Daidaitaccen karatu da rubutu

Daidaitaccen karatu da rubutu shine ka'idar koyar da karatu da rubutu na Harshen Ingilishi wanda ya tashi a cikin shekarun 1990s kuma yana da fassarori daban-daban. Ga wasu, daidaitaccen karatu da rubutu yana daidaitawa tsakanin dukan harshe da sauti kuma yana kawo ƙarshen abin da ake kira "yaƙe-yaƙe na karatu". Sauran suna cewa daidaitattun karatu da rubutu, a aikace, yawanci yana nufin duk hanyar harshe don karatu.Reading at the Speed of Sight: How we Read, why so many can't, and what can be done about it, 2017, pages 248, Mark Seidenberg 

Wasu masu goyon bayan daidaitattun karatu da rubutu sun ce yana amfani da abubuwan bincike na fahimta, ƙamus, ƙwarewa, wayar da kan jama'a da sauti kuma ya haɗa da koyarwa a cikin haɗuwa da dukan rukuni, ƙaramin rukuni da umarni na 1: 1 a karatu, rubutu, magana da sauraro tare da abubuwan da suka fi ƙarfin bincike na kowannensu. Sun ci gaba da cewa abubuwan da ke cikin daidaitattun tsarin karatu da rubutu sun haɗa da da dabarun daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su yayin karatun karatu da rubuce-rubuce.

A gefe guda, masu sukar sun ce daidaitattun karatu da rubutu, kamar dukan harshe, hanya ce mai ma'ana wanda idan aka aiwatar ba ta haɗa da koyarwar bayyane game da alaƙar sauti-haruffa kamar yadda aka bayar ta hanyar tsarin sauti.The Death and Life of the Great American School System, 2016, page 39, Diane Ravitch, Whole Language Lives On: The Illusion of "Balanced" Reading Instruction, 2008, Forward, Louisa Cook Moats,  Har ila yau, yana da tasiri sosai kawai ga yara waɗanda koyon karatu ya zo da sauƙi, wanda shine ƙasa da rabin ɗalibai.

Bincike ya nuna daidaitattun karatu da rubutu ya zama ƙasa da tasiri fiye da tsarin karatun da ke tattare da sauti. Rashin daidaitattun karatu da rubutu don tallafawa ilimin sauti ya kasance muhimmin bangare a cikin Mu'ujizar Mississippi na haɓaka aikin ilimi a duk faɗin Kudancin Amurka a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020.

 Karatu 
A lokacin daidaitaccen bita na karatu da rubutu, ana tsara ƙwarewa a bayyane yayin ƙananan darussan. Karamin darasi yana da sassa huɗu: haɗi, koyarwa (nuni), shiga aiki da haɗi. Malamin ya zaɓi ƙwarewa da dabarun da ake buƙatar koyar da ajin bisa ga ƙididdigar da aka gudanar a cikin aji. A lokacin haɗin, malamin yana haɗa ilmantarwa kafin ƙwarewar da ɗalibai ke koyo a halin yanzu. Malamin yana sanar da batun koyarwa ko ƙwarewa da dabarun. A cikin wannan hanyar, malami yana nuna wa ɗalibai yadda za a cimma ƙwarewar ta hanyar tsara dabarun a cikin littafin da ɗalibai suka saba da shi. Malamin kuma yana amfani da "tunani da ƙarfi" a cikin wannan hanyar don raba tunani sannan ya ba da damar ɗalibai su yi aiki da wannan a cikin littattafansu ko a cikin littafin malami yayin aiki. A lokacin haɗin, malami yana tunatar da ɗalibai game da dabarun da za su iya yi yayin da suke karatu.

Karatun da aka raba shi ne lokacin da ɗalibai suka karanta daga rubutun da aka raba. Sau da yawa wannan babban littafi ne wanda aka tsara akan allo ta amfani da gidan yanar gizon ko kyamarar takardu. Idan zai yiwu dalibai su sami nasu kwafin ma. Dalibai da malami suna karantawa da babbar murya kuma suna raba tunaninsu game da rubutun. A lokacin ƙananan darussan, karantawa da ƙarfi da kuma raba karatun ɗaliban za su ƙirƙiri sigogi. Wadannan sigogi suna tunatar da dalibai yadda kuma lokacin da za su yi amfani da ƙwarewa da dabarun daban-daban.

Gudanar da karatu ƙaramin aiki ne na rukuni inda yawancin alhakin ya kasance ga ɗalibi. Dalibai suna karantawa daga rubutu mai daidaitawa. Suna amfani da ƙwarewar da aka koyar kai tsaye a lokacin ƙananan darussan, karantawa da ƙarfi da kuma raba karatu don ƙara fahimtar su da ƙwarewa. Malamin yana nan don bayar da motsawa da yin tambayoyi. Jagoran karatu yana ba da damar babban bambanci a cikin aji. Ana kirkirar kungiyoyi a kan matakan karatu, kuma ɗalibai suna motsawa lokacin da suka lura cewa dukan ƙungiyar ta shirya. A lokacin karatun jagora sauran ɗalibai na iya shiga cikin wuraren aiki na karatu waɗanda ke ƙarfafa ƙwarewa daban-daban ko abokin tarayya ko karatu mai zaman kansa. Sau da yawa suna aiki biyu a wannan lokacin. Tashoshin na iya haɗawa da ɗakin karatu, babban littafi, rubutu, wasan kwaikwayo, bukukuwa, nazarin kalma, shayari, kwamfuta, sauraro, ƙwarewa, karatun aboki, mai nunawa / allon alkawari, tashar halitta, kimiyya, nazarin zamantakewa.

 Rubuce-rubuce 
Rabin na biyu na daidaitaccen karatu da rubutu shine ɓangaren rubutu wanda ke ba wa ɗalibai yin rubutu, na dogon lokaci, a kan batutuwan da suka zaɓa. Bayar da dalibai damar rubuta game da batutuwan da suka ga masu ban sha'awa yana ba su ma'anar mallaka.

Akwai manyan abubuwa huɗu na bita na rubuce-rubuce: ƙaramin darasi, rajista, rubuce-riye / ba da lokaci, da rabawa.

Karamin darasi aiki ne na aji. Malamin ya gabatar da ƙwarewa ko dabarun da suke so ɗalibai su iya amfani da su a lokacin rubuce-rubuce mai zaman kansa. Misalan ƙwarewa ko dabarun na iya haɗawa da: amfani da kalmomi masu ƙarfi; yadda za a sauya daga wannan ra'ayi zuwa wani; muhimmancin ƙara cikakkun bayanai; yadda za'a tsara rubuce-rubuce tare da farawa, tsakiya, da ƙarshe, da kuma shawarwari don rubuta kyakkyawar gabatarwa ko ƙarshe.

Kafin dalibai su fara rubutu, malami zai bincika don ganin inda kowane dalibi yake a cikin tsarin rubutu. Wannan saurin shiga ne don bincika matsayinsu kuma tabbatar da cewa wani bai makale a wani yanki ba.

 Karɓar karɓa da masu sukar 
Masu sukar kamar Diane Ravitch sun ce daidaitattun karatu da rubutu na iya amfani da abubuwa na phonics da dukan harshe amma yana mai da hankali kan dabarun karatu kamar "tsinkaya abin da za su karanta, ganin abin da za a karanta, ƙaddamar da ma'anar abin da suka karanta, karanta shi kaɗai, karantawa a cikin rukuni, da sauransu".The Death and Life of the Great American School System, 2016, page 39, Diane Ravitch,  Sauran, kamar Louisa C. Moats, sun ce daidaitattun karatu da rubutu shine kawai dukan harshe "yana sanye da ganyen ɓaure na daidaitattun koyarwa".Whole Language Lives On: The Illusion of "Balanced" Reading Instruction, 2008, Forward, Louisa Cook Moats, 

Masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa Mark Seidenberg, mai goyon bayan kimiyyar karatu da koyarwar phonics, ya rubuta cewa daidaitaccen karatu da rubutu yana nufin kawo karshen yaƙe-yaƙe na karatu "ba tare da warware batutuwan da ke tattare da su ba", kuma cewa "daidaitaccen karatu ya ba da jagora kaɗan ga malamai waɗanda suka yi tunanin cewa phonics shine dalilin rashin karatu kuma ba su san yadda za a koyar da shi ba". Musamman, ba ya goyon bayan ayyuka kamar tsarin sauye-sauye uku  ko ƙarfafa masu karatu masu gwagwarmaya su tsallake ko kuma suyi tunanin kalmomi masu rikitarwa. Reading at the Speed of Sight: How we Read, why so many can't, and what can be done about it, 2017, pages 248, 266, 267,303–304, Mark Seidenberg 

Timothy Shanahan, sanannen malami da mai bincike, yana cikin rikodin yana cewa ba ya tallafawa bitar karatu saboda "babu shakka ba ta dogara da bincike ba" kuma hanyar bitar ba ta da goyon baya ga koyarwar karatu.

Masu sukar sun ci gaba da bayyana cewa malamai ya kamata su yi amfani da hanyoyin da aka samo daga mafi kyawun ayyuka kuma suna tallafawa da bincike na kimiyya, kuma yara suna buƙatar koyarwa a cikin tsarin sauti.

 Magana mai zurfi
 Tunanin hanyoyi biyu don karantawa da ƙarfi
 Phonics
 Ilimi na karatu a Amurka
 Ra'ayi mai sauƙi na karatu
 Magana ta asali
 Cikakken harshe

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba