Ilimin muhalli mai aiki

ilimin muhalli mai aiki reshe ne na muhalli wanda ke mai da hankali kan rawar, ko ayyuka, cewa jinsunan suna takawa a cikin al'umma ko yanayin muhalli inda suke faruwa. A cikin wannan hanyar, ana jaddada halaye na ilimin lissafi, jikin mutum, da tarihin rayuwa na jinsin. Ana amfani da kalmar "aiki" don jaddada wasu matakai na ilimin lissafi maimakon kaddarorin rarrabe, bayyana rawar da kwayoyin ke takawa a cikin tsarin trophic, ko kwatanta tasirin matakai na zaɓaɓɓen yanayi akan kwayoyin. Wannan sub-discipline na muhalli yana wakiltar hanyar da ke tsakanin alamu na muhallu da matakai da hanyoyin da ke haifar da su. 

Masu bincike suna amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban guda biyu a cikin ilimin muhalli na aiki: tantancewa, wanda ya haɗa da auna halayyar a cikin nau'o'i da yawa, da kuma kwarewa, wanda ke ba da alaƙa mai yawa ga halaye da aka auna a tantancewa. Ilimin muhalli na aiki sau da yawa yana jaddada tsarin haɗin kai, ta amfani da halaye da ayyukan kwayoyin don fahimtar yanayin al'umma da hanyoyin tsarin muhalli, musamman don mayar da martani ga saurin canje-canje na duniya da ke faruwa a cikin yanayin Duniya.

Ilimin muhalli na aiki yana zaune a cikin ma'auni na fannoni daban-daban kuma yana aiki a matsayin ka'idar haɗin kai tsakanin ilimin muhalli, ilmin juyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta da genomics, da nazarin muhalli ta gargajiya. Yana bincika irin waɗannan yankuna kamar "[species'] ƙwarewar gasa, alamu na haɗuwa da jinsuna, taron al'umma, da kuma rawar da halaye daban-daban ke takawa akan aikin yanayin halittu".

 Tarihi 
Ra'ayin cewa ayyukan yanayin halittu na iya shafar sassan su ya samo asali ne a karni na 19. Charles Darwin's On The Origin of Species yana daya daga cikin matani na farko don yin sharhi kai tsaye game da tasirin bambancin halittu akan Lafiyar yanayin halittu ta hanyar lura da kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin yawan shuke-shuke da yawan yanayin halittu. A cikin aikinsa mai tasiri na 1927, Animal Ecology, Charles Elton ya ba da shawarar rarraba tsarin halittu bisa ga yadda membobinta ke amfani da albarkatu. A cikin shekarun 1950, an yarda da tsarin tsarin halittu na Elton, inda kwayoyin da suka raba kamanceceniya a cikin amfani da albarkatun suka mamaye wannan 'guild' a cikin tsarin halittu.vity.Laureto, Livia Maira Orlandi; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinicius; Samia, Diogo Soares Menezes (July 2015). "Functional diversity: an overview of its history and applicability". Natureza & Conservação. 13 (2): 112–116. doi:10.1016/j.ncon.2015.11.001.es.

Da farko a cikin shekarun 1970s, karuwar sha'awar rarraba aiki ya sauya yanayin muhalli. 'Guilds' za a sake kiransu 'ƙungiyoyin aiki', kuma tsarin rarrabuwa ya fara mai da hankali kan hulɗar tsakanin jinsuna da matakan trophic. Ilimin muhalli na aiki ya zama cikakke a matsayin nazarin hanyoyin muhalli waɗanda suka shafi daidaitawar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayin halittu.Calow, P. (1987). "Towards a Definition of Functional Ecology". Functional Ecology. 1 (1): 57–61. Bibcode:1987FuEco...1...57C. doi:10.2307/2389358. JSTOR 2389358. A cikin shekarun 1990s, bambancin halittu ya zama mafi fahimta a matsayin bambancin ayyukan muhalli na jinsuna a cikin tsarin halittu, maimakon kawai yawan nau'o'in halittu daban-daban.Laureto, Livia Maira Orlandi; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinicius; Samia, Diogo Soares Menezes (July 2015). "Functional diversity: an overview of its history and applicability". Natureza & Conservação. 13 (2): 112–116. doi:10.1016/j.ncon.2015.11.001. A ƙarshe, a cikin 2000s masu bincike sun fara amfani da tsarin rarraba aiki don bincika martani na yanayin halittu da kwayoyin halitta ga canji mai tsanani da rikici, da kuma tasirin asarar aiki akan lafiyar yanayin halittu.

 Bambancin Ayyuka 
Ana ɗaukar Bambancin aiki a ko'ina a matsayin "darajar da kewayon waɗancan nau'o'in da halaye na kwayoyin da ke tasiri ga aikin yanayin halittu" Laureto, Livia Maira Orlandi; Cianciaruso, Marcus Vinicius; Samia, Diogo Soares Menezes (July 2015). "Functional diversity: an overview of its history and applicability". Natureza & Conservação. 13 (2): 112–116. doi:10.1016/j.ncon.2015.11.001. A wannan ma'anar, amfani da kalmar "aiki" na iya amfani da mutane, al'ummomi, matakan trophic, ko tsarin juyin halitta (watau la'akari da aikin daidaitawa ). An yi la'akari da bambancin aiki a matsayin madadin rarrabuwa ga tsare-tsaren ta amfani da bambancin kwayoyin halitta ko bambancin ilimin lissafi don auna muhimmancin muhalli na jinsuna a cikin mahalli, da kuma hanyar fahimtar yadda bambancin halittu ke shafar takamaiman ayyukan yanayin halittu, inda a cikin wannan mahallin, 'biodiversity' yana nufin bambancin ayyukan yanayin halitte da ke cikin tsarin da aka ba. Fahimtar yanayin halittu ta hanyar bambancin aiki yana da ƙarfi kamar yadda ya dace sosai kuma yana ba da haske game da alamu masu lura a cikin yanayin halittu, kamar bayyanar jinsuna, ƙwarewar gasa ta jinsuna, da tasirin al'ummomin halittu akan aikin yanayin halittu.

 Aikace-aikacen Ilimin Muhalli 
Hanyar aiki don fahimtar da ma'amala da mahalli tana ba da fa'idodi da yawa ga fahimtarmu game da ilmin halitta da aikace-aikacensa a rayuwarmu. Duk da yake manufar ilimin muhalli na aiki har yanzu yana cikin jariri, an yi amfani da shi a ko'ina cikin nazarin halittu don fahimtar kwayoyin halitta, mahalli, da hulɗar su.

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