Derek J. de Solla Price

Derek John de Solla Price (22 ga watan Janairun 1922 - 3 ga watan Satumbar 1983) masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya ne, masanin tarihin kimiyya, kuma masanin kimiwyar bayanai. An san shi da binciken da ya yi game da tsarin Antikythera, kwamfuta ta duniyar Girka ta dā, da kuma nazarin yawa akan wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, wanda ya haifar da bayyana shi a matsayin "Herald na scientometrics".

 Tarihin rayuwa 
An haifi Price a Leyton, Ingila, ga Philip Price, mai sa tufafi, da Fanny de Solla, mawaƙa. Ya fara aiki a 1938 a matsayin mataimakin a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyyar Lissafi a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kudu maso Yammacin Essex, kafin ya yi karatun Physics da Mathematics a Landan" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of London">Jami'ar London, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya a 1942. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Harry Lowery yana gudanar da bincike kan karafa masu zafi da narkewa, kuma yana aiki zuwa Ph.D. na waje na London a cikin kimiyyar gwaji, wanda ya samu a 1946. Wannan aikin ya haifar da takardun bincike da yawa da kuma takardar shaidar don pyrometer mai gyarawa. Daga nan sai ya tafi Amurka a kan tallafin Asusun Commonwealth, yana aiki a Pittsburgh da Princeton, ya koma Ingila a 1947. Ya yi aure a wannan shekarar ga Ellen Hjorth a Copenhagen .  

A shekara ta 1948 Price ya ɗauki matsayi na shekaru uku a matsayin malami na lissafi mai amfani a Kwalejin Raffles, Singapore, wanda zai zama wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Kasa ta Singapore. A can ya sadu da C. Northcote Parkinson, masanin tarihin sojan ruwa, wanda ya haifar da ƙaunar tarihi a cikin Farashin wanda zai canza hanyar aikinsa. Yayinda yake Singapore, ya tsara ka'idarsa game da ci gaban kimiyya. Yana kula da cikakken aikin jami'ar na Ma'aikatan Falsafa na Royal Society, yayin da Kwalejin Raffles ta gina ɗakin karatu. Ya fara karanta waɗannan, kuma yayin da ya sanya kundin a cikin tsari na lokaci ya lura cewa tsayin shekara-shekara ya karu sosai tare da lokaci. Wannan ya haifar da gabatarwa a Taron Kasa da Kasa na shida na Tarihin Kimiyya a Amsterdam, a cikin 1950. Yagi, Eri; Badash, Lawrence; Beaver, Donald de (1996). "Derek J. de S. Price (1922–83) Historian of science and herald of scientometrics". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 21: 64–84. doi:10.1179/isr.1996.21.1.64.

Da ya dawo Ingila, Price ya yanke shawarar yin aiki a Tarihin kimiyya, kuma ya shiga Ph.D. na biyu a Jami'ar Cambridge, wanda ICI ta goyi bayan. Da farko ya yi niyyar yin aiki a kan binciken kayan kimiyya, amma a lokacin karatunsa ya gano The Equatorie of the Planetis, rubutun Peterhouse a cikin ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Cambridge. Rubutun, wanda aka rubuta a Turanci na Tsakiya, ya bayyana Equatorium, kayan lissafin taurari, kuma ya zama tushen rubutun don PhD, wanda ya samu a shekara ta 1954, da kuma littafi, wanda aka buga a shekara mai zuwa. Ya yi imanin cewa aikin Geoffrey Chaucer ne, wanda ya rubuta A Treatise on the Astrolabe, amma yanzu an danganta shi ga wani malamin St Albans mai suna John Westwyk .

Farashin ya sami lambar yabo ta Nuffield Foundation don bincike a Tarihin kimiyya, wanda ya ba shi damar yin aiki a kan kayan aikin kimiyya a lokacin 1955-1956. Ya fara shirya kundin kayan aikin da aka tattara na Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya, sannan kuma kundin dukkan tsoffin taurari da ya iya ganowa.

Yayinda yake aiki a kan Ph.D. a Cambridge, Price ya sadu da Joseph Needham, masanin tarihin kimiyya na kasar Sin. A sakamakon aikinsa a kan Equatorium Price an gayyace shi don shiga cikin wani aiki a kan agogo na astronomical na kasar Sin na zamani. Wannan ya haifar da littafin Heavenly Clockwork na Needham, Wang Ling da Price, wanda aka buga a cikin 1960.Mackay, Alan (1984). "Derek John de Solla Price: An Appreciation". Social Studies of Science. 14 (2): 315–320. doi:10.1177/030631284014002013. JSTOR 284662. PMID 11611467. S2CID 5587505.
Wani sha'awa a cikin fasahar tsohuwar ya shafi tsarin Antikythera. An dawo da wannan na'ura daga wani fashewa a tsibirin Girka na Antikythera a cikin 1900, kuma aikinta bai kasance ba. Farashin ya fara aiki a kan wannan a cikin shekarun 1950, kuma ya ci gaba da ci gaba da kashewa na shekaru ashirin ta amfani da dabaru daban-daban ciki har da radiography na gamma. Ya wallafa takardu biyu game da na'urar, a cikin 1959 da 1974, yana nuna cewa kwamfuta ce ta duniya, tun daga kimanin 80 KZ.Mackay, Alan (1984). "Derek John de Solla Price: An Appreciation". Social Studies of Science. 14 (2): 315–320. doi:10.1177/030631284014002013. JSTOR 284662. PMID 11611467. S2CID 5587505.Bedini, Silvio A. (1984). "Derek J. De Solla Price (1922-1983)". Technology and Culture. 25 (3): 701–05. doi:10.1353/tech.1984.a890032. JSTOR 3104244. PMID 11615964. S2CID 35626138. Har ila yau, tare da Joseph Noble, ya yi nazarin injunan Hasumiyar Winds a Athens, kuma ya nuna shi aikin agogo ne na ruwa, yana nuna lokutan da yanayi.

A kusa da 1950, Price ya ɗauki sunan mahaifiyarsa na Sephardic, "de Solla", a matsayin sunan tsakiya.Mackay, Alan (1984). "Derek John de Solla Price: An Appreciation". Social Studies of Science. 14 (2): 315–320. doi:10.1177/030631284014002013. JSTOR 284662. PMID 11611467. S2CID 5587505. Ya kasance "British Atheist ... daga sanannen iyalin Yahudawa na Sephardic", kuma kodayake an yi wa matarsa Markus" id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Denmark">Danish, Ellen, ba ta yi baftisma a matsayin Lutheran, a cewar ɗansu Mark, bai ɗauki aurensu a matsayin "haɗe-haɗe" ba, saboda dukansu Mai musun wanzuwar Allah ne. 
Bayan samun digirin digirinsa na biyu, Price ya sami ci gaba mai wahala a Ingila. Wani abokin aiki ya yi zargin cewa Price, wanda ya fito ne daga ƙananan aji, "ba a horar da shi a cikin gida ba," kuma yana zargin cewa an ƙi shi don matsayi na jami'a saboda dalilai na kansa. : 1, 10 Price ya yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa Amurka. A shekara ta 1957 ya zama mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Smithsonian, sannan kuma ɗan'uwa a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Princeton, New Jersey. A Princeton ya yi karatun ilimin taurari na dā tare da Otto Neugebauer . A shekara ta 1959 ya shiga Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar Yale da farko a matsayin baƙo na shekara guda. Zai kasance a Yale har tsawon rayuwarsa.Bedini, Silvio A. (1984). "Derek J. De Solla Price (1922-1983)". Technology and Culture. 25 (3): 701–05. doi:10.1353/tech.1984.a890032. JSTOR 3104244. PMID 11615964. S2CID 35626138.Yagi, Eri; Badash, Lawrence; Beaver, Donald de (1996). "Derek J. de S. Price (1922–83) Historian of science and herald of scientometrics". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 21: 64–84. doi:10.1179/isr.1996.21.1.64.

Farashin ya ba da jerin laccoci a Yale a 1959, wanda ya zama tushen littafi, Kimiyya tun Babila (1961). Bedini, Silvio A. (1984). "Derek J. De Solla Price (1922-1983)". Technology and Culture. 25 (3): 701–05. doi:10.1353/tech.1984.a890032. JSTOR 3104244. PMID 11615964. S2CID 35626138. A cikin 1960, an kafa Sashen Tarihin Kimiyya da Magunguna a Yale, galibi ta hanyar kokarin John Fulton wanda ya kasance Farfesa na Tarihin Magunguna tun shekara ta 1951.  Farfesa ya zama Farfesa na Tarihin Kimiyya, kuma a kan mutuwar Fulton a 1960 ya zama shugaban sashen. A shekara ta 1962 ya zama Farfesa na Avalon na Tarihin Kimiyya.Yagi, Eri; Badash, Lawrence; Beaver, Donald de (1996). "Derek J. de S. Price (1922–83) Historian of science and herald of scientometrics". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 21: 64–84. doi:10.1179/isr.1996.21.1.64.Beaver, Donald deB. (1985). "Eloge: Derek John deSolla Price (22 January 1922-3 September 1983)". Isis. 76 (3): 371–374. doi:10.1086/353880. JSTOR 232859. S2CID 143775231.

Nazarin kimiyya, Scientometrics, da aikace-aikacensa ga manufofin kimiyya, ya zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikin Price daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba. A cikin 1963 an buga littafinsa mafi sananne Little Science, Big Science . Mackay, Alan (1984). "Derek John de Solla Price: An Appreciation". Social Studies of Science. 14 (2): 315–320. doi:10.1177/030631284014002013. JSTOR 284662. PMID 11611467. S2CID 5587505. A farkon Landan shekarar, ya sadu da Eugene Garfield, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya (SCI), kuma ya kafa hadin gwiwa na dindindin. SCI zai samar da mafi yawan bayanai don aikinsa na yawa, yana ba da damar nazarin ba kawai yawan wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ba, amma, alal misali, tasirin waɗancan wallafe-finai, da kuma tsawon lokacin wannan tasirin.Yagi, Eri; Badash, Lawrence; Beaver, Donald de (1996). "Derek J. de S. Price (1922–83) Historian of science and herald of scientometrics". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 21: 64–84. doi:10.1179/isr.1996.21.1.64. A shekara ta 1965, Farashin ya ba da lacca na farko na Cibiyar Kimiyya, mai taken The Scientific Foundations of Science Policy, wanda aka bayar a Royal Institution a London. Ya jaddada cewa yayin da kimiyya ta girma sosai ta gabatar da sabbin ƙalubale ga masu tsara manufofi, kuma irin aikin Scientometric da yake gudanarwa da ingantawa zai iya taimaka musu. A bayyane yake ci gaba mai yawa ba zai iya ci gaba ba har abada, kuma raguwar ƙimar ci gaba zai dace da matsalolin da ke tattare da rarraba albarkatu. Ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin sadarwa, yana nufin "Kwalejin da ba a gani", cibiyar sadarwa ta kimiyya da ke wanzu a waje da tashoshin da aka tsara. An sake nazarin lacca a cikin mujallar Nature . 

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba