Biyan yanayi

Bashin yanayi shi ne biyan  bashin da aka bada saboda suka ci gaba na bin kasashe masu tasowa saboda irin barnar da suke yi ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba wajen bayar da gudunmawa ga sauyin yanayi.  Hatsarin iskar gas mai gurbata yanayi a duniya a tarihi, wanda akasarin kasashen da suka ci gaba, na haifar da babbar barazana ga kasashe masu tasowa, wadanda ba su da karfin tunkarar illolin sauyin yanayi.  Don haka, wasu na ganin cewa kasashen da suka ci gaba za su ci bashin kasashe masu tasowa saboda gudunmuwar da suke bayarwa ga sauyin yanayi.

Ma'anar bashin yanayi wani bangare ne na babban ra'ayi na bashin muhalli. Ya sami karuwar kulawa tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi ga Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, inda kasashe masu tasowa, karkashin jagorancin Bolivia, suka nemi biyan bashin yanayi.

Babban abubuwan da ke tattare da bashin yanayi sune bashin daidaitawa da bashin hayaki.  Ana zargin kasashen da suka ci gaba basussukan karbuwa ga kasashe masu tasowa don taimaka musu wajen daidaita yanayin canjin yanayi.  Ana ikirarin basussukan fitar da iskar gas na kasashen da suka ci gaba na bin su ne saboda rashin daidaiton iskar gas da suke fitarwa

Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da manufar bashin yanayi, an yi ta muhawara game da fassarar da ta dace na bashin yanayi.  Kasashe masu tasowa da kasashe masu tasowa da masu ruwa da tsaki masu zaman kansu sun dauki matakai daban-daban kan wannan batu.

 Tarihi 
Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun fara gabatar da manufar bashin yanayi a cikin 1990s. Masu fafutuka kan basussukan yanayi sun yi iƙirarin cewa yankin Arewa na Duniya yana bin Kudancin Duniya bashi saboda gudunmawar da suke bayarwa ga sauyin yanayi.  Ba da daɗewa ba tallafi daga ƙasashe ya biyo baya.  A yayin taron koli na 77 na kudancin kasar da aka yi a birnin Havana a shekara ta 2000, kasashe masu tasowa sun ba da shawarar amincewa da basussukan sauyin yanayi da kasashen duniya ke bin su a matsayin ginshikin warware matsalolin yanayi.  Duk da haka, ba a fayyace manufar bashin yanayi a fili a UNFCCC ba.

A Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, kasashe da suka hada da Bolivia, Venezuela, Sudan, da Tuvalu sun ki amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen, suna mai cewa kasashe masu masana'antu ba sa son ɗaukar alhakin canjin yanayi. A taron, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominica, Honduras, Nicaragua, da Venezuela sun ba da shawarar da ta kimanta bashin yanayi na tarihi na kasashe masu tasowa ga kasashe masu ci gaba."Commitments for Annex I Parties under paragraph 1(b)(i) of the Bali Action Plan: Evaluating developed countries' historical climate debt to developing countries" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-10-29. Shirin ya bincika dalilin canjin yanayi kuma ya bayyana bashin daidaitawa da bashin fitarwa.

A cikin 2010, Bolivia da sauran kasashe masu tasowa sun dauki bakuncin Taron Jama'ar Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi da 'Yancin Uwar Duniya kuma sun kai ga Yarjejeniyar Jama'a, wanda ya ce: 

Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta bayyana cewa bashin yanayi ba kawai biyan diyya ba ne har ma da adalci mai maidowa. A bayyane yake ya ki amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen.

Baya ga yarjejeniyar hukuma tsakanin kasashe, bashin yanayi yana bayyana a kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a tare da magoya baya da abokan adawar.

 Biyan daidaitawa 
Kudin daidaitawa shine diyya da kasashe masu tasowa ke da'awar cewa ana bin su ne saboda lalacewar da suke ji daga tasirin muhalli na kasashe masu ci gaba. Wannan ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa kasashe masu talauci suna fuskantar mummunar sakamako na canjin yanayi, wanda ba su da gudummawa sosai.

Masana kimiyya da masu bincike sun ambaci cewa sakamakon hauhawar matakan teku wanda ke haifar da hayaki daga kasashe masu tasowa, mutanen kasashe masu talauci suna fama da karuwar bala'o'i da lalacewar tattalin arziki. Wannan lalacewar muhalli tana cutar da tattalin arziki da rayuwar mutane a cikin kasashe masu talauci.

Bala'o'i daga canjin yanayi sun shafi yankuna masu talauci da na wurare masu zafi kuma sun haifar da mafi yawan bala'o'in da tiriliyoyin daloli na asarar tattalin arziki tun daga farkon karni na 21.Bassetti, Francesco (2019-10-29). "The Cruel Irony of Climate Debt". Foresight. Retrieved 2020-10-30. Kasashe masu talauci kuma ba su da kayan aikin da ake bukata, ci gaba, da kuma babban birnin don su iya dawowa daga bala'i, suna tilasta musu su ranta kuɗi a mafi girman riba don taimakawa dawo da su daga lalacewa. Wannan kuma yana kara zarafin dama, ci gaba, da ingancin rayuwa na waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna mafi talauci.

Kudin daidaitawa yana da niyyar samun kasashe masu arziki su ɗauki alhakin taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa waɗanda suka sha wahala daga mummunan tasirin muhalli na masana'antu da hayakin carbon.Pickering, Jonathan; Barry, Christian (2012). "On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 15 (5): 667–685. doi:10.1080/13698230.2012.727311. ISSN 1369-8230. S2CID 144693329. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin UNFCCC, ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar samar da taimakon kudi ga ƙasashe da abin ya shafa da kuma ta hanyar kashe albarkatu wajen taimakawa ƙasashe masu talauci don magance bala'o'i.

 Biyan fitarwa 
Bashin fitarwa bashi ne da kasashe masu tasowa ke bin su bisa ga mafi yawan gudummawar iskar gas a cikin yanayi, duk da cewa suna da ƙananan jama'a.Khan, Mizan; Robinson, Stacy-ann; Weikmans, Romain; Ciplet, David; Roberts, J. Timmons (2020-07-01). "Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens". Climatic Change. 161 (2): 251–269. Bibcode:2020ClCh..161..251K. doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02563-x. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/295046. ISSN 1573-1480. Saboda gudummawar da suka bayar, adadin hayakin carbon da Duniya za ta iya sha a halin yanzu ya fi ƙasa.Pickering, Jonathan; Barry, Christian (2012). "On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 15 (5): 667–685. doi:10.1080/13698230.2012.727311. ISSN 1369-8230. S2CID 144693329.

Ikon shan hayaki ta hanyar muhalli ana kiransa jimlar sararin carbon; manufar bashin hayaki tana jayayya cewa kasashe masu tasowa sun yi amfani da rarraba wannan sararin samaniya. A sakamakon haka, babu isasshen sararin carbon da ya rage ga ƙasashe masu talauci don fitar da hayaki a lokacin tsarin masana'antu, yana sanya nauyi a kan ci gaban su da tsira. Pickering, Jonathan; Barry, Christian (2012). "On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 15 (5): 667–685. doi:10.1080/13698230.2012.727311. ISSN 1369-8230. S2CID 144693329.

Bayanai sun nuna cewa tun daga shekara ta 1750, Amurka kadai ta ba da gudummawa ga kashi 25% na duk hayakin carbon kuma kasashe masu tasowa gabaɗaya sun ba da guddina ga kashi 70% na duk hayaki.Khan, Mizan; Robinson, Stacy-ann; Weikmans, Romain; Ciplet, David; Roberts, J. Timmons (2020-07-01). "Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens". Climatic Change. 161 (2): 251–269. Bibcode:2020ClCh..161..251K. doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02563-x. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/295046. ISSN 1573-1480. An kiyasta cewa matsakaicin Amurkawa na iya bin bashin har zuwa $ 12,000 a cikin bashin hayaki don hayaki tsakanin 1970 da 2013.

Don biyan bashin hayaki, kasashe masu tasowa za su buƙaci taimaka wa kasashe masu bunkasa suyi masana'antu ta hanyoyin da za su rage damuwa a kan muhalli kuma su ci gaba da canza canjin yanayi. Za su kuma buƙaci jagorantar kokarin rage hayakin carbon na duniya.Khan, Mizan; Robinson, Stacy-ann; Weikmans, Romain; Ciplet, David; Roberts, J. Timmons (2020-07-01). "Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens". Climatic Change. 161 (2): 251–269. Bibcode:2020ClCh..161..251K. doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02563-x. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/295046. ISSN 1573-1480. Har ila yau, bashin fitarwa yana kira ga sake rarraba sararin carbon tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa kuma yana da niyyar rarraba sarkin carbon daidai da yawan mutanen kowace ƙasa.Roberts, David (2009-12-17). "Is the 'climate debt' discussion helpful?". Grist. Retrieved 2020-10-30.Godard, Olivier (2012). "Ecological Debt and Historical Responsibility Revisited - The Case of Climate Change" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-10-30.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, kasashe G20 sun yi alkawarin tallafawa da gudummawar kudi ga Asusun Yanayi na Green, wanda ke da niyyar taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa wajen rage hayaki na ci gaban su da hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Hakanan zai taimaka musu su daidaita da sakamakon canjin yanayi. Manufar wannan shirin ita ce bayar da gudummawar dala biliyan 100 ga Asusun Yanayi na Green a kowace shekara tun daga shekarar 2020. 

 Magana ta siyasa 
Taimako ga bashin yanayi gabaɗaya ya fito ne daga ƙasashe masu tasowa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu kula da muhalli,  tare da sukar bashin yanayi yawanci yana fitowa daga ƙasashe Masu tasowa. Pickering, Jonathan; Barry, Christian (2012). "On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 15 (5): 667–685. doi:10.1080/13698230.2012.727311. ISSN 1369-8230. S2CID 144693329. Masu sharhi masu zaman kansu suna da ra'ayoyi iri-iri game da al'amarin, suna tallafawa da kuma sukar ra'ayin.

 Taimako 
Taimako don aiwatar da tsarin bashin yanayi yana karkashin jagorancin kasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da kuma za su ci gaba da jin mummunar tasiri saboda canjin yanayi."Commitments for Annex I Parties under paragraph 1(b)(i) of the Bali Action Plan: Evaluating developed countries' historical climate debt to developing countries" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-10-29."Climate debt: The basis of a fair and effective solution to climate change" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-10-30. Sauran magoya bayan farko a waje da kudancin duniya sun hada da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban na muhalli da ƙungiyoyin Adalci na yanayi a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa.

A cikin gabatarwar da aka yi game da ra'ayin bashin yanayi a taron Copenhagen, Bolivia ta ba da shaida cewa canjin yanayi ya shafi al'ummarsu ta hanyar barazanar samar da ruwa daga koma baya, fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma mummunan Tasirin tattalin arziki."Climate debt: The basis of a fair and effective solution to climate change" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-10-30. An haɗa wannan da bayanan da ke nuna cewa ƙasashe masu tasowa sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin yanayi fiye da ƙasashe masu ci gaba, tare da ƙarshen yana cikin haɗarin mummunar tasirinsa. An yi amfani da wannan shaidar don tallafawa gardamar cewa kasashe masu tasowa suna da bashin yanayi ga kasashe masu ci gaba wanda dole ne a biya shi ta hanyar rage hayaki kamar yadda aka amince da shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen. An ba da ƙarin tallafi tare da tabbatar da cewa ƙasashe masu tasowa suna da haƙƙin rabon su na sararin muhalli wanda ƙasashe masu ci gaba suka mamaye ta da yawan hayaki, kuma cewa biyan bashin yanayi hanya ce ta cimma wannan sararin."Commitments for Annex I Parties under paragraph 1(b)(i) of the Bali Action Plan: Evaluating developed countries' historical climate debt to developing countries" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-10-29.

Ƙungiyar ƙasashe ta farko da ta gabatar da ra'ayoyin da za su zama tushen gardamar bashin yanayi ita ce Alliance of Small Island States . Ciplet, David (2017-11-02). "Subverting the status quo? Climate debt, vulnerability and counter-hegemonic frame integration in United Nations climate politics – a framework for analysis". Review of International Political Economy. 24 (6): 1052–1075. doi:10.1080/09692290.2017.1392336. ISSN 0969-2290. S2CID 158416196. Yawancin Kasashen da ba su da ƙaruwa sun kasance da wuri don tallafawa waɗannan ra'ayoyin.

 Rashin amincewa 
Kasashe masu tasowa da wasu masu sharhi na siyasa masu zaman kansu suna nuna zargi game da ra'ayin bashin yanayi.Pickering, Jonathan; Barry, Christian (2012). "On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 15 (5): 667–685. doi:10.1080/13698230.2012.727311. ISSN 1369-8230. S2CID 144693329. Kasashe masu tasowa gabaɗaya suna da mummunar damuwa game da manufar bashin yanayi saboda a ƙarƙashin irin wannan tsarin za su buƙaci rage hayaki da sauri da kuma samar da tallafin kuɗi ga ƙasashe masu taswa.Khan, Mizan; Robinson, Stacy-ann; Weikmans, Romain; Ciplet, David; Roberts, J. Timmons (2020-07-01). "Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens". Climatic Change. 161 (2): 251–269. Bibcode:2020ClCh..161..251K. doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02563-x. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/295046. ISSN 1573-1480.

Galibi dai, sukar suna ƙoƙarin soke ra'ayin cewa bashin da ake bin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ga ƙasashe masu tasowa a matsayin diyya ga hayaƙi na tarihi da lalacewar muhalli.   Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su don tabbatar da wannan ikirari sun hada da: ko da yake kasashe ne ke da alhakin fitar da hayakin da suka yi, bai kamata su dauki laifin ko basussuka ba;  Ba a fahimci mummunan tasirin iskar carbon ba sai kwanan nan, don haka duk wani hayaki da aka yi kafin wannan fahimtar bai kamata ya zama tushen laifi ba;  bai kamata kasashe su dauki laifin abin da kakanninsu suka aikata ba, wanda zamani na yanzu ba shi da iko a kai.   Kalaman da suka yi daidai da waɗannan gardama sun fito ne daga bakin babban mai sasantawa kan yanayi na Amurka, Todd Stern, a taron Copenhagen na 2009.

Ɗaya daga cikin zargi shi ne cewa ka'idodin tushe na tsarin bashin yanayi na siyasa ba su dogara da kimiyya ba.Godard, Olivier (2012). "Ecological Debt and Historical Responsibility Revisited - The Case of Climate Change" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-10-30. Mai sharhi Olivier Godard ya yi iƙirarin cewa ra'ayin bashin yanayi yana buƙatar yanke shawara game da bashi, alhakin, da matsayinsu a cikin dangantakar kasa da kasa. Wadannan hukunce-hukuncen da suka gabata sun soke ra'ayin saboda sun sauƙaƙa rikitarwa na ɗabi'a, tarihi, da kuma gaskiyar siyasa.

Wani zargi shi ne cewa bashin yanayi ya dogara ne akan ra'ayi na daidaito cewa yanayi na duniya ne, ra'ayi wanda aka yi amfani da shi ga wasu albarkatun da suka ƙare. Wannan ra'ayi na musamman na yanayi ya yi watsi da duk darajar da ya kamata a ba wa kasashe masu tasowa saboda gudummawar da suka bayar ga duniya, kamar abubuwan kirkirar gwamnatoci, falsafar, da fasahar da ta amfana da duniya baki daya.Roberts, David (2009-12-17). "Is the 'climate debt' discussion helpful?". Grist. Retrieved 2020-10-30.

Yawancin masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa, kodayake manufar bashin yanayi na iya zama mai kyau, yana iya lalata tattaunawar siyasa game da canjin yanayi saboda tushen "abokin hamayya", kuma tattaunawar ya kamata a maimakon haka ta yi amfani da wani tsari daban.Roberts, David (2009-12-17). "Is the 'climate debt' discussion helpful?". Grist. Retrieved 2020-10-30.Pickering, Jonathan; Barry, Christian (2012). "On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 15 (5): 667–685. doi:10.1080/13698230.2012.727311. ISSN 1369-8230. S2CID 144693329.

Dangane da wasu daga cikin waɗannan zarge-zarge, masu goyon bayan bashin yanayi sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu sukar ba su da yawa, kuma yawancin masu sharhi na siyasa suna tallafawa aiwatar da bashin yanayi.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba