Dokokin iskar gas a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace iska

Binciken Hatsari shine Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta 2009 ta gano cewa manyan iskar gas guda shida (GHGs) sun zama " gurɓataccen iska " a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 202 (a) (1) na Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ("CAA" ko "Dokar"), yayin da suke barazana ga lafiyar jama'a da jin dadin jama'a na zamani da na gaba. Saboda haka, Sashe na 202 (a) (1) na Dokar Tsabtace iska yana buƙatar Mai Gudanar da EPA ya kafa ka'idoji don fitar da iskar gas daga wayar tafi da gidanka da tushen gurɓataccen iska, gami da sabbin motoci ko sabbin injinan abin hawa.42 U.S.C. § 4521(a)(1). Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/7521-

Binciken ya zo ne shekaru 12 bayan da aka fara koke don haka rarraba GHGs da kuma musun EPA a karkashin gwamnatin George W. Bush, kawai bayan da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta bukaci ta tsara shi a cikin 2007 na Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli. Ya ɗauki wasu shekaru 2, har sai mai kula da EPA mai shigowa Lisa Jackson ya yanke shawarar abin da ake kira Neman Hatsari a cikin 2009, wanda ya kafa tushen ƙa'ida a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2011. An kafa ka'idoji don hanyoyin wayar hannu bisa ga Sashe na 202 na CAA, kuma GHGs daga tushe masu tsayayye an sarrafa su ƙarƙashin ikon Sashe na C na Title I. A cikin watan Yuni 2012, an tabbatar da tushen ƙa'idodi a Kotun Kotu ta Amurka don Gundumar ColumbiaCourt Backs E.P.A. Over Emissions Limits Intended to Reduce Global Warming June 26, 2012D.C. appeals court upholds EPA regulations to fight global warming by Darryl Fears, June 26, 2012 A cikin 2025, mai shigowa mai kula da EPA Lee Zeldin a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Trump ta biyu ya ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da iskar gas kuma a cikin Yuli ya ba da shawarar soke binciken haɗarin.

Yunkurin sauyin yanayi daban-daban a Amurka gwamnatocin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi ne suka yi, baya ga dokokin dokar tsaftar iska ta tarayya.

 Tarihi 

 Koke na farko 1999 da kin amincewar farko 2003 
Sashe na 202 (a) (1) na Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace yana buƙatar Mai Gudanar da EPA don kafa ƙa'idodi "wanda ya dace da fitar da duk wani gurɓataccen iska daga ... sabbin motocin hawa ko sabbin injunan abin hawa, wanda a cikin hukuncinta [ta] ya haifar, ko ba da gudummawa ga, gurɓataccen iska wanda a zahiri ana tsammanin zai yi haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ko ƙarin jin daɗin jama'a. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1999, Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Duniya (ICTA) da wasu bangarori da dama (masu korafe-korafe) sun koka da EPA don daidaita iskar gas daga sabbin motoci a karkashin dokar.[4]. Masu shigar da kara sun yi jayayya cewa carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), da hydrofluorocarbons sun cika ma'anar gurɓataccen iska a ƙarƙashin sashe na 302 (g) na Dokar, da kuma maganganun da EPA, wasu hukumomin tarayya, da Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) suka yi, sun kawo ƙarshen rashin lafiya. da walwala. A bisa wadannan dalilai, masu shigar da kara sun tabbatar da cewa EPA na da aikin tilas na daidaita iskar gas a karkashin sashe na 202 na dokar, kuma sun bukaci hukumar ta aiwatar da wannan aikin.International Center for Technology Assessment. (1999). Petition for Rulemaking and Collateral Relief Seeking the Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from New Motor Vehicles Under [Section] 202 of the Clean Air Act. Retrieved April 9, 2011 from http://www.icta.org/doc/ghgpet2.pdf

A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2003, EPA ta ƙaryata koke na ICTA a kan ƙasa cewa ba ta da iko a ƙarƙashin CAA don ƙaddamar da ka'idoji don magance sauyin yanayi na duniya da CO2 da sauran GHGs don haka ba za a iya la'akari da gurɓataccen iska a ƙarƙashin tanadi na CAA, ciki har da sashe na 202. Hukumar ta ci gaba da cewa, ko da tana da hurumin sarrafa GHG daga ababan hawa, za ta ki yin hakan ne bisa ka’ida. Hukumar ta ci gaba da cewa kayyade hayakin mota na GHG ba zai magance matsalar duniya yadda ya kamata ba, kuma ba zai yi daidai da manufofin shugaba Bush na magance sauyin yanayi ba, wanda ya ta'allaka kan kokarin da ba na ka'ida ba kamar rage ragi na son rai a cikin GHGs, kawancen jama'a da masu zaman kansu da nufin rage dogaro da tattalin arzikin kasar kan makamashin burbushin halittu, da kuma bincike kan sauyin yanayi.

 Kotun Koli tana buƙatar tsari, 2006 
Matakin da hukumar ta dauka kan karar da ICTA ta yi ya kafa kafa na tsawaita shari’a, wanda daga karshe aka garzaya gaban Kotun Koli a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2006.

A cikin yanke shawara na 5-4 a Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli, Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar cewa "gas ɗin gas sun dace da kyau a cikin ma'anar ma'anar '' gurɓataccen iska '' da kuma cewa EPA don haka yana da ikon doka don daidaita fitar da GHG daga sabbin motocin. Kotun ta kara da cewa "Hukunce-hukuncen siyasa ba shi da alaka da ko hayaki mai gurbata muhalli na taimakawa wajen sauyin yanayi kuma bai kai ga hujjar kin yanke hukuncin kimiyance ba." A ra'ayi na EPA, wannan yana buƙatar hukumar ta yi bincike mai kyau ko mara kyau a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 202 (a) na CAA ko hayaƙin iskar gas daga sababbin motocin "dalilin ko taimakawa ga gurɓataccen iska wanda za a iya sa ran zai yi haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ko jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma kimiyya ba ta da tabbas don yanke shawara mai ma'ana"74 Fed. Reg. 239 (15 December 2009) p. 66501

 Manazarta