'Yancin Mutum

'Yancin Mutum littafi ne na Thomas Paine wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara ta 1791, ciki har da labarai 31, wanda ke nuna cewa shahararren juyin juya halin siyasa ya dace lokacin da gwamnati ba ta kare haƙƙin halitta na mutanenta ba. Yin amfani da waɗannan maki a matsayin tushe, yana kare Juyin Juya Halin Faransa a kan harin Edmund Burke a cikin Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). 

An buga shi a Burtaniya a sassa biyu a watan Maris na shekara ta 1791 da Fabrairu na shekara ta 1979. 

 Tarihi 
Paine ya kasance mai goyon baya sosai ga Juyin Juya Halin Faransa wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1789; ya ziyarci Faransa a shekara mai zuwa. Yawancin masu tunani na Burtaniya sun goyi bayan shi, ciki har da Richard Price, wanda ya fara rikicin juyin juya hali tare da wa'azinsa da takarda da ke nuna daidaituwa mai kyau tsakanin juyin juya halin 1688 da juyin juya juya halin Faransa. Mai ilimin ra'ayin mazan jiya Edmund Burke ya amsa da wani hari na adawa da juyin juya hali mai suna Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), wanda ya yi kira ga ɗaliban da suka sauka kuma ya sayar da kofe 30,000. Paine's Rights of Man an buga shi ne ta hanyar mai wallafawa na London Joseph Johnson don bugawa a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1791, sannan aka janye shi saboda tsoron gurfanar da shi. J. S. Jordan ya shiga kuma ya buga shi a ranar 16 ga Maris. Kalmomin littafin 90,000 sun bayyana a ranar 13 ga Maris, makonni uku bayan yadda aka tsara. An sayar da shi kusan miliyan ɗaya kuma "masu gyarawa, Masu adawa da Furotesta, 'yan dimokuradiyya, ƙwararren London, da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan masana'antu na sabuwar arewa sun karanta shi". William Godwin da Thomas Holcroft sun taimaka tare da buga littafin,  Godwin ya bayyana cewa "tsuntsayen juyin juya halin da yake ciki suna da ƙarfi sosai a cikin ƙarfin su, cewa babu wani abu da zai iya shawo kansu. "[5]

 Tattaunawar 
Paine ya yi jayayya cewa bukatun masarautar da mutanensa sun haɗa kai, kuma ya nace cewa ya kamata a fahimci juyin juya halin Faransa a matsayin wanda ke kai farmaki ga ka'idodin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, ba sarki da kansa ba, kuma ya ɗauki Bastille, babban kurkuku a Paris, don nuna alamar mulkin mallaka da aka hambarar.

Hakkin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga Yanayi; don haka, ba za a iya ba da haƙƙoƙi ta hanyar takardar shaidar siyasa ba, saboda haka, haƙƙoƙin yana iya sokewa bisa doka, saboda haka zai zama gata.

 Gyaran gwamnatin Ingila 
Hakkin Mutum ya kammala ta hanyar ba da shawarar sauye-sauye na gwamnatin Ingila kamar rubuce-rubucen kundin tsarin mulki wanda majalisar kasa ta ƙunshi, a cikin tsarin Amurka; kawar da lakabi na aristocratic, saboda dimokuradiyya ba ta dace da primogeniture ba, wanda ke haifar da zalunci na iyali; kasafin kuɗi na ƙasa ba tare da aka ba da kuɗin soja da yaƙi ba; ƙananan haraji ga matalauta, da kuma tallafin ilimi a gare su; da kuma ci gaba da haraji a kan dukiya don hana sake fitowar aristocracy na gado.

 Matsayi mai daraja 
Mafi mahimmanci, 'Yancin Mutum yana adawa da ra'ayin gwamnati ta gado - imanin cewa mulkin kama karya ya zama dole, saboda cin hanci da rashawa na mutum, yanayin mahimmanci. Kodayake wasu marubutan ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 kamar James Murray da Manjo John Cartwright sun soki rawar da aristocracy ke takawa a cikin gwamnati, Paine shine na farko da ya ba da shawarar kawar da lakabi da gwamnati ta gado. A cikin Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) Edmund Burke ya ce kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa na gaskiya ya taso idan yawancin talakawa na al'ummar suna ƙarƙashin mulkin 'yan tsiraru masu arziki, kuma wannan gadon iko (dukiya, addini, mulki) ya tabbatar da daidaito na ikon siyasa kasancewa yankin na musamman na ƙwararrun jama'ar al'umma - masu daraja.

'Yancin Mutum ya yi tir da ikirarin Burke game da Hikimar gado ta sarauta; yana adawa da ma'anar cewa al'umma ba ta da damar kafa Gwamnati don gudanar da kanta. Paine ya karyata ma'anar Burke game da Gwamnati a matsayin "wani shiri na hikimar ɗan adam". Maimakon haka, Paine ya yi jayayya cewa Gwamnati ƙirar mutum ce, kuma hakan ya biyo bayan cewa gadon gado da haƙƙin gado don mulki ba za su iya kafa Gwamnati ba - saboda ba za a iya gadon hikimar mulki ba.

 Halitta 
Edmund Burke's counter-revolutionary Reflections on the French Revolution ya bayyana halattaccen gwamnatin aristocratic zuwa ƙudurin majalisar dokoki na 1688 wanda ya bayyana William da Maryamu na Orange - da magada - su zama sarakunan gaskiya na Ingila. Paine ya gabatar da muhawara biyu game da wannan ra'ayi. Da farko, ya yi jayayya cewa "Kowane zamani da ƙarni dole ne su kasance 'yanci su yi aiki don kansu a kowane hali kamar shekarun da tsararraki da suka riga shi. " Na biyu, Paine ya ce bai kamata a gano tsarin mulkin mallaka a tarihi ba daga 1688, amma daga 1066, lokacin da William na Normandy ya tilasta mulkinsa na Norman a kan 'yan Ingila.

Tasirin ilimi na Thomas Paine yana bayyane a cikin manyan juyin juya halin siyasa guda biyu na karni na sha takwas. Ya sadaukar da 'Yancin Mutum ga George Washington da Marquis de Lafayette, yana amincewa da muhimmancin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa.

 Bincike da tasirin jama'a 
A cewar Mark Philp, "A fannoni da yawa 'Yancin Mutum wani rikice-rikice ne na labari, jayayya mai mahimmanci, da kuma roƙon maganganu - cin amanar kayan da Paine ya yi amfani da su da kuma saurin da aka hada shi". 

An sake buga shi da sauri kuma an rarraba shi ko'ina, tare da kwafin da ake karantawa da ƙarfi a cikin gidajen cin abinci da Gidajen kofi, don haka a watan Mayu an ce kusan 50,000 suna cikin yaduwa. Daga cikin litattafai 300 ko fiye da waɗanda rikice-rikicen juyin juya halin ya haifar, 'Yancin Mutum shine na farko da ya lalata shari'ar Burke sosai kuma ya dawo da daraja ga Faransanci a Burtaniya da Amurka.

Buga na 'Yancin Mutum ya haifar da tashin hankali a Ingila; An yi wa Paine shari'a ba tare da wani wuri ba, kuma an yanke masa hukunci kan zargin cin zarafin Crown, amma ba a samu don ratayewa, kasancewar yana Faransa kuma bai sake komawa Ingila ba.  (Sir Archibald Macdonald, 1st Baronet ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara.) 

Thomas Paine ba shine kadai mai ba da shawara game da haƙƙin mutum ba ko kuma marubucin aikin da ake kira 'Yancin Mutum'. Mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na ma'aikata, Thomas Spence, yana daga cikin na farko, a Ingila, don amfani da wannan magana a matsayin taken. Jawabinsa na shekara ta 1775, wanda galibi ake kira The Rights of Man, kuma daga baya The Rights of Infants, suna ba da ra'ayi na proto-georgist akan falsafar siyasa wanda ke nuna aikin Paine na Agrarian Justice .  Abokin Paine Mary Wollstonecraft, wanda ya sadu da shi ta hanyar mai bugawa na yau da kullun, ya rubuta A Vindication of the Rights of Men a matsayin daya daga cikin amsoshi na farko ga harin Burke akan Richard Price. An buga aikinta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1790, kuma an sake dubawa sosai. Ta fadada muhawara a cikin littafin da aka fi tunawa da ita, 1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman .

 Dubi kuma 

 Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa - muhimmin takarda na juyin juya halin Faransa, wanda aka karɓa a 1789
 Yarjejeniyar Jama'a
 Thomas Muir (mai gyara siyasa) 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba