Heligoland

Heligoland German   / Helgoland​​​​​​​​​,  ; Heligolandic Frisian : , lit. ' Ƙasa ', Mooring Frisian : , Danish   ) ƙaramin tsibiri ne a cikin Tekun Arewa .  Tsibiran sun kasance mallakar Denmark a tarihi, sannan suka zama mallakin Burtaniya daga 1807 zuwa 1890. Tun daga 1890, suna cikin yankin Schleswig-Holstein na Jamus, ko da yake bayan yakin duniya na biyu Ingila ce ke kula da su a matsayin wani yanki na mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Jamus daga 19425 zuwa 1952.

Tsibiran suna cikin Heligoland Bight (bangaren Jamus Bight ) a kudu maso gabashin kusurwar Tekun Arewa kuma suna da yawan jama'a 1,127 a ƙarshen 2016. Su ne kawai tsibiran Jamus ba a cikin kusancin babban yankin. Suna kwance kusan    ta teku daga Cuxhaven a bakin Kogin Elbe .

Baya ga Jamusanci, mazauna wurin, waɗanda 'yan kabilar Fris ne, suna magana da yaren Heligolandic na harshen Frisian Arewa da ake kira  .

A lokacin ziyarar tsibirin a 1841, August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben ya rubuta waƙar zuwa "  ", wanda ya zama taken kasar Jamus.

 Suna 
Tsibirin ba shi da takamaiman suna kafin karni na 19. Sau da yawa ana kiransa da bambance-bambancen Babban Heiligland na Jamus ('ƙasa mai tsarki') kuma sau ɗaya kamar tsibirin Virgin Virgin Ursula . Theodor Siebs ya taƙaita tattaunawa mai mahimmanci na sunan a cikin karni na 19 a cikin 1909 tare da rubutun cewa, bisa ga sunan Frisian na Heligolanders a matsayin Halunder, sunan tsibirin yana nufin 'ƙasa mai tsayi' (kama da Hallig ).  A cikin tattaunawa mai zuwa ta Jürgen Spanuth, Wolfgang Laur ya sake ba da shawarar asalin sunan Heiligland .  Bambancin Helgoland, wanda ya bayyana tun daga karni na 16, an ce masanan da suka ƙirƙira su ne waɗanda suka ƙirƙira wani nau'i na Arewacin Frisian Helgeland, suna amfani da shi don komawa ga jarumi mai ban mamaki, Helgi .   Tattaunawar tana da rikitarwa ta hanyar rashin jituwa game da wanene cikin sunayen da aka lissafa da gaske yana nufin tsibirin Helgoland, da kuma sha'awar tsibirin har yanzu ana ganinsa a matsayin mai tsarki a yau. 

 Geography 
Heligoland yana da nisan  kusa da gabar tekun Jamus kuma ya ƙunshi tsibirai biyu: babban tsibiri mai  mai yawan jama'a (  ) ) zuwa yamma, da  ('dune', Heligolanic:  ) zuwa gabas. Heligoland gabaɗaya yana nufin tsohon tsibiri.  ya ɗan ƙarami a  (  , ƙasa, kuma kewaye da rairayin bakin teku masu. Ba a zama na dindindin ba, amma a yau shine wurin filin jirgin sama na Heligoland.

An raba babban tsibirin zuwa  ('Ƙasamar Ƙasa', Heligolanic:  ) a matakin teku (zuwa dama akan hoton, inda tashar jiragen ruwa take),  ('Upper Land', Heligolanic:  ) wanda ya ƙunshi tudun tudu da ake gani a cikin hotuna, da kuma  ('Ƙasa ta Tsakiya') tsakanin su a gefe ɗaya na tsibirin.  ya kasance a cikin 1947 a sakamakon fashewar fashewar da sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya suka tayar (abin da ake kira "Big Bang"; duba ƙasa).

 Tarihi 
An san yankin na Jamus Bight da yankin da ke kusa da tsibirin da zama tun zamanin da. An gano kayan aikin Flint daga kasan tekun da ke kewaye da Heligoland. A kan Oberland, ana iya ganin tudun binnewa na tarihi har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma abubuwan da aka gano sun nuna kwarangwal da kayan tarihi. Bugu da ƙari, an samo faranti na tagulla a ƙarƙashin ruwa kusa da tsibirin; kusan lalle an yi waɗannan faranti akan Oberland . 

 Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu 
Yankin shi ne saitin yakin iska na Heligoland Bight a cikin 1939, sakamakon harin bama-bamai da sojojin saman Royal suka kai kan jiragen ruwan yaki na Kriegsmarine a yankin. Ruwan da ke kewaye da tsibirin ya kasance ana hakowa akai-akai ta jiragen sama na Allied.

Heligoland kuma yana da aikin soja a matsayin sansanin teku a yakin duniya na biyu . An kammala kuma a shirye don amfani da jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu na Arewacin Tekun III, manyan bindigogi na bakin teku, tsarin garkuwar iska tare da manyan ramuka masu yawa, da filin jirgin sama da sojojin sama ke amfani da su -  (Afrilu zuwa Oktoba 1943).  An yi amfani da aikin tilastawa na, da sauransu, ƴan ƙasar Tarayyar Soviet wajen gina waɗannan wuraren aikin soja. 

A ranar 3 ga Disamba 1939, Allies sun jefa bam a Heligoland kai tsaye a karon farko. Harin, da wasu 'yan kunar bakin wake ashirin da hudu na Wellington na 38, 115, da 149 squadrons na Royal Air Force suka yi, sun kasa lalata jiragen ruwan yakin Jamus a anga. 

A cikin kwanaki uku a cikin 1940, Sojojin ruwa na Royal sun rasa jiragen ruwa guda uku kusa da Heligoland:  a ranar 6 ga Janairu,  a ranar 7 ga Janairu da  a ranar 9 ga Janairu. 

A farkon yaƙin, harin bama-bamai bai shafe tsibirin ba. Ta hanyar haɓaka Luftwaffe, tsibirin ya rasa mahimmancin dabarun sa. , wanda aka yi amfani da shi na ɗan lokaci don kariya daga hare-haren bama-bamai, an sanye shi da wani bambance-bambancen da ba kasafai ba na Messerschmitt Bf 109 mayaƙin da aka ƙirƙira da asali don amfani da masu jigilar jirage .

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin yaƙin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1945, Georg Braun da Erich Friedrichs sun yi nasarar kafa ƙungiyar gwagwarmaya a tsibirin. Sai dai jim kadan kafin su aiwatar da shirin nasu, wasu ‘yan kungiyar biyu sun ci amanarsu. Kimanin maza ashirin aka kama a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1945; goma sha huɗu daga cikinsu an kai su Cuxhaven . Bayan wani ɗan gajeren gwaji, an kashe masu adawa biyar ta hanyar harbe harbe a Cuxhaven-Sahlenburg a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1945 daga hukumomin Jamus. 
+Harin bama-bamai da hakar ma'adinai na Heligoland a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Kwanan wata/Manufa Sakamako 3 ga Disamba, 1939 38, 115, da 149 squadrons na Royal Air Force sun kasa halakar da jiragen ruwan Jamus a anga.  11 ga Maris - 24 ga Agusta 1944 No. 466 Squadron RAAF sun kafa nakiyoyi.  Afrilu 18, 1944 No. 466 Squadron RAAF sun gudanar da ayyukan tayar da bam.  29 ga Agusta, 1944 Ofishin Jakadancin 584: 11 B-17 Garuruwan Flying da 34 B-24 Masu 'Yanci Bama- bamai Tsibirin Heligoland; 3 B-24s sun lalace. Ana ba da rakiyar ta 169 P-38 Walƙiya da P-51 Mustangs ; 7 P-51s sun lalace.  3 ga Satumba, 1944 Operation Aphrodite B-17 63954 ƙoƙari na U-boat  ya gaza lokacin da mai kula da sojojin ruwan Amurka ya tashi jirgin sama zuwa tsibirin Düne bisa kuskure. 11 ga Satumba, 1944 Operation Aphrodite B-17 30180 ƙoƙari na U-boat alkalan  ya buge flak na abokan gaba kuma ya fada cikin teku. 29-30 Satumba 1944 15 Lancasters sun gudanar da aikin hakar ma'adinai a Kattegat da wajen Heligoland. Babu jirgin da ya rasa.  5-6 Oktoba 1944 Halifaxes 10 sun gudanar da aikin hakar ma'adinai a Heligoland. Babu jirgin da ya rasa.  15 Oktoba 1944 Operation Aphrodite B-17 30039 *Liberty Belle* da B-17 37743 yunkurin U-boat alkalan  sun lalata yawancin gine-ginen Unterland. 26-27 Oktoba 1944 10 Lancasters na No 1 Group sun gudanar da aikin hakar ma'adinai a Heligoland. 1 Lancaster minelayer ya ɓace.  kuma an kwashe tsibiran a daren. 22-23 Nuwamba 1944 17 Lancasters sun gudanar da aikin hakar ma'adinai daga Heligoland da kuma bakin kogin Elbe ba tare da asara ba.  23 ga Nuwamba, 1944 4 Sauro sun gudanar da sintiri na Ranger a yankin Heligoland. Babu jirgin da ya rasa.  31 ga Disamba, 1944 A kan Ofishin Sojan Sama na takwas 772, 1 B-17 sun kai harin bam a tsibirin Heligoland.  4-5 ga Fabrairu 1945 15 Lancasters da Halifaxes 12 suna hakar ma'adinan Heligoland da cikin Kogin Elbe. Babu wani jirgin sama mai hako ma'adinai da ya rasa.  16-17 Maris 1945 Halifaxes 12 da Lancasters 12 suna hako ma'adinai a cikin Kattegat da wajen Heligoland. Babu jirgin da ya rasa.  Afrilu 18, 1945 Jiragen sama 969 (617 Lancasters, Halifaxes 332, Sauro 20) sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a sansanin sojojin ruwa, filin jirgin sama, da ƙauyen zuwa wuraren da ke cike da ramuka. 3 Halifaxes sun rasa. Washegari aka kwashe tsibiran.  Afrilu 19, 1945 36 Lancasters na 9 da 617 Squadrons sun kai hari kan wuraren baturi na bakin teku tare da bama-baman Tallboy ba tare da asara ba. 

 Manazarta 

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