Ƙungiyar Kuɗi ta Latin

Yarjejeniyar Kudi ta 23 ga Disamba 1865 tsarin hada-hadar tsabar kudi ne wanda ya samar da digiri na hadin kan kudi tsakanin kasashe da yawa na Turai, da farko Belgium, French" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="France">Faransa, Italiya da Switzerland, a lokacin da yaduwar takardun kudi a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ya kasance mai iyaka. A farkon 1866, an fara kiranta a cikin 'yan jaridar Burtaniya a matsayin Latin Monetary Union, tare da niyyar bayyana cewa Ƙasar Ingila ba za ta shiga ba, : 18 kuma an kira shi gabaɗaya a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan (Faransanci: ƙungiyar Latin) da kuma acronym LMU tun daga lokacin. Kasashe da yawa sun yi tsabar kudi bisa ga ma'aunin LMU duk da cewa ba su shiga LMU ba. 

An kalli LMU a matsayin mai gabatarwa na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 na ƙungiyar kuɗi ta Turai amma ba za a iya kwatanta shi kai tsaye da shi ba, ba aƙalla ba tun lokacin da LMU ba ta dogara da kowane cibiyoyin gama gari ba. : 17 Ba kamar Tarayyar Kudi ta Scandinavia da aka kafa bayan 'yan shekaru ba, Tarayyar Kudin Latin ta kasance a iyakance ga tsabar kudi kuma ba ta taɓa faɗaɗa zuwa Kudin takarda ba. Wannan ya sa LMU ta ƙara ƙarancin dacewa, kuma an rushe shi a hankali a cikin 1926. : 19 

 Tarihi 

 Yanayi na farko 
LMU ta karɓi ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden zinare na Faransa, wanda Napoleon I ya gabatar a cikin 1803 kuma an buga shi a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 5, 10, 20, 40, 50 da 100 francs, tare da tsabar 20 franc (    mai kyau na zinariya da aka buga a kan 21-millimetre ko 0.83-inch planchet) kasancewa mafi yawanci. A cikin tsarin Faransanci ana iya musayar franki na zinariya tare da franc na azurfa bisa ga musayar rabo na 1:15.5, wanda shine kimanin darajar dangi na karafa biyu a lokacin dokar 1803. 

 Yarjejeniyar Farko 
+Misali na misali na LMU - Faransa (1878) Sunan da ake kiraRubuce-rubuceMassDiamita1 centimGishiri1 g15 mmCents 2Gishiri2 g20.2 mmCents 5Gishiri5 g25 mmCents 10Gishiri10 g30 mmCents 20Azurfa (.835) 1 g16 mmCents 50Azurfa (.835) 2.5 g18 mm1 francAzurfa (.835) 5 g23 mm2 francsAzurfa (.835) 10 g27 mm5 francsAzurfa (.900) 25 g37 mmFaransanci 10Zinariya (.900) 3.2258 g19 mmFaransanci 20Zinariya (.900) 6,45161 g21 mmFaransanci 50Zinariya (.900) 16.12903 g28 mm100 francsZinariya (.900) 32,25806 g35 mm
Ta hanyar yarjejeniyar da aka yi ranar 23 ga Disamba 1865,  Faransa, Belgium, Italiya, da Switzerland sun kafa Latin Monetary Union . Sun amince da haɗin zinariya da azurfa (bimetallism) tare da rabo na zinariya zuwa azurfa na 15.5 zuwa 1 kamar yadda aka kafa a cikin Faransanci Franc. Ɗaya daga cikin LMU Franc yana wakiltar 4.5 grams (69 hatsi) na azurfa mai kyau ko 0.290322 grams (4.48035 hatsi) ya zinariya mai kyau. 

Yarjejeniyar ta buƙaci cewa dukkan jihohin kwangila guda huɗu su yi amfani da tsabar zinariya da azurfa bisa ga ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Kafin yarjejeniyar, alal misali, ƙwarewar tsabar azurfa a cikin jihohi huɗu sun bambanta daga 0.800 zuwa 0.900. Yarjejeniyar ta buƙaci a buga tsabar azurfa mafi girma na 5 francs 0.900 kuma a buga azurfa mai yawa na 2 francs, 1 franc, 50 centimes da 20 centimes duk a 0.835 fine. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1866. 

LMU ta yi aiki na sauƙaƙe cinikayya tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban ta hanyar saita ƙa'idodin da za a iya yin zinariya da azurfa da musayar su. Ta wannan hanyar dan kasuwa na Faransa zai iya karɓar lire na Italiyanci don kayansa tare da amincewa cewa za a iya mayar da shi zuwa adadin francs.

 Ƙarin shiga cikin membobin 
Girka ta haɗu da kasashe huɗu na asali a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1867,  wanda ya yi amfani da wani sashi a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta tabbatar da shigar da kasashe na kasashen waje waɗanda suka amince da bin yarjejeniyar. Spain da Romania suma sun yi la'akari da shiga. Tattaunawar ta ƙare ba tare da nasara ba, amma duk da haka kasashen biyu sun yi ƙoƙari su daidaita kuɗin su da ma'aunin LMU. Austria-Hungary ta ki shiga LMU saboda ta ki amincewa da bimetallism, amma ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kudi daban tare da Faransa a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1867 inda jihohin biyu suka amince da karɓar tsabar zinare na juna a cikin dukiyarsu a ƙayyadaddun farashi. Austria-Hungary daga baya ta yi amfani da wasu amma ba duk tsabar zinare a kan ma'auni na LMU ba, gami da 4 da 8 florin, wanda ya dace da ƙayyadaddun Faransanci 10 da 20 francs. Serbia, Papal States, da San Marino suna daga cikin sauran ƙasashe da suka nemi shiga LMU amma ba a yarda da su ba. : Tare da yarjejeniyar Napoleon III na Faransa, Giacomo Antonelli, mai gudanarwa na Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Papal, ya fara daga 1866 a kan karuwar tsabar kudi na azurfa ba tare da adadin ƙarfe mai daraja ba, daidai da jimlar Belgium.   Kudin papal da sauri ya zama maras kyau kuma ya bazu sosai a wasu jihohin hadin gwiwa, don amfanin Mai Tsarki, amma bankunan Switzerland da Faransa sun ki amincewa da tsabar papal kuma an fitar da jihohin Papal daga Tarayyar a 1870, saboda liras miliyan 20. 

 Tambayoyi 

 Rashin nasarar Bimetallism 
Tun daga farko, sauye-sauye a cikin darajar zinariya da azurfa a kasuwar duniya sun jaddada ƙungiyar kuɗi. Wannan a yau an gane shi azaman tasirin da ba za a iya gujewa ba na kuɗin da ya dogara da bimetallism lokacin da farashin ƙarfe mai daraja ya canza. Lokacin da aka kafa LMU a 1865, azurfa tana kusa da ƙarshen lokacin babban darajar idan aka kwatanta da zinariya. A shekara ta 1873 darajar azurfa ta ragu sosai, sannan kuma karuwar shigo da azurfa a kasashen LMU, musamman a Faransa da Belgium. A shekara ta 1873, raguwar darajar azurfa ya sa ya zama mai fa'ida ga yin azurfa don musayar zinariya a daidaitattun Tarayyar 15.5: 1. Lalle ne, a cikin shekara ta 1871 da 1872 mint na Faransa ya sami kawai 5,000,000 francs na azurfa don juyawa zuwa tsabar kudi, [ana buƙatar ambaton] amma a cikin 1873 kadai ya sami 154,000,000 francs. Tsoron kwararar tsabar azurfa, kasashe membobin Tarayyar sun amince a Paris a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1874, don iyakance sauyawar azurfa kyauta na ɗan lokaci. A shekara ta 1878, ba tare da dawowa a farashin azurfa ba, an dakatar da yin tsabar azurfa gaba ɗaya. Daga 1873 zuwa gaba, Tarayyar ta kasance a kan ma'auni na zinariya. Dokar har yanzu ta ba da izinin biyan kuɗi a azurfa, amma al'ada ta bukaci kuma ta tilasta biyan kuɗi a zinariya. Abubuwan azurfa na 5 franc sun kasance "ainihin a kan wannan tushe kamar bayanan banki".

