Benjamin Hooks

Benjamin Lawson Hooks (Janairu 31, 1925 - Afrilu 15, 2010) jagoran 'yancin ɗan adam ne kuma jami'in gwamnati. Ministan Baptist ne kuma lauya mai aiki, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan kungiyar ci gaban mutane masu launi (NAACP) daga 1977 zuwa 1992.

A tsawon aikinsa, Hooks ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a a Amurka, kuma ya yi aiki daga 5 ga Yuli, 1972 - Yuli 25, 1977 a matsayin ɗan Afirka na farko a cikin Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya (FCC). 

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Benjamin Hooks a Memphis, Tennessee . Ya girma a Kudancin Lauderdale da Vance, shi ne ɗa na biyar na Robert B da Bessie White Hooks. Yana da yaya shida. Mahaifinsa mai daukar hoto ne kuma ya mallaki wurin daukar hoto tare da dan uwansa Henry, wanda aka sani da suna Hooks Brothers a lokacin, kuma dangin sun kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali bisa ka'idojin bakar fata na ranar. Ya tuna cewa dole ne ya sa tufafin da aka yi da hannu kuma mahaifiyarsa ta yi taka tsantsan don sanya dala ta shimfiɗa don ciyarwa da kula da iyali.

Kakar mahaifin Benjamin matashiya, Julia Britton Hooks (1852–1942), ta kammala karatun digiri daga Kwalejin Berea a Kentucky a cikin 1874 kuma ita ce bakar fata ta biyu kawai da ta sauke karatu daga kwaleji. Ta kasance jarumar kida. Ta fara kunna piano a bainar jama'a tana da shekaru biyar kuma tana da shekaru 18, ta shiga sashin koyarwa na Berea, tana koyar da kiɗan kayan aiki 1870–72. 'Yar uwarta, Dr. Mary E. Britton, ita ma ta halarci Berea, kuma ta zama likita a Lexington, Kentucky .

Tare da irin wannan gado na iyali, an ƙarfafa matashin Benjamin don yin aiki tuƙuru a kan aikinsa na ilimi, tare da fatan samun damar zuwa kwaleji. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya ji ana kira zuwa hidimar Kirista. Mahaifinsa, duk da haka, bai yarda ba kuma ya hana Biliyaminu daga irin wannan kiran.

Benjamin ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Omega Psi Phi .

A 1952 ya auri Frances Dancy, malamin kimiyya mai shekaru 24. 

 Ilimi 
Hooks sun yi rajista a Kwalejin LeMoyne-Owen, a Memphis, Tennessee. A can ya gudanar da karatun share fagen shari'a 1941-43. A cikin shekarunsa na kwalejin ya ƙara sanin cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin ɗimbin Amurkawa waɗanda ake buƙatar yin amfani da keɓaɓɓun kayan abinci na abinci, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, da dakunan wanka. "Da ma zan iya gaya muku duk lokacin da nake kan hanya kuma ba zan iya amfani da ɗakin wanka ba," daga baya zai tuna. "Abinda yasa mafitsara ta lalace, ciki ya lalace saboda cin sandwiches masu sanyi." 

 Aikin shari'a 
Bayan kammala karatun nan da nan Hooks ya koma Memphis na haihuwa. A wannan lokacin ya himmatu sosai don wargaza ayyukan wariyar launin fata da aka yi a Amurka. Yaƙi da son zuciya a kowane juzu'i, ya ci jarrabawar mashaya ta Tennessee kuma ya kafa nasa aikin doka. “A lokacin an zage ka daga ma’aikatan shari’a, an cire ka daga kungiyoyin farar fata, kuma lokacin da nake kotu, na yi sa’a aka kira ni Ben,” ya tuna a wata hira da mujallar Jet . "Yawanci shine kawai 'yaro.' [Amma] alkalai sun kasance masu adalci a kodayaushe, nuna bambanci a wancan zamani ya canza, kuma, a yau, Kudu ta riga ta wuce Arewa a fannoni da dama wajen ci gaban yancin jama'a." A cikin 1949 Hooks yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan lauyoyin baƙar fata a Memphis. 

 Sauran kokarin 
Hooks koyaushe yana jin sha'awar zuwa cocin Kirista, kuma a cikin 1956 an naɗa shi a matsayin mai hidima na Baptist kuma ya fara yin wa'azi akai-akai a Majami'ar Baftisma ta Tsakiya da ke Memphis, yayin da ya ci gaba da aikin shari'a. Ya shiga Martin Luther King Jr., da sauran shugabannin, a farkon Janairu 1957 Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transport and Nonviolent Integration,  wanda ya shirya kanta, ta watan Agusta, a matsayin taron jagoranci na Kirista na Kudancin (SCLC),  tare da wanda ya zama mai shiga tsakani a cikin NAACP-sponsored gidan cin abinci sit-ins da sauran kauracewa ayyuka. 

 Ritaya 
Hooks da matarsa sun kula da kasuwancin NAACP kuma sun taimaka wajen tsara makomarta fiye da shekaru 15. Ya shaida wa jaridar New York Times cewa "hankalin aiki da alhaki" ga hukumar ta NAACP ya tilasta masa ya ci gaba da zama a ofis a shekarun 1990, amma daga karshe bukatun babban darektan ya yi yawa ga mutumin da ya kai shekarunsa. A cikin Fabrairun 1992, yana da shekaru 67, ya sanar da yin murabus daga mukamin, yana mai kiransa "aikin kisa," in ji Detroit Free Press . Hooks ya bayyana cewa zai yi aiki a shekara ta 1992 kuma ya yi hasashen cewa canjin shugabanci ba zai kawo cikas ga zaman lafiyar NAACP ba: "Mun sha fama da wasu 'yan lokuta masu hadari a baya. Ina tsammanin za mu shawo kan shi."

 Girmamawa da kyaututtuka 

 An ba Hooks lambar yabo ta Spingarn daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutane masu launi, 1986.
 A cikin 1988, Hooks ya sami digiri na girmamawa a Jami'ar Jihar Connecticut ta Tsakiya .
 A cikin 1992, Hooks ya sami lambar yabo ta Adam Clayton Powell daga Gidauniyar Black Caucus Foundation.
 NAACP ta ƙirƙiri lambar yabo ta Benjamin L. Hooks Distinguished Service Award, wanda aka ba wa mutane don ƙoƙarin aiwatar da manufofi da shirye-shirye waɗanda ke haɓaka dama daidai.
 Jami'ar Memphis ta kirkiro Cibiyar Benjamin L. Hooks don Canjin Jama'a. Cibiyar Hooks ta himmatu wajen tattara malamai tare don ciyar da manufofin yancin ɗan adam, don haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam da mulkin dimokuradiyya a duk duniya, da kuma girmama rayuwar rayuwar kundi.
 Hooks ya sami lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta 'Yanci daga Shugaba George W. Bush a cikin Nuwamba 2007.
 An gabatar da shi a cikin Walk of Fame na Ƙasashen Duniya a Martin Luther King, Jr. Cibiyar Tarihi ta Ƙasa a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2008 
 Babban reshen Laburaren Jama'a na Memphis yana da suna don girmama shi. 
 Jami'ar Memphis Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law Alumni Chapter ya girmama Hooks a matsayin 2007 Pillar of Excellence.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba