Psamtik II

Psamtik II (Ancient Egyptian: , pronounced ), known by the Graeco-Romans as Psammetichus or Psammeticus, was a king of the Saite-based Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt (595 BC – 589 BC). His prenomen, Nefer-Ib-Re, means "Beautiful [is the] Heart [of] Re." He was the son of Necho II.

 Kamfen da yaƙe-yaƙe 
Psamtik II ya jagoranci shiga Nubia a cikin 592 BC, yana tafiya har zuwa kudu kamar na uku ko ma na huɗu na Nilu, bisa ga wani stela na zamani daga Thebes (Karnak), wanda ya kasance a Shekara 3 na sunan wannan sarki kuma yana nufin mummunan cin nasara da aka yi wa mulkin Kush. [1] Wani sanannen rubutun da aka rubuta a Helenanci a gefen hagu na babban mutum-mutumi mai zaman kansa na Ramesses II, a gefen kudu na ƙofar haikalin Abu Simbel, ya rubuta cewa:

Kerkis tana kusa da Fifth Cataract na Nilu "wanda ya tsaya sosai a cikin Masarautar Cushite. "
Wannan shi ne karo na farko tsakanin Masar da Nubia tun lokacin mulkin Tantamani. Wani sarki na Kush mai suna Anlamani ya farfado da ikon mulkin Napata. Wataƙila an fara kamfen ɗin Psamtik II don lalata duk wani burin da Kushites za su iya samu na sake mamaye Masar. Sojojin Masar sun ci gaba zuwa Pnubs (Kerma) da babban birnin Napata a cikin jerin yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani, inda suka kwace haikalinsa kuma suka lalata siffofin Kushite na sarauta. An kori babban birnin Kushite a ƙarƙashin mulkin ɗan ƙasar Kushite sarki Aspelta wanda shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Anlamani kuma ɗan Senkamanisken. Shekara 3 Karnak stela an rubuta shi ne a ranar II Shemu 10 na mulkin Psamtik II kuma ya bayyana cewa:

A sakamakon mummunar yakin Psamtik, an murkushe ikon Kush, kuma sarakunansa daga Aspelta zuwa gaba sun rasa duk wata dama ta sake dawo da iko da Masar. Maimakon haka, sarakunan Nubian sun yanke shawarar canza babban birninsu zuwa kudu daga Napata zuwa tsaron dangi na Meroë. Abin sha'awa, duk da haka, Psamtik II bai bayyana ya yi nasara a kan nasararsa ba. Sojojinsa sun koma baya zuwa First Cataract, kuma Elephantine ya ci gaba da kasancewa iyakar kudancin Masar.

Sakamakon wannan kamfen ɗin shine lalata abubuwan tunawa na 25th Dynasty Kushite sarakuna a Misira "ta hanyar cire sunayensu da alamun sarauta daga siffofinsu da siffofansu. "  Daga baya, a cikin 591 BC, a cikin shekara ta huɗu na mulkinsa, Psamtik II ya kaddamar da balaguron zuwa Falasdinu "don tayar da babban tawaye na Levantine a kan Babiloniyawa" wanda ya haɗa da wasu, Zedekiah na Masarautar Yahuza.  Ko kuma a cewar Dan'el Kahn, "592 BC da alama shine ranar da Psammetichus II ya sake mamaye Levant".

 Abubuwan tunawa 
Psamtik II ya kasance Fir'auna mai jaruntaka da kuma mai ginawa mai yawa a cikin gajeren mulkinsa na shekaru 6. Wataƙila Psamtik II da ɗansa Apries ne suka gina wani muhimmin Haikali Saite a ƙauyen El-Mahalla El-Kubra wanda ke kusa da Sebennytos da Behbeit El-Hagar a cikin Lower Nile Delta .  Jami'ai daga balaguron Napoleon zuwa Misira sun lura da "adadin gine-ginen Fir'auna na dutse da turquoise da aka sake amfani da su a cikin gine-gine na zamani" a wannan shafin; Nestor L'Hôte ya tabbatar da wannan binciken a cikin 1828 wanda ya ƙidaya fiye da ginshiƙan dutse 120 da aka gina a cikin masallacin ƙauyen kadai. An kuma ga wani yanki mai tsawon mita 1.8 na jan dutse tare da sunan Psamtik II da ƙofar ƙofar Apries a El-Mahalla El-Kubra . 

A karkashin mulkin Psamtik II, an gina obelisks guda biyu sama da mita 21.79 a cikin haikalin Heliopolis; Sarkin sarakuna na farko na Roma, Augustus, daga baya yana da ɗaya daga cikin obelisks, wanda a yau ake kira Obelisk na Montecitorio, wanda mai yiwuwa masu mamaye Farisa suka jefa shi a 525 BC, wanda aka kawo Roma a 10 BC.Psamtik II ya kuma gina kiosk a tsibirin Philae . Wannan kiosk a yau "yana wakiltar tsohuwar abin tunawa da aka sani a tsibirin" kuma ya ƙunshi "jerin biyu na ginshiƙai huɗu, waɗanda aka haɗa su da bangon allo".
Psamtik II kuma yana da alhakin kafa Gidan Haikali a Hibis a El-Kharga Oasis don triad na Amun, Mut, da Khonsu tare da muhimman shigarwa don bautar Osiris. Wannan haikalin na mita 19.5 x 26 an samo asali ne a bakin wani tafkin tsohuwar tafkin wanda yanzu ya ɓace kuma an kammala kayan ado na haikalin ne kawai a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Farisa Darius I kuma mai yiwuwa Darius II. Haikali na Hibis ya kunshi zauren hypostyle tare da ginshiƙan babban birnin papyrus guda biyu, zauren hadayu, wurare masu tsarki guda uku a bayan haikalin da ɗakin sujada a gefen wuraren ibada don bautar Psamtik II.  A gaban gidan haikalin Hibis ya nuna:

 "a Pronoos tare da ginshiƙai huɗu na papyrus da ganuwar allo. A lokacin gina pronaos, an tsawaita ganuwar gefe don ƙara farfajiyar. Wannan tsawo, duk da haka, an gudanar da shi ne kawai a cikin Daular 30 [ta Nectanebo I da Nectanebe II.] Ginshiƙan papyrus guda takwas na pronaos har yanzu suna nuna nau'in Sabon Masarautar, manyan birane. " 

Wani babbar ƙofar dutse ta hanyar bangon waje har yanzu yana tsaye kusan mita 5 kuma an gina shi a lokacin Ptolemaic ko Roman. An zana rubuce-rubuce da dokoki da yawa a ƙofar a kan batutuwa daban-daban kamar haraji, gado, tsarin kotu da haƙƙin mata, tare da rubutun farko wanda ya fara zuwa 49 AD.

Haikali na Psamtik II a Hibis an kiyaye shi gaba ɗaya har zuwa 1832 lokacin da aka cire rufinsa da ɓangarorin haikalin don gina masana'antar aluminum. Ayyukan tonowa ne kawai da Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan ya yi a cikin 1910-1911 da kuma sabuntawa da aka yi ta hanyar Masarautar Tsohon Masar sun kama raguwarsa. A yau, haikalin Hibis ya kasance - tare da Oracle ko Ammoneion na Siwa - a matsayin "mafi kyawun haikalin da aka kiyaye da kuma mafi kyawun rubuce-rubuce na farkon zamanin Masar kuma saboda haka shine ainihin abin tunawa ga tarihin ginin [haikalin Masar]. "

 Wanda ya maye gurbinsa 
Lokacin da Psamtik II ya mutu a shekara ta 589 KZ, Apries wanda Sarauniya Takhut, Gimbiya ta Atribis ta gaje shi. Psamtik da Sarauniya Takhut su ne kuma iyayen Menekhubaste, Firistess na Atum a Heliopolis, da Ankhnesneferibre, Matar Allah ta Amun wacce ta yi aiki a wannan ofishin mai iko a Upper Egypt har zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Saite a 525 BC, lokacin da Farisa suka ci Masar. An ambaci ranar mutuwar Psamtik II a cikin Stela na Amincewa na Ankhnesneferibre: Shekara 7, I Akhet ranar 23.

 Manazarta 

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