Gangamin dazuzzukan ƴan asalin ƙasar Borneo

An fara toshe gandun daji na asali a Sarawak a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da 1990.  Dangane da saran gandun daji da jujjuyawar filayen dazuzzukan Sarawak, 'yan asali na kungiyoyi da dama tare da masu fafutuka na kasa da kasa sun shirya shingen shinge don hana ayyukan sare itatuwa da gina madatsar ruwa. Mutanen Penan, Kayan da Kelabit na daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka halarci taron. ‘Yan sanda sun tarwatsa wasu shingen shingen, sannan an kama wasu mahalarta taron. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun ci gaba da yin katanga cikin ƙarni na 21.

 Tarihi 
dazuzzukan Borneo suna dauke da tsarin halittu iri-iri, gami da gandun daji, peatlands, mangroves, gandun daji na heath, da itatuwan dabino. Yankin Sarawak ya kasance karkashin mulkin White Rajahs na Brooks na shekaru 100 da suka gabata. Wadannan gandun daji suna ba da sabis na yanayin halittu ga al'ummomin 'Yan asalin ƙasar a Kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Saboda canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam, musamman katako da ginin madatsar ruwa, an sare gandun daji na Borneo kuma an ragargaje su cikin sauri. Mutanen asali, jinsunan da ba na mutane ba da kuma duk wuraren da ke cikin muhalli sun sami tasiri daga waɗannan canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa.

A cikin shekarun 1970 kamfanonin katako sun fara motsawa zuwa Sarawak, wata jiha a yankin Malaysian na tsibirin Borneo .  Yankunan daji a duk faɗin Borneo an canza su daga shimfidar wurare na halitta zuwa shimfidar wuri mai canzawa. A baya an girbe mahalli na halitta don itace, wuta ta lalata kuma ta canza su zuwa shuke-shuke. Juyawar ƙasashen gandun daji zuwa gonakin man dabino shine mafi yawanci, amma an kuma kafa gonakin roba da akasia. A shekara ta 2014, kashi 11% na yanayin halittu na farko na Sarawak ya kasance, tare da kusan kashi 90% da aka canza zuwa wasu amfani. Akwai tsayayya na dogon lokaci ga sare daji ta 'yan asalin yankin.

 Jerin ayyukan juriya da toshewa 

 1987 - Al'ummomi a Sarawak, kamar Penan da Kayan, sun yi tsayayya da katako ta hanyar sanya toshewa a Yankin Baram - an kama masu fafutuka 42.
 1990 - The Voices for the Borneo Rainforest World Tour, ya kawo ra'ayoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa forums a duk faɗin duniya, tare da burin wayar da kan jama'a game da katako a Sarawak, da kuma kira ga kawo ƙarshen gandun daji a cikin gandun daji na farko a Sarawak. Wadanda suka halarci sun hada da Mutang Urud daga mutanen Kelabit; Mutang Tu'o da Unga Paran daga mutanen Panan; Bruno Manser daga Switzerland, a matsayin mai fassara; da Thom Henley, darektan yawon shakatawa daga Kanada.
 Maris 1993 zuwa Nuwamba 1993 - Yankin Ba Mubui na Mazabar Baram a Sarawak - Ya haifar da rushewar toshewar da 'yan sanda suka yi da kuma aiwatar da sabuwar doka da ta ba da izinin kamawa da kuma yanke wa kowa hukunci kusa da duk wani toshewa na gaba.
 1998 - Tsayar da gonakin dabino na mai da ke yankin Iban. An kashe wani mai zanga-zangar kuma wani ya ji rauni daga sojoji.
 Satumba zuwa Oktoba 2012 - 'yan asalin Penan sun toshe wurin gini na sabon madatsar ruwan Murum bayan sun ji labarin yanayin da za a sake zama.
 Satumba 19, 2013 - 'Yan asalin Penan da madatsar ruwan Murum ta shafa a Sarawak sun sake dawo da toshewar su na shafin madatsar suna da'awar cewa gwamnatin Malaysia ta kasa biyan su yadda ya kamata.
 2016 - Tsayarwa a Sarawak ta ci gaba har ma bayan shawarar da gwamnatin Sarawak ta yanke na janye da'awarta ga ƙasar da aka tsara don Baram Dam.
 2019 - Rikici game da ayyukan katako guda biyu da Samling Group ta yi ya sa al'ummomin Penan, Kenyah da Jamok su gabatar da korafe-korafe da yawa.

 Halin da aka yi game da sare daji 

 Mutanen Penan 
Al'ummar Penan gungun 'yan asali ne 'yan asalin yankin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na Borneo a cikin Sarawak kuma suna fuskantar sakamako kai tsaye na ayyukan saren shekaru shekaru da dama. Wannan rukunin ya ƙunshi Gabas Penan da ke zaune a arewa maso gabashin kogin Baram da Yammacin Penan da ke zaune a kudu maso yamma. Wadannan kungiyoyi biyu dai na adawa da wannan saran itacen kuma suna zargin gwamnati da kamfanonin saren itatuwa da lalata filayensu. Gabashin Penan ya shirya mafi yawan toshewa a ƙarshen karni na 20. Brosius, J. Peter (1997). "Prior Transcripts, Divergent Paths: Resistance and Acquiescence to Logging in Sarawak, East Malaysia". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 39 (3): 468–510. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020739. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 179156. S2CID 145061179.

 Kelabit 
Kelabit ƙungiya ce ta 'yan asalin ƙasar daga cikin Borneo da ke zaune a cikin tsaunukan Kelabit . Kelabits a Long Napir, Long Seridan da Long Lelang duk sun sha wahala ta hanyar ayyukan katako tun farkon shekarun 1970s. Yankin Kelabit ya haɗa da Gidan shakatawa na Pulong Tau . A halin yanzu, yankinsu yana cikin haɗari yayin da katako ke motsawa cikin ƙasa kuma ana gina hanyoyi zuwa ga mazauninsu. Yankunan Bario Highland Kelabit ba su riga sun shafi katako ba, saboda muhimmancin tarihi na yankin ya kare su. Sojojin Allied a lokacin WWII kuma suna zaune a tsaunuka masu nisa tare da shaidar yanki da ke nuna zama aƙalla shekaru 2000. Kamar mutanen Penan, ana iya raba Kelabit zuwa al'ummomi biyu: Kelabit na birni da Kelabit na karkara.

 Birnin Kelabit 
Da yawa daga cikin garuruwan Kelabit na da ra'ayi mara kyau game da shingen, tare da fargabar cewa za su fusata gwamnati ta yadda za su iya janye matsayinsu na kare dabi'a kuma su yanke shawarar yin amfani da yankin don yin katako maimakon yawon shakatawa. Har ila yau, al’ummar garuruwan suna cin gajiyar aikin saren itacen da ke tunkarar matsugunansu domin hakan na nufin za a gina hanyoyin da suka dace zuwa garuruwansu domin ba da damar isar da kayayyaki cikin farashi mai inganci da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje.

Har ila yau Urban Kelabit sun bayyana amincewar su na samun karuwar masu amfani da kuma amfanin zamani na baya-bayan nan, saboda bukatar karin makarantu, asibitoci da kayan more rayuwa na zamani kamar wutar lantarki, talabijin da abinci mai sauri.

 Kelabit na Karkara 
Yawancin yankunan karkara na Kelabit sun goyi bayan toshe katako, suna ganinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban gwagwarmaya don adana al'adunsu da hanyar rayuwa. Akwai damuwa mafi girma game da katako a cikin yankunan karkara fiye da na birane, yayin da katako ke barazana ga albarkatun da ake buƙata don yankunan karamar hukumar Kelabit su ci gaba da rayuwarsu ta gargajiya.

 Gwamnatin Malaysia 
Gwamnatin Malaysia ta zargi masu rajin kare muhalli na yammacin duniya da laifin toshewar tare da kwatanta ayyukan kafafen yada labarai na yammacin duniya da wasu muhimman mutane irin su Al Gore da na necolonialism. Sun yi nuni da cewa gwamnatocin kasashen yammacin duniya na amfani da sukar yadda suke hako albarkatun kasa a matsayin wata hanya ta samun iko da harkokin cikin gida na kasashen kudancin duniya.

 Tasirin cikin gida 

 Rayuwa 

 Aikin noma 
Babban sashi na abinci na gida shine dabino sago wanda ke tsiro a kan tudu masu tudu, inda galibi ana gina hanyoyin katako. Wannan gini yana haifar da zabtarewar kasa da lalata amfanin gona. Har ila yau, aikin saren yana haifar da kwararowar ruwa a cikin kogunan, wanda hakan ke sa tsaftace sago cikin wahala.Brosius, J. Peter (1997). "Prior Transcripts, Divergent Paths: Resistance and Acquiescence to Logging in Sarawak, East Malaysia". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 39 (3): 468–510. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020739. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 179156. S2CID 145061179.

 Albarkatun Kogin 
Ƙaruwar ɓangarorin da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka, ayyukan gine-gine da zirga-zirga ya sa samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ke da wahala. Har ila yau, ya yi tasiri ga kifaye yayin da gurɓataccen ruwa ya tarwatsa mazauninsu, yana tasiri ga hawan hawan su, kuma a wasu lokuta yakan kashe su kai tsaye saboda rashin iskar oxygen na ruwa.Brosius, J. Peter (1997). "Prior Transcripts, Divergent Paths: Resistance and Acquiescence to Logging in Sarawak, East Malaysia". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 39 (3): 468–510. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020739. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 179156. S2CID 145061179.

 Yin farauta 
Da yawa daga cikin Penan na yankin sun koka da cewa an sare itatuwan da suke girbi gubar farauta ba tare da an girbe kayan katako ba. Har ila yau, ayyukan saren daji sun kori namun dajin da suke farauta daga yankin tare da lalata wuraren da za su zauna. Haka kuma an samu koke-koke na masu sarewa da yin amfani da bindigu wajen farauta, lamarin da ke kara matsawa namun daji a yankin.Brosius, J. Peter (1997). "Prior Transcripts, Divergent Paths: Resistance and Acquiescence to Logging in Sarawak, East Malaysia". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 39 (3): 468–510. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020739. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 179156. S2CID 145061179.

 Tattalin Arziki 
Wani amfanin gona na gida da ake lalata shi ne rattan, wanda shine babban tushen kuɗin fiat ga yawancin ƴan asalin yankin.Brosius, J. Peter (1997). "Prior Transcripts, Divergent Paths: Resistance and Acquiescence to Logging in Sarawak, East Malaysia". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 39 (3): 468–510. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020739. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 179156. S2CID 145061179.

 Al'adu 
Mutanen Penan kuma suna binne gawawwakinsu a kan tsaunin tsaunuka da gine-ginen hanya ya shafa, wanda ya kai ga lalata kaburburan al'adu da wurare masu tsarki.Brosius, J. Peter (1997). "Prior Transcripts, Divergent Paths: Resistance and Acquiescence to Logging in Sarawak, East Malaysia". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 39 (3): 468–510. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020739. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 179156. S2CID 145061179. https://www.pressreader.com/uae/gulf-news/20080210/282342560530790. Retrieved 2021-12-01 – via PressReader. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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 Dubi kuma 

 Kashe daji a Borneo
 Kashe daji a Malaysia
 Clare Rewcastle Brown
 Rediyo Free Sarawak
 Bruno Manser
 Rashin barci mai tsawo
 Adbul Taib Mahmud
 Tong Tana

 Bayanan da aka ambata