Bowling kadai

Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community littafi ne na 2000 wanda Robert D. Putnam ya rubuta. An haɓaka shi ne daga rubutun sa na 1995 mai taken "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital". Putnam yayi bincike kan raguwar Babban birnin jama'a a Amurka tun 1950. Ya bayyana raguwa a duk nau'ikan hulɗar zamantakewa na mutum wanda Amurkawa suka saba da ganowa, ilimantarwa, da wadatar da masana'antar rayuwarsu ta zamantakewa. Ya yi jayayya cewa wannan yana lalata aikin jama'a wanda Dimokuradiyya mai ƙarfi ke buƙata daga 'yan ƙasa.

 Abinda ke ciki 
Putnam ya tattauna hanyoyin da Amurkawa suka rabu da shiga cikin al'umma, gami da rage yawan masu jefa kuri'a, halartar tarurrukan jama'a, hidima a kwamitoci, da aiki tare da jam'iyyun siyasa. Putnam ya kuma ambaci karuwar rashin amincewar Amurkawa da gwamnatinsu. Putnam ya yarda da yiwuwar cewa wannan rashin amincewa za a iya danganta shi da "tsawon labaran bala'o'in siyasa da abin kunya tun daga shekarun 1960",  amma ya yi imanin cewa wannan bayanin yana da iyaka yayin kallon shi tare da wasu "al'amuran da ke cikin aikin jama'a na wani nau'i mai yawa".

Putnam ya lura da asarar duka a cikin membobin da yawan masu sa kai a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a'a da yawa kamar ƙungiyoyin addini (Knights of Columbus, B'nai Brith, da dai sauransu), ƙungiyoyin kwadago, ƙungiyoyin iyaye-malamai, Ƙungiyar Kungiyoyin Mata, Ƙungiyar Mata masu jefa kuri'a, ƙungiyoyin tsoffin sojoji, masu sa kai tare da Boy Scouts da Red Cross, da ƙungiyoyin 'yan uwa (Lions Clubs, Benevolent and Protective Order of El, United States Chamber, Freemasonry, Rotary, da dai).  Putnam ya yi amfani da bowling a matsayin misali don kwatanta wannan; kodayake yawan mutanen da suka yi kwallo ya karu a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, yawan mutanen da ke yin kwallo a wasanni ya ragu. Idan mutane sun yi kwallo kadai, ba su shiga cikin hulɗar zamantakewa da tattaunawar jama'a da za su iya faruwa a cikin yanayin league ba.
Putnam ya ambaci bayanai daga Babban Binciken Jama'a wanda ya nuna raguwar membobin kungiyoyin jama'a na gargajiya, yana tallafawa rubutun nasa cewa babban birnin jama'a ya ƙi. Ya lura cewa wasu kungiyoyi sun girma, kamar American Association of Retired Persons, Sierra Club, da kuma yawancin kungiyoyin masu fafutuka. Amma ya ce waɗannan kungiyoyi ba su da alaƙa da hulɗar fuska da fuska, kuma sun kasance nau'in inda "aikin membobin kawai ya ƙunshi rubuta rajista don biyan kuɗi ko watakila a wasu lokuta karanta takardar labarai. " Putnam, Robert D (1995). "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital". Journal of Democracy. 6 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1353/jod.1995.0002. Archived from the original on 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2005-04-06. Ya kuma zana bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan zamantakewar jama'a daban-daban guda biyu: nau'in "haɗin kai" (wanda ke faruwa a cikin ƙungiyar jama'a) da nau'in" (wanda ya haɗa mutane daga kungiyoyi daban-daban).

Daga nan sai ya tambayi: "Me ya sa babban birni jama'a na Amurka ke lalacewa?" kuma ya tattauna dalilai da yawa. Ya yi imanin cewa "motsi na mata cikin ma'aikata"  da sauran canje-canjen al'umma suna da tasiri ga yawan mutanen da ke shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Ya kuma tattauna game da "sake ra'ayi", cewa mutane ba sa son yin aiki sosai lokacin da suke motsa garuruwa akai-akai, amma ya gano cewa Amurkawa a zahiri suna motsa garuruwan da yawa fiye da shekarun da suka gabata. Ya ba da shawarar cewa yankunan karkara, tattalin arziki da matsin lokaci suna da wasu sakamako, kodayake ya lura cewa matsakaicin sa'o'in aiki ya ragu. Ya kammala cewa babban dalilin shine fasahar "mutumin" lokacin hutu na mutane ta hanyar talabijin da Intanet, yana zargin cewa "kayan kwalkwali na gaskiya" zai ci gaba da wannan a nan gaba.

Ya kiyasta cewa faduwar shiga cikin jama'a bayan 1965 ya kasance kashi 10 cikin dari saboda matsin aiki da iyalai masu sana'a biyu, kashi 10 cikin 100 zuwa birane, tafiye-tafiye, da Yaduwar birane, kashi 25 cikin 100 zuwa fadada nishaɗin lantarki (musamman talabijin), da kashi 50 cikin 100 zuwa canjin na tsara (ko da yake ya kiyasta cewa tasirin talabijin da canjin na ƙarni sun mamaye kashi 10 zuwa 15 cikin dari). Kashi 15 zuwa 20 cikin dari sun kasance ba a bayyana su ba.

Putnam ya ba da shawarar zurfin nazarin waɗanne nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi zasu iya ƙirƙirar babban birnin zamantakewa, da kuma yadda fannoni daban-daban na fasaha, canje-canje a cikin daidaito na zamantakewa, le manufofin jama'a ke shafar babban birnin zamantakewar al'umma. Ya rufe ta hanyar jaddada muhimmancin gano yadda Amurka za ta iya juyar da yanayin lalacewar babban birnin jama'a.

 Karɓar baƙi 
Wani bita a cikin Kirkus Reviews ya yaba da littafin saboda kasancewa mai fahimta ga masu karatu marasa ilimi, kuma ya ce gabaɗaya "bincike ne mai zurfi da jayayya da hankali".  Masanin Tattalin Arziki ya kira shi "nasara mai ban mamaki".  C. S. Fischer, farfesa a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar California, ya ba da bita mai kyau. Kodayake ya soki wasu fassarorin Putnam game da bayanan kuma ya ji cewa "babban birnin zamantakewa" kwatanci ne mai banƙyama, duk da haka ya kira shi "yajin aiki na 10-pin, babban gudummawa ga nazarin hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa da haɗin kai na zamantakewa" tare da yabo na musamman don amfani da bayanai. 

Everett Carll Ladd ya yi iƙirarin cewa Putnam ya yi watsi da karatun filin da ke akwai, musamman ma binciken zamantakewar Middletown,  wanda a cikin shekarun 1920 ya haifar da irin damuwa da yake yi a yau, sai dai fasahar da ake kai farmaki kamar yadda ake inganta warewa rediyo ne maimakon talabijin da wasannin bidiyo. 

Sauran masu sukar sun yi tambaya game da babban binciken Putnam - cewa shiga cikin jama'a yana raguwa. Dan jarida Nicholas Lemann ya ba da shawarar cewa maimakon raguwa, ayyukan jama'a a Amurka sun ɗauki nau'o'i daban-daban. Yayinda wasannin bowling da sauran kungiyoyi da yawa suka ƙi, wasu kamar wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa sun girma. Ya kuma nuna cewa rubutun Bowling Alone ya saba wa tunanin da ya faru a littafin Putnam na baya Making Democracy Work - cewa al'adar shiga cikin jama'a tana da tsawo sosai a tsawon lokaci. 

A cikin littafin su na 2017 One Nation After Trump, Thomas E. Mann, Norm Ornstein da E. J. Dionne sun rubuta cewa raguwar kungiyoyin zamantakewa da na jama'a da Putnam ya rubuta wani abu ne a zaben Donald Trump kamar yadda "da yawa suka taru da shi daga marmarin nau'ikan al'umma da hadin kai da suke ji sun ɓace. "

 Bayanan bugawa 



 Dubi kuma 

 Ginin al'umma
 DDB Needham Life Style Bincike
 Taron Saguaro
 Al'ummar Amurka
 Matsayi na uku
 Haɗa ko Mutuwa (fim) 

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 



 C-SPAN.org/video/?157570-1/bowling-alone-collapse-american-community" id="mwAVo" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Gabatarwa ta Putnam a kan Bowling Alone, Yuni 7, 2000, C-SPAN
 Tattaunawar littafin tare da Putnam a kan Bowling Alone, Disamba 24, 2000, C-SPAN
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba