ARkStorm

ARkStorm (don Kogin Atmospheric 1,000) babban guguwa ne mai ban mamaki, wanda shawararsa ta dogara ne akan maimaita abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi na koguna na yanayi da sauran manyan abubuwan da suka gabata da aka fara kirkirar kuma aka buga ta Multi-Hazards Demonstration Project (MHDP) na Binciken Yanayi na Amurka (USGS) a cikin 2010.  An buga wani sabon samfurin a matsayin ARkStorm 2.0 a cikin 2022.

 ARkStorm 1.0 (Binciken 2010) 
Labarin ARkStorm 1.0 ya bayyana wani gagarumin guguwa wanda ya lalata yawancin California, wanda ya haifar da asarar dala biliyan 725 (yawanci saboda ambaliyar ruwa da rushewa), kuma ya shafi kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na gidajen California. Shirin ya haifar da tasirin guguwa wanda zai kasance mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (kwana 25 na ruwan sama) fiye da guguwar California da ta faru tsakanin Disamba 1861 da Janairu 1862 (kwana 43). Wannan taron ya zubar da kusan   na ruwan sama a wasu sassan California. 

USGS sediment bincike a cikin San Francisco Bay Area, Santa Barbara Basin, Sacramento Valley, da kuma Klamath Mountain yankin gano cewa "megastorms" ya faru a cikin shekaru: 212, 440, 603, 1029, c.  1300, 1418, 1605, 1750, 1810, kuma, mafi kwanan nan, 1861-1862.  Dangane da tazara tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan da aka sani, daga shekaru 51 zuwa 426, don maimaita tarihin tarihi na, a matsakaita, kowace shekara 100-200.   Dettinger, M. D.; Ingram, B. L. (January 2013). "The Coming Megafloods" (PDF). American Scientific. 169: 64–71. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2019.

Shaidar ilimin ƙasa ta nuna cewa yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a baya sun fi ƙarfin wanda ya faru a cikin 1861-1862, musamman waɗanda ke cikin 440, 1418, 1605, da 1750, kowannensu ya ajiye wani nau'i na silt a cikin Santa Barbara Basin fiye da inci ɗaya (2.5 cm) kauri. Babban abin da ya faru shi ne wanda ya faru a cikin 1605, wanda ya bar wani nau'i na silt inci biyu (5 cm) mai kauri, yana nuna cewa wannan ambaliyar ta kasance aƙalla 50% mafi ƙarfi fiye da duk wani daga cikin sauran da aka rubuta.
Yanayin da aka gina a cikin labarin shine "koguna biyu masu karfi, kwana huɗu kawai, daya a Arewacin California da daya a Kudancin California, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya tsaya don ƙarin rana".

Yanayin ARkStorm 1.0 zai sami sakamako masu zuwa:

 Kwarin Tsakiya zai fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 300 (480  kuma aƙalla kilomita 20 (30  a fadin.
 Har ila yau, ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani za ta faru a Orange County, Los Angeles County, San Diego, Yankin San Francisco Bay, da sauran al'ummomin bakin teku.
 Saurin iska a wasu wurare zai kai mil 125 a kowace awa (200 km / h).
 Daruruwan rushewar ƙasa za su lalata hanyoyi, manyan hanyoyi, da gidaje.
 Lalacewar dukiya za ta wuce dala biliyan 300, mafi yawa daga ambaliyar ruwa. 
 Hawan buƙatu (ƙaruwar yawan ma'aikata da sauran farashin gyare-gyare bayan manyan bala'o'i) na iya ƙara asarar dukiya da kashi 20 cikin dari.
 Rashin aikin gona da sauran farashi don gyara hanyoyin rayuwa, zubar da tsibirai masu ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma gyara lalacewar lalacewar ƙasa, na iya kawo jimlar asarar dukiya kai tsaye zuwa kusan dala biliyan 400. 
 Wutar, ruwa, datti, da sauran hanyoyin rayuwa za su fuskanci lalacewa wanda zai iya ɗaukar makonni ko watanni don dawowa.
 Har zuwa mazauna miliyan 1.5 a cikin yankin da ke cikin gida da yankunan delta za su buƙaci kwashewa saboda ambaliyar ruwa. 
 Kudin katsewar kasuwanci na iya kaiwa dala biliyan 325, ban da dala biliyan 400 da ake buƙata don farashin gyaran dukiya, ma'ana cewa an tsara yanayin ARkStorm don kashe dala biliyan 750 (~ $ 1 tiriliyan a cikin dala 2022),  kusan sau uku adadin lalacewar da aka annabta ta ""Babban" Ɗaya" na gaba, girgizar ƙasa ta Kudancin California mai yiwuwa kusan wannan yiwuwar shekara-shekara.Porter, Keith; et al. (2011). "Overview of the ARkStorm scenario". USGS Open-File 2010-1312. Open-File Report: 28. Bibcode:2011usgs.rept...28P. doi:10.3133/ofr20101312. hdl:2144/37792. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.   

 ARkStorm 2.0 (sabuntawa ta 2022) 
Wannan sabuntawa, tare da sassan bincike kan tasirin da har yanzu ke gudana, [yaushe?] ya yi nazarin yadda ake sa ran canjin yanayi zai ƙara haɗarin ambaliya mai ƙarfi daga ARkStorm mai hasashe, tare da raguwar 200% zuwa 400% sama da ƙimar tarihi don Saliyo Nevada a wani ɓangare saboda raguwar rabon hazo da ke faɗo a matsayin dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma adadin ruwan da zai iya ɗaukar guguwa.  Yiwuwar taron da aka zayyana a cikin yanayin ARkStorm yanzu sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 25-50, tare da hasarar tattalin arziƙin sama da dala tiriliyan 1 (ko fiye da sau biyar na Hurricane Katrina).
+Babban Yanayin Kogin Yanayi (2022 bayanai Huang, Xingying; Swain, Daniel L. (August 12, 2022). "Climate change is increasing the risk of a California megaflood". Science Advances. 8 (32): eabq0995. Bibcode:2022SciA....8..995H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq0995. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9374343. PMID 35960799.) Abubuwan da ke faruwaYanayiHadarin Shekara-shekara1920 Hadari2071-2080 Hadari (mafi munin yanayin tare da RCP 8.5) KwanakiRuwan samaLalacewar (idan ya faru a yau) Babban Ambaliyar 18621.2–1.6%0.5–0.7%3.4%–4.8%43+ARkStorm2–4%25+US $ 1 tiriliyan + (kimanin 2010 a cikin dala na 2022) 

 Sakamakon 
Taswirar ambaliyar ruwa ta yanzu a Amurka ba sa ɗaukar tsinkaye na baya-bayan nan daga ayyukan kamar ARkStorm a cikin la'akari, musamman taswirar FEMA, wanda yawancin masu yanke shawara suka dogara da su. Masu mallakar ƙasa, masu inshorar ambaliyar ruwa, gwamnatoci da kafofin watsa labarai galibi suna amfani da taswira kamar FEMA waɗanda har yanzu ba su wakilci manyan haɗari da yawa saboda: 1) amfani da bayanan tarihi kawai (maimakon haɗa samfuran canjin yanayi), 2) watsar da abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama mai yawa, da 3) rashin samfurin ambaliyar a cikin birane. Ƙarin samfuran da suka fi ƙarfi da zamani, kamar Riskfactor.com na Gidauniyar First Street, ya kamata ya fi wakiltar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa na gaskiya duk da cewa ba a bayyana ba idan wannan samfurin, alal misali, ya haɗa da duk wani kimiyyar ARkStorm.

Hukumomin gwamnati na iya yanke shawarar yawan haɗarin da za su karɓa, da kuma yawan haɗarin don ragewa. Hanyar Netherlands don kula da ambaliyar ruwa, alal misali, shirye-shiryen 1 cikin shekaru 10,000 a cikin yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a  da 1 cikin shekaru 4,000 a cikin yankuna marasa yawan jama'awa.