Da'irar Guba

Circle of Poison (COP) yana nufin fitar da magungunan kashe qwari da aka haramta a cikin gida don amfani da abinci a wasu wurare, wasu daga cikinsu suna dawowa ta hanyar shigo da su.Weir, David; Schapiro, Mark (1987). Circle of poison : pesticides and people in a hungry world ([2nd printing] ed.). San Francisco, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy. ISBN 9780935028096. “Da’irar” tana cika ne idan aka yi amfani da sinadarai masu guba da aka fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje don noman ‘ya’yan itace, nama, da kayayyakin da ake shigo da su daga waje da kuma amfani da su a cikin gida[6]. An fara gano wannan da'irar dangane da Amurka amma dangantakar kuma tana tsakanin sauran al'ummomin Duniya na Arewa da Kudu.

 Tarihin ra'ayi 
A cikin littafin, Circle of Poison: magungunan kashe qwari da mutane a cikin duniya mai fama da yunwa, David Weir da Mark Schapiro na Cibiyar Bayar da Rahoton Bincike ta Oakland sun gabatar da wani binciken bincike na yadda wasu sinadarai masu haɗari, waɗanda aka haramta a Amurka, har yanzu suna komawa cikin Amurka da abincin Amurka ta hanyar shigo da abinci. Ana samar da sinadarai da yawa, musamman magungunan kashe qwari, a cikin Amurka kuma ana fitar da su zuwa kudancin duniya. Sannan ana amfani da sinadarai da aka hana amfani da su akan ' amfanin gona na tsabar kuɗi', waɗanda daga baya ake fitar da su zuwa Amurka da sauran ƙasashe masu arzikin masana'antu don samun riba mai yawa.Boyle, Marie; Holben, David (25 September 2012). Community Nutrition in Action: An Entrepreneurial Approach. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781285401218 – via books.google.com

Binciken binciken da Wier da Schapiro suka yi ya nuna cewa, sinadarai masu ƙarfi da haɗari da ake amfani da su a cikin aikin gona na cikin gida sun haifar da yunƙurin jama'a game da tsauraran ƙa'idodi, kuma magungunan kashe qwari suna ba da gudummawa ga faɗaɗa aikin noma mai dogaro da kai a cikin kuɗin samar da abinci don bukatun gida. Ko da a inda aka shafa su ga amfanin gona, ana danganta magungunan kashe qwari da Green Revolution, wanda hakan na iya haifar da ƙarin yunwa ko da yana haɓaka noma. Magungunan kashe kwari, suna jayayya, ba shine mafita ga yunwa ba - suna ketare bukatun talakawa waɗanda 'ba su da kuɗin siyan abinci, ko kuma ƙasar da za su yi noma a kai'. Haka kuma, suna da'awar saboda kamfanonin agrochemical suna samun riba, sun tsara ka'idoji don ba da izinin fitar da sinadarai masu haɗari marasa iyaka.[9] Wier da Schapiro suna jayayya cewa wannan madaidaicin ya kasance bala'i.Weir, David; Schapiro, Mark (1987). Circle of poison : pesticides and people in a hungry world ([2nd printing] ed.). San Francisco, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy. p. 12. ISBN 9780935028096.

 Dokar Rigakafin Guba ta 1991 
A cikin Afrilu 1991, Sanata Patrick Leahy (D-VT) ya gabatar da "Dokar rigakafin Guba" a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka da Wakilai Mike Synar (D-OK) da Leon Panetta (D-CA) a cikin Majalisar. Wannan lissafin zai sanya tsauraran matakai kan fitar da sinadarai masu haɗari. Irin wannan doka ta zartar da majalisun biyu amma ta mutu a cikin kwamitin taro.

A takaice dai, "Dokar Rigakafin Guba" za ta kasance:Circle of poison : impact of U.S. pesticides on Third World workers : hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, on the impact on Third World workers who use U.S. made pesticides, June 5, 1991. Washington, DC: For sale by U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office. 1991. p. 143. ISBN 9780160353253.

An haramta fitar da magungunan kashe qwari da ba a yi wa rajista don amfanin gida ba; ba a yi rajista don amfani da abinci ba kuma ba za a fitar da su zuwa waje don amfani da abinci ba; ko kuma an soke yawancin rajista.

Izinin gwamnati ta ƙi shigo da wasu magungunan kashe qwari masu haɗari, gami da ƙuntataccen maganin kashe kwari da waɗanda aka yi rajista bisa sharaɗi ko kuma batun soke shari'ar.

An ba wa 'yan ƙasa damar shigar da ƙara a kan masu keta doka don aiwatar da doka.

Hakuri ta atomatik ga ragowar magungunan kashe qwari akan abinci don maganin kashe qwari ba a sake yin rajista a cikin Amurka

EPA da ake buƙata don yada bayanai kan hanyoyin magance kwari marasa sinadarai da kuma tarukan da aka ɗauki nauyin haɓaka ingantattun dabarun noma mai ɗorewa, gami da haɗaɗɗen sarrafa kwari da kuma amfani da hanyoyin da ba na sinadarai ba.

 Dokokin kashe kwari 
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) tana da ikon tsara siyarwa da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin Amurka; kafin a sayar da maganin kashe qwari, dole ne hukumar EPA ta ba shi lasisi ko rajista. Duk da yake rajista ba ta zama "yarda" ta EPA ba, yana nufin cewa hukumar ta yanke shawarar cewa maganin kashe kwari ba zai haifar da '' illar da ba ta dace ba' ga mutane ko muhalli.[16] EPA na iya soke ko dakatar da rajistar maganin kashe kwari, idan ƙarin shaida ya nuna cewa amfani da shi yana haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana. Ko kuma yana iya iyakance amfanin da za a sayar da shi ga takamaiman amfanin gona da aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace.

EPA ba ta da ikon hana fitar da magungunan kashe qwari da aka soke ko dakatarwa; kuma ba za ta iya hana fitar da haramtattun magungunan kashe qwari da za su iya zama masu haɗari daidai da hannun waɗanda ba a horar da su ba ko kuma sabbin abubuwan da ba a taɓa ba su rajista ba.[18] Saboda haka, ana jigilar miliyoyin fam na magungunan kashe qwari, waɗanda aka ƙaddara cewa ba su da aminci don amfani a cikin Amurka, zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na ketare.

 Dokokin maganin kashe kwari na tarayya 
Dokar Insecticide, Fungicide, da Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), da Dokar Abinci, Drug, da Cosmetic na Tarayya, sune manyan dokoki guda biyu da ke da alhakin sarrafa magungunan kashe qwari a cikin Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta Amurka, kuma suna da alhakin kare lafiyar abincin da ke dauke da ragowar magungunan kashe qwari zuwa Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Ilimi, da Jin Dadi. Sakataren ya mika wannan nauyi ga Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna."Maximum Residue Limits". United States Department of Agriculture system. Retrieved 22 February 2016.

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