Ilimin ɗan adam na abinci mai gina jiki

Ilimin ɗan adam na abinci mai gina jiki  shine nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin ilimin halittar ɗan adam, tsarin tattalin arziki, yanayin abinci mai gina jiki da amincin abinci . Idan canje-canjen tattalin arziki da muhalli a cikin al'umma sun shafi samun abinci, abinci, da lafiyar abinci, to wannan hulɗar tsakanin al'adu da ilmin halitta yana da alaƙa da faffadan yanayin tarihi da tattalin arziƙin da ke da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar duniya. Matsayin abinci mai gina jiki yana shafar yanayin kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya, yuwuwar aikin aiki, da yuwuwar ci gaban tattalin arziki gabaɗaya (ko dai dangane da ci gaban ɗan adam ko ƙirar yammacin gargajiya) ga kowane rukunin mutane.

 Gabaɗaya tattalin arziki da abinci mai gina jiki 

 Takaitaccen bayanin tattalin arziki 
Yawancin malamai suna ɗaukar tattalin arziƙi kamar haɗawa da samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka a ciki da tsakanin al'ummomi. Mahimmin [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">a</span> ] babban binciken tattalin arziki (tare da nazarin tattalin arziki na musamman na kayayyaki da kasuwannin hannun jari) shine dangantakar zamantakewa. Misali, da yawa masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun bayyana cewa musayar kyauta ta musayar, gasa kyauta, da musayar kasuwan da ba na mutum ba, duk suna nuni ne da manyan abubuwan da suka shafi alakar zamantakewa a tsakanin al'umma. Babban nau'o'in tattalin arziki a yawancin duniya a yau, dangane da samar [ ] <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">,</span> rarrabawa, da samfurin amfani, sune tushen abinci da tattalin arzikin kasuwa. Cin abinci yana nufin samarwa da amfani a ƙaramin gida ko al'umma, yayin da tattalin arziƙin tushen kasuwa ke nuna mafi girman sikelin samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani. Tattalin arzikin kasuwa kuma ya haɗa da musayar kaya don kuɗi, tare da cinikin kayayyaki ko kasancewa ƙarƙashin ci gaba da wajibcin musayar kyauta. Wannan ba yana nufin cewa tattalin arzikin kasuwa ba ya zama tare da tattalin arziki na rayuwa da sauran nau'o'in, amma nau'in nau'i ɗaya yakan mamaye cikin al'umma. Koyaya, akwai faffadan guraben guraben karatu, yana mai bayyana cewa tattalin arzikin kasuwa yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri cikin mahimmanci akan sikelin duniya, har ma a cikin al'ummomin da suka dogara da yawa a kan samar da abinci . Wannan [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">-</span> ] tattalin arziki yana da tasirin sinadirai wanda wannan shigarwar za ta ci gaba da bincike.

 Hanyoyin samarwa da abinci mai gina jiki 
Mataki mafi mahimmanci na fahimtar alakar tattalin arziki da abinci mai gina jiki shine fahimtar manyan hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki da al'ummomi suka yi amfani da su wajen samar da kayayyaki (da ayyuka) da suke bukata a tsawon tarihin dan Adam. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna kiwo, noma masu canzawa, kiwo, noma, da masana'antu (Park 2006).

Kiwon kiwo, wanda kuma aka fi sani da farauta da tarawa, wata dabara ce ta abinci da gungun mutane ke tattara tsiron daji suna farautar namun daji domin samun abinci. Wannan dabara ita ce kawai yanayin wanzuwar ɗan adam ga mafi yawan tarihin ɗan adam (wanda ya haɗa da tarihin kayan tarihi da burbushin halittu) kuma wasu ƴan ƙungiyoyi sun ci gaba da aiwatar da su aƙalla zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. Wannan yanayin samarwa gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da ƙanana, ƙungiyoyin makiyaya waɗanda ba su wuce hamsin ba, waɗanda kuma aka sani da makada. Galibin al'ummomin masu kiwon dabbobi ba su yarda da mallakar filaye na keɓance ko wasu manyan albarkatu ba, kodayake sun yarda da haƙƙin amfani na farko ga ƙungiyoyi kuma mutane na iya mallakar ƙananan abubuwa ko kayan aiki daban-daban kamar baka ko kayan aikin yanke. Saboda yawan cin abinci ya ƙunshi motsi akai-akai da shan abinci a zahiri maimakon canza yanayin ƙasa don samarwa, masana da yawa sun ce abincin yana da ƙarancin tasirin muhalli idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin samarwa. Ko da yake masu noman abinci gabaɗaya suna da iyaka a cikin cikakken adadin abinci da ake samu a wani yanki, ƙungiyoyin kiwon abinci irin su ! Sau da yawa ana ambaton Kung a cikin hamadar Kalahari a matsayin mai cin abinci iri-iri kuma yana kashe lokaci kaɗan don sayan abinci a kowane mako fiye da al'ummomin da ke aiwatar da wasu hanyoyin samarwa kamar aikin noma mai zurfi.

Canjin noma  shine yanayin samarwa wanda ya haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarancin samar da abinci na tushen shuka; Wannan yanayin kuma ana kiransa noma ko 'slash and ƙone noma' a wasu matani. Ƙungiyoyin kayan lambu gabaɗaya suna zaune a ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu na ƴan ɗaruruwan waɗanda suke share fili kuma suna kona ciyayi da suka bushe don amfani da toka don ciyar da ƙasa (don haka kalmar yankewa da ƙonewa). Bayan haka, ƙungiyar ta shuka amfanin gona ko amfanin gona a wannan shukar kuma tana amfani da ita don noma na shekaru da yawa. A ƙarshen wannan lokacin, ƙauyen duka sun ƙaura tare da fara aiwatar da sabon tsari, yana barin tsohuwar share fage na tsawon shekaru da yawa don ba da damar sake farfadowa ta hanyar sake girma na ciyayi na daji. Ana iya ƙara waɗannan abubuwan abinci ta hanyar kiwon dabbobi, farautar farautar daji, da kuma a lokuta da yawa tare da tattara tsire-tsire na daji (Miller 2005; Park 2006). Ko da yake motsi na lokaci-lokaci yana hana cikakken mallakar filaye na dindindin, wasu al'ummomin lambuna suna kare yankuna na yanzu suna yin tashin hankali ga ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta. Misali, Napoleon Chagnon (1997) ya kwatanta Yanamamo na Venezuela da Brazil a matsayin “Mutane masu zafin rai”, ko da yake wasu sun yi matukar suka ga labarin Chagnon na wannan al’umma. Aikin noma na iya samar da abinci mai faɗi, kuma a wasu lokuta ƙarin abinci a kowace yanki na ƙasar fiye da kiwo. Ko da yake yawan masu aikin lambu suna da yawa fiye da na masu sana'a, gabaɗaya ba su da yawa fiye da waɗanda ke yin wasu hanyoyin samarwa. Idan an yi aiki a kan ƙaramin sikelin, a kan babban yanki, tare da dogon lokaci mai fallow, aikin gona ba shi da ƙarancin tasirin muhalli fiye da aikin gona ko masana'antu, amma fiye da noma (Miller 2005). Gabaɗaya, aikin lambu ya zo daidai da nau'in tattalin arziƙin rayuwa ta fuskar samarwa, rarrabawa.

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