Yanayin ƙasar Hungary

Hungary (Hungarian) ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka a kudu maso gabashin Tsakiyar Turai,  a kan Yankin Eurasia . Yana cikin Yankin Carpathian, yana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 93,030, yana auna kimanin kilomita 250 daga arewa zuwa kudu da kilomita 524 daga gabas zuwa yamma. Yana da iyakoki 2,106, wanda aka raba tare da Slovenia" id="mwbg" ">Slovakia a arewa, Ukraine a arewa maso gabas, Romania a gabas da kudu maso gabas.   

An fara kafa iyakokin zamani na Hungary bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya lokacin da, bisa ga yarjejeniyar Trianon a cikin 1920, ta yi asarar fiye da kashi 71% na abin da ya kasance Masarautar Hungary a da, kashi 58.5% na al'ummarta, da 32% na Hungarians.  Ƙasar ta sami wasu bita kan iyaka daga 1938 zuwa 1941: A cikin 1938 lambar yabo ta Vienna ta farko ta ba da ƙasa daga Czechoslovakia, a cikin 1939 Hungary ta mamaye Carpatho-Ukraine.  A cikin 1940 lambar yabo ta Vienna ta biyu ta mayar da Arewacin Transylvania sannan a ƙarshe Hungary ta mamaye yankunan Bácska da Muraköz a lokacin mamayewar Yugoslavia.  Duk da haka, Hungary ta sake rasa waɗannan yankuna tare da shan kashi a yakin duniya na biyu.  Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an mayar da iyakokin Trianon tare da ɗan bita wanda ya amfana da Czechoslovakia.

Yawancin ƙasar suna da tsawo ƙasa da 200 m. Kodayake Hungary tana da tsaunuka masu yawa, waɗanda suka kai tsawo na 300 m ko fiye suna rufe ƙasa da 2% na ƙasar. Matsayi mafi girma a cikin ƙasar shine Kékes (1,014 m) a cikin Dutsen Mátra a arewa maso gabashin Budapest . Mafi ƙasƙanci shine 77.6 m sama da matakin teku, wanda ke kudancin Hungary, kusa da Szeged.

Manyan koguna a kasar sune Raba-linkid="71" href="./Danube" id="mwiA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Danube">Danube da Tisza . Kogin Danube yana iya tafiya a cikin Hungary na kilomita 418. Kogin Tisza yana iya tafiya na kilomita 444 a cikin ƙasar. Ƙananan koguna sun haɗa da Drava tare da iyakar Croatia, Rába, Szamos, Sió, da Ipoly tare da iyaka ta Slovakia. Hungary tana da manyan tabkuna uku. Tafkin Balaton, mafi girma, yana da tsawon kilomita 78 kuma daga 3 zuwa 14 km a fadin, tare da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 600. 'Yan Hungary galibi suna magana da shi a matsayin Tekun Hungary. Ita ce tafkin Ruwa mai laushi mafi girma a Tsakiyar Turai kuma muhimmiyar wurin shakatawa. Rashin ruwa mai zurfi yana ba da kyakkyawan yin iyo na rani, kuma a cikin hunturu yana ba da kyakkyawar dama ga wasanni na hunturu. Ƙananan ruwa sune Tafkin Velence (26 murabba'in kilomita) a cikin Fejér County da Tafkin Fertő (Neusiedler See - kimanin murabba'i kilomita 82 a cikin Hungary), da Tafkin Tisza na wucin gadi.   

Hungary tana da manyan yankuna uku (waɗanda aka raba su zuwa ƙananan bakwai): Babban Alföld, wanda ke kwance a gabashin Kogin Danube; Transdanubia, yankin tuddai da ke kwance yammacin Danube kuma ya kai ga tuddai na Austrian na Alps; da Dutsen Arewacin Hungary, wanda ƙasa ce mai tsaunuka da tuddai bayan iyakar arewacin Great Hungarian Plain.

Mafi kyawun albarkatun ƙasa ita ce ƙasa mai kyau, kodayake Ingancin ƙasa ya bambanta sosai. Kimanin kashi 70% na jimlar ƙasar ya dace da noma; daga cikin wannan ɓangaren, kashi 72% ƙasa ce mai noma. Hungary ba ta da manyan hanyoyin samar da makamashi da albarkatun kasa da ake buƙata don ci gaban masana'antu.

 Filaye da tuddai 
Little Alföld ko Little Hungarian Plain fili ne (kwari na tectonic) na kimanin 8,000 km2 a arewa maso yammacin Hungary, kudu maso yammacin Slovakia da gabashin Austria, tare da ƙananan kogin Raba, tare da ƙasa mai kyau. 

Yankin Transdanubia yana cikin yammacin ƙasar, wanda ke da iyaka da Kogin Danube, Kogin Drava, da sauran iyakar ƙasar da Slovenia da Croatia. Yana kudu da yammacin hanyar Danube. Ya ƙunshi Tafkin Fertő da Tafkin Balaton . Yankin ya kunshi mafi yawan tuddai masu juyawa. Transdanubia da farko yanki ne na noma, tare da amfanin gona mai tasowa, dabbobi, da noman ruwan inabi. Ana samun ma'adanai da mai a cikin Gundumar Zala kusa da iyakar Croatia.

Babban Alföld ya ƙunshi kwarin kogin Tisza da rassansa.  Ya ƙunshi fiye da rabin yankunan ƙasar.  Tana da iyaka da tsaunuka ta kowane bangare, tana da filaye iri-iri, da suka hada da yankuna na kasa mai albarka, wuraren yashi, ciyayi, da wuraren fadama.  'Yan kasar Hungary sun zauna a cikin Babban Filaye na akalla shekara dubu.  Anan an sami puszta, tsayi mai tsayi kuma ba a nomawa ba (mafi shaharar yankin da har yanzu akwai shi shine filin shakatawa na Hortobágy), wanda yawancin tarihin Hungarian ke da alaƙa.  A ƙarnuka da suka gabata, Babban Filin Ƙasa bai dace da noma ba saboda yawan ambaliya.  Maimakon haka, gidan garken shanu da dawakai ne.  A cikin rabin karshe na karni na 19, gwamnati ta dauki nauyin shirye-shirye don sarrafa magudanun ruwa da kuma fadada magudanar ruwa a cikin kasa a cikin Babban Filin.  Tare da kawar da haɗarin ambaliya mai maimaitawa, yawancin ƙasar an sanya shi ƙarƙashin noma, kuma kiwo ya daina zama babbar gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin yankin.

 Duwatsu 

Ko da yake yawancin ƙasar suna da tsayin da bai wuce mita 300 ba, Hungary tana da manyan tsaunuka masu matsakaicin matsakaici.  Ana iya rarraba su zuwa yankuna hudu, daga yamma zuwa gabas: Alpokalja, tsaunin Transdanubian, Mecsek da tsaunin Hungarian ta Arewa.  Alpokalja (a zahiri tsaunin Alps) yana kan iyakar Austriya;  Mafi girman wurinsa shine Írott-kő tare da tsayin mita 882.  Tsaunukan Transdanubian sun shimfiɗa daga yammacin tafkin Balaton zuwa Danube Bend kusa da Budapest, inda ya haɗu da tsaunin Hungarian ta Arewa.  Mafi tsayin tsayinsa shine tsayin Pilis 757 m.  Mecsek shine tsaunukan kudu maso kudu na Hungary, yana arewa daga Pécs - Matsakaicinsa shine Zengő mai tsayin mita 682.

Duwatsun Arewacin Hungary suna arewacin Budapest kuma suna gudana a arewa maso gabas kudu da iyakar da Slovakia. Duwatsun da suka fi girma, wadanda galibi gandun daji ne, suna da waMatra kwal da ƙarfe. Ma'adanai sune manyan albarkatun yankin kuma sun kasance tushen tattalin arzikin masana'antu na birane a yankin. Ruwan inabi ma yana da mahimmanci, samar da sanannen ruwan inabi na Tokaji. Mafi girman tsaunuka shine Kékes, wanda ke cikin tsaunukan Mátra.

 Mafi girman tsaunuka masu zaman kansu 
SunanTsawonYankinYankin ƙasa1Kékestet1,014 mMatraDuwatsun Arewacin Hungary2Galya-tetőM 964MatraDuwatsun Arewacin Hungary3Szilvási-kőM 961BükkDuwatsun Arewacin Hungary4Istállós-kő959 mBükkDuwatsun Arewacin Hungary5Bálvány956 mBükkDuwatsun Arewacin Hungary6Tar-kő950 mBükkDuwatsun Arewacin Hungary7Czóványos938 mBörzsönyDuwatsun Arewacin Hungary8Masu sihiri916 mBörzsönyDuwatsun Arewacin Hungary9Nagy-Milic895 mDuwatsun ZemplénDuwatsun Arewacin Hungary10Írott-kőM 882Duwatsun KőszegAlpokalja

 Yanayi 
Hungary has a mainly continental climate with the rest of the Pannonian Plain, with cold winters and warm to hot summers. The average annual temperature is about , in summer , and in winter , with extremes ranging from about  in summer to  in winter. Average yearly rainfall is about . Distribution and frequency of rainfall are unpredictable. The western part of the country usually receives more rain than the eastern part, where severe droughts may occur in summertime. Weather conditions in the Great Plain can be especially harsh, with hot summers, cold winters, and scant rainfall.

A cikin shekarun 1980s, ƙauyuka sun fara nuna tasirin gurɓataccen yanayi, duka daga magungunan herbicides da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona da kuma gurɓatawar masana'antu. Mafi sananne shine gurɓataccen ruwa na ƙasar, yana haɗari da kifi da namun daji. Kodayake damuwa tana ƙaruwa game da waɗannan barazanar damuwa ga muhalli, ba a riga an ɗauki manyan matakai don kama su ba.

 Koguna da tabkuna 
 Koguna
Maɓuɓɓugar manyan koguna na Hungary suna waje da ƙasar. Koguna biyu mafi muhimmanci, Danube da Tisza suna iya tafiya a duk tsawon Hungary. Suna da masu ba da gudummawa da yawa. SunanTsawon lokaci a HungaryDanubekilomita 417 Tisza596 km Leitha180 km RábcaRaba211 km Zala139 km Dráva125 km Ipoly143 km Zagyva160 km Sajó125 km HernádKm 118 Bodrog52 km ZaɓuɓɓukaKörösMaroskilomita 48 Tafkuna
Hungary tana da ruwa da yawa, gami da tafkin mafi girma na Tsakiyar Turai, Tafkin Balaton, wanda sanannen wurin yawon bude ido ne. Tafkin Hévíz, tafkin zafi mafi girma a duniya (mita murabba'in 47,500 a yankin) yana cikin Hungary. kogon tafkin (Hungarian: Barlangtó) na Tapolca kuma sananne ne a matsayin tafkin da ke ƙasa. Manyan tabkuna sun hada da: SunanYankin da ke cikin HungaryBalaton596 km2 Tisza (na wucin gadi) 12 km2 Fertő75 km2 Tsaro2 km2  

 Aikin noma 
Hungary, tare da filayen da yankunan tsaunuka, sun dace sosai da noma.

 Yankin noma 
Ba tare da wata shakka ba, daya daga cikin mahimman albarkatun kasa na Hungary shine ƙasar noma. Ya rufe kusan 48.57% na ƙasar, wanda yake da ban mamaki a duniya (duba taswirar da ta shafi). Yawancin ƙasa mai kyau suna da inganci mai kyau.

Yankunan noma mafi muhimmanci sune Little Hungarian Plain (yana da mafi kyawun ƙasa mai kyau a matsakaici), Transdanubia, da Great Hungarian Plains. Na ƙarshe ya rufe fiye da rabin ƙasar (52,000 km2 a cikin adadi), yayin da ingancin ƙasa ya bambanta sosai; yankin har ma ya ƙunshi ƙaramin hamada mai ciyawa, wanda ake kira puszta (mataki a Turanci). Puszta ana amfani da ita ta hanyar kiwon tumaki da shanu. 

Mafi mahimman kayan aikin gona na Hungary sun haɗa da masara, alkama, sha'ir, oat, sunflower, poppy, dankali, millet, sukari-beet, flax, da sauran tsire-tsire da yawa. Har ila yau, akwai wasu sabbin tsire-tsire masu tasowa, misali amaranth. Tsuntsu na Poppy wani bangare ne na abincin gargajiya na Hungary.
Kasar sananne ne ga samar da albasa mai inganci, wanda galibi ana yin shi cikin paprika. Akwai 'ya'yan itatuwa da yawa da aka kiwo, gami da nau'ikan apple, pear, peach, inabi, Apricot, watermelon, cantaloupe, da dai sauransu.

Hungary ba ta shuka wasu kayayyakin GMO, don haka waɗannan kayayyakin galibi ana shigo da su ne daga Amurka. Ba za a iya rarraba su ba tare da alama a kan murfin ba.

 Shuka ruwan inabi 
Samar da ruwan inabi yana da dogon tarihi a Hungary. Akwai harsuna biyu a Turai inda kalmar "ya'yan inabi" ba ta fito daga Latin ba, kasancewar Girkanci - da Hungarian. Kalmar Hungary ta kasance bor.

An yi rikodin noman inabi a yankin Hungary ta yau tun zamanin Roman, waɗanda ke da alhakin gabatar da noman ruwan inabi. 'Yan Hungary da suka isa sun karɓi aikin kuma sun ci gaba da shi tun daga lokacin.

A yau, akwai yankuna masu yawa na ruwan inabi a Hungary, suna samar da ruwan inabi mai inganci da mai arha, wanda za'a iya kwatanta da na Yammacin Turai. Yawancin yankunan ruwan inabi na ƙasar suna cikin duwatsu ko a cikin tuddai, kamar Dutsen Transdanubian, Dutsen Arewacin Hungary, Dutsen Villány, da sauransu. Muhimman sun hada da yankunan Eger, Hajós, Somló, Sopron, Villány, Szekszárd, da Tokaj-Hegyalja.

 Kayan daji 
19% na kasar ya rufe da gandun daji. Wadannan galibi yankunan tsaunuka ne, kamar Arewacin Hungary da Dutsen Transdanubian, da Alpokalja. Abubuwan da ke cikin gandun daji sun bambanta, tare da bishiyoyi kamar fir, beech, oak, willow, Akasia, jirgin sama, da dai sauransu.

 Yanayin siyasa 
yankuna Hungary na yanzu sun dogara ne akan yankuna tarihi na kasar. An raba yankuna zuwa gundumomi (járás), kuma an kara raba su zuwa kananan hukumomi (település). Hungary tana da yankuna 19, gundumomi 174 + gundumomi 23 a Budapest da kuma karamar hukuma 2,722 .
GundumarKujerarYankin (km2) Yawan jama'aBaranyaZunubi4,430386,441Bács-KiskunKecskemét8,445520,331BekésBékéscsaba5,630359,948Borsod-Abaúj-ZemplénMiskolc7,250686,266Csongrád-CsanádTsayawa4,263417,456FejérSzékesfehérvár4,358425,847Győr-Moson-SopronGyőr4,208447,985Hajdú-BiharDebrecen6,211546,721HevesEger3,637308,882Jász-Nagykun-SzolnokSzolnok5,582386,594Komárom-EsztergomTatabánya2,265304,568NógrádSalgótarjan2,545202,427Cutar annobaBudapest6,3931,217,476Samfurin maganaKaposvár6,065317,307Szabolcs-Szatmár-BeregNyíregyháza5,936559,272TolnaSzekszárd3,703230,361VasSzombathely3,336256,629VeszprémVeszprém4,464351,898ZalaZalaegerszeg3,784282,179

 Yankin da iyakoki 

 Yankin 

 Jimillar: 93,030 km2 

 kwatanta ƙasar da duniya: 108thNa 108

 Ƙasa: 92,340 km2 
 Ruwa: 690 km2 (0.74% na jimlar yankin ƙasa)  

 Yankin 

 Yankin ƙasa: jimillar:: kilomita  (1,248 .
 Kasashen iyaka da tsawon: Austria:   , :  km (422 , :   , :   , :   , :    da :           

 Kwatanta Yankin 

 Brazil kwatankwacin: dan kadan karami fiye da Santa Catarina
 Kwatanta kasar Sin: kusan rabin Hubei
 Idan aka kwatanta da Indiya: dan kadan ya fi West Bengal girmaYammacin Bengal
 Idan aka kwatanta da Rasha: dan kadan ya fi Jamhuriyar Altai
 Kwatanta Afirka ta Kudu: dan kadan karami fiye da KwaZulu-Natal
 Kwatanta United Kingdom: ya fi girma fiye da Scotland
 Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan karami fiye da Indiya
 Sweden ta ɗan ƙarami fiye da Norrbotten

 Albarkatarwa da amfani da ƙasa 

 Albarkatun halitta: Bauxite, kwal, iskar gas, ƙasa mai kyau, ƙasar noma
 Amfani da ƙasa: ƙasa mai noma: 51%; amfanin gona na dindindin: 3.6%; makiyaya na dindada 12.4%
 dazuzzuka na Hungary da gandun daji: 19%; wasu: 14% (1999 est.) 
 Yankin da ake ban ruwa: 2,060 km.2 (1993 est.)  
 Muhimman koguna: Danube (Duna), Tisza, Drava (Dráva), Körös, Mur (Mura) 

 Damuwa da muhalli 
Gidan shakatawa na kasa

Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu: Kusanin ka'idodin Hungary a cikin kula da sharar gida, ingancin makamashi, da iska, ƙasa, da gurɓataccen ruwa tare da bukatun muhalli don shiga EU zai buƙaci babban saka hannun jari.

Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa:

jam'iyya zuwa: Rashin Ruwan iska, Rashin Ruusan iska-Nitrogen Oxides, Rashin Gishiri na iska-Sulphur 85, Rashin Ruuski na Rashin Ruwani, Yarjejeniyar Antarctic, Biodiversity, Canjin Yanayi, Yaduwa, Dabbobi Masu Hadari, Canjin Muhalli, Rashin Hadari, Dokar Tekun, Rashin Rashin Ruwa, haramtacciyar Yankin Ozone, Ruwa, Ruwa na Jirgin Ruwa, Yankin Ruwa, Wetlands

sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba: Rashin gurɓata iska-Rashin gurɓatawa na kwayoyin halitta, Rashin gurbata iska-Sulphur 94, Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta Antarctic

Yanayin ƙasa - bayanin kula: ba shi da iyaka; wuri mai mahimmanci a kan manyan hanyoyin ƙasa tsakanin Yammacin Turai da Yankin Balkan da kuma tsakanin Ukraine da Bahar Rum

 Abubuwa masu tsanani 
alt=Map of the extreme points of Hungary|right|425x425px|Taswirar wurare masu tsananin gaske na Hungary

 Matsayi Mafi Girma: Kékes, a 1,014 m, 47°52′20.86′′N 20°0′34.18′′E / 47.8724611°N 20.0094944°E / 47.4724611; 20.00944 (Kékestető (mafi girma)), Gyöngyös (Heves County) 
 Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci: Gyálarét (Municipality of Szeged), a 78 m, 46°12′19.3′′N 20°6′33.1′′E / 46.205361°N 20.109194°E / 46.-205361; 20.109,194 (Gyálarét) (mafi ƙasƙanci), Szeged (Csongrád-Csanád County) 

 Latitude da longitude 

 Ƙasar yamma: Felsőszölnök (Vas County), 46°52′14.12′′N 16°9′35.03′′E / 46.8705889°N 16.1597306°E / 46.7705889; 16.1597 306 (Felsőszönök (ƙasar yamma)) 
 Gabashin Gabas: Garbolc (Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County), 47°56′42.61′′N 22°51′35.75′′E / 47.9451694°N 22.8599306°E / 47.4451694; 22.8599106 (Garbolc (gabas mafi girma)) 
 Ƙasar arewacin: Hidvégardó (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County), 48°33′38.3′′N 20°50′17.7′′E / 48.560639°N 20.838250°E / 48.660639; 20.838 250 (Hidvégardó) (ƙasar arewacin)) 
 Ƙauyen kudanci: Kásád (Baranya County), 45°46′41′′N 18°24′3′′E / 45.77806°N 18.40083°E / 45. 77806; 18.40083 (Kásád (Ƙauyen kudu)) 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba