Yungas

Yungas ( Aymara yunka dumi ko yanayi Andes ko ƙasa, Quechua yunka dumi yanki a kan gangara na Andes)   wani yanki ne na yanki na kunkuntar gandun daji tare da gangaren gabas na tsaunin Andes daga Peru da Bolivia, kuma ya wuce zuwa Arewa maso yammacin Argentina a kan gangara na Andes-cordillera. Yanki ne na tsaka-tsaki tsakanin tsaunukan Andean da dazuzzukan gabas. Kamar yankunan da ke kewaye, Yungas na cikin yankin Neotropical ; yanayi na damina, danshi, da dumi.

 Tarihi 
A lokacin Daular Inca, kalmar 'Yunga' tana nufin gangaren yamma da gabashin Andes da mazaunansu. A zamanin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, ya zama da alaƙa da tuddai na yamma kusa da bakin tekun hamada da Indiyawa na gida. A yau, yunga na iya komawa ga ƙananan gangara a bangarorin biyu na Andes, kodayake yungas galibi suna nuna tuddai na gabas tsakanin Andes da kwarin Amazon, tare da duka biyun sun rasa yawancin kabilansu.

 Saitawa 
dazuzzukan Yungas sun bambanta sosai, daga gandun daji mai laushi zuwa gandun daji na tsaunuka da gandun daji. Yankin, wanda kwari, hanyoyin tsaunuka da rafi suka kafa, yana da tsayi sosai kuma ya bambanta, yana ba da gudummawa ga bambancin muhalli da wadata. Wani rikitarwa mai rikitarwa na mazauna yana faruwa tare da canza latitude da kuma tsawo. Akwai manyan matakan halittu da nau'o'in jinsuna a duk yankunan Yungas. Yawancin gandun daji suna da tsayi, kuma Yungas na Kudancin Andes ya ƙunshi abin da zai iya zama gandun daji na ƙarshe wanda ya haifar da glaciations na Quaternary.

 Yankunan namun daji na duniya 
Asusun Duniya na Yanayi ya tsara yankuna uku na Yungas a gefen gabashin Andes:

 Yankin arewa shine Yungas na Peruvian, wanda ke cikin Peru kuma yana kusan tsawon ƙasar.
 Yungas na Bolivia yana kudu, gaba ɗaya a cikin Bolivia . Cordillera Apolobamba ita ce iyaka tsakanin Yungas na Peruvian da Yungas Bolivia.
 Kudancin Andean Yungas ya fara a kudancin Bolivia kuma ya ci gaba zuwa arewacin Argentina . Yankin gandun daji mai danshi ne tsakanin yankin Gran Chaco mai bushewa zuwa gabas da busasshiyar yankin Puna mai tsayi zuwa yamma.

Yungas yankuna ne na canji tsakanin tsaunuka na Andes da gandun daji na gabas. dazuzzukan Yungas sun bambanta sosai, daga gandun daji mai laushi zuwa gandun daji na tsaunuka da gandun daji. Yankin yana da tsayi sosai kuma ya bambanta, yana ba da gudummawa ga bambancin muhalli da wadata. Wani rikitarwa mai rikitarwa na mazauna yana faruwa tare da canza latitude da kuma tsawo. Akwai manyan matakan halittu da nau'o'in jinsuna a duk yankunan Yungas. Yawancin gandun daji suna da tsayi, kuma Yungas na Kudancin Andes ya ƙunshi abin da zai iya zama gandun daji na ƙarshe wanda ya haifar da glaciations na Quaternary.

 Yanayi 
Matsakaicin zafin jiki shine 72 ° F (22 ° C). Yanayin ya bambanta kuma ya kasance daga zafi mai zafi zuwa sanyi na Andes sama da 10,000 ft (3,000 m).   

 Yungas na Peru 
A Peru akwai bambanci tsakanin Yunga da Yungas. Yunga an dauke shi yanki ne na halitta a bangarorin biyu na Andes na Peru, gefen yammacin zuwa gabar teku ana kiransa Sea Yunga, kuma gefen gabas a cikin daji ana kiransa Fluvial Yunga, dukansu sun kai tsawo na 2,300 m.

Maimakon haka, Yungas yanki ne na gandun daji da gandun daji daga 1.000 zuwa 3.500 m, don haka an iyakance shi zuwa gabashin Andes. Wannan ra'ayi yana da kamanceceniya da Yungas na Bolivia. Wannan yankin an dauke shi a matsayin mafi yawan halittu masu yawa na Peru.

Rashin gandun daji a cikin Yungas na Peru ya hanzarta sosai tun daga shekarun 2000, ya tashi sau bakwai tsakanin 2005 da ƙarshen 2012, bisa ga binciken tauraron dan adam na Terra-i.

 Tekun Yunga 
Sea Yunga, ko Maritime Yunga, ana samunsa tsakanin 500 da 2,300 m kuma yana tsakanin gabashin ɓangaren bakin teku da yammacin ɓangaren Highlands. Wannan yanki yana da yanayin hamada mai zafi tare da karancin ruwan sama a tsakiyar da kudancin gabar teku (mai sanyi yayin da kake kudu). Matsakaicin zafin rana na shekara shine  ° C (70 ° F) (mafi girman 33 ° C min 8 ° C). Ana samun tsarin halittu mai tururi da ake kira Lomas a wurare da aka warwatsa tsakanin tuddai kusa da Tekun Pacific a tsaunuka har zuwa mita 1,000 (3,300 .  

Tsire-tsire a yankin tsakiyar Tekun Yungas galibi sun hada da lucuma da bishiyoyin cherimoya, casuarin, da sauransu.

Da zarar ka tafi arewa yanayin ya zama mai zafi a kusa da La Libertad, Lambayeque da Piura. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na rana tsakanin  ° C (70 ° F) da  ° C (77 ° F) dangane da latitude (mafi girman 40 ° C min 15 ° C).  

Yayin da wannan yanki ke kusantar wurare masu zafi, fauna ya bambanta da sauran bakin teku, don haka dabbobi kamar boas, manyan Dabbobi masu rarrafe da sanannen guan mai fuka-fuki (nau'in tsuntsaye na musamman ga wannan yankin Peruvian) suna faruwa a nan. Bishiyoyi na yau da kullun a wannan yanki sune faique, sapote, zapayal, barrigon da sauran itatuwan savanna na wurare masu zafi na gandun daji a arewacin Piura da Tumbes.

Yankin Pacific mai sanyi ya fi bayyanawa. Yunga Coastal mai bushewa da sanyi ya fara ne a 500 m sama da matakin teku. Yunga na Maritime ya fara bushewa, kuma yana da alama yana bin ecotone a kan ecotone har sai ya kai yankin Quechua a gefen Pacific. 

 Kogin Yunga 
Yunga na ruwa yana tsakanin tsawo na mita 1,000 (3,300  da mita 2,300 (7,500  kuma ana samunsa a gabashin Peru. Wannan yanki yana da yanayi mai zafi tare da isasshen ruwan sama na yanayi. Matsakaicin zafin jiki yana canzawa tsakanin 20 ° C da 25 ° C dangane da tsawo (mafi girma 35 ° C, min 11 ° C).    

Ma'anar:

Ma'anar gefen gabas na rarrabuwar nahiyar tana da sauƙi: 1,000 m sama da matakin teku yana da 4.9 ° C sanyi, kuma gandun daji na subtropical (Fluvial Yunga) yana bin gandun daji mai zafi (Anti). A 2,300 m, yanayin sauyawa daga yanayin subtropical zuwa yanayin matsakaici (Quechua). layin itace ya ƙare a 3,500 m kuma yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na 10 ° C. Yankin da ke tsakanin layin itace da 4,000 m ana kiransa Suni ko Jalca . Suni yanki ne mai bushewa da sanyi tare da kwari masu yawa. Duk da mummunan yanayi, ana noma amfanin gona kamar quinoa, maca, qañiwa, wake mai zurfi da Oluku a nan.   

 Tsire-tsire da dabbobi 
Tsire-tsire (garin girgije na subtropical) na yankin Yunga galibi sun hada da Itacen albasa na Peru, Furcraea, fararen Cabuya (Furcraea andina), pitahaya da Cactus na Peruvian (Echinopsis peruviana). An kafa ganyen coca a wannan yankin da kuma uña de gato ("ƙafar cat", Uncaria tomentosa). Shafukan da suka fi kyau a wannan yankin mai sanyaya shine gandun daji da yawa da kyawawan kwari. Dabbobi a yankin Yunga suna da halayyar Mockingbird mai dogon wutsiya, ko chaucato . 

Rarraba Yankin Andean
Yammacin YammaGabasChala, bakin teku mai busheKudancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ko Selva bajaƘananan dajiYunga na RuwaKudancin zafi na tsaunuka ko Selva altaDajin tsaunukaYunga na RuwaKudancin girgije na subtropical ko Yunga na ruwaKogin YungaQuechua - kwarin MontaneQuechua - kwarin MontaneLayin itaceLayin itace - kimanin 3,500 mSuni, shuke-shuke da nomaSuni, shuke-shuke da noma
Dutsen da ke saman:

 Dutsen da ke wucewa - 4,100 m 
 Yankin ciyawa na Puna
 Shuke-shuke da aka rufe
 Shuke-shuke na lokaci-lokaci
 Hamada ta Andes da tsaunuka
 Layin dusar ƙanƙara - kimanin mita 5,000 
 Janca - duwatsu, dusar ƙanƙara da kankara
 Mafi girma

 Yungas na Bolivia 

 Amfani da Mutum 
A farkon karni na 20, yankin ya kasance babban tushen roba da quinine . Yanzu, kofi, Citrus, da Coca sune amfanin gona masu mahimmanci. Mutane suna noma tsire-tsire na asali kamar itacen kansitel ko bishiyar kwai lúcuma itacen cherimoya ko chirimoya, guava ko guayabo da avocado ko palta . []

Al'ummar Afro Bolivian sun fi mayar da hankali a nan.

Sunansa ya samo asali ne daga wanda aka yi amfani da shi don wannan matakin dutse ta waɗanda ke nazarin tsarin tattalin arziki na prehispanic Andes. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]

Yungas kuma ya ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi kisa a duniya, wanda ake kira "camino de la muerte," ko Hanyar Mutuwa.

Saboda tsaunuka masu tsaunuka wani mai girbi na coca na kasuwanci ya kirkiro cibiyar sadarwa ta Layin zip wanda ke ba da izinin tafiya cikin sauri daga mafi girma zuwa mafi girma ta manoma, wanda ake kira a cikin gida a matsayin maza masu tashi ko maza tsuntsaye, tare da amfanin gonar su ta amfani da "layin zip trollies".

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba