Likbez

Likbez (wani nau'i ne na ликвида́ция безгра́мотности, waliya bezgramotnosti, [ljɪkvjɪˈdatsɨjə bjɪzˈɡramətnəsjtɪ], ma'ana "kawar da jahilci") ya kasance kamfen ne na kawar da jahilcin jahilci a cikin Soviet Rasha da Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1920s da 1930s. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don makarantu da darussan da aka kafa a lokacin yakin. A zamanin yau, ana amfani da wannan kalmar a wasu lokuta a cikin Rasha a matsayin yaren don koyar da masu sauraro marasa shiri ka'idojin kowane kimiyya, tsari ko sabon abu.
A shekara ta 1897, yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu a Daular Rasha ya kai kimanin 24%, tare da yawan mutanen da ke karatu da rubutu na karkara a 19.7%. Akwai makarantu kalilan da ke samuwa ga jama'a, musamman a yankunan karkara. Har zuwa farkon karni na 20, har yanzu babu takamaiman tsare-tsaren ko jagororin a makarantun zemstvo. A shekara ta 1891, makarantun karatu da rubutu sun zo ƙarƙashin gudanarwar coci, kuma suna kula da tsarin karatun addini, wanda ya jaddada koyarwar Tsohon Ikilisiyar Slavonic. Manoma sun fi samun ilimi, kuma galibi sun dogara da makarantun da masu adawa da siyasa ke gudanarwa a ƙarshen lokacin mulkin tsarist. Da yake fuskantar karuwar adawa daga jama'a, Tsar Alexander II ya ba da sanarwar wata doka da za ta kara kuɗin karatun makarantu, don haka ya hana ci gaba da motsi na zamantakewa ga bayi waɗanda aka ba su izinin tafiye-tafiye kyauta. A lokacin mulkin Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tura tsarin ilimi na duniya, wanda masana suka yi hasashen cewa zai iya fadada idan ba don Yaƙin Duniya na I ba.

 Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Bolshevik 
Lokacin da Jam'iyyar Bolshevik ta zo mulki a 1917, sun fuskanci daular da ke rushewa da aka fi sani da rashin komawa baya da tsarin ilimi mara kyau. A cikin 1917, a cikin sauran yankunan Tsarist, kimanin kashi 37.9% na maza da suka wuce shekaru bakwai sun iya karatu da rubutu kuma kashi 12.5% na yawan mata sun iya karatu. Ra'ayoyin Lenin game da karatu da rubutu sun samo asali ne daga fa'idodi na tattalin arziki da siyasa. "Ba tare da karatu da rubutu ba," ya bayyana cewa, "Ba za a iya samun siyasa ba, kawai za a iya yin jita-jita, tsegumi da nuna bambanci.  An fara kamfen ɗin likbez a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1919, lokacin da Vladimir Lenin ya sanya hannu kan doka Gwamnatin Soviet "A kan kawar da rashin karatu da rubutu tsakanin yawan RSFSR" ("A kan kawarwa da rashin ilimi tsakanin mutanen RSFSR"). Dangane da wannan dokar, ana buƙatar duk mutanen da ke da shekaru 8 zuwa 50 su zama masu karatu da rubutu a yarensu. An kafa tashoshin likbez 40,000 (likpuntos) a matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi da samun karatu da rubutu.

Yin gwagwarmaya don lokaci da kudade a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Rasha da ya biyo baya na 1917-23, Narkompros, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Soviet, da sauri ta tara VeCheKa Likbez (Komiti na Musamman na Rasha don kawar da rashin ilimi (ВЧКл / b), Hukumar Musamman ta Rasha don kawar leƙaice Rashin karatu da rubutu) wanda zai kasance da alhakin horar da malamai da karatu da rubutu da kuma shirya da yada kamfen ɗin karatu da rubutu. Daga manoma zuwa kungiyoyin kwadago, an saita takamaiman ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ga bangarori daban-daban na al'ummar Soviet. Misali, yakin neman zabe na Kungiyar kwadago ya yi niyyar samun 100% na karatu da rubutu ga ma'aikatanta a shekarar 1923. Bolsheviks sun kuma yi imanin cewa ta hanyar kamfen na wallafe-wallafen za su iya inganta akidar jam'iyya cikin sauƙi da kuma tsara hangen nesa na jama'a. Mata, saboda ƙarancin ilimin su, an dauke su da damar zama "masu zamani" na al'ummar Soviet. Ta hanyar ilimin mata manoma, Bolsheviks suna fatan rushe mulkin mallaka na al'ummar karkara. Lenin ya rubuta a cikin The Emancipation of Women cewa jahilcin mace zai lalata "ruhun yaƙi" na membobin jam'iyyar maza kuma ya hana mata fahimtar manufofin mazajensu. A cikin Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Soviet ta Azerbaijan, mambobin Ali Bayramov Club ne suka gudanar da kamfen ɗin ilimin mata, ƙungiyar mata da Azeri Bolshevik mata suka kafa a Baku a shekarar 1920.

Don ci gaba da fadada damar su ga al'ummar manoma, Bolsheviks sun gina ɗakunan karatu a ƙauyuka a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yin aiki a matsayin cibiyar farfaganda maimakon ɗakin karatu, manomi mai karatu zai yi aiki a matsayin "mai karatu" na dakin kuma ya ja tattaunawa kan matani da umarnin Jam'iyyar ya aiko tare da membobin yankin. Sau da yawa ya zama tilas, kamar yadda ɗakunan karatu suka zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin farfaganda mafi nasara na Jam'iyyar, inda kamfen za su sami tsari kuma mazauna yankin za su ji game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a waje.

 Tarihi 

 Farkon yaduwa 
Farfaganda na karatu da rubutu ya shiga cikin al'adun Soviet masu shahara tare da manufofin gwamnati na Likbez wanda ya samo asali ne daga Bolshevik don neman karatu da rubutu kai tsaye bayan Bolshevic ya hau mulki. Bayan juyin juya halin Bolshevik na 1917, Anatoly Lunachersky, Kwamishinan Jama'ar Soviet na Ilimi ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don gabatar da farfaganda na siyasa a makarantun Soviet, musamman makarantun ma'aikata da aka kafa a 1918 a ƙarƙashin Dokar a Makarantar Ma'aikata ta Uniform .  Wadannan litattafan farfaganda, matani da ake buƙata, da posters sun ƙunshi ƙimar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga  na turawar Soviet don karatu da rubutu a cikin yankunan karkara da birane, wato ra'ayin da Lenin ya gabatar cewa "Ba tare da karatu ba, babu siyasa, ana iya samun jita-jita da nuna bambanci kawai. " Wannan ra'ayi, kimantawar Soviet na karatu, daga baya an sake maimaita shi a cikin ayyukan kamar Trotsky's 1924's Literature and Revolution, wanda Trotsky na bayyana wallafe-wallafen da karatu a matsayin jagorantar Soviet don Sabon Soviet Maning na Soviet.

A farkon shekarun yakin Likbez, Jiha ta tilasta wa miliyoyin Soviets marasa karatu daga gari da ƙasa a makarantun karatu da rubutu, suna buƙatar waɗannan 'yan ƙasa su shiga cikin akidar Leninist na goyon bayan karatu da rubutu. A wannan lokacin, an kuma ba da umarnin membobin Komsomol da Young Pioneer don yada farfaganda na karatu da rubutu ta hanyar takardu da magana ga marasa ilimi na ƙauyen. Kokarin farfaganda na farko na karatu da rubutu ya haɗa da kafa sarari a ƙauyuka, musamman, wanda zai sauƙaƙa yaduwar karatu da rubutu a cikin ƙauyuka. Misali, a farkon shekarun 1920, Bolsheviks sun gina "Red Rooms," ɗakunan karatu a ƙauyuka a duk faɗin Rasha, don zama cibiyoyin farfaganda waɗanda aka watsa matani da Jam'iyyar ta aika ga al'ummomin yankin. A cikin ilimin yara, musamman, Jihar ta gabatar da rigakafin jahilci a matsayin hanyar da yara za su iya haɓaka halaye masu kyau kamar son sani da haƙuri. Ga yara, littattafan da aka fi amfani da su a farkon yakin Likbez don inganta karatu da rubutu sune Littafi Mai-Tsarki, Kniga Svyashchennogo Chtenia (Littafin Karatu Mai Tsarki), Detsky Mir (Duniya ta Yara) da Rodnoe Slovo (Maganar asali) na Konstantin D. Ushinsky. Allah da nufin Allah sun kasance sanannen dalili na karatu da rubutu a cikin farfaganda a duk lokacin yakin Likbez, amma sun kasance musamman a lokacin da ya gabata.

 Manazarta