Craters na Mono-Inyo

Mono-Inyo Craters jerin tsaunuka ne masu aman wuta, gidaje da lava masu gudana a cikin gundumar Mono, Gabashin California. Sarkar tana  daga arewa maso yamma gabar tafkin Mono zuwa kudu da Dutsen Mammoth . Filin Volcanic na tafkin Mono shine mafi girman ɓangaren sarkar kuma ya ƙunshi tsibiran tsaunuka guda biyu a cikin tafkin da dutsen cinder mazugi ɗaya a gabar tekun arewa maso yamma. Yawancin Mono Craters, waɗanda ke da mafi girman ɓangaren arewacin sarkar Mono-Inyo, su ne phreatic (fashewar tururi) volcanoes waɗanda tun daga lokacin da aka toshe su ko kuma sama da su ta rhyolite domes da lava flows. Sarkar volcanic ta Inyo ta kasance mafi yawan ɓangaren kudancin sarkar kuma ta ƙunshi ramukan fashewar phreatic, da rhyolitic lava na gudana da kuma kulli. Yankin kudu na sarkar ya ƙunshi fumaroles da ramukan fashewa akan Dutsen Mammoth da saitin mazugi na cinder a kudancin dutsen; na karshen ana kiransu Red Cones.

Barkewa tare da kunkuntar tsarin fissure karkashin sarkar ya fara ne a yammacin moat na Long Valley Caldera shekaru 400,000 zuwa 60,000 da suka wuce. An kafa Dutsen Mammoth a wannan lokacin. Fashewar fashewa da yawa daga shekaru 40,000 zuwa 600 da suka gabata sun haifar da Mono Craters da fashewa shekaru 5,000 zuwa 500 da suka gabata sun kafa sarkar dutsen mai aman wuta ta Inyo. Lava yana gudana shekaru 5,000 da suka wuce ya gina Red Cones, kuma an tono ramukan fashewa a Dutsen Mammoth a cikin shekaru 1,000 na ƙarshe. Ɗaukaka tsibirin Paoha a tafkin Mono kimanin shekaru 250 da suka wuce shine aikin na baya-bayan nan. Wataƙila waɗannan fashewar sun samo asali ne daga ƙananan jikin magma maimakon daga guda ɗaya, babban ɗakin magma kamar wanda ya haifar da fashewar Long Valley Caldera shekaru 760,000 da suka wuce. A cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata, fashewar fashewa ta faru a kowace shekara 250 zuwa 700. A cikin 1980, jerin girgizar ƙasa da ɗagawa a ciki da kudancin Long Valley Caldera sun nuna sabbin ayyuka a yankin.

An yi amfani da yankin shekaru aru-aru da mutane ke amfani da shi. Mono Paiutes ne ya tattara Obsidian don ƙirƙirar kayan aiki masu kaifi da maki kibiya. Gilashin dutsen yana ci gaba da cirewa a zamanin yau don amfani da shi azaman zaɓen kasuwanci da kayan ado na yadi. Mono Mills da aka sarrafa katako ya fado akan ko kusa da dutsen mai aman wuta don Bodie na kusa da nan a ƙarshen 19th zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20. Juyar da ruwa zuwa tsarin magudanar ruwa na Los Angeles daga kantunan halitta a tafkin Mono ya fara ne a cikin 1941 bayan da aka yanke ramin ruwa a ƙarƙashin Mono Craters. Filin Volcanic na Lake Mono da babban ɓangaren Mono Craters sun sami ɗan kariya a ƙarƙashin Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area a cikin 1984. Amfani da albarkatu tare da dukkan sarkar ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar sabis na gandun daji na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Inyo National Forest . Ayyuka iri-iri suna yiwuwa tare da sarkar, gami da yawo, kallon tsuntsaye, kwale-kwale, ski, da kuma hawan dutse.

 Geography da bayanin 
alt=Chain of tall hills with sharp peaks. A crater and lake are in the foreground.|thumb|Mono Craters suna samar da baka na domes na lava da gudana.
alt=Two craters in a forested area and one crater on top of a large hill. A hummocky massive but flat hill is in the background.|thumb|Inyo Craters saitin ramukan fashewa ne.

 Saita 
Mono–Inyo Craters suna samar da sarkar dutsen mai aman wuta a Gabashin California wanda ke zaune tare da kunkuntar tsarin fissure na arewa-kudu mai tasowa daga arewacin gabar tafkin Mono ta yammacin Long Valley Caldera, kudu da Dutsen Mammoth.  Sarkar tana cikin gandun daji na Inyo da Mono County: Al'umma mafi kusa shine Mammoth Lakes. Magudanar ruwan suna cikin yankin Great Basin geographic.

 Mono Craters 
Mono Craters suna da  sarkar akalla 27 domes volcanic, manyan gilashi guda uku da ake kira coulees da ramukan fashewa daban-daban da sauran abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da volcanic.  Ƙididdiga na sarkar suna kwance akan baka mai jujjuyawar arewa-kudu wanda ke da iyaka zuwa yamma kuma yana kudu da tafkin Mono. Mafi girma daga cikin Mono Craters domes shine Dutsen Crater (tsawo 9,172).ƙafa ko 2,796m), wanda ya tashi  sama da kwarin Pumice zuwa yamma.  Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da volcanic suna cikin tafkin Mono ( Paoha da Negit Islands ) kuma a kan iyakarta ta arewa (Black Point). Coulees sun taru a arewa da kudu na sarkar da ke mamayewa.  

 Sarkar volcanic inyo 
Sarkar volcanic na Inyo ya kai  daga Wilson Butte zuwa Inyo Craters, daidai.  Inyo Craters buɗaɗɗen ramuka ne a cikin dajin da ke da kusan  fadin da  mai zurfi, kowanne da kananan tafkunan da ke rufe benayensu.  Kimanin mil kwata (rabin kilomita) arewa da waɗannan akwai wani rami mai fashewa a saman Dutsen Deer.  Nisa daga arewacin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa sune gidaje biyar na lava, ciki har da Deadman Creek Dome, Glass Creek Dome, Obsidian Dome, da Wilson Butte.  Waɗannan ƙusoshin sun ƙunshi rhyolite mai launin toka, daɗaɗɗen kumfa, da baƙar fata obsidian. Sarkar volcanic ta Inyo ta kara zuwa Long Valley Caldera amma ba ta da alaka da volcanism na caldera.  

 Jajayen Cones 
Kudancin sarkar mai aman wuta ta Inyo wasu siffofi ne da ke da alaƙa da tsarin dik da ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar ramuka, dutsen mai aman wuta da magudanar ruwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da yanayin arewa-kudu na tabo mai lalacewa har zuwa  Tsage-tsafe masu tsayi da ja da baya ko tsatsa a cikin ƙasa.  Waɗannan fissures ba kuskure ba ne na fasaha saboda kaɗan ko babu motsi a tsaye ko a kwance da ya faru tare da su.  Mafi shahara a cikin waɗannan shine "Laifin girgizar ƙasa", fissure har  fadi wanda ya yanke  cikin gilashin rhyolite lava gudana. An samu fissure ne ta hanyar mikewa sakamakon kutsen Dik Inyo.  An cire matakala zuwa kasan fissure bayan da girgizar kasa ta lalata a 1980.  Ramin fashewar Mono-Inyo da yawa suna kan Dutsen Mammoth.  The Red Cones, kudu da Dutsen Mammoth, su ne basaltic cinder cones kuma su ne mafi kudancin sassan Mono-Inyo Craters volcanic sarkar.  

 Climate da muhalli 
Mono–Inyo Craters suna cikin tsakiyar Basin da Range ecoregion na Arewacin Amurka hamada . Yanayin hamada na Mono Basin yana karɓar kusan  na hazo a shekara.  Hazo na shekara-shekara a kusa da Tafkunan Mammoth, wanda ke kusa da sarkar volcanic na Inyo, yana da kusan  .  Danshi yana tafiya a kan kogin Saliyo daga Tekun Pacific ta hanyar San Joaquin Gap.  Yanayin zafi a cikin Mono Basin yana daga matsakaicin yanayin hunturu na  zuwa matsakaicin yanayin zafi na  .  Zazzabi kusa da sarkar volcanic Inyo da yankin Tafkunan Mammoth sun bambanta daga matsakaicin lokacin hunturu na  zuwa lokacin rani matsakaicin tsayi na  . 

Mafi yawa daga saman Mono Craters bakarare ne amma gangaren dajin Jeffrey Pine ya rufe shi da wani yanki na kore.  Kwarin Pumice, kai tsaye zuwa yamma, an rufe shi da sagebrush scrubland.  Ƙasar ta ƙunshi da farko na pumice mai zurfi, wanda ba ya riƙe ruwa da kyau.  Mycorrhizal fungi a cikin ƙasa sun mamaye tushen itatuwan pine na Jeffrey a cikin dangantakar da ke da alaƙa da ke taimaka wa Pine ya sha ruwa kuma yana ba da abinci mai gina jiki ga fungi.  Gandun daji na Jeffrey pine kuma suna kewaye da sarkar dutsen wuta ta Inyo  da Dutsen Mammoth.  Barewa, coyotes, baƙar fata, marmots masu launin rawaya, raccoons da zakuna tsaunin duk suna da jeri waɗanda suka yi daidai da dazuzzuka waɗanda ke rufe sassan ramukan Mono-Inyo. 

 Juyin halitta na al'ada 
alt=Ring of gray rock with a dome of gray rock inside it.|thumb|Hoton iska na Panum Crater
Panum Crater shine dutsen tsaunuka na arewa a cikin jerin kuma kyakkyawan misali ne na zoben tuff da dome rhyolite. Tsarinsa guda biyu ne; zoben tuff na waje (wanda ke samar da dutsen dutse) da filogi na ciki, ko dome na rhyolite, pumice da obsidian da aka kirkira daga lavas.  A wannan yanayin, zafi daga magma feeding Panum ya haskaka ruwan ƙasa zuwa tururi don ƙirƙirar zoben tuff kafin lava ta isa saman. Sauran Mono Craters suma an kafa su ta wannan hanyar, amma filogin su ya girma fiye da ramukan zoben su. Kubbarorin suna da ɓangarorin gangare kuma suna gefen gangaren dutsen da ke tattare da manyan kusurwoyi da duwatsu masu wadatar gilashi.  Bowl na Devil's Punch Bowl, wanda ke kudu da babban hadadden dome, ya daina kafawa a matakin farko na ci gaba. Yana da  fadi da  Ramin fashewa mai zurfi tare da ƙaramin gilashin kumfa a ƙasansa.  

Babban Arewa da Kudancin Coulee da ƙaramar Arewa maso Yamma Coulee sun ƙunshi rhyolite masu wadatar obsidian. An samo su ne daga lava mai tafiya a hankali wanda ke da ɓawon ɓawon ɓawon ɓaure.  Da zarar kwararar ta tsaya, sai ta samar da manyan harsuna masu kaifi da dutse masu kusurwa waɗanda yawanci  mai kauri kuma suna da tarin ƙugiya tare da gindinsu.  Kudancin Coulee  tsayi,  fadi kuma yana da girman    yin shi mafi girma na Mono Craters coulee a girma.  Kudancin Coulee ya samo asali ne daga bakin Mono Domes, kimanin  daga ƙarshen kudanci, yana gangarowa gefen gabas da yamma kuma ya ƙare a ƙafarsa.  North Coulee yana kusan girma, yana gudana galibi zuwa gabas kuma yana ƙarewa a cikin ɓangarorin biyu na lobes. Northwest Coulee yana arewa maso yamma na North Coulee kuma Upper Dome ya kutsa shi bayan da coulee ya karu.  An samo aljihunan ƙanƙara na dindindin daga dusar ƙanƙara mai nisan  a cikin ciki da waje.  

 Geology 

 Fage 
Sarkar Mono-Inyo na ramuka yana ta'allaka ne a gabas-ta-tsakiyar California, wanda yayi daidai da gabas tsaunin tsaunin Saliyo . Volcanism da ayyukan girgizar ƙasa a gabashin California sune sakamakon manyan hanyoyin ƙasa guda biyu: motsin arewa maso yammacin Tekun Fasifik dangane da Arewacin Amurka Plate tare da tsarin Laifin San Andreas kusa da bakin teku, da kuma gabas – yamma na ɓawon burodi wanda ya kafa Lardin Basin da Range .  A cikin yankin Long Valley, inda raƙuman ruwa suke, kwandon ruwa da tsawaita kewayo sun mamaye ɓawon burodi da kwanciyar hankali na Saliyo Nevada. 
alt=Map of directional flow from a large oval labeled "Long Valley Caldera." Glass Mountain is on one side of the oval and Mammoth Mountain is on the other. North of the oval are the Inyo Craters, Mono Craters and Mono Lake. Colors are used to distinguish the age and type of the volcanic rock. Fault lines are depicted along the Sierra Nevada.|left|Taswirar Geologic na yankin.
Dutsen ƙasa a ƙarƙashin sarkar Mono-Inyo ya ƙunshi dutsen granitic iri ɗaya da dutsen metamorphic wanda ya ƙunshi Saliyo Nevada. Sama da wannan Layer ɗin akwai ma'aunin basaltic grading zuwa rhyolitic dutsen tsaunuka waɗanda ke da miliyan 3.5 zuwa ƙasa da shekaru 760,000.  Volcanism ya faru a arewacin sarkar, a cikin Bodie Hills, har zuwa shekaru miliyan 28.  Kusan dukkan dutsen da ke gabashin Saliyo a yankin Mono Basin asalinsu dutsen mai aman wuta ne.  

 Mono Craters, Negit Island da Black Point 
alt=Map with Mono Lake near the top, Long Valley Caldera near the bottom. Shapes representing each volcano form a roughly vertical line. Next to the map is a chart that indicates when each volcano erupted.|thumb|347x347px|Fashewa a cikin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata tare da sarkar Mono-Inyo
Yawan fashewar silica -rich rhyolite daga shekaru 40,000 zuwa 600 da suka wuce ya gina Mono Craters.  Black Point, a yau a kan arewacin gabar tafkin Mono, wani mazugi ne mai tuddai na dutsen wuta wanda ya samo asali a ƙarƙashin wani zurfin tafkin Mono mai zurfi kimanin shekaru 13,300 da suka wuce, a cikin mafi-kwanan lokacin glacial .  Abubuwan fashewa da yawa daga shekaru 1,600 zuwa 270 kafin yanzu a tafkin Mono sun kafa tsibirin Negit.  Tafkin magma da ke ciyar da filin Volcanic na tafkin Mono bashi da alaƙa da tafkin magma na Mono Craters. 

Basaltic andesite lava ya gina Red Cones, ƙananan mazugi biyu masu  kudu maso yammacin tafkin Mammoth, kusan 8,500 kafin yanzu.  Dutsen Mammoth Mountain Craters guda biyar jerin ramukan fashewa ne wanda ke tafiya yamma-arewa-maso-yamma na  kusa da gefen arewa na Dutsen Mammoth. 

 Tasiri 
alt=Map of California with concentric rings centered on the central eastern edge of the state. Reno, Sacramento and Fresno are in the largest circle.|thumb|Yiwuwar kauri na tephra a ƙasa daga fashewar ƙasa da  
Ana sa ran sakamako da yawa daga fashewar gaba tare da Mono-Inyo Craters. Gutsutsun toka da dutse (tephra) na iya taruwa zuwa kauri na  kusa da bututun Mono-Inyo mai fashewa.  Tarin iska na tephra na iya wuce  a nisa na  da  nisan  .  Iskar da ke yankin takan yi ta hurawa zuwa gabas ko arewa maso gabas fiye da kashi 50 cikin 100 na lokaci, kuma zuwa ga kowace hanya ta gabas fiye da kashi 80 na lokaci.  Girman hatsi da kauri na tephra gabaɗaya yana raguwa a hankali tare da nisa daga huɗa. Toka mai aman wuta zai iya gurɓata hanyoyin iskar da ke gabashin mashigar. 

Lalaci mai tsanani daga kwararar iskar gas mai tsananin zafi, toka da dutsen da aka tumɓuke ( kwararar pyroclastic da hawan jini) na iya faruwa aƙalla  daga fashewar fashewar abubuwa.  Adadin lalacewar ya dogara da wurin huɗawa, hoton hoto, da ƙarar magma ya fashe. Pyroclastic yana gudana daga ramuka a kan Dutsen Mammoth ko wani babban motsi na iya yin tafiya mai nisa ta hanyar samun ƙarin ƙarfi daga zuriyarsu. Kwaruruka da ke kan hanyar za su fi tasiri fiye da raƙuman ruwa amma kwararowa da raƙuman ruwa na iya haye wasu tudu. Fashewa kusa da fakitin dusar ƙanƙara na iya haifar da lakar laka da toka waɗanda ke lalata kwaruruka da magudanar ruwa. Fashewar tururi a karkashin tabki na iya haifar da manyan raƙuman ruwa masu iya mamaye yankunan da ke kusa da kuma fara kwararar laka.  

Gudun Basalt na iya tsawanta fiye da  daga gare su.  Dacite da rhyolite lavas suna samar da gajeriyar ruwa mai kauri wanda ba kasafai ya wuce  daga gare su.  Siffofin tudu da ake kira domes lava galibi ana ƙirƙirar su daga waɗannan magudanar ruwa. Gwargwadon dutsen da aka jefa daga dome mai girma na iya kaiwa  daga dome.  Rugujewar juzu'i na kubba mai girma mai gefe mai tsayi na iya aika kwararar pyroclastic zuwa waje aƙalla  .  Dogayen gidaje masu tsayi suna haifar da ƙorafin pyroclastic mafi girma waɗanda ke tafiya mai nisa.

 Ayyuka 
alt=White sign in foreground saying "South US 395" and green sign in background giving distances to June Lake, Mammoth Lakes and Los Angeles.|thumb|Hanyar US 395 kusa da Mono Domes
Yawancin ayyukan nishaɗi suna samuwa tare da sarkar. Cibiyar baƙo ta Mono Basin National Scenic Area tana kusa da tafkin Mono kusa da Hanyar Amurka 395 . Kantin sayar da littattafai, tebur ɗin bayanai wanda USDA Forest Service Rangers ke aiki, da gidan kayan gargajiya yana baje kolin taimako don karkatar da baƙi.  Kwamitin Mono Lake yana da ofishi ma'aikata da cibiyar baƙo a Lee Vining a kusurwar Hanyar Amurka 395 da 3rd Street.  Ana iya samun bayanai game da zango, tafiye-tafiye, shiryarwa da tafiye-tafiyen kai-da-kai a kowane wuri.

Hanyoyi da yawa da aka shimfida sun kewaye ramukan Mono-Inyo. US 395 hanya ce mai ban sha'awa wacce ta yi daidai da sarkar volcanic Mono-Inyo Craters. Hanyar Jihar California ta 120 tana fuskantar arewaci da gabas na Mono Domes, ciki har da Panum Crater .   Mammoth Scenic Loop yana gabatowa Inyo Craters.  Samun kai tsaye zuwa Mono-Inyo Craters yana buƙatar tuƙi akan hanyoyin da ba a buɗe ba, sannan tafiya.  

Garin tafkin Mammoth da Dutsen Mammoth suna kusa da ƙarshen ƙarshen sarkar. Mammoth Mountain Ski Area yana nan kusa kuma ana iya hawan gondola duk shekara (yanayin da ya yarda) zuwa kolin dutsen.  Taron koli na Dutsen Mammoth yana ba da ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki game da ramuka da domes na sarkar volcanic na Mono-Inyo, Lake Mono, Saliyo Nevada da Long Valley Caldera.

Tafkin Mono da kansa yana da nasa tsarin ayyukan, gami da balaguron tafiya tsakanin hasumiya na tufa, yawon shakatawa na tafkin, da damar kallon tsuntsaye.  Tafkin yana da gishiri da yawa don tallafawa kowane kifi, amma ana iya yin kamun kifi a cikin rafukan da ke ciyar da tafkin Mono. Ƙarin ayyuka sun haɗa da yin tafiye-tafiye a kusa da ramuka da gidaje, da kuma hawan dutse a wajen iyakokin Yankunan Scenic.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba