Jerin mafi girman fashewar aman wuta

A cikin ffashewa dutsen mai aman wuta, ana fitar da lava,  na dutsen mai aman wuta. Duk da yake fashewa da yawa suna haifar da haɗari ne kawai ga yankin da ke kewaye da su, fashewar mafi girma na Duniya na iya samun babban tasiri na yanki ko ma na duniya, tare da wasu da ke shafar yanayi kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga halakawar jama'a. Ana iya kwatanta fashewar dutsen wuta gabaɗaya a matsayin fashewar fashewa, fashewar duwatsu da toka, ko fashewar faduwa, fasalin fashewar laka mai sauƙi. An ba da jerin daban-daban a ƙasa don kowane nau'in.

Wataƙila akwai irin wannan fashewa da yawa a lokacin Tarihin Duniya fiye da waɗanda aka nuna a cikin waɗannan jerin. Koyaya rushewa da tectonics na farantin sun ɗauki nauyin su, kuma fashewa da yawa ba su bar isasshen shaida ga masu ilimin ƙasa don tabbatar da girman su ba. Ko da ga fashewar da aka lissafa a nan, kimantawa na ƙarar da ta fashe na iya zama ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas.

 Fashewar Abubuwa 
A cikin fashewar Abubuwa, fashewar magma yana motsawa ta hanyar saurin sakin matsa lamba, sau da yawa ya haɗa da fashewar iskar gas da aka narkar da a cikin kayan.  Shahararrun fashewar tarihi da barna sun fi irin wannan.  Wani lokaci mai fashewa zai iya ƙunshi fashewa guda ɗaya, ko jerin fashewa da yawa ya bazu cikin kwanaki da yawa, makonni ko watanni.  Fashewar fashewa yakan haɗa da kauri, mai ɗanɗano sosai, silicic ko magma felsic, mai girma cikin maras ƙarfi kamar tururin ruwa da carbon dioxide.  Abubuwan Pyroclastic sune samfurin farko, yawanci a cikin nau'i na tuff.  Fashewar girman wancan a tafkin Toba shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata, aƙalla kilomita 2,800 cubic (670 cu mi), ko fashewar Yellowstone shekaru 620,000 da suka gabata, kusan kilomita 1,000 cubic (240 cu mi), yana faruwa a duk duniya kowace shekara 50,000 zuwa 1000,000,Roy Britt, Robert (8 March 2005). "Super Volcano Will Challenge Civilization, Geologists Warn". LiveScience. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2010.  
Volcano—eruption(Data in this table are from Ward (2009) unless noted otherwise)  Supplementary Table I:  Supplementary Table II: Age (millions of years)LocationVolume (km3)NotesGuarapuava —Tamarana—SarusasParaná and Etendeka traps8,600The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found. Additionally, the Sarusas quartz latite may have been erupted by multiple eruptions.Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid Ukstins Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; J.S. Marsh; Jodie A. Miller (2010). "The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 102 (3–4): 207. Bibcode:2010ESRv..102..207B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2020-03-11.Santa Maria—FriaParaná and Etendeka traps7,800The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.Lake Toba Caldera—Youngest Toba TuffSunda Arc, IndonesiaLargest known eruption on earth in at least the last million years with most estimates placing it at 2800 cubic kilometers, possibly responsible for a population bottleneck of the human species (see Toba catastrophe theory)Guarapuava —VenturaParaná and Etendeka traps7,600The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.Flat Landing Brook EruptionFlat Landing Brook FormationOne of the largest and oldest supereruptions. Existence as a single eruption is controversial. Possibly a multiple 2,000+ km3 event under a million years.Sam Ignimbrite and Green TuffYemenVolume includes 5550 km3 of distal tuffs. This estimate is uncertain to a factor of 2 or 3.Goboboseb–Messum volcanic centre—Springbok quartz latite unitParaná and Etendeka traps, Brazil and Namibia6,340The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.Wah Wah Springs TuffIndian Peak-Caliente Caldera ComplexThe largest of the Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex, and includes flows over 4,000 meters thick at the most.Caxias do Sul—GrootbergParaná and Etendeka traps5,650The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.La Garita Caldera—Fish Canyon