Zwi Migdal

Zwi Migdal (Yiddish: צבי מגדל,  [ˈtsvɪ mɪɡˈdal] Polish: Cwi Migdał) kungiya ce mai aikata laifuka da Yahudawa suka kafa a Poland a karni na 19, galibi a Argentina.

 Tarihi 
Babban aikin kungiyar shine fataucin matan Yahudawa daga Tsakiyar Turai (musamman daga Warsaw)  zuwa bautar jima'i da tilasta karuwanci.  Kungiyar, wacce masu aiki da ita Yahudawa ne,  ta yi aiki daga kafuwarta a cikin shekarun 1860 har zuwa 1939.

Kudin shekara-shekara na kungiyar ya kai dala miliyan 50 a farkon karni na 20.  Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko, tana da mambobi 400 a Argentina, Buenos Aires ita ce babbar cibiyar ayyukanta. Tana da ofisoshin reshe a Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo da Santos), Amurka (New York City), Poland (Warsaw), Afirka ta Kudu, Indiya da China.Kushnir, Beatriz; Baile de Máscaras, Imago Editora, São Paulo. 

A cikin 1920s ƙungiyar ta girma zuwa girmanta mafi girma. A tsayin daka, mutane 430, masu aiki a matsayin masu aikata laifuka da sauran ayyukan laifi, sun kula da hanyar sadarwar gidajen karuwai 2,000 da kusan mata 4,000 a Argentina kadai.  Nasarar ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa membobinta suna da alaƙa da ƙa'idodi waɗanda suka kasance "bisa tsari, ladabi, da gaskiya." Cibiyar sadarwa ta kasance da tsari mai kyau kuma membobin sun ba da haɗin kai don kare bukatunsu.

 Asalin sunan 
Wadanda suka kafa kungiyar sun samo asali ne daga  an yi rajistar kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar Varsovia Jewish Mutual Aid Society, don sauƙaƙe ayyukan ("Varsovia" shine sunan Mutanen Espanya na Warsaw).  A cikin 1927, bayan jakadan Poland zuwa Argentina ya gabatar da korafi game da amfani da kungiyar na birnin "Warsaw" a cikin sunan, an sake sunan kungiyar "Zwi Migdal" don girmama Luis Zvi Migdal, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ta. An fassara sunan a cikin yaren Polish a matsayin "Cwi Migdał". 

 Modus operandi 
Kungiyar ta janyo hankalin 'yan mata da matasa mata daga Turai a hanyoyi da yawa. Pindel ya bayyana wata dabara inda mutum mai ladabi da kyakkyawa zai bayyana a wani kauyen Yahudawa matalauta a Poland ko Rasha. Zai tallata bincikensa na mata matasa suyi aiki a gidajen Yahudawa masu arziki a Argentina ta hanyar sanya talla a majami'ar yankin. Tsoron pogroms kuma sau da yawa a cikin matsanancin yanayin tattalin arziki, iyaye za su tura 'ya'yansu mata tare da mutumin, suna fatan cewa wannan zai iya ba su sabon farawa.

Wani sanannen makirci shine neman kyawawan 'yan mata kuma su auri su, yawanci a cikin bikin aure mai sauri da aka sani a Yiddish a matsayin "shtille chupah". 'Yan matan sun yi wa iyalansu ban kwana kuma sun shiga jirage zuwa Argentina, suna gaskata cewa suna kan hanyarsu zuwa kyakkyawar makoma. Rashin fyade ga 'yan mata da cin zarafin su a matsayin bayi na jima'i sau da yawa ya fara ne a cikin jirgin. Wasu daga cikinsu sun auri maza na yankin don su sami biza ta shiga.

Karuwai da suka kasa gamsar da abokan cinikinsu, ana yi musu dukan tsiya, ko tara su, ko kuma a tura su aiki a gidajen karkara. An shiga kowane ciniki na kasuwanci. 'Yan ta'addan sun gudanar da wani "kasuwar nama" inda 'yan matan da suka zo suka yi fareti tsirara a gaban 'yan kasuwa a wurare irin su Otal Palestina da Cafe Parisienne. Wadannan ayyuka sun ci gaba da gudana ba tare da katsewa ba saboda jami’an gwamnati, alkalai, da ‘yan jarida suna zuwa gidajen karuwai. Gordon, Neil Perry (November 24, 2022). "The Zwi Migdal's Reign of Terror". neilperrygordon.substack.com. Retrieved February 18, 2023. An ba wa jami’an gari, ‘yan siyasa da ‘yan sanda cin hanci. Masu fashin wuta suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi a ko'ina. Manyan gidajen karuwai a Buenos Aires suna da yawan bayi 60 zuwa 80 na jima'i . Ko da yake akwai gidajen karuwai a duk faɗin Argentina, yawancin sun kasance a Buenos Aires, a rukunin Yahudawa a kan titin Junin.

 Tasirin kungiyar 
Kungiyar tana da makamai a kasashe da yawa kuma ta kasance mai rikitarwa a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa ta Kudancin Amurka. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yiddish a Brazil amma Yahudawa a Rio de Janeiro sun kai masa hari saboda gabatar da naɗaɗɗun littattafan Attaura. Yawancin Yahudawa da suka zo Brazil sun yi hakan a matsayin iyalai kuma suna kallon karuwanci a matsayin mummunar dabi'a da tasirin "marasa kyau". Yunkurin Zwi Migdal na komawa Rio, bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Buenos Aires (wanda aka tattauna a ƙasa), ya haifar da karuwar gwagwarmaya da kungiyar tsakanin Yahudawa na Brazil.

A Argentina, ana amfani da ayyukan kungiyar a wasu lokuta don karfafa adawa da Yahudawa, amfani da ya faru a Brazil,  inda al'ummar Yahudawa ke yawan adawa da kungiyar.  Fiye da haka an ambaci kungiyar dangane da ra'ayoyi marasa kyau na Yahudawa na Gabashin Turai, waɗanda a wasu lokuta ana ganin su sun fi fuskantar aikata laifuka da / ko tsattsauran ra'ayi na siyasa a cikin al'ummar Argentina, sabanin Yahudawa na Jamus. Nicolás Palacios na Chile ya yi amfani da laifukansu a cikin ikirarin cewa Yahudawa sun "mafi rinjaye" matan Argentina kuma suna "ƙazantar da" wannan al'umma.

 Manazarta