Tafoni

Tafoni (singular: tafone) ramuka ne da ke tasowa a cikin dutse mai laushi.

Ko da yake akwai ma'anoni daban-daban  a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, ana bayyana tafoni a matsayin ƙarami (kasa da  ) zuwa babba (fiye da  ) fasalulluka na kogon da ke tasowa a cikin ko dai na halitta ko na mutum, a tsaye zuwa gangare mai zurfi, fallasa dutsen granular (watau granite, sandstone) tare da ganuwar daɗaɗɗen santsi, da sau da yawa zagaye baki da buɗewa. Ƙungiyoyin tafoni da aka gane sun haɗa da saƙar zuma, lace, alveolar (kasa da  ), bangon gefe, basal, gida, da tafoni na relic . Hakanan yana kama da nido d'ape roccioso a cikin Italiyanci.Paradise, T.R., 2013. Tafoni and other rock basins. In: Shroder, J. (Editor in Chief), Pope, G.A., (Ed.), Treatise on Geomorphology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, vol. 4, Weathering and Soils Geomorphology, pp.111–126. 

Maganar kalmar tafoni ba ta da tabbas. tafoni na iya fitowa daga kalmar Helenanci taphos, kabarin, ko kuma yana iya fitowa ne daga kalmar Corsican ko Sicilian don ramuka, taffoni, ko kuma daga tafonare ma'anar furewa. Littafin farko da aka sani na kalmar tafoni ya kasance a cikin 1882.Paradise, T.R., 2013. Tafoni and other rock basins. In: Shroder, J. (Editor in Chief), Pope, G.A., (Ed.), Treatise on Geomorphology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, vol. 4, Weathering and Soils Geomorphology, pp.111–126.Hans Henrik Reusch (1882) Notes sur la géologie de la Corse (Notes on the geology of Corsica), Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 3rd series, 11 : 53-67 ; see p. 65. From p. 65: "Le peuple appelle ces cavités, quand elles sont petites, des tafoni ; quand elles sont grandes, des grotte." (People call these cavities, when they're small, tafoni ; when they're large, caves.) 

 Rarraba 
Tafoni sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin kungiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya yin rikitarwa a gefen tudu, dutse, ko wasu tsarin dutse. Yawanci suna tasowa a cikin siliceous, ko dai mai laushi (sandstone) ko mai laushi mai laushi, nau'ikan dutse. An kuma lura da su a cikin lacustrine silts, tuffs, da conglomerates. Ana iya samun su a duk nau'ikan yanayi, amma sun fi yawa a cikin yanayin gishiri, kamar hamada da yankunan tafkin teku. An samo su a duk faɗin Duniya, tare da siffofi masu ban mamaki da aka samu a sashin Jodhpur-Ajmer na Indiya's Thar Desert, Petra, Jordan, Coastal California, da Australia, har ma a yankunan Arctic da Antarctica. Abubuwan da aka saba da su a cikin mahalli da ake samun su sune yawan gishiri da sauye-sauye ko sauye-shiryen bushewa.Turkington, A.V. and Phillips, J.D., 2004. Cavernous weathering, dynamical instability and self‐organization. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 29(6), pp.665-675.

 Asalin 
An gabatar da bayani da yawa game da asalin tafoni. Sun haɗa da raguwar ruwa; lalata iska; yanayin inji wanda ya haifar da bambancin zafin jiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci; yanayin sinadarai na ciki na dutse (mai taushi) a ƙarƙashin ɓawon burodi mai kariya (mai taurin kai) sannan ya biyo bayan cire kayan da aka taushi; yanayin biogeochemical ta hanyar lichens; bambancin zazzabin jiki da ke aiki akan gishiri a yankunan bakin teku; da yanayin gishiri. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1970s, yawancin ma'aikata sun ba da shawarar gishiri a matsayin babban bayani game da kafa tafoni. A halin yanzu, ana ɗaukar tafoni a matsayin polygenetic a asali sakamakon rikitarwa na matakai na jiki da sinadarai, wanda ya haɗa da gishiri da wankewa da bushewa.McBride, E.F. and Picard, M.D., 2000. Origin and development of tafoni in tunnel spring tuff, Crystal Peak, Utah, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25(8), pp.869-879.

 Manazarta