Swahili Ajami

Rubutun Swahili Ajami yana nufin haruffan da aka samo daga rubutun Larabci da ake amfani da su don rubuta harshen Swahili . [1]

Ajami suna ne da aka fi ba wa haruffa da aka samo daga rubutun Larabci don amfani da harsunan Afirka daban-daban, daga Swahili zuwa Hausa, Fula, da Wolof .

A cikin 2010s, an yi aiki a kan ƙirƙirar sababbin haruffa Unicode, akan taswirar madannai, da shirye-shiryen canza rubutun, ta yadda yin rubutu a cikin Rubutun Swahili Ajami zai iya zama mai sauƙi kamar yadda ake bugawa a cikin Rubutun Latin, ta yadda za a iya juyar da nassoshi daga kowane rubutun cikin sauƙi da daidaito zuwa ɗayan, da samun kayan aiki digitize da loda rubutun tarihi a cikin Swahi. Dokta Kevin Donnelly na SOAS ya yi aiki a kan haka da kuma kan ƙididdige rubutun Swahili mai tarihi. [1] [2]

 Tarihi 
Har zuwa ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, babu takamaiman "rubutun Swahili". Rubutun Larabci ne ba tare da wani gyara da aka yi amfani da shi ba. 

 Daidaita rubutun Larabci zuwa harshen Swahili 
Tun daga farkon Musuluntar gabar tekun Swahili, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 20, da kuma ci gaba a karni na 21, ana aiwatar da wani tsari na "Swahilization" na rubutun Larabci daga malamai da masana Swahili. Mwalimu Sikujua, masani kuma mawaƙi daga Mombasa ne ya yi ƙoƙari na farko na tsari, wanda ya gina bisa tsawon ƙarni na amfani da rubutun Larabci a yankin. A ƙasa akwai sababbin abubuwan Mwalimu Sikujua a cikin daidaita rubutun Larabci don ilimin sautin Swahili: 

 A cikin rubutunsa, ya bambanta sautin alveolar [t] da [d] daga takwarorinsu na hakori wanda shine ka'ida a cikin larabci phonology. Ya yi haka ta wajen ƙara ɗigo 4 a cikin haruffa tāʼ ( ت ) da dal ( د ), ya ƙirƙiri haruffan ٿ da ڐ . Wannan daidai yake da abin da aka yi a cikin haruffan Urdu don nuna baƙaƙe na retroflex, inda daga baya, ɗigon 4 ɗin suka samo asali zuwa kamannin harafin ṭāʾ ( ط )
 Ƙaddamar da sababbin haruffa don wakiltar sautunan [p] da [v] ta ƙara ɗigo uku zuwa haruffa bāʼ ( ب ) da fāʼ ( ف ), daidai da abin da aka yi a cikin haruffan Farisa,  ƙirƙirar haruffa پ da ڤ .
 Don wakiltar baƙaƙen da ake so, Mwalimu Sikujua ya rubuta ƙaramar harafi hāʾ ( ھ ) a saman wasiƙar da ake nema. Misali, za'a rubuta alveolar [t] da ake nema da ه a saman dige-dige guda huɗu na harafin ٿ, yana samar da " ".
 Don wakiltar baƙaƙen da ba a kai ba (sauti kamar [ⁿd], [ᵑɡ], da [ᵐb]), Mwalimu Sikujua ya rubuta ƙaramar harafi mīm ( م ) ko nun ( ن ) sama ko ƙasan harafin. Misali, za a rubuta sautin [ᵐb] a matsayin "بۭ" kuma sautin [ⁿd] a matsayin "دۨ".
 Kamar yadda aka bayyana, Larabci kawai yana da wasulan [a], [i], da [u], yayin da Swahili yana da wasula biyar, ukun da aka ambata da [e] da [o]. Don nuna wasalin [e], Mwalimu Sikujua ya gyara lafazin Kasrah da ake amfani da shi don nuna [i] ( ◌ِ ), ta hanyar canza kusurwar sa kaɗan da ƙara alamomi don gyaggyara siffarsa kaɗan, don haka ya samar da siffa mai kama da "◌̼". Amma [o], Mwalimu Sikujua ya juyar da madaidaicin yare na Ḍammah da ake amfani da shi don nuna maka ( ◌ؙ ), don haka yana wakiltar sa da yare mai kama da "◌ٗ".

WE Taylor, masanin adabin Swahili dan asalin Biritaniya ne ya buga wakoki da rubutun da Mwalimu Sikujua ya rubuta a ƙarshen karni na 19. Wannan na iya nuna alamar farko na Swahili a rubutun Ajami da ake bugawa da bugawa sabanin rubutun hannu. Duk da haka, yaɗuwar daidaitaccen saɓanin rubutun Larabci na Swahili ya sami cikas sakamakon mamaye Gabashin Afirka da Ingila da Jamus suka yi. An dakushe amfani da rubutun Larabci a Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka da kaɗan a Gabashin Afirka ta Burtaniya . Duk da haka, tun daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940, yawan karatun karkara a cikin rubutun Larabci da kuma son rubuta Swahili a cikin wannan rubutun ya yi yawa. Amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa karatun karatu a lokacin yana cikin rubutun Larabci da ba a gyara ba, kuma ba rubutun da aka gyara ba wanda ya zuwa yanzu irin su Mwalimu Sikujua suka tsara. Omar, Yahya Ali; Frankl, P. J. L. (April 1997). "An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (1): 55–71. doi:10.1017/S1356186300008312.

A tsakiyar 1940s, fitattun malaman adabin Swahili 3 daga asalin Birtaniyya sun lura da rubutun Swahili a tsakiyar birnin Mombasa . Sun yi nuni da cewa, a lokacin, marubutan birnin sun yi amfani da ingantaccen rubutun Larabci. Yayin da kawai suka yi amfani da wasula na asali guda uku, suna da daidaito wajen nuna maƙasudin maɗaukaki ta hanyar rubuta dogayen wasulan larabci ta amfani da alif, wāw, da yāʼ ( ا, و, ی ). Masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka da kuma fitattun malaman Swahili, duk da fahimtar bukatar aiwatar da gyare-gyare a cikin rubutun, suna masu nuni da adawar cikin gida da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, sun kosa da yin hakan tare da dora shi a kan jama'a ta sama. Omar, Yahya Ali; Frankl, P. J. L. (April 1997). "An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (1): 55–71. doi:10.1017/S1356186300008312.

 Matsayin gasa na yaren Swahili 
Tsarin daidaita rubutun Swahili Ajami ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na 20. Duk da haka, malamai ba koyaushe suke bi ko ba da shawara iri ɗaya ba. Misali, Hajj Nur b. Muhammad Hajj Nur, wanda yake daga Barawa a Somaliya, ya yi aiki bisa yaren Chimbalazi na gida na Swahili. A cikin shawarwarin nasa, ya ci gaba da yin amfani da ƙananan haruffa don wakiltar baƙaƙen da ba a kai ga haihuwa ba kamar yadda Mwalimu Sikujua ya yi. Ganin cewa, Mu'allim Sheikh Yahya Ali Omar daga Mombasa ya yanke shawarar yin abin da ake yi a rubutun Latin, wato kawai rubuta haruffa mīm ( م ) ko nūn ( ن ) a matsayin ɓangaren kalmar. Misali, za a rubuta lamba biyu ( mbili ) azaman     a kowane ma'auni. Mutiua, Chapane (5 October 2020). "Swahili Ajami: An Introduction". Hypotheses. doi:10.58079/awub. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Omar, Yahya Ali; Frankl, P. J. L. (April 1997). "An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (1): 55–71. doi:10.1017/S1356186300008312.

Bugu da ƙari, a saman bambance-bambancen rubutu, yana da kyau a ambaci bambancin yare a cikin Swahili. A al'adance, yarukan Lamu (a gabar Tekun Kenya) sun kasance tushen tarihin adabin Swahili kuma sun mamaye wakokin Swahili.  Wannan yare shine tushen rubutun Swahili Ajami. Koyaya, yaren Kiunguja na birnin Zanzibar ya ƙalubalanci hakan. An yi amfani da wannan yare ta Kiristocin mishan da jami’an mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya a matsayin tushen rubutun Latin. Mutiua, Chapane (5 October 2020). "Swahili Ajami: An Introduction". Hypotheses. doi:10.58079/awub. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023.

A cikin ma'auni na baya-bayan nan kuma da kowa ya yarda da shi, wanda Mu'allim Sheikh Yahya Ali Omar ya tsara, an zabi yaren garinsu na Mombasa a matsayin tushe. Wannan shi ne, a cewar Yahya Ali Omar da kansa, domin wannan yare a tarihi ya shafi duk nau'in Swahili na yare kuma ya kafa tushen Swahili na adabi. Wannan yare yana cikin ra'ayinsa, wanda ya fi dacewa don ingantacciyar larura ta Swahili. Omar, Yahya Ali; Frankl, P. J. L. (April 1997). "An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (1): 55–71. doi:10.1017/S1356186300008312.

 Al'adar haruffa da haruffa 

 Wasika 
Wasiƙu a cikin rubutun Yahya Ali Omar sun dogara ne akan yaren Mombasa. Akwai baƙaƙe da yawa waɗanda ke wakiltar sautunan da ke cikin yaren Mombasa amma ba lallai ba ne a wasu wurare a duniyar masu jin Swahili. Akwai baƙaƙe 48 a cikin Swahili Ajami. Ana kirga digraphs azaman haruffa daban. Omar, Yahya Ali; Frankl, P. J. L. (April 1997). "An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (1): 55–71. doi:10.1017/S1356186300008312.

Duk da cewa rubutun Rumawa bai bambanta tsakanin silabicity da sautunan da ba a kai ba, duk rubutun Sheikh Yahya da kuma taron Yahya Omar sun bambanta tsakanin syllabic hanci da murya mai sauti (misali [m̩ɓ]) da kuma sautin murya mai fa'ida (misali [ᵐb]). Duk waɗannan biyun an rubuta su a matsayin mb a cikin rubutun Roman. Ana ganin na farko a cikin suna na Swahili aji 1 (ajin M-wa), kuma harafin farko na kalmar an rubuta shi da mīm ( م ), kamar mbrazil.   Mutumin Brazil). Ana ganin na baya a cikin suna Swahili aji 9 . Don wannan ajin, a cikin rubutun Roman, ana amfani da prefix na m ko n, wanda ke nuna furci. A rubutun Ajami, ana amfani da nūn ( ن ) koyaushe, yana nuna daidaiton nahawu. Misali shine mbazi   wake). Omar, Yahya Ali; Frankl, P. J. L. (April 1997). "An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (1): 55–71. doi:10.1017/S1356186300008312. 

An yi wa ƙwaƙƙwaran baƙaƙen baƙaƙen da ba a so ba kuma ana yi musu alama a cikin Swahili Ajami, tare da “ido biyu” hāʾ ( ھ ) mai kama da abin da aka yi a cikin haruffan Urdu . Ba a nuna wannan a rubutun Roman na Swahili ba.

Dental sabanin alveolar [t] da [d] baƙaƙe, sautuna na musamman ga Mombasa Swahili, suma ana yiwa alama a cikin Swahili Ajami. Siffofin hakori ana wakilta su da haruffan Larabci tāʼ ( ت ) don [t̪] da dal ( د ) don [d̪], yayin da alveolar na wakilta da haruffa na musamman, kama da surar Urdu haruffa Ṭe ( ٹ ) na [t] da Ḍal ( ڈ ) na [d]. Dental da alveolar [t] da [d] ba su bambanta ba a cikin rubutun Roman na Swahili, ko a rubutun Larabci da ba a gyara ba.

Abin takaici, kayan aikin musanya rubutun kan layi sun kasa bambance tsakanin abubuwan da ke sama na musamman ga rubutun Ajami, kuma suna fassara duk rubutu kamar yadda zai dace da Roman. Za a buƙaci gyara rubutu da hannu. Donnelly, Kevin (1 December 2017) [2015]. "Writing and transliterating Swahili in Arabic script with Andika" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2023.

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