Injiniyan ƙasa

Geoengineering (wanda aka fi sani da Injiniyan yanayi ko Shiga tsakani na yanayi) shine ƙaddamar da manyan matakan shiga tsakani a cikin tsarin yanayi na Duniya wanda aka nufa don magance Canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar. Kalmar yawanci ta ƙunshi manyan nau'o'i biyu: carbon dioxide removal">Cire carbon dioxide mai girma (CDR) da gyaran hasken rana (SRM). CDR ya haɗa da dabaru don cire carbon dioxide daga yanayi kuma galibi ana ɗaukarsa nau'i ne na Rage canjin yanayi. SRM tana da niyyar rage dumamar duniya ta hanyar nuna karamin ɓangaren hasken rana (radiation na rana) daga Duniya kuma ya koma cikin sararin samaniya. Kodayake a tarihi an haɗa su tare, waɗannan hanyoyin sun bambanta sosai a cikin hanyoyin, lokutan lokaci, da bayanan haɗari, kuma yanzu ana tattauna su daban. : IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, . Wasu wasu manyan shawarwari na injiniya - kamar tsoma baki don jinkirta narkewar kankara da kankara - wani lokacin ana rarraba su azaman nau'ikan geoengineering.

Wasu nau'ikan injiniyan ƙasa suna gabatar da batutuwan siyasa, zamantakewa da ɗabi'a. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙiyayya na yau da kullun shine cewa mayar da hankali ga waɗannan fasahohin na iya lalata ƙoƙarin rage hayakin gas. Gudanarwa mai inganci da kulawar kasa da kasa ana daukar su a matsayin masu mahimmanci.

Manyan kungiyoyin kimiyya sun bincika yiwuwar, haɗari, da bukatun shugabanci na geoengineering, gami da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka, Injiniya, da Magunguna,    Royal Society,  Ƙungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO),  da Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya.World Climate Research Programme. "Research on Climate Intervention". www.wcrp-climate.org.

 Hanyoyi 

 Cire carbon dioxide 

 Canjin hasken rana 
alt=refer to caption and image description|right|thumb|320x320px|Shirin gyaran hasken rana ta amfani da balloon da aka ɗaure don yin amfani da sulfate aerosols a cikin stratosphere

 Injiniyan ƙasa na kankara 

 Gudanarwa 
Yawancin batutuwan shugabanci da suka shafi geoengineering na musamman ne ga rukunin ko takamaiman hanyar. Duk da haka, wasu kayan aikin gwamnati na kasa da kasa sun magance aikin injiniya tare.

Taron Jam'iyyun da suka halarci Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta sun yanke shawara da yawa game da "yanayin yanayi mai alaƙa da yanayin yanayi. " Wannan na 2010 ya kafa "cikakken tsarin tsarin da ba a ɗaure shi ba" :: 106  don "ayyukan injiniya masu alaƙa da yanayi waɗanda zasu iya shafar bambancin halittu, " suna buƙatar tattara takamaiman bayanan kimiyya, su shiga cikin kimantawar muhalli, su kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙa'ida mai tasiri.  : 96-97 : 161-162 Shawarwarin Jam'iyyun na 2016 ya yi kira ga "ƙarin bincike da raba ilimi... don fahimtar tasirin injiniyan ƙasa mai alaƙa da yanayi. "

Jam'iyyun da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar London kan Rigakafin Ruwan Ruwa ta hanyar Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter da ke tattare da shi a London Protocol sun yi magana game da "magana da ruwa". A cikin 2013, jam'iyyun London Protocol sun amince da gyare-gyare don kafa tsarin doka don tsara tsarin gine-ginen ruwa, wanda aka iyakance ga haɓakar teku da buƙatar kimantawa da izini kafin duk wani aiki ya ci gaba. Wannan gyare-gyaren bai riga ya fara aiki ba saboda rashin isasshen tabbatarwa. A cikin 2022, bangarorin biyu sun amince da karuwar sha'awar injiniyan ruwa, sun gano dabaru huɗu don sake dubawa na farko, kuma sun karfafa kimanta ayyukan da aka gabatar a ƙarƙashin jagororin da ke akwai yayin la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka don ƙarin tsari. A cikin 2023, sun yi gargadi cewa waɗannan dabarun na iya haifar da haɗarin muhalli mai tsanani, sun nuna rashin tabbas na kimiyya game da tasirin su, sun bukaci a yi amfani da tsarin kimantawa, kuma sun yi kira ga hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa. Kungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun ta tallafa wa ayyukansu kan fannonin kimiyya na kare muhalli na Marine na Kungiyar Maritime ta Duniya.


 Manazarta