Jin abinci mai gina jiki

Hannun abinci mai gina jiki shine ikon tantanin halitta don ganewa da kuma ba da amsa ga abubuwan mai kamar glucose . Kowane nau'in man fetur da tantanin halitta ke amfani da shi yana buƙatar wata hanya ta daban ta amfani da ƙwayoyin haɗe kamar su enzymes da cofactors . Domin adana albarkatu tantanin halitta kawai zai samar da kwayoyin da yake bukata a lokacin. Matsayi da nau'in mai da ke samuwa ga tantanin halitta zai ƙayyade nau'in enzymes da yake buƙatar bayyanawa daga kwayoyin halitta don amfani. Masu karɓa a saman membrane na tantanin halitta da aka tsara don kunna su a gaban takamaiman ƙwayoyin mai suna sadarwa zuwa tsakiyar tantanin halitta ta hanyar mu'amala ta cascading . Masu karɓar abinci mai gina jiki sune masu karɓa waɗanda aka tsara su da farko don aiwatar da aikin gano abubuwan gina jiki, yayin da sauran masu karɓa (misali masu karɓar insulin, masu karɓa na leptin ) suna aiki da yawa kuma suna yin ayyuka da yawa ban da fahimtar abubuwan gina jiki.  Ta wannan hanyar tantanin halitta yana sane da abubuwan gina jiki da ake da su kuma yana iya samar da kwayoyin halitta kawai ga irin wannan nau'in gina jiki.

 Hannun abinci mai gina jiki a cikin sel masu shayarwa 
Amsa mai sauri da inganci ga tashe-tashen hankula a matakan abinci mai gina jiki yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kwayoyin halitta daga kwayoyin cuta zuwa mutane. Don haka sel sun samo asali ne na hanyoyi masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya fahimtar yawan abubuwan gina jiki da sauri daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta da gyaran furotin don amsa kowane canje-canje. 

Ana sarrafa haɓakar ƙwayar sel ta hanyar daidaitawa na abubuwan gina jiki guda biyu na extracellular da yawa na metabolite na cikin salula. AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) da mammalian mammalian hadaddun rapamycin 1 suna aiki azaman maɓalli masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke jin kuzarin salula da matakan gina jiki, bi da bi.

 Haɗin kai tsakanin abubuwan gina jiki, metabolites, maganganun kwayoyin halitta, da gyare-gyaren sunadaran suna da hannu a cikin daidaitawar haɓakar tantanin halitta tare da yanayin waje da na ciki. 

Kwayoyin rai suna amfani da ATP a matsayin mafi mahimmancin tushen makamashi kai tsaye. Hydrolysis na ATP zuwa ADP da phosphate (ko AMP da pyrophosphate ) yana ba da makamashi don yawancin hanyoyin nazarin halittu. Matsakaicin ATP zuwa ADP da AMP barometer ne na matsayin makamashin salula don haka tantanin halitta yana kula da shi sosai. A cikin sel eukaryotic, AMPK yana aiki azaman babban firikwensin makamashin salula da kuma babban mai sarrafa metabolism don kula da homeostasis makamashi. 

 Manazarta