Inshorar girgizar ƙasa

Inshorar girgizar ƙasa wani nau'i ne na inshorar kadarori da ke biyan mai tsare-tsaren a yayin da girgizar ƙasa ta haifar da lalacewa.  Yawancin manufofin inshora na masu gida ba sa rufe lalacewar girgizar ƙasa.

Yawancin tsare-tsaren inshorar girgizar ƙasa suna da babban haɓaka, wanda ke sa irin wannan inshora yana da amfani idan an lalatar da gidan gabaɗaya, amma ba amfani idan gidan ya lalace kawai.  Farashin ya dogara da wuri da yuwuwar asarar girgizar ƙasa.  Ƙimar kuɗi na iya zama ƙasa don gidajen da aka yi da itace, waɗanda ke jure girgizar ƙasa fiye da gidajen da aka yi da bulo.

A baya, an yi la'akari da asarar girgizar kasa ta hanyar amfani da tarin tarin bayanai kuma an dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin masana.  A yau ana kiyasin ta ta hanyar amfani da Damage Ratio (DR), rabon kuɗin da girgizar ƙasar ta yi ta lalata ya kai jimillar ƙimar gini.[1]  Wata hanya kuma ita ce amfani da HAZUS, hanyar da aka yi amfani da kwamfuta don kimanta asarar.

Kamar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa ko inshorar lalacewa daga guguwa ko wasu manyan bala'o'i, kamfanonin inshora dole ne su yi taka tsantsan wajen ba da irin wannan inshora, saboda girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi da ta isa ta lalata gida ɗaya wataƙila za ta lalata gidaje da dama a yanki ɗaya.  Idan kamfani ɗaya ya rubuta manufofin inshora akan gidaje da yawa a wani birni, to, girgizar ƙasa mai lalacewa za ta kwashe duk albarkatun kamfanin cikin sauri.  Kamfanonin inshora suna ba da cikakken nazari da ƙoƙari don gudanar da haɗari don guje wa irin waɗannan lokuta.

A Amurka, kamfanonin inshora sun daina sayar da inshora na 'yan makonni bayan girgizar kasa mai girman gaske.  Wannan saboda lalacewar girgizar asa na iya faruwa bayan girgizarwar farko, kuma da wuya, yana iya zama tsinkewa.  Ko da yake girgizar ƙasa ta fi ƙanƙanta, amma tana karkata ne daga ainihin girgizar ƙasa.  Idan girgizar ƙasa ta fi kusa da wurin da jama'a ke da yawa, zai iya haifar da barna fiye da girgizar ƙasar ta farko.  Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan misali shine girgizar ƙasa na Christchurch a 2011 a New Zealand wanda ya kashe mutane 185 bayan wata girgizar ƙasa mai girma kuma mafi nisa ba tare da asarar rayuka ba kwata-kwata.

 California 
Bayan girgizar kasa ta Northridge a 1994, kusan dukkanin kamfanonin inshora gaba daya sun daina rubuta manufofin inshorar masu gida gaba daya a cikin jihar, saboda a karkashin dokar California (“Dokar tayin dole”), kamfanonin da ke ba da inshorar masu gida dole ne su bayar da inshorar girgizar kasa.  A ƙarshe majalisar ta ƙirƙiri "ƙananan manufofin" wanda kowane mai insurer zai iya siyar da shi don bin ka'idar tayin dole: asarar girgizar ƙasa kawai saboda lalacewar tsarin da ake buƙata, tare da cire kashi 15%.  Da'awar asarar dukiya da "asarar amfani" sun iyakance.  Majalisar ta kuma ƙirƙiri wata hukuma ce ta jama'a (mai ba da kuɗi ta sirri, ana gudanar da jama'a) mai suna CEA California Earthquake Authority.  Memba a cikin CEA ta masu insurer na son rai ne kuma kamfanonin memba sun gamsu da doka tayin ta hanyar siyar da ƙaramin manufofin CEA.  Ana biyan kuɗi ga mai insurer, sannan a haɗa su a cikin CEA don rufe da'awar daga masu gida tare da manufar CEA daga masu inshora na memba.  Jihar California ta bayyana musamman cewa ba ta tallafawa inshorar girgizar kasa ta CEA, idan aka yi ikirarin cewa babbar girgizar kasa za ta kwashe dukkan kudaden CEA, haka kuma ba za ta rufe iƙirarin da ba masu inshorar CEA ba idan sun zama masu rashin ƙarfi saboda asarar girgizar ƙasa. 

 Kanada 
Akwai girgizar ƙasa 4,000 da aka rubuta a Kanada a kowace shekara. Lalacewar girgizar ƙasa ba ta rufe ta hanyar tsarin inshora na gida ba. A cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa, akwai damar 30% na babbar girgizar ƙasa a British Columbia.

 Japan 
Gwamnatin Japan ta kirkiro shirin "Japanese Earthquake Reinsurance" a shekarar 1966, kuma an sake fasalin shirin sau da yawa tun lokacin. Masu gidaje na iya siyan inshorar girgizar ƙasa daga kamfanin inshora a matsayin mai hawa na zaɓi zuwa manufofin inshora na wuta. Masu inshora da suka shiga cikin shirin JER waɗanda dole ne su biya ikirarin girgizar ƙasa ga masu gidaje suna raba haɗarin tsakanin kansu da kuma gwamnati, ta hanyar JER. Gwamnati ta biya mafi yawan adadin da'awar idan girgizar kasa guda daya ta haifar da lalacewar kusan yen tiriliyan 1 (kimanin dala biliyan 8.75). Matsakaicin biyan kuɗi a cikin shekara guda ga duk masu shigar da'awar inshora na JER shine yen tiriliyan 5.5 (kimanin dala biliyan 39.4); idan da'awar ta wuce wannan adadin, to ana samun da'awar tsakanin duk masu da'awar.

 New Zealand 
Hukumar Girgizar Kasa ta New Zealand (EQC) wata hukuma ce ta Crown mallakar Gwamnati wacce ke ba da inshorar bala'i na farko ga masu mallakar kadarori a New Zealand.  Baya ga aikin inshorar sa, EQC kuma tana gudanar da bincike kuma tana ba da horo da bayanai kan dawo da bala'i

An kafa EQC a cikin 1945 a matsayin Hukumar Lalacewar Girgizar Kasa da Yaki, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gwamnatin New Zealand, kuma an yi niyya ne da farko don ba da ɗaukar hoto don girgizar ƙasa da kuma lalacewar yaƙi.  A ƙarshe an tsawaita ɗaukar hoto daga girgizar ƙasa kawai da lalacewar yaƙi don haɗawa da wasu bala'o'i kamar su leƙen ƙasa, fashewar volcanic, ayyukan ruwa, da tsunami, tare da ɗaukar hoto don lalacewar yaƙi daga baya an cire su.  Don ƙasar zama, an rufe guguwa da lalacewar ambaliya.  Rufin yana ƙara lalacewa da gobara ta haifar da ɗayan waɗannan bala'o'i.

 Turkiyya 
Cibiyar Inshorar Bala'i ta Kasa (DASK) hukuma ce ta Gwamnatin Turkiyya wacce ke ba da inshorar girgizar ƙasa da bala'i ga masu mallakar kusan dukkanin gine-gine a Turkiyya. DASK a halin yanzu tana karkashin jagorancin Türk Reasürans, wanda Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin da Kudi ke mallakar shi.

An kafa DASK a cikin 1999 a matsayin Turkish Compulsory Insurance Pool (TCIP) a bayan girgizar ƙasa ta İzmit ta 1999, kuma an yi niyya ne don samar da ɗaukar hoto ga girgizar kasa. TCIP ta gudanar da M[ wBanki na İşbank, har zuwa shekara ta 2005.

 Masana'antu 
Masu inshorar girgizar ƙasa suna amfani da simulations don kimanta haɗarin girgizar ƙasar; kamfanonin da ke yin wannan aikin sun haɗa da CoreLogic, wanda ya sami mai tsara girgizar kasa Eqecat a cikin 2013  da AIR Worldwide, wanda kamfanin binciken inshora Verisk Analytics ke mallakar.
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