Tsarin muhalli

Gmanyan v nau'o'i biyu na maye gurbin muhalli sune maye gurbin farko da maye gurbin na biyu. Matsayin farko yana faruwa ne bayan mulkin mallaka na farko na sabon wurin zama ba tare da kwayoyin halitta ba. Sakamakon maye gurbin yana faruwa ne bayan rikici kamar wuta, lalacewar mazauni, ko bala'i na halitta yana lalata al'ummar da ta riga ta ƙawance b y yau ghy 

Dukkanin alamu masu daidaituwa da bambancin suna lura da su a cikin maye gurbin muhalli. Ka'idojin maye gurbin muhalli sun gano dalilai daban-daban waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da ya sa al'ummomin shuke-shuke ke canza hanyar da suke yi.

Succession ya kasance daga cikin ra'ayoyin farko da suka ci gaba a cikin muhalli. An fara rubuta rubutun maye gurbin muhalli a cikin Indiana Dunes na Arewa maso Yammacin Indiana ta hanyar Henry Chandler Cowles a ƙarshen karni na 19 kuma ya kasance babban batun nazarin muhalli. A tsawon lokaci, fahimtar maye gurbin ya canza don haɗawa da tsarin rikitarwa wanda ke jayayya cewa kwayoyin ba su da matsayi ko dangantaka. Masana ilimin muhalli da masu kiyaye muhalli tun daga lokacin sun yi amfani da ka'idar maye gurbin don taimakawa wajen bunkasa dabarun Maido da muhalli.

 Matakai na maye gurbin 

 Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su 
A cikin 1916, Frederic Clements ya buga ka'idar kwatanci game da maye gurbin kuma ya inganta shi a matsayin ra'ayi na muhalli gaba ɗaya. Tsarin maye gurbin yana faruwa a matakai da yawa.

 Nudation yana nufin wani yanki wanda ba shi da nau'ikan rayuwa ko kwayoyin halitta. A cikin maye gurbin na biyu, nudation yana faruwa bayan samin canji.
 Shige da fice yana nufin isowar propagules.
 Ecesis ya haɗa da kafawa da haɓaka farko na ciyayi.
 Gasar tana faruwa yayin day and ciyayi ya zama sananne, ya girma, kuma ya bazu, nau'o'i daban-daban sun fara gasa don sararin samaniya, haske da abubuwan gina jiki.
 Halin yana nufin matakin da canje-canje na autogenic kamar haɓaka humus ya shafi mazaunin, kuma ɗayan al'ummar shuka ya maye gurbin wani.
 Daidaitawa yana faruwa ne lokacin da ake zaton ingantaccen al'umma ya samo asali.

 Al'umma ta Seral 
Al'umma mai zaman kanta mataki ne na tsakiya wanda aka samo a cikin tsarin halittu wanda ke ci gaba zuwa ga al'ummarta ta ƙarshe. A lokuta da yawa fiye da mataki ɗaya na seral ya samo asali har sai an kai yanayin ƙarshe.Michael G. Barbour and William Dwight Billings (2000) North American Terrestrial Vegetation, Cambridge University Press, 708 pages ,  A prisere ne tarin seres da ke samar da ci gaban wani yanki daga wuraren da ba su da tsire-tsire zuwa wani climax al'umma. Dangane da substratum da yanayi, ana samun mutane daban-daban.

 Ƙarshen al'umma 
Dangane da Ka'idar muhalli ta gargajiya, maye gurbin ya tsaya lokacin da sere ya isa daidaito ko yanayin da ke cikin jiki da yanayin rayuwa. Idan ba tare da manyan rikice-rikice ba, zai ci gaba har abada. Wannan ƙarshen ƙarshen maye gurbin ana kiransa climax.

GG t be v he by by ko al'umma mai ɗorewa a cikin sere shine al'umma ta ƙarshe ko tsire-tsire na yanayi. Yana ci gaba da kansa kuma yana cikin daidaituwa tare da mazaunin jiki. Babu tarin shekara-shekara na kwayoyin halitta a cikin al'umma mai girma. A shekara-shekara samar da da da kuma amfani da makamashi ne daidaita a cikin irin wannan al'umma.
Manazarta