Rayuwa mai rai

A cikin aikin noma, Mulch mai rai shine amfanin gona mai rufewa wanda aka dasa ko kuma an shuka shi da babban amfanin gona, kuma an yi niyyar yin amfani da manufar mulch, kamar murkushe ciyawa da kuma tsara yanayin zafi na ƙasa. Rayayyun mulches suna girma na dogon lokaci tare da manyan amfanin gona, yayin da ake sanya amfanin gona a cikin ƙasa ko kashe su da magungunan herbicides.

Sauran fa'idodi na mulches suna jinkirta ci gaban ciyawa, da kuma kare ƙasa daga ruwa da iska. An gano wasu mulches masu rai don kara yawan abokan gaba na halitta na cututtukan amfanin gona. Legumes da aka yi amfani da su azaman rayayyun mulches suma suna samar da nitrogen fixation, rage bukatar taki.

 Fa'idodi 
Lokacin da aka rufe amfanin gona a cikin ƙasa, suna ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan gina jiki ga babban amfanin gona don a buƙaci ƙasa da taki. Adadin gudummawar ya dogara da biomass, wanda ya bambanta da lokaci kuma ya dogara da ruwan sama da sauran dalilai. Mafi girma da biomass, mafi girma da gina jiki turs na ƙasa. Shuke-shuke na legume suna juyawa nitrogen da aka gyara daga yanayi. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa legumes gabaɗaya suna da mafi girman abun ciki na nitrogen, daga 20 zuwa 45 MG g-1. 

Ƙasa mai tsabta wanda ya haifar da noma mai tsanani na iya haifar da rushewar ƙasa, asarar abinci mai gina jiki, da motsi na magungunan kashe kwari. Bugu da ƙari, ciyawa na iya tsirowa da girma ba tare da gasa ba. Rayayyun mulches na iya rage ruwa da rushewa, da kuma kare hanyoyin ruwa daga gurɓata. An kuma nuna cewa mulches masu rai suna kara yawan kwayoyin da ke da abokan gaba na wasu cututtukan amfanin gona.

Rayayyun mulches suna sarrafa ciyawa ta hanyoyi biyu. Lokacin da aka shuka su kafin a kafa ciyawa, suna hana ciyawa ta hanyar gasa. A wasu yanayi, ana iya amfani da kaddarorin allelopathic na mulches masu rai don sarrafa ciyawa. Misali, ana iya amfani da kaddarorin allelopathic na rye na hunturu (Secale cereale), ryegrasses (Lolium spp), da clover na karkashin kasa (Trifolium subterraneum) don sarrafa ciyawa a cikin masara mai zaki (Zea mays var "rugosa") da kuma wake (Phaseolus vulgaris). 

Yawan masu cin nama da ke zaune a ƙasa sun fi girma a cikin masara da soya tare da alfalfa da kura clover masu rai fiye da ba tare da mai rai ba. Wannan halin ya kasance ne saboda wani bangare na canji a cikin abun da ke cikin ciyayi a cikin tsarin noma.

 Rashin daidaituwa 
Rayayyun mulches suna gasa don abubuwan gina jiki da ruwa tare da babban amfanin gona,  kuma wannan na iya rage amfanin gona. Misali, Elkins et al. (1983) sun bincika amfani da fescue mai tsayi (Festuca arundinacea), bromegrass mai santsi (Bromus innermis), da orchargrass (Dactylis glomerata) a matsayin rayayyun mulches. Sun gano cewa magungunan herbicides sun kashe kashi 50% zuwa 70% na mulches amma amfanin masara ya ragu da kashi 5% zuwa 10% a ƙarshen girbi.

Kodayake amfanin gona na leguminus suna da babban samar da biomass da juyawa, ba za su iya ƙara yawan kwayoyin ƙasa ba. Wannan shi ne saboda legumes da aka yi amfani da su azaman rayayyun mulches suna da mafi girma N abun ciki da kuma low C zuwa N rabo. Don haka lokacin da raguwar legume ta lalace, ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa suna da isasshen N don haɓaka lalacewar kayan kwayoyin a cikin ƙasa.

 Nau'o'in 
A cikin wurare masu zafi, ya zama ruwan dare ga amfanin gona na itace tare da mulches masu rai kamar murfin legume a cikin shuke-shuke na dabino mai,  kwakwa  da roba. 

Ana amfani da mulches masu rai a wasu lokuta a cikin ruwan inabi mai sanyi, inda gasa don ruwa zai iya zama da fa'ida saboda zai iya hana itatuwan inabi su zama masu tsiro sosai.

A Mexico, an gwada legumes da aka yi amfani da su a al'ada a matsayin mulches masu rai a matsayin Nematode da masu hana ciyawa. Mulches sun hada da velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens) jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis), jumbiebean (Leucaena leucocephala) da tamarindo na daji (Lysiloma latisiliquum). Rashin Ruwa na Velvetbean ya rage ƙwayoyin gall na Meloidogyne incognita a cikin tushen Tumar, amma ya hana tushen tumatir. Bugu da kari, Velvetbean ya hana ci gaban ciyawa na gida Alegria (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) da kashi 66% da Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) da kashi 26.5%.

Nicholson da Wien (1983) sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da gajerun turfgrasses da clovers a matsayin rayayyun mulches don inganta juriya na ƙasa. Wadannan marubutan sun kafa Smooth Meadow-grass (Poa pratensis) da farin clover (Trifolium repens) a matsayin rayayyun mulches tunda ba su haifar da raguwar masara ba (babban amfanin gona). 

A cikin wani binciken, cinye fescue ko ja fescue (Festuca rubra) da ladino clover (Trifolium repens) sun kasance masu tasiri masu rai don sarrafa ci gaban ciyawa. Abin takaici, waɗannan amfanin gona sun yi gasa da masara don ruwa wanda ya kasance matsala musamman a lokacin fari. An kuma ambaci yiwuwar amfani da ladino clover (Trifolium repens) a matsayin mai yiwuwa mai rai; duk da haka, wannan clover yana da wuyar kashewa tare da herbicides a cikin hunturu.

 Dubi kuma 

 Mulch
 Mulch na filastik

 Manazarta 

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