Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kungiya ce ta yarjejeniya wacce ta kunshi masana 18, wacce aka kafa ta yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta shekara ta 1966, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR). Kwamitin yana haɗuwa don zaman makonni huɗu uku a kowace shekara don yin la'akari da rahotanni na lokaci-lokaci da jam'iyyun jihohi 173 suka gabatar ga ICCPR game da bin yarjejeniyar, da kuma duk wani korafi game da jam'iyyar jihohi 116 zuwa Yarjejeniyar Zaɓin Farko ta ICCPR.Jakob Th. Möller/Alfred de Zayas, The United Nations Human Rights Committee Case Law 1977-2008, N.P.Engel Publishers, Kehl/Strasbourg, 2009,  Kwamitin yana daya daga cikin kungiyoyi goma na yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kowannensu yana da alhakin kula da aiwatar da takamaiman yarjejeniya.

Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bai kamata a rikita shi da babban Kwamitin Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dokoki (HRC), ko kuma wanda ya riga HRC, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Mutum ta Majalisar Dinkinobho. Ganin cewa Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (tun daga watan Yunin shekara ta 2006) da Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam (kafin wannan ranar) ƙungiyoyin siyasa ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: waɗanda suka ƙunshi jihohi, waɗanda Majalisar Dinkinobho ta kafa da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Turai, kuma suna tattauna duk abubuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam; Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Mutum kungiya ce ta ƙwararru ta Majalisar Dinkin duniya: wanda ICCPR ta kafa, kuma suna tattaunawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi wannan yarjejeniyar kawai. Kwamitin 'Yancin Dan Adam galibi ana kiransa CCPR (Kwamitin' Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa) don kauce wa wannan rikice-rikice.

 Mambobin 
ICCPR ta bayyana ka'idoji na asali don zama memba na Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam. Mataki na 28 na ICCPR ya bayyana cewa kwamitin ya kunshi mambobi 18 daga jihohin da ke cikin ICCPR, "waɗanda za su kasance mutane masu halin kirki da ƙwarewa a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam", tare da la'akari da "da amfani da shiga wasu mutanen da ke da ƙwarewar shari'a". Hakanan bisa ga Mataki na 28, membobin suna aiki a matsayin kowannensu, maimakon a matsayin wakilan ƙasashensu. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Mataki na 29 da 30 na ICCPR, an zabe su ne ta hanyar taron jihohin jam'iyyun ICCPR da aka gudanar a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bisa ga Mataki na 32, suna aiki na shekaru huɗu, tare da rabin adadin da aka zaba a kowace shekara ta biyu.
SunanJihaKalmar nanShekara ta FarkoTania María Abdo Rocholl2021–20242017Farid Ahmadov2023-20262023Wafaa Ashraf Moharram Bassim2021–20242021Rodrigo A. Carazo2023-20262023Yvonne Donders2023-20262023Mahjoub El Haiba2021–20242021Laurence R. Helfer2023-20262023Carlos Gómez Martínez2021–20242021Bacre Waly Ndiaye2023–20262023Marcia V.J. Kran2021–20242017Hernán Quezada Cabrera2023-20262019José Manuel Santos Kasashen2021–20242017Changrok Soh2021–20242021Tijana Šurlan2023–20262023Kobauyah Tchamdja Kpatcha2021–20242021Koji Teraya2023-20262023Hélène Tigroudja2023-20262019Imeru Tamerat Yigezu2021–20242021

 Zaben baya-bayan nan 
A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2022, jam'iyyun jihohin ICCPR sun hadu a New York kuma sun zabi mambobi tara na kwamitin, don maye gurbin wadanda wa'adin su zai ƙare a ƙarshen 2022. Akwai 'yan takara goma sha bakwai don matsayi tara, ciki har da wanda aka zaba ya makara. Wadanda aka zaba sune Yvonne Donders (The Netherlands), Hélène Tigroudja * (Faransa), Bacre Waly Ndiaye (Senegal), Tijana Šurlan (Serbia), Koji Teraya (Japan), Farid Ahmadov (Azerbaijan), Laurence R. Helfer (Amurka), Rodrigo A. Carazo (Costa Rica), da Hernán Quezada Cabrera * (Chile). Asterisks suna nuna membobin da ke zaune waɗanda aka sake zabar su.

