Cenote

cenote (Turanci: /sɪˈnoʊti/ ko /sɛˈnoʊteɪ/; Latin American Spanish: [seˈnote]) rami ne na halitta, ko sinkhole,  ke haifar da lokacin da rushewar dutse mai laushi ya fallasa Ruwa na ƙasa. Kalmar ta samo asali ne a Yucatán Peninsula na Mexico, inda tsoffin Maya ke amfani da cenotes don samar da ruwa,ko kuma a wasu lokuta don hadaya. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar da Yucatec Maya ke amfani da ita - tsʼonoʼot - don komawa ga kowane wuri tare da ruwan ƙasa mai sauƙi.

A Meziko yankin Yucatán kaɗai yana da ƙiyasin cenotes 10,000,  masu cike da ruwa da aka kafa ta hanyar rugujewar dutsen ƙasa, kuma suna ƙetaren tsibiri. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan cenotes suna cikin haɗari daga gina sabon jirgin ƙasa Maya . 

Cenotes su ne nau'ikan yanayin ƙasa na gama gari a yankuna masu ƙasan tsayi, musamman a tsibiran (kamar Cefalonia, Girka), bakin teku, da dandamali tare da ƙaramin dutsen Paleozoic na matasa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin haɓaka ƙasa. Kalmar cenote, wacce aka fara amfani da ita kawai ga fasalulluka a cikin Yucatán, tun daga lokacin masu bincike sun yi amfani da su ga irin abubuwan karst iri ɗaya a wasu wurare kamar su Cuba, Ostiraliya, Turai, da Amurka .

 Ma'anar da bayanin 
Cenotes su ne haɗin saman ƙasa zuwa gajiyoyin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa.  Yayin da mafi yawan sanannun cenotes manyan wuraren bude ruwa ne masu auna dubun mita a diamita, irin su na Chichen Itza a Mexico, mafi yawan adadin cenotes sune ƙananan wuraren da aka ɓoye kuma ba lallai ba ne su sami wani ruwa da aka fallasa. Wasu cenotes ana samun su ta ƙananan <1 m (3 ft) ramukan diamita waɗanda tushen bishiya suka ƙirƙira, tare da damar ɗan adam ta hanyar manyan ramuka, irin su cenotes Choo-Ha, Tankach-Ha, da Multum-Ha kusa da Tulum . Akwai aƙalla cenotes 6,000 a cikin Yucatán Peninsula na Mexico.  [ mafi kyau tushe Ana buƙata ] Ruwan Cenote sau da yawa yana bayyana sosai, kamar yadda ruwan ke fitowa daga ruwan sama yana tacewa a hankali a cikin ƙasa, don haka yana ƙunshe da ƙananan ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin cenote na iya zama a hankali sosai. A yawancin lokuta, cenotes sune wuraren da sassan rufin kogon suka rushe suna bayyana tsarin kogon da ke cikin ƙasa, kuma yawan ruwan ruwa na iya yin sauri da sauri: har zuwa  kowace rana. 

Yucatan cenotes suna jan hankalin kogo da matsugunan kogo waɗanda suka rubuta tsarin tsarin kogon da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, wasu daga cikinsu an bincika tsawon tsawon  ko fiye. 

 Geology da hydrology 
Cenotes suna samuwa ta hanyar rushewar dutsen da kuma sakamakon da aka samu a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda ƙila ko ba za a haɗa shi da tsarin kogo mai aiki ba,  da rugujewar tsari na gaba. Dutsen da ya fada cikin ruwan da ke ƙasa ana cire shi sannu a hankali ta hanyar ƙara rushewa, yana samar da sarari don ƙarin tubalan rushewa. Mai yiyuwa ne, yawan rushewar yana ƙaruwa a lokutan da ruwan tebur ɗin ya kasance ƙasa da silin da babu komai tun da rufin dutsen ya daina yin buoyantly da ruwan da ke cikin babu.

Cenotes na iya rugujewa gabaɗaya, haifar da buɗaɗɗiyar tafkin ruwa, ko wani ɗan lokaci ya ruguje tare da wani yanki na dutsen da ke rataye sama da ruwa. Matsakaicin stereotypical cenotes sau da yawa suna kama da ƙananan tafkunan madauwari, suna auna wasu dubun mita a diamita tare da katangar dutse. Yawancin cenotes, duk da haka, suna buƙatar ɗan matakin karkarwa ko rarrafe don samun damar ruwa.