TuffSan Juan volcanic field, Colorado5,000Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma.Lund Tuff29.2 Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex4,400Formed the White Rock Caldera, one of the largest eruptions of the Mid-Tertiary Ignimbrite flareup.Jacui—Goboboseb IIParaná and Etendeka traps4,350The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.Ourinhos—KhorasebParaná and Etendeka traps3,900The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.Jabal Kura'a IgnimbriteYemenVolume estimate is uncertain to a factor of 2 or 3.Windows Butte tuffWilliam's Ridge, central Nevada3,500Part of the Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-upAnita Garibaldi—BeaconParaná and Etendeka traps3,450The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.Oxaya ignimbritesChile3,000Really a regional correlation of many ignimbrites originally thought to be distinctGakkel Ridge CalderaGakkel Ridge3,000It is the only known supervolcano located directly on the mid-ocean ridge.Grey's Landing SupereruptionLocated in southern Idaho>2,800One of 2 previously unknown Yellowstone hotspot Supereruptions; Largest Yellowstone eruption.Pacana Caldera—Atana ignimbriteChile2,800Forms a resurgent caldera.Mangakino Caldera—Kidnappers ignimbriteTaupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand2,760Iftar Alkalb—Tephra 4 WAfro-Arabian2,700Yellowstone Caldera—Huckleberry Ridge TuffYellowstone hotspotOne of the largest Yellowstone eruptions on recordNohi Rhyolite—Gero Ash-Flow SheetHonshū, Japan2,200Nohi Rhyolite total volume over 7,000 km3 in 70 to 72 Ma, Gero Ash-Flow Sheet being the largestWhakamaruTaupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand2,000Largest in the Southern Hemisphere in the Late QuaternaryPalmas BRA-21—WereldsendParaná and Etendeka traps1,900The nature of eruption is disputed. Paraná Province suggests an effusive origin from local sources. No ashfall deposits have been found, and the erupted volume could be 2-3 times larger than listed if any ashfall deposits are found.Kilgore tuffNear Kilgore, Idaho1,800Last of the eruptions from the Heise volcanic fieldMcMullen SupereruptionLocated in southern Idaho>1,700One of 2 previously unknown Yellowstone hotspot eruptions.Sana'a Ignimbrite—Tephra 2W63Afro-Arabian1,600Deicke and MillbrigEngland, exposed in Northern Europe and Eastern US1,509Also the site of  eruptions.One of the oldest large eruptions preservedBlacktail tuffBlacktail, Idaho1,500First of several eruptions from the Heise volcanic fieldMangakino Caldera—Rocky HillTaupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand1,495Aso CalderaKyushu, Japan930–1,860Aso-4 ignimbriteEmory Caldera—Kneeling Nun tuffMogollon-Datil volcanic field1,310Omine-Odai Caldera—Murou pyroclastic flowHonshū, Japan1,260A part of the large eruptions that occurred in southwest Japan to 13 to 15 Ma.Timber Mountain tuffSouthwestern Nevada1,200Also includes a 900 cubic km tuff as a second member in the tuffPaintbrush tuff (Tonopah Spring Member)Southwestern Nevada1,200Related to a 1000 cubic km tuff (Tiva Canyon Member) as another member in the Paintbrush tuffBachelor—Carpenter Ridge tuffSan Juan volcanic field1,200Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 MaBursum—Apache Springs TuffMogollon-Datil volcanic field1,200Related to a 1050 cubic km tuff, the Bloodgood Canyon tuffTaupō Volcano—Oruanui eruptionTaupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand1,170Most recent VEI 8 eruptionMangakino Caldera—Ongatiti–MangatewaiitiTaupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand1,150Huaylillas IgnimbriteBolivia1,100Predates half of the uplift of the central AndesBursum—Bloodgood Canyon TuffMogollon-Datil volcanic field1,050Related to a 1200 cubic km tuff, the Apache Springs tuffOkueyama CalderaKyūshū, Japan1,030A part of the large eruptions that occurred in southwest Japan to 13 to 15 Ma.Yellowstone Caldera—Lava Creek TuffYellowstone hotspot1,000Last large eruption in the Yellowstone National Park area estimated energy yield 875,000 megatons of tntAwasa CalderaMain Ethiopian Rift1,000Cerro GalánCatamarca Province, Argentina1,000Elliptical caldera is ~35 km widePaintbrush tuff (Tiva Canyon Member)Southwestern Nevada1,000Related to a 1200 cubic km tuff (Topopah Spring Member) as another member in the Paintbrush tuffSan Juan—Sapinero Mesa TuffSan Juan volcanic field1,000Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 MaUncompahgre—Dillon & Sapinero Mesa TuffsSan Juan volcanic field1,000Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 MaPlatoro—Chiquito Peak tuffSan Juan volcanic field1,000Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 MaMount Princeton—Wall Mountain tuffThirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado1,000Helped cause the exceptional preservation at Florissant Fossil Beds National MonumentAira CalderaKyushu, Japan940–1,040Osumi pumice fall deposit, Ito ignimbrite, and Aira-Tanzawa ash fall deposit

 Fashewar fashewa 
alt=A red-hot lava flow streams out of a fuming vent, meandering past the viewer under a low cloudy sky.|thumb|Fashewar dutse daga Krafla, Iceland
Fashewar Abubuwa ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙarami mai sauƙi, kwararar lava maimakon manyan fashe.  Za su iya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru ko shekarun da suka gabata, suna samar da ruwa mai yawa na mafic lava.  Misali, Kīlauea a kan Hawai'i ta ci gaba da fashewa daga 1983 zuwa 2018, tana samar da lava mai nisan kilomita 2.7 (1 cu mi) wanda ya mamaye fiye da murabba'in kilomita 100 (sq mi).  Duk da kamannun kamanninsu, fashewar fashewar na iya zama mai haɗari kamar fashewar fashewa: ɗaya daga cikin fashewar fashewar mafi girma a tarihi ya faru a Iceland lokacin fashewar Laki na 1783-1784, wanda ya samar da kusan kilomita 15 cubic (4 cu mi) na lava kuma ya kashe kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na al'ummar Iceland.    Rikicin da ya biyo baya ga yanayin yana iya kuma ya kashe miliyoyi a wasu wurare Har yanzu mafi girma shine fashewar Icelandic na Katla (fashewar Eldgjá) kusan 934, mai nisan kilomita 18 (4 cu mi) na fashewar lava, da fashewar Þjórsárhraun na Bárðarbunga kusan 67025 BCE, tare da murabba'in kilomita 67025 BCE.  fashewa, na karshen shine fashewa mafi girma a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata.  Filayen lava na waɗannan fashewar sun auna 565 km2 (Laki), 700 km2 (Eldgjá) da 950 km2 (Þjórssárhraun).
FitarwaShekaru (Miliyoyin shekaru) Wurin da yakeGirma (km3) BayaniRefsMahabaleshwar-Rajahmundry Traps (Upper) Rashin jituwa na Deccan, Indiya9,300Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid Ukstins Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; J.S. Marsh; Jodie A. Miller (2010). "The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 102 (3–4): 207. Bibcode:2010ESRv..102..207B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2020-03-11.Wapshilla Ridge yana gudanaKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka5,000–10,000Membin ya ƙunshi 8-10 gudana tare da jimlar ~50,000 km3 Gudun McCoy CanyonKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka4,300Gudun UmtanumKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka2,750Ruwan ruwa guda biyu tare da jimlar 5,500 km3 Gudun Sand HollowKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka2,660Pruitt Draw kwararaKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka2,350Gudun gidan kayan gargajiyaKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka2,350Moonaree DaciteGawler Range Volcanics, Ostiraliya2,050Ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin manyan fashewar da aka adanaRuwan RosaliaKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka1,900Ruwan Kogin JosephKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka1,850Ginkgo BasaltKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka1,600California Creek-Airway Heights kwararaKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka1,500Gudun ruwa na StemberKungiyar Basalt ta Kogin Columbia, Amurka1,200

 Manyan larduna masu cin wuta 
alt=The Siberian Traps underlie much of Russia, from the Lena River west to the Ural Mountains (around 3,000 km), and stretching south from the Arctic coast almost to Lake Baikal (around 2,000 km).|thumb|Yankin Siberiya Traps babban lardin igneous (map a cikin Jamusanci) 
Lokaci mai yawa na dutsen wuta a cikin abin da ake kira manyan larduna masu zafi sun samar da manyan tsaunuka na teku da ambaliyar ruwa a baya. Wadannan na iya kunshe da daruruwan manyan fashewa, suna samar da miliyoyin cubic kilomita na laka gabaɗaya. Babu wani babban fashewar ambaliyar ruwa da ya faru a tarihin ɗan adam, mafi kwanan nan ya faru sama da shekaru miliyan 10 da suka gabata. Sau da yawa ana danganta su da rushewar manyan nahiyoyi kamar Pangea a cikin rikodin ilimin ƙasa,  kuma suna iya ba da gudummawa ga yawancin halaka. Yawancin manyan larduna masu cin wuta ko dai ba a yi nazari sosai ba don tabbatar da girman fashewar su, ko kuma ba a kiyaye su da kyau don yin hakan ba. Yawancin fashewar da aka lissafa a sama sun fito ne daga manyan larduna biyu kawai: tarkon Paraná da Etendeka da Columbia River Basalt Group. Wannan shi ne mafi girman lardin da ke cikin wuta, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta. Jerin manyan larduna masu zafi ya biyo baya don samar da wasu alamun yawan manyan fashewa da za su iya ɓacewa daga jerin da aka bayar a nan.
Igneous provinceAge (Millions of years)LocationVolume (millions of km3)NotesRefsOntong Java–Manihiki–Hikurangi Plateau121 Southwest Pacific OceanLargest igneous body on Earth, later split into three widely separated oceanic plateaus, with a fourth component perhaps now accreted onto South America. Possibly linked to the Louisville hotspot.Kerguelen Plateau–Broken Ridge112 South Indian Ocean, Kerguelen IslandsLinked to the Kerguelen hotspot. Volume includes Broken Ridge and the Southern and Central Kerguelen Plateau (produced 120–95 Ma), but not the Northern Kerguelen Plateau (produced after 40 Ma).North Atlantic Igneous Province55.5North Atlantic OceanLinked to the Iceland hotspot.(Data in this table are from Ward (2009) unless noted otherwise) Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways" (PDF). Thin Solid Films. 517 (11). Elsevier B. V.: 3188–3203. Bibcode:2009TSF...517.3188W. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19. Supplementary Table I: "Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010. Supplementary Table II: "Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up32.5Southwest United States: mainly in Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and New MexicoMostly andesite to rhyolite explosive (.5 million km3) to effusive (5 million km3) eruptions, 25–40 Ma.  Includes many volcanic centers, including the San Juan volcanic field.Caribbean large igneous province88 Caribbean–Colombian oceanic plateauLinked to the Galápagos hotspot.Siberian Traps249.4Siberia, RussiaA large outpouring of lava on land, believed to have caused the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction ever.Karoo-Ferrar183 Mainly Southern Africa and Antarctica. Also South America, India, Australia and New ZealandFormed as Gondwana broke upParaná and Etendeka traps133 Brazil/Angola and NamibiaLinked to the Tristan hotspotCentral Atlantic magmatic province200 Laurasia continentsBelieved to be the cause of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. Formed as Pangaea broke upDeccan Traps66 Deccan Plateau, IndiaA large igneous province of west-central India, believed to have been one of the causes of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Linked to the Réunion hotspot.Emeishan Traps256.5Southwestern ChinaPossible cause of Capitanian mass extinction event, later may have contributed to the Permian–Triassic extinction event along with Siberian Traps.Coppermine River Group1267 Mackenzie Large Igneous Province/Canadian ShieldConsists of at least 150 individual flows.Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts28.5Ethiopia/Yemen/Afar, Arabian-Nubian ShieldAssociated with silicic, explosive tuffsColumbia River Basalt Group16 Pacific Northwest, United StatesWell exposed by Missoula Floods in the Channeled Scablands.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba