Jirgin sama a cikin babban birni na New York

Yankin babban birni na New York yana da tsarin filin jirgin sama mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka kuma na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya bayan London. Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa da aka fi amfani da ita a ƙasar don zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa. 

Yankin metro yana da manyan filayen jirgin sama guda uku: Filin jirgin saman John F. Kennedy (JFK), Filin jirgin sama na Newark Liberty (EWR) da Filin jirgin ruwa na LaGuardia (LGA), duk suna aiki tun daga 1947 ta Hukumar Kula da Tashar jiragen ruwa ta New York da New Jersey. A cikin 2014, fasinjoji sama da miliyan 117 ne suka yi amfani da su. Har zuwa 2022, ukun sun raba lambar filin jirgin sama ta International Air Transport Association (IATA code) "NYC"; Newark yanzu kawai yana amfani da EWR. JFK da Newark suna da alaƙa da tsarin dogo na yanki ta AirTrain JFK da AirTrain Newark bi da bi.

sararin samaniyar ajin B da filayen jiragen sama uku ke amfani da shi yana da cunkoso sosai. Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (FAA) ta kayyade yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin sa’a guda amma tana matsayi a cikin manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama biyar a Amurka saboda jinkiri.

Har ila yau yankin ya haɗa da tauraron dan adam da yawa ko filayen saukar jiragen sama waɗanda ke ba da sabis na jigilar jiragen sama na kasuwanci akan ƙaramin sikeli da filayen jiragen sama na gabaɗaya, jirage masu saukar ungulu, da sansanonin jirgin ruwa.

 Tarihi 
Filin jirgin saman Teterboro shine filin jirgin sama mafi tsufa a cikin babban birnin New York. Walter C. Teter (1863-1929) ya sami dukiyar a shekarar 1917.  Duk da yake wasu yankuna suna da filayen jirgin sama na birni, Birnin New York kanta tana da filayen jiragen sama masu zaman kansu da yawa, don haka ba ta ga bukatar filin jirgin sama na gari ba har zuwa ƙarshen 1920s. Filin jirgin saman Flushing ya buɗe a 1927, da sauri ya zama filin jirgin sama mafi yawan jama'a a birnin; an rufe shi a 1984. Filin jirgin saman Newark Liberty ya buɗe a 1928. An bi shi a cikin 1930 da Floyd Bennett Field: Filin jirgin saman birni na farko na New York City, wanda aka gina shi da yawa don yin hidima ga ci gaban jirgin sama na kasuwanci bayan Yaƙin Duniya na .  An buɗe Filin jirgin saman LaGuardia a 1939,  kuma an rufe Filin Floyd Bennett don jirgin sama na gaba ɗaya shekaru biyu bayan haka.  Filin jirgin saman John F. Kennedy ya buɗe a matsayin Filin jirgin sama na Idlewild a cikin 1948. 

Daga 1940s zuwa 1970s, yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama sun ba da tikiti, kaya, da sabis na sufuri na filin jirgin sama a tashoshi masu nisa da ke Manhattan. Bukatar tashoshi masu nisa ya taso ne saboda a wancan lokacin kamfanonin jiragen sama suna fafatawa da nau'ikan sufuri na al'ada (misali, layin dogo) da ke aiki tsakanin cibiyoyin birni kuma akwai gazawa wajen sarrafa fasinja da samar da filin ajiye motoci a filayen jirgin sama. An buɗe tashar jirgin saman Titin Titin 42 a cikin 1941 akan titin Park Avenue daga Grand Central Terminal. Cunkoson ababen hawa a kan tituna a yankin tashar jiragen sama na 42nd ya kai ga bude tashar jirgin saman East Side Airline a 1953 don ba da sabis ga tashar jiragen sama na Idlewild da La Guardia daga wurin da yake kusa da ƙofar Queens–Midtown Tunnel da buɗe tashar jirgin saman West Side Airlines a 1955 don ba da sabis daga tashar jirgin zuwa Sabon Lincoln. Bayan buɗe waɗannan sabbin tashoshi masu nisa an canza tashar jiragen saman 42nd Street zuwa Ginin Jiragen sama kuma ta zama wurin tikitin tikiti kawai.  A farkon shekarun 1970, an sami ƙarancin buƙatar tashoshi mai nisa saboda yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama sun sami mafi kyawun tikiti da wuraren sarrafa kaya a filayen jirgin sama kuma yawancin fasinjojin jirgin suna tafiya zuwa ko daga bayan gari maimakon samun asalin balaguro ko wuraren zuwa Manhattan. An rufe tashar jirgin saman West Side Airlines a shekarar 1972, an ruguza Ginin Jiragen sama a 1978, kuma tashar jirgin saman Gabas ta rufe a 1984.

Gidan kayan tarihi na Cradle of Aviation, Hall of Fame da Museum of New Jersey, da Gine-ginen Filin Jirgin Sama na Newark Metropolitan sun adana tarihin jirgin sama a yankin metro na New York.

 Abubuwan da suka faru 

 Hare-haren Satumba 11
 Hadarin jirgin sama da abubuwan da suka faru a Birnin New York
 Hadarin jirgin sama da abubuwan da suka faru a New Jersey

 Yankin sararin samaniya 
Yawancin sararin samaniyar da ke sama da babban birni na karkashin kulawar Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (FAA) kuma ta rabu zuwa sassa masu sarkakiya da ke tsara jigilar jirage zuwa ko tashi daga filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama da yawa na yankin, da kuma zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tsakanin yankuna makwabta.

 Cibiyar Kula da Jirgin Sama ta New York (ZNY) a Ronkonkoma, Long Island, tana ɗaya daga cikin Cibiyoyin Kula da Jirgin Sama  (ARTCC) a Amurka. Yana da alhakin zirga-zirga mai tsawo sama da yankin New York Metropolitan Area da Philadelphia / Delaware Valley metro area, da kuma murabba'in kilomita 3,250,000 (8,400,000 ) na sararin samaniya. An samo rukunin ne a Filin jirgin saman JFK har zuwa Yuli 1963, lokacin da ya koma wani shafin da aka gina a Suffolk County wanda aka tsara don tsayayya da harin nukiliya.
 New York TRACON (N90), wanda ke cikin Westbury, Long Island, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan rukunin kula da radar guda bakwai a Amurka. Yana kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kudancin Jihar New York.
 Philadelphia TRACON tun daga watan Yulin 2024 tana kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Arewacin New Jersey.
 Hanyoyin VFR

Ana ba da izinin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin jirgin gani (VFR) a cikin kogin Gabas VFR corridor da Hudson River VFR corridor, wanda ya shimfiɗa arewa daga gadar Verrazano-Narrows. Hanyar kogin Hudson yana ba da damar jirgin VFR tsakanin Manhattan da New Jersey Hudson Waterfront arewa zuwa Hasumiyar Alpine da ke arewacin birnin New York. Titin Kogin Gabas ya ƙare kudu maso yammacin sararin samaniyar LGA a arewacin ƙarshen Roosevelt Island. 

Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, kusan kashi 1% na jirage zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama masu iko da tashar jiragen ruwa suna amfani da Tsarin Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Gaba, wanda ya dogara da Tsarin Matsayin Duniya maimakon radar.

 Major commercial airports 

 Filin jirgin saman John F. Kennedy 
Filin jirgin saman John F. Kennedy (JFK) shine babban wurin shiga ga masu isowa na kasa da kasa a Amurka, kuma shine babbar hanyar jigilar jiragen sama ta kasa da kasa ta hanyar darajar jigilar kayayyaki. Sassan filin jirgin sama sun kasance Yankin cinikayya na kasashen waje tun daga shekara ta 1984. Kimanin kamfanonin jiragen sama 100 daga kasashe sama da 50 suna gudanar da zirga-zirga zuwa JFK. Hanyar JFK-London Heathrow ita ce babbar filin jirgin sama ta Amurka tare da fasinjoji sama da miliyan 2.9 a cikin shekara ta 2000. Sauran manyan wuraren da ke ƙasa da ƙasa daga JFK sune Filin jirgin saman Charles de Gaulle a Paris, Filin jirgin sama na Incheon a Seoul, Filin jiragen sama na Barajas a Madrid, Filin Jirgin Sama na Ben Gurion a Tel Aviv, Filin Filin jirgin ƙasa na Cibao a Santiago de los Caballeros, Filin jirgi na Las Américas a Santo Domingo, Filin Frankfurt_Airport" id="mwAQA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Frankfurt Airport">Filin jirgin saman Frankfurt a Frankfurt, Narita da Tokyo, Filin ụgbọ saman Changi a Singapore, da Filin jirgin ruwa na Guarulhos a São Paulo .  Filin jirgin saman yana kusa da Jamaica Bay kusa da Howard Beach, Queens. Tsarin motsi na AirTrain JFK ya haɗa JFK zuwa New York City Subway da Long Island Rail Road.

 Filin jirgin saman Newark Liberty 
An buɗe a 1928, Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) ana ɗaukarsa babban filin jirgin sama na farko na kasuwanci a Arewacin Amurka. Amelia Earhart ta sadaukar da Ginin Gudanar da Filin Jirgin Sama na Newark a cikin 1935. Ita ce kofa ta biyar mafi yawan zirga-zirga ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Daga 2003, Newark ya zama tashar jirgin sama mafi dadewa a duniya wanda ba zai tsaya tsayawa ba, sabis na Continental zuwa Hong Kong ta United Airlines da Cathay Pacific a cikin 2014 bi da bi. 

A cikin 2004, Jirgin saman Singapore ya karya tarihin Continental ta hanyar fara jigilar sa'o'i 18 kai tsaye zuwa Singapore. Filin jirgin saman yana cikin Newark, New Jersey, kimanin mil 12 (kilomita 19) yamma da tsakiyar garin Manhattan. Manyan wurare uku na duniya daga Newark sune London, Toronto da Tel Aviv. Yana haɗi zuwa jiragen ƙasa masu wucewa na NJ Transit da jiragen ƙasa na Amtrak ta hanyar AirTrain Newark monorail. A cikin 2022, Ƙungiyar Sufuri ta Duniya ta cire Newark daga lambar birnin NYC.

 Filin jirgin saman LaGuardia 
Filin jirgin saman LaGuardia (LGA), mafi ƙanƙanta na filayen jiragen sama na farko na yankin New York, yana ɗaukar sabis na jirgin sama na cikin gida da jirage zuwa Kanada. An ba shi suna don Fiorello H. La Guardia, magajin gari na zamanin Bacin rai na birni wanda aka sani da mai kawo sauyi kuma mai ƙarfi mai goyon bayan Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar. Filin jirgin saman yana arewacin Queens, kimanin mil 6 (kilomita 9.7) daga cikin garin Manhattan.

A cikin 1984, an gabatar da "ka'idar kewaye" don rage cunkoso, wanda ya haramta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama masu shigowa da masu fita da suka wuce mil 1,500 (kilomita 2,400) sai ranar Asabar, lokacin da aka dage haramcin, da kuma zuwa Denver, Colorado, wanda ke da kaka-ka-ni-ka-yi. Sakamakon haka, yawancin jirage masu wucewa da na kasa da kasa suna amfani da JFK da Newark (ko da yake akwai jirage na gajeren lokaci na kasa da kasa zuwa biranen Kanada na Toronto, Montreal da Ottawa).  Hanyar LGA-Toronto-Pearson ita ce kan gaba na Amurka na kasa da kasa ta adadin jiragen sama, tare da jirage 17,038 a cikin 2019.  

An sanar da tsare-tsare a cikin Yuli 2015 don sake gina filin jirgin saman LaGuardia gaba ɗaya a cikin aikin biliyoyin daloli don maye gurbin wuraren tsufa; wannan aikin kuma zai iya ɗaukar sabon haɗin AirTrain LaGuardia.  

 Sauran filayen jirgin sama na kasuwanci 

 Filin jirgin saman Long Island MacArthur 
Filin jirgin sama na Long Island MacArthur (ISP), wanda aka sani da Filin jirgin saman Islip, yana cikin Ronkonkoma, New York, a gundumar Suffolk, kimanin mil 44 (kilomita 71) gabas da Manhattan. Garin Islip ne mallakarsa kuma ke sarrafa shi, kuma FAA ta ayyana filin jirgin saman New York na hukuma. Wannan filin jirgin saman yana aiki da farko ta masu jigilar kaya Southwest Airlines, JetBlue, Frontier Airlines, da Breeze Airways zuwa wuraren gida galibi a kudu maso gabas.

 Filin jirgin saman Stewart 
Filin jirgin saman Stewart International Airport (SWF) yana da nisan mil 60 (kilomita 97) arewa maso yamma da birnin a Orange County, New York. A cikin 2007, Hukumar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta New York da New Jersey ta karɓi iko a Stewart kuma ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 500 don haɓakawa da haɓakawa. Daga Yuni 2017 zuwa Satumba 2019 Stewart shine kawai filin jirgin sama na sakandare a yankin metro na New York wanda ke ba da jirage zuwa Turai. An kunna wannan ta babban titin jirgin sama sama da ƙafa 11,000.

 Filin jirgin saman Trenton-Mercer 
Filin jirgin sama na Trenton-Mercer (TTN) yana cikin kuma mallakar Mercer County, New Jersey, kusa da Trenton. Ya fara ganin dawowar hidimar fasinja da aka tsara a cikin 2013, ya zama birni mai da hankali ga Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Frontier, yana ba da hidimar wurare marasa tsayawa na tsawon shekara uku.

 Filin jirgin saman Westchester County 
Filin jirgin saman Westchester County (HPN) yana ciki kuma mallakar Westchester County, New York, kimanin mil 33 (kilomita 53) arewa da birnin, tare da iyaka da Connecticut. Tana ganin sabis zuwa wurare goma sha biyu, kuma ta ga karuwar kusan jiragen sama 100,000 a cikin lokacin daga 2008 zuwa 2010.

 Filin jirgin sama na gaba ɗaya 

 Filin jirgin saman Jamhuriyar 
Filin jirgin sama na Jamhuriyar (FRG) babban filin jirgin sama ne mai saukar da jirgin sama wanda yake a Gabashin Farmingdale, Long Island, akan iyakar Nassau da lardin Suffolk. Shi ne babban filin jirgin saman jirgin sama mafi yawan jama'a a yankin New York Metropolitan, da farko yana hidimar Long Island kuma mallakar Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Jihar New York ce, wacce ke ba da kwangilar aikinta ga wani ɓangare na uku. Filin jirgin saman yana da nisan mil 28 (kilomita 45) daga tsakiyar garin Manhattan.

 Filin jirgin saman Teterboro 
Filin jirgin sama na Teterboro (TEB) babban filin jirgin sama ne mai saukar da jirgin sama wanda yake a cikin Gundumomin Teterboro, Moonachie, da Hasbrouck Heights a cikin gundumar Bergen, New Jersey. Mallakar ta ne na Hukumar Port Authority na New York da New Jersey, wanda ke ba da kwangilar aikinsa ga wani kamfani na ɓangare na uku. Filin jirgin saman yana da nisan mil 12 (kilomita 19) daga tsakiyar garin Manhattan a cikin New Jersey Meadowlands, wanda ya sa ya shahara sosai ga jiragen sama masu zaman kansu da na kamfanoni.

 Ƙarin filayen jirgin sama 
Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan filayen jiragen sama na gabaɗaya, da kuma sansanonin jiragen ruwa da yawa a gundumar tashar jiragen ruwa da yankin da ke kusa. Daga cikinsu akwai:

 Filin jirgin saman Brookhaven (HWV) 
 Filin jirgin saman yankin Jersey na tsakiya (JVI) 
 Filin jirgin saman Danbury Municipal (DXR) 
 Filin jirgin saman Essex County (CDW) 
 Filin jirgin saman Greenwood Lake (4N1) 
 Filin jirgin saman Hackettstown (N05) 
 Filin jirgin saman yankin Hudson Valley (POU) 
 Filin jirgin saman Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial (BDR) 
 Filin jirgin saman Lincoln Park (N07) 
 Filin jirgin saman Linden (LDJ) 
 Little Ferry Seaplane Base (2N7) 
 Filin jirgin saman Meriden Markham Municipal (MMK) 
 Filin jirgin saman Monmouth (BLM) 
 Filin jirgin saman Morristown (MMU) 
 New York Skyports Inc. Seaplane Base (QNY) 
 Filin jirgin saman Newton (New Jersey)  (3N5) 
 Filin jirgin saman Old Bridge (3N6) 
 Filin jirgin saman Princeton (39N) 
 Sands Point Seaplane Base (7N3) 
 Filin jirgin saman Solberg-Hunterdon (N51) 
 Filin jirgin saman Somerset (SMQ) 
 Filin jirgin saman Trenton-Robbinsville (N87) 
 Filin jirgin saman Waterbury-Oxford (OXC) 

 Filin jirgin sama 
Akwai tashoshin jiragen sama da yawa a yankin metro na New York. Uku daga cikin masu yawan aiki suna cikin Manhattan:

 Downtown Manhattan Heliport (JRB), a gabashin Wall Street a kan Pier 6, a kan Kogin Gabas, ita ce tashar jirgin sama ta farko a Amurka da za a tabbatar da ita don aikin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na fasinja ta FAA. Filin jirgin sama shine wurin saukowa na yau da kullun ga shugabannin Amurka da ke ziyartar New York. Tashar da ke hana sauti ta ƙunshi shagunan kyauta, ofisoshin gudanarwa, wurin zama na VIP da kuma yankin jiran fasinjoji gaba ɗaya, da kuma X-ray da na'urorin gano bam a wurin dubawa na tsaro.
 Gabashin 34th Street Heliport yana da ginin tashar mai da tashar mai; yana da matsakaicin 20,000 tashi da saukowa a kowace shekara.
 West 30th Street Heliport ya buɗe a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1956, kuma watanni uku bayan haka ya fara karbar bakuncin jiragen fasinja da New York Airways ta tsara, jiragen jirgin sama na farko zuwa Manhattan.

Wani jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu da aka yi amfani da shi daga rufin ginin Pan Am da ke tsakiyar garin Manhattan daga 1965 zuwa 1968 da kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1977, kafin wani mummunan haɗari ya sa ya rufe. A cikin 1968, an buɗe Heliport na Gabas 60th Street don karkatar da jiragen sama na gabaɗaya daga manyan filayen jiragen sama na kasuwanci zuwa ƙananan filayen jiragen sama (irin su Teterboro), inda fasinjoji za su iya shiga jirgi mai saukar ungulu da tafiya gaba zuwa Midtown Manhattan; An rufe tashar jirgin a ƙarshen 1990s a cikin hayaniya da damuwa na tsaro.

 Jiragen Ruwa 
Cibiyoyin jirgin ruwa a cikin babban birnin New York sun hada da:

 New York Skyports Seaplane Base
 Sands Point Seaplane Base

Daga 1934 zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, Wall Street Skyport ya yi aiki a matsayin tashar jirgin ruwa wanda masu zirga-zirgar birni ke amfani da su da farko waɗanda ke aiki a Gundumar Kuɗi ta Lower Manhattan. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, New Jersey ta haramta amfani da jiragen ruwa a kan ruwa mai kewayawa.

 Capacity da jinkiri 
Matsakaicin kashi 40% na jinkirin jirgin fasinja a Amurka ya samo asali ne daga yankin babban birni na New York, wasu a yankin da wasu saboda illar fasinja.  Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jiragen sama a cikin tsarin sararin samaniyar ƙasa suna tafiya ta yankin New York a wani lokaci a cikin rana ta yau da kullun. Manyan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama guda uku suna cikin mafi munin filayen jirgin saman don jinkiri a cikin Amurka duk da fa'idodin FAA da ke iyakance adadin tashi da saukar jiragen sama a cikin awa daya zuwa 83 a duka JFK da EWR da 71 a LGA.  Yayin da ake hasashen karuwar buƙatun fasinjoji da jigilar kaya, ƙarancin wadatar filaye a cikin birni mai tarin yawa da tsadar tsadar kayayyaki na hana faɗaɗa JFK, EWR, da LGA. Hanyoyi don rage jinkiri da haɓaka ƙarfin aiki sun haɗa da ayyukan fadada titin jirgin sama mai tsada da ƙarin amfani da filayen saukar jiragen sama. Kafin kafa Babban Gudun Gudun Daji na Ƙasa a cikin 1960, PANYNJ ta ba da shawarar gina filin jirgin sama a wurin da ke gundumar Morris, New Jersey amma an yi adawa da shi sosai. Nazarin da Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya, Ƙungiyar Tsare-tsare ta Yanki, PANYNJ, da sauransu suka gudanar sun gano wasu shafuka kaɗan a cikin yankin da za su gamsar da buƙatun babban filin jirgin sama da kuma kimanta yuwuwar tarwatsa jirage zuwa filayen jiragen sama na kasuwanci, gami da filin jirgin saman Atlantic City International Airport (ACY), Filin jirgin saman Lehigh Valley International Airport (ABE), Filin jirgin saman kasa da kasa na Bradley (BDL), da Tweed New Haven Regional Airport (HVN). A watan Yulin 2013, PNYNJ ta karbe ikon ACY.

 Filin jirgin sama da ba a amfani da su 
Filin jirgin sama na farko na birni a birnin New York shine Floyd Bennett Field, wanda ya haɓaka don jawo kasuwanci daga Newark, amma a ƙarshe bai yi nasara ba a matsayin babban filin jirgin sama kuma ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval a 1941. Yanzu yanki ne na Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa. Sashen 'yan sanda na birnin New York yana ba da hayar kayan aiki don ayyukansu na helikwafta daga Ma'aikatar Parking ta Kasa.

Filin jirgin sama na Flushing wani filin jirgin sama ne na farko a birnin New York. An buɗe shi a cikin 1927 kuma shine filin jirgin sama mafi yawan jama'a a New York na ɗan lokaci. Bayan shekaru goma babban filin jirgin saman LaGuardia da ke kusa ya rufe shi. An dakatar da filin jirgin a shekarar 1984 bayan wani mummunan hatsari a 1977.  Yanzu yankin yana da tuddai mallakar Kamfanin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Birnin New York.

Filin jirgin sama na Flushing wani filin jirgin sama ne na farko a birnin New York. An buɗe shi a cikin 1927 kuma shine filin jirgin sama mafi yawan jama'a a New York na ɗan lokaci. Bayan shekaru goma babban filin jirgin saman LaGuardia da ke kusa ya rufe shi. An dakatar da filin jirgin a shekarar 1984 bayan wani mummunan hatsari a 1977.

 Dubi kuma 

 Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Connecticut
 Jerin filayen jirgin sama a New Jersey
 Jerin filayen jirgin sama a New York
 Sufuri a Birnin New York

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Haɗin waje 

 Gidan jirgin sama na yankin New York (VFR Terminal Area Chart)  (TIFF mai tsawo, ~ 31 MB) 


 Filin jirgin saman New York City Metro na kasa da kasa da kuma zartarwa