Furen algal mai lahani

Fure mai cutarwa (HAB), ko kuma ci gaban algae mai yawa, wani lokacin ana kiransa ja a cikin yanayin Ruwa, fure ne na algae wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga wasu kwayoyin ta hanyar samar da guba da aka samar da algae, ruwa deoxygenation, lalacewar inji ga wasu kwayoyi, ko ta wasu hanyoyi. HABs wani lokacin ana bayyana su ne kawai a matsayin waɗancan furanni na algal waɗanda ke samar da guba, kuma wani lokacin a matsayin kowane fure na algal wanda zai iya haifar da ƙananan matakan iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa na halitta, yana kashe kwayoyin a cikin ruwa ko Ruwa mai kyau. Fure na iya kasancewa daga 'yan kwanaki zuwa watanni da yawa. Bayan fure ya mutu, ƙwayoyin cuta da ke lalata algae da suka mutu suna amfani da ƙarin iskar oxygen, suna samar da "mutuwar yanki" wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwar kifi. Lokacin da waɗannan yankuna suka rufe babban yanki na dogon lokaci, babu kifi ko tsire-tsire da za su iya rayuwa.

Wani lokaci ba a san abin da ke haifar da takamaiman HABs kamar yadda abin da ya faru a wasu wurare ya bayyana gaba ɗaya na halitta,  yayin da wasu kuma suna bayyana sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam.  A wasu wurare akwai hanyoyin haɗi zuwa takamaiman direbobi kamar abubuwan gina jiki, amma HABs kuma suna faruwa tun kafin mutane su fara shafar muhalli. Ana haifar da HABs ta hanyar eutrophication, wanda shine yawan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwa. Mafi yawan abubuwan gina jiki guda biyu sune kafaffen nitrogen ( nitrates, ammonia, da urea ) da phosphate .  Abubuwan da suka wuce gona da iri suna fitar da su ta hanyar noma, gurɓacewar masana'antu, yawan amfani da taki a cikin birane da kewayen birni, da kuma zubar da ruwa a birane . Mafi girman zafin ruwa da ƙananan wurare dabam dabam kuma suna taimakawa. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

HABs na iya haifar da mummunar lahani ga dabbobi, muhalli da tattalin arziki. Sun kasance suna ƙaruwa a cikin girman da mitar a duk duniya, gaskiyar da masana da yawa ke danganta da Canjin yanayi na duniya. Hukumar Kula da Tekun Oceanic da Yanayi ta Amurka (NOAA) ta yi hasashen karin fure masu cutarwa a cikin Tekun Pacific. Magungunan da za a iya amfani da su sun haɗa da maganin sinadarai, ƙarin tankuna, na'urori masu auna sigina da na'urorin saka idanu, rage runoff na abinci mai gina jiki, bincike da gudanarwa gami da saka idanu da rahoto.

Ruwa na ƙasa, wanda ke dauke da taki, datti da sharar dabbobi, yana jigilar abinci mai gina jiki zuwa ruwan teku kuma yana motsa abubuwan da suka faru. Abubuwan halitta, kamar ambaliyar kogi ko hauhawar abubuwan gina jiki daga ƙarƙashin teku, sau da yawa bayan guguwa mai yawa, samar da abubuwan gina jiki da abubuwan da suka haifar da fure. Ƙara ci gaban bakin teku da kiwon kifi suna ba da gudummawa ga faruwar HABs na bakin teku. Tasirin HABs na iya kara muni a cikin gida saboda iska da ke motsawa Langmuir da tasirin su na halitta.

HABs daga cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) na iya bayyana a matsayin kumfa, datti, ko mat a kan ko a ƙasa da saman ruwa kuma yana iya ɗaukar launuka daban-daban dangane da launi. Cyanobacteria furanni a cikin tabkuna ko koguna na iya bayyana kore mai haske, sau da yawa tare da raƙuman ƙasa waɗanda suke kama da fenti mai iyo. Furewar cyanobacterial matsala ce ta duniya.

Yawancin furanni suna faruwa ne a cikin ruwa mai dumi tare da yawan abubuwan gina jiki. Sakamakon cutarwa daga irin wannan furanni shine saboda guba da suke samarwa ko kuma daga amfani da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwar kifi. Ba duk furanni na algae ba ne ke samar da guba, duk da haka, tare da wasu kawai suna canza launi na ruwa, suna samar da ƙanshi mai ƙanshi, ko ƙara mummunan dandano ga ruwa. Abin takaici, ba zai yiwu a faɗi idan fure yana da lahani daga bayyanar kawai ba, tunda ana buƙatar samfurori da gwajin microscopic. A lokuta da yawa microscopy bai isa ya nuna bambanci tsakanin masu guba da wadanda ba masu guba ba. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya amfani da kayan aiki don auna matakin guba ko don tantance ko kwayoyin halitta na samar da guba suna nan.

 Kalmomin 
A cikin ƙayyadadden ma'anar, furanni masu cutarwa sune kawai waɗancan furanni waɗanda ke fitar da guba waɗanda ke shafar wasu nau'o'in. A gefe guda, duk wani fure na algae na iya haifar da wuraren da suka mutu saboda ƙananan matakan oxygen, sabili da haka ana iya kiransa "mai cutarwa" a wannan ma'anar. Amfani da kalmar "algae flooms" a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafen kimiyya sun bambanta. A cikin ma'anar da ta fi girma, duk "kayan halitta da abubuwan da suka faru ana ɗaukar su HABs idan sun yi mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam ko bukatun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ko kuma suna da lahani ga tsarin ruwa". Furewar algae mai cutarwa shine "ma'anar al'umma maimakon ma'anar kimiyya".

Irin wannan ma'anar HABs ta karɓa ta Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka a cikin 2008 wanda ya bayyana cewa HABs sun haɗa da "nau'in masu guba (auxotrophic, heterotrophic) da masu samar da high-biomass waɗanda zasu iya haifar da hypoxia da anoxia da rashin nuna bambanci na rayuwar ruwa bayan sun kai ga taro mai yawa, ko ana samar da guba".

 Red tide 
Har ila yau, ana kiran fure mai cutarwa a yankunan bakin teku "ja". Kalmar "ja tide" ta samo asali ne daga furanni na kowane nau'in Dinoflagellate, kamar Karenia brevis. Koyaya, kalmar tana yaudara tunda fure na algae na iya bambanta da launi, kuma ci gaban algae ba shi da alaƙa da raƙuman ruwa. Ba duk jan ruwa ba ne ake samar da su ta hanyar dinoflagellates. mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum yana samar da furanni marasa guba masu launin ja mai zurfi ta hanyar chloroplasts da yake samu daga algae da yake ci.   
As a technical term, it is being replaced in favor of more precise terminology, including the generic term "harmful algal bloom" for harmful species, and "algal bloom" for benign species.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Nau'o'in 
Akwai manyan nau'ikan phytoplankton guda uku waɗanda zasu iya zama masu cutarwa: cyanobacteria, dinoflagellate, da diatoms. Dukkanin ukun sun ƙunshi kwayoyin da ke iyo na microscopic wanda, kamar shuke-shuke, zasu iya ƙirƙirar abincin kansu daga hasken rana ta hanyar photosynthesis. Wannan ikon ya sa mafi yawansu zama muhimmiyar bangare na yanar gizo na abinci ga ƙananan kifi da sauran kwayoyin. : 246 

 Cyanobacteria 
Fure-fure masu cutarwa a cikin tabkuna da koguna, ko a bakin teku, inda koguna ke gudana cikin teku, cyanobacteria ne ke haifar da su, wanda galibi ake kira "blue-green algae",  amma a zahiri kwayoyin cuta ne na prokaryotic,  sabanin algae waɗanda ke eukaryotes. Wasu cyanobacteria, gami da yaduwar jinsin Microcystis, na iya samar da cyanotoxins masu haɗari kamar microcystins,  waɗanda ke cutar da hanta na dabbobi masu shayarwa.  Sauran nau'ikan cyanobacteria na iya samar da Hepatotoxins, da kuma neurotoxins. Tsire-tsire masu tsarkake ruwa na iya cire waɗannan guba ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin shawarwari na yau da kullun game da ruwan sha, kamar yadda ya faru a Toledo, Ohio a watan Agusta 2014. 

A watan Agustan 2021, akwai tabkuna 47 da aka tabbatar da cewa suna da fure a cikin Jihar New York kadai. A watan Satumbar 2021, Shirin Muhalli na Spokane County ya ba da faɗakarwar HAB ga Tafkin Newman biyo bayan gwaje-gwaje da ke nuna matakan guba masu cutarwa ga cyanobacteria,  yayin da a cikin wannan watan aka ruwaito matakan rikodin microcystins wanda ya haifar da karin shawarar 'Kada ku sha' ga gidaje 280 a Clear Lake, tafkin ruwa mai laushi na biyu mafi girma na California.  Yanayin ruwa a Florida, a halin yanzu, yana ci gaba da lalacewa a ƙarƙashin karuwar shigowar abinci mai gina jiki, yana haifar da mummunan abubuwan HAB a duka yankunan ruwa da na ruwa.    .

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba