Hawan matakin teku a Venice

Tasirin da ke tattare da hauhawar matakin teku a Venice, Italiya, yana wakiltar babbar damuwa ga birnin, wanda aka san shi da al'adun al'adu da tsarin halittu na musamman. Saboda sauyin yanayi da ya haifar da hauhawar matakan teku, Venice tana fuskantar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa da lalacewar tsari. A tarihi, cibiyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa ta birni da ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci sun sanya shi musamman mai saukin kamuwa da canje-canje a matakan teku, yana shafar duka ababen more rayuwa da wuraren al'adu. Halin yanzu da tsinkayen kimiyya sun nuna cewa mitar da tsananin abubuwan ambaliyar ruwa na iya ƙaruwa, yana haifar da tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da muhalli. Ana aiwatar da dabarun daidaitawa da ragewa daban-daban, kamar aikin MOSE da sauran tsarin Rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa, don kare birnin. 

 Tarihin tarihin canje-canjen matakin teku a Venice 
A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, Venice ta sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci a matakin teku wanda aka motsa ta hanyar haɗuwa da hauhawar matakin teku na duniya da raguwar gida. Tsakanin 1993 da 2019, ma'aunin ma'auni a Venice, bayan gyarawa don raguwa, yana nuna matsakaicin hauhawar matakin teku na kusan 2.76 ± 1.75 mm a kowace shekara. Wannan adadin ya fi girma fiye da yanayin tarihi da aka lura tsakanin 1872 da 2019, wanda aka kiyasta a 1.23 ± 0.13 mm a kowace shekara.

Matsayin teku na Venetian yana da alaƙa da yanayin Bahar Rum da Tekun Adriatic, wanda, bi da bi, yana da tasiri ta hanyar rikitarwa na teku da yanayi. Canjin ruwa ta hanyar Strait of Gibraltar babban abu ne wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin tabbas a cikin tsinkayen hauhawar matakin teku na yanki.Zanchettin, Davide; Bruni, Sara; Raicich, Fabio; Lionello, Piero; Adloff, Fanny; Androsov, Alexey; Antonioli, Fabrizio; Artale, Vincenzo; Carminati, Eugenio; Ferrarin, Christian; Fofonova, Vera; Nicholls, Robert J.; Rubinetti, Sara; Rubino, Angelo; Sannino, Gianmaria (2021-09-01). "Sea-level rise in Venice: historic and future trends (review article)". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 21 (8): 2643–2678. Bibcode:2021NHESS..21.2643Z. doi:10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021. hdl:11585/831066. ISSN 1561-8633. Har ila yau, sauye-sauye na ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda bambancin matsin yanayi, guguwar guguwa, da sake zagayowar ruwa sun kara tsananta abubuwan ambaliyar da aka samu a cikin birni.

Hawan matakin teku ya riga ya shafi Venice kuma zai kawo ƙalubale masu yawa. Yawan da tsananin acqua alta (al'amuran ruwa masu yawa) sun karu, wanda ke haifar da rushewa a rayuwar yau da kullun, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, da kuma buƙatar matakan daidaitawa. A mayar da martani, an haɓaka manyan ayyukan injiniya kamar tsarin shingen MOSE (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico) don kare birnin daga ambaliyar ruwa. Duk da yake waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun ba da taimako na wucin gadi, ci gaba da hauhawar matakin teku da ci gaba da raguwa sun kasance suna damuwa game da dorewar Venice na dogon lokaci. Zanchettin, Davide; Bruni, Sara; Raicich, Fabio; Lionello, Piero; Adloff, Fanny; Androsov, Alexey; Antonioli, Fabrizio; Artale, Vincenzo; Carminati, Eugenio; Ferrarin, Christian; Fofonova, Vera; Nicholls, Robert J.; Rubinetti, Sara; Rubino, Angelo; Sannino, Gianmaria (2021-09-01). "Sea-level rise in Venice: historic and future trends (review article)". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 21 (8): 2643–2678. Bibcode:2021NHESS..21.2643Z. doi:10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021. hdl:11585/831066. ISSN 1561-8633.

 Abubuwan da aka tsara na hauhawar matakin teku 
Hawan matakin teku na gaba yana haifar da babbar barazana ga Venice Lagoon da tsarin halittu mai rikitarwa. Binciken 2018 da Ivajnšič da sauransu suka yi ya tsara tasirin tasirin tasowa daban-daban na matakin teku (SLR) a kan Venice Lagoon ta amfani da bayanan geospatial mai zurfi da ƙididdigar ƙididdigat. Binciken ya kimanta yanayi huɗu na SLR - uku na samfurin (GFDL P50, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) da kuma daya bisa ga yanayin layi na tarihi - a fadin lokuta masu yawa har zuwa shekara ta 2100. 

Binciken ya nuna bambance-bambance tsakanin bangarorin arewa da kudancin tafkin. A karkashin dukkan al'amuran, ana sa ran ɓangaren arewa zai fuskanci farkon kuma ya fi tsanani saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin yaduwar ƙasa. A shekara ta 2075, tsakanin kashi 37% da 51% na tafkin gishiri suna hasashen zama a ƙarƙashin ruwa, dangane da yanayin. Ivajnšič, Danijel; Kaligarič, Mitja; Fantinato, Edy; Del Vecchio, Silvia; Buffa, Gabriella (2018-09-01). "The fate of coastal habitats in the Venice Lagoon from the sea level rise perspective". Applied Geography. 98: 34–42. Bibcode:2018AppGe..98...34I. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.07.005. hdl:10278/3701803. ISSN 0143-6228. A shekara ta 2100, abubuwan da suka danganci samfurin GFDL P50 da RCP8.5 sun yi hasashen kusan ambaliyar ruwa na wuraren zama (har zuwa 99.8%), yayin da karin tsinkaye masu matsakaici kamar RCP4.5 da yanayin layi sun kiyasta asarar 41% zuwa 55%. 

Binciken ya kuma jaddada bambancin da ke cikin juriya. Yankunan da ke ƙasa da wuraren tsire-tsire na farko, kamar waɗanda Spartina maritima ta mamaye, sun fi rauni kuma suna iya ɓacewa daga tafkin arewa tun farkon shekara ta 2075. Ivajnšič, Danijel; Kaligarič, Mitja; Fantinato, Edy; Del Vecchio, Silvia; Buffa, Gabriella (2018-09-01). "The fate of coastal habitats in the Venice Lagoon from the sea level rise perspective". Applied Geography. 98: 34–42. Bibcode:2018AppGe..98...34I. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.07.005. hdl:10278/3701803. ISSN 0143-6228. Sabanin haka, wasu nau'ikan mazaunin a kudancin lagoon na iya ci gaba da daɗewa saboda yawan ƙarancin ruwa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage hauhawar matakan teku.

Wadannan abubuwan da aka tsara sun jaddada bukatar gaggawa don dabarun gudanarwa a Venice. Ba tare da gagarumin shiga tsakani ba, yawancin bambancin muhalli na tafkin da ƙarfin hana ambaliyar ruwa na iya ɓacewa cikin shekaru da yawa. Ivajnšič, Danijel; Kaligarič, Mitja; Fantinato, Edy; Del Vecchio, Silvia; Buffa, Gabriella (2018-09-01). "The fate of coastal habitats in the Venice Lagoon from the sea level rise perspective". Applied Geography. 98: 34–42. Bibcode:2018AppGe..98...34I. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.07.005. hdl:10278/3701803. ISSN 0143-6228.

 Sakamakon tattalin arziki 
Tsarin MOSE (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), jerin ƙofofin hannu da aka tsara don kare tafkin Venetian daga manyan raƙuman ruwa, yana wakiltar muhimmiyar aikin kuɗi ga Venice. Kudin tsarin MOSE ya riga ya wuce Yuro biliyan 6, yana nuna yawan saka hannun jari da ake buƙata don kare birnin daga hauhawar matakan teku.Zanchettin, Davide; Bruni, Sara; Raicich, Fabio; Lionello, Piero; Adloff, Fanny; Androsov, Alexey; Antonioli, Fabrizio; Artale, Vincenzo; Carminati, Eugenio; Ferrarin, Christian; Fofonova, Vera; Nicholls, Robert J.; Rubinetti, Sara; Rubino, Angelo; Sannino, Gianmaria (2021-09-01). "Sea-level rise in Venice: historic and future trends (review article)". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 21 (8): 2643–2678. Bibcode:2021NHESS..21.2643Z. doi:10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021. hdl:11585/831066. ISSN 1561-8633. Duk da tsada mai yawa, ana sa ran fa'idodin tsarin MOSE su wuce kuɗin da aka kashe, saboda yana ba da kariya mai mahimmanci daga ambaliyar ruwa. Koyaya, aiki da kiyayewa na MOSE suna da tsada, suna ƙara nauyin kuɗi a kan birni.

Aiwatar da tsarin MOSE kuma yana haifar da farashi kai tsaye akan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa, daga € 348,000 zuwa € 1.3 miliyan, saboda tsawon lokacin jira don samun damar tashar jiragen ruwa.Zanchettin, Davide; Bruni, Sara; Raicich, Fabio; Lionello, Piero; Adloff, Fanny; Androsov, Alexey; Antonioli, Fabrizio; Artale, Vincenzo; Carminati, Eugenio; Ferrarin, Christian; Fofonova, Vera; Nicholls, Robert J.; Rubinetti, Sara; Rubino, Angelo; Sannino, Gianmaria (2021-09-01). "Sea-level rise in Venice: historic and future trends (review article)". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 21 (8): 2643–2678. Bibcode:2021NHESS..21.2643Z. doi:10.5194/nhess-21-2643-2021. hdl:11585/831066. ISSN 1561-8633. Duk da yake waɗannan farashin suna tasiri ga ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa, ana ɗaukar su ƙananan idan aka kwatanta da fa'idodi masu yawa da tsarin ke bayarwa ga birni. 

Karin ambaliyar ruwa yana da mummunar tasiri ga bukatar yawon bude ido, wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arzikin Venice. Yawanci da tsananin abubuwan da suka faru na "acqua alta" (mai girma) suna haifar da asarar tattalin arziki kai tsaye ga kasuwanci saboda rufewa da lalacewar kayayyaki. Rashin kai tsaye ya taso ne daga raguwar yawon bude ido da rushewa ga rayuwar yau da kullun. Misali, ambaliyar Nuwamba 2019 ta kasance mai banƙyama, ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa kuma ta nuna bukatar sauye-sauye da tsada. A sakamakon haka, farashin otal ɗin yana raguwa lokacin da akwai damar ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ke ci gaba da shafar bangaren yawon bude ido.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba