Alexander Mann

Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi Alexander Mann a Glasgow, Scotland a ranar 22 ga Janairun shekarar 1853. Ya mutu a Landan ranar 26 ga Janairun shekara ta 1908. An binne shi a Cocin Blewbury, Oxfordshire .

Ɗan James Mann na biyu, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai arziƙi, ya ɗauki darussa tun yana ɗan shekara goma tare da Robert Greenlees (1820-1894) sannan ya halarci darussan maraice a Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow, inda Greenlees ya kasance shugaban makaranta.

A cikin shekara ta 1877 ya tafi Paris kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Académie Julian, sannan ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Mihály Munkácsy kuma daga 1881 zuwa 1885 a ƙarƙashin Carolus-Duran . Daga 1883 zuwa 1893 Mann da aka nuna a London a Royal Academy, Royal Institute of Oil Painters, Fine Art Society, New Gallery, Ridley Art Club, New English Art Club da Society of British Artists, al'ummar da ta nada James McNeill Whistler ta shugabanta a shekara ta 1886. A wannan shekarar da aka gayyace shi ya zama na farko a cikin New English Club na Artish Club da aka gayyace shi ya zama na farko na Scottish Club. Lavery, Thomas Millie Dow na Glasgow Boys da Norman Garstin .

Tasiri da makarantar Hague da Jules Bastien-Lepage, hotonsa A Bead Stringer, Venice ya sami lambar yabo a Salon a 1885. Bayan wata muhawarar jama'a game da wannan zanen lokacin da aka nuna shi a Cibiyar Royal Glasgow, Mann ya zauna a Ingila, a West Hagbourne, Berkshire, wani ƙauyen da ke kusa da Berkshire, da kuma daga baya a cikin jerin ra'ayi na B. na Downs da hotunan mutanen ƙasar. Mann ya yi balaguro sosai a Biritaniya, ya kai ziyara da yawa a bakin tekun a Angus da Fife, da Walberswick, Suffolk .

Haka kuma tafiye-tafiyensa ya shafi Turai da Amurka. Ziyarar Venice a cikin shekara ta 1884 shine aikin fasaha na farko na Mann bayan Biritaniya da kuma kewayen birnin Paris; wannan ya biyo bayan balaguron balaguro zuwa yankin Caribbean da Kudancin Amurka, watakil abokiyar fasahar Amurka ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a Paris. Daga 1890 zuwa 1892 ya zauna tare da iyalinsa a Tangiers . Daga baya ya yi tafiya zuwa Madrid ta Kudancin Spain a 1892 tare da John Lavery, wani tsohon ɗalibi na Académie Julian .

Ya rubuta ziyarce-ziyarcen sa da ra'ayoyinsa na abubuwan ƙirƙira a ɗakin karatu a cikin litattafan zane, ta yin amfani da ɗaukar hoto da kuma taimaka masa wajen tunawa da wani batu. A cikin 1895 an nuna aikin Mann a London a Barbican da Dublin a Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery of Modern Art. Amma ya gwammace ya “rayi nesa da sha’awar sauran masu fasaha” saboda wadatar da yake da ita ga danginsa ya sa ba lallai ba ne a mai da hankali sosai ga cibiyoyin baje koli, abokan ciniki da dillalai.

A Shekarar 1893 an zaɓe shi memba na Royal Institute of Oil Painters . A yau ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin Glasgow Boys, kodayake bai taɓa zama memba mai aiki ba.

 Salon fasaha 
Mann ya bashi basirar zanen sa ga Rodolphe Julien wanda ya dauki nazarin tsarin rayuwa a matsayin wanda ba makawa ne ga waɗanda ke son ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar fasahar zanensa daga Mihály Munkácsy ko da yake horarwa tare da shi bai daɗe ba saboda rashin jituwa na yanayi. Ta hanyar Carolus Duran, Mann ya koyi mahimmancin darajar tonal don manufar bayyana kansa, wanda aka nuna a cikin wasu zane-zane na farko, irin su Ma'aikatan Flower Artificial da Ma'aikatan Tapestry .

Mann

Daga farkon horo a Glasgow, ayyukansa na farko sun bi tsarin shimfidar wuri na Victorian na gargajiya, yana haifar da ma'anar dabi'a ta prosaic da romanticism. Ayyukan yau da kullun sun haɗa da Ta Findhorn, Morayshire da Sheepfold. Daga baya, ya matsa zuwa palette mai sauƙi. Duk da haka ana ci gaba da kame yadda ake gudanar da shi, kuma ga duk kyawun launinsa, an kiyaye darajar Corot-esque tonality. Ayyuka na yau da kullun sun haɗa da al'amuran Tangiers da wasu nazarin haystacks.

 Manazarta 

 N. Garsry, Studio, vol. 46 (1909), shafi. 300-5;
 James Caw, Zanen Scotland na Baya da Yanzu, 1620-1908 (Edinburgh, 1908), shafi. 384–5;  (sake bugawa)
 E. Bénézit, Dictionnaire des Peintres Sculpteurs Dessinateurs et Graveurs, 8 vols. (Librairie Gründ, 1956–61);
 J. Johnson da A. Gruetzner, Kamus na Mawakan Burtaniya 1880-1940 (Woodbridge, 1880);
 Christopher Newall, Alexander Mann, 1853-1908 (London: Fine Art Society, 1983);
 Martin Hopkinson, Alexander Mann: Sketches da Sadarwa tare da Matarsa da Iyalinsa (London: Fine Art Society, 1985);
 Helen Pickthorn, Alexander Mann, The Grove Dictionary of Art Online, ed. L. Macy (An Shiga 1 Disamba 2003)
 Kenneth McConkey, Impressionism a Biritaniya (Jami'ar Yale Press 1995) 
 Roger Billcliffe, Glasgow Boys: Makarantar zanen Glasgow 1875-1895, (John Murray 2002), 

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