Yin amfani da mama

Yin amfani da mama, wanda aka fi sani da shimfiɗa nono,  shine bugun da kuma ta'addanci na ƙirji yarinya mai girma, ta amfani da abubuwa masu wuya ko masu zafi, don ƙoƙarin sa su daina bunkasa ko ɓacewa.  Yawancin lokaci ana yin aikin ne ta hanyar mace mai kusanci ga wanda aka azabtar, wanda a al'ada mahaifiyar, tsohuwa, mahaifiyar, ko mai kula da ita ce tana ƙoƙarin kare yarinyar daga cin zarafin jima'i da fyade,  don hana daukar ciki da wuri wanda zai lalata sunan iyali,  don hana yaduwar cututtukan da aka samu ta hanyar jima'i kamar HIV / AIDS,  ko kuma ba da damar yarinyar ta bi ilimi maimakon tilasta ta shiga aure da wuri 

Yawancin lokaci ana yin sa ne a wasu sassan Kamaru, inda yara maza da maza zasu iya tunanin cewa 'yan mata waɗanda ƙirjinsu suka fara girma suna shirye don jima'i. Shaida ta nuna cewa ya bazu zuwa ga Kamaru, misali zuwa Burtaniya, inda doka ta bayyana shi a matsayin cin zarafin yara. Kayan aiki da aka fi amfani da shi don yin amfani da nono shine katako na katako wanda aka saba amfani dashi don bugawa. Sauran kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da ganye,  ayaba, kwarangwal na kwakwa,  dutsen niƙa, ladles,  da guduma da aka dumama a kan kwal. Ana yin aikin gyaran gyare-gyare a lokacin da yamma ko asuba a wani yanki mai zaman kansa kamar kicin gida don hana wasu ganin wanda aka azabtar ko sanin tsarin, musamman iyaye ko wasu maza. Tsarin ta'addanci na iya faruwa a ko'ina tsakanin mako guda zuwa watanni da yawa, dangane da ƙin wanda aka azabtar da kuma juriya na ƙirji; a lokuta inda ƙirji ke nunawa koyaushe, aikin ironing na iya faruwa fiye da sau ɗaya a rana na makonni ko watanni a lokaci. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

 Tarihi 
Ana iya samo kayan kwalliya na nono daga tsohuwar aikin tausa na nono.Rebecca Tapscott (14 May 2012). "Understanding Breast "Ironing": A Study of the Methods, Motivations, and Outcomes of Breast Flattening Practices in Cameroon" (PDF). Feinstein International Center (Tufts University). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2014. Massage na nono yana da niyyar taimakawa ko da girman nono daban-daban da rage ciwo na uwaye masu shayarwa ta hanyar massage na nono tare da abubuwa masu dumi.

 Sakamakon 
An rubuta aikin gyaran nono a Najeriya, Togo, Jamhuriyar Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, da Zimbabwe. Bugu da ƙari an samo shi a wasu ƙasashen Afirka, gami da Burkina Faso, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR), Benin, da Guinea-Conakry .  An bayar da rahoton "sweeping" na nono a Afirka ta Kudu.Rebecca Tapscott (14 May 2012). "Understanding Breast "Ironing": A Study of the Methods, Motivations, and Outcomes of Breast Flattening Practices in Cameroon" (PDF). Feinstein International Center (Tufts University). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2014. Wannan aikin ya zama sananne da Kamaru sakamakon kulawar kafofin watsa labarai da matakan gwagwarmaya na gida daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Dukkanin kabilun 200 na Kamaru suna shiga cikin gyaran nono, ba tare da wata alaƙa da addini ba, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ko wani mai ganowa. Binciken da hukumar ci gaban Jamus GIZ ta yi a shekara ta 2006 na 'yan mata da mata sama da 5,000 na Kamaru tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 82 sun kiyasta cewa kusan daya cikin hudu ya sha wahala a kan nono, wanda ya dace da' yan mata miliyan hudu. Binciken ya kuma ba da rahoton cewa galibi ana yin sa ne a cikin birane, inda uwaye ke tsoron cewa 'ya'yansu mata na iya fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i. Sakamakon ya kai kashi 53 cikin dari a yankin kudu maso gabashin Kamaru na Littoral. Idan aka kwatanta da Kirista da animist na Kamaru a kudu, gyaran nono ba ya zama ruwan dare a arewacin Musulmi, inda kashi 10 cikin dari na mata ne kawai ke fama da cutar. Wasu suna tunanin cewa wannan yana da alaƙa da aikin aure na farko, wanda ya fi kowa a arewa, yana sa ci gaban jima'i na farko ba shi da mahimmanci ko ma ya fi dacewa. Bincike ya nuna cewa kashi 16% na 'yan mata, musamman a yankunan Arewacin da ke da nisa inda auren yara ya zama ruwan dare, suna ƙoƙari su kwantar da ƙirjinsu a ƙoƙarin jinkirta balaga da haihuwa da aure na farko.

 Sakamakon kiwon lafiya 
Yin amfani da nono yana da zafi sosai kuma yana iya haifar da lalacewar nama. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, babu wani binciken likita game da tasirinsa. Koyaya, masana kiwon lafiya sun yi gargadin cewa yana iya ba da gudummawa ga ciwon nono, cysts da baƙin ciki, kuma watakila yana tsoma baki tare da shayarwa daga baya. Baya ga wannan, gyaran nono yana sanya 'yan mata cikin haɗarin abscesses, cysts, kamuwa da cuta, da lalacewar nama na dindindin, wanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyin nono, rashin daidaituwa a girman nono, da kamuwa da madara daga scarring. A cikin matsanancin yanayi na lalacewa, a halin yanzu akwai lokuta goma na cutar kansar mama da aka ruwaito daga mata waɗanda aka gano a matsayin wadanda ke fama da cutar kansar nono. Sauran yiwuwar sakamako masu illa da GIZ ta ruwaito sun haɗa da nono mara kyau da kuma kawar da nono ɗaya ko duka biyu. Ayyukan suna da tsananin gaske, daga amfani da ganye masu zafi don matsawa da tausa ƙirji, zuwa amfani da dutse mai niƙa don murkushe glandar da ke tasowa. Saboda wannan bambancin, sakamakon kiwon lafiya ya bambanta daga mai kyau zuwa mai tsanani.Rebecca Tapscott (14 May 2012). "Understanding Breast "Ironing": A Study of the Methods, Motivations, and Outcomes of Breast Flattening Practices in Cameroon" (PDF). Feinstein International Center (Tufts University). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2014. Cibiyar Bayanai ta Yara (CRIN) ta ba da rahoton jinkirin ci gaban madara bayan haihuwa, yana jefa rayuwar jarirai cikin haɗari.

 Hamayya 
Kazalika da kasancewa mai haɗari, ana sukar gyaran nono kamar yadda ba shi da tasiri don dakatar da jima'i da ciki. GIZ (wanda ake kira "GTZ") da kuma Network of Aunties (RENATA), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Kamaru wacce ke tallafawa matasan uwaye, kamfen akan gyaran nono,  kuma Ma'aikatar Inganta Mata da Iyali ce ke tallafawa.  Wasu kuma sun ba da shawarar doka game da aikin; duk da haka, ba a ba da irin wannan doka ba.Rebecca Tapscott (14 May 2012). "Understanding Breast "Ironing": A Study of the Methods, Motivations, and Outcomes of Breast Flattening Practices in Cameroon" (PDF). Feinstein International Center (Tufts University). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2014. Wasu suna la'akari da aikin a matsayin batun kare hakkin dan adam mai tasowa, wanda aka gane shi a matsayin aikin tashin hankali na jinsi yayin da yin amfani da nono ke shafar mata da 'yan mata ba tare da la'akari le launin fata ba, aji, addini, asalin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ko shekaru. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Game da 'yan adawa na baya-bayan nan, a cikin 2000, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ta gano gyaran nono a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nau'o'i biyar na nuna bambanci da Laifukan da aka yi wa mata watsi da su.

A cewar wani lauyan Kamaru, idan likita ya yanke shawarar cewa an yi wa nono lalacewa, ana iya azabtar da mai aikata laifin har zuwa shekaru uku a kurkuku, idan dai an bayar da rahoton lamarin a cikin 'yan watanni. Koyaya, ba a san ko irin wannan doka ta wanzu ba saboda babu rubuce-rubuce na tilasta bin doka.Rebecca Tapscott (14 May 2012). "Understanding Breast "Ironing": A Study of the Methods, Motivations, and Outcomes of Breast Flattening Practices in Cameroon" (PDF). Feinstein International Center (Tufts University). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2014.

Binciken GIZ ya gano cewa a cikin shekara ta 2006, kashi 39 cikin 100 na matan Kamaru sun yi adawa da gyaran nono, tare da kashi 41 cikin 100 da ke nuna goyon baya da kashi 26 cikin 100 marasa kulawa. Reuters ta ruwaito a shekarar 2014 cewa kamfen din da aka yi a duk fadin kasar ya taimaka wajen rage yawan gyaran nono da kashi 50 cikin dari a kasar.

 Dubi kuma 

 Rage nono
 Ƙuntata nono
 Yankewar jima'i na mata
 Mastectomy
 Amazons
 Thelarche, matakin ci gaban balaga inda buds na nono suka bayyana
 Lokacin balaga da ya fara

 Manazarta