Milton Galamison

Milton Arthur Galamison (Maris 25, 1923 - Maris 9, 1988) ya kasance Minista Presbyterian wanda ya yi aiki a Brooklyn, New York .  A matsayinsa na mai fafutuka al'umma, ya goyi bayan hadin kai da sake fasalin ilimi a tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Birnin New York, kuma ya shirya takunkumin makaranta biyu.

 Tarihin rayuwa 

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haifi Milton Arthur Galamison a Philadelphia, inda ya fuskanci talauci da tsattsauran ra'ayi. : 17 Ikklisiyoyin baƙar fata a Philadelphia sun ba da al'adu, zamantakewa da ayyukan ilimi waɗanda Galamison ba zai iya samun su a wasu wurare ba, kuma yana aiki a cikin kungiyoyin matasa na coci. Ya zama mataimakin Reverend Thomas Logan, shugaban St. Augustine Mission a Yonkers kuma fatalwa ta rubuta masa labarai a cikin Philadelphia Tribune . Ga waɗanda suka san shi, Galamison ya bayyana mai basira, mai magana, mai amincewa da kansa, mai burin, kuma ya ƙuduri aniyar cin nasara, amma ya sami maki marasa kyau a makarantar sana'a kuma ya kammala makarantar sakandare ta Overbooke a 1940 tare da difloma ba ta ilimi ba. Ya fahimci hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta samun nasara ta hanyar hidima. : 20–22 

An yarda da Galamison a Kwalejin St. Augustine a Raleigh, North Carolina, kwalejin baƙar fata ta tarihi wacce ke da niyyar bunkasa dalibai a matsayin wakilai na canjin zamantakewa. : 22-23 Daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Lincoln a Pennsylvania, ya kammala karatu a 1945, sannan ya sami digiri na farko na Allah daga can a 1947. Ya halarci Princeton Theological Seminary kuma ya sami Jagora na tauhidin a shekarar 1949. Ya sami Doctor of Divinity daga Lincoln a 1961. 

 Ma'aikatar 
A shekara ta 1947 Ikilisiyar Presbyterian ta naɗa Galamison kuma an sanya shi a Ikilisiyar Witherspoon Presbyterien a Princeton, New Jersey .  A shekara ta 1948 an zabi Galamison ya zama shugaban Ikilisiyar Presbyterian ta Siloam a unguwar Bedford-Stuyvesant ta Brooklyn. ,  wanda a lokacin an dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan majami'u na Presbyterian na musamman a Amurka.  : 31, 32 Ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗaɗa rawar da coci ke takawa a cikin al'umma yana ƙara ayyuka kamar cibiyar jagorantar aiki, asibitin kiwon lafiya na hankali, koyarwar ilimi da ƙungiyar bashi, kuma a shekara ta 1952 Siloam ya girma ya zama cocin Presbyterian na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar.

Yayin da sunansa ya girma, ya fara yin rediyo da talabijin, gami da Dumont Morning Chapel, Radio Chapel da Frontiers of Faith . Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga shafi na wa'azin addini a cikin Amsterdam News . Duk da yake wa'azin rediyo na farko na bishara ne, wa'aɗinsa a Siloam na akida ne da siyasa tare da sukar rashin adalci na zamantakewa kamar wariyar launin fata, militarism, da cin zarafin aji. 

 Yunkurin fafutuka 
A shekara ta 1955, an zabi Galamison a matsayin shugaban kwamitin ilimi na reshen Brooklyn na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People inda ya ba da shawara don inganta ilimi ga ɗaliban baƙar fata da ɗaliban Puerto Rican. A shekara ta 1959 ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Iyaye don Daidaitawa a Makarantun New York tare da manufofi na cimma daidaiton launin fata a makarantun Birnin New York, tabbatar da daidaiton damar ilimi ga dukkan yara, kawo karshen nuna bambancin launin fata ga yara baƙar fata da Puerto Rican, da inganta ilimi a makarantun jama'a. The Parents' Workshop kungiya ce ta tushen ciyawa da farko a Siloam kuma daga baya ta fadada zuwa Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens da Bronx. : 31, 33 

A cikin 1960, Galamison, Annie Stein, Thelma Hamilton da sauran mambobin Cibiyar Nazarin Iyaye sun fara kamfen don matsawa Hukumar Ilimi ta Birnin New York don haɗa makarantun. : 34 Bayan shekaru na gwagwarmaya mara amfani don aiwatar da canji mai ma'ana, Galamison ya shirya Kwamitin Citywide don Makarantu masu Haɗe-haɗe, hadin gwiwar Tattaunawar Iyaye, NAACP, Majalisa ta Daidaita Ra'ayi, Ƙungiyar Urban ta Kasa, da Kwamitin Iyaye na Harlem, don shirya kauracewa na rana ɗaya na makarantun jama'a na Birnin New York. A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1964, wanda aka fi sani da Ranar 'Yanci, kusan rabin dalibai miliyan sun zaɓi su nisanta daga makaranta a cikin abin da ya kasance mafi girman zanga-zangar kare hakkin bil'adama na shekarun 1960.

Bayan nasarar da aka samu a ranar 'yanci, Galamison ya shirya wani yunkuri na gaba a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1964. Ya rasa mahimmin goyon baya daga ƙungiyoyin da suka fi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, duk da haka, kuma saboda sakamakon rarraba ƙungiyoyi, wannan kauracewa ya kasa samun isasshen goyon baya.

Maida hankali ga yunkurin sake fasalin ilimi a Birnin New York ya sauya daga hadewa zuwa rarraba,  kuma a cikin 1967 Galamison ya kafa sabuwar kungiyar da ake kira Citywide Coalition for Community Control . Kokarin wannan rukuni ya haifar da kirkirar makarantun zanga-zangar tare da kwamitocin gudanarwa da aka zaba a cikin gida da ke da alhakin yanke shawara da suka shafi daukar ma'aikata da tsarin karatun. A sakamakon yanke shawara, an kori wasu malamai fararen fata, kuma sakamakon tashin hankali ya haifar da yajin aiki a duk birnin New York City a shekarar 1968 wanda ya dauki kwanaki 36.

A watan Yulin 1968, Magajin garin John V. Lindsay ya nada Galamison a Hukumar Ilimi. Maimakon nuna nasararsa ta ƙarshe a cikin dogon gwagwarmayarsa da rashin daidaito a makarantu, duk da haka, wannan nadin "ya tabbatar da haskensa da na motsi da ya jagoranci. "  Bayan ya kasa ƙoƙarinsa na sake zabarsa zuwa Kwamitin Makaranta a 1969, Galamison ya yi ritaya daga fagen siyasa. 

A lokacin da yake mai fafutuka da kuma mai ba da shawara ga sake fasalin tsarin makarantar New York City, an kama Galamison sau tara saboda ayyukan rashin biyayya na farar hula.

 Rayuwa ta baya 
Baya ga goyon bayansa na sake fasalin ilimi, Galamizon ya shirya makarantar sana'a, Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Hanyar, a Brooklyn a shekarar 1967. Ya kuma wallafa labarai a cikin mujallu kamar Freedomways da mujallu na addini. 

Galamison ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin fasto a Siloam har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1988 bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya.

 Haɗin waje 

 Littafin shekara na Jami'ar Lincoln na 1945, wanda Galamison ya shirya 
 Warren, Robert Penn. Tattaunawa da Milton A. Galamison, Yuni 17, 1964 da aka buga a cikin Who Speaks for the Negro? rubutun da za'a iya bincikawa a Wanene Mai Magana ga Negro? Digital Archive na Cibiyar Robert Penn Warren don Humanities da Jean da Alexander Heard Libraries a Jami'ar Vanderbilt bisa ga tarin a Jami'an Kentucky da Jami'ar Yale.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba