Batutuwan muhalli a Bolivia

Batutuwan muhalli a Bolivia sun haɗa da sare daji wanda aikin gona na kasuwanci ya haifar, birane, da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, da asarar halittu iri-iri da aka danganta da cinikin namun daji ba bisa ka-ida ba, Canjin yanayi, sare daji, da lalata mazaunin. Tun daga shekara ta 1990, Bolivia ta sami saurin birane wanda ke haifar da damuwa game da ingancin iska da gurɓataccen ruwa.

 Kashe daji 
Bolivia tana da kashi na 13 mafi girma na kasa na gandun daji a duniya. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, babban gandun daji na farko ya kai hekta miliyan 36.2, yanki na 13 mafi girma a duniya kuma yana wakiltar kashi 2.8% na jimlar duniya. Bolivia kuma tana da na bakwai mafi girma na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Gabaɗaya, gandun daji sun kai hekta miliyan 51.4 ko 46.8% na jimlar yankin ƙasar tun daga shekara ta 2013. Included in Supplemental Material S1. Dukkanin gandun daji na farko da kuma gandun daji gabaɗaya suna raguwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

Saboda yawan kiwon shanu, noma da karamin noma, Bolivia ta rasa kusan hekta 200,000 na gandun daji a kowace shekara tsakanin 2006 da 2010. Bukatar kayayyakin aikin gona na Bolivia ya karu a wani bangare saboda hadewar aikin gona na Bolivian a cikin kasuwannin kayayyaki na duniya. Kamfanoni da manoma na Brazil musamman sun sanya manyan saka hannun jari suna ba su karuwar iko da tasiri a kan ƙasar Bolivia, wanda ya haifar da sare daji. Yankin Tierras Bajas a gabashin Bolivia, wanda ya kasance shafin yanar gizon Bankin Duniya, ya ga wasu daga cikin manyan gandun daji saboda kafa masana'antun soya da yawa daga masu mallakar ƙasashen waje. 

Shirye-shiryen mulkin mallaka sun kuma ba da gudummawa ga sare daji a Bolivia. Tun daga shekarun 1960, ƙasashen ƙasashen Bolivia sun ga manyan mallaka ta ƙauyuka daga yankin Andean da Amurka da Japan. Gwamnatin Bolivia ce ta karfafa wannan. Ƙasa mai arha da ƙasa mai kyau sun kasance ƙarin abubuwan motsa jiki ga waɗannan baƙi waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga shirya aikin gona na kasuwanci wanda ya haifar da sare daji ya karu da kashi 60% daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1990.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ci gaban ganyen coca ya zama yadu a Bolivia. Don ƙirƙirar sarari ga waɗannan manyan shuke-shuke, an sare manyan yankuna ta hanyar slash da ƙonewa. Ana buƙatar share kimanin hekta 4 na gandun daji don kowane hekta ɗaya na ƙasar da ake buƙata don noman coca. 

Kashe katako, wanda galibi ana yin sa ba bisa ka'ida ba a Bolivia, da kuma gobarar daji ƙarin dalilai ne na sare daji. Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba ya faru har ma a cikin Isiboro Secure National Park da Indigenous Territory (TIPNIS) wanda shine wurin shakatawa na jihar. Damuwa game da tasirin katako ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan sare daji ya kasance mai tsanani sosai cewa a cikin 2011 masu zanga-zangar Bolivia sun sami damar dakatar da gina babbar hanyar da za ta kara samun damar zuwa yankin TIPNIS. Cibiyar sadarwa ta babbar hanyar Bolivia ta kasance ba ta ci gaba ba, tana ƙuntata damar zuwa takamaiman wuraren gandun daji. Koyaya, yayin da ƙasar ke ci gaba, fadada gine-ginen hanya na iya haifar da sare daji ba kawai ba har ma da inganta damar ga masu katako ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa waɗannan yankunan gandun daji
+Rufewar gandun daji a Bolivia (1,000s na hekta na gandun daji na farko) 1990200020052010201540,80439,04638,16437,16436,1642.8%Kamar yadda aka ruwaito ga Binciken albarkatun gandun daji na duniya.Morales-Hidalgo, David; Oswalt, Sonja N.; Somanathan, E. (2015-09-07). "Status and trends in global primary forest, protected areas, and areas designated for conservation of biodiversity from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015". Forest Ecology and Management. Changes in Global Forest Resources from 1990 to 2015. 352: 68–77. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.011. ISSN 0378-1127.
Adadin karshe (2.8%) yana wakiltar kashi na jimlar duniya a cikin 2015.
+Rufe daji a Bolivia ta hanyar irin gandun daji (2013) Nau'in dajiYankin (ha) Kashi na cikin dari na gandun dajiKashi na Bolivia1Dajin Amazon19,402,38837.717.72Dajin Chaco9,098,16217.78.33Dajin Chiquitano8,645,84916.87.94Yungas dajin6,565,99412.86.05Dajin Tucumano3,322,8856.53.06Dajin da ke cike da ambaliyar ruwa3,047,5985.92.87Dajin Pantanal1,147,4012.21.08Kyakkyawan gandun daji na Andean172,2270.30.29Dajin Andes4,4960.010.0Jimlar gandun daji, 201351,407,00010046.8
Tushen: MMAyA-OTCA, wanda Andersen et al suka taƙaita 2016:S1 . Andersen, Lykke E.; Doyle, Anna Sophia; Granado, Susana del; Ledezma, Juan Carlos; Medinaceli, Agnes; Valdivia, Montserrat; Weinhold, Diana (2016-03-18). "Net Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in Bolivia during 1990-2000 and 2000-2010: Results from a Carbon Bookkeeping Model". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): –0151241. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1151241A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151241. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4798530. PMID 26990865. Included in Supplemental Material S1.

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