Filin mai na Adar

Adar Yale, Adar Yeil ko filin Adaril, filin mai ne da ke cikin Melut a Sudan ta Kudu wanda aka kiyasta ya ƙunshi kusan ganga miliyan 276 (4,900,000 m3) na mai. Kamfanin Chevron ya gano filin Adar Yale a cikin 1981, jim kadan kafin fara Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu (1983-2005). Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Chevron ya dakatar da ayyukan a 1984, sojojin gwamnatin Sudan sun fara kai hari kan mazaunan farar hula a yankin, suna ƙone gidaje da kuma fitar da mutane, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, 'yan bindiga na Nuer daga Nasir sun taimaka wa sojoji wajen kawar da mutane don buɗe hanyar hanyoyi da ababen more rayuwa na filin mai.

Shugaba  ya kaddamar da shafin a watan Maris na shekara ta 1997, kuma da farko ya samar da ganga 5,000 kawai (790 m) a rana. Samar da shi daga wannan filin mai, wanda ke kusa da iyakokin Sudan da Habasha, yana da damar kawo fa'idodi masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki ga yankin. Koyaya, har zuwa kwanan nan an mai da hankali kan share yawan jama'a daga filin mai maimakon dabarun dogon lokaci don bunkasa yankin. Kasar Sin ta samar da babban saka hannun jari a filin mai na Adar da sauransu a Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan kuma ta yi shirye-shirye don yin ƙarin saka hannun jari.

 Tarihi da wuri 
Adar yanki ne na kudu maso yammacin Mabaan, wanda ke kan White Nile a Jihar Upper Nile, da yammacin Habasha. Khor Adar, wanda ke zubar da Machar Marshes, yana gudana ta yankin a arewa maso yamma zuwa Kogin Nilu, wanda ya kai sama da Melut. Yankunan Khor Machar suna cikin triangle a arewacin Kogin Sobat da gabashin White Nile. Lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a lokacin rigar, suna kaiwa ga  kilomita 6,500 (2,500 sq . Ana ciyar da marshes da marshs ta hanyar ruwan sama na gida da kuma ƙananan raƙuman ruwa daga tuddai na Habasha, wanda ya kai kilomita 200 (120  tare da iyakar gabas, da kuma zubar da ruwa daga tashoshin Sobat.

Rashin ruwa daga marshes tare da kogin Adar yana da ƙanƙanta sai dai a cikin shekaru tare da ruwan sama mai yawa. Yawancin ruwa sun ɓace ta hanyar narkewa kafin su kai Kogin Nilu. An ba da shawarar gina tashar ruwa daga Machar ta hanyar Adar zuwa White Nile don ƙara yawan ruwan da ke gudana zuwa Arewacin Sudan da Masar, wanda a bayyane yake za'a iya yi ba tare da babban tasirin muhalli ba, amma rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ya hana aikin farawa.

ya gano filin Adar Yale a cikin 1981, jim kadan kafin fara Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu (1983-2005). Rijiyoyi huɗu na bincike suna da ƙimar gudana wanda ya wuce ganga 1,500 (240 m3) a rana. Ana gudanar da man a cikin Yabus Formation sandstone daga zamanin Paleogene. Filin yana da yanki na kimanin  kilomita 20 (7.7 sq  amma matsakaicin yankin biyan kuɗi kawai 2.9 'i kilomita (1.1 sq . Da farko an kiyasta filin yana riƙe da ganga miliyan 168 (26,700,000 m3), amma bayanan Seismic da aka samu a cikin 2000 sun tura wannan har zuwa ganga miliyan 276 (43,900,000 m3). "White Nile completes South Sudan seismic operation". ECOS. 7 November 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2011. Har ila yau, an gano ƙananan tafkunan mai guda uku a kudancin Adar-Yale tare da wasu ganga miliyan 129 (20,500,000 m3).  Chevron ya fara ficewa daga Sudan a shekarar 1984 lokacin da aka kashe ma'aikatansa uku, a karshe ya sayar da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin Sudan a shekarar 1992. 

