Dokar Ƙima ta Kasashen Waje

Dokar Kyauta na Kasashen waje wani tanadi ne a Mataki na I, Sashe na 9, Sashe na 8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda ya hana Gwamnatin tarayya bayar da lakabi na daraja, kuma ya hana jami'an tarayya karɓar kyauta, lada, ofisoshi ko lakabi daga jihohin kasashen waje da Masarauta ba tare da yardar Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ba.

Har ila yau an san shi da Takardun Ma'anar Ma'auni, an tsara shi ne don kare masu rike da mukamai na tarayya na Amurka daga abin da ake kira "tasiri na ƙasashen waje". An karfafa sashi ta hanyar haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan lakabi na jihohi a cikin Mataki na I, Sashe na 10, kuma gabaɗaya ta hanyar Mataki na Tabbacin Jamhuriyar Republican a cikin Mataka ta IV, Sashe ta 4. 

Kamar yadda sashi na biyan kuɗi na ƙasashen waje ba a taɓa yin la'akari da bincike ko fassarar shari'a ba,  ainihin ma'anarsa da fa'idarsa sun kasance ana muhawara; yarjejeniya tsakanin malaman shari'a ita ce cewa haramcin ya shafi duk masu rike da mukamai na tarayya - ko an nada su ko an zabe su, har zuwa ciki har da shugaban - kuma ya ƙunshi kowane irin riba, fa'ida, fa'idodi, ko ayyuka. 

 Rubutun 

 Tarihi 
Na daga cikin ayyukan diflomasiyya ne na yau da kullun a Turai yayinda jakadun kasashen waje ko diflomasiyyar suke karɓar kyauta daga gwamnatin da ta amshi bakuncinsu a ƙarshen da suke aiki. A shekara ta 1651, Jamhuriyar Dutch ta zama jiha ta farko da ta hana ministocin harkokin waje karɓar "duk wani kyauta, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, ta kowace hanya ko hanya", saboda damuwa cewa irin waɗannan kyaututtuka zasu bunkasa cin hanci da rashawa. Jami'an diflomasiyyar Holland Abraham de Wicquefort ya soki haramcin kamar yadda ya saba wa Ka'idojin shari'a na kasa da kasa kuma yana iya lalata dangantakar kasashen waje: "Al'adar yin kyauta . . . an kafa ta sosai har ya kai ga dokar al'ummai kanta" kuma ya kara da cewa kin amincewa da irin waɗannan kyaututtuka "ya hukunta ra'ayoyin duk sauran sarakuna da masu iko na sararin samaniya" 

Wadanda suka kafa Amurka duk da haka sun yi muhawara game da yadda za a daidaita damuwa game da tasirin cin hanci da rashawa na kyaututtuka daga kasashen waje tare da sha'awar bin ka'idojin diflomasiyya da aka kafa, kamar yadda ƙin amsar irin waɗannan kyaututtaka za a iya fassara su a matsayin abin ƙyama ga ƙasashe masu karɓar bakuncin. Tsarin mulki na farko na Amurka, Dokokin Tarayyar, wanda aka tabbatar a shekara ta 1781, ya fi karɓar mulkin Holland ta hanyar samar da cewa duk wani mutum da ke riƙe da kowane ofishin riba ko amincewa a ƙarƙashin Amurka, ko kuma duk wani daga cikinsu ba zai yarda da kowane kyauta ba, ladabi, ofis, ko lakabi na kowane irin, daga kowane sarki, yarima, ko ƙasa ta waje. Bisa ga Dokokin, Benjamin Franklin, wanda ya karɓi akwatin snuff mai kyau daga Sarkin Faransa, ya nemi amincewa daga Majalisa ta Tarayyar don adana kyautar, wanda aka ba shi.

Manufar Framers don wannan sashi sun kasance biyu: don hana kafa al'umma mai daraja a Amurka, da kuma kare tsarin gwamnati na jamhuriya daga wasu gwamnatoci. A cikin Tarayyar Tarayya No. 22, Alexander Hamilton ya bayyana cewa, "Daya daga cikin raunana bangarorin jamhuriya, daga cikin fa'idodi da yawa, shine cewa suna ba da sauƙin shiga ga cin hanci da rashawa na kasashen waje. " Saboda haka, don magance wannan " cin hanci na kasashen waje" wakilai a Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki sun rubuta wannan sashi ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin mai kama duk wani yunkuri na gwamnatocin kasashen waje don rinjayar manufofin jihohi ko lakabi.

The Foreign Emoluments Clause is constitutionally unique in other respects. First, it is a "negative" clause—a restriction prohibiting the passage of legislation for a particular purpose.  Such restrictions are unusual in that the Constitution has been historically interpreted to reflect specific (i.e., "positive") sources of power, relinquished by the states in their otherwise sovereign capacities. Moreover, it is a negative clause without a positive converse. A common example of this is how the Commerce Clause represents the positive converse to the restrictions imposed by the Dormant (or "Negative") Commerce Clause. However, neither an express nor implied positive grant of authority exists as a balance against the restrictions imposed by the clause. For this reason, the clause was cited by Anti-Federalists who supported the adoption of a Bill of Rights. Richard Henry Lee warned that such distinctions were inherently dangerous under accepted principles of statutory construction, which would inevitably "give many general undefined powers to congress" if left unchecked.Me ya sa ta hanyar mummunan sashi, hana majalisa yin abin da ba ta da ikon yin? Wannan sashi, to, dole ne ya kasance ba shi da ma'ana, ko kuma ya nuna, cewa idan an bar shi, majalisa za ta sami ikon da ake tambaya, ko dai a kan ka'idar cewa wasu kalmomi na gaba ɗaya a cikin kundin tsarin mulki za a iya fassara su don ba da shi, ko kuma a kan ka-idar cewa majalisa tana da ikon da ba a tanada shi ba. Amma wannan sashi ya kasance a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma an ce an gabatar da shi cikin kundin tsarin mulki daga taka tsantsan sosai. Ko da tanadin gargadi yana nuna shakku, aƙalla, cewa ya zama dole; kuma idan haka ne a wannan yanayin, a bayyane yake yana da mahimmanci a duk irin waɗannan. (emphasis added). Lee ya yi jayayya cewa ainihin manufar wannan sashi shine kawai don kare al'adun gargajiya: "Gaskiyar ta bayyana, cewa mutane da ke kafa ƙungiyar, da kuma taron ... sun yi aiki ta halitta; ba su bar batun da za a warware shi da ka'idoji na gaba ɗaya da fahimta mai ma'ana ba; amma sun warware batun a cikin 'yan kalmomi, kuma duk waɗanda suka karanta su nan da nan sun fahimci su. "  Daga baya, an gabatar da Dokar 'Yancin don kawar da tsoron' yan adawa da tarayya ta hanyar karewa da irin wannan fadada ikon tarayya (wanda aka iyakanta). 

 Kudin kasashen waje 
Hana jami'an da ke karɓar kyauta ko lada shine ainihin dokar hana cin hanci don hana tasirin ikon kasashen waje. A Yarjejeniyar Virginia Ratifying, Edmund Randolph, wakilin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki, ya bayyana Ma'anar a matsayin mabuɗin "bayani game da haɗari ... na shugaban da ke karɓar albashi daga ikon kasashen waje". 

Ofishin Lauyan Ma'aikatar Shari'a ya ce

Kalmar nan "emolument" tana da ma'ana mai zurfi. A lokacin da aka kafa, yana nufin " riba", "amfanin", ko "amfanin" na kowane nau'i. Saboda yanayin haramcin kundin tsarin mulki, kuma saboda fahimtar rikice-rikicen da suka faru bayan shugabancin Richard Nixon, yawancin shugabannin zamani sun zaɓi kawar da duk wani haɗari na rikice-rikice na sha'awa wanda zai iya tasowa ta hanyar zabar sanya dukiyarsu cikin amana.

Kamar yadda Ofishin Lauyan Shari'a ya ba da shawara, ana keta Kundin Tsarin Mulki lokacin da mai riƙe da "Ofishin Amfani ko Amincewa", kamar Shugaban kasa,  ya karɓi kuɗi daga haɗin gwiwa ko makamancin abin da yake da hannun jari, kuma adadin da ya karɓa "aiki ne na adadin da gwamnatin kasashen waje ta biya wa [ƙungiyar]  Wannan saboda irin wannan saitin zai ba da damar "a zahiri ya zama hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita ga wannan gwamnatin", don haka jami'a nan za a fallasa shi ga yiwuwar da ta riƙe ta hanyar da ita.[the]

 Shugaban kasa 
Jihohin kasashen waje galibi suna ba da kyauta ga Shugaban Amurka. Yayinda yake Shugaban kasa, George Washington ya karbi zanen, da maɓallin, Bastille daga Marquis de Lafayette, a matsayin "hadaya da nake bin a matsayin Ɗa ga mahaifina mai kula da shi".  Bayan barin ofishina, Washington ya kuma kai gidan Mount Vernon zanen Louis na XIV wanda ya karɓa a matsayin kyauta daga jami'in diflomasiyyar Faransa wanda ya kasance mataimakinsa a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin Amurka.  Koyaya, babu wani abu da aka sani game da dalilin Washington, ko kuma ya yi la'akari da sashi na biyan kuɗi don amfani da kowanne kyauta.

Shugabannin bayan Washington sun nemi izini daga Majalisa don adana kyauta. Ba tare da izini ba, Shugaban kasa zai ajiye abu tare da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. Alal misali, Andrew Jackson ya nemi izini daga Majalisa don adana lambar zinare da Simón Bolívar ya gabatar; Majalisa ta ki ba da izini, don haka Jackson ya ajiye lambar yabo tare da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. Martin Van Buren da John Tyler sun karbi kyaututtuka daga Imam na Muscat, wanda suka sami izinin majalisa ko dai don canja su ga Gwamnatin Amurka ko don siyar da su tare da kudaden da aka ba da su ga Baitulmalin Amurka.

 Gwamnatin Trump 
Wani ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Amurka kuma mataimakin farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Fordham Zephyr Teachout ya yi iƙirarin cewa manyan harkokin kasuwanci da gidaje na Shugaba Donald Trump, musamman game da hukumomin gwamnati a wasu ƙasashe, na iya faɗuwa cikin ƙa'idar, amma malamin shari'a na Irish Seth Barrett Tillman, na Jami'ar Maynooth a Ireland, ya rubuta cewa ƙuntatawa na Washington ba zai yiwu ba a lokacin karatunsa na gwamnatin Ireland.  Har ila yau Tillman ya rubuta cewa "Don tabbatar da adawa da rikice-rikice na ɗabi'a, na gaske da kuma fahimta, ya kamata Trump ya sanya bukatunsa a cikin abubuwan da suka wuce ikonsa na sirri, watau, a cikin amincewar makaho mai zaman kanta. Irin wannan matakin zai kasance mai hikima kuma ya dace da mafi kyawun al'adun siyasa da al'ada na Amurka.".  

Bayan da kasar Sin ta ba da alamun kasuwanci 38 na "Trump" a watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, sanatocin Democrat sun nuna rashin amincewar Trump da alamun kasuwancin ba tare da amincewar majalisa ba. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, akwai rahotanni game da Saudi Arabia ta kai tsaye ta ba da kudade ga Donald Trump ta hanyar Kasuwancin Trump, kamar otal-otal dinsa, wanda zai iya karya Dokar Biyan Kuɗi.

Kungiyar Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics a Washington, gami da tsoffin lauyoyin Fadar White House Norm Eisen da Richard Painter, sun shigar da kara a kan Trump da zargin keta ka'idar,  gami da karɓar alamun kasuwanci na kasar Sin.  Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan karar, Blumenthal v. Trump, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta yi watsi da ita a kan hujjoji. Sauran shari'o'i guda biyu, CREW v. Trump da DC da Maryland v. Trump, an sallame su a matsayin marasa amfani a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2021, ta Kotun Koli ta watsar da ƙananan hukunce-hukuncen kotun da suka yi wa Trump, saboda ba ya cikin ofis. Hukuncin kotun ya kawo karshen duk shari'ar da aka yi wa Trump kan batun biyan kuɗi.

A watan Janairun 2024, mambobin Democrat na Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka kan Kulawa da Alhakin sun fitar da Fadar White House don Sayarwa: Yadda Princes, Firayim Ministoci, da Firayim Minista suka biya Shugaba Trump rahoton da ya ba da cikakken bayani game da dala miliyan 7.8 a cikin biyan kuɗi daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje zuwa kasuwancin mallakar Trump. Bayan da 'yan Republican suka mallaki majalisar a cikin zaben tsakiyar shekara ta 2022, kwamitin ya daina neman bayanan kudi daga kamfanin lissafin Trump, Mazars, wanda ya jagoranci rahoton ya ɗauka cewa ƙarin biyan kuɗi ya faru. 

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, gwamnatin Trump ta bayyana niyyar karɓar P4-HBJ, Jirgin saman Boeing 747-8 da aka nema daga dangin sarauta na Qatar don amfani da shi a matsayin sabon Air Force One. Tare da kimanta darajar dala miliyan 400, wannan zai zama kyauta mafi daraja da aka taɓa ba da ita ga Amurka daga gwamnatin kasashen waje. Kodayake za a fara canja kyautar zuwa Ma'aikatar Tsaro sannan daga baya zuwa Tushen ɗakin karatu na shugaban kasa na Trump, har yanzu yana iya zama ya saba wa Dokar Biyan Kuɗi. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, wani rahoto mai yawa na kafofin watsa labarai game da gardama da ke tasowa game da kyautar ya lura cewa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na siyasa da mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo Erick Erickson ya soki shirin Trump na karɓar jirgin saman Qatar kuma ya ba da "ƙaryataccen kyautar" daga wasu masu ra'ayin rikon kwarya ga mabiyansa. A ranar 28 ga watan Mayu jaridar Washington Post ta ba da rahoton cewa ba a amince da yarjejeniya ba saboda Qatar ta buƙaci yarjejeniyar fahimtar da ke tabbatar da cewa duk wani canja wurin ya bayyana cewa Amurka ce ta fara buƙatar don tabbatar da cewa Qatar ba ta da alhakin shari'a. A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2025, Pete Hegseth ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta.

 Sojojin da suka yi ritaya 
Karkashin fassarar Fassarar Emoluments wanda Babban Kwanturolan Amurka da Ofishin Shawarar Shari'a na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka (amma ba a taba gwadawa a kotu ba) an hana jami'an soja da suka yi ritaya samun aikin yi, kudaden shawarwari, kyauta, kudaden balaguro, girmamawa, ko albashi daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje ba tare da izini daga Majalisa ba.  A cikin sashe na 908 na take 37 na Amurka Code, wannan yana buƙatar amincewar gaba daga Sakatariyar Gwamnati da Sakatariyar sashin da ya dace na Sabis na Sojoji.] Jami’an soji da suka yi ritaya sun bayyana damuwa ta Ƙungiyar Jami’an Ma’aikata da suka yi ritaya cewa yin amfani da wannan sashe ga kansu amma ba ga membobin ma’aikatan gwamnati da suka yi ritaya ba daidai ba ne aikace-aikacen sashe, don haka ya saba wa tsarin mulki.

A cikin 1942, Majalisa ta ba da izini ga membobin sojoji su karɓi duk wani "kayan ado, umarni, lambobin yabo da alamomi" da kasashe masu haɗin gwiwa suka bayar a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ko har zuwa shekara guda bayan kammala shi. Musamman, Janar Dwight D. Eisenhower ya karɓi lakabi da kyaututtuka da yawa bisa ga wannan izini bayan faduwar Nazi Jamus, gami da jarumi a cikin mafi girman tsari na jarumi na Denmark, Order of the Elephant . 

Majalisa ta kuma ba da izini a gaba ga karɓar daga gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje daga jami'an gwamnatin Amurka (ciki har da ma'aikatan soja) na kyauta iri-iri, dangane da yanayi iri-iri, a cikin Dokar Kyauta da Kayan Ado na Ƙasashen waje da kuma sashe na 108A na Dokar Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act, in ba haka ba da aka sani da Fulbright-Hays Dokar 1961 na Amirkawa da yawa sun kasance a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasashen waje.  ma'aikata, kamar na hidimar diflomasiyya ko a lokacin Vietnam da Gulf Wars.  Shugaba Obama da Trump dukkansu sun samu lambar yabo ta odar Abdulaziz Al Saud daga Saudi Arabiya, kayan ado da ake yawan baiwa shugabannin kasashe.

Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito cewa, a cewar jami'an tsaro guda biyu, Sojoji suna binciken ko Michael T. Flynn "ya karbi kudi daga gwamnatin Rasha yayin tafiya da ya dauka zuwa Moscow a 2015" yayin da yake jami'in gwamnati. A cewar jami'an, babu wani rikodin da Flynn ya "yi rajistar takardun da ake buƙata don tafiya", kamar yadda ake buƙata ta Dokar Biyan Kuɗi.

 Takardun sarauta 
Batun lakabi yana da matukar muhimmanci ga Masu juyin juya halin Amurka da masu tsara kundin tsarin mulki. Wasu sun ji cewa lakabi na daraja ba su da wani wuri a cikin al'umma mai adalci saboda sun rufe hukuncin mutane. Thomas Paine, a cikin zargi game da daraja gabaɗaya, ya rubuta:

Paine ya ji cewa lakabi ya makantar da mutane daga ganin ainihin halin mutum ta hanyar ba wa mutane masu taken abin sha'awa.  Yawancin Amirkawa sun haɗa lakabi da cin hanci da rashawa da suka fuskanta daga Birtaniya, yayin da wasu, kamar Benjamin Franklin, ba su da mummunan ra'ayi game da lakabi.  Ya ji cewa idan mukami na hawa, wato ana samunsa ta hanyar aiki tukuru a lokacin rayuwar mutum, yana da kyau domin yana kwadaitar da ‘ya’yan mai rike da sarautar wajen kwadayin cimma wannan matsayi ko babba;  duk da haka, Franklin ya yi sharhi, cewa idan lakabi yana saukowa, wato, an ba da shi daga mai shi zuwa zuriyarsa, to shi ne:

 Taken shugaban kasa 
Daya daga cikin batutuwan farko da majalisar dattijan Amurka ta tuntuba shi ne taken shugaban kasa.  Mataimakin shugaban kasa John Adams ya ja hankalin ‘yan majalisar dattawa kan wannan lamari mai cike da damuwa.  Yawancin Sanatoci sun ki kiran shugaban kasa duk wani abu da ya yi kama da sarautar sarakunan Turai, duk da haka John Adams ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar lakabin "Mai martaba, Shugaban Amurka, kuma Mai kare 'Yancinsu," ƙoƙari na yin koyi da lakabin Sarkin Burtaniya ("Na wurin alherin Allah, na Burtaniya, Faransa da Ireland, Sarki, Mai tsaron gidan Hannun-Mai kare hakkin Dan-Adam).  Brunswick") da kuma Sarkin Faransa ("Ta wurin alherin Allah, Mafi Kiristanci Sarkin Faransa da Navarre."

Wasu Sanatoci sun goyi bayan "Mai Zaɓaɓɓen Mai Martaba" ko "Mai Girma" (wanda na ƙarshe zai zama daidaitaccen nau'i na adireshin zaɓaɓɓen shugabanni na jamhuriyar baya).  James Madison, dan Majalisar Wakilai, ya bayyana cewa lakabin Turai bai dace da "hazakar jama'a" da "yanayin Gwamnatinmu ba".  Gaba ɗaya Washington ta ji kunya game da batun don haka 'yan majalisar dattawa suka watsar da shi;  Daga baya, kawai za a kira shugaban "Shugaban Amurka" ko "Mr. Shugaba", yana nuna bambanci tsakanin al'adun Amurka da Turai.

A karkashin ka'idojin ladabi, Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, mambobin gidajen biyu na Majalisa, gwamnoni jihohi, mambobin majalisun jihohi, da magajin gari ana ba su taken "The Honorable".

 Takardun sarauta Amincewa 
A cikin 1810, Sanata na Democrat-Republican Philip Reed na Maryland ya gabatar da gyare-gyaren Tsarin Mulki wanda ya fadada haramcin wannan sashi akan lakabi na daraja. A karkashin sharuddan wannan gyare-gyare, duk wani dan kasar Amurka wanda ya karɓa, ya yi iƙirarin, ya karɓi ko ya riƙe kowane lakabi na sarauta daga gwamnatin kasashen waje za a cire shi daga 'yancin Amurka. Bayan Majalisar Dattijai ta amince da shi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1810, ta hanyar kuri'un 19-5. kuma Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1810, ta hanyar kuri'un 87-3,  an aika da gyare-gyaren, mai taken "Mataki na goma sha uku", zuwa majalisun jihohi don tabbatarwa. A lokuta biyu tsakanin 1812 da 1816 ya kasance a cikin jihohi biyu na adadin da ake buƙata don zama wani ɓangare na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kamar yadda Majalisa ba ta sanya iyakar lokaci don tabbatar da ita ba, gyaran har yanzu yana jiran a gaban jihohi. A halin yanzu, tabbatarwa ta ƙarin jihohi 26 za ta zama dole don a karɓi wannan gyare-gyare.

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba