Yefet ben Ali

Yefet ben Ali ( Hebrew ) [1] wataƙila shi ne babban mai sharhi kan Karaite a kan Littafi Mai Tsarki, a lokacin "Zamanin Zinare na Karaism". Ya rayu kimanin shekaru 95, c. 914-1009 . [2] An haife shi a Basra a Khalifancin Abbas (yanzu yana cikin Iraki ), daga baya ya koma Urushalima tsakanin 950 zuwa 980, inda ya mutu. Karaites sun bambanta shi da kalmar maskil ha- Golah (malamin Hijira). [3]

An rubuta tafsirinsa cikin Yahudanci-Larabci, kuma ya rufe dukkan Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci . An yi musu fassarar zahiri ta rubutun Ibrananci, wanda sau da yawa ya saba wa ƙa'idodin nahawun Larabci. Waɗannan rubuce-rubucen sun rinjayi masanin falsafa Ibrahim ibn Ezra, wanda ya ambaci Yefet sau arba'in da biyu a cikin sharhinsa game da ƙananan annabawa.

 Hanyar kusanci 
Sharhin Yefet galibi tarin ra'ayoyin wasu ne, kodayake ya haɗa da fassarori da yawa na asali, amma gabaɗaya tushen Karaite ɗinsa sun ɓace.  Ba kamar magabatansa na Karaite a fannin tafsirin Littafi Mai Tsarki ba, Yefet ya fahimci mahimmancin nahawu da ƙamus don fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki, kodayake bai yi fice a cikin ɗayan ba. Abin da sharhinsa ya gabatar ya fi mayar da hankali a kan tarin abubuwa don tarihin bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Yahudanci na gargajiya da Karaite; domin yana shiga cikin dogayen jayayya da malaman gargajiya, musamman tare da Saadia, daga sharhin da suka yi kan Littafi Mai Tsarki da ayyukan jayayya, gami da wasu da ba su wanzu ba, ya ba da bayanai da yawa. Don haka game da Ex. xxxv. 3 ya tattauna da Saadia game da kunna wuta ta wani ba Bayahude a ranar Asabar, aikin da Karaites suka ɗauka haramun ne. Yefet ya zargi Saadia da rashin aminci ga ƙa'idodin da shi da kansa ya shimfida don fassarar Dokar, wanda a bisa ga haka babu wani ragi ta hanyar kwatantawa da za a yarda da shi a cikin takamaiman ƙa'idodi da aka bayyana. A kan Lev. xiii. 5 Yefet ya kawo guntu-guntu daga littafin Saadia mai suna "Kitab al-Tamyiz", wani aiki mai suka da aka yi wa Karaism, inda marubucin ya bayyana cewa akwai ƙungiyoyi uku da suka rabu kan batun sabon wata: (1) Rabbinites, waɗanda, sai dai a wasu lokuta na musamman, suka ƙayyade shi ta hanyar molad ; (2) ƙungiyar Tiflis, waɗanda ke bin molad gaba ɗaya; da kuma (3) ƙungiyar da aka jagoranta ta hanyar bayyanar wata ta farko. 

 Tafsirin 
Yefet ya yi iƙirarin cikakken 'yanci ga mai tafsiri, yana ƙin amincewa da kowace iko ga fassarar Attaura ; kuma, kodayake wani lokacin yana amfani da ƙa'idodi goma sha uku na tafsiri da aka shimfida a cikin Mishnah, yana musanta ikonsu: za a yi amfani da su, ya yi iƙirarin, sai lokacin da ba zai yiwu a bayyana nassi a zahiri ba. Don haka, duk da girmamawarsa ga Anan ben David, wanda ya kafa Karaism, da kuma Benjamin Nahawandi, sau da yawa yana ƙin fassararsu.  Yana bin Targum sosai (shi ne sanannen mai sharhin Karaite na farko da ya yi haka Also Japheth ben Ali, Japheth ha-Levi; Judeo-Arabic: Abu 'Ali Ḥasan b. 'Ali al-Lawi al-Baṣri (). The name Ḥasan ("handsome") was seen as an Arabic equivalent of Yefet, based on the contemporary derivation of Yefet from י-פ-ה. ), kodayake bai taɓa amincewa da shi a matsayin tushe ba, kuma yana ambaton koyarwar Talmud akai-akai, haka nan ba tare da la'akari da shi ba. A cikin salonsa da salon maganarsa kuma yana da babban bashi ga rubuce-rubucen Talmud, kuma sau da yawa ana aro fassararsa daga ayyukan tafsiri na Saadia Gaon ko koyarwar Mutazilism . Birnbaum, Philip (1941). "Yefet ben 'Ali and His Influence on Biblical Exegesis". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 32 (1): 51–70. doi:10.2307/1452331. ISSN 0021-6682. JSTOR 1452331.

Yefet abokin gaba ne ga yadda falsafar falsafa ke amfani da littafi mai tsarki. Duk da haka, yana wakiltar labarai da yawa na Littafi Mai Tsarki, kamar, misali, na daji mai ƙonewa, inda ya sami wakilcin Yahudawa, waɗanda maƙiya ba za su iya halaka su ba; kuma ya yarda cewa Waƙar Waƙoƙi misali ne. 

Yefet ya kai wa Musulunci hari da mafi girman tashin hankali. A gare shi, kalmomin Ishaya, "Ha, kai mai ɓarna" ( Littafin Ishaya 33:1), suna nufin Muhammadu, wanda ya yi wa dukkan al'ummai fashi kuma ya yi wa mutanensa cin amana, da kuma Ishaya 47:9 ("Ba zato ba tsammani, a rana ɗaya: / Rashin 'ya'ya da zawarawa / Za su zo maka da cikakken iko") ga faɗuwar Musulunci. A cikin ayar da ke gaba, ya ga wata alama ce ta wahalhalun da shugabannin Musulmi suka sha wa Yahudawa, waɗanda aka ɗora musu haraji mai yawa, aka tilasta musu sanya tambari, aka hana su hawa doki, da sauransu. 

Yefet bai ƙara yin fushi ba a hare-harensa ga Kiristanci da kuma addinin Yahudanci na Yahudawa, wanda ya yi nuni zuwa ga annabce-annabce da yawa. Ba kamar magabatansa ba, bai kasance abokin hamayya ga kimiyyar duniya ba. A gare shi kalmar " da'at " (Misalai 1:7) tana nufin "ilimin" ilmin taurari, magani, lissafi, da sauransu, wanda za a yi nazarinsa kafin na tauhidi . 

 Tasiri 
An yi amfani da tafsirin Yefet sosai ta hanyar maye gurbin masu tafsirin Karaite kuma sau da yawa Ibrahim Ibn Ezra ya ambato su. An rubuta su da Larabci, wasu daga cikinsu an fassara su zuwa Ibrananci ko dai a cikakke ko kuma a taƙaice. 

 Manazarta