Yambo Ouologuem

Yambo Ouologuem (22 ga Agusta, 1940 – 14 ga Oktoba, 2017) marubuci ne daga ƙasar Mali. Littafinsa na farko, Le devoir de violence (Lullube da Rikici, 1968), ya lashe lambar yabo ta Prix Renaudot. Daga baya ya wallafa littafin Lettre à la France nègre (1969), da kuma Les mille et une bibles du sexe (1969) a ƙarƙashin sunan wasan kwaiwayo Utto Rodolph. A farkon fitowarsa, Le devoir de violence ya samu karbuwai da yabo sosai, amma daga baya masana suka zarge shi da satar rubutu daga littattafan Graham Greene da wasu fitattun marubuta irin su André Schwartz-Bart. Saboda wannan batu, Ouologuem ya nisanci kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasashen Yamma, kuma ya zauna cikin shiru da keɓewa har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa.

 Rayuwa 
Yambo Ouologuem an haife shi ɗa guda ɗaya a cikin dangin Tidjaniya na Mali a cikin 1940 a Bandiagara, babban birni a yankin Dogon na Mali (sa'an nan wani ɓangare na Sudan ta Faransa). Mahaifinsa, Boukary Ouologuem, sanannen mai mallakar ƙasa ne kuma mai binciken makaranta. Ya koyi harsunan Afirka da yawa kuma ya sami ƙwarewa a Faransanci, Turanci, da Mutanen Espanya. Bayan ya yi karatu a Lycée a babban birnin Bamako, ya tafi Paris a shekarar 1960, inda ya yi karatun ilimin zamantakewa, falsafar da Ingilishi a Lycée Henry IV  kuma daga 1964 zuwa 1966 ya koyar a Lycée de Charenton a yankin Paris, yayin da yake karatun digiri na biyu a ilimin zamantakewa a École Normale Supérieure .

Babban aikinsa, Le devoir de violence (1968), ya haifar da gardama da ci gaba da muhawara ta ilimi game da zargin satar bayanai. A shekara ta 1969, ya wallafa wani nau'i na litattafai masu cin nama, Lettre à la France nègre da kuma wani labari mai ban sha'awa, Les mille et une bibles du sexe, wanda aka buga a karkashin sunan Utto Rodolph . Bayan rikice-rikicen satar bayanai game da Le devoir de violence, Ouologuem ya koma Mali a ƙarshen shekarun saba'in.Wise, Christopher (1998). "In Search of Yambo Ouologuem". Research in African Literatures. 29 (2): 159–182. ISSN 0034-5210. JSTOR 3820728. Har zuwa shekara ta 1984, ya kasance darektan cibiyar matasa a cikin ƙaramin garin Sévaré kusa da Mopti a tsakiyar Mali, inda ya rubuta kuma ya shirya jerin litattafan yara. An san shi da rayuwa ta Musulunci a matsayin marabout har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2017 a Sévaré, yana da shekaru 77.

 Lullube da tashin hankali 
Le devoir de violence (wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci Bound to Violence) an wallafa shi a shekarar 1968 ta hannun Éditions du Seuil. An tarbe shi da yabo daga masana adabi, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Prix Renaudot a wannan shekarar, ya zama marubucin Afirka na farko da ya samu wannan lambar yabo. Ouologuem ya zama shahararre, kuma jaridar Le Monde ta kira shi ɗaya daga cikin “ƴan kaɗan daga cikin manyan masu ilimi na duniya da baƙar fata Afirka ta gabatar wa duniya,” inda ta kwatanta shi da Léopold Sédar Senghor. An fassara littafin zuwa Turanci (Bound to Violence) ta hannun Ralph Manheim a shekarar 1971.

Littafin Ouologuem ya yi tsattsauran suka kan kishin ƙasa na Afirka, inda “ya fi nuna adawa ga tashin hankalin da Afirkawa suka aikata wa junansu.” Wasu masu sukar adabi sun ji cewa yabon da aka yi masa tun farko da kuma kiran littafin na “gaskiya” (duk da cewa ba daidai yake da tarihi ba sau da yawa) martanin ƙasashen Yamma ne. Waɗannan masu sukar sun ga littafin a matsayin ƙin amincewa da hoton tarihin Afirka da aka ƙawata: wani bita a cikin The Nation ya ce Ouologuem ya “karye tatsuniyar tarihin Afirka mai ɗaukaka. Singh, Amardeep (January 9, 2007), "Richard Posner on Plagiarism; the Case of Yambo Ouologeum", amardeepsingh.com. Serrano, Richard (2006), Against the Postcolonial: Francophone Writers at the Ends of the French Empire, Lexington Books, , p. 23.

Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba labarin ya shiga cikin cece-kuce, domin wasu sassan rubutunsa sun bayyana a matsayin na satar fasaha daga littafin Graham Greene mai suna It’s a Battlefield (wanda aka fara buga shi a 1934) da kuma littafin Faransanci The Last of the Just (Le dernier des justes, 1959) na Andre Schwartz-Bart. Bayan shari’ar da Greene ya shigar, an haramta littafin a Faransa, kuma kwanan nan ne kawai aka sake bugawa a can. A wancan lokaci, Ouologuem ya bayyana cewa tun farko ya yi amfani da alamar magana a wasu daga cikin wuraren da ake cece-kuce, amma editansa ya share su, sai dai ba a sami rubutaccen kundin asali ba don tabbatar da haka; kuma mai wallafa littafin bai musanta wannan ba. Haka kuma ya bayyana cewa a wasu tattaunawa tun da farko, ya yi bayani a fili cewa ya ɗauko waɗannan wurare, shi ya sa ba a yi cece-kuce sosai a Faransa ba. Tun daga shekarar 1977, an sanya wata sanarwa a cikin bugu na Turanci wadda ke cewa: "Masu wallafa sun amince da amfani da wasu wurare a shafuka 54–56 daga littafin It’s a Battlefield na Graham Greene." Duk da wannan cece-kuce, labarin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman tubalan adabin Afirka bayan mulkin mallaka, musamman saboda “faɗin al’adunsa: tatsuniyoyi, almara, tarihin gargajiya, da lamuran addini da aka ɗinke cikin kyakkyawan labari; da kuma fasaha: salo da daɗin jin rubutun. Yambo Ouologuem edited by Christopher Wise, The Complete Review. Milet, Eric, and Jean-Luc Manaud (2007). Mali. Editions Olizane.  (French). Interview by Linda Kuehl, "Yambo Ouologuem: on Violence, Truth and Black History" . ChickenBones: A Journal.

Le devoir de violence ya tsara ƙarni bakwai da rabi na tarihin tsakiyar Mali (musamman, yankin Dogon), daga 1202 zuwa 1947, lokacin da wata al'umma mai ban mamaki, Nakem-Zuiko, ke kan ƙofar 'yancin kai. Sashe na farko na littafin yana magana ne game da daular Mali masu iko da yawa, musamman mulkin mallaka na Toucouleur wanda ke da Bandiagara a matsayin babban birninta, da kuma mulkin Bambara na Islama wanda ya maye gurbinsa. Ya nuna yadda sarakunan Afirka suka hada kai da 'yan kasuwa na bayi, suna sayar da' yan ƙasa miliyan ɗari don a kai su bautar. Labarin yana da alama ta tashin hankali da lalata, yana nuna maita da sihiri a matsayin aikin ɗan adam na halitta. A karo na biyu, ɓangaren mulkin mallaka na labarin, mai gabatarwa, Raymond Spartacus Kassoumi, wanda ya fito ne daga bayi, an aika shi zuwa Faransa don a shirya shi don aikin siyasa. Labarin ya kuma nuna tsarin da sabis ko "negraille" (kalma da Ouologuem ya kirkira) ya samo asali a cikin yawan baƙar fata.

An sake buga sanannun ayyukan Ouologuem a cikin Turanci kuma Christopher Wise ya shirya su a cikin Yambo Ouologuém Reader: The Duty of Violence, A Black Ghostwriter's Letter to France da The Thousand and One Bibles of Sex (Africa World Press, 2008). An bincika abin da ya gada a cikin hasken zamani a cikin Yambo Ouologuem: Postcolonial Writer, Islamic Militant, wani tarihin 1999, wanda Wise ya shirya, wanda ya haɗa da asusun ƙoƙarin Wise na neman Ouologuum a Afirka. Wise ya kira "shirin Ouologuem na komawa Mali kuma ya wanke hannunsa na rubuce-rubuce a Faransanci ... asarar da ba za a iya lissafawa ba ga wallafe-wallafen duniya".

Ouologuem ya kuma rubuta waka, wasu daga cikinsu sun bayyana a cikin mujallar Nouvelle Somme . An rubuta shi a cikin Poems of Black Africa (ed. Wole Soyinka, 1975) da kuma The Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry (ed. Gerald Moore da Ulli Beier, 1984).

 Tasiri da abunda ya bari 
Masu sukar da yawa sun kare littafin Lullube da Tashin Hankali (Le devoir de violence) ciki har da Kwame Anthony Appiah, wanda ke kallon shi a matsayin kin amincewa da "tsara ta farko ta litattafan Afirka na zamani - ƙarni na Achebe's Things Fall Apart da Laye'Enfant noir".Serrano, Richard (2006), Against the Postcolonial: Francophone Writers at the Ends of the French Empire, Lexington Books, , p. 23.

Jean-Frédéric de Hasque's 2009 documentary Où est l'Eldorado?  (A cikin Binciken Eldorado) ya ambaci rayuwar Ouologuem da rubuce-rubuce. Fim din ya mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar ɗaliban jami'ar Mali a Sévaré, garin da yake zaune, dukansu sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar aikinsa. Ouologuem da kansa bai bayyana a cikin shirin ba, yayin da wani mazaunin gari ya gargadi de Hasque game da kusanci da gidan marubucin yayin yin fim.

Marubucin Senegal Mohamed Mbougar Sarr littafin La plus secrète mémoire des hommes, wanda ya lashe Prix Goncourt a 2021, ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da Ouologuem ya samu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Faransanci.

A cikin 2023, an ba da sanarwar cewa Penguin Modern Classics za ta buga sabon fitowar Turanci na Bound to Violence a watan Maris na 2024, tare da gabatarwa daga masanin Mali Chérif Keïta . 

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017
Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba