John Hardbattle

John Qace Hardbattle (1945-1996) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu fafutukar Bushman a Botswana . "Dan mahaifiyar rRubutu mai gwaɓiabin-Bushman, Khwa, da mahaifin Ingila, Tom Hardbattle". Mahaifinsa ɗan sanda ne mai ritaya wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu sannan kuma Botswana. A can ya auri "Kawi", mahaifiyar John. [1] John Hardbattle ya haɗu (tare da Roy Sesana ) kuma ya zama shugaban mutanen farko na Kalahari (FPK) .

 Rayuwar farko 
John Hardbattle ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Burtaniya, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford, kuma ya yi noman shanu a Ghanzi kafin ya dauki matakin kare hakkin Bushman. 

 Mutanen Kalahari na farko 
Hardbattle ya kafa ƙungiyar jama'a ta Farko Mutanen Kalahari (FPK) a cikin 1991 tare da Roy Sesana don yada sako mai sauƙi: Tsararrun Wasan Kalahari ta Tsakiya na Bushmen ne, kuma sun cancanci rawar da za su taka wajen tantance makomarsu. Ba da jimawa ba FPK ta zama dandalin siyasa ga Bushmen na Botswana da ke fuskantar korarsu daga ƙasashen kakanninsu, waɗanda har yau ba su da wakilci a majalisar dokokin Botswana ko a majalisar sarakunan ta.

 Yaƙin neman zaɓe 
A wani yunƙuri na gyara wannan lamarin kuma a lokaci guda don yaƙar korar da ke tafe, John Hardbattle ya zagaya Birtaniya da Amurka don faɗakar da al'ummar duniya game da halin da Bushmen ke ciki da kuma samun goyon bayan jama'a ga manufar Bushman.

Hardbattle ya ba da haske game da gaskiyar cewa tsarin mulkin Botswana bayan samun 'yancin kai ya iyakance shiga cikin tsakiyar Kalahari Game Reserve "don kariya da jin daɗin Bushmen." wani batu da ya gabatar wa masu sauraro a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da jaridun duniya. Bugu da ƙari, Hardbattle ya yi zargin cewa korar San daga ƙasashen kakanninsu ba wai game da yawan farauta ba ne, kuma ba batun ci gaba ba ne, amma saboda gwamnatin Botswana tare da manyan masu samar da lu'u-lu'u da ke Antwerp da Isra'ila, sun damu cewa FPK za ta fara neman wani kaso na duk wani kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar hakar lu'u-lu'u a Kalahari

Hardbattle ya haifar da sha'awa mai mahimmanci da damuwa ga yanayin San a kan tafiyarsa, yana jawo goyon baya daga Gloria Steinem, Jama'ar Farko a Duniya, Cultural Survival and Survival International, tare da buga labaran da dama a cikin jaridu na duniya. A lokaci guda kuma an tara wasu muhimman gudummawa ga FPK.

Sakamakon kokarin Hardbattle, gwamnatin Botswana ta tilastawa yin watsi da shirinta na korar da kuma sake tsugunar da ta.

 Early life 
John Hardbattle ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Burtaniya, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford, kuma ya noma shanu a Ghanzi kafin ya ɗauki dalilin haƙƙin Bushman.[1]
 Early life 
John Qace Hardbattle (1945-1996) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu fafutukar Bushman a Botswana . "Dan mahaifiyar rabin-Bushman, Khwa, da mahaifin Ingila, Tom Hardbattle". Mahaifinsa ɗan sanda ne mai ritaya wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu sannan kuma Botswana. A can ya auri "Kawi", mahaifiyar John. [1] John Hardbattle ya haɗu (tare da Roy Sesana ) kuma ya zama shugaban mutanen farko na Kalahari (FPK) .

 Rayuwar farko 
John Hardbattle ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Burtaniya, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford, kuma ya noma shanu a Ghanzi kafin ya ɗauki dalilin haƙƙin Bushman.[1]

 Mutanen Kalahari na farko 
Hardbattle ya kafa ƙungiyar jama'a ta Farko Mutanen Kalahari (FPK) a cikin 1991 tare da Roy Sesana don yada sako mai sauƙi: Tsararrun Wasan Kalahari ta Tsakiya na Bushmen ne, kuma sun cancanci rawar da za su taka wajen tantance makomarsu. Ba da jimawa ba FPK ta zama dandalin siyasa ga Bushmen na Botswana da ke fuskantar korarsu daga ƙasashen kakanninsu, waɗanda har yau ba su da wakilci a majalisar dokokin Botswana ko a majalisar sarakunan ta.

 Yaƙin neman zaɓe 
A wani yunƙuri na gyara wannan lamarin kuma a lokaci guda don yaƙar korar da ke tafe, John Hardbattle ya zagaya Birtaniya da Amurka don faɗakar da al'ummar duniya game da halin da Bushmen ke ciki da kuma samun goyon bayan jama'a ga manufar Bushman.

Hardbattle ya ba da haske game da gaskiyar cewa tsarin mulkin Botswana bayan samun 'yancin kai ya iyakance shiga cikin tsakiyar Kalahari Game Reserve "don kariya da jin daɗin Bushmen." wani batu da ya gabatar wa masu sauraro a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da jaridun duniya. Bugu da ƙari, Hardbattle ya yi zargin cewa korar San daga ƙasashen kakanninsu ba wai game da yawan farauta ba ne, kuma ba batun ci gaba ba ne, amma saboda gwamnatin Botswana tare da manyan masu samar da lu'u-lu'u da ke Antwerp da Isra'ila, sun damu cewa FPK za ta fara neman wani kaso na duk wani kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar hakar lu'u-lu'u a Kalahari

Hardbattle ya haifar da sha'awa mai mahimmanci da damuwa ga yanayin San a kan tafiyarsa, yana jawo goyon baya daga Gloria Steinem, Jama'ar Farko a Duniya, Cultural Survival and Survival International, tare da buga labaran da dama a cikin jaridu na duniya. A lokaci guda kuma an tara wasu muhimman gudummawa ga FPK.

Sakamakon kokarin Hardbattle, gwamnatin Botswana ta tilastawa yin watsi da shirinta na korar da kuma sake tsugunar da ta.

 Mutuwa 
John Hardbattle ya mutu kwatsam kuma ba zato ba tsammani daga ciwon daji na lymphatic a cikin 1996 a ƙarshen ɗan gajeren yakin neman zabensa. Bayan mutuwarsa, gwamnatin Botswana ta ci gaba da kokarinta na kawar da mutanen San da karfi da kuma mayar da su daga tsakiyar yankin Kalahari . Babban abokinsa Roy Sesana da 'yar uwarsa Andrea Hardbattle sun ci gaba da aikin Hardbattle daban-daban.

 Manazarta 

 Kara karantawa 

 Sandy Gall. Bushmen na Kudancin Afirka: Kisan marar laifi. London: Chatto & Windus, 2001
 Rupert Isaacson. Ƙasar Waraka: Bushmen da Hamada Kalahari. London. Grove Press, Maris 2003
 Boustany, Nora (1995) Mai Ba da Shawarar Bushmen: Rarraba Duniya Biyu, John Hardbattle Yayi Magana akan Halin No'akwe na Botswana. Washington Post, Disamba 18, 1995, shafi D1, D4

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030015/http://www.hollynear.com/africa.page/history.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070817193125/http://www.kalahari-san.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/recent-history.htm
 http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14819984.700-first-and-last.html
 http://www.san.org.za/  Archived  
 Mutuwa 
John Hardbattle ya mutu kwatsam kuma ba zato ba tsammani daga ciwon daji na lymphatic a cikin 1996 a ƙarshen ɗan gajeren yakin neman zabensa. Bayan mutuwarsa, gwamnatin Botswana ta ci gaba da kokarinta na kawar da mutanen San da karfi da kuma mayar da su daga tsakiyar yankin Kalahari . Babban abokinsa Roy Sesana da 'yar uwarsa Andrea Hardbattle sun ci gaba da aikin Hardbattle daban-daban.

 Manazarta 

 Kara karantawa 

 Sandy Gall. Bushmen na Kudancin Afirka: Kisan marar laifi. London: Chatto & Windus, 2001
 Rupert Isaacson. Ƙasar Waraka: Bushmen da Hamada Kalahari. London. Grove Press, Maris 2003
 Boustany, Nora (1995) Mai Ba da Shawarar Bushmen: Rarraba Duniya Biyu, John Hardbattle Yayi Magana akan Halin No'akwe na Botswana. Washington Post, Disamba 18, 1995, shafi D1, D4

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030015/http://www.hollynear.com/africa.page/history.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070817193125/http://www.kalahari-san.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/recent-history.htm
 http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14819984.700-first-and-last.html
 http://www.san.org.za/  Archived  
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba