Shahararren labari a Faransa

Shahararren littafin - ko shahararren wallafe-wallafen, wanda aka fi sani da paraliterature - yana nufin samar da wallafe-walfinai waɗanda suka kai ga masu karatu da yawa, waɗanda suka haɓaka a cikin karni na 19 da farko saboda raguwar farashin bugawa, fitowar ƙungiyoyin manema labarai na farko, da karatu. Wannan nau'in ya samo asali ne tare da Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu da ilimin zamantakewa na karatu, wanda aikin zai iya dimokuradiyya ne kawai tare da bayyanar lokacin hutu a cikin yanayin ci gaban birni.

Wadannan kalmomi sun hada da ayyuka iri-iri: mai bincike, kasada, tarihi, yanki, Littattafan soyayya, da dai sauransu. Abinda aka saba amfani da shi shine gabatar da labarin a cikin tsari mai sauƙi, tare da sanannun haruffa, siffofi, kuma inda makircin ya fi dacewa da la'akari da salo. Ɗabi'a wani lokacin yana cike da jin dadi, "ma'ana ta kowa", ko ma Manichaeism; wasu lokuta, ana juyawa, tare da manyan tasirin halitta, sanya masu karatu da ke fuskantar ra'ayoyin adalci da rashin adalci.

Ayyukan Eugène Sue, Alexandre Dumas, da Georges Simenon, da sauransu, suna cikin manyan nasarorin da aka samu na littafin, dangane da zuriyarsu.

Ba kawai Faransanci ba, ana samun ra'ayin wannan nau'in tsakanin Anglo-Saxons a cikin dinari na Burtaniya mai ban tsoro da kuma littafin dinari na Amurka, maganganun da suka yi daidai da na "biyu [ko hudu] littafin dinari". 

 Tarihi 

 Asalin da tatsuniyoyi 
Shahararren littafin ya bi al'adar wallafe-wallafen baki wanda ya karɓi jigogi da dabarun labari. Mawallafin littafi na farko (ko "mai ba da labari") tabbas shine Scheherazade, wanda, a cikin Dubu da Ɗaya, don jawo sha'awar Shahryar, ana buƙatar ci gaba da labarin labarinta kowace rana, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan da suka haɗu. Daga hangen nesa na Tarihi, Bibliothèque bleue tarin ƙananan littattafai ne, sau da yawa ana kwatanta su da zane-zane na katako, wanda aka tabbatar da yaduwar su, a yankunan karkara na Faransa, daga farkon karni na 17 har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, ta <i id="mwPg">Masu</i> sayarwa - wasu irin waɗannan tarin sun bunƙasa a lokaci guda a duk faɗin Turai. Ɗaya daga cikin masu kirkiro na farko na "tsarin" na shahararren littafin Faransanci yana da alama shine marubucin François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil tare da ayyukan kamar Les  (1799) ko  (1804), kodayake sun kasance masu tsada don saya.

Abubuwa daban-daban na kalmar "mashahuriyar labari" sun bayyana kafin 1836, ranar haihuwar littafin feuilleton. A watan Satumbar 1839, a cikin Revue des deux Mondes, Sainte-Beuve ya soki abin da ya kira "littattafan masana'antu". An ce kalmar "mashahuriyar marubuciya" ta fara bayyana a cikin 1843 a cikin jaridar gurguzu don yabon Eugène Sue, marubucin The Mysteries of Paris (1842-1843). Kalmar tana nufin marubucin wallafe-wallafen da aka yi niyya ga mutane - ga jama'a, kamar yadda masu adawa da shi za su ce nan ba da daɗewa ba. Sauran marubuta, waɗanda ba su san cewa "mashahuri" ne, sun riga Sue, kamar su Paul de Kock, Auguste Ricard, ko Marie Aycard.

EDa yake fitowa daga mulkin mallaka na Yuli, wannan nau'in wallafe-wallafen, wanda ake kira feuilleton-novel sannan kuma labari mai yawa, ya bunkasa a lokacin Daular Faransa ta Biyu kuma, musamman, Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Uku. A lokacin 1835-1845, farashin littafi guda ɗaya ya ragu, ya sauka daga 3 zuwa 1 franc, godiya ga Gervais Charpentier, Michel Lévy Frères, da sauransu.

 1880-1900: Shekarar zinariya ta farko 

 Mafi yawan litattafan da ke nuna wadanda abin ya shafa 
Wannan shi ne zuwan marubuta kamar Xavier de Montépin, wanda The Bread Peddler ya ga sake bugawa da yawa, ko Jules Mary wanda ya rubuta Deux Innocents, Roger-la-Honte, La Pocharde, labarun da suka rasa yara, marayu, uwaye marasa aure, masu shaye-shaye, da masu laifi sun cika. Da farko a cikin wata jarida da ba a sani ba, Maryamu tana samun francs takwas a wata. Amma ya ci gaba da sauri: litattafansa na farko da aka kawo wa Le Moniteur universel sun kawo masa sau ɗari. A Le Petit Journal, an biya shi francs na zinariya 30,000 a kowace shekara. Ya sayi kansa babban gida a Boulevard Malesherbes . An sanya shi jami'in Legion of Honor a 1913. A ƙarshe, an biya shi francs uku a kowace layi, ta amfani da écurie (gidan ajiya) na marubutan fatalwa waɗanda aka biya su da sarauta talatin a layi.

Wannan kuma ya kasance ga Emile Richebourg wanda, tare da Les Deux Berceaux da La Petite Mionne, ya shirya jigon da ya fi so: sace ko musayar yara, tare da zina. A mafi girman aikinsa, an ce ya sami har zuwa miliyan 1.5 na zinariya.
alt=Jenny l'ouvrière, advertising poster for Jules Cardoze's novel, 1890–1891.|left|thumb|334x334px|Jenny l'ouvrière, tallace-tallace na littafin Jules Cardoze, 1890-1891.
Farashin sayarwa ya kasance mai mahimmanci kafin shekara ta 1914. Fara sabbin tarin ko jerin shine batun tayin gabatarwa a kan kundin farko (alal misali, 15 ko 35 centimes maimakon na al'ada 65). Ana ba da shi kowane mako, littattafan da aka kwatanta suna amfana daga bugawa ta musamman ga kowane fitowar farko (kwafin 500,000) kuma wani lokacin rarraba kyauta. Duk masu bugawa sun jaddada shafi na wallafe-wallafen su (Tallandier: "ƙarar shafuka 448, wanda ke bayyana a ranar 25 ga kowane wata, 3 fr. 50") da kuma yawan layi ("kowane ƙarar da ke dauke da cikakken aiki - layi 30,000 na karatu"). Fayard, alal misali, ya yaba da ƙaddamar da Chaste et flétrie a cikin tarin Le Livre populaire: "Aikin koyarwa na Charles Mérouvel, babban mashahurin marubuci, ya ƙunshi kusan shafuka 800 na rubutu mai mahimmanci tare da layi 33,700 wanda ya dace da layi 50,000 na jarida tare da haruffa 1,518,000. An ba shi ba tare da rasa kalma ba don santim 65 a cikin kundi na farko na jerinmu Le Livre populare. Irin wannan ƙoƙari ba a taɓa yin shi a sayar da littattafai ba, duka dangane da araha da aikin da aka bayar".
Manazarta