Cibiyar sadarwa ta radar ta Kanada

Cibiyar sadarwar radar yanayi ta Kanada ta ƙunshi radar yanayi 33 da suka mamaye mafi yawan yankuna na Kanada. Babban manufar su shine farkon gano hazo, motsinsa da kuma barazanar da yake haifarwa ga rayuwa da dukiya.

Kowane yana da kewayon  har zuwa 2018 a cikin radius a kusa da rukunin yanar gizon don gano tunani, kusurwoyi 3 tare da kewayon , don gano yanayin saurin gudu ( Tasirin Doppler ), da ƙarin tsayin tsayi har zuwa  a ƙananan kusurwar tsayi amma an naɗe shi da ƙarfi ko kuma an haɗa shi (inda matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici mara ma'ana (± Vmax) bai kai cikakken kewayon saurin da ake aunawa wanda ke haifar da nunawa wasu tare da ƙimar da ba daidai ba  ).

Sabunta hanyar sadarwa, daga 2018 zuwa 2023, tare da sabbin radar S-Band yana kawo waɗannan lambobi bi da bi zuwa  don tunani da  don cikakken ɗaukar hoto na Doppler.  Bugu da ƙari kuma, sababbin radars suna dual-polarized wanda ke nufin ana iya ƙididdige nau'in hazo kai tsaye. Tun daga watan Yuni 2021, za a tsawaita wasu kewayon radars zuwa  a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci kusurwar bayanan tunani.  An yi niyya don haɓaka kewayon don samar da masu hasashen yanayi a Sabis na yanayi na Kanada, wani ɓangare na Muhalli da Canjin Canjin Kanada, tare da bayanan radar yayin da ake maye gurbin radars kusa da zama wani ɓangare na sabuntawa.  Tun daga ranar 29 ga Yuni 2022, wani aikin matukin jirgi ya ba wa masu amfani da waje damar samun albarkatun ɗanyen bayanai, mai yuwuwa gami da 400 km data. 

 Tarihi 
Bincike a cikin radar yanayi a Kanada ya fara ne a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na biyu tare da "Yanayin Guguwar Project".  Bayan yakin, JS Marshall ya ci gaba da aiki a Jami'ar McGill tare da "Rukunin Yanayi na Stormy".  Ta haka ne aka kafa hanyar sadarwar Kanada a hankali kuma ta hanyar 1997, akwai radars na yanayi na 19 na nau'i biyu a duk fadin kasar: 18 radars na centimeters biyar (C-Band) da 1 goma centimeter wavelength (S-Band) a McGill, duk radars sun gano alamun bayyanar amma kawai Carvel (Ed) McTomon (Gillton) sanye take da damar Doppler.

Muhalli Kanada ta sami izini a cikin 1998 don haɓaka hanyar sadarwar zuwa daidaitattun Doppler kuma don ƙara ƙarin radars 12 tare da halayen aiki waɗanda ke fitowa daga tashar radar yanayi ta King City (CWKR), radar bincike na Muhalli Kanada.  Duk da haka, radar McGill (a JS Marshall Radar Observatory ), yayin da yake cikin cibiyar sadarwa, Jami'ar McGill ce ta mallaka. Bincike ne da kuma radar aiki kuma an gyara shi da kansa. Tashoshin Jimmy Lake da Lac Castor mallakar Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DND) ne kuma ke sarrafa su, waɗannan kuma wani ɓangare ne na hanyar sadarwar.

A cikin Fabrairu 2017, Ministan Muhalli da Canjin yanayi, Catherine McKenna, ya sanar da sanya hannu kan kwangilar dala miliyan 83 tare da Selex ES (tsohon reshen Leonardo SpA wanda aka sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin Leonardo Electronics) don siyan sabbin radars 20 tare da mafi kyawun fasahar zamani ( S band da polarized biyu ) don sabunta hanyar sadarwa.   tare da kwangilar da ke dauke da zaɓuɓɓuka don maye gurbin duk radar a cikin Cibiyar Radar Weather Canada, ta Maris 31, 2023. An shigar da radar farko a Radisson, SK a cikin fall na 2017. An shigar da radar na biyu a lokacin rani na 2018 a Blainville a cikin yankin Montreal don maye gurbin tsufa McGill ra. 2018 kuma ya ga radar maye gurbin a Foxwarren MB, Timmins ON (kusa da Smooth Rock Falls), da kuma Ruhu River AB da 19 na sababbin radar sun kasance a wurin a ƙarshen 2020 tare da sauran an maye gurbinsu ta hanyar 2023. Za a shigar da ƙarin radar a cikin Lower Athabasca yankin a Alberta. A cikin Yuni 2021, don tabbatar da ci gaba da ɗaukar radar a wasu yankuna yayin da ake maye gurbin radars, yawancin radars sun tsawaita kewayon su zuwa  a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci kusurwar bayanan tunani. Irin waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da yankin Edmonton da yankin kudu maso yammacin Newfoundland .  

 Halayen kafin 2018 

 McGill radar (a JS Marshall Radar Observatory ): 
 9m (30 ƙafa) eriya diamita.
 Yana amfani da klystron don samar da siginar tsawon tsayin 10 cm. (S-Band)
 Doppler tun 1993 kuma an ƙara polarization dual a cikin 1999.
 tashar radar yanayi ta King City
 Wannan radar bincike shine ainihin WSR-98A (duba ƙasa) wanda aka haɓaka tare da iyawar polarization biyu a cikin 2004.
 Sauran hanyoyin sadarwa: 
 Radar data kasance suna da eriya daga masana'anta guda biyu: Enterprise Electronics Corporation (EEC) da Raytheon .
 wasu daga cikin radars na yanzu suna da eriya wanda Andrew Canada ya samar. Tare da diamita kusan ninki biyu na tsofaffi; an inganta kudurori da adadin guda.
 Yi amfani da 5.6 cm tsayin motsin magnetrons . (C-Band)
 Tsarin ya sami haske da bayanan Doppler tare da Sigmet Radar Data Systems, yanzu wani ɓangare na Vaisala Oyj.
 Kowace radar a cikin hanyar sadarwa za a kira shi WSR-98E, WSR-98R ko WSR-98A don Radar Kula da Yanayi - 1998 (na shekarar farkon shirin) da harafin farko na mai sana'a na Pedestal / Eriya (Kasuwanci, Raytheon ko Andrew).
 Antennas na mita 3.6 a diamita don radar inabin kafin 1998 da 6.1 m don sababbi.
 Tsawon bugun bugun jini da mitar maimaituwar bugun jini daidaitacce. Tsawon bugun jini 0.8,1.6 da 2.0  s. Mitar maimaita bugun jini (PRF) 250 Hz da Dual PRF (Yanayin Doppler) 1190/1200 Hz.

 Dabarar dubawa 
Saboda cibiyar sadarwar tana amfani da radar C band, dole ne a yi amfani da sasantawa (duba Doppler dilemma ) tsakanin matsakaicin kewayon nuni da matsakaicin saurin da ba shubuha ba. Ainihin dabarar dubawa (2006) ta kasu kashi biyu daban-daban a cikin mintuna 10: 

 Zagayowar al'ada: An duba kusurwoyi masu tsayi 24 a cikin mintuna 5 don samun ra'ayi mai girma uku na yanayi tsakanin 256 km na radar a cikin tunani.
 Zagayowar Doppler: Kusurwoyi 4 da aka bincika a cikin tunani da saurin gudu, uku na farko a cikin kewayon 128 km kuma na karshe a cikin 256 km. Ana amfani da wannan sake zagayowar don gano yiwuwar jujjuyawar ƙananan sikelin da juzu'i a cikin yanayin iska da kuma babban sikelin zagayawa. Bayanan saurin gudu kuma yana taimakawa wajen tace kayan tarihi a cikin abin da ke haskakawa kamar sautin murya na ƙasa.

Radar McGill yana amfani da mai watsa S-band maimakon mai watsa C-band don samun abubuwan haskakawa da saurin gudu yayin kowane kusurwoyi na tsayinsa 24 tare da lokacin zagayowar mintuna 5 iri ɗaya. 

 Aikin zamani 
Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada ta karɓi kuɗin daga Hukumar Baitulmali a cikin 2011 don aiwatar da babban aikin zamani mai suna 'WES (Sabis ɗin Yanayi da Muhalli) Sabuntawa' don haɓakawa zuwa daidaitawa biyu duk Radar Kanada a cikin tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar daban daban. Cikakkar daidaitawar hanyar sadarwa da warware matsalolin tsarin su ma wani bangare ne na wannan babban yunƙuri na Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada. Shekaru biyar na farko sun mayar da hankali kan haɓakawa da daidaita abubuwan da ke akwai. Sa'an nan kuma za a maye gurbin duk radar yanayi na Kanada tare da radar polarization biyu tsakanin 2017 da 2023. An shigar da sabon radar, mallakar ECCC da sarrafa shi a Blainville (kusa da Montreal) don maye gurbin amfani da radar McGill. Kazalika, za a shigar da sabon radar a yankin Lower Athabasca. 

Sabbin radars su ne Leonardo METEOR 1700S (wanda Selex ES ke sayar da shi a baya) wanda ke da cikakken Doppler da kuma dual polarized :  

 Nau'in watsawa : Klystron
 Yawan: 2.7 - 2.9 GHz
 Mitar maimaita bugun jini (PRF): 250 - 2000 Hz
 Tsawon bugun jini (τ): 0.4 μs ... 4.5 μs
 Mafi girman iko: 750 kW
 Doppler kewayon: 240 km
 Matsakaicin Matsala ta al'ada: 300 km
 iyakar iyaka: 600 km
 Ƙaddamar da sauri : ± 146 m/s
 Diamita na Eriya: 8.5 m
 Nisa : <1°
 Juyawa: 6 min -1
Waɗannan sabbin radar S-Band suna ba da ƙarin sassauci akan radar C-Band da suka gabata. Dabarun duban kusurwoyi na 17 an duba su a cikin mintuna 6, kuma sabon fasalin-polarization yana ba da: 

 Dual polarization zai ba da damar mafi kyawun bambance nau'in hazo ( ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, ƙanƙara da ruwan sama mai daskarewa ), abubuwan da ba na halitta da waɗanda ba na halitta ba kamar tsuntsaye, kwari, ƙaya, da sa hannun tarkacen guguwa .
 Za a tsawaita kewayon saurin radial (Kewayon Doppler) zuwa , daga , ba da izinin ingantaccen lokacin jagora a cikin bayar da faɗakarwar yanayi da mafi kyawun ɗaukar hoto na radar tare da sauran radar da ke kusa.

Tun daga ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2021, wasu daga cikin radars na S-band suna da gyara dabarun dubawa. : ƙaramin matakin matakin digiri na 0.3 zai yi amfani da ƙaramin PRF don ƙaddamar da kewayon sa zuwa 400 km a cikin tunani yayin da za a kawar da kusurwa na tsakiya a cikin sake zagayowar don taimakawa wajen ɗaukar radar. 

 Jerin radar 
Tsarin zamani na farko ya fara ne a cikin faɗuwar 1998 tare da buɗe radar Bethune kuma ya ƙare a cikin 2004 tare da wanda ke Timmins. Canjin C-band 250 kW Magnetron single-pol radars tare da S-band 1MW Klystron dual-pol radars sun fara a cikin 2017 tare da rukunin Radisson kuma ya ƙare a cikin 2023 tare da Halfmoon Peak site. 
+Canadian Weather Radar NetworkSiteLocationProvinceCoordinatesID/call signBandTypeCallsign meaningNotesAldergroveVancouverBritish ColumbiaCASAGSMETEOR 1700SAldergroveNew radar METEOR 1700S operational since September 7, 2021, replacing C-band CWUJ (WSR-98E).BethuneReginaSaskatchewanCASBESMETEOR 1700SBethuneNew radar commissioned in August 2019 replacing 98A (XBE). A temporary mobile X-band radar was deployed during the upgrade.BlainvilleMontréalQuébecCASBVSMETEOR 1700SBlainvilleNew radar commissioned at the end of September 2018, replacing McGill radar (CWMN).BrittGeorgian BayOntarioCASBISMETEOR 1700SBrittNew radar CASBI became operational on November 22, 2021, replacing the CWBI C-Band (WSR-98A).CarvelEdmontonAlbertaCASCVSMETEOR 1700SCarvelThe new radar S-Band replace CWHK (WSR-98E) since January 26, 2022ChipmanCentral New BrunswickNew BrunswickCASCMSMETEOR 1700SChipmanNew radar commissioned in September 2019 replacing 98E (XNC)Cold LakeNW Saskatchewan / NE AlbertaAlbertaCASCLSMETEOR 1700SCold LakeNew radar commissioned on October 27, 2021, replacing the C-band 98E at Jimmy Lake (CWHN).DrydenWestern OntarioOntarioCASDRSMETEOR 1700SDrydenReplaced C-Band CXDR on September 3, in 2020.Egbert (near Barrie)Southern OntarioOntarioCASTSSMETEOR 1700SN/ANew radar site for research, training, and tests of material and software. It will be built at the Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments (CERA).ExeterSouthwestern OntarioOntarioCASETSMETEOR 1700SExeterNew radar commissioned in November 2019 replacing 98A (WSO)Fort McMurrayNortheastern AlbertaAlbertaCASFMSMETEOR 1700SFort McMurrayNew radar site commissioned on September 26, 2022, around  South of Fort McMurray.FoxwarrenEastern Saskatchewan/Western ManitobaManitobaCASFWSMETEOR 1700SFoxwarrenRadar commissioned in September 2018, replacing CXFW, a C-band radar. A temporary mobile X-band radar was deployed during the upgrade until October 31, 2018.FranktownEastern OntarioOntarioCASFTSMETEOR 1700SFranktownRadar commissioned in August 2021, replacing CXFT, a C-band radar.GoreCentral Hants CountyNova ScotiaCASGOSMETEOR 1700SGoreNew radar METEOR 1700S operational since August 30, 2021, replacing C-band CXGO (WSR-98A).Halfmoon PeakSecheltBritish ColumbiaCASHPSMETEOR 1700SHalfmoon PeakNew radar site entered into service on August 21, 2023. This site replaces Mt Sicker (CXSI). Last S-band radar to be installed as part of the 2017-2023 network renewal.HolyroodEastern NewfoundlandNewfoundland and LabradorCASHRSMETEOR 1700SHolyroodCommissioned on October 13, 2020. Replaced the C-band (98E) CWTP.King CitySouthern OntarioOntarioCASKRSMETEOR 1700SKing City RadarCommissioned on June 28, 2021, to replace the C-band (98A) CWKR.LandrienneAmosQuebecCASLASMETEOR 1700SLandrienne AmosRadar commissioned in October 2019, replacing the previous 98R CXLA C-band radar.Marble MountainWestern NewfoundlandNewfoundland and LabradorCASMMSMETEOR 1700SMarble MountainRadar commissioned on October 31, 2022, replacing the previous 98A CXME C-band radar.Marion BridgeSoutheastern Cape Breton CountyNova ScotiaCASMBSMETEOR 1700SMarion BridgeRadar commissioned in October 2019, replacing the previous CXMB C-band radar.Mont ApicaSaguenay–Lac-Saint-JeanQuébecCASMASMETEOR 1700SMont-ApicaNew site commissioned January 23, 2023 and operational since February 6. It is replacing CWMB Lac Castor (98E C-band).Montreal RiverSault Ste MarieOntarioCASMRSMETEOR 1700SMontreal RiverRadar commissioned in November 2019, replacing the previous 98E WGJ C-band radar.Mount Silver StarVernonBritish ColumbiaCASSSSMETEOR 1700SSilver StarNew radar METEOR, replacing CXSS (WSR-98A), operational since December 14, 2022.Prince GeorgeNorthern B.C.British ColumbiaCASPGSMETEOR 1700SPrince GeorgeNew METEOR 1700S radar replaced the C-Band CXPG (WSR-98R) on December 19, 2022.RadissonSaskatoonSaskatchewanCASRASMETEOR 1700SRadissonRadar commissioned in February 2018, replacing CXRA, a C-band radar.Sainte-Françoise/(Villeroy)Southwest of Quebec CityQuebecCASSFSMETEOR 1700SSainte-FrançoiseCommissioned in November 2020, replacing the C-Band CWVY with no change of site but change of name from Villeroy to Sainte-Françoise, a closer geographical point.SchulerMedicine HatAlbertaCASSUSMETEOR 1700SSchulerReplaced the C-Band CXBU on September 8, 2020.Smooth Rock FallsNortheastern OntarioOntarioCASRFSMETEOR 1700SSmooth Rock Falls (The S in CASRF is for S-Band)Initially known as Timmins CXTI, then Northeast Ontario. Finally Smooth Rock Falls with the dual polarization upgrade Commissioned in 2018/10.  Spirit RiverGrande PrairieAlbertaCASSRSMETEOR 1700SSpirit RiverThis radar was replaced in 2018 and commissioned in Feb 2019 replacing CWWW a C-band radar that had been in operation since 2001/10StrathmoreCalgaryAlbertaCASSMSMETEOR 1700SStrathmoreRadar commissioned in November 2019, replacing the previous 98A (XSM) C-band radar. A temporary mobile X-band radar was deployed during the upgrade.Superior WestShuniahOntarioCASSNSMETEOR 1700SShuNiahNew radar site replacing Lasseter Lake (CXNI) WSR-98E, operational since July 17, 2023.Val d'IrèneLower St. LawrenceQuebecCASVDSMETEOR 1700SVal d'IrèneReplaced the C-Band CAXM (98A) radar. Commissioned on November 2, 2020.WoodlandsWinnipegManitobaCASWLSMETEOR 1700SWoodlandsReplaced the C-band (98A) CXWL on October 19, 2020. A temporary mobile X-band radar was deployed at St. Andrews Airport during the upgrade.
+Decommissioned sites of the Canadian Weather Radar NetworkSiteLocationProvinceCoordinatesID/call signBandTypeCallsign meaningNotesLac CastorSaguenay RiverQuebecCWMBC98ECommissioned in February 1999, it was replaced by a new METEOR 1700S at a new site (Mont Apica). The latter is operational since February 6, 2023. On June 1, 2023, the Meteorological Service of Canada announced that the Lac Castor radar has been permanently deactivated.Jimmy LakeNW Saskatchewan/NE AlbertaSaskatchewanCWHNC98EReplaced by a new METEOR 1700S southeast of Cold Lake (ID CASCL - ) since October 27, 2021 and decommissioned since January 20, 2022.Superior WestLasseter LakeOntarioCXNIC98ENipigonReplaced by Shuniah S band radar since July 2023.McGillMontrealQuebecCWMNS --Montrealcommissioned September 1968, decommissioned October 3, 2018, and replaced by the Blainville radar.Mount SickerVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCXSIC98AMount SickerSuffered major hardware failure in November 2017, decommissioned on December 6, 2018. S-band replacement installed in 2023 on an alternate site at Halfmoon Peak.

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