Rage fitar da iskar gas a Brazil

Brazil ta kafa ƙaƙƙarfan manufofin jama'a ta amfani da Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace Injiniyoyin Haɓaka don rage hayakin methane daga matsugunan ƙasa . Wani muhimmin bangare na waɗannan ayyukan shine siyar da hayaki mai zaman kansa ta hanyar kasuwa masu zaman kansu don samar da kudaden shiga.

 Gabatarwa 
Fuskantar ƙalubalen ƙalubalen gurɓata yanayi, Brazil ta kafa manufofin jama'a waɗanda za su haifar da ƙarfafawa ga kasuwanni masu zaman kansu na waje da na ƙasa don saka hannun jari na kuɗi, fasaha, da albarkatun ɗan adam a cikin ƙasar. Manufar ita ce ƙwararrun kamfanoni za su kawo fasaharsu zuwa Brazil, a ƙoƙarin rage hayakin methane . Takamaiman fasaha da ayyukan da aka tattauna a wannan labarin suna magana ne akan ayyukan iskar gas . Kodayake wannan fasaha ta kasance sabuwa ga Brazil a farkon 2000s lokacin da kamfanoni suka fara aiwatar da su, waɗannan hanyoyin ba sababbi ba ne a Turai ko Arewacin Amurka . Bugu da ƙari, Brazil ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa da ke shiga irin wannan ayyukan a duniya.

 Fage 
Brazil ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kyoto a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1998, kuma ta amince da ita a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2002.   Zuwa yau, Brazil tana da ayyukan ci gaba mai tsafta (CDM) guda 347 (CDM), wanda ke da kashi 7.3% na jimlar ayyukan a duniya.  Ƙididdigar da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta yi ya nuna cewa nan da shekara ta 2012, Brazil za ta sami takardar shedar rage fitar da hayaki (CER) miliyan 102, darajar dala miliyan 1,225. Ba kamar sauran ƙasashe na BRIC ba, a Brazil babban ɓangaren yuwuwar ayyukan CER shine ayyukan iskar gas, tare da kaso 31.3%.  Bisa ga binciken ƙasa game da tsaftar muhalli (PNSB) da aka gudanar a cikin 2008, dukkanin gundumomi 5,564 suna da damar samun tsaftar muhalli.  Bisa ga binciken Kamfanin Fasahar Tsabtace Muhalli (CETESB), wuraren sharar gida 6,000 a Brazil suna karɓar ton 60,000 na sharar gida kowace rana. Kashi saba'in da shida (76%) na wannan sharar yana zuwa juji ba tare da sarrafa shi ba, tara iskar gas, ko maganin ruwa. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 83.18% na iskar methane da Brazil ke fitarwa suna fitowa ne daga wuraren sharar da ba a sarrafa su ba. 

 Ayyukan iskar gas 
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun ƙaddamar da ayyukan CDM ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC) don amfani da fitar da iskar gas (LFG) daga wuraren sarrafa shara don samun kuɗin carbon ko CER. Akwai ayyuka sama da 100 LFG CDM a Brazil.  Hoton da ke ƙasa yana kwatanta tsarin. 
Da farko, da zarar kamfanin kula da sharar gida ya ƙera gidan da sabuwar fasaha, (1a) yana ƙididdige adadin methane (CH 4 ) da za a fitar a cikin iska ba tare da sa hannun sa ba. (1b) Sa'an nan kuma ya canza CH 4 zuwa daidaitattun carbon (C0 2e ). (2a) Na gaba, kamfanin yana aiwatar da adadin methane da yake tsammanin fitarwa a cikin iska, tare da sabuwar fasahar. Hakanan, (2b) yana canza CH 4 zuwa C0 2e . (3) Bayan haka, kamfanin yana ƙayyade fitar da hayaƙin da aka guje wa ko CER amma yana rage fitar da hayaƙi tare da fasaha daga tushen hayaƙi ba tare da fasahar ba. (4) Da zarar an ƙididdige shi, kamfanin ya sayar da CER ta hanyar dillali ga kamfanonin da za su samar da hayaki fiye da yadda aka ba su.

 SASA 
Wurin zubar da shara na SASA  yana cikin Tremembé a Jihar São Paulo ta Brazil. Onyx SASA reshen Veolia Environnement ne kuma wani aiki ne na rijista a hukumance tare da UNFCCC, tun daga ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2005. SenterNovem, wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki ta Netherlands a Netherlands, abokin tarayya ne a cikin aikin. Jadawalin kwarara mai zuwa yana nuna tsarin da wurin da ke amfani da shi:

(1) Methane (CH 4 ) ko makamancin carbon (CO 2e ) ana kama su ta rijiyoyin tsaye. (2) Na gaba, magudanar ruwa a kwance wanda aka haɗa da rijiyoyin tsaye yana fitar da CO 2e . (3) Sa'an nan kuma, babban bututu mai tarin yawa yana ɗaukar CO 2e kuma ya tura shi zuwa mai kwashewa. (4) Duk wani CO 2e wanda bai ƙafe ba, ana canja shi zuwa wani walƙiya da ke kewaye. (5)Sauran hayakin da ya rage sai a rika hura iska. A lokacin shigar da rahoton, Onyx SASA ta yi tsammanin za a iya tara tan 700,625 CO 2e daga 2003 zuwa 2012 a CER. Tun daga 2011, Onyx SASA ta gabatar da rahoton sa ido na tsawon shekarun 2003 zuwa 2007. Taswirar da ke gaba tana zayyana ainihin CER da aka samu zuwa yau:
Shekara Farashin CO2E Fitarwa CO 2e Emissions tare da CDM Technology Tsarin CER ainihin CER 2003 57,093 20,433 36,661 21,954 2004 71,350 26,083 45,267 30,656 2005 85,147 37,383 47,764 40,988 2006 98,024 36,617 58,407 46,030 2007 109,719 38,566 71,153 42,320 2008 120,362 49,932 70,430 TBD 2009 129,889 39,551 90,338 TBD 2010 138,233 48,158 90,075 TBD 2011 145,394 57,947 87,447 TBD 2012 149,730 46,647 103,083 TBD Jimlar 1,104,943 404,318 700,625 181,948 (2003-2007)

Bugu da ƙari, rahoton ƙirar aikin ya ce Onyx SASA na sa ran sake reshe da sake dazuzzukan ƙasar; da cikawa, za a dasa itatuwa 150,000 a kusa da wurin da ake zubar da shara.

 Paulina 
Empresa de Saneamento e Tratamento de Resíduos (ESTRE)  wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa mai sarrafa sharar gida na Brazil, wanda aka kafa a 1999. ESTRE yana aiki da shafuka bakwai a Brazil, Uruguay, da Argentina. Yana ba da sabis na sarrafa sharar gida, gami da sake yin amfani da su da wuraren share shara, ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da gwamnati.  Aikin Paulínia Landfill Gas Project (EPLGP) yana cikin Campinas a Jihar São Paulo ta Brazil. An yi rajistar aikin a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2006, tare da UNFCCC.

Manufar EPLGP ita ce rage fitar da hayaki. Tsari mai zuwa yana kwatanta tsarin kamawa da sake amfani da hayakin iskar gas:

Kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama, (1) rijiyoyin da aka girka a cikin mazugi suna tattara methane (CH 4 ). (2) Na gaba, manyan bututu masu yawa da aka haɗa da rijiyoyin suna canja wurin CH 4 zuwa mai busa. (3) Duk sauran CH 4 ana aika zuwa ga wuta. (4) A ƙarshe, CH 4 yana ƙonewa cikin iska. Tebu mai zuwa yana zayyana hasashen da aka yi hasashe da ainihin abubuwan da CER za ta samu a kowace shekara bisa ga rahoton sa ido da aka shigar da UNFCCC:
Lokaci Tsarin CER ainihin CER 9/14/2006 - 1/31/2007 67,179 56,376 2/1/2007 - 7/31/2007 96,268 81,862 8/1/2007 - 2/29/2008 116,745 112,938 3/1/2008 - 8/31/2008 91,873 104,918 2/1/2009 - 6/30/2009 96,549 112,950 7/1/2009 - 2/25/2010 157,089 177,545 2/26/2010 - 7/31/2010 70,832 187,909^ 8/1/2010 - 10/31/2010 63,505 118,860^ 11/1/2010 - 1/31/2011 61,077 119,056^ 2/1/2011 - 12/31/2011 204,397 TBD 2012 198,019 TBD Jimlar 1,487,908 1,188,640 (9/14/2006 - 1/31/2011)

^Ƙarar da aka samu a ainihin CER da na CER da aka yi hasashe ya samo asali ne saboda karuwar sharar da aka samu ta wurin sharar gida, daga tan 2.5 a kowace rana kamar yadda aka ruwaito a aikace-aikacen CDM zuwa tan 5 a kowace rana.

 Doka: Manufofin Kasa Kan Sauyin Yanayi 
Bayan majalisar dokokin Brazil ta zartas da dokar sauyin yanayi, a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2009, shugaba Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ya rattaba hannu kan manufar sauyin yanayi ta kasa (PNMC).  Doka ta bukaci Brazil ta rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kashi 38.9% nan da shekarar 2020.   A ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2010, shugaba Lula ya rattaba hannu kan wata doka wadda ta yi cikakken bayani kan tanadin PNMC. Rukuni:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list
Rukuni:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) A kafuwarta, PNMC ta mai da hankali kan rigakafin, shiga cikin jama'a, da ci gaba mai dorewa.  

 Dokar N° 12.187 na 2009 
Akwai labarai guda 13 a cikin dokar: 

 Mataki na 1 ya kafa dokoki da shugabannin da ke tafiyar da PNMC.

 Mataki na 2 ya kafa ma'anoni da mahimman kalmomin da suka shafi sauyin yanayi ciki har da, mummunan tasirin sauyin yanayi, hayaki, iskar gas, da ragewa.

 Mataki na 3 yana cewa:
 Kowane mutum yana da alhakin rage tasirin ɗan adam akan sauyin yanayi
 Za a ɗauki matakai don hangowa, hanawa, da rage abubuwan da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka ƙaddara.
 Za a dauki matakan yin la'akari da rarraba nauyi tsakanin al'ummomi da al'ummomi daban-daban na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki
 Ci gaba mai ɗorewa shine abin da ake buƙata don rage sauyin yanayi kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da bukatun kowane yawan jama'a da yanki biyu.
 Matakan da aka ɗauka a matakin ƙasa don magance sauyin yanayi dole ne a yi la'akari da ayyukan da aka ɗauka a gundumomi, jihohi, da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
 Vetoed

 Mataki na 4 ya zayyana manufofin:
 Sulhunta ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kariyar yanayi
 Rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli
 Vetoed
 Ƙarfafa hanyoyin kawar da hayaƙin koren gidan anthropogenic
 Yi amfani da matakan haɓaka daidaitawa ta kowane fanni uku na Tarayyar Brazil tare da sa hannu da haɗin gwiwa daga sassan tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, musamman waɗanda sauyin yanayi ya fi shafa.
 Kiyaye, adanawa, da maido da albarkatun muhalli, musamman halittun halittu da ake ɗaukarsu a matsayin Gadon Ƙasa
 Ƙirƙiri da faɗaɗa wuraren da aka karewa bisa doka da ƙarfafa sake dazuzzuka da ciyayi na gurɓatattun wuraren
 Ƙarfafa haɓakar Kasuwar Brazil don Rage hayaki (MBRE)

 Mataki na 5 ya kafa jagororin PNMC:
 Bibiyar alkawurran da aka yi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Kyoto da sauran matakan sauyin yanayi
 Ƙimar fa'idodi masu aunawa, masu ƙididdigewa da tabbatarwa, na ayyukan ragewa
 Daidaita matakan don rage illa
 Haɗa dabaru a matakin yanki, yanki, da ƙasa
 Ƙarfafa haƙƙin tarayya, jihohi, gundumomi, da matakan gundumomi, da kuma ɓangarorin samar da albarkatu, makarantu da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da aiwatar da manufofi, tsare-tsare, shirye-shirye, da ayyuka.
 Haɓaka da haɓaka binciken kimiyya
 Yi amfani da kayan aikin kuɗi da na tattalin arziki don haɓaka ayyukan ragewa
 Gano da fayyace kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don kare sauyin yanayi
 Haɓaka ayyukan da ke rage fitar da iskar gas yadda ya kamata
 Haɓaka haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa
 Inganta tsarin lura
 Haɓaka yada bayanai, ilimi, da horo
 Ƙarfafawa da tallafawa ayyuka da ayyuka tare da ƙarancin hayaki da ci gaba mai dorewa

 Mataki na 6 ya bayyana kayan aiki, kwamitoci, tsare-tsare, kudade, manufofi, bincike, saka idanu, alamomi, da kimantawa PNMC za su yi amfani da su wajen sauyin yanayi.

 Mataki na 7 ya bayyana kayan aikin PNMC za su yi amfani da su:
 Kwamitin tsaka-tsaki kan sauyin yanayi
 Kwamitin tsaka-tsaki kan sauyin yanayi na duniya
 Dandalin Brazil kan Sauyin Yanayi
 Cibiyar sadarwa ta Brazil don Bincike kan Canjin Yanayi na Duniya - Cibiyar Sadarwar Yanayi
 Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ayyukan Yanayi, Climatology da Hydrology

 Mataki na 8 yayi magana akan layin cibiyoyi na kuɗi na hukuma don tallafawa ƙoƙarin sauyin yanayi.

 Mataki na 9 ya lura cewa Hukumar Tsaro za ta kula da MBRE.

 An yi watsi da labarin na 10 .

 Mataki na 11 ya bayyana cewa manufofin jama'a da shirye-shiryen gwamnati yakamata su dace da PNMC.

 Mataki na 12 ya bayyana yadda kasar ta amince da rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kashi 36.1% zuwa 38.9%.

 Mataki na 13 ya ce dokar za ta fara aiki a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2009.

 Dokar Shugaban kasa N° 7.390 na 2010 
Dokar ta fayyace yadda Brazil ke kididdige fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, yadda za ta cimma ragi, da kuma bukatu na doka don kimanta hayakin shekara-shekara. Manufar za ta yi amfani da ƙimar fitar da hayaƙin Brazil na 2005 a matsayin kasuwancin kamar layin tushe na yau da kullun don kwatanta hayaƙin gaba. Manufar: 

 Yana ba da iko don ɗaukar ayyukan ragewa don cimma burin ragewa
 Yana buƙatar ƙoƙarin ragewa don dacewa da ci gaba mai dorewa da muradun tattalin arziki da zamantakewa
 Ya zayyana kayan aikin aiwatarwa, sun haɗa da Shirin Sauyin Yanayi na Ƙasa da Asusun Sauyin Yanayi na Ƙasa
 Ƙaddamar da tsare-tsare na sassa don ragewa da daidaitawa a cikin gandun daji, noma, makamashi, da sufuri
 Ƙirƙirar Kasuwar Brazil don Rage fitar da hayaki (MBRE) don ciniki a cikin takaddun shaida da aka kaucewa

Musamman, dokar ta lissafa tsare-tsaren Ayyuka masu zuwa: 

 Rigakafin da Sarrafa sare itatuwa a cikin Amazon
 Rigakafi da Sarrafa dazuzzuka da gobarar daji a Cerrado
 Shirin Shekara Goma don Fadada Makamashi
 Haɓakar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙarƙashin Carbon a Noma
 Rage Fitarwa daga Karfe

Bisa ga umarnin, Tsare-tsaren Sashin zai ƙunshi: 

 Maƙasudin rage fitar da hayaƙi a cikin 2020 da ƙarin manufofin tare da matsakaicin tazara na shekaru uku
 Ayyukan da za a aiwatar
 Ma'anar alamomi don saka idanu da kimanta tasiri
 Abubuwan da aka tsara na tsari da abubuwan ƙarfafawa don aiwatarwa
 Daidaita gasa tare da ƙididdigar ƙididdigar masana'antu da tasiri

Bisa ga dokar, an haɗa sassan masu zuwa a cikin kimantawa: 

 Canjin Amfanin Ƙasa: 1,404 ton miliyan CO 2e (e = daidai)
 Makamashi: 868 ton miliyan CO 2e
 Noma: 730 ton miliyan CO 2e
 Hanyoyin Masana'antu da Sharar gida: 234 ton miliyan CO 2e

Asusun Canjin Yanayi na Kasa "yana tallafawa ayyukan ragewa da daidaitawa kuma zai dogara ne akan wani yanki da za a yanke na kudaden shigar mai da iskar gas nan gaba." 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba