Ra'ayi na nasarori

Ka'idar nasara ita ce imani cewa mutum ya kai ga ma'anar nasara ta hanyar aiki tuƙuru da ilimi. A cikin wannan ra'ayi, dalilai kamar jinsi, kabilanci / kabilanci, asalin tattalin arziki, hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a, ko unguwa / yanayin ƙasa ba su da mahimmanci ga aiki tuƙuru da ilimi ko kuma ba su da amfani a neman nasara.

 Binciken zamani 
A shekara ta 2002, Sandra L. Barnes,  ta ba da cewa mutanen da suka yi imani da akidar nasarar Amurka mai yiwuwa suna zargin rashin nasara akan bambancin halin ko halin kirki tsakanin mutane. Ga waɗanda ba su yarda da akidar nasarar ba, wannan bambancin a cikin halin mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon martani na adawa ga mummunan hukumomi da ƙarfin tsari. A cikin bincikenta, Barnes ta gano cewa wadanda suka fi amfana daga akidar nasara (fararen maza a cikin unguwanni mafi girma, alal misali) suna iya tallafawa akidar nasara. Misali, 'yan Afirka na Amurka sun fi fararen fata suyi imani cewa tseren wani hali ne wanda ke taimakawa wasu samun nasara cikin sauƙi fiye da wasu, kuma wadanda ke da mafi girman kudaden shiga suna iya da'awar cewa samun cibiyar sadarwar jama'a mai ƙarfi ba shi da mahimmanci ga nasara. Dukkanin kungiyoyin masu amsawa, duk da haka, sun yi imanin cewa ilimi da aiki tuƙuru sun fi muhimmanci ga nasara, suna tabbatar da cewa akidar nasara tana da rai kuma tana da kyau. A ƙarshe, Barnes ya yi jayayya cewa nasara ta fi dacewa lokacin da mutum yake da halin da ya dace da nasara tare da ainihin ikon cimma burin mutum. Duk da yake yawancin mutane na iya samun halin da ya dace, abubuwan tsari na iya hana su cimma.

Donna Y. Ford  ta nemi gano bambance-bambance a cikin akidar tsakanin namiji da mace da kuma ɗaliban Afirka masu basira da marasa basira. Ford ya bayyana Ra'ayoyi huɗu da suka danganci akidar nasara - nasarar buƙata, damuwa ta gwaji, ilmantarwa ta zamantakewa da ra'ayoyin halayen:

 Ka'idar nasarorin da ake bukata 
Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da shawarar wannan ka'idar sun yi imanin cewa nasarar mutum shine samfurin motsawa don cin nasara da kuma motsawa don kauce wa gazawar. Wannan yana nufin cewa mutane suna la'akari da tsammanin su na nasara tare da darajar da suke sanyawa akan wannan nasarar, ko, yadda mutum yake tunanin zai iya yi da kuma yadda yin kyau a zahiri yana da mahimmanci.

 Ka'idar damuwa ta gwaji 
Kamar yadda yake tare da ka'idar nasarar buƙata, masana kimiyyar zamantakewa waɗanda ke tallafawa ka'idar damuwa ta gwaji suna kallon yadda ɗalibi ke kimanta ikonta na cin nasara. Daliban da ke damuwa da sakamakon ayyukansu, waɗanda ke tsoron gazawar ko wulakanci idan ba su yi kyau ba, bazai yi kyau ba saboda wannan damuwa tana hana ayyukansu.Barnes, Sandra L.  "Achievement or Ascription Ideology?: An Analysis of Attitudes about Future Success for Residents in Poor Urban Neighborhoods."  Sociological Focus.  35.2 (2002): 207-225.

 Ka'idar ilmantarwa ta zamantakewa 
Dangane da Ka'idar ilmantarwa ta zamantakewa, ɗalibai suna hulɗa tun suna ƙanana kuma suna da tsammanin ko dabi'u daban-daban bisa ga kwarewarsu ko yanayin zamantakewa.Barnes, Sandra L.  "Achievement or Ascription Ideology?: An Analysis of Attitudes about Future Success for Residents in Poor Urban Neighborhoods."  Sociological Focus.  35.2 (2002): 207-225. Daliban da aka haifa a cikin yanayin rashin nasara, waɗanda galibi suna ganin tsararraki da suka gabata da 'yan uwa ba su yi nasara ba, mai yiwuwa za su shiga cikin waɗannan dabi'u kuma su fahimci nasarar kansu kamar yadda ba zai yiwu ba.

 Ka'idar bayarwa 
Wannan ka'idar ta bayyana rashin motsawa a cikin ɗalibai sakamakon imanin ɗalibai game da akidar nasara. Lokacin da dalibai suka danganta gazawarsu ga rashin iyawa, saboda haka ba za su iya tsammanin yin kyau ba. Idan dalibi ya yi imani da akidar nasarar, gazawar na iya zama sakamakon rashin iyawa ko rashin ƙoƙari.

Ford ya yi iƙirarin cewa, yayin da waɗannan ra'ayoyin huɗu na iya bayyana rashin nasara a wasu ɗalibai, suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan rashin motsawar ɗalibai don cimma kuma ba sa la'akari da gazawar ɗalibai duk da sha'awarta ta cimma. Ta bayyana wannan a matsayin "paradox na rashin nasara," bambanci tsakanin akidar dalibi da ainihin nasarorin da suka samu (watau, lokacin da dalibai ba su yi kyau a makaranta duk da goyon bayansu ga akidar nasarar). A cikin bincikenta, yawancin ɗaliban Afirka na Afirka masu baiwa da marasa basira sun yi iƙirarin cewa makarantar "tana da mahimmanci". Yawancin ɗaliban Afirka maza da mata sun amsa cewa makarantar tana da mahimmanci ko mahimmanci. Idan wannan gaskiya ne cewa yawancin ɗalibai suna, a zahiri, motsawa kuma suna kallon makaranta a matsayin mahimmanci don nasara, dole ne a bayyana gazawar ɗalibi ta wasu masu canji - mai yiwuwa masu canji kamar launin fata / kabilanci, jinsi, da sauransu.

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