2020 a cikin canjin yanayi

Wannan labarin ya rubuta abubuwan da suka faru, binciken bincike, ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, da ayyukan ɗan adam don auna, hangowa, ragewa, da daidaitawa da tasirin dumamar duniya da canjin yanayi - a cikin shekara ta 2020.

 Bayani 

 Binciken Lancet Countdown na Disamba 2020 ya kammala cewa abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin 2020 sun nuna "rashin ci gaba da ci gaba" a cikin bangarori da yawa, gami da "ci gaba da gazawar rage ƙarfin carbon na tsarin samar da makamashi na duniya, karuwar amfani da wutar lantarki, da karuwar hayakin noma da mutuwar da ba su dace ba daga yawan amfani da nama. Wadannan batutuwan (sun kasance) a wani bangare ya kasance yana fuskantar ci gaban sau da yawa a cikin jigilar carbon".  Duk da yawa. Binciken ya ci gaba da lura da cewa "yanayin da girman tasirin tattalin arziki da martani ga annobar COVID-19 za su taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance ko duniya ta cika alkawuran Yarjejeniyar Paris". 

 Ma'auni da kididdiga 

 NASA GISS ta ba da rahoton matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya na 2020 ya kasance 1.84 ° F (1.02 ° C) mai dumi fiye da asalin 1951-1980 ma'ana, dan kadan ya fi 2016 amma a cikin kuskuren kuskuren bincike, yana sa 2020 yadda ya kamata ya ɗaure 2016 a matsayin shekara mafi zafi a rikodin  duk da tasirin sanyaya na La Niña.  Da kansa, Copernicus (EU)  ya yarda da ƙarshen NASA, yayin da NOAA da Ofishin Met na Burtaniya suka kammala 2020 shine na biyu mafi dumi.  
 Babban latitudes na arewa:

 Siberia ta yi rikodin yanayin zafi na biyu na Janairu-Yuni a rikodin - fiye da 5 ° C (9 ° F) sama da matsakaici - gami da har zuwa 10 ° C (18 ° F) fiye da matsakaiciyar a watan Yuni. Verkhoyansk, wanda ke arewacin da'irar arctic, ya rubuta zafin jiki na 38 ° C (100 ° F) a ranar 20 ga Yuni. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa, ba tare da canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar ba, waɗannan yanayin Janairu-Yuni zai faru kasa da sau ɗaya a cikin kowane shekaru 80,000.
 Lokacin wuta a Sakha (Siberia) ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin rikodin MODIS na shekaru 20 dangane da farkon farko da arewacin arewa, tare da wasu gobara da ke ƙone kusan kilomita 11 kawai daga Tekun Chukchi. Daga Maris zuwa Yuni, yankin da aka ƙone ya fi sau 2.9 na matsakaicin shekaru 20.
 Ƙarshen hunturu na kankara na teku na Arctic shine mafi ƙasƙanci na 11, kuma ƙarshen lokacin rani shine mafi ƙas ƙasƙanci, a cikin rikodin tauraron dan adam na 1979-2020.
 Afrilu 2020 Girman kankara na Arewacin Hemisphere ya kasance kusan 1,000 km3 ƙasa da matsakaicin 2010-2019, kuma Girman kanjin teku na Oktoba 2020 ya nuna mafi ƙarancin darajar a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata saboda asarar bazara ta biyu mafi girma na 15.215 km3.


 6 ga Fabrairu: a cikin sanarwar manema labarai ta 1 ga Yulin 2021, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta amince da sabon rikodin zafin jiki na nahiyar Antarctic na 18.3 ° C (64.9 ° F) da aka kai a ranar 6 ga Fabraniru 2020, ya wuce matakin da ya gabata na 17.5 ° C (24 Maris 2015) don yankin Antarctic.   
 Rabin farko na 2020: Ember ya ba da rahoton cewa rabon iska da hasken rana na wutar lantarki na duniya ya tashi zuwa 9.8%, daga 4.6% a lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Yanayi ta Paris ta 2015; kuma a cikin 2020: Jamus (42%), Burtaniya (33%), EU (21%), Turkiyya (13%), Amurka (12%), China, Indiya, Japan, Brazil (kowane 10%), da Rasha (0.2%). 
 Matsakaicin  na watan Satumba na 2020 a tashar Mauna Loa ya kasance 411.29 ppm (daga 408.54 ppm a watan Satumbar 2019), kuma a Cape Grim a Tasmania, 410.8 ppm (zuwa daga 408.58 ppm a cikin 2019). 
 Kankara na Antarctic a cikin 2020 ya kasance kusa ko dan kadan sama da matsakaicin shekaru 42. 
 A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, Death Valley ya kai 54.4 ° C (129.9 ° F), mafi girman zafin jiki da aka sani a duniya a akalla shekaru 80 da suka gabata.  
 A ranar 4 ga Janairu, Penrith, New South Wales ya kai 48.9 ° C (120 ° F), mafi girman zafin jiki da aka lura a cikin babban birnin Australia.  
 A Gabas ta Tsakiya, an kafa rikodin zafin jiki a Urushalima (42.7 °C, 108.8 °F), Eilat (48.9 °C, 120 °F), Filin jirgin saman Kuwait (52.1 °C, 125.8 °F) da Baghdad (51.8 °C, 125 °F).         
 Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku (OHC) a saman 2000 m (6600 ft) sun kai rikodin rikodin a cikin 2020 (bayanai da aka tattara tun 1958), matsakaicin ƙimar layi na shekara-shekara tun 1986 kusan sau takwas ya fi girma fiye da ƙimar layi daga 1958 zuwa 1985.  
 Cibiyoyin Bayanai na Muhalli na NOAA (NCEI) sun ba da rahoton (duba ginshiƙi) cewa a cikin 2020, Amurka ta sami abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi 22 da suka kai akalla dala biliyan, wanda ya wuce matsakaicin daidaitawar farashin 1980-2019 na irin waɗannan abubuwan 6.6. 
 Rahoton Rashin Rashin Ruwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2020 ya bayyana cewa kashi 1% mafi girma na yawan jama'ar duniya sun kai fiye da sau biyu na jimillar iskar gas na mafi ƙarancin kashi 50%. Don cimma burin 1.5 °C na Yarjejeniyar Paris, kashi 1 zai buƙaci rage hayakin su na yanzu da akalla kashi 30, yayin da hayakin kowane mutum na mafi talauci kashi 50 zai iya ƙaruwa da kusan sau uku matakan su na yanzu. 
 A watan Afrilu na 2021, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Rage Hadarin Bala'i ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 2020, bala'o'in da suka shafi yanayi sun fi alhakin abubuwan da suka faru 389 da suka haifar da mutuwar mutane 15,080, mutane miliyan 98.4 da suka shafa, da asarar tattalin arziki na akalla dala biliyan 171.3.
 An ruwaito Satumba 2021: an kashe masu gwagwarmayar muhalli 227 a duk faɗin duniya a cikin 2020, tare da adadi mai yawa a duk faɗakarwa Latin Amurka da Amazon, mafi yawan waɗanda aka kashe su ne manoma masu karami ko 'yan asalin ƙasar, mafi yawan masu kare gandun daji daga masana'antu masu tsami da katako, aikin gona da hakar ma'adinai.
 12 Afrilu 2022: wani binciken guguwa na 2020 na akalla ƙarfin guguwa mai zafi da aka buga a cikin Nature Communications ya kammala cewa canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar ya karu da yawan ruwan sama mai sa'o'i 3 da kashi 10%, kuma ruwan sama mai yawa na kwanaki 3 ya kai kashi 5%. Ga guguwar guguwa, adadi ya karu zuwa 11% da 8% . 

 Abubuwan da suka faru na halitta 

 Cutar COVID-19:

 A matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na annobar, an yi hasashen raguwar kashi 8% a cikin hayakin gas mai ɗorewa don 2020, wanda zai zama mafi girman raguwar shekara 1 a rikodin. Koyaya, wannan raguwa ya kasance sakamakon raguwar ayyukan tattalin arziki, ba decarbonization na tattalin arzikin da ake buƙata don amsawa ga canjin yanayi ba.
 The Global Carbon Project ya kiyasta cewa ana iya rage hayakin  na yau da kullun a duniya da kashi 17% a lokacin mafi tsananin Rufewar COVID-19, amma WMO's Greenhouse Gas Bulletin ya nuna cewa wannan tasirin gajeren lokaci ba zai iya haifar da adadi na shekara-shekara na 2020 ya wuce 1 ppm na halitta tsakanin shekara-sheko ba.

 Wutar daji ta Australia:

 Ya zuwa Maris 2020, gobarar "Black Summer" ta ƙone kusan hekta miliyan 19 (acre miliyan 46.95), ta lalata gidaje sama da 3,000, kuma ta kashe mutane 33 da fiye da dabbobi biliyan daya, kuma an kiyasta cewa tana da tasirin dala biliyan 20, wanda ya wuce rikodin dala biliyan 4.4 na gobarar Black Asabar ta 2009.
 Binciken da aka yi game da yanayin zafi da fari wanda ke haifar da waɗannan gobarar daji na Australiya ya gano cewa canjin yanayi na ɗan adam ya haifar da yiwuwar matsanancin zafi ya karu da akalla kashi biyu, kuma haɗarin Yanayin Yanayin Wutar ya zama "mai tsanani" ko mafi muni ya karu da aƙalla kashi 30%.
 Shan sigari a cikin stratosphere daga gobarar daji ta Australiya ya haifar da toshewar hasken rana a duniya fiye da duk wani gobarar daji da aka rubuta a baya, tare da tsari iri ɗaya na tilasta radiative kamar yadda ya haifar da fashewar dutsen wuta.

 Ayyuka da maganganun manufofi 

 Kimiyya da fasaha 

 A watan Oktoba, MOSAiC, mafi girma-mutum ($177 miliyan) balaguron kimiyya na Arctic, ya kammala kusan aikin watanni 13, jirgin bincike na Polarstern an kulle shi da gangan a cikin kankara na Arctic kuma ya tattara fiye da 150 terabytes na bayanai da 1,000 samfurori na kankara.
 Koriya Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) superconducting fusion na'urar kiyaye wani muhimmin yanayi a ƙarshe samar da fusion power, kiyaye plasma a wani ion zafin sama da 100 miliyan ° C.  (180 miliyan ° F) don rikodin 20 seconds.

 Ayyukan siyasa, tattalin arziki, al'adu 

 A watan Fabrairu, an zabi mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi na Sweden mai shekaru 17 Greta Thunberg don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya a karo na biyu, bayan da aka kuma ba da gabatarwa a shekarar da ta gabata.
 A watan Afrilu, annobar COVID-19 ta tilasta jinkirta taron canjin yanayi na COP26 daga Nuwamba 2020 zuwa shekara mai zuwa.
 A watan Afrilu, Austria da Sweden sun rufe tashoshin wutar lantarki na karshe.
 A watan Mayu, Hukumar Bayanai ta Makamashi ta ba da sanarwar cewa amfani da makamashi na shekara-shekara na Amurka daga hanyoyin sabuntawa ya wuce amfani da kwal a karo na farko tun kafin 1885. 
 A farkon rabin 2020, EU ta samar da kashi 40% na wutar lantarki daga sabuntawa, da kuma kashi 34% daga man fetur.
 A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, wata kawance ta dabarun a Peru ta ba da sanarwar sadaukar da kan yanayi don sanya Machu Picchu ta farko daga cikin Sabbin Abubuwa Bakwai na Duniya da kuma wurin yawon bude ido na farko na duniya don samun takardar shaidar tsaka-tsaki na carbon.
 Bayan Guguwar Delta ta Oktoba ta buge Puerto Morelos, Mexico, wani kamfanin inshora ya ba da biyan kuɗi (peso miliyan 17, ko US $ 850,000) a kan manufofin da ke rufe murjani. An fitar da manufofin ne don rufe lalacewar guguwa wanda ake sa ran tsananin ya karu saboda canjin yanayi.
 4 Nuwamba 2020 ya nuna kammala tsarin da Shugaba Trump na Amurka ya janye kasar daga yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Paris, Amurka ta zama ƙasa ɗaya kawai a duniya da ta yi hakan. Zababben shugaban kasar Joe Biden ya yi alkawarin sake shiga yarjejeniyar Paris a ranar farko ta shugabancinsa.
 A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, ministan makamashi na Tasmanian Guy Barnett ya ba da sanarwar cewa tsibirin tsibirin Australiya ya sami isasshen kansa 100% a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa.


 A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba, gwamnatin Denmark ta kada kuri'a don kawo karshen sabon binciken mai da iskar gas a cikin Tekun Arewacin Denmark a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin da za a dakatar da fitar da man fetur a shekara ta 2050, yana tabbatar da kawo karshen samar da man fetun Denmark. Zaben Denmark ya biyo bayan irin wannan ayyukan da Faransa (2017) da New Zealand (2018). 
 12 Disamba 2020 ita ce bikin cika shekaru biyar na Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015; kasashe suna bita da sabunta alkawuransu na kasa a kowace shekara 5.
 A watan Disamba, shirin Net Zero Asset Managers - wanda ya hada da kamfanonin gudanar da kudade 30 da ke kula da dala tiriliyan 9 - sun yi alkawarin saka hannun jari su kasance masu tsaka-tsaki a shekara ta 2050.
 2020 ita ce shekara ta farko da sabuntawa ta mamaye burbushin burbushin halittu a matsayin babbar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Tarayyar Turai.
 Sanarwar kamfanoni don fitar da wani bangare ko gaba ɗaya daga kamfanonin man fetur na burbushin halittu an yi ta asusun fansho na jihar New York ($ 226 biliyan), asusun fansos na Sweden AP2 ($ 43 biliyan), duk manyan bankunan Amurka guda shida (a cikin harkar Arctic), kyautar Jami'ar Cambridge ($ 4.5 biliyan), manyan birane goma sha biyu (cikakken dala biliyan 295), asusun fanson Minnesota ($ 4 biliyan), Asusun fansho da Jami'ar California ($ 3.7 biliyan), kyautar Black

 Magana game da burin ragewa 

 A watan Janairu, Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa ta Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar jajircewarta na zama tsarin kiwon lafiya na farko a duniya.
 A watan Satumba, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ce za ta cimma matsaya ta iskar carbon ta hanyar 2060.
 A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Moon Jae-in ya bayyana cewa kasar - tare da kashi 6% kawai na wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar sabuntawa - za ta tafi tsaka-tsaki da carbon nan da 2050, biyo bayan irin wannan sanarwa a Japan (a farkon makon) da Tarayyar Turai (2019). 
 Kafin zaben shugaban Amurka na Nuwamba 2020, Joe Biden ya kira canjin yanayi barazana ga kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki da tsaron kasa, yana ba da shawarar sanya Amurka ta tsaka-tsaki da carbon nan da 2050; Donald Trump mai mulki ya ci gaba da yin tambaya game da kimiyyar yanayi, a zahiri yana inganta burbushin halittu.
 Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na  ga Disamba ya bayyana cewa akalla kasashe 113 sun yi alkawarin tsaka-tsaki na carbon nan da shekara ta 2050, kuma a farkon 2021, kasashe da ke wakiltar sama da 65% na hayakin CO na duniya da sama da 70% na tattalin arzikin duniya, za su yi alkawari mai ban sha'awa ga tsaka-tsakin carbon; kuma cewa jam'iyyun 186 na Yarjejeniyar Paris sun riga sun samar da NDCs.
 A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Boris Johnson ya ba da sanarwar manufa don rage hayakin gas na Burtaniya da kashi 68% (a baya 53%) nan da shekara ta 2030 idan aka kwatanta da matakan 1990, sanarwar gwamnati tana cewa manufa "ta sanya Burtaniya ta yanke hayakin a mafi sauri na kowane babban tattalin arziki har zuwa yanzu".
 A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba, shugabannin EU sun amince da rage iskar gas da kashi 55% nan da shekara ta  (wanda aka auna akan matakan fitar da CO na 1990); Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yi kira ga yanke kashi 60%, da Greenpeace da Global 2000, 65%.
 A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya  ya gaya wa shugabannin duniya a taron Climate Ambition Summit cewa ya kamata dukansu su ayyana yanayin gaggawa har sai duniya ta kai ga fitar da CO="true" id="mwAjA" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO="true" id="mwAik" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO (kimanin 38 ne kawai suka riga sun yi irin waɗannan sanarwa).  Guterres ya lura cewa kasashe G20 suna kashe kashi 50% a cikin kunshin motsawar COVID-19 a kan man fetur da bangarorin CO2 masu yawa fiye da yadda suke a kan makamashi mai ƙarancin CO2.
 A taron koli na 12 ga watan Disamba, shugaban kasar Sin Xi Jinping ya ce nan da shekara ta 2030, kasar Sin za ta rage ƙarfin carbon da sama da kashi 65.

 Magana game da manufa 

 Akalla kasashe 51 sun haɓaka tsare-tsare don tsara tsarin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa. Koyaya, kashi 9% ne kawai na ƙasashe suka ba da rahoton samun kudade don aiwatar da shirye-shiryen su.
 Mayu 2021: Binciken Carbon Disclosure Project ya gano cewa a cikin 2020, kusan kashi 43% na biranen 800 da aka bincika (haɗe yawan jama'a: miliyan 400) ba su da shirin daidaita yanayin yanayi.

 Tsinkaya 

 15 Janairu bugawa: Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya lissafa manyan haɗari 10 a cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa ta hanyar yiwuwar (matsananciyar yanayi a matsayin # 1, gazawar aikin yanayi a matsayin $ 2, bala'o'in muhalli da mutum ya yi a matsayin # 5) da kuma Tasirin (rashin nasarar aikin yanayi a cikin # 1, matsanancin yanayi a matsayin '4, bala'o-lintegin muhallo da mutum ya haifar a matsayin #9).
 26 Mayu bugawa: Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin PNAS ya yi hasashen cewa a cikin wani lamari na kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba, matsayin ƙasa na yanayin zafin jiki na mutane zai canza a cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa fiye da yadda yake a cikin shekaru 6000 da suka gabata, kuma kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan duniya zai fuskanci matsakaicin zafin jiki a halin yanzu a cikin 0.8% na ƙasar duniya.
 ga Yuli bugawa: Wani bita da aka gudanar a karkashin Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya (WCRP)  ya tsara Yanayin yanayi - kewayon dumamar duniya da za a sa ran daga ninka CO - ya zama 2.6 - 3.9 ° C (4.7 - 7.0 ° F), ƙanƙanta fiye da ƙididdigar dogon lokaci (1979+) na kimanin 1.5 - 4.5 ° C (2.7 - 8.1 ° F).     
 Disamba buga: An yi hasashen cewa don isa ga Paris Climate AcCO ta 1.5 °C manufa, 56 gigatonnes na CO2 daidai (GtCO2e) da aka fitar a cikin 2020 zai buƙaci sauka zuwa 25 GtCO2ee nan da 2030, yana buƙatar raguwa da kashi 7.6% a kowace shekara - karuwar burin gwamnati na ƙasa na kashi biyar. 
 9 Disamba buga: Rahoton 2020 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cewa, zuwa 2030, hayaki na shekara-shekara zai buƙaci zama 15 (range: 12-19) GtCO2e ƙasa da NDCs marasa iyaka na yanzu yana nuna burin 2 ° C, da 32 (range, 29-36) GtCO 2e ƙasa don burin 1.5 ° C. An ce NDCs na yanzu sun "kasance sosai ba su isa ba don cimma burin yanayi na Yarjejeniyar Paris kuma zai haifar da karuwar zafin jiki na akalla 3 ° C a ƙarshen karni".  

 Littattafai masu muhimmanci 

 {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: sunaye da yawa: jerin marubuta (haɗi) (yana da hanyar haɗi zuwa PDF download) 


 "Kaddin Rahoton Arctic: Sabuntawa don 2020 / Canjin da aka ci gaba zuwa mai dumi, wanda ba shi da daskarewa kuma ya canza yanayin halittu Arctic ya kasance a bayyane" (PDF). arctic. NOAA.gov Hukumar Kula da Tekun Kasa da Yanayi (NOAA). Disamba 2020. An adana (PDF) daga asali a ranar 8 ga Disamba 2020. "Katarin Rahoto" ya haɗa da:

 Manazarta