John Parkinson (masanin shuke-shuke)

John Parkinson (1567-1650; an binne shi 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1650) shi ne na karshe daga cikin manyan likitocin Ingilishi kuma daya daga cikin na farko daga cikin manyan masu ilimin shuke-shuke na Ingilishi. Ya kasance apothecary ga James I kuma memba ne na kafa Worshipful Society of Apothecaries a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1617, kuma daga baya ya kasance Royal Botanist ga Charles I.[1] An san shi da manyan ayyuka guda biyu, Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris (Park-in-Sun's Terrestrial Paradise, 1629), wanda gabaɗaya ya bayyana yadda ake noma shuke-shuke; da Theatrum Botanicum (The Botanical Theatre ko Theatre of Plants, a shekarar 1640), mafi cikakke da kuma kyawawan rubutun Ingilishi akan shuke-huke na lokacinsa. Daya daga cikin fitattun masu lambu na zamaninsa, ya ci gaba da lambu a Long Acre a Covent Garden, a yau kusa da Trafalgar Square, kuma yana da dangantaka ta kusa da wasu mahimman masu ilimin Ingilishi da na Continental, masu ilimin ganye da masu shuka.

 Rayuwa 
Parkinson, an haife shi a shekara ta 1567, ya kasance a Yorkshire. Ya koma London yana da shekaru 14 don ya zama ɗan koyo a matsayin mai ba da magani. Da yake tashi a cikin matsayi, daga ƙarshe ya sami matsayin apothecary ga James I, kuma memba ne na kafa Worshipful Society of Apothecaries a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1617; har zuwa shekara ta 1622 ya kuma yi aiki a Kotun Mataimakan, hukumar kula da Society. Bugu da kari, ya taimaka wa Society wajen samun tallafin makamai da kuma shirya jerin dukkan magungunan da ya kamata apothecary ya adana su. Ya kasance a cikin kwamitin da ya buga Pharmacopœia Londinensis (London Pharmacopœía) a cikin shekara ta 1618. See .

Sa'an nan, a kan sabon kimiyya, ya zama masanin tsire-tsire ga Charles I. Anna Parkinson, "dangi mai nisa"  na Parkinson ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin 1625 lokacin da amarya mai shekaru 15 na Charles I, Henrietta Maria ta Faransa, ta zo ta zauna a Fadar St. James, "ya ɗauki matsayin gabatar da budurwa sarauniya ga al'adun al'adu masu tasowa.  Lokacin da ya taƙaita kwarewarsa a rubuce Paradisi a Sole Paradisus Terrestris (Park-in-Sun's Terrestrial Paradise, 1629 - "Park-In-Sun" ya ba da wannan aikinsa na halitta ya ba da izini ga "Parking ya zama mai da kyau na Aljanna mai da kyau"), wanda ya ba da ita ga duk wani bayani ne a kan "Park ya ba da yardar da ita ga "Pinson mai ban sha'awa", wanda ya ba shi ba da ita ba da ita game da ita ga wannan yaren nan mai ban sha-yayi na Aljanna, wanda ya baCahill, Hugh (April 2005). "Book of the month: Paradisi in sole, paradisus terrestri". Information Services and Systems, King's College London. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2014. Blanche Henrey ta kira aikin "mafi mahimmancin littafi game da aikin lambu da aka buga a Ingila",  yayin da kundin Hunt ya bayyana shi a matsayin "cikakken hoto na lambun Ingilishi a farkon karni na sha bakwai, kuma a cikin irin wannan mai ban sha'awa, mai kyau, salon wallafe-wallafen da masu lambu ke girmama shi har zuwa yau. 
Parkinson ya nemi sababbin nau'ikan shuke-shuke ta hanyar lambobin sadarwa a kasashen waje da kuma tallafawa aikin farautar shuke-huke na William Boel zuwa Iberia da Arewacin Afirka a cikin 1607-1608. Ya gabatar da sabbin shuke-shuke guda bakwai a Ingila kuma shi ne mai aikin lambu na farko a Ingila don shuka babban daffodil mai launin rawaya na Mutanen Espanya (Pseudonarcissus aureus Hispanicus flore pleno ko Parkinson's Daffodil, duba hoto). Cahill, Hugh (April 2005). "Book of the month: Paradisi in sole, paradisus terrestri". Information Services and Systems, King's College London. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2014.  ("Babu wanda ya taɓa samun irin wannan a gaban myselfe kuma ni da kaina ban taɓa ganinsa ba kafin shekara ta 1618 domin na da kaina ke tasowa da furewa da farko a cikin lambuna".) 

Addininsa a matsayin Roman Katolika ya bayyana daga Paradisi a Sole . A cikin gabatarwa, Parkinson ya ga duniyar tsire-tsire a matsayin bayyanar halittar allahntaka, kuma ya yi imanin cewa ta hanyar lambuna mutum zai iya sake kama wani abu na Adnin. Duk da haka, wani ɗan gajeren waka na Faransanci The poem reads: a ƙarƙashin taken shafin ya gargadi mai lambu game da girman kai da kuma yin la'akari da ƙoƙarinsa, ga duk wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kwatanta Fasaha da Halitta da lambuna da Adnin "yana auna saurin giwa ta hanyar saurin ƙwaro da guduwar gaggafa ta hanyar sautin". Cahill, Hugh (April 2005). "Book of the month: Paradisi in sole, paradisus terrestri". Information Services and Systems, King's College London. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2014. Koyaya, gwagwarmaya tsakanin Furotesta da Katolika sun tilasta wa Parkinson ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai ƙasƙanci. Bai halarci kowane coci ba. A lokacin da ya samu nasararsa, Yaƙin basasar Ingila (1642-1651) ya raba iyalinsa.

Gidan Parkinson na London yana cikin Ludgate Hill, amma lambunsa na tsire-tsire yana cikin yankin Long Acre a Covent Garden,  wani gundumar lambunan kasuwa, a yau kusa da Trafalgar Square. Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da lambun ba, amma bisa ga binciken rubuce-rubucen Parkinson da sauransu, John Riddell ya ba da shawarar  cewa akalla kadada 2 (0.81  ne a girman kuma mai yiwuwa an kewaye shi da bango. An rubuta nau'ikan shuke-shuke ɗari huɗu da tamanin da huɗu kamar yadda aka shuka a cikin lambun. Thomas Johnson da masanin tsire-tsire na Hampshire, John Goodyer, dukansu sun tattara tsaba a can.
An kira Parkinson daya daga cikin fitattun masu aikin lambu na zamaninsa. Ya ci gaba da dangantaka ta kusa da wasu mahimman masana kimiyyar Ingilishi da na nahiyar, masu ilimin ganye da masu shuka kamar William Coys, John Gerard, John Tradescant dattijo (wanda ya kasance babban aboki), Vespasian Robin, da Faransanci Matthias na Lobel (wanda aka fi sani da Matthias de L'Obel ko Matthaeus Lobelius). Tare, sun kasance daga cikin ƙarni wanda ya fara ganin sabbin tsire-tsire masu ban mamaki da ke fitowa daga Levant da Virginia, a ko'ina. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa, de Lobel ya ambaci lambun Long Acre akai-akai kuma ya yaba da iyawar Parkinson. Parkinson, a nasa bangaren, ya shirya kuma ya Gabatarwa a cikin Theatrum Botanicum takardun de Lobel, wanda ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa a Highgate yana kula da lambunan Edward la Zouche, Baron Zouche na 11.

Parkinson ya mutu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1650, kuma an binne shi a St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta.[1] Ana tunawa da shi a cikin nau'in bishiyoyin legumin na Amurka ta tsakiya Parkinsonia . Paradisi in Sole kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga marubuciyar yara Juliana Horatia Ewing (1841-1885) don rubuta labarin Mary's Meadow, wanda aka fara bugawa daga Nuwamba 1883 zuwa Maris 1884 a cikin Aunt Judy's Magazine (1866-1885), wanda mahaifiyarta Margaret Gatty ta samar.[2] A cikin labarin, wasu yara sun karanta Paradisi a Sole kuma an yi musu wahayi don ƙirƙirar nasu lambu. Mujallar ta sami wasiƙu masu kyau game da labarin, kuma a watan Yulin 1884 an ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a kafa kungiyar Parkinson. Abubuwan da al'umma ke nufi sun kasance "bincike da noma tsoffin furanni na lambu waɗanda suka zama da ƙarancin gaske; don musayar tsaba da tsire-tsire; don shuka wuraren sharar gida tare da furanni masu ƙarfi; don rarraba littattafai game da lambu tsakanin membobin... [kuma] don ƙoƙarin hana kawar da furanni na daji, da kuma dukiyar lambu. "[and][3]

 Ayyuka 
Paradisi a cikin Sole Paradisus Terrestris ya bayyana yadda ya kamata a noma shuke-shuke gabaɗaya, kuma yana cikin sassa uku: lambun furanni, lambun kicin, da lambun inabi. Ba ya haɗa da takamaiman umarni na girma ga kowane nau'in shuka, amma a farkon kowane babban sashi Parkinson yana ba da umarni game da "shirya" kowane nau'i na lambu, ba da shawara game da sanyawa da shimfiɗa lambu, kayan aiki, inganta ƙasa, dasa, shuka da shuka da kuma nau'ikan shuke-shuke da ya kamata a haɗa su a kowane nau'ikan lambu. 

Ya ƙunshi hotuna na kusan tsire-tsire 800 a cikin farantin cikakken shafi 108. Yawancin waɗannan katako ne na asali wanda ɗan wasan Switzerland Christopher Switzer ya yi, amma wasu sun bayyana an kwafe su daga ayyukan Matthias na Lobel, Charles de l'Écluse da Hortus Floridus  na Crispijn van de Passe the Elder . 
A cikin Paradisi in Sole Parkinson ya nuna cewa yana fatan ƙara sashi na huɗu, lambu mai sauƙi (ya'yan itatuwa na magani).  Ya gabatar da alkawarin a cikin wani babban littafinsa, mai suna Theatrum Botanicum (The Botanical Theatre ko Theatre of Plants) wanda ya buga a 1640 yana da shekaru 73. An jinkirta sakin wannan aikin saboda shahararren littafin Thomas Johnson na littafin John Gerard The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes (1597).  Later editions were published in 1630 (publisher and place of publication unknown), and 1633 and 1636 (London: Adam Islip, Ioice Norton and Richard Whitakers). The book has been republished in the following versions: Theatrum Botanicum, tare da shafuka 1,688 na rubutu,  ya bayyana sama da tsire-tsire 3,800 kuma shine mafi cikakke da kyawawan gabatar da rubutun Ingilishi akan tsire-shire na zamaninsa. Wannan shine aikin farko don bayyana tsire-tsire na asali 33, 13 daga cikinsu sun girma kusa da gidan Parkinson na Middlesex. Wasu daga cikin wadannan tsire-tsire, kamar Welsh poppy, sun kasance sananne, yayin da wasu suka girma a yankuna masu iyaka, kamar Strawberry Tree da Lady's Slipper. Koyaya duk sun tafi ba a lura da su ba ko aƙalla ba a rubuta su ba. Ya yi niyyar littafin ya zama abin dogaro ga jagora ga apothecaries, kuma ya kasance haka sama da shekaru ɗari bayan mutuwarsa. Parkinson ya gabatar da aikin ga Charles I, wanda ya ba shi taken "Botanicus Regis Primarius" ("Royal Botanist of the First Rank") kodayake wannan ya zo ba tare da albashi ba.

 Ayyukan da aka buga 

 Rashin gaskiya. A wasu kwafin shafin taken katako ne; a wasu an buga shi (ranar 1635). 

 Daga baya da sake bugawa


 Rashin gaskiya. 


 Facsimile na fitowar 1629 ba tare da shafin taken wasika ba, an yi shi daga kwafi a cikin Bodleian Library. 
 Facsimile na fitowar 1629. 

 Rashin gaskiya. Reprints: Parkinson, John (1967). Wani Fragment daga Theatrum Botanicum, "ko Herball na Babban Tsawon". Falls Village, Conn.: Herb Grower Press. Parkinson, John (1982). Theatrum botanicum: Ko Herball na Babban Extente . [S.l.]: Mai nisa. 



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