Tsarin wucewa (tarihin Kanada)

tsarin wucewa tsarin fasfo ne na ciki ga 'Yan asalin Kanada tsakanin 1885 da 1941. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Indiya (DIA) ce ta gudanar da shi, tun daga baya bayan tawaye na Arewa maso Yammacin 1885 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙari mai zurfi don ƙuntata 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar Indiya, sannan sabon kafa ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Lissafi. :-5 Tsarin, da farko an yi niyya ne a matsayin mataki na wucin gadi don murkushe rikici a lardunan da ke cikin filayen, daga ƙarshe ya zama fasalin dindindin na manufofin al'amuran Indiya na tarayya.

Majalisar ba ta taba ba da izinin tsarin wucewa ba; manufofin gudanarwa ne na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Indiya. Tsarin ya kasance a wurin har zuwa 1941; manufarsa ita ce ta iyakance 'yancin motsi na' yan asalin ƙasar. Jami'an Tarayya sun tabbatar da cewa "Ya kamata a raba Indiyawa daga sauran al'umma don amfanin kansu, saboda hulɗa ta kasance mai cutar da su". An aiwatar da tsarin wucewa a Alberta da sauran yankuna a cikin filayen yamma, a cikin Yarjejeniyar 4, Yarjejeniyar 6, da Yarjejeniyar 7 yankuna.  Gwamnatin tarayya ta dakatar da tsarin a shekara ta 1941.

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Indiya (DIA) ce ke gudanar da tsarin wucewa; ikonta na yin hakan ya samo asali ne daga tanadin Dokar Indiya wacce ta ba wakilan Indiya na gida ikon adalci na zaman lafiya. A karkashin ikon da aka ba su don gudanar da ajiya, jami'an suna da alhakin aiwatar da tsarin wucewa; sau da yawa ana yin wannan ne da gangan. A karkashin uzuri na laifuka masu yawa da aka bayyana a fili, an ba jami'an 'Yan sanda na Arewa maso Yamma (NWMP) izinin tsare' yan asalin da suka kasance ba tare da takardun da suka dace ba. : Za a mayar da fursunoni 30 zuwa wuraren ajiyar su; azabtarwa don barin ajiyar ba tare da izini ba na iya haɗawa da ɗaurin kurkuku.

Rahoton 2015 na Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu (TRC) ta bayyana manufofin tsarin wucewa, Tsarin ajiyar Indiya, Tsarin makarantar zama na Indiya a matsayin "haɗin kai". : 133 

 Yanayi 
(TRC) ya bayyana lokacin daga 1764 zuwa 1969 a matsayin lokacin "Displacement and Assimilation".  Daga 1871 zuwa 1880s, yayin da wuraren aikin gona suka fadada a fadin filayen, gwamnatin Kanada ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Lamba, ta kafa tsarin ajiya, kuma ta karfafa Al'ummai na farko su karɓi aikin gona tare da kirkirar makarantun shiga masana'antu.  A cikin shekarun 1880, bayan shekaru 80 na farauta, Yawan bison a cikin filayen yamma - wanda Al'ummai na farko suka dogara - ya rushe, wanda ya haifar da yunwa. Sarah Carter ta bayyana yadda, "Buffalo shine tushe na tattalin arzikin Filayen, yana ba mutane ba kawai da mahimman tushen furotin da bitamin ba amma da sauran abubuwan da ake bukata, gami da mafaka, tufafi, kwantena, da kayan aiki. "   A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da 19 annobar kyanda ta kashe al'ummomin asali. Al'ummai na farko ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su yarda da manufofin gwamnati. Rahoton TRC ya bayyana manufofi - gami da tsarin ajiya, makarantun zama, da tsarin wucewa - a matsayin "haɗin kai mai tsanani". : 133 

 Yankin da ake ciki 
Masanin tarihin Jami'ar tsibirin Vancouver, Keith D. Smith ya bayyana tsarin wucewa a cikin littafinsa na 2009 Liberalism, Surveillance, and Resistance: Indigenous Communities in Western Canada, 1877-1927, a matsayin "wani bangare mai tasiri sosai na "matrix" mai hanawa "dokoki, ka'idoji, da manufofi" don "ƙaddamar da 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar su" da kuma inganta "sha' yan asalin ƙasar da ba' yan asalin ba. " : 60-77  Smith ya rubuta cewa, "A karkashin wannan shirin, ana buƙatar mazaunin ajiya don fara samun takardar izinin shiga daga wakilin Indiya idan suna so su ziyarci dangi ko abokai a ƙauyen da ke kusa; bincika yaransu a makarantar zama; shiga cikin bikin ko halartar taron al'adu a cikin al'umma makwabta; barin ajiyar su don farauta, kifi, da tattara albarkatu; neman aiki mai biyan kuɗi; tafiya zuwa cibiyoyin birane; ko barin ajiyar saboda kowane dalili. "

An aiwatar da tsarin wucewa a cikin Yarjejeniyar 4, Yarjejeniyar 6, da Yarjejeniyar 7, yankunan da suka zama lardunan da ke cikin filayen.

 Matsayin jami'an gwamnatin tarayya (1879-1890s) 
John A. Macdonald (1815-1891), Edgar Dewdney (1835-1916), da Hayter Reed (1849-1936) sune jami'an tarayya guda uku wadanda suka kasance "mafi shahara a ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofin Indiya" a wannan lokacin."Indian Policy and the Early Reserve Period". University of Saskatchewan. Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021. Macdonald shine Firayim Minista na farko na Kanada daga 1867 har zuwa 1873 kuma yana da wa'adi na biyu daga 1878 har zuwa 1891. Daga 1879 zuwa 1887 Macdonald, wanda ya kasance Superintendent Janar na Harkokin Indiya da Firayim Minista, bai taba ziyartar Al'ummai na Farko ba. Macdonald ya yi alkawarin hanyar jirgin kasa don haɗa British Columbia, wanda ya shiga Confederation a 1871, tare da gabashin Kanada. Lokacin da ya lashe wa'adinsa na biyu, yana ƙarƙashin matsin lamba don kammala Canadian Pacific Railway. Sakamakon karshe a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1885 ya nuna kammala hanyar jirgin kasa, wanda mutane da yawa suka girmama Macdonald kuma wasu suka hukunta shi. Labarin kasa na Kanada sau da yawa yana murna da Macdonald da hanyar jirgin kasa ta CP yayin da ta kawo wadata ga 'yan Kanada da yawa. An cire 'yan asalin ƙasar daga ƙasashensu na gargajiya don ba da hanya ga CPR, gami da kimanin' yan asalin ƙasar 5,000 waɗanda aka "kusa daga Cypress Hills na Saskatchewan a cikin 1880s kadai[...] Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da jami'an Indiya na cikin gida suka yi amfani da su don hana ragowar. "  A cikin littafinsa na 2013 Clearing the Plains: Cutut, Siyasa na Starvation, da kuma Asusun Rayuwa na Indiya, masanin Kanada, James Daschuk, ya bayyana "ts, wanda ke da alhakin mutane na farko da ke da al'ummawa, wanda ke tattare da alhakam, wanda ke ɗaurewa, wanda ya zama masu cin zarafin mutanen farko, sau da yawa don ƙaddamar da su, wanda ke haifar da alhakkawa, wanda Vunkur, sau da alhakma, sau da su". Sauran masana tarihi sun zargi Dewdney wanda aka sani da shiga cikin gwagwarmayar iko tare da Vankoughnet. Vankoughnet ne ya fara ambaton tsarin wucewa a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara na 1884, yana mai da'awar yana da damar "hana Indiyawa daga yin sansani ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kusa da ƙauyukan fararen fata. "Barron, F. Laurie (1988). "The Indian Pass System in the Canadian West, 1882-1935" (PDF). Prairie Forum. 13 (1): 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.

A shekara ta 1879, Macdonald ya zaɓi Dewdney don ya gaji David Laird a matsayin Superintendent of Indian Affairs saboda "tsayin daka da basira, hukunci da gogewa, da 'sanin halin Indiya'. : 66 Dewdney ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na Yankin Arewa maso Yamma daga Disamba 3, 1881 har zuwa murabus dinsa a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1888 a matsayin gwamna da kuma kwamishina.  : Dewdney ya hayar Hayter Reed (1849-1936) a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamishinansa. : 63-120 Reed, wanda Dewdney ya ba da shawarar a matsayin maye gurbinsa a matsayin Kwamishinan Indiya, ya ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofin sashen da ke inganta "kariya, wayewa, da daidaitawa. " Reed ya ce, "Idan Indiya zai zama tushen riba ga kasar, a bayyane yake cewa dole ne a haɗa shi da fararen jama'a. "

 Matsayin jami'an Indiya na cikin gida 
A cikin shekarun 1870, DIA ta kafa Jami'an Indiya na cikin gida don "tabbatar da kulawar zamantakewa da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa na kungiyoyin Kasashen Farko". A cikin 1885, an fadada ikon jami'an India na cikin gida yana ba su iko a matsayin mai adalci na zaman lafiya a cikin al'amuran shari'a, da kuma haƙƙin ƙuntata 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa wuraren ajiyar su ta hanyar tsarin wucewa. Sun riga sun sami ikon "don ba da shawarar cire Cif daga majalisa da kuma tilasta yara ko dai su halarci ko su ƙi yaro ya halarci makarantun zama".

 Tsayayya da bayan tawaye 
A tsakiyar shekarun 1880 a cikin Gundumar Saskatchewan na Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, Yarjejeniyar 6 Cree da Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear) (1825-1888) ke jagoranta suna fuskantar yunwa yayin da garken bison suka ɓace. Big Bear ya tashi cikin takaici a kan gwamnati, kuma ya nuna rashin amincewa da yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya. A cikin watanni biyar a cikin 1885, Métis sun shiga cikin rikici da gwamnatin Kanada. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru an san su da Rebellion na Arewa maso Yamma . Amsa da makamai daga gwamnatin tarayya ya kawo karshen tashin hankali kuma ya hana wasu. Bayan wannan tawaye mara nasara, gwamnatin Kanada ta fuskanci adawa kaɗan ga fadada ta,  isowar mazauna, da kuma gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa.

Reed, wakilin Indiya na yankin Saskatchewan,  ya tambayi Macdonald ya ƙuntata motsi na Indiyawa kuma ya jaddada cewa tsaro da jin daɗin ƙasar da fararen mazauna suna cikin haɗari. A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1885, mai kula da 'Yan sanda na Arewa maso Yamma (NWMP) ya yi ƙoƙari ya kama abin da ya ɗauka muhimmiyar wurin samarwa. A sakamakon wannan gwagwarmaya, mutane 12 na NWMP sun mutu kuma 11 sun ji rauni. An kuma kashe Metis biyar da 1 Cree a yakin. 

A cikin 1884 da 1885, tsarin wucewa ya fito ne yayin da Dewdney ya umarci sabuwar 'yan sanda ta Arewa maso Yamma da su "tsayar da shugabannin' yan asalin yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tafiya zuwa tarurruka, rushe tarurruka inda ake tattauna juriya ta shari'a da ƙalubalen kotu, da kuma [yi amfani da] abinci don matsawa mutanen Filayen zuwa biyayya". : 53 

Bayan tawaye na 1885, Macdonald da gwamnatinsa sun gabatar da "mafi yawan manufofi da dokoki" tare da burin "ruguje tsarin kabilanci da kuma daidaita mutanen First Nations". "Indian Policy and the Early Reserve Period". University of Saskatchewan. Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.  Masanin tarihi Sarah Carter ya bayyana tsarin wucewa - "na farko da aka fara a babban sikelin" a lokacin rikicin 1885 - a matsayin "mafi sanannun matakan bayan 1885. " :-5 A cikin shekarun bayan tawaye, yankunan gabas sun fara koyo game da yadda 'yan asalin Plains ke fama da yunwa. 

Kamar yadda Dewdney ya nema, Reed, wanda a lokacin shi ne Mataimakin Kwamishinan Indiya ga Kwamishinan India, ya tsara "Memorandum on the Future Management of Indians" wanda ya tsara manufofi don mayar da martani ga tawaye na 1885.  "Indian Policy and the Early Reserve Period". University of Saskatchewan. Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021. Yarjejeniyar ta goyi bayan azabtarwa mai tsanani ga masu aikata tashin hankali don hana "rashin hankali na gaba". Ya yi kira ga kawar da tsarin kabilanci, da cin zarafin raye-raye na magani, da kuma tsare dukkan 'yan tawaye zuwa wuraren ajiyar su ta hanyar amfani da tsarin wucewa. Ya kamata a kwace dawakai na 'yan tawaye. Reed ya riga ya fara aiwatar da tsarin "ci gaba da Indiyawan a kan wuraren ajiyar su kuma ba ya barin wani  bar su ba tare da wucewa ba", a cewar wata sanarwa ta 16 ga Agusta, 1885 daga Reed zuwa Dewdney.  [to]Barron, F. Laurie (1988). "The Indian Pass System in the Canadian West, 1882-1935" (PDF). Prairie Forum. 13 (1): 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021. Reed ya rubuta cewa, ya san cewa tsarin wucewa "ba za a iya tallafawa ta kowane doka ba amma dole ne mu yi abubuwa da yawa waɗanda kawai za a iya goyi bayan su ta hanyar hankali da abin da zai iya zama don amfanin gaba ɗaya. Ina sa 'yan sanda su aikawa kowace rana kuma su aika duk wani Indiyawa ba tare da wucewa ba zuwa ajiyar su".   Dewdney ya kara da maganarsa ga Memo kuma ya tura shi ga Macdonald da Mataimakin Superintendent Janar na Harkokin Indiya, Vankoughnet a watan Agustan 1885. : 36 Tsarin wucewa ya fito ne daga wannan takarda ta ƙarshe tare da sake dubawa da gyare-gyare. An ambaci tsarin wucewa a cikin wasiƙu tsakanin Macdonald da Mataimakin Superintendent Janar na Harkokin Indiya, Lawrence Vankoughnet . Wata wasika ta watan Agusta 1885 ta ce, "Game da ƙungiyoyi marasa aminci ya kamata a aiwatar da wannan [tsarin wucewa] sakamakon rashin amincinsu. Ya kamata a gabatar da tsarin a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu aminci kuma a matsa musu fa'idar canjin. Amma ba za a iya azabtar da hukunci don karya iyakoki ba kuma idan akwai juriya a kan tushen Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ba za a nace a kan ta ba. "  :

Vankoughnet ya ce, "Matsayin Indiyawa a Kanada shine na ƙarami tare da gwamnati a matsayin mai kula. An bayyana cewa "maganganunsa suna wakiltar sanarwa mai mahimmanci na manufofin gwamnatin tarayya a farkon lokacin, 1873-1912. ": 36 

A cewar TRC, Harkokin Indiya sun kafa tsarin wucewa bayan tawaye na Arewa maso Yamma, tare da niyyar ɗaure Al'ummai na farko "zuwa wuraren ajiyar su a yankunan da aka zaɓa na yammacin filayen".  Barron, F. Laurie (1988). "The Indian Pass System in the Canadian West, 1882-1935" (PDF). Prairie Forum. 13 (1): 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021. : 25 

 Haɗuwa mai tsanani: ajiya, makarantun zama, da tsarin wucewa 
Ana ɗaukar tsarin wucewa a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin daidaitawa wanda ya haɗa da tsarin ajiya da aka fara gabatar da shi a Upper Canada a cikin shekarun 1830  da kuma tsarin makarantar zama, tare da tushensa a makarantar yara maza don yara na ajiyar ƙasashe shida - Cibiyar Mohawk a Brantford, Upper Canada cikin 1828 - ta farko daga cikin makarantun zama da aka kafa tare da burin daidaita yara 'yan asalin ƙasar. Barron, F. Laurie (1988). "The Indian Pass System in the Canadian West, 1882-1935" (PDF). Prairie Forum. 13 (1): 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021. : 26 Rahoton Maris 14, 1879 kan Makarantun Masana'antu na Indiyawan da Half-Breeds na Nicolas Flood Davin  Macdonald ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya sanar da kafa makarantun kwana na masana'antu a Kanada, wadanda suka fara tsarin makarantar zama ta Indiyawan Kanada. Davin ya ba da rahoto game da makarantun masana'antu na Amurka waɗanda aka gabatar yayin da Ulysses S. Grant ya kasance Shugaban Amurka.

A cewar wani labarin Geographical Review na 1980, manufofin gwamnatin Kanada a cikin 1880s da 1890s "sun kafa tsari don rarrabe Indiyawa daga al'ummar Kanada, duk da maganganun gwamnati da ta yi alkawarin daidaita Indiya a rayuwar Kanada".McQuillan, D. Aidan (1980). "Creation of Indian Reserves on the Canadian Prairies 1870-1885". Geographical Review. 70 (4): 379–396. doi:10.2307/214075. ISSN 0016-7428. JSTOR 214075. Retrieved June 27, 2021.

Yayin da aka tura mambobin First Nations zuwa wuraren ajiya, da yawa daga cikinsu sun zama manoma da makiyaya masu cin nasara. NWMP ta fi son sayen hay daga masu kiwon dabbobi na Yarjejeniyar 7 tunda an dauke shi mafi kyawun abinci ga dawakai na NWMP. Koyaya, manoma da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sun yi imanin cewa ana ba wa manoma na Ƙasashen Farko kyauta, wanda aka gani a matsayin gasa mara adalci. Wannan ya zama daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa al'ummomin farko suka sanya tsarin wucewa a kansu. : 117–9 

A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1856, Sir John A. Macdonald ya rubuta wa Sakataren Lardin a Toronto a cikin wata wasika da ke cewa, "2nd: Game da yanayin sarrafa dukiyar Indiya don tabbatar da cikakken fa'idarsa ga Indiyawa ba tare da hana daidaita ƙasar ba. "

 Tsarin wucewa ba shi da tushe na doka 
Manufar - wacce ba a taba aiwatar da ita ta hanyar doka ba, amma ma'aikatar Harkokin Indiya ta amince da ita - ta baiwa wakilan Indiya ikon sarrafa tsawon lokaci da manufar ganye da ziyarar ajiya, ta hanyar amfani da takardun da aka sanya hannu, a cewar farfesa na Ma'aikatun Nazarin 'yan asalin Jami'ar Saskatchewan, Frank Laurie Barron . Barron, F. Laurie (1988). "The Indian Pass System in the Canadian West, 1882-1935" (PDF). Prairie Forum. 13 (1): 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.

Saboda "ban din ba shi da wani tushe na doka an tilasta shi ta hanyar gyare-gyare ga Dokar Indiya wanda ya ba wakilin Indiya ikon Mai Shari'a na Zaman Lafiya don ya iya aiwatar da tanadin dokar aikata laifuka da ke hulɗa da yawo da yawo. "Barron, F. Laurie (1984). "A Summary of Federal Indian Policy in the Canadian West, 1867–1984" (PDF). Native Studies Review. 1 (1): 28–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.

Wadanda ba su mallaki fasfo ko izini ba an tuhume su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Bauta. Jami’ai da yawa sun san cewa mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko ba su iya bin al’amuran shari’a a kotu.  Sufeto na 'yan sanda na Arewa maso Yamma McIlree a Calgary ya sa jami'ansa sun dawo da mutane daga Sarcee ( Tsuu T'ina ) zuwa ajiyar, ko suna da izinin tafiya ko a'a. Firayim Minista Macdonald ya ce, "Ina rokon ka sanar da ku cewa ba a taɓa samun wani iko na doka don tilasta wa Indiyawa da suka bar ajiyar su koma gare su ba, amma koyaushe ana jin cewa zai zama babban kuskure ga wannan al'amari su tsaya sosai a cikin wasikar doka" : 93

Macdonald ya san cewa matakin ya saba wa yarjejeniyar. : Hanyar da za a iya aiwatar da tsarin wucewa ita ce ta hanyar ikon da jami'an Indiya ke da shi, wanda yayi kama da na 'yan sanda, a kan Al'ummai na Farko.

 Firayim Minista na Wilfrid Laurier 
Wilfrid Laurier, wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Liberal daga 1896 har zuwa 1911, ya ce Dewdney ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin Al'ummai na farko, wanda hakan ya haifar da tawaye na Arewa maso Yamma. An zargi Dewdney da kasancewa mai karimci ga Al'ummai na Farko saboda ya kara yawan abinci kuma ya sadu da kungiyoyi daban-daban don yin tambaya game da yadda ake bi da mutanen First Nation daga jami'an gwamnati. : 78–81 

Clifford Sifton ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan cikin gida na Laurier daga 1896 har zuwa 1905.  : 33 Sifton "ya bar manufofin Indiya a hannun hukuma ta "Masu Indiya" tare da ɗan tausayi ga burin Al'ummai na Farko. " : 4 Dokar Sifton ita ce ta kula da ci gaban ƙasar, don tsara manufofin shige da fice don haɓaka shige da Fice, musamman don jawo hankalin baƙi zuwa lardunan Prairie waɗanda za su ba da gudummawa ga gina "al'ar manoma masu kyau".  Don cika wannan umarnin Sifton ya inganta hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar tabbatar da gwamnatin tarayya don tallafawa sashin Canadian National Railway wanda ya haɗa da Crow Pass wanda ya haɗa. : A karkashin Sifton, DOI "ya inganta matsakaici a Yammacin Kanada". Sifton ya sake tsara sashen a farkon aikinsa, ya sanya DIA - wanda aka yi niyyar mayar da hankali ga damuwar Al'ummai na Farko - a mafi ƙarancin fifiko idan aka kwatanta da sashen Cikin Gida - wanda ke tallafawa haƙƙin mazauna. Wannan kuma ya nuna a cikin mutanen da aka hayar a cikin DIA - ba su da tausayi ga Al'ummai na farko kuma ba su da ƙwarewar aiki tare da su.

 Tasirin dindindin na shekaru 60 na tsarin wucewa 
An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Lamba a cikin shekarun 1870 wanda ya ba sabuwar gwamnatin Kanada da aka kafa a lokacin Post-Confederation manyan yankuna a ko'ina cikin Prairies, Kanada Arewa da Arewa maso Yammacin Ontario a kan ƙasashen asali na gargajiya. : 26 Barron ya bayyana yadda Al'ummai na farko, waɗanda suka taɓa aiki a matsayin abokan tarayya ga Burtaniya, suka zama unguwanni na sabuwar al'ummar Kanada. A cikin shekarun 1870, gwamnati ta gudanar da aikin sake fasalin Al'ummai na farko don zama kamar "farin manomi na karkara". Tsaro da makarantun zama sun zama shafuka don wannan horo.Barron, F. Laurie (1988). "The Indian Pass System in the Canadian West, 1882-1935" (PDF). Prairie Forum. 13 (1): 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021. : 26 

Al'ummai na farko "an yanke su daga yaransu a makarantun zama, wasu dangi, kuma an hana su ikon farauta, kifi da kasuwanci, wanda ya haifar da mummunar tasiri na kudi, tare da sakamako na ɗan adam. "  Sakamakon manufofin sun haɗa da rashin iyawar Al'umman farko don gudanar da kasuwanci da kasuwanci ko halartar tarurrukan al'adu da zamantakewa tare da keɓewarsu daga al'ummar Kanada.

Bourgeault ya bayyana yadda tsarin wucewa da dokokin yawo suka hana Al'ummai na farko shiga cikin tattalin arziki mafi girma sai dai a matsayin ma'aikata. : 293, 295, 296 Sayar da kayayyakin noma misali an hana su sosai ta waɗannan manufofi.

Tsarin wucewa ya shafi farauta, kasuwanci, da bukukuwan al'adu. Al'ummai na farko da suka ziyarci wasu wuraren ajiya ana buƙatar su sami izini daga wakilin Indiya, ba tare da la'akari da kusanci da wuraren ajiya ga juna ba. Cecile Many Guns daga Brocket, Alberta, a cikin 1973 ya ba da labarin maza biyu da suka ziyarci daga wani ajiyar da ke kusa ba tare da izini ba. 'Yan sanda sun dawo da su kuma sun tilasta musu su yi barci a kan dutse na dare. Kashegari, an mayar da maza biyu inda suka fito. Ta nuna a cikin hira da ta yi da Dila Provost da Albert Yellowhorn cikakkun bayanai game da rashin mutunci da aka nuna wa Indiyawa, waɗanda fararen mutane suka kalli su da tuhuma. : 46 

Tsarin wucewa a cikin filayen, wanda yanzu ake la'akari da shi "tsarin rarrabewa", wata tawagar daga Afirka ta Kudu ta yi nazari a cikin 1902, a matsayin "hanyar kula da zamantakewa".Barron, F. Laurie (1988). "The Indian Pass System in the Canadian West, 1882-1935" (PDF). Prairie Forum. 13 (1): 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021. : 26 

 Ƙarshen tsarin wucewa 
A cikin shekarun 1890, manoma na farko sun nuna rashin amincewa da tsarin wucewa, kuma jami'an Indiya da yawa da masu koyar da manoma sun goyi bayan su. A sakamakon haka, an kore su saboda kokarin da suka yi na bayyana cewa ana buƙatar Al'ummai na farko su sami izinin sayar da hatsi da sauran kayan gona. An ci gaba da aiwatar da tsarin wucewa har zuwa shekarun 1940, kuma a wasu lokuta har zuwa shekarun 1950.  : 53–4 

NWMP ta tayar da rashin amincewa da manufofin a cikin 1893, kuma Kwamishinan William Herchmer ya umarci 'yan sanda da su nemi, ba umarni ba, Al'ummai na farko su koma wuraren ajiyar su. Herchmer ya san cewa tsarin wucewa bai kafu a cikin doka ba. Reed ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika ta 14 ga Yuni, 1893 cewa bai yarda da Herchmer ba, yana mai cewa ya fi dacewa NWMP ta guji 'neman' cewa Al'ummai na farko su koma wuraren ajiyar su, saboda zai ja hankalinsu ga gaskiyar cewa NWMP ba su da ikon tilasta" waɗannan buƙatun. Ya ce, "Da an yi shiru da umarnin, Indiyawa na iya kasancewa na ɗan lokaci a cikin jahilci, amma kamar yadda na riga na ga nassoshi game da shi a cikin manema labarai na jama'a, babu tsammanin hana shi daga gare su yanzu da ake buƙatar nishaɗi".

An dakatar da tsarin wucewa bayan da aka rarraba wasika ta 11 ga Yuli, 1941 ga duk jami'an Indiya na cikin gida ta hanyar darektan reshen Ma'adinai da albarkatun Indiya na lokacin, Harold McGill. Wasikar ta haɗa da umarni don a aika dukkan takardun zuwa Ottawa don hallaka.

 Tarihin da ya ɓace 
Manufar ita ce batun fim din fim na 2015, The Pass System .   A cikin samar da shirinsa na minti 50 wanda ya gano "tarihin da aka ɓoye na Tsarin wucewa", mai shirya fina-finai Alex Williams ya shafe shekaru biyar yana bincika a cikin ɗakunan ajiya da al'ummomi don shaidar wanzuwarsa.

A cikin labarinta na Yuni 26, 2016 a cikin Toronto Star wanda ya tattauna shirin Williams na 2015, Joanna Smith ta rubuta cewa gwamnatin tarayya ta yarda cewa "wasu rubuce-rubuce na tsarin wucewa - manufofin wariyar launin fata wanda ya hana Al'ummai na farko barin ajiyar su ba tare da izinin rubuce-aikace ba - an lalata su kafin kowa ya san darajarsu ta tarihi. "

Wani umarni na gwamnatin tarayya na 1941 ya bukaci a mayar da dukkan fasfo zuwa Ottawa don hallaka. Williams ya ce dalilin umarnin "ya kasance asiri".  Ɗaya daga cikin takardun izini na asali na Saskatchewan Archives Board, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Indiya ta bayar a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1897, an nuna shi a cikin shirin. Wani mazaunin da ya girma, Sawphawpahkayo, daga wani ajiya ba da nisa da Duck Lake, Saskatchewan ya sami izinin kwana 10 don yin aure. Williams ya sami damar hada labaran da aka ɓoye tare da "bayanan farko da na biyu na dattawa waɗanda suka goge kuma suka rayu a ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin ko kuma suna da bayanan da aka ba da su daga iyayensu da kakanninsu game da rayuwa a ƙarƙashin wannan tsari na rarrabewa".

A shekara ta 1974, lokacin da Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi da Tarihi ta gudanar da bincike ga DIA don "ƙayyade ko tsarin wucewa ya wanzu", an riga an lalata kayan tarihi kamar wucewa da stubs na tarihi. Wani darektan ɗakin karatu da ɗakunan ajiya a Gidan Tarihi na Glenbow da ke Calgary ya ce a cikin wata hira ta 2016 tare da The Star, cewa "yana da ban mamaki" cewa a cikin 1974, "gwamnatin tarayya dole ne ta dogara da tushe na waje don nazarin manufofinta".

Ko da a tsakanin Al'ummai na farko da kuma al'ummar Kanada, an san kadan a yau game da tsarin wucewa da manufofi da ke kewaye da aiwatarwa.

 Tsarin wucewa a cikin wallafe-wallafen 
A cikin littafinsa "Voices of the Plains Cree" na 1973, halin ƙagaggun hali na Reverend Edward Ahenakew Old Kayam ya bayyana yadda kowane mutumin da ke wurin ya nemi izini. Kayam ya ce, "Ni kaina na gwammace in ji yunwa da in yi bara da irin wannan dan karamin abu a matsayin izinin sayar da kaya guda daya."  

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba