Muhallin Kifi da muhallin namun daji na Amurk

Ofishin kifi da namun daji na Amurka (USFWS''' ko FWS) hukuma ce ta gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka a cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Amurka wacce ke kula da kula da kifi, namun daji, da wuraren zama na halitta a Amurka. Manufar hukumar ita ce: "aiki tare da wasu don kiyayewa, karewa, da haɓaka kifi, dabbobin daji, tsire-tsire da wuraren zama don ci gaba da amfanin mutanen Amurka".

 Tarihi 

 Hukumar Kifi da Ofishin Kifi 
Tsohon asalin hukumar shine Hukumar Amurka kan Kifi da Kifi, wanda aka fi sani da Hukumar Kifi ta Amurka, wanda Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta kirkira a 1871 da manufar nazarin da ba da shawarar mafita ga raguwar abinci. An nada Spencer Fullerton Baird don jagorantar shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Kifi na farko na Amurka. A cikin 1903, an sake tsara Hukumar Kifi a matsayin Ofishin Kifi na Amurka kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Aiki ta Amurka.

Lokacin da aka raba Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Aiki zuwa Ma'abiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka da Ma'aikin Aiki ta Amurka a 1913, Ofishin Kifi ya zama wani ɓangare na Ma'aunin Kasuwanci. Da farko an mayar da hankali kan kimiyyar kamun kifi da al'adun kifi, Ofishin Kifi ya kuma ɗauki wasu ayyuka; a cikin 1906, Majalisa ta Amurka ta ba ta alhakin aiwatar da ka'idojin kamun kiɗa da farautar furen fata a cikin Gundumar Alaska,  kuma a cikin 1910 don gudanarwa da girbi na hatimi na arewacin furen, foxes, da sauran dabbobi masu ɗauke da furen a cikin Tsibirin Pribilof, da kuma kulawa, ilimi, da jin daɗin al'ummomin Aleut a cikin tsibiran.  A cikin 1939, Ofishin Kifi ya ƙaura daga Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci zuwa Ma'autar Cikin Gida.

 Ofishin Binciken Halitta 
Sauran kakannin hukumar sun fara ne a matsayin Sashen Ornithology na Tattalin Arziki, wanda aka kafa a cikin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka a 1885 kuma ya zama Sashen Ormithology na tattalin arziki da Mammalogy a 1886.  A shekara ta 1896 ya zama Sashen Binciken Halitta. Clinton Hart Merriam ta jagoranci Sashen na tsawon shekaru 25 kuma ta zama mutum na kasa don inganta fahimtar kimiyya game da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa a Amurka.

A shekara ta 1905 tare da karancin kudade, Binciken ya haɗa da aikinsa na kawar da kyarketai, coyotes da sauran manyan masu cin nama. Wannan ya sami goyon baya daga ranchers da 'yan majalisa na yamma wanda ya haifar, a shekara ta 1914, a cikin kasafin kuɗi na $ 125,000 da aka amince da shi don halakar da kyarketai, coyotes da sauran dabbobi masu cutarwa ga noma da kiwon dabbobi. A halin yanzu, masana kimiyya kamar Joseph Grinnell da Charles C. Adams, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Ecological Society of America, suna inganta daidaitattun yanayi. A cikin 1924, a wani taron da American Society of Mammalogists ta shirya, muhawara ta haifar da rabuwa tsakanin jama'a tsakanin waɗanda ke cikin Binciken, suna inganta kawarwa, da masu ilimin dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda suka inganta wani nau'in masauki. Binciken ya sanya sama da tashoshin guba miliyan 2 a fadin yamma. Binciken ya juya zuwa kawar da coyote, : 124-126 an tsara ta hanyar Dokar Kula da Lalacewar Dabbobi ta 1931.

A cikin 1934, an sake tsara Sashen Binciken Halitta a matsayin Ofishin Binciken Ruwa kuma an nada Jay Norwood Darling a matsayin shugabanta. A wannan shekarar, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Gudanar da Kifi da Kayan daji, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ka'idojin nazarin muhalli na tarayya. A karkashin jagorancin Darling, Ofishin ya fara ci gaba da gado na kare muhimman wuraren zama na halitta a duk faɗin Amurka. A cikin 1939, Ofishin Binciken Halitta''' ya ƙaura daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona zuwa Ma'abiyar Cikin Gida.

 Manazarta