Yarjejeniyar Masana'antu

Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media littafi ne da [Edward S. Herman] da [Noam Chomsky] suka wallafa a shekarar 1988. Littafin na bayyana cewa kafafen yada labarai na ƙasar Amurka suna da ƙarfi da tasiri wajen yada ra’ayin da ke goyon bayan tsarin gwamnati, ta hanyar amfani da karfin kasuwa, ɗabi’ar yarda da ra’ayoyin da aka saba da su, da kuma cenzura da kafafen ke yi wa kansu, ba tare da tilastawa kai tsaye ba** — duk wannan bisa tsarin da ake kira propaganda model na sadarwa.

Sunan littafin yana nuni da "yarda daga wajen talakawa", kuma yana samo asali ne daga furucin da [Walter Lippmann] ya yi a cikin littafinsa Public Opinion (na 1922), inda ya ambaci kalmar “the manufacture of consent” wato “ƙirƙirar yarda” daga jama’a.

An karrama littafin Manufacturing Consent da lambar yabo ta [Orwell Award] saboda

Wani bita na 2002 ya yi la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru kamar faduwar Tarayyar Soviet. Wata hira da aka yi da marubuta a shekara ta 2009 ta lura da tasirin intanet akan tsarin farfaganda.

 Tarihi 

 Asalin 
Chomsky ya yaba da motsi na Manufacturing Consent ga Alex Carey, Masanin ilimin halayyar jama'a na Australiya, wanda aka keɓe littafin. Littafin ya samo asali ne daga binciken kudi na Herman na baya.

 Mawallafin 
Herman farfesa ne na kudi a Makarantar Wharton a Jami'ar Pennsylvania,  kuma Chomsky masanin harshe ne kuma mai fafutuka, wanda ya rubuta wasu littattafai da yawa, kamar Towards a New Cold War .  Kafin a buga Manufacturing Consent a cikin 1988, marubutan biyu sun riga sun hada kai a kan wannan batun. Littafin su Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda, littafi game da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka da kafofin watsa labarai, an buga shi a 1973. Mai bugawa na littafin, wani reshe na Warner Communications Incorporated, an cire shi da gangan bayan an buga kwafin 20,000 na littafin, mafi yawansu sun lalace, don haka ba a san littafin sosai ba.

A cewar Chomsky, "mafi yawan littafin [Manufacturing Consent]" aikin Edward S. Herman ne. : 8 Herman ya bayyana wani mummunan rarrabuwar aiki a shirya littafin inda yake da alhakin gabatarwar da surori 1-4 yayin da Chomsky ke da alhaki surori 5-7. :">: 204  A cewar Herman, samfurin farfaganda da aka bayyana a cikin littafin shine asalin ra'ayinsa, yana gano shi zuwa littafinsa na 1981 Corporate Control, Corporate Power .  : 205 An tattauna manyan abubuwa na samfurin farfaganda (ko da yake ba a kira su a lokacin ba) a takaice a cikin kundi na 1 babi na 2 na littafin Herman da Chomsky na 1979 The Political Economy of Human Rights, inda suka yi jayayya, "Musamman inda batutuwan suka shafi tattalin arziki da siyasa na Amurka da dangantaka da jihohin abokantaka ko masu adawa, kafofin watsa labarai yawanci suna aiki sosai a hanyar hukumomin farfaganda na jihar".

 Misali na farfaganda na sadarwa 
Littafin ya gabatar da tsarin farfaganda na sadarwa, wanda har yanzu yana tasowa a yau.

Misali na farfaganda don ƙera yardar jama'a ya bayyana matattarar edita guda biyar, waɗanda aka ce suna shafar bayar da rahoto game da labarai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. Wadannan matakai guda biyar na son zuciya sune:

 Girma, mallaka, da daidaitawar riba: Babban kafofin watsa labarai manyan ayyukan riba ne, sabili da haka dole ne su kula da bukatun kudi na masu mallakar kamar kamfanoni da masu sarrafawa Masu saka hannun jari. Girman kamfanin watsa labarai shine sakamakon babban kuɗin saka hannun jari da ake buƙata don fasahar sadarwa da ake buƙatu don isa ga masu sauraro masu yawa na masu kallo, masu sauraro, da masu karatu.
 Lasisin talla don yin kasuwanci: Tun da yawancin kudaden shiga na manyan kafofin watsa labarai sun samo asali ne daga talla (ba daga tallace-tallace ko biyan kuɗi ba), masu talla sun sami "ikon lasisi na zahiri". Tashoshin watsa labarai ba su da damar kasuwanci ba tare da goyon bayan masu talla ba. Saboda haka, kafofin watsa labarai dole ne su kula da nuna bambanci na siyasa da sha'awar tattalin arziki na masu tallata su. Wannan ya raunana 'yan jarida masu aiki, alal misali, kuma yana taimakawa wajen bayyana raguwar yawan jaridu.
 Samar da labarai na kafofin watsa labarai: Herman da Chomsky suna jayayya cewa "manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati masu iko suna ba da tallafi ga kafofin watsa labarai, kuma suna samun damar shiga ta musamman [ga labarai], ta hanyar gudummawar da suka bayar wajen rage farashin kafofin watsa labarai na samun [...] da samar da labarai. Manyan hukumomin da ke ba da wannan tallafi sun zama tushen labarai na yau da kullun kuma suna da damar samun dama ga ƙofofin. Tushen da ba na yau da kullum ba dole ne a yi gwagwarmaya don samun dama, kuma za a yi watsi da su ta hanyar yanke shawara na masu kula da su ta' yankan labarai na masu zaman kansu. Idan jarida da aka ba ta, tashar talabijin, mujallar, da dai sauransu, ta haifar da rashin amincewa daga tushe, an cire shi daga samun bayanai. Kungiyar labarai ta rasa masu karatu ko masu kallo, kuma a ƙarshe, masu talla. Don rage irin wannan haɗarin kuɗi, kasuwancin kafofin watsa labarai suna karkatar da rahotonsu don tallafawa manufofin gwamnati da kamfanoni don ci gaba da kasuwanci. [yanawa da ake buƙata] [<span title="Who are the bureaucracies? What is this talking about exactly? Wire services such as Associated Press? (February 2021)">clarification needed</span>]
 Flak da masu aiwatar da doka: "Flak" yana nufin amsa mara kyau ga sanarwa ko shirin kafofin watsa labarai (misali wasiƙu, korafe-korafe, karar shari'a, ko ayyukan majalisa). Flak na iya zama mai tsada ga kafofin watsa labarai, ko dai saboda asarar kudaden shiga na talla, ko kuma saboda farashin kare shari'a ko kare hoton jama'a na kafofin watsa labarai. Flak za a iya shirya shi ta hanyar manyan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (misali tankuna masu tunani). Halin da za a iya samu na flak na iya zama mai hanawa ga bayar da rahoton wasu nau'ikan gaskiya ko ra'ayoyi.
 Anti-communism: Wannan tace ya shafi bakan abokin gaba na kowa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don ware rashin amincewa: "Wannan akidar tana taimakawa wajen tattara jama'a a kan abokin gaba, kuma saboda ra'ayin yana da ma'ana ana iya amfani dashi akan duk wanda ke ba da shawarar manufofi da ke barazana ga bukatun [masu rinjaye]". " An haɗa adawa da kwaminisanci a matsayin matattarar a cikin asalin littafin na 1988, amma Chomsky ya yi jayayya cewa tun daga ƙarshen Yaƙin Cold (1945-91) an maye gurbin adawa da Kwaminisanci da "yaƙin ta'addanci" a matsayin babbar hanyar kula da zamantakewa.

 Tsarin farfaganda na sadarwa da tasirinsa a kan manyan kungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai 
Misali na farfaganda ya bayyana ginshiƙan al'umma (yanki na jama'a, kamfanonin kasuwanci, kungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai, gwamnatoci da sauransu) a matsayin na farko da na farko, masu neman riba. Don cikakken la'akari da tasirin samfurin farfaganda, ana iya zana zane mai mahimmanci. Saboda yanayin da ake amfani da shi da kuma amfani da shi na manyan kungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai ciki har da kafofin watsa labarai, kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa, da kafofin sada zumunta na karni na 21, ana sanya kungiyoyin kafofin yada labarai a kasa. Fiye da samfurin, yana zuwa ga manyan kungiyoyi waɗanda ke da ikon sarrafa lasisin talla, karar shari'a, ko sayar da mahalli. Mataki na farko yana nuna Yankin jama'a wanda shahararrun akidar a cikin jama'a zasu iya rinjayar niyyar kafofin watsa labarai. Mataki na biyu da ya shafi kamfanonin kasuwanci ya ba da asusun tushen bayanai na kafofin watsa labarai  kamar yadda kamfanonin kasuwanci suka wadata don samar da bayanai ga kungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai yayin da suke kula da inda masu talla zasu iya sayar da tallace-tallace da labarun su. Layer na ƙarshe, gwamnatocin manyan iko na duniya, sune mafi arziki daga cikin ginshiƙan al'umma. Da yake suna da mafi yawan dukiyar kudi da ikon ƙungiya, ƙungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai sun fi dogara da tsarin gwamnati don kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi da jagorancin siyasa.

 Tasiri da tasiri 

 A shekara ta 2006, Fatih Tas, mai mallakar gidan edita na Aram, tare da editoci biyu da mai fassara na sake fasalin, 2001 edition of Manufacturing Consent gwamnatin Turkiyya ta gurfanar da su saboda "ta da ƙiyayya tsakanin jama'a" (bisa ga Mataki na 216 na Dokar Shari'a ta Turkiyya) da kuma "ƙazantar da asalin ƙasa" na Turkiyya (bisa Mataki na 301). Dalilin da aka ambata shi ne cewa gabatarwa ga wannan fitowar tana magana ne game da rahoton kafofin watsa labarai na Turkiyya na shekarun 1990 game da murkushewar gwamnati ga mutanen Kurdawa. An wanke wadanda ake tuhuma.
 A cikin 2007, daga Mayu 15 zuwa 17 a cikin Shekaru 20 na Farfaganda? : Tattaunawar Muhimmanci & Shaida game da Muhimmancin Gudanarwa na Herman & Chomsky Propaganda Model taron da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Windsor, Herman da Chomsky sun taƙaita abubuwan da suka faru ga samfurin farfaganda a lokacin bikin cika shekaru biyu na bugawa na farko na Manufacturing Consent.
 Jami'ar Peking ce ta buga fassarar Sinanci ta 2011.  

 Daidaitawar takardu 
Fim ɗin gajeren tarihi na shekarar 1992 [Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media] wanda [Mark Achbar] da [Peter Wintonick] suka jagoranta, ya fara fitowa a [Film Forum]. Wannan fim mai tsawon sa'o'i uku yana bayani ne a kan tsarin yada ra'ayi (propaganda model) a fannin sadarwa da kuma siyasar harkar kafafen watsa labarai, tare da mai da hankali kan tunani da rayuwar Noam Chomsky.

 Dubi kuma 

 Fitar da kumfa
 Juya mulkin kama karya
 Yarjejeniyar Masana'antu, littafin 1979 na Michael Burawoy
 Rashin son kai na kafofin watsa labarai
 Masarautar kafofin watsa labarai
 Michael Parenti, marubucin Marxist na irin wannan littafin Inventing Reality: The Politics of the Mass Media (1986) 
 Babban zaben Nicaraguan, 1984 (tsarin kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka shine mayar da hankali ga Babi na 3) 
 Matsakaicin kafofin watsa labarai
 Ƙaryace-ƙaryace

Sauran ayyukan

 Injiniyancin yarda
 'Yan Kasuwancin Shakka
 Spin (fim na 1995) 
 Yaudarar Panama

 Manazarta 

 Ƙarin karantawa 



 Janairu 1989. Binciken kowane wata ta hanyar Chomsky.info .

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba