Milieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell

Milieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell (2021) doka ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam da shari'ar laifi da Kotun gundumar The Hague a cikin Netherlands ta ji a cikin 2021 dangane da ƙoƙarin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa suka yi don rage fitar da carbon dioxide daga Kamfanoni masu yawa. Ofishin reshe na Dutch na Friends of the Earth da kuma ƙungiyar wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ne suka kawo shi a kan kamfanin mai, Shell plc. A watan Mayu 2021, kotun ta umarci Shell da ta rage hayakin carbon na duniya daga matakan 2019 da kashi 45% nan da shekara ta 2030, wanda ya shafi ba kawai hayakin hayakin daga ayyukanta ba, har ma da wadanda ke daga samfuran da take siyarwa.

Koyaya, a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2024, kotun daukaka kara ta Hague ta yi watsi da hukuncin 2021 wanda ya buƙaci Shell ta yanke hayakin ta, ta ƙayyade cewa babu "ma'auni na kulawa na zamantakewa" don tilasta takamaiman rage hayakin a kan Shell.

 Gaskiya 
Bayan da aka amince da yarjejeniyar Paris a duniya a shekarar 2015, wanda ke da nufin takaita hauhawar matsakaicin zafin duniya zuwa kasa da 1.5 °C ta matakai daban-daban a shekarar 2050, manyan kamfanoni da ke aiki a kasashen da suka sanya hannu sun fara tantancewa idan za su iya canza ayyuka don cimma manufofin yarjejeniyar. Kamfanin Shell na Burtaniya na daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a duniya; Hedkwatarsa tana cikin Burtaniya tun daga 2022. Shell shine na tara a cikin manyan kamfanoni masu ba da gudummawa ga gurbatar yanayi a duniya, yana samar da kusan kashi 2.5% na hayaki a duniya. Yayin da ake ci gaba da inganta yarjejeniyar Paris, Shell ya kimanta kasuwancinsa don sanin abin da zai iya yi don magance hayaki, amma ya bayyana a cikin 2014 cewa ya yi imanin cewa ba za a iya cimma burin Paris ba kuma ba ya shirin canza tsarin kasuwancinsa daga mai da gas. Bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, Shell ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa, za ta magance hayakin CO2 da ta ke fitarwa, inda ta fitar da wani shiri da ya bukaci rage hayakin carbon dioxide da kashi 30 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2035, idan aka kwatanta da matakin 2016, da kuma da kashi 65% nan da shekarar 2050.

Kungiyoyin muhalli guda bakwai - Milieudefensie (reshen Dutch na 8" Abokan Duniya), Greenpeace, Fossielvrij, Waddenvereniging, Dukansu ENDS, Jongeren Milieu Actief, da ActionAid - da kuma masu da'awar 17,379 a cikin Netherlands sun shigar da karar da aka shigar a kan Shell a watan Afrilu na 2019, suna jayayya cewa Shell ya kamata ta canza tsarin kasuwancin ta don cimma burin rage fitar da hayaki na 45% nan da shekarar 2030 daidai da Yarjejeniyar Paris.Boffey, Daniel (30 November 2020). "Shell in court over claims it hampered fossil fuels phase-out". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021. Ta hanyar rashin canzawa, masu shigar da kara sun yi jayayya, Shell ta kasa tabbatar da aikin kulawa da ba a rubuta ba wanda aka tsara a Littafin 6 Sashe na 162 na Burgerlijk Wetboek (Dutch Civil Code) da kuma sashe na 2 da 8 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam.   Shell ta bayyana a mayar da martani ga kiran cewa tana yin bangaren ta don magance canjin yanayi, kuma cewa "Abin da zai hanzarta sauye-sauyen makamashi shine ingantaccen manufofi, saka hannun jari a cikin fasaha da canza halayyar abokin ciniki. Babu wani daga cikinsu da za a cimma tare da wannan matakin kotu. Magana da ƙalubalen wannan babban yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa da tsarin duniya". 

An gudanar da sauraron karar a kotun gundumar a The Hague a watan Disamba 2020. An buƙaci masu shigar da kara a ƙarƙashin dokar Dutch don nuna cewa wani zaɓi na kasuwanci ya wanzu ga Shell don cimma burin rage kashi 45% da aka ba da shawarar, kuma sun yi amfani da sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan na kamfanin Danish Ørsted daga burbushin burbushin halittu zuwa sabuntawa a matsayin misali mai inganci.Boffey, Daniel (30 November 2020). "Shell in court over claims it hampered fossil fuels phase-out". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021. A lokacin shari'ar, Shell ta ba da alkawari a watan Fabrairun 2021 don zama net-zero a shekara ta 2050. Masu shigar da kara sun yi la'akari da alkawarin Shell bai isa ba saboda kamfanin zai kasa cika burin Yarjejeniyar Paris.

 Shari'a 
Kotun Gundumar Hague ta ba da umarnin cewa manufofin dorewar Shell na yanzu ba su da isasshen "kusa", kuma cewa hayakinsa ya fi na yawancin ƙasashe. Saboda wadannan dalilai, kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa Shell dole ne ya rage hayaki na duniya da kashi 45% nan da shekara ta 2030 idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2019; burin rage ya haɗa da hayaki daga ayyukansa da samfuransa. Kotun ta ayyana dokar ta zama mai aiwatar da ita na ɗan lokaci, ma'ana cewa dokar tana da tasiri nan take, koda kuwa ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin ya daukaka kara kan hukuncin.Brian, Stuart (26 May 2021). "Shell ordered to reduce CO2 emissions in watershed ruling". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.

Kotun ta ce:

 Ma'anar 
An dauki shari'ar a matsayin hukunci mai mahimmanci a cikin dokar muhalli da ta shafi canjin yanayi: yayin da karar da ta gabata a kan gwamnatoci ta yi nasara don aiwatar da manufofin yanayi mafi inganci, an dauki wannan a matsayin babbar karar farko da ta gudanar da kamfani ga ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Paris. Brian, Stuart (26 May 2021). "Shell ordered to reduce CO2 emissions in watershed ruling". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021. Saboda haka, yana ba da gudummawa ga karuwar shari'ar yanayi. Duk da yake yanke shawara tana da iko ne kawai a cikin Netherlands,  kodayake yana da alaƙa da ayyukan Shell na duniya, zai iya saita misali ga wasu shari'o'in muhalli a kan wasu manyan kamfanoni masu hayaki masu yawa waɗanda ba su dauki isasshen matakai don rage hayaki ba.  Tasirin hukuncin kotun ya yi la'akari da karfafawa saboda dogaro da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam da matakan duniya kan canjin yanayi.Boffey, Daniel (26 May 2021). "Court orders Royal Dutch Shell to cut carbon emissions by 45% by 2030". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.

An dauki hukuncin a matsayin "wani abu mai ban mamaki kuma saboda haka gagarumin nasara a kan babban carbon". Koyaya, kotunan Holland sun ki la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi bayan Netherlands.

Wannan shari'ar misali ce ga kotun da ta kusanci burin zafin jiki a Mataki na 2 na Yarjejeniyar Paris a matsayin misali. Kotun ta nuna cewa gazawar jihar ta dauki matakan da suka dace da wannan burin shine keta wajibai na ragewa wanda ya taso, alal misali, daga laifi ko dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Bayan rasa a Kotun Gundumar Hague, Shell ta sauke "Royal Dutch" daga sunanta, kuma ta koma hedkwatarta zuwa London. Ya ce zaɓin bai kasance ba saboda rasa shari'ar.

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba