Al'umma da aka rufe

Ƙungiyar da aka rufe da gangan tana iyakance alaƙa da baƙi da al'ummomin waje. Al'ummomin da aka rufe na iya zama na addini, kabilanci, ko siyasa. Gudanar da al'ummomin da aka rufe sun bambanta. Yawanci, membobin al'ummomin da aka rufe ko dai an haife su a cikin al'umma ko kuma an yarda da su a ciki. Sabanin al'umma mai rufewa al'umma ce mai budewa, wanda ke kula da alaƙar zamantakewa tare da al'ummomin waje.

 Ci gaba 
Frederic Clements masanin ilimin muhalli ne na Amurka kuma majagaba wanda ya yi nazarin tsarin tsire-tsire da ci gaba, ya kirkiro ra'ayin cewa tsire-shuke ya kamata su haife su, su girma / su girma, da kuma lalacewa. Rayuwarsu tana kama da ta mutum. Clements ya kuma gwada ka'idar da aka sani da "al'umma mai girma"; ya yi amfani da yankunan ciyayi idan aka kwatanta da ainihin al'ummomi. Al'umma (fauna ko mutum) koyaushe tana ci gaba da bunƙasa, koda kuwa akwai wani bala'i mai banƙyama, mutum ko ƙaramin rukuni na iya sarrafawa don tsira da sake girma ko sake ginawa a cikin wannan yankin da suka samo asali ko sake komawa wani wuri kuma su yi nasara. Ma'anar tsire-tsire da dabbobi da yawa da ke zaune tare, suna da tsarin halittu da gina sama shine ka'idar da ya yi niyya (misali: gandun daji). Ka'idar gabaɗaya daga baya ta gaza saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai ɗan ƙaramin bayani ko cikakkiyar bayani game da ma'anar mutum, ra'ayin ya yi aiki sosai ga ƙananan kwayoyin. Har ila yau, ka'idar ta zama tsoho kuma daga baya an maye gurbin ta da sabbin gaskiyar zamantakewa ko ka'idodin kimiyya.

 Fa'idodi 

 Tsaro na zama a cikin yankin da aka sarrafa / aka kula
 Sauƙin samun sha'awa, ci gaban ra'ayi tare da wani a cikin al'ummarku
 Kasancewa da iya gama aiki yadda ya kamata, ta halitta, kuma mafi mahimmanci saboda rashin tsangwama da waje 

 Rashin jituwa 

 Ƙuntatawa da "ƙuntata" bambancin da ke haifar da ƙarin wahalar karɓar ko haɗa ra'ayoyin waje
 Kullum samun mutane iri ɗaya a cikin wani yanki mai rufewa a cikin manyan al'ummomi 50 ko fiye na iya sa mazaunin ya ji ya cika da sha'awar tserewa
 Tsoron zama mai rinjaye ko tsoratar da shi / gasa
 Za su iya rufe kansu daga ci gaban da ke da wahalar komawa cikin al'umma 

A cikin wata kasida ta 1957 da aka buga a cikin Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Eric R. Wolf ya yi jayayya cewa ƙungiyar manoma masu cin gashin kansu a cikin "kusa, al'ummomin kamfanoni" alama ce mai maimaitawa "a cikin yankuna biyu na duniya, wanda tarihin da ya gabata da sararin ƙasa suka raba shi da yawa: Mesoamerica da Java ta Tsakiya".

 Magunguna a cikin al'ummomin da aka rufe 
Cututtukan cututtuka suna gabatar da wasu ƙalubale ga al'ummomin da aka rufe; matakin waje (daga gwamnati ko ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na waje) na iya taimakawa wajen dakatar da yaduwar cutar.

 Al'ummomin addini da al'adu 
Wasu al'ummomin addini ko na kabilanci ana ɗaukar su rufe. Misali:

 Ana ɗaukar Amish a matsayin al'umma mai rufewa; Amish da gangan sun ware kansu daga duniyar zamani.
 Tun daga karni na 11, Druze sun kasance al'umma mai rufewa.

 Kasashen da aka rufe 

 Misalan ƙasashe masu rufewa 

 Japan (a baya) - a karkashin manufofin Sakoku na zamanin Edo, Japan ta ware kanta daga tasirin Yamma, tana sarrafa hulɗa.
 Koriya ta Arewa - duba kuma masu fice na Koriya ta Kudu. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi ɓoye a duniya.
 Tarayyar Soviet - Jami'in diflomasiyyar Soviet Anatoly Dobrynin ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa: "A cikin al'ummar da aka rufe na Tarayyar Soviétique, Kremlin yana jin tsoron ƙaura gabaɗaya (ba tare da la'akari da ƙasa ko addini ba) " saboda tsoron haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na cikin gida. Dubi kuma Refusenik "birane masu rufewa" - ɓoye, yankuna masu sarrafawa musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da masu sarrafa nukiliya, hakar ma'adinai na uranium, sarrafawa, da samarwa, da sauran wurare masu mahimmanci suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a Rasha a yau.[5]
 Dubi kuma Refusenik
 "birane masu rufewa" - ɓoye, yankuna masu sarrafawa musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da masu sarrafa nukiliya, hakar Ma'adinai na uranium, sarrafawa, da samarwa, da sauran wurare masu mahimmanci suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a Rasha a yau.
 Burma (Myanmar) - tsohon al'umma ce mai rufewa kuma mai son duniya,   Burma ta sami sauye-sauyen siyasa tun daga 2011 wanda ya sa al'ummarta ta fi budewa.
 Eritrea - Human Rights Watch ta bayyana Eritrea a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe mafi rufewa a duniya. Eritrea tana da iyaka mai rufewa, mai soja, kuma mai garu sosai tare da Habasha, abokin hamayyarta na yanki wanda tashin hankali yake da shi.

 Ƙarin karantawa 

 "Anatomy: Kasashen da suka fi warewa a duniya". Jaridar Manufofin Duniya 30.1 (2013): 22-23.
 Reiff, Joseph T. An haife shi daga Tabbaci: White Methodists da Mississippi's Closed Society . Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2016.
 Erler, Mary Carpenter. Karatu da Rubuta a lokacin Rushewa: Monks, Friars, da Nuns 1530-1558. Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2013.
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Chinatown: Hoton Ƙungiyar da aka rufe. HarperCollins Publishers, 1992
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Bude iyakoki? Ƙungiyoyin da aka rufe? : Matsalar Da'a da Siyasa. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
 Nakhimovsky, Ishaku. Kasuwancin Kasuwanci: Zaman Lafiya da Kasuwanci na Har abada daga Rousseau zuwa Fichte . Princeton University Press,2011.
 Alamar da Ma'ana Bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙasƙara: Essays in Mesoamerican Ideas (ed. Gary H. Gossen: Jami'ar Jami'ar Colorado, 1986.
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Open and Closed Societies: Voegelin a matsayin Reader of Bergson". Siyasa, Addini & Ideology 16.1 (2015): 23-38. Yanar gizo.

 Dubi kuma 

 Al'umma da aka rufe
 Gudanar da Babban Birni
 Jirgin sama na mutum
 Al'umma mai budewa

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 23 ga Mayu, 2012]. "Ecology The Community Concept". Oxford Bibliographies Online.