Rushewar bakin teku a Louisiana

Rushewar bakin teku a Louisiana shine tsari na raguwar wuraren da ke kusa da bakin tekun jihar a cikin marshes, marshes da tsibirai masu shinge, musamman yana shafar tafkin da ke kewaye da bakin Kogin Mississippi. A cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, bakin tekun Louisiana ya rasa kimanin  kilomita 4,833 (1,866 sq  na ƙasa, kusan girman yankin ƙasar Delaware. Yawan canjin wuri mai laushi ya bambanta daga -83.5  kilomita (-32.2 murabba'i  zuwa -28.01  kilomita (-10.81 murabba'is  a kowace shekara, tare da yawan asarar da ke faruwa a cikin shekarun 1970. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon rushewar bakin teku shine karuwar rauni ga guguwar guguwa, wanda ke shafar yankin New Orleans da sauran al'ummomi a yankin. Jiha ta tsara cikakken babban shiri don maido da bakin teku kuma ta fara aiwatar da ayyukan maidowa daban-daban kamar karkatar da ruwa mai kyau, amma wasu yankuna za a ba da fifiko kuma a yi niyya don kokarin maidowa, saboda ba zai yiwu a sake farfado da duk wuraren da suka lalace ba. 

Tsarin Rushewar bakin teku a Louisiana shine sakamakon dalilai daban-daban, gami da hauhawar matakin teku; raguwar kayan kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun; hanawa na lokaci-lokaci saboda matakan rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa; guguwa na wurare masu zafi; cire man fetur da iskar gas da ababen more rayuwa; ababen more more rayuwa na kewayawa; da kuma shigar da Ruwan gishiri. Duk da yake raguwar ƙasa ta mamaye Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA),   matsin turɓaya shine abin da ke gaba da kara matsalar. Hawan matakin teku wanda aka danganta da dumamar yanayi na duniya, kodayake ba tushen dalili ba ne, ana kuma la'akari da abin da ke ba da gudummawa da damuwa a nan gaba.

 Dalilai da dalilai 

An bayyana rushewar bakin teku a matsayin "asarar ƙasashen bakin teku saboda cirewar tarkace ko dutse daga bakin teku. "  Kudancin Louisiana yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da aka shafa. A cikin 1973, Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana ta buga "Environmental Atlas and Multi-Use Management Plan for South-Central Louisiana" yana nazarin batun da yiwuwar mafita. Ba a aiwatar da mafita ba kuma batutuwan da rahoton ya nemi gyara har yanzu suna da kyau.
+Canjin Yankin Ruwa a cikin Yankin Rashin Ruwa, 1932-2016 Rashin ruwaGabas. Canji[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Yankin FarawaTerrebonneBaratariaCalcasieu-SabineMermentauPontchartrainSauti na BretonKogin MississippiTeche-RedmilionKogin Atchafalaya
Rashin ruwa da mutum ya yi, wanda aka tsara don kare mazauna da dukiyar da ke kusa da kogi, ya toshe ruwan ambaliyar ruwa wanda in ba haka ba zai kawo ruwa mai kyau da laka a cikin marshes. An yi katako da yawa a cikin maras kyau, suna barin canals da ramuka waɗanda ke ba da damar ruwan gishiri ya motsa cikin ƙasa. Hanyoyin da aka haƙa don masana'antar mai da iskar gas suma suna ba da damar hadari don motsa ruwan teku a cikin ƙasa, inda yake lalata maras kyau da maras kyau. Hawan matakan teku da aka danganta da dumamar yanayi ya kara matsalar. Yayin da matakan teku ke ci gaba da tashi, yawan raguwar ƙasa a tsakanin bakin tekun Louisiana zai karu.

An haɓaka tsarin Ruwa mai zurfi da ke taimakawa ta ƙofofi da madatsun ruwa a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na ƙananan Kogin Mississippi. Ruwan ruwa, wanda aka tsara don hana ambaliyar ruwa a kan hanyoyin ruwa, a gefe guda, ya hana yashi daga shiga cikin kogi duk da haka ya hana shi rarraba cikin marshes a cikin kogi. Ba tare da sabon karuwa da raguwa mai ɗorewa ba, ana maye gurbin wuraren da ke da ruwa mai gishiri daga Gulf. A sakamakon wannan matsala, manyan wuraren marsh suna ɓacewa ga teku. Tun daga shekara ta 1930 ruwa ya cinye fiye da murabba'in mil 1,900 (4,900 km2) na ƙasar jihar. Wannan asarar ya yi daidai da bacewar murabba'in kilomita 2 (65 km2) na filayen ruwa a kowace shekara ko kuma filin kwallon kafa a kowane minti 30. Ana iya juyar da wannan asarar, aƙalla a wasu yankuna, amma kawai tare da babban gyare-gyare, gami da cire madatsar ruwa don ba da damar Kogin Mississippi ya ɗauki laka a cikin waɗannan yankuna.  

Kafin gina madatsun ruwa a kan Kogin Mississippi, an kiyaye wuraren da ke cikin daidaituwa ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ya cika yankin da laka, da raguwa, nutsewar ƙasa. Wadannan raƙuman ruwa da mutum ya yi suna ba da gudummawa ga ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa da gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin Kogin Mississippi Delta. Bayan an gina madatsar ruwa, duk da haka, ambaliyar ruwa ta gudana kai tsaye zuwa Tekun Mexico. Wannan raguwa tare da hauhawar matakin teku na baya-bayan nan ya canza ma'auni zuwa raguwa maimakon ci gaban marsh. Wannan, tare da magudanan ruwa da aka gina a yankin, ya haifar da raguwar wuraren da ke da ruwa kuma ya haifar da rashin ƙarfi da ƙarancin kariya daga guguwar da ta gabata kamar Guguwar Katrina . Tidwell, Mike. The Ravaging Tide: Strange Weather, Future Katrinas, and the Coming Death of America's Coastal Cities, Free Press, 2006.  Gidauniyar Lake Pontchartrain Basin ta haɓaka cikakken tsarin gudanarwa ga yankunan gabashin gabar tekun Louisiana, yana mai da hankali kan maido da wuraren zama na kogi, maras kyau na cypress da maras kyau. Wannan na iya zama samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi ga wasu yankunan bakin teku.

Rashin rinjaye na iya zama saboda wasu dalilai. Wasu masu kallo suna zargin tasirin kai tsaye na man fetur da iskar gas, wanda aka sani da fracking. Sun yi imanin cewa cire kayan da ke karkashin kasa, kamar man fetur, ya hanzarta yawan raguwar ƙasa. Sun yi jayayya cewa, yayin da aka cire biliyoyin ganga na mai da ruwan gishiri da tiriliyoyin ƙafafun gas daga tsarin karkashin kasa wanda suka tara sama da miliyoyin shekaru, waɗannan tsarin sun rasa ikon su na tallafawa nauyin duniya a sama. Yayin da waɗannan gine-ginen suka rushe a hankali, ƙasa da ke sama a hankali ta ragu. Yankunan da ke saman sun fara nutsewa cikin ruwan Gulf. Wasu suna jayayya cewa raguwa tsari ne na halitta a cikin deltas, yayin da turɓaya ke matsawa, kuma ainihin matsalar ita ce rashin ruwan ambaliyar da za ta saba ajiye sabbin yadudduka na turɓaya. Matsayin guguwa ma lamari ne na rashin jituwa; wasu binciken sun nuna cewa guguwa a zahiri suna gina tsawo a cikin marshes. Wani sabon abu mai mahimmanci shine hauhawar matakan teku da ke da alaƙa da dumamar yanayi.

Wani abu da ya lalata wuraren da ke da ruwa shine katako mai yawa, musamman katako mai zurfi na gandun daji a farkon shekarun 1900. Ɗaya daga cikin masu katako na farko ya bayyana shi kamar haka: "Muna amfani da tsohuwar hanyar shiga da yankewa cikin tafki da kuma tsage shi da kuma fitar da cypress. Lokacin da mutum ya shiga nan tare da duk kayan aiki masu nauyi, yana iya yanke duk abin da zai iya yin ƙafafun jirgi daga ciki; ba mu sake dawowa nan ba. " : Wannan katako sau da yawa yana buƙatar gina magudanar ruwa, wanda, da zarar an gama katako, ya ba da damar ruwan gishiri ya shiga cikin wuraren da kuma hana sake farfadowa.

Kamar dai wadannan matsalolin ba su isa ba, gabatar da Nutria, wani nau'i mai laushi daga Kudancin Amurka, a cikin shekarun 1930 ya samar da sabon nau'in dabba mai shayarwa. Kodayake 'yan kalilan ne kawai suka tsere, yanzu akwai miliyoyin mutane. Kiwo na halitta ta Muskrat yanzu an hanzarta shi ta hanyar kiwo daga nutria. Ta hanyar cire shuke-shuke, nutria yana haifar da asarar ciyayi kuma, watakila mafi mahimmanci, asarar matattu kwayoyin halitta wanda in ba haka ba zai tara a matsayin peat kuma ya ɗaga matakin marsh. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sarrafawa na halitta akan nutria shine cinyewa ta manyan alligators, wanda zai iya samar da kayan aiki mai amfani don kula da kwayoyin halitta na nutria, don haka rage tasirin su a kan marshes.

Parishes na Terrebonne da Laforche a kudu maso gabashin Louisiana, tare da jimillar jama'a 209,136, suna cikin babban haɗarin shiga ƙarƙashin ruwa saboda lalacewar bakin teku. An kiyasta shi tare da yawan lalacewa na yanzu, murabba'in kilomita 75 a shekara, waɗannan yankuna da Ikklisiyoyin da ke kewaye da su za su kasance a ƙarƙashin ruwa a cikin shekaru hamsin zuwa tamanin.

Rushewa daga guguwa mai tsanani, canjin yanayi, da tsangwama na mutum tare da muhalli suna taimakawa ga rushewa a Kudancin Louisiana. Tekun Mexico yana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa da guguwa a wannan yankin. Wannan yana sassauta turɓaya a cikin marshes, da kuma tare da Kogin Mississippi, yana ba da damar ruwa ya ɗauke su. Harkokin ɗan adam zai zama karkatar da kogin Mississippi da sauran koguna. Wannan karkatarwa yana haifar da sanya turɓaya a wasu wurare ba inda za su kasance ba.

 Masana'antar mai da iskar gas 
Rashin mai da iskar gas a yankin bakin tekun Louisiana ya fara ne a 1926 kuma ya kai kololuwa a 1970 tare da ganga miliyan 72 na mai. Kodayake mafi yawan hakar mai da iskar gas sun koma bakin teku zuwa gabar nahiyar, gina tashoshi da bututun mai suna ci gaba a cikin filayen ruwa. Infrastructure, irin su canals, pipelines, da sauran siffofi, suna ba da gudummawa ga asarar wuri ba kawai ta hanyar cire kayan kai tsaye ba har ma da canza kwararar ruwa: ruwan gishiri na iya shiga cikin sauƙi, kuma aikin raƙuman ruwa na iya yaduwa ta hanyar canals. Misali, gina yanzu rufe Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO) ya gabatar da ruwan gishiri a cikin ruwa mai laushi da matsakaici a cikin St. Bernard Parish, wanda ke kusa da New Orleans, kuma ya sauƙaƙe mummunar lalacewa. Baya ga tashoshin da kansu, bankunan ganima suna canza ilimin ruwa na gida.

Menene a lokacin Hukumar Orleans Levee, yanzu Hukumar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kudu maso Gabas ta Louisiana da ke aiki a matsayin sassan Gabas da Yamma, sun shigar da kara a watan Yulin 2013 kan kamfanonin mai da iskar gas 97 don diyya, suna da'awar mil 50 na fadama na marsh, tare da ciyawar cypress wanda ya mamaye guguwar Gulf, "an rushe ta hanyar tashar masana'antar mai". An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "dukkanin tankin yanayin halittu", "mafi girman bala'in muhalli a Arewacin Amurka tun bayan kwano na kura", da "ƙasa mai dausayi yana mutuwa". "Lokacin da kuke magana game da zubar da waɗannan magudanar ruwa, a, yanzu ya bayyana ya kasance wani kyakkyawan wauta da za a yi .... Amma ] [ ya taɓa mafarkin zai zama matsala ko kuma bakin tekun zai ɓace." -John Laborde, Wanda ya kafa, Tidewater Marine, 2010. Wannan ba sabon hasashe ba ne kamar Percy Viosca, wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na Tulane a ƙarshe ya kori daga lokacin Gwamna Long kuma ya dawo ƙarƙashin wata gwamnati, wanda aka bayyana a cikin 1925, " ] [ - gyaren da mutum ya yi a Louisiana wetlands, wanda ke canza yanayin rayuwa daga tushensa, sakamakon kare ambaliya, sare gandun daji, zurfafawa da magudanar ruwa. " ta hanyar bayyana cewa "lokaci ya yi don babban ci gaba na wuraren dausayi na Louisiana tare da sababbin kuma [ƙarin] layukan hankali."

 Sakamakon 
Yawancin fa'idodi na wuraren da aka samu a wannan yankin ba su san su ba daga yawancin masu tsara manufofi a farkon karni na 20. Yankunan ruwa suna ba da mahimman ayyuka na muhalli da yawa ciki har da, samar da kifi, wuraren hutawa don nau'ikan ƙaura, ajiyar carbon, tace ruwa da haɓaka rashin jituwa game da muhimmancin waɗannan abubuwan, ba tare da ambaton kula da ambaliyar ruwa ba.

Yankunan da ke ɓacewa a kudu maso gabashin Louisiana suna da tasiri mai yawa daga al'adu zuwa tattalin arziki. Kifi na kasuwanci a Louisiana ya kai sama da dala miliyan 300 na tattalin arzikin jihar. Fiye da kashi 70% na wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga nau'o'in kamar shrimp, oysters da blue crabs waɗanda ke ƙidaya a kan wuraren da ke bakin teku a matsayin wurin kula da yara. Kowace shekara Louisiana tana sayar da lasisin farauta sama da 330,000 da lasisin kamun kifi 900,000 ga maza da mata waɗanda suka dogara da wuraren da ake amfani da su a matsayin wurin zama don wasan su. Ƙarin ayyukan nishaɗi kamar jirgin ruwa, yin iyo, sansani, yawo, tsuntsaye, daukar hoto da zanen suna da yawa a wuraren da ke da ruwa. Yankunan ruwa suna karɓar itatuwa iri-iri kamar su bald cypress, tupelo gum da cottonwood. Sauran tsire-tsire irin su dwarf palmetto da wax myrtle da tsire-shuke na ruwa kamar su Vallisneria da Ruppia 'yan asalin Louisiana ne. Tsire-tsire na ruwa suna aiki ne a matsayin matattarar halitta, suna taimakawa wajen cire ƙarfe mai nauyi, datti, da magungunan kashe kwari daga gurɓataccen ruwa kafin su kai Tekun Mexico. Dabbobi na asali a waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da osprey, anhinga, ibis, herons, egrets, Manatees, alligators, da beavers. Kodayake akwai dakarun da ke faruwa na halitta da yawa waɗanda ke shafar yankunan da ke da ruwa na Louisiana, mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa sa hannun ɗan adam ne ya haifar da mafi yawan raguwa.Tidwell, Mike. The Ravaging Tide: Strange Weather, Future Katrinas, and the Coming Death of America's Coastal Cities, Free Press, 2006. ISBN 0-7432-9470-X

Yayin da wuraren da ke da ruwa suka ɓace, mutane da yawa suna barin wuraren da ke cikin ruwa.Tidwell, Michael. Bayou Farewell: The Rich Life and Tragic Death of Louisiana's Cajun Coast. Vintage Departures: New York, 2003 . Tun da yake wuraren da ke bakin teku suna tallafawa kamun kifi na bakin teku mai mahimmanci, asarar wuraren da ke da ruwa yana shafar wannan masana'antar.

Wani sakamako na rushewar bakin teku shine asarar sandbars daga bakin tekun Louisiana. Yankin yashi na bakin tekun Louisiana yana kare bakin tekun Louisiane daga guguwa da iska mai sauri da ke tare da guguwa daga Tekun Mexico. A baya, waɗannan sandbars sun taimaka wajen rage lalacewar bakin tekun Louisiana daga guguwa. Koyaya, yayin da rushewar bakin teku ke ci gaba da haifar da waɗannan sandbars su lalace, lalacewar da bakin tekun Louisiana ta ɗauka ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa.

Saboda wannan asarar bakin tekun Louisiana, yawancin al'ummomin Louisiana suna fama da cutar. Wasu al'ummomi suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai. Idan wannan asarar bakin teku ta ci gaba, yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin za su sake komawa. Wasu al'ummomi sun riga sun sami asali, suna kawar da duk wanda ke zaune a can. Sabili da haka, rushewar bakin teku tana da tasiri sosai ga mazaunan Louisiana fiye da yadda mutane da yawa suka yi imani.

 Shawarwarin da aka gabatar da kuma ƙoƙarin magance su 
Akwai ayyuka da shawarwari da yawa don adana yankunan bakin teku ta hanyar rage lalacewar mutane, wasu daga cikinsu an yi ƙoƙari, gami da maido da ambaliyar ruwa daga Mississippi. Ba tare da irin wannan maidowa ba, al'ummomin bakin teku za su ci gaba da ɓacewa. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin farko da aka haɓaka shine karkatar da ruwa mai laushi, wanda ke cire ruwa daga Kogin Mississippi a wurare masu mahimmanci kuma yana jigilar ruwa mai lauri da laka daga kogin ta hanyar hanyoyin ruwa sannan kuma yana famfo kuma ya rarraba su cikin kogin da ke kusa. Sauran ayyukan da ke aiki a halin yanzu sun haɗa da maido da ruwa, kirkirar marsh, maido da tudun, da rage haɗari ga tsarin ɗan adam, wanda aka bayyana a ƙasa.

Tsarin karkatar da ruwa mai daɗi yana ƙarfafa rayuwar shukar ruwa mai daɗi kuma yana sake shigar da silt a cikin magudanan ruwa.   Matsalolin ruwa ba su kasance ba tare da jayayya ba kuma sun fuskanci wasu adawa, musamman daga masu girbin kawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana buƙatar babban matakin gishiri na yanzu a yankunan da ke da lasisi na jihar don ci gaba da samar da lafiya.  Wata hanyar sake dawo da bakin teku ita ce shuka sabbin ciyawa kai tsaye da sauran nau'ikan rayuwa mai dorewa a wuraren da abin ya shafa.  Akwai al'adar shuka, wanda zai iya zama mafi amfani fiye da dasa shuki kai tsaye, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da zubar da adadi mai yawa na iri daga ƙurar amfanin gona da aka yi niyya don girma zuwa tsire-tsire na ruwa.  An gwada tsaba na mangrove saboda idan sun girma suna da fa'idar rage yawan ruwan marsh.  jigilar kayan da aka riga aka bushe daga kogin Mississippi zuwa marshes, swamps, da tsibiran shinge shima zaɓi ne.  Wasu sun ba da shawarar cire kogin ruwa a wasu wuraren da ba su da yawan jama'a don ba da damar ruwa mai tsabta da rarrabuwa ya tarwatse zuwa cikin marsh, kodayake wannan hanyar tana da rikici kuma har yanzu ba a yi ƙoƙari ba.

Hukumar Karewa da Maidowa ta Tekun Louisiana ta samar da babban shiri wanda ke tsara dabarun jihar don cimma maido da bakin teku a nan gaba da kuma kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa. Dole ne a sabunta shirin a kowace shekara shida; an saki bugu na 4 a cikin 2023 .  Dokar Louisiana ta yanzu ta tanadi cewa duk kudaden shiga na mai da iskar gas da jihar ta tattara suna zuwa ga maido da bakin teku. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen yanzu tare da gwamnatin tarayya, Louisiana kawai tana iya karɓar ƙaramin kashi na sarauta, yayin da sauran ke zuwa gwamnatin tarayya. Tun daga shekara ta 2018, Louisiana ta sami damar karɓar dala miliyan 37.5 daga duk sabbin hayar, kodayake hayar da ta riga ta kasance har yanzu tana ƙarƙashin tsarin raba kudaden shiga na jihar / tarayya. Kudin da aka samu daga wani bangare na shari'ar man fetur na BP Deepwater Horizon da tarar tarayya suma sun tafi zuwa ga maido da bakin teku.

Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a magance rushewar bakin teku shine a gwada kuma a dasa ƙarin ciyayi a cikin wuraren da ke cikin Louisiana. Tushen shuke-shuke yana taimakawa wajen riƙe ƙasa a wurin kuma ya dakatar da ƙasa daga lalacewa. Ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin ciyayi a cikin filayen, ana iya sanya ƙasa ta zama mai ƙarfi kuma ba za ta iya lalacewa ba. Koyaya, shigar ruwan gishiri yana kashe yawancin waɗannan tsire-tsire, don haka ana buƙatar mafita don taimakawa kare shuke-shuke da aka shuka.

Wata hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita wajen yaki da rushewar bakin teku ita ce ƙirƙirar Ganuwar teku da kuma murfin ruwa. Seawalls shingen ne da aka yi da mutum wanda aka gina don hana ruwan teku ya isa bakin tekun. Saboda ruwan teku ba zai iya isa gabar teku ba, ruwan ba zai iya lalata bakin teku ba, don haka ya hana rushewar bakin teku. Breakwaters suna aiki kamar seawalls, sai dai cewa ba mutum ba ne; an yi su ne daga manyan duwatsu da aka ɗora kusa da juna. Ba su da tasiri kamar shinge na teku don dakatar da ruwa daga isa ga bakin teku, duk da haka, suna ba da damar ruwan teku ya kawo turɓaya a cikin shingen, amma dakatar da ruwa mai koma baya daga cire turɓaya, don haka taimakawa bakin teku su gina da sake cikawa.

Kimanin shine cewa yankin zai ci gaba da lalacewa, a wani bangare saboda karancin abubuwan gina jiki. Magani suna da yawa; duk da haka, gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi suna da matsaloli wajen aiwatar da su. Masana'antu, kewayawa, da kula da ambaliyar ruwa sune abubuwan da dole ne a yi la'akari da su tare da mafita. Ɗaya daga cikin mafita mafi tsanani zai zama karkatar da kogin Mississippi don gudana cikin delta. Canjin wuraren masana'antu, kewayawa, da yawan jama'a za su ba da damar dawo da wuraren da ke da ruwa tare da karancin tsangwama. A madadin haka, kara ka'idojin dorewa zai ba da damar warware batun da sauri. Samar da karin kayan aikin muhalli a yankunan zai ba da damar marshes su girma kuma ƙasa za ta ƙarfafa.

 Manazarta 

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