Ticsani

Ticsani dutsen mai aman wuta ne a Peru a arewa maso yammacin Moquegua kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunuka guda biyu ("Ticsani Old Ticsani" da "Ticsani na zamani") waɗanda ke samar da hadaddun. "Ticsani Tsoho" wani fili ne mai aman wuta wanda ya yi babban rugujewa a baya kuma ya zubar da  na taro a cikin kwarin Rio Tambo . A yau wani ƙorafi ne ya rage na wannan ginin. "Ticsani na zamani" wani hadadden gida ne na lava guda uku waɗanda aka sanya a lokacin Holocene . Manyan fashewa guda biyu sun faru a lokacin Holocene, suna samar da abubuwan da ake kira "Grey Ticsani" da "Brown Ticsani" ajiya; fashewa ta ƙarshe ta faru ne bayan fashewar 1600 na makwabciyar Huaynaputina . Dutsen mai aman wuta yana aiki da girgizar ƙasa kuma yana fasalta maɓuɓɓugan zafi da fumaroles ; tun 2015 gwamnatin Peruvian ke kula da dutsen mai aman wuta.

 Geography da geomorphology 
Ticsani yana cikin gundumar Ichuna ta Peru,   arewa maso yammacin Moquegua .  Kogin Putina ya ratsa arewa maso yamma da Kogin Carumas kudu maso yammacin dutsen mai aman wuta.  Yankin yana da nisa, wanda ya kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin binciken.  Akwai hanyoyi da aka shimfida a yankin, waɗanda za a iya shiga musamman ta hanyar Ilo-Desaguadero  wanda ke wucewa tsakanin  daga Ticsani domes. 

Volcanism a Kudancin Amirka yana faruwa ne tare da bakin tekun yammacinta da kuma a cikin bel masu aman wuta da yawa, ciki har da Tsakiyar Dutsen Dutsen da Ticsani ke ciki. A kudancin Peru yankin tsakiyar Volcanic ya hada da volcanoes Solimana, Coropuna, Ampato, Sabancaya, Chachani, El Misti, Ubinas, Huaynaputina, Ticsani, Tutupaca, Calientes, Yucamane, Purupuruni da Casiri .  Dutsen volcanoes na Peru sun kasance suna aiki a cikin Plio-Quaternary kuma suna samar da magmas na calc-alkaline kamar su andesite ko da yake karin duwatsun silicic suna faruwa. 

Ticsani yana da siffofi uku na lava, waɗanda aka haifar da sabon aikin Pleistocene da Holocene ;  biyu daga cikinsu suna cikin ko a gefen ramuka .  Kudu maso gabas yana da nisan  fadi da  babba, tsakiyar dome tare da faɗin  da tsayin da bai wuce  shine mafi girma na Ticsani. Dome na arewa maso yamma yana da girman  . Matsakaicin magudanar ruwa na Pyroclastic, wanda aka haifar yayin rugujewa da haɓakar ɗigon lava, suna cika kwaruruka marasa zurfi a gefen gabas.  Wani dutsen mai aman wuta na farko a yau ana kiyaye shi azaman  doguwar tudun arcuate,  wanda ke arewa maso gabas na kubba ta arewa kuma yana buɗewa zuwa yamma.  Wannan dutsen mai aman wuta na farko ("tsohuwar Ticsani") ya yi noman noma a kan wani yanki na  kuma ya ƙunshi ignimbrites, lava flows, volcaniclastic adibas da tarkace daga babban sassan rugujewa ;  an fallasa cryptodome a cikin tudun arcuate.  Rukunin ya kai tsayin  .  Matsayin domes na lava da tsarin tsarin dutsen mai fitad da wuta sun rinjayi tsarin kuskure na gida. 

 Geology 
A gefen kudu maso yammacin gabar tekun Kudancin Amurka, Nazca Plate yana raguwa a ƙarƙashin Plate ta Kudancin Amurka  a cikin Trench na Peru-Chile,  akan ƙimar  . Wannan tsarin ƙaddamarwa yana da alhakin haɓakar Andes da kuma volcanism a yankin; halin da ake ciki na rushewa ya kara haifar da fara kuskuren yajin aiki . 

An haɗa Ticsani tare da tsaunukan da ke kusa da Huaynaputina da Ubinas, da aka ba su mahallin tectonic, wanda ba sabon abu ba ne ga dutsen dutsen na Peruvian da kuma halayen geochemical . Huaynaputina ya sami fashewa mai girma a cikin 1600 kuma Ubinas a halin yanzu shine dutsen mai aman wuta mafi aiki a kudancin Peru.  Waɗannan tsaunuka sun bayyana suna raba ɗakin magma  a zurfin  . 

Ginin da waɗannan tsaunuka suka tashi ya haɗa da pluton Paleoproterozoic . Rukunin Mesozoic Yura da Matalaque Formation ne suka rufe shi (dutsen sedimentary da volcanic, bi da bi) waɗanda aka fallasa a Rio Tambo . Ayyukan volcanic sun ci gaba a lokacin Miocene, Pliocene da Pleistocene, kafa ignimbrites da Barroso Group. 

 Abun ciki 
Rukunin ya barke andesite a lokacin filin dutsen mai aman wuta da dacite a lokacin matakin dome na lava; Dukansu sun bayyana ma'anar Calc-alkaline mai arzikin potassium .  Phenocrysts da aka samu a cikin samfuran fashewa na baya sun haɗa da amphibole, biotite, feldspar, plagioclase, pyroxene da quartz . 

 Tarihin fashewa 
Ticsani yana aiki a lokacin Pleistocene da Holocene .  Da farko, wani fili mai aman wuta ya ɓullo a Ticsani. Wannan dutsen mai aman wuta ya ruguje ya samar da zaftarewar kasa a cikin kwarin Rio Tambo  wanda asalinsa yana da girman kusan ,  kuma ta haka ne mafi girma irin wannan rushewa a kudancin Peru a lokacin Pleistocene. Wannan matakin volcano ya ƙunshi "tsohuwar Ticsani". Daga baya "Ticsani na zamani"  ya haifar da kwararar lava kuma daga baya lava domes; Magudanar ruwa na iya fitowa daga wani rami da aka binne kusan gaba ɗaya. 

Daga baya an sanya kubbai uku , tare da kudu maso gabas ita ce mafi tsufa kuma arewa maso yamma ita ce ƙarami. Bama-bamai guda biyu  ko uku sun faru, tare da fitar da toka mai aman wuta, tubalan, bama-bamai da kuma bam .  Fashewar farko tare da ƙarar tephra mai kimanin   -    ya faru a 10,600 ± 80 shekaru kafin yanzu,  kuma an san shi da fashewar "Grey Ticsani" Pumice eruption.  Ita ce fashewar fashewar abubuwa mafi mahimmanci a Ticsani kuma wuraren ajiyarta suna samar da manyan wuraren hamada a gabashin dutsen mai aman wuta.  Wani fashewa na biyu ya haifar da "Grey Ticsani" Ash  kuma yana iya faruwa a tsakiyar Holocene . Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe zuwa Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarshe  ("Brown Ticsani") ya faru bayan fashewar Huaynaputina na 1600,  yana samar da kimanin  na tephra   kuma ya faru kafin samuwar ƙaramin lava dome.  Wannan matakin volcano kuma ya haifar da kwararar lava waɗanda suka cika kwaruruka,  sun kafa filin kwararar lava a arewa maso yammacin dutsen mai aman wuta  da pyroclastic da ke gudana a gefen gabas na dutsen mai aman wuta.  Ticsani shine tushen ɗan takara na Khonkho tephra,  wanda aka sanya a Bolivia tsakanin AD 400 da 700.  Babu fashewar tarihi a Ticsani. 

A halin yanzu, ana samun maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi a cikin kwaruruka da ke yammacin Ticsani, kuma an ga fumaroles guda biyu a taron nasa.  An san maɓuɓɓugan ruwa a Chuchumbaya, Putina Arriba da Secolaque;  Maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi na kogin Putina suna cikin mafi mahimmanci a cikin Peru.  A cikin 2005, an lura da aikin girgizar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Ticsani, mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da tsarin hydrothermal,  wanda ya tayar da ƙararrawa da damuwa a tsakanin mazauna yankin.  An yi wani taron girgizar kasa tsakanin 2014-2017.  Siffar Siffar Ticsani ana kiranta girgizar asa "matasan" waɗanda ake lura da su a tashoshin girgizar ƙasa na wasu tsaunuka.  Wani tashar girgizar kasa na wucin gadi da aka shigar a 2015 a Ticsani da aka yi rikodin girgizar asa mai cike da aman wuta,  da sauran canje-canje a cikin halayensa kuma an lura. 

 Hatsari 
Kimanin mutane 5,000 suna rayuwa a tsakanin  zuwa Ticsani kuma za a yi barazanar fashewa a nan gaba, tare da haɗari na musamman da suka haɗa da faɗuwar toka, lahars, kwararar pyroclastic da rushewar gidaje .  manya-manyan abubuwan fashewa kamar "Grey Ticsani" da "Brown Ticsani" da aka fitar da kayan da aka fi sani da su a arewa maso gabas da kudu maso gabas; Idan aka sake fashewa garuruwan Calacoa, Cuchumbaya, Quebaya, San Cristóbal da Soquezane za su yi tasiri ta hanyar faɗuwar tephra.  Baya ga yawan jama'ar yankin, tokawar toka zai afkawa manyan titunan yanki, tafki,  ma'adinai da filayen jirgin sama .  Ƙarin garuruwan yankin sun haɗa da Cambrune da Carumas.  Gudun ruwa na pyroclastic sune magudanar ruwa da sauri na gutsutsutsun dutse da iskar gas; a Ticsani sun kai nisa na akalla  daga wuta. Maimaita rugujewar sashen na "tsohuwar Ticsani" abu ne mai yuwuwa saboda "Ticsani na zamani" ana ganin ya tsaya tsayin daka, amma sassan tsohon dutsen mai aman wuta na iya kasawa kuma ya haifar da lahar a cikin kwarin kogin. Gas mai aman wuta na iya taruwa a cikin kwaruruka da ɓacin rai, yayin da magudanar ruwa ba sa iya kaiwa ga nisa mai yawa don haka ƙananan barazana ne. 

An rarraba dutsen mai aman wuta a matsayin "Babban Haɗari mai aman wuta".  A cikin 2015, an shigar da wurare don saka idanu akan abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na maɓuɓɓugan zafi a kusa da dutsen mai aman wuta,  da na'urori don gane nakasu na gine-ginen volcanic an shigar da su.  A Peruvian Kudancin Volcancitian ( lurawar Vulcanolócanolócogicogicogisy del, wanda ya ba da rahoton rahoton wata-wata tun 2014, wanda ya hada da rahotanni kan ayyukan da ke cikin sulfur . 

 Manazarta 

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