John Courtney Murray

John Courtney Murray''' SJ (12 ga Satumba, 1904 - 16 ga Agusta, 1967) ya kasance firist ne na Jesuit na Amurka kuma masanin tauhidi wanda aka fi sani da kokarinsa na sulhunta Katolika da addinai masu yawa kuma musamman ya mai da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin 'yancin addini da cibiyoyin tsarin dimokuradiyya na zamani. 

A lokacin Majalisar Vatican ta Biyu, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shawo kan taron bishops na Katolika don karɓar sanarwar Majalisar kan 'yancin addini, Dignitatis humanae .

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haifi John Courtney Murray a Birnin New York a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1904. A shekara ta 1920, ya shiga lardin New York na Society of Jesus bayan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Xavier . Ya yi karatun Classics da Falsafa a Kwalejin Boston . Ya sami digiri na farko da na biyu a 1926 da 1927, bi da bi. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi tafiya zuwa Philippines, inda ya koyar da wallafe-wallafen Latin da Ingilishi a Ateneo na Manila . 

 Ayyuka 
A cikin 1930, Murray ya koma Amurka. An naɗa shi firist na Roma_Catholic" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Katolika a 1933. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Gregorian da ke Roma kuma a 1937 ya kammala digiri na biyu a fannin tauhidi mai tsarki.

Bayan ya dawo daga Roma zuwa Amurka, kafin farkon yakin duniya na biyu, ya shiga masanin tauhidin Jesuit a Woodstock, Maryland kuma ya koyar da tauhidin Triniti na Katolika. A shekara ta 1940, Murray har yanzu yana goyon bayan koyarwar Katolika cewa babu ceto a waje da Cocin.

A shekara ta 1941, an nada shi editan mujallar Jesuit Theological Studies . Ya rike mukamai biyu har zuwa mutuwarsa.

A matsayinsa na wakilin Taron Bishops na Katolika na Amurka kuma mai ba da shawara ga sashen harkokin addini na Babban Kwamitin Allied, ya taimaka wajen tsarawa da inganta Sanarwar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta 1943, sanarwa ta addinai game da ka'idojin sake ginawa Bayan yakin. Ya samu nasarar inganta Tsarin Mulki na kusa tsakanin Jihar Jamus da aka dawo da ita da Ikilisiya, wanda ya hada da raba kudaden shiga tare da majami'u.

A shekara ta 1944, amincewar Murray na cikakken hadin gwiwa tare da sauran masu ra'ayin Allah ya haifar da Katolika da yawa don yin korafin cewa yana barazana ga bangaskiyar Katolika ta Amurka, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar ƙaramin hadin gwiwa da wadanda ba Katolika ba saboda tsoron cewa bangaskiyar Katolika za ta raunana.

Hakazalika, Murray ya ba da shawarar 'yancin addini da pluralism kamar yadda aka bayyana da kuma kare shi ta Kwaskwarimar Farko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ya saba wa koyarwar Katolika na dangantakar coci da jiha kafin Vatican II.

Tushen da horo ya nuna cewa yana da matukar damuwa, amma Murray ya zama babban mutum, kuma aikinsa ya shafi rikice-rikice tsakanin Addini da rayuwar jama'a. Littafin da aka fi sani da shi, We Hold These Truths: Catholic Reflections on the American Proposition (1960), ya tattara wasu litattafansa a kan irin waɗannan batutuwa.

A tsakanin 1951 zuwa 1952, bayan kammala lacca a Jami'ar Yale, ya yi aiki tare da Robert Morrison MacIver na Jami'ar Columbia don tantance ' yancin ilimi da ilimin addini a jami'o'in gwamnati na Amurka. A ƙarshe, shawarar ta yi nuni da cewa a bai wa makarantu masu zaman kansu tallafin gwamnati da kuma nuna tausayi ga addinai a makarantun gwamnati . Aikin ya yi tasiri a ƙasa baki ɗaya kuma ya samar da kansa, yayin da ya zurfafa fahimtar Murray game da kuma girmama dokokin kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

 Rashin jituwa da Vatican, 1954 
A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, Murray ya yi jayayya cewa koyarwar Katolika game da alaƙar coci da jiha bai dace da "aikin ɗabi'a" na mutanen zamani ba. Yammacin Anglo-American, ya yi iƙirarin, ya haɓaka cikakkiyar gaskiya game da mutuncin ɗan adam, wanda shine alhakin dukkan 'yan ƙasa su ɗauki "mulkin ɗabi'a" a kan imanin addininsu da kuma kwace iko daga jihohin iyaye. Wannan gaskiyar ita ce "mafarki na yanayi" ko kuma sabon ubanni na falsafar dokar halitta.

Da'awar Murray cewa "sabon gaskiyar ɗabi'a" ya fito a waje da Cocin ya haifar da rikici tare da Kadanal Alfredo Ottaviani, Sakataren Sakataren Vatican Mai Tsarki. A shekara ta 1954, Vatican ta bukaci Murray ya kawo karshen rubuce-rubuce game da 'yancin addini da kuma buga sabbin labaransa guda biyu game da batun.

 Majalisar Vatican ta Biyu, 1963 
Duk da yin shiru, Murray ya ci gaba da rubutawa a asirce game da 'yancin addini kuma ya gabatar da ayyukansa ga Roma, duk an ƙi su.

A shekara ta 1963, an gayyace shi zuwa zaman na biyu amma ba na farko na Majalisar Vatican ta Biyu ba inda ya tsara nau'i na uku da na huɗu na takarda game da 'yancin addini.

A shekara ta 1965, takardar ta zama amincewar Majalisar game da 'yancin addini Dignitatis humanae personae'' .  Ya ci gaba da rubutawa game da batun ta hanyar da'awar cewa muhawara da aka bayar ta hanyar doka ta ƙarshe ba ta isa ba koda kuwa tabbatar da 'yancin addini ba shi da tabbas.

Daga nan Murray ya juya ga tambayoyin yadda Ikilisiya zata iya isa ga sababbin koyarwar tauhidi. Ya yi jayayya cewa Katolika da suka isa ga sababbin gaskiya game da Allah dole ne su yi hakan a cikin tattaunawa "a kan tushe na daidaito" tare da wadanda ba Katolika ba da kuma wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba. Ya ba da shawarar manyan gyare-gyare, gami da sake fasalin Cocin, wanda ya ga ya wuce gona da iri ra'ayinsa na iko da matsayi a kan kuɗin haɗin soyayya wanda yake da shi tun daga farko ya bayyana ainihin rayuwar Kirista.

 Mutuwa 
A watan Agustan 1967, Murray ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a Queens, New York, wata daya kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 63.
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Manazarta