Caving

Caving, wanda kuma aka sani da spelunking (Amurka da Kanada) da potholing ( United Kingdom da Ireland), shine nishaɗin nishaɗi na bincika tsarin kogon daji (kamar yadda aka bambanta da kogon nunin ). Sabanin haka, speleology shine binciken kimiyya na kogo da yanayin kogo. 

Kalubalen da ke tattare da kogo sun bambanta bisa ga kogon da ake ziyarta; baya ga jimillar rashin haske bayan ƙofar shiga, shawarwarin filaye, matsi,  da haɗarin ruwa na iya zama da wahala.  Ruwan kogo wani abu ne daban, kuma mafi haɗari, ƙanƙantar ƙanƙanta na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kogo.  A cikin wani yanki na haɗuwa tsakanin neman nishaɗi da nazarin kimiyya, mafi yawan sadaukarwa da tunani mai zurfi sun zama cikakke a binciken da taswirar kogo da kuma buga aikinsu na yau da kullum. Yawancin lokaci ana buga waɗannan kyauta kuma a bainar jama'a, musamman a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashen Turai, kodayake a Amurka galibi sun fi sirri.

Ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana rarraba caving a matsayin " wasa matsananci ," kogo ba sa yawan amfani da wannan kalma kuma yawanci ba sa son kalmar da ake amfani da ita dangane da kogo, saboda yana nuna rashin kula da aminci.   Ko da yake caving wasa ne mai aminci idan aka kwatanta da sauran ayyukan da a wasu lokuta ana rarraba su a matsayin "matsananciyar wasanni", al'amura suna faruwa.  Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da ambaliya, hypothermia, faɗuwar dutse, faɗuwar kogo, haɗarin SRT, ko wasu haɗuwa da waɗannan. 

Yawancin fasahohin kogo sun zo tare da waɗanda ke da hannu cikin binciken canyoning da nawa da na birni.

 Ƙarfafawa 
Ana yin kogo sau da yawa don jin daɗin ayyukan waje ko don motsa jiki, da kuma bincike na asali, kamar hawan dutse ko ruwa . Kimiyyar jiki ko ilimin halitta ita ma muhimmiyar manufa ce ga wasu kogo, yayin da wasu ke tsunduma cikin daukar hoto.  Tsarin kogon Budurwa ya ƙunshi wasu yankuna na ƙarshe da ba a gano su ba a Duniya kuma an yi ƙoƙari sosai don ƙoƙarin gano su, shigar da su. A yankuna da aka yi bincike sosai (kamar yawancin ƙasashe masu ci gaba), an riga an bincika mafi yawan kogo, kuma samun damar shiga sabbin kogo yana buƙatar tono kogo ko nutsewa cikin kogo.

Kogo, a wasu yankuna, an kuma yi amfani da shi azaman nau'in yanayin muhalli da yawon shakatawa, misali a New Zealand . Kamfanonin yawon shakatawa sun kafa masana'antu da ke jagorantar balaguro zuwa cikin kogo. Dangane da nau'in kogon da nau'in yawon shakatawa, ƙwarewar na iya zama tushen kasada ko tushen muhalli. Akwai tafiye-tafiyen da ake kaiwa ta bututun lava ta sabis na jagora (misali Lava River Cave, tsibiran teku na Tenerife, Iceland da Hawaii ).

Har ila yau, an kwatanta kogo a matsayin "wasan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mutum ɗaya" da wasu,  kamar yadda kogo na iya yin tafiya sau da yawa ba tare da taimakon jiki kai tsaye daga wasu ba amma gabaɗaya za su shiga rukuni don abokantaka ko don ba da taimakon gaggawa idan an buƙata. Wasu suna la'akari da taimakon kogin da ke ba juna a matsayin wasan motsa jiki na ƙungiyar. 

 Etymology 
Kalmar potholing tana nufin aikin binciken ramuka, kalmar da ta samo asali daga arewacin Ingila don galibin kogo a tsaye .
Clay Perry, wani kogon Amurka na 1940s, ya rubuta game da rukuni na maza da yara maza da suka bincika da kuma nazarin kogwanni a ko'ina cikin New England . Wannan rukunin suna kiran kansu a matsayin masu magana, kalmar da aka samo  daga Latin  ("kogo, kogo, kogo").  Ana ɗaukar wannan azaman farkon amfani da kalmar a cikin Amurka . A cikin shekarun 1950s, spelunking shine kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita don bincika kogwanni a cikin Ingilishi na Amurka . An yi amfani da shi kyauta, ba tare da wata ma'ana mai kyau ko mara kyau ba, ko da yake da wuya a wajen Amurka.

A cikin 1960s, kalmomin spelunking da spelunker sun fara la'akari da declassé a tsakanin ƙwararrun masu sha'awa. A 1985, Steve Knutson – edita na National Speleological Society (NSS) buga American Caving Accidents - Ya bambanta:

An misalta wannan ra'ayi ta lambobi masu ƙarfi da T-shirts waɗanda wasu kogo ke nunawa: "Masu iya ceton Cavers". Duk da haka, a wajen al'ummar kogo, "masu magana" da "masu magana" galibi suna kasancewa tsaka-tsakin sharuddan da ke magana akan aiki da masu aiki, ba tare da mutunta matakin fasaha ba.

 Tarihi 
A tsakiyar karni na 19, John Birkbeck ya bincika ramuka a Ingila, musamman Gaping Gill a 1842 da Alum Pot a 1847–8, ya dawo can a cikin 1870s. A tsakiyar 1880s, Herbert E. Balch ya fara binciken Wookey Hole Caves kuma a cikin 1890s, an gabatar da Balch a cikin kogon Mendip Hills . Ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kulake na kogo, Yorkshire Ramblers' Club, an kafa shi a cikin 1892. 

Caving a matsayin na musamman bi shi ne ya jagoranci ta hanyar Édouard-Alfred Martel (1859-1938), wanda ya fara samun saukowa da bincike na Gouffre de Padirac, a Faransa, a farkon 1889 kuma farkon farkon zuriyar rigar mita 110 a tsaye a kan fasahar Gaping Gill a Helic 18. tsani. Martel ya ziyarci Kentucky da kuma musamman Mammoth Cave National Park a cikin Oktoba 1912. A cikin 1920s sanannen kogon Amurka Floyd Collins ya yi bincike mai mahimmanci a yankin da kuma a cikin 1930s, yayin da kogon ya zama sananne, ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu bincike a cikin Alps da kuma a cikin Karstic high plateaus na kudu maso yammacin Faransa ( Causses ) da kuma nazarin kimiyya. Robert de Joly, Guy de Lavaur da Norbert Casteret sun kasance fitattun mutane na wancan lokacin, suna binciken galibin kogo a kudu maso yammacin Faransa.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyar masu tsayi da suka hada da Pierre Chevalier, Fernand Petzl, Charles Petit-Didier da sauransu sun bincika tsarin kogon Dent de Crolles kusa da Grenoble, wanda ya zama tsarin bincike mafi zurfi a duniya (-658m) a lokacin. Rashin samar da kayan aiki a lokacin yakin ya tilasta Pierre Chevalier da sauran tawagar su haɓaka kayan aikin nasu, wanda ya haifar da fasaha na fasaha. The scaling-Pole (1940), nailan igiyoyi (1942), yin amfani da fashewa a cikin kogo (1947) da kuma inji igiya-hawan (Henri Brenot ta "biri", da farko amfani da Chevalier da Brenot a cikin wani kogo a 1934) za a iya kai tsaye hade da bincike na kogon Dent tsarin Crolles. []

A shekara ta 1941, masu hawan dutse na Amurka sun shirya kansu a cikin National Speleological Society (NSS) don ci gaba da bincike, kiyayewa, nazarin da fahimtar koguna a Amurka. Mai hawan dutse na Amurka Bill Cuddington, wanda aka fi sani da "Vertical Bill", ya ci gaba da haɓaka fasahar igiya ɗaya (SRT) a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. A shekara ta 1958, masu hawan dutse biyu na Switzerland, Juesi da Marti sun haɗu tare, suna ƙirƙirar igiya ta farko da aka sani da Jumar. A cikin 1968 Bruno Dressler ya tambayi Fernand Petzl, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sarrafa ƙarfe, don gina kayan aiki mai hawa igiya, wanda a yau ake kira Petzl Croll, wanda ya haɓaka ta hanyar daidaita Jumar zuwa kogon tsaye. Biye da waɗannan ci gaba, Petzl ya fara a cikin 1970s kamfanin kera kayan aiki mai suna Petzl. Ci gaban rack din rappel da juyin halitta na tsarin hawa na inji sun fadada aikin da aminci na binciken tsaye zuwa manyan cavers. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]

 Ayyuka da kayan aiki 

Ana sanya huluna masu wuya don kare kai daga kumbura da fadowar duwatsu. Tushen hasken farko na kogon yawanci ana hawa akan kwalkwalin don kiyaye hannaye. Fitilar LED na lantarki sun fi kowa. Yawancin kogo na ɗauke da maɓuɓɓugan haske biyu ko fiye - ɗaya a matsayin na farko wasu kuma azaman madadin idan na farko ya gaza. Sau da yawa fiye da haka, za a saka haske na biyu zuwa kwalkwali don saurin sauyawa idan na farko ya gaza. Tsarin fitilun Carbide wani tsohon nau'in haske ne, wanda aka yi wahayi daga kayan aikin ma'adinai, kuma har yanzu wasu kogo suna amfani da su, musamman a balaguron nesa inda babu wuraren cajin lantarki. 

Nau'in tufafin da ake sawa a karkashin kasa ya bambanta bisa ga yanayin kogon da ake bincike, da kuma al'adun gida. A cikin kogo masu sanyi, kogon na iya sa wani tushe mai dumi wanda ke riƙe da kayan sa na kariya lokacin da aka jika, kamar suttura (“furry”) ko rigar polypropylene, da rigar rigar da ke da wuya (misali, cordura ) ko kayan hana ruwa (misali, PVC ). Ana iya sa tufafi masu sauƙi a cikin kogo masu dumi, musamman idan kogon ya bushe, kuma a cikin kogon wurare masu zafi ana amfani da suturar polypropylene na bakin ciki, don samar da kariya ta abrasion yayin da yake da sanyi sosai. Ana iya sa rigar ruwa idan kogon ya jike musamman ko kuma ya ƙunshi rafi. A kan ƙafafu ana amfani da takalma - takalma irin na tafiya a cikin kogo masu bushewa, ko takalmi na roba (irin su fati ) sau da yawa tare da safa neoprene ("wetsocks") a cikin kogo masu ruwa. Knee -pads (da wani lokacin gwiwar hannu ) sun shahara don kare haɗin gwiwa yayin rarrafe. Dangane da yanayin kogon, wasu lokuta ana sanya safar hannu don kare hannaye daga ɓarna ko sanyi. A cikin ɓangarorin da ba su da kyau da kuma don sabuntawa, ana amfani da safofin hannu masu tsabta da kuma foda, safofin hannu marasa latex don kare kogon da kansa daga gurɓatawa. Ana amfani da igiyoyi don saukowa ko hawa hawa (dabarun igiya ɗaya ko SRT) ko don kariya. Knots da aka saba amfani da su a cikin kogo sune madauki-na takwas - (ko siffa-na tara -) madauki, bowline, malam buɗe ido mai tsayi, da ɗan Italiyanci . Ana daure igiyoyi galibi ta hanyar amfani da kusoshi, majajjawa, da majajjawa . A wasu lokuta kogo na iya zaɓar kawo da amfani da tsani mai sassauƙa na ƙarfe.

Baya ga kayan aikin da aka riga aka kwatanta, koguna akai-akai suna ɗaukar fakitin da ke ɗauke da kayan agajin gaggawa, kayan gaggawa, da abinci. Ana kuma ɗaukar kwantena don jigilar fitsari amintacciya.  A cikin tafiye-tafiye masu tsayi, ana ɗaukar kwantena don jigilar najasa daga cikin kogon. 

A lokacin tafiye-tafiye masu tsayi sosai, yana iya zama dole a yi zango a cikin kogon - wasu kogo sun kasance a karkashin kasa na kwanaki da yawa, ko kuma a cikin matsanancin yanayi, tsawon makonni a lokaci guda. Wannan shine lamarin musamman lokacin bincike ko tsara taswirar tsarin kogo, inda ba zai yuwu a sake dawowa kan hanya akai-akai ba. Irin wannan dogayen tafiye-tafiye na bukatar kogon da ke dauke da kayan abinci, barci, da kayan girki.

 Tsaro 
Kogo na iya zama wurare masu haɗari; hypothermia, fadowa, ambaliya, fadowar duwatsu da gajiya ta jiki sune babban haɗari. Ceto mutane daga karkashin kasa yana da wahala kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci, kuma yana buƙatar ƙwarewa, horo, da kayan aiki na musamman. Cikakkun ceton kogon yakan haɗa da ƙoƙarin ma'aikatan ceto da dama (sau da yawa wasu kogo na dogon lokaci waɗanda suka shiga cikin kwasa-kwasan na musamman, kamar yadda ma'aikatan ceto na yau da kullun ba su da isassun gogewa a muhallin kogo), waɗanda za a iya saka kansu cikin haɗari wajen aiwatar da ceto. Wannan ya ce, kogo ba lallai ba ne wasa mai hatsarin gaske (musamman idan bai shafi hawan dutse ko ruwa mai wahala ba). Kamar yadda yake a duk wasanni na jiki, sanin iyakokin mutum shine mabuɗin.

Kogo a cikin yanayin zafi yana ɗaukar haɗarin kamuwa da histoplasmosis, cututtukan fungal da ke kamuwa da shi daga tsuntsu ko zubar da jemage. Yana iya haifar da ciwon huhu kuma yana iya yaduwa a cikin jiki don haifar da ci gaba da cututtuka. 

A yawancin sassan duniya, leptospirosis, nau'in kamuwa da kwayar cutar da dabbobi ke yadawa ciki har da berayen,  wata barazana ce ta musamman. Kasancewar fitsarin bera a cikin ruwan sama ko hazo da ke shiga cikin tsarin ruwan kogon shine farkon kamuwa da cutar. Rikice-rikice ba a saba gani ba, amma yana iya zama mai tsanani. Ana iya rage waɗannan haɗarin aminci yayin kogo ta amfani da dabaru da yawa:

 Tabbatar da cewa babu hatsarin ambaliya yayin balaguron. Ruwan ruwan sama da ke gangarowa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya ambaliya kogon cikin sauri, tare da kama mutane a wuraren da aka yanke tare da nutsar da su. A cikin Burtaniya, nutsewar ruwa ya kai kusan rabin duk mace-macen kogo (duba Jerin mutuwar kogon Burtaniya ).
 Yin amfani da ƙungiyoyi na kogo da yawa, zai fi dacewa aƙalla huɗu. Idan wani rauni ya faru, kogon daya yana zama tare da wanda ya ji rauni yayin da sauran biyun suka fita don neman taimako, suna ba da taimako ga juna akan hanyarsu ta fita.
 Sanar da mutanen da ke wajen kogon game da lokacin dawowar da aka yi niyya. Bayan jinkirin da ya dace ba tare da dawowa ba, waɗannan za su shirya ƙungiyar bincike (yawanci ana yin su ta hanyar wasu kogo da aka horar da su a cikin ceton kogo, kamar yadda ko da ma'aikatan gaggawa na ƙwararrun ba su da damar samun basira don yin ceto a cikin yanayi mai wuya).
 Amfani da fitilun da aka saka kwalkwali (ba hannun hannu) tare da ƙarin batura. Cavers na Amurka suna ba da shawarar mafi ƙarancin tushen haske masu zaman kansu uku kowane mutum,  amma fitilu biyu abu ne na gama gari tsakanin kogon Turai. []
 Tufafi da takalma masu ƙarfi, da kwalkwali, suna da mahimmanci don rage tasirin abrasions, faɗuwa, da faɗuwar abubuwa. Filayen roba da woolen, waɗanda ke bushewa da sauri, suna zubar da ruwa, kuma suna da dumi lokacin da aka jika, an fi son kayan auduga sosai, waɗanda ke riƙe da ruwa kuma suna ƙara haɗarin hypothermia. Hakanan yana da amfani don samun nau'ikan tufafi da yawa, waɗanda za'a iya zubar da su (a adana su a cikin fakitin) ko ƙara yadda ake buƙata. A cikin kogo na ruwa, ana iya buƙatar rigar zafin jiki na polypropylene ko rigar rigar don guje wa hypothermia .
 Hanyoyin kogo sun bambanta da kwatance daban-daban. A cikin dogayen koguna masu sarƙaƙƙiya, hatta gogaggun kogo na iya ɓacewa. Don rage haɗarin zama ɓacewa, ya zama dole a haddace bayyanar mahimman wuraren kewayawa a cikin kogon yayin da ƙungiyar bincike ta wuce su. Kowane memba na jam'iyyar kogon yana da alhakin iya tunawa da hanyar fita daga cikin kogon. A cikin wasu kogo yana iya zama karɓaɓɓe a yi alamar ƙananan maɓalli na maɓalli tare da ƴan ɗigo ko "kogon" duwatsu, ko barin alamar da ba ta dawwama kamar babban tef ɗin tuta da ke ɗaure da tsinkaya.
 Kogo a tsaye yana amfani da tsani ko dabarar igiya guda ɗaya (SRT) don guje wa buƙatar hawan hanyoyin da ke da wahala. SRT fasaha ce mai rikitarwa kuma tana buƙatar horon da ya dace da ingantaccen kayan aiki. Wasu ɗigon da ba a kwance ba na iya zama zurfin mita ɗari da yawa (misali Harwoods Hole ).

 Kiyaye kogo 
Yawancin wuraren kogo suna da rauni sosai. Yawancin speleothems na iya lalacewa ta ko da ɗan taɓawa wasu kuma ta hanyar tasiri kaɗan kamar numfashi. Bincike ya nuna cewa karuwar matakan carbon dioxide na iya haifar da "madaidaicin ma'auni na alli a cikin ruwan ɗigon ruwa yana ciyar da seleothems, don haka yana haifar da rushewar abubuwan da ke akwai."  A cikin 2008, masu bincike sun sami shaidar cewa numfashi daga masu ziyara na kogo na iya haifar da haɓakar ƙwayar carbon dioxide a cikin kogo, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin yanayin zafi har zuwa 3. °C da rushewar abubuwan da ke akwai. 

Haka kuma gurbatar yanayi yana da damuwa. Tunda ruwan da ke ratsawa ta cikin kogo yana fitowa daga koguna da koguna, duk wani gurbataccen yanayi zai iya zuwa a karshe a cikin ruwan sha na wani, har ma yana iya shafar yanayin saman, haka nan. Ko da ƙananan gurɓata kamar zubar da kayan halitta na iya yin tasiri mai ban mamaki a kan kogon kogon.

Hakanan nau'in mazaunin kogo suna da rauni sosai. Sau da yawa, wani nau'i na musamman da ake samu a cikin kogo yana iya zama a cikin wannan kogon shi kaɗai, kuma ba za a same shi a wani wuri ba a duniya; Misali shine shrimp na kogon Alabama . Jinsunan da ke zaune a kogo sun saba da yanayin zafi da zafi na kusa, kuma duk wani hargitsi na iya kawo cikas ga yanayin rayuwar nau'in. Ko da yake namun daji na kogon ba koyaushe ake iya gani nan da nan ba, amma duk da haka yana nan a yawancin kogo.

Jemage ɗaya ne irin wannan nau'in dabbar da ke zaune a kogo. Jemage da ke yin hibernate sun fi samun rauni a lokacin lokacin sanyi, lokacin da babu abinci a saman da zai cika ma'ajiyar kuzarin jemage idan an tashe shi daga bacci. Jemage da ke ƙaura sun fi damuwa a cikin watannin bazara lokacin da suke renon 'ya'yansu. Don waɗannan dalilai, ana hana ziyartar kogo waɗanda jemagu ke zaune a lokacin sanyi; kuma ziyartar kogon da jemagu masu ƙaura ke zaune ba a hana su a cikin watanni masu zafi lokacin da suka fi damuwa da rauni. Saboda wani bala'i da ke damun jemagu a arewa maso gabashin Amurka da aka sani da ciwon farin hanci (WNS),  US Kifi & Wildlife Service ya yi kira da a dakatar da aiki a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2009, game da ayyukan caving a cikin jihohin da aka sani da suna da hibernacula (MD, NY, VT, NH, MA, CT, NJ, PA, VA) da kuma WNS ya shafa, da kuma WNS. 

Wasu wuraren kogo ana iya yiwa alama alama da tef ɗin tuta ko wasu alamomi don nuna yanayin halitta, ƙawanci, ko wurare masu mahimmancin kayan tarihi. Hanyoyi masu alama na iya nuna hanyoyi a kusa da wuraren da ba su da ƙarfi kamar ƙaƙƙarfan bene na yashi ko silt wanda zai iya zama dubban shekaru, tun daga ƙarshe lokacin da ruwa ke gudana ta cikin kogon. Irin waɗannan adibas na iya kasancewa cikin sauƙi a lalace har abada ta hanyar kuskure guda ɗaya. Siffofin aiki irin su dutsen ruwa ana iya lalata su da sawun laka ko sawun hannu, kuma tsoffin kayan tarihi na ɗan adam, kamar samfuran fiber, na iya murƙushewa zuwa ƙura a ƙarƙashin duka sai dai mafi taushin taɓawa.

A cikin 1988, damuwa cewa albarkatun kogo suna ƙara lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da su ba tare da ka'ida ba, Majalisa ta kafa Dokar Kariya ta Kogon Tarayya, yana ba hukumomin kula da filaye a Amurka damar fadada ikon gudanar da kiyaye kogo a kan filayen jama'a. 

 Ƙungiyoyin kogo 
Ƙungiyoyin kogo a ƙasashe da yawa sun ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi don gudanarwa da sa ido kan ayyukan kogo a cikin ƙasashensu. Mafi tsufa daga cikin waɗannan ita ce Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Faransa (asali Société de spéléologie) wanda Édouard-Alfred Martel ya kafa a 1895, wanda ya samar da mujallolin farko na lokaci-lokaci a cikin speleology, Spelunca . An kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Jami'a ta farko a duniya a cikin 1920 a Cluj-Napoca, Romania, ta Emil Racovita, masanin ilimin halittu na Romania, masanin dabbobi, masanin kimiya da fasaha na Antarctica.

An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Biritaniya a cikin 1935. A Amurka, an kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Amurka a 1941; duk da haka, an samo asali ne azaman Ƙungiyar Speleological na Gundumar Columbia a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1939.

An gabatar da wani taron tattaunawa na kasa da kasa a wani taro a Valence-sur-Rhone, Faransa a 1949 kuma aka fara gudanar da shi a 1953 a Paris. An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (UIS) a cikin 1965. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba