Kogon Fumane

Fumane Cave ( Italiyanci : Grotta di Fumane ) kogon dolomite ne a cikin kwarin Fumane, wanda aka kafa a zamanin Neogene . Kogon ya ƙunshi ɗimbin shaida na al'adun hominid kafin tarihi guda uku: Mousterian, Uluzzian da Aurignacian . Bugu da ƙari, kogon yana da wasu tsoffin fasahar kogon da aka gano a Turai.

Ko da yake an san wurin binciken kayan tarihi tun daga karni na 19, an yi hakowan farko a shekara ta 1965. An kusan ci gaba da gudanar da tonon sililin tun daga 1988.

 Dating 
Layer Uluzzian ya kasance kwanan kwanan wata tare da haɗin uranium-thorium da haɗin haɗin wutar lantarki . An yi amfani da haƙoran herbivore guda biyar a cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa tare, maido da kwanan wata tsakanin 38+/-6 dubu da 49+/-6 dubu BP . Ɗaya daga cikin gutsuttsarin dutse, da laka a kusa da shi, an yi kwanan wata ta hanyar thermoluminescence, yana ba da shekaru 50 dubu +/- 8 000 BP. An yi amfani da Dating na Radiocarbon akan itacen da aka ƙone da kuma samfuran gawayi, yana maido da saitin kwanan wata don Uluzzian da Mousterian. Kwanan ƙididdiga sun sanya ƙarshen Mousterian a kusa da 44 000 BP, Uluzzian a tsakanin 44 da 42 000 BP, da kuma lokacin proto-Aurignacian a 41-38 000 BP.  

Za a iya bambanta al'adu guda uku a cikin yadudduka goma sha ɗaya: Aurignacian, gami da Proto-aurignacian, waɗanda su ne tsoffin al'adun ɗan adam na zamani a Turai. Uluzzian na wucin gadi, da al'adun Mousterian na Paleolithic na tsakiya suna da alaƙa da Neanderthals .  An sami jimlar nau'ikan nau'ikan 451, 16 373 flakes da kayan aikin dutse 1527 a cikin yadudduka daban-daban. 

 Aurignacian 
Matakin farko da gajiyayyu daga layin proto-Aurignacian suna nuna dabarun rage ginshiƙan da ke nufin kera samfuran da aka ƙayyade. Dabarar farko ta yi amfani da layin layi da ƙulla a jere don samun ruwan wukake da ruwan wukake tare da gefuna masu kama da juna. Dabarar ta biyu ta yi amfani da madaidaicin ci gaban knapping don samar da siriri mai siriri tare da siffa mai jujjuyawa. Ana iya samun waɗannan fasahohin a cikin wasu rukunin yanar gizon proto-Aurignacian na Turai kuma.  Kogon Fumane ya sami goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa proto-Aurignacian ya daidaita a cikin rarraba yanki. 
Abubuwan da aka gano na ibex sun mamaye taron proto-Aurignacian da Aurignacian. 43% a D3 Layer, 35.5% a D6 Layer, 43.9% a Layer A1, tare da 18.4% na ja dawa ya samo, da 49.5% a Layer A2-A2R, tare da 18.8% na ja dawa. 

 Uluzzian 
An ƙirƙiri tsoffin kayan aikin dutse ta amfani da dabarar Levallois, yayin da sabbin flakes da muryoyin da aka yi ta amfani da hanyar centripetal. An rubuta ruwan wukake da ruwan wukake a cikin Layer Uluzzian.  A cikin ɓangaren farko na lokacin Uluzzian, masana'antar flake ce ta mamaye. Sidescrapers da maki sun kasance mafi wakilcin kayan aikin dutse, tare da fasaha na Levallois shine mafi amfani da hanyar samar da su. Wukakan da aka goya baya da kayan aikin Paleolithic na sama sun zama masu rinjaye a ƙarshen al'adar. 

Uluzzian yana cikin Layer A3 kawai, kuma tarin faunal yana mamaye nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu: ja dawa a 29.5% da ibex a 20.3%. Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Smith, Geoff M.; Romandini, Matteo; Wilcke, Arndt; Peresani, Marco; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Welker, Frido (26 August 2019). "Combining ZooMS and zooarchaeology to study Late Pleistocene hominin behaviour at Fumane (Italy)" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 3. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912350S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48706-z. PMC 6710433. PMID 31451791. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

 Mousterian 
Dabarar Levallois ita ce keɓantaccen dabarar ƙwanƙwasa da aka yi amfani da ita. Yawancin kayan tarihi da aka samo a nan an kiyaye su da kyau, ba tare da gogewa ba, kuma patina ya ɗan shafa. Peresani, Marco (9 January 2012). "Fifty thousand years of flint knapping and tool shaping across the Mousterian and Uluzzian sequence of Fumane cave". Quaternary International. 247: 125–150. Bibcode:2012QuInt.247..125P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.006. Retrieved 25 January 2021.

Mousterian al'ada ce ta musamman da ke da alaƙa da Neanderthals . Kamar yadda sau da yawa ana jayayya game da halayensu na alama,  gano wani harsashi mai ban sha'awa na Aspa marginata yana da ban sha'awa na musamman, saboda amfani da launi yana nuna alamar alama. Harsashi yana kwanan wata zuwa 47.6-45 000 BP. An kawo harsashin zuwa kogon daga nesa mai nisa, sama da 100 km. Binciken da ba a iya gani ba ya nuna wani abu mai launin ja mai duhu, wanda aka gano a matsayin hematite, an sami shafaffe a saman saman harsashi. Wataƙila an sa shi azaman abin lanƙwasa.  Aiki na kashi wani ma'auni ne da aka ambata sau da yawa don yanayin zamani. A cikin ƙarshen Mousterian Layer, an sami ramin kashi da aka sake taɓa, wanda aka gyara ta hanyar bugun kai tsaye. Wannan canja wurin ilimi daga ƙwanƙarar dutse yawanci yana nuna rashin ɗanyen kayan lithic, wanda ba haka bane ga Fumane Neanderthals. 

Taron faunal na Moustarian kusan an raba shi tsakanin barewa da jajayen barewa da aka samu a yadudduka A4, A9, A10 da A11, tare da jajayen barewa suna da rinjaye a cikin yaduddukan A5-A6 a 70.3%. Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Smith, Geoff M.; Romandini, Matteo; Wilcke, Arndt; Peresani, Marco; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Welker, Frido (26 August 2019). "Combining ZooMS and zooarchaeology to study Late Pleistocene hominin behaviour at Fumane (Italy)" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 3. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912350S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48706-z. PMC 6710433. PMID 31451791. Retrieved 24 January 2021. Yawan ƙasusuwan avian da aka samu a cikin Layer na Mousterian na ƙarshe suna nuna alamun gyare-gyare (yanke, gogewa, kwasfa), waɗanda ba sa hidimar ciyarwa ko dalilai masu amfani. Da alama Neanderthals sun cire manyan fuka-fukan daga tsuntsaye daban-daban, waɗanda za a iya danganta su da wani nau'i na hali na alama.  An kuma yi amfani da tsuntsaye don rayuwa, wanda ke shaida ikon Neanderthal don bambanta abincin su. 

 Hotunan kogo 
An gano tulun duwatsu masu ɗauke da hotunan dabba mai ƙafa huɗu da rabin ɗan adam rabin dabba a lokacin haƙan kogon. Ana iya ganin ƙarin adadi uku a kan tulun, amma ba a iya gano su ba saboda munanan adana su. Kamar yadda aka saka su a cikin laka, ana iya kwanan wata tsakanin 32 da 36 500 BP, wanda zai sa su zama zamani da zane-zane na Cave Chauvet . 

 Ragowar mutum 
A yayin tonowar da aka yi tsakanin shekarar 1989 zuwa 2011, an gano hakoran mutane hudu. Uku a cikin sassan Mousterian, kuma ɗaya a cikin Layer Uluzzian. Biyu daga cikin ukun da aka samu a cikin Layer Mousterian ana iya gano su da Neanderthal. Babu shakka ba za a iya gano sauran haƙoran Mousterian ba saboda lalacewa, yayin da ba za a iya gano haƙoran Uluzzian ba saboda an sami guntunsa kawai. An sami wani haƙori a cikin proto-Aurignacian Layer, amma har yanzu ba a buga ba.  Dukkansu hakora ne masu tsiro, biyu daga cikinsu na 'yan shekara shida ne, kuma daya daga cikinsu na yaro dan shekara 10-11.  Ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Fumane, "Fumane 2" an buga shi kai tsaye zuwa kusan 40,000 BP. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba