Yaduwar hamada da kuma mayar da ƙasa a Ghana

Yawancin kudaden shiga da ayyukan Ghana ana samar da su kai tsaye da kai tsaye ta hanyar ƙasa, wanda shine muhimmiyar hanya ga wadatar al'ummarmu. Yana tallafawa samar da ayyukan muhalli da aikin gona, gandun daji, da kuma kifi na yawancin mutane, musamman wadanda ke zaune a yankunan karkara. Duk da wadannan fa'idodi, akwai abubuwa da yawa na lokaci da na sararin samaniya da ke taimakawa ga lalacewar albarkatun ƙasarmu, kamar su sare daji, rushewa, raguwar amfanin ƙasa da yawan aiki, lalacewar filayen, hamada, da lalacewar jikin ruwa (yawanci da inganci). 

Yankunan Ghana a yankunan savannah na arewacin Sudan da Guinea suna cikin haɗari daga rushewa; a cikin waɗannan yankuna, lalacewar ƙasa an san shi da "tsarin hamada". Hadarin hamada yana nan a kusan 35% na ƙasar Ghana. An kiyasta dala biliyan 1.4. ko 6% na GDP na Ghana, ya ɓace saboda lalacewar ƙasa a kowace shekara a cikin ƙasar.

 Yunkurin hamada 

 Kalubale na hamada a Ghana 
Saboda wurin da kasar ke ciki da kuma amfani da albarkatun kasa, hamada tana zama babbar damuwa ta tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da muhalli a Ghana. Ghana, wacce ke cikin Yankin Sahel na Yammacin Afirka,  tana da yanayi mai bushewa da tsaka-tsaki, wanda ya sa ta kasance mai saukin kamuwa da hamada da mummunan sakamako na Canjin yanayi.  Wadannan matsalolin muhalli sun kara tsanantawa ta hanyar matsin lamba. A cewar rahotanni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 2019, yawan jama'ar Ghana da ke karuwa yana ƙara damuwa a yankunan noma na ƙasar, wanda ke haifar da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da kuma sare daji mai yawa don gamsar da bukatun yawan jama'a na ƙasar. A sakamakon haka, an sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin dazuzzuka a arewacin Ghana, yanayin da ke faruwa a cikin tsoro. Bugu da ƙari, gobarar daji da wuce gona da iri sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga batun.  

A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, lalacewar ƙasar Ghana ta karu sosai, tare da yankunan arewa da na tsakiya da ke fuskantar mummunar lalacewa. An kiyasta cewa rushewar "mai tsanani zuwa mai tsanani" ya shafi kashi 70% na Ghana. Yawan lalacewar ƙasa a cikin Yammacin Yamma, Arewa, Brong Ahafo, da Yankin Gabas na Gabas suna da yawa, kuma tsakanin 2000 da 2016, akwai raguwa mai ban sha'awa a cikin Net Primary Productivity (NPP), ma'auni na lafiyar ciyayi. Baya ga yankunan arewa, akwai mummunar lalacewar ƙasa a yankin Volta na sama, Brong Ahafo, da Accra .  Wannan rushewar ta kara muni ta hanyar rashin tsarin birane a Accra, wanda ya lalata amincin ƙasa. Kimanin farashin kudi na rushewar ƙasa ya sanya shi a US $ 0.54, ko 0.9% na GDP na Ghana.  

 Abubuwan da ke taimakawa ga hamada a Ghana 

 A Ghana, akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke haifar da kwararowar hamada, amma sare dazuzzuka shine babban abu.[1] Domin cimma burin noma da kasuwanci, wannan ya hada da sare itatuwa, wanda ke fallasa kasa da lalata ciyayi da ke hana kwararowar hamada[2]. Kasar Ghana ta yi hasarar dimbin dazuzzukanta a tsawon lokaci, galibi sakamakon ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, da hako katako, da kuma mayar da dazuka zuwa kasar noma.[3] Ana buƙatar share dazuzzuka ta waɗannan hanyoyin, wanda ke haifar da asarar wuraren zama na dabbobin ruwa da sauran nau'ikan halittu, da lalata rayuwar tsirrai, da hargitsi ga bambancin halittun yankin. A Ghana, ana saran gandun daji ne don amfanin kasuwanci, akai-akai ba tare da la'akari da illolin da ke tattare da muhalli ba. Bugu da kari, karuwar al'ummar dan Adam da ke da nasaba da ci gaban birane yana haifar da lalacewar ciyayi da gandun daji don samar da sararin samar da ababen more rayuwa da gidaje.[4] Don haka, sare dazuzzuka, wanda galibin ayyukan mutane ne ke haifar da shi, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hamadar Ghana.[5]
 Sauyin yanayi na da muhimmiyar gudunmawa ga kwararowar hamada a Ghana.[1] Kasar ta fi fama da cutar musamman tunda ta dogara kacokan kan noman ruwan sama kuma ba ta da isasshen karfin ragewa da daidaitawa. Sauyin yanayi ya yi mummunan tasiri a kan muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al'umma gaba daya. [ana binciken hujja] [ana buƙace ta] Zazzaɓin zafi, wanda ke da nasaba da sauyin yanayi, ya taka rawar gani wajen ciyar da hamada gaba a Ghana.[1] Sauyin yanayi yana sa yanayin zafi a Ghana ya tashi akai-akai, wanda ya rage yawan amfanin gona, musamman ma ya haifar da yaduwar hamada, da yawan hazo, da karuwar bukatar ruwa[2]. Hakazalika kasar Ghana tana fama da sauye-sauyen yanayin ruwan sama, wanda ya kara yawan fari da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma illa ga ababen more rayuwa da noma. Ba shi yiwuwa a wuce gona da iri kan yadda abubuwa za su kasance ga manoman da suke rayuwaAsarar nau'ikan halittun wani nau'i ne na sauyin yanayi da ke sa Ghana ta zama mafi ƙasƙanci. Tare da sauyin yanayi da yanayin ruwan sama, ɗimbin tsiro da nau'in dabbobi suna fuskantar bacewa. A kowace rana, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'ን፣ a kowace rana''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '')' a kullun suna fuskantar asarar matsugunin su, wanda ke haifar da illa ga tsarin abinci kuma yana haifar da mutuwar wadanda ba za su iya rayuwa ba[1]. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi la'akari da yadda sauyin yanayi ke shafar lafiyar Ghana. Kasar Ghana na fuskantar gagarumin illar lafiya daga sauyin yanayi, da suka hada da hauhawar zazzabi, zazzabin cizon sauro, da sauran cututtuka da ke da alaka da hauhawar zafi da kuma sauya yanayin ruwan sama. 
 Fiye da kiwo na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa kwararowar hamada a Ghana.[1] Dabbobi suna kiwo da yawa a wannan filin, wanda ke lalata kasa, yana haifar da gushewar ciyayi, da haifar da wasu matsalolin muhalli[2]. Fiye da kiwo ya zama wani muhimmin al’amari a Ghana, musamman a yankunan Arewa inda a tarihi makiyaya suka dogara da kiwo a matsayin hanyar samun kudin shiga.[3] Kiwo marasa zaman lafiya da kiwo na dabbobi sun maye gurbin kiwo na gargajiya na jujjuyawa da motsi saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da hauhawar bukatar kayayyakin dabbobi.[4] Wannan canjin ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin murfin shuka da kuma mummunar lalacewar wuraren kiwo. Yin kiwo yana da illa. Yana lalata yanayin halittu kuma yana haifar da sauyin yanayi ta hanyar haifar da zaizayar ƙasa, lalata albarkatun ruwa (kamar koguna, koguna, da teburin ruwa), da lalata nau'ikan halittu.[5]
 Matsalolin Ghana na kwararowar hamada kuma sun taru da ayyukan noma marasa dorewa.[1] Tattalin arzikin Ghana ya dogara sosai kan fannin noma, wanda zai dauki fiye da rabin ma'aikata aiki, kuma zai samar da kashi 20% na GDPn kasar a shekarar 2022.[2] Hanyoyin noman da ba su dore ba, suna yin illa ga muhalli da kuma rayuwar manoman da ke amfani da su. Daga cikin waxannan ayyukan noma da ba su dawwama akwai: sare dazuzzuka: Ana sare itatuwan Ghana domin noma, a bar qasa tsirara da haifar da zaizayar qasa da raguwar halittun halittu[3]. Wadannan wurare sun fi damuwa da illar sauyin yanayi saboda yanayinsu na waje. Rage yawan amfanin ƙasa, amfanin gona, da gurɓacewar ƙasa, duk sakamako ne na ingantattun fasahohin noma irin su al'ada guda ɗaya, yawan taki da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, da kuma kiwo a zaune.[4] Lokacin da ake amfani da sinadarai da yawa wajen noma, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke makwabtaka da su na iya zama gurɓata, wanda hakan zai kawo barazana ga lafiyar mutane da dabbobi.[5] Sakamakon zaizayar kasa da kwararowar hamada da ke shafar sama da kashi 20% na kasar, lalacewar kasa babbar matsala ce a Ghana. Yankin da ya fi fuskantar hamada a Ghana shi ne yankin Bawku a arewa.[6]

 Manazarta