Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka

Hukumar Kare muhalli (EPA) hukuma ce mai zaman kanta ta gwamnatin Amurka wacce ke da alhakin al'amuran kare muhalli. Shugaba Richard Nixon ya ba da shawarar kafa EPA a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1970; ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1970, bayan Nixon ya sanya hannu kan umarnin zartarwa. umarnin kafa EPA an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar sauraron kwamiti a cikin House da Senate.

Hukumar tana karkashin jagorancin mai gudanarwa, wanda shugaban kasa ya nada kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta amince da shi."Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970". EPA. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2020. Tun daga ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2025, mai gudanarwa shine Lee Zeldin . EPA ba sashen majalisar ministoci ba ne, amma ana ba mai gudanarwa Matsayin majalisa ministocin. EPA tana da hedikwatar ta a Washington, DC. Akwai ofisoshin yanki ga kowane yanki goma na hukumar, da kuma dakunan gwaje-gwaje 27 a duk faɗin ƙasar.

Hukumar tana gudanar da kimanta muhalli, bincike, da ilimi. Yana da alhakin kiyayewa da aiwatar da ka'idojin kasa a karkashin dokokin muhalli daban-daban na Amurka, tare da tuntubar jihohi, kabilanci, da kananan hukumomi. Ikon tilasta EPA ya haɗa da tarar, takunkumi, da sauran matakan.

Yana ba da izini, saka idanu, da kuma aiwatar da alhakin Jihohin Amurka da kabilun da aka amince da su. Har ila yau, hukumar tana aiki tare da masana'antu da dukkan matakan gwamnati a cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin gurɓataccen yanayi da kuma kokarin kiyaye makamashi.

Matsayin ma'aikacin da aka tsara a cikin 2023 ya kasance daidai da 16,204.1 na cikakken lokaci (FTE).  Fiye da rabin ma'aikatan EPA injiniyoyi ne, masana kimiyya, da ƙwararrun masu kare muhalli; wasu ma'aikata sun haɗa da lauyoyi, harkokin jama'a, kudi, da masu fasahar bayanai.

 Tarihi 
Da farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da kuma cikin shekarun 1960, Majalisa ta mayar da martani ga karuwar damuwar jama'a game da tasirin da ayyukan ɗan adam zasu iya samu a kan muhalli. Sanata James E. Murray ya gabatar da lissafi, Dokar albarkatu da kiyayewa (RCA) ta 1959, a cikin Majalisa ta 86. Kudin zai kafa Majalisar kan Ingancin Muhalli a Ofishin zartarwa na Shugaban kasa, ya ayyana manufofin muhalli na kasa, kuma ya buƙaci shirya rahoton muhalli ya shekara-shekara. Yunkurin kiyayewa ya raunana a lokacin kuma lissafin bai wuce Majalisa ba.

Littafin 1962 na Silent Spring, littafin da aka fi sayarwa ta Rachel Carson, ya faɗakar da jama'a game da mummunar tasiri ga dabbobi da mutane game da amfani da sinadarai masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Majalisa ta tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance su. A shekara ta 1968, shugabannin Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Harkokin Cikin Gida da Insular, Sanata Henry M. Jackson, da Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kimiyya da Astronautics, Wakilin George P. Miller, sun shirya taron hadin gwiwa na Majalisar da Majalisar Dattilai, don tattauna bukatar da kuma hanyar aiwatar da manufofin muhalli na kasa. Majalisa ta kafa Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa ta 1969 (NEPA) kuma dokar ta dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin da aka tattauna a cikin 1959 da kuma sauraron da suka biyo baya.

Gwamnatin Richard Nixon ta sanya muhalli fifiko ga manufofi a cikin 1969-1971 kuma ta kirkiro sabbin hukumomi guda biyu, Majalisar kan Ingancin Muhalli (CEQ) da EPA. Nixon ya sanya hannu kan NEPA a matsayin doka a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1970. Dokar ta kafa CEQ a cikin Ofishin Zartarwa na Shugaban kasa. NEPA ta buƙaci a shirya cikakken bayani game da tasirin muhalli don duk manyan ayyukan tarayya da ke shafar muhalli. Za a kira "bayani mai zurfi" a matsayin sanarwa ta tasirin muhalli (EIS). Rinde, Meir (2017). "Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism". Distillations. Vol. 3, no. 1. Philadelphia, PA: Science History Institute. pp. 16–29. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018.

 Kafawa 
A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1970, Nixon ya ba da shawarar sake tsara zartarwa wanda ya karfafa nauyin muhalli da yawa na gwamnatin tarayya a karkashin wata hukuma, sabuwar Hukumar Kare Muhalli. Wannan shawarar ta haɗa da haɗakar shirye-shiryen kula da gurɓata daga sassan da yawa, kamar haɗakar shirye'shiryen kashe kwari daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka da Ma'abiyar Cikin Gida ta Amurka. : 5 Bayan gudanar da sauraro a wannan lokacin rani, Majalisar da Majalisar Dattijai sun amince da shawarar. An kirkiro EPA kwanaki 90 kafin ya yi aiki, : 11 kuma a hukumance ya buɗe ƙofofinsa a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1970. Mai gudanarwa na farko na hukumar, William Ruckelshaus, ya rantsar da shi a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1970. 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1976, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Magunguna (TSCA) wanda, kamar FIFRA, ya shafi masana'antu, lakabi da amfani da kayayyakin kasuwanci maimakon gurɓata. Wannan aikin ya ba EPA ikon tattara bayanai game da sunadarai kuma ya buƙaci masu samarwa su gwada su, ya ba shi ikon tsara samar da sunadinai da amfani (tare da takamaiman ambaton PCBs), kuma ya buƙoƙi hukumar ta ƙirƙiri jerin sunadarai na kasa.

 Manazarta 
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