Ramin rami

Kogon rami, kogon shaft ko kogon tsaye -ko sau da yawa ana kiransa rami (a Amurka) da rami ko tukunya (a Burtaniya); jama a cikin harsunan Slavic ƙamus na kimiyya da na magana (an aro tun farkon bincike a Yammacin Balkan Dinaric Alpine karst ) - wani nau'in kogon ne wanda ya ƙunshi ɗaya ko fiye da mahimmancin ramukan tsaye maimakon kasancewa mafi rinjaye na al'ada nassi na kwance a kwance. Ramuka yawanci suna samuwa a cikin dutsen farar ƙasa sakamakon zaizayar ruwa na dogon lokaci. Ana iya buɗe su zuwa saman ko kuma a sami su a cikin kogon da ke kwance. Daga cikin kogo na Amurka, rami, wanda galibi ake magana da shi a matsayin 'pitch' a cikin Ingilishi na Burtaniya, digo ne a tsaye na kowane zurfin da ba za a iya yin sulhu ba cikin aminci ba tare da amfani da igiya ko tsani ba.  

 Kogon rami 

 Dabaru 
Binciken kogon rami (" kogon tsaye", wanda kuma ake kira "potholing" a Burtaniya da "rami kogon" a cikin Ingilishi na Amurka) yana buƙatar amfani da kayan aiki kamar igiya na nailan kernmantle ko tsani na USB. Dabarun kogo na musamman na fasahar igiya guda (SRT) al'ada ce ta gama gari da kuma hanyar da aka fi so na binciken rami don kogo a duk duniya. SRT ya ƙunshi amfani da 8-11 mm nailan igiya a tsaye da masu gangarowa/masu hawan keke. 

Kogon tsaye wasa ne na musamman wanda ya kamata a gudanar da shi kawai bayan samun ilimi, da gwaninta, ingantattun kayan aikin kogo da amfani da su. Don dalilai na zahiri, kogon tsaye ya fi hatsari fiye da “kogon kwance”. Kogo na tsaye yana buƙatar fahimtar igiyoyi, kulli, anka, na'urori masu banƙyama/ rappelling da tsarin hawan hawan, da dabarun wucewar 'yan tawaye, karkata, ƙulli (inda aka haɗa igiyoyi biyu a tsakiyar rataye) da canje-canje (aikin sauyawa daga rappel zuwa hawa, ko akasin haka, yayin da igiya). ƙwararrun kogo galibi suna da masaniya a dabarun ceton kai kamar su rigingine-jammers da yin zaɓe (aikin ceto kogon da ya makale daga igiyarsa da mayar da shi ƙasa). [ 

 Tarihi 
Masanin kimiyyar ƙasa na Ingila John Beaumont (  1650-1731) ne ya jagoranci Pit caving wanda ya ba da labarin zuriyarsa zuwa Lamb Leer Cavern ga Royal Society a 1681. 1889 kuma farkon zuriyar  jika a tsaye a Gaping Gill, a Yorkshire, Ingila, a cikin 1895. Ya ɓullo da dabarun kansa ta hanyar amfani da igiya da tsani na ƙarfe. A cikin 1930s, yayin da kogo ya zama sananne a Faransa, ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin Alps sun haɓaka binciken kogon a tsaye a cikin sanannen wasanni na waje.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, tawagar da ta kunshi Pierre Chevalier, Fernand Petzl, Charles Petit-Didier da sauransu sun binciki tsarin kogon Dent de Crolles kusa da Grenoble, Faransa. Ya zama sananne a matsayin kogo mafi zurfi a duniya (  ) a lokacin. Rashin samun kayan aikin fasaha a lokacin yakin ya tilasta Chevalier da tawagarsa su ƙirƙira da haɓaka nasu. The scaling-pole (1940), nailan igiyoyi (1942), amfani da fashewa a cikin kogo (1947), da kuma inji igiya hawa hawa (Henri Brenot's "biri" na farko amfani da Chevalier da Brenot a cikin kogo a 1934) za a iya gano tarihi zuwa binciken kogon Dent tsarin.

A ƙarshen 1950s, ɗan kogon Amurka Bill Cuddington ya ƙara haɓaka fasahar igiya guda ɗaya (SRT) a Amurka. A cikin 1958, 'yan Alpinists guda biyu na Swiss, Juesi da Marti, sun haɗu, suka haifar da hawan igiya na farko, wanda aka sani da Jumar . A shekara ta 1968, Bruno Dressler ya tambayi Petzl, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sarrafa karafa, ya gina wani kayan aiki mai hawan igiya, a yau da ake kira Petzl Croll, wanda ya haɓaka ta hanyar daidaita Jumar zuwa ƙayyadaddun kogon rami. Biyan waɗannan ci gaba, a cikin 1970s Fernand Petzl ya fara ƙaramin kamfani na kera kayan aikin caving. Haɓaka rakiyar rappel da haɓakar tsarin hawan sama na inji, musamman sun taimaka wajen tsawaita aiki da amincin binciken rami zuwa babban aiki ta hanyar kafaffun kogo.

 Sanannen kogon rami da filaye na ƙarƙashin ƙasa 

 Turai 

 Zurfin jigon kowane mutum (digon tsaye) a cikin kogo shine  a cikin kogon Vrtoglavica a Slovenia .
 Matsayi na biyu mafi zurfi shine Patkov Gušt a  a cikin dutsen Velebit, Croatia .
 Lamb Leer, Somerset, Ingila, an shigar da shi ta hanyar  filin wasa tun farkon karni na 17.
 Hranice Abyss, Jamhuriyar Czech, shine kogon karkashin ruwa mafi zurfi a duniya, mafi ƙanƙanta zurfin da aka tabbatar (a watan Agusta 2022) shine  (450 m karkashin matakin ruwa),  zurfin da ake tsammani shine 700-800 m.
 Pozzo del Merro, Italiya, shi ne kogon ramin ruwa na biyu mafi zurfi a duniya, mafi zurfi da aka kai (kamar Oktoba 2014) shine  .
 Gouffre Mirolda, Haute-Savoie, Faransa, yana da zurfin  . 

 Amurka 

 El Capitan Pit, Yariman Tsibirin Wales, Alaska, Amurka, a  ita ce mafi zurfi a tsaye a tsaye a cikin Amurka.
 Fantastic Pit, Ellisons Cave System, Jojiya, Amurka, a  shine rami mafi zurfi mafi zurfi a cikin ƙasan 48 Amurka.
 Pit mai ban mamaki, Rumbling Falls Cave, Tennessee, Amurka,  ne rami wanda ke fadowa cikin    gida.
 Hellhole, West Virginia, Amurka, tana da  faɗuwar shiga kuma shine wurin haɓaka fasahar igiya ɗaya a cikin 1950s da 60s.
 Kogon Tarkon Halitta, wanda ke cikin tsaunin Bighorn na Wyoming, yana da  mai zurfi kuma gida zuwa ɗayan manyan binciken burbushin halittu a Arewacin Amurka.

 Mexico 

 Sótano de Las Golondrinas (" Kogon Swallows "), San Luis Potosí, Mexico, a , shine mafi zurfin faɗuwar faɗuwar faɗuwa a cikin yammacin kogin.
 Cenote Poza El Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico, ita ce mafi zurfi a duniya a 

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