Gidan shakatawa na Wind Cave

Wind Cave National Park wurin shakatawa ne na ƙasa na Amurka mai  arewa da garin Hot Springs a yammacin South Dakota . An kafa shi a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1903  ta Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt, shi ne wurin shakatawa na shida a Amurka kuma kogon farko da aka sanya shi wurin shakatawa na kasa a ko'ina cikin duniya. Kogon ya yi fice saboda gyare- gyarensa na ƙididdiga da ake kira boxwork, da kuma aikin sanyi .  Kimanin kashi 95 cikin 100 na abubuwan da aka gano a duniya ana samunsu a cikin kogon iska.

Kogon iska yana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misalan kogon numfashi . An san kogon a matsayin tsarin kogon mafi girma a duniya, tare da mafi girman juzu'i a kowace mil kubik. Kogon Wind shine kogon na shida mafi tsayi a duniya tare da  na hanyoyin kogon da aka bincika (   ) da kuma kogo na uku mafi tsayi a Amurka, ko da yake shi ne kogo mafi tsayi na biyu a Custer County, South Dakota bayan Jewel Cave .  Duk da kusancin da ke kusa, babu wata alaƙa da aka taɓa samu tsakanin Kogon Wind da Kogon Jewel kuma mafi yawan masana ilimin ƙasa sun yi imanin cewa ba a haɗa kogon ba.  A sama ƙasa, wurin shakatawa ya haɗa da mafi girman sauran gauraye ciyawar ciyawa a cikin Amurka, da kuma ƙarshen ƙarshen Kudancin Dakota Centennial Trail .

 Asalin suna 
An ce sassan kogon suna “ numfasawa ” yayin da iskar ke ci gaba da shiga ko fita daga cikin su, tana daidaita matsi na yanayi na kogon da kuma iskar waje. Lokacin da karfin iska ya fi girma a wajen kogon fiye da na cikinsa, iskar tana kwararowa cikin kogon, yana kara karfin kogon domin ya yi daidai da na waje. Lokacin da karfin iskan da ke cikin kogon ya fi na wajensa, iska tana fita daga cikin kogon, ta rage karfin iskan da ke cikin kogon.   Babban kogo irin su Kogon Iska mai ƴan ƴan buɗe ido kaɗan zai “numfashi” a fili fiye da ƙaramin kogo mai manyan buɗewa.

Canje-canjen yanayi cikin sauri, tare da saurin sauye-sauye na barometric, fasali ne na yanayin yammacin Dakota ta Kudu. Idan guguwa mai sauri tana gabatowa a ranar da ’yan’uwan Bingham suka sami kogon, da yanayin yanayin ya yi ta faduwa da sauri, wanda hakan ya sa iska mai tsananin karfin kogon ta yi gaggawar fitar da duk wani budadden da ake da shi, wanda hakan ya haifar da iskar da aka sanya wa sunan kogon iska.

 Tarihi 
Lakota, Cheyenne, da sauran ƴan asalin Amirkawa waɗanda suka bi ta kuma suka yi sansani a kusa da yankin sun san da wanzuwar kogon, kamar yadda farkon mazaunan Yuro-Amurka suka yi, amma babu wata shaida da aka rubuta da aka gano cewa da gaske kowa ya shiga cikinsa. 

Lakota ( Sioux ), ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a yankin Black Hills na Kudancin Dakota, sun yi magana game da wani rami da ke hura iska, wurin da suke ɗaukar tsattsarka a matsayin wurin da suka fara fitowa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa inda suka rayu kafin halittar duniya .  Asalin sunan Washun Niya, Kogon iska ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adu da al'adun mutanen Lakota.  Tarihin baka na wadannan mutane yana ba da labarin Tokahe, ɗan adam na farko da ya fito daga cikin kogon, wanda ke nuna alamar fitowa daga cikin ƙasa. Labarinsa da kasancewarsa a Kogon Wind wani muhimmin sashi ne na tarihin Lakota, kuma yana tasiri sosai ga labarin asalinsu.

Kogon iska da sauran wurare a ko'ina cikin Black Hills suna da mahimmanci ga 'yan asalin ƙasar ta wasu hanyoyi fiye da ruhaniya. Wanda ake yiwa laƙabi, a zaɓe, a matsayin "kasuwancin kasuwa," wuraren da ke kewaye da kogon sun ba da albarkatu masu yawa don rayuwa ta asali. Sau da yawa a lokacin lokutan hunturu, irin waɗannan wuraren sun zama wurare masu kyau don sansanonin; Yawancin wasan da suke farauta sun fi son matsugunin da kogon ya tanadar kuma sun sanya waɗannan wuraren su zama wuraren zama na Lakota da wuraren farauta. 

Korar mutanen Lakota daga ƙarshe ya biyo bayan ingantaccen tarihin korar ƴan asalin ƙasar a duk faɗin ƙasar. A cikin 1851 an kafa yarjejeniya a Fort Laramie, shigar da kabilar zuwa dangantakar doka da gwamnatin Amurka.  Wani Yarjejeniyar Fort Laramie a cikin 1868 ta sake fasalta da rage iyakokin ƙasar Lakota a cikin Black Hills.  Mataki na biyu a cikin waccan yarjejeniya ya ba da izinin gina garu a cikin ƙasar Lakota kuma a cikin 1874 Janar George A. Custer ya fara binciken ƙasar kuma ya yi kuskuren ba da rahoton kasancewar zinare mai yawa, duk da masanin ilimin geologist a ƙungiyar sa na masu binciken ya ce babu adadi mai yawa.  Daga nan ne masu hakar ma'adinai suka fara mamaye tuddai don neman zinariya, wanda ya saba wa yarjejeniyar da aka yi da mutanen Lakota, ko da yake gwamnati ba ta yi wani abu ba don hukunta irin wadannan laifuffuka. A cikin 1875 an yi la'akari da taken Lakota na ƙasar ba shi da inganci saboda rashin haɓaka tsarin su da kuma tsammanin "ɓata" ƙasar.  Lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Dawes a cikin 1877, an buɗe wurin ga mazauna kuma an rufe yadda ya kamata a mallaki Lakota daga ƙasashen kakanninsu. 

 Kayan aiki 
Hanyoyi da yawa sun bi ta wurin shakatawa kuma akwai  hanyoyin tafiya a saman. Gidan shakatawa yana da kimanin baƙi 656,397 a cikin 2018.  Fiye da mutane 109,000 sun ziyarci kogon da kansa a cikin 2015, mafi girma tun 1968 kafin balaguron kogo ya iyakance ga mutane 40 kowanne. 

Cibiyar baƙo ta Wind Cave tana da dakuna uku na nuni game da ilimin ƙasa na kogo da tarihin kogon farko, namun daji na wurin shakatawa da tarihin halitta, da aikin Hukumar Kula da Farar Hula a wurin shakatawa.

Elk Mountain Campground, wanda ke cikin dajin pine na ponderosa, yana da nisan  daga cibiyar baƙo. Filin sansanin yana da shafuka 75 don tantuna da motocin nishaɗi kuma ana buɗe kowace shekara tare da shirye-shiryen kashe gobara da ake bayarwa a lokacin rani da ƙarancin sabis da ake samu a cikin hunturu. 

 Geology 
Matakan uku da ke yin tsarin kogon iska suna cikin babban 76 m na Dutsen Mississippian Pahasapa Limestone . Ajiye a cikin tekun ciki, chert, gypsum, da ruwan tabarau na anhydrite a cikin dutsen farar ƙasa shaida ne na lokuta masu yawa na ƙafe. Lokacin da matakan teku suka faɗo a ƙarshen Mississippian, rushewar dutsen farar ƙasa ya haifar da filin Kaskaskia paleo karst, cikakke tare da fissures, nutsewa, da kogo. Don haka, rashin daidaituwa ya wanzu tsakanin wannan dutsen farar ƙasa da ƙaƙƙarfan Ƙirar Pennylvania Minnelusa. Waɗannan jajayen yashi da yumbu sun cika cikin kogo. Waɗannan kogon da ba a cika su ba an lulluɓe su a cikin dogtooth spar . Sakawa na gaba na Permian Opeche Shale, Permian Minnekahta Limestone, Triassic Spearfish Formation, da Tertiary White River Group ya biyo baya. Paleocene da zaizayar Eocene sun kawar da waɗannan magudanar ruwa, a yankin kogon, har zuwa Minnelusa. An fara haɓaka haɓakar yanayin ƙasa a lokacin Laramide Orogeny, wanda ya saukar da teburin ruwa, ya zubar da tsarin kogon tare da faɗaɗa shi. A yau matakin ruwa yana da nisan mita 150 a ƙasa, wanda ya kai digo na 0.4 m kowace shekara 1000. 

An fara lura da aikin akwatin a cikin kogon iska. Wadannan fins ɗin calcite sun kasance fashe da ke cika gypsum da anhydrite. Calcite-gypsum pseudomorphs na kowa. Sulfuric acid da aka saki ya raunana gadon, yana ba shi damar yin saurin yanayi fiye da calcite. Sakamakon fins ɗin da ke tsaka da juna ya samar da ɗakuna masu buɗewa kuma suna fitowa daga bene da ke kewaye da adadin daga 0.6 zuwa 1.2 m. Ƙananan matakan kogon suna da kayan aikin akwatin gauraye da aikin sanyi da popcorn kogo . An kuma fara gano gandun daji na Helictite a cikin kogon iska. Ana samun madarar Moon a sama da yawa, yayin da ana samun rafts na calcite a cikin ƙananan matakan tsarin kogon.  

 A cikin shahararrun al'adu 
A yayin muhawarar zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat ta 2020 a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2019, dan takarar Sanata Amy Klobuchar ya yi nuni da kogon iska a matsayin wani bangare na harin da aka kai wa dan takarar magajin garin Pete Buttigieg, wanda ya karbi bakuncin taron gangamin yakin neman zabe a cikin kogon ruwan inabi. Klobuchar ya ce, "Na zo nan ne domin in gabatar da shari'ar ci gaba, kuma ban taba zuwa kogon ruwan inabi ba. Na je kogon Wind a South Dakota, wanda na ba da shawarar ku je."  Jami'an jama'a na Kudancin Dakota, gami da Wakilin Jiha Dusty Johnson, sun yi amfani da shi don haɓaka yawon shakatawa zuwa ga gandun daji na Wind Cave. 

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