Harshen Warao

Warao (wanda aka fi sani da Guarauno, Guarao, Warrau) yare ne na Mutanen Warao. Harshen da aka ware, kusan mutane 33,000 ne ke magana da shi da farko a arewacin Venezuela, Guyana da Suriname. Yana da sananne ga tsari mai ban mamaki na abu-subject-verb.[1] An yi magana da fim din Venezuelan na 2015 Gone with the River a Warao . [2]

 Rarraba 
Warao ya bayyana a matsayin yare ne mai zaman kansa, ba shi da alaƙa da kowane harshe da aka rubuta a yankin ko a wasu wurare. Terrence Kaufman (1994) ya haɗa shi a cikin iyalinsa na Macro-Paezan, amma ba a taɓa yin aikin tallafi ba. Julian Granberry ya haɗa da yawancin siffofin ilimin lissafi, gami da ƙididdiga suna da maganganu, na Warao zuwa Harshen Timucua na Arewacin Florida, kuma harshe ne. Koyaya, ya kuma samo nau'ikan Timucua daga Muskogean, Chibchan, Paezan, Arawakan, da sauran yarukan Amazon, yana ba da shawarar ƙirar harsuna da yawa a matsayin yiwuwar bayani game da waɗannan kamanceceniya.

 Ra'ayi na Waroid 
Granberry ya lura da abubuwa na "lit." data-linkid="100" href="./Waroid" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Waroid">Waroid" a cikin Taíno, kamar  ko  [nosái] '' a cikin yaren Ciboney (cf. Warao  '') da kuma  'dutse na bikin' a cikin Classic Taíno (cf. warao  'zauna, tarkace').

Ya kuma sami irin wannan kamanceceniya da Guajiro; daga shaidar toponymic da alama Warao ko mutane masu alaƙa sun taɓa mamaye ƙasar Goajiro. Granberry & Vescelius (2004) sun lura cewa shaidar toponymic ta nuna cewa harshen pre-Taino Macorix na Hispaniola da Harshen Guanahatabey na Cuba na iya kasancewa Harsunan Waroid.

 Tattaunawar harshe 
Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da iyalan yaren Caribbean, Arutani, Máku, da Sape saboda hulɗa a cikin yankin hulɗar Guiana Highlands na baya.

 Yankin rarraba 
Harshen yana da kimanin masu magana 28,100 a Venezuela tun daga shekara ta 2007. Mutanen Warao galibi suna zaune a yankin Orinoco Delta na arewa maso gabashin Venezuela, tare da ƙananan al'ummomi a kudu maso yammacin Trinidad (Trinidad da Tobago), yammacin Guyana da Suriname. UNESCO ta dauki yaren a matsayin mai haɗari.

 Iri-iri 
Tushen tarihi sun ambaci kabilun da ke cikin Orinoco Delta kamar Siawani (Chaguanes), Veriotaus (Farautes), da Tiuitiuas (Tibitíbis) waɗanda ke magana da Warao ko harsuna da ke da alaƙa da Warao na zamani. Sauran kungiyoyin da suka ƙare sun hada da: :

 Aricari da Pirao daga Cayenne
 Guaiqueri daga Tsibirin Margarita

Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa nau'ikan da suka biyo baya: 

 Guanoco - ana magana a kan Laguna de Asfalto, jihar Monagas (ba a tabbatar da shi ba) 
 Chaguan - ana magana a cikin Orinoco Delta a reshen Manamo (ba a tabbatar da shi ba) 
 Mariusa - ana magana a wannan yankin a kan rassan Cocuina da Macareo

Mason (1950) ya lissafa: 

 Waikeri (Guaiqueri) 
 Chaguan
 Mariusa

 Fasahar sauti 
Abubuwan da ke tattare da Warao suna da ƙananan, amma ba su da ƙanƙanta kamar sauran kayayyakin Kudancin Amurka.
LabariAlveolarPalatalVelarGishirifiliLabializedPlosiveptkkʷFricativeshHancimnTapɺKusancijw
Ana yawan ganin /p/ na baki kamar yadda ake furta [b]. /ī/ yana da kalma ta allophone [d] da farko kuma [ɾ] lokacin da ke tsakanin  da .

Akwai wasula biyar na baki  da wasula biyar ta hanci  . Bayan , a matsayin farko na kalma,  ya zama [ɨ].

 Harshen harshe 
An bincika tsarin kalmomin asali na harshe a matsayin abu-subject-verb, wani tsari mai ban sha'awa sosai tsakanin Harsuna masu zargi kamar Warao . 

 Kalmomin kalmomi 
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci na Uarao da Mariusa, dukansu biyu yana la'akari da yarukan yaren Uarao (Warao). Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

 Manazarta 

 Sauran tushe 


 Barral, Basilio de. 1979. Ƙamus na Warao-Castellano, Castellano-Warao. Caracas: UCAB
 Figeroa, Andrés Romero. 1997. Magana ta Magana ta Warao . München, Newcastle: Lincom
 Phonci, Bitrus. 2004. Diccionario Español - Warao. Gidauniyar Yawon Bude Ido ta Pedernales.
 Ka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka haifi 'yan wasa a lokacin da suka mutu 1965. Harshen Warao. Morfología, sintaxis, wallafe-wallafen. Nazarin 'yan asalin ƙasar Venezuela. Caracas
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 1964. Littattafan Magana na Warao. Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam da zamantakewa ta Caribbean. Gidauniyar La Salle de Ciencias Naturales. Littafin rubutu na 9 Caracas: Editorial Sucre.
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 1969. Rubutun gargajiya na Indiyawan Warao. Los Angeles: Cibiyar Latin Amurka. Jami'ar California. Nazarin Latin Amurka Vol. 12.

 Haɗin waje 

 Kalmomin Warao-Spanish
 Harshen Warao na Stefanie Herrmann

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba