RoHS

Dokar Ƙuntataccen Abubuwa masu haɗari 2002/95/EC (RoHS 1), takaice don Dokar kan ƙuntataccen amfani da wasu abubuwa masu haɗari a cikin kayan lantarki da lantarki, an karɓa a watan Fabrairun 2003. 

Umarnin RoHS 1 ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2006, kuma ana buƙatar aiwatar da shi kuma ya zama doka a kowace ƙasa memba.  Wannan umarnin ya taƙaita ( banda ) amfani da abubuwa masu haɗari guda goma wajen kera nau'ikan kayan lantarki da na lantarki daban-daban. Baya ga keɓancewa, akwai keɓancewa ga samfura irin su na'urorin hasken rana. Yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da Dokar Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) 2002/96/EC (yanzu an maye gurbinsa  ) wanda ke tsara tarin tarawa, sake yin amfani da su da kuma dawo da kayan lantarki kuma yana cikin wani shiri na doka don magance matsalar dumbin sharar lantarki mai guba. A cikin magana, RoHS ana yawan rubutawa, ko furtawa  /rɒ s /, /r ɒ ʃ /, /r oʊz /, ko / r oʊ h ɒz /, kuma yana nufin ƙa'idar EU, sai dai in ba haka ba.

 Bayani 
Kowace kasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai za su karɓi manufofin tilasta wa kansu da aiwatarwa ta amfani da umarnin a matsayin jagora.

RoHS sau da yawa ana kiranta "jagoranci mara gubar", amma yana ƙuntata amfani da abubuwa goma masu zuwa:

 Jagora (Pb) 
 Mercury (Hg) 
 Cadmium (Cd) 
 Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) 
 Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) 
 Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) 
 Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 
 Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) 
 Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) 
 Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) 

Matsakaicin izinin da aka ba da izini: 0.1%

Max don Cadmium: 0.01%"EURLex – 32015L0863 – EN – EUR-Lex". 

DEHP, BBP, DBP da DIBP an kara su a matsayin wani ɓangare na DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/863 wanda aka buga a ranar 31 ga Maris 2015. "EURLex – 32015L0863 – EN – EUR-Lex". 

PBB da PBDE sune masu hana wuta da aka yi amfani da su a cikin filastik da yawa. Ana amfani da chromium na Hexavalent a cikin chrome plating, cromate coatings da primers, da kuma a cikin Chromic acid.

Matsakaicin ƙimar da aka ba da izini a cikin samfuran da ba a keɓe su ba shine 0.1% ko ɓangarori 1000 a kowace miliyan (ppm) (sai dai cadmium, wanda aka iyakance zuwa 0.01% ko 100 ppm) ta hanyar nauyi. Ƙuntatawa suna kan kowane abu mai kama da juna a cikin samfurin, wanda ke nufin cewa iyakokin ba su shafi nauyin samfurin da aka gama ba, ko ma ga wani bangare, amma ga kowane abu guda wanda zai iya (a ka'ida) a raba shi ta hanyar inji - alal misali, sheath a kan kebul ko tinning a kan wani bangare.   

A matsayin misali, rediyo ya ƙunshi shari'a, screws, washers, allon da'ira, masu magana, da dai sauransu. Ana iya yin screws,washers, da shari'a da kayan aiki iri ɗaya, amma sauran abubuwan sun haɗa da ƙananan abubuwa da yawa na nau'ikan kayan aiki daban-daban. Misali, allon da'irar ya ƙunshi allon da aka buga (PCB), da'irori masu haɗuwa (IC), masu tsayayya, capacitors, masu sauyawa, da dai sauransu. Canjin ya ƙunshi shari'a, maɓallin, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, lambobin sadarwa, pins, da dai dai sauransu, kowannensu ana iya yin shi da kayan daban-daban. Lantarki na iya kasancewa da jan ƙarfe tare da murfin farfajiyar. Mai magana da babbar murya ya ƙunshi magnet na dindindin, waya na jan ƙarfe, takarda, da dai sauransu.

Duk abin da za a iya gano shi a matsayin abu mai kama da juna dole ne ya cika iyaka. Don haka idan ya zama cewa an yi shari'ar da filastik tare da 2,300 ppm (0.23%) PBB da aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai hana wuta, to duk rediyo zai kasa bukatun umarnin. 

A kokarin rufe ramukan RoHS 1, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006 an nemi Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta sake duba nau'ikan samfuran da aka ware a halin yanzu (masu saka idanu da sarrafa kayan aiki, da na'urorin kiwon lafiya) don shigarwa a nan gaba a cikin samfuran da dole ne su fada cikin bin RoHS. Bugu da kari hukumar tana karɓar buƙatun don tsawaita lokacin ƙarshe ko don warewa ta hanyar nau'ikan abu, wurin abu ko nauyi. An buga sabon doka a cikin mujallar hukuma a watan Yulin 2011 wanda ya maye gurbin wannan keɓancewa.

 Kayan aiki masu haɗari da matsalar sharar gida 
RoHS da sauran kokarin rage kayan haɗari a cikin kayan lantarki suna motsawa a wani bangare don magance batun duniya na sharar kayan lantarki. Yayin da sabbin fasahohi ke zuwa da ƙaruwa, masu amfani suna watsar da samfuran da suka wuce da wuri fiye da kowane lokaci. Wannan sharar ta ƙare a cikin wuraren zubar da shara da kuma a ƙasashe kamar China don a "sake amfani da su".

 Manazarta