Michel Foucault

Paul-Michel Foucault an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1926 – ya rasu a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1984, ɗan Faransa ne masanin tarihin tunani kuma falsafa, wanda kuma marubuci ne, mai sukar adabi, mawuyacin gwagwarmayar siyasa, da malami. Ka’idodin Foucault sun fi maida hankali kan dangantaka tsakanin ƙarfi da ilimi da ’yanci, inda ya yi nazari kan yadda ake amfani da su a matsayin nau’in kulawar zamantakewa ta wurin cibiyoyi daban-daban. Duk da cewa ana yawan kiran shi a matsayin masanin tsarin gine-gine da kuma postmodernist, Foucault ya ƙi waɗannan lakabi, inda ya yi ƙoƙari ya sukar ikon ba tare da ƙuntata kansa ba. Tunani da rubuce-rubucensa sun yi tasiri ga masana a fannoni daban-daban kamar ilimin ɗan Adam, nazarin sadarwa, criminology, nazarin al’adu, feminism, nazarin adabi, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da ilimin zamantakewa. Gwagwarmayarsa da kyamar masu jinsi daya da tsangwama kan launin fata da kuma sauran ka’idodin akida sun kuma shafi bincike a cikin nazarin ra’ayin sukar al’umma da Marxism–Leninism da sauran fannoni.

An haifi Foucault a Poitiers, Faransa, cikin iyali na tsakiyar matsakaici. Ya yi karatu a Lycée Henri-IV, sannan a , inda ya fara sha’awar falsafa tare da shiga karkashin tasirin malamansa Jean Hyppolite da Louis Althusser, sannan ya halarci University of Paris (Sorbonne), inda ya samu digiri a falsafa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (psychology). Bayan wasu shekaru yana aiki a matsayin jakadan al’adu a ƙasashen waje, ya dawo Faransa ya wallafa littafinsa na farko mai muhimmanci, The History of Madness (1961). Bayan samun aiki tsakanin 1960 da 1966 a Jami’ar Clermont-Ferrand, ya wallafa The Birth of the Clinic (1963) da The Order of Things (1966), litattafai da suka nuna yadda ya ke kara nutsewa a tsarin structuralism, wanda daga baya ya nesanta kansa daga gare shi. Waɗannan littattafan farko guda uku sun nuna wani sabon salon rubutun tarihi da Foucault ya kirkiro, wanda ya kira da "Archaeology".

Daga 1966 zuwa 1968, Foucault ya koyar a University of Tunis, kafin ya koma Faransa, inda ya zama shugaban sashen falsafa a sabon jami’ar gwaji ta Paris VIII. Daga baya Foucault ya wallafa The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969). A 1970, an amince da shi a Collège de France, inda ya ci gaba da zama memba har zuwa rasuwarsa. Haka kuma ya shiga harkokin siyasa na ra’ayin hagu da suka mayar da hankali kan yakin neman kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da yaƙi da wariyar launin fata da sauran take hakkin ɗan adam, musamman gwagwarmaya kamar gyaran kurkuku. Daga baya Foucault ya wallafa Discipline and Punish (1975) da The History of Sexuality (1976), inda ya ci gaba da haɓaka hanyoyin bincike na archaeological da genealogical da suka jaddada rawar da ƙarfi ke takawa a cikin al’umma.

Foucault ya rasu a birnin Paris sakamakon matsalolin da suka biyo bayan HIV/AIDS. Ya kasance mutum na farko daga cikin sanannun jama’a a Faransa da ya mutu daga wannan cuta, kuma charisma ɗinsa da tasirin aikin rayuwarsa sun sauya yadda jama’a suka fara fahimtar annobar a wancan lokaci. Wannan lamari ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa yakin neman adalci da wayar da kai game da cutar HIV/AIDS; abokin rayuwarsa, Daniel Defert, ya kafa ƙungiyar agaji ta AIDES a matsayin tunawa da shi. Wannan ƙungiya tana ci gaba da fafutuka har yanzu a shekarar 2024, duk da mutuwar Defert (a 2023) da Foucault (a 1984).

Rayuwar Farko
 Shekarun farko: 1926–1938 
An haifi Paul-Michel Foucault a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1926 a birnin Poitiers, a yammacin tsakiyar Faransa, a matsayin ɗa na biyu daga cikin ’ya’ya uku a cikin iyali mai wadata, mai ra’ayin tsattsauran ra’ayin zamantakewa, kuma na tsakiyar matsakaici. Iyali sun bi al’adar saka masa suna Paul kamar mahaifinsa, Paul Foucault (1893–1959), amma mahaifiyarsa ta nace a ƙara masa Michel; a makaranta ana kiran sa da Paul, amma shi ya fi so a kira shi da “Michel” har tsawon rayuwarsa.

Mahaifinsa, wanda ya kasance likita a yankin kuma ya fito daga Fontainebleau, ya koma Poitiers inda ya kafa nata asibiti. Ya auri Anne Malapert, ’yar Prosper Malapert, likita mai kuɗi wanda ya mallaki asibiti da kuma koyar da ilimin halitta (anatomy) a makarantar likitanci ta Jami’ar Poitiers. Daga baya Paul Foucault ya gaji aikin mahaifin matarsa, yayin da Anne ta kula da babban gidan su na karni na 19, Le Piroir, a ƙauyen Vendeuvre-du-Poitou. Sun haifi ’ya’ya uku — Francine (’ya mace), Paul-Michel da Denys (’ya’ya maza biyu) — dukansu suna da gashin zinariya da idanu masu shuɗi. Yara sun tashi a matsayin Katolika na al’ada, suna halartar taron ibada a Cocin Saint-Porchaire, kuma koda yake Michel ya taba zama yaron cocin, ba wanda daga cikin iyalin ya kasance mai tsananin bin addini.

A baya-bayan rayuwarsa, Foucault bai cika bayyana abubuwa game da yarintarsa ba. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin “ɗan banzan yaro” sannan ya ce mahaifinsa mutum ne mai tsauri wanda yake hukunta shi da tsanani. A shekarar 1930, kafin isasshen shekarunsa, Foucault ya fara makaranta a Lycée Henry-IV na yankin. A nan ya yi shekaru biyu na firamare kafin ya shiga babban sashen lycée, inda ya zauna har zuwa 1936. Daga nan kuma ya ci gaba da karatun sakandare a wuri guda na tsawon shekaru huɗu, inda ya yi fice a harshen Faransanci, Girkanci, Latin, da tarihin duniya, amma bai yi nasara sosai ba a lissafi da lisafi..
 Manazarta