021, the 40% of total volume of single-use bags used at wet markets and restaurants. Bag manufacturers have cried foul, arguing that the solution to plastic pollution is proper disposal of bags and recycling. To make matters worse for the manufacturers, eight TV channels signed an agreement with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment on 2 January 2020 to blur images and footage of single-use plastic bags on-screen, as is done in Thailand for firearms, cigarettes, and alcohol. Thailand imported 480,000 tonnes of plastic garbage from abroad in 2018, and is set to import an additional 220,000 tonnes before existing contracts expire in September 2020. Between 2014 and 2018 Thailand imported 906,521 tonnes of plastic from 81 countries, according to the Commerce Ministry. Plastic imports nearly doubled between 2018 and 2019 due to increased Chinese imports.

 Kashewar masana'antu da guba 
Kamar yadda na 2016 Thailand ta tattara da sarrafa sharar masana'antu na kamfanoni 68,261. Ƙarfinta na sarrafa sharar masana'antu da masu guba ya kai tan miliyan 37.6 a kowace shekara, kimanin tan miliyan 2.8 wanda sharar gida ce mai guba. Jimlar iya aiki a cikin 2015 ya kasance tan miliyan 25.8. Sashen ayyukan masana'antu na ma'aikatar masana'antu (DIW) na shirin kafa wuraren kula da sharar gida guda 15 a fadin kasar nan kamar yadda dalla-dalla a cikin shirinta na sarrafa sharar shekaru biyar na shekarar 2015-2019.

 Rashin magani 
Babban Asibitin Gadaje 500 na Babban Asibitin Babban Birnin Bangkok yana samar da "sharar lafiya" kusan 196,000 kowane wata. Kimanin rabin wannan sharar ta ƙunshi "kayayyaki masu tsabta": marufi, jakunkuna na PVC don maganin dialysis, da sauran abubuwan da ba su da kamuwa da cuta waɗanda za a iya sake yin amfani da su ko kuma a sake su. Tailandia tana da asibitocin gadaje 33 ko fiye da 500, da kuma wasu asibitoci 321 da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya masu tsakanin gadaje 11 zuwa 250 a duk fadin kasar, ma'ana yawan sharar magunguna na da matukar muhimmanci.

 Sharar lantarki 
Thailand ta hana shigo da sharar lantarki na waje (e-sharar gida) a watan Yunin 2019, a daidai shekarar da China. Duk da haramcin, an buɗe sabbin masana'antar sake yin amfani da su a duk faɗin Thailand, musamman a lardunan gabas, kuma ana sarrafa ton na sharar lantarki masu haɗari. Tun bayan haramcin e-sharar gida, sabbin masana'antun sake yin amfani da su 28, galibin sharar lantarki, sun fara aiki a lardin Chachoengsao kadai. A cikin 2019, kasuwanci 14 a wannan lardin an ba su lasisi don sarrafa e-sharar gida. A cikin Oktoba 2019, majalisar dokokin Thai ta sassauta ƙa'idodin aiki da muhalli ga duk masana'antu, abin alhairi ga masana'antar e-sharar gida. Ɗaya daga cikin tanadin dokar har ma yana keɓe ƙananan kamfanoni daga sa ido kan gurbatar yanayi. A lokaci guda kuma, wani kudirin doka don ƙarfafa hana sharar gida bai wuce ko'ina ba a majalisar. Wani jami'in cibiyar sadarwa ta Basel Action Network, mai fafutukar yaki da zubar da shara a kasashe matalauta, ya ce, "Sharar gida dole ta je wani wuri, kuma Sinawa na tafiyar da ayyukansu gaba daya zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya kawai. Hanya daya tilo da za a samu kudi ita ce samun adadi mai yawa tare da arha, aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma gurbata muhalli daga muhalli," in ji shi.

 Ruwa mai guba 
A cikin wani bincike na 2004 da Bankin Duniya ya ba da izini don nazarin yanayin abubuwan more rayuwa na Thailand, marubutan sun kammala cewa, "Mafi munin samar da kayan aikin samar da ababen more rayuwa a Thailand shine a cikin sharar ruwan sha ... a koyaushe suna ƙin ƙara cajin sharar ruwa a cikin kuɗaɗen samar da ruwa, duk da tabbataccen shaida daga gogewar ƙasashen duniya cewa wannan shine mafi kyawun aiki."

A ƙarshen 2016, Hukumar Kula da Birni ta Bangkok (BMA) tana la'akari da ƙaddamar da kuɗin sharar gida, wanda majalisar BMA ta amince da shi. Idan an amince, matakin zai sanya kudade kan sakin ruwan sharar gida:

 Gidajen da ke samar da ruwa mai guba na 10-100 m3 a kowane wata za a caji su 30 baht
 Hukumomin gwamnati, makarantu, kamfanoni, asibitoci da ke samar da kasa da 500 m3 za a caji 500 baht
 Fitarwa tsakanin 500-1,000 m3 zai haifar da cajin baht 1,000
 Za a caje fitarwa sama da 1,000 m3 1,500 baht
 Masana'antu, otal-otal, da sauran manyan masu amfani za su biya baht huɗu a kowace cubic mita

Za a yi amfani da kudaden da aka tattara don inganta wuraren samar da ruwa mai guba da BMA ke sarrafawa.

A cikin 2015 Thailand ta samar da m3 miliyan 9.5 na ruwa mai guba. : 47 Wannan daidai yake da lita 150 a kowace rana ga kowane mutum. : 50 An kula da kashi 34 cikin dari na ruwan sharar gida a daya daga cikin wuraren magani 93 na Thailand kafin a mayar da shi cikin muhalli. : 47 Sakamakon kai tsaye shine lalacewar ingancin ruwan bakin teku na Thai. : 62 

 Tasirin muhalli 
A cewar taron Tekun na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Thailand na samar da kusan tan 50.000 na datti da ke samun hanyar shiga cikin teku a kowace shekara. Yawan sharar bakin teku, musamman ma a saman kogin Tekun Tailandia yana shafar rayuwar teku da kuma mangroves na bakin teku. Faman Mangrove suna cike da datti. A wani wuri, jaridar Bangkok Post ta ruwaito cewa, "Jakunkuna, kwalabe, igiyoyi, kwantenan da aka jefar, da ma na'urar dafa abinci mai tsatsa na yawo a cikin ruwa ko kuma suna makale a cikin laka a ƙarƙashin koren alfarwa."

Ma'aikatar kula da gurbatar yanayi ta Thailand (PCD) ta bayar da rahoton cewa, ingancin ruwan manyan koguna da ke kwarara zuwa gabar tekun Thailand na sama ya yi matukar tabarbarewa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Sashen ya gano ƙananan kogin Chao Phraya, wanda ke ratsa ta Bangkok, ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta da gurɓataccen abinci daga phosphates, phosphorus, da nitrogen. Gurɓataccen abinci mai gina jiki yana sa algae yayi girma da sauri fiye da yadda yanayin halittu zai iya ɗauka, yana cutar da ingancin ruwa, albarkatun abinci don dabbobin ruwa, da wuraren zama na ruwa. Hakanan yana rage iskar oxygen da kifi ke buƙatar tsira. PCD ta rarraba ingancin ruwa a bakin Chao Phraya a gundumar Bang Khun Thian na Bangkok a matsayin "masu talauci" kuma mafi muni fiye da na 2014. Rafukan da ke kusa, irin su Tha Chin a Samut Sakhon, an kiyasta "talakawa". : Binciken PCD 56 ya nuna cewa an zubar da ruwa mai yawa a cikin kogi daga gidaje, masana'antu, da aikin gona.

 Dubi kuma 

 Sharar sinadarai
 Rashin haɗari
 Jerin fasahar kula da sharar gida
 Jerin kamfanonin kula da sharar gida
 Jerin batutuwan kula da sharar gida
 Sake amfani
 Rashin Ƙasa
 Sharar gida mai guba
 Rashin gurɓata ruwa a Thailand

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Haɗin waje 

 Ma'aikatar Kula da Gurɓata, Thailand