Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam

Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (ACHR), anda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Costa Rica">San Jose ko kuma sunan Mutanen Espanya da aka yi amfani da shi a mafi yawan kasashe masu sanya hannu, Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, kayan aiki ne na kasa da kasa na 'yancin dan adam.Kasashe da yawa a Amurka sun karbe shi a San José, Costa Rica, a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1969. Ya fara aiki ne bayan an sanya kayan aiki na goma sha ɗaya na tabbatarwa (na Grenada) a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1978.

Hukumomin da ke da alhakin kula da bin yarjejeniyar su ne Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Inter-Amurka da Kotun Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Inter-Amurka, dukkansu sassan Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Amirka (OAS).

 Abun ciki da manufar 
Bisa ga jigon ta, manufar Yarjejeniyar ita ce "dole a cikin wannan yanki, a cikin tsarin cibiyoyin dimokiradiyya, tsarin 'yancin kai da adalci na zamantakewa bisa mutunta muhimman hakkokin dan Adam".

Babi na 1 ya tabbatar da wajibcin da ya rataya a wuyan jam’iyyun jahohi na kiyaye haƙƙin da aka gindaya a cikin yarjejeniyar ga duk mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsu, da kuma daidaita dokokinsu na cikin gida don daidaita su da yarjejeniyar. Shafukan 23 na Babi na II sun ba da jerin sunayen haƙƙin ɗan adam da na siyasa na kowane mutum, gami da haƙƙin rayuwa “gaba ɗaya, tun daga lokacin da aka ɗaukaka”  ga kulawa ta ɗan adam, ga shari'a mai kyau, ga sirri, ga' 'yancin lamiri, 'yancin taro,' 'yancin motsi, da dai sauransu. Mataki na 13 ya haramta "kowane farfaganda don yaƙi da duk wani goyon bayan kasa, launin fata, ko ƙiyayya ta addini wanda ya zama mai laifi ga kowane irin wannan mataki ga kowane mutum a kan kowane dalili ciki harshe". An kafa wannan tanadin ne a ƙarƙashin tasirin Mataki na 20 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa. Labari guda ɗaya a Babi na III yana magana ne game da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu. An faɗaɗa ɗan gajeren maganin da aka ba wannan fitowar a nan bayan shekaru goma tare da Yarjejeniyar San Salvador (duba ƙasa).

Babi na IV ya bayyana waɗancan yanayin da za a iya dakatar da wasu haƙƙoƙi na ɗan lokaci, kamar a lokacin yanayi na gaggawa, da ka'idojin da za a bi don wannan dakatarwar ta kasance mai inganci. Duk da haka, ba ta ba da izinin dakatar da Mataki na 3 (haƙƙin mutum na shari'a), Mataki na 4 (haƙƙin rayuwa), Mataki na 5 (haƙƙin kula da mutuntaka), Mataki na 6 ('yanci daga bautar), Mataki na 9 ('yanci daga dokokin da suka gabata na baya-bayan nan), Mataki na 12 ('yanci na lamiri da addini), Mataki na 17 (haƙƙin iyali), Mataki na ashirin da 18), haƙƙin sunan (haƙƙin ɗan'adam), Mataki na 18), haƙƙin suna (haƙƙin ɗan adam) 18. kasa), Mataki na ashirin da 22 (haƙƙin mafaka da rashin sakewa) ko Mataki na ashirin da uku (yancin shiga cikin gwamnati).

Babi na V, tare da nuna ma'auni tsakanin hakkoki da ayyuka da aka tanadar a cikin sanarwar farko ta Amurka game da Hakkoki da Ayyukan Dan Adam, ya nuna cewa daidaikun mutane suna da nauyi da hakki.

Babi na VI, VII, VIII, da IX sun ƙunshi tanadi don ƙirƙira da aiki na ƙungiyoyin biyu da ke da alhakin kula da bin Yarjejeniyar: Hukumar Inter-American, mai tushe a Washington, D.C., Amurka, da Kotun Inter-American, mai hedikwata a San José, Costa Rica.

Babi na X yana magana ne game da hanyoyin tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar, gyara shi ko sanya ajiya a ciki, ko kuma hukunta shi. An tsara tanadi daban-daban na wucin gadi a Babi na XI.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, jihohin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar Amurka sun kara tanadinta da ƙarin ladabi guda biyu.

Na farko, ƙarin yarjejeniya ga Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a fannin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da yancin al'adu (wanda aka fi sani da "Protocol of San Salvador"), an buɗe shi don sanya hannu a cikin birnin San Salvador, El Salvador, a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1988. Ya wakilci ƙoƙarin ɗaukar tsakanin Amurkawa ta hanyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa matakin na biyu - wanda ake kira tsarin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na biyu. fannin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu. Kundin tsarin ya kunshi bangarori kamar yancin yin aiki, hakkin kiwon lafiya, hakkin abinci, da yancin ilimi. Ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1999 kuma kasashe 16 ne suka amince da shi (duba ƙasa).

Na biyu, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam don kawar da hukuncin kisa, an karbe ta a Asunción, Paraguay, a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1990.  Duk da yake Mataki na 4 na Yarjejeniyar Amurka ya riga ya sanya takunkumi mai tsanani a kan ikon jihohin na sanya hukuncin kisa - wanda ya dace kawai ga manyan laifuka; babu sake dawowa da zarar an soke shi; kada a yi amfani da shi don laifukan siyasa ko laifuka na yau da kullun; kada a amfani da shi ga waɗanda suka kai shekara 18 ko sama da 70, ko kuma mata masu juna biyu  - sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da alkawura mai tsanani na jihar don kauce wa yin amfani da hukuncin kisa a kowane yanayi na zaman lafiya."American Convention on Human Rights, "Pact of San José, Costa Rica" (B-32)" (PDF). Organization of American States. Retrieved 19 July 2024. Har zuwa yau kasashe 13 ne suka tabbatar da shi (duba ƙasa). 

 Fassarar Kotun Amurka 
Kotun Inter-American ta yi fa'ida mai fa'ida game da Yarjejeniyar Amurka. Yana fassara shi bisa ga ƙa'idar pro homine, cikin yanayin haɓakawa da yin amfani da wasu yarjejeniyoyin da doka mai laushi. Sakamakon shine, a aikace, Kotun Inter-Amurka ta canza abun cikin Yarjejeniyar Amurka.

 Tabbatar da shi 
Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kasashe 25 daga cikin 35 na OAS sun amince da yarjejeniyar, yayin da biyu suka yi fatali da shi daga baya, kuma daya daga cikin biyun ya sake amincewa da shi, wanda ya bar jam'iyyu 24 masu aiki: 
KasarRanar tabbatarwa1st ƙarin yarjejeniyaƘarin Yarjejeniya game da Hukuncin MutuwaBayyanawaArgentina14 ga watan Agusta 198430 Yuni 200318 Yuni 2008Barbados5 ga Disamba 1981Bolivia20 Yuni 197912 ga Yuli 2006Brazil9 ga Yulin 19928 ga watan Agusta 199631 ga Yulin 1996Chile8 ga watan Agusta 19904 ga watan Agusta 2008Colombia28 ga Mayu 197310 ga Oktoba 1997Costa Rica2 ga Maris 19709 ga Satumba 199930 Maris 1998Dominica3 Yuni 1993Jamhuriyar Dominica21 ga Janairu 197827 Janairu 2011Ecuador8 ga Disamba 19972 ga Fabrairu 19935 ga Fabrairu 1998El Salvador20 Yuni 19784 ga Mayu 1995Grenada14 ga Yuli 1978Guatemala27 ga Afrilu 197830 ga Mayu 2000Haiti14 Satumba 1977Honduras5 ga Satumba 197714 Satumba 201110 Nuwamba 2011Jamaica19 ga Yulin 1978Mexico2 Maris 19818 Maris 199628 Yuni 2007Nicaragua25 ga Satumba 197915 ga Disamba 200924 Maris 1999Panama8 ga Mayu 197828 ga Oktoba 199227 Yuni 1991Paraguay18 ga watan Agusta 198928 ga Mayu 199731 ga Oktoba 2000Peru12 ga Yuli 197817 ga Mayu 1995Suriname12 Disamba 198728 Fabrairu 1990Trinidad da Tobago4 ga Afrilu 199126 ga Mayu 1998Uruguay26 Maris 198521 ga Disamba 19958 ga Fabrairu 1994Venezuela23 Yuni 1977, 31 Yuli 201924 ga watan Agusta 199210 Satumba 2012

 Kanada 
Yarjejeniyar a buɗe take ga duk ƙasashe membobin OAS, kodayake har yau Kanada ko ƙasashen Caribbean da dama na Ingilishi ba su amince da ita ba. Amurka ta rattaba hannu a kanta a shekarar 1977, amma ba ta ci gaba da amincewa ba, inda aka yi zaman karshe a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1979. 

Kanada ta yi la'akari da tabbatarwa sosai a wani lokaci, amma ta yanke shawara a kan shi, duk da cewa, bisa ka'ida, tana goyon bayan irin wannan yarjejeniya. ACHR, wanda yawancin al'ummomin Roman Katolika na Latin Amurka ne suka tsara shi, ya ƙunshi tanadin rigakafin zubar da ciki, musamman, Mataki na 4.1:

Wannan ya sabawa doka ta yanzu ta zubar da ciki a Kanada. Kodayake Kanada na iya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar tare da ajiya game da zubar da ciki (kamar yadda Mexico ta yi ),wanda hakan zai sabawa adawar da Kanada ta bayyana na yin watsi da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Wata mafita kuma ita ce sauran jihohin su cire dokar hana zubar da ciki, amma hakan ba zai yiwu ba saboda tsananin adawa da zubar da ciki a kasashen.

 Tsarin zargi 
Sashe na 78 na yarjejeniyar ya nuna cewa majalisun dokoki sun amince da haramtacciyar haramtacciya / janyewa na shekaru biyar; a cikin shekaru biyar na farko bayan shigar da yarjejeniyar idan sun nemi yin korafi daga yarjejeniyar. Bisa ga labarin 78 na Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam: Ƙungiyoyin Jihohi na iya yin Allah wadai da wannan Yarjejeniyar a ƙarshen wa'adin shekaru biyar daga ranar da aka fara aiki da kuma ta hanyar sanarwar da aka bayar a shekara guda gaba.Yarjejeniyar ta doka ta kuma tanadi a karkashin sashin da ya gabata cewa duk wani yunƙuri na yin Allah wadai da shi dole ne a aika da shi zuwa ga Sakatare Janar na OAS wanda zai sanar da sauran ƙasashe membobin OAS, a lokacin ne majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa ta jira lokacin faɗuwar rana ta shekara ɗaya na wajibi na doka har yanzu a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar.Sanarwa na tozartawa za a aika zuwa ga Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar, wanda zai sanar da sauran Jam'iyyun Jihohi.Bugu da ari, wannan labarin ya haramta ƙarƙashin sashe na 78 duk wani ikon yin watsi da ikirarin take haƙƙin ɗan adam na kowane lokaci kafin wannan lokacin faɗuwar rana na shekara guda.Irin wannan zargi ba zai yi tasiri na sakin Jam'iyyar Jiha da abin ya shafa daga wajibcin da ke cikin wannan Yarjejeniyar ba dangane da duk wani aiki da zai iya zama saba wa wajibai da kuma wanda wannan jihar ta dauka kafin ranar da za ta fara aiki.

 Yunkurin zargi 
Trinidad da Tobago sun yi tir da Yarjejeniyar a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1998 (wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 26 ta Mayu 1999) kan batun hukuncin kisa. Venezuela ta yi tir da Yarjejeniyar a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2012 tana zargin Kotun Inter-American da Hukumar da ta lalata kwanciyar hankali ta Gwamnatinta ta hanyar tsoma baki cikin harkokin cikin gida. An toshe gyare-gyaren da ake bukata na ma'aikatar. Saboda haka, daga nan gaba za ta kara hadin gwiwa tare da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Zargin, bisa ga Mataki na 78 na ACHR, ya zama mai tasiri shekara guda bayan an ayyana shi. Ba sa sakin jam'iyyar jihar daga wajibai da suka haifar da ayyukan da suka faru kafin ranar da aka yi zargin. A cikin 2019, Venezuela (Juan Guaidó) ta sake tabbatar da taron.

 Dubi kuma 

 'Yancin Dan Adam
 Hakkin tayin
 'Yancin mata
 Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa
 Sanarwar Amurka game da 'Yancin Mutum da Ayyukan Mutum
 Hukumar Kasa da Kasa da ke yaki da hukuncin kisa (ICDP) 

 Bayani