 Shiga da kuma iyakar 
A arewa da arewa maso yamma na Yucatán Peninsula a Mexico, ƙwararrun ƙwararru gabaɗaya sun wuce gona da iri a tsaye waɗanda ke shiga  ƙarƙashin teburin ruwan zamani. Duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan cenotes suna da alaƙa da tsarin kogin da ke kwance a kwance, tare da kwararar ruwa ta hanyarsu da yuwuwar mamaye matrix aquifer da karaya. 

Ya bambanta, cenotes tare da bakin tekun Caribbean na Yucatán Peninsula (a cikin jihar Quintana Roo ) sau da yawa suna ba da damar yin amfani da tsarin kogon ruwa mai yawa, irin su Sistema Ox Bel Ha, Sistema Sac Actun / Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich da Sistema Dos Ojos .

 Ruwan ruwa / ruwan teku da ke dubawa 
Yucatán Peninsula ya ƙunshi babban tsarin ruwa na bakin teku, wanda yawanci ya bambanta.  Ruwan meteoric da ke kutsawa (watau ruwan sama) yana yawo a saman ruwan gishiri mai yawa da ke kutsawa daga gabar teku. Saboda haka gaba dayan ruwan ruwa tsarin anchialine ne (wanda ke kulle ƙasa amma an haɗa shi da teku). Inda cenote, ko kogon da aka ambaliya wanda yake buɗewa, yana ba da isashen isashen shiga cikin magudanar ruwa, ana iya kaiwa ga mu'amala tsakanin ruwan sabo da gishiri. Matsakaicin haɓaka tsakanin ruwan sabo da saline shine halocline, wanda ke nufin canji mai kaifi a cikin maida hankali gishiri akan ƙaramin canji a zurfin. Cakuda ruwan sabo da ruwan gishiri yana haifar da rikitaccen tasiri mai jujjuyawa wanda ya haifar da refraction tsakanin nau'ikan ruwan sabo da gishiri.

Zurfin halocline yana aiki ne na dalilai da yawa: yanayi da musamman nawa meteoric ruwa ke cajin ruwa mai ruwa, hydraulic conductivity na dutsen mai masaukin baki, rarrabawa da haɗin tsarin kogon da ake da su, da kuma yadda tasirin waɗannan suke a magudanar ruwa zuwa bakin teku, da nisa daga bakin tekun. Gabaɗaya, halocline ya fi zurfi daga bakin tekun, kuma a cikin Yucatán Peninsula wannan zurfin yana da  ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa a bakin teku, da  a ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa a tsakiyar yankin, tare da ruwan salin da ke ƙarƙashin dukkan yankin. 
alt=cutaway of cenote ik kil, at the bottom there is a pile of debris|thumb|Hanyar Geological cutaway na Cenote Ik Kil
A cikin 1936, an gabatar da tsarin rarrabuwa mai sauƙi na tushen morphometry don cenotes. 

 Cenotes-cántaro (Jug ko pit cenotes) su ne waɗanda ke da haɗin saman ƙasa kunkuntar fiye da diamita na jikin ruwa;
 Cenotes-cilíndricos (Cylinder cenotes) su ne waɗanda ke da bangon tsaye a tsaye;
 Cenotes-aguadas (Basin cenotes) su ne waɗanda ke da kwandon ruwa mara zurfi;
 Grutas (Cave cenotes) sune waɗanda ke da ƙofar kwance tare da busassun sassan.

 Jannatin ruwa 
Cenotes sun jawo hankalin kogo da matsugunan kogo, kuma akwai shirye-shiryen bincike da taswirar waɗannan tsarin karkashin ruwa. Su na jama'a ne ko masu zaman kansu kuma wasu lokuta ana ɗaukar su "Gidajen shakatawa na ƙasa". Yakamata a kula sosai don gujewa lalata wannan muhalli mai rauni lokacin nutsewa. A Meziko, Quintana Roo Survey Speleological Survey yana kula da jerin mafi tsawo kuma mafi zurfin ruwa da busassun kogo a cikin iyakokin jihar. Lokacin nutsewar kogo, dole ne mutum ya iya ganin hasken halitta a duk lokacin da mutum ke binciken kogon (misali, Kukulkan cenote kusa da Tulum, Mexico). A lokacin nutsewar kogo, mutum ya wuce inda hasken rana zai iya shiga, kuma mutum ya bi ka'idojin aminci don fita daga kogon. Abubuwa suna canzawa sosai da zarar motsi daga kogon kogo zuwa cikin kogon kogon. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba