Kudin yanayi a Senegal

Kudaden yanayi a Senegal ya ƙunshi albarkatun jama'a da masu zaman kansu da nufin magance ƙalubalen da ke tattare da sauyin yanayi mai matuƙar sauyin yanayi da kuma raunin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa.  Ƙasar, wadda ke cikin yankunan wurare masu zafi – Sahelian miƙa mulki, ta fuskanci busassun busassun busassun damina da ke sarrafawa ta hanyar ƙaura na yanayi na yanki mai lalacewa da kuma iskar kasuwanci..

Sashin makamashi na Senegal ya kasance yana dogara sosai da man fetur, yayin da hanyoyin sabuntawa (rana, iska, da ruwa) suka kai 36-40% gabaɗaya. Kodayake hayaki na kowane mutum yana da ƙarancin gaske, wannan ya wuce matsakaicin ƙasashen Afirka da yawa na yankin Sahara. Yawan wutar lantarki ya kai 84% a cikin 2023, tare da ɗaukar birane na 97% da ɗaukar ƙauyuka na 64%.    Senegal tana fuskantar ƙalubalen tattara albarkatun cikin gida da na waje don saduwa da burin yanayi mai ban sha'awa da inganta ci gaban yanayi. 

 Yanayi da rauni 

 Yanayin yanayi 
Kasar Senegal tana cikin yankin canjin yanayi mai zafi-Sahelian, tare da manyan yankuna uku na yanayi: yankin bakin teku, wanda ke da sanyi mai sanyi da kuma ruwan sama mai yawa daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba, tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusan 500 mm;  yankin Sahelian, arewacin kogin Senegal, tare da ingantaccen lokacin rani daga Nuwamba zuwa Mayu, tsayin da zai iya wuce 40 ° C a watan Mayu da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusan 360 mm;  da yankin Sudan, a kudanci, tare da yanayin zafi mai zafi, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara tsakanin 740 mm zuwa 1,270 mm da savanna ko ciyayi maras kyau.[1]   Gudun ƙaura na yanayi na Yankin Maɗaukaki na Intertropical Convergence da kuma iskar kasuwanci suna ƙayyade busasshen zagayowar (Nuwamba-Mayu) da kuma yanayin damina (Yuni-Oktoba).[2]   Wannan yanayin yanayin, duk da haka, ya nuna haɓakar canjin ruwan sama da kuma ƙaruwar matsanancin yanayi (tsawon fari da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi), daidai da hasashen sauyin yanayi ga yankin Sahel.[3]
alt=File:Show Your Stripes change in temperature graphic for All of Senegal with bars.png|left|thumb|290x290px|Tarihin zafin jiki na Senegal, 1891-2022
Aikin noma na Senegal yafi ruwan sama kuma yana da matukar damuwa ga sauye-sauyen ruwan sama da hauhawar zafin jiki. Tsinkaya ya nuna cewa, a karkashin yanayin IPCC na "kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba", za'a iya rage yawan shinkafa a cikin ƙasar da kashi 50% ta hanyar 2100 idan ba a karɓi nau'ikan da ayyukan da suka dace da yanayin yanayi na gaba ba. Taswirar rauni ta nuna cewa yankunan Tambacounda, Kaffrine, Sedhiou, Kolda, da Kedugu suna da matakan ƙwarewa, fallasawa, da ƙarancin iya daidaitawa, musamman ga amfanin gona kamar shinkafa, albasa, da okra.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, ambaliyar ruwa "ba a taɓa gani ba" a Yankin Podor ta shafi fiye da hekta 16,000 na amfanin gona kuma ta bar kusan mutane 200,000 da rashin tsaro na abinci, yana nuna lalacewar ikon amsawa na gida ga ruwan sama mai yawa wanda aka danganta da canjin yanayi.

Hawan matakin teku da karuwar matsanancin raƙuman ruwa sun kara lalacewa da ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan bakin teku. A cikin Yankin Dakar, kimantawa bisa ga Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) sun rarraba kashi 36% na bakin teku kamar yadda yake cikin haɗarin nutsewa da rushewa. Nazarin matakan tarihi ya nuna cewa matsanancin matakan teku a Dakar suna ƙaruwa a cikin 8.4 mm / shekara kuma, ba tare da matakan ragewa ba, na iya ƙara yawan abubuwan da suka faru har zuwa sau 20 ta hanyar 2100.
alt=File:The bustling streets of Dakar, Senegal (6953619940).jpg|thumb|252x252px|Jirgin ƙasa a Dakar.
Senegal tana da ƙananan hayaki a cikin yanayin Afirka, tare da 0.67-0.68 t CO2 ga kowane mazaunin a cikin 2022, sama da yawancin ƙasashen Afirka na kudu da Sahara, amma ƙasa da manyan masu fitarwa na nahiyar kamar Seychelles (10.33 t) da Libya (8.39 t).

Bangaren makamashi shi ne babban tushen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a kasar, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 30% na jimillar a shekarar 2022, wanda ya ci gaba da mamaye har zuwa shekarar 2022 ta fuskar karuwar bukatu da dogaro da albarkatun mai.   Sufuri babban mai ba da gudummawa ne, duka saboda nauyin sashin sufurin hanya - tare da motoci sama da 600,000, 59% nasu ana amfani da dizal, da kuma hanyar sadarwa wacce ƙasa da kashi 40 cikin 100 ke shimfidawa—kuma saboda tsufan rundunarsa da gazawar hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da kayayyakin aikin filin jirgin sama.[] Waɗannan abubuwan sun sa sashin ke da alhakin samar da makamashi a kusan -28%

 Yanayin makamashi 
Sashin makamashi na Senegal ya kasance yana dogara sosai da man fetur, tare da man fetus kusan rabin jimlar samar da makamashi a kasar. Tushen sabuntawa - da farko biomass na gargajiya (sharar gida da biofuels) tare da hasken rana da iska - sun kai sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar samar da makamashi, wanda ke wakiltar kusan 36-40%.

Yawancin makamashi mai sabuntawa ya fito ne daga amfani da biomass na cikin gida da sharar gida don dafa abinci da samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara da na birane. A cikin 2019, kusan kashi 36% na amfani da makamashi na ƙarshe a Senegal ya fito ne daga biomass (itace, gawayi, da sharar aikin gona), wani muhimmin aiki ga miliyoyin gidaje amma wanda ke nuna muhimmancin mai ƙarfi a cikin matrix na makamashi mai sabuntawa na ƙasar. Koyaya, amfani da sharar birane da na noma a cikin wuraren sharar gida zuwa makamashi yana da rikici. Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa, duk da sauya sharar gida zuwa makamashi, waɗannan tsire-tsire suna fitar da gurɓataccen guba - kamar Dioxins, furans, da ƙarfe mai nauyi - kuma suna samar da toka mai gurɓata sosai, suna tambayar rarraba su a matsayin tushen sabuntawa da gaske da rawar da suke takawa a cikin dabarun ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2025, yawan wutar lantarki na Senegal ya kai kusan 84%, yana cikin mafi girma a yankin. Koyaya, wannan ɗaukar hoto yana nuna bambancin rashin daidaito: a cikin 2022, kashi 97% na yawan mutanen birane an haɗa su da wutar lantarki, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% kawai na yawan mutanen karkara.

A cikin 2023, Senegal ta kasance mai shigo da mai mai mai tsabta da mai, tare da sayayya da suka kai dala biliyan 3; Najeriya ita ce babbar mai samarwa, wanda ya kai kimanin dala biliyan 1.02 na wannan adadin.

 Yanayin tattalin arziki 
Senegal tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 18.08 a cikin 2023 da kuma GDP na dala biliyan 30.84, wanda ke nuna ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi na 4.58% na shekara.

Dangane da hada-hadar kudi, kashi 56% na manya 'yan kasar Senegal suna da akalla asusu daya tare da cibiyar hada-hadar kudi (banki, hadin gwiwa ko sabis na kudi ta wayar hannu) a cikin 2021, adadi da ke nuna gagarumin ci gaba tun daga shekarar 2011, wanda ya haifar da karbuwar kudaden wayar hannu a birane da kauyuka..
alt=File:Greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-gas (1).png|thumb|281x281px|Rashin iskar gas a Senegal (a Turanci).

 Tsarin shari'a da na hukuma 
A cikin 2020 National Determined Contribution (NDC), Senegal ta himmatu ga rage fitar da iskar gas da kashi 7% nan da 2030 a karkashin yanayin da ba shi da iyaka, tare da jaddada karfafa bangarorin noma da gandun daji, fadada makamashi mai sabuntawa, da haɓaka ingancin makamashi a duk faɗin tattalin arziki. Don biyan waɗannan manufofi na yanayi, NDC ta kiyasta bukatun kuɗi na dala biliyan 8.7 don ayyukan ragewa da dala biliyan 4.3 don daidaitawa, jimlar dala biliyan 13 a cikin lokacin 2020-2030.

Don jawo hankalin saka hannun jari na kasashen waje, Senegal ta sauƙaƙa hanyoyin ta hanyar "shagon tsayawa daya" wanda ke haɗa lasisin kasuwanci da rajista, ban da ƙididdigar haraji da tsarin kwastomomi. Wadannan gyare-gyare - waɗanda aka bayar a cikin sabon Dokar Zuba Jari - sun rage lokacin da za a haɗa su da wutar lantarki da samun izini, ƙara tsinkaya ga masu saka hannun jari na duniya.   A Senegal, Hukumar Tallafawa da Manyan Ayyuka (APIX) tana aiki a matsayin "shagon tsayawa daya" ga masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje, suna ba da jagora kan dama, hanyoyin, da fa'idodin Dokar Zuba Jari. APIX tana da alhakin karɓar buƙatun amincewa a ƙarƙashin lambar da saka idanu kan ayyukan da aka amince da su, sauƙaƙe samun damar haraji da kwastomomi da dokar ƙasa ta bayar.

Shirin Sénégal Émergent (PSE), wanda aka karɓa a watan Fabrairun 2014, ya kafa dabarun ci gaba na dogon lokaci don canza Senegal zuwa tattalin arziki mai tasowa a shekara ta 2035. An tsara shi a kusa da ginshiƙai uku - sauye-sauyen tsarin tattalin arziki, ci gaban ɗan adam, da kyakkyawan shugabanci - PSE ta kafa manufofi masu girma na shekara-shekara na 7-8% kuma tana tattara saka hannun jari na jama'a da masu zaman kansu don inganta ababen more rayuwa, rarraba manyan fannoni (kamar noma, masana'antar noma, da yawon shakatawa), da ƙarfafa haɗin kai na zamantakewa. Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Farko (PAP), wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da matakai na shekaru biyar na aiwatarwa na PSE, yana bayyana matakai na kankare zuwa Ci gaba mai ɗorewa.   Manufofin gajeren lokaci sun haɗa da samun damar samun wutar lantarki ta duniya, wanda ke tallafawa ayyukan fadada grid da haɗin gwiwar kuɗi da nufin rage gibin ɗaukar yanki da ƙarfafa ƙarfin tsarin makamashi. PES a bayyane ya fahimci cewa kudi mai ɗorewa muhimmiyar mahimmanci ce wajen cimma burin ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban zamantakewa.  

Dokar Zuba Jari ta 2004 ta ba da kamfanonin da ke ba da izinin saka hannun jari (sama da miliyan 100 na CFA) kyauta daga harajin shigo da kaya, dakatar da biyan VAT a lokacin saka hannun jari - tare da tarawa a matakin aiki - da kuma kuɗin harajin samun kudin shiga na kamfanoni na ɗan lokaci, ban da cirewa na wucin gadi daga gudummawar mai aiki (CFCE) akan sabbin ma'aikata.

Don ci gaba da bunkasa jan hankalin jama'a, gwamnati ta kirkiro yankuna biyar na tattalin arziki na musamman (SEZs) a Diass, Diamniadio, Sandiara, Bargny-Sendou, da Bélé-Kidira, suna ba da tsarin haraji na fifiko, kayan aikin da aka shirya, sauƙaƙe kwastam, da kuma hanyoyin gudanarwa. Shirin dabarun yana kira ga fadada zuwa SEZs 45 a duk yankuna na kasar, tare da yiwuwar samar da ayyuka miliyan uku na dogon lokaci.

Dokar Man Fetur ta 2019 ta kafa takamaiman wajibai na muhalli ga masu saka hannun jari a bangaren hydrocarbon, suna buƙatar kowane mai riƙe da takardar shaidar da ke da ma'aikata don tallafawa gyare-gyare da maido da wuraren hakar ruwa bayan dakatar da ayyukan.

Da yake fahimtar bukatar ƙirƙirar hanyoyin farashi na carbon, gwamnati ta fara karatu don aiwatar da harajin carbon mai tsaka-tsaki wanda ke da niyya ga bangarorin wutar lantarki, mai, da iskar gas. Masu ba da shawara na ƙasa da na duniya sun nuna cewa hanyar "tsayawa-tsayawa" za ta sauƙaƙa amfani da kayan aiki ba tare da ɗaukar nauyin kasafin kuɗin jama'a ba, yayin da kuma karfafa rage fitar da hayaki.

A watan Maris na 2021, kasar ta sabunta tsarin shari'arta don haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu ta hanyar Dokar No. 2021-23 (Maris 2, 2021), wanda ya soke mulkin da ya gabata na 2014.  Sabuwar dokar ta fadada ikon PPPs - ta haɗa kwangilar da aka biya mai amfani da wakilan sabis na jama'a - tana ƙarfafa bukatun abubuwan da ke cikin gida, kuma tana sauƙaƙa tsari, tana sa waɗannan haɗin gwiwar su fi kyau kuma suna da sauƙi ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.

 Kudin sirri 
Senegal tana karfafa kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin Kasuwanci a Afirka mai magana da harshen Faransanci. A cewar Hukumar Ecofin, a cikin 2021 kasar ta shiga cikin rukuni na kasashe uku wadanda suka kai kusan rabin (49%) na ma'amaloli a bangaren masu zaman kansu a yankin, na biyu ne kawai ga Maroko a yawan yarjejeniyoyin rufewa da kuma wuce masu fafatawa kamar Ivory Coast da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. 

Kasuwar babban birnin kasar Senegal na kara yawan shigarta a ayyukan samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar bunkasa tashar hasken rana ta Niakhar a sashen Fatick.  Karkashin jagorancin Energy Resources Senegal (ERS) tare da haɗin gwiwar Manajojin Asusun Yanayi (CFM), asusun saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa wanda ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu, aikin ya ƙunshi filin shakatawa na hasken rana mai ƙarfin MW 30 tare da na'urar ajiyar MW 15 MW / 45 MWh, wanda ya ci kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 40.. 

Baya ga bangaren makamashi, cibiyoyin microfinance masu zaman kansu sun gabatar da kayayyakin kudi masu saukin yanayi don tallafawa al'ummomin karkara. CAURIE Microfinance, alal misali, tana kula da fayil ɗin rance na kusan dala miliyan 27, yana ba da bashi 77,000 - 78% daga cikinsu mata ne - kuma yana haɗa manufofin kula da haɗarin yanayi ta hanyar dandalin dijital na YAPU, wanda ke kimanta yanayin yanayi a ainihin lokacin don jagorantar amincewar bashi don aikin gona mai ƙarfi.

 Haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa da kuma kudade na waje 
Senegal ta dogara da goyon bayan gwamnati mai karfi da kuma goyon bayan abokan huldar kasa da kasa don hanzarta mika wutar lantarki.  A cikin watan Yunin 2023, kasar ta kulla kawancen hadin gwiwa na Canjin Makamashi mai Adalci (JETP) tare da Faransa, Jamus, Tarayyar Turai, Burtaniya, da Kanada, tare da tabbatar da kunshin dalar Amurka biliyan 2.8 don fadada abubuwan sabuntawa da rage hayaki daga bangaren wutar lantarki.   A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Senegal ta kuduri aniyar kara yawan kason makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa zuwa kashi 40 cikin dari na karfin da aka girka nan da shekarar 2030..

Kasancewa memba a cikin Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi na Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU), wanda ke raba CFA franc da manufofin tattalin arziki masu jituwa, yana ba Senegal damar shiga kasuwar hadin gwiwa na masu amfani sama da miliyan 110, mafi girman canjin canji, da kuma yiwuwar samar da kudade na dogon lokaci ta hanyar cibiyoyin kamar BCEAO da Bankin Raya Yammacin Afrika (BOAD). 

Ana sa ran wurin shakatawa na hasken rana na Kolda zai kai 60 MW, yana mai da shi babbar masana'antar hasken rana daga cikin takwas da ke aiki a halin yanzu a kasar. Ci gabanta ya yiwu ne ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa wanda ya hada da Asusun Infrastructure na Afirka da Asiya (EAAIF), bankin ci gaban Holland FMO, da kuma cibiyar saka hannun jari ta Jamus DEG. 

Dangane da burin samun wutar lantarki a duniya, Asusun Yanayi na Green ya ba da gudummawa a cikin 2020 wani shirin da Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Senegal (ASER) ta shigar da ƙananan hasken rana 1,000 a cikin al'ummomin da aka ware kuma guje wa fiye da 45,000 tCO2 a kowace shekara.

 Manyan bangarorin da suka amfana 
alt=File:Bus Dakar Dem Dikk dans les rues de Dakar au Sénégal le 21 juillet 2021.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Sufurin jama'a a Dakar, 2021.
Sashin noma yana karɓar adadi mai yawa na albarkatun kudi na yanayi, tare da dala miliyan 412,5 da aka ware don ayyukan noma na iyali masu basira.

A cikin kula da albarkatun ruwa, an ware dala miliyan 386.4 don ayyukan samar da ruwan sha. Bugu da ƙari, tsakanin 1996 da 2023, gwamnatin Senegal ta saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 1.3 a cikin tsarin samar da ruwan sha, tana mai da hankali kan Dakar - Mbour - Thieès triangle.

A cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa da sashin sufuri mai ɗorewa, saka hannun jari sun goyi bayan fadada makamashi masu tsabta da tsarin motsi na birane, gami da matukin jirgi na Bus Rapid Transit a Dakar; irin waɗannan ayyukan na iya ƙara yawan amfanin gona har zuwa 20% kuma rage gurɓataccen iska.

Kariya ta bakin teku da kula da haɗarin bala'i sun haɗa da dala miliyan 61.3 don shirye-shiryen rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa da dala miliyan 72.9 don kula da ruwan sama, wanda zai ƙarfafa tsarin gargadi na farko, kayan aikin hanawa, da kuma dawo da yanayin halittu na bakin teku don gidaje 169,200.

 Tasiri da sakamakon 
alt=File:Mangrove des îles du saloum au Sénégal 06.jpg|left|thumb|323x323px|Mangroves a cikin Saloum Delta .
Dangane da ƙarfin shigarwa, makamashi mai sabuntawa ya riga ya kai kusan 0.4 GW a cikin ƙasar. A cikin 2022, wannan ƙarfin sabuntawa ya wuce na kwal a cikin samar da wutar lantarki, tare da gonakin hasken rana da iska tare suna wakiltar 21% na wutar lantarki da aka samar a wannan shekarar. A cikin wannan jimlar, daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa shine gonakin iska, wanda babban aikinsa - tashar Taïba N'Diaye - tana da 158.7 MW a aiki tun daga 2021. Ci gaban hydroelectric a cikin ƙasar ma ya dace, tare da yiwuwar hydroelectric na Kogin Senegal da aka kiyasta a 1,200 MW, wanda kusan 260 MW sun riga sun fara aiki.

Maido da Mangrove a cikin Saloum Delta ya fito ne a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan sakamako na ayyukan kudi na yanayi a Senegal: wani shiri na al'umma wanda Wetlands International da abokan hulɗa suka jagoranta sun dawo da hekta 1,600 na mangroves tsakanin 2023 da 2025, karfafa kariya ta bakin teku, inganta ingancin ruwa, da kara yawan halittu na gida. 

Shirin Gabatar da fitilar LED (PPLEEF), wanda Bankin Raya Afirka ya ba da kuɗi kuma an aiwatar da shi a cikin haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu, ya riga ya amfana da gidaje sama da 700,000 da kamfanoni 80,000 a Dakar, Thiès da Diourbel.

 Rashin amincewa da jayayya 
Kodayake Dokar Zuba Jari ta 2004 ta tabbatar, a cikin Mataki na 9 da 10, iri ɗaya da masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje da na cikin gida - gami da 'yancin mallaka, izini, da kuma samun dama ga kasuwannin jama'a - wasu kamfanonin kasashen waje sun ba da rahoton, a aikace, cewa yanayin kasuwanci yana son masu aiki da kuma 'yan wasan da suka fi dacewa, suna fuskantar matakai masu yawa, yanke shawara marasa bayyane, da kuma ka'idojin siyarwa waɗanda ke hana shigar sabbin masu saka hannun jarin. 

A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari a ayyukan samar da makamashi mai tsafta a Senegal ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 787.08, wanda ke wakiltar raguwar 38.56% idan aka kwatanta da dala biliyan 1.28 da aka saka a 2022.[1]  Wannan raguwa ya katse ci gaban da aka samu na 'yan shekarun nan, lokacin da kasar ta kai ga kololuwar saka hannun jari a cikin 2022. Ɗaya daga cikin bayanin da zai yiwu ga wannan raguwa shine ƙarfafa tsarin iskar gas na gwamnatin Senegal , kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Shirin Ƙaddamarwa a Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin (IPCC) .  sun karkatar da wasu kudaden da aka ba da umarni a baya zuwa ayyukan da za a sabunta su..

Masana da kungiyoyi da yawa sun yi gargadi cewa tsarin kudi na yanayi na Senegal, wanda ya dogara da rance, na iya kara bashin jama'a. Dangane da binciken da Oxfam ta yi, kashi 85% na albarkatun da aka ware wa kasar tsakanin 2013 da 2021 an ba su ne a matsayin bashi, suna kara matakin rashin lafiyar kudi a cikin mahallin da bashin jama'a ya riga ya kusanci kashi 62% na kudaden shiga na kasa. Yin amfani da wannan ƙarfin, kasashe da bankunan da yawa suna lissafin rance a darajar fuska a matsayin izini, ta hanyar dabara da cimma burin kudi na yanayi ba tare da bayar da tallafi kai tsaye ba. 

 Abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba 
Matsayin Hasken rana tsakanin 4.2 da 6 kWh / m2 / rana a fadin kusan 90% na yankin, haɗe da matsakaicin saurin iska na bakin teku na 4 zuwa 7 m / s, matsayi Senegal don saurin haɓaka ƙarfin photovoltaic da gonar iska zuwa ga burin 40% sabuntawa a cikin ƙarni ta 2030.

Senegal tana da mahimman damar hasken rana, an kiyasta a 37,233 MW na ƙarfin fasaha, bisa ga bayanai daga Hukumar Sabunta Makamashi ta Duniya (IRENA).  Amma ga iska, yiwuwar bakin teku ya fi mahimmanci: Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta tsakanin 13 GW na kasa-daidaitawa da 32 GW na iska mai iyo, jimlar kusan 45 GW na iyawa, wanda zai iya haɓaka ƙarni na hasken rana da rage yanayi a cikin samar da wutar lantarki.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba