Hakki mai kyau

Ayyuka masu kyau a cikin dokar kare hakkin dan adam suna nuna wajibai Jiha na shiga cikin wani aiki don tabbatar da jin daɗin haƙƙin asali, sabanin wajibin da ba shi da kyau na gargajiya na kauce wa take hakkin dan adam.

Hakkin ɗan adam na gargajiya, kamar haƙƙin rayuwa ko 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, an tsara su ko kuma an fahimta su a matsayin haramtacciyar doka ga Jiha ta yi aiki a hanyar da za ta keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Don haka, za su nuna wajibi ne ga Jiha kada ta kashe, ko kuma wajibi ne ga Jihar kada ta sanya takunkumin manema labarai. Hakkin zamani ko na zamantakewa, a gefe guda, yana nuna wajibi ga Jiha ta zama mai aiki, kamar tabbatar da haƙƙin mutane ga ilimi ko aiki ta hanyar gina makarantu da kiyaye tattalin arziki mai kyau. Irin waɗannan haƙƙin zamantakewa galibi suna da wuyar tilasta su. Wannan ya faru ne saboda karancin albarkatun jama'a da ake buƙata don cika kyawawan wajibai. Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai a Strasbourg (ECtHR) ta yanke hukunci a cikin Osman v. United Kingdom cewa wajibi ne mai kyau "ya kamata a fassara shi ta hanyar da ba ta sanya nauyin da ba zai yiwu ba ko wanda bai dace ba ga hukumomi". Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayyar Jamus da Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Portugal suna amfani da "tsarin yiwuwar" a matsayin iyakancewar wajibai masu kyau.

Ayyuka masu kyau suna canza manufar wajibai na Jiha don zama masu aiki a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam na gargajiya. Don haka, don tabbatar da haƙƙin mutum ga rayuwar iyali, ba wai kawai ana tilasta wa Jiha ta guji tsoma baki a ciki ba, amma don sauƙaƙa misali sake haɗuwa da iyali ko damar iyaye ga yaransu

Babban filin aikace-aikacen wajibai masu kyau shine Mataki na 8 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam .

An kai manyan shari'o'i zuwa Kotun Turai wanda a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ya koma yin kyawawan wajibai musamman a fagen masu canza jima'i don yanke shawara idan suna son tiyata don canza jikinsu kamar yadda zai yiwu daga jinsi ɗaya zuwa ɗayan. Shari'o'i irin su Van Kuck v Jamus 2003 sun sanya shi wajibi ne mai kyau ga jihohin EU don samar da tiyata don canza jima'i kuma an sake maimaita wannan a cikin hukuncin L v Lithuania 2007 kuma a cikin hukuncin Schlump v Switzerland 2009. Saboda haka Gwamnatin Switzerland da wasu da yawa sun cire bukatar mutum ya tabbatar da cewa suna bukatar tiyata don canza jima'i a cikin 2010. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai ƙasashe, musamman Burtaniya, waɗanda suka ƙi yarda da halattaccen wajibai masu kyau a kansu ba tare da la'akari da gaskiyar cewa wannan ya sa su da alhakin samun laifi na Mataki na 8.

A cikin 2021, Kotun Turai ta yanke hukunci a cikin Fedotova da Sauran da Rasha cewa akwai kyakkyawan wajibi don amincewa da haɗin gwiwar jinsi guda bisa ga labarin 8. Fedotova and Others v. Russia