Charles W. Chesnutt

Charles Waddell Chesnutt (20 ga Yuni, 1858 - 15 ga Nuwamba, 1932) marubuci ne na Amurka, marubuci, mai fafutukar siyasa, kuma lauya, wanda aka fi sani da litattafansa da gajerun labaru da ke bincika batutuwan da suka shafi launin fata da zamantakewa a bayan Yaƙin basasa na Kudu . Biyu daga cikin littattafansa an daidaita su a matsayin fina-finai masu shiru a cikin 1926 da 1927 ta hanyar darektan Afirka da kuma furodusa Oscar Micheaux. Bayan Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama a cikin karni na 20, an farfado da sha'awar ayyukan Chesnutt. An buga littattafansa da yawa a cikin sababbin bugu, kuma ya sami karbuwa ta musamman. An buga hatimi na tunawa a cikin 2008.

A farkon karni na 20 a Cleveland, Ohio, Chesnutt ya kafa abin da ya zama kasuwancin bayar da rahoto na kotu mai cin nasara sosai, wanda ya ba da babban kuɗin shiga. Ya zama mai aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi, yana rubuta labaran da ke tallafawa ilimi da ƙalubalen shari'a ga dokokin nuna bambanci.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Chesnutt a Cleveland, Ohio ga Andrew Jackson Chesnutt da Ann Maria (née Sampson) Chesnutt, dukansu "mutane masu launin fata" daga Fayetteville, North Carolina .  An san kakan mahaifinsa a matsayin fararen bawa. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin Ba'amurke amma ya lura wucewa shi fari ne bakwai- takwas. Da aka ba da mafi yawan kakanninsa na Turai, Chesnutt zai iya "tafi" a matsayin fari, amma bai taba zabar yin hakan ba. A jihohin kudanci da yawa a lokacin haihuwarsa, Chesnutt za a dauke shi fararen doka idan ya zaɓi ya bayyana hakan. Sabanin haka, a karkashin mulkin saukowa daya daga baya ya zama doka a cikin shekarun 1920 a mafi yawan Kudancin, da an rarraba shi a matsayin baƙar fata bisa doka saboda wasu sanannun kakannin Afirka, duk da cewa yana da kashi ɗaya cikin takwas na baƙar fata.

Bayan karshen Yaƙin basasa da kuma samun 'yanci, a 1867, dangin Chesnutt sun koma Fayetteville; Charles yana da shekaru tara. Iyayensa suna gudanar da kantin sayar da kayan masarufi, inda Chesnutt ke aiki na ɗan lokaci, amma ya gaza saboda rashin ayyukan kasuwanci na mahaifinsa da kuma gwagwarmayar tattalin arzikin Kudancin bayan yakin. A farkon shekarunsa, an bar Chesnutt ya kula da mahaifiyarsa da 'yan uwansa a gida, saboda rashin lafiya na mahaifiyarsa da kuma mutuwar ta ƙarshe. A wannan lokacin, ya buga labarinsa na farko a cikin ƙaramar jarida.

Baya ga ayyukansa a gida, Chesnutt ya halarci makaranta a Fayetteville  da ake kira Howard School, kuma yana da shekaru 14, ya zama dalibi-malami a can saboda bukatun kudi. Wannan makarantar tana ɗaya daga cikin da yawa da aka kafa don ɗaliban baƙar fata ta Ofishin 'yanci Kai a lokacin zamanin sake ginawa. A matsayinsa na malami, an ba da sabon aikin Chesnutt, amma matsalolin lokacin, kamar kudade da rashin jituwa na hanya, sun sa a janye da yawa daga cikinsu.

A duk lokacin da ya rage, Chesnutt ya ci gaba da karatu da koyarwa. A cewar masanin tarihin Fayetteville Bruce Daws, Chesnutt ya kasance malami a Charlotte, North Carolina, daga 1873 zuwa 1876, kuma ya koyar a makarantu kusa da Spartanburg, South Carolina .  A shekara ta 1877, an inganta shi zuwa mataimakin shugaban Makarantar al'ada a Fayetteville,  ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin baƙar fata da aka kafa don horar da malamai baƙar fata. A shekara ta 1880, ya zama shugaban makarantar  kuma Babban Jami'in bayan mutuwar tsohon shugaban, Robert Harris.  Bayan ya zama shugaban, Chesnutt ya yi wahayi zuwa ga halaye masu ban mamaki a cikin ɗalibansa. Daga baya ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa a 1883, lokacin da ya koma Birnin New York don neman aikin rubutu.

 Aure da iyali 
A shekara ta 1878, shekara guda bayan ya yi aiki a makarantar al'ada, Chesnutt ya auri malamin Susan Perry, matashiyar Afirka ta Afirka daga dangi mai daraja. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, sun koma Birnin New York,  suna fatan tserewa daga nuna bambanci da talauci na Kudancin Amurka. A shekara ta 1898, suna da 'ya'ya mata uku, masu suna Helen, Ethel, da Dorothy, da ɗa ɗaya mai suna Edwin. 'Yarsu ta biyu, Helen Maria Chesnutt, ta zama sananniyar masanin gargajiya kuma ta wallafa tarihin mahaifinta, inda ta yi ƙoƙari ta guje wa motsin zuciyar waje, tana neman samar da cikakken bayani game da rayuwar mahaifinta daidai yadda za ta iya.

 Dangantakar launin fata 
Ra'ayoyin Chesnutt game da dangantakar launin fata sun sanya shi tsakanin Du Bois na goma da Booker Washington daban amma daidai matsayi. A cikin 1905, ya gabatar da jawabi ga Boston Historical and Literary Association, kuma daga baya ya buga jawabinsa a matsayin wata kasida mai taken "Race Prejudice; Its Causes and Its Cure". A cikin jawabin, ya yi magana game da rushewar tsayayyar launin fata "dutse da dutse" yayin da baƙar fata na tsakiya ya ci gaba da girma da bunƙasa. Yayin da ya ba da labarin tarihin nasarorin baƙar fata kuma ya yi magana game da talauci, Chesnutt ya ambaci takamaiman lambobi da kididdiga da yawa a cikin jawabinsa, kuma ya yi kira ga cikakken haƙƙin Afirka na Amurka.

Chesnutt ya yi la'akari da wata al'umma ta "mutane daya da al'ada iri ɗaya ta tsara". Ya kammala maganarsa da wannan sanarwa, wanda ya yi shekaru 58 kafin Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ya gabatar da jawabinsa "Ina da Mafarki":

 Yunkurin zamantakewa da siyasa 
Farawa a cikin 1901, Chesnutt ya juya ƙarin kuzari ga kasuwancin rahoto na kotu kuma, a hankali, ga gwagwarmayar zamantakewa da siyasa. Da farko a 1910, ya yi aiki a cikin Babban Kwamitin sabuwar kungiyar National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).  Yin aiki tare da W.E.B. Du Bois da Booker T. Washington, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu fafutuka da masu sharhi a farkon karni na 20.

Chesnutt ya ba da gudummawar wasu gajerun labaru da litattafai ga mujallar hukuma ta NAACP, The Crisis, wanda aka kafa a 1910. Bai sami diyya ga waɗannan ɓangarorin ba. Ya rubuta wata kasida mai karfi da ke nuna rashin amincewa da nasarorin da jihohin kudancin suka samu don hana baƙar fata a farkon karni na 20. Ga takaici, sabbin kundin tsarin mulki da dokokinsu sun tsira daga roko da yawa zuwa Kotun Koli ta Amurka, wanda ya yanke shawarar cewa yanayin da aka sanya (ta hanyar sabbin bukatun rajistar zabe, harajin zabe, gwaje-gwaje na karatu da rubutu da makamantansu yanayi) sun shafi dukkan mazauna kuma saboda haka sun kasance na tsarin mulki. Kodayake hukunce-hukuncen da aka yi wa jihohi ba, sun kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin da za su hana baƙar fata yin zabe.

A cikin 1917, Chesnutt ya nuna rashin amincewa a Ohio na fim din mai rikitarwa The Birth of a Nation, wanda NAACP ta nuna rashin amincewarsa a wuraren da ke fadin kasar. A Ohio ya sami haramtacciyar haramtacciya game da fim din. An kafa shi a lokacin sake ginawa, fim din ya ɗaukaka Ku Klux Klan, wanda ya dauki mataki na tashin hankali a kan 'yanci. An farfado da Klan bayan wannan fim din, ya kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin membobin ƙasa a 1925, yayin da aka kafa surori a cikin birane na Midwest da West da kuma Kudu.

Chesnutt ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1932, yana da shekaru 74. An binne shi a Kabari na Lake View na Cleveland . 

 Manazarta 

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