Gidajen binnewar Afirka da wuraren binnewar Afirka na tarihi na Richmond, Virginia

Birnin tarihi na Richmond, Virginia yana da wuraren binnewa biyu na Afirka, Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground (mai aiki 1799-1816), da kuma Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground (aiki 1816-1879). Har ila yau, garin yana da wasu muhimman makabarta na Afirka ta Amirka na tarihi, da kuma wasu wuraren da ba a san su sosai ba, da aka ɓoye, waɗanda ba a gane su ba ko kuma an manta da su na binnewa kamar Tsohon Cocin BaptistTsohon Cocin Baptist Gidan binnewa

 Gidan binnewar Afirka na Richmond 

 Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground ya kasance mai aiki daga 1799 zuwa 1816.  Ita ce wurin binnewar gari na farko na birnin Richmond .   An san shi da tarihi a matsayin "Gundumar Kabari ga Negroes".   Tana a 1554 E Broad St. (wani adireshin 1520 E Marshall St.), a fadin shafin yanar gizon Lumpkin's Jail, a Shockoe Bottom, wanda aka fi sani da Shockoe Valley.  
 Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground, (Richmond's 2nd African Burial Ground) an kafa shi ne a cikin 1816 ta birnin Richmond, a matsayin maye gurbin Burial Groond for Negroes .  Ya fara ne a matsayin sassan biyu (1 acre) a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin N 5th St. da Marshall St. (yanzu ana kiranta Asibitin St.).  An faɗaɗa shi a tsawon lokaci zuwa kadada 31. Fiye da mutane 22,000 na zuriyar Afirka an binne su a cikin filayen.     Ita ce mafi girman wurin binnewa da aka sani ga 'yanci masu launi da kuma bayi a Amurka. Tana a 1305 N. 5th St., a gefen arewacin Shockoe Hill, mil da rabi daga Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground. Yana daya daga cikin wuraren tarihi da ke cikin haɗari na Virginia. Barazanar da ake yi a yanzu ga wurin binnewa sun hada da aikin dogo mai saurin gudu na DC2RVA, da kuma fadada I-64, da kuma sauran ayyukan ababen more rayuwa.

 Sauran wuraren binnewar Afirka ta Richmond 

 Kabarin Barton Heights shine sunan yau na makabarta shida da ke cikin birnin Richmond .  Gidan binnewar Phoenix (est. 1815) daga baya aka sake masa suna Cedarwood, shine na farko daga cikin makabarta shida da za a kafa. Sauran makabarta guda biyar sune Union (est. 1846) da ake kira Mechanics bayan 'yanci, Methodist (est. 1855), Ebenezer (est. Kodayake suna cikin kuma mallakar birnin Richmond ne a yau, makabarta sun kasance asali ne a cikin Henrico County, kuma mallakar masu zaman kansu. 
 An kafa Kabari na Oakwood a 1854 ta birnin Richmond .   Kabari ne wanda ya haɗa da sassan Afirka na Afirka. Mutanen farko da aka binne a Oakwood a shekara ta 1855 'yan Afirka ne. Kodayake ƙananan jana'izar Afirka ta Amirka sun faru a can har sai an rufe Gidan jana'izar Afrika na Shockoe Hill a watan Yunin 1879 . 
 Kabarin Dutsen Olivet shine asalin ɓangaren Afirka na Amurka na Kabarin Maury, wanda aka kafa a Manchester, Virginia a 1874.   Lokacin da aka haɗa Manchester a cikin birnin Richmond a cikin 1910, birnin ya ba da takardar neman izini ga mazauna biyu don canza sunan "sashi mai launi" na makabartar zuwa Dutsen Olivet. Yanzu an san shi da "Maury da Dutsen Olivet".
 Kabarin St. Joseph da ake kira Kabarin Bishop, a cikin kimanin 1884 ya zama makabartar Katolika na Afirka. A shekara ta 1971 an sayar da shi ga Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Richmond don amfani da shi azaman filin wasa a Kotun Whitcomb. An tono kaburbura saba'in da daya kuma an sake binne su a Kabari mai tsarki da Dutsen Calvary.
 An kafa Kabari na Evergreen a cikin 1891 kuma mallakar kungiyar Evergreen Cemetery Association ce. Gidauniyar Enrichmond (yanzu ba ta wanzu) ta sami Kabari na Evergreen a cikin 2017. Birnin Richmond ya sami Kabari na Evergreen a cikin 2024.   
 An kafa Kabari na Gabashin Gabas a cikin 1897, ta hanyar East End Memorial Burial Association .   Tana cikin wani ɓangare a cikin birnin Richmond a wani ɓangare a Henrico County. Gidauniyar Enrichmond (yanzu ba ta wanzu) ce ta sayi East End a cikin 2019. Birnin Richmond ya sami mallakar Kabari na East End a cikin 2024. 
 Kabarin Paupers mai launi (a.k.a. The Garden of Lilie's) wanda aka kafa a 1896 ta birnin Richmond, a ƙasar da ke kusa da Kabarin Oakwood na birnin.
 An samo Kabari na Woodland a 1916 kuma an buɗe shi a 1917, ta hanyar editan jaridar Richmond Planet John Mitchell. A halin yanzu mallakar Marvin Harris ne, wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Maido da Kabari ta Woodland.

 Birnin Richmond Kabari na Sashen Gidajen Gida 
Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gidajen Ruwa ta Richmond tana kula da Sashen Kabari na Richmond, wanda ke kula da makabarta da yawa a cikin birni. Kulawar sashen na wuraren binnewar Afirka ta Amurka ya haɗa da waɗanda ke mallakar birnin, kamar su Barton Heights Cemetery da Mount Olivet Cemetery. Kabarin Oakwood, duk da haka, ya kasance a buɗe don binnewa.Tuttle, Marysa, "Historical marker to be dedicated to Richmond's first municipal African cemetery" abc8News, October 2, 2021

A cikin 2024, birnin ya sami mallakar Kabari na Evergreen da Kabari na East End, wanda ya kawo duka biyu a ƙarƙashin kulawar Sashen Kabari na Richmond.

Har ila yau, birnin yana kula da wani yanki na 1.2-acre na Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground, wanda aka sake samu a shekarar 2021. Wannan shafin, tare da Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground, sun kasance asalin wuraren binnewa na birni ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka. Koyaya, daga baya aka sake amfani da su kuma an rarraba ƙasarsu, wanda ya haifar da ƙazantawa da sharewa daga sanarwa ta tarihi. Tallafin da aka yi kwanan nan ya ba da gudummawa ga sake gano su da sake amincewa. Sake dawo da wasu sassan wadannan filayen wani bangare ne na Shirin Shockoe, wani shiri da nufin tunawa da wadannan shafuka. Gidan binnewar Afirka na Shockoe Hill an jera shi ta hanyar Tsaro na Virginia a cikin 2021 a matsayin daya daga cikin wuraren tarihi mafi haɗari na Virginia. Duk da yake an kafa yanki na 1.2-acre da birnin ya samu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2021 a matsayin makabartar a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Birni ta 2024-283, sauran kusan kadada 30 suna ƙarƙashin mallaka daban-daban kuma wasu suna kallon su a matsayin barazanar ci gaba. Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Kasa ta Tarayya (FRA) ta yanke shawarar cewa shirin jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu na DC2RVA zai sami mummunar tasiri a kan Gidan binnewar Afirka na Shockoe Hill, kuma Ma'aikatar Tarihi ta Virginia (DHR) ta yarda da wannan ƙuduri.

Ba a sanya Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground ko Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground a matsayin makabarta ba, ma'ana ba su kasance a ƙarƙashin kulawar Sashen Kabari ba. Gidan binnewar Shockoe Bottom African yana da masana'antu mai haske, tare da sashi a ƙarƙashin I-95. [1] Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground ya ragargaje tare da yankuna daban-daban wanda ya haɗa da yankunan da aka rarraba a matsayin masu sauƙi da masana'antu masu nauyi, kuma hanyoyi, I-64, da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa sun ratsa shi.[1] Dokar 2024-283 ta ba da sanarwa ta hukuma ga wani karamin ɓangare na Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground a matsayin makabartar.[2]￼

 East Marshall Street Well 

 Manazarta