Jerin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Indonesia

Yanayin ƙasa na Indonesiya yana mamaye da dutsen mai aman wuta waɗanda aka kafa saboda yankuna da ke ƙasa tsakanin farantin Eurasian da farantin Indo-Australian. Wasu daga cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka sun shahara saboda fashewar su, alal misali, Krakatoa saboda tasirinsa na duniya a 1883, Lake Toba Caldera don fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta da aka kiyasta ya faru shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata wanda ke da alhakin shekaru shida na hunturu mai aman wuta.

Volcanoes a Indonesiya wani bangare ne na bel mai tsayi da Ring of Fire na Pacific. Abubuwan shigarwa 150 a cikin jerin da ke ƙasa an haɗa su zuwa yankuna shida na yanki, waɗanda huɗu daga cikinsu na cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na tsarin mahara na Sunda Arc. Ragowar rukunoni biyun su ne tsaunukan Halmahera, gami da tsibiran da ke kewaye da su, da tudun Sulawesi da tsibirin Sangihe. Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe tana cikin baka mai aman wuta tare da tsaunukan Philippine.

Dutsen Merapi mafi girma a cikin Java. Tun AD 1000, Kelut ya barke fiye da sau 30, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu ya kasance a sikelin 5 akan ma'aunin fashewar volcanic (VEI), yayin da Dutsen Merapi ya tashi sama da sau 80. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Duniya ta sanya sunan Dutsen Merapi a matsayin Dutsen Volcano na Shekaru Goma tun daga 1995 saboda yawan aikin da yake yi.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Indonesia tana da tsaunuka masu fashewa 127 kuma kimanin mutane miliyan 5 suna zaune a cikin yankunan haɗari. An yi la'akari da cewa girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na 26 ga Disamba 2004 na iya haifar da fashewa, tare da Dutsen Sinabung (mai barci tun daga 1600s) fashewa a cikin 2010 a matsayin misali mai yiwuwa.

Kalmar Dutsen a cikin Indonesian da yawancin yarukan yanki na ƙasar shine Gunung . Don haka, ana iya kiran Dutsen Merapi da Gunung Merapi .


 Yankin da ake ciki 
alt=A chart with the heading "Major Volcanoes of Indonesia (with eruptions since 1900 A.D.)". Depicted below the heading is an overhead view of a cluster of islands.|thumb|Manyan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Indonesia
Babu ma'anar ma'auni guda ɗaya na dutsen mai aman wuta. Ana iya siffanta su azaman filaye guda ɗaya, gine-ginen volcanic, ko filayen volcanic. Ciki na tsohon tsaunukan tsaunuka na iya zama lalacewa, wanda ya haifar da sabon ɗakin magma na ƙasa a matsayin wani dutsen mai aman wuta daban. Yawancin volcanoes masu aiki na zamani suna tashi a matsayin mazugi masu tasowa daga magudanar ruwa ko a wani rami na tsakiya. Wasu mazugi masu aman wuta ana harhadasu zuwa sunan dutsen mai aman wuta guda daya, alal misali, hadaddun Tengger caldera, yayin da, mutanen gida ne ke sanya wa matsuguni suna. Matsayin dutsen mai aman wuta, ko dai yana aiki ko yana barci, ba za a iya bayyana shi daidai ba. Alamun dutsen mai aman wuta ana ƙayyade ta ko dai bayanansa na tarihi, kwanan wata na rediyo, ko ayyukan geothermal. 

Babban tushen jerin da ke ƙasa an ɗauko shi ne daga littafin Volcanoes na Duniya, wanda masana kimiyyar wuta Tom Simkin da Lee Siebert suka haɗa, [a] wanda a cikinsa aka jera tsaunuka masu ƙarfi a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata (Holocene). Musamman ga Indonesiya, Simkin da Siebert sun yi amfani da kasida na masu aman wuta daga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya. An ɗauko tushen ƙarin sabbin bayanai na volcanic daga Binciken Volcanological na Indonesia, da wasu albarkatun ilimi.. 

 Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa 

 Sumatra 
alt=Drawing of an overhead view of an elongated island stretching from the top left corner to the bottom right corner and labelled with names of locations.|right|thumb|Taswirar da ke nuna wurin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta da layin lalacewar ƙasa na Sumatra
Yanayin kasa na Sumatra ya mamaye wani yanki mai suna Bukit Barisan (lit: "jere na tuddai"). Tsawon dutsen ya kai kusan kilomita 1,700 (mita 1,100) daga arewa zuwa kudu na tsibirin, kuma an kafa shi ta hanyar motsin farantin tectonic na Australiya. Girgizar kasa ta Sumatra – Andaman ta 2004 babbar girgizar kasa ce da ta faru a yammacin yankin Sumatra, gami da girgizar kasa na Sumatra – Andaman na 2004. Motsin tectonic ya kasance alhakin ba kawai girgizar ƙasa ba, har ma don samar da ɗakunan magma a ƙarƙashin tsibirin.. 

Ɗaya daga cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka 35, Weh, ya rabu da babban yankin Sumatran. Rabuwar ta faru ne sakamakon wata babbar fashewa da ta cika tsaunin da ke tsakanin Weh da sauran yankin da ruwan teku a zamanin Pleistocene. Dutsen dutse mafi girma a Sumatra shine Toba supervolcano tsakanin kilomita 100 (62 mi) × 30 km (19 mi) na tafkin Toba. An kiyasta fashewar ya kasance a mataki na takwas akan ma'aunin VEI, matakin mafi girma na fashewar aman wuta. Mafi girman kololuwar tsauni shine Dutsen Kerinci mai tsayin mita 3,800 (12,467 ft).
NameShapeElevationLast eruption (VEI)CoordinatesWehstratovolcano PleistoceneSeulawah Agamstratovolcano1839 (2)Peuet Saguecomplex volcano25 December 2000 (2)Geureudongstratovolcano1937Kembarshield volcano Pleistocene|}</onlyinclude>Sibayakstratovolcano1881Sinabungstratovolcano2 March 2021 (4)Tobasupervolcano75000 BC (8)Helatoba-Tarutungfumarole field PleistoceneImununknownunknownSibualbualistratovolcanounknownLubukrayastratovolcanounknownSorikmarapistratovolcano2018Talakmaucomplex volcanounknownSarik-Gajahvolcanic coneunknownunknownMarapicomplex volcano2025 (continuing)
 Tandikatstratovolcano1924 (1)Talangstratovolcano27 November 2007 (2)Kerincistratovolcano2024 (on going)
  HutapanjangstratovolcanounknownSumbingstratovolcano23 May 1921 (2)MasuraistratovolcanoPleistoceneKunyitstratovolcanounknownPendanunknownunknownunknownBelirang-Beriticomplex volcanounknownBukit DaunstratovolcanounknownKabastratovolcano22 August 2000 (1)Dempostratovolcano2025PatahunknownunknownBukit Lumut BalaistratovolcanounknownBesarstratovolcanoApril 1940 (1)RanaucalderaunknownSekincau BelirangcalderaunknownSuohcaldera24 May 2024Hulubelucaldera1836Rajabasastratovolcano1798


 Sunda Strait da Java 
Mashigin Sunda ya raba tsibiran Sumatra da Java tare da tsibirin Krakatoa mai aman wuta da ke kwance a tsakaninsu. Krakatau ya barke da tashin hankali a shekara ta 1883, inda ya lalata kashi biyu bisa uku na tsibirin tare da barin wani babban caldera a karkashin teku. An ji wannan mummunar fashewar har zuwa tsibirin Rodrigues kusa da Mauritius (kimanin kilomita 4,800 (mil 3,000). Wani sabon mazugi na parasitic, mai suna Anak Krakatau (ko ɗan Krakatau), ya tashi daga teku a tsakiyar caldera.

Java ɗan ƙaramin tsibiri ne idan aka kwatanta da Sumatra, amma yana da babban taro na dutsen mai aman wuta. Akwai duwatsu masu aman wuta guda 45 a tsibirin, da suka hada da kananan ramuka 20 da mazugi a cikin katafaren dutsen na Dieng da kuma matasa masu aman wuta a rukunin Tengger caldera. Wasu tsaunukan tsaunuka an haɗa su tare a cikin jerin da ke ƙasa saboda kusancin wurin da suke. Dutsen Merapi, Semeru da Kelud sune mafi yawan duwatsu masu aman wuta a Java. Dutsen Semeru yana ci gaba da fashewa tun 1967. Ana kiran Dutsen Merapi a matsayin daya daga cikin Volcanoes na tsawon shekaru goma tun 1995. Ijen yana da tafki na caldera mai launi na musamman wanda shine tafki na dabi'a na acidic (pH<0.3).  Akwai ayyukan hakar sulfur a Ijen, inda masu hakar ma'adinai ke tattara manyan duwatsun sulfur da hannu..
NameShapeElevationLast eruption (VEI)CoordinatesKrakataucaldera2023 PulosaristratovolcanounknownGunung KarangstratovolcanounknownSalakstratovolcano31 January 1938 (2)Kiaraberes-Gagakstratovolcano6 April 1939 (1)PerbaktistratovolcanounknownKendengstratovolcanoPleistoceneGedestratovolcano13 March 1957 (2)PangrangostratovolcanounknownPatuhastratovolcanounknownWayang-Windulava domeunknownMalabarstratovolcanounknownTangkuban Perahustratovolcano26 June 2019 (1)Papandayanstratovolcano11 November 2002 (2)KendangstratovolcanounknownKamojangstratovolcano PleistoceneGunturcomplex volcano16 October 1847 (2)TampomasstratovolcanounknownGalunggungstratovolcano9 January 1984 (1)TalagabodasstratovolcanounknownKarahafumaroleunknownCeremestratovolcano1951Slametstratovolcano2014Diengcomplex volcano2025Sundorostratovolcano29 October 1971 (2)Sumbingstratovolcano1730 (?)UngaranstratovolcanounknownTelomoyostratovolcanounknownMerbabustratovolcano1797 (2)Merapistratovolcano2025 (ongoing)Muriastratovolcano160 BC ± 30 yearsLawustratovolcano28 November 1885 (1)WilisstratovolcanounknownKeludstratovolcano13 February 2014 (4)Kawi–ButakstratovolcanounknownArjuno–Welirangstratovolcano15 August 1952 (0)PenanggunganstratovolcanounknownMalang PlainmaarunknownSemerustratovolcano2025 (ongoing)Bromostratovolcano2023Lamonganstratovolcano5 February 1898 (2)Luruscomplex volcanounknownIyang-Argapuracomplex volcanounknownRaungstratovolcano2025 (-)Ijenstratovolcano28 June 1999 (1)Baluranstratovolcanounknown

Tsibirin Sunda mafi ƙanƙanta ƙaramin tsibiri ne wanda, daga yamma zuwa gabas, ya ƙunshi tsibiran Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba da tsibiran Timor; dukkansu suna a gefen continental shelf na Ostiraliya. Ana yin aman wuta a yankin ne saboda ɓarkewar teku da kuma motsin da kanta. Wasu tsaunuka gaba daya suna kafa tsibiri, misali, tsibirin Sangeang Api. Dutsen Tambora, a tsibirin Sumbawa, ya fashe a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1815, tare da ma'auni na 7 akan VEI kuma ana ɗaukarsa mafi tashin hankali a tarihi..
NameIslandShapeElevationLast eruption (VEI)CoordinatesMerbukBaliunknownunknownBratanBalicalderaunknownBaturBalicaldera2000 (1)AgungBalistratovolcano2019 (3)SamalasLombokstratovolcano1257 (7)RinjaniLombokstratovolcano2016 (2)TamboraSumbawastratovolcano1967 ± 20 years (0)Sangeang ApiSangeangcomplex volcano2019Wai SanoFlorescalderaunknownPoco LeokFloresunknownunknownRanakahFloreslava domeMarch 1991 (1)InierieFloresstratovolcano8050 BCInielikaFlorescomplex volcano11 January 2001 (2)EbuloboFloresstratovolcano27 February 1969 (2)IyaFloresstratovolcano27 January 1969 (3)SukariaFlorescalderaunknownNdete NapuFloresfumaroleunknownKelimutuFlorescomplex volcano3 June 1968 (1)PaluwehPalu'estratovolcano3 February 1985 (1)EgonFloresstratovolcano2008IlimudaFloresstratovolcanounknownLewotobiFloresstratovolcano2025 (ongoing) (3)LerobolengFlorescomplex volcano26 June 2003 (3)Riang KotangFloresfumaroleunknownIlibolengAdonara IslandstratovolcanoJune 1993 (1)LewotoloLembatastratovolcano2025 (ongoing)IlilabalekanLembatastratovolcanounknownIliwerungLembatacomplex volcano29 November 2021Batu TaraKomba islandstratovolcano2007–2015 (2)SirungPantar Islandcomplex volcano2021Yersey–submarineunknown

 Tekun Banda 
Tekun Banda a kudancin Tsibirin Molucca ya haɗa da ƙaramin rukuni na tsibirai. Manyan faranti uku na tectonic a ƙarƙashin teku, Farantin Eurasia, farantin Pacific da Farantin Indo-Australia, sun haɗu tun zamanin Mesozoic. Dutsen wuta a cikin Tekun Banda galibi tsibirai ne, amma wasu tsaunuka ne na karkashin ruwa.
SunanYanayinHawan samaFashewar karshe (VEI) Ma'auniSarkin sarakuna na kasar SinJirgin ruwaba a sani baNieuwerkerkJirgin ruwaba a sani baGunungapi WetarDutsen da ke cikin wuta1699 (3)WurlaliDutsen da ke cikin wuta3 June 1892 (2) TeonDutsen da ke cikin wuta3 June 1904 (2) NilaDutsen da ke cikin wuta7 ga Mayu 1968 (1) SeruaDutsen da ke cikin wuta18 Satumba 1921 (2) ManukDutsen da ke cikin wutaba a sani baBanda ApiGidan katako9 ga Mayu 1988 (3) 

 Tsibirin Sulawesi da Sangihe 
Kasashe hudu sun mamaye siffar tsibirin Sulawesi (wanda aka fi sani da Celebes). Yankin tsakiya babban yanki ne mai tsayin dutse, amma galibi ba mai aman wuta ba. Ana samun wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi a yankin arewaci kuma a ci gaba da shimfiɗa arewa zuwa tsibirin Sangihe. Tsibirin Sangihe suna cikin Philippines.

 Halmahera 
Tsibirin Halmahera da ke arewacin tsibirin Molucca ya samo asali ne ta hanyar motsi na faranti uku na tectonic wanda ya haifar da jeri guda biyu na tsaunin tsaunuka, wadanda suka zama tsibirai masu duwatsu hudu da suka rabu da zurfin bays uku. Wani baka mai aman wuta ya tashi daga arewa zuwa kudu a yammacin Halmahera, wasu daga cikinsu tsibiran dutse ne, misali, Gamalama da Tidore. Sunan tsibirin Gamalama Ternate kuma ya kasance cibiyar kasuwancin kayan yaji tun lokacin da daular Portugal ta bude katafaren katafaren gini a shekara ta 1512. An samu bayanan tarihi na fashewar aman wuta a Halmahera tun a farkon karni na 16..
alt=A drawing of a volcano erupting orange lava and black smoke into the air with a body of water in the foreground and ships sailing in it.|none|thumb|Hoton Gamalama fashewa a farkon shekarun 1700 tare da sansanin Portuguese da aka nuna

 Major eruptions 
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin manyan fashewar tsaunuka a Indonesia, an tsara su a cikin lokaci ta hanyar ranar farawa ta fashewar. Sai kawai fashewa tare da sikelin 3 ko sama a kan VEI ana ba da su tare da sanannun tushe da mutuwar, sai dai idan ƙananan fashewar sikelin ya haifar da wasu mutuwar.
Eruption dateVolcanoCessation dateVEICharacteristicsTsunamiTephra volumeFatalitySources3 November 2024Lewotobi Laki-laki5 November 20243cv,pf,fa,lmnoN/A103 December 2023Marapi8 December 20233cv,pf,fa,lmnoN/A244 December 2021Semeru5 December 20214cv,pf,fa,lmnoN/A6921 December 2018Anak Krakatoa10 January 20193cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc1–2 mN/A43713 February 2014Kelut15 February 20144cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lmno0.16 km343 November 2010Merapi8 November 20104cv,pf,ld,lmnoN/A35310 February 1990KelutMarch 19904cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lmno0.13 km33518 July 1983ColoDecember 19834cv,pf,phnoN/A05 April 1982Galunggung8 January 19834cv,pf,lf,lmno0.37 km3 +686 October 1972MerapiMarch 19852cv,pf,lf,ld,lmno0.021 km32926 April 1966Kelut27 April 19664cv,cl,pf,lmno0.089 km321217 March 1963Agung27 January 19645cv,pf,lf,lmno1 km31,14831 August 1951Kelut31 August 19514cv,cl,pf,lmno0.2 km3725 November 1930MerapiSeptember 19313cv,rf,pf,lf,ld,lmno0.0017 km31,36919 May 1919Kelut20 May 19194cv,cl,pf,lmno0.19 km35,1107 June 1892Awu12 June 18923cv,pf,lmyesN/A1,53226 August 1883KrakatoaFebruary 18846cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc15–42 m5–8.5 km336,60015 April 1872Merapi21 April 18724cv,pfno0.33 km32002 March 1856Awu17 March 18563cv,pf,lmyes0.51±0.50 km32,8068 October 1822GalunggungDecember 18225cv,pf,ld,lmno1 km3 +4,01110 April 1815Mount Tambora15 July 18157cv,pf,cc1–2 m160 km371,000+6 August 1812Awu8 August 18124cv,pf,lmno0.55±0.50 km396312 August 1772Papandayan12 August 17723cv,phnoN/A2,9574 August 1672Merapi unknown3cv,pf,lmnoN/A3,0001586Kelut unknown5cf,cl,lmno1 km3 +10,000September 1257Samalas unknown7 ≈ 74,000 BPToba unknown9pf,lf,cclikely2,800 km3Possible near extinction of all the human population
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