Ayyukan Copșa Mică

Ayyukan Copșa Mică masana'antu biyu ne a cikin garin Transylvanian na Copșa Mică, gundumar Sibiu, Romania. Sometra, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1939, ya samar da karafa marasa ƙarfe, musamman zinc da gubar, ta hanyar narkewa; An dakatar da samar da kayayyaki tun daga 2009. Carbosin, wanda ya fara aiki a 1935, ya ƙware a cikin baƙin carbon, kuma an rufe shi a 1993. Biyu su ne manyan ma'aikata na garin, amma idan aka haɗa su, sun sanya shi cikin mafi ƙazantattun wurare a Gabashin Turai. Sot daga Carbosin ya lullube Copșa Mică a cikin baƙar fata, yayin da karafa daga Sometra suka shayar da iska, ruwa da ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da mummunar illar lafiya ga mazauna kewaye, ciyayi da namun daji.

 Masana'antu 

 Sometra 
narkewa. Da farko, tana da murhun wuta guda uku, tare da ƙarin ƙarin biyar a cikin 1948, shekarar da sabon tsarin gurguzu ya mai da shi ƙasa. Ƙarfinsa na farko shine ton 3000 na zinc a kowace shekara, an faɗaɗa shi zuwa ton 4000 a 1946.  Tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1960, an faɗaɗa ƙarfin aiki a hankali zuwa tan 28,000 a shekara.. A cikin 1955, an ƙaddamar da sashin samar da sulfuric acid. An faɗaɗa rukunin a cikin 1966, shekarar da ta kuma ga ƙaddamar da tsarin haɓaka abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarin zinc da gubar. Wannan shi ne karshen wani shiri na shekaru hudu na tsaftataccen tsari da zamani, tare da sabbin kayan aikin da ke da karfin tan 30,000 na zinc da ton 20,000 na gubar gubar a kowace shekara. Zamanin 1967-1970 ya ga ƙaddamar da tsarin tace gubar lantarki (yawan ƙarfin tan 24,000 a shekara); naúrar don fitar da bismuth na ƙarfe don amfani da fasaha da magunguna daga sludge anode, kazalika da gwal da azurfa gami da antimony slag; naúrar don samar da zinc sulfate; naúrar don samar da zinc da ammonium chloride; da kuma na'urar preheater. An ninka ƙarfin aiki tsakanin 1975 da 1984. Na biyu zinc da rukunin hakar gubar, tare da damar shekara-shekara na ton 30,000 (zinc) da ton 20,000 (lead) sun shiga kan layi, da kuma matatun zinc na thermal guda biyu da ƙarin tace cadmium. A shekara ta 1983, an fara samar da antimony ta hanyar cire ƙarfe daga laka, tare da sodium thioantimoniate da stibnite. A cikin 1984, tanderun fashewa ta biyu ta fara aiki, ta yadda tsoffin abubuwan da aka gina daga 1939 zuwa 1957 sun yi ritaya. Tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1989, an fara samar da foda na zinc kuma an kafa tsarin tattara ragowar iskar gas. A cikin 1988, an gina bututun hayaki mai tsayin mita 250. A shekara ta 1989, shuka yana samar da ton 43,490 na sulfuric acid kowace shekara (a kan iyawar da aka tsara na ton 126,000), ton 23,519 na gubar electrolytic (a ƙasa da tan 38,000 da aka kiyasta), 29,840 tons na zinc 9 zuwa foda mai tsabta, zinc 4 cadmium, ton 29 na bismuth da tan 195 na antimony.

Tsarin kwaminisanci, wanda ya ɗauki masana'antar da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin ƙasa kuma bai fitar da kayayyakin sa ba,  ya rushe a shekarar 1989. Farawa a cikin 1990, samarwa ya ci gaba da raguwa, ya kai kashi 25% na matakin da ya gabata. Koyaya, fitarwa ta dawo zuwa matakan 1989 a wasu rukunoni a cikin 1995-1996. Farawa a ƙarshen 1992, an yi ƙoƙari don sabunta shuka, gami da ingantaccen tsarkakewar gas a cikin sashin agglomeration da wuta mai fashewa, kammala tsawo mai tsawo da sabon tace ƙura da tsarin sake zagaya ruwa. A shekara ta 1997, an kori ma'aikata kusan kashi 40 cikin dari. Kamfanin ya kasance mai zaman kansa a cikin 1998 lokacin da aka sayar da shi ga Mytilineos Holdings .  Ita ce kawai mai samar da gubar da zinc a kasar. A farkon shekara ta 2009, a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, saboda babban faduwar zinc da umarnin gubar, an sallami kashi 80% na ma'aikata ko sama da mutane 700. Sauran an ci gaba da su don kula da kayan aiki, kuma an rufe masana'antar na ɗan lokaci. Ciki har da wadanda ke dogaro da su, wannan matakin ya shafi kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mazaunan garin, tare da haifar da asarar kuɗi ga kasafin kuɗin garin. Mara Popescu, "Criza de la Sometra 'taie' bugetul orașului Copșa Mică", Evenimentul Zilei, February 2, 2009; accessed June 5, 2012 "Concedieri masive la Sometra", Evenimentul Zilei, March 3, 2009; accessed June 5, 2012

A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, an san kamfanin a matsayin Sonemin, U.C.M., 21 Decembrie da I.M.M.N., suna samun sunan Sometra a 1991.

 Carbosin 
An kafa Carbosin a cikin 1935, galibi don samar da baƙar carbon daga iskar methane. Gwamnatin Czechoslovakia ta saka hannun jari a cikin kamfanin don bunkasa karfin tsaro, ta ba da umarni ga makamai da makamai ga Sojojinsa. A cikin 1939, bayan mamayar Jamus, gwamnatin Nazi ta karɓi kashi 20% na Československá zbrojovka, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga gurgunta ƙoƙarin Romania na kula da sojoji a waje da ikon Jamus.David Turnock, The Economy of East Central Europe, 1815-1989, p. 255. London: Routledge, 2004, 

Daga 1950 zuwa 1970, an kafa sabbin raka'a don samar da baƙar fata na carbon, da na formic da oxalic acid da methyl methacrylate. Kayayyakin da kamfanin ya samar sune manyan kayan da aka yi da roba (tayoyi, bel na watsawa, bel na jigilar kaya, tufafin kariya da takalmi), amma kuma ana amfani da su a cikin sinadarai, magunguna, noma da sauran masana'antu. Fitowar nau'ikan baƙar fata iri-iri ya kai tan 24,400 a cikin 1989 (an yi hasashen ton 63,000), adadin da ya ragu a hankali har zuwa 1993.  lokacin da aka rufe masana'antar bayan tattaunawa mai tsawo.  Gurɓatar ƙurar baƙar fata ta shafi wani yanki na ƙasa sama da kilomita 20 a tsawon da kilomita 5-6 a faɗin,  kodayake daga baya an yi aiki don tsaftace wannan.  Traian Deleanu, "Miracolul de la Copșa Mică", Evenimentul Zilei, May 11, 2011; accessed June 5, 2012  

 Tasirin muhalli 
A farkon shekarun 1990s, Copșa Mică na daga cikin garuruwan da suka fi gurɓata a Gabashin Turai.Elizabeth Economy, The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge To China's Future, p.223. Cornell University Press, 2005,  Fiye da shekaru 60 na fitarwa mara iyaka ya haifar da ƙarancin iska, gurɓataccen ruwa, Gurɓatar ƙasa, gurɓatawaccen kayan shuke-shuke da haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga dabbobi da mazaunan mutane. Har sai an dakatar da ayyukan, Sometra ya kasance babban mai gurɓata yankin, fitar da sulfur dioxide da ƙura da ke shafar dukkan fannoni na muhalli. Wani rahoto na Maris 1990 a cikin The New York Times ya bayyana garin: "Kimanin kilomita 15 a kusa, kowane abu mai girma a cikin wannan kwarin mai laushi yana kama da an tsoma shi cikin tawada. Itace da bishiyoyi baƙar fata ne; ciyawa sun yi launin shuɗi. Gidaje da tituna suna kama da ciki na murhu. Ko da tumaki a kan tuddai suna da launin toka. Dawakai kawai zasu iya rayuwa a can na tsawon shekaru biyu, kuma kawai rayuwar dabba a yankin da ke kusa da ita ce tsuntsayen daji, wanda nama mai guba.

A shekara ta 1977, mazauna 70 suna da matakan gubar da suka wuce gona da iri ko masu haɗari, adadi wanda ya tashi zuwa sama da 400 ta 1990, lokacin da sama da rabin ma'aikatan Sometra ke da gubar da ta dace. Gwajin daya na kusan mazauna 3000 ya nuna sama da rabin suna da guba. Daga 1983 zuwa 1993, an kwantar da wasu mutane 2000 a asibiti saboda cutar anemia da ke haifar da gubar ko ciwon huhu da ciki mai tsanani. Daga cikin yara na yankin da ke da shekaru biyu zuwa goma sha huɗu, kashi 96% suna da ciwon huhu da matsalolin numfashi.Elizabeth Economy, The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge To China's Future, p.223. Cornell University Press, 2005, ISBN 0801489784 Nazarin yara masu shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyu daga Copșa Mică da Mediaș sun gano cewa mutane da yawa sun nuna alamun jinkirin tunani, kashi biyu bisa uku ba su da nauyi kuma kashi 30% na yara maza da kusan rabin 'yan mata suna da hawan jini. An haifi jarirai biyar Tsaro da zukata marasa kyau tsakanin 1977 da 1983, adadin da ya kai 16 a cikin 1988 kadai. A shekara ta 1985, wani likita na yankin ya rubuta cikakken rahoto wanda ya ƙare a hannun mai mulkin kama karya Nicolae Ceaușescu, wanda ya ba shi ziyara daga 'yan sanda na sirri na Securitate kuma ya haifar da gina babban bututun wuta wanda ke fitar da hayakin sulfuric zuwa kauyuka da ke kusa. Mazauna sun dogara da masana'antar don rayuwarsu, sun ga gurɓata a matsayin wani ɓangare na gaskiyar kuma ba sa son tayar da hankali ga canji.

 Tasirin shuke-shuke 
Hukumomin yankin sun fahimci lalacewar ciyayi da masana'antu suka yi a farkon shekarun 1960, lamarin da ya kara fadada kuma ya kara tsananta kan lokaci. A shekara ta 1961, kusan ha 100 na itatuwa, waɗanda ke kusa da tushen ƙazanta, sun sha wahala. Wannan adadi ya karu zuwa hekta 1650 a shekarar 1973 da kusan 8000 ha a shekarar 1978. Bincike a 1988 da 1999 ya nuna cewa gaba dayan dazuzzukan da aka sarrafa daga Mediaș sun gurbata—haka 20,110 a binciken da aka yi a baya, ko kuma 17,247 ha a cikin 1999. Tun daga shekara ta 1988, an kuma lura da gurɓacewar yanayi a yankunan dazuzzukan da ke makwabtaka da su: Dumbrăveni (947 ha), Agnita (ha) 60), Blaj (haɗin 8,900), ta yadda sama da hekta 30,000 suka gurɓata, adadin da ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin 1999. Ƙarfin lalacewa kuma ya ƙaru. A cikin 1973, hekta 120 na dazuzzukan Mediaș sun fada cikin rukunin mafi munin lalacewa. Wannan ya girma zuwa hekta 900 a 1978, kusan hekta 2600 a 1988 kuma sama da ha 4500 a 1999. Dazuzzukan Micăsasa da Târnava sun fi ƙazanta, Șeica Mică da Boian sun yi ƙasa da haka, kuma waɗanda ke Darlos sun fi ƙanƙanta.

An kara damun dazuzzukan dazuzzuka mafi wahala a mafi karancin gurbacewar yanayi, yayin da a yankunan da ba su da kyau zuwa matsakaici, ya daina gaba daya ko kuma yana ci gaba da bunkasa nan da shekara ta 2008. Dasa bishiyoyi, har ma da karin farashi kamar taki, ba ko da yaushe ya ci nasara ba, saboda gurbacewar kasa da kuma yawan acidity. Misali, tsakanin 1994 da 1998, dasa shuki ya sami nasara tsakanin 12 da 95%. An samu zaizayar kasa, zabtarewar kasa da gobarar da ta taso, kuma amfanin itatuwa a kan yanayi, ruwa da iska ya ragu sosai ko kuma an kawar da su.

An fara dasa shuka ƙasa mai gurɓata sosai a cikin 1988 kuma a shekara ta 2008, an sake dasa hekta 644,  tare da Black Locust yana tabbatar da cewa ya dace sosai, a tsakanin sauran nau'o'in.  Bayan mallakar Sometra a shekarar 1998, gwamnati, bisa ga dokar 1995, ta ayyana cewa za a dauki matakai goma sha huɗu a shekara ta 2002. Wadannan zasu rage tasirin muhalli na shuka ta hanyar rage iskar gas da ƙurar ƙura mai guba. Ɗaya daga cikin matakai shine dasa 40-50 hectare na bishiyoyi a bakin Kogin Târnava Mare; an dasa bishiyoyi da kamfanin ya biya a kan 35 hectare tsakanin 2000 da 2003. Tare da rufe Sometra, shekara ta 2010 ta kasance ta farko tun lokacin da aka ɗauki ma'auni cewa gurɓataccen iska bai wuce iyakokin doka ba. Shuke-shuke sun fara sake girma a cikin gandun daji da ke raguwa a ƙarshen shekara ta 2001. Ganin cewa moles da hedgehogs sun ɓace kuma zomo da deer sun yi ƙaura zuwa wurare masu tsabta, zomo, foxes, boars na daji da deer daga baya sun dawo. Ƙungiyoyin ƙudan zuma da sauran nau'ikan kwari sun sake bayyana. Traian Deleanu, "Miracolul de la Copșa Mică", Evenimentul Zilei, May 11, 2011; accessed June 5, 2012

 Bayani 

 Bayanan da aka ambata