Kitab al-'Ayn

Kitāb al-'Ayn ( Arabic ) shine ƙamus na farko na harshen Larabci kuma ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ƙamus na kowane harshe. [1] [2] [3] [4] al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi ne ya hada shi a karni na takwas . Harafin ayn ( ع ) sunan ƙamus ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin harafi mafi zurfi a cikin haruffan Larabci. Bugu da kari kalmar ayn tana dauke da ma'anar 'madogarar ruwa a cikin jeji'. Lakabinsa na “tushen” yana kuma nuni da sha’awar marubucin game da ilimin ƙamus da kuma gano ma’anar kalmomi zuwa asalinsu na Larabci.

Al-Farahidi, wanda ya kasance daga Makarantar Basra, ya zaɓi wani sabon tsari wanda ba ya bin tsarin haruffa da aka saba a yau a matsayin daidaitaccen tsarin ƙamus. Al-Farahidi ya ƙirƙiro tsarin sauti da ke bin tsarin lafazin haruffan Larabci. Bisa ga wannan tsarin tsari yana farawa da mafi zurfin harafi a cikin makogwaro, harafin  ( ayin ), kuma ya ƙare da harafin ƙarshe da lebe ke furtawa, wato  ( mun ). Introduction to Arabesques: Selections of Biography and Poetry from Classical Arabic Literature, pg. 13. Ed. Ibrahim A. Mumayiz. Volume 2 of WATA-publications: World Arab Translators Association. Philadelphia: Garant Publishers, 2006.  Abit Yaşar Koçak, Handbook of Arabic Dictionaries, pg. 20. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2002.  Saboda matsayin ayin a matsayin harafi na ciki da ke fitowa daga makogwaro, ya kalli asalinsa a cikin makogwaro a matsayin alamar cewa ita ce sautin farko, sauti mai mahimmanci, murya da wakilcin kai. 

An yi imanin ainihin kwafin rubutun al-Farahidi ya rayu har zuwa ƙarni na sha huɗu lokacin da alama ya ɓace. Duk da haka kwafin kwafin da masanin ƙamus na al-Andalus Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi (d. 989) ya yi, yana yawo a can a ƙarni na goma. 

 Abubuwan da ke ciki 
Al-Farahidi ya gabatar da ƙamus tare da zayyana na sautin larabci. Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language, pg. 62. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001. Paperback edition.  Tsarin da ya ɗauka don ƙamus ya ƙunshi littattafai ashirin da shida, littafi na kowane harafi, tare da haruffa masu rauni a hade a matsayin littafi guda; Adadin surori na kowane littafi ya yi daidai da adadin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi,  tare da raunin radicals da aka jera a ƙarshe. Bisa ga wannan tsarin tushen ana bi da anagrammatically, kuma duk yiwu anagrams na m shirye-shirye bayar. Abit Yaşar Koçak, Handbook of Arabic Dictionaries, pg. 20. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2002. ISBN 9783899300215  Gabatarwa zuwa juzu'i na 1 yana ƙunshe da ƙa'idodin sauti na tsarin tushen Larabci, inda aka rarraba baƙaƙe bisa ga kaddarorin sauti, batu na magana, da halayen rarraba gama gari.  Manufar ba ita ce samar da cikakkiyar ƙamus na harshen Larabci ba, a'a, ƙamus na tushen tsarin daga wanda ya fadada ƙamus na harshen Larabci, kusan marar iyaka.   

Ƙungiyoyin Al-Farahidi masu baƙaƙen baƙaƙen baƙaƙe ne bisa ga halayensu: 

 Hanya 
Al-Farahidi ya yi ƙoƙari ya ba da hujjar ƙamus na ƙamus a cikin al-Ayn, a sarari yana nufin lissafin tsari da haɗuwa don ƙididdige duk kalmomi a cikin Larabci. "Combinational analysis, numerical analysis, Diophantine analysis and number theory." Taken from Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Volume 2: Mathematics and the Physical Sciences, pg. 378. Ed. Roshdi Rasheed. London: Routledge, 1996.  A bisa ka'idar al-Farahidi, abin da aka sani da harshen Larabci shi ne kawai sautin murya na dukan harshe mai yiwuwa. Al-Farahidi ya lissafta nau'ikan tushen tushen da tsarin r to r da 1 < r ≤ 5, wanda shine yare mai yiwuwa; yiwu harshe, duk da haka, an iyakance ta da ka'idojin dacewa da sauti a tsakanin wayoyin tushen. Ta hanyar yin amfani da wannan iyaka ga harshe mai yiwuwa, al-Farahidi ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya fitar da ainihin harshen kuma ta haka za a iya rubuta ƙamus na Larabci. 

Al-Farahidi ya fara fitar da ainihin harshen daga harshen da za a iya yi bisa iyakacin sauti ta hanyar lissafta adadin da ba a maimaita ba na haduwar tushen Larabci, wanda aka dauka a matsayin r to r da r = 2 - 5. Sannan ya dauki hakan tare da adadin lamurra na kowace kungiya ta r; daga karshe ya lissafta A r n = r! ( n r ) tare da n kasancewar adadin haruffa a cikin haruffan Semitic. Ka'idar Al-Farahidi da lissafinsa yanzu ana samunsu a cikin rubuce-rubucen mafi yawan ma'abuta kamus. "Combinational analysis, numerical analysis, Diophantine analysis and number theory." Taken from Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Volume 2: Mathematics and the Physical Sciences, pg. 378. Ed. Roshdi Rasheed. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0415124115

 Manazarta