Manufofin muhalli na Tarayyar Turai

An fara Manufofin Muhalli na Tarayyar Turai (EU) a cikin 1973 tare da "Shirin Ayyukan Muhalli" a wannan lokacin ne aka kafa Sashin Muhalli (mai suna Babban Darakta na Muhalli a cikin 1981). Manufar daga baya ta samo asali "don rufe babban wuri na batutuwa daban-daban da aka kafa a cikin shekaru da yawa" (Reuters ) kuma a cikin 2015 Cibiyar Manufofin Muhalli ta Turai ta kiyasta cewa "jiki na Dokar muhalli ta EU" ya kai 500+ jagororin, ka'idoji da yanke shawara.

 Tarihi 

 Farawa a taron koli na Paris 1972 
Taron Taron Paris na shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EEC) a watan Oktoba 1972 ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don nuna farkon manufofin muhalli na EU. An karɓi wata sanarwa game da manufofin muhalli da masu amfani a wannan taron wanda ya nemi Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta tsara shirin aiki don kare muhalli. An karɓi wannan (na farko) Shirin Ayyukan Muhalli a watan Yulin 1973 kuma ya wakilci manufofin muhalli na farko na EU. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar aiki a cikin Hukumar da ta tsara wannan shirin a ƙarshe ta haifar da kafa Babban Darakta na Muhalli.

 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa da ke da hannu 
Manufofin muhalli na EU sun samo asali ne daga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da dama ciki har da dukkan manyan cibiyoyin EU da kuma kungiyoyin masu fafutuka wadanda suka hada da al'ummar da ke yin manufofin Brussels.

Kasashen membobin suna tsara manufofin muhalli na EU ta hanyar aiki a cikin Majalisar Ministoci. Majalisar ta kasance babban dan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin yanke shawara a cikin EU yana raba ikon yanke shawara tare da Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a karkashin 'hanyar majalisa ta yau da kullun'.  Akwai ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na Majalisar (wanda ya ƙunshi ministocin da ke da alhakin wasu yankuna na manufofi) ɗayan su shine Majalisar Muhalli. Adadin tarurrukan Majalisar Muhalli ya karu sosai a tsawon lokaci. Shugabannin kasashe sun hadu a wani abu daban - Majalisar Tarayyar Turai - wanda har zuwa kwanan nan ba shi da wani abu da ya shafi manufofin muhalli. Koyaya, kwanan nan Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Manufofin canjin yanayi na EU musamman.

 Tsarin manufofi mai rikitarwa 
Yin manufofi a cikin EU na iya zama mai rikitarwa. An ba da shawarar cewa tsarin yin manufofi yana da yawa tare da 'yan wasan veto (watau' yan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda yarjejeniyarsu ta zama dole don a karɓi manufofin) ga kowane ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ko ƙungiyar' yan wasan (ciki har da ƙasashen membobin EU) don ci gaba da sarrafa jagorancin yin manufof. Sakamakon yin manufofin muhalli an nuna shi a ko'ina a matsayin wanda ba a iya hangowa ba, ba shi da kwanciyar hankali kuma a wasu lokuta har ma da rikici. Koyaya, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, a matsayin babban mai kunnawa a cikin tsarin yin manufofi, an sanya shi ƙarƙashin matsin lamba don haɓaka 'hanyar aiki ta yau da kullun' don manufofin sarrafawa. Wannan ya haifar da canje-canje da yawa a cikin hanyoyin yin manufofi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gami da: karɓar mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin shawarwari; kimanta tasirin duk manyan shawarwarin manufofi; da kuma buga shirye-shiryen aikinta a baya.

 Umurnin Tsarin Ruwa da Umurnin Tsuntsaye 
Umurnin Tsarin Ruwa misali ne na manufofin ruwa wanda ke da niyyar koguna, tabkuna, ƙasa da ruwan bakin teku su kasance "kyakkyawan inganci" a shekarar 2015. Umurnin Tsuntsaye da aka kafa tun farkon 1979  da Umurnin Mazauna sune sassan dokokin Tarayyar Turai don kare bambancin halittu da wuraren zama na halitta. Wadannan kariya duk da haka kawai kai tsaye suna rufe dabbobi da tsire-tsire; fungi da micro-organisms ba su da kariya a karkashin dokar Tarayyar Turai. Ana aiwatar da umarnin ta hanyar shirin Natura 2000 kuma yana rufe shafuka 30,000 a duk faɗin Turai.

 Manazarta