Hukuncin kisa a Indiya

Hukuncin kisa a Indiya shine mafi girman hukunci na shari'a don laifuka a karkashin babban dokar azabtarwa ta kasar, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (tsohon Dokar Shari'ar Indiya), da sauran dokoki. Ana aiwatar da kisa ta hanyar ratayewa a matsayin hanya ta farko ta kisa. Hanyar kisa ta hanyar Sashe na 354 (5) na Dokar Shari'a, 1973 ita ce "Hanging da wuyan har zuwa mutuwa", kuma ana ba da hukuncin ne kawai a cikin 'mafi ƙarancin shari'o'i'.

A halin yanzu, akwai kusan fursunoni 539  a kan layin mutuwa a Indiya. Kashe-kashen da aka yi kwanan nan a Indiya ya faru ne a watan Maris na 2020, lokacin da aka kashe hudu daga cikin masu aikata fyade da kisan kai na Delhi na 2012 a gidan yarin Tihar a Delhi. 

 Tarihi 
A cikin Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), mutuwa ta 1898 ita ce hukuncin kisa kuma ta buƙaci alƙalai da suka shafi su ba da dalilai a cikin hukuncin su idan suna so su ba da ɗaurin rai a maimakon haka. Ta hanyar gyare-gyare ga CrPC a cikin 1955, an cire abin da ake buƙata na rubuce-rubuce don kada a ɗora hukuncin kisa, yana nuna cewa babu wani zaɓi na majalisa tsakanin azabtarwa biyu. A shekara ta 1973, lokacin da aka ci gaba da gyaran CrPC, ɗaurin rai da rai ya zama al'ada kuma za a sanya hukuncin kisa ne kawai a lokuta na musamman, musamman idan wani mummunan laifi da aka aikata ya yi la'akari da mai aikata laifin da ya fi haɗari har ma a 'yi la'akari' da shi don sakin da aka saki cikin al'umma bayan shekaru 20 (kulle rai ba tare da izini ba ya wanzu a Indiya tunda yana da tsada sosai don ciyar da kuma ya ba da dalilai masu haɗari a saki masu laifi da aka yanke musu duka rayuwarsu, kuma kawar da yiwuwar rayuwa suna da su ta atomatik ga 'yanci' yanci' yankace su duka rayukansu masu laifi da ake buƙata' yanka' yankawa da su, da aka yanke wa' yanka shekaru 57, duk shekarun da suka cancanta da suka dace da suka dace don inganta halayyar rayuwa' yanka a cikin shekaru 57, Wannan gagarumin canji ya nuna sha'awar iyakance hukuncin kisa a Indiya. CrPC, 1973 kuma ta raba Shari'a aikata laifuka zuwa matakai biyu tare da sauraro daban-daban, ɗaya don yanke hukunci ɗayan kuma don yanke hukunci.

 Laifukan kisa 

 Hukuncin kisa a cikin Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 
Sashe a karkashin BNS ko wata dokaYanayin aikata laifukaSashe na 65 (2) na BNSRashin fyade ga yaro a kasa da shekaru 12Sashe na 66 na BNSRashin fyade da rauni wanda ke haifar da mutuwa ko barin mace a cikin Yanayin Ruwa na DindindinYanayin Tsire-tsire na Tsire-shukeSashe na 70 (2) na BNSKungiya ta fyade ga yaro dan kasa da shekaru 18Sashe na 71 na BNSMaimaita laifuka a cikin mahallin fyadeSashe na 103 (1) na BNSKisan kaiSashe na 103 (2) na BNSKashewaSashe na 104 na BNSKisan kai ta hanyar fursunoni da ke yin hukuncin rai da raiSashe na 107 na BNSRashin jin daɗin kashe kansa na yaro ko mutum mara hankaliSashe na 109 (2) na BNSYunkurin kisan kai da fursunoni da ke yin hukuncin rai da raiSashe na 111 (2) (a) na BNSLaifukan aikata laifuka da aka shirya da ke haifar da mutuwaSashe na 113 (2) (a) na BNSTa'addanci wanda ke haifar da mutuwar kowane mutumSashe na 140 (2) na BNSGarkuwa da mutane ko satar mutane don kisan kai ko don fansaSashe na 147 na BNSCin amana da Gwamnatin IndiyaSashe na 160 na BNSRashin amincewa da tawaye, idan an yi tawaye a zahiri saboda hakaSashe na 230 (2) na BNSBayar ko ƙirƙirar shaidar ƙarya tare da niyyar samun hukunci na laifi mai kisa wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutum marar laifiSashe na 232 (2) na BNSYin barazanar duk wani mutum da ya ba da shaidar ƙarya wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutum marar laifiSashe na 310 (3) na BNSKisan kai yayin aikata lalata ko fashi

 Hukuncin kisa a cikin laifukan da ba na BNS ba 
+ActSectionOffence descriptionThe Organized Crime Act, 20013 (1)Organized crime resulting in death of personArmy Act, 195034Offences in relation to enemy and punishable with death Army Act, 195037MutinyArmy Act, 195038 (1)DesertionAssam Rifles Act, 200621Offences in relation to enemy and punishable with death Assam Rifles Act, 200624MutinyAssam Rifles Act, 200625 (1) (a)DesertionAssam Rifles Act, 200655Civil offences Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 200965A (2)Death caused by the consumption of LaththaBorder Security Force Act, 196814Offences in relation to the enemy and punishable with death Border Security Force Act, 196817MutinyBorder Security Force Act, 196818 (1) (a)DesertionBorder Security Force Act, 196846Civil offences Coast Guard Act, 197817MutinyCoast Guard Act, 197849Civil offences The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 198741Abetment of satiThe Defence of India, Act, 19715Person contravening with intent to wage war or assist external aggression or any violation of provision made under S.3The Geneva Convention Act 19603Grave breaches  of Geneva ConventionsThe Explosive Substances Act, 19083 (b)Punishment for special category of offences relating to explosive substances, likely to danger life or cause serious harmThe Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, Act 199216Offences in relation to enemy or terroristThe Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, Act 199219MutinyThe Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, Act 199220 (1) (a)DesertionThe Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, Act 199249Civil offences The Karnataka Control of Organised Crime Act, 20003 (1) (i)Organized crime resulting in death of personThe Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 19993 (1) (i)Organized crime resulting in death of personThe Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 198531A (1)Repeated commission of offences involving commercial quantity of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance

 Rajendra Prasad v. Jihar Uttar Pradesh, Fabrairu 1979 
Bayan sakewa na CrPC 1973, akwai rashin tabbas a cikin fahimtar shari'a game da ' dalilai na musamman' don fansa hukuncin kisa. Kotun Koli a cikin Rajendra Prasad v. Jihar Uttar Pradesh, Fabrairu 1979 ta yi ma'amala da manufofin shari'a kan yanke hukunci kuma ta tattauna ma'anar ' dalilai na musamman' don yanke hukuncin kisa a kan dalilai na musamman.  Kotun ta fice daga ka'idar ramawa kuma ta jaddada kan hanawa da ka'idar sake fasalin a matsayin burin zamantakewa. Bugu da ƙari, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa ' dalilai na musamman' da ake buƙata don sanya hukuncin kisa dole ne ba ya danganta da laifin, amma dole ne a mai da hankali ga mai laifi.

 Batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka 
Kariya ta Tsarin Mulki da shari'a kamar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, Dokar Shari'a, Dokar Shaida tana kare mutum daga ikon da aka yi na jihar. Koyaya, duk da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba a tantance su ba kuma ana keta su akai-akai. Hanyoyin irin wannan keta doka sune azabtarwa ta kulawa, ƙirƙiri shaidu, cin zarafin Sashe na 27 na Dokar Shaida.

 Manazarta