Victoria Gray Adams

Victoria Jackson Gray Adams (5 ga Nuwamba, 1926 - 12 ga Agusta, 2006) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama ce ta Amurka daga Hattiesburg, Mississippi . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party .

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haife ta da suna Victoria Almeter Jackson (daga baya aka sani da Victoria Gray Adams) a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1926 a cikin wani baƙar fata da ake kira Palmer's Crossing, wanda yanzu yana cikin Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Ita 'yar Mack ce da Annie Mae Jackson .  Mahaifiyarta ta mutu lokacin da take 'yar shekara uku, sannan kakanninta suka tashe ta. Kakanninta ba su dogara da fararen mutanen yankin ba, kuma suna gudanar da gonar su. Don haka, Adams ya girma tare da kyakkyawar ma'anar 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1945, ta kammala karatu daga makarantar Depriest Consolidated School . Daga nan sai ta halarci Jami'ar Wilberforce a Ohio,  amma dole ne ta bar bayan shekara guda saboda rashin kudade don karatun. Matarsa ta farko ita ce tare da Tony West Gray . Suna da 'ya'ya uku: Georgie Rosewitha Gray, Tony West Gray Jr., da Cecil Conteen Gray . Gray ya kasance a Jamus a lokacin, a lokacin Yaƙin Koriya . Sun koma Amurka kuma sun zauna a Maryland, a lokacin da Adams ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace na kayan kwalliya. Aure ya fara raguwa, kuma sun sake aure. Daga baya ta auri Rueben Ernest Adams Jr. Suna da ɗa ɗaya, Reuben Ernest Adams, III.

 Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama 
Victoria Gray Adams ta shiga cikin Civil Rights Movement ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1960 lokacin da ta shawo kan fastocinta ta bude cocin su ga ma'aikatan Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC).  A cikin zaɓen 1960, Adams ta horar da mutane daga garinsu a cikin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a. Yawancin 'yan Afirka na Afirka a lokacin ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba, wanda ya hana su yin rajista, don haka ta koyar da darussan karatu da rubutu inda ta koya wa mutane karatu, rubutu, da fahimtar Kundin Tsarin Mulki. A shekara ta 1962, ta zama sakatariyar filin SNCC, kuma ta jagoranci kauracewa kasuwancin Hattiesburg. A shekara ta 1964, Adams, malami, mai siyar da kayan kwalliya, kuma jagora na ɗaliban ilimi na masu jefa kuri'a, ya yanke shawarar yin takara da Sanata John Stennis, Democrat na Mississippi wanda a lokacin ya kasance a Majalisar Dattijai na tsawon shekaru 16. Ta sanar da cewa ita da wasu daga karamin Jam'iyyar Freedom Democratic Party ta Mississippi, wanda ta kasance memba mai kafawa, tare da Fannie Lou Hamer da Annie Devine, za su kalubalanci ikon 'yan siyasa masu wariyar launin fata kamar Stennis. Lokaci ya zo, in ji ta, don mai da hankali "ga Negro a Mississippi, wanda bai ma sami leavings daga teburin siyasa na Amurka ba. " A lokacin Freedom Summer na 1964, Adams ya taimaka wajen buɗe Makarantun Freedom waɗanda suka tura don haƙƙin jama'a a Mississippi. Ta tafi taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 1964 a Atlantic City, New Jersey . Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Mississippi ta janye goyon baya ga Shugaba Lyndon Johnson saboda aikin Johnson na zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, kuma ta aika da wakilan fari zuwa taron. Matan uku sun yi gwagwarmaya don su zauna a cikin tawagar, amma ba su yi nasara ba. Lamarin, duk da haka, ya haifar da sauye-sauyen haɗin kai a cikin jam'iyyar.

 Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Mississippi Freedom 

Wani batu tare da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Mississippi ta yau da kullun shi ne cewa ba ta wakilci dukkan mutane ba, wani abu da Jam'iyya ta Democrat ta 'Yanci ta Mississippi (MFDP) ta yi alkawarin yi. Wani bambanci tsakanin jam'iyyun biyu, a cewar Adams, shi ne cewa tsarin zaben MFDP ya kasance a bude ga dukan mazabar, yayin da jam'iyyar Democrat ta Mississippi sau da yawa za ta hana masu jefa kuri'a shiga cikin jam'iyyar. Adams ya kira MFDP Jam'iyyar Democrat ta gaskiya kuma ya yi alfaharin nasarorin da ya samu na rushe "tsuntsu na tsoro a Mississippi ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka da ke neman hakkinsu".

Lokacin da Adams ta gudu don MFDP a 1964, daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da ta shirya mayar da hankali a lokacin yakin shine ilimi ga 'yan ƙasa a jihar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa "Rashin aikin yi, sarrafa kansa, rashin isasshen gidaje, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da ci gaban karkara sune ainihin batutuwan a Mississippi, ba 'yancin jihohi' ko 'ƙaddamar da tarayya ba.'"

Adams ya kuma ambaci Fannie Lou Hamer a matsayin wahayi ga motsi kanta. Adams ya bayyana cewa Hamer ya kasance mai mahimmanci wajen karfafa wasu shugabannin motsi. Adams ta bayyana ƙarfin hali na Hamer na barin aikinta yayin da take yin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a na gaba.

Mata uku iri ɗaya (Adams, Fannie Lou Hamer, da Annie Devine) sun kasance baƙi masu daraja a majalisa a 1968, kuma sun zauna a bene na Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka. Adams ta koma Thailand tare da mijinta na biyu kuma ta yi aiki a madadin ma'aikatan Afirka na Amurka na shekaru da yawa.

Adams ta ce ta koyi a shekara ta 1964 cewa akwai nau'ikan mutane guda biyu a cikin siyasa, "waɗanda ke cikin motsi da waɗanda ke da motsi a cikinsu". "Motsi yana cikin ni", in ji ta, "kuma na san koyaushe zai kasance".

Adams ya kuma lura cewa mutane sun gano wani abu yayin da suke cikin Atlantic City. Mutane sun fahimci cewa akwai hanyar fita daga rayuwar da suka daɗe suna rayuwa a ciki. Ta bayyana cewa hanyar fita daga wannan rayuwa za ta kasance ta hanyar "kayan kuri'a" da samun wakilci. A wata hira da Virginia Organizing Project, ta ce, "Muna fuskantar jam'iyyar Democrat ta Mississippi, wacce ta hada da wasu daga cikin mambobin da suka fi karfi a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka, don neman a amince da mu da wakilci a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Democrat. "

Jam'iyyar Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) ta fahimci cewa taron ba ya taimakawa da matsalolin wakilcin su. Taron ya gabatar da MFDP tare da sulhu "marasa ma'ana" wanda Adams da alfahari bai yarda da shi ba. Ta kuma ce daya daga cikin darussan da suka fi muhimmanci da aka koya daga taron na 1964 shi ne cewa lokacin da aka gabatar da mutane da albarkatun kamar ilimi, mutane suna iya tsarawa a kan batun don ƙirƙirar canji.

 Kafa Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Tarayya 
Adams ya kuma kafa Majalisar Tarayyar Tarayya (COFO). COFO hadin gwiwa ne na dukkan kungiyoyin 'yanci da ke aiki a lokacin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama. COFO ita ce babbar kungiya da ke da alhakin jagorantar duk sauran kungiyoyin laima. Adams ya bayyana cewa kungiyoyin laima, wadanda suka hada da amma ba a iyakance su ga Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai da Taron Jagorancin Kirista na Kudancin ba, ba su da isasshen albarkatu don saka hannun jari a cikin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama. COFO ta haɗu da duk albarkatun daga kungiyoyin kuma ta sami damar samar da manyan nasarori. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ya samu shine ya kai mutane 68 zuwa Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Democrat.

Adams ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinta na gaba. Biyu daga cikin wadanda aka fi sani sun hada da, Martin Luther King Jr. Community Service Award da Fannie Lou Hammer Humanitarian Award.

Aure na farko, ga Tony Gray, ya haifi 'ya'ya uku - Georgie, Tony Jr. (wanda ya mutu a 1997) da Cecil - kuma ya ƙare da saki a 1964. Sauran wadanda suka tsira sun hada da mijinta na biyu, Reuben Earnest Adams Jr. (wanda ta auri shekaru 40) da ɗansu, Reuben III; ɗan'uwa, Glodies Jackson; da jikoki takwas.

Adams ta mutu a gidan ɗanta Cecil a Baltimore a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, 2006, daga ciwon daji, tana da shekaru 79.

A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2006, an gudanar da hidimar tunawa da ita a cikin cocin Methodist kusa da garinsu, Hattiesburg, Mississippi .

Takardunta suna a McCain Library and Archives a Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi .

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba