Dutsen Tarawera

Dutsen Tarawera dutsen mai aman wuta ne a Tsibirin Arewa na New Zealand a cikin tsohon amma mai aman wuta Ōkataina Caldera . Wuri 24 kilomita kudu maso gabas da Rotorua, ya ƙunshi jerin kusoshi na rhyolitic lava da aka fissured a tsakiya ta hanyar fashewar basaltic a 1886 . Yayin da fashewar 1886 ta kasance basaltic, binciken ya nuna cewa akwai ƙananan ɓangaren basalt zuwa ga ɓarna na rhyolitic na baya-bayan nan.  Wannan fashewar ta kasance daya daga cikin bala'in tarihi mafi girma a New Zealand, kuma ya kashe kimanin mutane 120. Rikicin ya yi nisan  arewa maso-kudu maso yamma.

Wuraren dutsen mai aman wuta sun haɗa da Ruawahia Dome (mafi girma a 1,111 mita), Tarawera Dome da Wahanga Dome. An kewaye ta da tafkuna da yawa, yawancinsu an ƙirƙira su ko kuma sun canza su ta hanyar fashewar 1886. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Tafkunan Tarawera, Rotomahana, Rerewhakaaaitu, Ōkataina, Ōkareka, Tikitapu / Blue da Rotokākahi / Green . Kogin Tarawera ya ratsa arewa maso gabas ta gefen arewa na dutse daga tafkin Tarawera.

A shekara ta 2000, an ba da dutsen ga yankin Ngāti Rangitihi na Te Arawa . A cikin 2002, ƙungiyar da mai hayarsu sun dakatar da damar jama'a zuwa dutsen kyauta a baya. Wannan shawarar ta haifar da fushi a tsakanin mazauna Rotorua. 

 Tarihi 

 Kareka fashewa 
An yi kwanan wata fashewar da ta haifar da Ōkareka Tephra zuwa 23,535 ± 300 shekaru kafin yanzu.  Tana da ƙarar tephra na kusan  amma yana iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa, ana samarwa a cikin kwanaki ko makonni mafi yawa.  Ginin tsaunukan da ke hade da fashewa ya bayyana ya kasance a bangarorin biyu na hadaddun kuma ya hada da siffofi na yanzu a ƙarshen gabas kamar Rotomahana Dome (   ) da tsibirin Patti (kololuwar ita ce   high) wanda ke tsakiyar tafkin Rotomahana . Filayen Lava a ƙarshen yamma sun fito ne daga maɓuɓɓugar da wataƙila aka binne a cikin fashewar Waiohau, suna da girma na aƙalla ,  kuma zai ɗauki shekaru da yawa don samarwa.  The Ōkareka Embayment daban ne, amma tsarin dutsen wuta na kusa a cikin Ōkataina Caldera da ke da alhakin Rotorua Tephra.

 Rerewhakaaitu fashewa 
An sake sabunta fashewar Rerewhakaaitu kwanan nan zuwa 17,496 ± 462 shekaru da suka gabata,  a kusan lokacin ƙarshen ƙarshen glacial, tare da ƙarar tephra na kusan  .  Wasu kafofin tarihi sun ba da shawarar ƙara girma. Ya ƙunshi magmas rhyolite guda uku tare da jimlar girman kusan  tare da Rerewhakaaaitu Tephra yana da raka'o'in faɗuwar rhyolitic 15.  Kudancin (   ) da Yammacin (   ) An kafa gidaje a wannan lokacin da balaguron balaguro na   ya sake daɗe na tsawon shekaru da yawa bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na tephra na fashewa. 

 Waiohau fashewa 
Fashewar Waiohau ya faru 14,009 ± 155 shekaru da suka gabata (kwanan nan an sake komawa baya).   Kanakana (   ) da Gabas (   ) An kafa gidaje.  Ƙididdigan jimlar yawan fashewar Waiohau Tephra goma sha biyar ko fiye da wasu lava yana da  .  A lokacin daya daga cikin fashewar fashewar tsaunukan ya faru. 

 Kaharoa fashewa 
Dutsen Tarawera ya fashe 1314±12 CE  a cikin fashewar Kaharoa.    Wannan ya kasance 'yan shekaru kaɗan bayan ƙawancen Maori na farko game da 1280 CE  ko da yake an yi imanin cewa mafi yaɗuwar matsuguni a yanzu ba a yi ba har sai 1320 zuwa 1350 AD.  Tsarin Plinian na wannan fashewa ya ƙunshi nau'i na 11 masu hankali na VEI 4  ko da yake akwai yiwuwar wasu nau'i-nau'i biyu na Plinian a cikin wani nau'i na biyu daga akalla nau'i biyu daban-daban tare da  dogon tsatsa.  Jimlar dutsen da ke daidai (DRE) ya kasance aƙalla    .  Ya rarraba Kaharoa Tephra, mai ƙarancin ƙarancin ma'adinai mai mahimmanci (rashin cobalt shine dalilin cutar daji na New Zealand), daga gabas ga gabar tekun Northland Peninsula, ƙasa da Coromandel Peninsula kuma ta bayan Tarawera zuwa arewacin Hawke Bay a cikin Māhia Peninsula .  Jimlar adadin abubuwan da suka fashe sun fi sau 5 fiye da fashewar 1886  kuma an bayyana su aƙalla    ta tefra.  Ruawahia (   ), Tarawera(   ), Wahanga (   ) da kuma Crater (   ) An kafa gidaje. 

 1886 faduwa 
Jim kadan bayan tsakar dare a safiyar ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 1886, an ji jerin girgizar kasa sama da 30 da suka kara karfi a yankin Rotorua  da karfe 2:45 na safe kololu uku na Dutsen Tarawera sun fashe, suna fashewa da ginshikan hayaki da  mita zuwa sararin sama; Hatsarin iska a Rotomahana ya haifar da tashin hankali wanda ya lalata ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin 6 radius kilomita, da kuma Farin Filayen ruwan hoda da fari sun bayyana an shafe su.  Bincike na baya-bayan nan ta yin amfani da ƙirar lissafi na abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin lokacin fashewar Rotomahana na baya, ya yi daidai da asusun shaida; yana kwatanta shi kamar tukunyar da ke tafasa.  
Matsugunan da Ngāti Rangitihi da Tūhourangi ke zaune a kusa da hannun Ariki na tafkin Tarawera, ciki har da Moura, Koutu, Kokotaia, Piripai, Pukekiore da Otuapane, Tapahoro, Te Wairoa, Totarariki, da Waingongoro, an binne ko kuma aka lalata su. Daga cikin wadannan, Te Wairoa yanzu ya zama wurin yawon bude ido kuma an kwatanta shi da "kauyen da aka binne". Adadin wadanda suka mutu a hukumance ya kai 153, yayin da wasu da dama suka rasa matsugunansu, lamarin da ya sa fashewar ta zama mafi muni a tarihin New Zealand.    

An kuma yi imanin fashewar ta lalata filayen ruwan hoda da fari da suka shahara a duniya. Duk da haka, shekaru 125 bayan fashewar an ba da rahoton cewa an sake gano wani yanki na ruwan hoda a ƙarƙashin tafkin Rotomahana .  Wannan ya faru ne saboda gano wani binciken da ba a san shi ba na 1859 na Lake Rotomahana ta Ferdinand von Hochstetter, wanda aka yanke kuma aka buga tsakanin 2016 da 2019. Wannan mahimman bayanai na farko na nuna wuraren Pink, Black da White Terrace yanzu suna kwance tare da bakin tekun yanzu. Akwai tsammanin filaye ko sassansu, na iya kwantawa binne, kuma a sakamakon haka ba za a iya ɗauka cewa an lalatar da filayen ba.    

 Fatalwa waka 
Ɗaya daga cikin almara  da ke kewaye da fashewar 1886 shine na fatalwa waka (kwale). Kwanaki 11 kafin fashewar, wani jirgin ruwa mai cike da ’yan yawon bude ido da ke dawowa daga Terraces ya ga abin da kamar waka ke tunkarar jirginsu, sai dai ya bace a cikin hazo mai nisan mil mil daga gare su. Ɗaya daga cikin shaidun wani limamin coci ne, ɗan ƙasar Maori na yankin Te Arawa iwi. Babu wanda ke kusa da tafkin da ya mallaki irin wannan kwale-kwalen na yaƙi, kuma ba a taɓa ganin irinsa a tafkin shekaru da yawa ba. Mai yiyuwa ne hawan da faduwar tafkin da aka yi a sakamakon ficewar da aka yi kafin fadowa ya sa an kubutar da waka daga wurin hutawa. A al'adance, an ɗaure matattu a tsaye. An buga wasiƙu da dama daga masu yawon bude ido da suka fuskanci taron.

Ko da yake masu shakka sun tabbatar da cewa wani tunani ne mai ban tsoro da aka gani a kan hazo, dattawan ƙabilu a Te Wairoa sun yi iƙirarin cewa waka wairua ne (kwagon ruwa na ruhu) kuma alama ce ta halaka. An yi hasashen cewa, waka a haƙiƙa wani tashin hankali ne a kan ruwa, sakamakon ayyukan girgizar ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin tafkin, amma mazauna yankin na ganin cewa za a iya bayyana fashewar waka nan gaba ta hanyar bayyanar waka. 
Yana cikin Ōkataina Caldera na Cibiyar Volcanic ta Ōkataina a tsakiyar yankin Taupō Volcanic Zone . Wannan yanki na rhyolitic ya mamaye caldera mai fashewa.  Ainihin basaltic dyke na fashewar 1886 shine  tsayi kuma ya tashi daga fashewar tsaunin Dutsen Tarawera zuwa tafkin Rotomahana kuma yana da ragowar zafi mai zafi a cikin Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley .  Dike da layin layi na vents sun daidaita tare da Taupo Rift a wannan lokacin. 
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Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba