Batutuwan muhalli a Sri Lanka

Batutuwan muhalli a Sri Lanka sun haɗa da manyan gandun daji da lalacewar mangroves, coral reefs da ƙasa. Rashin gurɓata iska da gurɓata ruwa ƙalubale ne ga Sri Lanka tunda dukansu suna haifar da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya. Yawan kamun kifi da rashin isasshen kula da sharar gida, musamman a yankunan karkara, yana haifar da gurɓata muhalli. Sri Lanka kuma tana da rauni ga Tasirin canjin yanayi kamar abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi da hauhawar matakin teku.

Masana'antu da ci gaban yawan jama'a sune manyan direbobi na waɗannan batutuwan muhalli. Rashin wayar da kan jama'a da jagororin gwamnati suna kara matsalolin.Zubair, Lareef (2001-09-01). "Challenges for environmental impact assessment in Sri Lanka". Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 21 (5): 469–478. Bibcode:2001EIARv..21..469Z. doi:10.1016/S0195-9255(01)00081-6. ISSN 0195-9255.

 Tarihi 
Wadannan matsalolin muhalli sun karu saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da karuwar masana'antu a Sri Lanka tun daga shekarun 1980. Masana'antu sun haifar da karuwar amfani da mota da amfani da makamashi. Bukatar makamashi ta kasance kusan rufewa ta tashoshin wutar lantarki a cikin 1988 (90%). Ƙarin buƙatu ya haifar da gina man fetur da wutar lantarki da ke ƙonewa wanda ke fitar da iskar gas fiye da fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar tashoshin wutar lantarki.Ileperuma, O. A. (2000). "Environmental Pollution in Sri Lanka: A Review". Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka. 28 (4): 301–325. doi:10.4038/jnsfsr.v28i4.2644.

Rashin wayar da kan jama'a da shiga cikin manufofin gwamnati da Ka'idodin muhalli ya kara matsalolin.Zubair, Lareef (2001-09-01). "Challenges for environmental impact assessment in Sri Lanka". Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 21 (5): 469–478. Bibcode:2001EIARv..21..469Z. doi:10.1016/S0195-9255(01)00081-6. ISSN 0195-9255. Koyaya, gwamnatin Sri Lanka ta yi ƙoƙari da yawa don fuskantar matsalolin muhalli.

 Manyan batutuwan muhalli 

 Kashe daji 

Yankunan tsakiya da kudancin Sri Lanka suna da gandun daji, gandun daji da kuma gandun daji. Sabanin haka, gandun daji masu yawa, mangroves, gandun dajin da ke cikin kogi da gandun da ke cikin yankin da ya bushe. Wadannan gandun daji a Sri Lanka an rage su sosai ta hanyar tsabtace gandun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Saboda girman ƙasar da gandun daji na halitta ya rufe daga 80% a cikin shekara ta 1820 zuwa 43% a cikin shekara ta 1948. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya daga 1801 zuwa 1948 wanda ya kara yawan shayi, kofi da gonakin roba. Yankin gandun daji na halitta ya kara raguwa zuwa 23% a cikin shekara ta 2000.Zubair, Lareef (2001-09-01). "Challenges for environmental impact assessment in Sri Lanka". Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 21 (5): 469–478. Bibcode:2001EIARv..21..469Z. doi:10.1016/S0195-9255(01)00081-6. ISSN 0195-9255. A cikin shekara ta 2010, 29% na yankin Sri Lanka ya rufe da gandun daji (wannan lambar ta haɗa da shuke-shuke na gandun daji).  Direbobin lalacewar gandun daji na baya-bayan nan sune karuwar yawan jama'a, gine-ginen hanya, samar da katako, ci gaban noma da tsaftace gandun daji ta 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu. Kodayake akwai wuraren kiyayewa, gudanarwa ba ta isa ba.Mattsson, Eskil; Persson, U. Martin; Ostwald, Madelene; Nissanka, S. P. (2012-06-15). "REDD+ readiness implications for Sri Lanka in terms of reducing deforestation". Journal of Environmental Management. 100: 29–40. Bibcode:2012JEnvM.100...29M. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.018. PMID 22361108. Babban sare daji yana haifar da hauhawar matsakaicin zafin jiki. Rashin gandun daji kuma yana da alhakin karuwar hayaki na gas saboda bishiyoyi suna cire CO2 daga iska. Ta hanyar tsabtace wuraren da CO2 ya koma cikin iska kuma ta haka ne ya kara yawan carbon na yanayi.

Gwamnatin Sri Lanka ta amince da burin kara girman ƙasar da gandun daji ya rufe zuwa kashi 32% nan da shekara ta 2030. Don cimma wannan, gwamnati ta yi niyyar sake gina gandun daji da suka lalace, don kara gandun daji na birane, da kuma inganta gonakin gandun daji."INDC - Submission by Sri Lanka". www4.unfccc.int. Retrieved 2021-06-03.

Sri Lanka tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 5.83/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 94 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.

 Rashin lalacewar mangrove 
Sri Lanka's mangrove forests, small trees that grow in coastal water, have been decreased by 70% since 1915. The size of mangrove ecosystems is being reduced because of the implementation of agriculture and aquaculture systems like fisheries. Shrimp aquaculture projects are one of the biggest threats. The shrimp business is growing very fast because of high demand and high profits. One of the negative impacts of shrimp farms is that mangroves are being destroyed where the farms are built.

Mangroves duk da haka suna da mahimmanci ga mutanen da ke zaune kusa da bakin teku. Dalilin wannan shi ne cewa mangroves suna ba da samfuran da za a iya amfani da su don dafa abinci, gina gidaje da abinci, da kifi, da sauran kayan abinci. Suna kuma ba da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da gurɓataccen abu. Bugu da ƙari, mangroves suna da mahimmanci ga wasu yanayin halittu da Dabbobi masu karɓar bakuncin kamar kifi, crab da shrimp.Gunawardena, M.; Rowan, J. S. (2005-09-06). "Economic Valuation of a Mangrove Ecosystem Threatened by Shrimp Aquaculture in Sri Lanka". Environmental Management. 36 (4): 535–550. doi:10.1007/s00267-003-0286-9. ISSN 0364-152X. PMID 16151655. S2CID 27718582.

A cikin 2015, gwamnatin Sri Lanka ta cimma yarjejeniya tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ba na gwamnati ba, masu bincike da membobin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa. Wannan yarjejeniyar tana kare dukkan gandun daji a Sri Lanka ta hanyar doka. Bugu da ƙari, sun amince da ƙaddamar da ayyukan sake dasa bishiyoyi da kuma ƙirƙirar wasu hanyoyin samun kudin shiga ga mazauna yankin. 

 Manazarta 
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