Tsarin darajar noma

Tsarin darajar aikin gona shine haɗin kaya da ayyuka (sashin darajar) da ake buƙata don samfurin aikin gona don motsawa daga mai samarwa zuwa mabukaci na ƙarshe. An yi amfani da manufar tun farkon karni, da farko daga waɗanda ke aiki a ci gaban noma a Kasashe masu tasowa, kodayake babu ma'anar kalmar da aka yarda da ita a duniya.
Kalmar darajar ta fara shahara ne a cikin wani littafi da Michael Porter ya buga a shekarar 1985,  wanda ya yi amfani da shi don kwatanta yadda kamfanoni zasu iya cimma abin da ya kira "amfanin gasa" ta hanyar ƙara darajar a cikin ƙungiyar su. Daga baya, an karɓi kalmar don dalilai na ci gaban noma  kuma yanzu ya zama abin sha'awa sosai tsakanin waɗanda ke aiki a wannan fagen, tare da yawancin kungiyoyin agaji na biyu da na ƙasashe da yawa suna amfani da shi don jagorantar sa hannun ci gaban su.

A cikin zuciyar ma'anar sarkar darajar noma shine ra'ayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da aka haɗa tare da sarkar samarwa da isar da kayayyaki ga masu amfani ta hanyar jerin ayyukan. Koyaya, wannan sarkar "ta tsaye" ba za ta iya aiki a warewa ba kuma wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin sarkar darajar shi ne cewa yana la'akari da tasirin "horizontal" a kan sarkar, kamar shigarwa da samar da kuɗi, tallafin tsawo da yanayin da ke ba da damar gaba ɗaya. An sami hanyar da amfani, musamman daga masu ba da gudummawa, saboda ya haifar da la'akari da duk waɗannan abubuwan da ke tasiri ga ikon manoma don samun damar kasuwanni da riba, wanda ke haifar da manyan hanyoyin shiga tsakani. Ana amfani da shi don inganta sarƙoƙi da ke akwai da kuma masu ba da gudummawa don gano damar kasuwa ga ƙananan manoma.

 Ma'anar 
Babu ma'anar da aka yarda da ita game da abin da ke nufi da sarkar ƙimar noma. Lalle ne, wasu hukumomi suna amfani da kalmar ba tare da samun ma'anar aiki ko ma'anoni ba kuma kawai sake bayyana ayyukan da ke gudana a matsayin aikin "daraja" lokacin da kalmar ta shiga cikin vogue. Ma'anar da aka buga sun haɗa da Bankin Ƙungiya "kalmar "'value chain"" ta bayyana cikakken ayyukan ƙara ƙimar da ake buƙata don kawo samfurin ko sabis ta hanyar matakai daban-daban na samarwa, gami da sayen albarkatun kasa da sauran abubuwan shigarwa",  UNIDO's "masu wasan kwaikwayo da aka haɗa tare da sarkar samarwa, canzawa da kawo kayayyaki da aiyuka ga masu amfani da ƙarshen ta hanyar jerin ayyukan",  da CIAT's "cibiyar sadarwa ta dabarun tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da Ciyawa.

Ba tare da ma'anar duniya ba, ana amfani da kalmar "sarkar darajar" yanzu don nunawa ga nau'ikan sarkar, gami da:

 Kasuwar kayayyaki ta kasa da kasa, ko kuma ta yanki. Misalan na iya haɗawa da "sashin darajar auduga na duniya",  "sashin ƙimar masara na kudancin Afirka" ko "sashin farashin kofi na Brazil";
 Kasuwar kayayyaki ta ƙasa ko ta gida ko tsarin talla kamar "sashin darajar tumatir na Ghana" ko ""sashin darafar tumatir na Accra";
 Tsarin samarwa, wanda zai iya rufe duka biyun da ke sama;
 Wani tsawo samar da kayayyaki ko tashar tallace-tallace, wanda ya kunshi duk ayyukan da ake buƙata don samar da samfurin, gami da bayanai / faɗaɗa, tsarawa, shigarwa da kuɗi. Wataƙila ita ce mafi yawan amfani da kalmar sarkar darajar;
 Wani sarkar sadaukarwa da aka tsara don biyan bukatun daya ko iyakantaccen adadin masu siye. Wannan amfani, wanda ya fi aminci ga ra'ayin Porter, yana jaddada cewa an tsara sarkar darajar don kama darajar ga duk 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan don biyan bukatun masu amfani ko na wani mai siyarwa, mai sarrafawa ko kamfanin sabis na abinci wanda ke samar da waɗannan masu amfani. An sanya jaddadawa sosai a kan buƙata a matsayin tushen darajar.

 Hanyoyin sarkar darajar 
Masu ba da gudummawa da sauransu da ke tallafawa ci gaban noma, kamar su FAO, Bankin Ƙungiya, GIZ, DFID, ILO, IIED da UNIDO, sun samar da takardu da yawa da aka tsara don taimakawa ma'aikatan su da sauransu don kimanta sarkar darajar don yanke shawara kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa don sabunta sarkar da ke akwai ko inganta sabbin.Riisgaard, L; S. Ponte. "Pro-poor value chain development: 25 guiding questions for designing and implementing agroindustry projects" (PDF). UNIDO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.Lundy, M.; M. V. Gottret; C. Ostertag; R. Best; S. Ferris. "Participatory market chain analysis for smallholder producers". CIAT. Archived from the original on 2009-12-25. Koyaya, an fassara aikace-aikacen nazarin sarkar darajar daban-daban ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, tare da yiwuwar tasirin tasirin ci gaban su. Yaduwar jagororin ya faru ne a cikin wani yanayi inda mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi ra'ayi da hanyoyin bincike da ci gaba har yanzu suna tasowa. Yawancin waɗannan jagororin sun haɗa da ba kawai cikakkun hanyoyin da ke buƙatar masana su gudanar da bincike ba har ma suna amfani da cikakkun hanyoyin ilimi.Henriksen, L.; L. Riisgaard; S. Ponte; F. Hartwich; P. Kormawa. "Agro-Food Value Chain Interventions in Asia: A review and analysis of case studies. Working Paper" (PDF). UNIDO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan hanyar shine kwatanta wannan sarkar darajar a tsawon lokaci (bincike na kwatankwacin ko kwamitin) don tantance canje-canje a cikin haya, shugabanci, ingantaccen tsarin da tsarin ma'aikata.

 Haɗakar da manoma zuwa kasuwanni 
Babban sashi na aikin ci gaban sarkar darajar ya damu da hanyoyin haɗa masu samarwa zuwa kamfanoni, sabili da haka cikin sarkar darajoji. Duk da yake akwai misalai na cikakkun sarkar darajar da ba su haɗa da ƙananan masu mallakar ba (misali Unilever tana aiki da wuraren shayi da wuraren sarrafa shayi a Kenya sannan ta haɗu da kuma shirya shayi a Turai kafin sayar da shi a matsayin Lipton, Brooke Bond ko PG Tips), babban ɓangaren darajar noma sun haɗa da tallace-tallace ga kamfanoni daga manoma masu zaman kansu. Irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi sun haɗa da aikin gona na kwangila wanda manomi ya yi alkawarin samar da adadin amfanin gona ko kayan dabbobi, bisa ga ƙa'idodin inganci da bukatun isar da mai siye, sau da yawa a farashin da aka kafa a gaba. Kamfanoni sau da yawa sun yarda su tallafa wa manomi ta hanyar samar da shigarwa, shirye-shiryen ƙasa, shawarwarin tsawaitawa da jigilar kayan zuwa gidansu.

 Sashin darajar hadawa 
Aiki don inganta haɗin kasuwa a kasashe masu tasowa galibi ya dogara ne akan manufar "ƙididdigar ƙima", wanda yawanci ke mai da hankali kan gano hanyoyin da za a iya haɗa ƙananan manoma cikin sarkar da ke akwai ko sabbin ƙimar ko kuma za su iya cire ƙima mafi girma daga sarkar, ko dai ta hanyar ƙara inganci ko kuma ta hanyar aiwatar da ƙarin ayyuka tare da sarkar. A cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a kan batun ma'anar "haɗewa" sau da yawa ba daidai ba ne saboda sau da yawa babu tabbas ko manufar ci gaba ita ce ta haɗa da dukkan manoma ko kuma wadanda suka fi dacewa da damar. Littattafai masu tasowa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata suna ƙara ambaton darajar samar da alhakin ko abin da ake kira "sadarwar wadata mai dorewa". 

 Ci gaba a cikin sarkar darajar noma 
Matsayin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wajen cimma dorewa an kara gane shi tun lokacin da aka buga Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) a cikin 1987 ta Hukumar Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban. Kwanan nan, rawar da sarkar darajar ke takawa ta zama sananne sosai kuma kasuwancin suna fitowa a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da dorewa. Kevin Dooley, Babban Masanin Kimiyya na Ci gaba, ya yi jayayya cewa irin waɗannan hanyoyin da ke cikin kasuwa sune hanya mafi inganci da tasiri don haifar da karɓar ayyukan ɗorewa. Duk da haka, akwai damuwa game da ko sarkar darajar da gaske tana motsa dorewa  ko kawai wanke kore. 

Wadannan ra'ayoyin kuma ana iya fadada su ko fahimta a matsayin ƙarfin iko. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ko haka, nau'ikan shugabanci sun fito ne inda kasuwanci, jama'a da masu wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a suka yi hulɗa, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa suna da'awar sababbin ra'ayoyi na halattacce har ma da yiwuwar dorewa. [1] 

Masana ciki har da Michael Schmidt (Dean da Shugaban Sashen, Jami'ar Brandenburg da Daniele Giovannucci (Shugaban Kwamitin Binciken Ci gaba) sun yi la'akari da cewa shaidar tana fitowa akan abin da ke sa sarkar darajar ta ci gaba.

Har ila yau, akwai shaidar cewa ana iya auna sarkar darajar duniya da ke da tasiri a kan muhalli da al'ummomin da suke aiki kamar manoma da masu samarwa yadda ya kamata. Bankin Duniya kuma yana tallafawa hangen nesa cewa GVCs na iya zama mai mahimmanci don ci gaba mai ɗorewa kuma yana ba da misalai da bayanai da yawa. 

 Kudin sarkar ƙimar noma 
Kudin sarkar kayan aikin gona yana damuwa da kwararar kudade zuwa da kuma cikin sarkar darajar don biyan bukatun masu wasan sarkar don kudi, don tabbatar da tallace-tallace, don siyan shigarwa ko samarwa, ko don inganta inganci. Binciken yiwuwar samun kudi na sarkar darajar ya haɗa da tsarin cikakke don nazarin sarkar, waɗanda ke aiki a ciki, da haɗin su. Wadannan alaƙa suna ba da damar samun kuɗi ta hanyar sarkar. Misali, ana iya ba da gudummawa ga manoma kuma ana iya biyan kuɗin kai tsaye lokacin da aka isar da samfurin, ba tare da buƙatar manoma su karɓi rance daga banki ko makamancin haka ba. Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a karkashin shirye-shiryen noma na kwangila. Nau'o'in tsabar kudi sun haɗa da samar da kudade ta hanyar dillali da masu ba da kuɗi ko bashi wanda kamfanin talla ko kamfanin jagora ya bayar. Sauran kayan aikin kudi na kasuwanci sun haɗa da kudaden karɓa inda bankin ke ci gaba da kudade game da sanya kayan karɓa na gaba daga mai siye, da kuma ƙaddamar da abin da kasuwanci ke sayar da asusun da za a iya karɓa a ragi. Har ila yau, faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin kuɗin sarkar kuɗi shine jinginar dukiya, kamar bisa ga takardun ajiya, da rage haɗari, kamar kwangila na gaba, makomar da inshora.

 Amfani da ICTs a cikin sarkar darajar 
Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa, ko ICTs, sun zama muhimmiyar kayan aiki wajen inganta ingancin darajar aikin gona. An sami fadadawa cikin sauri a cikin amfani da fasahar wayar hannu, musamman. Farashin ayyukan ICT yana fadowa kuma fasahar tana zama mafi araha ga mutane da yawa a kasashe masu tasowa. Aikace-aikacen na iya tallafawa manoma kai tsaye ta hanyar saƙonnin SMS. Misalan sun haɗa da , wanda aka haɓaka a Kenya, wanda ke ba da bayani game da lokacin daukar ciki, game da insemination na wucin gadi na shanu, da kuma yadda za a kula da su. Aikace-aikacen irin su M-Pesa  na iya tallafawa samun damar yin amfani da sabis na biyan kuɗi na hannu don yawancin waɗanda ba su da bankuna, don haka sauƙaƙe ma'amaloli a cikin sarkar darajar. An haɓaka wasu aikace-aikace don inganta samar da inshorar amfanin gona ta hanyar dillalan shigarwa, alal misali.

Ana kuma amfani da ICTs don ƙarfafa ikon jami'an fadada aikin gona da ma'aikatan filin NGO don isa ga manoma tare da bayanai masu dacewa da daidaito kuma, a lokaci guda, taimakawa kama bayanai daga filin. Shirin Ma'aikacin Ilimi na Al'umma (CKW) na Gidauniyar Grameen ƙaramin misali ne. Ana horar da wakilan manoma don amfani da aikace-aikacen ICT a kan wayar salula don samar da bayanan noma da tallafin tsawo. Sauran kokarin sun hada da Lutheran World Relief's Mobile Farmer da kuma kokarin da aka samu daga Bill da Melinda Gates Foundation a Afirka. Yawancin Bayanan farashin kasuwa yanzu ana isar da su ga manoma ta hanyar SMS. Bugu da ƙari tare da sarkar, fasahohi suna ba da dama mai yawa don haɓaka ganowa, wanda ya dace musamman yayin da takaddun shaida ke girma cikin mahimmanci. Inda ya cancanta masu fitarwa da yawa yanzu zasu iya gano kayan aiki ga kowane manoma kuma su dauki matakan da suka dace don magance matsalolin. A ƙarshe, tsarin kamar , wanda Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa ya inganta, suna tallafawa masu binciken noma ta hanyar tattara bayanai da bincike da kuma samun dama ga wallafe-wallafen bincike na zamani.

 Sabuntawa na sarkar darajar 
Ana ci gaba da inganta sarkar darajar noma. Baya ga ICTs, sababbin abubuwa sun faru a matakin sayarwa ta hanyar, alal misali, sabis na isar da abinci a kan layi; da kuma samarwa, sarrafawa, da rarraba, kamar ta hanyar amfani da drones na noma da aikin gona, ingantaccen gudanar da sarkar samarwa, da kuma gano abinci. A sakamakon ƙididdigar bayanai, manoma yanzu suna iya samun bayanai akan ƙasa, yanayi, ban ruwa, kwari da cututtuka, da farashin kasuwa. Kasuwancin isar da abinci suna amfani da bayanai don kara wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da abokan ciniki suka fi so, kuma ana iya amfani da bayanai wajen rage asarar abinci da sharar gida.

Ga ƙananan masu fama, duk da haka, kirkire-kirkire na iya haifar da manyan ƙalubale. Hakazalika, ƙananan masana'antun noma sun kasance masu jinkiri don karɓar sarrafa kansa da ƙira idan aka kwatanta da manyan kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu yawa. Digitalization na aikin gona yana da tsada, kuma yana buƙatar wadatar ƙwarewar da ta dace, don haka ƙananan manoma a cikin tattalin arzikin da ke tasowa a halin yanzu suna amfani da irin waɗannan fasahohi ko, idan sun yi, sun kasa amfani da cikakken damar su. Kodayake ƙananan kamfanoni sun haɓaka don yin aikin gona na bayanai ga ƙananan masu mallakar, suna gwagwarmaya don samun kuɗin ayyukansu, waɗanda galibi ana tallafawa da masu ba da gudummawa kuma ana ba da su ga manoma a ƙarami ko babu farashi. A gefe guda, manyan manoma yawanci masu amfani da fasahar dijital ne. Wannan yana da tasirin fadada gibin inganci tsakanin manyan gonaki ko shuke-shuke da kananan manoma, wanda ke haifar da karuwar rashin daidaito a cikin tsarin abinci. Innovation a matakin karamin mai shi ne ke aiki mafi kyau lokacin da yanayin manufofi ke fa'ida ci gaban sarkar darajar kuma sarkar tana ba da babbar damar ƙara darajar.

 Yanayi mai ba da damar 
Kamar yadda yake tare da duk ci gaban noma, abubuwa biyu sun bayyana suna da mahimmanci don ci gaban sarkar darajar nasara: ƙirƙirar yanayin da ya dace don noma da saka hannun jari a cikin kayan jama'a na karkara. Yanayi mai ba da damar yana nufin zaman lafiya da tsari na jama'a, kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki, hauhawar farashi a ƙarƙashin iko, farashin musayar da ya danganci tushen kasuwa maimakon rabon kuɗin waje na gwamnati, haraji mai yiwuwa wanda aka sake sakawa a cikin kayan jama'a da haƙƙin mallaka. Akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa da ci gaban noma tare da saka hannun jari a cikin ban ruwa, ababen more rayuwa na sufuri da sauran fasahohi. Gwamnatoci suna da alhakin samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka masu mahimmanci, ababen more rayuwa, kamar hanyoyin karkara, da bincike da fadada aikin gona. Ci gaban sarkar darajar sau da yawa yana ƙuntata ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa, a matakin da ya fi girma da kuma hanyoyin da aka samu a kasashe da yawa, musamman a Afirka. Matakai da yawa don inganta sarkar darajar suna buƙatar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatu daban-daban, kuma wannan na iya zama da wahala a cimma.

 Dubi kuma 


 Kasuwancin noma
 Tallace-tallace na noma
 Bambancin noma
 Yarjejeniyar noma
 Tsarin darajar

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba