Modibbo Raji

Modibbo Raji ( Arabic   ; 1790 – 1865) wani malamin addinin fulani ne a karni na 19 wanda yana cikin al’ummar Usman Dan Fodio, wanda ya kafa Daular Sokoto, da dan uwansa Abdullahi dan Fodio .  Bayan ya dade yana aiki a matsayin malami, Qadi, Naib (mataimakin Imam ) da Waziri (waziri) a masarautar Gwandu karkashin jagoransa Abdullahi dan Fodio da wadanda suka gaje shi, Modibbo Raji ya yi hijira a shekarun 1850 kuma daga karshe ya zauna a Adamawa .  Gaba xaya ana yi masa kallon wanda ya assasa al’adar malaman addinin musulunci a Adamawa sannan kuma yana daya daga cikin jigogin daular musulunci ta Tijjaniyya a Daular Sakkwato . Ya mutu c. 1865 kuma an binne shi a Yola ya bar rubuce-rubucensa na Larabci da Fulfulde, da kuma ɗimbin malamai na 'ya'yansa maza, mata, dalibai da abokansa. 

 Rayuwa ta farko da lokaci a Gwandu 
An haifi Modibbo Raji a Maratta (a Jamhuriyar Nijar ta yanzu) ga Aliyu Ibn Abubakar wanda ya ƙaura daga Zinder don shiga al'ummar Usman dan Fodio, wanda a lokacin yake zaune a Maratta. Mahaifiyarsa Rabi'ah dan uwan Fodio ne. Mahaifiyarsa ta koya masa Alkur'ani tun yana ƙarami bayan haka ya sami ilimi na Islama a ƙarƙashin Usman da Abdullahi dan Fodio . Wannan na ƙarshe ya kasance malaminsa da mai ba da shawara har zuwa mutuwarsa. Daga baya al'ummar suka koma Degel (a Jihar Sokoto ta yanzu, Najeriya) inda Modibbo Raji ya ci gaba da karatunsa na farko. Yana da shekaru 14 a farkon Jihad na Usman Dan Fodio . Tare da kafa Masarautar Gwandu, ya tafi ya zauna a can a ƙarƙashin malaminsa Abdullahi dan Fodio, wanda ya ba shi 'yarsa aure. Ya tashi ya zama malami a makarantar Abdullahi Fodio kuma Qadi a ƙarƙashin magajin Abdullahi Emir Muhammad (1829-35). Ya kasance mataimakin ko Naib na magajin Emir Muhammad Emir Ibrahim Khalil (1835-60).  Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan mutuwar Abdullahi dan Fodio a 1828, al-Hajj Umar al-Futi ya fara Modibbo Raji a cikin ƙungiyar Islama ta Tijjaniyya . Koyaya, da farko ya ɓoye membobinsa na ƙungiyar a asirce saboda kafawar Sokoto a lokacin ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Qadiriyya. Bai bayyana amincinsa ga Tijjaniyya ba har sai da ya yi ritaya daga matsayinsa na jama'a a shekara ta 1848.

 Gudun Hijira zuwa Adamawa 
Modibbo Raji ya yanke shawarar yin hijira a lokacin mulkin Emir Khalil na Gwandu, wani yanke shawara wanda zai iya fitowa daga farkonsa zuwa cikin ƙungiyar Tijjaniyya. Wani dalili mai yiwuwa shine karuwar rashin jin daɗi game da abin da yake a ganinsa, yanayin lalacewa a cikin Khalifanci wanda ya yi nuni a fili a cikin waka ta Fulfulde Alaamaaji Ngirbuki (Alamu na Rushewa).  Bayan ya amince da kasancewa memba na Tijjaniyya, Modibbo Raji ya nemi izini daga Emir Khalil don yin hijira. Manufarsa ita ce ta yi tafiya zuwa Land mai tsarki, ta yi Hajji kuma daga ƙarshe ta zauna a bakin Kogin Nilu. Sarkin Khalil da farko ya yi tsayayya da shirin amma daga baya ya zo ya ba da izini. A cikin c. 1855, tare da mafi yawan danginsa, ɗalibansa da iyalansu, Modibbo Raji ya bar Gwandu kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa gabas ta hanyar Katsina da Kano inda ya sadu da sababbin abokai (waɗanda malaman Islama ne a kansu) kamar Modibbo Nakashiri, Modibbe Sufyanu da Malam Muhammad Na Gano, waɗanda ko dai suka yi tafiya tare da shi ko kuma suka haɗu da shi daga baya a Yola. Lokacin da ya isa Yola, Modibbo Raji ya sami maraba da sarkin Lamido Lauwal wanda ya nemi ya hana shi ci gaba zuwa Gabas. Lamido ya ba da wani yanki a kudancin Yola don Modibbo Raji da sahabbansa su zauna, wurin da yanzu ya girma ya zama Wuro Modibbo .  Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a cikin c. 1857, Modibbo Raji ya bar Yola don ci gaba da tafiyarsa zuwa gabas. A cikin shekarun 1980s, zuriyarsa sun gina makaranta a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarsa a Wuro Modibbo .

 Kasancewa a Kalfou 
alt=Adamawa Emirate in 1890 (upper right)|thumb|Taswirar Jamus da ke nuna Masarautar Adamawa a cikin 1890 (sama dama) 
A iyakar gabashin Masarautar Adamawa, Modibbo Raji bai iya ci gaba da tafiyarsa ba saboda matsaloli a Sultanate na Bagirmi a Jamhuriyar Chadi ta yanzu. Saboda haka ya kasance a cikin sub-emirate na Kalfou (a cikin yankin Far North na Kamaru na yanzu) kuma ya kafa ƙauyen Dinawo (birni na addini) yayin da yake jiran dawowar zaman lafiya zuwa Bagirmi don ci gaba da tafiyarsa. A cikin karni na 19, malaman musulmai sun ba da umarni ga manyan mabiya daban-daban daga na sarakuna a yankinsu da suka zauna. Al'ummar da ya kafa a cikin Kalfou sun bambanta da ikon Tijjaniyya. Wannan ya haifar da damuwa ga mai mulkin Kalfou Lamdo Koiranga wanda ya yi kira ga Lamido Lauwal a Yola don mafita. Lamido ya ci Modibbo Raji ya koma Yola bayan ya zauna shekaru da yawa a Dinawo.

 Komawa zuwa Yola da mutuwa 
Modibbo Raji ya koma Yola kuma an ajiye shi kusa da gidan shugaban masu tsaron fadar Lamido (Sarkin Dogarai). A can ne ya mutu watanni bakwai bayan haka yana da shekaru 75 a c. 1865. An binne shi a cikin gidan, inda ya kasance wurin binne iyali (Hubbare) har zuwa yau.

 Kyauta 
Modibbo Raji ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan malaman addinin Musulunci a Masarautar Gwandu a shekarunta na farko, daga baya kuma a Masarautar Adamawa . Ya kasance daya daga cikin jagororin Darikar Tijjaniyya a tsohuwar Khalifancin Sakkwato, kasancewar yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara kafa ta a yankin.  Bayan ayyukansa na koyarwa da shari'a da gudanarwa, ya kuma yi fice a rubuce-rubucensa (a cikin harshen Larabci da Fulfulde ) a fannin adabi da ya shafe kusan shekaru 60 daga 1806 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1865.  Bayan rasuwarsa, 'ya'yansa da abokansa sun kaura daga Yola don zama a garin Gire da ke kusa da garinsu na Musulunci.  ‘ya’yansa sun hada da Modibbo Usmanu (Baba Modibbo), Modibbo Abubakar (Alfa), Modibbo Murtala (Baba Girei), Modibbo Ahmadu (Ba Sambo), Modibbo Musdafa (Ba Dikko) da Modibbo Isa (Gaji).  Modibbo Usmanu shi ne fitaccen dan kungiyar malaman addinin musulunci a karshen karni na 19 da masana tarihi suka fi sani da Girei Ulama .  Baya ga kasancewarsa fitaccen malami kuma malami, ya rike mukaman shugaban Qadi na Girei da babban limamin masallacin Girei na tsakiya. A matsayinsa na Cif Qadi, ya kasance mai kula da masarautun arewa na Adamawa tun daga Maroua har zuwa Ngaoundere . Ya rasu a shekara ta 1906, shekaru kadan bayan kafuwar mulkin mallaka a Najeriya . Daga cikin dalibansa akwai Modibbo Girei Ahmadu,  : 301 wanda tsohon dan majalisar Lamido ne mai shari'a kuma Alkali Hamma Joda, Njeuma, MZ (2012). Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa) 1809-1902. Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG. p. 112. . wanda ya taba zama shugaban Qadi na Yola. Abokan Modibbo Raji Modibbo Nakashiri Hunwick, John (1994). Arabic Literature of Africa: The writings of central Sudanic Africa Vol.2. Volume 13. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 437. . da Modibbo Sufyanu su ma manyan mutane ne a cikin al'ummar Girei. Daya daga cikin daliban Modibbo Raji Muhammad Tanu Mo'ililal ya kasance fitaccen malamin addinin musulunci kuma marubuci a karshen karni na 19 a Yola.  : 212 Diyar Modibbo Nakashiri Amina aka Inna Jangirde (1877-1947) wacce zuriyar Modibbo Raji ce a wajen mahaifiyarta, ta kasance fitacciyar malamin addinin Musulunci a Yola wacce ta taba koyar da fitattun 'yan gidan sarautar Adamawa .  Wasu daga cikin ‘ya’yan Modibbo Raji kuma sun shahara da malaman Alqur’ani da suke gudanar da makarantun yara da gudanar da Tafsirin mata. Wadanda suka fi kowa ilimi a cikinsu akwai Zainabu (Goggo Abu), Asma'u (Goggo Nana) da Hafsatu (Goggo Peto).  : 212 
An kuma lura da jikokin Modibbo Raji kamar Modibbo Dahiru (daga baya aka sani da Galadima Dahiru) da Modibbo Mu'azu don ilimin Islama a farkon zuwa tsakiyar shekarun karni na 20.  Daliban Modibbo Dahiru a Yola sun hada da Wakili Chamba Hamman Tukur da Liman Husseini wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan Imamai na Yola. Modibbo Dahiru tare da dan uwansa Muhammadu Girei (daga baya aka sani da Sardauna) da Mallu Hamman (daga baya an san shi da Waziri Mallu Hammen) sune 'yan asalin Adamawa na farko da suka sami ilimin Yamma lokacin da gwamnatin lardin ta aiko su a 1911 don halartar sabuwar makarantar da Hanns Vischer (Dan Hausa) ke gudanarwa a Kano. Bayan ya dawo daga Kano, Modibbo Dahiru ya zama mai ba da kuɗi na farko a lardin Yola a lokacin. Daga baya a 1919, Lamido Muhammad Abba ya nada shi a matsayin Galadima na huɗu na Adamawa,  taken da yanzu zuriyar Modibbo Raji ta mallaka sama da shekaru 100.  :: 432  Sauran jikokin Modibbo Raji an nada su a matsayin shugabannin gundumar Chubunawa, Maiha (Sardauna Muhammadu Girei), :: 407  Ga'anda, Mambilla (Usman Muqaddas)  da Madagali (Dan Galadima Dahiru Aminu, babban jikan) a lokuta daban-daban a farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. Galadima Aminu, kuma jikan Modibbo Raji, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wakilan da suka fi dadewa a Masarautar Adamawa . Njeuma, MZ (2012). Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa) 1809-1902. Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG. p. 240. . Ya rike mukamin Galadima Adamawa daga 1921 zuwa 1967 lokacin da ya kuma ninka sau biyu a matsayin Shugaban Gundumar Yola (da Jimeta) tsakanin 1934 da 1958. : 410 

Daga baya zuriyar Modibbo Raji sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin gwamnati, siyasa, soja, kasuwanci, ilimi da kuma sana'o'i daban-daban a Najeriya bayan samun 'yancin kai. A cikin jiharsu ta Adamawa, ana samun daruruwan zuriyarsa galibi a yankunan karamar hukuma na Yola ta Kudu, Yola ta Arewa, Girai, Mayo Belwa, Gombi da Song. Fiye da ƙarni guda na aure tsakanin zuriyar Modibbo Raji da na sahabbansa Modibbo Nakashiri, Modibbo Sufyanu da Malam Muhammad Na Gano :: 366  ya kirkiro babban, haɗin gwiwar zuriyar da ake kira 'Fulbe Hausa', wanda ke nufin Fulani wanda ya fito daga Hausaland. Tukur, MM (2016). British Colonisation of Northern Nigeria, 1897-1914. A Reinterpretation of Colonial Sources. Dakar, Senegal: Amalion Publishing. p. 512. .

 Rubuce-rubuce 
Tushen: 

 Fulfulde 

 Laamii'do mo hawtaaka nusal
 Alaamaaji donbuki
 Finndin daanii'do
 Taron Yuli
 Yah gi'do ne
 Yimre furuu'a
 Yimre yeyraa'be
 Shenii'do Raji

 Larabci 

 Ajwiba
 Irshad al-habib ila maqasid al-labib
 Littafin al-Turai
 Lubab al-din
 Al-Qal sa'adat al-mar li-husn al-fal
 Qasidah mimiyya fi 'l-tasawwuf
 Tahdhir al-Su'adah al-Fa'izin min Ittaiba al-Ashqiya al-Khasirin
 Risala ila amir Gwandu Khalil
 Wasiyya

 Wasikar Modibbo Raji ga Waziri na Sokoto Abdul-Qadir b. Gidado (1842-1859) 
Tushen: Da sunan Allah mai rahma mai jin kai, Allah ya jikansa
Allah ya kara tabbata ga Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallama da mabiyansa a tafarkin masu gaskiya
addini.

Daga Bawan Allah Muhammadu Raji b. Ali ga sarkin al’amura, wali
nasiha, Waziri, dan 'yar uwar mu Asma'u 'yar shehi.
mafi cikakkiyar salama da cikakkiyar gaisuwa da girmamawa.

Wannan shine don sanar da ku labaran mu da cewa mu Alhamdulillahi muna cikin koshin lafiya
lafiya. Mun isa kasar Imam Adama lami lafiya dangane da haka
zuwa ga al'amuranmu na addini da na duniya baki daya, albarkacin ku (baraka).
Kuma lallai manzonka, sarki Kassan ya zage damtse don ya cika ka
Yana buri, ya kuma kiyaye umarnanka, har ya aikata dukan umarninka.
Muna godiya gare ku da shi. Allah ya sanya ku ranar kiyama
cikin manyan mutane ko zababbun mutane.
Bayan haka, ku isar da gaisuwarmu zuwa ga amirul-muminin (Ali b. Bello 1842-59) da
isar masa da addu'a da godiyarmu - Allah ya kara masa girma da daukaka
mulkin mallaka. Lallai ne ya sanya mu duka a karkashin ikonsa ta hanyar falalarsa;
Lallai ni'imarSa ba ta taba barin mu mu ji ƙishirwa ko yunwa ba - godiya ta tabbata ga Allah.

Bayan haka, na koya daga rahotanni masu yawa cewa hanyar zuwa Wuri Mai Tsarki ita ce
ba zai yiwu ba sai ta hanyar tarayya da kafirai da abota da su
suna bin umarnansu tun daga nan zuwa Wuri Mai Tsarki. Ban karba ba
yin ciniki da addinina ta wannan hanya ko da yake da yawa daga cikin Malamai sun yi
yi haka. Hasali ma Sheikh namu b. Fodiyo ta ce, “Don yin tarayya da Kafiri
– kafiri mai fasikanci da zalunci, zunubi ne ko da a zahiri ne kawai”.
Saboda haka, na juya ga hannun dama na zauna a ƙasar
Lawal b. Adama.

 Yaudara 
Modibbo Raji's elegy Woyrude Modibbo Raji,  wanda kuma ake kira Fayaa Fukarabe, ɗalibinsa Muhammad Tanu Mo'Ililal ne ya kirkiro shi. An rubuta waƙoƙin ayoyi 31 a cikin harshen Fulfulde kuma an rubuta su a cikin Rubutun Ajami. A cikin wannan fayil ɗin sauti, Hadijatu Adda Yola gwauruwar jikan Modibbo Raji Galadima Bello Ahmad ce ta karanta waƙar.

 Ƙarin karantawa 

 Abba, I. Alkali. "Islama a Adamawa a cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara da na ashirin. " MA Thesis, ABU, 1976
 Abubakar, Sa'ad "Tushen Al'ummar Masanin Islama a Yola. "Takarda da aka gabatar a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a, ABU, 1972
 Muhammad Tanu Mo'ililal. Fayaa Fukarabe (wani yabo game da mutuwar Modibbo Raji), NHRS, ABU Zaria
 Kirk-Greene A.H.M., Adamawa Past and Present, (London, 1958) 
 [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tarihin Adamawa bisa ga al'adar baki. A cikin: Buga na musamman daga sakonni daga Geographical Society a Hamburg. Littafi na 26, Hamburg 1912

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