Galamsey

Galamsey yana nufin hakar zinariya ba bisa ka'ida ba a Ghana. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Turanci "karɓar su kuma siyar da su". A tarihi, galamsey yana nufin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na gargajiya a Ghana, inda al'ummomin yankin za su taru kuma su nemi zinariya a cikin koguna da rafi. Koyaya, a tsawon lokaci, kalmar ta ɗauki ma'ana mai zurfi, wanda ya haɗa da ƙananan ma'adinai na shari'a da na sana'a (ASM).  A Ghana, ana kiran wadanda ke da hannu a cikin waɗannan ayyukan galamseyers, kuma a cikin ƙasashe makwabta masu magana da harshen Faransanci kamar Ivory Coast da Burkina Faso, galibi ana kiransu orpailleurs. Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba na Ghana sun haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga gandun daji na ƙasar Yammacin Afirka mai wadata da zinariya.

 Tarihi 
Galamseyers suna tono ƙananan ramuka, bututu, da ƙuƙwalwa da hannu. Gabaɗaya, za su iya tonowa ne kawai zuwa iyakantaccen zurfi, mai zurfi kuma karami fiye da kamfanonin hakar zinariya na kasuwanci. A karkashin Dokar Ghana ta yanzu, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga masu sayar da ma'adinai su tono a ƙasar da aka ba kamfanonin hakar ma'adanai a matsayin izini ko lasisi. Yawancin galamseyers ko dai suna samun zinariya a cikin nau'in ƙurar ƙarfe kyauta ko aiwatar da oxide ko sulfide gold ore ta amfani da ruwa mercury.

Ba a san adadin galamseyers a Ghana ba amma an yi imanin cewa suna tsakanin 20,000 da 50,000, gami da dubban daga China. Ministan bayanai, Mustapha Abdul-Hamid, ya yi iƙirarin a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017 cewa yanzu akwai mutane 200,000 da ke cikin galamsey, kuma bisa ga wasu kafofin, akwai kusan miliyan 3 da suka dogara da shi don rayuwarsu. Yawanci suna aiki a kudancin Ghana, inda akwai adadi mai yawa na ajiyar zinariya, yawanci a cikin kewayen manyan kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai. Gidajen Galamsey yawanci sun fi talauci fiye da ƙauyukan noma makwabta. Suna da manyan hatsarori kuma suna fuskantar guba na mercury daga hanyoyin sarrafa su. Mata da yawa suna cikin ma'aikata, suna aiki mafi yawa a matsayin masu ɗaukar kaya ga masu hakar ma'adinai. A wasu lokuta, galamseyers sune na farko da suka gano kuma suka yi aiki da yawa na zinariya kafin kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai su gano kuma su karɓi iko.

 Nau'o'in galamsey 
Ƙungiyoyin galamsey masu yawa Nau'ikan GalamseyAmfani da mahimman kayan aikiDangantakar ruwaBayani1. Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa1. Shuka mai wankewaTsire-tsire na wankewa / murhu, mai tonowa, mercury, dizal, man fetur, da maiYana aiki kusa da jikin ruwa kuma yana buƙatar ruwa mai tsabta mai yawa don aikiMa'adinai da hakar zinariya a lokaci guda2. Allon wankaAllon wanka / sluice, excavator, mercury, diesel, man fetur, da lubricantsYana aiki kusa da jikin ruwa kuma yana buƙatar ruwa mai tsabta mai yawa don aiki3. Gudun ramiRamin, ragowar ruwa, mercury, diesel, man fetur, da lubricantsYana aiki a cikin ƙananan tabkuna ko ramuka masu ma'adinai kuma yana buƙatar ruwa4. Gudun ruwa / koginKogin / rafi, dredge, mercury, diesel, man fetur, da lubricantsA cikin ruwa da isasshen ruwa5. Ginin da wankewaGurasa, cokali, pickaxes, manual, sluice board, mercuryA cikin yankunan da ke da ruwa, koguna / koguna / rafi6. Panning (Poole Poole) 2. Ma'adinai na karkashin kasa7. Ramin da aka watsar a karkashin kasaShaft, fashewa, dewatering, load, da haul na ma'adinaiYankunan karkashin kasa / wuraren da ba a rufe su baMa'adinai kawai8. Ramin samfurin / rami, ko "ghetto"Ramin da aka tono da hannu, fashewa, zubar da ruwa, hakar ma'adinai3. Gidan niƙa9. Ayyukan gidan niƙaInjin diesel (Changfa), mai murkushewa, na'ura mai laushi, retort, mercury, hydrocarbonsYankunan da ba su da iyaka; kusa da gefen hanya, a cikin birane, ko kusa da wuraren hakar ma'adinaiGudanarwa kawai4. Ayyukan ƙasa10. Yankin da ke samaInjin diesel, mercury, retort, man fetur, da maiYankunan da ba su da iyaka; ko dai kusa ko nesa da ruwa, amma yana buƙatar ruwa don aikiMa'adinai da hakar zinariya a lokaci guda5. Zaɓin ("ma'adinai masu hawan dutse") 11. Zaɓin (yawanci daga manyan shafukan ASM) Zaɓin hannu, injin diesel, millhouse, mortar da pestle / sluice boardYankunan da ba su da iyaka; ko dai kusa ko nesa da ruwa, amma yana buƙatar ruwa don aikiMa'adinai kawai

 Dalilan da ya sa aka yi amfani da su 
Babban dalilin da ke bayan mutanen da ke shiga cikin galamsey shine rashin aikin yi na matasa da rashin tsaro na aiki. Matasa masu digiri na jami'a ba sa samun aiki, kuma idan suka yi, ba zai iya tallafa musu ba. Sakamakon shi ne cewa waɗannan matasa suna tafiya karin mil don samun abin rayuwa ga kansu da iyalansu.

Dalilan hakar zinariya ba bisa ka'ida ba sun haɗa da tsarin lasisi na bureaucratic, tsarin shari'a mai rauni, gazawar shugabanci na siyasa da na gargajiya, da kuma masu cin hanci da rashawa. Abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yaduwar masu hakar ma'adinai na kasashen waje da kayan aikin hakar maɓuɓɓugar sun kara tsananta matsalar.

 Hadari 
A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2009, wani rushewa ya faru a cikin wani ma'adinai mai zaman kansa a Dompoase, wanda ke cikin yankin Ashanti. Lamarin ya yi sanadin mutuwar akalla ma'aikata 18, ciki har da mata 13, wadanda suka yi aiki a matsayin masu ɗaukar kaya ga masu hakar ma'adinai. Jami'ai sun bayyana bala'in a matsayin mafi munin rushewar ma'adinai a Ghana a lokacin. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, wani rushewa ya faru a Yankin Tsakiya, inda ya kashe akalla masu hakar ma'adinai 17. Koyaya, fashewar Bogoso ta 2022, wanda ke da alaƙa da jigilar fashewar ma'adinai, ya zama bala'in da ya fi lalacewa da ke da alaƙar ma'adanai a tarihin ƙasar, wanda ya haifar da akalla mutuwar 13 da raunin sama da 180.

A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2025, an kai hari kan ɗan jarida Akwasi Agyei Annim yayin da yake yin rubuce-rubuce game da hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin gandun daji na Breman-Adomanya a Wassa Amenfi West. Duk da wayar da kan 'yan sanda, masu hakar ma'adinai na kasar Sin da Ghana sun mamaye kadada 261, suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli da gurɓata Kogin Tano.

 Tasirin muhalli 
Ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba suna lalata ƙasar da kuma samar da ruwa. Ayyukan Galamsey sun lalata gandun daji na Ghana kuma sun haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa, saboda mummunan yanayi da rashin tsari na tsarin hakar ma'adinai. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Ministan Lands da Natural Resources, John Peter Amewu, ya ba da izini na makonni uku don dakatar da ayyukansu ko kuma su kasance a shirye don fuskantar doka.

 Tasirin Mutum 
Ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba suna da mummunar tasiri na gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci akan lafiyar ɗan adam. Bayyanawa ga sunadarai masu guba na iya haifar da cututtukan daji daban-daban, guba na mercury, cutar huhu da aka haifar da silica, da sauran yanayin numfashi. Bugu da kari, ruwa mai tsayawa a cikin ramukan hakar ma'adinai da aka watsar yana aiki a matsayin wurin kiwo ga sauro, wanda zai iya zama masu ɗaukar cututtuka daban-daban.

 Dakatar da Galamsey Yanzu zanga-zanga 
A ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar 2024, wata kungiya ta cikin gida da ake kira Democracy Hub ta kaddamar da zanga-zangar da aka yi niyyar matsawa gwamnatin Ghana ta aiwatar da matakan dakatar da galamsey. Wannan aikin ya dauki kwanaki uku, tare da masu zanga-zangar da ke neman shiga tsakani kai tsaye da kuma yanke shawara daga Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo, a cikin hanyar umarnin shugaban kasa don dakatar da duk ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman a cikin gandun daji da kuma manyan koguna,  kamar Pra, Ankobra, da Birim, waɗanda duk an gurɓata su da sunadarai masu cutarwa kamar mercury da cyanide. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2024, kashi 60% na ruwa na Ghana sun sha wahala saboda galamsey. Har ila yau, aikin ba bisa ka'ida ba ya haifar da lalacewar gandun daji,  wanda aka karfafa ta hanyar Dokar Dokar L.I 2462 a cikin 2022, wanda ya ba da izinin hakar ma'adinai a cikin gandun daji. 

zanga-zangar ta haifar da kama mutane 53,  ciki har da wata mace mai shekaru 62 da wata yarinya mai shekaru 10.

 Halin da aka yi 
A watan Satumbar 2024, jakadan kasar Sin a Ghana, Tong Defa, ya yi Allah wadai da hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasar kuma ya gargadi 'yan kasar Sin cewa ofishin jakadancin ba zai taimaka wa wadanda aka kama karya doka ba. Ya jaddada cewa kasar Sin da Ghana dukansu suna da ikon aiwatar da dokokinsu a kan 'yan kasar juna idan sun shiga ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba