Kogon Romuald

Kogon Romuald ( Croatian : Romualdova pećina ) kogo ne a yammacin gundumar Istria, Croatia, wanda ya ƙunshi sanannun zane-zanen kogo a kudu maso gabashin Turai,  da kuma alamun dabbobi da na ɗan adam Upper Paleolithic mazaunin. Kodayake an tono kogon tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19, an samo zane-zane ne kawai a cikin 2010, ta Farfesa Darko Komšo, yayin da aka buga binciken a Antiquity a cikin 2019. 

 Fage 
Kogon Romuald yana kan gangaren gabas na tashar Lim, a tsayin  . An fara daga ƙarshen karni na 19, masu binciken kayan tarihi daban-daban sun hako shi sau da yawa. Ya sami sananne a cikin 1980s tare da aikin Farfesa Mirko Malez, wanda shine farkon wanda ya lura da kasancewar kayan aikin dutse na Upper Paleolithic. Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna ƙarin kayan aikin dutse da ragowar dabba daga Pleistocene da Holocene, da yumbu, fauna da kwarangwal na mutum daga duka Bronze da Iron Age . 
Za a iya bambanta nau'i-nau'i na asali guda biyar a cikin ma'anar kogon: 

 Layer A yana ƙunshe da yumbu waɗanda za'a iya kwanan watan zuwa ƙarshen Bronze da farkon Zamanin ƙarfe na Istria, galibi ana ƙawata su ta hanyar tsagi, sarewa, ƙaƙa, zanen yatsu da aikace-aikacen filastik cikin siffar takalmin doki, layin zig-zag da maɓalli. Ragowar faunal na badgers, zomaye, foxes da tumaki . An kuma gano kwarangwal na mutane biyu, babba namiji daya sama da shekaru 35 da kuma yaro daya kasa da shekaru 5, tare da ragowar da aka rubuta zuwa 3150 BP .
 Layer B yana ƙunshe da abubuwan da ba kasafai ake samu na kayan aikin dutse ba, waɗanda za a iya kwanan watan bisa ga maƙasudin zuwa farkon Holocene ko ƙarshen Pleistocene .
 Layer C yana ƙunshe da abubuwan da ba kasafai ake samu na kayan aikin dutse da aka samu na dabbobi da yawa ba, waɗanda ba a buga su ba.
 Layer D yana ƙunshe da kayan aikin dutse waɗanda za a iya komawa zuwa tsakiyar Paleolithic na tsakiya, tare da shekarun Layer wanda aka samo su ~ 40-50 shekaru dubu, dangane da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon . Shaidar fauna suna da yawa, tare da ragowar dabbobi irin su kogon kogo, jajayen barewa, canines da sauransu.
 An yi imanin Layer E ya girmi shekaru dubu 50, tare da wasu ƴan kayan tarihi da aka samo, waɗanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin Layer D da E.

 Zane-zane 
An sami jimlar zane-zane 44 a cikin kogon Roumald. Hotunan, duk an yi su da jajayen launi, sun shimfiɗa tsakanin  daga ƙofar, kuma an raba su zuwa bangarori huɗu: uku a hagu da ɗaya a bangon dama. 28 daga cikin 44 zane-zane suna a gefen hagu na L2, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi duka huɗun siffofi na kogon. Hotuna guda biyu da ba su da kyau a kiyaye su ne anthropomorphic, suna kwatanta mutane, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana da alama yana da tsayi . 

Biyu daga cikin siffofi huɗu na alama na dabbobi ne: bison da ƙawa . Kamar yadda bison ya ƙare a kudancin Turai da 13.3 zuwa 12 dubu BP, ya kafa ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙarshen fasahar kogon. Ƙahohin U-dimbin yawa, a bangarorin biyu na kan bison, wani al'ada ne na musamman ga Early Upper Paleolithic kuma ana iya samuwa a cikin fasahar kogo a fadin Turai. Ita ma ibex hoto ne na gama-gari a cikin hoto na Upper Paelolithic. Jajayen tabon da ke rufe kai da gaban bishiyar bix al'ada ce ta fasahar kogo a yammacin Turai, musamman waɗanda suka rigaya kafin zamanin Magdaleniya . 

 Dating 
Zance na zanen kogon ya ta’allaka ne da abubuwa uku: salon zanen da kansu, da kwanan wata shaidar da mutum yake zaune a kofar kogon, da kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da radiocarbon na samfurin gawayi guda uku kusa da zanen.

Akwai babban bambanci a cikin kwanakin da aka samu daga wuraren zama a ƙofar kogon, da kuma daga waɗanda aka samu ta hanyar haɗin radiyo na samfuran gawayi. Kididdigar kwanakin da aka yi a kofar kogon ya kai 34 zuwa 31.5 dubu BP, yayin da biyu daga cikin samfuran gawayi sun dawo da ranar BP dubu 17, sannan samfurin gawayi daya mai mayar da ranar BP dubu 12.7. Tare da bambance-bambancen shaida na yanzu, za a iya yiwuwa zance guda biyu na lokaci-lokaci don fasahar kogon: ko dai ana iya kwanan su zuwa farkon Paleolithic na Farko (34-31 dubu BP), ko zuwa Epigravettian (BP dubu 17), kodayake ɗayan kwanakin da aka samu ta hanyar sadarwar rediyocarbon za a ɗauka a matsayin gurɓatacce. 

 Manazarta