Dokar Kare Ingancin Abinci

Dokar Kare Ingancin abinci (FQPA), ko HR 1627, Majalisar Kasar Amurka ta zartar da ita a cikin 1996 kuma Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 1996. FQPA ta shirya hanyoyin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) za ta gudanar da amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ta yi gyare-gyare na Dokar Magungunan Kashe Kwari, Magugunan Kashe Fungi (wato Fungicide), da Magungunan kashe gara (Rodenticide) da kuma da Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya. Dokar ta wanzar da umarnin ma'auni na kiwon lafiya don magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da ake amfani da su a cikin abinci, ya ba da kariya ta musamman ga jarirai da jarirai, ya sauƙaƙe amincewar magungunan tsire-tsire masu aminci, ya kafa ƙarfafawa don ƙirƙirar magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin tsire-shuke mafi aminci, kuma ya buƙaci rajistar magungunan kwari su kasance a yanzu.

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun sassan dokar shine, ƙayyadaddun kariya ga jarirai da kananan yara, ya kasance batun muhawara a rahoton Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta 1993, Magugunan kashe kwai a Abincin Jarirai da Kananan Yara (Pesticides in the Diets of Infants & Children). EPA ta ambaci wannan rahoton a matsayin abunda ya assasa  ƙirƙirar FQPA.

 Tarihi 
An tsara dokar da ta yi kama da FQPA kuma an gabatar da ita ga Majalisa a 1995 amma ba a taɓa yin aiki da ita ba. A shekara ta 1996, yanayin siyasa ya canza kuma sabon matsin lamba don yin aiki a kan sake fasalin kula da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta ya bayyana. A cikin 1990, hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin muhalli sun kai karar EPA saboda rashin aiwatar da sashi na Delaney (California ex. rel. Van de Kamp v. Reilly).  Sashe na Delaney, tanadi a cikin Kwaskwarimar Abinci na Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya, ta haramta duk abincin da ke dauke da duk wani adadin maganin kwari wanda zai iya haifar da ciwon daji. Kodayake EPA ta yi jayayya cewa dokar ta wuce gona da iri kuma bai kamata ta shafi halin da ake ciki a yanzu ba, hadin gwiwar ta ci nasara a 1995 kuma an shirya EPA ta haramta magungunan kashe kwari 80 a ƙarshen 1996. A karkashin wadannan sabbin yanayi na gaggawa, Majalisa ta sami damar zartar da lissafin da bangarorin biyu na muhawara suka yi bikin; manoma, masu sarrafa abinci da masana'antun magungunan kashe kwari sun yi farin ciki da ganin Delaney Clause ya tafi, yayin da kungiyoyin muhalli da masu ba da shawara ga masu amfani suka yi farin ciki don samun daidaitattun tsaro tare da karawa ga yara. John Cady, shugaban kungiyar masu sarrafa abinci ta kasa, ya yaba da dokar saboda "...bisa ga kimiyya ta zamani, ta ainihi".

 Bukatar FQPA 
Dokar Kare Ingancin Abinci ta 1996 tana da buƙatu masu zuwa: 

 Inganta ka'idodin kiwon lafiya don kayan abinci 
FQPA ta samar da sabbin ka'idoji (a hankalce tare da tabbatar da yiwuwar rashin cutarwa) wanda dole a sanya su ga dukkannin kayan abinci. Bayan sababbin ka'idojin, EPA a yanzu tana lura da wasu hadurra da magungunan kashe kwari ke da shi a cikinkayan abincin jarirai da kuma kananan yara. FQPA ta bukaci gwajin kowanne maganin kashe kwari na yanzu zuwa iyakar hadarin su, a yayin da aka samu fiya da guda 9,700 a tsakanin shekaru 10. Yayin auna hadarinsu, EPA na bukatan lura da "daukakin hadari" (cudanya da maganin kashe kwari daga kafofin daban daban) da kuma "hadari ma gamayya" zuwa ga maganin kashe kwari mai irin wannan tsari na cutarwa. Don yin haka, an bukaci EPA da ta samar da sabon dokar kimiyya do auna wadannan hadurra.  FQPA ta bukaci EPA da ta tsara ka'idojin amincewa da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari wanda ya zo a sashi na 18 na Dokar Tarayyar Amurka a kan Magunguna kashe kwari, magungunan kashe kwayoyin zarra (fungi) da kuma magungunan kashe gara 

 Ƙididdigar haɗari 
EPA ta kafa jagora don kimanta haɗarin haɗari don fallasa hanyoyi da yawa ga ƙungiyoyin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka ƙaddara su sami hanyar guba ta yau da kullun. Hukumar ta kuma wallafa jagora kan tantance ko sunadarai suna da hanyar da ta dace ta guba, watau, ko za a iya tantance su a matsayin ƙungiyar da ta dace. Ƙididdigar haɗari ya dogara ne akan ƙarin sashi, inda matakan bayyanar ƙwayoyin cuta na mutum ke daidaitawa ta hanyar ƙarfin dangi sannan a haɗa su. Wasu mahimman rashin tabbas a cikin wannan tsarin sun haɗa da yiwuwar cewa ƙarfin dangi yana canzawa tare da sashi, da kuma yiwuwar hulɗar toxicological (ƙarin sashi ba ya ɗaukar hulɗar toxological ). Wani taka tsantsan shi ne cewa sakamakon kimantawar haɗari ba cikakkiyar kimantawar lafiyar muhalli ba ne na duk bayyanar sinadarai, amma kawai suna wakiltar haɗari daga waɗancan hanyoyin magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta.

 Rage haɗarin magungunan kashe kwari 
The FQPA mandates that the EPA expedite the approval of reduced risk pesticides. To be considered reduced risk pesticides must have a proven low-impact on human health, have low toxicity to non-target organisms and have a low potential to contaminate groundwater.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Ƙananan amfani 
The FQPA requires the EPA to give special consideration to pesticides used on products that have less than 300,000 acres of total U.S. production or products that do not have enough economic incentive to either support an initial registration or a continuing registration.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Magungunan kiwon lafiyar jama'a 
The FQPA requires the EPA to establish a list of pests that are considered significant to public health and to give special consideration to pesticides with public health uses.  The EPA is also required to provide maintenance fee waivers to and encourage the safe and necessary use of methods/pesticides that either combat or control pests that have been deemed of public health importance. The EPA also provides waiver fees for the pesticides used on pests that are deemed of public health importance.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Canjin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta 
The FQPA mandates the EPA to expedite the review of applications that are requesting the registration of antimicrobial products. The FQPA also exempts certain antimicrobial products from the container provisions in the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Shirye-shiryen USDA 
FQPA tana buƙatar gudanar da binciken amfani da abinci wanda ke bin diddigin amfani da abinci da halaye masu alaƙa a cikin yawan jama'ar Amurka. FQPA ta ba da umarnin tattara ragowar magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da amfani da bayanai. Shirin Bayanan Magunguna (PDP) a karkashin Ofishin Tallace-tallace na Aikin Gona na USDA yana sa ido kan raguwar magunguna a cikin abincin kasar don tallafawa FQPA. FQPA ta ba da umarnin inganta hanyoyin kula da kwari. PDP kuma tana tallafawa bukatun FQPA na ƙa'idodin tsaro masu tsauri da sake nazarin haƙurin ƙwayoyin cuta na yanzu.

 Sauran 
The FQPA requires that pesticide registration be reviewed periodically, with a goal of once every 15 years. The FQPA mandated changes in the collection of tolerance fees, increasing the amount of fee money from $14 million to $16 million to help with the reassessment of tolerances. The FQPA requires the EPA to specifically screen pesticides for disruption to the endocrine system. The FQPA requires the EPA to establish an integrated pest management education program and implement integrated pest management research and demonstration. The FQPA encourages the syncing of U.S. pesticide tolerances with those of international standards. Under the FQPA individual states are not allowed to set different pesticide tolerances than the EPA and the EPA is required to coordinate data requirements between the state and federal levels. The EPA is required to develop and distribute a food safety brochure and create an annual report on the progress of its registration program.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Tasirin 
FQPA ita ce mafi cikakken gyare-gyare na amincin abinci da dokokin magungunan kashe kwari a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kuma ta haifar da ƙalubalen aiwatarwa ga EPA. Nan da nan bayan wucewar FQPA, EPA ta koma ƙirƙirar Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Tsaro na Abinci.Goldman, Lynn R. (1996). "EPA Seeks Public Health Views on New Pesticide Law". Public Health Reports. 111 (6): 512–514. ProQuest 230146100. An kafa kwamitin ne da niyyar inganta tsarin aiwatarwa da jama'a. A cikin shekaru 10, EPA ta sami nasarar sake tantance kashi 99% na haƙurin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasar (yana ba da shawarar sokewa na 3,200, yana ba da shawarar gyare-gyaren 1,200 da amincewa da 5,237). Baya ga sake tantance haƙurin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, EPA ta karɓi amfani da nau'o'i na musamman na ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire, ta magance batun manufofin jama'a na Nazarin asibiti don tabbatar da tasirin ƙwayoyin cututtuka, kuma ta hanzarta wadatar magungunan tsire-shire masu aminci.
Duk da yake EPA ta iyakance, kuma a wasu lokuta ta haramta, amfani da magungunan kashe kwari bayan wucewar FQPA, ba duk masu ruwa da tsaki ba ne suka gamsu da matakin aikinsu. Da yake magana game da bambance-bambance tsakanin abin da ya zama abin dogaro da bayanai yayin tantance ko a kara iyakar aminci sau goma, Richard Weiss (masanin maganin kashe kwari tare da Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Muhalli) ya ce, "EPA ta kasa bin bayyane niyya da bukatun doka". Yayinda masu kula da muhalli suka koka, manoma ma sun yi. Kamar yadda ikon su na girbi ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance cikin barazana, manoma sun ce EPA ta tilasta "haɗarin banza" maimakon "gaskiya mai ma'ana na babu lahani". EPA ta amsa cewa yayin da suka fi tsananin bayan wucewar FQPA, ba sa aiki a karkashin dokar babu haɗari / babu lahani.

 Ƙaddamar da yara 
Fitar da FQPA alama ce ta farko da aka nemi EPA ta magance haɗarin magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta ga jarirai da yara. Saboda yara sun fi ƙanƙanta, magungunan da suke cinyewa suna da tasiri mafi girma. FQPA ta buƙaci EPA ta tilasta iyakokin tsaro sau 10 fiye da baya idan ba za a iya samar da bayanai masu aminci da ke tabbatar da cewa maganin ƙwayoyin cuta bai haifar da haɗari ga yara ba. Bayan da dokar ta wuce, tsohon shugaban kasar Bill Clinton ya ce, "Idan maganin kashe kwari ya haifar da haɗari ga yaranmu, to ba zai kasance a cikin abincinmu ba".

A cikin 1999, EPA ta haramta yawancin amfani da methyl parathion da azinphos methyl, suna mai da hankali ga haɗarin da suke kawowa ga yara. Dukansu methyl parathion da azinphos methyl sune organophosphates. Organophosphates magungunan kashe kwari ne waɗanda ke kashe kwari ta hanyar rushe motsin jijiyoyi. Abin takaici, waɗannan magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da irin wannan tasiri ga mutane. A cikin 2000, EPA ta haramta wani organophosphate, (chlorpyrifos), wanda ya zama ruwan dare a masana'antar noma, masu tsabtace gida da kayayyakin kula da kwari na kasuwanci, saboda binciken da ya nuna cewa chlorpyrifos ya haifar da rauni, amai da zawo a cikin beraye.

Ƙuntatawa kan waɗannan magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta, kodayake an ba da umarni a kan tushen lafiyar yara, ƙungiyoyi a waje da EPA ba su karɓa da kyau ba. Dukkanin wakilan noma da masu kula da muhalli sun yi murya bayan EPA ta yanke shawara. "Chemical Business News" ya buga wata kasida da ke ba da shawarar cewa ra'ayin cewa magungunan kashe kwari suna haifar da haɗari na musamman ga yara a zahiri batun tsoro ne wanda ba ya dogara da kimiyya. Masu fafutukar aikin gona sun yi iƙirarin cewa haramtacciyar organophosphates zai haifar da asarar shekara-shekara na dala biliyan 1.8. Masu kula da muhalli sun yi jayayya cewa EPA tana cikin matsin lamba daga waɗannan masu fafutuka kuma suna buƙatar tabbatar da matsayin tsaro na doka da aka ba da umarni a cikin FQPA. A mayar da martani EPA ta buga wani rahoto cewa sun tsaya ga yanke shawara kuma karuwar tsaro ta ninka 10 ta kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da hankali kuma ta dace ne kawai a yanayi na musamman.

 Tattaunawar Nazarin Asibiti 
A cikin 1998, EPA ta sanya dakatarwar nazarin asibiti, ko nazarin ɗan adam, yana mai da hankali ga damuwar ɗabi'a da kimiyya. Duk da yake amfani da nazarin asibiti don haƙuri da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta ya ragu tun daga shekarun 1980, wucewar FQPA ta sake haifar da sha'awar aikin. Ta hanyar gwaji a kan mutane, masana'antun magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kawar da ƙarin iyakokin tsaro da ake buƙata yayin amfani da bayanan da aka tattara daga gwajin dabba. Bayan dakatarwarsu EPA ta sa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta kira kwamitin masana don tantance maganin ɗabi'a ga muhawara game da nazarin ɗan adam. Yayinda Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta kafa kwamitin, masana'antun magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da masu kula da muhalli sun kafa nasu ra'ayoyin. Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Muhalli da Majalisar Tsaro ta Halitta sun yi jayayya cewa binciken asibiti ba daidai ba ne kuma ba daidai ba; masana'antun maganin ƙwayoyin cuta sun yi jaddada cewa ba wai kawai karatun asibiti ne masu mahimmanci ba amma dole ne a ba su damar gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don tantance "Babu wani mummunan sakamako mai ganuwa", ma'ana suna gudanar da magani har sai an lura da sakamako.

Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta fitar da rahoto a shekara ta 2004 da ke tallafawa amfani da karatun asibiti a karkashin ka'idoji masu tsauri; ka'idojin sun ba da umarnin cewa amfanin binciken ga al'umma ya fi haɗarin mutum, cewa za a gudanar da binciken a karkashin ka-idaitaccen ka'idoli, cewa akwai tabbacin cewa babu lahani da zai zo ga mahalarta kuma cewa babu wani binciken da zai yi aiki. A shekara ta 2005, bin umarnin majalisa, EPA ta karɓi Dokar Nazarin Dan Adam; ka'idojin suna ba da izinin nazarin ɗan adam, ba su ba da izini ga amfani da mata masu juna biyu ko yara a cikin nazarin ɗan adam ba, suna ba da umarnin cewa a bi ƙa'idar ɗabi'a mai tsauri kuma a kafa Kwamitin Binciken Nazarin Dan adam don kula da amfani da nazarin ɗan adam. EPA ta dauki ka'idojin a matsayin babban nasara a cikin manufofin jama'a.

 Dubi kuma 

 Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya
 Gudanar da Abinci da Magunguna
 Ingancin abinci
 Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka
 Dokar Kisan Kayan Kayan Kudan Kudan Kayan Kusan Kudan Kusan Kayan Kadan Kudan Kadan Kayan Karan Kudan Karan Kayan Kukat Kudan Kukat Kayan Kiran Kudan Kiran Kayan Kisan Kudan Kidan Kudan K

 Haɗin waje 

 Dokokin Kayan Kayan Kwari da Ka'idoji
 Dokar Kare Ingancin Abinci (FQPA)
 Dokar Kare Ingancin Abinci
 Rage Hadarin Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Kayan Kimiyyar Kayan Kungiyar Kayan Kariya ta Kayan Kudancin Kayan Karan

 Manazarta 

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