Yara kan titi a Indiya

Indiya tana da kiyasin yara dubu ɗari ko fiye a kan titi a kowane ɗayan biranen: New Delhi, Kolkata, da Mumbai.Poonam R. Naik, Seema S. Bansode, Ratnenedra R. Shinde & Abhay S. Nirgude (2011). "Street children of Mumbai: demographic profile and substance abuse". Biomedical Research. 22 (4): 495–498 Musamman saboda rikice-rikicen iyali, suna zuwa zama a kan tituna kuma suna ɗaukar cikakken nauyin kula da kansu, ciki har da yin aiki don wadata da kare kansu. Ko da yake yara kan tituna a wasu lokatai suna haɗuwa tare don ƙarin tsaro, galibi masu aiki da 'yan sanda suna cin gajiyar su.

Yawancin raunin su yana buƙatar takamaiman doka da kulawa daga gwamnati da sauran ƙungiyoyi don inganta yanayin su.Thomas de Benítez, Sarah (2007). "State of the world's street children". Consortium for Street Children. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2012

 Bayanin ma'anar 
A farkon shekarun bincike kan yara kan titi, kalmar "yaran titi" ta haɗa da duk wani yaro da ke aiki a kan titi. Daga bincike, duk da haka, an bambanta nau'o'in yara daban-daban a kan tituna, yayin da har yanzu an gane cewa abubuwan da yara ke da wuyar fahimta. Mark W. Lusk, wani fitaccen mai bincike kan yara kan titi, ya samar da nau’o’in yara hudu a kan titi daga binciken da ya yi: yaran da suke aiki a kan titi amma suna komawa ga iyalansu da daddare, yaran da suke aiki a kan titi amma dangantakar danginsu ta ragu, yaran da suke rayuwa da aiki tare da iyalansu a kan titi, da yaran da suke aiki da kansu a kan titi.

Kalmar "yar titi" ta zo ne kawai ga rukuni na ƙarshe. UNICEF ta ayyana yaro kan titi da cewa, “...kowane yarinya ko yaro... wanda titi (a cikin ma’anar kalmar, gami da gidajen da ba kowa ba, lungu da sako, da sauransu) ya zama mazauninsa na yau da kullun da/ko tushen rayuwa; kuma wanda ba shi da cikakkiyar kariya, kulawa, ko jagora daga manya masu alhakin. Yana da mahimmanci a bambance rukunin yaran da ke zama da kansu a kan tituna domin rayuwarsu ta bambanta da na yaran da ke aiki kawai a kan titi; don haka suna da buƙatu daban-daban kuma suna buƙatar kulawar da aka yi niyya.

Yayin da yara miliyan 18 ke aiki a kan titunan Indiya, an kiyasta cewa kashi 5-20 ne kawai daga cikinsu ba su da matsuguni da gaske kuma ba su da alaƙa da danginsu. Domin yaran da ke kan titi a Indiya suna da lahani na musamman - yawan lokacin da suke kashewa a kan titi, rayuwarsu ta dogara da titi, da rashin kariya da kulawa daga manya - rukuni ne na al'ummar Indiya da suka cancanci kulawa ta musamman don tabbatar da an san bukatunsu. A matsayin rukunin yara mafi rauni a Indiya a cewar UNICEF, suna buƙatar fahimtar su gwargwadon iyawa.Kombarakaran, Francis A. (2004). "Street children of Bombay: their stresses and strategies of coping". Children and Youth Services Review. 26 (9): 853–871. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.02.025.

 Halaye 
Yana da wahala a sami sahihin bayanai game da su saboda yanayin shawagi da suke yi. Yaran kan titi yawanci ba su da wata hujja ta ganewa kuma suna motsawa akai-akai. Daga cikin mutane 50,000 a Indiya da aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna barin gida a hukumance a shekara, kashi 45 cikin 100 na 'yan kasa da shekaru 16; wannan lambar, ko da yake, mai yiyuwa ne mai ƙarancin gaske. Nazari daban-daban sun tsara kiyasin wasu garuruwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, alal misali, an kiyasta cewa akwai aƙalla yara 100,000 a kan titi a Calcutta da Bombay. Gabaɗaya, ƙiyasin jimillar yara kanan tituna a Indiya ya kai daga 400,000 zuwa 800,000.

 Shekaru 
Domin yana da wahala a sami ingantattun ƙididdiga masu inganci game da yaran kan titi, bayanin shekarun su yana da ƙima. Yawancin yaran da ke kan titi a Indiya sun haura 6, kuma yawancin sun haura 8. Matsakaicin shekarun yaran kan titi a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Birane ta ƙasa a cikin 1989 shine shekaru 13. Wani bincike da UNICEF ta gudanar a shekarar 1989 ya nuna cewa kashi 72 cikin 100 na yaran titunan da aka yi nazari a kansu ‘yan shekara 6-12 ne, kuma kashi 13 na ‘yan kasa da shekaru 6 ne.

 Jinsi 
Galibin yaran kan titi a Indiya maza ne marasa ilimi ko kadan.Patel, Sheela (October 1990). "Street Children, hotel boys and children of pavement dwellers and construction workers in Bombay - how they meet their daily needs". Environment and Urbanization. 2 (2): 9–26. doi:10.1177/095624789000200203. S2CID 153522987.

 Dalilai 
Yaran tituna a Indiya sun zaɓi barin iyalansu da gidajensu saboda dalilai masu mahimmanci. An fitar da hasashe guda uku a cikin yunƙurin bayyana abin da suka zaɓa: talaucin birane, iyalai masu ɓacin rai, da ƙauyuka. Shaidu na iya goyan bayan waɗannan zato guda uku zuwa wani mataki. A wani bincike da aka yi kan yara 1,000 da ke zaune a Bombay a shekara ta 1990, kashi 39.1 na yara kan titi sun ce sun bar gida ne saboda matsaloli da fada da iyali, kashi 20.9 sun ce sun bar gida ne saboda talaucin iyali, kashi 3.6 kuma sun ce suna son ganin birnin. Yara kan titi da yaran da ke gudu daga gida suna da alaƙa. Yaron da ke gudu daga gida yana ƙarewa akan titi a yawancin yanayi. Akwai bayanai da yawa a kan dalilin da ya sa yara ke gudu, wanda ya bayyana dalilai da yawa na yin haka. Wasu dalilai suna da sauƙi, wasu kuma masu rikitarwa. Wani lokaci dalilan su kan kasance saboda halayen yaron, wasu lokutan kuma iyaye ne sanadin. Yaro baya zuwa makaranta ko kuma baya yin aikin gida don haka yana tsoron duka, abu ne na kowa. Yaron satar kudi ko fada da ‘yan’uwa shi ma dalili ne.

 Manazarta