Bob Zellner

John Robert Zellner (an haife shi Afrilu 5, 1939) ɗan fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a ne na Amurka. Ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Huntingdon a cikin 1961 kuma a waccan shekarar ya zama memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da Haɗin Kai na Student (SNCC) a matsayin sakatare na filin fari na farko. Zellner ya shiga cikin ƙoƙarin kare hakkin jama'a da yawa, ciki har da tarurrukan tarurrukan tashin hankali a Kwalejin Talladega, zanga-zangar haɗin kai a Danville, Virginia, da kuma shirya Makarantun 'Yanci a Greenwood, Mississippi, a 1964. Ya kuma bincika kisan gillar Chaney, Goodman, da Schwerner a lokacin rani.

An kama Zellner kuma an yi masa mugun duka saboda gwagwarmayar sa sau da yawa. Ya bar SNCC a cikin 1967 amma ya ci gaba da fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a. Daga baya ya koyar da tarihin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a a Jami'ar Long Island kuma ya buga tarihin gwagwarmayar sa wanda aka daidaita a cikin fim ɗin 2020 Ɗan Kudu, tare da Lucas Till yana nuna shi. An kama Zellner kwanan nan kamar 2013, saboda nuna rashin amincewa da dokar ID mai jefa kuri'a ta Arewacin Carolina.

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi John Robert Zellner ga James Abraham Zellner da Ruby Hardy Zellner a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1939, a Jay, Florida .    An ba shi suna bayan ubangidansa kuma mai gudanarwa a bikin auren iyayensa, Bob Jones Sr.  danginsa sun shiga cikin Ku Klux Klan (KKK) kuma mahaifinsa da kakansa sun kasance memba.  Mahaifin Zellner ya shirya don ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi amma a ƙarshe ya bar Klan bayan ya goyi bayan gwagwarmayar Yahudawa a cikin Nazi ya mamaye gabashin Turai a cikin 1930s, kafin yakin duniya na biyu . Wani abu mai mahimmanci shine tafiya ta Rasha tare da rukunin bisharar Baƙar fata yayin yin bishara. Bayan James ya bar KKK, kakannin Zellner sun musanta ɗansu. Daga nan James ya zama mai hidima a Cocin Methodist .    James yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan masu wa'azi a Kudu waɗanda suka goyi bayan ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam kuma yawancin majami'u sun ƙi ba shi damar yin wa'azi game da ra'ayinsa game da haɗin kai. 

Zellner ya sami ilimi a WS Neal High School a Brewton, Alabama,  da kuma Murphy High School inda ya kammala karatunsa a 1957.  Ya halarci Kwalejin Huntingdon, wanda a lokacin makarantar fari ce.  Yayin da yake babba a can ya bincika "maganin matsalolin launin fata a Kudu" a matsayin aikin ilimin zamantakewa .   Ga takarda Zellner da wasu hudu sun so yin hira da masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Martin Luther King Jr. da Ralph Abernathy . Sun gaya wa farfesa cewa sun shirya ziyartar King da Abernathy a Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). Ya mayar da martani ta hanyar ba da shawarar su ziyarci ɗakin karatu ko kuma su gudanar da bincike a fage ta hanyar KKK ko majalisar farar fata, kuma ya gaya wa biyar ɗin cewa "ba zai zama dole ba" su yi nazarin ra'ayoyi da yawa game da batun launin fata.  Biyar sun yi watsi da umarninsa kuma sun tattauna 'yancin ɗan adam tare da ɗalibai a Kwalejin Jihar Alabama don Negroes kuma sun ziyarci ofisoshin MIA.   Ƙungiyar ta ƙare da yin hira da King, Rosa Parks, da ED Nixon, wanda ya haifar da sha'awar Zellner ga ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam .   Al'ummar farar fata ba su yarda ba, kuma Zellner ya kona giciye a wajen dakinsa ta KKK, makarantar ta ba da shawarar korar shi, kuma Babban Lauyan Alabama ya zarge shi da gurguzu .  Sha'awar Zellner a cikin motsi ya karu, kuma ya taimaka wa Freedom Riders wadanda ke fama da hare-haren fararen fata a watan Mayu 1961.   Zellner ya sauke karatu daga Huntingdon tare da digiri a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam da zamantakewa daga baya a waccan shekarar. Zellner daga baya ya yi karatu na bazara a Makarantar Jama'a ta Highlander da shekaru biyu a Jami'ar Brandeis amma bai kammala karatunsa ba.  

Ta hanyar tarurrukan da ya yi game da 'yancin jama'a Zellner an gabatar da shi ga Kwamitin Gudanar da Haɗin Kai na Student (SNCC), ƙungiyar kare hakkin jama'a da ɗalibai ke jagoranta. An tuntube shi da Anne Braden kuma nan da nan ya ɗauke shi hayar don "gudanar da kai ga farar fata", "Bob Zellner". SNCC Digital Gateway. Retrieved September 4, 2021. ya zama mai ba da agaji na yau da kullun a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1961. Heupel, Shannon. "A son's rise against racism: Zellner, Brown discuss new movie 'Son of the South'". The Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved September 4, 2021. Shi ne na farko na SNCC kuma, a farkon shekarar da ya yi aiki, sakatariyar filin fari kawai. "Zellner, Bob (1939–)". Amistad Research Center. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. Schmidt, Amy (July 11, 2017). "Zellner, Bob". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.

 Hakkokin jama'a suna aiki 
A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, Zellner ya sha duka a sume sau da yawa, abin da ke haifar da lalacewar kwakwalwa da kuma rashin lafiyar danniya . Turawa sun yi masa mugun duka bayan ya nuna rashin amincewa da kisan Herbert Lee da kuma korar Brenda Travis da Ike Lewis daga makarantar sakandaren Burglund . Jami’an ‘yan sanda da jami’an hukumar bincike ta tarayya sun kalli yadda ake yi wa duka. Schmidt, Amy (July 11, 2017). "Zellner, Bob". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. "Bob Zellner". SNCC Digital Gateway. Retrieved September 4, 2021.  Zellner ya kasance a takaice a cikin tafiyar da makarantar sakandare ga daliban da suka bar Burglund don nuna rashin amincewa.  An kama shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1961, a lokacin Albany Movement lokacin da yake zaune a cikin rukunin haɗin gwiwa a kan jirgin ƙasa. Daruruwan ne suka yi zanga-zangar kamen, ciki har da kusan dari uku da suka yi maci a lokacin da ake shari'a. 

A cikin 1962 Zellner da Chuck McDew sun ziyarci Dion Diamond, Rider Freedom Rider a Baton Rouge, Louisiana. An kama mutanen biyu, an tsare su na tsawon wata guda, kuma an tuhume su da laifin tashe tashen hankula .  An sake kama Zellner a cikin Janairu 1963 a Kwalejin Huntingdon bisa zargin rashin aikin yi, wanda daga baya aka canza shi zuwa karya . An kare shi daga yiwuwar hukuncin shekaru goma da Clifford Durr da Charles Morgan Jr. suka yi, kuma aka wanke shi.  Bayan Maris na Yara a Birmingham, Alabama, a cikin 1963 ya zama tashin hankali, Zellner da sauran masu fafutuka sun tafi birni.  Ya halarci Maris a Washington don Ayyuka da 'Yanci a 1963. Zellner ya shiga cikin tarurrukan tarurrukan tashin hankali a Kwalejin Talladega, zanga-zangar haɗin kai a Danville, Virginia, da kuma shirya Makarantun 'Yanci a Greenwood, Mississippi, a cikin 1964 a lokacin bazarar 'Yanci, lokacin da ya zama abokantaka na kusa da Stokely Carmichael . Ya kuma bincika kisan Chaney, Goodman, da Schwerner tare da Rita Schwerner . "Zellner, Bob (1939–)". Amistad Research Center. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. Schmidt, Amy (July 11, 2017). "Zellner, Bob". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. "Bob Zellner". SNCC Digital Gateway. Retrieved September 4, 2021.   Shima a waccan shekarar ya kasance babban daraktan kwamitin shirya daliban kudancin kasar .  A cikin kimanin 1964, Zellner ya ɗauki hutu na shekaru biyu daga gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a don yin karatu don samun digiri na Master a ilimin zamantakewa a Brandeis. Bai kammala karatunsa ba ya koma SNCC, inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin farar fata bakwai kawai. 

Ya bar SNCC a cikin 1966 bayan ƙungiyar ta kori dukkan membobin farar fata, kuma ta koma Asusun Ilimi na Babban Taron Kudancin . "Zellner, Bob (1939–)". Amistad Research Center. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. Schmidt, Amy (July 11, 2017). "Zellner, Bob". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. "Bob Zellner". SNCC Digital Gateway. Retrieved September 4, 2021. Solis, Steph. "Bob Zellner took stand against his white community's values". USA Today. Retrieved September 4, 2021. Zellner ya yi kira ga shawarar SNCC a cikin 1967 yayin da yake gabatar da wani shiri don tsara ma'aikatan farar fata a Mississippi, amma an hana shi sake shiga.  Ya ci gaba da aikinsa ba tare da goyon bayansu ba, yana tafiya tare da matarsa, Dorothy Zellner, zuwa Tekun Gulf da kuma kafa ma'aikata na Grass-Roots Organizing Workers (GROW; wanda aka fi sani da Get Rid of [George] Wallace ). Ma'auratan kuma sun kirkiro Cibiyar Ilimi da Bincike ta Deep South. Aikin nasu ya kunshi tsara ma'aikatan katako don neman karin albashi. Yajin aikin da aka fara a watan Satumba 1971 ya yi nasara bayan watanni uku.  A lokacin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a, an kama Zellner sau da yawa, tare da wata majiya ta kirga 25 kama a lokacin rani na 1963.  A cikin 1970s ya yi lacca a Cibiyar 'Yan tsiraru ta kasa a kasar Sin (yanzu Jami'ar Minzu ta Sin ). 

Daga 1991 zuwa 1993 ya yi aiki don samun digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Tulane a tarihi, inda ya rubuta takardar shaidar kare hakkin jama'a. A wannan shekarar an ɗauke shi aiki don koyarwa game da ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Long Island .  "Zellner, Bob (1939–)". Amistad Research Center. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. Zellner ya buga Wrong Side of Murder Creek: White Southerner in the Freedom Movement a 2008. Heupel, Shannon. "A son's rise against racism: Zellner, Brown discuss new movie 'Son of the South'". The Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved September 4, 2021. Bayan ya koma Wilson, North Carolina, an kama Zellner a 2013 yana nuna rashin amincewa da dokar ID na North Carolina. "Bob Zellner". SNCC Digital Gateway. Retrieved September 4, 2021.

 Gado 
Tarihin baka wanda ya danganta da hirarraki da Zellner yana cikin littafin 2006 Generation on Fire: Voices of Protest daga 1960 na Jeff Kisseloff.  Daga baya Zellner ya bayyana shigarsa tare da SNCC a matsayin "mafi girman abin da ya taɓa faruwa a rayuwata." 

Zellner ya buga wani abin tunawa, The Werong Side of Murder Creek, a cikin 2011. Ƙimar ta yi wahayi zuwa fim ɗin 2020 <i id="mwAU4">Ɗan Kudu</i>, wanda Lucas Till ya nuna shi. Heupel, Shannon. "A son's rise against racism: Zellner, Brown discuss new movie 'Son of the South'". The Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved September 4, 2021. 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Zellner ya yi aure sau biyu, na farko ga Dorothy Zellner (daga Agusta 9, 1963) kuma daga baya zuwa Linda Miller. "Zellner, Bob (1939–)". Amistad Research Center. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021. Solis, Steph. "Bob Zellner took stand against his white community's values". USA Today. Retrieved September 4, 2021.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba