Ilimin muhalli na sinadarai

ilimin muhalli na sinadarai wani yanki ne mai zurfi wanda ke amfani da ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta, ilmin muhalli, da ilmin ilmin sunada don bayyana hulɗar da aka lura da abubuwa masu rai da mahallinsu ta hanyar mahaɗan sinadarai (misali juriya na yanayin halittu da bambancin halittu).  Misalai na farko na filin sun koma ga gwaje-gwaje tare da nau'in shuka iri ɗaya a cikin mahalli daban-daban, hulɗar shuke-shuke da malam buɗe ido, da kuma tasirin halayyar catnip. Masana ilimin muhalli na sunadarai suna neman gano takamaiman kwayoyin (watau Semi-chemicals) waɗanda ke aiki azaman sigina da ke sulhunta al'umma ko tsarin muhalli da kuma fahimtar juyin halitta na waɗannan siginar. Chemicals a bayan irin waɗannan matsayi yawanci ƙananan ne, kwayoyin halitta masu saurin yaduwa waɗanda ke aiki a kan nesa daban-daban waɗanda suka dogara da muhalli (watau ƙasa ko ruwa) amma kuma suna iya haɗawa da manyan kwayoyin da ƙananan peptides.

A aikace, ilimin muhalli na sunadarai ya dogara da dabarun chromatographic, kamar su Chromatography mai laushi, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography (MS), da kuma cikakkiyar tsari ta amfani da nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) don warewa da gano bioactive metabolites.Dyer, Lee A.; Philbin, Casey S.; Ochsenrider, Kaitlin M.; Richards, Lora A.; Massad, Tara J.; Smilanich, Angela M.; Forister, Matthew L.; Parchman, Thomas L.; Galland, Lanie M. (2018-05-25). "Modern approaches to study plant–insect interactions in chemical ecology". Nature Reviews Chemistry. 2 (6): 50–64. doi:10.1038/s41570-018-0009-7. ISSN 2397-3358. S2CID 49362070.Inamdar, Arati A.; Morath, Shannon; Bennett, Joan W. (2020-09-08). "Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds: More Than Just a Funky Smell?". Annual Review of Microbiology. 74 (1): 101–116. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-012420-080428. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 32905756. Don gano kwayoyin tare da aikin da ake nema, masana kimiyyar muhalli galibi suna amfani da rarrabawar da aka jagoranta.Schmidt, Ruth; Ulanova, Dana; Wick, Lukas Y; Bode, Helge B; Garbeva, Paolina (2019-07-09). "Microbe-driven chemical ecology: past, present and future". The ISME Journal. 13 (11): 2656–2663. Bibcode:2019ISMEJ..13.2656S. doi:10.1038/s41396-019-0469-x. ISSN 1751-7362. PMC 6794290. PMID 31289346. A yau, masana kimiyyar muhalli sun haɗa da dabarun kwayoyin halitta da na genomic don fahimtar hanyoyin transduction na Biosynthetic da siginar da ke haifar da hulɗar sinadarai.  

 Shuka, kwayoyin cuta da ilmin sunadarai na kwari 
Shuka, microbe, da ilmin sunadarai na kwari suna mai da hankali kan rawar da sinadarai ke takawa da sigina wajen hulɗa tare da abiotic (misali ikon wasu ƙwayoyin cuta don rage ƙarfe a cikin mahalli da ke kewaye) da yanayin halittu (misali microorganisms, kwari na phytophagous, da pollinators). Alamomi suna ba da damar kwayoyin su saka idanu kan hulɗa tare da muhalli da kuma daidaitawa daidai ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin yalwar sinadarai a matsayin amsa. Canje-canje a cikin yalwar fili yana ba da damar aiwatar da matakan tsaro, misali jan hankali ga masu cin nama.

Ilimin muhalli na shuka-tsire yana da mahimmanci na ilimin muhalli.Dyer, Lee A.; Philbin, Casey S.; Ochsenrider, Kaitlin M.; Richards, Lora A.; Massad, Tara J.; Smilanich, Angela M.; Forister, Matthew L.; Parchman, Thomas L.; Galland, Lanie M. (2018-05-25). "Modern approaches to study plant–insect interactions in chemical ecology". Nature Reviews Chemistry. 2 (6): 50–64. doi:10.1038/s41570-018-0009-7. ISSN 2397-3358. S2CID 49362070. Musamman, tsire-tsire da kwari galibi suna da hannu a cikin tseren makamai na juyin halitta. Yayin da tsire-tsire ke haɓaka kariya ta sinadarai zuwa ganye, kwari waɗanda ke ciyar da su sun haɗu don haɓaka rigakafi ga waɗannan guba, kuma a wasu lokuta, sake amfani da waɗannan guba don kare kansu daga masu cin nama. Misali, caterpillars na malamin sarki suna kwace guba na cardenolide daga tsire-tsire masu shayarwa kuma suna iya amfani da su azaman kariya daga masu cin nama saboda guba. Sequestering wata dabara ce ta co-juyin halitta, ciyar da gwaje-gwaje a kan caterpillars na malamin sarki ya nuna caterpillers waɗanda ba su ciyar da milkweed ba sa haifar da irin wannan guba kamar waɗanda aka samu don ciyar da milkveed. Ganin cewa yawancin kwari suna kashewa ta hanyar cardenolides, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi na Na + / K +-ATPase, sarakuna sun samo asali ne daga juriya ga guba a cikin dogon tarihin juyin halitta tare da milkweeds. Sauran misalai na ƙwaƙwalwar sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta na taba mai suna Manduca sexta, wanda ke amfani da nicotine da aka ƙwaƙwalwan daga tsire-tsire na taba a cikin tsire-shuke;  da ƙwaro mai suna bella, wanda ke ɓoye ƙwaƙwalwa mai ƙunshe da quinone don hana masu cin abinci a kan tsire-tashen Crotalaria a matsayin caterpillar.

 Sadarwar shuka da shuka 
sts.Shuke-shuke suna sadarwa tare da juna ta hanyar alamun sinadarai na iska da na ƙasa. Misali, lokacin da mai cin ganyayyaki ya lalata, shuke-shuke da yawa suna fitar da wani nau'i mai canzawa na kwayoyin halitta (VOCs). Ana fitar da sinadarin C6 da barasa daban-daban (wani lokacin ana kiransu green leaf volatiles) daga ganye da suka lalace, tunda samfurori ne na lalacewar membranes na sel na shuka. Wadannan mahadi (masu sananne ga mutane da yawa kamar ƙanshin sabon ciyawa) za a iya gane su ta tsire-tsire makwabta inda zasu iya haifar da shigar da tsaron tsire-shuke. Ana muhawara game da yadda wannan sadarwa ke nuna tarihin zabin aiki saboda amfanin juna ba tare da "sauka" a kan alamun da shuke-shuke makwabta suka fitar ba da gangan ba
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