Charivari

Charivari (/ˌʃɪvəˈriː, ˈʃɪvəriː/, Burtaniya kuma /ˌʃɑːrɪˈvɑːri/, Amurka kuma /ʃəˌrɪvəˈliː/,   wanda aka rubuta shivaree ko Chivaree kuma ana kiransa skimmington) al'ada ce ta Turai da Arewacin Amurka da aka tsara don kunyatar memba na al'umma, wanda aka shirya ta hanyar sulhu tare da Serenade mai rikitarwa. Tun da taron ya yi niyyar yin hayaniya sosai ta hanyar bugawa a kan tukwane da pans ko wani abu da ya zo hannu, ana kiran waɗannan fareti a matsayin kiɗa mai tsanani.

An yi amfani da nau'o'i uku. A farkon kuma gabaɗaya mafi yawan tashin hankali, ana iya janye wanda ake zargi da aikata laifi (ko masu aikata laifi) daga gidansu ko wurin aiki kuma a tilasta shi ta hanyar al'umma. A cikin tsari, wanda aka azabtar ya kasance ƙarƙashin ba'a daga taron jama'a kuma ana iya jefa shi kuma ana yawan jefa shi a ƙarshen aikin. Hanyar da ta fi aminci ta haɗa da maƙwabcin mai laifi wanda ke nuna wanda aka azabtar yayin da ake ɗauke da shi a kan tituna. A bayyane yake ba a hukunta mai kwaikwayon kansu ba kuma sau da yawa suna ihu ko raira ayoyi masu banƙyama suna ba'a ga mai laifi. A cikin al'ada, an yi amfani da siffar a maimakon haka, an yi masa ba'a kuma sau da yawa ana ƙone shi a ƙarshen aikin.[1]￼

Communities used "rough music" to express their disapproval of different types of violation of community norms. For example, they might target marriages of which they disapproved, such as a union between an older widower and much younger woman, or the premature remarriage of a widow or widower. Villages also used charivari in cases of adulterous relationships, against wife-beaters or unmarried mothers. It was also used as a form of shaming upon husbands who were beaten by their wives and had not stood up for themselves.  [better source needed] In some cases, the community disapproved of any remarriage by older widows or widowers. Charivari is the original French word, and in Canada it is used by both Anglophones and Francophones. Chivaree became the common variant in Ontario, Canada. In the United States, the term shivaree is more common.

A matsayin nau'ikan al'adun adalci, an shirya abubuwan charivaric a hankali kuma galibi ana shirya su a lokutan bukukuwan gargajiya, don haka haɗuwa da adalci da bikin.

 Magana 
alt=Medieval charivari|thumb|Hoton charivari, farkon karni na 14 (daga Roman na Fauvel) 
Asalin kalmar charivari mai yiwuwa ne daga Vulgar Latin , jam'i na , wanda ya riga ya nuna al'adar yin amfani da kayan abinci tare da sandar ƙarfe,  kanta mai yiwuwa daga Girkanci καρηβαρία (), a zahiri "mai girma a cikin kai" amma kuma ana amfani da ita don nufin "ciwon kai", daga κάρα "kai" da βαρύς "mai nauyi". A kowane hali, an yi al'adar aƙalla shekaru 700. Wani zane a farkon karni na 14 na Faransanci Roman na Fauvel ya nuna charivari a kan hanya.

 Bambancin yanki 

 Ingila 
Ayyukan da ake kira "Rough Music" a Ingila an san su da yawa na yanki ko na gida. A Arewa kalmar da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce "tsalle-tsalle", tsalle-tsire mai tsawo da aka ɗauka a kafaɗar maza biyu wanda za'a iya hawa abu ko mutum. A Kudancin, ana amfani da kalmar skimmington, ko skimmingon ride, skimmingt wani nau'i ne na babban katako wanda matar da ba ta da iko za ta iya doke mijinta. Sauran kalmomin sun haɗa da "lewbelling", "tin-panning", "ran tanning", "nominey" ko "wooset". Inda aka yi siffofi na "masu laifi" ana ƙone su akai-akai a matsayin ƙarshen taron (kamar yadda rubutun a kan hoton Rampton ya nuna ) ko kuma "an nutsar da su" (an jefa su cikin tafki ko kogi).

Abinda ke cikin aikin shine wulakanci na jama'a na wanda aka azabtar a ƙarƙashin idanun maƙwabtansu  Ayyukan kiɗa masu tsanani sun bazu ba bisa ka'ida ba a duk al'ummomin Ingilishi a cikin karni na sha tara. A cikin ashirin sun ƙi amma sun jimre a wasu wurare, kamar su Rampton, Nottinghamshire (1909),  Middleton Cheney (1909) da Blisworth (1920s da 1936), Northamptonshire. Dorothy A Grimes, Like Dew Before the Sun – Life and Language in Northamptonshire, pp. 6–8, Privately published, Stanley L Hunt (printers), Rushden, 1991.  A zahiri akwai wasu misalai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Sussex, a West Hoathly a 1947 da Copthorne a kusa da 1951, kuma yunkurin yin amfani da kiɗa na gargajiya ya kasance a rubuce-rubuce ta ƙarshe ta hanyar masanin gargajiya Theo Brown a ƙauyen Devonshire a kusa da 1973. 
A Warwickshire, an san al'adar da "loo-belling" ko "lewbelling",  kuma a arewacin Ingila a matsayin "hawan stang".  Sauran sunayen da aka ba wannan ko irin wannan al'ada sun kasance "musicking" da "hussitting" (an ce yana nufin Hussites ko mabiyan John Huss). 

An gudanar da zanga-zangar da aka rufe da fuska a waje da gidan wanda ake zargi da laifin, wanda ya haɗa da ƙarar ƙasusuwa da ƙuƙwalwa, ƙarar karrarawa, busa ƙahonin bijimi, buga kwanon dafa abinci, saucepans, kettles, ko wasu kayan abinci ko shagon tare da niyyar haifar da kunya na dogon lokaci ga wanda ake zarge shi. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, ana iya nuna wanda aka azabtar a kan sanda ko jaki (a cikin mutum ko a matsayin siffar), "laifukan" su sun zama batun mime, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ko maimaitawa, tare da laifuka da zagi. A madadin haka, daya daga cikin mahalarta zai "yi tafiya a kan stang" (wani sanda da aka ɗauka tsakanin kafadu na maza biyu ko fiye ko matasa) yayin da yake buga tsohuwar kettle ko pan tare da sanda kuma yana maimaita rhyme (wanda ake kira "nominy") kamar haka:

 Dubi kuma 

 Cacerolazo
 Dorset Ooser
 Rashin ƙarfi
 Hukuncin da ba a yi shari'a ba
 Tashin hankali
 Yin tafiya a kan jirgin kasa
 Tarring da fuka-fuki
 Tafiyar Rogue

 Manazarta