Kungiyoyin mutane

A pogrom wani tashin hankali ne da aka tayar da shi da manufar kisan gilla ko fitar da wata kabilanci ko addini, musamman Yahudawa. Kalmar ta shiga harshen Ingilishi daga Rasha don bayyana ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 a kan Yahudawa a Daular Rasha (yawanci a cikin Pale of Settlement). Idan aka yi la'akari da baya, irin wannan hare-haren da aka kai wa Yahudawa wanda ya faru a wasu lokuta da wurare an sake masa suna pogroms. Wani lokaci ana amfani da kalmar don bayyana hare-haren da aka ba da izini a fili ga kungiyoyin da ba na Yahudawa ba. Halayen kisan gilla sun bambanta sosai, dangane da takamaiman abin da ya faru, a wasu lokuta suna haifar da, ko ƙare a cikin, kisan gashi.

Manyan kisan gilla a Daular Rasha sun hada da kisan gella na Odessa, kisan galla na Warsaw (1881), kisan gashi na Kishinev (1903), kisan kisan gashin Kiev (1905), da Kisan kiyashi na Białystok (1906). Bayan rushewar Daular Rasha a 1917, an yi kisan gilla da yawa a cikin gwagwarmayar iko a Gabashin Turai, gami da kisan gwagwarmaya na Lwów (1918) da Kisan kiyashi na Kiev (1919) . Mafi mahimmancin kisan kiyashi wanda ya faru a Nazi Jamus shine Kristallnacht na 1938. Akalla an kashe Yahudawa 91, an kama wasu dubu talatin kuma daga baya aka tsare su a sansanonin fursunoni, majami'u dubu sun kone, kuma sama da dubban kamfanonin Yahudawa sun lalace ko sun lalace. Kyakkyawan kisan kiyashi na Yaƙin Duniya na II sun haɗa da Farhud na 1941 a Iraki, kisan kiyashin Iași na Yuli 1941 a Romania - wanda aka kashe Yahudawa sama da 13,200 - da kuma Kisan kiyashi na Jedwabne a Poland da ke zaune a Jamus. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kisan kiyashi na Tripoli na 1945, kisan kiyashin Kielce na 1946, kisan kiyasta na Aleppo na 1947, da kisan kiyadi na Istanbul na 1955.

Irin wannan tashin hankali ya faru da sauran kabilanci da addinai. Misalan sun haɗa da Kisan kiyashi na Sikh na 1984 wanda aka kashe Sikh 3,000  da kuma kisan kiyashin Gujarat na 2002 akan Musulmai na Indiya. 

 Kalmar pogromKisan kiyashi 
 Magana 
Da farko an rubuta shi a Turanci a cikin 1882, kalmar Rasha  (погро́м, mai suna []) an samo shi ne daga prefix na yau da kullun  (по-) da kuma aikatau  (громи́ть, []) ma'ana 'haɓaka, lalata, rushewa da ƙarfi'. Ana amfani da sunan pogrom, wanda ke da ɗan gajeren tarihi, a cikin Turanci da sauran harsuna da yawa a matsayin kalmar aro, mai yiwuwa an aro shi daga Yiddish (inda kalmar ta ɗauki nau'in fuckאָם).  Yaduwar ta ta zamani ta fara ne tare da tashin hankali na adawa da Yahudawa a Daular Rasha a cikin 1881-1883. 

 Amfani da kalmar 
A cewar Encyclopædia Britannica, "ana amfani da kalmar ne ga hare-haren da aka kai wa Yahudawa a Daular Rasha a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, [kuma] manyan kisan gilla na farko sun biyo bayan kisan Tsar Alexander II a cikin 1881".[and] The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Tun daga shekara ta 1789 ya bayyana cewa pogroms "sun kasance rikice-rikicen adawa da Yahudawa waɗanda ke faruwa lokaci-lokaci a cikin daular tsarist".  Koyaya, ana amfani da kalmar sosai don komawa ga abubuwan da suka faru da yawa waɗanda suka faru kafin pogroms na Anti-Jewish a Daular Rasha. Masanin tarihin Yahudawa na Rasha John Klier ya rubuta a cikin Rasha, Yahudawa, da Pogroms na 1881-1882: "A karni na ashirin, kalmar 'pogrom' ta zama kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya a Turanci don duk nau'ikan tashin hankali da aka yi wa Yahudawa. "  Abramson ya nuna cewa "a cikin al'ada amfani da kalmar ta zo ta nuna aikin adawa da Yahudawa", tunda "Yahudawa ba su ne kawai ƙungiyar da ke sha wahala a ƙarƙashin wannan sabon abu ... a tarihi Yahudawa sun kasance masu fama da irin wannan tashin hankali akai-akai. " 

Ana kuma amfani da kalmar ne game da hare-hare kan 'yan tsirarun kabilun da ba Yahudawa ba, kuma saboda haka, wasu malamai ba su haɗa da adawa da Yahudawa a matsayin ma'anar halayyar pogroms ba. Da yake nazarin amfani da kalmar a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi, masanin tarihi Werner Bergmann ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a "bayyana pogrom a matsayin wani nau'i na tashin hankali wanda yawancin jama'a suka fara a kan kabilanci marasa kariya, kuma yana faruwa lokacin da mafi rinjaye ke sa ran jihar ta ba su [sic] ba tare da taimako wajen shawo kan barazanar (da aka fahimta) daga 'yan tsiraru". Koyaya, Bergmann ya kara da cewa a cikin amfani da Yamma, an riƙe kalmar "mahimmanci na anti-Semitic". Masanin tarihi David Engel ya goyi bayan wannan ra'ayi, yana rubuta cewa yayin da "ba za a iya samun wani dalili mai ma'ana ko kuma mai tilasta wa mutane su bayyana cewa wasu abubuwan da suka faru sun yi ko kuma ba su cancanci lakabin [pogrom]," yawancin abubuwan da suka gabata waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin pogroms sun faru ne a cikin al'ummomin da aka raba su sosai ta hanyar kabilanci ko Addini inda tashin hankali ya aikata ta hanyar mambobin ƙungiyar da' yankan ƙasa da aka yi amfani da su don yin korafi da su.

Babu wani tsari da aka yarda da shi a duniya wanda ke bayyana kalmar pogrom. Klier ya rubuta cewa "lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba ga abubuwan da suka faru a Gabashin Turai, kalmar na iya yaudarar, mafi mahimmanci lokacin da yake nuna cewa 'pogroms' abubuwan da suka faruwa a yankin kuma koyaushe suna da siffofi na yau da kullun. "  Amfani da kalmar pogrom don komawa ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin 1918-19 a cikin biranen Poland (ciki har da Kisan kiyashi na Pinsk da Lwów pogrom) an kauce shi musamman a cikin Rahoton Morgenthau na 1919; kalmar nan an yi amfani da ita maimakon yanayin da ita a cikin yanayin da ake amfani da ita a matsayin "ya" wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin yanayin yaƙi. Amfani da kalmar pogrom don komawa ga Rikicin Crown Heights na 1991 ya haifar da gardama ga jama'a.    A shekara ta 2008, hare-hare biyu daban-daban a Yammacin Kogin Yammacin da mazauna Yahudawa na Isra'ila suka yi wa Larabawa Palasdinawa an nuna su a matsayin kisan gilla da Firayim Minista na Isra'il na lokacin Ehud Olmert ya yi.  h

 Manazarta 
Werner Bergmann ya ba da shawarar cewa duk irin waɗannan abubuwan suna da halayyar haɗin kai: "Ta hanyar haɗakar barazana, pogrom ya bambanta da wasu nau'ikan tashin hankali, kamar lynchings, waɗanda aka tsara wa kowane memba na ƙungiyar 'yan tsiraru, yayin da rashin daidaituwa na iko don goyon bayan masu tayar da kayar baya ya bambanta pogroms daga wasu nau'o'in tashin hankali (harin abinci, tashin hankali na launin fata ko 'harin jama'a'a' a tsakanin kungiyoyi masu dacewa); kuma, ƙananan matakin ƙungiya, kisan kai dangi ya raba su daga ta'addanci mai tsaro.