Kogon Chertovy Vorota

Chertovy Vorota Cave, wanda kuma aka sani da Ƙofar Iblis wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne na Neolithic wanda ke cikin tsaunukan Sikhote-Alin, kusan  daga garin Dalnegorsk a Primorsky Krai, Rasha. Kogon karst yana kan dutsen farar ƙasa kuma yana kwance kusan  sama da kogin Krivaya, wani yanki na kogin Rudnaya, a ƙasa. Chertovy Vorota yana ba da tabbataccen shaida ga wasu tsofaffin tufafin da suka tsira da aka samu a cikin tarihin binciken kayan tarihi. 

 Bayani 
Kogon dai ya kunshi babban dakin taro, wanda ya kai kusan  a tsayi, da kuma da yawa kananun gidajen tarihi a bayansa. An wawashe wurin sau da yawa kafin a fara aikin tona kayan tarihi na farko a cikin 1973. Kusan 600 lithic artefacts, osteological and shell artefacts, guntu 700 na tukwane, da kuma kasusuwan dabbobi sama da 700 daga wurin.  A.6 faifan Jade mai kauri cm mai kauri wanda aka yi daga Jad mai launin ruwan-kore da aunawa  an kuma gano diamita daga Chertovy Vorota. 

An sami ragowar kare racoon, bear mai launin ruwan kasa, Baƙar fata na Asiya, boar daji, badger, barewa ja, kifi da harsashi mollusc a cikin kogon.  

 Abinci 
An yi tunanin mutanen da ke cikin kogon mafarauta ne, ba tare da wata shaida ta wani aikin noma ba.  Binciken Isotopic ya nuna cewa mutanen Chertovy Vorota suna iya samun furotin su daga haɗuwa da tushen ƙasa da na ruwa; kusan kashi 25% na furotin da suke ci sun bayyana cewa an samo su ne daga albarkatun ruwa, mai yuwuwa daga salmon mai ban tsoro . Wataƙila mutanen Chertovy Vorota sun fara farautar dabbobi masu shayarwa na duniya, sun tattara na goro da kifi kifi don biyan bukatunsu na abinci. 

 Tsohuwar textiles 
An gano ragowar gutsattsarin masakun carbonized a cikin kogon, a ƙarƙashin ragowar wani ginin katako da ya kama da wuta kuma ya rushe.  An gano ragowar igiya, raga, da yadudduka da aka saka daga cikin kogon. Wataƙila zaruruwan sun fito ne daga Carex sordida, ciyawa ce ta dangin Cyperaceae .  Abubuwan da aka bari a kai tsaye sun kasance a kusa da 9,400-8,400 BP, shaidar farko a cikin tarihin archaeological don ragowar yadudduka daga Gabashin Asiya.  Kamar yadda ba a sami tsinken tsintsiya a cikin kogon ba, kuma da wuya a samu a cikin wuraren gabashin Asiya na zamani, masu binciken ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun bayyana cewa mutanen Chertovy Vorota ko dai su ke samar da kayan sawa da hannu ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da miya mai nauyi . 

 Ragowar mutum 
An gano gawarwakin mutane 7 a cikin kogon. Su ne mutane na farko da aka gano tare da takamaiman tsohuwar yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya (ANA).  Kwankwan kai na biyu daga cikin mutane, DevilsGate1 da DevilsGate2, an yi su kai tsaye zuwa kusan 5,726-5,622 BC. 

 Archeogenetics 
Shida daga cikin mutane bakwai da aka gano gawarwakinsu daga cikin kogon an yi nazarin kwayoyin halitta.  Asalinsu, uku daga cikin samfurori an yi la'akari da su maza ne masu girma, biyu an yi zaton su ne manyan mata, daya an yi tunanin ya zama babba na kimanin shekaru 12-13, kuma an yi tunanin wani yaro ne na kimanin shekaru 6-7 bisa ga kwarangwal na kwarangwal na ragowar. Har yanzu ba a buga sakamakon binciken kwayoyin halitta akan mutum mai girma ba. Duk da haka, samfurori guda biyu, NEO236 (Skull B, DevilsGate2) da NEO235 (Skull G), waɗanda aka zaci cewa su ne mazaje masu girma bisa ga ƙididdigar ilimin halittar jiki na ragowar su, an gano su ta hanyar nazarin kwayoyin halitta don a zahiri mata ne.  Hakanan an ƙaddara samfurin yara ya zama mace ta hanyar nazarin kwayoyin halitta.  Uku daga cikin samfurori (ciki har da namiji mai girma kawai da NEO235 / Skull G da kuma wata mace mai girma, wanda aka lakafta shi a matsayin Skull Е, DevilsGate1, ko NEO240, wanda aka ƙaddara don zama dangi na farko na NEO235 / Skull G) an sanya shi zuwa mtlog DNA haproDNA .  nazarin kwayoyin halittar da ya gabata na ɗayan waɗannan manyan samfuran mata sun ƙaddara haplogroup na mtDNA don zama D4.  Wasu samfurori guda uku (ciki har da yarinyar yarinya, da DevilsGate2 samfurin, da kuma wata mace mai girma; duka mata matasa da kuma DevilsGate2 samfurori an ƙaddara su zama dangi na farko na sauran mace mai girma, da kuma yarinya da kuma DevilsGate2 samfurori) an ƙaddara su zama 'yan uwa na biyu . ;  wani bincike na kwayoyin halitta na baya na DevilsGate2 samfurin ya ƙaddara ta mtDNA haplogroup don zama M.  Kawai samfurin daga kogon da aka tabbatar da cewa namiji ne ta hanyar nazarin kwayoyin halitta an sanya shi zuwa Y-DNA haplogroup C2b-F6273 / Y6704 / Y6708, daidai da C2b-L1373, arewacin (Central Asian, Siberian, and indigenous American) 1 reshe na C2b-L1373. 
Idan aka kwatanta da duk al'ummomin da aka yi rikodin, na da ko na zamani, an gano tsoffin mutanen Chertovy Vorota sun fi kusanci da Ulchi na zamani, masu magana da yaren Tungusic daga ƙananan Amur Basin . Hakanan an gano samfuran DevilsGate1 da DevilsGate2 suna kusa da Hezhen da Oroqen, wasu mutane biyu na zamani masu magana da Tungusic daga bakin kogin Amur, da kuma Koriya ta zamani, Jafananci  Nganasans . Idan aka kwatanta da wani rukuni daga kudancin Afirka ( Khomani ), kididdigar f3 na waje sun nuna cewa DevilsGate1 da DevilsGate2 sun nuna mafi girman rahusa tare da wakilan al'ummomi guda shida, kodayake a cikin tsari daban-daban: DevilsGate1 ya raba mafi girma tare da Ulchi wanda ya biyo bayan Oroqen, Hezhen, Korean, Jafananci, da NGganate mafi girma a cikin Ulchiftrift. oda ta Nganasan, Hezhen, Korean, Jafananci, da Oroqen ( cf. Hoto 2). Ƙididdigar ƙungiyar f3 ta fitar kuma ta bayyana ɗabi'a ga samfurin DevilsGate2 don nuna ɗan ƙaramin faifai da aka raba tare da yawan jama'a na zamani fiye da samfuran DevilsGate1 tare da yawan jama'a na zamani. Tsohuwar Chertovy Vorota sun fi kusanci da Ulchi ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, sannan Oroqen da Hezhen suka biyo baya.  Nisan kwayoyin halitta daga tsohuwar Chertovy Vorota daidai da yaron Mal'ta daidai yake da na mutanen Gabashin Asiya na zamani zuwa yaron Mal'ta. 

Ban da DevilsGate1, yawancin mutanen da aka gwada ba su samar da isasshen DNA don ba da izinin gwajin halayen halayen ba.  DevilsGate1 bai ɗauki nau'in SLC45A2 ko SLC24A5 da aka samu da ke da alaƙa da launin fata mai sauƙi ba, abin da aka samo HERC2 mai hade da idanu shuɗi, LT allele da aka samu da ke da alaƙa da lactase dagewa, ko kuma ALDH2 allele da aka samu wanda ke da alaƙa da halayen barasa .  Duk da haka, mai yiwuwa mutum ya ɗauki nau'in EDAR da aka samo wanda aka samo a cikin al'ummomin Gabashin Asiya na zamani, da ABCC11 allele da ke hade da busassun kunnuwa da kuma rage warin jiki wanda aka saba samu a cikin mutanen Gabashin Asiya na zamani, da kuma ADD1 allele da aka samu da ke hade da haɗarin hauhawar jini. 

 Manazarta