Hukuncin jiki a makaranta a Amurka

Hukuncin jiki, wani lokacin ana kiransa "hukuncin jiki" ko "harin jiki",  an bayyana shi azaman amfani da ƙarfin jiki, komai yadda haske yake, don haifar da ciwon jiki ko rashin jin daɗi da gangan don mayar da martani ga halayyar da ba a so.  A makarantu a Amurka, azabtar da jiki yana ɗaukar nau'in malamin makaranta ko mai gudanarwa yana buga ƙafar ɗalibi tare da katako na katako (wanda ake kira "spanking" ko "paddling"). 

An gudanar da aikin ne bisa tsarin mulki a cikin Kotun Koli ta 1977 Ingraham v. Wright, inda Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa sashi na "mummunan hukunci da ba a saba gani ba" na Kwaskwarima ta takwas ba ta shafi horo na jiki a makarantun jama'a ba, an ƙuntata shi ga maganin fursunoni da aka yanke musu hukunci da Laifi. A cikin shekaru tun daga lokacin, jihohin Amurka da yawa sun haramta azabtar da jiki a makarantun jama'a. Jiha mafi kwanan nan da ta haramta shi ne Idaho a cikin 2023,  kuma sabuwar haramtacciyar haramtacciya ta jihar ta kasance a Kentucky a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2023, lokacin da gundumar makaranta ta ƙarshe a jihar da ba ta riga ta haramta ta yi hakan ba. A cikin shekara ta 2014, an buge wani dalibi a wata makarantar jama'a ta Amurka a matsakaita sau ɗaya a kowane sakan 30.

As of 2024, corporal punishment is still legal in private schools in every U.S. state except Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, New Jersey and New York, legal in public schools in 17 states, and practiced in 12 of the states.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span>].

An haramta azabtar da jiki a makaranta a Kanada, Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, Isra'ila, da kuma kusan kowace ƙasa mai tasowa a Turai, wanda ya sa Amurka ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu masu tasowa inda har yanzu ana ba da izinin azabtar da mutum a makaranta, ɗayan kuma Singapore ne. An haramta aikin a kasashe 128. 

Amurka ta sanya hannu amma ba ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara ba. A cikin tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, Amurka ta shiga wani ajiya inda ta bayyana cewa "Amurka tana ɗaukar kanta a ɗaure ta hanyar Mataki na 7 har zuwa yadda 'mummunan, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa' yana nufin zalunci da ba a saba gani ba ko azabtar da aka haramta ta Fifth, Eighth, da / ko 14th Amendments ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka".

 Tarihi 
An yi amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki a makarantun Amurka a cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20 a matsayin hanyar motsa ɗalibai suyi aiki mafi kyau a ilimi da kuma kula da ƙa'idodin halayyar kirki. An yi la'akari da aikin a matsayin hanya mai kyau da ma'ana don horar da yara a makaranta, musamman idan aka ba da kamanceceniya da tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka, kuma an ƙarfafa malamai a ƙarshen karni na 19 su yi amfani da azabtarwar jiki akan wasu nau'ikan horo. A cikin duniyar da ke magana da Ingilishi, haƙƙin malamai na horo ga yara an tsarkake shi a cikin koyarwar doka ta yau da kullun a cikin loco parentis (Latin don "a wurin iyaye"), wanda ke sanya alhakin doka ga masu iko don ɗaukar ayyukan iyaye a wasu lokuta.

Wasu daga cikin 'yan adawa na farko na iyaye ga azabtar da jiki a makarantu sun faru a Ingila a cikin 1899 a cikin shari'ar Gardiner v. Bygrave,  inda aka wanke malami a London bayan iyaye sun kai shi kotu don kai hari bayan ya azabtar da ɗansu. Wannan shari'ar ta kafa misali cewa makarantu za su iya horar da yara ta hanyar da suka ga ya dace, ba tare da la'akari da sha'awar iyaye ba game da azabtar da yaransu. A cikin karni na gaba, za a kalubalanci ra'ayin azabtar da jiki a matsayin wani bangare na yau da kullun na horo ga dalibai a makarantun gwamnati a kasashe daban-daban, amma adawa da azabtar da mutum a makarantu ba zai kai ga Kotun Koli ta Amurka ba har zuwa 1977. 

 Dokar Tarayya 
A shekara ta 1977, an kawo batun halattaccen azabtarwa a cikin makarantu zuwa Kotun Koli. A wannan lokacin, kawai New Jersey (1867), Massachusetts (1971), Hawaii (1973), da Maine (1975) sun haramta azabtarwa ta jiki a makarantun jama'a, kuma kawai New Jersey ta haramta aikin a makarantun masu zaman kansu.

Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da halattacciyar azabtarwa a makarantu a cikin shari'ar Ingraham v. Wright. Kotun ta yanke hukunci biyar zuwa hudu cewa hukuncin jiki na James Ingraham, wanda mataimakin shugabansa ya hana shi kuma shugaban ya yi masa sau ashirin, wanda ke buƙatar kulawar likita, bai keta Kwaskwarima ta takwas ba, wanda ke kare 'yan ƙasa daga mummunan hukunci da ba a saba gani ba. Sun ci gaba da kammala cewa azabtar da jiki bai saba wa ka'idar da ta dace ba na Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu, tunda malamai ko masu gudanarwa da azabtarwa mai yawa na iya fuskantar tuhumar laifi. Wannan shari'ar ta kafa misali na "ma'ana, amma ba wuce gona da iri" azabtar da dalibai kuma wasu malamai sun soki shi a matsayin "wani abu mai ƙasƙanci a dangantakar malami da ɗalibai ta Amurka".

Hukuncin Ingraham v. Wright ya dage kan yanke shawara ko haramta azabtar da jiki a makarantu a kan 'yan majalisa na jihar. Yawancin haramtacciyar doka a kan azabtar da jiki sun faru ne a cikin shekarun da suka gabata tun 1977 tare da mafi girman turawa don kawar da shi tsakanin 1985 da 1994.

 Dokar Jiha 
Kowace jiha tana da ikon bayyana hukuncin jiki a cikin dokokin jiha, don haka haramtacciyar hukuncin jiki ta bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha. Misali, a Texas, ana ba malamai izinin yin amfani da yara da kuma amfani da "duk wani karfi na jiki" don sarrafa yara da sunan horo;  a Alabama, dokoki sun fi bayyane: ana ba malami izinin amfani da "ƙwanƙwasawa na katako kusan inci 24 (610  a tsawon, inci 3 (76  da faɗin inci 0.5 (13  ".
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