Stephen Bishop (mai binciken kogo)

Stephen Bishop (  – 1857) Ba’amurke mai binciken kogo ne kuma masanin ilimin kasa wanda ya koyar da kansa wanda aka sani da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara bincike da taswirar Mammoth Cave a jihar Kentucky ta Amurka . Mammoth Cave an gane shi a matsayin tsarin kogon mafi tsawo a duniya tun 1972. Taswirar kogon, wanda aka zana da hannu daga wurin tunawa a cikin 1842, an haɗa shi a cikin wani littafi da aka buga a 1844 kuma an dauke shi a matsayin taswirar tsarin kogon fiye da shekaru arba'in. Bishop ya kasance bayi kuma yayi aiki a matsayin jagora a Mammoth na kusan shekaru 19. Shekarar da ta wuce mutuwarsa ta 'yantar da shi ta hanyar ta'addanci .

 Fage 
An kai Bishop zuwa Mammoth Cave a cikin 1838 lokacin yana ɗan shekara 17,  ta lauya kuma bawa Franklin Gorin, wanda ya sami ikon mallakar Bishop a matsayin biyan bashi  wanda ya samo asali daga kisan mahaifin Bishop mai yiwuwa, farar manomi Lowry Bishop.  Gorin ya sayi Mammoth Cave daga masu mallakarsa na baya a cikin bazara na 1838 akan $ 5000 (~ $ 141,516 a cikin 2023 ). Gorin ya rubuta yayin da yake tunowa bayan mutuwar Bishop:

 Aikin Mammoth Cave 
Bishop ya bincika kuma ya kira manyan yankuna na tsarin Mammoth Cave. Ya gano kuma ya ba da sunaye da yawa fasali na Kogon - ciki har da Kogin Styx, Babban Gidan Taimako, Bakin Mutum Mai Fat, Bakin Mutum Dogon, da Lake Lethe. Lanzendorfer, Joy (February 6, 2019). "Enslaved Tour Guide Stephen Bishop Made Mammoth Cave the Must-See Destination It Is Today". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 9, 2022. Marubuta da yawa sun rubuta game da yawon shakatawa na Mammoth Cave tare da Bishop a matsayin jagoransu a cikin littattafai da mujallu. Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, rubutu a cikin The Knickerbocker,  a matsayin "Barnwell"  yana nufin Bishop a matsayin "Stephen, mafi kyawun jagora zuwa kogon". Roosevelt ya bayyana cewa Bishop ya shaida wa kungiyar cewa shi Bishop, ya koyi karatu da rubutu ta hanyar ganin masu yawon bude ido da suka gabata "...mazauna suna fentin sunayensu da hayakin tobara a bango, sannan suna tambayar yadda suka rubuta su."  Daga baya, a cikin 1854, Nathaniel Parker Willis, a cikin Tafiya na Lafiya zuwa Tropics, ya bayyana Bishop a matsayin sanye da " hat ɗin slouch mai launin cakulan, jaket mai launin kore, da wando" a matsayin kayan aikin sa. 
Willis kuma ya bayyana Bishop a matsayin "mafi kyawun kallo fiye da yawancin mashahuran mutane ... Tare da ƙarin ilimin physiognomy na Mutanen Espanya, tare da yawancin gashin baki, yana dan kadan kuma mai kyau, da dogon gashin baki, yana ba da bayyanar. Yana da girman tsakiya, amma an gina shi don dan wasa.  Bishop ya jagoranci rangadi ta hanyar Mammoth wanda ya haɗa da sanannun mutane na ƙarni na 19 kamar mawaƙin opera Jenny Lind, marubuci Ralph Waldo Emerson,  Farfesa Yale Benjamin Silliman Jr.,  da violin virtuoso Ole Bull . 

Kafin Bishop, mafi nisa da kowa ya kasance a cikin kogon shine ga fasalin da aka sani da "Ramin Kasa". Tare da wani baƙo mai suna HC Stevenson,  (wanda ake zargin ya ba Bishop wani "kuɗin kuɗi" don bincika sassan da ba a sani ba na Kogon) Lanzendorfer, Joy (February 6, 2019). "Enslaved Tour Guide Stephen Bishop Made Mammoth Cave the Must-See Destination It Is Today". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 9, 2022. Bishop ya yi tafiya zuwa gefen Ramin. Ko da yake daga baya tatsuniyoyi sun ce itacen itacen al'ul ce,  mafi amintattun majiyoyi sun bayyana cewa tsayin tsayi ne  ko jerin tsani  da aka shimfiɗa a bakin Ramin wanda ya ba Bishop da baƙonsa damar shiga ƙetarewa zuwa wancan gefen, buɗe wani sabon ɓangaren kogon. An kuma ce Bishop ya gano kifayen da ba su da ido, mai yiwuwa samfuran Amblyopsis spelaea ko kuma kifi na Arewa . 

 Taswirar Bishop na 1842 na Mammoth Cave 
A cikin 1839, Dr. John Croghan na Louisville ya sayi Mammoth Cave Estate daga mai shi Franklin Gorin akan $10,000 ( equivalent to $295,281 a 2024 ). Wannan siyar ya haɗa da Bishop da wasu bayi da yawa. Croghan a taƙaice ya gudanar da wani asibiti mai fama da cutar tarin fuka a cikin kogon, tururin da ya yi imanin zai warkar da marasa lafiyarsa. Cutar da ta yaɗu a lokacin, tarin fuka zai iya kashe rayukan Bishop da Croghan. Lanzendorfer, Joy (February 6, 2019). "Enslaved Tour Guide Stephen Bishop Made Mammoth Cave the Must-See Destination It Is Today". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 9, 2022.

A cikin 1842, an aika Bishop zuwa gonar Croghan, Locust Grove . Ya zauna a can har tsawon makonni biyu, yana zana taswirar tsarin Mammoth Cave daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Morton da Griswold sun buga taswirar a cikin 1844 a matsayin abin da aka cirewa a cikin Alexander Clark Bullitt's Rambles a cikin Mammoth Cave a cikin Shekarar 1844 ta wani Visiter [sic] (Morton da Griswold, 1845.) Ba kamar yadda aka saba ba ga bawa, Bishop an ba shi cikakken daraja ga aikinsa. Taswirar Bishop ya kasance ana amfani da shi sama da shekaru arba'in. Lanzendorfer, Joy (February 6, 2019). "Enslaved Tour Guide Stephen Bishop Made Mammoth Cave the Must-See Destination It Is Today". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
Taswirar Bishop ya nuna wasu  na hanyoyin kogo, rabinsu ya gano su. Yayin da taswirar ba ta wakiltar ingantaccen binciken kayan aiki na zamani, ya ɗauki wasu ɓacin rai don nuna girman nassi da tsayi. Topology, idan ba ma'auni da daidaitawa ba, taswirar daidai ne, wato, alamomin shimfidar wuri sun dace da gaskiya. Carol Ely, darektan zartarwa na Croghan's Locust Grove estate, ta ce taswirar tana da "daidai sosai dangane da yanayin yanayi da dangantakar bangarori daban-daban na rassa da yawa na kogon, wanda bai dace ba dangane da ainihin nisa." Lanzendorfer, Joy (February 6, 2019). "Enslaved Tour Guide Stephen Bishop Made Mammoth Cave the Must-See Destination It Is Today". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 9, 2022.

A cikin Satumba 1972 ƙungiyar masu bincike sun gano alaƙa tsakanin tsarin Flint Ridge Cave zuwa arewa maso gabas da Mammoth Cave kanta. Daga baya an gane cewa ƙarshen Mammoth Cave na haɗin an nuna shi a matsayin jagorar jagora akan taswirar Bishop na 1842, a matsayin dogon layi na bakin ciki wanda ya tashi daga gabashin ƙarshen rukunin Echo River. Ginin da aka yi a shekara ta 1905 na wani dam a kan kogin Green ya haifar da ambaliya (sabili da haka ba za a iya shiga ta hanyar ruwa mai duhu ba) mafi yawan lokaci bayan kammala dam din, kuma an sake gano hanyar a baya, daga nesa mai nisa, ta hanyar kogo masu shiga cikin Flint Ridge Cave System. Ko da yake bai taɓa sanin muhimmancinsa ba, Bishop ya nuna ainihin maɓalli don haɗa manyan sassa biyu na kogon mafi tsawo a duniya, shekaru 130 kafin a haɗa haɗin a cikin 1972. 

 Iyali 
A lokacin da yake a gidan Croghan a cikin 1842 Bishop ya sadu da Charlotte Brown, ma'aikacin gidan bauta ga dangin Croghan. An yi aurensu a gonar Croghan's Locust Grove. Charlotte ta haifi ɗansu Thomas Bishop bayan shekara guda.  Dan uwan Bishop Ed ya bi sawunsa kuma ya zama jagora a Mammoth Cave,  yana taimaka wa Max Kämper tare da ingantaccen binciken kayan aiki na farko na tsarin a cikin 1908. 

 'Yanci da mutuwa 
A cikin 1852, Bishop ya jagoranci marubuci Willis zuwa Kogin Echo. A tafiyar, Willis ya fahimci cewa, duk da sanin cewa za a sake shi nan da shekaru biyar, Bishop ya yi niyyar siyan ’yancinsa da matarsa da dansa ya ƙaura zuwa Laberiya . 

An saki Bishop a 1856, shekaru bakwai bayan mutuwar bawansa, bisa ga nufin Croghan. Duk da yake akwai asusun da yawa na Bishop yana magana game da shirin ƙaura zuwa Laberiya, bai taɓa zuwa ba. A cikin Yuli 1857 Bishop da matarsa sun sayar da  fili kusa da kogon amma Bishop ya mutu wani lokaci a ƙarshen lokacin rani. "Stephen Bishop". National Park Service. Retrieved February 9, 2022. Lanzendorfer, Joy (February 6, 2019). "Enslaved Tour Guide Stephen Bishop Made Mammoth Cave the Must-See Destination It Is Today". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 9, 2022. 
An binne Bishop a kan tsaunin kudu da ke saman kogon a cikin abin da aka fi sani da "The Old Guides' Cemetery." Bayan Stephen Bishop ya mutu, matarsa Charlotte Brown Bishop ya auri jagorar kogo Nick Bransford, "Stephen Bishop". National Park Service. Retrieved February 9, 2022. wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora a Mammoth sama da shekaru 50, har sai Bransford ya mutu a 1895.  Harold Meloy, yana rubutu game da Bishop a cikin littafin Cavers, Caves, & Caving ya furta cewa "Pittsburgh millionaire James R. Mellon na mako guda ya ziyarci cajar labarai a cikin watan Nuwamba, James R. Mellon na mako guda 8. ya sadu da Charlotte, wanda sannan ya kula da ɗakin cin abinci na otel. Ta kai shi zuwa kabarin Istafanus, "wanda ke da itacen al'ul kawai da za a yi alama." Mellon ya yi alƙawarin za a sassaƙa dutsen kan kabarin Stephen. Shekaru uku bayan haka, Mellon ya shirya wani mai sassaƙa abin tunawa don shirya dutsen kabari na hannu na biyu, wanda dangin sojan basasa ba su biya ba (don haka bayyanar takobi da tuta a cikin lunette ). Mason dutsen ya yanke asalin sunan kuma ya sanya wani rubutu wanda ya karanta, 

An aika da dutsen zuwa kogon kuma aka sanya shi a kan kabarin Bishop. Meloy ya ce "Kuskuren a ranar mutuwa [1859 vs. 1857] bai rage komai ba daga labarin da aka ƙarfafa yanzu ta hanyar rikodin dindindin a dutse." 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba