Louis Till

Louis Till (Fabrairu 7, 1922 - Yuli 2, 1945) wani soja ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Bayan ya shiga rundunar sojin Amurka bayan shari'ar cin zarafin gida da aka yi wa matarsa ​​Mamie Till, kuma bayan ya zaɓi aikin soja fiye da zaman gidan yari, an gurfanar da Till a gaban kotu bisa laifuka biyu na fyade da kuma ɗaya na kisan kai a lokacin Yaƙin neman zaɓen Italiya. An same shi da laifi kuma an kashe shi ta hanyar rataye shi a Aversa.MacLean, French L. The Fifth Field: The Story of the 96 American Soldiers Sentenced to Death and Executed in Europe and North Africa in World War II:, Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2013. Page 216. ISBN 978-0764345777. Till shine mahaifin Emmett Till da ya rabu, wanda kisansa a watan Agusta 1955 yana da shekaru 14 ya ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a. Yanayin mutuwar Till bai kasance ba a san shi sosai ba, har sai da aka bayyana su bayan wanke waɗanda suka kashe ɗansa shekaru 10 bayan haka.

Akwai muhawara kan batun laifin Louis Till game da laifin da aka kashe shi. A shekarar 2013, a cikin wani littafi da ke nuna duk wani matakin soja da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan sanda a Arewacin Afirka da Turai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Kanar Sojan Amurka Kanal MacLean ya amince da kisan gillar da aka yi wa ɗan Till, amma ya dage cewa duk da cewa ba a yi wa waɗanda suka kashe Emmett Till adalci ba, takardun da Alkali Advocate General Corps ya ajiye a kan shari'ar sun nuna cewa an yi wa Louis Till adalci. Wani bincike da John Edgar Wideman ya yi a shekarar 2016, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da shi, ya nuna cewa Till ba shi da laifi, kuma ya yi hasashen cewa nuna wariya ga launin fata shine babban dalilin hukuncin da aka yanke masa, yana kwatanta kisan da kisan ɗan Till.

 Rayuwar Farko 
Till ta girma maraya a New Madrid, Missouri.Till-Mobley, Mamie; Benson, Christopher (2003). The Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6117-2.: 14–15  Tun yana saurayi, ya yi aiki a Kamfanin Argo Corn kuma ɗan dambe ne mai son karatu.MacLean, French L. The Fifth Field: The Story of the 96 American Soldiers Sentenced to Death and Executed in Europe and North Africa in World War II:, Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2013. Page 213. ISBN 978-0764345777.

Tun yana ɗan shekara 17, Till ya fara soyayya da Mamie Carthan, wata yarinya da ta girme shi da 'yan watanni. Iyayenta ba su yarda ba, suna tunanin cewa Till mai ban sha'awa "ya fi wa 'yarsu wayo". Bisa ga dagewar mahaifiyarta, Mamie ta daina soyayya, amma Till mai juriya ta yi nasara, kuma suka yi aure a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1940. Dukansu suna da shekaru 18."American Experience . The Murder of Emmett Till . People & Events". Pbs.org. Archived from the original on January 19, 2003. Retrieved January 5, 2017. An haifi ɗansu tilo, Emmett Louis Till, watanni tara bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1941. Duk da haka, sun rabu a shekarar 1942 bayan Mamie ta gano cewa Louis bai yi aminci ba. Cikin fushi, Till daga baya ya shake ta kusa suma, wanda Mamie ta mayar masa da martani ta hanyar jefa masa ruwan zafi. Daga ƙarshe, Mamie ta sami umarnin hana shi. Bayan Till ya karya wannan doka akai-akai, wani alkali ya tilasta masa ya zaɓi tsakanin shiga rundunar sojin Amurka da ɗaurin kurkuku. Ya zaɓi na farko, Till ya shiga cikin rundunar a 1943.[2]: 14–17

Tuhuma da kisa

Yayin da yake aiki a yakin Italiya, Till ya koyi yaren Neapolitan na harshen Italiya yadda ya kamata.[5]

A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 1944,[3] An kama Till da 'yan sandan Soja, wadanda suka yi zargin shi da sauran sojoji biyu da kisan gillar da aka yi wa Anna Zanchi, wata farar hula 'yar Italiya, da kuma fyade ga mata biyu masu juna biyu 'yan Italiya, Benni Lucretzia da Freida Mari, a Civitavecchia. Lucretzia ta yi zubar da ciki da safe bayan an yi mata fyade.[6] An bai wa Pvt. James Thomas, Jr., kariya a madadin shaidar da aka bayar a kan Pvts. McMurray da Till.[7]: 196  Thomas ya shaida cewa Till da McMurray sun ɗauki mintuna 20 suna shirin kai hari gida kuma sun yi wa Lucretzia da Mari fyade. Masu binciken 'yan sandan soja sun sami ambulaf a wurin da aka yi wa Pvt. McMurray tambayoyi. A lokacin da ake yi masa tambayoyi, Pvt. McMurray ya amsa laifinsa kuma ya ce Till ya ce, "Kowa ya bi ni: Idan wani ya juya baya zan harbe shi." McMurray ya kuma shaida cewa ya roƙi Till kada ya harbe shi, amma Till ya harbi gidan da ya kashe Zanchi.[8]

A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1945, Kotun Soja ta Privates Till da McMurray sun fara a gaban kwamitin alkalai bakwai na soja a Livorno. Kamar yadda yake a yawancin ta'addancin da aka yi wa Allied-on-Allied, waɗanda ba a rufe su da dokokin yaƙi ba, dukkan sojojin biyu, waɗanda ba su nuna rashin amincewa da shari'ar haɗin gwiwa ba, an tuhume su da laifin kisan kai da kuma tuhume-tuhume biyu na ilimin halin ɗan adam wanda ya saɓa wa sashe na 92 ​​na Yaƙi.[9] Laftanar na 2 Mervin R. Samuel ya bayyana a gaban masu gabatar da ƙara a matsayin Mai Shari'a na Shari'a, yayin da Laftanar na 1 John W. Wynn ya bayyana a matsayin Lauyan Tsaro ga sojojin biyu.[3]

Wani ɗan'uwan ɗan asalin Afirka ɗan Amurka mai suna James Thomas, Jr. ya shaida wa masu gabatar da ƙarar, kuma ya bayyana yadda ya shaida harin da aka kai wa wani matukin jirgin ruwa na Amurka James E. Carter a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1944, fashi da makami, da kuma yunƙurin kashe wani matukin jirgin ruwa na Amurka James E. Carter. Thomas mai suna Till ya gano cewa shi ne wanda ya kai wa Carter hari, kuma ya yi zargin cewa Till ya yi ihu, "Zan kashe ɗan wata ƙaramar yarinya!" An yi zargin cewa Till ya yi ƙoƙarin harbin Carter da hannunsa. Duk da haka, Carter ya sami damar shiga cikin wata jeep ya gudu daga wurin bayan da bindigar ta tsaya cak. A cewar Pvt. Thomas, harbin da ya kashe Anna Zanchi daga baya an harba shi ne daga bindigar M1911 da Louis Till ya sace a safiyar ranar daga hannun Jami'in Sojan Ruwa na Amurka.[8]

Shaidu ɗan Italiya John Masi ya shaida game da ganin mamayar gida da kuma cin zarafin da aka yi wa dukkan mata uku a daren bayan harin matukin jirgin. Ya shaida cewa Louis Till ya harba bindigar da ta kashe Anna Zanchi kuma ya gaya masa da kansa, "Shiga gida, ko kuma zan busa maka kai!" Duk waɗanda suka tsira daga fyaɗen sun bayar da shaida, amma sun bayyana cewa waɗanda suka kai musu hari sun sanya abin rufe fuska kuma saboda haka suka ƙi bayyana su a matsayin waɗanda ake tuhuma. Duk da haka, Pvt. Thomas ya bayyana Louis Till a matsayin wanda ya harbin bindigar da ta kashe Anna Zanchi.[8]

Duk da an sanar da su haƙƙinsu na yin hakan, sojojin biyu sun zaɓi kada su bayar da shaida a matsayin kariyarsu. A matsayinsu na lauyan kare su, Lt. Wynn ya ƙi amincewa da gabatar da shaidar ikirari na Private McMurray, yana zargin cewa an yi hakan ne ba da son rai ba. Wani Lauya Kanar Roger W. Whitman ya yi watsi da ikirari, wanda ya umurci alkalan cewa za a iya amfani da ikirari ne kawai a matsayin shaida a kan Private McMurray.[3]

Lt. Wynn shi ma ya yi jayayya a banza game da gaskiyar cewa hannun Pvt. Louis Till ya samo asali ne kawai ta hanyar shaidar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba ta wani wanda ake zargi da hannu a ciki. Bayan da Col. Whitman ya kuma yi watsi da wannan ikirari, alkalan soja na Amurka sun kaɗa ƙuri'a gaba ɗaya don yanke hukunci kan waɗanda ake tuhuma biyu kuma suka yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa.[10]

Kamar yadda aka saba yi a cikin Sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Italiya, an tura waɗanda ake tuhuma biyu zuwa Cibiyar Horar da Ladabtarwa ta Sojojin Amurka kusa da Aversa don jiran sake duba shari'arsu da hukuncin da aka yanke musu daga Rundunar Lauya ta Alkali.[11]

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