Manufofin makamashi na Malaysia

Gwamnatin Malaysia ce ta ƙayyade Manufofin makamashi na Malaysia, wanda ke magance batutuwan samar da makamashi, rarrabawa, da amfani. Ma'aikatar Lantarki da Sayar da Gas tana aiki a matsayin mai kula yayin da wasu 'yan wasa a bangaren makamashi sun haɗa da samar da makamashi da kamfanonin sabis, cibiyoyin bincike da ci gaba da masu amfani. Kamfanonin da ke da alaƙa da gwamnati Petronas da Tenaga Nasional Berhad sune manyan 'yan wasa a bangaren makamashi na Malaysia.

Hukumomin gwamnati da ke ba da gudummawa ga manufofi sune Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Fasahar Green da Ruwa, Hukumar Makamashi (Suruhanjaya Tenaga) , da Cibiyar Makamashi ta Malaysia (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia). Daga cikin takardun da manufofin suka dogara da su sune Dokar Ci gaban Man Fetur ta 1974, Manufofin Man Fetur na Kasa ta 1975, Manufofin Rashin Rashin Ruwa na Kasa ta 1980, Dokar Bayar da Wutar Lantarki ta 1990, Ayyukan Bayar da Gas na 1993, Dokokin Wutar Lutar Lantarki na 1994, Dokar Bayar Da Gas ta 1997 da Dokar Hukumar Makamashi ta 2001.

 Bayani game da manufofi 

Manufofin makamashi alhakin Ofishin Firayim Minista ne, musamman Sashin Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki da Sashin Aiwatarwa da Gudanarwa. : 1 Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Fasahar Green da Ruwa ta gano manyan manufofi uku na makamashi waɗanda za su taimaka wajen jagorantar ci gaban bangaren makamashi."National Energy Policy". Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water. 31 January 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
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 Bayarwa 
Don tabbatar da samar da isasshen, amintacce da wadatar makamashi mai tsada ta hanyar bunkasa albarkatun makamashi na asali da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba da kuma sabuntawa ta amfani da sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan farashi da bambancin hanyoyin samarwa daga ciki da waje na kasar.

A cikin neman manufar samarwa, shirye-shiryen manufofi, musamman game da man fetur da iskar gas, Malaysia sun yi niyyar fadada rayuwar albarkatun makamashi na cikin gida da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, da kuma bambance-bambance daga dogaro da mai don haɗawa da wasu nau'ikan hanyoyin samar da makamashi.

Samar da man fetur ya kai kololuwa a cikin 2016, tare da manyan filayen mai da ba su da zurfi sun girma. Malaysia ta yi aiki tare da OPEC don rage samarwa a lokutan faduwar duniya."Country Analysis Executive Summary: Malaysia" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021. : 2 

 Amfani da shi 
Don inganta ingantaccen amfani da makamashi da kuma hana tsarin lalacewa da marasa amfani na amfani da makami.

Hanyar manufofin don fahimtar wannan manufar ita ce dogaro da masana'antar makamashi da masu amfani don yin aiki yadda ya kamata a samar da makamashi, sufuri, sauya makamashi. Shirye-shiryen gudanarwa na bangaren buƙata ta masu amfani, musamman ta hanyar karfafa farashi, sun sami tasiri akan ingantaccen amfani da amfani.

Shirye-shiryen gwamnati don karfafa cogeneration kuma suna da niyyar inganta ingantacciyar hanya don samar da wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki daga tushen makamashi guda ɗaya.

 Muhalli 
Don rage mummunan tasirin samar da makamashi, sufuri, juyawa, amfani da amfani a kan muhalli.

Manufar muhalli ta ga iyakantaccen manufofi a baya. Dukkanin manyan ayyukan ci gaban makamashi suna ƙarƙashin buƙatun kimanta tasirin muhalli. Sakamakon muhalli, kamar hayaki, fitarwa da hayaniya suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ingancin muhalli kamar ƙa'idodin iska da ƙa'idodin fitarwa.

 Taimako na makamashi 

 Manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa 
Gwamnatin Malaysia tana neman karfafa ci gaban makamashi mai sabuntawa, musamman biomass, a matsayin 'mai na biyar' a karkashin Manufar Diversification na Fuel na kasar. Manufar, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2001, tana da manufa ta makamashi mai sabuntawa wanda ke samar da 5% na samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar shekara ta 2005, daidai da tsakanin 500 da 600 Megawatt (MW) na ƙarfin shigarwa. Manufofin sun karfafa ta hanyar karfafa kudi, kamar su harajin saka hannun jari da Shirin Karamin Makamashi mai Sabuntawa (SREP), wanda ke ƙarfafa haɗin ƙananan masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki zuwa grid na kasa. A cikin 2018, Malaysia ta kafa burin 20% na makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin makamashi na kasar nan da 2025, karuwar 18% daga 2% da Malaysia ke da shi a cikin 2018. Don cimma burin, kasar na bukatar jawo hankalin jimlar dala biliyan 8 na saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa a wannan lokacin; don jawo hankalin saka hannun jari gwamnati na iya inganta tsarin mulkin makamashi na sabuntawa da yanayin saka hannun jari ga masu saka hannun jari na kasashen waje.

Shirin Small Renewable Energy yana ba da damar ayyukan sabuntawa tare da har zuwa 10 MW na iyawa don sayar da wutar lantarki ga TNB, a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar lasisi na shekaru 21. An karɓi aikace-aikace da yawa don shirin, galibi sun haɗa da biomass, kuma daga cikin waɗannan sama da rabi don sharar Man dabino ne. A shekara ta 2005 akwai ayyukan biomass 28 da aka amince da su wanda ya shafi shigar da 194 MW na ƙarfin haɗin grid. Har ila yau, akwai ayyukan gas guda huɗu da aka amince da su, tare da 9 MW na iyawa, da kuma ayyukan lantarki na ruwa 18 da ke ba da 69.9 MW na jimlar iyawa.

A cikin 2013, gwamnatin Malaysia ta ba da sanarwar biyan harajin saka hannun jari na kashi 100 akan kudaden da suka cancanci kashewa. Kodayake an ce ana la'akari da lissafin QCE na tsawon shekaru biyar. An dauki wannan matakin ne don karfafa saka hannun jari a bangaren makamashi mai sabuntawa.

A cikin 2016, Hukumar Ci Gaban Makamashi mai dorewa (SEDA) ta Malaysia ta gudanar da cikakken aikin taswirar iska a kan teku. SEDA Malaysia kungiya ce ta doka da aka kafa a karkashin Dokar Kula da Ci Gaban Makamashi mai dorewa ta 2011. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman matsayi na SEDA shine gudanarwa da sarrafa aiwatar da tsarin Tarihin Abinci (FiT), gami da asusun Sabuntawa na Makamashi wanda aka ba da umarni a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sabuntawa ta 2011.  An kirkiro asusun Sabuntawa na Makamashi don tallafawa shirin FiT. Ayyukan taswirar iska na yanzu zai ƙayyade ko ya kamata a haɗa makamashi na iska a cikin mulkin FiT.

Ya zuwa 2021, Malaysia tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da bangarorin hasken rana a duniya, amma abin mamaki har yanzu ba ta da cikakken amfani akan wannan don samar da wutar lantarki na cikin gida.

 Fitarwa da amfani 
A al'ada, samar da makamashi a Malaysia ya dogara ne akan mai da iskar gas. Malaysia a halin yanzu tana da 13GW na ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki. Ikon samar da wutar lantarki da aka haɗa da Malaysian National Grid shine 19,023 MW, tare da matsakaicin buƙata na 13,340 MW a watan Yulin 2007 bisa ga Suruhanjaya Tenaga .  Jimlar samar da wutar lantarki na shekara ta 2007 shine 108,539 GW·h tare da jimlar amfani da 97,113 GW·h ko 3,570 kW·h ga kowane mutum. Haɗin man fetur na ƙarni shine 62.6% gas, 20.9% kwal, 9.5% hydro da 7% daga wasu nau'ikan man fetur. A shekara ta 2007, kasar gaba daya tana cinye ganga dubu 514 (ton miliyan 23.6) na mai a kowace rana a kan samar da ganga dubu 755 (ton miliyan 34.2) a kowace rana. Ana jigilar mai ta hanyar manyan motoci maimakon bututu."Country Analysis Executive Summary: Malaysia" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021. : 3 A cikin karni na 21 gwamnati ta saka hannun jari a cikin tsaftace mai, ta ba da damar sarrafa man fetur a cikin gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa yawancin buƙatun cikin gida ana iya biyan su ba tare da shigo da su ba.  

Koyaya, Malaysia kawai tana da shekaru 33 na ajiyar iskar gas, da shekaru 19 na ajiyar mai, yayin da buƙatar makamashi ke ƙaruwa. Saboda haka gwamnatin Malaysia tana fadada cikin hanyoyin samar da makamashi."Renewable Energy and Kyoto Protocol: Adoption in Malaysia". Publicweb.unimap.edu.my. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010. A halin yanzu 16% na samar da wutar lantarki na Malaysia shine hydroelectric, sauran 84% suna da zafi.Global Energy Network Institute 1-619-595-0139 (28 June 2007). "National Energy Grid of Malaysia – National Electricity Transmission Grid of Malaysia". Geni.org. Retrieved 24 September 2010.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Masana'antar mai da iskar gas a Malaysia a halin yanzu ta mamaye mallakar Petronas,  kuma Suruhanjaya Tenaga ne ke sarrafa bangaren makamashi gaba ɗaya, kwamishinan doka wanda ke kula da makamashi a cikin tsibirin da Sabah, a ƙarƙashin sharuddan Dokar Hukumar Lantarki ta 2001.  Petronas yana da haƙƙin mallaka na musamman akan mai da iskar gas a cikin yankin Malaysia, kodayake yana iya ba da lasisi ga wasu kamfanoni. Kudin shiga daga Petronas yana ba da babban rabo na kudaden shiga na gwamnati na ƙasa (35% a cikin 2019), kuma jihohin Sabah da Sarawak suna karɓar haraji na 5% akan samarwa a cikin yankinsu."Country Analysis Executive Summary: Malaysia" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021. : 1-2 Sarawak ta kafa Petroleum Sarawak Berhad a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, ta sanya shi daidai da Petronas a cikin jihar su. Rashin jituwa tsakanin kamfanoni biyu yana ci gaba. : 7 Rikici da Brunei sun wanzu game da gudanar da man fetur da filayen gas da ke ƙetare iyaka. : 9 

 Bayanan samar da wutar lantarki da amfani na tarihi na Malaysia 
ShekaraIkon samarwaMafi yawan buƙatuTNB Ikon samarwaIkon samar da IPPCikakken ƙarfin samarwa2005634611277176231249320066346119771832312990200763461337719723136202008643613377197231400720097040147772181714245
Tushen: Suruhanjaya Tenaga (Hukumar Makamashi) Rahoton Shekara-shekara

 Bayanan samar da wutar lantarki na tarihi da amfani da Sabah 
ShekaraIkon samarwaMafi yawan buƙatu20056605482006708594200770662520088126732009903719
Dukkanin adadi suna cikin megawatts

Tushen: Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Suruhanjaya Tenaga Suruhanjaya Tenega. "Suruhjana Tenega Annual Report 2009". 

 Amfani da makamashi 
Amfani da makamashi ga kowane mutum yana da yawa a Malaysia idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe masu matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗi kamar Brazil, Turkiyya ko China. A cikin 2015, bangaren sufuri ya cinye kiloton 23,425 na kwatankwacin mai (ktoe), ma'ana cewa yana da alhakin 45.2% na jimlar makamashi da aka cinye a Malaysia. Sashin masana'antu ya biyo baya, wanda ya cinye 13,989 ktoe (27.0% na jimlar buƙatun makamashi); sassan zama da na kasuwanci a 7,559 ktoe (14.6% na jimlar buƙatar makamashi): amfani da ba makamashi ba kamar ƙera sunadarai a 5,928 ktoe (11.4%) da aikin gona da ke lissafin sauran.

Hukumar Makamashi ta Malaysia ta kafa shirye-shiryen inganta makamashi daban-daban. Har ila yau, kananan hukumomi suna nuna jagoranci kan manufofin inganta makamashi: Putrajaya tana da burin zama "Green City" a shekarar 2025,  yayin da Iskandar Malaysia ta bunkasa "Low-Carbon Society Blueprint". 

Akwai manyan dama don inganta ingancin makamashi a cikin birane, inda kashi 73% na yawan mutanen Malaysia ke zaune. kuma sama da kashi 90% na ayyukan tattalin arzikin Malaysia ana gudanar da su. Johor Bahru, alal misali, na iya rage hayakinsa da kwata-kwata nan da shekara ta 2025 ta hanyar saka hannun jari mai tsada: sauyawa daga dizal zuwa iskar gas a cikin masana'antun roba da na man fetur, inganta motocin hybrid, karɓar ƙa'idodin gine-ginen kore masu ban sha'awa da gabatar da ƙa'idodin aikin makamashi na tilas don kayan aiki kamar iska. Suruhanjaya Tenaga (Kwamitin Makamashi) ya riga ya sami wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan a wurin. Misali, Dokar Lantarki ta 1994 ta gabatar da tsarin lakabi da ka'idojin aiki don masu sanyaya iska, firiji, magoya bayan gida da talabijin. Har ila yau, akwai tsare-tsaren gwamnati da yawa don tallafawa gyaran makamashi na gine-gine, wanda ya sami matakai daban-daban na tasiri.

 Manazarta 

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