 Ci gaba da samarwa 
Chevron ya dakatar da ayyukan a shekarar 1984, kuma daga baya aka raba izinin su zuwa ƙananan raka'a. A cikin 1992 Gulf Petroleum Corporation-Sudan (GPC) an ba shi kyautar Melut Basin - Blocks 3 da 7. GPC ta mallaki kashi 60% daga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Gulf na Qatar, kashi 20% daga Sudapet da kashi 20% daga kamfanin mallakar mai ba da kuɗi na National Islamic Front (NIF) Mohamed Abdullah Jar al-Nabi. An ruwaito cewa ƙungiyar GPC ta saka hannun jari na US $ 12m wajen bunkasa filin Adar Yale.  A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1996 GPC ta fara hakowa da sake buɗe rijiyoyin Chevron da kuma gina hanyar da ke haɗa Adar Yale zuwa garin Melut. 

Shugaba  ya kaddamar da shafin Adar Yale a watan Maris na shekara ta 1997. Da farko, samarwa ya kasance ganga 5,000 kawai (790 m3) a rana, ana ɗaukar ta mota zuwa Melut sannan ta jirgin ruwa zuwa Kogin Nilu zuwa Khartoum don fitarwa. Kodayake yawan fitarwa sun kasance karami idan aka kwatanta da damar filin, shi ne na farko na Sudan da za a fitar dashi sabili da haka yana da muhimmancin alama. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2000 Fosters Resources, wani kamfani na Kanada, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da gwamnatin Sudan don bunkasa izinin da ya rufe mafi yawan Melut Basin, gami da filin Adar Yeil, tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin Larabawa da Sudan. An tilasta Fosters ya janye a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2000 lokacin da goyon bayansa na kudi ya rushe saboda matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Gwamnatin Amurka ta kasance mai matukar sukar sa hannun Kanada a ci gaban man fetur na Sudan kuma a watan Fabrairun 2000 Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa an hana Amurka yin kasuwanci tare da Kamfanin Gudanar da Man Fetur na Kogin Nilu (GNPOC) da Sudapet . 

An kafa  a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001  41% ta Ka Man Fetur na Kasa na China (CNPC) da 40% ta Petronas na Malaysia. Petrodar ta aiwatar da manyan haɓakawa ga ababen more rayuwa na ci gaban mai, gami da wuraren samar da ganga ,000 (4,900 m3) /day a filin Adar Yale, yanzu an share su da yawa daga mazaunanta na asali. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005 CNCP ta kawo bututun Petrodar aiki, wanda ke haɗa Block 3 da 7 (Adar Yale da Palogue fields) zuwa Port Sudan a kan Bahar Maliya. Jirgin yana da isar da ganga 150,000 (24,000 m3) a kowace rana, da kuma matsakaicin ƙarfin ganga 500,000 a kowace rana (79,000 m3. A watan Janairun 2007 an hada fitarwa daga Block 3 da 7 ya kasance 165,000 tare da yiwuwar isa saman ganga 200,000 a kowace rana (32,000 m3/d) a ƙarshen 2007. A shekara ta 2009, tubalan biyu suna samar da kusan ganga 240,000 a kowace rana (38,000 m3/d) na Dar blend. Saboda wannan cakuda na mai mai mai yana da nauyi kuma yana da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta, yana samun ƙananan farashi fiye da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin kamar Brent ko Minas.

 Mutane 
Adar galibi Mutanen Mabaan ne ke zaune, wadanda galibi suna noma amfanin gona da kiwon shanu. Yawancin Mabaanese suna amfani da makiyaya na kogi a gefen gabas na White Nile, amma a lokutan fari yawanci suna iya samun madadin makiyaya tare da Khor Adal da Khor Wol da kuma gefen marshes. Kasar ta dace da noman amfanin gona da ruwan sama ke shayarwa.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Chevron ya rufe ayyukan, sojojin gwamnati sun fara kai hari kan mazaunan farar hula a yankin, suna ƙone gidaje kuma suna korar mutane. Wannan ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, 'yan bindiga na Nuer daga Nasir sun taimaka wa sojoji wajen share mutane don samar da hanyoyi da ababen more rayuwa na filin mai. An kuma yi niyya ga ma'aikatan agaji a hare-hare, tare da mahadi na NGO, cibiyoyin rarraba kayan gona da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na farko da aka lalata da lalata.

Ɗaya daga cikin ƙididdigar shi ne cewa an tilasta mutane 12,000 su ƙaura a cikin 1999-2000 yayin da ake gina hanyar yanayi tsakanin Melut, Paloic da Adar. Wani majiya ya ce shugabannin coci sun ba da rahoton cewa 'yan bindiga na gwamnati sun ƙone ƙauyuka 48 kuma sun kori mutane 55,000 a yankin Adar a shekara ta 2000. A cewar darektan hukumar agaji da ci gaba ta kasa da kasa (IRD) Derek Hammond, yankunan da ke kusa da Adar sun ƙunshi "Fields of destructed crops without evidence of any type of food, da 'yan kaɗan daga cikin mutanen yankin da ke yawo a cikin tafki don wani abu da za su ci".

 Tsaro 
A watan Yulin 1996 Gwamnatin Sudan ta kai hari kan matsayin Sojojin 'Yancin Jama'ar Sudan (SPLA) a Delal Ajak, yammacin Kogin Nilu. Manufar su ita ce tabbatar da hanyar jigilar mai daga filin Adar-1. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1996, shugaban SPLA John Garang ya ba da gargadi cewa sojojinsa za su kai hari kan filin mai na Adar Yale. A watan Yunin 1998 SPLA ta kama garin Ulu, kusa da filin Adar Yale, kuma a watan Maris na 1999 rundunar SPLA ta 13 ta kayar da brigade na gwamnati a garin. Tare da wannan nasarar, filin mai na Adar Yale yana cikin kewayon bindigogin SPLA.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2001 wani jirgin sama na Antonov da aka yi da Rasha ya fashe kashi biyu bayan ya fadi daga filin jirgin sama a Adaril, a bayyane yake saboda guguwar yashi. Hadarin ya kashe mataimakin ministan tsaro na Sudan, Kanar Ibrahim Shamsul-Din, da wasu manyan jami'ai 13 da ke yawon shakatawa a yankin soja na kudanci. Mutane 16 sun tsira daga hadarin. Wani mai magana da yawun SPLA ya musanta alhakin hadarin, yana mai cewa ba su da karfi a yankin.

Yaƙin basasar Sudan ya ƙare a hukumance a watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, kuma sanarwar Juba ta 8 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2006 ta kafa tushe don haɗa kan sojojin soja masu adawa a Sudan ta Kudu. Gordon Kong Chuol, Mataimakin Kwamandan Sojojin Tsaro na Sudan ta Kudu (SSDF), wanda Gwamnatin Sudan ta goyi bayan, ya yi tsayayya da haɗuwa. Babban bangarensa, "Nasir Peace Force" ya kasance a ƙauyen Ketbek, a arewacin Nasir, tare da mayakan 75-80 har zuwa watan Agustan 2006 kuma watakila dakarun ajiya 300 a yankin. Matsayinsa a kan iyaka da Sudan zuwa arewa kuma kusa da filin mai na Adar Yale yana da hankali. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, motoci hudu na SSDF sun isa yankin daga Khartoum. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2006 an bayar da rahoton cewa akwai 'yan bindiga 300-400 masu aiki na SSDF a yankin Adar.

Kasar Sin ta samar da babban saka hannun jari a filin mai na Adar da sauransu a Sudan ta Kudu, da kuma filayen mai a Sudan, da kuma bututun mai zuwa Port Sudan. Kasar Sin ta kafa ofishin jakadanci a Juba a watan Satumbar 2008 kuma ta inganta shi zuwa ofishin jakada a watan Nuwamba 2010. Kasar Sin ta yi shirye-shirye don yin manyan saka hannun jari a Sudan ta Kudu. Ana tattauna bututun mai zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kenya ta Lamu wanda zai iya samar da wata hanya ta daban idan Sudan ta zaɓi rufe bututun arewa. Yana cikin sha'awar kasar Sin don warware matsalolin tsaro, kuma a matsayin babban mai saka hannun jari da abokin ciniki na kasashen biyu kasar Sin na iya samun damar cimma wannan burin.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

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