Rio Tinto (kogi)

Río Tinto (   , kogin ja ko kogin Tinto) kogi ne mai tsananin guba a kudu maso yammacin Spain wanda ke tasowa a tsaunukan Saliyo Morena na Andalusia. Yana gudana gabaɗaya kudu-maso-maso-yammaci, ya isa Tekun Cádiz a Huelva. Kogin Río Tinto yana da launi na musamman na ja da lemu wanda aka samo daga kayan aikin sa na sinadarai wanda ke da yawan acidic kuma yana da matakan ƙarfe da ƙarfe masu nauyi. Sunan río tinto yana nufin "kogi mai launi" a cikin Mutanen Espanya, sabanin yawancin koguna, waɗanda suke a fili. Duk da haka, "tinto" kuma magana ce ta jan giya a Spain, don haka yana da alaƙa da wannan ma'ana ta biyu.

Kogin yana kula da launinsa na kimanin tsawon kilomita 50.

Bayan alamar kilomita 50, ilmin sinadarai da ke sa kogin Río Tinto ya zama na musamman ya bayyana a hankali yana raguwa a hankali, kamar yadda launi mai ban sha'awa ke faruwa. Wurin da aka canza sinadarai na kogin yana kusa da garin Niebla. Ilimin sinadarai na kogin ya fara canzawa sosai bayan garin Niebla yayin da Río Tinto ke haɗa kanta da sauran rafukan da ke da alaƙa da Tekun Atlantika. Kogin yana da kusan kilomita 100 (62 mi) kuma yana cikin mashigin Iberian Pyrite Belt. Wannan yanki yana da tarin tama da ma'adinan sulfide.

Yankin Río Tinto ya kasance shafin yanar gizon kimanin shekaru 5,000 na hakar ma'adinai,  gami da jan ƙarfe, azurfa, zinariya, da sauran ma'adanai,  wanda aka cire har zuwa kilomita 20 daga bakin kogi.  Sakamakon yiwuwar hakar ma'adinan, Río Tinto ya shahara saboda kasancewarsa acidic (pH 2) kuma launin ja mai zurfinsa ya kasance saboda baƙin ƙarfe narkar da ruwa a cikin ruwa. Magudanar ruwa na Acid daga ma'adinan yana haifar da matsalolin muhalli mai tsanani saboda acidity (ƙananan pH) yana narkar da karafa masu nauyi a cikin ruwa. Ba a bayyana nawa magudanar acid ya fito daga hanyoyin halitta ba kuma nawa ya fito daga hakar ma'adinai. Akwai matsananciyar damuwa game da gurbatar yanayi a kogin.

Ko da yake kogin yana wakiltar yanayi mai tsauri don rayuwa, wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka rarraba a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna bunƙasa a cikin waɗannan yanayi. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan rayuwa sun haɗa da wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, algae da heterotrophs.

 Tarihi 
An ajiye jikin ma'adiNa a lokacin Carboniferous (300-350 Ma) ta hanyar ayyukan hydrothermal a ƙarƙashin teku. Tarihin hakar ma'adinai a yankin Río Tinto ya samo asali ne daga Tartessans da Iberians da suka fara hakar ma-adinai a 3000 BC, sannan Phoenicians, Helenawa, Romawa, Visigoths, da Moors suka biyo baya. Yankin Río Tinto ya kasance tushen kimanin shekaru 5,000 na hakar ma'adinai,  da kuma inganta sinadarai da farko don jan ƙarfe, azurfa da zinariya, kuma daga baya don baƙin ƙarfe, Manganese da sauran ma'adanai.  Wannan aikin hakar ma'adinai na dogon lokaci ya canza yanayin yankin sosai. 

Bayan wani lokaci na watsi da rashin amfani, an sake gano ma'adanai a cikin 1556 kuma gwamnatin Spain ta sake fara aiki da su a cikin 1724. A cikin karni na 19, kamfanoni daga Ƙasar Ingila sun fara manyan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. A cikin 1873, an kafa Kamfanin Rio Tinto don gudanar da ma'adanai. Fitarwa ta ragu bayan mafi girman samarwa a 1930, kuma ta ƙare a 1986 don hakar jan ƙarfe kuma a 1996 don hakar azurfa da zinariya, tare da sauran ayyukan da suka ƙare gaba ɗaya a cikin 2001.

Haɓaka farashin tagulla a cikin 2010s ya haifar da ƙoƙarin EMED Mining (yanzu ana kiransa Atalaya Mining) don sake buɗe ma'adinan, amma matsalolin samun duk haƙƙoƙin mallaka da suka dace, abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli, da samun izini na tsari sun jinkirta sake buɗewa. Mahakar ma'adinan, wacce ta yi aiki da yawansu ya kai 20,000 a baya, za ta dauki mutane 350 aiki a lokacin fara aikinta. Abubuwan da ke damun muhalli sun ta'allaka ne kan tafkunan ruwa da ba a yi amfani da su na dogon lokaci waɗanda ba za su iya jure damuwa na sabbin abubuwan shigar da sharar ba. Duk da waɗannan batutuwa, an ba da izinin a ƙarshe a cikin Janairu 2015 kuma an sake fara samar da tagulla na kasuwanci a cikin Fabrairu 2016.  

 Asalin da muhalli 
Saboda matsanancin yanayi na kogin, akwai 'yan kaɗan a cikin hanyar rayuwa, in ban da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ciki har da algae. Kasancewar kwayoyin cutar anaerobic a cikin sediments ana tsammanin zasu taimaka da dan kadan ga kogin da ya shahara da karancin pH (acidity), wanda hakan ke kara yawan narkar da karafa masu nauyi. Ruwan Río Tinto, mai girma a cikin sulphides na ƙarfe, yana ba da kyakkyawan yanayi don ƙwayoyin cuta na chemolithoautotrophic, tare da sulphides suna aiki azaman tushen abinci. Samfurin ƙarfe sulphide metabolism ta hanyar oxidization ne ferric baƙin ƙarfe da mugunya na acidic ruwa. 

Ci gaba da wannan tsari na tsawon lokaci wasu masana kimiyya suna tunanin cewa shine alhakin kiyaye pH na kogin tsakanin 2 zuwa 2.5 a mafi yawan wurare. Ko da a cikin ruwa mai yawan acidic, duka ja da koren algae an lura da su don bunƙasa cikin ƙima mai yawa. Duk da matakan algae a cikin Río Tinto suna lissafin sama da rabin jimillar kwayoyin halitta a cikin kogin, an fahimci algae yana da ƙaramin tasiri akan halayen hadaddun yanayin yanayin.

Binciken da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar microorganisms a mita 60 sama da matakin ruwa na yanzu, kuma har zuwa kilomita 20 daga hanyar kogin na yanzu, na iya ba da shawarar cewa tsarin halittu mai ban mamaki abu ne na halitta tun kafin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na mutum su fara a wannan yankin. A gefe guda, an san cewa ruwa mai guba yana fitowa daga waɗannan manyan ma'adanai na karkashin kasa da kuma bude rami da kuma inganta ma'adinai na sinadarai wanda ya kasance mai aiki a dubban shekaru. Duk da yake har yanzu ba a tantance shi ba idan sunadarai na ruwa na musamman na Río Tinto ya bunkasa sakamakon dubban shekaru na hakar ma'adinai ko ta hanyar dalilai na halitta, yana yiwuwa cewa sinadarin sinadarin kogin ya kasance ne saboda haɗuwa da abubuwan halitta da kuma zubar da ma'adanai. Kogin yana zubar da wani yanki tare da manyan ajiyar sulphides wanda aka kafa sama da shekaru miliyan 350 da suka gabata. Lokacin da aka fallasa sulphides ga iska, ruwa, da microorganisms, magudanar ruwa daga duwatsun acidic yana gudana cikin ruwa na sama da na ƙasa. Ma'adinai, duk da haka, suna ƙara wuraren da aka fallasa sosai.

 Astrobiology 
Wannan kogin ya sami sha'awar kimiyya kwanan nan saboda kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta anaerobic extremophile waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ruwan acidic. Duwatsun da ke ƙarƙashin gadon kogin sun ƙunshi baƙin ƙarfe da ma'adinan sulphide waɗanda ƙwayoyin cuta ke ciyar da su. Matsanancin yanayi a cikin kogin na iya zama kwatankwacin sauran wurare a cikin Tsarin Rana wanda ake tunanin ya ƙunshi ruwa mai ruwa, kamar ruwan ƙasa a duniyar Mars. Masana kimiyya sun kuma kwatanta kai tsaye ilimin sunadarai na ruwa wanda aka ajiye duwatsun Mars na Meridiani Planum a baya da Río Tinto. Haka kuma, wata Europa yana ƙunshe da wani ruwa mai acidic a ƙarƙashin saman ƙanƙarsa, don haka kogin Río Tinto yana da sha'awar masana ilimin taurari da ke nazarin iyakokin muhalli na rayuwa da zaman duniya.

 Dubi kuma 

 Tasirin muhalli na hakar ma'adinai
 Jerin koguna na Spain
 Jerin koguna mafi gurɓata
 Jirgin kasa na yawon bude ido

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Haɗin waje 

 Takaitaccen shirin BBC akan Río Tinto 
 Mars Analog Bincike da Fasaha Gwajin FAQ 
 (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Kariya Landscape Río TintoYanayin da aka Kare Río Tinto
 (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Gidan shakatawa na Río Tinto Tare da haɗi zuwa Gidan Tarihin Ernest Lluch, RioTinto, sabon gidan kayan gargajiya na yankin, wanda ke dauke da nune-nunen dindindin game da tarihin hakar ma'adinai, da bayanan ilimin ƙasa.