Gidan mafaka (tsohon)

A tsohuwar Girka da Roma, mafaka wuri ne inda mutanen da ke fuskantar tsanantawa zasu iya neman mafaka. Wadannan wurare sun kasance da yawa na addini, kamar temples da sauran wuraren addini. Irin wannan ra'ayi, Cities of Refuge, ya wanzu a tsohuwar Levant.

 Isra'ila ta Dā da Yahuza 
Biranen mafaka wasu Garuruwan Levitical ne a Masarautar Isra'ila da Masarautar Yahuza inda masu aikata kisan kai na hadari zasu iya da'awar haƙƙin mafaka, kodayake har yanzu dole ne ya fuskanci shari'a. A waje da waɗannan biranen, doka ta ba da izinin ɗaukar fansa na jini a kan irin waɗannan masu aikata laifin. Littafi Mai-Tsarki ya ambaci birane shida a matsayin biranen mafaka: Golan, Ramoth, da Bosor, a gabas Kogin Urdun,  da Kedesh, Shechem, da Hebron a gefen yamma.  Har ila yau, akwai misali na Adonijah, bayan juyin mulki da ya gaza, neman mafaka daga sabon Sulemanu da aka shafa ta hanyar kama ƙahonin bagaden hadaya.

 Girka ta dā 
A tsohuwar Girka haikalin, bagadan, tsarkaka, da siffofi na alloli gabaɗaya suna da damar kare bayi, masu bashi, da masu laifi, waɗanda suka gudu zuwa gare su don mafaka. Dokokin, duk da haka, ba su bayyana sun amince da haƙƙin duk irin waɗannan wurare masu tsarki don ba da kariya wanda aka yi iƙirarin, amma sun ƙuntata shi ga wasu temples, ko bagadan, waɗanda aka ɗauka a wata hanya ta musamman don samun Asilia (Servius ad Virg. Aen. ii. 761.).

Akwai wurare da yawa a Athens waɗanda ke da wannan gata, wanda aka fi sani da Theseum, ko haikalin Theseus, a cikin birni, wanda aka yi niyya ne don kare bayin da ba a bi da su ba, waɗanda za su iya neman mafaka a wannan wuri, kuma su tilasta iyayensu su sayar da su ga wani mutum (Plut. Theseus, 36; Schol. ad Aristoph. Equit. 1309; Hesych. da Suidas, s.v.).

 Roma ta Dā 
Gidan mafaka (haikalin allahn Asylaeus) wanda aka ce Romulus ya buɗe a Roma a kan Capitoline Hill, tsakanin taron koli guda biyu, don ƙara yawan mutanen birnin  ya kasance, bisa ga labarin, wurin mafaka ga mazaunan wasu jihohi, maimakon wuri mai tsarki ga waɗanda suka keta dokokin birnin. A cikin jamhuriya da farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka, haƙƙin mafaka, kamar yadda yake a cikin jihohin Girka, ba ya bayyana cewa Dokar Romawa ta amince da shi. Livy da alama yana magana ne game da haƙƙin mafaka kamar yadda yake ga Helenawa.

 Hawai'i ta Dā 
A cikin al'adun tsohuwar Hawaii'i, an sanya wasu wurare pu'uhonua, wanda aka fassara "wurin mafaka". pu'uhonua wuri ne mai tsarki; mai laifi wanda ya keta ka'idar kapu mai tsauri, ko jarumi da aka ci nasara ko wanda ba yaƙi a yaƙi ba zai iya samun mafaka a cikin pu'uhonua, ba tare da ramuwar gayya ba. Kowane mutum, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsa na zamantakewa ba ko aikata laifi, yana da 'yancin shiga, idan za su iya isa shafin kafin masu bin su su mamaye su. Firistocin mazauna za su kashe duk wanda ya bi wani zuwa cikin wuri mai tsarki. Bayan wani firist ya tsarkake shi, mutumin ya sami 'yanci ya tafi, an wanke shi daga kowane laifi.

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'pu'uhonua' shine pu'uhonua o Honaunau a tsibirin Hawaii'i . Ita ce mafi girman ganuwar pu'uhonua a Hawai'i kuma an yi amfani da ita na tsawon lokaci. A nan heiau (haikalin) ya adana ƙasusuwan Keawe, babban shugaban da ya mutu a shekara ta  kuma daga baya aka yi imanin cewa shi allah ne. An yi imanin mana (ikon ruhaniya) don kare yankin. Kowane pu'uhonua an kare shi da irin wannan ta hanyar kakannin da aka yi wa allahntaka."A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai'i Island". National Park Service.

Bayan hada kan tsibirai a cikin 1810, Kamehameha Mai Girma ya soke mafi yawan pu'uhonua kuma ya kafa sabbin, kodayake wanda ke Honaunau ba a taɓa shi ba. An soke tsarin kapu da kansa a hukumance a wani bikin karya haramtacce da Sarki Kamehameha II da kotunsa suka yi a 1819, bayan haka muhimmancin pu'uhonua ya ragu, tunda babu buƙatar ikon gafartawa."A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai'i Island". National Park Service.

 Dubi kuma 

 Hakkin mafaka
 Gidan da ke da aminci
 Biranen Wuri Mai Tsarki
 Motsi na Wuri Mai Tsarki
 Biranen Mazauta

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba