HIV da maza da ke yin jima'i da maza

Tun lokacin da rahotanni game da fitowa da yaduwar Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) a Amurka tsakanin shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980,  annobar HIV / AIDS ana danganta ta da gay, bisexual, da sauran maza da ke yin jima'i da maza (MSM) ta hanyar masu ilimin cututtuka da masu sana'a. An fara lura da shi ne bayan likitoci sun gano tarin Sarcoma na Kaposi da pneumonia a cikin maza masu luwadi a Los Angeles, Birnin New York, da San Francisco a cikin 1981.  Rahoton hukuma na farko game da kwayar cutar an buga shi ne ta Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1981, kuma ya ba da cikakken bayani game da shari'o'in samari biyar da aka kwantar da su a asibiti tare da mummunar kamuwa da cuta. Wata daya bayan haka, The New York Times ta ruwaito cewa an gano 'ɗan luwaɗi 41 da ke da Sarcoma na Kaposi, kuma takwas sun mutu kasa da watanni 24 bayan an gano cutar.

A shekara ta 1982, an kira yanayin a cikin al'ummar kiwon lafiya a matsayin "Rashin rigakafin da ke da alaƙa da gay luwaɗi" (GRID), "ciwon daji na ɗan luwaɗi", da kuma "ciwon sulhu na ɗan luwaɗano". Ba har zuwa watan Yulin 1982 ba ne aka ba da shawarar kalmar Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) don maye gurbin GRID, kuma har zuwa watan Satumba ne CDC ta fara amfani da acronym na cutar kanjamau. Masana kimiyya da likitoci yanzu sun san cewa HIV / AIDS ba kawai yana shafar MSM ba kuma yana iya kamuwa da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da Jima'i da jima'in ba.   Duk da haka, MSM har yanzu ana daukar su a matsayin "mahimmanci" a duniya, ma'ana suna da ƙimar cutar kanjamau kuma suna cikin haɗari sosai don samun shi.

Gay, bisexual, da sauran maza da ke yin jima'i da maza ƙananan kashi ne na yawan Jama'ar Amurka, amma koyaushe su ne yawan mutanen da cutar HIV / AIDS ta fi shafa a Amurka, kuma sune mafi yawan 'yan ƙasar Amurka da ke da cutar kanjamau waɗanda suka mutu. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta matsakaicin yaduwar cutar kanjamau a duniya tsakanin MSM a 7.7%.

 MSM a matsayin wani nau'i na halayyar 
maza da ke yin jima'i da maza (an taƙaita su a matsayin MSM, wanda aka fi sani da maza da ke yin lalata da maza) maza ne da ke yin ayyukan jima'i tare da 'yan jinsi ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da yadda suke nuna kansu ba. Yawancin MSM sun zaɓi kada su (ko ba za su iya ba saboda wasu dalilai) nuna kansu a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi ko bisexual. Hakazalika, lakabin ya cire maza da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi ko bisexual, amma waɗanda ba su taɓa yin jima'i da wani mutum ba, gami da matasa masu yawa.

An yi amfani da kalmomin "maza da ke yin jima'i da maza" (MSM) da "mata da ke yin lalata da mata" (WSW) a cikin ilimin likita da bincike tun aƙalla 1990. Amma, an danganta kalmar ga Glick et al., saboda amfani da su a cikin binciken 1994 ya karfafa manufar a cikin kalmomin kiwon lafiya. Ana amfani da MSM sau da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita da bincike na zamantakewa don bayyana irin waɗannan maza a matsayin rukuni don nazarin bincike ba tare da la'akari da batutuwan tantance kai ba saboda yana ba da mafi kyawun halaye don nazarin haɗarin cututtuka fiye da rukunin da na ainihi (kamar "gay", "bisexual", ko "daidai"), saboda mutumin da ya nuna kansa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi ko bisexual ba lallai ba ne yana yin jima'i da maza, kuma wani wanda ya nuna kansa kamar madaidaici yana iya yin jima'a tare da maza.

 Yawan jama'a 
Ƙayyade adadin mazan da suka taɓa yin jima'i da wani mutum yana da wahala a duniya.  Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa akalla kashi 3% kuma kashi 16% na maza sun yi jima’i akalla sau daya da namiji.  Ƙididdigansu ya haɗa da waɗanda aka yi wa lalata baya ga maza waɗanda ke yin jima'i akai-akai ko da son rai tare da maza.  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa kashi 6-20% na maza a duniya suna yin jima'i da wasu maza a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu.  Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka yi ta amfani da dandamali na kafofin watsa labarun don kimanta yawan jama'ar duniya na MSM ya haifar da kiyasin mafi girma fiye da waɗanda UNAIDS ta ruwaito..

 MSM a Amurka 
Ƙididdiga game da yawan mutanen Amurka na mazan da suka yi jima'i da maza (MSM) sun bambanta.  Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta kiyasta cewa mazan da suka yi jima'i da maza (MSM) suna wakiltar kusan kashi 2% na yawan jama'ar Amurka.  Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2005 ya yi kiyasin cewa a tsakanin mazan Amurka masu shekaru 15 zuwa 44, kimanin kashi 6% na sun yi jima'i ta baki da/ko ta dubura tare da wani mutum a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu, kuma kusan kashi 2.9 cikin dari sun sami akalla abokin tarayya namiji guda a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.  Wani bincike na 2007 ya kiyasta cewa akwai maza miliyan 7.1 da ke yin jima'i da maza (MSM) a Amurka, ko 6.4% na yawan jama'ar Amurka.  [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need] Yawan mazan da suka yi jima'i da maza sun bambanta ta jiha, tare da mafi ƙarancin kashi a South Dakota (3.3%) kuma mafi girma a Gundumar Columbia (13.2%).   Duk da haka, wannan binciken ya gano cewa kashi 57 cikin 100 na mazan da suka yi jima'i da maza da aka gano a matsayin masu jima'i ko kuma bisexual A shekara ta 2010 an kiyasta cewa kashi 2.6% na maza a Amurka sun yi jima'i a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, 4.0% a cikin shekaru biyar da suka wuce, kuma 7.0% a kowane lokaci a rayuwarsu. 

 Al'adun "ƙasa" tsakanin Black MSM 

Down-low kalma ce ta Afirka ta Amirka  wacce aka yi amfani da ita musamman a cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka wacce galibi tana nufin al'adun jima'i na maza baƙi waɗanda galibi suna nuna kansu a matsayin masu jima'i amma suna neman saduwa da jima'i da dangantaka da wasu maza, suna yin tafiya ta gay, kuma suna amfani da takamaiman tufafin hip-hop a lokacin waɗannan ayyukan.  Gabaɗaya suna guje wa bayyana Ayyukan jima'i na jinsi ɗaya, kuma galibi suna da abokin jima'i (s), kuma suna iya yin aure ko ba su da aure.

A cikin Binciken kiwon lafiya, ana amfani da kalmar down-low don gano rashin jituwa na jima'i tsakanin maza da ke yin jima'i da maza (MSM). Eaton, A.D.; Scheadler, T.R.; Bradley, C.; McInroy, L.B. (September 2023). "Identity development, attraction, and behaviour of heterosexually identified men who have sex with men: scoping review protocol". Systematic Reviews. 12 (184). Springer Nature: 184. doi:10.1186/s13643-023-02355-6. ISSN 2046-4053. PMC 10542689. PMID 37777815. S2CID 263231942. Dangane da binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of Bisexuality, "[t]he Down Low salon rayuwa ne wanda matasa, mazajen baƙar fata na birane suka fi yin jima'i da wasu maza da mata, duk da haka ba sa nuna kansu a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi ko bisexual".

A cikin wannan mahallin, "kasancewa a ƙasa-ƙasa" ya fi kawai maza da ke yin jima'i da maza a asirce, ko kuma bambancin luwaɗi ko bisexuality - shine ainihin jima'i wanda, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, ya bayyana ta hanyar "bautar namiji" da kuma kin amincewa da abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin al'adun White American (ciki har da abin da aka ɗauka a matsayin Al'adun LGBT na White American) da kuma sharuddan. Wani labarin murfin 2003 a cikin The New York Times Magazine game da abin da ya faru a ƙasa ya bayyana cewa al'ummar baƙar fata ta Amurka suna ganin "kisan jinsi a matsayin farar fata. "  Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da bayyana al'adun ƙasa kamar haka:

CDC ta ambaci binciken guda uku da suka shafi mazajen Afirka-Amurka da ke aiki a kan ƙasa (sanya cikin aikin MSM amma ba sa bayyana wa wasu):

 Maza na Afirka na Amurka waɗanda ke yin jima'i da maza (MSM), amma waɗanda ba su bayyana yanayin jima'i ba (marasa bayyana), suna da yaduwar kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau (14%); kusan sau uku fiye da MSMs marasa bayyanawa na wasu kabilu / kabilun (5%).
 Tabbatar da binciken da ya gabata, binciken 5,589 MSM, masu shekaru 15-29, a cikin biranen Amurka guda shida sun gano cewa MSM na Afirka na Amurka ba zai iya bayyana yanayin jima'i ba idan aka kwatanta da fararen MSM (18% vs. 8%).
 Wadanda ba su da cutar kanjamau ba su da tabbas sun san matsayin su na cutar kanjamaun cutar kanjamao (98% ba su san cutar kanjamawa ba idan aka kwatanta da 75% na masu bayyana cutar kanjama'u), kuma sun fi samun abokan jima'i na mata na baya-bayan nan.

 Abubuwan haɗari 
A cewar UNAIDS, a cikin 2018, MSM a duniya suna da haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau sau 22 idan aka kwatanta da dukan manya maza.

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 wanda ya binciki binciken da aka gudanar da yawa ya gano cewa "mafi yawan maza masu luwadi suna da irin wannan adadin abokan jima'i marasa kariya a kowace shekara a matsayin maza da mata masu kai tsaye. "  Koyaya, binciken da aka samu a shekara ta 2006 ya gano cewa maza da suka ba da rahoton maza 4 ko fiye suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV. Wadanda suka halarci binciken da suka ba da rahoton amphetamine ko amfani da barasa mai yawa kafin jima'i sun fi samun kwayar cutar kanjamau ko wasu cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i.

Binciken Kaiser Family Foundation ya nuna cewa ƙananan Amurkawa suna kallon kwayar cutar kanjamau a matsayin mafi girman fifiko na kiwon lafiya a yau idan aka kwatanta da shekaru goma da suka gabata. A cikin 1996, kashi 25% na Amurkawa sun kalli kwayar cutar kanjamau a matsayin "matsalar gaggawa" ga al'ummarsu amma a cikin 2009, kashi 17% ne kawai suka lissafa shi a matsayin "mai gaggawa. " Kashi na masu shekaru 18 zuwa 29 da suka damu da kansu game da kamuwa da kwayar cutar ya ragu daga kashi 28% a cikin 1995 zuwa 17% a cikin 2009  Binciken da aka gudanar a manyan biranen Amurka ya gano cewa daya cikin matasa maza 4 da suka yi jima'i da maza sun yi imanin cewa suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kanjamawa da kwayoyin cutar kanjama.

 Jima'i mara kariya 
Kwayar cutar kanjamau tana da sauƙin yaduwa ta hanyar jima'i mara kariya fiye da ta hanyar jima-i mara kogi  kuma maza da suka ba da rahoton jima'i na hanci mara kariya suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kansar HIV.  Gabaɗaya, abokin tarayya mai karɓa yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau saboda lining na rectum yana da ƙanƙanta kuma yana iya ba da damar kwayar cutar ta shiga jiki ta hanyar musayar maniyyi. Abokin hulɗa yana cikin haɗari saboda STIs na iya shiga ta hanyar urethra ko ta hanyar ƙananan yanka, abrasions, ko buɗewa a kan azzakari. Har ila yau, kwaroron roba sun fi fashewa yayin jima'i na baya fiye da lokacin jima'i. Don haka, ko da tare da kwaroron roba, jima'i na iya zama haɗari. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2004 game da maza masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau sun gano cewa maza da ba su da kariya ga jima'i na baya (UAI) a cikin shekarar da ta gabata sun kasance cikin haɗari don kamuwa da kwayar cuta. Binciken ya gano cewa maza da suka ba da rahoton shiga cikin UAI sun karu daga 30% a 1996 zuwa 42% a 2000. Kusan rabin dukkan maza da suka halarci UAI a cikin 1996-1997 sun ce ba su san matsayin kwayar cutar kanjamau na abokin tarayya ba  Nazarin sun gano cewa abubuwan haɗari na kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV shine jima'i da mutum a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, suna da gidaje marasa daidaituwa, kuma suna shan alkyl nitrites ("poppers").  Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 game da yaduwar jima'i ba tare da kariya ba tsakanin MSM da aka gano a matsayin HIV ya gano cewa yawancin sun kare abokan aikinsu yayin jima'i, amma maza da yawa suna ci gaba da yin jima'i da halayen jima'i wanda ke sanya kansu da wasu cikin haɗari ga kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV.

 Gajiyawar kwando 
Although HIV transmission rates fell throughout the 1990s, they hit a plateau at the end of the decade. The increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases in major cities in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom led to reports in the gay and mainstream media of condom fatigue and "AIDS optimism" as causes of the new "laxness" in safe sex practices. This is supported by research on the tendency of couples (heterosexual or homosexual) to use condoms less over time.
A 2010 study found that gay and bisexual men choose to have unprotected sex for a variety of reasons and cannot be generalized. Erectile dysfunction, mental health problems and depression, lack of communication or intimacy, and a subculture of unprotected sex were all listed as reasons why men had sex without condoms voluntarily.

 Rigakafi 
A ƙarshen shekarun 1980 an kirkiro kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari kai tsaye na farko ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau / AIDS. Musamman, an kafa kungiyar AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) a Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community a New York bayan maganin antiretroviral AZT don neman damar samun magunguna da farashi mai rahusa, ilimin jama'a game da cutar kanjamau da haramta nuna bambanci da ke da alaƙa da cutar kansar AIDS.

Shirin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan cutar kanjamau (UNAIDS) ya buga takarda a cikin 2005 yana ba da takamaiman hanyoyin magance yaduwar cutar kanjamau a cikin yawan MSM na takamaiman yankuna a duniya.  Sun yi nuni da "rashin ilimi mai zurfi" da kuma kyama game da jinsin jima'i a matsayin shinge na duniya don hana watsawa da kuma karfafa wadanda suka kamu da cutar su nemi magani.  Shirin UNAIDS ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta aiwatar da manufofin "cikakkiyar jima'i" don rage kyamar al'umma game da luwadi da inganta amfani da man shafawa na ruwa.  Musamman a Maroko, shirin ya ba da shawarar raba kwaroron roba a gidajen yari.  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta fara amincewa da jima'i na al'ummarta.  A cewar UNAIDS, "Gwamnati ta samu gagarumin ci gaba wajen sanin batun lafiyar jima'i tsakanin namiji da namiji da kuma cutar kanjamau."  A cikin Latin Amurka, kai tsaye zuwa yankunan karkara yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da kulawa ga kowane mutum.  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kuma jaddada mayar da hankali kan al'ummar LGBT wadanda suka fi rauni a kasashen Latin Amurka.  A Jamaica, kamar yadda yake a ƙasashe da yawa a duniya, an haramta yin luwadi don haka akwai ƙalubale na musamman ga rigakafin cutar HIV a cikin al'ummar MSM.  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kokarin aiwatar da dabarun da suka shafi al'umma a Jamaica tare da tabbatar da boye sunayen mutanen da aka yi aiki.  A Norway, UNAIDS ta lura da karuwar yawan MSM da ke fama da cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i ba tare da yin magani ba, kuma sun fi mayar da hankali kan inganta amfani da kwaroron roba a cikin al'ummar gay.  Duk da suna "mai sassaucin ra'ayi da ci gaba" da Kanada ke da shi a fagen duniya, har yanzu cin mutuncin da ke da alaƙa da HIV yana da alaƙa da al'ummar luwaɗi.  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi imanin cewa akwai bukatar Amurka ta amince da ilimin jima'i a matsayin wani muhimmin hakki na dan Adam.  Bugu da ƙari, ingantacciyar bincike kan MSM a cikin Amurka zai yi tasiri mai kyau wajen bayar da kuɗi don shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar HIV.

Nazarin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa akwai babbar kasuwa don maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na farji a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, ƙwayoyin microbicides suna ƙazanta da ƙarancin bincike.  Har yanzu ba a tabbatar da cewa ba a tabbatar da cewa microbicide zai kare da kyau daga haɗarin saduwar dubura ba tare da kariya ba, amma masu fafutuka sun yi imanin cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin kudade don bincike tunda yawan amfani da kwaroron roba ya yi ƙasa sosai.  Duk da haka, ƙiyayya da ƙiyayya za su iya zama shinge ga daidaikun mutanen da ke siyan samfurin.  Marubutan sun ambaci wannan abin damuwa ne musamman a ƙasashen Caribbean inda cutar kanjamau ta yi yawa amma har yanzu liwadi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne kuma ana kyamace shi (Duba HIV/AIDS a cikin Caribbean..) 

PrEP (pré-exposure prophylaxis) wata hanya ce ta rigakafin cutar kanjamau inda mutane da ke cikin babban haɗari ga cutar kanjamaun daji, kamar MSM, ke cinye magungunan antiretrovirals na baki don hana kamuwa da cuta.  Sau da yawa, ana shan waɗannan magunguna ta baki a matsayin haɗuwa da tenofovir da emtricitabine kuma suna da tasiri sosai a cikin MSM.  Koyaya, tasirin PrEP ya dogara da bin doka. Dangane da wasu binciken, raguwar 10% a bin ya rage inganci da 13%.  PrEP hanya ce mai amfani sosai ta rigakafin cutar kanjamau ban da gwajin cutar kanjamaun daji, shawarwarin mai haƙuri, da ayyukan jima'i masu aminci. 

 Samun damar yin gwaji 
UNAIDS ta lura da "zaɓin kai tsaye" (zaɓi abokin tarayya bisa ga matsayin su na HIV) yana ƙara zama ruwan dare a zaɓin abokin tarayya da watsawa a Amurka. Wani binciken CDC na 2008 ya gano cewa daya cikin biyar (19%) na MSM a manyan biranen Amurka sun kamu da kwayar cutar kanjamau kuma kusan rabin (44%) ba su san kamuwa da cutar ba. Mutane da yawa da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau ba sa neman magani har sai da suka gabata a lokacin kamuwa da cutar (kimanin kashi 42% ba sa neman kulawa har sai sun fara fuskantar alamun rashin lafiya.) Bugu da ƙari, wani ɓangare mai yawa na mutanen da aka gwada cutar kanjamawa ba sa dawowa don sakamakon gwajin su. Bincike ya ba da shawarar don tallafawa da aiwatar da gwaje-gwajen HIV waɗanda za a iya gudanar da su a waje da saitunan kiwon lafiya tun shekara ta 2003. Ana ɗaukar gwajin gida yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda 8%-39% na abokan hulɗa da aka gwada a cikin nazarin shawarwarin abokin hulɗa da sabis na turawa (PCRS) an gano su da kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau da ba a gano su ba a baya.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, OraQuick, kayan gwajin cutar kanjamau na farko, ya fara sayarwa don $ 40. Gwajin kusan 100% daidai ne lokacin da ya hango hasashen sakamakon cutar kanjamau ga mutanen da ba su da cutar kanjamawa. Koyaya, ga mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau waɗanda ba su riga sun samar da magungunan rigakafin da aka gano ta hanyar gwajin ba, yana samar da mummunan 93% na lokacin. Kodayake masana'anta, OraSure Technologies, ba ta tallata gwajin don amfani don zaɓar abokan tarayya, masana sun ba da shawarar cewa yana iya hana hulɗar jima'i mara kariya tare da abokan hulɗa waɗanda suka yi ƙarya ko ba su san matsayinsu na HIV ba.

Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya bincika yadda gwajin OraQuick zai gano halayyar maza masu luwadi 27 da suka bayyana kansu wadanda galibi suna yin jima'i da sanannun mutane. Masu binciken sun ba wa kowane mahalarta gwaje-gwaje 16 don amfani da su a cikin watanni uku. An gwada abokan hulɗa 101 masu yuwuwa, kuma 10 sun kasance masu kyau. Babu wani daga cikin mahalarta da ya yi jima'i da wani wanda ya kamu da cutar. Sauran abokan hulɗa 23 sun ki gwajin kuma sun bar gamuwa. Maza 2 sun yarda cewa suna da kwayar cutar kanjamau. Yawancin mahalarta sun ce za su ci gaba da amfani da gwaje-gwaje na gida bayan binciken ya ƙare don gwada abokan tarayya da kansu. Masu binciken sun yi la'akari da gwajin gida a matsayin ingantacciyar hanyar rigakafi ga kungiyoyin masu haɗari. Koyaya, farashin $ 40 na gwajin ana ɗaukarsa babban abin hanawa ga gwajin abokin tarayya na yau da kullun.

 Jerin ƙididdigar kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau ta ƙasa 
Bayyanawa: ƙididdigar ƙididdigarsa ta HIV na iya zama ba daidai ba. Misali, UNAIDS ta ruwaito cewa yawan cutar kanjamau tsakanin MSM a Ostiraliya ya kasance 18.1%, UNAIDS (4 December 2019). "UNAIDS data 2019" (PDF). UNAIDS. Retrieved 6 December 2019. amma ainihin adadin da Australian Federation of AIDS ta ruwaito ya kasance 7.9%. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa UNAIDS ta dogara da samfurin saukakawa na maza da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau, don haka ba su kama cikakken wakilci na yawan MSM ba.
CountryMSM HIV prevalence rate estimate (%)0.52.02.415.75.08.12.619.6UNAIDS (4 December 2019). "UNAIDS data 2019" (PDF). UNAIDS. Retrieved 6 December 2019.1.72.85.812.313.97.025.81.114.818.31.94.815.04.020.66.73.45.417.041.215.47.72.85.64.87.14.010.26.714.427.20.50.414.034.4154.912.79.04.94.5104.13.317.99.030.029.84.80.26.918.26.64.17.81232.919.83.13.014.912.921.612.623.417.211.97.712.54.98.85.00.36.58.86.4253.78.321.910.05.07.25.911.45.418.21.327.66.013.23.42.21.029.73.0160.20.82.08.02.311.91.322.026.68.212.73.988.414.58.53.713.35.921.1

 Yawan kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau a Amurka 
Kwayar cutar HIV tana shafar Tsarin rigakafi mutum kuma, idan ba a kula da ita ba zai iya haifar da cutar cutar rigakafin da aka samu (AIDS).

CDC ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2009 cewa jima'i na namiji da namiji (MSM) ya kai kashi 61 cikin 100 na duk sabbin cututtukan HIV a cikin Amurka kuma waɗanda ke da tarihin allurar miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi sun haɗa da ƙarin 3% na sababbin cututtuka.  Daga cikin kusan mutane 784,701 da ke dauke da cutar HIV, 396,810 (51%) sun kasance MSM.  Kimanin kashi 48 cikin 100 na MSM da ke zaune tare da cutar HIV fari ne, kashi 30% baƙar fata ne, kuma 19% na Hispanic ne ko Latino.  Kodayake yawancin MSM fararen fata ne, wadanda ba fararen fata ba sun kai kashi 54% na sabbin cututtukan HIV masu alaƙa da cututtukan MSM a cikin 2008.. 

A cikin 2010 CDC ta ba da rahoton cewa MSM tana wakiltar kusan kashi 4 cikin 100 na yawan maza a Amurka amma jima'i tsakanin namiji da namiji ya kai kashi 78 cikin 100 na sabbin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau tsakanin maza da kashi 63 cikin 100 na dukkan sabbin kamuwar cuta. Maza gabaɗaya sun kai kashi 76% na dukan manya da matasa da ke zaune tare da kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau a ƙarshen 2010 a Amurka, da kuma kashi 80% (38,000) na kimanin sabbin kamuwa da cutar kanjamawa 47,500. Kashi 69% na maza da ke fama da cutar kanjamau sun kasance masu luwadi, masu jima'i biyu, da sauran maza da ke yin jima'i da maza. 39% (14,700) na sabbin cututtukan HIV a cikin maza na Amurka sun kasance a cikin baƙi, 35% (13,200) sun kasance a kan fararen fata, kuma 22% (8,500) sun kasance cikin Hispanics / Latinos. Adadin sabbin cututtukan HIV tsakanin baƙar fata (a kowace 100,000) ya kasance 103.6 - sau shida da rabi na fararen maza (15.8) kuma fiye da sau biyu na yawan tsakanin maza na Hispanic / Latino (45.5) tun daga shekara ta 2010.

CDC (2015) ta ba da rahoton cewa maza masu luwadi da masu jima'i sun kai kashi 82% (26,375) na binciken kwayar cutar kanjamau tsakanin maza da kashi 67% na duk binciken a Amurka, yayin da kashi shida (2,392) na binciken kwaya cutar kanjamawa an danganta su da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi (IDU) da kuma wani kashi 3% (1,202) ga hulɗar jima'i tsakanin namiji da namiji da IDU. Sadarwar jima'i ta kai kashi 24% (9,339) na duk binciken cutar kanjamau.

Daga cikin dukkan mazaje masu luwadi da madigo da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau da aka kebe da cutar kanjamau a Amurka a shekarar 2015, Amurkawa ‘yan Afirka ne suka fi yawa (3,928; 39%), sai farare (3,096; 31%) da Hispanic/Latinos (2,430; 24%).  A ƙarshen 2014, 508,676 'yan luwadi da maza bisexual suna rayuwa tare da kamuwa da cutar HIV (kashi 53 cikin 100 na duk wanda ke da cutar HIV a Amurka).  Daga cikin 'yan luwadi da maza biyu da ke zaune tare da kamuwa da cutar HIV, 157,758 (31%) Ba'amurke ne, 212,558 (42%) farare ne, kuma 109,857 (22%) 'yan Hispanic/Latino.  Daga 2005 zuwa 2014 bincike a tsakanin 'yan luwadi na Amurkawa da maza bisexual ya karu da kashi 22% amma ya karu kasa da 1% tsakanin 2010 da 2014. Binciken cutar kanjamau tsakanin 'yan luwadi na Afirka da maza biyu masu shekaru 13 zuwa 24 ya karu da 87% tsakanin 2005 da 2014, amma tare da raguwar 2000 tsakanin 2014 da 2014.

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 ya kiyasta cewa ga kowane MSM 100,000, za a gano 692 da kwayar cutar kanjamau. Wannan ya sa MSM sau 60 ya fi kamuwa da kwayar cutar fiye da sauran maza kuma sau 54 ya fi dacewa da mata.

Tun lokacin da ya kai kololuwa a 1993-1994 yawan mutuwar da ke haifar da cutar kanjamau ya fadi fiye da wasu manyan abubuwan da ke haifar le mutuwa 9, duk da haka tun daga shekarar 2013 cutar kanjamaun ta ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da mutuwa tsakanin mutane 25-44, musamman tsakanin maza, 'yan Afirka na Amurka da kuma a Kudu. Har ila yau, game da alaƙar cutar kanjamau da mutuwa, wani bincike a Burtaniya ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin shekara ta 2008 yawan mace-mace tsakanin mutanen da aka gano cutar kanjama'u masu shekaru 15-59 sun kasance fiye da sau biyar fiye da wannan a cikin yawan jama'a. Koyaya, kamar yadda binciken ya yarda da bayanai game da tasirin HIV / AIDS akan mutuwa tsakanin maza masu luwadi da maza biyu da kuma tsakanin sauran al'ummomi, yana da iyaka sosai, kuma hanyoyin amfani da wannan matsala ce.
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