Sarauniyar Afirka

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Sarauniyar Afirka fim ne na kasada na 1951 wanda aka daidaitawa daga littafin 1935 mai suna C. S. Forester . [1] John Huston ne ya ba da umarnin kuma Sam Spiegel da John Woolf ne suka samar da shi.[2] James Agee, John Huston, John Collier da Peter Viertel ne suka daidaita rubutun. Jack Cardiff ne ya dauki hoton a cikin Technicolor kuma yana da kiɗa na Allan Gray. Tauraron fim din Humphrey Bogart (wanda ya lashe Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actor, Oscar kawai) da Katharine Hepburn tare da Robert Morley, Peter Bull, Walter Gotell, Richard Marner da Theodore Bikel . [3] An zaɓi Sarauniyar Afirka don adanawa a cikin National Film Registry na Amurka a cikin 1994, kuma Laburaren Majalisa ya ɗauka "a al'ada, tarihi ko kyakkyawa". [4][5]

 Makirci 
Samuel Sayer da 'yar'uwarsa Rose mishaneri ne na Methodist na Ingila a Gabashin Afirka a watan Agustan shekara ta 1914. Ana isar da wasikarsu da kayayyaki ta hanyar karamin Jirgin ruwa mai suna Sarauniyar Afirka, wanda ke jagorantar masanin injiniya na Kanada Charlie Allnut, wanda halayensa masu tsananin halayensa suke jurewa sosai.
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Lokacin da Charlie ya gargadi Sayers cewa yaƙin ya ɓarke tsakanin Jamus da Burtaniya, sun zaɓi su kasance a Kungdu, kawai don ganin Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Jamus sun ƙone ƙauyen kuma sun garken mazauna ƙauyen don a matsa su cikin aiki. Lokacin da Samuel ya nuna rashin amincewa, wani soja ya buge shi kuma nan da nan ya zama mai saurin kamuwa da zazzabi, ya mutu jim kadan bayan haka. Charlie ya taimaka wa Rose ta binne dan uwanta kuma sun tsere a cikin Sarauniyar Afirka.

Charlie ya ambaci Rose cewa Birtaniya ba za su iya kai hari ga Jamusawa ba saboda kasancewar babban Jirgin ruwa, , yana sintiri a babban tafkin. Rose ta zo da wani shiri na canza Sarauniyar Afirka zuwa jirgin ruwa kuma ta nutse Königin Luise. Bayan wasu rinjaye, Charlie ya tafi tare da shirin.

Charlie ya ƙarfafa Rose ta kewaya kogin ta hanyar rudder yayin da yake kula da injin, kuma ta sami ƙarfin hali bayan sun wuce saiti na farko na rapids tare da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin jirgin. Lokacin da suka wuce sansanin soja na Jamus, sojoji sun fara harbi a kansu, suna lalata bututun ruwa. Charlie ya sami damar sake ɗaure bututun matsin lamba kamar yadda suke shirin shiga saiti na biyu na rapids. Jirgin yana juyawa da kuma shimfiɗa yayin da yake saukowa cikin rapids, wanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a kan bene. Yayin da suke murna da nasarar da suka samu, Charlie da Rose sun sami kansu a rungumi da sumba. Saiti na uku na rapids ya lalata shaft na jirgin ruwa. Sun kafa wani forge na asali a bakin teku kuma Charlie ya daidaita shaft kuma ya walda sabon takobi a kan propeller, yana ba da damar su biyu su sake farawa.
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Dukkanin ya ɓace lokacin da jirgin ya shiga cikin laka da kara mai yawa kusa da bakin kogi. Ba tare da kayan da suka rage ba kuma ba tare da ruwan sha ba, Rose da Charlie mai zafi sun fadi, dukansu sun yarda cewa za su mutu nan ba da daɗewa ba. Rose ta yi addu'a a hankali. Yayin da suke barci, ruwan sama mai yawa ya ɗaga matakin kogin kuma ya kwashe Sarauniyar Afirka cikin tafkin.

A cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa, Charlie da Rose sun shirya don harin su.  ta dawo kuma Charlie da Rose sun kori Sarauniyar Afirka a kan tafkin cikin duhu, da niyyar sa ta kan hanyar haɗari. Wani guguwa mai karfi ya buge, ya sa ruwa ya zubo cikin Sarauniyar Afirka ta hanyar ramukan torpedo. A ƙarshe jirgin ya rushe, ya jefa Charlie da Rose cikin ruwa. Charlie ya rasa Rose a cikin guguwar.

An kama Charlie kuma an kai shi cikin Königin Luise, inda jami'an Jamus suka yi masa tambayoyi. Da yake ya yi imanin cewa Rose ta nitse, bai yi ƙoƙari ya kare kansa daga zarge-zargen leken asiri ba kuma kyaftin din Jamus ya yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa. An kawo Rose a cikin jirgin bayan an furta hukuncin Charlie. Kyaftin din ya tambaye ta, kuma Rose da alfahari ta furta makircin nutsewar Königin Luise, ta yanke shawarar cewa ba su da wani abu da za su rasa. Kyaftin din ya yanke mata hukuncin kisa tare da Charlie, duka a matsayin 'yan leƙen asirin Burtaniya. Charlie ya nemi kyaftin din Jamus ya auri su kafin a kashe su. Kyaftin din ya yarda, kuma bayan ya gudanar da mafi ƙanƙanta na bikin aure, yana gab da aiwatar da kisa lokacin da  ya girgiza da jerin fashewa, da sauri ya rushe. Jirgin ya bugi jikin Sarauniyar Afirka da aka rushe kuma ya fashe torpedoes. Sabbin ma'aurata sun sami damar tserewa daga jirgin da ke nutsewa kuma su yi iyo zuwa aminci tare.

 Masu ba da labari 

 Humphrey Bogart a matsayin Charlie Allnut
 Katharine Hepburn a matsayin Rose Sayer
 Robert Morley a matsayin Reverend Samuel Sayer, "The Brother"
 Peter Bull a matsayin Kyaftin na 
 Theodore Bikel a matsayin Jami'in farko na 
 Walter Gotell a matsayin Jami'in Na Biyu na 
 Peter Swanwick a matsayin Jami'in Farko na Fort Shona
 Richard Marner a matsayin Jami'in na Biyu na Fort Shona
 Gerald Onn a matsayin Petty Officer na  (ba a san shi ba) 

 Fitarwa 
masu tantancewa na samarwa sun ki amincewa da fannoni da yawa na rubutun asali, kamar su haruffa marasa aure Charlie Allnut da Rose Sayer da ke zaune a cikin jirgin (kamar yadda yake a cikin littafin CS Forester), kuma an yi wasu canje-canje kafin a kammala fim din. Wani canji ya biyo bayan jefa Humphrey Bogart; halayensa Charlie's lines a cikin asalin screenplay an fassara su da wani m Cockney yaren, amma dole ne a sake rubuta rubutun gaba daya saboda bai so ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi magana ba. Sake rubutawa ya sanya halin Kanada.

John da James Woolf na Romulus Films, wani kamfani na Burtaniya ne suka ba da kuɗin fim din. Michael Balcon, mai ba da shawara ga Kamfanin Kudi na Fim na Kasa, ya shawarci NFFC da ta ƙi rance ga Woolfs sai dai idan fim din ya fito da tsoffin 'yan wasan Ealing Studios John McCallum da Googie Withers maimakon Humphrey Bogart da Katharine Hepburn, waɗanda Woolfs ke so. Woolfs sun shawo kan shugaban NFFC Lord Reith ya mamaye Balcon, kuma fim din ya ci gaba. Woolfs sun ba da £ 250,000 kuma sun yi farin ciki da fim ɗin da aka kammala har suka shawo kan John Huston don jagorantar hoton su na gaba, Moulin Rouge (1952). 

Masu jefawa da ma'aikatan sun taru a Afirka a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1950 kuma an harbe yawancin fim din a Lake Albert, Uganda, da kuma Belgian Congo a Afirka. Wannan sabon abu ne na lokacin, musamman ga hoton Technicolor wanda ya yi amfani da manyan kyamarori masu nauyi na "Three-Strip". Masu jefa kwallo da ma'aikatan sun jimre da rashin lafiya da yanayin rayuwa a lokacin da suke wurin. A farkon yanayin da Rose (Hepburn) ke wasa da kwayar halitta a cikin coci, an sanya guga a waje da kyamara inda za ta iya amai tsakanin daukar saboda ba ta da lafiya. Bogart daga baya ya yi alfaharin cewa shi da Huston su ne kawai mambobin simintin da ma'aikatan da suka tsere wa rashin lafiya, wanda ya yaba da shan giya a wurin maimakon ruwan gida.
Kimanin rabin fim din an harbe shi a saita-linkid="259" href="./UK" id="mw0w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="UK">Burtaniya. Abubuwan da aka ga Bogart da Hepburn a cikin ruwa duk an harbe su a cikin tankuna a Worton Hall Studios a Isleworth, kusa da Landan. Wadannan al'amuran an dauke su da haɗari sosai don harba a Afirka. Dukkanin farantin da ke gaba don aiwatar da harbe-harbe an kuma yi fim a cikin ɗakin karatu. Wani labari ya girma cewa an yi fim din al'amuran da ke cikin kogin da ke cike da reed a Dalyan, Turkiyya, amma a cikin littafinta game da fim din, Hepburn ta ce: "Muna gab da komawa... zuwa Entebbe amma John [Huston] yana so mu sami hotunan Bogie da ni a cikin mil na manyan kara kafin mu fito cikin tafkin...". An harbe jerin a wuri a Afirka da kuma a cikin ɗakunan karatu na London. Hotunan Fort Shona da ke zaune a Jamus duk an yi su ne a Worton Hall, inda aka gina sansanin soja daga tubali kuma an rufe shi da gilashi.

An yi fim a kan jirgin ta amfani da babban raft tare da samfurin jirgin a saman. Za'a iya cire sassan jirgin ruwa don samar da wuri ga babban kyamarar Technicolor. Wannan ya kasance mai haɗari a wani lokaci lokacin da bututun jirgin ruwa, kwatankwacin jan ƙarfe mai nauyi, kusan ya fadi a kan Hepburn. Ba a tabbatar da shi ba saboda dole ne a motsa shi don saukar da kyamarar. An gina ƙaramin jirgin ruwa da aka yi amfani da shi don nuna Sarauniyar Afirka a 1912 a Burtaniya don hidima a Afirka. A wani lokaci dan wasan kwaikwayo Fess Parker ne ya mallake shi. An mayar da jirgin a watan Afrilun 2012 kuma yanzu ana nuna shi a matsayin jan hankalin yawon bude ido a Key Largo, Florida.

An dauki sunan Königin Luise daga jirgin ruwa na Jamus SS Königin Luisa (1913) wanda ke aiki daga Hamburg kafin  ta karbe shi a lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na. An yi amfani da shi azaman mai ba da bam a Harwich kafin jirgin ruwa na  ya nutse a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta 1914. 

Wani jita-jita mai ci gaba yana riƙe da cewa yawan mutanen London na parakeets masu wuyan wuyan wuyansa sun samo asali ne daga tsuntsayen da suka tsere ko kuma an sake su yayin yin fim na Sarauniyar Afirka. 

 Farko 
Sarauniyar Afirka ta buɗe a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1951, a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Fox Wilshire a Beverly Hills  a lokacin da za ta cancanci samun lambar yabo ta 24 ta Kwalejin. An buɗe fim din a Birnin New York a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1952, a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Capitol . 

 Karɓar baƙi da ofishin akwatin 
Bincike mai mahimmanci na zamani ya fi dacewa. Edwin Schallert na Los Angeles Times ya rubuta cewa fim din "ya kamata ya burge shi da sabon abu a cikin simintin da kuma wasan kwaikwayo," kuma ya sami ƙarshen "ya fi dacewa kuma har ma da ban mamaki, amma ya isa, tare da kusan harshen yamma, don ya zama sananne". Bosley Crowther na The New York Times ya kira fim din "a slick work of movie hoodwinking with a complete implausible soyayya, saita a cikin wani tsari na daji kasada cewa ne mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda ta labarin da ba a sani ba ... Wannan ba a lura da shi da rashin jin daɗi. " Crowther ya kara da cewa "Mista Huston ya cancanci samun daraja don sanya wannan labari mai ban shahara a matakin wayo, ladabi da kuma gabaɗaya kiyaye shi a can, yayin da yake tafiya game da farin cikin kasuwancin injiniya farin ciki da jin da kuma gani".Crowther, Bosley (February 21, 1951). 

Bambancin da ake kira Sarauniyar Afirka "wani fim mai ban sha'awa ... Ayyuka masu hikima, ba a taɓa ganin Bogart don fa'ida mafi kyau ba. Kuma ba shi da wani masani, abokin fim mai basira fiye da Miss Hepburn. "  John McCarten na The New Yorker ya bayyana cewa "Katharine Hepburn da Humphrey Bogart sun zo da wasu ayyukan ban mamaki, kuma yana da sa'a cewa sun yi, domin waɗannan fim ɗin suna mai da hankali a kansu da hankali sosai cewa duk abin da aka zaba a cikin Washington da ya fi sani da ya bar shi a cikin salon Coy da ya fice.

Harrison's Reports ya buga bita mara kyau, yana rubuta cewa fim din "yana da lokutan wasan kwaikwayo da farin ciki, amma a cikin duka tattaunawar ta yara ce, aikin wauta, kuma labarin ba shi da roƙon ɗan adam. Haruffa suna aiki kamar yadda suke magana, kuma masu nuna bambanci ga masu halartar hotuna za su yi musu dariya. Babu wani abu mai ban sha'awa game da ko dai Katharine Hepburn ko Humphrey Bogart, don duka biyun ya kasance mai banƙyama, ana nuna shi a cikin fim ɗin da ya ɓoye, yana da kyau, yana da alama yana da kyau.

Fim din ya sami kimanin £ 256,267 a gidajen silima na Burtaniya a 1952,  wanda ya sa ya zama fim na 11 mafi mashahuri na shekara.  Ya sami kimanin dala miliyan 4 a cikin haya na wasan kwaikwayo na Arewacin Amurka da dala miliyan 6 a duk duniya.

A shafin yanar gizon Rotten Tomatoes fim din yana da kashi 96% bisa ga sake dubawa 47, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.8/10. Shafin yanar gizon ya karanta: "Kyakkyawan jefawa, rubuce-rubuce da kyau, kuma an yi fim mai kyau, Sarauniyar Afirka ta kasance mai ban sha'awa, mai ban dariya, kuma ba tare da ƙoƙari ba har ma bayan fiye da rabin ƙarni na fina-finai masu ban sha'a da ke karɓar bashi daga DNA mai kirkirar ta. "  A kan Metacritic yana da kashi 91% bisa ga sake dubawa daga masu sukar 15, yana nuna "yauta ta duniya".

 Bambance-bambance daga littafin 
A shekara ta 1935, lokacin da aka buga littafin The African Queen na CS Forester, yawancin mutanen Burtaniya sun yi imanin cewa yakin duniya na wani babban kuskure ne wanda za a iya kauce masa. A cikin littafin, Jamusawa su ne masu adawa, ba masu laifi ba, kuma an nuna su a matsayin masu adawa da masu daraja da jaruntaka na Burtaniya, waɗanda suke da daraja da girmamawa. Sakamakon gabaɗaya na littafin shi ne cewa yaƙin bala'i ne wanda mutane masu kyau suka kashe juna saboda dalilai da ba za a iya ganewa ba kuma bangarorin biyu sun sha wahala daidai. Masanin tarihin Burtaniya Antony Barker ya rubuta cewa, a cikin littafin, akwai ma'anar wahalar da aka raba na haruffa na Turai a Afirka a lokacin yakin ciki har da Jamusawa waɗanda aka gabatar da su kamar suna da "ƙayyadadden alhakin" kawai ga yakin. Sabanin haka, lokacin da fim din 'Sarauniyar Afirka' ya fito a 1951, tunanin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu har yanzu suna da sabo kuma haruffa na Jamusanci sun fi muni da rashin jin daɗi fiye da na littafin. Ba kamar ƙwaƙwalwar Yaƙin Duniya na farko ba, an tuna da Yaƙin Duniya yaƙi da mugunta, wanda ya rinjayi rubutun Sarauniyar Afirka. A cikin littafin, Jamusawa sun kama Rose da Charlie, amma sun sake su cikin wani abu mai girma, ba tare da sanin makircin da ya gaza ba. A cikin fim ɗin sun kuma kama Rose da Charlie, amma suna gab da rataye su lokacin da Königin Luise ya nutse ta hanyar fashewar Sarauniyar Afirka.

A cikin littafin, Charlie da Rose sun kasa a yunkurin su na nutse Königin Luise kamar yadda saƙon a cikin littafin shine: "Abin da ya zama manufa mara yiwuwa ga ɗan ƙasa mai zaman kansa an nuna shi kawai wannan - ya kasance aikin da ya fi dacewa ga masu sana'a". Königin Luise a maimakon haka ya nutse a cikin yakin tafkin da jirgin ruwa na Royal Navy ke bindigogi yayin da Rose da Charlie ke kallo daga bakin teku. Fim din ya gabatar da kokarin Charlie da Rose a cikin haske mai kyau yayin da gwagwarmayarsu ta kawo Sarauniyar Afirka zuwa tafkin ta haifar da nutsewar Königin Luise, kuma jirgin ruwa na Royal Navy bai bayyana a cikin fim din ba. A cikin littafin, halin Charlie na Burtaniya ne; a cikin fim ɗin, ya zama ɗan Kanada don karɓar harshen Amurka na Bogart. A cikin 1915, an sami nasarar balaguro wanda Geoffrey Spicer-Simson ya umarce shi inda Birtaniya ta ja jiragen ruwa biyu na Royal Navy a fadin jejin Afirka zuwa Tafkin Tanganyika don kalubalanci ikon jirgin ruwa na Jamus na tafkin, wanda ya zama wahayi ga littafin. C. S. Forester, marubucin Sarauniyar Afirka, bai mai da hankali kan labarin balaguron rayuwa ta ainihi ba - wanda ya haɗa shi cikin littafinsa, kamar yadda jirgin ruwa na Royal Navy a cikin littafin ya kamata ya zama ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu na ainihi - galibi saboda mummunan wahalar da masu ɗaukar Afirka suka jimre waɗanda dole ne su ja jiragen ruwa biyu a fadin jeji, wani bangare na balaguron da Forester bai so ya zauna a kan su zauna a kai.

A lokacin yakin da aka yi a Gabashin Afirka, sojojin Jamus sun kasance marasa tausayi wajen tilasta wa 'yan Afirka yin aiki a matsayin masu ɗaukar kaya; kwace dabbobi da abinci ga kansu; da kuma aiwatar da dabarun ƙasa da aka ƙone don hana sojojin Burtaniya da ke bin su yi amfani da ƙauyen. Barker ya rubuta cewa hanyar jaruntaka da ma'aikatan Königin Luise suka sauka suna fada a cikin littafin "ya soke" mummunan hali na sojojin Jamus a baya yayin da a cikin fim din nutsewar Königin Luise shine hukunci mai adalci na haruffa na Jamusanci. Dukkanin littafin da fim din daidai suna nuna dabarun ƙonewar ƙasa na Schutztruppe na Jamus, wanda ke da mummunar tasiri ga mutanen Afirka yayin da dubban 'yan Afirka suka mutu sakamakon lalacewar amfanin gona da dabbobi. Koyaya, mayar da hankali a cikin fim ɗin da littafin yana kan fararen haruffa, kuma duka fim ɗin da littafi suna bi da 'yan Afirka a matsayin ƙarin kawai a cikin labarin. Duk da gaskiyar cewa duka littafin da fim din an saita su ne a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, babu wani muhimmin haruffa na Afirka a ko dai littafin ko fim din. Dukkanin littafin da fim din sun gabatar da Afirka a matsayin wuri mai ban sha'awa da haɗari inda fararen mutane ke da kasada da soyayya, tare da 'yan Afirka da kansu a bango.

Dukkanin littafin da fim din suna bi da Afirka a matsayin wurin da za a iya samun farin ciki ta hanyar da ba za a iya ba a Turai. A cikin littafin da fim din, Rose ta kasance mai wa'azi ne mai kyau daga dangin Ingilishi na tsakiya wanda ɗan'uwanta Samuel ya mamaye, kuma a lokacin tafiyar Sarauniyar Afirka ne ta sami soyayya da farin ciki tare da Charlie tare da ƙarfin hali don tabbatar da kanta. A cikin littafin, Charlie wani ma'aikaci ne mai laushi kuma mai ɗan rashin daraja Cockney wanda ya auri wata mace mai matsakaicin matsayi wanda ba zai iya yin aure a Ingila ba. Fim din ya canza Charlie zuwa dan Kanada, amma yana da wannan sakon cewa mutumin da ke aiki yana iya auren mace mai matsakaicin matsayi wanda ba zai iya yin aure a wani wuri ba sai Afirka. A cikin littafin, an nuna cewa Rose da Charlie suna da alaƙa da jima'i kafin aure, wani bangare na littafin da aka rage a cikin fim din saboda Hays Code, wanda ya hana duk wani kwatanci na dangantakar jima'i ta kafin aure. Ba kamar littafin da ya kasance labarin kasada madaidaiciya ba, fim din ya karɓi kuɗi da yawa daga wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Amurka na shekarun 1930-1940 waɗanda ke nuna "yaƙin jinsi" wanda ya ƙare tare da namiji da mace suna samun ƙauna bisa ga "daidaitawa da daidaituwa". Littafin an saita shi ne a cikin wani nau'i mai laushi na Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda a gabashin gabarsa ne mulkin mallaka na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka (Tanzania ta zamani), amma an yi fim din da aka harbe a wurin a Belgian Congo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta zamani) saboda darektan Huston ya ji cewa Belgian Congo ya fi kyau don farautar giwaye.

 Manazarta 

 Takamaiman 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba