Matthew Hale (mai shari'a)

Sir Matthew Hale SL (1 ga Nuwamba 1609 - 25 ga Disamba 1676) ya kasance mai ba da shawara na Ingila, Alƙali kuma lauya wanda aka fi sani da littafinsa Historia Placitorum Coronæ, ko Tarihin Karatu na Crown .

An haife shi ga wani lauya da matarsa, wanda dukansu sun mutu a lokacin da yake da shekaru 5, Hale ya girma ne daga dangin mahaifinsa, mai tsananin Puritan, kuma ya gaji bangaskiyarsa. A shekara ta 1626 ya yi karatu a Magdalen Hall, Oxford  (yanzu Kwalejin Hertford), yana da niyyar zama firist, amma bayan jerin abubuwan da suka janye hankalinsa an rinjaye shi ya zama lauya kamar mahaifinsa, godiya ga gamuwa da Serjeant-at-Law a cikin jayayya game da dukiyarsa. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1628, ya shiga Lincoln's Inn, inda aka kira shi zuwa Bar a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1636. A matsayinsa na lauya, Hale ya wakilci mutane da yawa na Royalist a lokacin gabatarwa da tsawon lokacin Yaƙin basasar Ingila, gami da Thomas Wentworth da William Laud; an yi la'akari da cewa Hale zai wakilci Charles I a shari'arsa ta jihar, kuma ya ɗauki tsaron da Charles na I amfani da shi. 

Duk da asarar Royalist, sunan Hale na mutunci da tsaka-tsakin siyasa ya cece shi daga kowane tasiri, kuma a karkashin Commonwealth na Ingila an sanya shi Shugaban Hukumar Hale, wanda ke binciken sake fasalin doka. Bayan rushewar Hukumar, Oliver Cromwell ya sanya shi Mai Shari'a na Common Pleas .

Hale ya zauna a majalisar, ko dai a cikin Commons ko Upper House, a kowane majalisa daga Majalisar Dokoki ta Farko zuwa Majalisar Dokoki, kuma bayan Sanarwar Breda shi ne memba na majalisar wanda ya koma la'akari da sake dawo da Charles II a matsayin sarki, wanda ya haifar da Maido da Ingilishi. A karkashin Charles, an sanya Hale a matsayin Babban Baron na farko na Exchequer sannan kuma Babban Alkalin Bench na Sarki. A cikin matsayi biyu, an sake lura da shi saboda amincinsa, kodayake ba a matsayin alƙali mai kirkiro ba. Bayan rashin lafiya ya yi ritaya a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1676, ya mutu watanni goma bayan haka a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1676.

Ayyukan da Hale ya buga sun kasance masu tasiri sosai a ci gaban dokar Ingilishi. His Historia Placitorum Coronæ, wanda ke hulɗa da manyan laifuka a kan Crown, an dauke shi "na mafi girman iko",  yayin da aka lura da Binciken Dokar Jama'a a matsayin tarihin farko da aka buga na dokar Ingilishi da kuma tasiri mai karfi a kan William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England . Shari'ar Hale ta kai ga tsakiya tsakanin "kira ga tunani" na Edward Coke da "kira ga kwangila" na John Selden, yayin da yake karyata abubuwa na ka'idar Thomas Hobbes na dokar halitta. Hale ya rubuta cewa ba za a iya tuhumar mutum da fyade ba, kuma an gudanar da wannan ra'ayi har zuwa shekarun 1990. Koyaya, ya kawar da kariya ta fyade da ta gabata da ta kasance a cikin dokar Ingila ga mutumin da bai yi aure ba wanda ke zaune tare da mace. Masu sharhi na zamani sun soki Hale saboda shugabancin shari'ar maita ta Bury St Edmunds ta 1662, wanda ya haifar da kisan mata biyu, da kuma gardamarsa cewa hukuncin kisa na iya kaiwa ga wadanda ke da shekaru goma sha huɗu.

Baya ga aikinsa na shari'a, Hale ya kuma buga ayyuka da yawa a kan kimiyyar lissafi ta Aristotelian, gami da wani rubutun da ke taɓa nauyi (1673), wanda ya shafi abubuwan da suka faru na nauyi da tashi tare da tsarin pre-Newtonian, da Difficiles nugæ (1675), wanda ya damu da fassarar Gwajin Torricelli. Hale's Observations touching the principles of natural movements an buga shi bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1677. Masanin lissafi na Victorian Augustus De Morgan ya kira wannan na ƙarshe a matsayin "littafi ne na falsafa, game da flux da materia prima, virtus activa da essentialis, da sauran mahimman bayanai".

 Rayuwa 

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haifi Hale a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1609 a West End House (wanda yanzu ake kira The Grange ko Alderley Grange) a Alderley, Gloucestershire ga Robert Hale, lauya na Lincoln's Inn, da Joanna Poyntz .  Mahaifinsa ya bar aikinsa a matsayin lauya shekaru da yawa kafin haihuwar Hale "saboda bai iya fahimtar dalilin ba da launi a cikin roƙo ba". Wannan yana nufin tsari wanda wanda ake tuhuma zai tura shari'ar kan ingancin sunansa zuwa ga alƙali maimakon juri, ta hanyar da'awar zargin (ƙaryaci) game da wannan haƙƙin. Irin wannan zargi zai zama batun doka maimakon tambaya ta gaskiya, kuma saboda haka alƙali ya yanke shawara ba tare da ambaton masu juriya ba.

Ko da yake ana amfani dashi, Robert Hale a bayyane ya ga wannan a matsayin yaudara kuma "ya saba wa ainihin gaskiya da adalci wanda ya zama Kirista; don haka ya janye kansa daga gidajen baƙi na kotu don ya zauna a kan dukiyarsa a kasar". John Hostettler, a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na Matthew Hale, ya nuna cewa damuwar mahaifinsa game da ba da launi a cikin roƙo ba zai iya zama mai ƙarfi ba "tun da ba wai kawai ya yi ritaya zuwa gidansa a Alderley inda ya sami nasarar rayuwa akan kuɗin da matarsa ta gada, har ma ya ba da umarni a cikin nufinsa cewa Matiyu ya kamata ya yi aiki a cikin doka".

Iyayen Hale biyu sun mutu kafin ya kai shekara biyar; Joanna a 1612,  da Robert a 1614.  Daga nan aka bayyana cewa Robert ya kasance mai karimci wajen ba da kuɗi ga matalauta cewa a lokacin mutuwarsa dukiyarsa ta ba da £ 100 kawai na samun kudin shiga a shekara, wanda za a biya £ 20 ga matalautan yankin. Hale ta haka ya shiga cikin kulawar Anthony Kingscot, ɗaya daga cikin dangin mahaifinsa. Wani Puritan mai karfi, Kingscot ya koyar da Hale daga Mista Stanton, mai kula da Wotton wanda aka sani da "mai kula da abin kunya" saboda ra'ayoyinsa na tsattsauran ra'ayi na Puritan. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1626,  yana da shekaru 16, Hale ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford a matsayin memba na Magdalen Hall. 

Dukansu Kingscot da Stanton sun yi niyyar wannan ya zama aikinsa, kuma an gudanar da karatunsa tare da hakan a zuciya.[undefined] Obadiah Sedgwick, wani Puritan, ne ya koya masa, kuma ya yi fice a cikin karatunsa da kuma katanga. Hale kuma yana halartar coci a kai a kai, tarurrukan addu'a na sirri, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "mai sauƙi a cikin tufafinsa, kuma mai kyau".[1] Bayan wani kamfani na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ya zo Oxford, Hale ya halarci wasanni da yawa da sauran ayyukan zamantakewa wanda karatunsa suka fara wahala, kuma ya fara juya baya daga Puritanism. A cikin hasken wannan, ya watsar da sha'awarsa na zama firist kuma a maimakon haka ya yanke shawarar zama soja. Iyalansa ba su iya shawo kansa ya zama firist ba, ko ma lauya, tare da Hale yana kwatanta lauyoyi a matsayin "mutanen da ba su dace da komai ba sai dai nasu sana'a".[2]￼

Shirye-shiryensa na zama soja ya mutu bayan yakin shari'a game da dukiyarsa, inda ya tuntubi John Glanville. Glanville ya sami nasarar shawo kan Hale ya zama lauya, kuma, bayan ya bar Oxford yana da shekaru 20 kafin ya sami digiri, ya shiga Lincoln's Inn a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1628.  Tsoron cewa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na iya hana shi daga karatun shari'a kamar yadda yake a Oxford, ya rantse "ba zai sake ganin wasan kwaikwayo ba". A wannan lokacin yana shan giya tare da ƙungiyar abokai lokacin da ɗaya daga cikinsu ya bugu sosai ya ɓace; Hale ya yi addu'a ga Allah ya gafarta kuma ya ceci abokinsa, kuma ya gafarte shi saboda yawan abubuwan da ya yi a baya. Abokinsa ya warke, kuma an mayar da Hale ga bangaskiyarsa ta Puritan, ba ta sake shan giya ga lafiyar wani ba (ba ma shan giya ga Sarki ba) kuma tana zuwa coci kowace Lahadi har tsawon shekaru 36. A maimakon haka ya zauna a cikin karatunsa, yana aiki har zuwa awanni 16 a rana a cikin shekaru biyu na farko a Lincoln's Inn kafin ya rage shi zuwa awanni takwas saboda damuwa da lafiya. Kazalika da karanta rahotanni da dokoki na doka, Hale ya kuma yi nazarin dokar farar hula da shari'a ta Roma. A waje da doka, Hale ta yi karatun jikin mutum, tarihi, falsafar da lissafi. Ya ki karanta labarai ko halartar abubuwan da suka faru na zamantakewa, kuma ya shagaltar da kansa gaba ɗaya da karatunsa da ziyarar coci.

 Yaƙin basasa, Commonwealth da Protectorate 

 Lauyan lauya 
alt=An image of William Noy. The top portion of the image is taken up by a portrait of Noy, who wears a ruffed collar and has a handlebar moustache and goatee.  The bottom of the image has an inscription which reads "William Noy, Attorney General to King Charles the First."|left|thumb|William Noy, wanda Hale ya yi aiki a matsayin dalibi
A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1636, Lincoln's Inn ta kira Hale zuwa Bar, kuma nan da nan ya zama ɗalibin William Noy. Hale da Noy sun zama abokai na kusa, har zuwa inda aka kira shi "matashi Noy",  kuma mafi mahimmanci ya sadu kuma ya yi abota da John Selden, "mutumin kusan koyon duniya, wanda ra'ayoyinsa za su mamaye yawancin tunanin [Hale] daga baya".  Selden ya shawo kansa ya ci gaba da karatunsa a waje da doka, kuma yawancin rubuce-rubucen Hale sun shafi tauhidin da kimiyya da ka'idar shari'a.

Hale ya sami kyakkyawan aikin lauya, kodayake ya ba da izinin bangaskiyarsa ta Kirista ta mallaki aikinsa. Ya nemi ya taimaka wa kotun ta kai ga yanke hukunci mai adalci, duk abin da abokin ciniki ya damu, kuma yawanci ya dawo da rabin kuɗin sa ko ya caji daidaitattun kuɗin shillings 10 maimakon barin farashin ya kumbura. Ya ki karɓar shari'o'in da ba daidai ba, kuma koyaushe yana ƙoƙarin kasancewa a gefen "dama" na kowane shari'a; John Campbell ya rubuta cewa "Idan ya ga cewa dalilin ba daidai ba ne, na ɗan lokaci ba zai shiga ciki ba amma ya ba da shawararsa cewa haka ne; idan bangarorin bayan haka za su ci gaba, za su nemi wani mai ba da shawara, domin ba zai taimaka wa kowa a ayyukan rashin adalci ba".

Duk da wannan, ya kasance mai arziki don siyan ƙasa mai daraja £ 4,200 a cikin 1648 (daidai da £ 694,071 ).  Yana cikin babban buƙata; 'Yan jarida na shari'a sun fara yin rikodin shari'arsa kuma a cikin 1641 ya shawarci Thomas Wentworth, Earl na farko na Strafford, game da wanda ya kai masa hari saboda babban cin amana. Ko da yake bai yi nasara ba, an kira Hale don wakiltar William Laud, Babban Bishop na Canterbury, a lokacin da House of Lords ya tsige shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1644.

Hale, tare da John Herne, sun yi jayayya cewa babu wani laifi da Laud ya yi ya zama cin amana, kuma Dokar Cin amana ta 1351 ta soke duk cin amana na doka. John Wilde, yana jayayya da masu gabatar da kara, ya yarda cewa babu wani daga cikin ayyukan Laud da ya kai ga cin amana, amma ya yi jayayya cewa dukansu sun yi tare. Herne, a cikin muhawara da Hale ya rubuta, ya amsa cewa "Ina jinƙai ga jinƙai, [Wilde]. Ban taɓa fahimtar kafin wannan lokacin cewa ma'aurata baƙar fata ɗari biyu za su yi baƙar fata!" Shari'ar da aka yi wa Laud ta fara kasawa, amma Majalisar ta ba da Dokar Attainder wanda ya bayyana shi da laifi, kuma ya yanke masa hukuncin kisa.

Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa Sarki yana rasa Yaƙin basasa, kuma Oxford ne kawai ya tsaya, Hale ya yanke shawarar yin aiki a matsayin kwamishinan don tattauna game da mika wuya, yana tsoron cewa in ba haka ba za a lalata birnin. Godiya ga ceto, an kai ga sharuddan girmamawa, kuma an adana ɗakunan karatu. Duk da yin aiki a cikin yanayin siyasa na yakin basasa da kuma kare abokan adawar Commonwealth na Ingila, sunan Hale bai sha wahala ba. Da farko, ya fi fita daga yaƙin, har ma ya yi watsi da labarai game da ci gabanta, kuma a maimakon haka ya fassara The Life and Death of Pomponious Atticus zuwa Turanci.

Bayan kama Charles I, ana sa ran Hale zai kare shi, kuma hakika ya ba da damar yin hakan; Sarki ya ki ya miƙa wuya ga kotun, yana mai cewa bai amince da ikonsa ba. Edward Foss ya rubuta, bisa ga bayanin Charles Runnington, cewa Hale ne ya ba Sarki wannan kariya, kuma saboda kawai kariya ta hana kiran wani lauya ga Sarki cewa Hale bai bayyana a kotu ba.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba