Rarraba abinci

Rarraba abinci shine tsari inda ake ba da abinci ga jama'a gaba ɗaya. Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) tana ɗaukar rarraba abinci a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin abinci. Tsarin da hanyar da ke bayan rarraba abinci ya bambanta da wuri. Rarraba abinci ya kasance alama ce ta halayyar ɗan adam a duk al'ummomi, kuma rikodin rarraba abinci sun dawo dubban shekaru. Yawancin gwamnatoci da al'ummomi suna da tsari sosai ta hanyar tsarin da aka kirkira don tallafawa rarraba abinci. 

Akwai abubuwa masu haɗari da yawa waɗanda zasu iya shafar rarraba abinci. Yaƙi, gazawar tattalin arziki, Matsalolin siyasa, da yanayin yanayi duk suna taka rawa wajen tantance ingancin kowane tsarin abinci."Chapter 3 - The food system and factors affecting household food security and nutrition". www.fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-27. Misalai biyu na baya-bayan nan na yaki da gazawar tattalin arziki da ke tasiri ga rarraba abinci sun haɗa da raguwar rarraba abinci a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma koma bayan abinci a Afirka ta kudu da Sahara a ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s. A lokuta biyu, an hana rarraba abinci kuma yawan jama'a a cikin waɗannan yankuna saboda haka sun sha wahala.

Kungiyoyi na musamman sun wanzu a yau don hana duk wani raguwa a cikin rarraba abinci, taimakawa wajen bunkasa rarraba abinci da tsarin abinci a yankunan da ba su da ci gaba, da kuma amsa matsalolin rarraba abinci. A matakin kasa da kasa, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauƙaƙe ci gaban tsarin rarraba abinci a duk duniya. A matakin kasa kasashe daban-daban sun haɓaka tsarin tallafi mai rikitarwa; alal misali, cakuda ƙungiyoyin tarayya, marasa riba, da masu sa kai suna aiki a Amurka don kare lafiyar tsarin rarraba abinci na Amurka. A cikin Amurka, akwai batun rashin tsaro na abinci inda rarraba abinci yana daya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin da za a yi niyya da rashin tsaro na abincin. Wannan ya haifar da "masana'antar bankin abinci" inda kungiyoyi da yawa ke amfani da dabarun kasuwanci da ƙwarewar kasuwanci a cikin sashin rarraba abinci don ba da abinci ga al'ummomin da ke cikin bukata.

 Tarihi 
Ɗaya daga cikin bayyane da bayyane game da rarraba abinci na tarihi ya fito ne daga Jamhuriyar Roma da Daular. Yawancin sarakunan Romawa da sarakuna sun nemi sanin hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta rarraba abinci a duk faɗin Bahar Rum, kuma yayin da bukatun Mutanen Romawa suka canza a lokaci, haka ma da shirye-shiryen shugabanninsu. A cikin 'yan ƙarni bayan mutuwar Kristi, annona ya zama sanannen al'amari a rarraba abinci na Romawa. Yayin da Daular ta fadada kuma samun dama ga wasu abinci ya canza, buƙatar hatsi da ruwan inabi ya karu sosai, kuma ya zama ma'anar Al'adun abinci na Romawa.

Al'ummomin da suka shahara bayan faduwar Romawa sun ci gaba da magance matsalar rarraba abinci. Tsarin rarraba na Amurka da Latin Amurka sun bunkasa ta hanyoyi na musamman, kuma sun fuskanci matsaloli daban-daban a cikin karni da ya gabata. Tsarin rarraba abinci na Amurka yana da girma da ƙarfi, kuma kamfanoni da masana'antu sun mamaye shi. Hanyoyin rarraba abinci na yanzu a Amurka sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta ci gaba da sufuri. A cikin ƙananan sassan duniya kamar Latin Amurka, rarraba abinci ya bambanta da Amurka.

 Roma 
Abinci na gargajiya na Romawa ya kunshi hatsi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, man zaitun, nama da ruwan inabi. Daga cikin waɗannan, hatsi yana da matukar muhimmanci ga Mutanen Romawa. A lokacin tsawo na Roma, an kiyasta cewa birnin da kansa yana buƙatar tan 150,000 na hatsi da miliyoyin lita na ruwa da ruwan inabi a kowace shekara don tsira. A al'ada alhakin gwamnatin Roma ne don tabbatar da cewa akwai isasshen abinci don rarraba tsakanin mutane. A lokutan karancin abinci, mummunan girbi, ko tsangwama daga masu satar teku, gwamnati ta tabbatar da cika wajibin ta na rarraba abinci. Jami'ai wani lokacin sukan sayi abinci da kansu sannan su sayar da shi ga mutane a hankali ba tare da farashi ba. Lokacin da Roma ta kafa Daularta, ƙasashen waje za su aika haraji a cikin hatsi zuwa Roma, wanda ya taimaka wajen rage damar rikicin rarraba abinci.

 Annona 
Alamar farko ta tsarin rarraba abinci a cikin Jamhuriyar Roma ta fito ne daga 'Annona'. Asalin ma'anar "komawar shekara-shekara", annona ya zama kalmar gudanarwa don rarraba gurasar gwamnati da hatsi. A tsawon lokaci, annona ta zo ta wakilci rarraba duk abinci mai dacewa a cikin abincin Romawa. An shirya annona ne da farko tsakanin 500 da 50 KZ, kuma ya sami karuwar tasiri a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa. Ayyukan rarraba hatsi musamman ga ajin plebeian, wanda aka sani da frumentationes, ya sami shahara a kusa da 120 KZ kuma ya kara da kokarin annona don ciyar da mutanen Romawa. Sarkin sarakuna Augustus ya canza tsarin annona tsakanin 8 da 14 AZ. Ya kafa matsayin Prefectus annona'', Prefect of the Annona . Har zuwa wannan lokacin, jami'an karamar hukuma da ake kira aediles ne ke kula da annona. Augustus" Prefect of the Annona ya kula da duk sufuri, auna, dubawa, da adana abinci na jihar.

Rarraba abinci ta jiki a duk Daular Romawa ya bambanta da wuri da nau'in abinci. An tura wasu abinci ta jirgin ruwa sannan a rarraba su da zarar sun isa tashar jiragen ruwa. Sauran, musamman nama, an kai su ta ƙasa kuma an kawo su cikin birane. An sanya ka'idoji na musamman don rarraba man zaitun, yayin da Daular ta yi kwangila tare da masu samar da man zaitun a duk faɗin Bahar Rum. Sarkin sarakuna Severus ya kaddamar da rarraba man zaitun a yau da kullun a lokacin mulkinsa daga 192 zuwa 211 AZ. Manufofin rarraba ya kasance aƙalla ƙarni kaɗan, amma masana ba su da tabbacin ko manufofin sun ci gaba daga baya. Ba a rarraba ruwan inabi kyauta kamar man zaitun ba, amma an sayar da shi a farashi mai ƙarancin gaske wanda ya fara a kusa da 300 AZ.

 Rarraba abinci a cikin ƙarni na 20 da 21 

 Rarraba abinci na Amurka daga 1900 zuwa 1960 
Tsarin rarraba abinci na Amurka ya sami manyan canje-canje a cikin shekaru ɗari da suka gabata. Rarraba abinci da farko ya dogara da ƙananan gonaki na gida a cikin shekarun 1940, amma da sauri ya girma ya zama babban kasuwanci a cikin shekarun 1960.  Ci gaban tattalin arziki guda uku da suka ba da damar ci gaba a rarraba abinci tsakanin 1910 da 1960 sune kafa shagunan sarkar, hadin gwiwar tallace-tallace, da manyan kantuna.

 Tashoshin sarkar 
Shaguna na sarkar ba su zama sanannun a Amurka ba har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na I. An ruwaito a 1929 cewa shagunan sarkar sun kai kashi 39% na duk tallace-tallace a Amurka. Nasarar shagunan sarkar tana da alaƙa da ikon su na sayar da ƙananan masu rarrabawa. Wani motsi na rigakafin sarkar ya tashi ne don mayar da martani ga nasarar shagunan sarkar a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, amma ya haifar da ɗan lalacewa ga nasarar da riba na sarkar.

 Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci 
Wani martani ga nasarar shagunan sarkar shine ci gaban hadin gwiwar tallace-tallace. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun kafa su ne ta hanyar kungiyoyin masu rarraba abinci wadanda suka ga fa'idodin amfani da farashi na sarkar. Kungiyoyin hadin gwiwar tallace-tallace sun kai kashi 7% zuwa 8% na kasuwar abinci a cikin 1930, kuma karuwar shahararsu tare da masu rarraba abinci masu zaman kansu sun haɓaka kasuwar hadin gwiwoyin tallace-kallace zuwa 13% a shekara ta 1958. 

 Babban kantuna 
Canji na uku kuma na ƙarshe ga rarraba abinci na Amurka a farkon rabin karni na 20 ya haɗa da kafa manyan kantuna. Kamfanin Ford Motor ya yi gwaji na farko game da riba manyan kantuna bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na I. Supermarkets a hukumance sun fara samun matsayi a cikin shekarun 1930 kuma sun ci gaba da ci gaba da bunkasa su cikin zamanin bayan Yaƙin Duniya.

 Manazarta 

 Nelson, Scott Reynolds. Tekun Girma: Yadda Alkama na Amurka ya sake yin duniya'' (2022) sashi
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba