Yanayin tsibirin Gough

Tsibirin Gough (/ɡɒf/ GOF), wanda aka fi sani a tarihi kamar Gonçalo Álvares, tsibiri ne mai tsaunuka wanda yake a Kudancin Tekun Atlantika . Yana dogara ne da Tristan da Cunha kuma wani ɓangare na Yankin ƙasashen waje na Burtaniya na Saint Helena, Ascension da Tristan da Cunha . Yana da kusan kilomita  (250  kudu maso gabashin tsibirin Tristan da Cunha (wanda ya hada da Tsibirin Nightingale da tsibirin Inaccessible), kilomita  (1,500  arewa maso gabashin daga Tsibirin Georgia ta Kudu, kilomita  (1,700  yamma daga Cape Town, kuma sama da kilomita  (2,000  daga mafi kusa da Amurka ta Kudu.

Tsibirin Gough ba shi da mazauna, ban da ma'aikatan Tashar yanayi (yawanci mutane shida) waɗanda Shirin Antarctic na Afirka ta Kudu ya kiyaye, tare da izinin Burtaniya, a kai a kai a tsibirin tun 1956. Yana daya daga cikin wurare masu nisa tare da kasancewar mutum na yau da kullun. Yana daga cikin Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO na "Gough da Inaccessible Island". Yana daya daga cikin manyan yankunan tsuntsayen teku a duniya.

 Sunan 
An fara kiran tsibirin Ilha de Gonçalo_Álvares" id="mwUg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gonçalo Álvares">Gonçalo Álvares a kan taswirar Portuguese. Gonçalo Álvares ɗan Portugal ne mai binciken da ya gano tsibirin a cikin 1505. Rashin jituwa da sunan mai tsarki na Portuguese Gonçalo tare da Mutanen Espanya Diego ya haifar da Tsibirin Diego Alvarez a cikin tushen harshen Ingilishi daga 1800s zuwa 1930s.   Koyaya, mafi kyawun bayani shine cewa kawai kuskuren karantawa ne na "Is. de Go. Alvarez", sunan da tsibirin ke wakiltar a wasu sassan farko, "de Go" yana canzawa zuwa "Diego".

Sunan "Gough island" yana nufin ɗan jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya Kyaftin Charles Gough na Richmond, wanda ya ga tsibirin a cikin 1732.

 Tarihi 
Bayanan binciken tsibirin Gough ba su da tabbas, amma mai yiwuwa shine Yuli 1505 ta mai binciken Portuguese Gonçalo Álvares. Taswirar a cikin ƙarni uku masu zuwa sun ba da sunan tsibirin bayan shi. A wasu taswirar baya, an ba da wannan ba daidai ba a matsayin Diego Alvarez .

A cewar wasu masana tarihi, dan kasuwa na Burtaniya Anthony de la Roché shine na farko da ya sauka a tsibirin, a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1675.  

Charles Gough ya sake gano tsibirin a ranar 3 ga Maris 1732, yana tunanin sabon abu ne. An sanya masa suna Gonçalo Álvares tun daga shekara ta 1505 bayan kyaftin din jirgin ruwa na Vasco da Gama a kan tafiyarsa ta gabas, kuma a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan, an yi masa alama da daidaito mai ma'ana a kan sigogi na Kudancin Atlantic a cikin shekaru 230 masu zuwa. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1732, Kyaftin Gough na jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya Richmond ya ba da rahoton gano sabon tsibirin, wanda ya sanya kilomita 400 (640  zuwa gabashin Gonçalo Álvares. Shekaru hamsin bayan haka, masu zane-zane sun fahimci cewa tsibirai biyu iri ɗaya ne, kuma duk da fifiko na binciken Portuguese, da kuma mafi girman daidaito na matsayin da suka bayar, "Gough's Island" shine sunan da aka karɓa. Har yanzu an san shi da tsohon sunansa Ilha de Gonçalo Álvares a Portuguese, kodayake Portugal ba ta da wata da'awar kowane tsibirin da ke cikin tsibirin Tristan da Cunha.

A farkon karni na 19, masu rufewa wani lokacin sun zauna a tsibirin a takaice. Misali na farko da aka sani shine ƙungiyar hatimi daga jirgin Amurka Rambler (Kapitan Joseph Bowditch) wanda ya kasance a tsibirin a cikin kakar 1804-1805. R.K. Headland (Ed.) Historical Antarctic Sealing Industry, Scott Polar Research Institute (University of Cambridge), 2018, p.176.  Lokacin hatimi ya kasance daga 1804 zuwa 1910 lokacin da aka san jiragen hatimi 34 sun ziyarci tsibirin, daya daga cikinsu ya ɓace a bakin teku.

The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition on the Scotia ya yi ziyarar farko zuwa tsibirin ta hanyar wata kungiya ta kimiyya a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1904, lokacin da William Speirs Bruce da sauransu suka tattara samfurori. Shackleton-Rowett Expedition kuma ya tsaya a tsibirin a shekarar 1922.  Akwai ɗan gajeren lokaci na aikin ɗan adam na shekaru biyu daga 1936 zuwa 1938 lokacin da aka yi noma don farautar tsuntsaye, ƙwai, da kuma cire driftwood, guano da apples. Gough Expedition na 1955 ya tsara taswirar yanayin ciki na tsibirin kuma ya yi nazarin halittu a cikin watanni da yawa.

An yi ikirarin tsibirin Gough a hukumance a 1938 don Ƙasar Ingila, yayin ziyarar da HMS Milford (L51) na Royal Navy ya kai.

A shekara ta 1995, an sanya tsibirin a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO. A shekara ta 2004, an tsawaita shafin don haɗawa da tsibirin Inaccessible, kuma an tsawaitar yankin ruwa na tsibirin Gough daga 3 zuwa 12 nautical miles (5.6 zuwa 22.2  . An sake sunan shafin Gough da Inaccessible Islands . Ka'idodin zaɓin shafin ba su haɗa da sha'awar geomorphic ba. Kamar yadda ya faru, Gough da Inaccessible Islands an haɗa su a cikin yiwuwar "tsarin zaɓe na iyaka" don Mid-Atlantic Ridge, wanda zai haɗa da wasu wuraren dutsen wuta a cikin Atlantic.

Tsibirin Gough shine kadai ƙasar da ke waje da Kudancin Amurka daga inda hasken rana na 12 ga Satumba 2034 (ba tare da sassan ba), zai kasance bayyane; tsakiyar hanyar gaba ɗaya ta haye tsibirin.

 Yanayin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa 
One of the most remote islands in the world, Gough Island is in the South Atlantic Ocean. While the central part of the island is a plateau, the western part has a highland with the peaks and cliffs rising over 350 metres. Gough Island is roughly rectangular with a length of  and a width of . It has an area of   and rises to a highest point over  above sea level. Glens cut deep into the inland mountains from the northern and eastern sides. Geological formations on the island are of volcanic origin.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙasa sun haɗa da mafi girman tsawo, Edinburgh Peak (  ), da kuma Hags Tooth, Mount Rowett, Sea Elephant Bay, Quest Bay, da Hawkins Bay.

Gough da ke kewaye da ƙananan tsibirai da duwatsu, kamar su Southwest Island, Saddle Island (zuwa Kudu), Tristiana Rock, Isolda Rock (Yamma), Round Island, Cone Island, Lot's Wife, Church Rock (Arewa), Penguin Island (Arewa gabas), da Admirals (Gabas). 

Matsakaicin zafin jiki shine  ° C (54 ° F) yayin da matsakaicin ruwan sama shine   in). Snow yana fadowa  tsaunuka a cikin hunturu.

 Yanayi 
Dangane da Tsarin Köppen, tsibirin Gough yana da Yanayin teku (Cfb). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na tsibirin Gough yana tsakanin  ° C (52 ° F) da  ° C (63 ° F) a lokacin rana a duk shekara, saboda matsayinsa na musamman a Kudancin Atlantic. A sakamakon haka, lokacin rani ba ya da zafi kuma yana da saukin kamuwa da sanyi. Tekun Atlantika ya fi sanyi a kudancin kudancin fiye da arewa, amma sanyi har yanzu yana da wuya saboda girgije mai nauyi. Ruwan sama yana da yawa a duk shekara, kuma sa'o'in hasken rana kaɗan ne. Snow sau da yawa yakan faɗi a kan tsaunuka da tsaunuka a duk shekara (tare da abubuwan da suka faru na dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin rani a kan tsaunin mita 900), amma ba a saba gani ba a matakin teku.

 Dabbobi da tsire-tsire 

Gough da Inaccessible Island sune wurin ajiyar namun daji mai kariya, wanda UNESCO ta sanya shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya. An bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin rikice-rikice na yanayin halittu na irin sa kuma ɗayan mafi kyawun mafaka don tsuntsayen teku a cikin Tekun Atlantika. Musamman, yana karɓar bakuncin kusan dukkanin mutanen duniya na Tristan albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) da Atlantic petrel (Pterodroma incerta).  Tsibirin kuma gida ne ga Gough moorhen kusan ba tare da tashi ba,  da kuma Gough bunting mai haɗari.

 Tsuntsaye 
BirdLife International ta ayyana tsibirin a matsayin wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Tsuntsaye (IBA) don tsuntsayen da ke cikin ƙasa da kuma wurin kiwon tsuntsayen teku.  Tsuntsaye wanda IBA ke da mahimmancin kiyayewa sun haɗa da penguins rockhopper na arewa (30,000 nau'i-nau'i na kiwo), Tristan albatrosses (1,500-2,000 nau'i-nau'i), sooty albatrosses (5,000 nau'i-nau'i), Atlantic rawaya-nosed albatrosses (5,000 nau'i-nau'i), m-billed prions, 000 prions, 000 prions.  (20,000 nau'i-nau'i), mai laushi-plumaged petrels (400,000 nau'i-nau'i), Atlantic petrels (900,000 nau'i-nau'i), manyan-fuka-fuki (5,000 nau'i-nau'i), launin toka (10,000 nau'i-nau'i), manyan shearwaters (100,000 nau'i-nau'i), kananan shearrey-00000000000000000000000000.  (10,000 nau'i-nau'i), farar-fuska petrels (10,000 nau'i-nau'i), farar-bellied guguwa petrels (10,000 nau'i-nau'i), Antarctic terns (500 nau'i-nau'i), kudancin skuas (500 nau'i-nau'i), Gough moorhens (2,500 nau'i-nau'i), da Gough buntings (3,000 mutane).

 Dabbobi masu shayarwa 
Tsibirin yana da yawan kiwo na fur seal na subantarctic, kuma wasu kudancin kudancin suna ƙaura a kusa da tsibirin.

Mice na gida a halin yanzu suna nan a tsibirin (duba Invasive Species).

 Dabbobi masu mamayewa 

 Pearlwort (Sagina procumbens) 
A cikin 1998, an sami wasu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na pearlwort (Sagina procumbens) a tsibirin waɗanda ke da ikon canza yanayin yanayin shukar tudu (kamar yadda yake a tsibirin Prince Edward).  Ana ci gaba da ƙoƙarin kawar da cutar amma ana sa ran zai buƙaci shekaru na 'yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa'.  A shekara ta 2010, ta hanyar cire tsire-tsire da hannu tare da ƙasa sannan kuma a kula da wurin da ruwan zãfi, an taƙaita shi zuwa wani ƙaramin yanki na tsaunin bakin teku.  Sakamakon haka, an rage nauyin iri a cikin shekaru goma da umarni 3 na girma.  Wannan duk da haka zai iya haifar da shuke-shuke 200 germinating kowace murabba'in mita.  Don kara rage yawan jama'a, wani bincike ya nuna cewa hadewar kawar da kasa da maganin ciyawa na iya yin tasiri.  Wani rahoto a cikin 2020 ya lura cewa ana buƙatar ci gaba da cirewa da kuma matakan tsaro na rayuwa don gujewa sake gabatarwa.

 Sauran tsire-tsire da ba na asali ba 
Ya zuwa 2020 an rubuta wadannan tsire-tsire marasa asali tare da yiwuwar zama masu mamayewa kwanan nan a tsibirin: Verbena bonariensis, Solanum tuberosum, Juncus effusus, Agrostis gigantean, Brassica rapa, da Cynodon dactylon . 

 Mice na gida 
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, masu bincike sun wallafa shaidar cewa farauta ta hanyar gabatar da berayen gida a kan 'yan tsuntsayen teku yana faruwa a matakan da zasu iya fitar da Tristan albatross da Atlantic petrel zuwa halaka. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2018, an kiyasta cewa ana kiwon kusan 2,000,000 ƙwai da kaji saboda tasirin beraye a tsibirin, yana barazanar halaka nau'ikan tsuntsayen teku da yawa waɗanda ke haifuwa ne kawai ko kusan kawai a tsibirin Gough.

rat-Kungiyar Royal Society for the Protection of Tsuntsaye (RSPB) ta ba da kyautar £62,000 daga Shirin Muhalli na Gwamnatin Burtaniya na Ƙasashen Waje don samun ƙarin bincike kan berayen Gough Island da kuma nazarin yuwuwar yadda za a iya magance su.  Wannan tallafin ya kuma biya don kimanta matsalar bera a tsibirin Tristan da Cunha.  An fara gwajin hanyar kawar da berayen ta hanyar cin zarafi,] kuma a ƙarshe an shirya shirin kawar da fam miliyan 9.2, wanda za a fara a shekarar 2020, inda ake sa ran tsibirin ba shi da linzamin kwamfuta nan da 2022. Duk da haka, an jinkirta ranar farawa har zuwa 2021 saboda cutar ta COVID-19.  brodifacoum.  An kuma bayyana Gough a matsayin tsibiri na uku mafi muhimmanci a duniya (daga cikin tsibiran 107) da za a yi niyya don kawar da dabbobi masu shayarwa da ba na asali ba don ceton jinsunan da ke barazana daga halaka da kuma samun babban ci gaba don cimma burin kiyaye lafiyar duniya.[4]  Darektan Tallafin Dabbobi ya soki shirin cull, yana mai cewa, "Ba mu jin cewa muna da 'yancin zabar wasu dabbobi a kan wasu ... Ba mu yarda da duk wani kisa don abin da ake kira dalilai na kiyayewa ba. Babban fifikon kiyayewa ya kamata a tabbatar da cewa an kare wuraren daji, amma barin yanayi ya yi abinsa."

Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2021, shugaban aikin don kawar da yawan beraye ya yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin gazawar, tunda an hango linzamin kwamfuta mai rai bayan kammala aikin, wanda ya nuna cewa akwai wasu beraye har yanzu suna da rai a Gough. Duk da haka, RSPB tana shirin yunkurin sabuntawa na gaba ta hanyar amfani da tarko na rodenticide, bayan yin wasu bincike don inganta wannan aikin.

 Tashar yanayi 
Tashar yanayi tana aiki a tsibirin Gough tun 1956. Ana sarrafa ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar sadarwa na Sabis ɗin Yanayi na Afirka ta Kudu.  Saboda yanayin sanyi yana tunkarar Afirka ta Kudu daga kudu maso yamma, tashar Gough tana da mahimmanci musamman wajen hasashen yanayin hunturu.  Da farko an ajiye shi a cikin tashar a The Glen, amma ya koma cikin 1963 zuwa kudancin tsibirin tsibirin, daidai da <span about="#n>40°20′59″S 9°52′49″W﻿ / 40.34972;S 9.88028°S 9.88028  -9.88028. Sabon wurin ya inganta inganci da amincin bayanan da aka samu don amfani da su wajen yin samfuri. 

Kowace shekara, sabuwar ƙungiyar overwintering ta zo ta jirgin ruwa daga Cape Town (tun daga shekarar 2012, SA Agulhas II) don ma'aikatan tashar yanayi da yin bincike na kimiyya. Ana iya kiran tawagar na wani shekara a matsayin "Gough" da lambar balaguro: Misali, an sanya tawagar 1956 "Gough 01", kuma tawagar 2013 ita ce "Gough 58". Kowace sabuwar ƙungiya kai tsaye ta maye gurbin wanda ya tashi, don haka ci gaba da kasancewa a tsibirin.

Kungiyar yawanci ta kunshi:

 Babban Masanin yanayin yanayi
 Ƙananan masu binciken yanayi guda biyu
 Mai horar da rediyo
 likita
 Mai sarrafa dieselinjiniyan diesel
 Masana kimiyyar halittu da yawa (dangane da ayyukan bincike da ke gudana) 

Ana ba wa tawagar isasshen abinci don ci gaba da shekara. Mutane da kaya suna sauka ko dai ta hanyar helikofta, daga jirgin ruwa mai kayan aiki, ko kuma ta hanyar tsayayyen katako a saman dutse kusa da tashar (wurin da ake kira "Crane Point").

A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, wani memba na ƙungiyar bincike ya mutu a tsibirin kuma an dawo da jikinsa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu.

 Taswirar 

 Dubi kuma 

 South African National Antarctic Programme - Shirin bincike na gwamnati
 SANAE - Binciken Kasa na Antarctic na Afirka ta Kudu
 Marion Island - Mafi girma daga cikin Tsibirin Prince Edward
 S. A. Agulhas - Jirgin horo mai ƙarfi na kankara na Afirka ta Kudu da tsohon jirgin bincike na polar
 S. A. Agulhas II - Jirgin bincike na kankara da kuma fashewa
 Nigel Morritt Wace - Royal Marine na Burtaniya, masanin tsire-tsire da jagorar subantarctic
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba