Joseph S. Fruton

Joseph Stewart Fruton (14 Mayu 1912 – 29 Yuli 2007), wanda aka haifa da suna Joseph Fruchtgarten, ɗan kimiyyar halittu ne na Polish-Amurka kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya. Mafi muhimmancin aikin kimiyyarsa ya shafi peptide masu haɗaka da hulɗarsu da enzymes na protease; tare da matarsa Sofia Simmonds, ya wallafa littafi mai tasiri, General Biochemistry (1953; 1958).Joseph S. Fruton (1912– , Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, 2006. Accessed April 17, 2008 Daga shekara ta 1970 har zuwa rasuwarsa, Fruton ya mai da hankali sosai kan tarihin kimiyya, musamman tarihin biochemistry da molecular biology.

Yarinta da Ilmi

An haifi Joseph Fruchtgarten a Częstochowa, Poland; mahaifinsa Shama Nuta (Charles) Fruchtgarten likita ne mai cinikin hatsi, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Ella (Aisenstadt) Fruchtgarten malamar Faransanci ce. Kamar yawancin ‘yan Yahudawan Poland, iyalin Fruchtgarten sun ƙaura zuwa Amurka kafin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Farko. Sun zauna a birnin New York daga 1913 zuwa 1917, sannan a Afrilu 1917 suka koma Minsk (wanda a lokacin sojojin Red Army ke mamaye shi a tsakiyar Russian Civil War).Fruton, Eighty Years, pp. 8–12

Daga 1917 zuwa 1923, Fruchtgarten ya yi karatu lokaci-lokaci, yana motsawa daga Minsk zuwa Siedlce zuwa Warsaw zuwa Berlin, inda ya koyi Faransanci, Jamusanci da Latin (baya ga harshen Polish da Ingilishi). A shekarar 1923, iyalin Fruchtgarten sun koma New York kuma sun canza sunansu zuwa Fruton domin gujewa kasancewa masu fuskantar ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa. Joseph Fruton ya bi mahaifinsa wajen ƙin addini, amma ya koya tun wuri-wuri "kada ya bayyana ko Yahudancinsa ko ƙin addininsa."Fruton, Eighty Years, pp. 12–15; quotation from p. 15
Bayan wasu ‘yan watanni a De Witt Clinton High School, Fruton ya shiga ajin farko na ɗalibai a James Madison High School. Ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1927, inda ya fi fice musamman a fannin kimiya (chemistry). Ya nemi shiga Columbia University, kuma bayan an ƙi shi a farko—watakila saboda yana da shekaru 15 kawai a lokacin, ko kuma saboda makarantar ta riga ta cika adadin ‘yan Yahudawa na New York—mahaifiyarsa ta shawo kan jami’in shigar da dalibai don a juyar da hukuncin.

An yi wahayi ga Fruton daga hali Max Gottlieb daga littafin Sinclair Lewis mai suna Arrowsmith, inda ya tsara karatunsa a Columbia domin zama masanin kimiyya. Darussa da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na masanin organic chemistry John M. Nelson sun sa Fruton sha’awar biochemistry. Ya samu digirinsa a chemistry a shekarar 1931, sannan ya shiga makarantar digiri na gaba a Sashen Biological Chemistry na Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, yana aiki ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hans Thacher Clarke.Fruton, Eighty Years, pp. 16–23

Aikin digirin PhD na Fruton ya mayar da hankali kan "lability na cystine a cikin alkali", kodayake ya haɓaka sha’awa a fannoni daban-daban na bincike da suka shafi biochemistry da ake gudanarwa a College of Physicians and Surgeons.Fruton, Eighty Years, pp. 23–32; quotation from p. 27

A yayin karatun digiri na gaba, Fruton ya fara shiga harkokin siyasa, inda ya nuna adawa da fashizim, soja-mai-ƙarfi (militarism) da kuma wariyar launin Yahudawa (anti-Semitism). A shekarar 1933, ya sadu da Sophia "Topsy" Simmonds, wacce ya aura a 1936. Bayan kammala digirinsa na PhD a watan Mayu 1934, Fruton ya zama mataimakin mai bincike (research assistant) ga Max Bergmann a Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.Fruton, Eighty Years, pp. 26, 32, 38

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