Jagorancin Yahudawa

Jagorancin Yahudawa (Ibraniyawa) ya samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci. Tun lokacin da aka lalata Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima a cikin 70 AZ, babu wata kungiya da ke da matsayi na jagoranci a kan dukan Yahudawa da ke zaune a kasashen waje. Rukunin Yahudanci daban-daban, da kuma addinin Yahudawa ko al'ummomin duniya da ƙungiyoyin siyasa a duniya suna zaɓar ko nada hukumomin su, galibi ana raba su da ƙasa ko yanki.

 Jagorancin tarihi 

 Jagorancin Littafi Mai-Tsarki (kafin 70 AZ) 
A zamanin Tanakh, nau'o'in jagoranci daban-daban sun bunkasa. Akwai shugabannin kabilun Ibrananci na asali, sannan kuma annabawa kamar Musa, Irmiya da Sama'ila waɗanda kalmomin su suka karfafa mutane har zuwa yau, alƙalai kamar Samson, Sarakuna kamar Dauda da Sulemanu, firistoci Haikali a Urushalima, da Sanhedrin wanda shine shari'a.

 Mishnaic, Talmudic, Jagorancin Zamanin Tsakiya (70 zuwa karni na 17) 
Tare da mutuwar tsoffin masarautun Isra'ila da Yahuza kuma ya dace da tawaye na Maccabees a kan tsohuwar Girka da kuma daga baya Yaƙe-yaƙe na Yahudawa da Romawa, masu hikima na Mishnah kuma daga baya Talmud, wanda ake kira Dokar Magana a cikin Yahudanci, sun ɗauki matsayi mai girma da kuma tsakiya. Bayan rushewar Haikali na Biyu da kuma gudun hijira na gaba kusan shekaru dubu biyu, Yahudawa da suka warwatse a duk faɗin duniya sun juya ga malamai mafi ilimi don jagorancin gida da majalisa.

A lokacin tawaye na Bar Kokhba a kan Daular Romawa (132-136), babban ikon addini Rabbi Akiva ya ba da izini ga Simon bar Kokhba ya zama shugaban yaƙi, yayin da a cikin karni na 2 Judah haNasi ba kawai shine babban shugaban duniya da Roma ta ba da izinin ba, har ma ya shirya aikin asali na Mishnah wanda ya zama "kundin tsarin mulki" na Yahudawa na duniya. Littattafan karshe na Talmud sun zama ainihin tsarin karatun mafi yawan Yahudawa.

A Babila Exilarch kusan koyaushe mutum ne na malamai. Geonim irin su Saadia Gaon (892-942) ba kawai manyan masu hikima ba ne har ma da jagororin siyasa. Rubuce-rubuce da hukunce-hukuncen irin su Rashi (1040-1105), Maimonides (1135-1204), Yosef Karo (1488-1575) wanda ya buga mafi yawan ka'idojin Dokar Yahudawa Shulkhan Arukh, Isaac Luria (1534-1572), Vilna Gaon (1720-1797), Chafetz Chaim (1838-1933) da sauransu da yawa sun tsara dokar Yahudawa kusan shekaru dubu biyu, yayin da aka buga hukunce-hin addininsu, aka rarraba, aka yi nazari, kuma aka kiyaye su har zuwa yanzu.

 Jagorancin zamani na farko (karni na 18 da 19) 
Tarin malamai masu ilimi waɗanda suka mallaki al'ummar Yahudawa da suka warwatse sun kasance masu rinjaye na dogon lokaci. Babban sassan Tsakiyar Turai sun yarda da jagorancin Majalisar Rabbinical na Kasashe Hudu daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. A Gabashin Turai, duk da kishiyar tsakanin makarantun tunani na Vilna Gaon (ko GRA, Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon, 1720-1797) na Mitnagdim, wanda ya yi magana da Hasidic Judaism da Ba'al Shem Tov (Rabbi Isra'ila ben Eliezer, 1700-1760), wanda ya kafa Hasidic Yahudanci, an dauki rabbi a matsayin masu sulhu na ƙarshe na yanke shawara na al'umma. An buga dubban Responsa da ayyuka da yawa kuma an yi nazarin duk inda Yahudawa ke zaune a cikin al'ummomin da aka tsara. A Yammacin Turai, musamman a cikin masarauta, inda ba a ba da daidaito ga yawan Yahudawa ba, Maskilim mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ya bayyana sabon rawar addini a matsayin ilimin 'yan ƙasa masu adalci - kamar Musa Mendelssohn a cikin littafinsa Urushalima ko On Religious Power and Judaism wanda shine martani ga mai gyara Prussian Christian Wilhelm von Dohm . Halin da ya fi dacewa da motsi na koyarwa ya kai ga haka, cewa ɗalibin Mendelssohn David Friedländer ya gano addinin Yahudanci tare da ɓoye al'adun Turai na zamani da addinin Yahudhi na duniya na iya ƙare a cikin juyawa zuwa addinin da ba a yarda da shi ba. A cikin sabani da malaminsa shugabancin zamani na farko ya zama shugabanci yaudara, wanda mabiyansa suka ƙare a matsayin "yan ƙasa Yahudawa ba tare da wani lamiri ba".

 Jagorancin addini na zamani (bayan karni na 19) 

 Rage tasirin malamai 
Tare da ci gaban Renaissance da ci gaban duniyar zamani, kuma yayin da aka maraba da Yahudawa a cikin al'ummar da ba Yahudawa ba musamman a zamanin Napoleon a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, Yahudawa sun fara barin Ghettos na Yahudawa a Turai, kuma a lokaci guda sun ƙi matsayin gargajiya na malamai a matsayin shugabannin al'umma da na addini. Sabbin shugabannin kamar Isra'ila Jacobson, mahaifin ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Jamus, ya ƙaddamar da daidaito, matsayin zamani wanda ya kalubalanci Orthodox. Sakamakon raguwa a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa ya fassara zuwa yanayin da babu wata kungiya mai kula da addini ga dukan al'ummar Yahudanci a halin yanzu.

 Jagoran majami'a na zamani 
A cikin ikilisiyoyin addini ko majami'u, jagoran ruhaniya gabaɗaya shine rabbi. Ana sa ran za a koyar da malamai a cikin Talmud da Shulkhan Arukh (Code of Jewish Law) da kuma sauran matani na gargajiya na ilimin Yahudawa. Rabbis suna wucewa ta hanyar horo na yau da kullun a cikin matani na Rabbinical da responsa, ko dai a yeshiva ko makamancin Hakki. "Rabbi" ba kalma ce ta duniya ba, duk da haka, kamar yadda yawancin al'ummomin Yahudawa na Sephardic ke kiran shugabanninsu Hakham ("mutum mai hikima"). Daga cikin Yahudawa na Yemen, wanda aka sani da Teimanim, ana amfani da kalmar Mori ("malamin na"). Kowace al'adar addini tana da nasa cancanta ga malamai; don ƙarin bayani, duba Semicha ("naɗa"). Wasu majami'u kuma suna amfani da cantor (hazzan ko chazzan) don jagorantar waƙar addu'ar liturgical. Cantors a cikin motsi na Reform suna da rawar da ke da fa'idodi da yawa. Suna yin addu'o'i, suna jagorantar waƙoƙin majalisa, kuma suna gabatar da sababbin waƙoƙi, suna haɗuwa da kiɗa na dā da na zamani. Cantors a cikin ikilisiyoyin gyare-gyare ko majami'u suna cikin malamai. Kiɗa da jagorancin addu'ar liturgical shine ainihin rawar da suke takawa, amma kuma suna iya jagorantar azuzuwan makarantar addini kuma suna yin ayyukan fastoci.

 Jagorancin Orthodox da Haredi 
In Israel the office of Chief Rabbi has always been very influential. Various Orthodox movements, such as Agudath Israel of America and the Shas party in Israel strictly follow the rulings of their Rosh yeshivas who are often famous Talmud scholars. The last Rebbe of Lubavitch, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the late Rabbi Elazar Menachem Shach, and Rabbi Ovadia Yosef in Israel are examples of powerful contemporary Haredi rabbis. The Haredi Agudah movements receive and follow the policy guidelines of their own Council of Torah Sages. In the Hassidic movements, leadership is usually hereditary.

 Juyin Juya Halin, Ci gaba, Liberal, Conservative, da Jagoranci na Reconstructionist 

 Babban labarai: Malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, Malamai na gyare-gyare, Malamain sake ginawaMalamai masu sake ginawa

A cikin duka Reform da Conservative na addinin Yahudanci, ana horar da malamai a jami'o'in addini, kamar su Jewish Theological Seminary a Birnin New York don ƙungiyar Conservative, Hebrew Union College don ƙungiyar American Reform, da Leo Baeck College don Ƙungiyar Liberal da Reform ta Burtaniya. Al'adun Reform, Conservative, da Reconstructionist kowannensu yana da ƙungiyarsa mai mulki ko shugabannin mutum. Wakilan al'ummar Yahudawa da suke aiki ne ke zaɓar membobin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu mulki, tare da ƙwarewar Yahudawa da aka ɗauka a matsayin mahimman abubuwan da ke ƙayyade shugabannin. Wadannan hukumomin gudanarwa suna yanke shawara game da yanayin ayyukan addini a cikin al'adunsu, da kuma sanyawa da sanya malamai da sauran shugabannin addini.

Union of Reform Judaism (URJ), ƙungiyar majami'a ta Reform Movement a Arewacin Amurka, tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitin amintattu mai mambobi 253 tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Shugaban URJ Daryl Messinger, Shugaban URJ Rabbi Rick Jacobs, da manyan ƙungiyar jagoranci. Wakilan daga ikilisiyoyin URJ suna haɗuwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyu don Babban Taron URJ don zartar da ƙuduri waɗanda ke jagorantar jagorancin kungiyar na gaba.

Kungiyar malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ita ce Majalisar Rabbinical, wacce ke kula da Kwamitin kan Dokar Yahudawa da Ka'idoji. Kungiyar malamai ta Reform ita ce Babban Taron malamai na Amurka.

 Jagoranci na duniya 

A Amurka da Kanada a yau, yawancin al'ummomin Yahudawa na United (UJC), wanda aka fi sani da United Jewish Appeal (UJA), yana wakiltar Ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa sama da 150 da al'ummomi masu zaman kansu 400 a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka. Kowane babban birni na Amurka yana da "Jewish Federation" na gida, kuma da yawa suna da cibiyoyin al'umma masu inganci kuma suna ba da sabis, galibi suna da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya. Suna tara kudade masu yawa don ayyukan agaji da na jin kai a Arewacin Amurka da Isra'ila. Ƙarin ƙungiyoyi na cikin gida sun haɗa da Ayyukan Iyali na Yahudawa, gidajen tsofaffi na Yahudawa da kuma tushen al'ummar Yahudawa. Sauran kungiyoyi irin su Anti-Defamation League, American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Committee, da B'nai B'rith suna wakiltar sassa daban-daban na al'ummar Yahudawa ta Amurka a kan batutuwa daban-daban.

 Jagorancin Karaite 
Kwamitin daraktoci ne ke gudanar da majami'ar Karaite, kuma ana kiran shugabansu na ruhaniya Hakham, daidai da "rabbi", kuma ya dace da ɗaya a cikin aiki. Gabbai shine mai ba da kuɗi, Shammash shine mai kula, Hazzan yana jagorantar addu'o'i, kuma a wasu Ba'al Qeri'ah yana jagoranta a karatun Attaura. A Amurka, Karaites suna wakiltar Yahudawa Karaite na Amurka, kuma a Isra'ila suna wakiltar su.

 Dubi kuma 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba