Ludwik Fleck

Ludwik Fleck an haifeshi a 11  ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1896 – Ya mutu a 5 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1961, likita ne kuma masanin halittu ɗan ƙasar Poland, Yahudawa, kuma ɗan ƙasar Isra’ila wanda ya yi muhimmin aiki a kan epidemic typhus a Lwów, Poland, tare da Rudolf Weigl. A cikin shekarun 1930, ya ƙirƙiro ra’ayoyi na "Denkstil" (salon tunani) da "Denkkollektiv" (ƙungiyar tunani).

Ra’ayin Fleck na "ƙungiyar tunani" yana da muhimmanci a cikin falsafar kimiyya da kuma a cikin ilogology (ilimin kimiyya), domin yana taimakawa wajen bayyana yadda ra’ayoyin kimiyya ke sauyawa tsawon lokaci. Wannan yana kama da ra’ayin da Thomas Kuhn ya gabatar daga baya na "canjin tsari na tunani (paradigm shift)" (duba Jarnicki da Greif don yiwuwar tasirin Fleck a kan Kuhn), da kuma ra’ayin Michel Foucault na "episteme".

Bayani na Fleck kan yadda gaskiya ke tasowa daga haɗuwa tsakanin abubuwan aiki na ƙungiyar tunani da kuma juriya ta yanayi yana ba da hanya don fahimtar al’adun kimiyya ta zamani a matsayin abin da ke ci gaba (evolutionary) da kuma abin da ke dogara da hujjoji.

 Rayuwa 
Ludwik Fleck an haife shi a Lemberg (Lwów a harshen Polish, yanzu L'viv, Ukraine) kuma ya tashi a cikin tsarin ’yancin al’adu na lardin Austriya na Galicia. Ya kammala karatunsa daga wani lyceum (matsakaicin makaranta) na Poland a 1914 sannan ya shiga Jami’ar Jan Kazimierz ta Lwów, inda ya samu digirinsa na likitanci.

A shekarar 1920 ya zama mataimaki ga sanannen masani kan cutar typhus, Rudolf Weigl, a Jami’ar Jan Kazimierz. Daga 1923 zuwa 1935 Fleck ya yi aiki a sashen maganin cututtuka na asibitin Janar na Lwów, sannan ya zama darekta na dakin gwaje-gwajen cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na hukumar inshorar zamantakewa ta yankin. Daga 1935 ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwajen cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na kansa wanda ya kafa tun da farko.

Da Nazi Jamus suka mamaye L'viv, Fleck tare da matarsa Ernestina Waldmann da ɗansu Ryszard an tura su zuwa getto na Yahudawa na birnin. Ya ci gaba da bincike a asibiti inda ya ƙirƙiri sabon hanya ta samar da rigakafi daga fitsari na marasa lafiya masu typhus. Ayyukan Fleck sun kasance sananne ga mamayan Jamus, kuma a watan Disamba 1942 iyalinsa suka kama su, aka tura su zuwa masana’antar magunguna ta Laokoon domin su samar da serum na typhus. Daga baya aka sake kama shi da iyalinsa, aka tura su zuwa Sansanin kisa na Auschwitz a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1943. A can an ɗora masa aikin gano sifilis, typhus da sauran cututtuka ta hanyar gwajin serological.

Daga watan Disamba 1943 har zuwa lokacin da aka ’yantar da Poland a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1945, Fleck ya kasance a Sansanin kisa na Buchenwald; a nan ya yi aiki tare da Marian Ciepielowski wajen samar da ingantaccen rigakafin typhus ga fursunonin sansani, yayin da suke samar da ƙarya don SS.

Tsakanin 1945 zuwa 1952, a cikin Lublin, ya rike matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Kimiyyar ƙwayoyin cuta a Jami’ar Likitanci ta Maria Curie-Skłodowska. A shekarar 1952 ya koma Warsaw inda ya zama darekta na Sashen Kimiyyar ƙwayoyin cuta da Ilimin Kariyar Jiki a Cibiyar Jiha ta Uwa da Yaro. A 1954 aka zaɓe shi memba na Akademiyar Kimiyya ta Poland. Binciken Fleck a waɗannan shekarun ya fi karkata ne kan halayen ƙwayoyin farin jini (leucocytes) a cikin yanayin kamuwa da cuta da kuma damuwa. Tsakanin 1946 da 1957 ya wallafa makaloli 87 na likitanci da kimiyya a cikin mujallu na harshen Polish, Faransanci, Turanci da na Swiss. A shekarar 1951 aka bashi Lambar Girmamawa ta Kasa don manyan nasarorin kimiyya, sannan a 1955 ya samu gicciyen jami’i na Order of Polonia Restituta.

A shekarar 1956, bayan bugun zuciya da gano cewa yana fama da lymphosarcoma, Fleck ya yi ƙaura zuwa Isra’ila, inda aka ƙirƙiri masa matsayi a Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyyar Halittu ta Isra’ila. Ya rasu a shekarar 1961, yana da shekara 64, sakamakon bugun zuciya na biyu.

Lambar yabo ta Ludwik Fleck ana bayar da ita duk shekara ga mafi kyawun littafi a fagen nazarin kimiyya da fasaha. An ƙirƙire wannan lambar yabo a 1992 ta Majalisar 4S (Ƙungiyar Nazarin Zamantakewar Kimiyya).

 Tunani gama gari
Fleck ya rubuta cewa ci gaban gaskiya a binciken kimiyya wani buri ne da ba za a iya cimma ba, saboda masu bincike suna daure cikin ƙungiyar tunani (ko kuma tsarin tunani). "[B]a za a iya samun tsantsar lura kai tsaye ba: a lokacin fahimtar abubuwa, mai lura, wato batun ilimin sanin gaskiya, koyaushe yana karkashin tasirin zamani da… muhallin da yake ciki, wato, abin da Fleck ya kira tsarin tunani."

A aikin Fleck, tsarin tunani yana da alaƙa sosai da tsarin wakilci. "Gaskiya" wata daraja ce ta ɗan lokaci, wadda ake bayyana ta cikin harshen ko alamar ƙungiyar tunani da take ciki, kuma tana ƙarƙashin tsarin zamantakewa da lokaci na ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, ya yi hujja cewa a cikin salon al’adu na ƙungiyar tunani, iƙirarin ilimi ko gaskiya suna takaita ta abubuwan da ba sa motsi waɗanda suka taso daga lura da gogewar duniya ta zahiri. Wannan tsayayyen abin ƙwarewa na halitta da aka wakilta a cikin tsarin ƙungiyar tunani, kowa zai iya tabbatar da shi idan yana bin al’adun ƙungiyar tunani, don haka za a iya amincewa da gaskiya a cikin wani tsarin tunani na musamman.

Duk da cewa gaskiya za ta iya tabbata a cikin ƙungiyar ta, ba lallai ta tabbata a wasu ƙungiyoyi ba. Fleck ya yi imanin cewa ci gaban gaskiya da ra’ayoyin kimiyya ba ya tafiya hanya ɗaya kawai, kuma ba kawai tarawa ne na sabbin bayanai ba, wani lokaci yana buƙatar canza tsoffin ra’ayoyi, hanyoyin lura, da kuma siffofin wakilci.

Wannan canza tsoffin ilimi yana da wuya saboda ƙungiya tana samun wata hanya ta musamman ta bincike, wadda ke haifar da makanta ga wasu hanyoyin lura da fahimta daban-daban. Canji yana yiwuwa musamman idan mambobin ƙungiyoyi biyu na tunani suka haɗu kuma suka yi haɗin kai wajen lura da tsara hasashe. Fleck ya kasance mai goyon bayan ƙwarai na kwatanta ilimin sanin gaskiya (comparative epistemology).

Ya kuma lura da wasu siffofi na al’adar kimiyyar halittu ta zamani waɗanda ke gane cewa ilimi na ɗan lokaci ne kuma yana ci gaba da sauyawa bisa darajar bin ƙarfin juriya na dabi’a. Wannan hanyar ta rigaya ta hango cigaban da aka samu daga baya a cikin ginin zamantakewa na ilimi (social constructionism), musamman a cikin ci gaban nazarin suka na kimiyya da fasaha.

 Girmamawa 
 1954: An shigar da Fleck cikin membobin Akademiyar Kimiyya ta Poland.
 1955: An girmama shi da Gicciyen Jami’i na Order of Polonia Restituta.
 Ayyuka 
 Fassara zuwa Turanci 

 Genesis and development of a scientific fact (Chicago 1979)
 Duba wasu daga ciki 

 Juriyar tunani (Cognitive inertia)

 Jerin mutanen Poland (Biology, medicine)

 ilogology

 "On Discoveries and Inventions", jawabin jama’a na 1873 daga Aleksander Głowacki (Bolesław Prus)

 Manazarta 

 Littattafai 

 Karin Karatu 
, Maria Ciesielska, Fleck. Ocalony przez naukę, 2025,