Alison Des Forges

Alison Des Forges (née Liebhafsky; 20 ga Agusta, 1942 - 12 ga Fabrairu, 2009) ta kasance masanin tarihin Amurka kuma Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wanda ya kware a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, musamman Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda na 1994. A lokacin mutuwarta, ta kasance babban mai ba da shawara ga nahiyar Afirka a Human Rights Watch . Ta mutu a hadarin jirgin sama a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2009.

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Alison Des Forges Alison B. Liebhafsky a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1942, ga Sybil Small da Herman A. Liebhafsky. A 1964, ta auri Roger Des Forges, masanin tarihi a Jami'ar Jihar New York da ke Buffalo wanda ya kware a kasar Sin. Des Forges ta sami BA a tarihi a kwalejin Radcliffe a 1964, da MA da PhD a fanni iri daya daga Jami'ar Yale a 1966 da 1972. Karatun digirinta na biyu da digiri na uku duk sun yi bayani kan tasirin turawan mulkin mallaka a Ruwanda.   An buga rubutun ta Defeat Is the Only Bad News: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896-1931 bayan mutuwarta a shekara ta 2011.  A yayin da yake bayyana siyasar kotun a zamanin mulkin Yuhi Musinga, ya nuna yadda rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban a kasar Ruwanda ya mayar da martani ga gwamnatocin ‘yan mulkin mallaka da ‘yan mishan da ‘yan kasuwa.

Ta ƙware a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka kuma ta yi nazarin kisan kare dangi na Rwanda . Ta kuma kasance mai iko kan take hakkin dan adam a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Burundi . 

Des Forges ya bar makarantar ilimi a cikin 1994 don mayar da martani ga kisan kare dangi na Rwanda don yin aiki na cikakken lokaci akan 'yancin ɗan adam.

A shekara ta 1999, an ba ta suna MacArthur Fellow don nuna godiya ga aikinta a matsayin "shugaban kare hakkin dan adam".  Ta zama babban mai ba da shawara a Human Rights Watch na nahiyar Afirka.

Ta mutu a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2009, a cikin hatsarin jirgin saman Continental Connection Flight 3407, a kan hanyarta daga Newark, New Jersey, zuwa gidanta a Buffalo, New York.

 Shaidar kisan kare dangi na Rwanda 
An yi tunanin Des Forges shine Ba'amurke mafi masaniya game da kisan kare dangi yayin da yake faruwa. Baya ga karatunta, ta ziyarci Rwanda tun 1963. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1994, ta fara kiran abokin gwagwarmaya Monique Mujawamariya a Rwanda kowane rabin sa'a, kuma tana iya jin harbin bindiga yana gabatowa tare da kowane tattaunawa. Tana cikin waya tare da Mujawmariya, lokacin da Mujawsariya ta nemi gafara don sanya mai karɓa ƙasa, saboda ba ta son Des Forges ya ji ta mutu. Ta kuma nemi Des Forges ta kula da 'ya'yanta. Mujawmariya ta rayu, amma rahotonta na nufin cewa  Des Forges na ɗaya daga cikin baƙi na farko da suka lura cewa ana gudanar da kisan kare dangi a Rwanda, kuma daga baya ya jagoranci ƙungiyar masu bincike don tabbatar da gaskiyar.  Ta ba da shaida sau 11 a gaban Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Rwanda, kuma ta ba da shaida game da kisan kare dangi na Rwanda ga bangarorin Majalisar Dokokin Faransa, Majalisar Dattijan Belgium, Majalisa ta Amurka, Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Ita ce marubuciyar farko ta littafin 1999 Leave None to Tell the Story, wanda The Economist  da The New York Times  dukansu suka bayyana a matsayin cikakken labarin kisan kare dangi na Rwanda. A cikin littafin, ta yi jayayya cewa kisan kare dangi ya shirya ne daga gwamnatin Rwanda mai rinjaye Hutu a lokacin, maimakon ya zama fashewar rikice-rikicen kabilanci.

 Kyauta 
Wani dan Afirka René Lemarchand ya ce, "Wannan labarin Ruwanda ya shahara a Amurka a yau yana da yawa ga ayyukan Philip Gourevitch da Alison Des Forges. "

An ba da lambar yabo ta Alison Des Forges don gwagwarmaya ta musamman; har zuwa shekara ta 2009, an san shi da lambar yabo ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Human Rights Watch ce ta bayar da shi.

 Bayanan littattafai 

 An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna Alison. Rashin Nasara shine Labari ne kawai: Rwanda a karkashin Musiinga, 1896-1931 (1972; 2011).
 An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna Alison. Bari Babu Wanda ya gaya wa Labarin: Kisan kare dangi a Rwanda - Human Rights Watch da FIDH - 1999 -   .
 [Hotuna a shafi na 9] "Justice ko Therapy?". Boston Review.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Haɗin waje 

 Bio a shafin yanar gizon Human Rights Watch  An adana shi a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2009, a 
 Godiya a shafin yanar gizon Human Rights Watch
 PBS Frontline: Tattaunawar Ghosts of Rwanda tare da Alison Des Forges
 Labarin mutuwarsa: Alison Des Forges, The Economist, Fabrairu 19, 2009
 Rashin Nasara shine Labari ne kawai
 Alison Des Forges (née Liebhafsky), Index to the Derscheid Collection Reels
 Kwamitin Tunawa da Alison L. Des Forges
Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942