Yanayin Babban Manchester

Yankin Greater Manchester ya mamaye ɗayan manyan biranen Burtaniya, kuma a cikin wannan damar, gundumar da ba ta da iyaka ta zama ɗaya daga cikin birane da ke da yawan jama'a a ƙasar. Akwai haɗuwa da manyan birane, yankunan da ke kewaye da su, yankunan karkara da yankunan karamar hukuma a Greater Manchester, amma yawanci amfani da ƙasa a cikin Gundumar birni ne.

Greater Manchester yanki ne mara kan gado wanda ya kai murabba'in mil 492.7 (1,276 km2) (mafi girma na 39 a Ingila).  Pennines sun tashi a gefen gabashin gundumar, ta sassan gundumomin Oldham, Rochdale da Tameside.  Yankin Yammacin Pennine Moors, da kuma filayen kwal da yawa (mafi yawan sandstones da shales) suna kwance a yammacin gundumar.  Kogunan Mersey, Irwell da Tame suna bi ta kan iyakokin gundumomi, kowannensu ya tashi a cikin Pennines.  Sauran koguna suna gudana ta cikin gundumar, ciki har da Beal, Douglas, Etherow, Goyt, Irk, Medlock da Roch.  Black Chew Head shine wuri mafi girma na Greater Manchester, yana hawan mita 542 (1,778 ft) sama da matakin teku, a cikin Ikklesiya ta Saddleworth.  Chat Moss a nisan murabba'in mil 10.6 (27 km2) ya ƙunshi mafi girman yanki na Grade 1 da 2 a cikin Greater Manchester kuma ya ƙunshi mafi girman shingen gandun daji na dabi'a a cikin gunduma Wardle shine mafi girman yankin arewa na Greater Manchester da Ramsden Clough mafi yankin arewa;  Unguwar Woodford shine mafi kudu maso kudu da Sabon Hall Farm (na Kogin Dean) mafi girman kudu.
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Babban Manchester yana da Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya mai karfi, Landan Cibiyar Manchester City da sassan da ke kusa da Salford da Trafford suka kafa. Koyaya, Greater Manchester kuma gundumar polycentric ce tare da gundumomi goma,  kowannensu yana da babban cibiyar gari - kuma a wasu lokuta fiye da ɗaya - da ƙananan ƙauyuka da yawa. Babban Manchester shine mafi rikitarwa a cikin birane a cikin Burtaniya a waje da London,  kuma wannan yana nunawa a cikin yawan hanyoyin sufuri da sikelin bukatun saka hannun jari don biyan buƙatun motsi masu girma da bambancin da tsarin ci gabanta ya haifar.

 Gidaje 
Tebur mai zuwa ya tsara manyan ƙauyuka na gundumar, an tsara su bisa ga ƙauyen birni.
Gundumar BirniGundumar BirniCibiyar gudanarwaSauran abubuwan da aka haɗaBabban ManchesterKabari50x50pxKabariPrestwich, Radcliffe, Ramsbottom, Tottington, WhitefieldBolton50x50pxBoltonBlackrod, Farnworth, Horwich, Kearsley, Little Lever, Kudancin Turton, WesthoughtonManchester50x50pxManchester (cibiyar birni) <br id="mwkg">Blackley, Burnage, Cheetham Hill, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Didsbury, Ringway, Withington, Wythenshawe,Oldham50x50pxOldhamChadderton, Shaw da Crompton, Failsworth, Lees, Royton, SaddleworthRochdale50x50pxRochdaleHeywood, Littleborough, Middleton, Milnrow, Newhey, WardleGidan ajiyaSalford50x50pxSwintonEccles, Walkden, Worsley, Salford, Irlam, Pendlebury, CadisheadStockport50x50pxStockportBramhall, Bredbury, Cheadle, Gatley, Hazel Grove, Marple, Reddish, RomileyTameside50x50pxAshton-a karkashin LyneAudenshaw, Denton, Droylsden, Dukinfield, Hyde, Longdendale, Mossley, StalybridgeTrafford50x50pxStretfordAltrincham, Bowdon, Hale, Old Trafford, Sale, UrmstonWigan50x50pxWiganAbram, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Aspull, Astley, Atherton, Bryn, Golborne, Higher End, Hindley, Ince-in-Kakerfield, Leigh, Orrell, Standish, Shevington, Tyldesley, Winstanley

 Abubuwa na jiki da na matsananci 

 Matsayi mafi girma (County Top) - Black Chew Head (mita 542 (1,778  sama da matakin teku), a 53°30′57.96′′N 1°55′17.76′′W / 53.5161000°N 1.9216000°W / 53. 5161000; -1.9216000

 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙara 
Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a Greater Manchester sune:

 Matsayi mafi nisa - Ramsden Clough a 53°41′8.99′′N 2°08′2.27′′W / 53.6858306°N 2.1339639°W / 53. 6858306; -2.13396
 Ƙasar da ta fi arewa - Wardle a 53°38′52.08′′N 2°07′56.28′′W / 53.6478000°N 2.1323000°W / 53. 6478000; -2.1323000
 Matsayi mafi girma a kudancin - New Hall Farm / River Dean a 53°19′37.77′′N 2°09′40.9′′W / 53.3271583°N 2.161361°W / 53.2271583; -2.161361
 Ƙauyen kudu - Woodford a 53°20′20.4′′N 2°9′21.6′′W / 53.339000°N 2.156000°W / 53. 339000; -2.156000
 Yammacin Yamma - Pimbo / Sand Brook a 53°31′12.3′′N 2°43′50.5′′W / 53.520083°N 2.730694°W / 53. 520083; -2.730694
 Ƙauyen yammaci - Orrell a 53°31′54.84′′N 2°42′29.52′′W / 53.5319000°N 2.7082000°W / 53. 5319000; -2.7082000
 Matsayi mafi gabas - Holme Clough Croft (a kan Saddleworth Moor) a 53°32′18.47′′N 1°54′36.66′′W / 53.5384639°N 1.9101833°W / 53.3384639; -1.9101833
 Gabashin Gabas - Diggle a 53°34′6.6′′N 1°59′42.72′′W / 53.568500°N 1.9952000°W / 53.668500; -1.9952000

 Matsakaicin wuri 

 Tsakanin Tsakiya / tsakiya na ƙasa - Ikilisiyar St Matthew, Crumpsall 53°31′5.76′′N 2°14′2.76′′W / 53.5182667°N 2.2341000°W / 53. 5182667; -2.2341000

Wadannan sunayen da kuma matsayi mafi girma na kowane yanki na Babban Manchester: 

MatsayiBirnin birniTsawon (m) SunanBayani na grid1Oldham542Black Chew HeadSE0560192Tameside497Hoarstone EdgeSE0190163Rochdale474Blackstone EdgeSD9711634Bolton445Dutsen Winter HillSD6621465Kabari415Holcombe MoorSD7551906Stockport327Mellor MoorSJ9868727Wigan156Billinge HillSD5230188Salford115GreenheysSD7130499Manchester108Gidan shakatawa na HeatonSD83404510Trafford70DevisdaleSJ757869

 Ilimin ƙasa 

Ilimin ilimin ƙasa na Greater Manchester ya mamaye duwatsu daga manyan lokutan lokaci guda uku daga sikelin lokacin ƙasa - Carboniferous, Permian-and-Triassic, da Quaternary.

Most of Manchester, and its suburban fringe to the south, is located on Permian sandstones and red Triassic sandstones and mudstones, mantled by thick deposits of till and pockets of sand and gravel deposited by glaciers at the end of the last glacial period, some 15,000 years ago. The oldest rocks, from the Upper Carboniferous period, are sandstones and shales of Millstone Grit present as outcrops and uplands in the north-east of Greater Manchester, such as the upland moors of Dark Peak and South Pennines to the east and northeast of Rochdale, Oldham and Stalybridge. These rocks are overlain by shales, mudstones and thin coals of Coal Measures upon which the towns of Oldham, Rochdale, Bolton and Wigan are located. An outcrop of Coal Measures extends southwards down through Tameside and into Hazel Grove.

Tun daga watan Oktoba na 2002, an sami adadin girgizar ƙasa mai yawa a Greater Manchester, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin fitattun girgizar ƙasa a Tsibirin Biritaniya.  A karshen watan Nuwamban 2002 fiye da girgizar kasa 100 ne Hukumar Binciken Kasa ta Biritaniya ta yi.  Girgizar kasa ta farko mai karfin awo 3.2 a ma'aunin Richter, ta afku ne a ranar Litinin 21 ga watan Oktoban 2002, tare da girgizar kasa mai nisan mil 1 (kilomita 1.6) gabas da tashar Manchester Piccadilly a zurfin kilomita 3.4 (2.1 mi) Girgizar kasa ta biyu kuma ta biyo bayan sa'o'i hudu na Richter Scastan.  Girgizar kasa a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2002. Wuraren girgizar ƙasa sun kasance a cikin yanki na kusan kilomita 1 (0.62 mi) a diamita, kimanin kilomita 2 (1.2 mi) arewa maso gabas da Jami'ar Manchester, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na "Taron girgizar ƙasa" don abubuwan da suka faru a yanayin ƙasa.  Wannan girgizar ƙasa mai yiwuwa ta faru ne ta hanyar motsi na duwatsu a zurfin tare da kurakuran da ke faruwa a cikin Upper Carboniferous da Triassic maye gurbin, ƙarƙashin yankin.

Rashin zurfi, na asali, da ƙananan hakar kwal daga Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures a cikin abin da ya zama Greater Manchester ya fara tun farkon karni na 13. Yanayin ya canza sosai a lokacin da kuma bayan Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu; gina tashar Bridgewater da sauran tashoshi a yankin, ya ba da damar jigilar kwal zuwa Manchester da Kogin Mersey don jigilar kaya. A Oldham, an haƙa ramuka masu zurfi saboda matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa. Marubucin Daniel Defoe, a ziyarar da ya kai Oldham, ya bayyana shi a matsayin wuri na "... Coals ... a saman tsaunuka mafi tsawo" saboda sassan kwal sun kasance masu zurfi kuma masu sauƙin isa. Ci gaban da aka samu a fasahar hakar ma'adinai a ƙarshen karni na 19 ya haifar da samar da ma'adanai masu zurfi. Long Depression a gefe, akwai hanzarin hakar kwal har zuwa kimanin 1920, lokacin da ma'adanai a gabashin Manchester Coalfield suka gaji kuma suka rufe. A yammacin yankin kwal, duk da haka, an ci gaba da hakar kwal har zuwa shekarun 1960. An dakatar da hakar kwal a arewacin Manchester a ƙarshen shekarun 1970.  

 Yankin da iyaka 
Yankin waje na Greater Manchester, kusan mil 130 (209 , "ya wuce ta ko kusa da wurare da yawa na kyawawan halitta".. A arewa maso yamma akwai West Pennine Moors, kuma a arewa da arewa maso gabas da South Pennines. Sassan Gundumar Kasa ta Peak kuma sun rufe gabas da kudu maso gabashin Greater Manchester.

 Yankin Birni 
Babban Birnin Manchester shine mafi girma daga cikin manyan birane guda biyu da Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa ya bayyana waɗanda ke cikin iyakokin gundumar, ɗayan kuma shine Wigan Urban Area.

Babban Birni na Manchester yanki ne na ƙasar da Ofishin Kididdiga na Ƙasa ya ayyana wanda ya ƙunshi babban taron da ke kewaye da kuma gami da birnin Manchester.  Yankinta ya faɗi da yawa, amma ba duk babban birni na Greater Manchester ba.  Ya keɓance ƙauyuka irin su Wigan, Westhoughton, da Marple daga iyakoki na Babban Manchester (Wigan da kanta ke kafa yankin Wigan Urban), amma ya haɗa da wasu ƙauyuka waɗanda ke wajen iyakokin gundumar, kamar Wilmslow da Alderley Edge a Cheshire, da Whitworth a cikin Lancashire.[1]

 Yanayi 
Greater Manchester experiences a temperate maritime climate, like most of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. The county's average annual rainfall is  compared to the UK average of , and its mean rain days are 140.4 per annum, compared to the UK average of 154.4. The mean temperature is slightly above average for the United Kingdom; Greater Manchester also has a fairly high humidity level (but doesn't feel as uncomfortable as London on a hot day), which lent itself to the optimised and breakage-free textile manufacturing which took place around the county. Snowfall is not a common sight in the built up areas, due to the urban warming effect. However, the Pennine and Rossendale Forest hills around the eastern and northern edges of the county receive more snow, and roads leading out of the county can be closed due to heavy snowfall, notably the A62 road via Standedge, the A57 (Snake Pass) towards Sheffield, and the M62 over Saddleworth Moor.

 Tsire-tsire da dabbobi 
Sabanin sunanta a matsayin Yaduwar birane, -0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">  Babban Manchester yana da belin kore, yana hana yaduwar gari, da kuma "babban da bambancin kewayon" na namun daji da mazaunin halitta. Misali, kwarin bishiyoyi na Bolton, Bury da Stockport, da moorlands arewa da gabashin Rochdale, Oldham da Stalybridge, da gadajen reed tsakanin Wigan da Leigh, tashar jiragen ruwa da fauna na muhimmancin ƙasa. Kyakkyawan gandun daji, gandun daji da ciyawa, tsaunuka masu tsawo, masallaci, ƙasar noma, tabkuna, wuraren da ke da ruwa, kwarin kogi, wuraren shakatawa na birane da lambunan da ke kusa da birane sune wuraren zama da aka samu a Greater Manchester wanda ke ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga bambancin halittu. Babban Manchester Ecology Unit ya rarraba wuraren da ke da muhimmancin halittu. Shafukan 21 na Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI) a Greater Manchester, da kuma murabba'in kilomita 12.1 (31 ) na ƙasar da aka saba da ita a Greater Manhattan  suna da sha'awa ga kungiyoyi kamar Cibiyar Rubuce-rubuce ta Greater Manchester Biodiversity Project da Manchester Field Club, waɗanda aka sadaukar da su ga kiyaye namun daji da adana Tarihin halitta na yankin. Daga cikin SSSIs akwai Astley da Bedford Mosses waɗanda suka samar da cibiyar sadarwa ta tsohuwar peat bog a gefen Chat Moss,  wanda kuma, a 10.6 murabba'in mil (27 km2) ya ƙunshi mafi girman yanki na gonar gona a Greater Manchester kuma ya ƙunshi mafi girma na gandun daji na halitta a cikin gundumar.  Retrieved on 13 November 2007.• Retrieved on 12 July 2008. Wigan Flashes, irin su wadanda ke Pennington Flash Country Park, sune samfurori na hakar kwal, inda raguwa ya haifar da ruwa da ke tattare da ramuka da suka haifar wanda ya samar da muhimmiyar hanyar gado a Greater Manchester. An buɗe shi a cikin 1979, Sale Water Park yanki ne na   na ƙauye da filin shakatawa a Sale wanda ya haɗa da tafkin wucin gadi na   kusa da Kogin Mersey . 

Clover, zobo, nettle da sarƙaƙƙiya suna da yawa, kuma suna girma daji a Greater Manchester.[1]  Heather gama gari (Calluna vulgaris) ta mamaye tuddai, irin su Saddleworth Moor, wanda ke tsakanin Kudancin Pennines da yankin Peak Peak na gandun daji na Peak District.[2]  Tashar ruwa ta Rochdale tana da tashar ruwa mai ruwa (Luronium), shukar ruwa mai hatsarin gaske.[3]  A cikin 2002, Plantlife International ta ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na County Flowers, yana neman membobin jama'a su zaɓi su zaɓi alamar furen daji don gundumarsu.  Auduga na yau da kullun (Eriophorum angustifolium), tsiro mai launin fari mai fulawa na asali zuwa ramukan jika akan manyan moors, an sanar da shi azaman furen gundumar Greater Manchester.r.

Gray squirrel shine mafi yawan dabba mai shayarwa da aka gani a Greater Manchester a cikin 2012, kuma an ruwaito su a cikin lambu huɗu daga cikin biyar; an ga hedgehogs a kusan rabin dukkan lambunan da aka bincika; an ga jemagu a cikin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan lambunanunan da aka binciken. Tsuntsu na gida, Starling na yau da kullun, da Blackbird na yau da kullun suna daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye mafi yawa a Greater Manchester;  kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na lambunan Greater Manchester suna da jariri blackbirds a watan Yunin 2012.  Magpie na Eurasia da kurciya na daji sun zama ruwan dare kuma suna haifuwa a wuraren zama a fadin gundumar. Kudancin Pennines suna tallafawa muhimman lambobi na duniya na zinariya na Turai, curlew, merlin da twite.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba