Makhtesh Ramon

Makhtesh Ramon (Ibraniyawa: ; lit. Ramon Crater / Makhtesh; Larabci: وادي الرمان; lit. Ruman Wadi) fasalin yanayin ƙasa ne na hamadar Negev ta Isra'ila . Da yake da nisan kilomita 85 a kudancin Beersheba, yanayin ƙasa shine mafi girma a duniya a matsayin "rugujewar lalacewa" (kwari mai tsawo ko akwatin akwatin). Tsarin yana da tsawon kilomita 40, faɗin kilomita 2-10 da zurfin mita 500. Duk da bayyanarsa ba wani rami ne mai tasiri daga meteor ko kuma wani rami na dutsen wuta wanda aka kafa ta hanyar fashewar dutsen wuta.    

Ginin da ke cikin yankin shine ƙaramin garin Mitzpe Ramon (מצפה רמון, "Ramon Lookout") wanda ke gefen arewacin bakin ciki. A yau yankin ya zama wurin shakatawa mafi girma a Isra'ila, Ramon Nature Reserve .

 Kafawa 
Daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata, Tekun Tethys ya rufe Negev. A hankali, ya fara komawa arewa, ya bar wani tudun da ke da siffar tudu. Ruwa da yanayin yanayi sun sannu a hankali sun kwantar da hankali. Kimanin 5 mya, an kafa Kwarin Arava Rift, tare da koguna suna canza hanyoyin su, suna sassaƙa cikin rami wanda ya fi taushi fiye da wannan. Rashin rami ya ci gaba da zurfafawa da sauri fiye da ganuwar da ke kewaye da shi, wanda sannu a hankali ya karu da tsawo. Yayin da rami ya zurfafa, an fallasa wasu yadudduka na tsohuwar dutse, tare da duwatsu a kasan rami har zuwa shekaru miliyan 200. A yau, rami yana da zurfin mita 500, tare da zurfin ma'anar    (Saharonim Spring).[he] Wannan maɓuɓɓugar tana aiki ne kawai a matsayin tushen ruwa na halitta a cikin rami, yana tallafawa wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na yawan namun daji, gami da onagers da ibex. 

 Ilimin ƙasa 
Makhtesh Ramon ya ƙunshi nau'ikan duwatsu da suka hada da tuddai na yumbu da aka  da launuka da siffofin su na ja da rawaya. Duwatsu sun tashi a kan iyakokin rami: Har Ramon (Mt. Ramon) a ƙarshen kudu,   (Mt. Ardon) a ƙarshen arewa maso gabas, da duwatsun tebur guda biyu - Har Marpek (Mt. Marpek - "Elbow"), da Har Katum (Mt. Katum - "Cropped") - tare da bangon kudu.[he] Duwatsun da ke gefen arewa maso gabashin makhtesh an taɓa rufe su gaba ɗaya da burbushin ammonite, daga girman kwari zuwa na ƙafafun tractor kodayake an cire waɗannan galibi don haka ana iya samun ƙananan burbushin a nan a yau.

Giv'at Ga'ash, wani dutse mai baƙar fata a arewacin makhtesh, ya taɓa zama dutsen wuta mai aiki wanda ya fashe dubban shekaru da suka gabata kuma ya sa aka rufe shi da laka wanda ya yi sanyaya da sauri a cikin iska, ya canza shi zuwa basalt. Hakanan ana iya samun Dutse mai laushi da basalt ya rufe a cikin ƙananan tuddai masu baƙar fata a kudancin makhtesh, gami da Karnei Ramon.

Shen Ramon (Ramon's Tooth) dutse ne da aka yi da magma wanda ya yi tauri yayin da yake karkashin kasa. Daga baya ya tashi ta hanyar tsagewa a farfajiyar Duniya, kuma a yau yana tsaye a cikin bambanci mai ban sha'awa da bangon kudancin da ke kusa da shi, a matsayin dutse mai kaifi. A tsakiyar makhtesh shine HaMinsara (The Carpentry Shop), wani karamin tudu wanda ya ƙunshi ginshiƙan sandstone - ginshiƙai na prismatic na Quartzite. Ana samun iyalin pteriidan bivalve na Ramonalinidae a farkon duwatsun Triassic na Makhtesh Ramon kuma an sanya masa suna bayan wannan fasalin. Nahal Ardon a gabashin makhtesh ya ƙunshi dikes masu yawa na tsaye. Za'a iya samun geodes na celestine a wasu daga cikinsu.

 Dabbobi 
An sake gabatar da Jiki na daji na Asiya zuwa Makhtesh Ramon. A cikin 1995 yawan jama'a ya karu zuwa manya 40 a yankin. Dabbobi sun hada da nau'o'i biyu na Ass na Asiya, wanda aka samo daga Turkmenian kulan (E. h. kulan) da Farisa Onager (E.h. onager). Asalin asali, Jiki na daji na Siriya (E. h. hemippus), ya ƙare.

Sauran manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na yankin sun hada da Nubian ibex, Dorkas gazelles, striped hyenas, Larabawa wolves, Caracals, golden jackals, da kuma sake gabatar da Arabian oryx. A tarihi, yankin ya kasance gida ga damisa na Larabawa. Koyaya, ana iya kawar da su a Isra'ila.Stein, A.B., Athreya, V., Gerngross, P., Balme, G., Henschel, P., Karanth, U., Miquelle, D., Rostro-Garcia, S., Kamler, J.F., Laguardia, A., Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. 2020. Panthera pardus (amended version of 2019 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T15954A163991139. . Accessed on 25 March 2023.

 Tarihi 
Rushewar wani babban gini na dutse wanda aka sani da Ana samun  a cikin makhtesh, yayin da yake kan tsohuwar Hanyar Turare, hanyar kasuwanci da Nabataeans ke amfani da ita shekaru 2,000 da suka wuce. Waɗannan kango sun zama tashar tasha ga ƴan kasuwa da dabbobinsu ( Khan shine kalmar Larabci don ayari ) yayin da suke gaba da gaba zuwa birnin Gaza mai tashar jiragen ruwa na Bahar Rum .

Da yake a saman dutsen arewacin rami, mutum na iya samun Metzad Mahmal, ragowar sansanin da Nabataeans da Romawa suka yi amfani da shi don kare Hanyar turare. Masu binciken tarihi da yawa sun tono shafin, kuma UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 2005. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba