Cartagena, Spain

Cartagena (Spanish: [] i) birni ne na  wanda ke cikin Yankin Murcia . Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2018, tana da yawan mazauna 218,943.  Birnin yana cikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta yanayi na bakin tekun Bahar Rum na kudu maso gabashin Yankin Iberian . Cartagena ita ce karamar hukuma ta biyu mafi girma a yankin. Yankin birni ko babban birni na Cartagena, wanda aka fi sani da Campo de Cartagena، yana da mazauna 409,586.

An zauna a Cartagena sama da shekaru dubu biyu, an kafa shi a kusa da 227 BC ta hanyar jagoran soja na Carthaginian Hasdrubal. Birnin ya kai kololuwa a ƙarƙashin Daular Romawa, lokacin da aka san shi da Carthage Nova, babban birnin lardin  . Daular Byzantine ta mallaki Cartagena na ɗan lokaci a ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a, kafin Visigoths su mamaye shi a kusa da 620-625. Birnin Islama da aka sake ginawa a kusa da Dutsen Concepción, wanda aka ambata a matsayin , an lura da shi a karni na 11 a matsayin babban tashar jiragen ruwa.

Ba tare da biyayya ga sharuddan Yarjejeniyar Alcaraz ba, Crown of Castile ta karbe Cartagena da karfi a cikin 1245, tare da manufofi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ake bi daga baya bisa ga matsayin Cartagena a matsayin kyautar yaki. Bayan karfafa mulkin Castilian a yayin rikici na Castilian-Aragonese a cikin 1305, Cartagena ya ƙare a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Castilian a yankin na shekaru masu zuwa duk da cewa muhimmancinsa ya dace da iyakantaccen hankali na Castile ga al'amuran Bahar Rum a cikin ƙananan shekarun tsakiya. Crown ta tabbatar da shi a cikin 1503 bayan wani lokaci a hannun masu zaman kansu, yana girma cikin mahimmanci saboda karuwar kwarewar kasuwanci da rawar da yake takawa a cikin mulkin mallaka na Hispanic a cikin Maghreb. Cartagena ta kasance babban birnin jirgin ruwa na Mutanen Espanya tun zuwan Bourbons a karni na 18. Wani bangare saboda ci gaban hakar ma'adinai a karni na 19 ya zama sansanin hagu, ya fara Cantonal Rebellion a 1873 kuma a cikin Yaƙin basasar Spain yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Jamhuriyar Spain kuma shine birni na karshe da ya fada ga 'yan kasa. Har yanzu yana karɓar bakuncin kuma muhimmiyar tushe ta Sojan Ruwa na Spain, babban sansanin soja na Spain, da kuma babban tashar jiragen ruwa. Da yake manufofin sake fasalin masana'antu sun dame shi, birnin ya fuskanci mummunar matsalar aiki a farkon shekarun 1990, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar da kone majalisar dokokin yankin.

Haɗuwar wayewa, tashar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci, da tasirin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta gida sun haifar da tarihin tarihi na musamman, gine-gine da al'adun fasaha. Wannan al'adun suna nunawa a cikin wasu alamomi na Cartagena, gami da Roman_theatre,_Cartagena" id="mwYw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Roman theatre, Cartagena">Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Roma, yawancin Punic, Roman, Byzantine da Moorish, da kuma gine-ginen Art Nouveau daga farkon karni na 20. Cartagena yanzu an kafa ta a matsayin babbar hanyar jirgin ruwa  a cikin Bahar Rum.

 Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi 

 Yanayin ƙasa da taimako 
Birnin Cartagena yana cikin yankin kudu maso gabashin Spain a cikin Campo de Cartagena . Za'a iya kallon yankin Cartagena a matsayin babban fili da ya karkata dan kadan a cikin hanyar NW-SE, iyaka a arewa da arewa maso yamma ta tsaunukan tsaunuka na bakin teku (Carrascoy, El Puerto, Los Villares, Columbares da Escalona), kuma a kudu da kudu maso yamma ta hanyar tsaunukan bakin teku (El Algarrobo, La Muela, Pelayo, Gorda, La Fausilla y Minera, tare da spurs na ƙarshe a Cape Palos).

Babban ilimin ƙasa na yankin shine metamorphic (slate, marmara) da sedimentary (limestone). Mafi yawan nau'in ƙasa shine calcic xerosol. Sauran ƙasa da ke faruwa a cikin gari sune leptosol, wanda ke samar da bakin tekun Bahar Rum, da kuma petrocalcic xerosol.

Birnin yana a ƙarshen sabuwar babbar hanyar AP-7. Ƙauyuka masu zuwa suna cikin karamar hukumar Cartagena: La Azohía, Isla Plana, Los Urrutias da Los Nietos .

Tsohon Birnin yana da iyaka da ƙananan tuddai biyar (Molinete, Monte Sacro, Monte de San José, Despeñaperros da Monte de la Concepción) suna bin misalin Roma. A baya, akwai teku ta ciki tsakanin tsaunuka da ake kira Estero wanda daga ƙarshe ya bushe. A wannan shafin, an gina "Ensanche" (Ƙaruwa ko Sabon Birni) a farkon karni na 20.

Yankin birni yana da iyaka ko ƙetare ta hanyar ruwa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna zurfafa cikin hanyar sadarwar birane yayin babban ɓangare na darussan su.

Matsakaicin tsawo a cikin gari an kai shi a cikin Peñas Blancas massif, a mita 627 sama da matakin teku.

 Yanayi 
Cartagena has a transitional climate between the hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh) and the hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), tending more towards the latter. Its location near the sea moderates the temperature, and annual precipitation typically does not surpass . Cartagena has never recorded any temperature below freezing (below ) since records began.
The annual average temperature goes up to around . The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of . In August, the warmest month, the average temperature is . The wind is an important climatic factor in the region.
Bayanan yanayi na CartagenaWataJanFabrairuTekunAfriluMayuYuniYuliAugSatumbaOktobaNuwambaDisambaShekaraMatsakaicin zafin teku ° C (° F) 14.8(58.6)14.4(57.9)14.6(58.3)16.6(61.9)18.9(66.0)22.0(71.6)24.7(76.5)25.9(78.6)24.4(75.9)22.0(71.6)19.3(66.7)16.6(61.9)19.5(67.1)Matsakaicin sa'o'in hasken rana10.011.012.013.014.015.015.014.013.012.011.010.012.6Matsakaicin UltravioletAlamar Ultraviolet23578910975325.8Tushen: Weather Atlas 

 Yanayin ɗan adam 
Gundumar tana da gundumomi 24, wanda aka sani da diputaciones (kungiyoyi). Asalin wannan tsarin gudanarwa yana da kwanan wata a farkon karni na 18 lokacin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa kuma karamar hukumar ta zama mai sauƙi. Gundumomin sune: 

 Cartagena Casco: Wannan shi ne gundumar inda babban gari (wanda ake kira Cartagena) yake kuma yana cikin kudancin karamar hukumar. Yawan jama'arta ya kunshi 57,001 a cikin 2019.
 San Antonio Abad: Tana a kudancin karamar hukumar kuma tana kusa da Cartagena Casco a kudancinta da Canteras a yammacinta. Adadin mazauna ya kai 44,882 a cikin 2019.
 El Plan: Yana kusa da La Magdalena a yamma da Lentiscar a gabas. Akwai mazauna 35,974 a cikin 2019.
 Rincón de San Ginés: Tana cikin ƙarshen kudu maso gabashin garin. Yawan jama'arta ya kunshi mutane 10,214 a cikin 2019.
 Canteras: An sanya wannan gundumar bakin teku a kudancin yankin kuma tana fuskantar Bahar Rum a kudancinsa. Har ila yau, yana kusa da Perín a yamma da San Antonio Abad a gabas. Akwai mutane 10,167 da ke zaune a cikin 2019.
 El Algar: Tana gabashin Cartagena kuma tana kusa da Lentiscar a arewacinsa. Adadin mazauna ya kunshi 7,961.
 Santa Lucía: Tana a kudancin karamar hukumar kuma tana fuskantar Bahar Rum a kudancinta.
 La Palma: Tana cikin arewacin karamar hukumar. Yana da iyaka tare da Lentiscar a gabashinsa.
 Pozo Estrecho: An sanya shi a arewacin Cartagena kuma yana da iyakoki tare da La Palma a gabas da kuma El Albujón a yamma. Akwai mutane 5,149 da ke zaune a yankin a shekarar 2019.
 La Aljorra: Wannan gundumar ta mamaye arewa maso yammacin ƙarshen karamar hukumar. Adadin mazauna ya kai mutane 4,962 a shekarar 2019.
 La Magdalena: Ya mamaye wani ɓangare na yammacin gari kuma yana kusa da La Aljorra a arewacinsa. Yawan jama'arta ya kunshi 3,893 a cikin 2019.
 Alumbres: Tana cikin kudu maso gabashin Cartagena .
 Albujón: An sanya shi a arewa maso yammacin Cartagena kuma yana da iyakoki tare da La Aljorra a yamma.
 San Félix: Yana cikin kusan tsakiyar Cartagena kuma yana kusa da Lentiscar a arewa maso gabas. Yankin ya kasance mazaunin mutane 2,694 a cikin 2019.
 Santa Ana: An sanya wannan gundumar a arewacin rabin Cartagena. Yana kusa da Pozo Estrecho a arewacinsa. Yawan jama'arta ya kunshi mutane 2,501 a cikin 2019.
 El Beal: Yankin yana gabashin karamar hukumar kuma yana da iyaka da Rincón de San Ginés a kudancinsa. Akwai mazauna 2,342 a cikin 2019.
 Lentiscar: An sanya wannan gundumar a arewa maso gabashin Cartagena. Akwai mazauna 2,022 a cikin 2019.
 Perin: Tana a kudancin karamar hukumar kuma tana kusa da Tekun Bahar Rum a kudancinsa da Los Puertos a yammacinsa. Perín ta kasance gida ga mutane 1,591 a cikin 2019.
 Los Puertos: Yana zaune a ƙarshen kudu maso yamma, amma kuma wani ɓangare na yammacin ciki wanda ba ƙarshen gari ba ne kuma yana kusa da Campo Nubla a yammacinsa. Mutane 1,349 ne suka zauna a wannan a shekarar 2019.
 Miranda: An sanya wannan gundumar a arewa maso yammacin Cartagena. Yana da iyaka da Pozo Estrecho a arewa maso gabas da El albujón a arewa maso yamma.
 Hondon: Tana cikin kudu maso gabas kuma tana kusa da San Félix a kudu. Gundumar ta kasance mazaunin mutane 1,117 a cikin 2019.
 Campo Nubla: Wannan gundumar ta mamaye wani ɓangare na ƙarshen yammacin gari. Yankin ya kasance gida ga mutane 203 a cikin 2019.
 Los Médicos: An sanya shi a arewacin rabin yankin. Gundumar tana da iyaka da La Palma da Pozo Estrecho a arewacinsa.
 Escombreras: Tana cikin kudancin Cartagena . Akwai mutane 9 da ke zaune a yankin a cikin 2019.

 Muhalli 
Duk da tsananin hakar ma'adinai, yawon bude ido da masana'antu da yankin ya sha wahala tsawon ƙarni, yankin da ke kusa da birnin Cartagena yana da wadataccen yanayi da bambancin, tare da adadi mai yawa na nau'in tsire-tsire. Wani bangare na yankinsa yana ƙarƙashin matakan kariya daban-daban na doka.

 Tsire-tsire 
Duwatsun bakin teku na Cartagena suna da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman matakan halittu masu yawa a Yankin Iberian. Yawancin nau'ikan Ibero-Afirka masu ban mamaki, waɗanda ake samu ne kawai a kudancin Spain (yawanci a lardunan Murcia da Almería) da Arewacin Afirka. Daga cikin wadannan, akwai Tetraclinis articulata ko Sandarac (Sabina mora ko ciprés de Cartagena - Cartagena cypress a cikin Mutanen Espanya) 'yan asalin Morocco, Aljeriya, Tunisiya, Malta, da Cartagena, suna girma a ƙananan tsawo a cikin zafi, busassun gandun daji na Bahar Rum. Wasu nau'o'in suna cikin haɗari kamar su siempreviva de Cartagena (Limonium carthaginense), rabogato del Mar Menor (Sideritis marmironensis), zamarrilla de Cartagina (Teucrium carthaginence), manzanilla de Escombreras (Anthemis chrysantha), garbancillo na Tallante (Astragalus nitidiflorus), jara de Cartagene (Cistus heterophyllus carthaginensis)  da varica de San José (Narc).

 Dabbobi 
Daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi sun haɗa da wasu da ke fuskantar barazana ko haɗari kamar falcon peregrine, Eurasian eagle-owl, golden eagle da Bonelli's eagle, spur-thighed turtoise, mafi girman doki kuma, musamman, Mutanen Espanya toothcarp, kifi da ke cikin kudu maso gabashin Spain. Bugu da kari, an rubuta kasancewar chameleon na yau da kullun (kameleon daya kawai a Turai) kusan shekaru 30, kodayake ba a bayyana ko asalinsa ne ko kuma an gabatar da shi ba. Wasu nau'o'in bayanin kula sun hada da mafi girma flamingo, ja fox, zomo na Turai, European badger, beech marten, na kowa genet, wildcat da kuma daji boar.

 Yankunan da aka kare 

 Mar Menor, a salty lagoon separated from the Mediterranean Sea by a sand bar  in length and with a variable width from . It has a surface area of nearly , a coastal length of , and warm and clear water with relatively high salinity, which does not exceed  in depth. It belongs to four municipalities, including Cartagena. In 1994, it was included on the list of the Ramsar Convention (nº706) for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands. It is also one of the Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) by the United Nations. Its five volcanic islands (Perdiguera, Mayor or del Barón, del Ciervo, Redonda and del Sujeto) just like El Carmolí and San Ginés hills, the Hita and Amoladora beaches, the Lo Poyo salt marsh and the salt mines of Marchamalo are protected as well.
 Calblanque, Monte de las Cenizas and Peña del Águila, declared a Natural Park and Site of Community Importance (SCI). It is located in the south-east of the municipality.
 Sierra de la Muela, Cabo Tiñoso and Roldán mountain, Natural Park, Site of Community Importance and Special Protection Area (SPA). It occurs in the south-west of the municipality.
 Sierra de la Fausilla, Special Protection Area. It is placed in the south of Escombreras district and between Cartagena and Calblanque Regional Park.
 Islands and Islets of the Mediterranean coast, including Grossa Island (belonging to the municipality of San Javier, Hormigas Islands, Palomas Islands and Escombreras Islands, some of them also designed as Special Protection Area.

 Tarihi 

 Tarihi na farko 
Akwai shaidar kasancewar mutane na jinsin Homo a cikin kogon Cueva Victoria [es] shekaru 1,300,000 da suka gabata. Wannan kogon yana cikin kudu maso gabashin Cartagena . 

An sami ragowar mutanen Neanderthal na al'adun Mousterian a cikin kogon Los Aviones . Wannan wurin yana kusa da Cartagena .  Har ila yau, akwai ragowar Neanderthals na al'adun Mousterian a cikin Cueva Bermeja [es], wanda ke cikin kudu maso yammacin kwata na gari.

A kusurwar kudu maso gabashin karamar hukumar an gano ragowar mutane na Upper Paleolithic. Shafukan paleontological sune Abrigo de Los Déntoles cove, Cueva de Los Mejillones, da Cabezo de San Ginés (dutse).[es] Yammacin karamar hukumar ita ce kuma wurin ayyukan ɗan adam a wannan lokacin. Tabbacin wannan shine kogon Cueva del Caballo da Cueva Bermeja . 

An sake zama a ƙarshen kudu maso gabashin Cartagena a lokacin Mesolithic. Muhimman bayanai sune Cueva de los Pájaros da Cueva d'los Mejillones (caves). An samo kayan aikin Neolithic kamar su yumbu.

An sake zama a kudu maso gabashin Cartagena a lokacin Neolithic. Shafukan sune Las Amoladeras da Calblanque . Kudancin gundumar Alumbres ma an zauna a wannan lokacin. Gidan binciken archaeological yana cikin Cerro del Gorguel (dutse) kuma a ciki an gano ragowar ƙauyen Neolithic.

Dalilan karancin kasancewar mutum da tsarin a cikin wannan karamar hukuma a lokacin Neolithic shine rashin ruwan sama da rashin hanyoyin ruwa. A lokacin Bronze Age akwai irin wannan yanayin.

Al'adar Argaric ta zauna a kudu maso gabashin yankin Iberian (Región de Murcia da Almería) a lokacin Bronze Age . Duk da haka, ba su da yawa a cikin wannan karamar hukuma, akwai ƙananan gine-ginen da ke nasu kuma ba su da mahimmanci a nan. Sun zauna a arewa maso yamma.

 Tarihin Dā 
An yi tunanin cewa an fara kiran garin da sunan Mastia. Da yake yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun tashar jiragen ruwa a Yammacin Bahar Rum, Janar Hasdrubal na Carthaginian ya sake kafa shi a kusa da 227 BC  a matsayin Kart-hadasht ("Sabon Birni"),  sunan da ya yi daidai da Carthage, don manufar zama matakai don cin nasarar Spain.

Janar na Romawa Scipio Africanus ya ci shi a cikin 209 BC kuma ya sake masa suna Carthago Nova (a zahiri "Sabon Birni") don rarrabe shi daga mahaifiyar birni. Ya zama al'umma mai biyan haraji (Civiitas Stipendaria).  Julius Kaisar ya ba da garin Latin Rights, kuma Octavian ya sake masa suna don girmama shi a matsayin mulkin mallaka Colonia Victrix Iulia Nova Carthago ko Colonia Vrbs Iulia Nova Carthago(C. V. I. N. C.) dangane da tushen. Birnin ya kasance mai matukar dacewa a cikin Carthaginian da cin nasarar Romawa na Yankin Iberian . A cikin 298 AD, Diocletian ya kafa sabuwar lardin Roma a Hispania da ake kira Carthaginensis kuma ya zauna babban birnin a wannan birni. Ya kasance mai mahimmanci har sai da Vandals suka kore shi a cikin 435 AD.    

A lokacin Roman, shi ne shafin manyan ma'adanai na azurfa, yana samar da kudaden shiga na yau da kullun na drachmae 25,000. An kuma san shi da samar da garum, sauce na kifi, da kuma ciyawa na esparto  wanda ya ba shi sabon suna, Carthago Spartaria .

 Zamanin Tsakiya 
Rushewa da faduwar ikon mallakar Yammacin Roman ya sa Cartago Spartaria ta shiga cikin raguwa. Vandals (409-425), Visigoths (425-551 da 624-714) da Romawa na Gabas (551-624), waɗanda suka sanya shi babban birnin Spain (Lardin yammacin Daular Byzantine).  A wannan lokacin diocese na Kirista na Cartagena ya rasa matsayinsa a matsayin diocese na farko a Hispania ga mafi amintaccen Visigothic Archdiocese na Toledo, babban matsayi ba zai sake dawowa ba.

Visigoths sun sake cinye Cartagena, wadanda suka rike shi har zuwa nasarar musulmi a cikin 714 AD. A wannan lokacin ƙauyen kamun kifi ne kawai. An kira shi Qartayannat-al-Halfa . Daga baya Umayyawa (714-756), Khalifancin Cordova (756-1031), Taifa na Denia (1031-1076), Taifa na Saragossa (1076-1081), Taifa na Tortosa (1081-1092), Almoravids (1092-1145), Almohads (1145-1229) da Taifa na Murcia (1229-1245) suka mallake shi. A lokacin Islama, Cartagena da farko ya daidaita kansa zuwa teku, yana da mafi kyawun karkara.

Bayan kin bin Yarjejeniyar Alcazaz ta 1243, sojojin Castilian karkashin jagorancin Alfonso na Castile sun kama Cartagena da karfi a cikin 1245 ta hanyar aikin soja wanda ya hada sojojin ƙasa da jirgin ruwa na Cantabrian. An ba shi fuero da aka kwafe bayan Córdoba a cikin 1246. Hakazalika da sauran garuruwan 'yan tawaye da aka mamaye, da wuri ya sami tsari mai tsanani na Castilianization. An dawo da diocese na Cartagena a cikin 1250, amma an kafa wurin zama a Murcia tun 1266, wani yanke shawara daga baya ya zama a cikin 1291.  A cikin 1270, Alfonso ya kirkiro Order of Santa María de España don tsaron sojan ruwa na Crown of Castile kuma ya kafa hedkwatarsa a Cartagena. A cikin 1296, an haɗa Cartagena a takaice zuwa Crown of Aragon, amma ya koma Castile ta Yarjejeniyar Elx a cikin 1305, wanda ya kafa iyakar ƙarshe tsakanin masarautun Valencia da Murcia. Daga nan Cartagena ta rasa matsayinta na sarauta kuma ta zama ikon mallakar, halin da ake ciki wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1346. Cartagena ba ta murmure ba har zuwa karni na 18, lokacin da ta zama babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a Bahar Rum.

 Tarihin zamani 
A ranar 3 ga Satumba 1643, Yaƙin Cartagena ya faru ne kusa da Cabo de Gata tsakanin rundunar sojan Spain da rundunar sojin Faransa.

A shekara ta 1728, Cartagena ya zama babban birnin Sashen Ruwa na Ruwa na Mutanen Espanya na Bahar Rum kuma an gina birnin sosai tare da gina gidan sarauta na zamani a wurin tsohon Moorish Kasbah, bariki da yawa da babban Arsenal na Cartagena. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, yawan mutanen garin ya karu daga kusan mazauna 10,000 zuwa 50,000."Historia de la Ciudad - Historia - Tu Ciudad - Ayuntamiento de Cartagena" (in Spanish). 

 Bukukuwan a cikin gundumomi 

 Bikin tsarkaka mai kula: Ana girmama tsarkaka daban-daban kuma ana gudanar da bukukuwa daban-daban a duk fadin gari. Akwai ayyukan da suka fi ko žasa a cikin waɗannan bukukuwan kamar ƙananan processions (bukin addini) da Romerías (ayyukan bukukuwan addini waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙaramin procession inda ake ɗaukar mutum-mutumi na Budurwa ko Kristi kuma ya ƙare a cikin manyan mutane masu biki da suka taru a wani coci mai zaman kansa). 

 Garin Twin - biranen 'yar'uwa 
Cartagena tana da tagwaye tare da:

 Tuni, Italiya 

Cartagena kuma tana aiki tare da Carthage, Tunisia.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba