Symphony Six

Symphony Six ya kasance wani rukuni ne na mawaƙa na Kanada a ƙarƙashin kwangila ga Toronto Symphony Orchestra (TSO) waɗanda aka hana su shiga Amurka don yawon shakatawa a watan Nuwamba 1951. Da yake zuwa a lokacin McCarthy a Amurka, an hana mawaƙa shida - Ruth Budd, Dirk Keetbaas, William John John, Abe Mannheim, John Moskalyk, da Steven Staryk - biza saboda zargin kasancewa cikin ayyukan Kwaminisanci. TSO ta aika da wasu mawaƙa a wurin su kuma ta kammala rangadin ta. Masu kiɗa shida sun ci gaba da wasa tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa bayan dawowarsu Kanada.

A ƙarshen kakar 1951-1952, TSO ta ki sabunta kwangilar waɗannan mawaƙa, suna mai cewa ba su cika yarjejeniyar kwangilar su ba. Masu kiɗa shida sun yi kira ga wannan shawarar ga ƙungiyarsu, Toronto Musicians' Association; Mayor na Toronto; Canadian Civil Liberties Association; da sauran ƙungiyoyi da yawa, ba tare da nasara ba. Sun sami tallafi daga Tarayyar Masu Fasaha ta Kanada da Majalisar Fasaha ta Canada, amma ba daga Majalisar Kwadago ta Kanada ba. Lamarin ya sami babban sakonni a kafofin watsa labarai a Kanada da Amurka, kuma ya haifar da zanga-zanga game da shawarar TSO. Darakta na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, Ernest MacMillan, bai yi magana game da batun a fili ba, wanda kuma ya haifar da zargi, kuma mambobi biyu na kwamitin TSO sun yi murabus. Abokan aikinsu sun kalli mawaƙa shida da tuhuma kuma mutane sun guje su don kare kansu daga laifi ta hanyar tarayya. Budd da Staryk daga baya sun koma TSO, yayin da sauran mawaƙa huɗu suka ci gaba da ayyukansu a wasu wurare.

 Tarihi 
Luigi von Kunits ne ya kafa kungiyar Orchestra ta Toronto a shekarar 1922.  Daga 1931 zuwa 1956 Sir Ernest MacMillan ne ya gudanar da shi, wanda ya sami shahara a matsayin "babban mutum a cikin kiɗa na Kanada". A cikin shekarun 1940s shahararren ƙungiyar ta karu, amma yanayin kuɗin ba ya ba ta damar yawon shakatawa ko gayyatar masu jagorantar baƙi da yawa da masu solo. A cikin 1951-52 ta sami CA $ 56,000 a cikin gudummawa da tallafi, CA $ 10,000 ƙasa da adadin da ƙaramin Vancouver Symphony Orchestra ta tara. Wasu mawaƙa na TSO sun yi aiki kyauta don CBC Symphony Orchestra kuma wasu sun bar TSO don yin aiki ga CBC. MacMillan ya yi fatan cewa TSO na iya bunkasa sunansa ta hanyar alkawurran kasa da kasa.

 Abin da ya faru 
alt=A photograph of the Detroit Masonic Temple|left|thumb|Haikali na Masonic na Detroit, wurin da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin Babban Symphony Series na 1951.Babban jerin Symphony
An gayyaci Orchestra na Toronto don yin wasan kwaikwayo a ɗakin taron Masonic Temple na Detroit a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1951 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Symphony Series, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi Boston Symphony Orchestra, Chicago Symphony orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, da Philadelphia Orchestra. Daraktan TSO MacMillan ya kalli wannan gayyatar Amurka ta farko a matsayin damar zinariya don samun karin gayyata na kasa da kasa ga ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Ya kara da mawaƙa mai suna Lois Marshall zuwa ƙungiyar mawaƙa, da kuma wani yanki na wani mawaki na Amurka, aikin Herbert Elwell na Pastorale, da Edward Elgar's Enigma Variations, zuwa repertoire.

A wannan lokacin a Amurka, McCarthyism ya kasance a kan tsawo, yana haifar da tsoro da tuhuma ga masana'antar nishaɗi, malamai, sojoji, da jami'an gwamnati ta hanyar zarge su da ainihin ko kuma ba da shawarar alaƙa da ayyukan kwaminisanci. An buƙaci TSO ta miƙa wa hukumomin shige da fice na Amurka duk sunayen mawaƙanta da sauran ma'aikatan da za su kasance tare da yawon shakatawa. Ma'aikatar shige da fice ta amince da biza ga dukkan mawaƙa sai dai bakwai, suna zargin su da ayyukan kwaminisanci. Daga baya aka share daya daga cikin mawaƙa, ya bar mawaƙa shida waɗanda aka hana su shiga.

Wadannan mawaƙa shida, waɗanda aka fi sani da Symphony Six, sune:

 Ruth Budd, bassist sau biyu. An haife ta a Winnipeg, ta shiga TSO a 1947, ta zama mace ta farko a Kanada.Heller, Matt (2014). "The Orchestra Mender: OCSM founder Ruth Budd". Organization of Canadian Symphonies Musicians. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
 Dirk Keetbaas, Jr., babban mai kunna flaut. An haife shi a Netherlands, Keetbaas ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne. Ya kuma yi a cikin CBC Symphony Orchestra da kuma a cikin Ƙungiyoyin kiɗa na ɗakin. Ya shiga TSO a shekarar 1949.
 William John, bassist sau biyu. An haife shi a British Columbia, ya yi aiki a yakin duniya na biyu . Ya kuma koyar da kansa a cikin Mandolin da guitar. Shekarar 1951-1952 ita ce shekarar farko da ta ƙarshe a cikin TSO.
 Abe Mannheim, bassist. Wannan shi ne karo na huɗu tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Jami'an shige da fice sun yi masa tambayoyi na tsawon sa'o'i 4.
 John Moskalyk, mai kunna violin. Ya shiga TSO a shekarar 1945.
 Steven Staryk, mai kunna violin. An haife shi a Toronto, ya yi karatun violin tun yana yaro tare da, da sauransu, John Mosklyk,  kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Rediyon CBC yana da shekaru 14. Ya shiga TSO a shekarar 1950 lokacin da yake matashi.

Da yawa daga cikin mawaƙa shida sun kasance suna da hannu tare da Kungiyoyin abokantaka na Kanada da Rasha da aka kafa a cikin shekarun 1940 don dalilan haɗin gwiwar fasaha; duk da haka, sun musanta zargin shiga siyasa. Staryk ya ba da labarin cewa ya taka leda a Ukrainian da sauran abubuwan kabilanci, kuma Budd ya yarda da kasancewa memba na ƙungiyar matasa ta hagu. An lissafa sunan mahaifiyar John Moskalyk a cikin shirye-shiryen TSO a matsayin "Moscow";  ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Budapest don wasan kwaikwayo biyu a watan Agusta 1949. Keetbaas ba zai iya tunawa da wata ƙungiya tare da ƙungiyoyin hagu ba. Harry Freedman, wanda ke cikin kwamitin kungiyar mawaƙa ta Toronto a lokacin kuma wanda kuri'arsa ta hana yanke shawara ɗaya game da Symphony Six, ya bayyana cewa bai san ko ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa shida da ke inganta kwaminisanci ba. Daga baya, ya ji cewa ya kamata ya dauki "mataki kai tsaye".

MacMillan da kansa ya shiga cikin Majalisar Kasa ta Abokantaka ta Kanada da Soviet a cikin shekarun 1940, kodayake tun daga lokacin ya bar wannan kungiyar. A cikin 1950, tare da idon ɗaukar ƙungiyar mawaƙa a kan yawon shakatawa na duniya, ya rubuta wasika ga wakilin Amurka a Toronto yana yarda da tsohuwar alakarsa. Ya sami biza a watan Nuwamba 1951 ba tare da wata matsala ba. Bayan an hana mawaƙa shida shiga kuma kafin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta tafi Amurka, MacMillan ya nemi taimako a gare su daga jakadan Kanada a Washington, amma roƙonsa bai yi nasara ba. A watan Janairun 1952 ya rubuta wa jami'an shige da fice na Amurka da ke ƙoƙarin share sunan Staryk, yana yaba masa a matsayin "mai ƙwarewa sosai kuma mai mahimmanci na ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Ba ni da dalilin yin shakku cewa ba shi da alaƙa da Kwaminisanci ban da cewa ya buga daga shekaru goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha huɗu tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Ukraine da ke ƙarƙashin wasu tuhuma".  Addu'arsa a madadin Staryk bai taimaka wajen kawar da mawaƙin ba. 

Kwamitin TSO ya aika da wasu mawaƙa a maimakon shida waɗanda aka hana su biza, kuma kide-kide ya ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara. Ayyukan ƙungiyar mawaƙa sun yi nasara kuma sun sami kyakkyawan bita daga 'yan jaridar Amurka da Kanada. Bayan da TSO ta koma Kanada, mawaƙa shida sun koma matsayinsu.

 Ƙin sabunta kwangila 
A ƙarshen kakar 1951-1952, tare da ƙarin kide-kide na Amurka da aka shirya don ƙungiyar mawaƙa a Boston, Birnin New York, da Philadelphia a cikin kakar da ke zuwa,  TSO ba ta sabunta kwangilarta tare da dukkan mawaƙa shida ba.   Jack Elton, manajan ƙungiyar mawaƙa, ya tattauna matsalar waɗannan 'yan wasa shida tare da kwamitin TSO a taron da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1952. A taron, Elton ya ce "saboda dalilai na fasaha ba za a iya samun maye gurbin irin wannan muhimmin kide-kide ba". Kwamitin ya amince da muhawara ta Elton kuma ya yi jayayya cewa mawaƙa shida ba su cika yarjejeniyar kwangilar su ba don shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa a kan yawon shakatawa na duniya, kuma cewa hana su shiga Amurka zai hana su shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙi a bayyanar Amurka a nan gaba. Ernest MacMillan bai halarci taron ba.

Lamarin da kuma shawarar da hukumar ta yanke na kada ta sabunta kwangilar mawaƙa ta haifar da gardama lokacin da ya zama jama'a, yana jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Mambobin manema labarai sun hukunta TSO saboda rashin soke yawon shakatawa na Amurka don nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar sashen shige da fice, suna mai da hankali kan irin wannan shari'ar da Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra na Amsterdam ta soke yawon bude ido na Amurka lokacin da aka hana yawancin mawaƙanta shiga. Ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da rahoto, Langford Dixon na The Globe and Mail, "ya kare shida da ƙarfi har ya haifar da korarsa daga takarda". Mutane da yawa sun rubuta wasiƙu ga TSO kuma wasu ma sun soke biyan kuɗi. A bangarensa, hukumar TSO ta zargi sabuwar gidan talabijin na Kanada da aka kafa saboda raguwar biyan kuɗi da ba a taɓa gani ba. Wata wasika ga editan Toronto Daily Star ta kira harbi "wani laifi ne game da 'yancin Kanada".

Kwamitin TSO ya ba manajan ƙungiyar mawaƙa Jack Elton ikon yanke shawarar waɗanne matakai ya kamata a ɗauka. Elton ya nemi kungiyar mawaƙa ta Toronto ta shiga tsakani. Kungiyar ta amince da shawarar hukumar. Masu kiɗa shida sun yi kira amma ƙungiyar ta ƙi su, suna mai cewa ba su cika yarjejeniyar kwangilar su ba don haka ƙungiyar mawaƙa tana da damar kada su sabunta kwangilarsu. Walter Murdoch, shugaban kungiyar mawaƙa ta Toronto, ya ce "al'amarin kwangila ne kai tsaye" kuma "babu wani abu da ba daidai ba ne a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ba ta sake daukar mawaƙa".

A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1952 mambobi goma sha biyu na kwamitin TSO sun hadu don sake duba shawarar da suka yanke na kada su sabunta kwangilar. Tara daga cikin mambobin sun kada kuri'a don amincewa da shawarar yayin da uku suka kada kuri'ar adawa da shi. An yanke shawarar cewa ba za a sabunta kwangilar ba, amma idan jami'an shige da fice na Amurka za su ba da izinin shiga ga mawaƙa shida a ranar 1 ga Satumba, TSO za ta sabunta kwangila. Wannan yanke shawara ta haifar da gardama da rabuwa a cikin kwamitin TSO, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da murabus na mambobi biyu, Mrs. Edmund Boyd da Mrs. R. B. Whitehead, kodayake waɗannan biyu sun kasance mambobi ne na kwamitin mata na ƙungiyar.

Majalisar don Fasaha ta Kanada ta kira taron don tallafawa Symphony Six a ranar 29 ga Mayu. Kungiyar mawaƙa ta Toronto ta umarci membobinta kada su halarta kuma ta aika da membobinta su tsaya a waje da ƙofar "don tsoratar da membobinsu daga shiga". An jefa ra'ayoyi a Majalisar don Fasaha ta Kanada a matsayin kungiya ta gaba ta kwaminisanci, kuma Toronto Evening Telegram ta kira taron "taron kwaminisancin". Yawancin mambobin Majalisar sun bar kungiyar saboda tsoron "an lakafta su kwaminisanci". A ranar 4 ga Yuni Ikilisiyar United Church of Canada ta bukaci hukumar TSO da ta sake la'akari da shawarar ta.

Rikici ya ci gaba a cikin kakar 1952-1953 ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Masu kiɗa shida sun sake yin kira ga hukumar TSO da kungiyar mawaƙa ta Toronto, amma ba su ci gaba ba. Har ila yau, mawaƙan sun gudanar da tarurruka tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Kanada da Hukumar Kula da Toronto,  kuma sun roki shari'arsu ga Magajin garin Toronto, Allan A. Lamport, da Ƙungiyar mawaƙan Amurka, ba tare da nasara ba.  Duk da yake Tarayyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada da Majalisar Fasaha ta Kanada sun goyi bayan mawaƙa shida, Majalisar Kwadago ta Kanada ta ki amincewa da tayin tallafa musu. A cikin 1952 an nakalto ministan harkokin waje na Kanada Lester Pearson yana cewa ba zai "yi amfani da wani dalili mai amfani don sake ɗaukar al'amarin ba". Pearson ya zargi Yaƙin Cold da irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, kuma ya kara da cewa gwamnatin Kanada tana ƙin shigarwa ga mutanen da ke son halartar tarurrukan kwaminisanci kuma tana ba da jami'an Amurka "bayani na tsaro". Kwamitin TSO ya kafa kwamitin na musamman don tantance dukkan mambobinta.

MacMillan ya fita daga al'amarin; bai halarci tarurruka na kwamitin TSO ba kuma ya ci gaba da yin shiru a cikin bazara da rani na shekara ta 1952. A cewar mai adana bayanai na TSO Warren, wasikar MacMillan ta nuna cewa ya goyi bayan shawarar kwamitin kada ya sake daukar mawaƙa shida.

Duk da yake Symphony Six sun sami goyon baya daga kusurwoyi da yawa, ba su sami goyon baya mai yawa daga takwarorinsu ba. Duk da yake wasu mambobin ƙungiyar mawaƙa sun kasance "masu goyon baya da gaske", a cewar Budd, wasu da yawa sun guje musu a bainar jama'a saboda tsoron a ɗauka a matsayin masu tausayi na kwaminisanci da kuma rasa ayyukansu.

 Sakamakon haka 
alt=A portrait photograph of Ernest MacMillan|left|thumb|Amsar Ernest MacMillan game da abin da ya faru na Symphony Six ya kawo masa zargi
Biyu ne kawai daga cikin Symphony Six suka koma Toronto Symphony Orchestra: Ruth Budd da Stephen Staryk . Bayan ba a sabunta kwantiraginta ba, Budd ta yi wasa tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa a Halifax da sauran biranen Kanada.Heller, Matt (2014). "The Orchestra Mender: OCSM founder Ruth Budd". Organization of Canadian Symphonies Musicians. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014. TSO ta sake daukar ta aiki a shekarar 1964 kuma ta ci gaba a matsayin bassist sau biyu har zuwa 1989,  ta zama "ɗaya daga cikin ƙaunatattun membobin ƙungiyar mawaƙa".  Staryk ya taka leda a cikin CBC Symphony Orchestra daga 1952 zuwa 1956  sannan ya yi tafiya zuwa London, inda aka nada shi Mai kula da kide-kide na Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.  A shekara ta 1960 ya zama mai kula da kide-kide na Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra a Amsterdam  kuma ya zagaya Amurka tare da su, kodayake sashen shige da fice na Amurka bai wanke shi a hukumance ba.  Staryk shine mai kula da kide-kide na farko na Kanada na Orchestra na Chicago daga 1963 zuwa 1967. Ya koma Toronto Symphony Orchestra a 1982, yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da kide-kide har zuwa 1986. 

Keetbaas ya zama babban mai kunna flautist na Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra da CBC Winnipeg Orchestra daga 1953 zuwa 1968. Daga 1956 zuwa 1966 ya ba da umarni kuma ya yi tare da Dirk Keetbaas Players, quintet na iska wanda ke nuna sarewa, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, da Ƙaho na Faransa.

John ya yi tare da Toronto Renaissance Quintet daga 1963 zuwa 1965. A shekara ta 1964 ya kafa kungiyar Toronto Mandolin Chamber Ensemble, wacce ta wanzu har zuwa shekara ta 1969. Ya kuma yi tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta National Ballet of Canada .  Ya sami tallafin bincike daga Majalisar Kanada don nazarin hanyoyin koyarwa da repertoire na Turai a shekarar 1966. 

Mannheim daga baya ya yi a cikin Vancouver Symphony Orchestra da Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra . 

Moskalyk ya shiga Faculty of Music a Jami'ar Toronto kuma ya zama memba na Royal Conservatory of Music . 

Kwamitin TSO bai sabunta kwangilar mawaƙa ba da fatan cewa za ta sami ƙarin gayyatar kide-kide daga Amurka. Koyaya, ta sami gayyata takwas kawai a cikin shekaru huɗu masu zuwa, duk daga jihar Michigan. Dole ne a soke yawon shakatawa na takwas saboda guguwar dusar ƙanƙara.

A cikin wata wasika da aka rubuta wa Dan Cameron, Shugaban Ƙungiyar Malaman Kiɗa ta Kanada, a watan Nuwamba 1952, MacMillan ya nuna cewa "ƙungiyar mawaƙa, nesa da shan wahala a cikin kiɗa, ta inganta a wasu fannoni".

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba