Wajibi ne ga Jihohi game da canjin yanayi

An gabatar da wajibai na Jihohi game da canjin yanayi a gaban Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ), babban bangaren shari'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, biyo bayan ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkinobho 77/276 da aka karɓa a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2023. A cikin wannan ƙuduri Majalisar Dattijai ta nemi Kotun ta ba da shawara game da bayyana wajibai na shari'a na Jihohi, a ƙarƙashin dokar kasa da kasa, don kare tsarin yanayi da sauran sassan muhalli daga hayakin gas mai ɗumi. Har ila yau, buƙatar ta nemi bayani game da alhakin jihohin da ayyukansu ko abubuwan da suka faru sun ba da gudummawa ga irin wannan hayaki kuma sun haifar da lahani ga yanayi da muhalli, musamman game da ƙananan tsibirin tsibirin da ke tasowa. 

A ra'ayinta Kotun ta yarda cewa canjin yanayi yana wakiltar "barazanar rayuwa" wanda ke buƙatar martani ba kawai a cikin shari'a ba har ma a cikin zamantakewa, siyasa, kimiyya, da kuma yanayin ɗabi'a. Ya tabbatar da cewa Jihohi suna da yarjejeniya da al'ada na doka ta kasa da kasa don kare tsarin yanayi da muhalli daga hayakin gas mai guba da mutum ya haifar. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa gazawar cika waɗannan wajibai ya zama wani abu mara kyau a duniya, wanda ke haifar da alhakin Jiha. Wannan alhakin na iya haɗawa da dakatar da halayyar cutarwa, samar da tabbacin rashin maimaitawa, da kuma ba da cikakken fansa ga lalacewar da aka haifar ko ta hanyar maidowa, diyya, ko gamsuwa idan akwai bayyane kuma kai tsaye tsakanin aikin da lalacewar.

Hukuncin Kotun ya nuna karuwar dogaro da dokar kasa da kasa don fuskantar Rikicin yanayi, tare da irin wannan shari'a a Kotun Kasa da Kasa don Dokar Tekun da Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka. Kotun I / A H.R. ta ba da makonni da suka gabata ra'ayi mai ba da shawara wanda ya bayyana cewa duniyar tana fuskantar gaggawa ta yanayi kuma jihohin da suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (Pact of San José) suna da wajibai na doka na kasa da kasa don magance shi.

An gudanar da sauraron jama'a game da buƙatar shawara ta ICJ daga Disamba 2 zuwa 13, 2024, tare da shiga daga Jihohi 96 da kungiyoyi 11 na duniya. A lokacin rubuce-rubuce na tsari, an gabatar da gabatarwar 91 da kuma rubuce-aikacen rubuce-daban 62 da ke nuna matakin mafi girma na shiga cikin tarihin ICJ da wanda ya riga shi, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya. 

Wannan alama ce ta ashirin da tara da Kotun Shari'a ta bayar da ra'ayi mai ba da shawara. Har ila yau, shi ne karo na biyar a cikin tarihin Kotun kusan shekaru 80 da aka karɓi irin wannan yanke shawara tare.

 Tarihi 
A watan Satumbar 2021, Jamhuriyar Vanuatu ta ba da sanarwar niyyar neman ra'ayi mai ba da shawara daga Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya game da wajibai na Jihohi a fuskar canjin yanayi. Kungiyar matasa da ke jagorantar Pacific Island Students Fighting Climate Change ce ta jagoranci shirin, wanda ya kunshi dalibai daga Kasashen tsibirin Pacific. Gwamnatin Vanuatu ta yi jayayya cewa irin wannan ra'ayi ya zama dole saboda takamaiman rauni na yankinta da na wasu ƙananan tsibirai masu tasowa, da kuma bukatar gaggawa don ƙarfafa matakin yanayi na duniya.

Don ci gaba da shirin, Vanuatu ta kafa babban rukuni na membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don gina tallafi a cikin Babban Taron. Tattaunawa a cikin rukuni ya haifar da rubuce-rubucen ƙuduri, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2023, a ƙarƙashin alamar A/77/L.58 a lokacin zaman Majalisar Dattijai na saba'in da bakwai. Jihohi da ƙungiyoyi 108 ne suka gabatar da ƙudurin, tare da Firayim Ministan Vanuatu, Alatoi Ishmael Kalsakau, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa.

Shirin ya wuce tsarin turawa na yau da kullun zuwa babban kwamiti. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2023, Babban Taron ya amince da Resolution A / RES/77/276 ta hanyar yarjejeniya, ba tare da kuri'a ba. Gabaɗaya, Jihohi 132 sun tallafa wa shawarar. Kudurin ya samo asali ne daga mahimman tanadi na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kayan aikin shari'a na kasa da kasa, gami da Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Har ila yau, ya yi nuni da ka'idojin Dokar muhalli ta duniya, kamar aikin hana mummunar cutar muhalli da kuma wajibi ne don karewa da adana yanayin ruwa.

Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya aika da bukatar ga Kotun ta hanyar wasika mai kwanan wata 12 ga Afrilu, 2023. 

 Manazarta