Falsafar kiwon lafiya

Falsafar kiwon lafiya ita ce nazarin  ɗabi'a, matakai, da mutane waɗanda ke tabbatar da lafiyar ɗan adam.  A mafi yawancin, , falsafar kiwon lafiya ta fi dacewa da ita azaman abin da ba za a iya sharewa ba a tsarin zamantakewar ɗan adam.  Wato, ana iya ganin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta al'umma a matsayin wani muhimmin al'amari na wayewar ɗan adam wanda mutum ya ci gaba da neman haɓakawa, gyara, da canza yanayin gaba ɗaya da ingancin rayuwarsu.  Wannan damuwa ta shekara-shekara ta shahara musamman a cikin 'yancin siyasa na zamani, inda aka fahimci kiwon lafiya a matsayin ginshiƙi mai kyau don rayuwar jama'a..

Falsafar kiwon lafiya ta fi damuwa da tambayoyin da suka biyo baya:

 Wanene yake buƙatar kuma / ko ya cancanci kulawa ta lafiya? Shin kiwon lafiya hakki ne na kowa?
 Menene ya kamata ya zama tushen lissafin farashin jiyya, zama a asibiti, kwayoyi, da dai sauransu.
 Ta yaya za a iya ba da kulawa mafi kyau ga mafi yawan mutane?
 Menene sigogi masu mahimmanci don Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da Tabbacin inganci?
 Wanene, idan akwai, zai iya yanke shawara lokacin da mai haƙuri ke buƙatar "matakan ta'aziyya" (ba da izinin mutuwa ta halitta ta hanyar samar da magunguna don magance alamun da suka shafi cutar mai haƙuri)?

Koyaya, tambaya mafi mahimmanci ita ce 'me lafiya yake?'. Sai dai idan an magance wannan tambayar, duk wata muhawara game da kiwon lafiya ba za ta kasance mai ma'ana ba kuma ba ta da iyaka. Misali, menene ainihin aikin kiwon lafiya? Menene ya bambanta kiwon lafiya daga injiniya ko koyarwa, alal misali? Shin kula da lafiya game da 'haɓaka ikon cin gashin kai' ko yin aiki don amfanin mutane? Ko kuma ko da yaushe duka biyu? 'Falsafa' na komai yana buƙatar tambayoyin falsafa na asali, kamar yadda masanin falsafa David Seedhouse ya tambaye shi, alal misali.

A ƙarshe, makasudi, haƙiƙa da ma'anar falsafar kiwon lafiya ita ce haɓaka ɗimbin bayanai game da abubuwan da ke canzawa koyaushe na fasahar kere-kere, magani, da jinya.  Kuma ganin cewa kiwon lafiya yawanci matsayi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi girma wajen kashe kudi na gwamnati kasafin kudin, yana da muhimmanci a sami babban fahimtar kiwon lafiya a matsayin ba kawai zamantakewa cibiyoyin, amma kuma a matsayin siyasa.  Bugu da ƙari, falsafar falsafar kiwon lafiya na ƙoƙari don nuna alamar masu motsi na farko na tsarin kiwon lafiya;  zama ma'aikatan jinya, likitoci, ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya, masu kula da asibiti, kamfanonin inshora na kiwon lafiya (HMOs da PPOs), gwamnati (Medicare da Medicaid), kuma a ƙarshe, marasa lafiya da kansu.

 Ka'idojin kiwon lafiya 
Ka'idoji da / ko ɗabi'a na kiwon lafiya suna da rikitarwa da rikitarayyar. Don karfafa irin wannan babban bangare na Falsafar ɗabi'a, ya zama mahimmanci a mai da hankali kan abin da ke raba ka'idodin kiwon lafiya daga wasu nau'ikan ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u. Kuma gabaɗaya, ana iya cewa kiwon lafiya kanta ma'aikata ce ta "na musamman" a cikin al'umma. Tare da wannan ya ce, ya Komawa a kula da kiwon lafiya "a bi da shi daban da sauran kayan zamantakewa" a cikin al'umma. Cibiyar ce wacce dukkanmu muna da wani bangare ko muna son ta ko a'a. A wani lokaci a rayuwar kowane mutum, dole ne a yanke shawara game da kula da lafiyar mutum. Za su iya samun sa? Shin sun cancanci hakan? Shin suna bukatar hakan? Ina ya kamata su je su same shi? Shin ma suna son hakan? Kuma wannan tambaya ce ta ƙarshe da ke haifar da babbar matsala da mutum ke fuskanta. Bayan auna duk farashin da fa'idodi na yanayin kiwon lafiya, dole ne mutum ya yanke shawara idan farashin kiwon lafiya ya wuce fa'idorin. Fiye da batutuwan tattalin arziki na asali suna cikin wannan matsala. A zahiri, dole ne mutum ya yanke shawarar ko rayuwarsa ta ƙare ko a'a ko kuma idan ya cancanci ceto. Tabbas, a lokuta inda mai haƙuri ba zai iya yanke shawara ba saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya, kamar coma, to yanke shawara dole ne ta zo daga wani wuri. Kuma bayyana cewa "wani wuri" ya tabbatar da zama aiki mai wahala a falsafar kiwon lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">needed</span>]

 Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya 

Ganin cewa bioethics yana magance batutuwan da suka fi dacewa kamar yanayin tsarkakewar jikin mutum da matsayin kimiyya da fasaha a cikin kiwon lafiya, ka'idojin kiwon lafiya suna mai da hankali kan amfani da ka'idoji na ɗabi'a a fagen magani. Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya sun samo asali ne daga rubuce-rubucen Hippocrates, kuma ana amfani da aikin magani a matsayin misali a tattaunawar ka'idoji ta Plato da Aristotle. A matsayin filin tsari, duk da haka, babban yanki ne kuma sabon yanki na nazarin ka'idoji. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke tattare da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya ya kewaye "ci gaban matakan kimantawa na sakamakon maganin kiwon lafiya da shirye-shirye; an tsara waɗannan matakan sakamakon don jagorantar manufofin kiwon lafiya don haka dole ne a iya amfani da su ga adadi mai yawa na mutane, gami da ko ma tsakanin dukkan al'ummomi. "  Kalmomin kamar alheri da rashin namiji suna da mahimmanci ga fahimtar ka'idocin kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya. Sabili da haka, ya zama mahimmanci don samun fahimtar asali game da bambancin yanayin da ke shiga cikin dangantakar likita da mai haƙuri. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Ka'idodin jinya 

Kamar ka'idojin kiwon lafiya, ka'idocin jinya yana da ƙanƙanta sosai a cikin mayar da hankali, musamman idan aka kwatanta da fa'idar bioethics. Ga mafi yawan bangarorin, "za a iya bayyana ka'idojin jinya kamar yadda suke da ma'ana guda biyu," inda yake "bincike na kowane nau'in al'amuran ka'idoji da dabi'a daga hangen nesa na ka'idar jinya da aiki. "  Wannan ma'anar, kodayake ba ta da ma'anar ma'ana, tana kan hanyoyin aiki da ka'idozi ga jinya. Ƙungiyar Nurses ta Amurka (ANA) ta amince da ka'idar ɗabi'a wacce ke jaddada "darajoji" da "hukunce-hukunce na kimantawa" a duk fannoni na aikin jinya. Muhimmancin dabi'u ana karuwa a duk fannoni na kiwon lafiya da bincike na kiwon lafiyar. Kuma tunda batutuwan ɗabi'a sun fi yawa a duk lokacin jinya, yana da mahimmanci a iya ganewa da amsawa ga yanayin da ke ba da izini da / ko buƙatar yanke shawara na ɗabi'u. Nursar tana ingantawa da kuma ƙoƙari don kare haƙƙoƙi, aminci, da lafiyar duk marasa lafiya. Kodayake waɗannan matsayi ne na jinya, duk masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya dole ne su yi aiki tare kuma su hada kai don lura da bukatun mai haƙuri da haƙƙoƙin.

 Ka'idojin kasuwanci 

Daidaita farashin kulawa tare da ingancin kulawa shine babban batu a falsafar kiwon lafiya.  A Kanada da wasu sassan Turai, gwamnatocin dimokiradiyya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance yawan kuɗin jama'a daga haraji ya kamata a karkatar da su zuwa tsarin kiwon lafiya.  A Amurka da sauran sassan Turai, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na inshora na kiwon lafiya da hukumomin gwamnati su ne wakilai a cikin wannan mummunan aiki na daidaita rayuwa da mutuwa.  A cewar masanin ilimin likitanci Leonard J. Weber, "Kyakkyawan kiwon lafiya yana nufin kiwon lafiya mai tsada," amma "mafi tsadar kiwon lafiya ba yana nufin kiwon lafiya mafi girma ba" kuma "wasu ƙananan ka'idoji dole ne a hadu da su ga duk marasa lafiya" ba tare da la'akari da inshorar lafiya ba.  Don daidaita wannan tsari mai banƙyama, ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya (HMOs) suna amfani da adadi mai yawa na actuaries (wanda aka fi sani da "masu daidaita inshora") don tabbatar da ma'auni mai dacewa tsakanin farashi, inganci, da larura a cikin shirin kiwon lafiya na majiyyaci.  Babban doka a masana'antar inshorar lafiya kamar haka:

Wannan doka ta gaba ɗaya ga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya "watakila ɗaya ne daga cikin mafi kyawun maganganun ma'anar kula da albarkatu," musamman tunda "nauyin hujja shine akan tabbatar da shiga tsakani mai tsada, ba wanda ba shi da tsada, lokacin da akwai zaɓuɓɓukan magani daban-daban".

 Ka'idojin Addini 
Sau da yawa ana danganta nau'o'in addini tare da kiwon lafiya, kamar yadda wasu masu aiki ke jin wajibin allahntaka don gwadawa da kula da wasu. A tsohuwar Girka, rashin kula da kiwon lafiya ya sa ya zama da wahala ga al'umma su kula da "masu bara ko masu bara", wanda aka sani da πτωχός .  :  da asalin Addinin Yahudanci kuma daga baya, Kiristanci, matani na addini sun goyi bayan "rashin kulawa na musamman don kula da tattalin arziki da siyasa" ga waɗanda aka ɗauka marasa taimako a yawancin al'ummomin shugabanci. Matsayin ubanni a tsakiyar al'umma gabaɗaya da ƙungiyar iyali yana nufin cewa marayu da gwauraye dole ne su kasance cikin marasa taimako, kuma wannan jin ya sake maimaitawa ta hanyar tunanin Tsohon Alkawari game da matalauta, wanda ya haɗa da mutanen da suka kasance gurgu, makafi, da / ko fursunoni.  : 117-119 Tarihin Asclepius a cikin al'adun Girkanci da Romawa yana nuna canjin tarihi na wuraren ibada zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya. : 166 

Wani ra'ayi wanda yake da mahimmanci ga ci gaban kiwon lafiya, wanda ya samo asali ne daga matani masu tsarki na kasashen Yamma da Gabas, shine tsarkakar rayuwa. Daga wannan ra'ayi, an umurce mu da mu bi da rayuwa ta kowane irin da mutunci mai yawa kafin mu iya tsoma baki da shi, "ba da aƙalla wasu hankali ga yanayin da manufarsa. " : A cikin kula da lafiyar Yamma, ana iya gano mutunci game da rayuwar ɗan adam zuwa imago dei, ma'ana "hoton Allah", wanda ke tabbatar da cewa Allah ne ya halicci 'yan adam a hanyar da ta yi kama da wanzuwarsa. Wannan yana nufin cewa masu kula da kiwon lafiya bai kamata kawai su fahimci marasa lafiya / abokan ciniki su zama 'yan'uwan mutane da ke fama da wahala ba, har ma a matsayin kamannin Allah na musamman. : 167 

Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, da zuwan karni na 20, fuskar magani na zamani ta samo asali. Koyaya, tashin hankali tsakanin kiwon lafiya da ayyukan addini sun karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma ya haifar da wasu rashin daidaito tsakanin "yancin" masu karɓa da masu ba da kiwon lafiya. : An dauki mataki na majalisa don taimakawa wajen karfafa haƙƙin masu ba da kiwon lafiya dangane da imanin addininsu. Misali na wannan zai zama sashi na lamiri, wanda ke ƙoƙari ya ba da izini ga lamirin mutum lokacin da doka ta shafi shi. : A wasu kalmomi, akwai dokoki da aka tsara don kare masu ba da kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka guji, saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a da / ko addini, daga shiga wasu nau'ikan kiwon lafiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Hakkin mutane da kungiyoyi masu addini ba kawai batun son kai ba ne, har ma da darajar shari'a ta duniya. Sakamakon dabi'a na shari'ar Kotun Koli, kamar na Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, yana da damar canza halayen mutum da na gwamnati game da addini kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya. Don tabbatar da haƙƙin tsarin mulki na 'yancin bayyana addini, ƙungiyoyin addini dole ne su kare ƙin yarda da su bisa doka don bin umarnin gwamnati, kamar "don samar da shirye-shiryen inshora na ma'aikaci waɗanda ke rufe kuɗin hana haihuwa", wanda ke da keta ɗabi'a idan aka kalli shi da wani fassarar wasu matani na addini. : Za'a iya tunanin yardar wata kungiya ta gwamnati don kawo irin waɗannan shari'o'in ga mafi girman ikon shari'a a matsayin nau'in rashin haƙuri, kuma watakila, ƙari, a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga canje-canje na zamantakewa da shari'a da ke kewaye da "yancin" masu ba da kiwon lafiya da masu karɓa. : 428–429 

 Falsafar siyasa ta kiwon lafiya 

A cikin falsafar siyasa na kiwon lafiya, muhawara tsakanin kiwon lafiya na duniya da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu yana da rikici musamman a Amurka.  A cikin 1960s, an sami ɗimbin yunƙurin jama'a daga gwamnatin tarayya don haɓakawa da kuma sabunta tsarin kiwon lafiyar Amurka.  Tare da Lyndon Johnson's Great Society, Amurka ta kafa inshorar lafiyar jama'a ga manyan ƴan ƙasa da marasa galihu.  Wanda aka sani da Medicare da Medicaid, waɗannan shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya biyu sun ba wa wasu ƙungiyoyin Amurkawa damar samun isassun sabis na kiwon lafiya.  Ko da yake waɗannan shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya sun kasance babban mataki a cikin hanyar maganin zamantakewar jama'a, mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa Amurka tana buƙatar yin ƙarin ga 'yan ƙasa game da ɗaukar hoto.  Masu adawa da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya suna kallonsa a matsayin rushewar kyakkyawar kulawar da ta kasance a Amurka..

 Dokar 'Yancin Marasa Lafiya 

A cikin 2001, gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta ɗauki wani shiri don samarwa marasa lafiya jerin haƙƙoƙin da suka shafi lafiyarsu.  Falsafar siyasa da ke bayan irin wannan yunƙurin da gaske ta haɗu da ra'ayoyin Dokar Haƙƙin Masu Amfani da fannin kiwon lafiya.  An gudanar da shi a cikin ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ingancin kulawa da duk marasa lafiya ta hanyar kiyaye amincin tsarin da ke faruwa a cikin masana'antar kiwon lafiya.  Daidaita yanayin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ta wannan hanya ya zama abin tsokana.  A zahiri, ƙungiyoyin sha'awa da yawa, gami da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka (AMA) da Big Pharma sun fito adawa da lissafin majalisa.  Ainihin, samun asibitoci suna ba da kulawar gaggawa ga kowa, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin inshorar lafiya ba, da kuma haƙƙin majiyyaci na ɗaukar tsarin lafiyarsu ga duk wani abin da aka cutar da shi ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne babban cikas guda biyu ga lissafin.[1]  Sakamakon wannan tsattsauran adawa, a ƙarshe shirin ya gaza wucewa Majalisa a 2002.

 Inshorar lafiya 
Inshorar kiwon lafiya ita ce babbar hanyar da mutane ke biyan kuɗin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu masana'antu. Ana iya samun shi daga ko dai jama'a ko masu zaman kansu na tattalin arziki. A Kanada, alal misali, gwamnatocin larduna suna gudanar da inshorar lafiyar jama'a ga 'yan ƙasa da mazauna dindindin. A cewar Health Canada, falsafar siyasa ta inshorar jama'a a Kanada kamar haka:

Kuma ƙarfin motsawa a bayan irin wannan falsafar siyasa a Kanada shine dan siyasa na dimokuradiyya Tommy Douglas.

Ya bambanta da Amurka, amma kama da Kanada, Ostiraliya da New Zealand suna da tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya da aka sani da Medicare da ACC (Kamfanin Biyan Kuɗi na Hadari), bi da bi.

Australian Medicare ya samo asali ne daga Dokar Inshorar Lafiya ta 1973. Firayim Minista (PM) Gough Whitlam's Labor Government ne ya gabatar da shi, kuma an yi niyyar samar da magani mai araha ta hanyar likitoci a asibitocin jama'a ga dukkan mazauna. Firayim Minista Bob Hawke ne ya sake tsara shi a cikin 1984, tsarin Medicare na yanzu yana ba da izinin 'yan ƙasa don siyan inshorar kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya guda biyu.

 Bincike da tallafin karatu 
Idan aka yi la'akari da saurin da fannonin kiwon lafiya da kimiyyar kiwon lafiya ke bunkasa, ya zama mahimmanci a bincika hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da / ko ingantaccen don gudanar da bincike. Gabaɗaya, "babban damuwa na mai bincike dole ne koyaushe ya zama abin mamaki, wanda aka samo tambayar bincike, kuma bayan wannan ne kawai za a iya yanke shawara game da hanyar bincike mafi dacewa, ƙira, da hanyoyin cika manufar binciken. "  Wannan sanarwa game da hanyar binciken ya sanya mai bincike a gaba a cikin binciken da ya gano. Wato, mai bincike ya zama mutumin da ke yin ko ya karya bincikensa na kimiyya maimakon binciken da kansa. Duk da haka, "bincike na fassara da ilimi sune matakai masu kirkira, kuma hanyoyin da hanyoyin ba koyaushe ba ne, a priori, tsayayya da rashin canzawa. "  Saboda haka, ra'ayoyi game da binciken kimiyya a cikin batutuwan kiwon lafiya "za su ci gaba da girma da haɓaka tare da kirkirar da fahimta na masu bincike masu fassara, yayin da suke la'akari da hanyoyin da ke fitowa na binciken duniyar zamantakewa mai rikitarwa. "

 Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti 
Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti wata hanya ce ta hanyar da masana'antar kiwon lafiya ke gwada sabon magani, magani, ko na'urar kiwon lafiya. Hanyar gargajiya a bayan gwaje-gwaje na asibiti ta ƙunshi matakai daban-daban inda samfurin da ke fitowa ke fuskantar jerin gwaje- gwaje-gaje masu tsanani, mafi yawansu suna faruwa ne ga marasa lafiya masu sha'awar da / ko masu bin doka. Gwamnatin Amurka tana da cibiyar sadarwa da aka kafa don magance fitowar sabbin kayayyaki a masana'antar kiwon lafiya. Hukumar Abinci da magunguna (FDA) ba ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan sabbin magunguna da ke fitowa daga kamfanonin magunguna. Tare da FDA, Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa sun tsara jagororin ga kowane irin gwajin asibiti da ya shafi Cututtukan cututtuka. Don ciwon daji, Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa (NCI) tana tallafawa jerin ko kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa kamar CALGB da COG don daidaita ladabi don maganin ciwon daji.

 Tabbatar da inganci 
Babban manufar tabbatar da ingancin (QA) a cikin kiwon lafiya shine tabbatar da cewa ingancin kulawar haƙuri ya dace da ƙa'idodin da aka kafa.  Gwamnati yawanci tana taka rawar gani wajen samar da ingantaccen jagora don magance wata cuta ko cuta.  Koyaya, ana iya aiwatar da ka'idojin magani a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda ɗaya kamar asibitoci da HMOs.  A wasu lokuta, ana ganin tabbacin inganci a matsayin babban yunƙuri, kamar yadda yawancin ƙungiyoyin QA na kiwon lafiya, kamar QARC, ke samun tallafi a bainar jama'a a hannun masu biyan haraji.  Koyaya, mutane da yawa za su yarda cewa tabbatar da ingancin kiwon lafiya, musamman a cikin wuraren kula da cutar kansa da kuma kula da cututtuka sune abubuwan da suka dace don mahimmancin kowane ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya.  Game da tabbatar da inganci a cikin yanayin maganin ciwon daji, Cibiyar Bitar Tabbacin Tabbacin Tabbaci (QARC) misali ɗaya ne kawai na kayan aikin QA wanda ke neman "don inganta ka'idodin kulawa" ga marasa lafiya "ta hanyar inganta ingancin maganin gwaji na asibiti.".Quality Assurance Review Center

 Haihuwar haihuwa da mutuwa 

 Hakkin haifuwa 
Ecophilosophy na Garrett Hardin shine hangen nesa daya daga abin da za a bincika haƙƙin haihuwa na 'yan adam. A mafi yawancin, Hardin ya yi jayayya cewa ba shi da kyau a sami manyan iyalai, musamman tunda suna yin lalata ga al'umma ta hanyar cinye albarkatu da yawa. A cikin wata kasida mai taken The Tragedy of the Commons, Hardin ya ce,

Hardin's ecophilosophy ya bayyana wata hanya ta musamman don rage farashin kiwon lafiya. Dangane da karuwar yawan jama'a, ƙarancin mutane da za a kula da su, mafi ƙarancin kiwon lafiya zai kasance. Kuma a cikin amfani da wannan ma'anar ga abin da masanin ilimin likitanci Leonard J. Weber ya ba da shawarar a baya, kiwon lafiya mai tsada ba lallai bane ya nufin kiwon lafiya mafi ƙarancin inganci.

Ma'anar kasancewa "mai kyau" ba sabon abu ba ne, kuma yana iya ɗaukar ma'anar wariyar launin fata. Nazis sun yi amfani da eugenics don tsaftace kwayar halitta daga abin da aka ɗauka ba a so ko abubuwa masu cutarwa. Wannan "motsi na tsabtace launin fata a Jamus ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar Social Darwinism, wanda ya zama sananne a duk faɗin Turai" da Amurka a cikin shekarun 1930. Maganar Jamusanci da ke nuna yanayin wannan aikin shine lebensunwertes Leben ko "rayuwa da ba ta cancanci rayuwa ba".

Dangane da falsafar kiwon lafiya, ka'idar haƙƙin halitta ta zama batun da ya dace. Bayan haihuwa, mutum yana da kyawawan hakkoki na halitta waɗanda ba za a iya fitar da su ba a kowane yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ka'idar haƙƙin halitta shine masanin falsafar siyasa na Ingila na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai John Locke . Game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, Locke ya ce,

Kodayake fahimtar addini game da duniya ta nuna wani ɓangare, ana iya kallon bayanin Locke a matsayin tabbatar da haƙƙin adana rayuwar mutum a kowane fanni. Wannan batu shine daidai inda kiwon lafiya a matsayin Hakkin ɗan adam ya zama mai dacewa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Tsarin adanawa da kiyaye lafiyar mutum a duk rayuwarsa lamari ne mai matukar damuwa. A wani lokaci a rayuwar kowane mutum, lafiyarsa za ta ragu ba tare da la'akari da duk matakan da aka dauka don hana irin wannan rushewa ba. Ganin wannan raguwa mai gujewa na iya zama matsala ga wasu mutane. Ga masanin falsafa na Haskakawa René Descartes, mummunan ra'ayi da tasirin tsufa ya tilasta masa ya yi imani da yiwuwar rashin mutuwa ta hanyar bangaskiya mai kyau a cikin yiwuwar Dalilin.

 Mutuwa da mutuwa 
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan haƙƙin ɗan adam shine haƙƙin rayuwa, don haka, kiyaye rayuwar mutum. Duk da haka dole ne mutum ya yi la'akari da haƙƙin mutuwa, don haka, kawo ƙarshen rayuwar mutum. Sau da yawa, dabi'un addini na al'adu daban-daban suna rinjayar wannan batun. Ana amfani da kalmomi kamar "kisan jinƙai" da "taimako da kashe kansa" akai-akai don bayyana wannan tsari. Masu goyon bayan euthanasia suna da'awar cewa yana da mahimmanci musamman ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Koyaya, masu adawa da mutuwar da aka zaɓa da kansu suna nufin cewa ba kawai lalata ba ne, amma gaba ɗaya ya saɓa da ginshiƙan dalili.

A cikin wani mahallin falsafa, ana iya ganin mutuwa a matsayin lokaci mafi girma a rayuwar mutum. Mutuwa ita ce mafi zurfi na damuwa ta farko (Die Anfechtung) a rayuwar mutum. A cikin wannan yanayin damuwa, "Babu" an bayyana wa mutumin. A cewar masanin falsafar Jamus na karni na ashirin Martin Heidegger,

Kuma don haka, ga Heidegger, mutane suna cikin mawuyacin hali da rauni (ko da yaushe suna rataye a kan rami) a cikin wannan duniyar. Ana iya sauƙaƙa wannan ra'ayi har zuwa inda a kasa, duk abin da mutum yake da shi a wannan duniyar shine Kasancewa. Ba tare da la'akari da yadda mutane ke ci gaba a rayuwa ba, rayuwarsu koyaushe za ta kasance alama ce ta ƙayyadaddun da kaɗaici. Lokacin la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da mutuwa, mutane suna jin wannan damuwa ta farko ta shawo kansu. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya su fahimci farkon wannan matsananciyar damuwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke kusa da mutuwarsu.

Sauran binciken falsafa game da mutuwa suna nazarin aikin kiwon lafiya wanda ya dogara da kimiyya da fasaha (SciTech). Wannan dogaro yana bayyane musamman a cikin maganin Yamma. Duk da haka, Heidegger ya yi nuni ga wannan dogaro da abin da ya kira jan hankali ko "halayyar daidaito".  A zahiri, mutane suna da alaƙa da "gaskiya" saboda yana ba su ma'anar manufa ko dalili a cikin duniya wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar abin da ya zama rikici da rashin hankali. Kuma yayin da lokacin mutuwa ke gabatowa, lokacin da aka nuna ta hanyar rikice-rikice da tsoro, mutane suna ƙoƙari su gano ma'anar ma'ana ta ƙarshe a rayuwarsu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Baya ga rawar da SciTech ke takawa a cikin mutuwa, kulawar palliative ya zama yanki na musamman na falsafar kiwon lafiya wanda ke da alaƙa da marasa lafiya waɗanda ke fama da rashin lafiya. Kamar kula da asibiti, wannan yanki na falsafar lafiya yana ƙara zama da muhimmanci yayin da yawancin marasa lafiya suka fi son karɓar sabis na kiwon lafiya a gidajensu. Kodayake ana amfani da kalmomin "palliative" da "hospice" sau da yawa, a zahiri sun bambanta. Yayin da mai haƙuri ke kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarsa, ya fi ta'aziyya kasancewa a cikin gida mai zaman kansa maimakon asibiti. An ajiye kulawa ta palliative ga waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Koyaya, yanzu ana amfani da shi ga marasa lafiya a kowane irin yanayin kiwon lafiya, gami da gajiya mai tsanani da sauran alamun damuwa.

 Ci gaban rawar 
Hanyar da ma'aikatan jinya, likitoci, marasa lafiya, da masu gudanarwa ke hulɗa yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya.  Daga ra'ayin marasa lafiya, ana iya ganin masu ba da lafiya a matsayin suna cikin gata, ta yadda suke da ikon canza yanayin rayuwar marasa lafiya.  Kuma duk da haka, akwai rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin masu ba da lafiya wanda wani lokaci kan haifar da raguwar ingancin kulawar marasa lafiya.  Lokacin da ma'aikatan jinya da likitoci ba su kan shafi ɗaya game da wani majiyyaci na musamman, wani yanayi mai rikitarwa zai iya tashi.  Tasirin da ya samo asali daga "rabin jinsi" tsakanin ma'aikatan jinya da likitoci na da illa ga yanayin ƙwararrun wurin aikin asibiti..
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba