'Yancin Dan Adam a Yemen

Ana ganin 'Yancin Dan Adam a Yemen a matsayin matsala. Sojojin tsaro sun kasance da alhakin azabtarwa, zalunci har ma da kisan gillar da ba na shari'a ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an sami ci gaba, tare da gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa da yawa, har ma da nada mace, Dokta Wahiba Fara'a, a matsayin Ministan Jihar 'Yancin Dan Adam.

Sauran kafofin sun bayyana cewa matsaloli da yawa sun ci gaba tare da zargin cewa ba a aiwatar da waɗannan gyare-gyare ba kuma har yanzu ana cin zarafin, musamman a fannonin 'Yancin mata,' yancin manema labarai, azabtarwa da zalunci na' yan sanda. Akwai kamawa na wucin gadi na 'yan ƙasa da kuma binciken gidaje. Tsawon tsare-tsare kafin a yi shari'a matsala ce mai tsanani, kuma cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, rashin inganci, da tsangwama na zartarwa suna lalata tsarin da ya dace. 'Yanci na magana, 'yan jarida da addini duk an ƙuntata su. A cikin 2018 da 2019, kafofin da yawa, gami da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bayyana halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a Yemen a matsayin mafi muni a duniya.

 Yarjejeniya 
Yemen jam'iyya ce ga yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin dan adam masu zuwa: 

 Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW) 
 Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira
 Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan haramta kisan kare dangi
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Laifukan Yakin da Laifukan Kan Dan Adam
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Siyasa na Mata
 Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Aure da Mafi ƙarancin Shekarar Aure da Yarjejeniyar aure Rijistar
 Yarjejeniyar kan haramtacciyar Ciniki da Cin Hanci da rashawa
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan haramta nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Yara
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan yaki da azabtarwa, zalunci da rashin mutunci
 Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1994 da Yarjejeniyar da aka haɗa ta 1997

 'Yancin mata 
Duk da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Yemen na 1994, wanda ya tsara daidaito ga 'yan ƙasar Yemen, mata har yanzu suna fama da ƙuntatawa daban-daban da matsayi na biyu. Dokar Yanayin Mutum ta Yemen musamman, wacce ta shafi batutuwan aure, kisan aure, kula da yara da gado, ta ba mata ƙananan hakkoki fiye da maza, ta ware mata daga yanke shawara, kuma ta hana su damar, da sarrafawa, albarkatu da dukiya.

Ba a ba da damar saki ga mata daidai ba. Yana da wahala ga mace ta saki namiji. Namiji na iya saki mace yadda yake so. Duk da yake namiji na iya saki ba tare da tabbatar da aikinsa a kotu ba, dole ne mace ta gabatar da isasshen hujja. Mata suna fuskantar abubuwa da yawa masu amfani, zamantakewa, da kuma kudi a cikin tsarin saki. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman shari'a don samun tallace-tallace a duniya shine Nujood Ali, wanda ya yi nasarar samun saki yana da shekaru goma,   tare da taimakon wata fitacciyar lauya ta Yemen wacce ta amince da wakiltar ta.

Yemen tana da daya daga cikin mafi munin rikodin auren yara a duniya, tare da rikodin UNICEF a shekara ta 2005 cewa kashi 48.4% na matan Yemen da ke da shekaru 20-24 a halin yanzu sun yi aure kafin su kai 18 (da 14% kafin su kai shekara 15).  Kafin hadin kan Yemen a shekarar 1990, dokar ta sanya mafi karancin shekarun aure a 16 a Yemen ta Kudu da 15 a arewa. Bayan hadin kai, an kafa dokar a 15. A cikin 1999, an yi wa dokar matsayin farar hula gyare-gyare kuma an soke mafi ƙarancin shekaru. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, sabuwar doka mai rikitarwa ta sanya mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aure a shekara 17. 'Yan majalisa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi tsayayya da lissafin a kan cewa sanya mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure ya saɓa da Islama. Sauran abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga auren yara sun haɗa da al'adun al'adu, matsin tattalin arziki ga iyayen 'yan mata, da kuma darajar da aka sanya akan budurwa da kuma sha'awar kare su daga jima'i a waje da aure.

Sauran abubuwan da za su iya haifar da su sun haɗa da sha'awar tsofaffin mazaje ga matasa, matan da suka miƙa wuya, da kuma imanin cewa 'yan mata ba su da damar ɗaukar kwayar cutar kanjamau da cutar kanjamawa. Hadarin auren farko ga 'yan mata sun haɗa da karuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke tattare da juna biyu na farko, warewar jama'a, karuwar haɗari na fuskantar tashin hankali na gida da kuma rage ilimin' yan mata, ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga 'mata na talauci'.

Samun damar mata zuwa kula da lafiyar uwa yana da ƙuntatawa sosai. A mafi yawan lokuta, mazaje suna yanke shawarar haihuwa na mata. Yana da wahala ga mata su sami rigakafin haihuwa, ko kuma su yi aiki don magani ba tare da izinin miji ba. Yawan mace-mace na yara a Yemen da kuma na huɗu mafi saurin karuwa a duniya an danganta su da rashin yanke shawara na mata a cikin ciki da kuma samun damar ayyukan kiwon lafiya.

Mata suna da saukin kamuwa da cin zarafin jima'i daga masu tsaron kurkuku, kuma akwai ƙananan, idan akwai, azabtarwa don cin zarafin mata fiye da maza. Dokar ta tanadi kariya ga mata daga tashin hankali na gida, amma a zahiri akwai kariya kaɗan ga mata da ke fama da tashin hankali na cikin gida kuma ba a gudanar da bincike na irin waɗannan abubuwan ba. Ba a ba da rahoton cin zarafin ma'aurata ko cin zarafin gida ga 'yan sanda ba saboda ka'idojin zamantakewa da al'adu, ma'ana mata suna yin shiru a ƙarƙashin waɗannan cin zarafin.

 'Yanci na' yan jarida 
A shekara ta 2005, Yemen ta kasance ta 136 cikin kasashe 167 dangane da 'yancin' yan jarida. Gwamnati tana da iko a kan dukkan talabijin da rediyo kuma ta haramta 'yan jarida don buga bayanai "maras kyau". A shekara ta 2001, 'yan jarida a jaridar Al-Shura sun sami bulala 80 don ɓata sunan Abdul Majeed al-Zindani, shugaban babbar jam'iyyar Islama a kasar. An kuma rufe jaridar. A cewar Human Rights Watch, "A karkashin ka'idojin Dokar Labarai ta 1990, wanda aka bayar a 1993 da 1998, jaridu dole ne su nemi Ma'aikatar Bayanai don sabunta lasisin su na shekara-shekara... a tsakiyar 2000 kusan rabin wallafe-wallafen Yemen 200 ne kawai aka ba su lasisi. "

Ofishin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR) ya rubuta wasu laifuffuka da yawa na kare hakkin dan adam a kan 'yan jarida a Yemen wadanda suka hada da kashe-kashen, bacewar mutane da kuma hukuncin kisa da bangarorin da ke yaƙi a cikin rikicin makamai na Yemen suka yi. A ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2020, a gundumar Dar Sa'ad, an kashe ɗan jaridar AFP Nabeel Al-Qitee'e a gaban gidansa. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2020, an yanke wa 'yan jarida hudu hukuncin kisa kuma kotun hukunta wasu shida a babban birnin Sana'a, wanda 'Yan tawayen Houthi ke sarrafawa. Tun lokacin da aka fara rikici a shekarar 2015, an kwace kungiyoyin yada labarai 24, an rufe tashoshin talabijin 26 da hukumomin jarida. A cewar OHCHR, an rubuta take hakkin dan adam 357 da cin zarafin da aka yi wa 'yan jarida, gami da kamawa da tsare-tsare 184, kashe-kashen 28, hare-hare 45, bacewar tilasta 2 da sace daya.

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2020, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa 'yan jarida hudu da hukumomin Houthi suka tsare a Yemen tun 2015 an tuhume su da hukuncin kisa kuma an ba su kulawa mara kyau yayin da suke kurkuku. An kama fursunoni huɗu kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa ba tare da shari'a mai kyau ba a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2020, ta kotun da ke karkashin ikon Houthi a Sanaa. Kotun ta zargi 'yan jarida da cin amana da leken asiri ga jihohin kasashen waje la'akari da aikin jarida.

 'Yanci na addini 
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da 'yancin addini, kuma Gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama wannan haƙƙin a aikace; duk da haka, akwai wasu ƙuntatawa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bayyana cewa Islama ita ce addinin jihar, kuma Shari'a (dokar Islama) ita ce tushen dukkan dokoki. Manufofin gwamnati sun ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga aikin addini ba kyauta ba; duk da haka, akwai wasu ƙuntatawa. Musulmai da mabiyan kungiyoyin addinai ban da Islama suna da 'yanci su bauta bisa ga imanin su, amma Gwamnati ta haramta tuba daga Islama da kuma tuba ga Musulmai.

Kodayake dangantakar da ke tsakanin kungiyoyin addinai ta ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga 'yancin addini, akwai wasu rahotanni game da cin zarafin al'umma da nuna bambanci bisa ga imani ko aiki na addini. Akwai hare-hare a kan Yahudawa kuma wasu fitattun Musulmai na Zaydi sun ji cewa hukumomin gwamnati sun yi niyya da su saboda addininsu. Sake shiga soja na gwamnati a cikin lardin Saada ya haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa, kabilanci, da addini don sake fitowa a watan Janairun 2007, biyo bayan rikici na soja na uku tare da 'yan tawaye da ke da alaƙa da iyalin al-Houthi, waɗanda ke bin makarantar Zaydi ta Shi'a Islam. 

Tun farkon Rikicin Shia, an kama Zaidis da yawa da ake zargi da tallafawa Al-Houthi kuma an tsare su ba tare da tuhuma ko shari'a ba. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Rahoton 'Yancin Addini na Duniya na 2007, "Wasu Zaydis sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi da nuna bambanci da Gwamnati ta yi saboda ana zargin su da tausayi ga al-Houthis. Koyaya, ya bayyana cewa ayyukan Gwamnati a kan kungiyar tabbas sun kasance a siyasa, ba addini ba, saboda motsawa".

 Hakkin LGBT 
Kwastam ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Yemen daidai da tsarin Shari'a Shari'a na kasar.International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission: Status of Sexual minorities – Yemen Mutanen LGBT a Yemen na iya fuskantar nuna bambanci, shari'a, da ƙalubalen zamantakewa. Hukunce-hukunce ga luwadi ya fito ne daga bulala zuwa mutuwa.New book details increase in antigay violence worldwideAn FCO programme for promoting the human rights of LGBT people Yemen na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe bakwai da suka yi amfani da hukuncin kisa don ayyukan Jima'i tsakanin manya na jinsi ɗaya.

Gwamnati ta toshe shafukan yanar gizo na gay da lesbian.

Matsayin hukuma shi ne cewa babu 'yan luwadi a Yemen. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, babu wani sararin jama'a ko rabin jama'a ga masu luwadi kamar yadda yake a kasashen yamma.

A sakamakon Sharia, ana kashe mutanen LGBT a hare-hare.

 Cinikin mutane 
Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2013 Trafficking in Persons ya rarraba Yemen a matsayin ƙasa ta Tier 3,  ma'ana cewa gwamnatinta ba ta cika cikakkun ka'idojin da suka shafi fataucin mutane kuma ba ta yin gagarumin ƙoƙari don yin hakan. 

 Rashin bin 'yancin yara a lokacin yakin basasa 
Amnesty International ta yi tir da daukar kananan yara maza a karkashin shekaru 17 a hannun kungiyar Houthi ta Yemen don yin yaƙi a matsayin yara sojoji a kan gaba na Yaƙin basasar Yemen. A tsakiyar watan Fabrairun 2017, yara maza hudu, masu shekaru tsakanin 15 zuwa 17, Huthis ne suka dauka a Sana'a; jimlar adadin yaran da aka dauka ba a sani ba. Tun lokacin da yara suka yi farin ciki don harba Kalashnikovs da bindigogi kuma su sa kayan soja, Houthis sun gudanar da cibiyoyin gida waɗanda ke gudanar da ayyukan kamar addu'o'i, laccoci da laccoci inda aka ƙarfafa su shiga yaƙe-yaƙe na gaba don kare Yemen da Saudi Arabia. Kamar yadda rahoton ya bayyana, koyaushe suna ɗaukar ma'aikaci ɗaya daga kowane iyali; kuma lokacin da ɗa ya mutu, an ba da albashi na kowane wata, wanda aka kiyasta tsakanin 20,000 da 30,000 Yemen Riyals, ga iyalin. A cewar hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kusan mutane 1,500 da suka kamu da yara sun shiga cikin rikici tun watan Maris na shekara ta 2015.    

Saudi Arabia da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun hayar yara sojoji daga Sudan (musamman daga Darfur), da Yemen don yin yaƙi da Houthis a lokacin yakin basasar Yemen (2015-yanzu).

Sojojin SAS na musamman na Burtaniya suna da hannu wajen horar da yara sojoji a Yemen. An ruwaito akalla kashi 40% na sojoji da ke yaƙi da hadin gwiwar Saudiyya yara ne.

Saudi Arabia kuma tana hayar yara sojoji na Yemen don kare iyakar Saudiyya daga Houthis.

A watan Yunin 2019, Mike Pompeo, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, ya hana shigar da Saudi Arabia a cikin jerin kasashen Amurka da ke daukar yara sojoji, ya watsar da binciken masana nasa cewa hadin gwiwar Saudiyya tana amfani da yara a yakin basasar Yemen. 

 Aiki 
Tun daga shekara ta 2015 ILO tana aiki tare da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP)  don ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka da samar da kudaden shiga a Yemen. Bankin Duniya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai da Bankin Ci Gaban Musulunci sun shiga ILO don shirya rahotanni masu yawa na Lalacewar da Bukatar (DNA).  ILO ta aiwatar da Tsarin Bayanai na Kasuwancin Kwadago tare da hadin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a da Kwadago don tallafawa manufofin aiki da Silatech na Qatar, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) da kuma kudaden ILO suka tallafawa. Ayyukan "Ilimi na Kasuwanci- Sanin game da kasuwanci"  da "Shirin Kasuwanci na Mata a Yemen"  Asusun Ci Gaban Jama'a ne ya ba da kuɗin don samar da damar samun ƙwarewar kasuwanci na asali. Bugu da kari, ILO ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da UNDP don tallafawa samun damar yin aiki ga matasa da aiwatar da aikin "Livelihood and Economic Recovery".

 Kurkuku na sirri 
Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tana gudanar da Kurkuku na sirri a Yemen inda ake tilasta wa fursunoni su ɓace kuma ana azabtar da su. Har ila yau, Amurka ta yarda da yin tambayoyi ga fursunoni amma ta mUS "duk wani shiga ko sanin cin zarafin bil'adama".   

 Dubi kuma 

 Dimokuradiyya a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka
 Zaben a Yemen
 Hooria Mashhour, tsohon Ministan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam
 'Yancin Dan Adam a Gabas ta Tsakiya
 'Yancin Dan Adam a Kasashen Musulunci

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Human Rights Watch: Yemen
 IFEX.org/en/content/view/full/232/" id="mwA7A" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Yemen - IFEX
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