Villarrica (dutse mai fashewa)

Villarca (/ ˌviːəˈriːkə/ VEE-ə-REE-kə) (Mutanen Espanya: Volcán Villarrica, Mapudungun: Ruka Pillañ) ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan duwatsu masu aman wuta a Chile, yana hawa sama da tafkin da garin suna iri ɗaya, kilomita 750 (470 mi) kudu da Santiago.[1] Ana kuma santa da Rucapillán, kalmar Mapuche ma'ana "gidan ruhu mai girma" ko "gidan aljani". Shi ne mafi yammaci na manyan tuddai uku waɗanda ke tasowa arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas daidai gwargwado ga sarkar Andean tare da Mocha-Villarrica Fault Zone, [2] kuma tare da Quetrupillán da Chi portionlean na Lanín, ana kiyaye su a cikin Villarrica National Park. Hawan jagora ya shahara a lokacin bazara.

Villarrica, tare da lava na basaltic - andesitic abun da ke ciki, ɗaya ne daga cikin ƙananan adadi a duk duniya da aka sani suna da aiki (amma a cikin wannan yanayin na wucin gadi) tafkin lava a cikin raminsa . Dutsen mai aman wuta yawanci yana haifar da fashewar strombolian tare da fitar da pyroclast mai haske da kwararar lava. Ruwan sama da narke dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙara na iya haifar da laka mai yawa (laka da tarkace), kamar lokacin fashewar 1964 da 1971.

Villarrica na ɗaya daga cikin tsaunuka 9 a halin yanzu wanda aikin Deep Carbon Degassing Project ke kulawa. Aikin yana tattara bayanai kan yawan hayakin carbon dioxide da sulfur dioxide daga tsaunukan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa . 

 Geography da Geology 
Villarica tana tsaye a gabas da tsakiyar kwarin Chile a matsayin yamma mafi tsayin jeri na manyan tartsatsin wuta guda uku. An danganta alignment ga kasancewar wani tsohon karaya a cikin ɓawon burodi, Arewa maso Yamma-Kudu maso Gabas Trending Mocha-Villarrica Fault Zone,  sauran volcanoes a cikin sarkar, Quetrupillán da Lanín, ba su da nisa aiki. Daidaitawa ba sabon abu ba ne yayin da yake ketare NS yana gudana Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault, tare da manyan tsaunuka masu aiki da yawa suna daidaitawa. 

Villarrica tana da yanki 400 km2 kuma yana da kiyasin girma na 250 km3 ku . Ya ƙunshi kogo masu aman wuta da kusan scoria cones 26. A akai-akai degassing a lava lake juya in ba haka ba quite effusive lava more dankowa, heightening ta fashewa m. Ana iya ganin manyan yadudduka masu ƙonewa ; Licán Ignimbrite da Pucón Ignimbrite na baya-bayan nan. 

Villarrica ta fito ne a lokacin Pleistocene ta Tsakiya kuma ta girma ta samar da babban nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in ginin na yanzu. Shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata a lokacin Valdivia Interglacial kakannin Villarrica ya ruguje bayan fashewar fashewa kuma suka kafa babban elliptical caldera na 6.5 da 4.2 km a diamita. A lokacin glaciation Llanquihue Villarrica ya samar da adibas na pyroclastic kwarara, subglacial andesite lavas da dacite dykes. Ta sake ruguje shekaru 13,700 da suka gabata ta samar da sabuwar karamar caldera, a tsakanin sauran kwararar ruwa Licán Ignimbrite yana da alaƙa da wannan taron. An fara da Licán Ignimbrite, wanda aka ƙirƙira bayan ƙaddamarwar ƙarshe, ayyuka sun ci gaba da irin wannan salon. An fitar da Pucón Ignimbrite a lokacin wani ɗan ƙaramin rugujewa na saman stratocone shekaru 3,700 da suka gabata. 

 Glaciers 
Dusar ƙanƙara ce ta rufe babban ɓangaren Villarrica kuma yana da wasu 40 kilomita 2 na glaciers, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Pichillancahue-Turbio Glacier wanda ke gefen kudu maso gabas.   Toka daga fashewar na iya ƙara zubar dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara ta hanyar ɗaukar hasken rana . Wasu lullubin toka sun fi 5 cm kauri kuma suna rufe dusar ƙanƙara, suna rage ɓarna maimakon haɓakawa. Tsakanin 1961 da 2003, Villarrica ta rasa kashi 25% na samanta mai glaciated kuma glaciers sun ragu a matsakaicin adadin -0.4 km2 a kowace shekara. 

 Yawon shakatawa 
Villarrica ya shahara don hawa tare da tafiye-tafiyen jagora zuwa ramin daga garin Pucón, amma ana iya dakatar da waɗannan saboda gajimare ko aikin volcanic. Ana samun jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu tun 2007. A cikin hunturu (Yuli-Satumba) wurin shakatawa na kankara yana aiki a kan gangaren arewa.  Mafi karancin shekaru da ya kai ga taron kolin da gwamnatin Chile ta amince da shi shi ne Christopher Heussner na Texas yana da shekaru 9 a cikin 1999.

 Tarihi mai fashewa 
Villarrica na ɗaya daga cikin manyan tuddai na Chile; An rubuta fashewar fashewar tun lokacin da aka ci Chile da kuma kafa birnin Villarrica a shekara ta 1552. An kafa wannan birni a asali kusa da wurin Pucón na yau.  Volcano na Villarrica yana da fashewar strombolian akai-akai a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 16.  Kololuwar ayyuka sun faru a cikin 1558 da 1562.  Fashewar 1562 musamman an ajiye siraran ash na bakin ciki har zuwa 200. km nesa da dutsen mai aman wuta. 

A lokacin farkon shekarunsa, birnin Villarrica ya kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar hakar gwal da azurfa .  Duk da haka aikin hakar ma'adinai ya ƙi bisa lokaci.  Ana tunanin cewa wannan raguwar na iya zama sakamakon binne masu sanya zinari a ƙarƙashin lahar da ke da alaƙa da fashewar tsakiyar karni na 16 na Villarrica.  Wannan jana'izar da ta sa mazauna garin ƙaura zuwa yamma zuwa wurin da yake da shi na zamani, wurin da ba shi da haɗari ga haɗarin wuta .  Akwai rashin tabbas a cikin rikodin fashewa a farkon rabin farkon karni na 17 saboda tashin hankalin Mapuche da Huilliche wanda ya haifar da mika wuya ko watsi da matsugunan Mutanen Espanya yayin lalata biranen Bakwai . 
Dutsen dutsen ya ci gaba da fashewa a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1963.  A ranar 12 ga Maris, wani bututun ruwa mai nisan mita 250 a kasa da kolin ya fara zubar da lavagi wanda ya yi tsayin mita 1000 da fadin lava mai nisan mita 150.  Ruwan lava ya tsaya a ranar 19 ga Maris. A daidai wannan lokacin da kogin koli ya ci gaba da fashewar strombolian.  fashewar fashewar fashewar ta sake farawa a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1963, kuma ba shakka fashewar ta sake fitowa a ranar 21 ga Mayu. Sakamakon karshe na wannan zagayowar fashewar shine lahar da ya gangaro daga dutsen mai aman wuta a ranar 24 ga Mayu. 

A cikin makonni biyu na ƙarshe na Fabrairu 1964, Villarrica ta haifar da ƙanana, tashin hankali da rawar jiki. A ranar 2 ga Maris, a 2:45 na safe, ta fara fashewar strombolian, kuma mazauna Coñaripe, wani itace, sun gudu zuwa tsaunin da ke kewaye.  A wani lokaci, mazaunan Coñaripe sun yanke shawarar komawa gidajensu don neman mafaka daga ruwan sama mai yawa.  A tsakar dare wani sabon lava ya ci gaba da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara da ke jawo lahar biyar.  Narke dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara daga Glacier Pichillancahue-Turbio tare da ruwan sama mai yawa don samar da lahar da yawa. Wannan lamarin ya kama mazauna Coñaripe ba tare lokacin da daya daga cikin lahar ya mamaye garin inda ya kashe mazauna 27.   Har ila yau, hamlet na Chaillupén ya lalace ta hanyar lahar ma'ana an lalata gidaje 30, duk da haka, babu mace-mace.  Sauran lahar da suka kwararowa arewa sun lalata gadoji daban-daban tsakanin Villarrica da Pucón kafin su shiga tafkin Villarrica . Kwatsam kwatsam kwatsam kwatsam na lahar cikin tafkin Villarrica ya sa ruwan ya hauhawa, tare da ambaliya wasu guraren kiwo. 

Wasu Mapuches sun zargi mazauna garin da laifin bala'in da'awar cewa sun tsokane shi ta hanyar la'antar garin Coñaripe.  Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna nuna imanin cewa yanayi yana "haɗe da Indiyawa". 

 1971-1972 fashewa 
A ranar 29 ga Oktoban 1971, da karfe 3:00 na safe, an yi tashin bama-bamai da dama a cikin ramin kuma wani ginshikin fari sannan kuma hayaki ya bayyana.  Bayan wata daya, da kwata zuwa tsakar dare a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, Villarrica ta fara sabon zagayowar fashewa. An kori yroclasts kuma dusar ƙanƙarar da ke kewaye da ramin ta narke. Bayan dakatarwar da aka yi a cikin wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, an ɗora ruwa daga wata sabuwar hanya ta gefen arewa maso gabas, ta narke ruwa mai yawa tare da haifar da lahar . Waɗannan lahar sun shafi Pichaye, El Turbio, Collentañe, Minetué, Molco, Voipir da Curarrehue, dukkansu a cikin kogin Trancura . Gas mai guba mai guba ya sa iska ba ta da numfashi a Villarrica da Pucón inda aka ba da rahoton mutuwar aƙalla 15. 

 2015 fashewa 

Ranar Fabrairu 7, 2015, Villarrica ta haifar da faɗakarwar rawaya a duka Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería   da Onemi .  Ƙananan fashe-fashe da ƙananan hayaƙin toka an ganuwa.  Bayan kwana goma, wani fashewa ya sake faruwa. Hukumar kula da yanayin kasa da ma'adinai ta kasa (Sernageomin) ta ayyana gargadin rawaya bayan da aman wuta da girgizar kasa ya sake karuwa, yayin da Ofishin Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Kasa (ONEMI) ya kiyaye gargadin rawaya.

Da misalin karfe 03:01 na safe ranar 3 ga Maris, 2015, ta fashe,   tana kara jan kunnen ja har zuwa kilomita 10. Fashewar ta zarce tsayin dutsen mai aman wuta, lamarin da ya haifar da wata babbar fashewa da ta tada makwabta, tare da tilasta kwashe mutane 3,385 a yankunan da ke kusa.

Cibiyar Kula da Volcano ta Kudancin Andean (OVDAS) ta nuna cewa sabon fashewar zai ci gaba har zuwa 12:29 na Maris 19, 2015.  Tun daga Yuli 2015, fashewar yana ci gaba da tashi.  Ana auna iskar gas mai aman wuta daga wannan dutsen mai aman wuta ta hanyar Na'urar Analyzer Mai Rukunin Gas, wanda ke gano fashewar fashewar magmas da ke tasowa, yana inganta hasashen ayyukan volcanic . 

Binciken girgizar kasa kafin fashewar ya nuna cewa babu wata girgizar kasa da za ta iya dogaro da ita da fashewar da ke tafe.  Duk da haka, jerin ƙananan girgizar asa tare da hypocenters game da 9 kilomita a ƙarƙashin dutsen mai aman wuta na Villarrica wanda ya faru kwanaki 45 bayan fashewar ana tunanin ya faru ne sakamakon sanyin dykes na feeder . 

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