Ebonics (kalma)

Ebonics (a portmanteau of the words ebony and phonics) is a term created in 1973 by a group of African-American scholars who disapproved of the negative terms and stereotypes being used to describe their unique language and manner of speaking.[1] Since the 1996 controversy over its use by the Oakland School Board, the term Ebonics has primarily been used to refer to the sociolects of African-American English, which typically are distinctively different from Standard American English. The current and correct term for "Ebonics" in the 21st century, especially for scientific lingustic research, is African American Vernacular English", or AAVE.

 Asalin amfani 
Kalmar Ebonics ta samo asali ne a cikin 1973 daga Masanin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma na Ba'amurke Robert Williams  a cikin tattaunawa tare da masanin ilimin harshe Ernie Smith (da sauran malaman harshe da masu bincike) wanda ya faru a cikin wani taro kan "Ci gaban Fahimtar Harshe na Baƙar fata", wanda aka gudanar a St. Louis, Missouri .   Manufarsa ita ce ya ba da suna ga harshen Baƙin Amurkawa wanda ya yarda da sakamakon harshe na cinikin bayi kuma ya kauce wa ma'anar wasu kalmomi kamar "nonstandard Negro English": Muna bukatar mu ayyana abin da muke magana. Muna bukatar mu ba da ma’anar harshen mu bayyananne...Mun san cewa ebony na nufin baƙar fata kuma sautin murya yana nufin sautin magana ko kuma kimiyyar sauti. Don haka, da gaske muna magana ne game da kimiyyar baƙar magana sauti ko harshe. A cikin 1975, kalmar ta fito a cikin Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks , wani littafi da Williams ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta:Wani lokaci mai shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar malaman baƙar fata suka ƙirƙira, Ebonics za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin "halayen harshe da na harshe wanda a kan ci gaba mai mahimmanci yana wakiltar ikon sadarwa na Yammacin Afirka, Caribbean, da Amurka na bayi na asalin Afirka. Ya haɗa da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, patois, argots, wawaye, da kuma daidaita yanayin zamantakewar al'umma musamman waɗanda ke da mulkin mallaka. Ebonics ya samo nau'insa ne daga ebony (baƙar fata) da phonics (sauti, nazarin sauti) kuma yana nufin nazarin harshen baƙar fata a cikin dukan bambancin al'adu. Sauran marubutan sun jaddada yadda kalmar ke wakiltar ra'ayi na harshen Baƙar fata a matsayin Afirka maimakon Turai.  A bayyane yake kalmar ba ta shahara ba, har ma a cikin waɗanda suka yarda da dalilin ƙirƙira shi. Ko a cikin littafin Williams, kalmar Black English an fi amfani da ita fiye da kalmar Ebonics . 

John Baugh ya bayyana  cewa ana amfani da kalmar Ebonics ta hanyoyi hudu ta hanyar masu goyon bayan Afrocentric . Yana iya:

 1. Kasance "ginin kasa da kasa, gami da sakamakon harshe na cinikin bayi na Afirka"; 
 2. A koma ga harsunan kasashen Afirka baki daya; 

ko kuma yana iya komawa ga abin da aka saba ɗaukarsa azaman English:  

 3. Yana "daidai da baƙar fata kuma ana ɗauka a matsayin yare na Ingilishi" (don haka kawai madadin kalmar Ingilishi na Ba'amurke ), ko
 4. Shi "shi ne antonym na baƙar fata Turanci kuma ana la'akari da ya zama wani harshe dabam dabam Turanci" (kuma don haka kin amincewa da ra'ayi na "African American English " amma duk da haka ajali ga abin da wasu suke nufi da wannan kalmar, kallo a matsayin mai zaman kanta harshe kuma ba kawai ethnolect ). 

 Yawan amfani da jayayya 
Ebonics ya kasance ɗan sanannen lokaci har zuwa 1996. Bai bayyana a cikin ƙamus na Turanci na Oxford na 1989 na biyu ba, kuma masana harshe ba su karɓe shi ba.  Kalmar ta zama sananne sosai a cikin Amurka saboda takaddama game da shawarar da Hukumar Makarantar Oakland ta yanke don nunawa da kuma gane harshen farko (ko zamantakewa ko kabilanci ) na matasan Afirka na Amurka da ke halartar makaranta, kuma don haka samun kudade na kasafin kuɗi don sauƙaƙe koyarwar Turanci daidai .   Bayan haka, kalmar Ebonics ta zama sananne, ko da yake kadan fiye da ma'anar Turanci na Amurka na Afirka, watakila ya bambanta da girmamawa ga tushen da ake da'awar Afirka da 'yancin kai daga Ingilishi. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da takaddamar da aka tattauna a ƙasa game da shawarar da Hukumar Makarantun Oakland ta yanke, wacce ta karɓi ƙuduri don koyar da yara "madaidaicin Ingilishi na Amurka" ta hanyar takamaiman shirin girmamawa ga harshen gida na ɗalibai da koyarwa a cikin " canjin lambar " da ake buƙata don amfani da daidaitattun Ingilishi da Ebonics. 

A cikin 1997, wani kwamiti na musamman ya tattauna ko za a ba da izinin tallafin tarayya don shirye-shiryen harshen ebonic. 

Yayin da yawancin masana harshe ke guje wa kalmar gabaɗaya,  ana amfani da shi a wani wuri (kamar a allunan saƙon Intanet), sau da yawa don ba'a AAE, musamman lokacin da aka yi watsi da wannan kamar yadda ya bambanta da Standard American English.  Masanin ilimin harshe na Afirka John McWhorter ya yi jayayya cewa amfani da kalmar ya fi hanawa fiye da taimakawa ci gaban ilimi na baƙar fata saboda la'akari da AAE ya zama yare daban-daban daga Turanci yana aiki ne kawai don fadada fahimtar rarrabuwa tsakanin fata da baƙar fata a Amurka.  Walt Wolfram, mai bincike na dogon lokaci a cikin AAE, ya nuna cewa tattaunawa game da wannan nau'in Ingilishi "yana samun siyasa da rashin fahimta ta ainihin kalmar Ebonics ." 

 Manazarta 

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