Tsarin kula da shara na birnin New York

Tsarin kula da sharar gida na birnin New York shine tsarin kawar da shara da farko wanda Ma'aikatar Tsabtace ta Birnin New York (DSNY) ke gudanarwa. Sashen yana kula da abubuwan tattara sharar kuma yana daukar hayar ƴan kwangilar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke kwashe sharar birnin. Ga al'ummar birnin fiye da miliyan takwas, DSNY na tattara kusan ton dubu goma sha ɗaya na sharar rana, gami da kayan taki da sake amfani da su.

Gudanar da sharar gida ya kasance matsala ga birnin New York tun kwanakin New Amsterdam.  Kamar yadda dokar New Amsterdam ta 1657 ta ce, "An gano, cewa a cikin wannan birnin Amsterdam na New Netherland da yawa masu burgewa da mazauna suna jefa shara, ƙazanta, toka, matattun dabbobi da makamantansu a cikin titunan jama'a don tsananin rashin jin daɗi na al'umma".  

 Tarin 

 Jirgin da ke gefen hanya 
DSNY tana ba da ɗaukar sharar gefe da sake yin amfani da su sau da yawa a mako don kowane ginin zama a cikin birni. Dole ne a sanya sharar cikin baƙaƙen jakunkuna kuma a sake yin amfani da su a cikin jakunkuna masu haske ko shuɗi. Wannan yana haifar da korafe-korafe game da filin gefen titi da shara ke ɗauka, musamman yadda manyan gine-ginen zama ke samar da 'dutsen jakar shara' kullun. Wasu gine-gine suna sanya shararsu a cikin kwantena na musamman.

 Kasuwanci 
Sashen tsaftar mahalli ba sa hidimar kasuwanci kuma a maimakon haka ana buƙatar siyan sabis ɗin tattara sharar daga ma'aikaci mai zaman kansa. Masana'antar kera motoci masu zaman kansu na birni suna da dogon tarihi na kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon Mafia na Amurka, tare da tuhumi 1996 na kamfanoni da yawa wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Hukumar Haƙƙin Kasuwancin Birnin New York.  A shekara ta 2003, cinikin kasuwanci ya kai tan 7,248 na datti, tan 2,641 na sake yin amfani da su, tan 8,626 na sharar gini da rushewa, da tan 19,069 na tsaftataccen cika kowace rana.

 Kwando na datti 
DSNY na tattara zuriyar dabbobi daga kwandunan darar da aka ajiye a kan tituna a wuraren kasuwanci a cikin birni. Yin amfani da kwandunan datti don sharar gida ko kasuwanci ba daidai ba yana ɗaukar tara, kuma sau da yawa idan wannan ya faru ana cire kwandon.

A wasu gundumomin inganta harkokin kasuwanci, masu ɗaukar nauyin gunduma ko ƴan kwangilar su ne ke kula da kwandunan kwanduna, tare da da yawa suna yin kwangilar wannan aikin ga Asusun Doe, wanda ke ɗaukar maza marasa matsuguni yayin samar da gidaje, damar ilimi, shawarwari, da horar da sana'a.

 Tsabtace tituna 
A cikin shekarun 1890, birnin New York ya aiwatar da wani shiri na tsaftace tituna wanda ya taso bayan yawan dattin da aka samu a tituna, da kuma tsaftace bayan zirga-zirgar dawaki na birnin. A cikin 1895, Birnin New York ya zama birni na farko na Amurka tare da sarrafa sharar jama'a. Injiniyan tsaftar muhalli George E. Waring Jr. ya shirya “fararen fukafukai” don tsaftace tituna.

Masu share tituna na DSNY suna tattara fiye da tan 100 na ƙura, datti, da datti daga tituna kowace rana. Titunan kasuwanci waɗanda ba sa ba da izinin yin parking na dare ana share su da daddare ko da sassafe, yayin da a kan titin mazaunin dole ne masu motocin su motsa motocin su sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a mako don yin fakin daban-daban don ba da izinin share kowane gefen titi.

Ana buƙatar masu mallakar dukiya don tsabtace tituna da tituna a cikin inci 18 na ƙuntata.

Ya zuwa 2020, yawan zubar da ruwa ya kasance matsala a duk gundumomin NYC, musamman Brooklyn, da Bronx, da Queens.

 Sake amfani 
Birnin New York ya fara sake amfani da shi a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Babban wurin sake amfani shine Sunset Park Material Recovery Facility a Brooklyn.

 Ajiyewar kwantena 
Birnin New York ya kasance wurin da ake yawan yin gwangwani musamman saboda yawan jama'ar birnin da ya gauraye da dokokin ajiyar kwantena na jihar New York.  Canning ya kasance batun cece-kuce a NYC tare da masu yin gwangwani sau da yawa suna fuskantar koma baya daga gwamnatin birni, Sashen tsaftar muhalli na birnin New York, da sauran kamfanonin tattara kayan sake amfani da su. Tabbas Zamu Iya, cibiyar fansa wacce uwargida Ana Martinez de Luco ta kafa, ita ce kawai cibiyar fansa ta canner a cikin birni, tana ba da kabad da sarari na gama gari ga masu gwangwani don tsara tarin abubuwan da za a iya fansa.

 Takarda 
Kusan rabin takarda da kwali da DSNY ya tattara ana sanya su a kan jiragen ruwa a tashar Canja wurin ruwa ta Titin West 59th kuma an kai shi wani injin takarda na masana'antu na Pratt a tsibirin Staten inda ake sake yin fa'ida zuwa sabbin samfuran takarda.

 Karfe, gilashi, da filastik 
Karfe, gilashi, robobi, da katunan da aka tattara a duk faɗin birni ana kai su zuwa Wurin Farfadowa na Sunset Park a Brooklyn. Ana ɗaukar abubuwan sake amfani da su daga Bronx da Queens a can ta jirgin ruwa. A can ana jera abubuwan sake yin amfani da su ta hanyar masu raba halin yanzu da na'urar daukar hoto na gani, sannan an ba da izinin siyarwa. Ana siyar da gilashin haske ga kwalabe kuma ana siyar da gilashin launi azaman jimillar ginin. Kusan kashi 15% na kayan da ke shiga wurin suna ƙarewa a cikin rumbun ƙasa, ko dai saboda ba za a iya raba su ba ko kuma ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ta hanyar tattalin arziki ba. 

 Kasuwanci 
alt=small household compost bin for individual use.|thumb|Gidan da aka rarraba ta DSNY
Birnin New York ya fara yin composting a cikin garin Staten Island a cikin 2012. Shirin ya kafa shi ne ta hanyar magajin gari na lokacin Michael Bloomberg. A shekara ta 2017, shirin ya fadada ya hada da gidaje 300,000, makarantu 722, hukumomi, da cibiyoyi, da kuma wuraren saukarwa 80, a fadin birnin. A cikin 2019 birnin ya tattara tan 50,000 na compostables daga sabis na gefen hanya. A cikin 2020, da yake ambaton raguwar kasafin kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da annobar COVID-19, Birnin New York ya dakatar da yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta a gefen hanya da sake amfani da kwayoyi don makarantu. Ta hanyar kokarin hadin gwiwar al'umma da ake kira "Save Our Compost", an riƙe isasshen kudade a cikin kasafin kudin birni don ba da damar shafukan hada-hadar al'umma guda huɗu su kasance a buɗe. Har ila yau, birnin ya kirkiro taswirar mu'amala don nuna duk wuraren da ake amfani da su a fili.

A cikin 2021, takin birni a cikin birnin New York ya kasance mai wahala. Sashen kula da wuraren shakatawa na birnin New York ya yi ƙoƙarin mayar da biyu daga cikin sauran wuraren da ake yin takin a ƙasar da ake sarrafa Parks, wanda Big Reuse da Cibiyar Muhalli ta LES ke gudanarwa a halin yanzu, yana ƙara damuwa a tsakanin masu fafutukar yin takin.

A cikin 2024, Birnin New York yana faɗaɗa shirinta na takin ƙasa a duk faɗin gundumomi don rage sharar yanayi da samar da takin ko gas. An kaddamar da shirin a matakai, wanda ya fara da Queens, wanda ya gwada shirin cikin nasara. Brooklyn ya fara cikakken takin ƙasa a kan Oktoba 2, 2023, tare da Bronx da Staten Island a cikin Maris 2024. An shirya fitar da Manhattan zuwa Oktoba 7, 2024. 

Wannan yunƙurin yana da nufin madubi nasarar shirye-shiryen takin tilas a birane kamar San Francisco ta hanyar ba da fifikon shiga kan hukunci. Yayin da ba za a fara biyan tara na rashin bin doka ba har sai Maris 2025, ana ci gaba da ƙoƙarin ilimi don tabbatar da mazauna yankin sun fahimci fa'idodi da dabaru na takin kafin a fara aiwatar da aikin.

A cikin 2025, Cibiyar Sadarwar Takin Al'umma ta NYC ta maido da Koyarwar Takaddun Takaddun Jagora wanda ya haɗu da tarurrukan bita, balaguron fage, da damar sa kai ta ƙungiyoyin takin al'umma a kusa da gundumomi biyar na NYC. Majalisar birnin New York ce ta dauki nauyin shirin.

Tun daga ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2025 takin ya zama wajibi a duk NYC. Rashin raba sharar ganye/yadi da tarkacen abinci yana haifar da ƙarin tara tarar laifuffuka da girman ginin. 

 Kashewa 
A cikin 1930s birnin ya kawo karshen al'adar zubar da shara a cikin teku, maimakon haka ta kona sharar a na'urorin ƙonawa na birni 11 da zubar da tokar da ta haifar a cikin matsugunan shara da suka warwatse a cikin gundumomi biyar.

 Ƙone sharar gida 
A shekara ta 1885, Birnin New York ya buɗe incinerator na farko na ƙasa a Tsibirin Gwamnoni. Har zuwa shekarun 1960, masu cinye shara goma sha ɗaya da ba a tace su ba suna aiki a NYC, suna ƙone shara ba tare da tsari ba. Gidan konewa na karshe a cikin birni ya rufe a cikin shekarun 1990.

A halin yanzu, ana aika shara daga Manhattan zuwa Essex County Resource Recovery Facility, tashar wutar lantarki mai ƙonewa. Ana aika ash daga incinerator zuwa wuraren zubar da shara, bayan an cire ƙarfe mai dawowa.

 Gidajen shara 
A cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, an ƙarfafa mazauna New York su jefa shararsu cikin Kogin Gabas don haɓaka ƙananan sassan Lower Manhattan. A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, mai tsara birni Robert Moses ya ƙarfafa mazauna su zubar da shara don cika tafkuna da koguna da yawa da ke kewaye da birni don sanya su mafi karɓar baƙi ga ci gaban filin shakatawa, wuraren baje kolin, da filayen jirgin sama. Misalan sun hada da Pelham Bay Park da Flushing Meadows Park . A lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi, filin Fresh Kills na Staten Island shine mafi girma a duniya, yana shimfiɗa a fadin kadada 2,200. Fresh Kills ya fara buɗewa a 1948  a matsayin wurin zubar da shara na wucin gadi kuma an rufe shi a shekara ta 2001. Farawa a ƙarshen karni na 20, NYC tana ƙoƙari ta juya tsoffin wuraren zubar da shara zuwa wuraren shakatawa. Shahararrun misalai na wannan sune Freshkills Park a Staten Island  da Shirley Chisholm State Park a Brooklyn.  Yawancin sharar NYC sun ƙare a cikin wuraren zubar da shara a waje da birni. A cikin 2017, DSNY ta zubar da tan miliyan 3.2 na sharar gida a wajen Birnin New York.

 Fitar da sharar gida 
Tun lokacin da birnin New York na ƙarshe na incinerator ya rufe a cikin 1990 kuma an rufe sharar gida na ƙarshe a cikin 2001 duk sharar garin an fitar da su zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa da incinerators mai nisa a wajen birnin. Ana sanya sharar a cikin kwantena a ɗaya daga cikin tashoshi uku na jigilar ruwa, ana ɗaukar kwantenan ta jirgin ruwa zuwa tashar canja wurin sharar tsibirin Staten kuma a sanya su a cikin jiragen ƙasa da ke daure don zubar da ƙasa da kuma incinerators a wajen birni. 

[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span>]

 Rashin ruwa 
Tsarin najasa na birnin New York yana ɗaukar fiye da tan 1,000 na daskararru  (ciki har da ganye, datti, da najasa) a kowace rana zuwa masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sha guda 17, inda ake fitar da mafi yawan sharar ruwan, a yi musu magani, da kuma fitar da su cikin magudanan ruwa. Sannan ana ɗaukar sauran sludge na najasa a cikin wani jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da ruwa zuwa Tsibirin Wards Island Water Control Plant a tsibirin Randalls. A can ake zubar da sludge kuma sauran daskararrun ana ajiye su a cikin kwantena da aka rufe ana kai su zuwa wuraren da ke nesa da birnin.

 Dubi kuma 

 Cibiyar Maido da Kudancin Delaware
 Cibiyar Maido da albarkatun yankin Essex
 Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Kudu ta Brooklyn

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Ƙarin karantawa 

  Nagle, Robin (2013). Daukewa: A kan tituna da bayan manyan motoci tare da ma'aikatan tsaftar muhalli na birnin New York (ed  na farko). New York: Farrar, Straus da Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-29929-3. OCLC 795174388.