Dokar sha'awar jama'a a Hong Kong

Dokar sha'awar jama'a a Hong Kong wani yanki ne mai tasowa. Babban abin hawa don bin ikirarin jama'a shine bita na shari'a. Wannan shine tsarin da ake kalubalantar yanke shawara na gwamnati a kotuna. An sami karuwar shari'o'in sake dubawa tun daga shekara ta 2000. Batutuwan muhalli  da haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru  suna daga cikin yankunan da aka fi yin shari'a.

 Asalin dokar sha'awar jama'a a Hong Kong 
Ɗaya daga cikin majagaba a cikin dokar sha'awar jama'a a Hong Kong ita ce Pamela Baker . A ƙarshen shekarun 1980 ta gabatar da jerin manyan shari'o'in kotun da ke kalubalantar yadda gwamnati ke bi da 'yan gudun hijirar Vietnamese.  Daga baya wani karamin rukuni na lauyoyi ya bi sawunta, yana karewa da ƙarfafa kariya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin birni. A cikin 1995 an kafa Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor tare da manufar inganta kariya ta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Hong Kong. A yau, yawancin lauyoyi da ke wakiltar 'yan ƙasa da kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin shari'ar kare hakkin dan adam da manufofin jama'a a kan daidaituwa a Hong Kong suma mambobi ne na jam'iyyun siyasa ko masu shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa a waje da kotuna. Suna aiki a wurare daban-daban: wasu mambobi ne na manyan ɗakunan lauyoyi, yayin da wasu ke aiki a ƙananan kamfanonin lauyoyi.

 Shirye-shiryen Taimako na Shari'a 
A Hong Kong, Ma'aikatar Taimako ta Shari'a tana ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan shari'a ga waɗanda suka wuce gwajin. Shirin Taimako na Shari'a guda biyu da yake aiki, wato Shirin Taimaka na Shari'o'i na yau da kullun (OLAS) da Shirin Taimakawa na Ƙarin Shari'a (SLAS) sun sauƙaƙa aiwatar da dokar sha'awar jama'a ta hanyar taƙaita rashin daidaito tsakanin masu shari'a da ke fama da tattalin arziki da gwamnati. Koyaya, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin agaji ba su cancanci samun taimakon shari'a ba. Wannan ya haifar da shari'o'in da wadannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin agaji suka gayyaci mutanen da ba su da wani sha'awa a cikin shari'ar amma sun cancanci taimakon shari'a don tsayawa a matsayin mai nema. A cikin labarinsa, wani masanin kimiyya ya kalubalanci yanke shawara na kotunan Hong Kong wanda ya ba da damar waɗanda ba su da isasshen matsayi (locus standi) su zama masu nema a cikin shari'o'in jama'a da suka shafi ko dai ƙayyadaddun ko takamaiman korafe-korafe.

 Shirye-shiryen Lauyan Ayyuka 
Baya ga taimakon shari'a, Hong Kong Bar Association da The Law Society of Hong Kong tare suna ba da Shirin Lauyan Haraji wanda ke ba da wakilcin shari'a kyauta ga waɗanda suka cancanta a ranar farko ta bayyanar kotu. Har ila yau, suna gudanar da Shirin Ba da Shawara na Shari'a kyauta a Cibiyoyin Ba da Shawarar Shari'a a cikin Ofisoshin Gundumar guda tara a Hong Kong tare da manufar samar da shawarwarin shari'a na farko ga jama'a ba tare da sanya wani gwajin ba. Koyaya, takwas daga cikin Cibiyoyin tara a Ofisoshin Gundumar suna aiki sau ɗaya a mako da yamma, tare da zaman shawarwari guda biyar na kimanin minti 20-30 kowannensu. Masu nema galibi suna jiran makonni takwas don tuntuɓar. Shirin ba ya ba da sabis na bin diddigin ko wakilci ga masu neman, ma'ana dole ne su nemi ƙarin shawara a wasu wurare bayan samun wasu shawarwari na gaba ɗaya daga lauyoyin aiki.

 Ayyukan shari'a kyauta 
Baya ga tsare-tsaren da ke sama, The Hong Kong Bar Association da The Law Society of Hong Kong suna gudanar da nasu Bar Free Legal Service Scheme  da Free Legal Consultation Scheme  bi da bi inda kamfanonin lauyoyi da lauyoyi da suka kware a fannoni daban-daban suka ba da kansu don ba da shawarwari a kan pro bono.  A cikin tsohon makircin, kowane lauya yana ba da gudummawa har zuwa kwana uku ko sa'o'i ashirin a kowace shekara a cikin shari'a. Duk da yake ya isa ga yawancin ayyukan ba da shawara da wakilci a kotuna da kotuna don gajerun shari'o'i ko sauraro, lauya ba zai iya ba da shawara a kan ci gaba ba a tsawon lokaci ko ba da taimako a cikin shari'o-tafiye masu rikitarwa a kotuna. A cikin shirin na ƙarshe, masu neman nasara suna da damar yin amfani da minti 45 na shawarwari na farko kyauta. Yankunan da kamfanonin lauyoyi masu halarta suka bayar sun bambanta, kamar su wasiyya da shaidar shaida, dokar gudanarwa, banki da kudi da dokar mallakar ilimi. A halin yanzu akwai kamfanonin lauyoyi sama da 100 da ke halarta a Hong Kong.

Don samun shawara ta shari'a kyauta, mutanen da ke buƙatar wannan sabis ɗin na iya samun taimako daga sassan Gwamnati kamar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, amma dole ne su jira watanni don samun shawarar shari'a. Koyaya, akwai wasu lauyoyi masu zaman kansu a Hong Kong waɗanda ke son ba da shawara ta shari'a kyauta ga jama'a. Amfanin shi ne cewa mutanen da ke buƙatar shawarar shari'a na iya samun taimako nan take, sabili da haka ana iya kare hakkinsu da abubuwan da suke so ba tare da bata lokaci ba.

 Kwatanta da sauran hukunce-hukunce 
Ba kamar wasu hukunce-hukuncen doka ba kamar Ingila da Ostiraliya, ba a ba da izinin yin gaggawa ko tsari na biyan kuɗi a Hong Kong a ƙarƙashin Jagoran Masu Ba da Shawara na Hong Kong ga Halin Kwararru, Rule 4.17 of The Hong Kong Solicitors' Guide to Professional Conduct (Volume 1, Third Edition) Dokar Halin Bar,  da Dokar Masu Shari'a.  Kungiyar lauyoyi ta Hong Kong ta ci gaba da cewa halin da ake ciki ya zama dole saboda yana rage yiwuwar lauyoyi su shiga cikin halayyar da ba ta da sana'a don tabbatar da nasara a shari'a, ko kuma da sauri su warware shari'a koda kuwa sharuɗɗan ba su da kyau ga abokan cinikin su. Tsohon Darakta na Masu Shari'a (yanzu alƙali ne na Kotun Farko ta Hong Kong), Kevin Zervos, ya kuma yi sharhi cewa Hong Kong bai kamata ya bi sauran hukunce-hukuncen ba tare da la'akari da ko ɗaga haramcin ya dace da yanayin yankin Hong Kong da yanayin Hong Kong ba. A gefe guda, an yi imanin cewa rashin amfani daya na haramta kudaden gaggawa shine cewa ana hana masu shigar da kara da ke fama da rashin tattalin arziki daga bin wata da'awar da ta dace saboda idan sun rasa har yanzu ana buƙatar su don tallafawa shari'ar su. Dole ne su yi hankali wajen la'akari da damar da za su samu nasara a kan albarkatunsu kafin su gabatar da karar jama'a a kotu. Misali, a cikin aikace-aikacen bita na shari'a na yau da kullun, koda kuwa wani bangare na jama'a ya yi nasara, har yanzu ana buƙatar ɗaukar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin shari'ar su  a kan wani bangare zuwa jam'iyya, wanda shine tsari na farashi na yau da kullum a irin waɗannan yanayi.  Sabili da haka, an yi jayayya cewa amfani da yawa da kuma amincewa da Dokar Tsaro (PCO) zai cika rata a cikin taimakon shari'a. A karkashin PCO, ko dai jam'iyyar da ta rasa ba ta da alhakin farashin shari'a na abokin hamayyar ko kuma alhakin ta an rufe shi a wani adadin. An amince da ikon Kotun Hong Kong don ba da PCOs a cikin Chan Wai Yip Albert v Sakataren Shari'a  amma masana suna mai da hankali cewa ci gaban dole ne ya kasance mai hankali don kada a bude shi don cin zarafi.  An buga takarda ta shawarwari a cikin 2005 ta Hukumar Gyara Dokar Hong Kong Kwamitin Kudin Yanayi don kimanta fa'idodi da rashin daidaituwa na tsarin kudaden Yanayi amma Hukumar Gyara Shari'a ta ƙi shi a cikin 2007 da farko saboda rashin tallafi daga masana'antar inshora.

Bugu da kari, ba kamar a Amurka ba inda kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin shari'a na jama'a ke kawo karar jama'a a madadin mutanen da aka cutar da su, ba a yarda masu ba da shawara a cikin gida da ke aiki a kungiyoyi masu ba da agaji da kungiyoyi masu agaji a Hong Kong su wakilci mutanen da waɗannan kungiyoyin ke aiki kai tsaye ba. Wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa rashin iyawar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don wakiltar abokan ciniki kai tsaye a cikin shari'ar shari'a ya rage ci gaban dokar sha'awar jama'a a Hong Kong.

 Ilimi na shari'ar sha'awar jama'a a Hong Kong 
Makarantun shari'a a Hong Kong suma suna shirya shirye-shirye daban-daban don inganta ra'ayin sabis na shari'a ga ɗalibai. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Jami'ar Hong Kong ("HKU") ta ƙaddamar da tsarin ilimantarwa na asibiti na farko tare da Cibiyar Ba da Shawara ta 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Hong Kong ("KRAC"), wanda aka sake masa suna Cibiyar Shari'a ta Hong Kong a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014. Ana ba wa ɗalibai damar koyo da yin aikin dokar 'yan gudun hijira ta cikin gida da ta duniya kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikatan Cibiyar Shari'a. Jami'ar kasar Sin ta Hong Kong kuma tana gudanar da irin wannan shirin tare da Cibiyar Shari'a ta Hong Kong .  A watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, HKU ta fara Shirin Ba da Shawara na Shari'a a harabar makarantar a karkashin Shirin Lauyan Ayyuka. A lokaci guda, ya gabatar da Kwalejin Ilimi na Shari'a (Janar, kamar yadda ya bambanta da Ruwan 'Yan Gudun Hijira), inda ɗaliban da suka shiga suna kula da su ta hanyar membobin ƙungiyar don halartar tambayoyi, gudanar da bincike da taimakawa wajen shirya shawara ta shari'a ga jama'a gaba ɗaya a fannoni ban da dokar 'yan gudun hijira. Cibiyar Kwatanta da Dokar Jama'a a HKU tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta dokar sha'awar jama'a a Hong Kong. An kafa shi a cikin 1995 a matsayin cibiyar bincike mai zaman kanta a cikin Faculty of Law a HKU. A cikin shekaru, ta shirya taro da yawa, tarurruka da tattaunawar haƙƙin mallaka a yankunan da suka fara daga sake fasalin siyasa zuwa haƙƙin LGBT. Yana gudanar da Portal na 'Yancin Dan Adam, tarin bayanai, kuma a watan Janairun 2014 ya dauki bakuncin Taron Shari'ar Jama'a na farko na Hong Kong don ƙarfafawa da tallafawa ci gaban dokar sha'awar jama'a a cikin birni.

 Ayyukan Pro bono 
Kwamitocin Pro bono na kamfanonin lauyoyi a Hong Kong suma suna haɗuwa a kowane wata biyu a cikin Hong Kong Legal Community Roundtable, wani taro don kamfanonin lauyoyin kasa da kasa don tattauna ci gaban aikin pro bono a Hong Kong da yankin. Da farko an hayar shi a cikin 2008, Roundtable ya ƙunshi lauyoyi daga kamfanonin lauyoyi na kasa da kasa sama da 30 tare da ayyuka a cikin birni. Wadannan tarurruka na Roundtable sun hada da bayanan da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa suka bayar game da ayyukansu da bukatun shari'a.

 Manazarta 

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