Monster na London

The London Monster shine sunan da aka ba wa hanci mai kai hari kan mata a London tsakanin 1788 da 1790. An kama Renwick Williams, mai yin furanni na wucin gadi na Welsh, saboda hare-haren a watan Yunin shekara ta 1790, an ba shi gwaji biyu kuma an tura shi gidan yarin Newgate na tsawon shekaru shida. Hanyar Monster ta yi amfani da ita ce ta zagi mata da maganganu masu lalata da kuma nuna damuwa sannan ta kai musu hari da wuka, yanke tufafi da yanka cikin buttocks, cinya ko kirji. Sauran nau'ikan kai farmaki sun haɗa da samun wuƙaƙe a gwiwoyinsa, mai yiwuwa a haɗa su azaman na'urar da ke kama da yatsan hannu a hannunsa ko kuma samun kayan aiki mai kaifi da aka ɓoye a cikin nasgay - ƙaramin furanni. Fiye da mata hamsin sun ba da rahoton hare-hare, wani lokacin da yawa a rana ɗaya, gami da har zuwa hare-hare shida da aka ruwaito a cikin dare ɗaya. Irin wannan shine yawan hare-haren, hanyoyi daban-daban da bambance-bambance a cikin bayanin maharan, cewa masana tarihi ba su da tabbacin ko Monster mutum ɗaya ne ko da yawa.

Akwai hare-hare biyar a watan Maris da Mayu 1788, hare-hare takwas tsakanin Mayu da Disamba 1789 da arba'in da hudu tsakanin Janairu da Yuni 1790. Yawancin matan da aka kai hari a cikin shekaru biyu na farko an bayyana su a matsayin matasa, masu kyau da kyau, kodayake wannan ya canza a cikin 1790 zuwa yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa. A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar mai ba da agaji John Julius Angerstein ya sadu da abokai da mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya kuma ya shirya lada na guineas 100 (daidai da £ 16,000 a 2023) don kamawa da kuma tabbatar da Monster. Ƙarin sha'awar manema labarai da rahoto mai ban tsoro ya haifar da Tsoro na ɗabi'a a London. Fiye da mutane talatin marasa laifi an kai su Kotun Majistare ta Bow Street tare da masu tuhumar su da fatan neman lada; an saki dukansu. Wasu mata suna sanya kariya a cikin nau'in jan ƙarfe ga masu arziki, ko kuma tukunyar katako ko tukunya ga marasa arziki.

An kama Williams lokacin da daya daga cikin matan da aka kai hari ya yi iƙirarin amincewa da shi a matsayin mai kai hari. A cikin sauraron majistare da dama wadanda aka kashe na Monster sun ce ba su gane Williams a matsayin mai kai musu hari ba, kodayake wasu sun yi. A shari'ar Old Bailey an same shi da laifi amma an jinkirta hukuncin zuwa Kotun Sessions ta Disamba. Kafin wannan an gaya wa Williams cewa an tuhume shi kuma an yi masa shari'a a ƙarƙashin laifin da ba daidai ba, don haka Kotun Sessions za ta sake yin shari'a. An sake samun shi da laifi, duk da cewa yana da hujja ga akalla daya daga cikin hare-haren. Akwai shakku tsakanin wasu masana tarihi ko shi ne mai kai farmaki saboda ba a taɓa samun hujja mai wuya ko hujja ba. Wataƙila hare-haren kwaikwayon sun faru, musamman kamar yadda wasu daga cikin hare-harun suka yi rikodin cewa wani rukuni na maza ne suka aikata su.

 Hare-haren 
alt=Map showing several locations across central and west London|thumb|Kimanin wuraren hare-haren da London Monster ya kai. Wasu fil suna wakiltar yankin gaba ɗaya na hare-hare da yawa.
Hare-haren farko da abin da ya zama sananne a matsayin "London Monster" ya kasance a watan Maris na shekara ta 1788 Lokaci da aka kai hari kan wata mace a Great Trinity Lane, a kan titin Queen Victoria, tsakiyar London. Wani mutum ya zo kusa da ita kuma ya yanke ta cikin riguna, ya ji mata rauni a cikin aikin. An bayar da rahoton harin a cikin The Times, wanda ya ba da bayanin mai aikata laifin a matsayin "wani saurayi ... wanda ya yi ado da rigar shuɗi, takalma masu laushi, game da girman tsakiya, mai tsananin gaske, kammalawar sallow, fuska mai laushi, tare da gashi da aka ɗaure a baya". An biyo bayan irin wannan hari a wannan watan a kan Mrs Wright a kusa da Bow Lane; ta bayyana mutumin a matsayin "mai lalacewa, kamar mai gyaran gashi". 

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1788 Maria Smyth, matar likita, Monster ya kusanci ta a titin Fleet. Ya corset)" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bone (corsetry)">zama yin maganganu masu banƙyama a gare ta; ba ta amsa ba kuma ta tafi. Ya biyo baya, yana ci gaba da sharhi mai lalata a duk lokacin da take tafiya. Yayin da ta buga ƙofar inda take, sai ya tashi kusa da ita kuma ya yi mata wuka a kan ƙirjinta na hagu sannan kuma a kan cinyarta ta hagu. Maimakon tserewa, ya tsaya a can har sai ƙofar ta rufe bayan Mrs Smyth. An gano cewa tana da yanke a kafaɗarta da kuma slash a kirjinta, kodayake wannan bai shiga ƙarƙashin ɗakunan corset dinta ba. Misis Smyth ta sha wahala sosai daga harin cewa ta yi rashin lafiya kuma ta kwashe watanni da yawa a gado. Ta bayyana wanda ya kai mata hari kamar haka:... mutum mai laushi, maimakon ƙasa da girman tsakiya, fari, kunkuntar fuska mai ban mamaki, da kuma muryarsa, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin gagarumin sha'awa; mummunan kafa da ƙafa, tufafi mai haske, hat mai laushi a gefe ɗaya kuma mai laushi ba, ba tare da sanda ba, ko wani abu a hannunsa. Akwai wasu hare-hare biyu a wannan watan Mayu. Sun hada da Mrs Chippingdale, bawan Ubangiji Malden, wanda wani mutum ya zo kusa da shi wanda ya yi mata maganganu masu banƙyama; lokacin da ta ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar baƙo - tana fatan mutumin zai bar ta - maimakon haka ya soke ta a cinya. Bai yi ƙoƙari ya gudu ba, amma ya tsaya na ɗan lokaci don kallon ta. Kamar Mrs Smyth, Mrs Chippingdale ta yi rashin lafiya na ɗan lokaci bayan harin. Babu wani karin hare-hare da aka ruwaito har zuwa watan Mayu mai zuwa.

 1789 
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1789 wani mutum mai matsakaici wanda ya yi kama da kusan talatin ya bi Sarah Godfrey daga titin Bond zuwa Piccadilly. Lokacin da ta shiga ƙofar shagon a Piccadilly, sai ya tashi kusa da ita kuma ya yi shawarwari masu lalata; ta yi watsi da shi kuma ta shiga shagon. A kan hanyar fita ya bi ta zuwa gidanta a kusa da Charlotte Street kuma ya soke ta a cinya yayin da take shirin shiga gidanta. Akwai wasu hare-hare guda bakwai a kan mata a Landan a cikin shekara ta 1789, ciki har da biyar tsakanin Satumba da Disamba wanda masanin tarihi da Masanin laifuka Christopher Hamerton ya bayyana a matsayin "matsanancin abubuwan da ba a haifar da rauni ba". A cikin dukkan hare-haren jiki guda biyar - yankan jikinsu da takobi - an riga an gabatar da shawarwari masu lalata a cikin harshe mara kyau.  

 1790 
alt=Engraving showing Anne Porter; she wears a Georgian dress and her hair is styled up on top of her head|thumb|Anne Porter, shekara ta 1790
Hare-haren 1788 da 1789 sun bi tsarin mace - sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin matashi da kyakkyawa - ana kusantar shi kuma ana magance shi da lalata ko lalata, sannan a soke shi ko a yanka shi. Wannan ya canza a cikin 1790 tare da Monster yana ɗaukar hanyar daban, ta amfani da makamai daban-daban da ƙaruwa da yawa na hare-hare.  

An kai hare-hare shida a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1790, biyar a titin St James da daya a titin Dover da ke kusa. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun hada da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Anne da Sarah Porter, wadanda ke dawowa daga bikin ranar haihuwar Sarauniya Charlotte a Fadar St James lokacin da aka kai musu hari; An buga Sarah a kai kuma Anne ta sami yanke mai zurfi daga takobi. A kan jarrabawa an gano cewa yankan yana da tsawon inci shida kuma har zuwa inci uku a tsakiya; ya gudu zuwa bayan cinyarta kuma ya shiga cikin jikinta.  'Yan'uwa mata sun bayyana mai kai farmaki a matsayin "tsakiyar matsakaici, mai laushi da taushi, fuska mai kaifi, mai launi da ban mamaki; fuska mai laushi kuma tare da murya mai tsananin tashin hankali". A cewar Hamerton hare-haren da aka kai wa Porters sun nuna "maɓallin juyawa a wayar da kan jama'a da kuma dubawa" game da hare-harun. Mahaifin Porters ya ba da rahoton laifin ga mahukunta a Kotun Majistare ta Bow Street bayan 'yan kwanaki; Sir Sampson Wright, Babban Majalisa na Metropolitan Stipendiary, ya sanar da shi cewa akwai wasu hare-hare hudu a wannan dare kuma akwai mai aikata laifuka mai aiki.   Da yake tunani a daren mai ba da agaji John Julius Angerstein - wanda ke da sha'awar abubuwan da suka faru da ke kewaye da Monster - ya rubuta cewa an ba da lambar:hare-hare daban-daban a kan ... jam'iyyun mata daban-daban, a tituna daban-daban da yawa, a lokaci guda, za mu iya kammalawa, zuwa tabbacin tabbaci, cewa dole ne a sami ƙungiyar, ko, a duk abubuwan da suka faru, dole ne a kasance da yawa daga cikin waɗannan dodanni masu ban tsoro ...   Hare-haren sun ci gaba a watan Janairun shekara ta 1790, gami da wata Mrs Drummond, wacce ta dawo gida daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo don gano cewa ba wai kawai an yanke tufafinta ba, har ma da gashin kanta. Wani hari kan wata baiwa a ƙarshen watan Janairu ya kunshi wani mutum da ya kama ta daga baya kuma ya durƙusa ta yayin da yake ihu da zalunta. Ta gano daga baya cewa an yanke ta sosai a kan wuyan hannu da cinya; Angerstein ya rubuta cewa "dole ne a ɗaure su a gwiwar mutumin".  Akwai hari daya da aka ruwaito a watan Fabrairun 1790; an yanke tufafin wanda aka azabtar, amma ba ta ji rauni a jiki ba. A tsakiyar watan Maris Mrs Charlotte Payne, uwargidan uwargida ga Countess na Howe, ita ma an yanke ta ta hanyar durƙusa da mai kai mata hari. Ya bi ta a kan titin Bond da Grafton Street yana ba da shawarwari masu lalata kafin ya kai mata hari lokacin da ta isa gida. Yayin da yake kai mata hari, mai kai farmaki ya yi mata zagi da baki, ciki har da cewa "Ku yi ka laifi, ku mace, zan ji daɗin jin daɗin kashe ku, ko kuma ganin an kashe ku, da zubar da jininku".

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1790 mai kai farmaki ya yi amfani da wata dabara daban lokacin da ya kai hari kan wani bawa. Wani mutum da ke ɗauke da nosegay - karamin furanni - ya zo kusa da ita a Holborn wanda ya tambaye ta ta ƙanshin furanni. Lokacin da ta yi, an yi mata wuka a hanci ta hanyar kayan aiki mai kaifi da aka ɓoye a cikin furanni. Wannan ya biyo bayan wani bawa daban da maza huɗu suka kusanci shi a cikin Strand kuma an ba da tayin da aka yi don jin ƙanshin hanci; an yi mata wuka a ƙarƙashin idon da ɓoyayyen takobi. Mutanen sun tafi suna dariya.[23] Hare-haren sun kasance daga cikin goma sha biyu da suka faru a watan Afrilu.

Wasiƙu a cikin manema labarai na London sun koka game da rashin aiki da Bow Street Runners, jami'an tilasta bin doka na Kotun Majistare ta Bow Street. Wasu daga cikin wasikun da aka karɓa sun zargi masu tsere da yin makirci da mai kai farmaki. William Smyth - mijin Maria Smyth wanda aka kai hari a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1788 - ya rubuta wa da yawa daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma ya nemi cikakken bayanin maharan. Ya kammala cewa mutane daban-daban sun kai musu hari. Maria ta yi tunanin ta ga wanda ya kai mata hari a ranar 14 ga Afrilu a wani siyarwar jama'a; mijinta ya bi mutumin zuwa gidansa kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shi mutum ne mai suna William Tuffing. An kama Tuffing kuma an tsare shi don yin tambayoyi yayin da ya yi ikirarin rashin laifi. A wani sauraro a ranar 19 ga Afrilu an kawo masa wasu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa don gano shi, amma babu wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya kai musu hari. An sake shi ne kawai bayan wani mai gudu ya ba da labarin wani hari, wanda ya faru yayin da ake ci gaba da sauraron karar.[26]

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu Angerstein ya sad da abokai da yawa da mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya a Lloyd's Coffee House a Lombard Street don tattauna matsalar London Monster. Sun amince da bayar da lada na £ 50 ga duk wanda ya kama mai kai hari ko ya ba da bayani don kama shi, tare da ƙarin £ 50 da zarar an yanke wa mai aikata laifin hukunci.  Angerstein yana da hotunan lada da aka sanya a duk faɗin London. Bayar da kuɗi mai yawa lokacin da matsakaicin albashi a Burtaniya ya kasance 22  d a rana ya haifar da kwararar bayanai ga masu tseren titin Bow.  'Yan ƙasa da yawa sun ɗauki al'amuran a hannunsu, suna kama mutane ba tare da wata hujja ba; waɗannan sun haɗa da wani wanda ya kama ma'aikatansu da wani wanda suka kama dangi. Babu wani daga cikin wadanda Porter ko sauran wadanda abin ya shafa da aka kawo a kotun da aka gano a matsayin mai kai hari. 

Hare-haren sun ci gaba har zuwa Mayu 1790, lokacin da akwai goma sha bakwai a wannan watan. Wannan na iya kasancewa duk da karuwar tallace-tallace daga rahotanni na jarida da lada, kodayake masanin tarihi Robert Shoemaker ya ba da shawarar "ra'ayoyin da aka buga game da Monster sun bayyana sun motsa wasu daga cikin hare-haren da suka koka game da su".[1][1] Hare-haren sun hada da daya a kan wata baiwa, Mary Carter, wacce wani mutum ya kusanci ta a kan hanyar komawa gida. Ya rantse da ita kuma ya kama hannunta, sannan ya buge ta a gefe; an cece ta daga rauni ta hanyar whalebone. Kwana biyu bayan haka wannan mutumin ya sake kai mata hari. Yayin da yake riƙe da hannu ɗaya a kan bakinta, sai ya ɗora hannunta tare da kayan aiki da aka haɗe da ɗayan hannunsa. Lokacin da ta isa gida ta sami an yanke hannunta sau talatin ko arba'in.[1]￼

 Kamawa da gwaji na Renwick Williams 
alt=Three-quarter portrait of Williams in the dock. He wears a cropped jacket and has his hand tucked into the breast.|thumb|Renwick Williams a kotu
Akwai hari daya a farkon watan Yunin shekara ta 1790, Lokaci da aka yi wa wata mace barazanar yin amfani da wani nau'i mai kama da wani nauʼi mai kamawa; wannan shine hari na hamsin da bakwai da aka ruwaito. Kwanaki uku bayan haka Anne Porter ta hango mutumin da ya kai mata hari a St James's Park, inda take tafiya tare da iyalinta da mai neman, John Coleman. Ta nuna shi ga Coleman wanda ya bi shi a kan wata hanya mai tsawo a yammacin London. Mai kai farmaki ya fahimci cewa ana bin sa kuma, bayan ɗan lokaci, Coleman ya kusanci dutsensa kuma ya shawo kansa ya bi shi zuwa gidan Porters. Da zarar a can, Anne Porter ta bayyana shi a matsayin London Monster tare da kalmomin "Ya Allahna, Coleman, wannan shine wretch, wannan shine mummunan!"; sai ta fadi. An aika saƙo zuwa ofishin majistare a titin Bow kuma an kama mutumin; an tura shi gidan yarin Clerkenwell don jiran shari'a. An gano mai kai farmaki a matsayin Renwick Williams, ɗan Welsh mai shekaru ashirin da uku wanda ya yi furanni na wucin gadi.  Williams yana zaune a cikin masauki a gidan jama'a na George a titin Bury; an bincika dukiyarsa, amma ba a sami wuka ko kayan aiki masu kaifi ba. Kashegari lokacin da The Times ta ba da rahoton kama shi, sun bayyana shi kamar haka:saurayi ne mai kyan gani, wanda abin takaici ga iyalinsa ya kasance cikin halaye na rayuwa, wanda ya kai shi cikin kashewa tsakanin mata, da kuma halin da ke da lahani ga halinsa. Abin takaici ya fi girma, saboda abokansa mutane ne masu halin kirki da suna, waɗanda suka fi jin daɗi game da wuce gona da iri da halin da ba shi da hankali na wannan saurayi mara hankali, wanda aka san shi sosai game da garin.A ranar 14, 16 da 18 ga Yuni, an dawo da Williams zuwa Kotun Majistare ta Bow Street; a ranar farko babban taron jama'a sun taru a waje kuma Bow Street Runners dole ne su ci gaba da hanya a bayyane don ya isa kotun lafiya kuma ya bar a ƙarshe. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda Monster ya shafa sun kasance a wurin sauraron; ganewarsu ta kasance daga tabbatacce zuwa mara tabbas. Wasu daga cikin wadanda suka tabbatar da cewa Williams shine mai kai musu hari sun ba da kwatancin mutane daban-daban a lokacin, ko kuma sun gan shi ne kawai a cikin dare mai duhu watanni da yawa da suka gabata. Williams ba shi da wakilin shari'a kuma wasu maganganunsa ba su taimaka masa ba: ya bayyana a wani lokaci cewa "bai musanta kasancewa a wurin da aka ambata ba, kuma ya ce hadarin na iya faruwa daga wani abu a aljihunsa. " , quoted in   Bayan Anne Porter da 'yar'uwarta sun ba da shaidarsu, Williams ya bayyana cewa yana aiki a masana'antar furen wucin gadi a titin Dover har zuwa karfe 1:00 na safe, don haka ba zai iya kai musu hari ba. A ƙarshen sauraron, an ɗaure mata bakwai don su bayyana a kansa a kotu. 

 Manazarta 

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