Mafi mahimmanci, saboda sabbin abubuwan da aka gano da kuma ingantaccen dabarun tsaftacewa sun kara wadatar azurfa, tsayayyen canjin musayar LMU ya wuce azurfa dangane da zinariya. An san 'yan kasuwa na Jamus, musamman, suna kawo azurfa ga ƙasashen LMU, sun yi amfani da shi a cikin tsabar kudi sannan suka musayar su don tsabar zinariya a farashin musayar. Wadannan dabarun da ke kawo cikas sun tilasta wa LMU canzawa zuwa ma'auni na zinariya mai tsabta don kuɗin sa a cikin 1878. 

 Rashin lalacewar tsabar kudi 
Some members began to debase their currency.[<span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2022)">when?</span>] and then exchanged them for coins from other countries that had been minted correctly, thus in effect forcing other members of the Union to do the same.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span>] According to the BBC, Greece with its "chronically weak economy meant successive Greek governments responded by decreasing the amount of gold in their coins, thereby debasing their currency in relation to those of other nations in the union and in violation of the original agreement". Greece was formally expelled from the Latin Monetary Union in 1908. It was readmitted in 1910, however.

 Batutuwan kuɗi na takarda 
A cewar Financial Times, wani babban matsala na LMU shi ne cewa ya kasa haramta buga takarda bisa ga kudin bimetallic. Faransa da Italiya sun yi amfani da wannan rauni ta hanyar buga takardun banki don tallafawa ayyukansu, yadda ya kamata "tilasta wa wasu mambobin kungiyar su ɗauki wasu daga cikin farashin kuɗin ta hanyar bayar da bayanan da aka goyi bayan kuɗin su".

 Tasirin Babban Yakin 
A cikin 1922 lat Latvian kuma a cikin 1924 Zloty na Poland sun karɓi ma'auni na LMU.

Rikicin siyasa na farkon karni na ashirin wanda ya ƙare a Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo Latin Monetary Union zuwa ƙarshen aikinta, duk da cewa ya ci gaba da doka har zuwa 1927, lokacin da ya zo ga ƙarshen tsari. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span>]

Kudin karshe da aka yi bisa ga ka'idoji (watau, diamita, nauyi da ƙwarewar azurfa) na Tarayyar sune rabin Switzerland, franc ɗaya, da kuma francs biyu na 1967.   Koyaya, Austria har yanzu tana yin tsabar zinare 4 da 8 na florin zuwa ƙayyadaddun LMU don masu tarawa da masu saka hannun jari, kuma ana yin zagaye na zinare na zamani zuwa ƙa'idodin LMU. 

 Tasirin 
Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 a cikin European Review of Economic History ya gano cewa LMU ba ta da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci a kan kasuwanci, sai dai a lokacin 1865-1874. 

Ƙungiyar Kuɗi ta Latin ta yi wahayi zuwa ga Ƙungiyar Kuɗaɗen Scandinavia, wadda aka kafa a 1873. 

 Kudin tsabar kudi 
Da ke ƙasa akwai misalai na tsabar kudi na raka'a 5 na tsabar azurfa:

 Dubi kuma 

 Bimetallism
 Tattalin Arziki da Tarayyar Turai
 Yuro
 Ƙungiyar Latin
 Peseta na Mutanen Espanya
 Stella (ɗar Amurka) 
 Vreneli

 Bayani 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba