Al-Hajj Musa bin Hissein

Al-Hajj Musa ibn Hissein wani Kanuri ne, shehin malami kuma marubuci masanin ilimin harsuna. An haife shi wajejen shekarar 1870 a garin Bursari, cikin  yankin Manga na daular Bornu (a yanzu Yobe a Najeriya), ya mutu a birnin Alƙahira a shekaran 1920. salinsa daga malamai masanan ilimin ƙur'ani addinin musulunci, shi da kansa ya zama malamin makaranta daga baya sannan ya tashi zuwa aikin hajji a Makka. Bayan ya kammala aikin hajjinsa yi ci gaba da karatunsa a  masallacin al-Aqsa ta birnin Ƙudus sannan masallacin Azhar, ta birnin Alƙahira inda da wani Bajamushe, shi ma masanin ilimin harsuna mai suna Rudolf Prietze. A cikin shekaru goma mutanen nan biyu suka yi aikin haɗin gwiwa suka rubuta tarin takardu, musamman ma a cikin harsunan  Hausa da Kanuri. Waɗannan rubuce-rubuce suna nuna al’adun jama’a na Sahel Ta tsakiya ta ƙarni na XIX ƙarara.

Shi ne ya gano bambanci sautocin nan na “r” biyu na Hausa kuma ya rubuta da haruffa bambam da farko, in ji fitaccen masanin ilimin harsuna da kuma Hausa daga Amirka mai sunan  Paul Newman.

 Rayuwarsa 

 Tashinsa da karatunsa zuwa malami a Bornu 
An haifi Al-Hajj Musa  wajejen shekarar 1870 a garin Bursari, cikin yankin Manga (A yanzu jahar Yobe  Nijeriya ), wato a yammacin iyakar Daular Bornu Ari Awagana et Camille Lefebvre, L’œuvre en kanouri d'al-Hajj Musa ibn Hissein, un savant du Borno (Niger-Nigéria), Leiden, Boston, Brill, 2025, 500 p.  (ISBN 978-90-04-72403-7)  . Asalinsa daga malamai, ya tashi a gidan masanan ilimin musulunci inda ubansa Hissen sananne ne mai makarantar kur'ani ..  Malanci kuwa gado ne a al’adun al’ummomin Sahara da tsakiyar Sahel  Ta tsakiya ta ƙarni na XIXe(en) Louis Brenner, Controlling Knowledge: Religion, Power and Schooling in a West African Muslim Society, Bloomington/Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 2001 (ISBN 978-0253339171), p. 24., Musa ya soma karatunsa tun yarintakarsa a makarantar ƙur’ani ta ubansa. Haka ya zayyana wa  Rudolf Prietze  yadda koyawar take daga baya:

Tamkar yadda aka saba a da, koyawar tsanani gare ta kuma sai ta kasance har zuwa tsakar dare; daga Laraba azahar zuwa juma’a azahar babu karatu saboda ɗalibai suna tafiya gonakan malamansu aiki.  .Yaren asali na Al-Hajj Musa  na farko wani ɓangare ne na harshen Kanuri da ake kira Manga,  kuma ya tashi a iyakar daular Daular Bornu da Daular Sokoto, Inda Hausa e harshen mu’ammala mafi ƙarfi. A lokacin da yake koyar da addinin Musulunci, ya koyi harshen Larabci domin ya iya karatu da karanta Al-Qur'ani. Ya kuma koyi rubutu da Ajami, wato yin amfani da haruffan Larabci wajen rubuta harsunan Afirka, da kuma koyontsohon Kanembu ., harshen liturgical da malaman musulmi a yankin Sahel ta tsakiya  ke amfani da shi.

A shekarar 1885 yana ɗan shekara sha biyar ya tafi Zinder babban birnin Daular Damagaram domin fara zagaye na biyu na karatun kur'ani da kuma bin koyarwar Malam Mûmeni, wani babban malamin birnin  . Ya zauna a Zinder na tsawon shekaru biyu, sannan ya rungumi tsarin rayuwar almajiri, wato na ɗalibai masu tafiya daga birni zuwa birni (a wajensa Daura, Katsina, Maraɗi da Kano), don karɓar ilimi daga manyan malamai, tuntuɓar ɗakunan karatu da haddace ko yin kwafi wasu rubuce-rubucensu (en) Hamsatu Zanna Laminu, Scholars and Scholarship in the History of Borno, Zaria, The Open Press, 1993. . Bayan shekara biyu a kan hanya ya dawo Zinder, inda ya kafa makarantarsa, ya auri Habiba, budurwa 'yar rabin Kanuri kuma rabin kabilar Hausa  .

A cikin shekara ta 1900, Al-Hajj Musa da matarsa suka bar tsakiyar Sahel suka tafi aikin hajji zuwa Makka . Al-Hajj Musa dai bai bayyana dalilan tafiyar tasa ba, sai dai mai yiyuwa ne kuma hakan ya samo asali ne sakamakon mamayar da sojojin Faransa suka yi a Daular Damagaram tun daga shekarar 1899, wanda ya shaida Camille Lefebvre, Des pays au crépuscule. Le moment de l'occupation coloniale (Sahara-Sahel), Paris, Fayard, 2021, 352 p. .. Malamai da yawa a wannan lokaci sun yi hijira wato zuwa ƙasashen Musulunci, sun gudu musamman ma Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila bayan sha kaye na Sarkin Musulmi a  Yaƙin Burmi a shekara ta 1903 Ahmed Chanfi, West African “Ulama” and Salafism in Mecca and Medina: Jawab al-Ifriqi, The Response of the African, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2015..

 Aikin hajji da neman ilimi daga Ƙudus zuwa Alƙahira 
Ziyarar Makkah wani muhimmin mataki ne a tafiyar malaman sufaye daga Sahara da yankin Sahel ta tsakiya kuma yana tare da ziyarori na ibada Omer El-Nagar, West Africa and the Muslim pilgrimage: An historical study with special reference to the nineteenth century, thèse de doctorat, Londres, SOAS University, 1969.. Al-Hajj Musa da matarsa da haka suka yi tafiya zuwa wasu muhimman cibiyoyin ibada da ilimin musulunci; sun shafe shekara guda a Makka, watanni shida a Madina, shekara biyu da rabi kuma a birnin Ƙudus a masallacin al-Aqsa, a wannan zaman al Hajj Musa ya ci gaba da horo daga wajen Malamai masu daraja  .
A shekara 1904, ma'auratan suka zauna a Alƙahira al-Hajj Musa ya zama ɗalibi a jami'ar al-Azhar . A cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga iyayensa da ya rubuta a ajamin kanuri, wanda Rudolf Prietze ya buga a daya daga cikin aƙala, al-Hajj Musa ya nuna cewa an shigar da shi cikin riwaq na Bornu, wani ɓangare da aka keɓe don ɗalibai daga tsakiyar Sahel, amma bai zama a can ba  , . .  A wannan lokacin ya auri mata ta biyu, wacce ba a san sunanta ba, amma ta fito daga Kukawa, tsohuwar babban birnin Daular Bornu  , Gisela Seidensticker-Brikay, « Prietze’s Research Associates », dans Umaru Ahmed, The Hausa World of Rudolf Prietze: Being the Complete Collection of the Scholar in the Hausa and German Originals and the English Versions, Zaria, Ahmadu Bello University Press, 2013, p. 813-824. . Al-Hajj Musa da matansa biyu sun yi rayuwa cikin tawali'u. A ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙunsa zuwa ga mahaifansa, al-Hajj Musa ya bukaci su aika masa da kuɗi  . Don ba da kuɗin karatunsa, yana amfani da damar hutu na shekara-shekara na jami'a, wanda ya zo daidai da watan azumi da Babbar salla, don yin kasuwanci a manyan biranen Bahar Rum - Ƙudus, Tunis, Tripoli - tare da ayari na kan hanyar zuwa Sahel da Sahara  . A cikin shekara 1904, ya sadu da masanin ilimin harsuna Rudolf Prietze, wanda ke neman aiki tare da masu jin harshen Hausa da Kanuri kuma ya tafi masallacin al-Azhar don haka. An zaɓi Al-Hajj Musa ne don ya taimaka masa. Ta haka aka fara aikin nan na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mutanen biyu wanda zai ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma.

 Haɗin gwiwa tare da Rudolf Prietze 
alt=Portrait de Rudolf Prietze|thumb|Rudolf Prietze 
Haɗin gwiwar ilimi tsakanin al-Hajj Musa da masanin ilimin harsuna na Jamus Rudolf Prietze, wanda ya fara a Alƙahira a cikin shekara 1904, ya haifar da haɗin gwiwar samar da ilimin da aka danganta ga Bajamushen shi kaɗai a ƙarshe. Hanyoyin aikin haɗin gwiwa suna dalla-dalla ta hanyar Prietze a cikin gabatarwar da bayanin kula ga labaransa, amma kuma a cikin wasiƙun da ya aika wa gidansu Mutanen nan biyu sun yi aiki tare kowace rana lokacin da suke a Alƙahira kuma sun samu lokacin zumunta tare. Prietze ya ba da labarin a cikin wata wasiƙa da aka gayyace shi don cin abinci a gidan al-Hajj Musa a cikin Faburairu na 1905, ko kuma da suka yi yawo tare a cikin gadinan ciyayi na Alƙahira.

Musayar tasu, a cewar Prietze, an yi ta ne da farko a cikin harshen Hausa, kuma ta shafe fiye da shekaru goma, inda al-Hajj Musa ya ba da ɗaruruwan waƙoƙi, karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, da labaran tarihi ga masanin ilimin harsuna. Da ƙarshe ya buga waɗannan a matsayin aƙalan ilimi a shekaru na 1920 da na 1930, biyar cikin Hausa da uku a Kanuri . Karin magana dai, mata sun fi haddacewa a yankin Sahel ta tsakiya, al-Hajj Musa ya tuntuɓi matarsa, wadda masaniyar ilimin kabilu Gisela Seidensticker-Brikay ta ce a kira ta Hajjiya Musa tun da ba a san sunanta na gaskiya ba. 

Abin da aka gabatar a matsayin aikin Bature, a haƙiƙance haɗin gwiwa ne na ilimi wanda yake da mafarinsa a cikin haɗuwar malaman nan guda biyu. Al-Hajj Musa, shi ma malami ne, wanda ya samu horo a mafi kyawun jami'o'in ilimin Islama, wanda ya kware kanuri, hausa, larabcin ƙur'ani da kuma tsohon Kanembu. Bayanan shafuka a cikin rubuce-rubucen Prietze suna da shaida ga musayarsu a kan zaɓin haruffa, nazarin nahawu da na sauti .

 Masani kuma masanin ilimin harshe Gadon al-Hajj Musa da aka sake ganowa 
A cikin shekara 2025, masanin ilimin harshe Ari Awagana da masaniyar tarihi Camille Lefebvre sun sake  gudanar da aikin jumhuriya da fassara, bisa la'akari da aƙalan Rudolf Prietze, na cikakkun takardun harshen Kanuri wanda al-Hajj Musa ya bayar. Bayan waɗannan takardun, mahimman maɓuɓɓuka don fahimtar adabi baka a cikin ƙasashen Sahel da Sahara, binciken da malaman biyu suka yi a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Prietze ya haifar da sake gano tarihin ilimin al-Hajj Musa. Ta hanyar nazarin ainihin tsarin aikin haɗin gwiwarsu, sun sami damar nuna cewa Musa ya kare ra'ayinsa gaban Prietze,  game da ƙa'idodin nahawu da rubuce-rubuce a Ajami, musamman ta kasancewa farkon wanda ya gano bambancin sautin biyu " r " na Hausa  da kuma ta hanyar ba da fassarar ƙamus da ma'anar rubutun da aka bayar . Aikinsa na masanin ilimin harsuna ne, wanda aka horar a cikin yanayi mai harsuna da yawa, kuma yana da cikakkiyar iko na ƙa'idodin harsuna na Sahel . 

Duk da haka, da zarar Rudolf Prietze nan ya koma Turai, ya buga takardun nan duka a sunansa shi kaɗai. Al-Hajj Musa ya ɓace daga wannan labari; rubuce-rubucen da aka tattara ba su da marubuci ke nan.

Babu bayanin da ya iso mana dangane da ƙarshen rayuwar al-Haj Musa. Gordon Lethem kawai ya ba da rahoton cewa yana zaune a Alƙahira a cikin shekara ta 1925 Gordon Lethem, « Report on a Journey from Bornu, Nigeria, to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Jeddah and Cairo », dans G. Tomlinson, G. Lethem, History of Islamic Political Propaganda in Nigeria: Reports, Londres, Colonial Office, 1927, 22-67 p. .

 Jerin rubuce-rubuce 

 Tarin rubutun kanuri na al-Hajj Musa wanda Rudolf Prietze ya buga 

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 Tarin rubutun hausa na al-Hajj Musa wanda Rudolf Prietze ya buga 

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 (de + ha) « Landwirtschaftliche Haussa-Lieder », dans Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum 60. Geburtstag, dargebracht von Freunden und Schülern, Stuttgart, Strecker & Schröder, 1917, p. 167-189.
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 Manazarta 

 Duba kuma 

 Tsohon Kanembu

 Karin bayani 
 Ari Awagana et Camille Lefebvre, L’œuvre en kanouri d’al-Hajj Musa ibn Hissein, un savant du Borno (Niger-Nigéria), Leyde/Boston, Brill, 2025.

 Umaru B. Ahmed (dir.), The Hausa World of Rudolf Prietze : Being the Complete Collection of the Scholar in the Hausa and German Originals and the English Versions, Zaria, Ahmadu Bello Univ. Press, 2013. 2 vol.

 Hanyoyin waje 
 Littafin rubutu na "Hassoshi" na aikin ERC "Langarchiv".
 Rudolf Prietze na Rudolf Prietze a Laburaren Jihar Berlin
 Rudolf Prietze na kwararru a Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg.