Constance Baker Motley

Constance Baker Motley ( née Baker ; Satumba 14, 1921 - Satumba 28, 2005) ɗan shari'a ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Alkalin Kotun Lardi na Amurka na Kudancin Kudancin New York .

Mahimmin dabarun gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a, ta kasance 'yar majalisar dattijai ta jiha, kuma shugabar gundumar Manhattan a birnin New York kafin ta zama alkali ta tarayya ta Amurka .   Ta sami matsayi tare da Asusun Tsaro da Ilimi na NAACP a matsayin lauya na ma'aikata a 1946 bayan samun digiri na shari'a, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki tare da kungiyar fiye da shekaru ashirin. 

Ita ce Bakar fata ta farko da ta yi gardama a Kotun Koli  kuma ta yi gardamar 10 manyan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta lashe tara. Ta kasance magatakardar doka ga Thurgood Marshall, tana taimaka masa a shari'ar Brown da Hukumar Ilimi . 

Motley kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta kasance Ba’amurke Ba’amurke da aka nada a ma’aikatar shari’a ta tarayya, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin alkali na gundumar Amurka na Kotun Lardi na Amurka na Kudancin Kudancin New York. 

A cikin 1965, an zaɓi Motley Shugaban gundumar Manhattan don cike gurbin shekara guda. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike ofishin.  A matsayinta na shugaban kasa, ta rubuta shirin sake farfado da Harlem da Gabashin Harlem, ta yi nasarar yin gwagwarmayar dala 700,000 don inganta waɗannan da sauran wuraren da ba a kula da su ba na birnin. 

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Constance Baker a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1921, a New Haven, Connecticut, na tara na yara goma sha biyu.  Iyayenta, Rachel Huggins da McCullough Alva Baker,  sun kasance baƙi daga tsibirin Caribbean Nevis . Kafin ta zo Amurka, Rachel ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sana'ar dinki da kuma malami yayin da McCullough ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sana'a.  Bayan sun yi hijira, mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida, kuma mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci a ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban Jami'ar Yale daban-daban, gami da ƙungiyar asiri ta Skull da Kasusuwa .  Motley ta bayyana ilimin iyayenta da cewa yayi daidai "zuwa aji na goma a cikin Jihohi".  Mahaifiyarta, Rachel Baker, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fafutukar al'umma. Ta kafa New Haven NAACP. 

 Girmamawa da kyaututtuka 
Motley ya sami lambar yabo ta Candace don Sabis ɗin Mahimmanci daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta 100 Black Women a 1984. 

A cikin 1993, an shigar da ita cikin Babban Taron Mata na Ƙasa . 

A cikin 2000, Jami'ar Harvard ta ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Doctor of Laws. 

A cikin 2001, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya ba ta lambar yabo ta 'yan ƙasa ta shugaban ƙasa . 

A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2019, kadarorinta da ke Chester, Connecticut, an sanya su wuri a kan Titin 'Yanci na Connecticut. Shafin yana ɗaya daga cikin 140 waɗanda ke girmama Amurkawa a duk faɗin jihar. 

A cikin 2021, Sashen shakatawa na Birnin New York ya sake suna Cibiyar Nishaɗi ta Titin 54th don girmama Motley. 

Harlem Historical Society ta rubuta ƙudurin haɗa suna kan titi don girmama Motley saboda hidimarta a matsayin mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na Amurka, lauya, alkali, ɗan majalisar dattijai na jiha, kuma mazaunin Harlem. Yankin Edgecombe Avenue tsakanin titin 159th da 160th an haɗa shi da sunan "Constance Baker Motley Place". 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Constance Baker ya auri Joel Motley Jr., wani gida ne kuma dillalin inshora, a cikin 1946 a cocin Episcopal na Saint Luke a New Haven, Connecticut . Sun zauna a Harlem, New York City kuma suna kula da gida na biyu a Chester, Connecticut daga 1965 har zuwa mutuwarta a 2005.  

Baker da Motley sun yi aure na tsawon shekaru 59, har zuwa mutuwarta na ciwon zuciya a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2005, kwana goma sha huɗu bayan cikarta shekaru 84, a asibitin NYU Downtown a birnin New York.  An yi jana'izar ta a cocin Connecticut inda ta yi aure; an gudanar da taron tunawa da jama'a a Cocin Riverside da ke Manhattan .

Ta bar ɗa guda, Joel Wilson Motley III, shugaban ƙungiyar Human Rights Watch, da jikoki uku.  A farkon karni na ashirin da ɗaya, Motley ya zama wani ɓangare na Just The Beginning Foundation, wani gidauniya da aka sadaukar don kiyaye alkalan Amurkawa na Afirka waɗanda ke inganta al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka ta hanyar aikinsu.

 Gado 
A lokacin da take matsayin alkali na tarayya na gundumar Kudancin New York, Motley ta yi ƙoƙari don isa ga sauran matan Ba-Amurke a matsayinta.  Ɗaya daga cikin matan da ta kai wa ita ce alkali Anne Elise Thompson wadda ta sami takardar sirri daga Motley a ranar da aka nada ta ta zama alkali na Gundumar New Jersey. 

A cikin 2005, ƙungiyar ɗaliban Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Amurka (ACS) ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania Law School ta fara karɓar Gasar Rubuce-rubuce ta ƙasa kowace shekara don girmama Constance Baker Motley. 

Tare da aikinta akan Ludtke v. Kuhn, Motley ya zama jigo mai mahimmanci ga Melissa Ludtke. Ludtke ta buga labarin a cikin 2018 tana yaba aikin da Motley ta yi a tsawon rayuwarta duk da wariyar da ta fuskanta. 

Judith Heumann, co-kafa Cibiyar Duniya kan Nakasa, ta yaba da Motley tare da zama malami na farko mai lasisi a jihar New York wanda ya yi amfani da keken guragu. 

Mataimakiyar shugabar Amurka Kamala Harris ta fayyace tasirin Motley a kan aikinta na siyasa da doka a shafinta na yakin neman zabe. 

Mai shari'a Ketanji Brown Jackson ta ambaci Motley a matsayin wani tasiri a kan sana'arta a jawabin da ta yi na amincewa da nadin Shugaba Joe Biden na zama abokin shari'a na Kotun Koli . Jackson da Motley suna bikin ranar haihuwa ɗaya. 

An ba da kyautar kyautar tarihin tarihin rayuwa, Adalci Baƙar fata: Rayuwa da Aikin Constance Baker Motley, an watsa shi a kan Gidan Talabijin na Jama'a na Connecticut a 2012. A takaice dai, The Trials of Constance Baker Motley, wanda aka fara a Tribeca Film Festival a kan Afrilu 19, 2015. 

A cikin 2022, Sarauniyar Haƙƙin Bil'adama, an buga tarihin rayuwar Motley "mai zurfi".  

A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2024, Ma'aikatar Wasikun Amurka ta fitar da tambarin tunawa don girmama Motley. An yi bikin ranar farko na fitowa a Cibiyar Nishaɗi ta Constance Baker Motley a birnin New York kuma Honourable Anton Hajjar, memba na Hukumar Sabis ta Amurka ne ya jagoranta.  Wannan tambari shine na 47 a cikin jerin Baƙaƙen Heritage na tambarin gidan waya na Amurka. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba