Masarautar Argungu

Masarautar Argungu, wacce kuma aka sani da Masarautar Kebbi  gidane  na tarihi  dayake  a garin Argungu a cikin Jihar Kebbi, Najeriya. Itace tayi gadon tsohuwar masarautar  Hausa a Jihar Kebbi.Masarautar na ɗaya daga cikin masarautu huɗu a  jihar Kebbi, Sauran sune; Masarautar Gwandu,  Masarautar Yauri da kuma Masarautar Zuru.[]

 Wurin da yake 
Masarautar Kebbi tana arewa maso yammacin jihar Kebbi a Yanzu. A lokutan da suka gabata ya kai kudu da babban birnin Birnin Kebbi, wanda yanzu shine babban birnin Gwandu Emirate da kuma Jihar Kebbi kanta. Yankin yafi zama Savanna na Sudan, gandun daji mai budewa tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankin da ke cikin Kogin Rima ya haɗu da shi, wanda ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai lokacin rigar tsakanin Mayu da Satumba, tare da ruwan sama kadan a cikin sauran shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine kimanin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kaiwa 26 ° C, daga 21 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 ° C tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni. Mazauna Kebbi sun ƙunshi Kebbawa, da wani rukuni na Hausa.   

 Tarihi 


 Asalin 
Kebbi a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa na jihohin < Banza Bakwai an  Ƙasar Hausa. A cewar sanannen tarihi na Hausa, mulkin Kebbi yana ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("babai bakwai") ko jihohi bakwai "marasa izini". Shugabannin wadannan jihohin ya kamata su gano zuriyarsu ga Ƙwaraƙwarar mahaifin da ya kafa Hausa, Bayajidda, saboda haka kalmar banza ("marasa izini"). 

Nassoshi na daɗaɗɗu na tarihi sun nuna lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464-1492). A cikin littafin Ta’rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa’di, inda aka ce a shekarar 1516-7 Kanta Kuta, mai mulkin Leka, ya yi tawaye ga Dendi-fari (“gwamnan gabas gabas”), gwamnan lardin da ya kafa daular Songhay ta karshe kuma ya kafa daula. Dalilin ballewar Kebbi daga Songhay shi ne kin baiwa Kanta kasonsa na ganimar da aka samu a wani balaguro da suka yi da Masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 1517-8, Songhay ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake kafa ikonsa a kan Kebbi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Kuta ya ci nasara, mai yiwuwa a 1523-4 Muhammad Kanta kuma a ƙarƙashinsa ne Kebbi ta zama babbar ƙasa a Sudan ta Tsakiya . Sudan. A zamanin Songhay Askia Muhammad Bunkan, Kanta ya sami damar cin nasara a kan Songhay, sojojin Askia sun warwatse 'pell-mell' kuma Muhammad Bunkan ya yi sa'a ya tsere da rayuwarsa. Ta'rīkh al-Südän na Al-Sa'di, wanda ya rubuta wannan al'amari, ya ce babu wata Askia da ta sake yin yunƙurin kai hari a Kebbi. A wannan lokacin Sun kare, wanda har yanzu katangar ganuwar ta kasance babban birnin masarautar. [3]

Kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, yana kare  hare-haren Songhay, yana fadada cikin ƙasashen Yauri da Nupe zuwa kudu kuma yana kayar da yunkurin Daular Bornu don mamayewa da mamaye jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Kanta a shekara ta 1556 jihohin Hausa sun daina biyan haraji, kuma ɗansa da magajinsa Ahmadu ba su yi ƙoƙari su tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ya zama ƙaramar masarauta.

 Yaki da 'yan Jihadi na Fulani 
A lokacin Jihad na Fulani, a cikin 1808 Abdullahi dan Fodio (c. 1766-1828), ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, ya ci sojojin Kebbi. Ya zama mai mulkin Gwandu Emirate, wanda ya mamaye arewa maso gabashin Khalifancin Sokoto .  An kori Sarkin Kebbi, Muhammadu Hodi, daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da mai mulkin tsana, Usuman Masa. Koyaya, Kebbawa sun ci gaba da tsayayya, kuma Abdullahi bai iya kammala nasarar ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya ci gaba da yaƙi a kwarin Zamfara, kuma magajinsa Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa . A kan mutuwar Karari a 1831, dansa Yakubu Nabame ya mika wuya, kuma ya zauna shekaru 16 a gudun hijira a Sokoto har sai Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai bin Khalifanci.

A cikin 1849 Yakubu ya yi watsi da amincinsa kuma ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Kebbi . Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, ciki har da wani lokaci da sojojin Sokoto suka kewaye Argungu, Sultan Aliyu na Sokoto ya amince da 'yancin kai na Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Koyaya gwamnatin Sokoto ta mallaki siyasar Kebbi yadda ya kamata kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jihar tsana. Kebbi yanzu ya kafa rikici tsakanin Sokoto da Gwandu, kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1859 an kashe ɗan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara a yaƙi a cikin busassun ambaliyar Kogin Rima. A cikin 1860 an kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru, a yaƙi a Karakara . A cikin 1867 Fulani sun amince da 'yancin Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya ta musamman. A shekara ta 1875 yaƙin ya sake tashi lokacin da mutanen Fanna a cikin kwarin Rima suka yanke shawarar canja wurin biyayya ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da yawa a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, har sai da aka kafa mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya na Arewacin Najeriya a ƙarshe ya kawo karshen fada.

 Zamanin mulkin mallaka 
A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1890 Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kammala yarjejeniya don raba Yammacin Afirka tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka biyu. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, Burtaniya za ta sami dukkan yankuna har zuwa ciki har da Khalifancin Sokoto, yayin da Faransanci za su dauki ƙasashen zuwa arewa. Ba a tuntubi mutanen yankin ba. An ba Faransanci Parfait-Louis Monteil alhakin balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin Khalifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sokoto, kodayake Sokoto za ta ci nasara a watan Maris na shekara ta 1792 kuma ta tilasta ta sake zama ƙasa mai biyayya. Monteil kuma ya sami ƙarancin shaidar kasancewar da Kamfanin Royal Niger na Burtaniya ya yi a yankin, ban da wasu wuraren kasuwanci a Gwandu.

Lokacin da Turawan Burtaniya suka ji labarin rahoton Monteil, sannan suka ji cewa Faransanci sun ɗaga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka aika da sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekara ta 1898, inda ba su sami kasancewar Faransanci ba. Birtaniya ta kafa dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don samar da kariya ga sojojin Faransa da ke tsallaka yankin Burtaniya ta yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyakar tsakanin yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Da jin labarin cewa Sultan na Sokoto yana tara sojojinsa, an tura wannan rundunar da sauransu zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fada suka sami nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi maraba da Burtaniya saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye na Burtaniya ya sami damar sake dawowa da karfafa ikonsa.

A shekara ta 1908, ikon Burtaniya ba shi da wata tambaya. A wani durbar da aka gudanar a 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka Frederick Lugard, sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sultan na Sokoto sun fito da karfi, tare da nuna mahayan da raƙuma dubu goma sha biyar. Emirs sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma sun durƙusa a gabansa. Birtaniya ta kafa tsarin inda aka ba da manyan hukumomin gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'an Gundumar. Ba a nemi aikin Argungu ba. Sauro sun kasance masu muni sosai har D.O. ya yi barci a cikin wani gidan sauro da aka gina musamman.

 Masarautar a yau 

 Bikin kamun kifi 
Bikin Kifi na shekara-shekara na Argungu yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin yana da dogon tarihi. An fara shirya shi ne lokacin da Sultan na Sokoto, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi don nuna ikon kamun kifi na Kabawas ta hanyar Sarkin Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance al'amarin gida, amma a cikin 1972 Shugaban Gwamnatin Najeriya, Janar Yakubu Gowon da takwaransa daga Nijar, Hamani Diori sun halarta. Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma ba a gudanar da bikin ba daga 1999 har zuwa 2004. Yanzu an farfado da bikin kuma yana zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.

A shekara ta 2009, bikin da aka sake masa suna Argungu International and Cultural Festival ya hada da babban durbar tare da dawakai 500 da aka yi wa ado da kyau da mahayan su, da kuma raƙuma 120 da aka yi musu ado da kyau, karkashin jagorancin mai ɗaukar tutar Masarautar Argungu da kuma hada da mahalarta daga wasu kabilun da yawa. Kifi mafi girma ya auna kilo 55, kuma an gabatar da kyaututtuka don wannan kamawa a wani bikin da Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, matarsa, gwamnoni shida da sarakuna na gargajiya da yawa suka halarta. Bikin na 2009 ya hada da wasanni na ruwa, harbi da gasa, taron mota, wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyoyin rawa daga Nijar, Mali, Chadi da Benin, gwagwarmaya da wasannin dambe, da baje kolin noma. Muhimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin kifi ta hanyar hana amfani da taru da taru. 

 Shirin ban ruwa 
An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin 1969 kuma an jinkirta shi, amma kamar ana iya fara shi a cikin 2009. Aikin zai ban ruwa kadada 10,572 na gonaki a cikin ambaliyar Kogin Rima tsakanin Argungu da Birnin Kebbi. Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar wake, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai zaki da dankali na Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfana da masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a jihar. Aikin ya yi alkawarin fa'idodi masu mahimmanci amma yana da rikici, tunda zai canza tsarin amfani da ƙasa, ya kawar da wasu al'ummomi kuma ya mamaye shafin bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara. An jajjefe Sarkin Argungu a cikin zanga-zangar kan aikin.

 Gidan kayan gargajiya 
A watan Yunin 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi ta Kasa don ba da tarihin Surame jerin Tarihin Duniya. Surame ita ce babban birnin farko na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata Umaru Abubakar Argungu ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba kawai abin tunawa na kasa ba amma tushen al'adu na tarihi don Jerin Tarihin Duniya. Ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, kusa da babban kasuwa an gina shi ne a 1831 ta Yakubu Nabame kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin fadar Sarkin har zuwa 1942, lokacin da Birtaniya ta gina sabon fadar gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1958, an buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ba da haske game da tarihin rikice-rikice na Jihar Kebbi. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da sanannen tarin makamai, wanda ya kunshi kwarjayi, mashi, takobi, itace, duwatsu, baka da kibiyoyi, bindigogi na gida har ma da drum a kan nuni. An kuma san gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wurin da ake binne matattu sarakuna na karamar hukuma.

 Masu mulki 
Shugabannin masarautar Hausa kafin a shiga cikin Khalifancin Sokoto: 
+Babban mulkin Hausa wanda ya dogara da Surame da Birnin KebbiSunanFarawar SarautaƘarshen Sarautar1Muhammadu Kantu Kotal151615612Ahmadu I156115963Dauda159616194Ibrahimu I161916215Suleimanu na I162116366Muhammadu163616497Maliki dan Ibrahimu164916628Umarau Ciwa166216749Muhammadu Kaye1674167610Ibrahimu na II1676168411Muhammadu na Sifawa1684168612Ahmadu dan Amaru1686169613Tomo1696170014Muhammadu dan Giwa1700171715Samaila1717175016Muhammadu dan Tagande1750175417Abdullahi Toga1754177518Suleimanu na II1775180319Abubakar Ukar180320Muhammadu Fodi1803182621Samaila na II18261827
Shugabannin Masarautar Hausa da aka kafa a Argungu: 
+Jihar da ta maye gurbin Hausa bisa ga ArgunguSunanFarawar SarautaƘarshen SarautarBayani21Samaila (ko Karari) 18271831jagorantar tsayayya mai tsanani a kan Gwandu. An kashe shi a Galewa22Yakubu Nabame  (a gudun hijira daga 1831 zuwa 1849)  18311854ɗan Samaila. Ya kama garuruwa da yawa kafin a kashe shi da kibiya a Kibiari23Yusufu Mainasara18541859ɗan Samaila. Haliru, Sarkin Gwandu ne ya kashe shi24Muhammadu Ba ne18591860ɗan Yakubu. Ya rama mutuwar kawunsa kafin a kashe shi25Abdullahi Toga18601883ɗan Samaila26Samaila II (ko Sama) 1883Satumba 1915 ɗan Yakubu. Wani babban jarumi wanda aka sani da ya ƙone garuruwan Fulani 90 27Suleimana19151920ɗan Yakubu28Muhammadu Sama19201934ɗan Samaila II29Muhammadu Sani19341942ɗan Muhammadu Sama30Samaila na Uku19421953zuriyar Muhammadu Dan Giwa (r. 1700-1717), Sarkin Kebbi31Muhammadu Shefe1953Oktoba 1959 ɗan Samaila III. Ya yi murabus bayan rashin jituwa da majalisarsa32Muhammadu Mera19591996ɗan Muhammadu Sani33Samaila IV CON 1996Mai mulki ɗan Muhammadu Mera

 Itacen iyali 

 Harris, P. G.: Sokoto Provincial Gazetteer, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled].
 Hogben, S. J. da A. H. M. Kirk-Greene: Daular Larabawa ta Arewacin Najeriya, London 1966.
 Johnston, H. A. S., The Fulani Empire of Sokoto, Oxford 1967 (shafi na 187-195).


 Manazarta 

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