Bauta a cikin dokar kasa da kasa

Bauta a dokokin kasa da kasa ana gudanar da shi ne ta wasu yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya, yarjejeniyoyin da sanarwa. Na farko a cikin waɗannan ita ce Dokar Duniya ta Duniya kan ’Yancin ’Yan Adam (a shekarar 1948) da ta ce a cikin Mataki na 4: “Kada a yi wa kowa bauta ko bauta, a kawar da bautar kowane irin nau’i.” 

 Kariyar dokokin kasa da kasa 
An sake nanata kariya daga bauta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Bauta.  Wannan ya shafi Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka don Kawar da Bauta  da kuma Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR).  ICCPR, wanda Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ke gudanarwa,  ne ke da alhakin lura da yanayin bautar da duniya ke ciki.

 Kawar da bautar tarihi 
Abolitionism yana da tushen sa a cikin shekara ta 1807 Abolition of Slavery Act na Burtaniya . Yawancin malaman ilimi a wannan fanni sun fahimci hakan a matsayin farkon ƙarshen bautar da aka saba yi: bautar chattel. A karni na 19, Biritaniya ta mallaki mafi yawan duniya ta hanyar mulkin mallaka. Sakamakon haka, yayin zartar da wannan doka don kawar da bautar, Majalisar Biritaniya ta soke bautar a mafi yawan yankunanta.

A al'adance, ana iya samun 'yanci daga bauta kafin karni na 19 a ƙarƙashin kalmar "'yanci daga zalunci da zalunci." Domin kuwa bautar wani sharadi ne na mika wuya da kuma mika wuya ga wani, sau da yawa tare da yin karfi ko karfin mai shi kan mai mika wuya, kalmar ‘yanci daga zalunci da azzalumai’ daidai ta kunshi ‘yancin ‘yanci daga bauta.

Sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Amurka,  Sanarwar Faransa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da na Jama'a,  Yarjejeniya ta Afirka ta 'Yancin Dan Adam,  da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu  duk sun gabatar da ra'ayin cewa 'yan Adam su kasance cikin 'yanci daga zalunci da zalunci. Ko da yake bauta ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a wasu ƙasashe bayan an rubuta waɗannan takardu - wato Amurka, wanda bautar ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka amince da gyare-gyare na goma sha uku a shekara ta 1865 - ƙa'idar wannan haƙƙin yana nan. Ta hanyar al'ada da kuma kawar da bautar, al'ummomin duniya sun amince da 'yancin kowane mutum na samun 'yanci daga bauta.

 Yarjejeniyar Bauta 
Babban mataki na farko na kawar da bautar da kasashen duniya suka yi ya zo ne a shekara ta 1926 tare da Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma a shekara ta 1957 lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar da Karin Yarjejeniyar . Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1926 ta kasance sakamakon Hukumar Bautar Bauta ta wucin gadi (TSC), kwamitin bautar na farko na League of Nations,  kuma ya ba da ma'anar bauta ta farko ta duniya kamar:

 "Mataki ko yanayin mutumin da aka yi amfani da wani ko duk wani ikon da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin mallaka ... [kuma] ya haɗa da duk wani abu da ya shafi kama, mallaka, ko jefar da mutum da niyyar mayar da shi bauta; ayyukan da ke cikin sayan bawa da nufin sayarwa ko musanya shi; duk ayyukan da aka yi na zubarwa, sayarwa ko musayar wani bawa ta hanyar sayarwa, sayarwa ko musanya shi ta hanyar sayarwa, sayarwa ko musanya shi ta hanyar sayarwa, sayarwa ko musanya shi ta hanyar sayarwa ko musayar shi. kowane nau'i na kasuwanci ko sufuri a cikin bayi." 

Ko da yake wannan takarda ta ba da cikakken ma'anar bautar, ma'anarta tana da iyaka a cikin nau'ikan bautar da ta haɗa. Maimakon haka, yana kwatanta bautar da ake yi, kamar misali bautar shukar da aka yi a Amurka a ƙarni na 18 da 19, wani nau'i ne na bautar da aka yi a duniya a tarihi wanda a lokacin yarjejeniyar bautar ta a shekarar 1926 har yanzu ta kasance doka a wasu sassan duniya, kamar a Hejaz, Yemen, Oman da sauran jihohin Gulf na Larabawa. 

Don faɗaɗa ma'anar bautar, an sanya hannu kan ƙarin Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1956. Ya ba da cikakkiyar ma’anar bautar da ta haɗa da bautar bashi, ɗaurin aure, ko duk wata al’ada da aka yi wa mace alkawari ko aka yi mata aure a kan biyan kuɗi kuma ba ta da haƙƙin ƙin auren, mijin mace yana da hakkin ya canja ta zuwa ga wani mutum, mace tana da hakkin ya gaji da wani bayan mutuwar mijinta, ko kuma duk wata al’adar da yaron da bai kai shekara 18 ba ya yi aiki ba.  Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta a shekarar 1956 ta fara aiki a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1957 kuma na 2002 akwai jihohi 97 da suka halarci taron.

Yarjejeniyar Bauta da ƙarin takaddunta suna da fa'ida wajen ba da ma'anar bauta ta duniya; duk da haka, babu wani gagarumin tilastawa a bayan waɗannan takardun. Dukkaninsu sanarwar hadin gwiwar kasashen duniya ne, da kuma yarjejeniyoyin da suka rattaba hannu kan gyara dokokinsu na kasa kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada, tare da taimakon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya idan ya cancanta; duk da haka, babu wani sakamako da aka zayyana a cikin ko wanne takarda da ke ba da kwarin gwiwa ga masu rattaba hannu kan bin yarjejeniyar

 Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 
Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam yana karkashin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan ‘yancin jama’a da siyasa (ICCPR), wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1976. Mataki na 8 na wannan alkawari ya ce: “Ba za a yi bautar da kowa ba, ba za a haramta bautar da cinikin bayi a kowane nau’i ba.  ICCPR ta zayyana, a cikin sashi na IV, wajibcin da ya wajaba na jihohi don tabbatar da 'yanci daga bauta. Ana buƙatar dukkan jihohi su gabatar da rahotanni akai-akai ga kwamitin kan yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin alkawari. Rahoton farko na jihar dole ne ya kasance cikin shekara guda bayan amincewa da Alkawari kuma bayan wannan, duk lokacin da kwamitin ya nemi rahoto (yawanci kowace shekara hudu).  Bugu da ƙari ga ƙaddamar da rahotanni, labarin 41 na Alkawari ya ba da damar kwamitin ya yi la'akari da korafe-korafen tsakanin jihohi, haka kuma, Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko ga Alkawari ta ba kwamitin ikon bincikar korafe-korafen mutum dangane da keta yarjejeniyar da jam'iyyun jihohi suka yi. 

 Abubuwan lura da bauta 

 Mali 

Tun lokacin da ta fara aiki, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ya yi tsokaci a kan yanayin bauta a ƙasashe da dama, tare da bayar da shawarwari ga waɗannan ƙasashe kan yadda za su kawar da bauta. A Mali, kwamitin ya lura cewa ƙasar ba ta dauki mataki a bayyane kan rahotanni game da ayyukan bauta da kuma bautar gado a ƙasar. A cikin wannan fahimta, kwamitin ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙasar ta gudanar da bincike don gano ko waɗannan yanayi na bauta har yanzu suna nan, kuma idan suna nan, ta dauki mataki."Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee: Mali. 04/16/2003." CCPR/CO/77/MLI. Human Rights Committee, 2003: 16  Kwamitin ya kuma nuna damuwa kan safarar yara zuwa Côte d'Ivoire, inda ake tilasta musu yin aiki da bauta. Dangane da wannan al'amari, kwamitin ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Mali ta dauki matakan gurfanar da masu aikata wannan safarar, tare da gudanar da cikakken bincike kan wannan lamari don nazarin kwamitin.

 Serbia (ɓangaren da ke ƙarƙashin Gudanarwar Wucin Gadi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kosovo) 
Kwamitin ya gano wasu yanayi na safarar mutane, musamman mata da yara, a Serbia (ɓangaren Kosovo) ƙarƙashin gudanarwar biranen Kosovo na 'yan asalin Albanian da kuma dokar Gudanarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kosovo, tare da rahotanni da ke nuna cewa masu aikata waɗannan laifuka ba sa fuskantar hukunci. Kwamitin ya ba da shawarar cewa Gudanarwar Wucin Gadi a Kosovo (UNMIK) tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyoyin Gudanarwa na Ƙasa (PISG) su tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da bincike yadda ya kamata a kan waɗannan laifuka, kuma wadanda aka zalunta sun samu damar zuwa wajen lauya, kiwon lafiya, da sauran taimako."Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Kosovo (Serbia)." CCPR/C/UNK/CO/1. Human Rights Committee, 2006: 16

 Norway 
Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ya duba safarar mutane a Norway. A nan kwamitin ya gane cewa Norway ta dauki wasu matakan da aka ba da shawara a baya; sai dai, kwamitin ya lura da ci gaba da samun rahotanni kan safarar mutane, musamman mata, da kuma yankan gaban mata. Kwamitin ya ba da shawarar daukar ƙarin matakai don kawar da waɗannan ayyuka, da kuma kare wadanda aka zalunta da shaidu."Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under article 40 of the Covenant, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Norway." CCPR/C/NOR/CO/5. Human Rights Committee, 2006: 12

 Bautar zamani da ke ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa 

 Bautar bashi 

Bautar bashi ita ce mafi yawan nau’in bauta a zamanin yau. Yanayi ne inda mutum “ya ba da kansa a matsayin jingina don aron kuɗi, amma tsawon da yanayin wannan hidima ba a kayyade ba, kuma aikin da ake yi ba ya rage ainihin bashin.”Bales, Kevin. "Expendable People: Slavery in the Age of Globalization." Journal of International Affairs 53, no. 2 (2000): 463. An haɗa bautar bashi a cikin Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta shekarar 1956 a matsayin nau’in bauta. Duk da haka, nau’o’in zamaninta sun haɗa da jingina, peonage, da kuma bashin ma’aikata.Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 724. A Indiya, bautar bashi ta kasance ba bisa ƙa’ida ba tun shekara ta 1976; amma saboda talauci mai yawan gaske, tana ci gaba da wanzuwa, domin wani mutum na iya buƙatar aron kuɗi don bikin aure, jana'iza, magani, taki ko tara. Saboda yawan riba da ake ɗora a kan bashin, yakan ci gaba har ya zama gado daga iyaye zuwa yara. Wannan nau’in bashi na iya shafar wasu masana’antu na musamman – kamar tono dutse, yin kafet, noma, da kamun kifi – inda ma’aikaci ke buƙatar aron kuɗi don kayan aiki da kaya.

 Karuwanci da tilas 

Karuwanci da tilas da bautar jima’i ana ɗaukar su a matsayin nau’in zamani na wannan laifi na tarihi, kuma ana iya samunsu a ko’ina cikin duniya. Mata sau da yawa suna fadawa tarkon yaudara ko tilas da alkawarin ingantacciyar rayuwa, kuma su ci gaba da zama cikin tilas ko bautar bashi.Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 729. Auren dole ma yana iya zama nau’in bauta, musamman idan amarya ba ta da damar ƙi aure. Wannan nau’in aure kan kasance bayan sace yarinya don sayar da ita a matsayin amarya, abin da ke yawaita a ƙasar China.Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 737. Bayan aure da lalata da ita, waɗannan ’yan matan akan kulle su har sai sun haifi yaro, domin hakan yana sa su kasa barin yaron.

 Bautar yara 

Bautar yara ana ɗaukarta a matsayin nau’in zamani na bauta, ko da yake akwai muhawara kan mene ne ke sa ya zama bautar yara. Duk da haka, karuwancin yara ana yawan ɗaukarsa a matsayin bauta, musamman daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, da Latin Amurka, “inda iyaye ke siyar da ‘ya’yansu saboda matsin tattalin arziki, yawan baki a gida, ko rashin imani.”Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 731. A wasu lokuta, iyaye kan bawa ‘ya’yansu ga masu safara cikin tunanin cewa za su samu kuɗi mai kyau, karatu, ko koyon sana’a.Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery." Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 732.

 Aikin tilas 

Aikin tilas na iya kasancewa daga gwamnati da “ta kwashe jama’arta ta tilasta musu aiki ba tare da albashi ba, ko kaɗan, na ɗan lokaci ko tsawo.”Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery". Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 733. Aikin tilas na iya kasancewa don rage farashin aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati (misali gonakin koko), ko kuma bautar dole a sassan kamfanoni – kamar masu sarrafa kaya a sweatshops.Miers, Suzanne. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery". Canadian Journal of African Studies 34, no. 3 (2000): 734. Bales ya kira wannan nau’in bauta da “bauta ta kwangila,” inda “a kan miƙa kwangila wanda ke tabbatar da samun aiki, misali a taron bita ko masana’anta, amma daga ƙarshe ma’aikata su tarar da kansu cikin bauta... hanya ce ta sanya bauta ta zama doka kuma tilas.”Bales, Kevin. "Expendable People: Slavery in the Age of Globalization." Journal of International Affairs 53, no. 2 (2000): 464.

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