Allard K. Lowenstein

Allard Kenneth Lowenstein (Janairu 16, 1929 - Maris 14, 1980)   ɗan siyasan Demokraɗiyya ɗan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka na gunduma na 5 na majalisa a gundumar Nassau, New York, na wa'adi ɗaya daga 1969 zuwa 1971.

 Rayuwa ta farko da farkon aiki 
An haifi Lowenstein a Newark, New Jersey, ɗan baƙi Yahudawa na Lithuania Gabriel Lowenstein [Löwenstein] da Augusta Goldberg Lowenstein .  Lowenstein yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, Bert da Larry. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu daga ciwon nono lokacin da yake ƙarami, kuma mahaifinsa ya sake yin aure ba da daɗewa ba. Lowenstein ya kammala karatu a Makarantar Horace Mann a Birnin New York  da kuma Jami'ar North Carolina .  A matsayinsa na dalibi, ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Ɗalibai ta Kasa da kuma Ƙungiyar Dialectic Society .  Lowenstein ya sami J.D. daga Yale Law School a shekara ta 1954. 

Bayan makarantar shari'a, Lowenstein ya yi aiki a Sojan Amurka daga 1954 zuwa 1956, sannan ya zama farfesa na kwaleji kuma mai gudanarwa, yana rike da mukamai a Jami'ar Stanford, Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina, da Kwalejin City na New York. 

 Yunkurin siyasa 

 Ayyukan jama'a na farko 
A shekara ta 1949 Lowenstein ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman a kan ma'aikatan Sanata Frank Porter Graham  kuma ya kasance mataimakin manufofin kasashen waje a kan ma-aikatan Sanata Hubert H. Humphrey a shekara ta 1959.  A cikin shekarun 1960 Lowenstein ya shafe lokaci a Mississippi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Freedom Summer, kuma an gabatar da wata hira da Lowenstein a cikin kashi na 5 na shirin Civil Rights Movement Eyes on the Prize . 

 Afirka ta Kudu da siyasar ƙasa 
A cikin 1959, Lowenstein ya yi rangadin sirri a Afirka ta Kudu-Yamma, yanzu Namibiya. Yayin da yake can, ya tattara shaidu kan gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu da ke ƙarƙashin ikon (Afrika ta Kudu-maso-Yamma yanki ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya). Bayan dawowarsa, ya shafe shekara guda yana tallata bincikensa ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban sannan ya rubuta littafi mai suna A Brutal Mandate, tare da gabatarwar Eleanor Roosevelt, wanda ya yi aiki tare a 1957 a Ƙungiyar Amurka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

A cikin 1960 Lowenstein ya kasance wakili zuwa Babban Taron Kasa na Dimokuradiyya. 

In 1964, he attended the 1964 Republican National Convention with his close friend and Congressional colleague Donald Rumsfeld.

A shekarar 1966 ya taimaka wa Sanata Robert F. Kennedy wajen rubuta shahararriyar jawabinsa na Ranar Tabbatarwa, wanda aka ba kungiyar daliban Afirka ta Kudu a Jami'ar Cape Town. 

 Motsi na "Dump Johnson" da tseren shugaban kasa na 1968 
Tare da Curtis Gans a cikin 1967, kuma daga baya waccan faɗuwar ta haɗu da Midge Miller na Wisconsin, Lowenstein ya fara motsi na "Dump Johnson", yana fuskantar Sanatoci Robert F. Kennedy da kuma, a shawarar Kennedy, George McGovern game da ƙalubalantar Shugaba Johnson a cikin 1968 Democratic Primaries. Lokacin da Kennedy da McGovern duka suka ƙi, Lowenstein, wakilin National Democratic Convention, ya dauki aiki kuma ya yi aiki ga Eugene McCarthy, wanda takararsa ya kasance mai aminci, ko da bayan marigayi Kennedy ya shiga tseren (kafin Johnson ya rusuna). Ficewar Johnson daga tsarin nadin shugaban kasa an danganta shi da tasirin motsin "Dump Johnson", wanda ya ƙare a tarihin tarihin McCarthy mai ƙarfi ya nuna a kan Johnson a cikin firamare na New Hampshire.

 Zaɓin Majalisa 
An zabi Lowenstein a Majalisa a Long An zabe Lowenstein a Majalisa a Long Island, New York, a cikin 1968 amma ya sha kaye a gundumar da aka gyara a 1970 da Sanata Norman F. Lent na jihar New York da kuri'u 9,300, da kyau gerrymandered daga ofishin da 'yan Republican-sarrafawa jihar 'yan majalisar dokoki, wanda ya ƙayyade gundumomi ta iyakoki. An cire yankin Gundumomi biyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Long Island daga gundumar, kuma Massapequa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya kara da cewa. Lowenstein ya sami kashi 46% na kuri'un da aka kada a sabuwar gundumar.

 Jagorancin ADA, motsi na "Dump Nixon" da Nixon Enemies List 
An kalli zaben 1970 a duk fadin kasar a matsayin raba gardama kan yadda Shugaba Richard Nixon ya gudanar da yakin Vietnam.  A shekara ta 1971, Lowenstein ya zama shugaban Amurkawa don Ayyukan Dimokuradiyya kuma ya jagoranci motsi na "Dump Nixon", inda ya sami lambar 7 a jerin abokan gaba na Nixon.

 Kamfen don Majalisa 
A cikin 1972, Lowenstein ya yi takara a Majalisa a Brooklyn bai yi nasara ba a kan dan majalisa John J. Rooney, dan Democrat mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda jam'iyyar "na'ura" ta goyi bayan jam'iyyar Democrat. Bayan da aka kalubalanci nasarar da Rooney ya samu, aka kuma tuna zaben saboda zarge-zargen magudi, da kyar Rooney ya lashe zaben fidda gwanin da aka sake gudanarwa, amma Lowenstein ya ci gaba da fafatawa a jam'iyyar Liberal Party, inda ya kammala da kashi 28% na kuri'un da aka kada.

Bayan neman takarar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a shekara ta 1974, Lowenstein bai yi nasara ba ya kalubalanci dan majalisar Republican mai ci John Wydler a gundumar Republican mafi rinjaye a Long Island a 1974 da 1976, yana samun goyon baya da goyon baya daga wasu 'yan Republican masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya William F. Buckley, Jr.

 Kisan Robert F. Kennedy 

Lowenstein ya kasance daya daga cikin jiga-jigan jama'a na farko da suka nuna shakku kan asusun hukuma na ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1968, kisan gillar da aka yi wa Sanata Robert F. Kennedy. Lowenstein ya yi fitowa na sa'o'i daya a shirin gidan talabijin na PBS na Firing Line a shekarar 1975, inda William F. Buckley Jr. ya yi hira da shi, inda ya bayyana cewa bai yarda cewa Sirhan Sirhan shi kadai ya harbe Kennedy ba.

 Naɗin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kamfen na ƙarshe na Majalisa 
Shugaba Carter ya nada Lowenstein a matsayin Wakilin Amurka a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ta haka ne shugaban tawagar Amurka zuwa zaman shekara-shekara na talatin da uku na Hukumar Kare Hakki ta Majalisar Dattijai a Geneva, Switzerland, a shekarar 1977. Lowenstein ya yi aiki tare da matsayin jakada daga watan Agusta 1977 zuwa Yuni 1978 a matsayin mataimakin wakilin Amurka na harkokin siyasa na musamman a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

A cikin 1978 ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yin takarar Majalisar Wakilai a Manhattan's "Silk Stocking District", da kyar ya yi rashin nasara a zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a hannun Carter Burden, wanda kuma ya sha kaye a babban zaben da dan Republican S. William Green.

 Haɗin kai tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya 
Lowenstein babban aminin mai sharhi ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya William F. Buckley, Jr., wanda ya fito da Lowenstein akan shirye-shiryen Layin Firing da yawa, ya amince da takararsa na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a bainar jama'a, kuma ya gabatar da jinjina a wurin jana'izarsa.

An ba da rahoton cewa Lowenstein shine "babban abokin Republican Donald Rumsfeld a Majalisa" a lokacin mulkin Lowenstein, su biyun sun zama abokai nagari yayin da suke aiki a matsayin mataimakan Majalisa a ƙarshen 1950s. Duk da bambance-bambancen jam'iyyarsu da akida, Rumsfeld ya shiga Lowenstein a kan dandalin nasara kan zaben Lowenstein na Majalisa a 1968. A cikin 1970, Rumsfeld ya kare Lowenstein a bainar jama'a game da hare-haren abokin hamayyarsa na Republican, kawai don yin watsi da amincewa da abokin hamayya, Norman Lent, karkashin matsin lamba daga kungiyar Republican House ta Nassau County (Long Island). Juyawar jama'a ta Rumsfeld ta ba da gudummawa ga sake zaɓen Lowenstein da ƙarshen abotarsu.

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Lowenstein na Congress daga Long Island a kan ɗan Republican John Wydler a cikin gundumar Republican sun sami taimako sosai daga ƙwazo, goyon bayan jama'a daga 'yan Republican masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa.

 Mutuwa 
A farkon shekarun 1960, ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin shugaban Stern Hall, sannan dakin kwanan maza a Jami'ar Stanford, a lokacin ya sadu da abokantaka da daliban da suka kammala karatun digiri ciki har da David Harris da Dennis Sweeney.

A ranar 14 ga Maris, 1980, Sweeney ya harbe Lowenstein a ofishinsa na Manhattan, wanda ke da tabin hankali kuma ya yi imanin cewa Lowenstein na kulla masa makirci. Sai Sweeney cikin nutsuwa ya jira isowar 'yan sanda.

An sami Sweeney ba shi da laifi saboda An sami Sweeney ba shi da laifi ta dalilin hauka kuma ya himmatu ga cikakken maganin tabin hankali don schizophrenia. A cikin 2000, wani alkali ya gano cewa Sweeney baya zama haɗari ga al'umma kuma ya ba shi damar sake shi.

 Iyali da rayuwar mutum 
Lowenstein ya auri Jennifer Lowenstein (née Lyman, yanzu Littlefield) daga 1966 zuwa 1977, lokacin da suka rabu, kuma su biyun suna da 'ya'ya uku: Frank Graham, Thomas Kennedy, da Katharine Eleanor. 

Yayinda yake soyayya da mata kuma daga baya ya auri daya, babban marubucin tarihin Lowenstein ya tabbatar da cewa shi ɗan luwaɗi ne, ya lura cewa zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya zama mai aiki a cikin abubuwan kare hakkin ɗan luwaɗi kuma ya yi hasashen cewa yana gab da mayar da hankali kan wannan batun kuma ya fito, lokacin da aka kashe shi. Abokai da abokan hulɗa da yawa da aka yi hira da su ta hanyar aikin tarihin baki sun tabbatar da luwadi na Lowenstein.

Katharine Lowenstein lauya ce mai kare hakkin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma mai ba da shawara kan shari'ar yara. Thomas Lowenstein ya kafa kuma yana jagorantar aikin jarida na New Orleans, kuma ya yi aiki tare da aikin New Orleans Innocence Project . . Shi ne marubucin "The Trials of Walter Ogrod. "  Frank Lowenstein shi ne Jakadan Amurka na Musamman don Tattaunawar Isra'ila da Palasdinawa kuma Babban Mai ba da shawara ga Sakataren Gwamnatin Amurka  a lokacin shugabancin Barack Obama .

 Daraja da abubuwan tunawa 
Jami'ar Hofstra ta kafa Allard K. Lowenstein Civil Rights Scholarship a cikin 2007.

Yale Law School kuma tana da shirye-shirye da yawa da ake kira don girmama Lowenstein. An kafa Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Project  a cikin 1981 jim kadan bayan mutuwar Lowenstein don girmama gudummawar da ya bayar a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma samar da ɗaliban lauya da abin hawa don ci gaba da aikinsa. Cibiyar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Lowenstein,  wani sakamako ne na aikin, wani darasi ne na asibiti wanda daliban shari'a ke shiga cikin bincike na shari'a da bayar da shawarwari da ayyukan rubuce-rubuce don karatun ilimi.

Ana gudanar da takaddun Lowenstein azaman tarin na musamman na Laburaren Jama'a na Long Beach kuma suna ba da abubuwa da yawa dangane da ayyukansa da lokutansa. Long Beach, New York Public Library shima ana kiransa bayan Lowenstein (tun shekarun 1980).

A cikin 1980, Lowenstein ya sami lambar yabo don Mafi Girman Sabis na Jama'a don Amfani da Marasa galihu, kyautar da Jefferson Awards ke bayarwa kowace shekara.

A cikin 1980 mawaƙi / marubucin waƙa Harry Chapin, aboki na Lowenstein, ya rubuta waƙarsa "Ka tuna lokacin da kiɗa"  bayan ya ji labarin mutuwar Lowenstein. A cikin kundin live dinsa mai suna The Bottom Line Encore Collection, Chapin ya keɓe waƙar ga Lowenstein da John Lennon, wanda shi ma ya mutu a 1980.

Wani yanki da ke kusa da hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York mai suna Allard K. Lowenstein Square.

A shekara ta 1983, fim din Citizen: The Political Life of Allard K. Lowenstein ya fito ne daga Brogan De Paor, Mike Farrell da Julie Thompson kuma Thompson ne ya ba da umarni. An watsa shi a gidan talabijin na PBS a shekarar 1984.

 A cikin al'adun gargajiya 
Brent Spiner ne ya nuna Lowenstein a cikin miniseries na talabijin na 1984 Robert Kennedy da His Times, bisa littafin Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.

 Dubi kuma 

 Jerin 'yan siyasar Amurka da aka kashe

 Bayani 

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Haɗin waje 



 JSTOR.org/site/struggles-for-freedom/southern-africa/lowenstein-collection/" id="mwAoo" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Tarin Lowenstein a JSTOR
 Takardun Allard K. Lowenstein a Jami'ar North CarolinaJami'ar Arewacin Carolina
 Tattaunawar littafin tare da William Chafe a kan Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein da Gwagwarmayar Ceton 'Yancin Amurka, Janairu 30, 1994

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba