Zhenotdel

The Zhenotdel  ( Russian  ,  ), sashen mata na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta All-Russian (Bolsheviks), shi ne sashe na jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Rasha mai sadaukar da kai ga harkokin mata a cikin 1920s. Ya ba wa mata a juyin juya halin Rasha sabbin dama har sai da aka narkar da shi a shekara ta 1930.

 Tarihi 
An kafa Zhenotdel da wasu ƴan juyin juya hali na mata biyu na Rasha Alexandra Kollontai da Inesa Armand a shekara ta 1919. An dukufa wajen inganta yanayin rayuwar mata a duk faɗin tarayyar Soviet, da yaƙi da jahilci, da ilimantar da mata game da sabon dokokin aure, ilimi, da aiki da jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet ta kafa. A yankin tsakiyar Asiya na Tarayyar Soviet, Zhenotdel ya kuma jagoranci kokarin inganta rayuwar mata musulmi ta hanyar kamfen na karantarwa da karantarwa, da kuma kamfen na "rushe lullubi". 

Zhenotdel ya rinjayi Bolshevik da su halatta zubar da ciki a Rasha, kasa ta farko da ta yi hakan, a watan Nuwamba 1920. Wannan shi ne karo na farko a tarihi da mata ke da hakkin zubar da ciki kyauta a asibitocin jihohi. 

 Ci gaban farko 
A cikin 1906, Kollontai yayi ƙoƙari ya tsara mata a cikin wata ƙungiya ta daban a cikin Rasha Social Democratic Party, don tattauna batutuwan da suka fuskanta a gida da kuma wurin aiki. An gamu da wannan rashin jituwa yayin da yawancin masu daukar ma'aikata ke kallon ma'aikatan mata a matsayin "masu koma baya", kuma ana amfani da su ne kawai a matsayin aiki mai arha don cin zarafi yadda ake so a wurin aiki. 

 Juyin Halitta 
Ƙirƙirar NEP a farkon shekarun 1920 ya haifar da sauye-sauye a cikin damuwa na jam'iyyun zuwa masana'antu da kuma samar da ƙwararrun ma'aikata waɗanda ke da aminci ga Tarayyar Soviet . Sun sanya al'amuran mata a matsayin fifiko na biyu saboda shugabancin maza yana ganin aikin cikin gida bai amfanar masana'antu ba. Jam’iyyar ta yi tsauri sosai kan kashe kudade a cikin jama’a saboda yakin basasa ya haifar da yunwa da fatara a karkara da kuma rashin aikin yi a tsakanin mata. Zhenotdel ta fara rikidewa daga yin aiki ga takamaiman batutuwan mata, zuwa kayan aikin da jam'iyyar ta yi amfani da ita don ciyar da manufofinta. 

 Akida 
Kafin juyin juya halin, Bolsheviks ya yi imanin cewa kafa ƙungiyar mata daban zai inganta ra'ayoyin mata da kuma ciyar da albarkatun kasa. Wannan ya hana wasu tsofaffin matan Bolshevik amincewa da kafa daular Zhenotdel saboda suna tunanin zai hana juyin juya halin proletariat daya. Goldman, Wendy Z. (1996). "Industrial Politics, Peasant Rebellion and the Death of the Proletarian Women's Movement in the USSR". Slavic Review. 55 (1): 46–77. doi:10.2307/2500978. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2500978. S2CID 155457291.

 Rushewa 
Lokacin da Stalin ya hau kan karagar mulki kuma ya sauƙaƙa shirin na shekaru biyar, da farko ma'aikatan Zhenotdel sun yi fatan cewa tattarawa zai kai ga samar da gidaje na jama'a da kula da yara da suka kasance suna faɗa. Ko da yake jam'iyyar a hukumance ta goyi bayan aikin Zhenotdel, amma sun kasa daidaita kan yadda ya kamata su tsara yadda ya kamata, tun da rashin jituwa tsakanin mata da 'yan jam'iyyar na cikin gida ya kawo cikas ga wanzuwar kungiyar. 

Tsofaffin ma'aikatan Zhenotdel sun ƙare sun kasance masu ƙarfin gwiwa don rugujewar Zhenotdel. 'Yan jam'iyyar na gida sun fara tunanin cewa ya kamata mata su dauki nauyin abubuwan da suka shafi ayyukan zamantakewa. Mata da yawa sun so, maimakon su shiga aikin jam'iyya gaba ɗaya kuma suna jin cewa wannan rabon aiki ɗaya ne da ake yi a gida. Goldman, Wendy Z. (1996). "Industrial Politics, Peasant Rebellion and the Death of the Proletarian Women's Movement in the USSR". Slavic Review. 55 (1): 46–77. doi:10.2307/2500978. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2500978. S2CID 155457291.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba