Tsattsauran ra'ayi na iyaye

Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Paternalistic wani sashi ne na ra'ayin mazan jiya  wanda ke nuna imanin cewa al'ummomi sun wanzu, kuma suna tasowa, ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, kuma membobin da ke cikin su suna da wajibai ga juna.  Akwai girmamawa ta musamman kan wajibin iyaye, yana mai da hankali kan ra'ayi na noblesse oblige, na waɗanda ke da gata da wadata ga ɓangarorin da suka fi talauci. Ya dace da ka'idoji kamar aiki, Matsayi, da kuma tsarin mulki, ana iya ganin shi a matsayin fitowar ra'ayin gargajiya. Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba sa goyon bayan mutum ko jihar a ka'idar amma a maimakon haka suna shirye su goyi bayan ko kuma su ba da shawarar daidaituwa tsakanin su biyu dangane da abin da ya fi dacewa.

Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Paternalistic yana jaddada ayyukan gwamnati don haifar da sa hannun gwamnati mai zurfi don haɓaka rayuwa mai kyau ga dukan 'yan ƙasa. Wannan yana haifar da hanyar gudanarwa inda ake la'akari da gwamnati a matsayin mai kirki mai tsara manufofi da tabbatar da wasa mai kyau da daidaito,  tare da jaddada muhimmancin cibiyar tsaro ta zamantakewa don magance talauci da tallafawa sake rarraba dukiya, tare da tsarin gwamnati na kasuwanni don amfanin masu amfani da masu samarwa. Kodayake karɓar sa hannun gwamnati, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba sa goyon bayan wani abu da ya yi kama da tattalin arzikin umarni.

Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Paternalistic ya fara fitowa ne sakamakon juyin juya halin masana'antu a cikin karni na 19, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, yanayin aiki mai ban tsoro da rashin daidaito. A Burtaniya, ra'ayin mazan jiya na Benjamin Disraeli ya nemi magance waɗannan tasirin. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, an ci gaba da gwamnatocin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya guda ɗaya, kamar na Stanley Baldwin, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, da Harold Macmillan. A cikin karni na 19 a Jamus, Otto von Bismarck ya kafa jihar jin dadin zamani ta farko, tare da burin lalata zamantakewar al'umma ta hanyar samun goyon bayan ma'aikata. Ya aiwatar da manufofi na inshora na tilas na jihar ga ma'aikata game da rashin lafiya, haɗari, rashin iyawa da tsufa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Socialism na Jiha. Leo von Caprivi ya kuma inganta manufofin da ake kira New Course . 

 Asalin 
Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Paternalistic ya samo asali ne daga Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, wanda ya haifar da Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, talauci, da rashin jin daɗi na zamantakewa. A Burtaniya, 'yan siyasa na Tory, kamar su Richard Oastler, Michael Thomas Sadler da Lord Shaftesbury sun haɗu da alhakin su na elitist da kuma karfi na jin kai tare da sa hannu a kan Ayyukan Masana'antu. Masu sukar son kai da tattalin arziki na gargajiya,  sun kuma ƙi Sabon Dokar Talakawa ta 1834 kuma sun yi imani da rawar da jihar ke takawa wajen tabbatar da gidaje masu kyau, yanayin aiki, albashi da kuma kula da matalauta. 

 Tsattsauran ra'ayi na al'umma ɗaya 

Firayim Minista Benjamin Disraeli ne ya fara tunanin ra'ayin mazan jiya a Burtaniya, wanda ya gabatar da falsafar siyasa a cikin litattafai biyu, Coningsby da Sybil, Ko Al'ummai Biyu, wanda aka buga a 1844 da 1845, bi da bi. Disraeli ya ba da shawarar al'umma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da zamantakewar jama'a amma ma'aikata suna samun tallafi daga masu arziki. Ya jaddada muhimmancin wajibin zamantakewa maimakon son kai da ya mamaye al'ummar Burtaniya. Disraeli ya yi gargadin cewa Burtaniya za ta rabu zuwa kasashe biyu (na masu arziki da matalauta) sakamakon karuwar masana'antu da rashin daidaito. Da yake damuwa da wannan rarrabuwa, ya goyi bayan matakan inganta rayuwar mutane, don samar da tallafin zamantakewa da kuma kare ma'aikata.

Disraeli ya tabbatar da ra'ayoyinsa ta hanyar imaninsa a cikin al'umma mai gina jiki inda ɗalibai daban-daban ke da wajibai na halitta ga juna. Ya ga al'umma a matsayin matsayi na halitta kuma ya jaddada wajibai na waɗanda ke saman ga waɗanda ke ƙasa. Wannan ci gaba ne na ra'ayi na feudal na noblesse oblige, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa aristocracy yana da wajibin zama mai karimci da girmamawa. Ga Disraeli, wannan yana nuna cewa gwamnati ya kamata ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Tsattsauran ra'ayi na al'umma ɗaya ya gano tsarinsa a matsayin mai amfani da kuma wanda ba na ra'ayi ba. Akwai karɓar buƙatar manufofi masu sassauƙa, kuma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na ƙasa ɗaya galibi suna neman sulhu tare da abokan adawarsu na akidar don kare kwanciyar hankali. Disraeli ya tabbatar da ra'ayoyinsa da kyau, yana jayayya cewa idan masu mulki sun kasance marasa kula da wahalar mutane, al'umma za ta zama mara daidaituwa kuma juyin juya halin zamantakewa zai zama yiwu.

 Tarihi 

 Jamus 
A shekara ta 1878, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da Lutheran na Jamus Adolf Stoecker ya kafa Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Jama'a ta Kirista tare da niyyar daidaita ma'aikata tare da Kiristanci na Furotesta da mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Stoecker ya girmama tsarin zamantakewar da ke akwai amma kuma yana son jihar da za ta kasance mai aiki wajen kare talakawa da talakawa. A wani lokaci, Stoecker ya yi amfani da maganganun adawa da Yahudawa don samun goyon baya; ya bukaci magoya baya su yi Ƙaunar Kirista har ma da Yahudawa.

A matsayinsa na Shugaban Jamus, Otto von Bismarck ya bi dabarun gina jihar da aka tsara don sa talakawa Jamusawa su fi aminci ga kasar, aiwatar da jihar jin dadin zamani a Jamus a cikin shekarun 1880. Bismarck yana tsoron juyin juya halin gurguzu, kuma ya kirkiro jihar jin dadin farko a duniyar zamani tare da burin samun goyon bayan ma'aikata wanda in ba haka ba zai iya zuwa ga abokan adawarsa na gurguzu. Ya karɓi manufofi na inshora na tilas na jihar don ma'aikata don karewa daga rashin lafiya, haɗari, rashin iyawa da tsufa a cikin abin da ake kira Socialism na Jiha. Kalmar Socialism ta Jiha ta samo asali ne daga 'yan adawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Bismarck; daga baya Bismarck ya yarda da ita.Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2002). Bismarck. Routeledge. p. 221. . Bismarck mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ne, ba mai gurguzu ba, kuma ya kafa Dokokin Anti-Socialist . Tsarin zamantakewar jihar Bismark ya dogara ne akan tunanin siyasa na Romanticist wanda jihar ta kasance mafi girma kuma ta aiwatar da ajanda na Bismarck na tallafawa " zanga-zangar hadin kai game da son kai" da kuma "ƙasa game da cosmopolitanism" kuma ta bayyana cewa "aikin Jiha shine kiyayewa da inganta bukatun, jin daɗin al'umma kamar haka". Maimakon haka, an tsara ayyukansa ne don rage ci gaban Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Germany .  Bugu da kari, an kafa manufofin kasa da kasa na hanyoyin jirgin kasa na Prussian bayan hadin kan Jamus, wanda ya kawo sufuri a karkashin ikon jihar.  Henderson, William (1975). The Rise of German Industrial Power, 1834–1914. University of California Press. p. 207. .

 Kanada 

Red Tory mai bin Falsafar siyasa ce da aka samo daga al'adar Tory, galibi a Kanada amma kuma a Ingila. Wannan falsafar tana nuna goyon baya ga Manufofin zamantakewa waɗanda ke da al'umma, yayin da suke riƙe da matakin horo na kasafin kuɗi da girmama Tsarin siyasa. A Kanada, ana samun ja Toryism a cikin jam'iyyun siyasa na Conservative na lardin da na tarayya. Tarihin ja Toryism ya nuna bambance-bambance a ci gaban al'adun siyasa na Kanada da Amurka. Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Kanada da masu ra'ayin ra'ayin Amurka sun bambanta da juna a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci, gami da matsayinsu kan batutuwan zamantakewa da rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a cikin al'umma.

A Turai, ƙungiyoyin siyasa na Katolika sun fito ne a cikin karni na 19 a matsayin martani ga yaduwar yanayin zamantakewa da haɓaka adawa da malamai da dimokuradiyya tsakanin masu sana'a da ma'aikata. Ya haɗu da sadaukarwar zamantakewa, jin daɗin zamantakewar iyaye, da kuma goyon bayan iko daga sama tare da zurfafa ibada.

 Japan 
A lokacin bayan yakin Japan, manufofi da Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) ta jagoranta sun zama abin koyi na siyasa kusa da dimokuradiyya ta iyaye fiye da dimokuradyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta Yamma. A hanyoyi da yawa, ana ɗaukar Japan ta zamani a matsayin jihar mai kula da iyaye ciki har da abubuwan da ke da ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamar al'adar Confucian. Game da gwamnatin LDP a karkashin Tsarin 1955 a Japan, matakin ikon tattalin arziki ya fi na gwamnatocin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Yammaci; an kuma sanya shi kusa da dimokuradiyya a wannan lokacin. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, rikicin mai ya rage ci gaban tattalin arziki kuma ya kara juriya ga 'yan birni ga manufofin da ke son manoma. Don ci gaba da matsayinta na rinjaye, LDP ta nemi fadada magoya bayan jam'iyya ta hanyar haɗa manufofin tsaro na zamantakewa da matakan gurɓataccen yanayi da jam'iyyun adawa suka ba da shawara. Har ila yau, a tarihi an sanya shi kusa da tsarin kamfanoni.

An kafa shi a cikin 1960, Jam'iyyar Socialist Party (DSP) ta goyi bayan dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa. Saboda dan kasar Japan, mai adawa da kwaminisanci, da kuma yanayin ra'ayin mazan jiya na zamantakewa, ya bambanta da siyasa daga talakawa na zamantakewar dimokuradiyya kuma ya fi kusa da siyasa ga hannun dama na LDP, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin rikon kwarya a Japan a lokacin.

 Argentina 

Peronism an dauke shi akidar iyaye. Koyaya, Peronism na gargajiya yana tallafawa tattalin arzikin umarni, ba kamar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na yau da kullun ba. Wasu malamai suna kimanta Peronism a matsayin cakuda 'yan gwagwarmaya' da 'tsattsauran ra'ayi na gargajiya'.

 Amurka 
A Amurka, Theodore Roosevelt ya kasance babban adadi da aka gano tare da ci gaba mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a matsayin al'adar siyasa. Roosevelt ya bayyana cewa yana da "ko da yaushe ya yi imani da cewa mai hikima ci gaba da kuma mai hikima mai ra'ayin mazan jiya suna tafiya tare da hannu". Ra'ayoyin Roosevelt, irin su na New Nationalism, fadada falsafarsa ta baya ta Square Deal, an bayyana su a matsayin iyaye kuma sun bambanta da shirin mutum, The New Freedom, na Woodrow Wilson daga Jam'iyyar Democrat. Shirin Wilson a aikace an bayyana shi kamar yadda ya yi kama da ra'ayoyin da suka fi dacewa da Roosevelt, ban da ra'ayin mulki a cikin alƙalai.Kraig, Robert Alexander (2000). "The 1912 Election and the Rhetorical Foundations of the Liberal State". Rhetoric and Public Affairs. 3 (3): 363–395. . .

Gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Republican ta William Howard Taft ta kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai bi da ra'ayin rikon kwarya mai ci gaba",  Dwight D. Eisenhower ya kuma bayyana kansa a cikin mai ba da shawara ga ra'ayin ci gaba. 

 Ra'ayoyi 
Ba kamar yawancin ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na kasuwa ba kamar ra'ayin ra'ayin rikon kwarya mai sassaucin ra'ayi da 'yanci na dama, ra'ayin masu ra'ayi na iyaye yana goyan bayan iyaye da hadin kai jama'a kamar yadda ya saba da Kasuwanci, son kai, da tattalin arziki. Saboda wannan, wani lokacin ana kiranta "socialism na dama" ko "socialism mai ra'ayin mazan jiya" ta hanyar masu tattalin arziki na kasuwa, ciki har da Murray Rothbard da Jesús Huerta de Soto. Huerta de Soto ya kuma yi jayayya cewa ra'ayin mazan jiya na iyaye yana tallafawa tsarin zamantakewar jama'a, yana kula da gata da aka ba wasu kungiyoyi a cikin al'umma.

Kodayake masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna karɓar shiga tsakani na gwamnati, yana cikin mahallin tattalin arzikin zamantakewar dimokuradiyya ko zamantakewar jama'a. Ba sa goyon bayan tattalin arziki mai kama da umurni ko tattalin arziki da aka tsara, ko tattalin arziki wanda ke da ikon jama'a akan hanyoyin samarwa, ɗaya daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na kwaminisanci. 

Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun tabbatar da tsarin su ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa idan masu mulki suka zama marasa kula da wahalar da talakawa ke fuskanta, zai iya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ya haifar da juyin juya halin tashin hankali. Daga baya dole ne a aiwatar da manufofi don magance bukatar magance bukatun dukkan zamantakewar al'umma don kiyaye jituwa. Bugu da ƙari, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na iyaye suna tallafawa daidaito na dama da wasa mai kyau, da nufin tabbatar da cewa har yanzu akwai filin wasa na matakin ga mutane don neman nasara bisa ga cancanta.

 Dubi kuma 

 Manazarta 

 Bayanan littattafai 















 Ƙarin karantawa 

 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Al'umma, Al'adu, da Jiha a Jamus, 1870-1930 (1st paperback ed.). Jami'ar Michigan.
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Turai a cikin karni na ashirin. Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
 Paxton, Robert O.; Julie Hessler (2011) [2005]. Turai a cikin karni na ashirin. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning .
 [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Babu Dama ko Hagu: Fascist Ideology a Faransa (2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Masu tunani masu ra'ayin mazan jiya: Daga John Adams zuwa Winston Churchill . New Brunswick, New Jersey: Masu wallafawa.
 Weitz, Eric D. (2007). Weimar Jamus: Alkawari da Bala'i. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

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