Ma'aikatar albarkatun ruwa ta California

Ma'aikatar albarkatun ruwa ta California (DWR)  wani bangare ne na Hukumar Kula da albarkatun kasa ta California kuma tana da alhakin gudanarwa da tsara amfani da ruwa na Jihar California. Gwamna Goodwin Knight ne ya kirkiro sashen a shekarar 1956 biyo bayan Ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a fadin Arewacin California a shekarar 1955, inda suka hada Sashen albarkatun ruwa na Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a tare da Ofishin Injiniya na Jiha, Hukumar Ayyukan Ruwa, da Hukumar albarkatun Ruwa ta Jiha. Tana da hedikwatar a Sakramento . 

 Tarihi 

 1850-1875 
California ta amince da nau'ikan haƙƙin ruwa da yawa. Kafin Yarjejeniyar Guadalupe Hidalgo, da aka sanya hannu a 1848, California ta kasance wani ɓangare na Mexico. Hakkin kogi shine mafi yawan nau'in haƙƙin ruwa. A karkashin haƙƙin riparian, wanda ya samo asali ne a cikin dokar Romawa, mai mallakar ƙasa na iya amfani da ruwa da ke gudana ta hanyar dukiyarsa don amfani da dukiyarsa. Lokacin da California ta zama wani ɓangare na Amurka, Amurka ta amince da amincewa da dokar da ke akwai. Hakkin Pueblo shine kawai haƙƙin ruwa a lokacin. Hakkin Pueblo ya ba da cewa Mutanen Espanya da Mutanen Espanya suna da damar yin amfani da duk ruwan da ake buƙata na halitta daga duk ruwan da ke gudana ta hanyar pueblo.

Lokacin da aka gano zinariya a 1848, baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun zo California. A lokacin California Gold Rush, masu hakar zinariya za su karkatar da ruwa mai yawa daga koguna da rafi don hakar ruwa. Al'adar yankin ta nuna yadda aka raba ruwa a sansanonin hakar ma'adinai, amma gabaɗaya, masu hakar ma-adinai sun bi wannan al'ada wajen rarraba ruwa kamar yadda suka yi wajen sanya ikirarin ma'adanai. A farkonsa, an halicci haƙƙin ruwa mai dacewa kawai ta hanyar shan ruwa da sanya shi don amfani mai amfani. Koyaya, don "bayyana da'awar" masu hakar ma'adinai galibi suna aikawa da sanarwa ga wasu cewa suna shan ruwa da amfani da ruwa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan California ta zama Jihar Amurka a 1850, zaman farko na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California nan da nan ya karɓi dokoki don magance ruwan jihar. Wannan ya haɗa da karɓar tsarin dokar Ingilishi, wanda ya haɗa da koyarwar haƙƙin kogi, kodayake wannan tsarin ya fi dacewa da gabashin Amurka mai wadataccen ruwa. Ba da daɗewa ba, kotunan California sun amince da haƙƙin ruwa.

Saboda wadannan tsarin rarraba ruwa, rikice-rikice sun biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba; kotunan jihohi sun warware waɗannan bambance-bambance. A shekara ta 1872, Majalisar Dokoki ta karɓi hanya a cikin Dokar Jama'a don samar da hanya ga waɗanda ke da'awar haƙƙin ruwa mai dacewa don yin rikodin da'awar su tare da mai rikodin gundumar kowace gundumar. A cikin shekara ta 1886, kotuna sun magance da'awar da ke tsakanin 'yan riparians da masu karɓar kaya a cikin shari'ar "Lux v. Haggin. " Koyaya, a cikin shekaru 25, da'awar haƙƙin ruwa da yawa ta yi barazanar shafar ci gaban tattalin arziki a jihar. A mayar da martani, gwamnan ya kafa Hukumar Ruwa don ba da shawarwari game da dokar ruwa ta California. A cikin 1913, masu jefa kuri'a na California sun amince da Dokar Hukumar Ruwa ta hanyar raba gardama, wanda ya kirkiro Hukumar Ruwa da kuma samar da tsarin gudanarwa don samun haƙƙin mallaka.

A cikin 1926, kotuna sun yanke hukuncin cewa mai amfani da ruwa na kogi yana da damar samun cikakken kwarara na rafi, ba tare da la'akari da daidaito na amfani ba. A mayar da martani, a cikin 1928, an yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na California gyare-gyare don buƙatar duk amfani da ruwa a California ya zama mai ma'ana da fa'ida.  (Mataki na X, Sashe na 2).

 1875–1900 
A cikin 1878, William Hammond Hall na Ofishin Injiniya na Jiha ya gudanar da jerin bincike a cikin Kwarin Tsakiya na California kuma ya tsara jerin tsare-tsaren da ke kira ga ayyukan ban ruwa daban-daban na jama'a da mallakar jama'a. An kammala binciken Hall a kan kasafin kuɗi na $ 100,000. Kwarin Tsakiya ya ci gaba da girma ba tare da aikin gudanarwa na jihar ba, duk da haka masu mallakar Kwarin Tsakiyar da biranen bakin teku (ciki har da San Francisco) sun sami damar samun haƙƙin ruwa a cikin tsaunukan Sierra Nevada don amfani a kwarin.

 Manazarta