Mafeci

Fansar hannu, ko kawai fan na hannu, yana da faɗi, shimfiɗa wanda aka girgiza baya da gaba don ƙirƙirar iska. Gabaɗaya, magoya bayan hannu da aka yi da manufa suna ninka magoya baya, waɗanda aka tsara su kamar wani bangaren na da'irar kuma an yi su da kayan aiki (kamar takarda ko gashin tsuntsaye) waɗanda aka ɗora a kan allunan da ke kewaye da maɓallin don a iya rufe su lokacin da ba a amfani da su ba. An yi amfani da magoya bayan hannu kafin a ƙirƙiri magoya bayan inji.

Fans suna aiki ta hanyar amfani da ra'ayoyin thermodynamics. A kan fatar mutum, iskar iska daga magoya bayan hannu yana ƙara yawan gumi, yana rage yawan zafin jiki saboda zafi mai zurfi na evaporation na ruwa. Har ila yau, yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki ta hanyar kawar da iska mai dumi wanda aka samar da zafi na jiki wanda ke kewaye da fata, wanda ke da ƙarin tasirin sanyaya, idan dai zafin iska na yanayi ya fi ƙasa da zafin fata, wanda yawanci kusan  ° C (91 ° F). 

Bayan fanfo mai nadewa, fanfo mai ƙyalli wanda ake riƙe da hannu ma wani abu ne mai ƙyalli da kuma sha'awa sosai a tsakanin manyan ajujuwan al'umma. Ana amfani da su ne don wani dalili dabam da fanfon hannu masu sauƙin ɗauka. Ana amfani da fanfofan hannu waɗanda ba a nadewa wajen ɓoye fuskar mace daga hasken rana mai tsananin gaske."

 Tarihi 

 Afirka 
Magoya bayan hannu sun samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka gabata a Misira. Masarawa sun kalli su a matsayin abubuwa masu tsarki, kuma kabarin Tutankhamun yana dauke da magoya bayan hannu guda biyu.

 Tsohon Turai 
Rushewar archaeological da tsoffin matani sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da fan na hannu a tsohuwar Girka aƙalla daga ƙarni na 4 BC kuma an san shi da Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">rhipis,  ko  (Girkanci na dā). An kuma yi amfani da magoya baya don hana kwari (kamar mai flapper), irin wannan fan ba shi da ƙarfi kuma an kira shi μυιoσόβη .  Wani amfani ga fan shine don fan, misali a cikin dafa abinci ko a bagaden.

Farkon sanannen magoya bayan Kirista na Turai shine flabellum (mai sha'awar bikin), wanda ya kasance daga karni na 6. An yi amfani da shi a lokacin ayyuka don fitar da kwari daga gurasa da ruwan inabi. Amfani da shi ya mutu a yammacin Turai, amma ya ci gaba a cikin Ikklisiyoyin Orthodox na Gabas da Habasha.

 Gabashin Asiya 

 China 
Akwai nau'ikan magoya baya da yawa a tsohuwar kasar Sin. Halin Sinanci don "fan" () ya ƙunshi haruffa don "ƙofar" () da "fuka-fuki" (). A tarihi, magoya baya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Mutanen kasar Sin. Sinanci sun yi amfani da magoya bayan hannu a matsayin hanyar da za su sauƙaƙe kansu a lokacin zafi tun zamanin d ̄ a; magoya bayan ma suna nuna hikimar al'adun Sinanci da fasaha. An kuma yi amfani da su don dalilai na bikin da na al'ada  kuma a matsayin kayan haɗi lokacin da ake sanye da .  Sun kuma kasance masu ɗaukar zane-zane da wallafe-wallafen gargajiya na kasar Sin kuma suna wakiltar ma'anar mai amfani da su da kuma matsayinsu na zamantakewa. Takamaiman ra'ayoyin matsayi da jinsi suna da alaƙa da nau'ikan magoya baya a tarihin kasar Sin, amma gabaɗaya ana ajiye magoya baya ga maza yayin da magoya baya masu tsayi suka kasance ga mata.

A tsohuwar kasar Sin, magoya baya sun zo a cikin siffofi da siffofi daban-daban (kamar a cikin ganye, oval ko siffar rabin wata), kuma an yi su da kayan daban-daban kamar siliki, bamboo, da gashin tsuntsaye. Ya zuwa yanzu, magoya bayan farko da aka samu sun kasance a Lokacin bazara da kaka da Yaki da Yaki. Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Lardin Hubei ta ba da shawarar cewa an yi waɗannan magoya bayan ko dai bamboo ko gashin tsuntsaye kuma ana amfani da su sau da yawa azaman abubuwan binnewa a Jihar Chu. : 3-4 Magoya bayan kasar Sin da suka fi tsufa sune magoya bayan bamboo, itace ko takarda daga ƙarni na 2 BC. Hanyar Sinanci na fan din gashin tsuntsaye, wanda aka sani da , jere ne na gashin tsuntsu da aka ɗora a ƙarshen hannayen. Ayyukan zane-zane na fan ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da Daular Jin ta yi, magoya baya na iya zuwa siffofi daban-daban kuma ana iya yin su da kayan daban-daban. : 5 An kuma rubuta sayar da fan mai siffar hexagonal a cikin Littafin Jin .  : 5 

A cikin ƙarni na baya, an yi amfani da Waƙoƙin Sinanci da kalmomin kalmomi huɗu don yin ado da magoya baya, ta amfani da alkalami na Rubutun Sinanci. An haɓaka mai rawa na kasar Sin a cikin karni na 7.


Tsohon magoya bayan al'adar kasar Sin shine , wanda aka fi sani da , wanda ake imanin cewa Sarkin sarakuna Shun ne ya kirkireshi. Ana nuna shi da dogon maɓallin kuma fan yana kama da ƙofar a siffar. An yi amfani da wannan nau'in fan don dalilai na bikin. Duk da yake siffarsa ta samo asali a cikin dubban shekaru, an ci gaba da amfani da ita azaman alama ce ta ikon mulkin mallaka da iko; an ci gaba a yi amfani da ita har zuwa faduwar Daular Qing.

Ana kiran magoya bayan siliki masu siffar zagaye  (), wanda aka fi sani da "masu sha'awar haɗuwa"; wani nau'in "mai tsananin fan ne".   : 5 Wadannan nau'ikan magoya baya galibi mata ne ke amfani da su a Daular Tang kuma daga baya aka gabatar da su a Japan. Wadannan magoya bayan zagaye sun kasance masu mahimmanci har ma bayan karuwar shahararrun magoya bayan ninkawa. : 8, magoya bayan zagaye na 12-16 tare da zane-zanen Sinanci da calligraphy sun zama sananne sosai a Daular Song. : 8, 12-16 A lokacin daular Song, ana ba da izini ga shahararrun masu zane-zane don zana magoya baya. Magoya bayan Lacquer sun kasance daya daga cikin sana'o'in hannu na musamman na daular Song. 

Har ila yau, amarya na kasar Sin sun yi amfani da nau'in fan mai kama da wata a cikin bikin auren gargajiya na kasar Sin da ake kira  .  Bikin bikin  wani muhimmin bikin ne a bikin auren kasar Sin: amarya za ta riƙe shi a gaban fuskarta don ɓoye jin kunya, don kasancewa mai ban mamaki, kuma a matsayin hanyar fitar da mugayen ruhohi. Bayan an kammala duk sauran bukukuwan aure kuma bayan ango ya burge amarya, amarya za ta ci gaba da bayyana fuskarta ga ango ta hanyar cire  daga fuskarta.


Wani shahararren nau'in fan na kasar Sin shine fan fan na dabino (Sinanci), wanda aka fi sani da Chinese-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">pushan (Sinansi), wanda aka yi da ganye da tsokoki na  (Livistona chinensis). 


Fans ɗin ninkawa (Sinanci: 折扇), wanda aka kirkira a Japan, daga baya aka gabatar da shi ga Sinanci a karni na 10. : 12 A cikin 988 AD, an fara gabatar da magoya bayan ninkawa a kasar Sin ta wani dan majami'ar Japan daga Japan a matsayin haraji a lokacin daular Northern Song; waɗannan magoya bayan sun zama masu kyau a kasar Sin daga Daular Southern Song. : 8, 12-16 Magoya bayan da aka ninka sun kira su "Magoya bayan Jafananci".  : 15 Yayinda magoya bayan da suka ninka suka sami karbuwa, magoya bayan siliki na gargajiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin daular Song. : 16 Folding fan daga baya ya zama mai kyau sosai a cikin Daular Ming;  duk da haka, folding magoya sun sadu da juriya saboda an yi imanin cewa an yi niyya ne ga ƙananan mutane da bayin.  

Har ila yau, Sinanci sun kirkiro ƙirar fan ɗin da ke ninkawa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar fan ɗin  ('mai fashewa').  


 Fitar da kasashen waje 
Daga ƙarshen karni na 18 har zuwa 1845, cinikayya tsakanin Amurka da China ta bunƙasa. A wannan lokacin, magoya bayan kasar Sin sun kai ga mafi girman shahararsu a Amurka; shahararrun magoya bayan tsakanin matan Amurka sune magoya bayan , kuma magoya bayan da aka yi da ganyen dabino, gashin tsuntsaye, da takarda. : 84 Mafi mashahuriyar nau'in a wannan lokacin ya bayyana cewa ita ce fan na dabino. : 84 Al'adar amfani da magoya baya tsakanin matsakaicin Amurka da mata an danganta su da wannan tasirin kasar Sin. 

 Japan 
A zamanin da a Japan, ana amfani da fannoni na hannu kamar na zagaye da na siliki, waɗanda suka samu tasiri sosai daga fannoni na kasar China. Hoton farko da aka gani na fannoni a Japan ya koma tun karni na 6 Miladiyya, inda aka gano zanen fannoni a cikin hoton kaburbura. An ƙirƙiro fanfon nadewa a Japan, inda tarihinsa ya koma tsakanin ƙarni na 6 zuwa na 9. Wannan fanfo na kotu ne da ake kira akomeogi (衵扇), wanda aka samo sunansa daga rigar mata na kotu da ake kira akome. Bisa ga Song Sui (Tarihin Song), wani ɗan Buddhist ɗan Japan mai suna Chōnen (ちょう然 / 奝然; 938–1016) ya ba sarkin China kyautar fannoni masu nadewa a shekarar 988 — fannoni ashirin da ake yi da itace (桧扇, hiōgi) da fannoni biyu da ake yi da takarda (蝙蝠扇, kawahori-ogi)."

Daga baya a cikin karni na 11, jakadun Koriya sun kawo magoya bayan Koriya waɗanda suka fito ne daga asalin Japan a matsayin kyauta ga kotun kasar Sin. Shahararren magoya bayan ninkawa ya kasance kamar yadda aka zartar da dokoki masu yawa a Lokacin Heian wanda ya ƙuntata kayan ado na magoya bayan  da takarda.

Magoya bayan farko a Japan an yi su ne ta hanyar ɗaure ƙananan layin  (ko cypress na Japan) tare da zaren. Adadin sassan itace sun bambanta bisa ga matsayin mutum. Daga baya a cikin karni na 16, 'yan kasuwa na Fotigal sun gabatar da shi zuwa yamma kuma nan da nan maza da mata a duk faɗin nahiyar sun karbe shi. Ana amfani da su a yau ta firistocin Shinto a cikin tufafi na al'ada da kuma a cikin tufafin al'ada na kotun Japan (suna iya ganin suna amfani da su ta hanyar Sarkin sarakuna da Sarauniya a lokacin da aka naɗa su da aure) kuma an fentin su da kyau tare da dogon takalma. Sauye-sauye masu sauƙin takarda na Jafananci wani lokacin ana kiransu .

Ana buga ganye da kuma fentin magoya bayan a kan takarda. An yi takarda da hannu kuma tana nuna alamun ruwa na musamman. Masu sha'awar takarda da aka yi da na'ura, waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin karni na 19, sun fi santsi, tare da ma'auni. Har ma a yau, geisha da  suna amfani da magoya baya a cikin raye-raye na magoya baya.

Masu sha'awar al'adun Jafan suna amfani da fanfo (fans) da ake yi da takarda a kan tsarin itacen bamboo, kuma sau da yawa ana yin ado da su da zane-zane. Baya ga fannukan da ake nade wa (ōgi), akwai kuma fannukan da ba sa nadewa (uchiwa) waɗanda suka shahara kuma suke da yawa. Ana amfani da fanfo ne musamman don samun iska a lokacin zafi. Fanfon uchiwa daga baya ya bazu zuwa wasu sassan Asiya, ciki har da Bama (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia da Sri Lanka, kuma har yanzu ana amfani da irin waɗannan fanfo a wuraren addinin Buddha a matsayin "fanfo na al'ada" ko na ibada.

An kuma yi amfani da magoya baya a cikin soja a matsayin hanyar aika sigina a fagen yaƙi. Koyaya, ana amfani da magoya baya galibi don ayyukan zamantakewa da na kotu. A Japan, magoya baya sun yi amfani da su daban-daban ta hanyar mayaƙa a matsayin nau'in makami, ta hanyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu rawa don wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma yara a matsayin abin wasa.

A al'ada, mai tsayi mai tsayi (wanda ake kira mai tsayi) shine mafi mashahuriyar tsari a kasar Sin,  kodayake mai ninkawa ya zama sananne a lokacin Daular Ming tsakanin shekarun 1368 da 1644, kuma akwai kyawawan misalai da yawa na waɗannan magoya bayan da suka rage. 

 (ko mai rawa na Jafananci) yana da sanduna goma da takarda mai kauri wanda ke nuna alamar iyali, kuma masu zane-zane na Jafanci sun yi zane-zane da alamu iri-iri. Gilashin, na hauren giwa, ƙashi, Mica, mahaifiyar lu'u-lu'u, sandalwood, ko kwarangwal, an sassaƙa su kuma an rufe su da takarda ko masana'anta. Magoya bayan da aka ninka suna da "montures" wanda shine sanduna da masu tsaro, kuma masu sana'a ne ke fentin ganye. An haɗa muhimmancin zamantakewa ga fan a Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma gudanar da fan ya zama fasaha mai daraja na mata. Har ma an yi amfani da Fans a matsayin makami - ana kiranta fan na ƙarfe, ko  a cikin Jafananci.
Dubi kuma, , mai sha'awar shugaban soja (a tsohuwar Japan); wanda aka yi amfani da shi a zamanin yau a matsayin mai sha'awa a cikin gwagwarmayar sumo, wani nau'in mai sha'ayin yaki ne na Japan, kamar .

 Koriya 

"A kowace rana ta Dano (rana ta 5 ga watan Mayu a kalandar wata), lokacin da zafi ke fara bayyana, akwai al'ada inda sarki ke raba fannoni na hannu ga bayinsa. Bawan da ya karɓi fanfo daga wurin sarki zai yi zanen ink da ruwan fenti a kai, sannan ya raba fannoni farare ga dattawa da mutanen da ke da bashi a kansa. Wannan ya sa al’adar musayar fannoni ta bazu sosai. Wadannan al’adun kuma sun taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar nau’o’in fannoni daban-daban a Koriya."


 Vietnam 
Mai sha'awar hannu () wani bangare ne na Al'adun Vietnamese. A cewar Vân Đài Loại Ngữ, wani littafi da Lê Quý Ðôn ya rubuta, a zamanin d ̄ a Mutanen Vietnam sun yi amfani da magoya bayan hannu da aka yi da gashin tsuntsaye da , wani nau'in fan da aka yi daga ganyen itacen dabino na taraw. Magoya bayan da aka ninka sun fara bayyana a Vietnam a karni na 10, wanda aka sani da quạt différence diệp a cikin Vietnamese. Kirista mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje Christoforo Borri ya rubuta cewa a cikin 1621, maza da mata na Vietnamese suna riƙe da magoya bayan hannu akai-akai a matsayin wani ɓangare na tufafinsu na yau da kullun.

Yawancin ƙauyuka a Vietnam suna da al'adun gargajiya na yin magoya bayan hannu masu kyau kamar ƙauyen Canh Hoạch da ƙauyen Đào Xá, tare da yin magoya baya tun daga farkon karni na 19.

Fannoni masu sauƙin riƙewa da hannu, kamar quạt mo da quạt nan, ana samun su a ƙauyukan Vietnam kuma manoma da ma'aikata na amfani da su sosai. Quạt mo yana da mafi sauƙin ƙira — ana yanke shi kai tsaye daga busasshen jigon ganyen Areca, sannan a matse shi har ya yi laushi. Ya bayyana a cikin 'Thằng Bờm', wata mashahuriyar waka ta gargajiya ta Vietnam (ca dao). Quạt nan ma yana da ƙira mai sauƙi, ana yin sa ne ta hanyar ɗinke ganyen Maclurochloa mai siffar rabin wata a kan madaidaicin sanda na bambaro."


 Sake gabatar da shi a Turai 
Magoya bayan hannu ba su nan daga Turai a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya har sai an sake gabatar da su a ƙarni na 13 da 14. Masu yaƙi daga Gabas ta Tsakiya sun kawo magoya baya, da 'yan gudun hijira daga Daular Romawa ta Gabas.

A cikin karni na 15 da farkon karni na 16, an gabatar da magoya bayan Sinanci a Turai kuma daga baya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zamantakewar Turai a karni na 18. : 82 'Yan kasuwa na Fotigal sun fara buɗe hanyar teku zuwa China a karni na 15 kuma sun isa Japan a tsakiyar karni na 16, : 26 kuma sun bayyana su ne mutanen farko da suka gabatar da magoya bayan Gabas (Sinanci da Jafananci) a Turai wanda ya haifar da shahararsu, da kuma karuwar shigo da magoya baya na Gabas a Turai. : 251 

Mai shahara ya zama sananne musamman a Spain, inda masu rawa na flamenco suka yi amfani da mai sha'awar kuma suka kara amfani da shi ga masu daraja.

Masu yin magoya bayan Turai sun gabatar da kayayyaki na zamani kuma sun ba da damar fan na hannu don aiki tare da salon zamani.

 Karni na 17 
A cikin karni na 17 an gabatar da fan ɗin da aka ninka, da al'adun da ke kula da shi, daga China da Japan. A ƙarshen karni na 17, akwai manyan shigo da kasar Sin a Turai saboda shahararsa kuma zuwa ƙarami, magoya bayan Jafananci sun isa Turai a wannan lokacin.

Wadannan magoya baya suna nunawa sosai a cikin hotuna na manyan mata na zamanin. Sarauniya Elizabeth I ta Ingila ana iya ganin ta dauke da magoya bayan da aka yi wa ado da pom poms a kan sandunansu da kuma tsohuwar salon mai tsayi, yawanci an yi wa ado tare da gashin tsuntsaye da kayan ado. Wadannan magoya bayan salon sau da yawa suna rataye daga skirts na mata, amma daga cikin magoya bayan wannan zamanin kawai sune mafi yawan abubuwan da suka tsira. Wadanda ke ninkawa na karni na 15 da aka samu a gidajen tarihi a yau suna da ganye na fata tare da zane-zane da ke samar da zane-zanen lace ko ganye mai tsayi tare da kayan da suka fi dacewa kamar mica. Ɗaya daga cikin halaye na waɗannan magoya baya shine ƙashin ƙashi ko sandunan hauren giwa da kuma yadda ake amfani da ganyen fata a kan sanduna maimakon a manne kamar yadda aka yi da magoya baya. Fans da aka yi gaba ɗaya da sanduna masu ado ba tare da fan "leaf" an san su da  fans. Fans ɗin  ya samo asali ne daga China. Koyaya, duk da hanyoyin da ba su da kyau na gine-gine, magoya bayan ninkawa sun kasance a wannan zamanin, abubuwa masu ban sha'awa daidai da safofin hannu masu mahimmanci a matsayin kyauta ga sarauta.

A cikin karni na 17 mai tsananin fan wanda aka gani a cikin hotuna na karni na baya ya fadi daga tagomashi yayin da magoya bayan da suka karkata suka sami rinjaye a Turai. Fans sun fara nuna ganye da aka fentin da kyau, sau da yawa tare da batun addini ko na gargajiya. Hanyar baya ta waɗannan magoya bayan farko sun fara nuna ƙirar furanni masu kyau. Sau da yawa sandunan suna da hauren giwa ko turtoiseshell, wani lokacin ana yin su da zinariya ko aikin azurfa. Hanyar da sandunan ke zaune kusa da juna, sau da yawa tare da ɗan kaɗan ko babu sarari tsakanin su yana ɗaya daga cikin halaye masu banbanci na magoya bayan wannan zamanin.

A shekara ta 1685 an soke Dokar Nantes a Faransa. Wannan ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa daga Faransa zuwa ƙasashen Furotesta da ke kewaye da su (kamar Ingila) na masu sana'a da yawa. Wannan warwatse a cikin ƙwarewa yana nunawa a cikin ƙaruwa na magoya baya da yawa daga waɗannan ƙasashe marasa Faransanci bayan wannan kwanan wata.

 Karni na 18 
A cikin karni na 18, magoya baya sun kai matsayi mai girma na zane-zane kuma ana yin su a duk faɗin Turai sau da yawa ta ƙwararrun masu sana'a, ko dai a cikin ganye ko sanduna. Masu zane-zane sun yi ado da kuma fentin magoya bayan siliki, ko takarda. Kamfanonin Gabashin Indiya sun shigo da magoya baya daga China a wannan lokacin. A tsakiyar karni na 18, masu kirkiro sun fara tsara magoya bayan inji. Magoya bayan iska (kamar agogo na iska) sun shahara a karni na 18.

 19th century 
A cikin karni na 19 a Yamma, salon Turai ya haifar da kayan ado da girman fan don bambanta.
It has been said that in the courts of England, Spain and elsewhere, fans were used in a more or less secret, unspoken code of messages. These fan languages were a way to cope with the restricting social etiquette. However, modern research has proved that this was a marketing ploy developed in the 19th century – one that has kept its appeal remarkably over the succeeding centuries. This is now used for marketing by fan makers like Cussons & Sons & Co. Ltd who produced a series of advertisements in 1954 showing "the language of the fan" with fans supplied by the well known French fan maker Duvelleroy.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span>]

 Manazarta 

 Tushen 

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 Roberts, Jane. Unfolding Pictures: Fans in the Royal Collection. Publisher - Royal Collection (January 30, 2006. ISBN 1-902163-16-8
 Tam, C.S. Fan Paintings by Late Ch'ing Shanghai Masters. Publisher - Urban Council for an exhibition in the Hong Kong Museum of Art (1977)
 Vannotti, Franco. Peinture Chinoise de la Dynastie Ts'ing (1644–1912). Collections Baur, Geneve (1974)

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