Mai canzawa

A cikin ilmin halitta, kuma musamman a cikin kwayoyin halitta, wata kwayar halitta halitta ce ko sabon halter kwayar halitta wanda ya taso ko ya samo asali daga misali na maye gurbi, wanda gabaɗaya shine canji na jerin DNA na kwayar halitta ko chromosome na kwayar cuta. Halin ne wanda ba za a lura da shi ta halitta a cikin samfurin ba. Ana amfani da kalmar mutant ga kwayar cuta tare da canji a cikin jerin nucleotide wanda kwayar halitta take cikin kwayar halitta ta nukiliya. Abubuwan da suka faru na maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta suna da mahimmanci ga tsarin juyin halitta. Nazarin mutants wani bangare ne na ilmin halitta; ta hanyar fahimtar tasirin da maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta ke da shi, yana yiwuwa a kafa aikin al'ada na wannan kwayar halitta.

 Mutants sun taso ne ta hanyar maye gurbi 
Mutants sun taso ne ta hanyar maye gurbi da ke faruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta da suka riga sun kasance sakamakon kurakurai na Kwafin DNA ko kurakurai da ke Gyara DNA. Kuskuren maimaitawa sau da yawa sun haɗa da kira ta hanyar DNA polymerase lokacin da ya haɗu da kuma wucewa da tushe da ya lalace a cikin madauri. Lalacewar DNA wani tsari ne na sinadarai a cikin DNA, kamar raguwar igiya ko tushe mai ƙarancin ƙarancin cuta, yayin da maye gurbi, akasin haka, canji ne a cikin jerin daidaitattun nau'ikan tushe. Kuskuren gyare-gyare yana faruwa lokacin da hanyoyin gyare-gine ba daidai ba ne suka maye gurbin jerin DNA da suka lalace. Tsarin gyaran DNA na microhomology-tsakanin ƙarshen haɗin kai yana da kuskuren kuskure.

 Magana 
Kodayake ba duk maye gurbin suna da tasirin phenotypic ba, amfani da kalmar "mutant" gabaɗaya kalma ce mai banƙyama, ana amfani da ita ne kawai don maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ko phenotypically. A baya, mutane sun yi amfani da kalmar "wasa" (mai alaƙa da tsalle-tsalle) don komawa ga samfurori marasa kyau. Amfani da kimiyya ya fi girma, yana nufin kowane kwayoyin da ya bambanta da nau'Irin daji. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin mūtant- (tushen mūtāns), wanda ke nufin "canji".

Bai kamata a rikita mutants da kwayoyin da aka haifa tare da Rashin daidaituwa na ci gaba ba, wanda ya haifar da kurakurai yayin morphogenesis. A cikin rashin daidaituwa na ci gaba, DNA na kwayoyin ba ya canzawa kuma ba za a iya ba da rashin daidaituwa ga zuriya ba. Ma'aurata masu haɗin kai sune sakamakon rashin daidaituwa na ci gaba.

Chemicals da ke haifar da abnormalities na ci gaba ana kiransu teratogens; waɗannan na iya haifar da maye gurbi, amma tasirin su akan ci gaba ba shi da alaƙa da maye gurbin. Ana kiran sunadarai da ke haifar da maye gurbi mutagens. Yawancin mutagens kuma ana ɗaukar su masu haifar da cutar kansa.

 Canje-canje na epigenetic 
Canje-canje sun bambanta sosai da canje-canjen epigenetic, kodayake suna da wasu siffofi iri ɗaya. Dukansu suna tasowa ne a matsayin canjin chromosome wanda za a iya kwafi kuma a wuce zuwa ga tsararrakin tantanin halitta masu zuwa. Dukansu, lokacin da ke faruwa a cikin kwayar halitta, na iya dakatar da bayyanar kwayar halitta. Yayin da layukan tantanin halitta masu canzawa ke tasowa a matsayin canji a cikin jerin tushe na yau da kullun, layukan tantanin halitta masu canzawa ta hanyar epigenetic suna riƙe da jerin tushe na yau da kullun amma suna da jerin kwayoyin halitta tare da matakan bayyanawa da aka canza waɗanda za a iya wucewa zuwa tsararrakin tantanin halitta masu zuwa. Canje-canjen Epigenetic sun haɗa da methylation na tsibiran CpG na mai haɓaka kwayar halitta da kuma takamaiman gyare-gyaren histone na chromatin. Gyaran chromosomes marasa kyau a wuraren da lalacewar DNA ta faru na iya haifar da duka layin tantanin halitta masu canzawa. McVey M, Lee SE (November 2008). "MMEJ repair of double-strand breaks (director's cut): deleted sequences and alternative endings". Trends Genet. 24 (11): 529–38. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.08.007. PMC 5303623. PMID 18809224. da / ko nau'ikan sel masu canzawa. 

 Dubi kuma 

 p.r. Morin mutagenic 2133075 U.S.M.C. DoneEvolutionJuyin Halitta
 Injiniyanci na kwayoyin halitta
 Kwayar halitta da aka canza ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta
 Mutants a cikin almara
 Canjin maye
 Kisan kai na roba
 Samun damar yin amfani da shi

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

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