Manufofin Ci Gaban Shekaru Dubu

A  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Manufofin Ci Gaban shekaru dubu (MDGs) manufofi ne na ci gaban kasa da kasa guda takwas na shekara ta 2015 da aka kirkira bayan Taron Millennium, biyo bayan amincewa da sanarwar Millennium ta Majalisar ɗinkin duniya. Wadannan an ɗora sune akan Manufofin Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa na OECD DAC da Ministocin Ci Gaban suka amince da su a cikin "Dabarun daidaita ƙarni na 21st ". Manufofin ɗorewar Ci Gaban (SDGs) sun yi nasara a cikin MDGs a cikin shekarar 2016.

Dukkanin kasashe 191 dake amatsayin membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma akalla kungiyoyi 22 na kasa da kasa, sun himmatu don taimakawa wajen cimma manufofin ci gaban shekararun Millennium masu zuwa kafin shekarar 2015:

 Domin kawar da matsanancin talauci da yunwa
 Domin samun ilimin firamare na duniyaIlimi na firamare na duniya
 Domin karfafa daidaito tsakanin jinsi da temakon mata
 Domin rage yawan Mutuwar yara
 Domin inganta Lafiyar mata masu ciki
 Domin yakar cutar HIV / AIDS, zazzabin cizon sauro, da sauran cututtuka
 Domin tabbatar da dorewar muhalli 
 Domin karfafa haɗin gwiwar ƙasahen duniya don ci gaba 

Kowace manufa tana da takamaiman burika da kwanakin cimma waɗannan bari. An auna manufofin takwas da burika 21. Don ingiza ci gaba, ministocin kula da kudi na kashen G8 sun amince a watan Yunin 2005 don samar da watattun kudade ga Bankin Duniya, Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya (IMF) da Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (AfDB) don soke bashin dala biliyan 40 zuwa 55 a cikin bashin da ake bin membobin kasashe matalauta (HIPC) domin a ƙyalesu suci gaba da tura albarkatunsu zuwa shirye-shiryen inganta kiwon lafiya da ilimi da kuma rage talauci. 

Masu sukar shirin na MDG sunyi Ƙorafi da rashin yin nazari da adalci domin tabbatar da manufofin da aka zaba, dakuma wahala ko rashin lura da wasu manufofi da ci gaban da bai dace ba, da dai sauransu. Ko da yake taimakon da kasashen da suka ci gaba ke bayarwa don cimma manufofin MDG  ya karu a lokacin da ake fuskantar kalubale, fiye da rabin sun tafi ne don yafe basussuka, da yawa daga cikin sauran kuma sun tafi ne wajen rage raɗaɗin  bala'o'i masu aukuwa da gudunmawar tsaro ta soji, a maimakon ci gaban ƙasa. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Tun a shekarar 2013, ci gaban da aka cimma be zama bai dai yaba. Wasu kasashen sun cimma manufofin da dama, yayin da wasu ba su kama hanyar cimma ko daya ba. Wani taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Satumba na shekarar 2010 ya yi nazari kan ci gaban da aka samu zuwa yau tare da aiwatar da wani shiri na duniya don cimma muradun takwas a cikin lokacin da aka ayi shirin cimmasu . Sabbin  aiyukan sun shafi lafiyar mata da yara, da sabbin tsare-tsare a yakin duniya na yaki da talauci, yunwa da cututtuka.

 Shimfida 

 Asali 
Bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, jerengiyar tarurrukan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta jagoranta a shekarun 1990 sun mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi  yara, abinci mai gina jiki, 'yancin dan adam da mata, tare da samar da aiyukan hadaka  na kasa da kasa don wadannan batutuwa. Taron Duniya na 1995 game da Ci gaban Al'umma ya samar da sanarwar Copenhagen game da Ci gaban Al'umma tare da jerin manufofi masu tsawo da rikitarwa ta shugabannin duniya, gami da da yawa waɗanda suka dace da sakamakon tarurrukan da suka gabata.  Amma matakan agaji na kasa da kasa sunyi ƙasa, kuma a cikin wannan shekarar, Kwamitin Taimakawa Ci Gaba na OECD ya kafa tsarin tunani don nazarin makomar agajin ci gaban.  Sakamakon rahoton 1996, na "Shaping the 21st Century", ya juya wasu daga cikin manufofin Copenhagen zuwa shida gudan"Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya", wanda ke da irin wannan abun ciki da tsari manufofin MDGs na ƙarshe: rage talauci ta 2015; ilimin firamare na duniya nan da 2015; kawar da bambancin jinsi a makarantu nan da 2005; raguwar mutuwar jarirai, yara da mata masu juna biyu nan da shekarar 2015, samun damar samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa a duniya  da isassun dabarun kasa na ci gaba mai dorewa a ko’ina nan da shekarar 2015. 

A karshen shekarar 1997, babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi hasashe a  taro na musamman a karni da dandalin tattaunawa a matsayin mai da hankali kan kokarin yin gyara  ga tsarin MDD.  Bayan shekara guda, ta yanke shawarar ta musamman ba don iya  gudanar da taron Millennium kawai ba har ma da taron koli na Millennium, kuma ta umarci Sakatare-Janar, Kofi Annan, da ya fito da bukatar shawarwari don  bayyana "da yawan batutuwa masu hangen nesa ke  yadawa", don haka ya buɗe  bayanan fiye da tambayoyin da hukumomi ke yiwa hukumar a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  Rahoton Annan, lokacin da aka buga shi a cikin Afrilu 2000 a ƙarƙashin taken "Mu Jama'a: Matsayin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a  karni na 21", ya tsara tambayoyin sake fasalin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin manyan kalubalen da ke fuskantar duniya, wanda aka bayyana jigon shi a matsayin "don tabbatar da cewa dunkulewar duniya ta zama wani karfi mai kyau ga dukan mutanen duniya, maimakon barin biliyoyin su a baya".  A cikin rahoton Annan ya bukaci taron koli na Millennium mai zuwa da ya dauki wasu muhimman manufofin tare da  manufofin shi dakuma da yawa daga cikin batutuwan da aka taɓa tattaunawa a taron na Copenhagen, da sauran tarukan 1990, da rahoton Brahimi da aka buga kwanan nan kan zaman lafiya da tsaro na kasa da kasa. 

Taron Millennium da Babban Taron majalisar na watan Satumba na shekarar 2000 sun ba da sanarwar Millennium da ke nuna ƙudirin da Annan ya tsara.  Wannan sanarwar ba ta ambaci keɓaɓɓun "Manufofin Ci gaban Ƙarni",ba amma tana ɗauke da mahadai - da yawancin kalmomi iri ɗaya - a matsayin makasudin ƙarshe. An ci gaba da aiwatar da zaɓin  da tace Manufofin daga abubuwan da ke cikin sanarwar na ɗan lokaci. Wani lokaci mai mahimmanci a nan shi ne haɗin kai tsakanin tattaunawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma hanyoyin da OECD ke bi domin "Sanya Ƙarni na 21"; An amince da wannan haɗin kai a wani taro da Bankin Duniya ya kira a watan Maris na shekara ta 2001.  A cikin watan Satumba na 2001, Annan ya gabatar wa babban taron "Taswirar hanyar da za a bi don aiwatar da sanarwar Ƙarni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya" wanda ya ƙunshi wani sashe na musamman game da "Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni", yana bayyana wasu daga cikinsu a cikin maganganun shi na ƙarshe, kuma tare da ƙaddamar da muhimman batutuwa. 

MDGs sun fitar da  bangarori uku: Arzikin dan Adam, ababen more rayuwa dakuma hakkokin bil'adama ( zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa ), tare da niyyar inganta rayuwa me inganci.  Babban manufofin ɗan adam sun haɗa da abinci mai gina jiki, kiwon lafiya (ciki har da yawan mace-macen yara, HIV/AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro, da lafiyar mata masu haihuwa ) da ilimi. Makasudin samar da ababen more rayuwa sun hada da samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, makamashi da fasahar zamani/fasahar sadarwa; ƙara yawan amfanin gona ta hanyar amfani da  gwaji me ɗorewa; sufuri; da muhalli. Manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da ƙarfafa mata, rage cin zarafi, ƙara yancin muryar siyasa, tabbatar da daidaito wajen amfani da kayan hidimar jama'a da ƙara tsaro na kiyaye haƙƙin mallaka. Makasudin an yi niyya ne don haɓaka ƙarfin ɗan adam na mutum da kuma "ci gaba da hanyoyin samun rayuwa mai albarka". Bayanin MDG ta jaddada cewa ya kamata manufofin kowace ƙasa su dace da bukatun ƙasar; don haka yawancin shawarwarin manufofin iri daya ne.

 Manufofi 
An samar da MDGs domin yin aiyukan  da yawa da aka tsara a cikin sanarwar Millennium, wanda aka sanya hannu a watan Satumba na shekarar 2000. Akwai manufofi takwas tare da kudurce-kudurce  21,  da jerin ma'aunan kula da kiwon lafiya da alamun tattalin arziki ga kowane manufa.  

 Manufa ta 1:Kawar da matsanancin Talauci da yunwa 

 Ƙudurin 1A: Rabin adadin mutanen dake rayuwa tsakanin 1990 zuwa  2015, akan ƙasa da $1.25 a rana 
 Manufa 1B: Samun Ingantaccen Aiki ga Mata, Maza, da Matasa
 Manufar 1C: Rabin adadin dake rayuwa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, ke fama da yunwa 

 Manufa ta 2: Cimma samar da ilimin bai-ɗaya a matakin farko 
MDG 2.  ya mai da hankali kan ilimin firamare kuma ya jaddada yin shiga  da kammalawar karatu. A wasu ƙasashen rajista na farko ya karu a sakamakon matakan nasara. A wasu lokuta, fifikon da aka baiwa ilimin firamare ya yi illa ga karatun sakandare da na gaba da sakandare. 

 Manufa ta 3: Haɓaka daidaiton jinsi dakuma tallafawa mata 

 Manufar 3A: Kawar da bambancin jinsi a makarantun firamare da sakandare musamman kafin 2005, a sauran kowane mataki kuma nan da 2015 

 Manufa ta 4: Rage yawan Mace-macen yara 

 Manufar 4A: Rage kashi biyu bisa uku, tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2015, na yawan mace-macen yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar 

Samun ci gaban MDG bai dogara ga iya cigaban tattalin arziki kadai ba. A cikin maganar MDG 4, Kasashe masu tasowa irin su Bangladesh sun nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a rage yawan mace-macen yara tare da samun ci gaba ne kawai idan anbi matakan da ba su da tsada kuma masu inganci, kamar rigakafin cutar kyanda .  Duk da haka, kashe kuɗin gwamnati a ƙasashe da yawa ba zai wadatar ba don kashe kudi akan kudirin  ba. 

 Manufa ta 5: Inganta lafiyar masu haihuwa 

 Manufar 5A: Rage  kashi uku cikin huɗu na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2015, 
 Manufar 5B: Cimma samun damar lafiyar haihuwa ta duniya a shekarar 2015 

 Manufa ta 6: Yaki da cutar HIV/AIDS, Malaria, da sauran cututtuka 

 Manufar 6A: A dakatar zuwa shekarar  2015 kuma a fara magance yaduwar cutar HIV / AIDS
 Manufar 6B: Cimma damar kula da lafiya da samun damar yin amfani da maganin kanjamau a duniya ga duk masu bukatarsa a shekarar 2010
 Target 6C: A  dakatar zuwa shekarar 2015 kuma a fara sauya yanayin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da sauran manyan cututtuka 

Bincike kan tsarin kiwon lafiya ya nuna cewa samfurin "girma ɗaya ya dace da kowa" ba zai isa ya mayar da martani ga bayanan kiwon lafiya na ƙasashe masu tasowa ba; duk da haka, wani bincike ya gano wani tsari na gama-gari na haɓaka kiwon lafiya na duniya, ciki har da rashin cima me kyau, raunin garkuwar kiwon lafiya, iyakokin garkuwar ɗan adam, da tsananin tsada. Binciken ya bayyana cewa mayar da hankali kan bincike yana ɓoye matakan da ake buƙata don faɗaɗa kula da lafiya. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da ma'auni na siyasa, ƙungiyoyi, da ayyuka na haɓakawa, da buƙatar haɓaka ƙungiyoyin na gida. 

 Manufa ta 7: Tabbatar da ɗorewar Muhalli 

 Manufar 7A: Haɗa ka'idojin  ci gaba mai dorewa cikin manufofi da shirye-shiryen ƙasa; baya asarar albarkatun muhalli
 Manufar 7B: Rage asarar rayayyun halittu, cimma, ta 2010, raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin asarar
 Manufar 7C: Rabin jama'a na rayuwa 2015, ba tare da  samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ba .
 Manufar 7D: Nan ta 2020, don samun ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin rayuwar aƙalla mutum miliyan 100 na samar da  matsugunan gidaje 

 Manufa ta 8: Haɓaka haɗakar  ƙasashen duniya domin cigaba 

 Manufa ta  8A: Haɓaka cigaban , tushen doka, wanda ake nuni da rashin  wariyar launin  da tsarin kuɗi
 Manufar 8B: Magance Bukatu na  Musamman na Ƙasashe Masu  Ci Gaba (LDCs)
 Manufar 8C: magance buƙatu na musamman na ƙasashe masu karancin  tasowa waɗanda ba su da ƙasa da kuma ƙananan ƙasashe masu tasowa na kan  tsibiri 
 Manufar 8D: magance matsalolin bashi na ƙasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar matakan ƙasa da ƙasa don tabbatar da biyan bashi mai dorewa a cikin dogon lokaci.
 Manufar 8E: A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin har hada magunguna, da samar da  araha, magunguna masu mahimmanci a ƙasashe masu tasowa.
 Manufar 8F: A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, samar da anfani da sabbin fasahohi, musamman bayanai da sadarwa 

Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba