Ayyukan kare yara

Ayyukan Tsaro na Yara (CPS) suna nufin hukumomin gwamnati a Amurka waɗanda ke bincika zarge-zargen cin zarafin yara ko sakaci, kuma idan aka tabbatar, shiga tsakani ta hanyar samar da sabis ga iyali ta hanyar shirin tsaro, saka idanu a cikin gida, sa ido, ko kuma idan shirin tsaro ba zai yiwu ba ko a cikin gaggawa, cire yaron daga hannun iyayensu ko mai kula da doka.

Wasu yankuna suna amfani da wasu sunaye, sau da yawa suna ƙoƙari su nuna ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da iyali (kamar yadda ya saba da ayyukan da suka shafi yara), kamar "Sashen Yara da Ayyukan Iyali" (DCFS). CPS kuma wani lokacin ana kiranta da sunan "Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a" (DSS ko kawai Ayyukan Jamaʼa), kodayake waɗannan kalmomin galibi suna da ma'ana mai zurfi. Koyaya, aikin su ya kasance iri ɗaya.

 Yara, Matasa, da Iyali - CYF
 Ma'aikatar Yara da Iyalai - DCF
 Ayyukan Yara da Matasa - CYS (Pennsylvania kawai) 
 Ma'aikatar Kare Yara da Dindindin - DCPP (New Jersey kawai) 
 Gudanarwa don Ayyukan Yara - ACS (New York City kawai) 

CPS / DCF sashen ne a karkashin kungiyar kiwon lafiya da ayyukan ɗan adam ta jihar.

 Dokoki da ka'idoji 

 Dokokin tarayya na Amurka 
Dokokin tarayya na Amurka da ke kula da hukumomin CPS sun hada da:

 42 USC Sashe na 1983, kuma dangane da yanayin, 1985.
 Dokar Kulawa da Iyalai Masu Tsaro (ASFA) 
 Dokar Rigakafin Cin zarafin Yara da Magani (CAPTA).
 Dokar Kula da Kula da Yara ta Indiya (ICWA) .
 Dokar Kasuwanci da yawa (MEPA) .
 Sashe na 504 na Dokar Gyara.
 Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a
 Taken II na Dokar Amurkawa da ke da nakasa ta 1990 (ADA).

 Tarihi 
A cikin shekara ta 1690, a cikin abin da ke yanzu Amurka, akwai shari'o'in kotu da suka shafi cin zarafin yara. A shekara ta 1692, jihohi da kananan hukumomi sun gano kulawa ga yara da aka zalunta da kuma watsi da su a matsayin alhakin kananan hukumomi da cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu. A cikin shekara ta 1696, Masarautar Ingila ta fara amfani da ka'idar doka ta parens patriae, wanda ya ba da kulawar kambin sarauta na "wararrun agaji, jarirai, wawaye, da mahaukaci sun koma chancery". Wannan ka'idar parens patriae an gano ta a matsayin tushen doka don shiga tsakani na gwamnatin Amurka a cikin ayyukan kiwon yara na iyalai.

A cikin shekara ta 1825, jihohi sun kafa dokoki da ke ba hukumomin jin dadin jama'a damar cire yaran da aka yi watsi da su daga iyayensu da kuma daga tituna. An sanya waɗannan yara a cikin gidajen agaji, a cikin marayu da sauran iyalai. A cikin 1835, wata ƙungiya mai mutunci ta kafa Hukumar Ceto ta Yara ta Kasa don bincika cin zarafin yara. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, hukumomin kare yara masu zaman kansu - waɗanda aka tsara bayan ƙungiyoyin kare dabbobi da ke akwai - sun haɓaka don bincika rahotanni game da cin zarafin yara, gabatar da shari'o'i a kotu, da kuma ba da shawara ga dokokin jin dadin yara.

A shekara ta 1853, an kafa kungiyar taimakon yara don mayar da martani ga matsalar marayu ko yara da aka watsar da su da ke zaune a Birnin New York.Pecora et al. (1992), p. 231. Maimakon barin waɗannan yara su zama a matsayin ma'aikata ko ci gaba da zama a kan tituna, an sanya yara a cikin gidajen "mai ƙarfafawa" na farko, yawanci tare da niyyar taimaka wa waɗannan iyalai suyi aiki a gonakin su a matsayin aikin iyali.

A shekara ta 1874, an gurfanar da shari'ar farko ta cin zarafin yara a cikin abin da aka sani da "matakin Mary Ellen". Fushi a kan wannan shari'ar ya fara yunkurin da aka shirya game da cin zarafin yara [1] A cikin 1909, Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt ya kira taron Fadar White House kan Dogaro da Yara, wanda ya kirkiro kungiyar masu sa kai ta jama'a don "kafa da yada ka'idojin kula da yara". [2] A shekara ta 1926, jihohi 18 suna da wasu nau'ikan allon kula da lafiyar yara na gundumar wanda manufar ita ce daidaita aikin da ya shafi yara na jama'a da masu zaman kansu.[3] An magance batutuwan cin zarafi da sakaci a cikin Dokar Tsaron Jama'a a cikin 1930, wanda ya ba da kuɗi don shiga tsakani ga "yara da aka yi watsi da su da kuma dogaro da su cikin haɗarin zama masu laifi".[1]￼

A cikin shekarata 1912, an kafa Ofishin yara na tarayya tare da umarni wanda ya haɗa da ayyukan da suka shafi cin zarafin yara. A shekara ta 1958, gyare-gyare ga Dokar Tsaron JAMA'a ta ba da umarnin cewa jihohi suna tallafawa kokarin kare yara. A cikin 1962, masu sana'a da kafofin watsa labarai sun haifar da sha'awar cin zarafin yara ta hanyar wallafa C. Henry Kempe da abokan hulɗa "The battered child syndrome" a cikin JAMA. A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, don mayar da martani ga damuwar jama'a wanda ya haifar da wannan labarin, jihohin Amurka 49 sun zartar da dokokin bayar da rahoto game da cin zarafin yara. A shekara ta 1974, waɗannan ƙoƙarin da jihohi suka yi sun ƙare a cikin wucewar Dokar Rigakafin Cin zarafin Yara ta tarayya (CAPTA) da ke ba da tallafin tarayya don bincike da sabis na kula da yara na tarayya da na jihohi. A cikin 1980, Majalisa ta zartar da dokar farko ta kare yara ta tarayya, Dokar Taimako da Kula da Yara ta 1980, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kokarin kiyaye iyali don taimakawa wajen kiyaye iyalai tare da yara daga kula da kulawa ko wasu zaɓuɓɓukan sanyawa a waje.Pecora et al. (1992), p. 231.

Gwamnatin tarayya ce ta ba da kuɗin, an fara kafa hukumomin kare yara (CPS) ne don mayar da martani ga CAPTA na 1974, wanda ya ba da umarnin cewa dukkan jihohi su kafa hanyoyin da za su bincika abubuwan da ake zargi da cin zarafin yara.Pecora et al. (1992), p. 231.

A cikin 1940s da 1950s, saboda ingantaccen fasaha a cikin ilimin radiology, aikin likita ya fara lura da abin da suka yi imanin raunin da gangan ne, abin da ake kira "ciwon jariri mai girgiza". A cikin 1961, Kempe ya fara ci gaba da bincike kan wannan batun, a ƙarshe ya gano kuma ya kirkiro kalmar cutar yara. A wannan lokacin, akwai kuma sauye-sauye game da rawar da yara ke takawa a cikin al'umma, wanda ya haifar da wani bangare ta hanyar Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama.Ellett, Alberta J.; Leighninger, Leslie (10 August 2006). "What Happened? An historical perspective of the de-professionalization of child welfare practice with implications for policy and practice". Journal of Public Child Welfare. 1 (1): 3–34. doi:10.1300/J479v01n01_02. S2CID 147108055.

A shekara ta 1973, Majalisa ta dauki matakai na farko don kafa majalisar dokoki ta tarayya don magance batutuwan talauci da 'yan tsiraru. An zartar da CAPTA Pecora et al. (1992), p. 231. a shekara ta 1974, wanda ke buƙatar jihohi "don hanawa, ganowa da kuma magance cin zarafin yara da sakaci". 

Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin shekara ta 1978, an zartar da Dokar Kula da Yara ta Indiya (ICWA) don mayar da martani ga yunkurin hallaka 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ta hanyar ɗaukar yawancin' ya'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, ya raba su daga kabilunsu kuma ya sanya su a cikin kulawa ko kuma ya aika su zuwa makarantu masu nisa inda aka wulakanta mutane da yawa, suka ɓace kuma wasu suka mutu. Wannan dokar ba wai kawai ta buɗe ƙofar don la'akari da batutuwan al'adu ba yayin da take jaddada ra'ayoyin cewa yara ya kamata su kasance tare da iyalansu, wanda ke haifar da farkon shirye-shiryen kiyaye iyali. A cikin 1980, an gabatar da Dokar Taimako da Kula da Yara  a matsayin hanyar sarrafa yawan yara a cikin sanyawa. Ellett, Alberta J.; Leighninger, Leslie (10 August 2006). "What Happened? An historical perspective of the de-professionalization of child welfare practice with implications for policy and practice". Journal of Public Child Welfare. 1 (1): 3–34. doi:10.1300/J479v01n01_02. S2CID 147108055. Kodayake wannan dokar ta magance wasu korafe-korafe daga dokokin da suka gabata game da kawar da tsarin da ya dace ga iyaye, ba a tsara waɗannan canje-canjen don rage yawan yara a cikin sanyawa ko ci gaba da jinkiri a dindindin ba. Wannan ya haifar da gabatar da samfuran ziyarar gida, wanda ya ba da kuɗi ga hukumomi masu zaman kansu don samar da iyaye da ayyuka masu zurfi a matsayin madadin tallafi..

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba