Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa

yarjejeniya Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) yarjejeniya ce ta bangarori da yawa wacce ke sanya kasashe su girmama' yancin bil'adama na mutane, gami da' 'yancin rayuwa,' 'yancin addini, 'yancin magana,' yanci na taro,' yankan zaɓe da' yanci ga tsari da ya dace da kuma shari'a mai adalci. An karbe shi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 2200A (XXI) a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1966 kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 23 ga Maris 1976 bayan tabbatarwa ta talatin da biyar ko shiga. [A] Ya zuwa watan Yunin , Alkawarin yana da jam'iyyu 174 da wasu masu sanya hannu shida ba tare da tabbatarwa ba, musamman Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Cuba;  Koriya ta Arewa ita ce kadai jiha da ta yi ƙoƙarin janyewa.

An dauki ICCPR a matsayin takarda mai mahimmanci a tarihin dokar kasa da kasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya, tare da Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) da kuma Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). 

Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana sa ido kan bin ICCPR, wanda ke nazarin rahotanni na yau da kullun na jam'iyyun jihohi game da yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙin. Jihohi dole ne su bayar da rahoto shekara guda bayan sun shiga Alkawari sannan kuma a duk lokacin da Kwamitin ya nemi (yawanci kowane shekaru hudu). Kwamitin yawanci yana haɗuwa a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland kuma yawanci yana gudanar da zaman uku a kowace shekara.

 Tarihi 
ICCPR (Alkawari na Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa) ya samo asali ne a cikin wannan tsari wanda ya haifar da sanarwar' yancin dan adam ta duniya. An gabatar da "Sanarwa game da Muhimman Hakkin Mutum" a taron San Francisco na 1945 wanda ya haifar da kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma an ba Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a aikin tsara shi. Da farko a cikin tsari, an raba takardar zuwa cikin sanarwar da ta gabatar da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma yarjejeniya ko alkawari da ke ɗauke da alkawura masu ɗaurewa. Tsohon ya samo asali ne a cikin UDHR kuma an karbe shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1948. 

Rubuce-rubuce ya ci gaba a taron, amma akwai manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da muhimmancin rashin jin daɗi na Jama'a da Siyasa da kuma Kyakkyawan Hakkin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a le Al'adu. Wadannan daga ƙarshe sun sa aka raba yarjejeniyar zuwa alkawura biyu daban-daban, "ɗaya don ƙunsar haƙƙin jama'a da na siyasa ɗayan kuma don ƙunshe da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu". Alkawari biyu za su ƙunshi irin wannan tanadi da yawa yadda zai yiwu, kuma a buɗe su don sa hannu a lokaci guda. Kowane mutum zai kuma ƙunshi labarin kan haƙƙin dukkan mutane ga ƙaddamar da kai. 

Takardar farko ta zama Alkawari ta Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa kuma ta biyu Alkawari na Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu. An gabatar da takardun ga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tattaunawa a 1954 kuma an karɓa a 1966.  A sakamakon tattaunawar diflomasiyya an karɓi Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu jim kadan kafin Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan' Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa. Tare, UDHR da Alkawari biyu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin tushen rubutun haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin tsarin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na zamani.

 Dokokin Alkawari 
Alkawari ya bi tsarin UDHR da ICESCR, tare da gabatarwa da sharuɗɗa hamsin da uku, an raba su kashi shida.

Sashe na 1 (Mataki na 1) ya amince da haƙƙin dukkan mutane don ƙaddamar da kansu, gami da haƙƙin "ƙayyade matsayin siyasa da yardar rai", bi burinsu na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, da sarrafawa da zubar da albarkatun kansu. Ya amince da mummunan haƙƙin mutane da ba za a hana su hanyar rayuwa ba, kuma ya ɗora wa waɗancan jam'iyyun da ke da alhakin yankunan da ba su da ikon cin gashin kansu da amincewa (mallaka) don ƙarfafawa da girmama ikon kansu.

Sashe na 2 (Mataki na 2 - 5) ya tilasta wa bangarorin yin doka inda ya cancanta don ba da tasiri ga haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su a cikin Alkawari, da kuma samar da ingantaccen maganin doka ga duk wani keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙinsa. Har ila yau, yana buƙatar a amince da haƙƙin "ba tare da bambanci na kowane nau'i ba, kamar launin fata, jima'i, harshe, Addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin ƙasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi, " da kuma tabbatar da cewa mata suna jin daɗin su daidai.  Hakkin za a iya iyakance shi ne kawai "a lokacin gaggawa ta jama'a'a wanda ke barazana ga rayuwar al'umma," kuma har ma a lokacin ba a ba da izinin ragewa daga haƙƙin rayuwa, 'yanci daga azabtarwa da Bautar, 'yancin sake dubawa, 'yanƙin mutumci, da' 'yancin tunani, lamiri, addini da' yanci daga gwajin likita ko kimiyya ba tare da yardar rai ba.

Sashe na 3 (Mataki na 6 - 27) ya lissafa haƙƙoƙin kansu. Wadannan sun hada da haƙƙoƙi ga:

 amincin jiki, a cikin hanyar haƙƙin rayuwa da 'yanci daga azabtarwa da bautar (Mataki 6, 7, da 8);
 'yanci da tsaro na mutum, a cikin hanyar' yanci daga kamawa da tsare-tsare da kuma haƙƙin habeas corpus (Mataki na 9 - 11);
 adalci na tsari a cikin doka, a cikin hanyar haƙƙin tsari mai kyau, shari'a mai adalci da rashin son kai, zaton rashin laifi, da kuma amincewa a matsayin mutum a gaban doka (Mataki 14, 15, da 16);
 'Yanci na mutum, a cikin nau'in' yancin motsi, tunani, lamiri da addini, magana, ƙungiya da taro, haƙƙin iyali, haƙƙin ƙasa, da haƙƙin sirri (Mataki 12, 13, 17 - 24);
 haramtacciyar doka game da duk wani farfaganda don yaki da kuma duk wani goyon baya ga ƙiyayya ta ƙasa ko ta addini wanda ya zama karfafawa ga nuna bambanci, ƙiyayya ko tashin hankali (Mataki na 20);
 Kasancewa cikin siyasa, gami da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a (Mataki na 25);
 Rashin nuna bambanci, haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru da daidaito a gaban doka (Mataki na 26 da 27).

Yawancin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da takamaiman ayyuka waɗanda dole ne a ɗauka don cimma su.

Sashe na 4 (Mataki na 28 - 45) yana jagorantar kafawa da aiki na Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da bayar da rahoto da saka idanu kan Alkawari. Har ila yau, yana bawa bangarorin damar amincewa da ƙwarewar kwamitin don warware rikice-rikice tsakanin bangarorin kan aiwatar da Alkawari (Mataki na 41 da 42).

Sashe na 5 (Mataki na 46 - 47) ya bayyana cewa ba za a fassara Alkawarin ba kamar yadda yake tsoma baki cikin aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko kuma "yancin da dukkan mutane ke da shi don jin daɗi da amfani da dukiyarsu da albarkatunsu".

Sashe na 6 (Mataki 48-53) yana jagorantar tabbatarwa, shigarwa cikin aiki, da gyare-gyaren Alkawari.

 Hakkin mutunci na jiki 

Mataki na 6 na Alkawari ya amince da "yancin rai" na mutum kuma yana buƙatar doka ta kare shi. "Mafi girman dama" ne wanda ba za a iya ba da izinin ragewa ba, kuma dole ne a fassara shi ko'ina. Saboda haka yana buƙatar bangarorin su dauki matakai masu kyau don rage Mutuwar jarirai da kara Tsawon rayuwa, da kuma hana kashe-kashen da jami'an tsaro suka yi.

Duk da yake Mataki na 6 bai hana hukuncin kisa ba, ya ƙuntata aikace-aikacensa ga "laifuka mafi tsanani"  kuma ya hana a yi amfani da shi ga yara da mata masu juna biyu  ko kuma a hanyar da ta saba wa Yarjejeniyar kan Rigakafi da Hukuncin Laifin Kisan kare dangi.  Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fassara labarin a matsayin "yana ba da shawarar cewa kawar da shi yana da kyau",  kuma yana la'akari da duk wani ci gaba zuwa kawar da hukuncin kisa kamar yadda yake inganta wannan haƙƙin. [ing] Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ta sanya hannu kan ta don kawar da hukuncin kisa a cikin iyakokinsu.

Mataki na 7 ya haramta azabtarwa, zalunci, rashin mutunci ko azabtarwa mai ƙasƙanci da gwajin likita ko kimiyya ba tare da amincewa ba. Kamar yadda yake tare da Mataki na 6, ba za a iya rage shi daga kowane yanayi ba. Yanzu an fassara labarin don sanya irin waɗannan wajibai ga waɗanda Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Tsayayya da azabtarwa ta buƙaci, gami da ba kawai haramtacciyar azabtarwa ba, amma matakai masu aiki don hanawa amfani da ita da haramtacciya kan sakewa. A mayar da martani ga Gwajin ɗan adam na Nazi a lokacin WW2 wannan labarin a bayyane ya haɗa da haramtacciyar gwajin likita da kimiyya ba tare da yardar ba.

Mataki na 8 ya haramta Bautar da tilasta bautar a kowane yanayi. Har ila yau, labarin ya haramta aikin tilas, ban da hukuncin aikata laifuka, aikin soja da wajibai na farar hula.

 'Yanci da tsaron mutum 

Mataki na 9 ya amince da haƙƙin 'yanci da tsaro na mutum. Ya haramta kamawa da tsare-tsare, yana buƙatar duk wani hana 'yanci ya kasance bisa ga doka, kuma ya tilasta wa bangarorin su ba da damar waɗanda aka hana' yancin su kalubalanci ɗaurin su ta hanyar kotuna. Wadannan tanadi sun shafi ba kawai wadanda aka daure a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin aikata laifuka ba, har ma da wadanda aka tsare saboda rashin lafiya, jaraba da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko don dalilai na ilimi ko shige da fice.

Articles 9.3 and 9.4 impose procedural safeguards around arrest, requiring anyone arrested to be promptly informed of the charges against them, and to be brought promptly before a judge. It also restricts the use of pre-trial detention, requiring that it not be 'the general rule'.

Mataki na 10 yana buƙatar duk wanda aka hana 'yanci a bi da shi da mutunci da bil'adama. Wannan ya shafi ba kawai fursunoni ba, har ma da waɗanda aka tsare don dalilai na shige da fice ko kula da hankali. Hakkin ya cika Mataki na 7 game da azabtarwa da zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci. Har ila yau, labarin ya sanya takamaiman wajibai game da shari'ar aikata laifuka, yana buƙatar fursunoni da ke cikin tsare-tsare kafin a raba su da fursunoni, da yara su raba su da manya. Yana buƙatar fursunoni su mai da hankali kan sake fasalin da farfadowa maimakon azabtarwa.

Mataki na 11 ya haramta amfani da ɗaurin kurkuku a matsayin horo don karya kwangila.

 Adalci da haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma 

Mataki na 14 ya amince da kuma kare haƙƙin adalci da shari'a mai adalci. Mataki na 14.1 ya kafa ka'idojin asali: dole ne kowa ya kasance daidai a gaban kotuna, kuma duk wani sauraro dole ne a gudanar a cikin kotu mai budewa a gaban kotun da ta dace, mai zaman kanta kuma ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, tare da kowane hukunci ko hukuma da aka bayyana a fili.[Ana ba da izinin sauraron shari'a ne kawai saboda dalilai na sirri, adalci, ko tsaron kasa, kuma ana iya hana hukunce-hukunce ne kawai a cikin shari'ar saki ko don kare bukatun yara. Wadannan wajibai sun shafi shari'o'in aikata laifuka da na farar hula, da kuma dukkan kotuna da kotuna. Mataki na 14.3 ya ba da umarnin cewa dole ne a sanar da masu shigar da kara da sauri kuma dalla-dalla a cikin yaren da suka fahimta.

Sauran labarin ya sanya takamaiman wajibai da cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka don kare haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma da haƙƙin shari'ar adalci. Ya kafa zaton rashin laifi kuma ya hana Haɗari sau biyu.Yana buƙatar cewa waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci da laifi a ba su izinin daukaka kara ga kotun da ta fi girma, kuma yana buƙatar waɗanda aka yi wa Rashin adalci a biya su. Ya kafa haƙƙin yin shari'a da sauri, don ba da shawara, game da cin zarafin kansa, da kuma wanda ake tuhuma ya kasance ya kira da bincika shaidu.

Mataki na 15 ya haramta gurfanar da kara a karkashin dokar da ta gabata da kuma sanya hukuncin aikata laifuka, kuma yana buƙatar sanya ƙananan hukunci inda hukuncin aikata laphuka ya canza tsakanin laifi da hukunci. [1] Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru shi ne aikata laifuka da aka gudanar don keta Ka'idoji masu tsattsauran ra'ayi (jus cogens) a ƙarƙashin dokar al'ada ta duniya, [ kamar kisan kare dangi, bautar, azabtarwa, da yaƙe-yaƙe na tashin hankali.

Mataki na 16 yana buƙatar jihohi su amince da kowa a matsayin mutum a gaban doka.

