Harshen Washo

Washo ko Washo (/ˈwɒ.ʃoʊ/; [1] endonym wá꞉šiw ʔítlu [2]) yare ne na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke cikin haɗari wanda Washo ke magana a kan iyakar California-Nevada a cikin magudanar kogin Truckee da Carson, musamman a kusa da Tafkin Tahoe . Duk da yake akwai tsofaffi 20 kawai masu magana da Washo tun daga shekara ta 2011, tun daga shekara a shekara ta 1994 akwai karamin makarantar nutsewa wanda ya samar da wasu matasa masu magana da matsakaici.[3] Makarantar nutsewa tun lokacin da ta rufe ƙofofinta kuma shirin harshe yana aiki ta hanyar Sashen Al'adu na Ƙabilar Washoe. Harshen ya kasance cikin haɗari sosai; duk da haka, an sake farfadowa a cikin motsi na farfado da harshe kamar yadda yawancin ɗaliban da suka halarci makarantar immersion ta asali suka zama malamai.

Masu Magana da harshen Washo na Ethnographic sun kasance daga yankin al'adun Great Basin kuma su ne kawai ƙungiyar da ba ta Numic ba a wannan yankin. Harshen ya aro daga makwabta Uto-Aztecan, Maiduan da Miwokan harsuna kuma yana da alaƙa da Great Basin da Northern California sprachbunds.

 Tarihi 
A cikin 2012, an sake sunan Lakeview Commons Park a Kudancin Lake Tahoe a cikin harshen Washo. "Ƙabilar Washoe ta gabatar da sunan  (mai suna approx. ) wanda, a cikin yaren asali, yana nufin "duk wurin mutane. "Sunan ne da kabilar za ta so ta ba da kyauta ga El Dorado County da Kudancin Lake Tahoe a matsayin alama ce ta zaman lafiya, wadata da nagarta. "

 Rarraba 
Washo yawanci ana ɗaukarsa yare ne mai zaman kansa. Wato, ba shi da alaƙa da aka nuna tare da kowane harshe, gami da harsunan makwabta guda uku kai tsaye, Arewacin Paiute (harshe na Numic na Uto-Aztecan), Maidu (Maiduan), da Sierra Miwok (Utian). Wani lokaci ana rarraba shi azaman yaren Hokan, amma wannan dangin harshe ba a yarda da shi a duniya tsakanin kwararru ba, kuma ba haɗin Washo da shi ba.

An fara bayyana harshen ne a cikin A Grammar of the Washo Language by William H. Jacobsen, Jr., a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, PhD dissertation kuma wannan ya kasance cikakkiyar bayanin harshen. Babu wani bambancin yare mai mahimmanci.  (An bayyana aikin rayuwar Jacobsen tare da Washo a Jami'ar Nevada Oral History Program.) Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh

 Harsuna 
Washo ya nuna bambancin ƙasa kaɗan. Jacobsen (1986:108) ya rubuta, "Lokacin da akwai bambance-bambance guda biyu na fasalin, yawanci ana samun ɗayan a yankin arewacin ɗayan kuma a cikin yankin kudu, amma layin da ke raba yankuna biyu don fasalulluka daban-daban ba koyaushe suke daidai ba. "

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin sautin 
Akwai halaye shida daban-daban na wasali da aka samu a cikin harshen Washo, kowannensu yana faruwa da tsawo da gajeren lokaci. Ingancin sauti na wasali ya dogara da tsawon su da ma'anar da suke gaba da ita, da kuma matsa lamba da aka sanya akan wasali.Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
+Washo wasula Rubutun kalmomiIPAMisali'a' ko aá꞉ ko a꞉/a/ 'ɗaya' 'sagebrush'shi ne zinariya e꞉ ko e꞉/e/ 'kashinsa' 'yaro'i="mwlw">a cikin zinariya ií꞉ ko I꞉/i/ 'motata' 'tsuntsu'o oó ko O꞉/o/ 'mai warkarwa na zinariya' 'robin'ú ko u">U ko U꞉/u/ 'kwari' 'sunflower'ƘariSai dai:/ɨ/ (sanyi) ayDaynan da aka yiido (don biyan; ƙaramin ɗan'uwa [an yi amfani da shi a cikin mahallin]) 
Ana kiran sautin da aka yi alama da babbar murya (') tare da damuwa, kamar a cikin Washo  (summer).

A cikin Washo, wasula na iya samun ko dai dogon ko gajeren halaye; ana lura da ingancin da ya fi tsayi ta hanyar ƙara maɓallin maɓallin, kamar yadda a cikin misalin da ke sama  . Ana kiran sautin da ke da irin wannan alamar sau biyu na tsawon al'ada. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin bambancin tsakanin kalmomin  (takalma)  (dutse). Koyaya, sautin da ake furta ta wannan hanyar bazai biye da maɓallin ba.

Jacobsen ya bayyana dalla-dalla sauye-sauye daban-daban na wasula waɗanda suka bambanta al'ummomin magana na Washo.

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Tsarin da ba a wakilta shi da wasika ɗaya a cikin Washo kusan koyaushe yana faruwa a cikin kalmomin Ingilishi da aka aro, kamar nd a cikin  (saki).Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
+Washo consonantsRubutun kalmomiIPAMisalip/p/ 'pus '; 'jiki na';  'wurin da ke da ruwa't/t/ 'miwak'; [bayani da ake buƙata]  'wuka';  'magpie' k/k/ 'kwari';  'rashin hakora';  'harsashi'ʔ/ʔ/ 'kogi da꞉daʔ';pꞌ ko pʼ/pʼ/ 'a cikin kwarin';  ' huhu'tꞌ ko tʼ/tʼ/ 'pinenut'; tꞌá concytꞌat 'magpie'ć ko cʼ/t͡sʼ/ 'chokecherry';  'sashin kaina'kꞌ ko kʼ/kʼ/ 'yana kururuwa'; kꞌá concykꞌaʔ 'heron'b/b/ 'makamai';  'sagebrush'd/d/ 'sagebrush'; da꞉daʔ 'gadin'z/d͡z/ 'wani nau'in tsuntsu'g/ɡ/ 'wani nau'in tsuntsu';  'pinenut's/s/ 'karya  'sake';  'tsuntsu'š/ʃ/ 'farin fir'; diš промышленʔ 'yar uwata';  'gurasa'h/h/ 'uku';  'suna tsaye'm/m/ 'kwandon nauyi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don kwai na pine';  'muskrat';  'pinenut'n/n/ 'mai cin abinci na zinariya';  'ant'ŋ/ŋ/ 'yaro'l/l/ 'ɗaya';  'gurasa';  'pus'w/w/ 'gurasa';  'a cikin kwarin';  'kogi'da kuma/j/ 'sake rana';áʔ 'shafi'M/m̥/"Yana ɓoye"Ŋ/ŋ̊/ 'gidan tudun da ke gangarowa'L/l̥/ 'sunflower'W/ʍ/ 'shi ne wanda ke yin hakan'Y/j̊/ 'yana farauta'
In the area around Woodfords, California, the local Washo dialect substituted  for , thus,  'bird' was pronounced thithu.

 Yanayin Yanayi 
Washo yana da tsarin rikitarwa.

Washo yana amfani da raguwa ko cikakkiyar reduplication na aikatau ko sunaye don nuna nau'i mai maimaitawa ko lambar jam'i. Washo yana amfani da prefixation da suffixation a kan sunaye da aikatau.

 Kalmomin 
Verbal inflection is rich with a large number of tenses. Tense is usually carried by a suffix that attaches to the verb. The tense suffix may signal recent past, intermediate past, the long-ago-but-remembered past, the distant past, the intermediate future, or the distant future. For example, the suffix  indicates that the verb describes an event that took place in the recent past, usually earlier the previous day as seen in the Washo sentence,  ('the white man fed us').[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span>]
+Sautin sautinWasika ta SuffixMa'anarAn yi amfani da shiMisalitsakiya na bayada wuri fiye da yau, amma ba da daɗewa ba ('Na fadi') da daɗewa, an tuna da bayaa cikin rayuwar mai magana ('Sun kasance suna kiransa haka') da suka gabatakafin rayuwar mai magana ('Sun dasa shi a nan da daɗewa') baya-bayan nanaikin ya ƙare ('Na isa can') yanzuayyukan da ke gudana a halin yanzu ('Na gan ka') nan gabanan ba da daɗewa badimú sek hay промышленʔi ('Zan tsage shi') Tsakanin makomara cikin rana ('Yana samun kore.' Zai zama kore) nan gaba mai nisawashegari ko daga baya ('Zan gan ka.' 'Ganin ka daga baya') 

 Sunaye 
Possession in Washo is shown by prefixes added to the object. There are two sets of prefixes added: the first set if the object begins with a vowel and the second set if the object begins with a consonant.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span>]
+Sautin farkoSautin farkoAmfani da shiMisalimutum na farko mai mallaka ('gidanmu/gidanmu') mutum na biyu mai mallaka ('gidanka') mutum na uku mai mallaka ('gidansa/ta/gidansa') Ba a san shi ba ('gidan wani') Ma'anar farkoAmfani da shiMisalimutum na farko mai mallaka ('bakina/munnu') mutum na biyu mai mallaka ('bakinka') mutum na uku mai mallaka (lokacin da wasali na farko na abu shine a ko o) 
(loa da wasali na farko na abu shine a ko o)  ('shi/ta/bakinsu')  ('shi/shi/ta'ta/bakansu') mutum na uku mai mallaka (lokacin da wasula ta farko ta abu ita ce e, i, ɨ, ko u') 
(lokaci da wasali na farko na abu shine e, i, ɨ, ko u')  ('ta/ta/ta'ta/tabarta')  ('ta'ta'ta-ta'ta')  ('ta'uwarta/ta')  ('ta/ita/ta' ta') Ba a san shi ba ('bakin wani') 

 Dubi kuma 

 Ƙabilar Washoe
 Harsunan asalin Amurka

 Manazarta 

 Tushen 














 Ƙarin karantawa 




 Haɗin waje 

 Jami'ar Chicago Washo Revitalization Project
 Washo Online Lexicon
 Reno Linguist Foremost Expert on Washoe Language
 Washo asali lexicon a Global Lexicostatistical Database
 Bayani game da yaren Washo a Binciken California da Sauran Harsunan Indiya
 Albarkatun OLAC a ciki da kuma game da harshen Washo

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