Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka

Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka, wanda ake kira kawai kwallon kafa a Amurka da Kanada kuma an fi sani da kwallon kafa na gridiron, wasanni ne na ƙungiyar da ƙungiyoyi biyu na 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya sauka buga a filin rectangular tare da bututu a kowane ƙarshen. laifi, ƙungiyar da ke da kwallon kafa mai siffar oval, tana ƙoƙari ta ci gaba a filin ta hanyar gudu da kwallon ko jefa shi, yayin da tsaro, ƙungiyar ba tare da mallakar kwallon ba, tana da niyyar dakatar da ci gaban laifin kuma su mallaki kwallon don kansu. Dole ne laifin ya ci gaba da kwallon aƙalla yadudduka goma a cikin hudu ko wasanni; idan sun kasa, za su juya kwallon zuwa ga tsaro, amma idan sun yi nasara, ana ba su sabon saiti na hudu don ci gaba da fitarwa. Ana samun maki da farko ta hanyar ci gaba da kwallon zuwa Yankin ƙarshe ƙungiyar adawa don taɓawa ko kifar da kwallon ta hanyar ƙofar abokin hamayyar don burin filin. Kungiyar da ke da maki mafi yawa a ƙarshen wasan ta ci nasara.

Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka ya samo asali ne a Amurka, ya samo asali daga wasanni na ƙwallon ƙafa da rugby. An buga wasan kwallon kafa na farko na Amurka a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1869, tsakanin kungiyoyin kwaleji biyu, Rutgers da Princeton, ta amfani da dokoki bisa ga dokokin kwallon kafa a lokacin. Saitin canje-canjen mulki da Walter Camp, "Uba na Kwallon Kafa na Amurka", ya tsara daga 1880 zuwa gaba, ya kafa tsagewa, layin scrimmage, ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya, da kuma manufar saukarwa. Canjin mulki daga baya ya halatta wucewa gaba, ya haifar da Yankin tsaka-tsaki, kuma ya ƙayyade girman da siffar kwallon kafa. Wasan yana da alaƙa da Kwallon ƙafa na Kanada, wanda ya samo asali a layi daya tare da kuma a lokaci guda kamar wasan Amurka, kodayake an haɓaka dokokinsa da kansu daga waɗanda ke sansanin. Yawancin fasalulluka da ke rarrabe kwallon kafa na Amurka daga rugby da kwallon kafa suma suna cikin kwallon kafa na Kanada. Wasanni biyu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin manyan bambance-bambance na ƙwallon ƙafa.

 Ma'anar asali da sunaye 
A Amurka, ana kiran kwallon kafa na Amurka da "ƙwallon ƙafa". An kafa kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" a hukumance a cikin littafin dokoki na Lokacin kwallon kafa na kwaleji na 1876, lokacin da wasan ya fara canzawa daga ka'idojin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa zuwa ka'idoji na rugby. Kodayake ana iya kiran shi "rugby" a wannan lokacin, Harvard, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan wasan rugby, ya daidaita kuma bai nemi a canza sunan wasan zuwa "rugby". Kalmomin "gridiron" ko "ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka" ana son su a ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci inda wasu nau'ikan ƙwallon ƙafa suka shahara, kamar Ingila, Ireland, New Zealand, da Ostiraliya.

 Tarihi 

Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka ya samo asali ne daga wasanni na rugby da ƙwallon ƙafa. Rugby, kamar kwallon kafa na Amurka, wasanni ne wanda kungiyoyi biyu masu fafatawa ke neman kula da kwallon, wanda za'a iya kifar da shi ta hanyar saiti na raga ko gudu zuwa yankin burin abokin hamayyar don samun maki
alt=Cartoon showing a figure with a skeletal head holding a football upright with extended arms while lying down on a football field|thumb|Haɗarin da ke tattare da wasan da aka nuna a cikin zane-zane na 1908 na William Charles Morris

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