Babban farautar maƙaryaci na Scotland na 1649-50

babban farautar maƙaryaci na Scotland na 1649-50 jerin gwaje-gwaje ne na maƙaryaciya a Scotland. Yana daya daga cikin manyan farauta guda biyar da aka gano a farkon zamani na Scotland kuma mai yiwuwa ya ga mafi yawan kisa a cikin shekara guda.

Gwaje-gwajen sun faru ne a lokacin rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki, siyasa da addini. Rikicin siyasa da na addini ya samo asali ne daga cin nasara ga sojojin Scotland a Yaƙin basasar Ingila na Biyu da kuma hauhawar ikon Jam'iyyar Kirk mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kirkiro "al'umma mai tsarki", ya fitar da maƙaryaci da sauran masu laifi. Sun zartar da sabon Dokar Maƙaryaci a cikin 1649 kuma sun karfafa majami'u na gida don neman mayu. Lokacin farautar maƙaryaci ya fara ne a shekara ta 1649 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1650, an tsare shi sosai a cikin Lowlands, musamman Lothian da Fife, amma ya zubo zuwa arewacin Ingila, inda masu sihiri na Scotland ke aiki. Lokacin mulkin jam'iyyar Kirk ya ƙare lokacin da Oliver Cromwell ya jagoranci sojoji a fadin iyaka a watan Yulin shekara ta 1650. An san wasu rubuce-rubuce 612 na zarge-zargen maita a Scotland a cikin shekarun 1649 da 1650 kuma an kashe maƙaryaci sama da 300 a cikin gwaji. Yawancin waɗannan sun kasance a kotuna na wucin gadi waɗanda ke da ƙimar kisa mafi girma fiye da waɗanda ƙwararrun lauyoyi ke gudanarwa. Yawancin mayu mata ne kuma mafi yawansu suna da matsayi mara kyau. Shaidan ya kasance da wuya a cikin gwajin maita, wanda yafi damuwa da cutar da aka gani ta hanyar maita.

Yawancin shari'o'in sun fara ne daga ministan yankin da zaman ko majalisa, waɗanda ke da niyyar samun hujja ko ikirari daga wanda ake tuhuma. Maƙaryaci da ake zargi sau da yawa suna kiran wasu mutanen da aka gwada su don aikata laifin, suna fadada farauta. Shugaba kasa, John Campbell, 1st Earl of Loudoun ya nuna damuwa game da waɗannan ikirarin. A cikin matakai na baya na farautar majalisar dokoki da wakilan ta kwamitin mallakar sun kula da gwajin sosai, kuma maimakon bayar da kwamitocin shari'a ga mazauna yankin, sun fara aikawa da Mataimakan Sheriff don gudanar da kotuna na shari'a na musamman a cikin yankuna. Bayan gwaje-gwaje na 1650 sun shiga sabon mataki, tare da raguwa a cikin jimlar adadin hanyoyi da kuma watsar da gwaje-gaje na gida don tallafawa gwaje-goje na tsakiya da na gida. Gwaje-gwaje na maita na Scotland sun kasance sanannun amfani da Alamar Iblis wanda ba za su iya jin zafi ba. Wannan tsari na iya zama wani nau'i na azabtarwa wanda za'a iya kaiwa ga batun sau da yawa har sai sun furta.

 Tarihi 
Shekaru na 1640 sun kasance daga cikin shekarun da suka fi sanyi a cikin Little Ice Age kuma lokacin 1649-53 yana daya daga cikin amfanin gona mara kyau da ƙarancin jama'a a Scotland.K. J. Cullen, Famine in Scotland: The 'ill Years' of the 1690s (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010) , p. 17. Yaduwar annoba ta ƙarshe a Scotland ta kasance a cikin 1644-49.H. O. Lancaster, Expectations of Life: A Study in the Demography, Statistics, and History of World Mortality (Springer, 1990), , p. 381. A cikin shekara ta 1648 sojojin New Model Army a karkashin Oliver Cromwell sun kayar da mulkin Alkawari na Scotland a Yaƙin Preston a Yaƙin basasar Ingila na Biyu . A farkon shekara ta 1649 majalisar dokokin Ingila ta kashe Sarki Charles I kuma, lokacin da Scots nan da nan suka ayyana ɗansa sarki a matsayin Charles II, sabon yaƙi tsakanin Scotland da jamhuriyar Ingila da ba za a iya gujewa ba.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , pp. 221–4. Wadannan yanayi sun haifar da faduwar masu matsakaici, wadanda suke shirye su shiga da kuma sulhu da Royalism, da kuma tashiwar jam'iyyar Kirk, mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi na ƙungiyar Presbyterian. An karfafa ikonsa ta hanyar wucewar Dokar Classes a watan Janairun 1649, wanda ya cire Engagers daga ofis. Jam'iyyar Kirk ba ta son yin sulhu a kan ka'idodin Alkawari kuma tana da niyyar tsarkake Scotland don ƙirƙirar "al'umma mai tsarki".

A cikin shekarun 1640 Babban Taron da Hukumar Kirk sun yi kira ga tilasta da tsawaita Dokar Maƙaryaci ta 1563, wanda ya kasance tushen gwajin maƙaryaci na baya. Tsarin Alkawari ya zartar da jerin ayyuka don tilasta Allahntaka a cikin 1649, wanda ya yi manyan laifuka na saɓo, bautar alloli na ƙarya da kuma masu duka da masu la'ana iyayensu. Sun kuma zartar da sabon dokar maita wanda ya tabbatar da dokar da ke akwai kuma ya tsawaita shi don magance masu ba da shawara ga "aljanu da ruhohi da aka sani", waɗanda yanzu za a hukunta su da mutuwa. A cikin shekara ta 1649 kwamishinan Babban Taron ya daidaita majami'u a cikin neman "maƙaryaci masu gudu", yana tunatar da su game da muhimmancin farautar maƙaryaci kuma yana ƙarfafa su lokacin da suke samun kwamitocin mai adalci don ba da shawarar sunayen kwamishinoni.K. J. Cullen, Famine in Scotland: The 'ill Years' of the 1690s (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010) , p. 17. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1650 majalisar dokoki tana da kwamitin da za ta magance shaidar da sauran takardun shari'a da ke da alaƙa da zarge-zarge da kwamitocin. Kowane memba na majalisa da sauran manyan Covenanters sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a farautar mayu.J. R. Young, "The Covenanters and the Scottish Parliament, 1639–51: the rule of the godly and the 'second Scottish Reformation'", E. Boran and C. Gribben, eds, Enforcing Reformation in Ireland and Scotland, 1550–1700 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), , pp. 149–50. A watan Yulin 1650 Cromwell ya jagoranci sojoji 16,000 a kan iyaka a Berwick kuma ya koma Edinburgh, ya mallaki Lowlands kuma daga ƙarshe ya sami nasara a Dunbar a watan Satumba wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin jam'iyyar Kirk.H. O. Lancaster, Expectations of Life: A Study in the Demography, Statistics, and History of World Mortality (Springer, 1990), , p. 381.

 Yanayin farauta 
An san wasu rubuce-rubuce 612 na zarge-zargen maita a Scotland a cikin shekarun 1649 da 1650. Daga cikin wadannan mafi yawa, 399, daga 1649. Sun hada da mutane 556 da ake kira da wasu mutane 243 da ba a san su ba.[1] A cewar Christine Larner, shekara ta 1649 ita ce "shekarar da wataƙila ta ga mafi yawan kisa a duk farautar maƙaryaci ta Scotland".[2] Fiye da mayu 300 aka kashe a cikin gwaji, tare da kusan kisa 200 a Lothian kadai. [3][4] Gwajin maƙaryaci na Newcastle ya shafi mutane 30, wanda ya yi ikirarin mutane 20, kuma shine farauta ta ƙarshe a Ingila.[5] Yawancin tuhumar da aka yi a Scotland sun kasance a kotuna na musamman na gida waɗanda ke da mafi girman hukuncin kisa fiye da kotunan da lauyoyi masu sana'a ke gudanarwa; kotunan gida sun kashe wasu kashi 90 cikin 100 na waɗanda ake tuhuma a duk lokacin, Kotun Shari'a kashi 55 cikin 100, amma kotunan da'ira kashi 16 cikin 100 kawai.[6]￼

 Zarge-zarge 
Yawancin mayu mata ne, mafi yawansu suna da matsayi mara kyau. Matar da ta fi girma da aka sani da an zarge ta da farauta ita ce Margaret Henderson, Lady Pittadro, wacce Walter Bruce ministan Inverkeithing ya zarge ta a shekara ta 1649. Ta gudu zuwa Edinburgh, inda aka kama ta kuma mai yiwuwa ta kashe kanta kafin a yi mata shari'a. Irin waɗannan zarge-zarge galibi ana danganta su da gwagwarmayar iko na gida kuma yawanci ba su yi nasara ba saboda iyalan waɗanda ake tuhuma suna da suna don karewa da albarkatu don ɗaga ƙalubalen shari'a da siyasa.K. J. Cullen, Famine in Scotland: The 'ill Years' of the 1690s (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010) , p. 17. Magana game da Iblis ya bayyana da wuya a cikin gwajin maita na Scotland, wanda yafi damuwa da cutar da aka gani ta hanyar maita, kamar yadda aka zargi Jean Craig na Tranent, wanda aka zarge shi da sanya rashin lafiya a kan Beatrix Sandilands, wanda ya sa ta zama "hauka kuma ta rasa basirarta ta halitta".H. O. Lancaster, Expectations of Life: A Study in the Demography, Statistics, and History of World Mortality (Springer, 1990), , p. 381. Har ila yau, duba ta kasance zargi na yau da kullun, sau da yawa tare da ƙananan hukunci, kamar shari'ar Marjorie Plumber, wanda aka hana shi daga sacrament ta hanyar majami'ar Cullen a Banffshire a cikin 1649 don ƙoƙarin tantance ko ɗanta mai rashin lafiya zai rayu ta hanyar shimfiɗa shi tsakanin ramuka biyu, "kabari mai rai" da "kabari na mutuwa", da kuma ganin yadda ya juya.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , pp. 221–4. Koyaya, akwai jimlar ikirarin 69 na yarjejeniyar aljanu a cikin bayanan kotu  kuma Iblis ya kasance muhimmiyar adadi a cikin farautar Inverkeithing, inda mata da yawa suka furta ga ƙungiyoyi tare da Iblis, sun yi watsi da baftismarsu har ma da yin jima'i da shi.S. MacDonald, "Creating a Godly Society: Witch-hunts, Discipline and Reformation in Scotland", Canadian Society of Church History (2010). A sakamakon wadannan ikirarin an kashe mata biyar cikin sauri a shekara ta 1649.K. J. Cullen, Famine in Scotland: The 'ill Years' of the 1690s (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010) , p. 17.