Khujand

Khujand yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin biranen Asiya ta Tsakiya, tun daga lokacin Daular Farisa kimanin shekaru 2,500. Khujand tana kan kogin Syr Darya a bakin kwarin Fergana, babban birni ne a gefen tsohuwar hanyar Siliki. Bayan Alexander Mai Girma ya kama ta a shekara ta 329 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an sake mata suna Alexandria Eschate kuma tun daga lokacin ta kasance wani ɓangare na dauloli daban-daban a tarihi, ciki har da Khalifancin Umayyad (ƙarni na 8), Daular Mongol (ƙarni na 13) da kuma daular Rasha (ƙarni na 19).[1] A yau, yawancin al'ummarta ƙabilun Tajik ne kuma birnin yana kusa da iyakokin yanzu na duka biyun. Uzbekistan da  Kyrgyzstan.

 Tarihi 

 Tsohon zamani 
Khujand na iya kasancewa shafin Cyropolis () wanda aka kafa lokacin da Sarki Cyrus the Great ya kafa birnin a lokacin tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe a kan kabilar Saka ta Massagetae jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. Alexander the Great daga baya ya gina mazauninsa mafi nisa a kusa da Cyropolis a cikin 329 BC kuma ya ba shi suna Alexandria Eschate (Greek) ko "Alexandria The Furthest". Birnin zai zama sansani ga mazauna Girka a kan kabilun Scythian da ke zaune a arewacin Kogin Sir Darya. A cewar marubucin Roman Curtius, Alexandria Ultima (Alexandria the Furthest) ta riƙe Al'adun Hellenistic har zuwa ƙarshen 30 BC. Birnin ya zama babban wurin tsayawa a kan Hanyar siliki ta arewa. Har ila yau, ya zama cibiyar al'adu, kuma sanannun mawaƙa da masana kimiyya da yawa sun fito ne daga wannan birni.

Sheik Muslihiddin Mausoleum da Jami Masjidi Yami masallaci, tare da sansanin Khujand, wanda aka gina sama da shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata kuma ya sha wahala da yawa na lalacewa da gyare-gyare, an kiyaye su a Khujand, kamar yadda wasu abubuwan tunawa daga karni na 16 zuwa 17.

 Bayan gargajiya 
A farkon karni na takwas AD, sojojin Umayyad Caliphate sun kama Khujand, a karkashin Qutayba ibn Muslim . An kafa birnin a cikin Umayyad da kuma Abbasid Caliphates na gaba, kuma an fara aiwatar da Islamicization. A ƙarshen ƙarni na tara, duk da haka, ya koma mulkin gida kuma an haɗa shi cikin Daular Samanid. Ya zo ne a ƙarƙashin mulkin Kara-Khanid Khanate a cikin 999 kuma bayan rabuwa da Kara Khanids a cikin 1042, da farko ya kasance wani ɓangare na Gabashin Kara Khanids, sannan daga baya ya wuce zuwa yamma. Molana Wajeeh-ud-Din Khujandi masanin musulmi ne na Khujand wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Dilli . Hafiz Khawaja Sheikh Mehmood (Moena Doz) dan uwansa ne. 'Yarsa Bibi Qursam Khatoon ita ce mahaifiyar Baba Fareed ud Din Ganj e Shakr .

Karakhians sun ci shi a cikin 1137, amma ya wuce ga Khwarazmshahs a cikin 1211. A cikin 1220, ya yi tsayayya da rundunonin Mongol kuma an lalata shi. A cikin karni na 14, birnin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Chagatai Khanate har sai an haɗa shi cikin Daular Timurid a ƙarshen karni na 14, wanda ya bunƙasa sosai. Daular Shaybanid ta Bukhara ta gaba ta haɗa Khujand, har sai da Kokand Khanate ta karbe ta a 1802, duk da haka, Bukhara ya sake dawo da ita a 1842 har sai da ta ɓace bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ga Rasha.

 Daular Rasha 
A shekara ta 1866, yayin da yawancin Asiya ta Tsakiya ta mamaye Daular Rasha, birnin ya zama wani ɓangare na Janar Gwamnatin Turkestan, a ƙarƙashin Tsarist Rasha. Barazanar tilasta wa sojoji a lokacin yakin duniya na ya haifar da zanga-zangar a cikin birni a watan Yulin 1916, wanda ya zama tashin hankali lokacin da masu zanga-zambe suka kai hari kan sojojin Rasha.

 Tarayyar Soviet 
A lokacin farko na ikon Soviet a Asiya ta Tsakiya, Khujand na daga cikin Turkestan ASSR wanda aka kirkira a 1918. Lokacin da aka rushe ƙarshen a cikin 1924 bisa ka'idar iyakokin ƙasa, birnin ya zama wani ɓangare na Jamhuriyar Socialist Soviet ta Uzbek . A cikin 1929, an inganta Jamhuriyar Socialist Soviet mai cin gashin kanta ta Tajik (wanda ke cikin Uzbek SSR) zuwa jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tarayyaa a matsayin Jamhuriwar Socialist Soviet ta Tajik, kuma don samun isasshen mazauna (wanda ya fi dacewa daga kabilanci) birnin Khujand da kewayen yankin, wanda yawancin 'yan kabilar Tajiks ke zaune, Soviets ne suka sauya shi daga Uzbek SSR zuwa Tajik SSR.

An sake sunan garin Leninabad (don girmama Vladimir Lenin) a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1936  kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet har zuwa 1991.
Yanzu wani ɓangare na Tajik SSR, Leninabad ya zama birni na biyu mafi girma a cikin jamhuriya, kodayake wurin garin a cikin tarihin birni, mai wadata, da kuma kasuwanci na tsakiya na Fergana da kuma dogon tarihi na kasancewa cibiyar birni mai yawan jama'a yana nufin cewa Khujand da yankinta wani lokacin ana kallon su a matsayin masu ci gaba da cosmopolitan fiye da sabon babban birnin da kuma birni na Dushanbe / Stalinabad (wannan na ƙarshe ƙaramin gari ne na 6,000 lokacin da aka kirkiro SSR a cikin 1926 kuma ya kai sama da shekaru goma). 

 Lokacin bayan Soviet da 'yancin kai 
Ya koma ga asalin sunansa a 1992 bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da 'yancin kai na Tajikistan, kuma birnin ya ci gaba da kasancewa birni na biyu mafi girma a kasar.

A shekara ta 1996 birnin ya fuskanci zanga-zangar Ashurov inda 'yan ƙasa suka yi kira ga Shugaban kasa, Emomali Rakhmonov, ya sauka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta biyo bayan zanga-zambe daga fursunonin garin, wadanda aka yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na dogon lokaci saboda ƙananan laifuka kuma suna rayuwa cikin mummunan yanayi. Wannan zanga-zangar ta haifar da tashin hankali a kurkukun Khujand inda aka kashe fursunoni 24 zuwa 150.

A farkon shekarun 2000, mazauna Khujand da yawa ba su da isasshen ruwa ko kuma babu ruwan da za su sha, kuma ruwan da suke da shi ba shi da aminci don sha kuma dole ne a tafasa shi. A shekara ta 2004, Sakatariyar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki ta Switzerland da Bankin Sake Ginawa da Ci Gaban Turai sun haɗu don taimakawa wajen inganta yanayin, suna samar da mita 32,000 na ruwa ga mazauna da kuma haɓaka ingantaccen damar samun ruwa. Mazauna suna biyan kuɗin samar da ruwansu, wanda hakan ke taimaka wa kamfanin ruwan birnin Khujand ya ci gaba da gyara da inganta ayyukansu. Aikin yana cikin mataki na uku na ci gaba kuma ana sa ran kammala shi nan da shekarar 2017. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ayyukan Asiya ta Tsakiya da ke da nufin inganta samun ruwa, ana ɗaukar wannan aikin a matsayin nasara kuma an yi amfani da shi ga biranen Kyrgyz kamar Osh, Jalal-Abad, Karabalta, da Talas, tare da yiwuwar faɗaɗa shi zuwa babban birnin Kyrgyzstan na Bishkek . 

A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2010, kungiyar al-Qaeda da ke da alaƙa da Jamaat Ansarullah ta kai hari a birnin, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 4.

A watan Afrilun 2017, an tsare Fasto Bakhrom Kholmatov bayan wani samame da aka kai a Cocin Furotesta na Sunmin Sunbogym da ke Khujand. An zargi Kholmatov da yin waka da ƙarfi da kuma "tsangwama ga jin daɗin da hutawa" na mutanen da ke zaune a kusa, kuma aka daure shi na tsawon shekaru uku. [better source needed]

 Sufuri 
Filin jirgin saman Khujand yana da shirye-shiryen jiragen sama zuwa Dushanbe da kuma birane da yawa a Rasha. Har ila yau, akwai hanyar jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Khujand da Samarkand a Uzbekistan a kan hanyar zuwa Dushanbe .  Birnin yana da alaƙa da hanya zuwa Panjakent a cikin kwarin Zeravshan da Dushanbe ta hanyar Anzob Tunnel.

Ramin mai nisan kilomita 5, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 80 a arewa maso yammacin Dushanbe kuma an gina shi tare da taimakon Iran, ita ma hanya ce ta wucewa tsakanin Dushanbe da babban birnin Uzbek na Tashkent. A baya, musamman a lokacin sanyi, rashin haɗin kai tsaye tsakanin arewa da kudancin Tajikistan sau da yawa yakan haifar da rushewar ayyukan kasuwanci a yankin. 

 Ilimi 
Birnin yana da Jami'ar Jihar Khujand, Jami'ar Shari'a, Kasuwanci, & Siyasa ta Jihar Tajikistan, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tajikistan. Ilimi na sakandare yana samun tallafi daga jihar sai dai lokacin da ake gudanar da shi a cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tajik ce ke tallafawa ilimi mafi girma a jami'o'i da kwalejoji.

 Yawan jama'a 
Khujand galibi mazaunan kabilun Tajiks ne. Sakamakon ƙididdigar yawan jama'a da aka gudanar a cikin 2010: Tajiks - 84%, Uzbeks - 14%, Rasha - 0.4%, da sauransu - 1.6%. Musulunci na Sunni addini ne da aka fi yi a cikin birni. Yawan jama'ar garin ya kai 181,600 (Rahoton Hukumar Kididdiga ta 2019).  Yawan jama'a a cikin garin Khujand ya kai mutane 931,900 (2019).

 Shafukan al'adu 
Birnin yana da Gidan Tarihi na Sughd wanda ke cikin Ginin Khujand kuma yana da nune-nunen kusan 1200 tare da yawancin suna buɗewa ga jama'a. Masallacin Sheikh Muslihiddin yana kan babban filin da ke fadin Kasuwar Panjshanbe (Бозори Пан列шанбе / Farisa don "Kasuwar Alhamis"), ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin da aka rufe a Asiya ta Tsakiya.

Khujand tana fuskantar yanayi mai tsaka-tsaki (Köppen climate classification BSk) tare da sanyi, hunturu mai dusar ƙanƙara da zafi, lokacin rani mai bushe. Ruwan sama yana da sauƙi, kuma yawanci yana faɗuwa a cikin hunturu da kaka.

 Biranen 'yan uwa 

 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
 Bukhara, Uzbekistan
 Samarkand, Uzbekistan
 Nishapur, Iran
 Tabriz, Iran

 Shahararrun mazauna 

 Munzifa Gafarova (1924-2013), masanin falsafar Tajikistan
 Ashura Nosirova (1924-2011), mai rawa na Tajikistan
 Bakhtiyor Odinaev, manajan mataki na Tajikistan, mai tsara kayan ado da kuma mai zane
 Manzura Uldjabaeva (an haife ta a shekara ta 1952), mai zane-zane na Tajikistan
 Henri Weber (1944-2020), ɗan siyasan Faransa
 Vitaly Levchenko (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma manajan

 Dubi kuma 

 Hephthalites
 Filin jirgin saman Khujand
 Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tajikistan
 Jami'ar Jihar Khujand
 Gidan Tarihi na Sughd
 Rikicin Kurkukun Khujand

 Bayani 

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba