Rubutun Meroitic

Rubutun Meroitic ya ƙunshi rubutun alphasyllabic guda biyu waɗanda aka haɓaka don rubuta Harshen Meroitic a farkon zamanin Meroittic (karni na 3 BC) na Masarautar Kush. Rubutun guda biyu sune Meroitic Cursive, wanda aka samo daga Demotic Egyptian, da Meroittic Hieroglyphs, wanda aka samu daga hieroglyphes na Masar. Meroitic Cursive shine rubutun da aka fi tabbatarwa, wanda ya zama ~90% na duk rubutun,  kuma ya riga ya wuce, da ƙarni ɗaya ko fiye,  rubutun Meroittic na farko da ya tsira. Masanin tarihin Girka Diodorus Siculus (kimanin 50 BC) ya bayyana rubutun biyu a cikin Bibliotheca historica, Littafin III (Afirka), Babi na 4. Rubutun Meroitic na ƙarshe da aka sani shine rubutun Meroittic Cursive na sarki Blemmye, Kharamadoye, daga wani shafi a cikin Haikali na Kalabsha (REM 0094), wanda kwanan nan aka sake shi zuwa AD 410 / 450 na karni na 5. Kafin zamanin Meroitic, an yi amfani da rubutun Masar don rubuta sunayen Kushite da abubuwa masu mahimmanci.

Kodayake Masarau Kush ta ƙare tare da faduwar babban birnin sarauta na Meroë, amfani da harshe da rubutun Cursive ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci bayan wannan taron. A lokacin karni na 6th Kiristanci na Nubia, an maye gurbin harshen Kushite da rubutun Cursive da Byzantine Greek, Coptic, da . Tsohon rubutun Nubian, wanda aka samo daga rubutun Uncial na Girkanci, ya  haruffa uku na Meroitic Cursive: Ōn, kuma mai yiwuwa Ōnkh, don Tsohon Nubian [ɲ], [w - u], da [ŋ] bi da bi. Wannan ƙarin haruffa na Meroitic Cursive ya nuna cewa ci gaban Tsohon rubutun Nubian ya fara akalla ƙarni biyu kafin cikakken shaidar farko a ƙarshen karni na 8 da / ko kuma an riƙe ilimin harshen Kushite da rubutun har zuwa karni na 8.

Francis Llewellyn Griffith, masanin kimiyyar Masar na Burtaniya, ya fassara rubutun a cikin 1909, bisa ga rubutun Meroitic na sunayen Masar. Koyaya, yaren Meroitic da kansa ya kasance ba a fahimta ba. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, an sami cikakkiyar sadaukarwar sarauta ta farko,  wanda zai iya taimakawa tabbatarwa ko karyata wasu ra'ayoyin yanzu.

Rubutun da ya fi tsayi da aka samu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts, Boston.
Akwai siffofi biyu na zane-zane na Meroitic alphasyllabary: alamomi masu mahimmanci, da kuma cursive.Claude Rilly (2011). Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan. http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-1_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf, p. 13. Where Rilly states, "...For  all  the  other  purposes,  including  royal  chronicles  and even  some  royal  funerary  texts,  the  cursive  script  is  used,  so  that  90%  of  the current corpus is made of cursive inscriptions." Yawancin matani suna da mahimmanci. Ba kamar rubuce-rubucen Masar ba, akwai rubutu mai sauƙi tsakanin nau'ikan Meroitic guda biyu, sai dai a cikin nau'ikan cursive, ana haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a cikin ligatures zuwa wasula mai zuwa.

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