Harshen Ghotuo

Ghotuo (kuma Otwa, Otuo) yare ne na Arewacin Tsakiyar Edoid da ake magana a Jihar Edo, [1] galibi a yankunan Owan da Akoko-Edo na jihar Edo, Najeriya .

 Harshen harshe 

 Yanayin suna 
Sunayen Ghotuo sun ƙunshi prefix da tushe . Tushen yawanci suna ƙunshe da tsarin "-V," "-CV," "-CVV," da "-CVCV." Prefixes yawanci sun ƙunshi tsarin "V-," "VV-," da "CV-." A cikin nau'ikan morpheme guda biyu, "V-" da "CV" sune tsarin da aka fi sani. Sunaye masu prefix "u-" a cikin mufuradi, suna da prefix "i-" jam'i. Hakazalika, sunaye masu prefix "o-" mufuradi suna da prefix jam'i "i-" idan wasalin tushe yana kusa . Idan wasalin bai kusa ba, to waɗannan sunaye suna da prefix "-e" mufuradi. Ana kuma amfani da prefix "-e" azaman prefix jam'i idan prefix na sunan mufuradi shine "-ɔ" kuma wasalin tushe bai kusa ba. 
+Ƙarshen Singular / Plural PrefixMai banbanciYawancin mutaneMisaliMa'anaru-i-Aiki ne kawaiwatao-i-Ya yi hakan a matsayinHanyar tafiyao-e-Kai-kwai'Ya'yan itace kamar 'ya'yan itacenɔ-e-Obbobin da aka yi amfani da suabokin gaba, muguntaɛ-e-ɛ-rùɛdeer, duikerYa-I-Ee-wèKola nutYa-ee-Ee-kɛēkwai
Prefixes a Ghotuo ba a ƙayyade su ne kawai ta hanyar phonology ba, ana kuma bayyana su ta hanyar aji na nahawu na sunan.[1]
+Gabatarwa ta hanyar Class GrammaticalMai banbanciYawancin mutaneAyyukaMisaliMa'anarYa-a-Sassan jikiEe- ò (a-) idoa-i-Abubuwan da mutum ya yia-bìwani nau'in mata-I-Abin da ake kiraruwagha-i-Insects da kananan tsuntsaye da aka samu a gidajeɡhā-hìhìtururuwagha- -ioKayan aiki da dabbobiɡhā-wàkareGho- -iɡhò-GazinakasuwaGho- -eɡhō-bèganye, littafi
Akwai misalai da yawa na sunayen Ghotou tare da prefixes marasa daidaituwa.Bankale, Oyetayo; Elugbe, Ben (2019). "Ghotuọ Noun Morphology". Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria. 22 (2): 264–280. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2024 – via ResearchGate.
+Sunayen da ba a haɗa su baGabatarwaMisaliMa'anari-ì-lhèZagie-ē-a inayam da aka yi waɛ-ɛ-khɔkunya, jin kunyaa-a-fɛgida, gidao-ō-fàƙishirwau-Wannan shi ne zuwankaighi-ɡhì-kpōgoshiɡha-ɡhà-kpāKai mai gashiGho-ɡhō-ɛhanya, hanya
Ana gabatar da nuni ta amfani da prefixes. Misali, ana amfani da prefix "ɔ-" lokacin da ake magana game da wani abu ɗaya yayin da ake amfani da "è-" don ƙungiyoyi masu yawa. Ana amfani da prefixation a Ghotuo don alamun yarjejeniya; duk sunayen jam'i suna da alamar yarjejeniya iri ɗaya, kuma duk sunayen guda ɗaya suna da alamar Yarjejeniya iri ɗaya. A wasu lokuta, ana iya amfani da prefixation don canza aikatau zuwa wani abu mai ban mamaki. Ana iya canza aikatau "ɟâ," ma'anar " dariya," zuwa "ē-ɟà," ma 'yar dariya, ta amfani da prefixes. Hakanan ana iya samar da sunayen da ba su dace ba ta hanyar amfani da prefix "ɔnhi-" zuwa aikatau mai mahimmanci. Kalmar "obi," ma'anar "duhu," za a iya canzawa zuwa "ɔnhōbì," ma 'yan baƙar fata. Wani lokaci ana iya amfani da wannan prefix ga Adverb wanda ba na Ideophonic ba. Misali "dùkɛ," ma'ana takaice, ana iya canza shi zuwa "ɔnhī dùkɛ," wanda ke nufin "gajere." Ana iya samo sunaye daga aikatau a cikin sassan dangi. A cikin Ghotuo, Verbs suna hulɗa tare da sunaye don samar da sunayen Locative. Gabatar da takamaiman saiti na sassa uku na jiki zuwa wani wuri yana haifar da karin Kalmomin masu rikitarwa a Ghotuo. Sassan jikin da ke ciki sune ūsɔ (mhì), ma'ana "kai," ūdò, ma'ana" ciki, da kuma àvɔ, ma'anar "ƙafafu". Misali daya shine kalmar "ūdóvbàɡhì," ma'ana ""cikin dakin."Bankale, Oyetayo; Elugbe, Ben (2019). "Ghotuọ Noun Morphology". Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria. 22 (2): 264–280. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2024 – via ResearchGate.

Ana iya amfani da kalmar "ɔnhī" a wasu lokuta don nuna asalin mace mai aure. Misali, kalmar nan "ɔnhī__ilo____ilo____ilo__, " tana nufin "mace Yoruba. " Ana amfani da kalmar nan "her" don nuna cewa mutum ya Ibo ne daga wani yanki Misali, "herẽ ìɡbò" yana nufin "mutumin Igbo". "ɔnhî" kuma ana iya amfani da ita don nuna lokaci. Kalmar "àmɛ," ma'anar "raguwa," lokacin da aka canza shi zuwa "ɔnhīɣèmɛ" ma'ana "lokacin ruwan sama. "Sanya nau'in "omhi" kafin sunan zai iya canza shi zuwa karami. Idan aka yi amfani da shi ga "ɛ-wè," ma'anar "Goat," ya zama "omhi ɛwè," wanda ke nufin "ƙaramin goat." A zahiri, kalmar "omhi" tana nufin yaro. Ana iya amfani da shi a cikin jimloli kamar "ōmhī mhɛ," ma'ana "ɗan na. " Ana iya amfani le kalmomin "vbāí," "kpɛɛ, " da "ɡbei" ga sunaye don bayyana ma'anar cikakke. Misali, kalmar nan "itīsá ɡbēī" tana nufin "duk malamai".Bankale, Oyetayo; Elugbe, Ben (2019). "Ghotuọ Noun Morphology". Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria. 22 (2): 264–280. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2024 – via ResearchGate.

Ana amfani da Sautin sauti a wasu lokuta don isar da Gerunds, sunayen magana, da sunayen wakilai. Misali, ta hanyar amfani da sautin ƙasa ga kalmar "ɔ tɡhōbè," ma'ana "ya sayi littafi," yana canzawa zuwa "wanda ya sayi littafi. " Wannan doka ta shafi sassan mai sauƙi tare da aikatau ɗaya. A cikin sassan da ke da kalmomi da yawa, ana ƙara harafin "m" zuwa ƙarshen sunan. Hakanan ana iya amfani da prefixes don bayyana yawan magana. Misali, prefix "i-." lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ga kalmar nan "__tir____tir____tir__ , " ya canza shi zuwa "ì__ilo____tir____ilo____tir__ . " Wannan ya canza ma'anar daga "wanda ya jefa tufafi cikin kogi, " zuwa "waɗanda suka jefa tufafi a cikin kogi. " Sunayen da suka dace a cikin Ghotuo sau da yawa cikakkun sassan ko maganganu ne, yawanci suna nufin yanayin haihuwa, maganganun falsafa, ko abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar batun. Bankale, Oyetayo; Elugbe, Ben (2019). "Ghotuọ Noun Morphology". Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria. 22 (2): 264–280. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2024 – via ResearchGate.

 Sauti 
Ghotuo yare ne mai sauka sauti uku. Sautunan asali Ruwa uku a Ghotuo suna da tsawo, tsakiya, da ƙasa. Yana fuskantar raguwa a cikin ƙananan matakan sautin, wanda ke nufin cewa a cikin waɗannan matakan sautin، idan sassan biyu suna da sautin iri ɗaya to sassan na biyu ya fi na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin bincike na sautin a Ghotuo wanda Kolawole Adeniyi, mai bincike daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, ya gudanar, ya gano cewa masu magana da Ghotuo suna cire saukowa daga jawabin su yayin da suke magana da masu magana da ba na asali ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa raguwa a Ghotuo yana sarrafa mai magana. Downdrift kuma yana nan a cikin Ghouto; sautunan tsakiya da tsawo suna raguwa da ƙananan sautunan da ke gaban su. Downdrift ba ta kasance ta atomatik a cikin kowane kalma na Ghotuo tare da sautuna na tsakiya ko sama bayan sautuna masu ƙasƙanci. Koyaya, yana cikin kowane kalma inda sautin ƙasa ya bi sautin tsakiya ko sautin sama. Ghotuo ya ƙunshi sautunan da ke fadowa; sautin da ke ƙasa ya faɗi idan an sanya shi bayan sautin tsakiya ko mai girma. Har ila yau, akwai sautunan "tsakiyar faduwa" da "tsakiyoyin faduwa".

 Rubutun samfurin 
+Kalmar Bankale, Oyetayo; Elugbe, Ben (2019). "Ghotuọ Noun Morphology". Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria. 22 (2): 264–280. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2024 – via ResearchGate.Ma'anar ɔ-kàmasaraA nan nekarnukaù-ɡìkwandoYa-kekwaiIlimin kaiyaraɔ-kàkàtsutsaghī-lhɛlhɛharshe

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