 'Yancin mutum 
Mataki na 12 ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin motsi, gami da' yancin mutane su zaɓi mazauninsu, su bar kuma su koma ƙasa. Wadannan hakkoki suna aiki ga baƙi na doka da kuma 'yan ƙasa na wata jiha, kuma ana iya ƙuntata su ne kawai inda ya cancanta don kare tsaron ƙasa, tsarin jama'a ko kiwon lafiya, da haƙƙoƙi da' yanci na wasu. Labarin ya kuma amince da haƙƙin mutane su shiga ƙasarsu: haƙƙin dawowa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ya fassara wannan haƙƙin gabaɗaya kamar yadda ya shafi ba kawai ga 'yan ƙasa ba, har ma da waɗanda aka ƙwace ko aka hana su' yan ƙasa. Har ila yau, suna ɗaukar shi kusan cikakke; "akwai kaɗan, idan akwai, yanayin da hana haƙƙin shiga ƙasar mutum zai iya zama mai ma'ana".

Mataki na 13 ya haramta fitar da baƙi mazauna kuma yana buƙatar irin waɗannan yanke shawara don a iya daukaka kara da sake dubawa.

Mataki na 17 ya ba da umarnin haƙƙin sirri. Wannan tanadin, musamman Mataki na 17 (1), yana kare ayyukan jima'i na manya masu zaman kansu, don haka ya soke haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan halayyar ɗan luwaɗi,  duk da haka, kalmomin wannan alkawarin auren (Mataki na 23) ya cire ƙaddamar da haƙƙin auren jinsi ɗaya daga wannan tanadin. Mataki na 17 kuma yana kare mutane daga hare-hare ba bisa ka'ida ba ga mutuncin su da sunansu. Mataki na 17 (2) ya ba da kariya ga doka daga irin waɗannan hare-haren.

Mataki na 18 ya ba da umarnin 'yancin addini ko imani.

Mataki na 19 ya ba da izinin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.

Mataki na 20 ya ba da izini ga takunkumi game da tayar da yaki da ƙiyayya.

Mataki na 21 ya ba da izinin 'yancin taro kuma 22 ya ba da' yancin tarayya. Wadannan tanadi sun tabbatar da 'yancin tarayya, 'yancin kungiyoyin kwadago kuma sun bayyana Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya.

Mataki na 23 ya ba da umarnin haƙƙin aure. Kalmomin wannan tanadin ba sa buƙatar ko hana auren jinsi ɗaya.Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002) at [8.2–9.0(majority)] & [1(Lallah & Scheinen JJ] 

Mataki na 24 ya ba da umarnin kariya ta musamman, haƙƙin suna, da haƙƙin ƙasa ga kowane yaro.

Mataki na 27 ya ba da umarnin haƙƙin kabilanci, addini da ƙarancin harshe don jin daɗin al'adunsu, don bayyana addininsu, da kuma amfani da yarensu.

 'Yancin siyasa 
Mataki na 2 da Mataki na 3 sun ba da ƙa'idar rashin nuna bambanci. Haɗin a cikin hanyar da ba za a iya amfani da shi ba kuma ana iya dogaro da shi ne kawai dangane da wani haƙƙin da ICCPR ta kare.

Sabanin haka, Mataki na 26 ya ƙunshi ka'idar juyin juya hali ta hanyar samar da ka'idar daidaito mai cin gashin kanta wanda ba ya dogara da wani haƙƙi a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar da aka keta. Wannan yana da tasirin fadada ikon ka'idar rashin nuna bambanci fiye da ikon ICCPR.

 Dokokin zaɓi 
Akwai Dokokin Zaɓuɓɓuka guda biyu ga Alkawari. Yarjejeniyar Zaɓin Farko ta kafa tsarin korafe-korafe na mutum, yana bawa mutane damar yin korafi ga Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam game da keta Alkawari. Wannan ya haifar da kirkirar shari'a mai rikitarwa game da fassarar da aiwatar da Alkawari. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar , Yarjejeniyar Zaɓin Farko tana da jam'iyyun 116.

Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ta soke hukuncin kisa; duk da haka, an ba ƙasashe izinin yin ajiya wanda ke ba da izinin amfani da hukuncin kisa ga manyan laifuka na yanayin soja, waɗanda aka aikata a lokacin yaƙi. Ya zuwa watan Yunin , Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu tana da jam'iyyu 90.

 Rashin ajiya 
Jam'iyyun da yawa sun yi ajiya da kuma fassarar fassarar aikace-aikacen Alkawari.

Argentina za ta yi amfani da haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci da aka tabbatar a cikin kundin tsarin mulki ga gurfanar da waɗanda ake zargi da keta dokar al'ummomi."UN Treaty Collection - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Status of ratification

Ostiraliya ta ajiye haƙƙin ci gaba da aiwatar da ka'idodin kurkuku na Mataki na 10, don biyan diyya ga rashin adalci ta hanyar gudanarwa maimakon ta hanyar kotuna, kuma ta fassara haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan tayar da launin fata a matsayin abin da ke ƙarƙashin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiya da taro. Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa za a aiwatar da shi a kowane matakin tsarin tarayya.

Austria ta tanadi haƙƙin ci gaba da yin gudun hijira ga membobin Gidan Habsburg, kuma tana iyakance haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma da haƙƙin shari'a mai kyau ga waɗanda suka riga sun kasance a cikin tsarin shari'arta.

Bahamas, saboda matsalolin aiwatarwa, tana da damar kada ta biya bashin zubar da ciki na adalci.

Bahrain ta fassara Mataki na 3 (babu nuna bambanci na jima'i), 18 (yancin addini) da 23 (yancin iyali) a cikin mahallin dokar Shari'a ta Musulunci."UN Treaty Collection - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Status of ratification

Bangladesh ta tanadi 'yancin shari'ar mutane ba tare da shi ba inda suke 'yan gudun hijira daga adalci kuma ta bayyana cewa ƙuntatawa na albarkatu yana nufin cewa ba za ta iya raba kurkuku ba ko ba da shawara ga mutanen da ake tuhuma.

Barbados ta tanadi 'yancin kada ta ba da shawara kyauta ga mutanen da ake tuhuma saboda ƙuntatawa na albarkatu.

Belgium tana fassara 'yancin magana, taro da haɗin kai a hanyar da ta dace da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Ba ta dauki kanta a matsayin tilastawa ta haramta farfagandar yaki kamar yadda Mataki na 20 ya buƙaci, kuma tana fassara wannan labarin a cikin hasken 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin UDHR. 

Belize ta tanadi haƙƙin kada ta biya bashin zubar da ciki na adalci, saboda matsalolin aiwatarwa, kuma ba ta shirya samar da lauya kyauta saboda dalilai iri ɗaya da ke sama. Har ila yau, ya ki tabbatar da haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye kyauta a kowane lokaci, saboda dokar da ke buƙatar waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje su samar da takaddun shaida na haraji.

Kongo, kamar yadda Dokar Jama'a, Kasuwanci, Gudanarwa da Tsarin Kudi ta Kongo, a cikin al'amuran doka mai zaman kanta, yanke shawara ko umarni da ke fitowa daga ayyukan sulhu za a iya aiwatar da su ta hanyar ɗaurewa don bashin.

Denmark ta tanada haƙƙin ware manema labarai da jama'a daga gwaji kamar yadda dokokinta suka tanada. An ci gaba da ajiyewa zuwa Mataki na 20, sakin layi na 1. Wannan ajiyar ta yi daidai da kuri'un da Denmark ta jefa a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na XVI a 1961 lokacin da Wakilan Denmark, suna magana game da labarin da ya gabata game da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, suka kada kuri'a a kan haramtacciyar farfaganda don yaki.

Gambiya, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkinta ya nuna, za ta ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta ga mutanen da ake tuhuma da laifukan kisa kawai."UN Treaty Collection - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Status of ratification

Pakistan, ta yi ajiya da yawa ga sassan da ke cikin yarjejeniyar; "za a yi amfani da tanadin Mataki na 3, 6, 7, 18 da 19 har zuwa inda ba su da ƙiyayya ga tanadin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan da dokokin Shari'a", "za a aiwatar da tanadin Sashe na 12 don ya dace da tanadin Kungiyar Pakistan", "Gwamnati ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan ba ta da haƙƙantar da ita ga Dokar Kundin Tsarin Kundin Tsarin Gida ta 40 ba".

Amurka ta yi ajiyar cewa babu wani sashi da ya kamata ya ƙuntata haƙƙin 'yancin magana da haɗin kai; cewa gwamnatin Amurka na biyar sanya hukuncin kisa ga kowane mutum banda mace mai ciki, gami da mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba; cewa "mummunan, rashin mutunci da kuma wulakanci ko hukunci" yana nufin waɗancan jiyya ko azabtarwa da aka haramta ta ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin biyar,na takwas, na goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka; cewa sashi na uku na Sashe na Mataki na 15 ba zai iya amfani da sakin layi na gaba na gaba na 3 ba; kuma ba tare da sakin layi ba. Har ila yau, Amurka ta gabatar da "magana" guda biyar, da kuma "bayyanawa" guda huɗu.

 Aiwatarwa da tasirin 
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa tana da jam'iyyun jihohi 167, 67 ta hanyar sa hannu da tabbatarwa, kuma sauran ta hanyar shiga ko maye gurbin. Sauran jihohi biyar sun sanya hannu amma har yanzu ba su tabbatar da yarjejeniyar ba.

Dangane da binciken 2013, ICCPR ta inganta ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam sosai a kan batutuwan da farashin samar da shaida da ka'idojin hujja suke da ƙarancin tasiri ga wuraren da aka ba da izini inda shaidar da doka ta dace take da tsada don samarwa kuma ka'idodin hujja suna da yawa. Wannan yana nufin cewa ICCPR ta " inganta girmamawar gwamnatoci ga 'yancin magana, ƙungiya, taro, da addini" amma ba ta da tasiri sosai game da haƙƙin mutunci.

 Ostiraliya 
Alkawarin ba za a iya aiwatar da shi kai tsaye a Ostiraliya ba, amma tanadinta suna tallafawa dokokin cikin gida da yawa, waɗanda ke ba da haƙƙoƙin da za a iya aiwatarwa ga mutane. Misali, Mataki na 17 na yarjejeniyar an aiwatar da shi ta hanyar Dokar Tsaro ta Australiya ta 1988. Hakazalika, tanadin daidaito da hana nuna bambanci na Alkawari na Tarayya ya goyi bayan Dokar Nuna Bambanci ga nakasassu ta 1992. A ƙarshe, Alkawari yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen 'yancin ɗan adam' da aka jera a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam (Binciken Majalisar Dokoki) ta 2011.  Wannan dokar tana buƙatar mafi yawan sabbin dokoki da kayan aikin gudanarwa (kamar dokokin wakilai / masu ƙasƙanci) da za a gabatar a majalisa tare da wata sanarwa da ke nuna daidaituwa da dokar da aka gabatar tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka jera Kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan haƙƙin ɗanɗano yana bincika duk sabbin dokokin da maganganun jituwa. Binciken kwamitin hadin gwiwa ba shi da bin doka.

Dokar ta kuma kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya  wacce ke ba da damar Hukumar Kare Hakkan Dan Adam ta Australia (AHRC) don bincika dokokin da aka kafa  (don ba da shawarar gyaran gyare-gyare ), gwamnatinta  (don ba le shawarar guje wa ayyuka ) da kuma bin doka gaba ɗaya  tare da alkawarin da aka tsara ga dokar AHRC.

A Victoria da Babban Birnin Australiya, mai shigar da kara ko wanda ake tuhuma wanda ke kiran takardun haƙƙin ɗan adam na waɗannan hukuma na iya amfani da yarjejeniyar. Duk da yake ba za a iya amfani da Yarjejeniyar don soke dokar Victorian ko ACT ba, Kotun na iya ba da 'bayyanawar rashin daidaituwa' wanda ke buƙatar Babban Lauyan da ya dace ya amsa a Majalisar a cikin wani lokaci. Kotuna a Victoria da ACT suma ana ba da umarni ta hanyar doka don fassara doka ta hanyar ba da tasiri ga haƙƙin ɗan adam,  kuma sabbin dokoki da ƙananan dokoki dole ne su kasance tare da sanarwa na jituwa. Kokarin aiwatar da irin wannan Yarjejeniya a matakin kasa ya gaza kuma Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya na iya hana ba da ikon 'bayyanawa' ga alƙalai na tarayya.

 Ireland 
Amfani da Ireland na Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na musamman inda alƙalai suka maye gurbin juriya da sauran hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na musamman an gano cewa ba su keta yarjejeniyar ba: "A ra'ayin Kwamitin, shari'a a gaban kotuna ban da kotuna na yau da kullun ba lallai ba ne, a kanta, keta haƙƙin sauraron adalci kuma gaskiyar shari'ar yanzu ba ta nuna cewa an yi irin wannan keta doka ba".

 New Zealand 
New Zealand ta dauki matakai don ba da tasiri ga yawancin haƙƙoƙin da ke ciki ta hanyar wucewa Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand a cikin 1990, kuma a hukumance ta haɗa matsayin mai kariya a cikin doka ta hanyar wucewar Dokar Shige da Fice ta 2009.

 Sri Lanka 
An kama marubucin Sri Lanka Shakthika Sathkumara a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2019 don tayar da tashin hankali na addini, bayan wallafa wani ɗan gajeren labari game da luwadi da cin zarafin yara a haikalin Buddha a Sri Lanka. An yi la'akari da marubucin mafi kyawun ɗan gajeren labari na Harshen Sinhala a cikin bukukuwan wallafe-wallafen matasa na Sri Lanka na 2010 da 2014, kuma ya kasance sau biyu mai karɓar lambar yabo ta wallafe-walfen lardin arewa maso yamma. Wani rukuni na 'yan addinin Buddha sun mamaye wurin aiki na marubucin suna neman a hukunta shi bayan labarin ya fara bayyana a Facebook; ICCPR ta haramta "tabbatar da ƙiyayya ta ƙasa, launin fata ko addini wanda ya zama karfafawa ga nuna bambanci, ƙiyayya ko tashin hankali". Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam Civicus da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Asiya (AHRC) sun tabbatar da cewa tuhumar ba gaskiya ba ne kuma a bayyane take take hakkin marubucin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.

 Amurka 

 Tsayawa, fahimta, da kuma sanarwa 
Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta tabbatar da ICCPR a shekarar 1992, tare da ajiya biyar, fahimta biyar, da sanarwa huɗu. Wasu sun lura cewa tare da ajiya da yawa, aiwatar da shi ba shi da tasiri a cikin gida,  kodayake an yi jayayya cewa dalilin da ke bayan ajiyar Majalisar Dattijai shine cewa Mataki na 20 (2) (game da maganganun ƙiyayya) na ICCPR na iya zama ba bisa ga tsarin mulki ba bisa ga abin da Kotun Koli ta gabata.  An haɗa shi a cikin tabbatarwar Majalisar Dattijai shine sanarwar cewa "tsarin Mataki na 1 zuwa 27 na Alkawari ba ya aiwatar da kansa",  kuma Rahoton Zartarwa na Majalisar Dattijai ya bayyana cewa sanarwar tana nufin "bayyana cewa Alkawariwar ba za ta haifar da wani dalili na sirri a Kotunan Amurka ba". 

Inda yarjejeniya ko alkawari ba ta aiwatar da kanta ba, kuma inda Majalisa ba ta yi aiki don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar tare da doka ba, babu wani haƙƙin sirri na aiki a cikin tsarin shari'a na Amurka da aka kirkira ta hanyar tabbatarwa.[1] Koyaya, ajiyar da ba ta dace da abu da manufar ba" na yarjejeniya ba ta da amfani a matsayin batun Yarjejeniyar Vienna kan Dokar Yarjejeniya da dokar kasa da kasa, kuma akwai tambaya game da ko sanarwar da ba ta cika kai ba ta tsarin mulki ce a ƙarƙashin Ma'anar Mafi Girma (Prof. Louis Henkin ya yi jayayya cewa ba ta da ). Farfesa Jordan Paust ya soki amincewar Amurka game da sanarwar da ba ta aiwatar da kai ba a matsayin cin zarafin yarjejeniyar.

 Sashe na Alkawari 
State partySignedRatified or accededEntry into force—24 January 198324 April 1983—4 October 19914 January 199210 December 196812 September 198912 December 19895 August 200222 September 200622 December 2006—10 January 199210 April 1992—3 July 20193 November 201918 February 19688 August 19868 November 1986—23 June 199323 September 199318 December 197213 August 198013 November 198010 December 197310 September 197810 December 1978—13 August 199213 November 19924 December 200823 December 200823 March 2009—20 September 200620 December 2006—6 September 20006 December 2000—5 January 197323 March 197619 March 196812 November 197323 March 197610 December 196812 April 198312 July 1983—10 June 199610 September 1996—12 March 199212 June 1992—12 August 198212 November 1982—1 September 19936 March 19928 September 20008 September 20008 December 2000—24 January 199224 April 19928 October 196821 September 197023 March 1976—4 January 19994 April 1999—8 May 19908 August 199017 October 198026 May 199226 August 1992—27 January 198427 April 1984—19 May 197619 August 1976—6 August 19936 November 1993—8 May 19818 August 1981—9 June 19959 September 199516 September 196910 February 197223 March 197621 December 196629 October 196923 March 1976—1 November 19761 February 1977—5 October 19835 January 198419 December 196629 November 196823 March 1976—26 March 199226 June 1992[C]—12 October 199212 January 199319 December 19662 April 196923 March 1976—22 February 19931 January 199320 March 19686 January 197223 March 1976—5 November 20025 February 2003—17 June 199317 September 1993—4 January 19784 April 1978—18 September 200318 December 20034 April 19686 March 196923 March 19764 August 196714 January 198214 April 198221 September 196730 November 197929 February 1980—25 September 198725 December 1987—22 January 200222 April 2002—21 October 199121 January 1992—11 June 199311 September 1993—16 August 201816 November 201811 October 196719 August 197523 March 1976—4 November 19804 February 1981—21 January 198321 April 1983—22 March 197922 June 1979—3 May 19943 August 19949 October 196817 December 197323 March 19767 September 20007 September 20007 December 2000—5 May 19975 August 1997—6 September 19916 December 1991—5 May 19925 August 199228 February 196724 January 197824 April 197812 September 20001 November 20101 February 201122 August 196815 February 197715 May 1977—6 February 19916 May 199119 December 196625 August 199725 November 199725 March 196917 January 197423 March 197630 December 196822 August 197922 November 1979—10 April 197910 July 1979—23 February 200623 May 20064 April 196824 June 197523 March 197618 February 196925 January 197123 March 19761 October 19738 December 19898 March 199019 December 19663 October 19913 January 199218 January 196715 September 197815 December 197819 December 19663 October 197523 March 197630 May 197821 June 197921 September 197930 June 197228 May 197523 March 19762 December 200324 January 200624 April 2006—1 May 197223 March 1976—14 September 198114 December 1981—10 April 199010 July 1990—21 May 199621 August 1996—7 October 19947 January 19957 December 200025 September 200925 December 2009—14 April 199214 July 1992—3 November 197223 March 1976—9 September 19929 December 199218 April 196722 September 200422 December 2004—15 May 197023 March 1976—10 December 199810 March 1999—20 November 199110 February 199226 November 197418 August 198318 November 1983[C]—18 January 199417 September 199117 September 196921 June 197123 March 1976—22 December 199322 March 1994—19 September 200619 December 2006—16 July 197423 March 1976—13 September 199013 December 1990—12 March 201812 June 2018—17 November 200417 February 2005—12 December 197323 March 1976—23 March 198123 June 1981—26 January 199326 April 199326 June 199728 August 199728 November 19975 June 196818 November 197423 March 1976[C]—23 October 20063 June 200619 January 19773 May 19793 August 1979—21 July 199321 October 1993—28 November 199428 February 1995—14 May 199114 August 199125 June 196911 December 197811 March 197912 November 196828 December 197828 March 1979—12 March 198012 June 1980—7 March 19867 June 1986—29 July 199329 October 199320 March 196813 September 197223 March 197617 April 200823 June 201023 September 2010—2 April 20142 July 201427 July 19768 March 19778 June 1977—21 July 200821 October 2008—10 June 199210 September 199211 August 197728 April 197828 July 197819 December 196623 October 198623 January 19872 March 196718 March 197718 June 19777 October 197615 June 197815 September 1978—21 May 201821 August 201827 June 19689 December 197423 March 197618 March 196816 October 197323 March 1976—16 April 197523 March 1976—9 November 19819 February 1981—15 February 200815 May 2008—18 October 198518 January 198631 October 199510 January 201710 April 20176 July 197013 February 197813 May 1978[C]—12 March 200127 April 1992—5 May 19925 August 1992—23 August 199623 November 1996[E]—28 May 19931 January 1993[C]—6 July 19926 October 1992—24 January 199024 April 19903 October 199410 December 199810 March 1999—5 February 20245 May 202428 September 197627 April 197727 July 1977—11 June 198011 September 1980—18 March 198618 June 1986—28 December 197628 March 1977—26 March 200426 June 200429 September 19676 December 197123 March 1976—18 June 199218 September 1992—21 April 196923 March 1976—4 January 19994 April 1999—11 June 197611 September 1976—29 October 199629 January 1997—24 May 198424 August 1984—21 December 197821 March 197930 April 196818 March 196923 March 197615 August 200023 September 200323 December 2003—1 May 19971 August 1997—21 June 199521 September 199520 March 196812 November 197323 March 197616 September 196820 May 197620 August 19765 October 19778 June 19928 September 199221 February 196721 May 196723 March 1976—28 September 199528 December 199529 November 200721 November 200821 February 200924 June 196910 May 197810 August 1978—24 September 198224 December 1982—9 February 19879 May 1987—10 April 198410 July 1984—13 May 199113 August 1991
Yawancin jihohi a duniya jam'iyyun ICCPR ne. Ya zuwa 2024, jihohi 24 masu zuwa ba su zama jam'iyya ba, yayin da jihohi shida suka sanya hannu kan Alkawarin amma ba su tabbatar da shi ba.

 Dubi kuma 

 Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
 Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
 Jerin yankunan da ba su da ikon cin gashin kansu
 Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 66 (I)
 Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1514 (XV) 
 Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1541 (XV) 
 Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1654 (XVI) 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba