Samael

Samael (/ˈsæməˌɛl/; Ibrananci: , Sammāʾēl, "Zan Allah";  Larabci: سمسمائيل, Samsama'il ko 馬l, Samail; a madadin haka Smal, Smil, Samil, ko Samiel)   babban mala'ika ne a cikin al'adar Talmudic da bayan Talmudic; wani adadi wanda shine mai tuhuma ko abokin gaba (Satan a cikin Littafin Ayuba), mai lalata, kuma mala'ika mai Fitowa).

Kodayake yawancin ayyukansa suna kama da ra'ayin Kirista na Shaidan, har zuwa lokacin da ake gane shi a matsayin mala'ika mai faɗi,   Ivry, Elliot R. Wolfson. [1998] 2013. Perspectives on Jewish Thought. Routledge. .: 257-60 ba lallai bane ya zama mugunta, tunda ana ɗaukar ayyukansa a matsayin sakamako mai kyau, kamar halakar da masu zunubi. 

He is considered in Midrashic texts to be a member of the heavenly host with often grim and destructive duties. One of Samael's most significant roles in Jewish lore is that of the main angel of death and the head of satans. He appears frequently in the story of the Garden of Eden and engineered the fall of Adam and Eve with a snake in writings during the Second Temple period. However, the serpent is not a form of Samael, but a beast he rode like a camel. In a single account he is also believed to be the father of Cain, as well as the partner of Lilith. In early Talmudic and Midrashic literature, he has not yet been identified with Satan. Only in later Midrashim is he entitled "head of satans."

A matsayinsa na Mala'ika mai kula da kuma yarima na Roma, shi ne babban abokin gaba na Isra'ila. A farkon Al'adun Yahudawa a Turai, an kafa Samael a matsayin wakilin Kiristanci saboda ganewarsa da Roma.Ivry, Elliot R. Wolfson. [1998] 2013. Perspectives on Jewish Thought. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136650123. : 263 

A wasu ilimin halittu na Gnostic, rawar Samael a matsayin tushen mugunta ya zama sananne tare da Demiurge, mahaliccin duniya mai mahimmanci. Kodayake mai yiwuwa duka asusun sun samo asali ne daga wannan tushe, ci gaban Gnostic na Samael ya bambanta da ci gaban Yahudawa na Samael, wanda Samael mala'ika ne kawai kuma manzo ne na Allah.

 Addinin Yahudanci 

 Lokacin Haikali na Biyu da kuma bayan haka 
An fara ambaton Samael a Lokacin Haikali na Biyu kuma nan da nan bayan hallaka ta. An fara ambata shi a cikin Littafin Anuhu, wanda yake wani ɓangare na apocrypha na Yahudawa, tare da wasu mala'iku masu tawaye. A cikin Anuhu 1, yana ɗaya daga cikin masu sa ido waɗanda suka sauko zuwa Duniya don Yin jima'i da mata mutane, kodayake ba shi da shugabansu,  wannan shine Samyaza. 

A cikin Ru'ya ta Girkanci na Baruki,  shi ne babban mugun mutum. Samael ya dasa itacen sanin nagarta da mugunta, saboda haka Allah ya kore shi kuma ya la'anta shi.Ivry, Elliot R. Wolfson. [1998] 2013. Perspectives on Jewish Thought. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136650123. : 257-60 Don ɗaukar fansa, ya jarabci Adamu da Hauwa'u cikin zunubi ta hanyar ɗaukar siffar maciji.  

Ya bayyana a matsayin mummunar mummunar a cikin Hawan Ishaya kuma ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban:

 Melkira Ibrananci: מלך ne, "sarkin mugunta / mugunta"
 Malkira / Malchira ya yi wani abu, "Messenger of evil"
 Belkira ta gwada. בעל קיר, "Ubangijin bango"
 Yanayin Yanayi na Yanayi, "zaɓaɓɓu / zaɓaɓɓu daga mugunta

Sunayen Belial da Shaidan kuma ana amfani da su a kansa, kuma ya sami iko da Sarki Manasseh don zargin Ishaya da cin amana.

 Littattafan Talmudic-Midrashic 
A cikin Talmudic da Midrash, rawar Samael a matsayin wakilin mugunta ba ta da yawa. Koyaya, daga ƙarni na biyar ko na shida zuwa gaba, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun aljanu.Ivry, Elliot R. Wolfson. [1998] 2013. Perspectives on Jewish Thought. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136650123. : 257-60 Samael ba a gano shi da mala'ikan mutuwa a cikin Talmud ba.Referenzen EVERSON, D. L. A Brief Comparison of Targumic and Midrashic Angelological Traditions. Aramaic Studies, [s. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 75–91, 2007. . Acesso em: 30 Jan. 2022.

A cikin Fitowa Rabbah, an nuna Samael a matsayin mai tuhuma a kotun sama kuma mai jaraba ga zunubi, yayin da Mika'ilu ke kare ayyukan Isra'ila. A nan, Samael an haɗa shi da Shaidan. Yayinda Shaiɗan ya bayyana aikinsa a matsayin "mai gabatar da kara," Samael an dauke shi da sunansa na ainihi. Ya kuma cika matsayin Mala'ikan Mutuwa lokacin da ya zo ya ɗauki jikin Musa kuma ana kiransa shugaban Shaidan.

An kuma yi amfani da taken shaidan a gare shi a cikin midrash Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer, inda yake shugaban Mala'iku da suka fadi, Ivry, Elliot R. Wolfson. [1998] 2013. Perspectives on Jewish Thought. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136650123.: 257-60 da seraph mai fuka-fuki goma sha biyu. Dulkin, Ryan S. "The Devil Within: A Rabbinic Traditions-History of the Samael Story in 'Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer.'" Jewish Studies Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 2, 2014, pp. 153–175., . Accessed 6 Sept. 2021. A cewar rubutun, Samael ya yi tsayayya da halittar Adamu kuma ya sauka zuwa Duniya don jarabce shi cikin mugunta. Da yake hawa maciji, ya shawo kan Hauwa'u ta ci 'ya'yan itacen da aka haramta. Matsayinsa a nan na iya yin wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar ra'ayin Musulunci na Iblis, wanda ya ki ya durƙusa a gaban Adamu saboda ya ƙunshi wuta kuma Adamu ne kawai daga ƙura. Midrash kuma ya nuna Samael ya haifi Kayinu tare da Hauwa'u.

A cikin karamin midrashim, shi ne mai mulkin jahannama. Tushen da yawa, kamar Yalkut Shimoni (I, 110) sun bayyana shi a matsayin mala'ikan mai kula da Isuwa wanda ya danganta shi da Roma, wanda ya yi yaƙi da Yakubu, mala'ikan da ya umarci Ibrahim ya miƙa Ishaku hadaya, kuma mai kula da Edoma.

 Kabbalah 
A cikin Kabbalah, an bayyana Samael a matsayin "tsananin Allah" kuma an jera shi a matsayin na biyar na manyan mala'iku na duniyar Beri'ah. Daga cikin rabonsa akwai Isuwa, mutanen da suka gaji takobi kuma suka kawo yaƙi; awaki da se'irim (aljanu); da mala'iku masu hallaka.

Kodayake duka Samael da Lilith manyan aljanu ne a cikin al'adun Yahudawa na baya, ba su bayyana a matsayin nau'i-nau'i ba har zuwa rabi na biyu na karni na sha uku, lokacin da aka gabatar da su tare. Lilith aljani ne da aka halicce tare da Adamu, wanda aka halicci shi ne don rawar da Hauwa'u za ta cika, wanda ya zama amarya ta Samael. Tare da ita, Samael ta halicci tarin yara aljanu, ciki har da ɗa, "Mafobin Samael"  (ko na Asmodai). 

A cikin aikin Kabbalistic Treatise on the Left Emanation, Samael na daga cikin qlippoth, yarima na dukkan aljanu, kuma matar Lilith. An ce su biyu suna daidai da Adamu da Hauwa'u, suna fitowa tare daga kursiyin ɗaukaka a matsayin takwaransa. An kuma ambaci Asmodeus a matsayin mai biyayya ga Samael kuma ya auri ƙarami ko madadin, ƙarami Lilith. Dangane da rubutun (tushen na biyu) wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba, Allah Samael don kada ya cika duniya da zuriyar aljanu.

A cikin Zohar, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan Kabbalah, an bayyana Samael a matsayin jagora na ikon allahntaka na hallaka, wani ɓangare na qlippoth. An sake ambata shi a matsayin mahayin maciji,  kuma an bayyana shi kamar yadda ya yi jima'i da Eisheth Zenunim, Na'amah, da Agrat bat Mahlat, dukansu "mala'iku" ne na karuwanci mai tsarki.  Musamman, wannan aikin daga baya ya kira shi Azazel,  wanda zai iya zama lamari na kuskuren ainihi, kamar yadda Azazel na iya zama kansa a cikin Zoharistic lore haɗuwa da mala'iku Ouza da Azrael. 

An kuma ce Ba'al Shem Tov ya kira Samael don ya sa ya yi burinsa.

 Sauran hadisai 
Samael kuma an nuna shi a matsayin mala'ikan mutuwa kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan mala'iku bakwai, mai mulki a Sama ta Biyar kuma kwamandan mala'iku miliyan biyu kamar shugaban dukkan mala'iku masu hallaka.

A cewar apocryphal Gedulat Moshe (The Apocalypse of Moses, "The Ascension of Moses" a cikin The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg) Samael an kuma ambaci shi a matsayin kasancewa a 7th Heaven: 

 Gnosticism 
A cikin Apocryphon na Yahaya, A kan Asalin Duniya, da Hypostasis na Archons, wanda aka samo a cikin ɗakin karatu na Nag Hammadi, Samael yana ɗaya daga cikin sunaye uku na demiurge, wanda sauran sunayensu sune Yaldabaoth da Saklas.

After Yaldabaoth claims sole divinity for himself, the voice of Sophia comes forth calling him Samael, due to his ignorance.Fischer-Mueller, E. Aydeet. 1990. "Yaldabaoth: The Gnostic Female Principle in Its Fallenness." Novum Testamentum 32(1):79–95. . In On the Origin of the World, his name is explained as "blind god" and his fellow Archons are said to be blind, too. This reflecting the characteristics of the Christian devil, making people blind, as does the devil in 2 Corinthians 4. Also Samael is the first sinner in the Hypostasis of the Archons and the First Epistle of John calls the devil as sinner from the beginning. These characteristics combined with his boasting conflates the Jewish god with the devil.M. David Litwa esiring Divinity: Self-deification in Early Jewish and Christian Mythmaking Oxford University Press, 2016   p. 55 His appearance is that of a lion-faced serpent.Fischer-Mueller, E. Aydeet. “Yaldabaoth: The Gnostic Female Principle in Its Fallenness.” Novum Testamentum, vol. 32, no. 1, 1990, pp. 79–95.  Although the Gnostics and Jewish originally used the same source, both depictions of Samael developed independently.Ivry, Elliot R. Wolfson. [1998] 2013. Perspectives on Jewish Thought. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136650123.

Samael wani lokacin ana rikitar da shi a wasu littattafai tare da Camael, wanda ya bayyana a cikin Linjilar Coptic na Masarawa kuma a matsayin mugun iko, wanda sunansa yayi kama da kalmomin da ke nufin "kamar Allah" (amma Camael tare da waw ya ɓace). Ana iya bayyana sunan, saboda a cikin al'adun Yahudawa, maciji yana da siffar raƙumi, kafin Allah ya kore shi.Ivry, Elliot R. Wolfson. [1998] 2013. Perspectives on Jewish Thought. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136650123. : 259 

 Anthroposophy 

 A cikin al'adun gargajiya 

 A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Carl Maria von Weber na 1821 Der Freischütz, ana kiran Black Huntsman mai suna Samiel, mai yiwuwa an samo shi daga Samael.

 A cikin Wheel of Time, daya daga cikin wadanda aka watsar da su ana kiransa Sammael, wanda ke nuni da Samael.

 A cikin wasan bidiyo na Megami Tensei da juyawa daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru, Samael ya bayyana a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Aljanu a wasanni daban-daban.

 A cikin kashi na shida na kakar wasa ta farko na Lucifer, Linda ta gaya wa Lucifer cewa daya daga cikin sunansa kafin faduwar shine Samael.

 A cikin wasan bidiyo na Darksiders Samael aljani ne wanda ke rufe layin tsakanin mai adawa da abokin tarayya.

 Dubi kuma 

 Azazel
 Jerin mala'iku a cikin tauhidin

 Bayani 
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 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba