Yanayin muhali na itace

hammock kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a kudu maso gabashin Amurka don tsayawa na bishiyoyi, yawanci katako, waɗanda ke samar da Tsibirin muhalli a cikin tsarin halittu daban-daban. Hammocks suna girma a wurare masu tsawo, sau da yawa kawai 'yan inci ne, kewaye da wuraren da ke da ruwa sosai don tallafa musu. Ana amfani da kalmar hammock ga itatuwan katako masu tsayi da ke girma a kan gangara tsakanin tuddai da wuraren da suka bushe da ke tallafawa gandun daji mai gauraye ko coniferous. Nau'o'in hammocks da aka samu a Amurka sun haɗa da hammocks na katako na wurare masu zafi, hammocks masu katako, da hammock na teku ko na bakin teku. Ana kuma rarraba hammocks a matsayin hydric (ƙasa mai laushi), mesic (ƙasa Mai laushi) ko xeric (ƙasa ta bushe). Nau'ikan ba na musamman ba ne, amma sau da yawa suna cikin juna.

Ba kamar yawancin yanayin halittu na filin bakin teku na kudu maso gabashin Amurka ba, hammocks ba sa haƙuri da wuta. Hammocks sukan faru a wuraren da wuta ba ta zama ruwan dare ba, ko kuma inda akwai kariya daga wuta a cikin yanayin halittu makwabta. Hammocks sun fara bunkasa a lokutan tarihi a wuraren da aka kashe wuta ta hanyar shiga tsakani na mutum, ko kuma inda aka halicci tsaunuka sama da wuraren da ke da ruwa ta hanyar hawan ruwa, hakar ma'adinai, hanyar da kuma gine-ginen hanya, da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam. A gefe guda, an lalata hammocks da yawa ta hanyar ci gaba, kamar yadda sau da yawa ke faruwa a ƙasa mafi girma a wurare masu kyau, kamar tsibirai masu shinge da sauran wuraren da ke bakin teku.

Ma'anar kalmar "hammock" ba ta da tabbas. Dictionaries yawanci suna ba da shi a matsayin tsohuwar nau'in "hummock" ("hammock" ya bayyana a bugawa kafin "hummoc"). "Hammock" an fara tabbatar da shi a Turanci a cikin shekarun 1550 a matsayin kalmar nautical don tsibirin da aka rufe da itace (dutse na bishiyoyi) da aka gani a sararin samaniya. Ana amfani da "Hammock" don komawa ga itatuwan katako a filin bakin teku daga Arewacin Carolina zuwa Mississippi. Nau'ikan hammock da aka bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen sun hada da:

 Hammocks na katako mai ƙarfi na wurare masu zafi 
A Amurka, ana samun katako mai wuya na wurare masu zafi a kudancin Florida. Ƙananan nau'ikan hammocks a kudancin Florida sun haɗa da Hammocks na dutse dutse a kan Miami Rock Ridge da kuma a cikin Big Cypress National Preserve, Keys rockland hammocks da ke cikin Florida Keys, hammocks bakin teku a cikin Florida Kews da kuma arewacin iyakar Florida Bay, hammock tsibirin itace a cikin Everglades, hammoks na shell mound, hammocs na bakin teku a kan Keys, da sinkhole hammocks akan Miami Rock Rridge.

Bishiyoyi da ke samar da rufin kudancin kudancin katako a Florida kusan dukkanin nau'in Indiyawan Yamma ne. Itacen oak mai rai na kudanci (Quercus virginiana) shine kawai nau'in katako mai tsayi wanda ke bayyana akai-akai a cikin irin waɗannan hammocks. Hammocks tare da gabar gabashin Florida har zuwa arewacin Cape Canaveral, da kuma tare da gabas na yammacin Florida har zuwa bakin Kogin Manatee a kan Tampa Bay, sun haɗa da nau'in Indiya ta Yamma a matsayin itatuwan canopy, amma tare da karuwar yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da matsakaicin latitude, don haka hammocks na katako na wurare masu zafi sun shiga cikin hammocks masu tsayi.

Hammocks na tsibirin itace a cikin Everglades sun bayyana a matsayin tsibirai masu kama da hawaye waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar kwararar ruwa a tsakiyar slough. Yawancin nau'o'in wurare masu zafi kamar su mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), gumbo limbo (Bursera simaruba), da cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco) suna girma tare da sanannun nau'o-in kudancin oak, ja maple (Acer rubrum), da hackberry (Celtis laevigata.
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