Tsakanin kiwon lafiya

Tsakanin kiwon lafiya yana nufin ka'idar rashin tsoma baki tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya a lokutan rikice-rikicen makamai da tashin hankali na farar hula: dole ne a ba likitoci damar kula da marasa lafiya da wadanda suka ji rauni, kuma dole ne sojoji su sami kulawa ba tare da la'akari da alaƙar siyasa ba; duk jam'iyyun dole ne su guji kai farmaki da kuma amfani da wuraren kiwon lafiya, sufuri, da ma'aikata. Ka'idodin da suka ƙunshi ka'idodin tsaka-tsaki na likita sun samo asali ne daga Dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da Dokar jin kai. Za'a iya tunanin tsaka-tsaki na likita a matsayin wani nau'in kwangilar zamantakewa wanda ke tilasta wa al'ummomi kare ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a lokuta biyu na yaki da zaman lafiya, kuma yana tilasta ma'aikatan likita su bi da duk mutane ba tare da la'akari da addini ba, launin fata, kabilanci, ko alaƙar siyasa. Rashin amincewa da tsaka-tsaki na likita ya zama laifuka da aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Geneva.

 Tarihin tarihi 
Ka'idar tsaka-tsaki na likita tana da tushe a cikin al'adun zamantakewa da yawa. 

 Alkawarin Hippocratic, wanda ke buƙatar likitoci su yi aikin likita daidai, ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na biyar.
 Tunanin 'ba yi lahani' yana da tarihi a cikin "Yahudawa da Musulunci, da kuma maganin Sinanci da Indiya" 
 Yarjejeniyar Geneva (babban dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa, wanda Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya ya goyi bayan kuma ya kare): Henri Dunant ne ya rubuta Yarjejeniyar farko ta Geneva don mayar da martani ga irin wannan wahalar kula da sojoji da suka ji rauni a yakin Solferino . [3] Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta farko da masu zuwa sun kirkiro Red Cross, sun tsara kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a lokutan yaƙi, kuma sun tsara kide-kide na 'yan ƙasa, sojoji, ma'aikatan likita, da dai sauransu. Yarjejeniyar farko ta Geneva ta bayyana cewa bai kamata a sami "cikakke ga ayyukan jin kai" kuma cewa masu rauni da marasa lafiya "za a girmama su kuma kare su a kowane yanayi ba.  Mataki na 18 ya bukaci cewa ba za a iya kai farmaki ga sassan kiwon lafiya, watau asibitoci ba. [4][5] An kirkiro Sanarwar Geneva a matsayin gyare-gyare ga Alkawarin Hippocratic a cikin 1948, martani ga gwajin ɗan adam akan fursunonin Nazi.
 Henri Dunant ne ya rubuta Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta farko don mayar da martani ga ganin irin wannan wahalar kula da sojoji da suka ji rauni a yakin Solferino . 
 Taron farko da na gaba na Geneva sun kirkiro Red Cross, sun tsara kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a lokutan yaƙi, kuma sun tsara kide-kide na 'yan ƙasa, sojoji, ma'aikatan likita, da sauransu.
 Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta farko ta bayyana cewa bai kamata a sami "kusa ga ayyukan jin kai" ba kuma cewa wadanda suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya "za a girmama su kuma a kare su a kowane yanayi".
 Mataki na 18 ya bukaci cewa sassan kiwon lafiya, watau asibitoci da wuraren kiwon lafiya masu tafi-da-gidanka, ba za a iya kai musu hari ba.
 An kirkiro Sanarwar Geneva a matsayin gyare-gyare ga Alkawarin Hippocratic a cikin 1948, martani ga Gwajin ɗan adam akan fursunonin Nazi.

 Rashin amincewa da tsakatsaki 
Ana keta tsaka-tsaki na likita lokacin da masu kiwon lafiya, wurare, ko marasa lafiya suka kai hari, ko kuma lokacin da ba a yarda da masu kifin lafiya su samar da magani ba. Misalan sun hada da: 

 Hare-haren asibitoci
 Hare-hare kan marasa lafiya
 Hare-hare kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya
 Hare-haren sufuri na kiwon lafiya
 Amfani da wuraren kiwon lafiya ba daidai ba
 Rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya ta hanyar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya
 Yin amfani da asibiti / wuraren kiwon lafiya don kai hari, wuta / wuta rokoki misali, ga fararen hula daga wuraren kiwon lafiyar
 Amfani da wuraren kiwon lafiya don adana makamai ko sojoji
 Amfani da wuraren kiwon lafiya don wasu dalilai ban da taimakon kiwon lafiya da / ko taimako ga jama'a.

 Rubuce-rubucen keta tsakatsaki na likita 

 Gaza (2023-) 
A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2023, wani harin jirgin sama na Isra'ila ya kai hari kan motar asibiti a waje da Asibitin Al-Shifa, inda aka kashe mutane 15 kuma wasu 60 suka ji rauni. Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila (IDF) sun bayyana cewa harin ya yi niyya ga mayakan Hamas kuma an yi amfani da ambulances don jigilar ma'aikata da makamai.  Jami'in Hamas Izzat El-Reshiq ya musanta waɗannan da'awar, kuma Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Gaza ta yi iƙirarin cewa Isra'ila ta yi niyya ga rundunar masu ba da agaji. 

A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 2024, sojojin Isra'ila na musamman sun kai hari a Asibitin Ibn Sina a Jenin da suka yi ado kamar fararen hula da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, inda suka kashe 'yan bindiga uku da ake zargi da' yan Palasdinawa. Hotuna daga wurin sun nuna akalla mambobi goma dauke da bindigogi, wadanda ake zaton su sojojin Isra'ila ne, wadanda suka yi ado da tufafin farar hula ciki har da ma'aikatan jinya da ke sanye da blue scrubs, likita a cikin fararen riguna, da mata a cikin hijabs. An ce harin ya kashe mutane uku, tare da IDF da ke da'awar cewa mutanen da aka yi niyya sun kasance memba na Hamas Mohammed Jalamneh, da membobin Jihad na Islama Mohammed da Basel Al-Ghazawi. Asibitin ya yi zargin cewa maza uku suna barci a lokacin kuma Al-Ghazawi yana asibiti yana shan magani. Masana shari'a sun ba da shawarar cewa ayyukan Isra'ila na iya keta dokar kasa da kasa ta hanyar canza kansu a matsayin fararen hula da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, da kuma kashe ma'aikatan da suka ji rauni.

 Ukraine (2022) 
Ya zuwa 12 Maris 2022 akalla wuraren kiwon lafiya tara, gami da Asibitin haihuwa na Mariupol, mafi yawansu suna arewa da kudu maso gabashin Ukraine, sojojin Rasha sun kai musu hari. Mafi muni ya faru a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2022, a asibitin Central City a Vuhledar lokacin da wani makami mai linzami na Rasha cike da makamai masu linzami ya fadi a waje da asibitin, ya kashe hudu kuma ya ji rauni goma. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Rasha ta yi iƙirarin cewa an yi amfani da wasu asibitoci don dalilai na soja kuma sun musanta kai hari asibitin haihuwa na Mariupol suna zargin cewa "tsattsauran ra'ayi" ne.

Tsakanin 24 ga Fabrairu da 21 ga Maris 2022, sojojin Rasha ne suka yi niyya da wuraren kiwon lafiya sittin da hudu da ma'aikatansu, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ruwaito. Ana buga wuraren a kashi biyu zuwa uku a rana, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 15 da raunin 37. Dukkanin hare-haren sittin da hudu an tabbatar da su kuma sun ce sun saba wa dokar kasa da kasa da ke karya tsakatsaki na likita. An ruwaito cewa wasu asibitoci sun zama sansanonin soja kuma yawancin lalacewar da aka yi sun haifar da manyan makamai. Ya zuwa 8 ga Afrilu 2022, WHO ta tabbatar da hare-hare 91.

 Yankin Gaza (2021) 
A lokacin Fashewar bam na Isra'ila a Gaza a watan Mayu 2021, an lalata wasu sassan likitocin Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors without Borders) da asibitin kula da konewa a cikin jerin hare-haren sama. Harin ya lalata ɗakin da aka yi wa rigakafi kuma ya lalata wurin jira, babu wani asarar kai tsaye da aka samu. Har ila yau, hare-haren jirgin sama sun lalata hanyar da ke kaiwa asibitin, don haka sun hana shiga ciki. Daga baya aka tilasta wa asibitin rufewa.

Ƙarin hare-haren sama sun haifar da mutuwar fitattun likitoci biyu a yankin Gaza. Dokta Ayman Abu al-Ouf, shugaban likitanci na ciki a asibitin Al-Shifa, an kashe shi tare da mambobi 12 na danginsa bayan harin jirgin sama a gidansa a ranar 16 ga Mayu 2021. Dokta Mooein Ahmad al-Aloul, masanin ilimin kwakwalwa mai shekaru 66, an kuma kashe shi a gidansa a lokacin Hare-haren al-Wehda. 

 Thailand (2021) 
A lokacin zanga-zangar dimokuradiyya a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2021, akwai hotuna da ke nuna 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya na Thai suna doke wani mai sa kai na likita, yayin da yake sanye da rigar kore da ke nuna kansa a matsayin wani ɓangare na masu sa kai na kiwon lafiya da ke ba da sabis ga bangarorin biyu.

 Habasha (2020 da 2021) 

 Amurka (2020) 
zanga-zangar da aka yi a duk faɗin ƙasar da aka haifar da kisan gillar da 'yan sanda suka yi wa George Floyd an rushe ta hanyar tashin hankali da rashin adalci na' yan sanda. An yi niyya ga likitocin sa kai  kuma mutane da yawa sun sha wahala ciki har da raunin da ke barazana ga rayuwa daga makamai "marasa kisa". An harbe likitoci yayin da suke ɗauke da jikin Justin Howell mai shekaru 20, wanda ke da lalacewar kwakwalwa daga irin waɗannan makamai "marasa kisa".

 Myanmar/Burma (2020 da 2021) 
Rikicin kabilanci da na farar hula ya kasance wani bangare ne na al'ummar Burma / Myanmar ta zamani, kuma Tatmadaw (Sojojin Burma) sun yi amfani da uzuri na kullewar COVID-19 don tilasta wa kungiyoyin 'yan asalin yankin su yi musu aiki a asirce, ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ke cikin yankunan rikici amma suna aiki da al'umma gaba ɗaya, kuma kwanan nan sun harbe jirgin Red Cross dauke da kayan kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da la'akari da kasa. Bayan Juyin mulkin soja na 2021, a lokacin da aka tsananta wa masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya, sojoji sun yi niyya ga likitoci da motocin asibiti da ke kula da marasa lafiya na gaggawa, wanda ya haifar da hukuntawa ta Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya. Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma nuna damuwa mai zurfi game da ƙuntatawa ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.

 Chile (2019) 
Tun lokacin da tashin hankali ya ɓarke a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019, an yi martani ga 'yan sanda da sojoji saboda rashin kula da masu sa kai na kiwon lafiya da ke taimakawa masu zanga-zangar da suka ji rauni. Mafi sanannun shari'ar da aka tabbatar da ita ya faru ne a ranar Jumma'a 15 ga Nuwamba 2019. An hana motar asibiti a cikin ikonta na jigilar mutum da ke cikin bugun zuciya yayin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a Plaza de la Dignidad. Masu sa kai na kiwon lafiya da ke kula da shi sun fuskanci wuta daga harsashin roba na carabineros, iskar hawaye da motocin ruwa. An sanya su cikin haɗari kuma an hana su ƙoƙarin da suke yi na tayar da mai haƙuri. Ɗaya daga cikin masu sa kai ya sami rauni a kafa. Rashin iyawar ƙungiyar likitoci don kula da mara lafiya da kai shi asibiti ya haifar da mutuwarsa.

 Hong Kong (2019) 
A lokacin yunkurin Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill na 2019 wanda ya samo asali a cikin babban zanga-zangar dimokuradiyya a cikin watanni da yawa, ana hana likitoci samun dama ga marasa lafiya akai-akai. A cikin abin da ya faru a tashar MTR a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, wani bidiyon kan layi ya nuna an ki wani likita ya shiga tashar duk da roƙonsa na motsin rai. An tilasta likitoci a cikin tashar su "faɗo bangon" kuma su tsaya cikin shiru, maimakon su kula da wadanda suka ji rauni. An hana likitocin samun damar shiga tashar da aka riga aka kulle har zuwa akalla awanni 2 bayan haka. A cewar tambayoyin Amnesty International "ya zama ruwan dare ga 'yan sanda su jinkirta kiran ko tabbatar da motar asibiti har zuwa sa'o'i biyar zuwa 10 bayan raunin kuma bayan mutumin da ya fara neman zuwa asibiti". A cikin kewaye da Jami'ar Polytechnic ta Hong Kong 'yan sanda sun tsare kuma sun kama masu sa kai 51 na likita. An kira wannan "babban keta ka'idar jin kai ta kasa da kasa"  wanda "ba a ji shi ba a cikin ƙasashe masu wayewa kuma bai dace da yarjejeniyar jin kai ba.  Masu taimakon farko sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa ana riƙe su a kan bindiga na bindiga-bullet kuma ana sanya su ƙasa a cikin kulle na hannu tare da rashin kula da asalin likitan su.

 Afghanistan (2015) 
A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2015, hare-haren sama na Amurka sun kashe mutane 42 kuma sun lalata asibitin MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières - Doctors Without Borders) a Kunduz, Afghanistan (Dubi babban labarin). Yawancin marasa lafiya a asibitin sun ƙone da rai a cikin gadonsu yayin da jirgin Amurka na AC-130 ya yi amfani da shi da yawa yana harbi a asibitun daga sama. Ba a taɓa girmama bukatar MSF don bincike mai zaman kansa ba. Sojojin Amurka sun binciki kansu, daga ƙarshe sun dauki mataki na horo a kan ma'aikatan sabis goma sha biyu. Babu wani laifi da ya biyo baya.

 Bahrain (2011 da 2012) 
Rikicin da gwamnatin Bahraini ta yi a kan Tashin hankali na Bahrain a cikin 2011 da 2012 ya haɗa da keta doka mai yawa game da tsaka-tsaki na likita. Wani rahoto na bincike da likitocin kare hakkin dan adam suka fitar ya nuna cewa an kai wa likitoci da yawa hari ko kuma an tsare su. Bugu da ƙari, jami'an tsaro na Bahraini sun kwace iko da wuraren kiwon lafiya, sun hana marasa lafiya karɓar magani, ba a yi amfani da sabis na motar asibiti ba, da kuma masu fama da rauni. A watan Satumbar 2011, an yanke wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya 20 a Bahrain hukuncin daurin shekaru 15 a kurkuku saboda kula da masu zanga-zangar. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar su Likitoci don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam sun yi Allah wadai da waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen. A bayyane yake don mayar da martani ga matsin lamba na kasa da kasa, gwamnatin Bahrain ta ba da umarnin cewa a sake gwada likitocin a kotun farar hula, amma har yanzu ba a yanke hukunci ba.

 Misira (2011) 
A shekara ta 2011, yayin tashin hankali na siyasa, jami'an tsaron jihohi kai tsaye sun kai hari kan zanga-zanga da zanga-zangar adawa da kashe mutane da kuma kashe mutane da yawa. Jami'in tsaro na jihar sun yi ado da kansa a matsayin likita kuma gudanar da Shots mai rauni ga wadanda suka jikkata a asibitin Tahrir.[An kasa tabbatar da cewa "" An kwace kayan aiki da 1

 Libya (2011) 
A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya na 2011, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun rubuta laifuffuka na tsaka-tsaki na likita tare da wasu manyan laifuffukan kare hakkin dan Adam. Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam sun gudanar da bincike a cikin Libya a cikin 2011, kuma sun gano cewa sojoji sun kai hari kuma sun lalata asibitoci. Shaidu da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa sojojin Gaddafi sun kai hari kan motocin asibiti dauke da mayakan da suka ji rauni, duk da gaskiyar cewa an yi wa motocin asibitin alama da Red Crescent. Sojojin Gaddafi sun sace ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma sojojin sun yi amfani da mutane a matsayin garkuwar mutum.

 Siriya (2011) 
Yaƙin basasar Siriya ya kasance alama ce ta yaduwar cin zarafin bil'adama, gami da keta tsakatsaki na likita da yawa. Sojojin gwamnati sun mamaye, sun kai hari, kuma sun yi amfani da asibitoci da sufuri na kiwon lafiya, suna hana fararen hula karɓar kiwon lafiya. An tsare kimanin likitoci 250 kuma an azabtar da su saboda kula da fararen hula da suka ji rauni.  Binciken da likitocin 'yancin dan adam suka yi ya nuna cewa waɗannan yanayi sun haifar da tasowa da cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta karkashin kasa.

 Iran (2008-2011) 
A watan Yunin 2008, hukumomin Iran sun tsare Dokta Arash Alaei da Dokta Kamiar Alaei, sanannun likitocin Iran biyu da shugabannin da ke yaki da cutar HIV / AIDS. Likitocin, wadanda 'yan'uwa ne, an tsare su a gidan yarin Evin na Tehran sama da watanni shida ba tare da tuhumar su ba ko kuma a yi musu shari'a. A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, an gudanar da shari'a ta kwana daya, inda aka gwada 'yan uwan a matsayin masu makirci da ke aiki tare da "gwamnatin abokan gaba" don hambarar da gwamnatin Iran. An kuma gwada su a wannan lokacin a kan wasu zarge-zargen da ba a bayyana ba wanda ba su ko lauyan su sani ba, duba shaidar, ko adireshin. An tuhume su da yunkurin hambarar da gwamnatin Iran a karkashin Mataki na 508 na Dokar Shari'ar Musulunci ta Iran. An yanke wa Kamiar hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku kuma Arash zuwa shida. Gwamnatin Iran ta yi amfani da tafiye-tafiyen 'yan uwan zuwa taron cutar kanjamau na kasa da kasa a matsayin tushen waɗannan da'awar.PharmPro. "Iranian Physician Describes HIV/AIDS Work That Led to Imprisonment." . Retrieved February 28, 2012.

Al'ummar kasa da kasa sun yi tir da hukuncin likitocin, kuma Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam sun kaddamar da kamfen don sakin su. A shekara ta 2010, an saki Dokta Kamiar Alaei bayan ya yi shekaru biyu a kurkuku. An saki Dr. Arash Alaei a watan Agustan 2011 bayan fiye da shekaru uku na tsare. Tun lokacin da aka sake su, likitocin sun sake haduwa a Amurka, inda suke ci gaba da aikin likita da bayar da shawarwari.

 Sri Lanka (2009) 
yakin basasa na Sri Lanka ya kasance alama ce ta cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam. A shekara ta 2009, rundunar sojin saman Sri Lanka ta keta ka'idar tsaka-tsaki na likita lokacin da ta lalata asibitin tunawa da Ponnampalam a Puthukkudiyiruppu . 

 Georgia (2008) 
A lokacin yakin Russo-Georgia na 2008, a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2008, wani roket da aka harba daga wani jirgin saman soja na Rasha ya bugi wani rukuni na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na Georgia a cikin filin asibiti a Gori, inda ya kashe wani likitan dakin gaggawa. The Human Rights Watch ta kammala cewa harin da aka kai asibitin, wanda aka "yi alama da ja gicciye", "babban keta dokar jin kai ta duniya" ne.

 Chechnya (1996) 
A lokacin yakin Grozny a cikin 1996 a lokacin yakin Chechen na farko, an kai hari asibitoci da yawa. Sojojin Rasha sun mamaye asibitin Municipal No. 9 kuma an yi garkuwa da fararen hula 500. Asibitin ICRC na Novye Atagi, wanda aka kirkira don nuna tsaka-tsaki na likita a yankin da yaƙin ya rushe, an kai masa hari kuma an kashe mambobi shida na ma'aikatan ICRC.

 Thailand (1992) 
Shekara guda bayan juyin mulkin soja ba tare da jini ba a Bangkok a watan Fabrairun 1991, sabuwar gwamnati ta mayar da martani ga yunkurin dimokuradiyya da ke bude wuta a taron adawa na Mayu, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 52, daruruwan mutane da suka ji rauni, da kuma bacewar mutane da yawa. Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam sun ba da rahoton cewa an hana masu kiwon lafiya su kai ga wadanda suka ji rauni kuma 'yan sanda sun harbe motocin asibiti.

 El Salvador (1980-1992) 
A cikin yakin basasar El Salvador, 'yan tawaye sun kai hari ga asibitoci da yawa. Sau da yawa ana sace marasa lafiya daga asibitoci, kuma sojojin gwamnati sun iyakance motsi na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. An kuma kai hari kan sufurin kiwon lafiya, a wasu lokuta wanda ya haifar da mutuwar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.

 Mozambique (1977-1992) 
A lokacin yakin basasar Mozambican, ƙungiyar adawa ta RENAMO ce ke da alhakin keta tsakatsaki na likita da yawa. Hare-haren asibitoci da asibitocin kiwon lafiya sun zama ruwan dare. A wani misali, sojojin RENAMO sun mamaye garin Homoine, inda suka kashe fararen hula 442 ciki har da marasa lafiya da ke asibiti.

 Panama (1988) 
Rikicin farar hula da zanga-zangar sun fara ne a Panama a watan Yunin 1987. A lokacin tashin hankali, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar su Likitoci don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam sun rubuta wasu cin zarafin kare hakkin dan Adam da keta tsakatsaki na likita. Sojoji sun toshe damar zuwa asibitoci kuma sun tsoma baki tare da samar da kulawa ta kiwon lafiya, sun mallaki ayyukan ambulanci don dalilai na soja, kuma sun yi wa marasa lafiya tambayoyi. Bugu da kari, an sace likitocin Panama, an yi musu duka, kuma an azabtar da su saboda yin magana game da manufofin gwamnati wanda ya hana su samar da isasshen kulawa ga marasa lafiya.

 Pakistan (1971) 
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1971, Sojojin Pakistan sun yi niyya ga 'yan kabilar Bengali a asibitin Lalmonirhat Railway, wanda ke arewacin abin da ake kira Gabashin Pakistan (yanzu Bangladesh). Kimanin fararen hula talatin da bakwai na Bengali ko wadanda ba masu yaƙi ba, gami da marasa lafiya, likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da sauran masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya ko ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun kashe su ta hanyar Sojojin Pakistan.

 Kungiyoyin da ke mai da hankali kan tsaka-tsaki na likita 

 Likitoci don 'Yancin Dan Adam (Amurka) 
 Likitoci don 'Yancin Dan Adam-Isra'ila
 Likitoci don 'Yancin Dan Adam (UK) 
 Likitoci don 'Yancin Dan Adam (Denmark) 

 Dokar Tsaro ta Tsaro ta Kiwon Lafiya ta 2011 (H.R. 2643) 
Dokar Tsaro ta Tsaro ta Kiwon Lafiya ta 2011, (H.R. 2643), lissafi ne na jam'iyyun biyu wanda wakilan Jim McDermott (D-WA), da Walter B. Jones, Jr. (R-NC) suka gabatar wanda ke da niyyar sanya kariya ga masu sana'a da samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya fifiko ga manufofin duniya ga gwamnatin Amurka.

 Kudin ya yi kira ga kirkirar matsayin Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kariya da inganta tsaka-tsaki na kiwon lafiya kuma ya yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan keta tsakatsaki na likita. Har ila yau, yana iyakance taimakon soja daga Amurka ga ƙasashen da suka shiga cikin keta tsakatsaki na likita, da kuma hana jami'an gwamnati daga samun biza zuwa Amurka.
 Kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Tsaro ta Tsaro ta Kiwon Lafiya ta 2011, keta ka'idojin kiwon lafiya sune:  Hare-haren soja a kan wuraren kiwon lafiya, masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya، ko mutane a yayin karɓar magani Wanton lalata kayan kiwon lafiya na kiwon Lafiya, wurare, rubuce-rubuce, ko sabis na sufuri Da ganganci hana ka'idoji na kiwon lafiyar kamar yadda aka ƙayyade a cikin Dokar Kiwon lafiya ta Duniya ta Duniya, gami da hana masu kula da kiwon lafiya lafiya lafiya ta hanyar yin amfani da sabis na kula da kifin kiwon lafiya
 Hare-haren soja a kan wuraren kiwon lafiya, masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya، ko mutane yayin karɓar magani
 Halakar kayan kiwon lafiya, wurare, rikodin, ko sabis na sufuri
 Hana ka'idojin kiwon lafiya kamar yadda aka ƙayyade a cikin Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya, gami da hana ƙwararrun likitoci daga gudanar da kulawar kiwon lafiya ga mutanen da ke cikin bukata
 Tilasta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su aikata ayyukan da suka saba wa alhakinsu na ɗabi'a
 Yin amfani da wuraren kiwon lafiya, sabis na sufuri, tufafi, ko wasu alamomi
 Tabbatar da dama ga wuraren kiwon lafiya da masu kula da kiwon lafiya
 Kamawa ko tsare masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ko mutane da ke neman kulawa

 Manazarta 

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