Anna Gillingham

Anna Gillingham (1878-1963) ta kasance malama ce kuma masaniyar ilimi Akan halayyar ɗan adam, an san ta ne dalilin gudummawar da ta bayar ga hanyar Orton-Gillingham don koyar da yara masu fama da dyslexia yadda za su iya karantu.

 Rayuwata na  farko da iliminta 
An haifi Gillingham a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli,a shekarar 1879. Iyayenta ne suka yi mata karatu a gida, wadanda dukan su sun kasance malamai ne. Ta shafe yawancin yarinta tana zaune a Pine Ridge Reservation a Dakota ta Kudu, inda mahaifinta ya kasance Wakilin Indiya na gida. Ta kammala karatunta daga Swarthmore a shekarar  1900, amma daga baya ta sami digirin ta na farko daga Radcliffe, sannan ta sami digirinta na biyu daga Kwalejin Malamai ta Columbia.

 Ayyukanta 
Tayi aiki tare da Dokta Samuel Orton, ta kuma  horar da malamai kuma ta buga kayan koyarwa game da koyarwar karatu, ta samar da hanyar Orton-Gillingham don koyar da karatu. Tare da Bessie Stillman, ta rubuta abin da ya zama littafin Orton-Gillingham: Horar da Magani ga Yara da ke da nakasa ta Musamman a Karatu, Kalmomi da Rubutun. An fara buga shi a cikin shekarun 1935/6, an sabunta wannan aikin kuma an sake buga shi akai-akai. Tare da taimakon Stillman, Gillingham ya haɓaka "tsarin tsari, haruffa-haruffa" a matsayin kayan aiki wanda ɗalibai za su iya ƙirƙirar kalmomi masu ma'ana cikin sauƙi. Wannan tsarin ya kawar da bukatar yaro ya haddace kusan dukkanin kalmomi a cikin harshe, yana iyakance shi ga waɗanda ba sa magana. Wannan jagorar koyarwa don "hanyar haruffa" na ka'idodin Orton sun haɗu da dabarun da yawa tare da koyar da tsarin rubuce-rubucen Turanci, gami da sauti (phonemes), ma'ana raka'a (morphemes kamar prefixes, suffixes, da tushen) da ka'idojin rubutun na yau da kullun. 

Anna Gillingham ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga ka'idar cewa a cikin koyarwa, "ya kamata mutum ya kafa ƙungiyoyi da suka shafi raka'a mafi sauki kuma ya kamata ya yi amfani da dabarun ƙarfafawa daban-daban" don ƙirƙirar haɗin haɗin kai. Tare da yin aiki da ci gaban dabarun ta, Gillingham ta fara aiki tare da Dokta Henry Goddard - wanda aka sani da daidaitawa da fassarar gwaje-gwajen Simon da Binet na Faransa don amfani da su wajen tantance mafi girman hankali, don haka ya zama masanin ilimin halayyar makaranta na farko a kasar. 

Bayan barin neman Ph.D., Gillingham da Stillman sun fara tsara harshen Ingilishi. Sun kuma  tsara kalmomin da ke dauke da nau'ikan sauti guda ɗaya, digraphs da diphthongs, da waɗanda ke bin takamaiman alamu na rarraba wato  syllable. Sun haɓaka ka'idojin rubutun kalmomi da banbanci, sun ƙayyade waɗanne rubutun sautunan wasali sun faru tare da mafi girman mitar, sannan kuma sun haɓaka hanyoyin don sarrafa kalmomin da ba na sauti ba. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 69 Gillingham ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga makarantu da yawa a kasar don kula da shirye-shiryen gyarawa da rigakafi, horar da malamai don koyarwar ɗalibai, da horar da malaman aji.

Don daidaita hanyoyinta tare da sabbin bugu na bangaren Webster's Dictionary, wanda yanzu  ya canza furcin sassan ƙarshe a cikin kalmomi da yawa kuma ya watsar da tsoffin ka'idojin rarraba syllable gaba ɗaya, Gillingham ta yi ƙoƙari (a lokacin da take da shekaru 80) don daidaita aikinta da kuma sabbin ka'idodi na harshe. Misalan canji a cikin rarraba syllable da canje-canjen syllabic na ƙarshe sune kamar haka:
-TsohonA halin yanzuTandem (tan" dem) tand-mTsarin (Sis" tem) 'sist-mGafartawa (eks kuz") iks - 'kyuzKawar da (kan" gishiri) 'kan (t) s-l
Wani muhimmin al'amari akan aikin koyarwa na Gillingham ya ƙarfafa shi ne bin ka'idar cewa bayyanar da wuri ga karatu da rubutu na iya cutar da yara. Tushen yardar da ta yi a cikin wannan ya fito ne daga yarinta, bayan da ta shafe shekaru goma na farko na rayuwarta a wani Sioux Reservation a Dakota ta Kudu. A kan kwarewarta a makaranta Gillingham ta rubuta, "Iyayina sun yi imani da cewa ina da cikakken ilimi kafin a gabatar da ita ga alamar rubuce-rubuce... Na yi imanin cewa irin wannan jinkirin karatu da rubutu zai zama babban adana kuɗin yaro da mai biyan haraji. "

Daga shekarar 1935 har zuwa shekarar 1937, Gillingham da Stillman sun koyar ta wannan hanyar ga ɗalibai a Makarantar Punahou dake Hawaii. Gillingham ta ci gaba da aiki tare da Stillman har sai Stillman ya mutu a shekarar 1947. 

 Kyaututtuka da girmamawa 
A cikin shekarar 1962 Orton Society, wanda yanzu ta Zama Ƙungiyar Dyslexia ta Duniya ta girmama Gillingham saboda ayukanta.Childs, Sally B. (1965). "Anna Gillingham". Bulletin of the Orton Society. 15 (1): 65. doi:10.1007/BF02653760. ISSN 0474-7534. S2CID 198175762.

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