A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2020 (an jinkirta daga 15 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta  2020), jam'iyyun jihohi na ICCPR sun hadu kuma sun zabi mambobi tara na kwamitin, don maye gurbin wadanda wa'adin su zai ƙare a ƙarshen shekarar 2020. Akwai 'yan takara goma sha huɗu don mukamai tara, ba tare da ƙidaya biyu da aka janye jim kadan kafin zaben ba amma ƙidaya ɗaya wanda aka zaba ya makara (kuma wanda aka zaba). Wadanda aka zaba sune Carlos Gómez Martínez (Spain), Changrok Soh (Jamhuriyar Koriya), Imeru Tamerat Yigezu (Ethiopia), Mahjoub El Haiba (Morocco), José Manuel Santos Pais* (Portugal), Tania María Abdo Rocholl* (Paraguay), Wafaa Ashraf Moharram Bassim (Masar), Kobauyah Tchamdja Kpatcha (Togo), da Marcia VJ Kran* (Kanada). Asterisks suna nuna membobin da ke zaune waɗanda aka sake zabar su. David H. Moorre (Amurka) ya lashe ƙarin, mai hamayya "ta hanyar zabe" wanda aka gudanar a wannan ranar, don zabar memba don kammala wa'adin da ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2020, na Ilze Brands Kehris (Latvia), wanda ya yi murabus daga ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2019, a kan nadin ta a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam.

A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2018, Andreas B. Zimmermann (Jamus) ya lashe zaben da ba a kalubalanci ba don kammala wa'adin da ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2020, na Anja Seibert-Fohr (Jamus), wanda ya yi murabus daga ranar 1 ga watan Maris, shekara ta2018.

A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2018, jam'iyyun jihohin ICCPR sun hadu kuma sun zabi mambobi tara na kwamitin, don maye gurbin wadanda wa'adin su zai ƙare a ƙarshen 2018. Akwai 'yan takara goma sha shida don mukamai tara, ba tare da lissafa biyu da aka janye jim kadan kafin zaben ba kuma daya wanda aka zaba ya makara. Wadanda aka zaba sune Yadh Ben Achour * (Tunisia), Christopher Bulkan (Guyana), Photini Pazartzis * (Greece), Hélène Tigroudja (Faransa), Hernán Quezada Cabrera (Chile), Gentian Zyberi (Albania), Vasilka Sancin (Slovenia), Shuichi Furuya (Japan), da Duncan Muhgandaza Lakiumu * (U). Asterisks suna nuna membobin da ke zaune waɗanda aka sake zabar su. Ba a zabi Pierre-Richard Prosper na Amurka ba, a cikin rahoton "rashin nasara na farko na dan takarar Amurka na Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya".

 Taron da ayyukan 
Kwamitin yana haɗuwa sau uku a shekara don zaman makonni huɗu (lokacin bazara a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York, zaman bazara da fall a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkinobho a Geneva). Sassan aikinta, waɗanda aka tsara a ƙasa, sun haɗa da rahotanni na jihar, korafe-korafe na mutum, tsokaci na gaba ɗaya, da sadarwa tsakanin jihohi.

 Rahoton jihar a karkashin ICCPR 
Dukkanin jihohin da ke cikin ICCPR suna da alhakin "don gabatar da rahotanni game da matakan da suka dauka wanda ke ba da tasiri ga haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su [a cikin ICCPR] da kuma ci gaban da aka samu wajen jin daɗin waɗancan haƙƙoƙoƙin. " Kwamitin haƙƙin ɗan adam yana da alhakinsa na "bincike" da kuma amsawa ga waɗancan rahotanni da jihohi suka gabatar.[ing] Dole ne jam'iyyun jihohi su gabatar da rahoto na farko a cikin shekara guda bayan shigar da ICCPR, da kuma rahotanni na lokaci-lokaci kamar yadda kwamitin ya nema. Wannan tsarin bayar da rahoto ya ba da umarni ta Mataki na 40 na ICCPR.

Yawan rahotanni na lokaci-lokaci a baya kusan kowane shekaru biyar ne, amma farawa a cikin 2020 yana kowane shekaru takwas. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta wallafa jagora ga jihohi kan bayar da rahoto ga Kwamitin da sauran hukumomin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam. Babban manufar rahoton shine inganta bin ka'idodin yarjejeniyar jihar kuma ya kamata ya zama "bincike mai kyau game da bin ka'idojin yarjejeniyar".

 Hanyar, da canje-canje na kwanan nan 
Bayan gabatar da rahoton jihar, wakilan jihar sun bayyana a gaban Kwamitin a Geneva ko New York don tattauna rahoton, a cikin tattaunawa mai mahimmanci wanda aka watsa shi kai tsaye a gidan talabijin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayan wannan tattaunawar, kwamitin ya tsara kuma ya karɓi abubuwan da ya kammala, takarda da suka haɗa da al'amuran da suka dace, batutuwa masu damuwa, da shawarwari da shawarwari. Daga baya, a karkashin tsarin bin diddigin, Kwamitin yana kimanta ko an cika wasu shawarwari a cikin shekara guda.

A watan Yulin shekarar 2010, kwamitin ya ba da shawarar sabon tsarin bayar da rahoto wanda ake kira "List of Issues Before Reporting" (LOIPR) ko "Simplified Reporting Procedure". A karkashin wannan tsarin, maimakon jihar ta gabatar da cikakken rahoto game da aiwatar da kowane labarin ICCPR, Kwamitin ya aika wa jihar jerin batutuwa da za a magance, kuma rahoton jihar dole ne kawai ya amsa tambayoyin da aka gabatar a cikin wannan jerin batutuwa. Kwamitin daga baya ya karɓi tsarin bayar da rahoto mai sauƙi a kan matukin jirgi, kodayake ya kasance zaɓi ne ga hanyar "na yau da kullun", watau, gabatar da cikakken rahoto. A zamansa na 124 a cikin shekarata 2018, kwamitin ya yanke shawarar karɓar tsarin bayar da rahoto mai sauƙi na dindindin, da kuma ƙarfafa dukkan jihohi su sauya zuwa bayar da rahotanni mai sauƙi. Har ila yau, ta yanke shawarar yin ƙoƙari don iyakance yawan tambayoyin a kowane jerin batutuwa zuwa 25. A cikin shekarata 2019, Kwamitin ya yanke shawarar yin sauƙaƙe tsarin bayar da rahoto tsoho, canza zaɓin jihar daga opt-in zuwa samfurin opt-out. 

A watan Yulin shekarar 2019 kwamitin ya yanke shawarar matsawa, farawa a cikin shekarata 2020, zuwa shekaru takwas na "Predictable Review Cycle" (PRC), a karkashin abin da zai tsara bita daya ga kowace jam'iyya (ciki har da jihohin da suka kasa bayar da rahoto). Wannan sake zagayowar ya haɗa da tsarin bita na shekaru biyar, da kuma tsawon shekaru uku kafin tsarin bita na gaba ya fara. Dukkanin jam'iyyun jihohi sun kasu kashi 8 na jihohi 21-22 kowannensu, tare da tsarin bayar da rahoto don farawa ga kowane rukuni a shekara daban.

 Kasancewar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 
Kungiyoyin ba da agaji da sauran kungiyoyin farar hula suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin bayar da rahoto. Kowace kungiya mai zaman kanta, ba tare da la'akari da takardar shaidarsa ba, na iya gabatar da rahotonta (wani lokacin ana kiranta " rahotannin inuwa") ga Kwamitin, yin sharhi game da rahotannin jihohi, kuma su halarci dukkan zaman Kwamitin a matsayin masu kallo. Bugu da ƙari, kwamitin sau da yawa yana gudanar da taron rufewa tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu sha'awar a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake dubawa na rahoton jihar.

 Ƙuntatawa na tsarin bayar da rahoto 
Ɗaya daga cikin raunin yana cikin tsarin bayar da rahoto. Kodayake a ka'idar, rahotanni ya kamata su zama kimantawa mai gaskiya, zargi mai kyau game da gazawar da aka fahimta don bin ka'idodin Alkawari ba zai yiwu ba. Cibiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, ta bayyana cewa "Rahoton Jiha sau da yawa . . . sun kasa bayyana aiwatar da Alkawari a aikace" kuma "sau da yawa ba su da kimantawa mai kyau game da matsalolin da Jiha ke fuskanta wajen aiwatar da haƙƙin da aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Alkawari".

Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan da rashin bayar da rahoto ta jihohi wani matsala ne. Rahoton shekara-shekara na kwamitin har zuwa Maris 2019 ya bayyana cewa jihohi goma sha biyar na "ra'ayoyin farko sun wuce, daga cikinsu 7 sun wuce tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 10 kuma 8 sun wuce shekaru 10 ko fiye. " Rahoton na IV ya lissafa su; Rahoton farko na Equatorial Guinea ya wuce shekaru 30. Wannan Ƙaddamarwa kuma ta lissafa jihohi goma sha uku waɗanda rahotannin lokaci-lokaci suka wuce shekaru goma ko fiye, tare da Afghanistan ta wuce shekaru 22, da kuma Najeriya ta wuce da 19; jihohi goma waɗanda rahotonsu na lokaci-lokacin suka wuce shekaru biyar zuwa goma; da jihohi 28 waɗanda rahotansu na lokaci-uku sun wuce ƙasa da shekaru biyar. CSW, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Burtaniya, ta tabbatar da cewa "akwai ƙananan matakin shiga da aiwatar da shawarwari" a bangaren Jihohi, kuma matakin Jihohi da ke bin shawarwarin kwangilar yarjejeniya shine kawai 19% .

Sauran matsalolin da aka lura da su sun haɗa da bayanan kwamitin da nauyin nauyi a kan jihohi, musamman ƙananan jihohi.

 Kowane korafi ga Kwamitin 
Jihohin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko ga ICCPR (a halin yanzu kasashe 116) sun amince da ba da damar mutane a cikin ikonsu su gabatar da korafe-korafe ("sadarwar mutum") ga Kwamitin da ke da'awar cewa an keta hakkinsu a ƙarƙashin ICCPR. ICCPR na ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin dan adam guda takwas na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da hanyoyin korafe-korafe na mutum; wasu yarjejeniyoyi biyu sun bayyana irin waɗannan hanyoyin da ba su riga sun fara aiki ba.

 Hanyar da ake ciki 
Kafin la'akari da cancanta (abu) na sadarwa ta mutum, kwamitin dole ne ya gamsu da cewa yana da yarda. Kwamitin na iya sake duba abubuwa da yawa wajen tantance yarda kuma yana iya kammala cewa, don sadarwa ta mutum ta zama mai yarda, dole ne:

 a gabatar da shi ta hanyar wanda aka azabtar wanda aka keta hakkokinsa da kansa, ko a gabatar da su tare da isasshen izini na irin wannan mutum, ko kuma a tabbatar da dalilan da aka gabatar da su a madadin wani. Sadarwar ba za ta iya zama ba tare da izini ba;
 suna da alaƙa da haƙƙin da aka kare a ƙarƙashin ICCPR;
 ya danganta da abubuwan da suka faru bayan shigar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko ga jihar da ake tambaya (tare da wasu banbanci, wanda Kwamitin ya haɓaka);
 ya kasance mai tabbatarwa sosai;
 nuna cewa magungunan cikin gida sun ƙare;
 kada a yi la'akari da shi ta hanyar wani bincike na kasa da kasa ko tsarin sasantawa;
 kada a hana shi ta hanyar ajiya ga ICCPR ta jihar da ake tambaya; kuma
 kada ya zama mara amfani, mai fushi, ko kuma cin zarafin tsari.

Sadarwar mutum da ke dauke da abubuwan da suka dace ana tura su ga mai ba da rahoto na musamman na kwamitin kan sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa da matakan wucin gadi, wanda ke yanke shawarar ko ya kamata a yi rajistar shari'ar. A wannan lokacin, ana watsa shari'ar ga jam'iyyar Jiha, wanda aka nemi ya gabatar da abubuwan da ya lura a cikin watanni shida, a karkashin Mataki na 4 na Yarjejeniyar Zaɓin Farko.  Da zarar Jiha ta amsa korafin, ana ba mai shigar da kara damar yin tsokaci, a cikin wani lokaci. Idan kwamitin ya kammala cewa an keta ICCPR, a cikin tsarin bin sa kwamitin ya gayyaci Jiha da ta samar da bayanai a cikin kwanaki 180 a kan matakai don aiwatar da shawarwarin kwamitin. Ana ba da amsar Jiha ga mai shigar da kara don yin tsokaci. Idan jam'iyyar Jiha ta kasa daukar mataki mai dacewa, kwamitin yana kula da shari'ar. Don haka, kwamitin yana tattaunawa da jam'iyyar Jiha kuma shari'ar ta kasance a buɗe har sai an dauki matakan da suka dace.

Kwamitin yana la'akari da sadarwa ta mutum a cikin zaman rufewa, amma yanke shawara ("Views") da duk wani bin diddigin jama'a ne. Idan aka ba da yawan korafe-korafe, shekaru da yawa na iya wucewa tsakanin gabatar da korafi da shawarar kwamitin akan shi.

Bayani game da tsari da yadda za a yi amfani da shi, gami da misalai da jagororin don gabatar da korafe-korafe, ana samun su daga wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

 Shawarwari 
Dukkanin yanke shawara na kwamitin kan korafe-korafe na mutum suna samuwa a cikin tarin kan layi da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta buga,  NGO,  da kuma tushen ilimi  .

Kwamitin ya karbi dubban korafe-korafe tun lokacin da aka kafa shi. Wasu daga cikin yanke shawara da suka shahara an jera su a ƙasa, a cikin tsari na lokaci. Daga cikin yanke shawara na baya-bayan nan da suka ja hankalin manema labarai da ilimi, a cikin yanke shawara biyu na Oktoba 2018 kwamitin ya kammala cewa haramcin Faransa akan niqab, cikakken fuskar Islama, ya keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin ICCPR, musamman haƙƙin nuna addinin mutum ko imani da kariya daga nuna bambanci.
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 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 
Zuwa yau kwamitin ya ba da "Janar Bayani" 36, kowannensu yana ba da cikakken jagora game da wasu sassa na ICCPR.

Kwamitin ya rarraba daftarin na gaba, Janar Comment 37 a kan ICCPR Mataki na 21, haƙƙin taron zaman lafiya, neman maganganun jama'a game da da daftarin ta hanyar tsawaitaccen lokaci na 21 ga Fabrairu, 2020.  An soki daftarin saboda dogaro da yanke shawara na yanki, sabanin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya.

Babban Bayani na kwamitin na baya-bayan nan (na 30 ga Oktoba, 2018) shine Janar Bayani 36 a kan ICCPR Mataki na 6, kan haƙƙin rayuwa (ya maye gurbin Janar Bayanai 6 da 14, na 1982 da 1984, bi da bi).  Daga cikin sakin layi saba'in, ashirin suna magana ne game da hukuncin kisa, a cikin wani sashi mai taken "Hukuncin mutuwa". Wani mai sharhi ya bayyana cewa bayanin yadda haƙƙin rayuwa ke aiki a lokacin yanayin rikici da kuma sanarwar dangantakar da ke tsakanin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya da dokar jin kai ta duniya suna da mahimmanci.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 kwamitin ya ba da Janar Comment 35 a kan ICCPR Mataki na 9, "yanci da tsaro na mutum".

A watan Yulin 2011, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da wata sanarwa ta sakin layi na 52, Janar Comment 34 a kan ICCPR Mataki na 19, game da 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki. Sashe na 48 ya ce:

 Hana nuna rashin girmamawa ga addini ko wani tsarin imani, gami da dokokin saɓo, ba su dace da Alkawari ba, sai dai a cikin takamaiman yanayi da aka tsara a cikin Mataki na 20, sakin layi na 2, na Alkawari. Irin waɗannan haramtacciyar dole ne su bi ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar Mataki na 19, sakin layi na 3, da kuma irin waɗannan matakai kamar 2, 5, 17, 18 da 26. Don haka, alal misali, ba zai yiwu ba ga kowane irin wannan doka ya nuna bambanci ga ko a kan daya ko wasu addinai ko tsarin imani, ko mabiyan su akan wani, ko masu bi na addini akan wadanda ba masu bi ba. Kuma ba zai zama abin halatta ba don amfani da irin wannan haramta don hanawa ko azabtar da zargi ga shugabannin addini ko sharhi game da koyarwar addini da ka'idojin bangaskiya.

 Sadarwa tsakanin Jihohi 
Alkawarin ya samar da korafe-korafe tsakanin jihohi "wanda ke ba da damar wata jam'iyya ta jiha ta caje wani da keta yarjejeniyar. " [1] Har yanzu an gabatar da tsarin korafe-sauye tsakanin jihohi" (har zuwa 2009). Wannan har yanzu batun iko ne kuma yana da zaɓi ga kwamitin ko za su yarda da irin wannan korafin ko a'a.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba