Rashin tsaunuka

Rashin gangara shine wuri ko geomorphic wanda ke gangara a cikin wannan gefen, kuma sau da yawa ta wannan kusurwa, kamar yadda ainihin gangara ko Bayyanawa gangara na ƙananan sassan.Jackson, JA, J Mehl and K Neuendorf (2005) Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. 800 pp. Allaby, M (2008) A Dictionary of Earth Science. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. 654 pp.  Rashin gangara ya ƙunshi saman dutse mai tsayayya, wanda ake kira Caprock, wanda yawanci an rage shi kaɗan kuma an rage shi cikin tsayi ta hanyar rushewa. Tuddan da ke cikin tuddai sun samar da tuddai na cuestas, tuddai na homoclinal, Hogbacks, da flatirons. Yankin da ke gaba na irin waɗannan tuddai sun ƙunshi ko dai dutse, gangara mai tsawo, ko kuma watakila ma layin dutse. Gabaɗaya, cuestas da homoclinal ridges ba su da daidaituwa saboda gangaren su ba su da tsayi fiye da tsaunuka. A game da hogbacks da flatirons, nutsewar duwatsu tana da tsayi sosai cewa gangaren nutsewarsu yana kusa da tsaunuka a cikin tsayin su.Fairbridge, RW (1968) Hogback and Flatiron. In RW Fairbridge, ed., pp. 524-525, The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, Volume III), Reinhold, New York, 1296 pp. Simonett, SD (1968) Cuesta. In RW Fairbridge, ed., pp. 233, The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, Volume III), Reinhold, New York, 1296 pp. 
tuddai tsinkaye sune sakamakon bambancin rushewar ɓangarorin bambancin juriya ga rushewar da ke nutsewa daidai a cikin hanya ɗaya. A wannan yanayin, strata, watau shale, mudstone, da marl, waɗanda ba su da tsayayya da rushewa sun fi dacewa da rushewar dangi ga mafi ƙarfi, watau sandstone, limestone, da dolomite, waɗanda suka fi tsayayya ga rushewa. A sakamakon haka, ƙananan sassan da ba su da tsayayya za su lalace su bar sassan da suka fi tsayayya a matsayin caprock wanda ke samar da gangaren dip (baya) na tudun da ke gangara a cikin jagorancin caprock. Lokacin da wannan ya faru da gadaje masu laushi, ana samar da siffofi irin su tsaunuka, mesas, da buttes. Rushewar gadaje masu laushi zai samar da siffofi da ake kira cuestas, homoclinal ridges, hogbacks, da flatirons. Filayen, mesas, da buttes suna da saman shimfiɗa, yayin da cuestas da homoclinal ridges suna da asymmetrical (~ shimfiɗa) yankuna w / ridges. Yankin da ba shi da tsayi (a ƙasa) shine gangaren su (ƙetare 'ƙasa', kuma ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin ƙasa) kuma ɗayan gefen da ya fi tsayi (abasin haka, kuma a saman) shine tsaunuka. Idan akwai hogbacks, tsayin daka na gangaren ruwa da tsaunuka zai kasance kusan iri ɗaya. Hakanan za'a iya kafa gangaren Dip ta hanyar tsarin igneous kamar sills.  Fairbridge, RW (1968) Hogback and Flatiron. In RW Fairbridge, ed., pp. 524-525, The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, Volume III), Reinhold, New York, 1296 pp. ISBN 978-0879331795Simonett, SD (1968) Cuesta. In RW Fairbridge, ed., pp. 233, The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, Volume III), Reinhold, New York, 1296 pp. ISBN 978-0879331795

 Rushewar ƙasa 
Wasu tuddai masu saurin sauka suna da saurin rushewa, saboda tsinkaye da ke ƙarƙashin su. Manyan duwatsu suna da halin zamewa a gangaren ruwa.

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