Ƙungiyar wayewar Afirka

African Civilization Society ( ACS ) ƙungiya ce mai kishin ƙasa ta Amurka baƙar fata wacce Henry Highland Garnet da Martin Delany suka kafa a birnin New York don hidima ga Baƙin Amurkawa . An kafa shi a cikin 1858 don mayar da martani ga hukuncin 1857 na Kotun Koli na Amurka Dred Scott v. Sandford da jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin 1850s waɗanda suka yi mummunan tasiri ga Amurkawa Afirka, manufarta ita ce aiwatar da yancin kai na Ba-Amurke ta hanyar kafa mulkin mallaka na Baƙar fata ' Yanci a ƙasar Yoruba . Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar ta yi niyyar mulkin mallaka don Yammacin Afirka, yaƙar cinikin bayi na Atlantic, da ƙirƙirar tattalin arziƙin samar da auduga da molasses wanda aikin 'yanci ya rubuta don lalata bautar a Amurka da Caribbean . Koyaya, yawancin Amurkawa na Afirka sun kasance masu adawa da shirye-shiryen ƙaura irin nasu .

Bayan shelar 'Yanci ta 1863, ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankalinta kuma ta zama ƙungiya ɗaya tilo da Baƙar fata ke jagoranta don ilimantar da ƴan ƴanci a Kudancin Amurka . A tsayin su a cikin 1860s, ƙungiyar ta tallafa wa Makarantun 'Yanci tare da ƙungiyar ɗalibai na kusan mutane 8,000 a ko'ina cikin Gabas ta Gabas da Tekun Gulf, suna ɗaukar malamai 129 tare da kasafin kuɗin shekara na $ 53,700 ( equivalent to $1,268,528 a 2024 ). Ko da yake yawancin magoya bayansu sun zauna a New York da Pennsylvania, an kafa mataimaka da alaƙa a Ingila, Ohio, Connecticut, Ontario, da Washington, DC . Sun buga jaridu na mako-mako da na wata-wata tare da gudummawa daga shugabannin Baƙar fata. Bayan shekaru 11 na hidima, kungiyar ta daina aiki a 1869.

 Fage 

{ungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amirka ƙungiya ce mai jagorancin farar fata da aka kafa a shekara ta 1816 tare da manufar ƙarfafa Amirkawa, bayi da 'yanci, su yi hijira zuwa Afirka ta Yamma da kafa mulkin mallaka . Wannan ƙoƙarin daga ƙarshe ya haifar da kafuwar Laberiya a shekara ta 1821. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi haɗin gwiwar wariyar launin fata, masu aikin jin kai, da kuma bayi, waɗanda yawancinsu ko dai suna jin cewa baƙar fata ba a cikin Amurka ba ne ko kuma sun yi, amma kyamar baki ba koyaushe zai hana su samun cikakken zama ɗan Amurka ba.  Baƙar fata Amirkawa sun yi adawa da ƙungiyar da kuma babban motsi na Back-to-Africa wanda ke da alaƙa. 

Duk da haka, wasu shugabannin al'ummar bakaken fata sun fara kallon duka biyun bayan da Laberiya ta ayyana 'yancin kai a karkashin jagorancin Bakar fata na musamman a cikin 1847.  Bugu da ƙari kuma, akwai jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekarun 1850 wanda ya jagoranci shugabannin baƙar fata irin su ɗan jarida Martin Delany da ministan Presbyterian Henry Highland Garnet don sake duba ƙaura. Yawan sace Baƙar fata Amirkawa ƴancin da ake yi da kuma sayar da su cikin bauta ya ƙaru bayan Dokar Bawan Fugitive na 1850 . Ganin cewa Yarjejeniya ta Missouri ta 1820 ta iyakance faɗaɗa bautar zuwa yankunan Amurka kudu da daidaici 36°30′ arewa, masu ruguzawa sun fusata lokacin da dokar Kansas-Nebraska ta 1854 ta soke wannan doka. 

Mafi ban tsoro ga Garnet da Delany, 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta musanta duk wani da'awar haƙƙin tsarin mulki ga Baƙar fata Amirkawa.  A cikin 1850, Garnet ya kammala rangadin lacca a Burtaniya, yana magana game da yuwuwar lalata tattalin arziƙin bautar Amurka ta hanyar ƙarfafa samar da molasses da auduga ta amfani da aikin kyauta a Afirka.  A cikin 1852, Delany ya buga Yanayin, Girma, Ƙaura, da Ƙaddamar Mutane masu launi na Amurka, Siyasa, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa baƙar fata Amirkawa ba su da makoma a cikin ƙasarsu. Ya ce "Me za mu yi? Me za mu yi?" da "Za mu tashi, ko za mu yi tsayayya?" Ƙarshen Delany shine ƙaura. 

 Ƙoƙarin mulkin mallaka 
alt=Map of a region extending inland from the Guinea Coast in West Africa encompassing parts of Nigeria, Togo and Benin|left|thumb|Ƙasar Yarbawa a Gabashin Yammacin Afirka
Garnet da Delany sun hada kai da wasu ’yan Black New York don kafa kungiyar wayewar kai ta Afirka (ACS) a watan Satumba na shekarar 1858.   Kungiyar ta yi hasashen bakar fata ‘yan mulkin mallaka da za su yi hijira daga Amurka zuwa yankin Yammacin Afirka na kasar Yarbawa, inda za su yada addinin Kiristanci da kuma inganta kasashen Yamma ga ’yan asalin Afirka .  Musamman ma, ACS na da sha'awar lalata cinikin bayi na Atlantic da tattalin arzikin shukar bayi na Amurka da Caribbean . Sun yi kokarin yin hakan ne ta hanyar horas da ‘yan Afirka kan samar da auduga da molasses don yin gogayya da kayayyakin da ake kerawa na bayi a masana’antar masaka ta Turai da Amurka da sauran kasuwannin duniya.   ACS sun yi niyya don hidima ga mazaunan Afirka, suna ba da shawara a cikin tsarin mulkin su "wayewa da bisharar Afirka, da zuriyar kakannin Afirka a kowane yanki na duniya, duk inda suka watse."  A daidai lokacin da yake tare da ACS, Delany ya jagoranci wata ƙungiya tare da kogin Neja a yammacin Afirka don gano wuraren da za a iya mallaka. Wannan balaguron ya samo asali ne daga wani aiki na daban mai suna Niger Valley Exploring Party. 
alt=Black and white photo of an urban six-story Victorian commercial building of brick and cast iron on a street corner. The facade to the left is 23 bays wide, to the right is 18, plus a rounded corner one bay wide.|right|thumb|Gidan Baibul a Manhattan, inda ACS ke da ofisoshi 
A cikin 1860, darektan ACS Theodore Bourne ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila don tara sha'awa da kuɗi don mulkin mallaka na Yarbawa.  Magoya bayan gida sun kirkiro wata ƙungiya mai alaƙa da aka sani da African Aid Society. Saboda Delany yana Ingila a lokaci guda yana tallata jam'iyyar Neja Valley Exploring Party, masu sauraron Burtaniya sun ruɗe kuma suna tunanin ƙungiyoyin biyu suna fafatawa da magoya baya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Elymas P. Rogers ya jagoranci gungun 'yan kungiyar ACS zuwa Afirka ta Yamma don duba wuraren da za a iya yi masa mulkin mallaka, amma ya mutu sakamakon zazzabin cizon sauro jim kadan da isa kasar Laberiya.  A cikin Afrilu 1861, ACS ta yi shirye-shiryen tara dala 10,000 (kimanin equivalent to $349,963 a cikin 2024 ) [ 8 ] don tallafawa ƙungiyar ƙaura na Baƙar fata 20, wanda Garnet ke jagoranta, zuwa ƙasar Yarbawa.  Garnet ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar don gina sha'awar aikin.  A cikin Nuwamba 1861, magoya bayan ACS sun sadu da Delany, wanda ya ba da wani kari ga kundin tsarin mulki na kungiyar don tsara cewa "masu launin Amurka" za su sarrafa ACS, kodayake "abokan farar fata" sun kasance maraba a matsayin "masu taimako da mataimaka". Kariyar da aka amince da ita ta tabbatar da cewa "tushen Al'umma, da abubuwan da ba a sani ba na karfafa ƙaura za su kasance: Dogaro da Kai da Gudanar da Kai kan Ƙa'idar Ƙasar Afirka - kabilanci na Afirka shine yanki mai mulki na al'umma, mai sarrafawa da jagorancin al'amuransu." 

A cikin 1864, ACS ta ƙaura hedkwatarsu zuwa Weeksville, Brooklyn, wanda ya kasance al'ummar baƙar fata kyauta da aka kafa a ƙarshen shekarun 1830 a matsayin madadin ƙaura zuwa Laberiya. Shahararrun 'yan baƙar fata na Amurka kamar Frederick Douglass, James McCune Smith, da James W. C. Pennington sun yi shakku game da ACS saboda haɗin gwiwarsu da White-led American Colonization Society, wanda yawancin' yan baƙar fata Amurkawa masu 'yanci suka yi adawa da shi. Wani reshe na gida na American Colonization Society, New York State Colonization Company, ya ajiye ofisoshin su a cikin wannan ginin kuma ya ba da mambobi da yawa a cikin kwamitin daraktocin African Civilization Society mai mambobi goma sha takwas. Koyaya, Garnet ya sanar a cikin 1860 cewa Ƙungiyar wayewar Afirka ba ta da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Kolonization ta Amirka, yana tabbatar da cewa aikin ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin fararen fata bai rushe bautar ba, yayin da ƙungiyar da ke cikin jagorancin baƙar fata ta yi aiki a bayyane. A wani taron Mayu 1863 na ACS, Douglass ya zargi cewa kundin tsarin mulkin su shine "ya'yan itacen inabi iri ɗaya kamar masu mulkin mallaka" da "'ya'yan Robfit Colonization' tare da sabon fata". Douglass ya yi jayayya a cikin jawabi shekaru hudu da suka gabata cewa: "The African Civilization Society ya ce mana, je Afirka ... Ga abin da muka amsa kawai, 'mun fi so mu kasance a Amurka' "

Sauyawa zuwa ilimi da rushewa

Barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka a shekarar 1861, da kuma sanarwar da aka yi na 'Yancin Bayi a 1863, sun dagula ƙungiyoyi masu goyon bayan ƙaura kamar ACS kuma sun sa yawancin magoya bayansu suka mai da hankali wajen tallafawa ƙoƙarin yaƙin Union domin kawo ƙarshen bautar a Amurka. Garnet ya shiga Rundunar Union a matsayin limamin soja, yayin da Delany ya zama babban hafsan rundunar sojojin Baƙar fata na Amurka. Karkashin jagorancin limamin Presbyterian kuma sabon shugaban ACS, George W. LeVere, ƙungiyar ta sauya akalarta daga ƙaura zuwa ilimantar da waɗanda aka 'yantar daga bauta, wato 'yan 'yanci. A shekarar 1863, sun faɗaɗa manufofinsu don taimakawa da ilimantar da waɗanda aka 'yantar daga bautar a Kudancin Amurka, Central da South America, British West Indies da Afirka. Sabon kundin tsarin mulki da aka ƙaddamar a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1864, ya bayyana manufar kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi na Atlantic da raya Afirka da ‘ya‘yanta ta hanyar ilimi, da ɗaukaka, da bishara. Tsakanin 1863 da 1867, ACS ta buɗe Makarantun 'Yan 'Yanci a Washington, DC, da sauran sassa na Kudancin Amurka.

A lokacin yaƙin (1861–1865), mai fafutuka kuma malamin Baƙar fata, Junius C. Morel, ya bayyana cewa "African Civilization Society tana cikin filin aiki." A cewar Morel, suna "shirya taruka, tattara kaya, littattafai, takarda" don tallafawa 'yan 'yanci kuma ƙungiyar na "shirya tura malamai Baƙar fata da zarar sun samu hanyar da mutanen da suka dace don tafiya." Zuwa shekarar 1868, suna ɗauke da malamai 129 suna tallafawa makarantu a Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana da Washington, DC, da ɗalibai 8,000 gaba ɗaya kuma da kuɗin shekara $53,700 (kimanin ). Daga cikin malamai akwai Maria W. Stewart, Laura Cardozo, Hezekiah Hunter da matarsa, Lizzie Hunter.

ACS ta tallafa ƙoƙarin ilimi da wata jarida ta wata-wata mai suna 'Freedmen's Torchlight', wacce ta ce an keɓe ta ne don "bukatun duniya da ruhaniya na 'yan 'yanci." A cewar marubuciyar tarihi Judith Wellman, waɗanda suka bayar da gudunmawa ga jaridar suna daga cikin "fitattun masu basira Baƙar fata na Brooklyn", ciki har da Rufus L. Perry, Henry M. Wilson, Morel, Delany da Amos Noë Freeman, limamin coci na Siloam Presbyterian. Wani bangare na wallafa ƙungiyar shi ne jaridar mako-mako mai suna 'People's Journal'. Magoya bayan ACS yawanci sun zauna a Manhattan, Brooklyn da Philadelphia, amma an kafa kungiyoyin tallafi a Ohio, Connecticut, Ontario da Washington, DC. Jagoranci da magoya baya sun haɓaka sun haɗa da Richard H. Cain, J. Sella Martin da Theodore L. Cuyler. Duk da haka, ACS ta fara fuskantar matsin kuɗi kuma ta rushe tsakanin 1869 da 1870.

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