Gonimbrasia belina

Gonimbrasia belina wani nau'in asu ne na sarki wanda ya fito daga wurare masu zafi na kudancin Afirka . Babban caterpillar da ake ci, wanda aka sani da tsutsa mopane, madora, amacimbi “asu tantabara”, masonja  ko Seboko sa Mongana, tana ciyarwa da farko amma ba kawai akan ganyen itacen mopane ba. Tsutsotsin Mopane shine muhimmin tushen furotin ga mutane da yawa a yankin. John O. Westwood ne ya fara bayyana jinsin a kimiyance a shekara ta 1849.

 Sunaye na asali 
Tsutsar mopane ana kiranta da Turanci saboda yawanci ana samunta akan bishiyar mopane, Colophospermum mopane . Sauran sunaye na yare na caterpillars sun haɗa da:

 Botswana
 Kalanga : mashonja
 Tswana  
 Afirka ta Kudu
 Sotho   
 Northern Sotho   (koloq)
 Venda   
 Tsonga   ko 
 Southern Ndebele  
 Tswana : 
 Zambiya
 muyaya (an yi imani da cewa tsutsa ce ta mopane) 
 finkubala 
 ifishimu (sunan da ya dace a cikin yaren Bemba ) 
 Zimbabwe
 Northern Ndebele   
 Shona  ,   ko mashonja
 Kalanga : mahonja
 Namibiya
 Ovambo : omagungu
 Oshikwanyama : oshuungu
 Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
 Kongo  

Ana ba da sunan Latin wani lokaci a matsayin Imbrasia belina, maimakon Gonimbrasia belina .

 Ganewa 
Asu manya ne masu tsawon fukafukai 120 mm. Fuka-fukai masu launin launin kore ne da launin ruwan kasa zuwa ja, tare da baƙaƙe da fari guda biyu waɗanda ke ware wuraren idanu . Gilashin idon orange yana nan akan kowane hindwing . Asu maza suna da eriya masu gashin fuka-fukai, waɗanda ake amfani da su don neman abokin aure. Larvae baƙaƙe ne, masu barkono da ma'auni masu zagaye a cikin madaidaicin madauri masu launin kore da rawaya, kuma dauke da makamai gajeru baƙar fata ko jajayen kashin baya waɗanda aka lulluɓe cikin farar gashi masu kyau.

 Halittu 
Larvae suna cin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa ciki har da mopane, Carissa grandiflora, Diospyros, Ficus, Rhus, Sclerocarya afra, Terminalia da Trema . Mopane tsutsotsi na barkewar ciyayi mai ɓacin rai, yana hana wasan bincike.

 Wurin zama 
Yadu. Ya zama ruwan dare sosai a cikin jeji, daji da kuma ciyawa.

 Zagayowar rayuwa 

Kamar yawancin caterpillars, yanayin rayuwar tsutsotsin mopane yana farawa ne lokacin da yake ƙyanƙyashe a lokacin rani, bayan haka ta ci gaba da cin ganyen a kusa da shi. Yayin da tsutsar ta girma, takan yi girma sau hudu a cikin matakan tsutsa guda biyar, bayan haka tsutsar mopane ana ganin ita ce mafi sha'awar girbi. Matukar dai ba a girbe tsutsar bayan ta na hudu ba, to sai ta bullowa karkashin kasa don ta yi murmurewa, matakin da ta samu cikakkiyar canji ta zama asu babba. Wannan mataki yana faruwa ne a lokacin hunturu, na tsawon watanni 6 zuwa 7, sannan ya fito a farkon bazara (Nuwamba ko Disamba).

Manya-manyan asu suna rayuwa ne kawai na kwanaki uku zuwa hudu, lokacin da suke yin aure suna yin ƙwai.

 Mahara 
Kamar yawancin dabbobin da ke ƙasa a kan sarkar abinci, tsutsotsin mopane da ƙwayayen su sukan faɗo ga mafarauta daban-daban da kuma cututtuka. Sau da yawa, fiye da kashi 40 cikin 100 na qwai na tsutsotsi na mopane za su fuskanci kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban, kuma su kansu caterpillars suna kamuwa da kamuwa da kwayar cutar da ke da yawan mace-mace. Manyan maharban tsutsotsin tsuntsaye ne da mutane daban-daban, wadanda suka dogara da kafila don samun abinci.

 Abinci 
Duk da cewa tsutsar mopane ta fi ciyar da itacen mopane, amma ba ta takaita ga wannan abincin ba, kuma tana iya ciyar da wasu itatuwan da dama wadanda suke yankuna iri daya, da kuma wasu tsiro kamar ganyen bishiyar mangwaro . Ta haka tsutsar mopane ta warwatse a kan wani yanki mai girman gaske. Da yake matakin tsutsa na mopane tsutsotsi ya yi gajere, sabanin sauran caterpillars na browsing, babbar barnar da ganyen ke yi yakan tsira da sauki daga bishiyar, nan da wani lokaci da za a sake cikawa na gaba na tsutsotsin mopane. Kamar mafi yawan caterpillars, tsutsotsin mopane mai yawan ci ne, kuma za ta ci gaba da cin abinci - kusan ba ta tsaya ba - har sai ta kai mataki na gaba na zagayowar rayuwarta, lokacin da ta fashe a karkashin kasa domin ta fuskanci metamorphosis.

 Kamar abinci 
Ana ɗaukar tsutsotsin Mopane da hannu a cikin daji, galibi mata da yara. A cikin daji, ba a la'akari da caterpillars na mai gida (idan akwai), amma a kusa da gida, ya kamata a nemi izini daga mazaunin. Chavanduka ya bayyana mata a kasar Zimbabwe suna daure wani bishiyu da wani bishiyu don tabbatar da mallakarsu, ko kuma kwashe 'ya'yan dattin zuwa bishiyoyin kusa da gida.  Idan aka tsince magudanar, sai a dunkule shi a karshen wutsiya domin ya fashe cikin ciki. Sai mai zaban ya matse shi kamar bututun man goge baki ko tsayin tsayi kamar wasan kide-kide, sai ya yi bulala don fitar da siriri, koren abinda ke cikin hanji.

 Ana adanawa 
Hanyar kiyaye tsutsotsin mopane a gargajiyance ita ce a tafasa su ba tare da an kara ruwa ba bayan an wanke da kuma kara gishiri mai yawa. Sai a bushe su a rana ko kuma a sha taba, ta yadda za su sami karin dandano. Hanyar masana'antu ita ce iya caterpillars (yawanci a cikin brine). Ana iya samun tins na tsutsotsin mopane a manyan kantunan karkara da kasuwannin kudancin Afirka. 

 Cin abinci 

Za a iya cin busassun tsutsotsin mopane danye azaman abun ciye-ciye; duk da haka, a Botswana mutane sukan ƙi cin kai. A madadin haka, ana iya jika tsutsotsin mopane don su sake yin ruwa, kafin a soya su har sai sun yi laushi, ko kuma a dafa su da albasa, tumatir da kayan yaji sannan a yi amfani da pap ko sadza .  Naman rawaya ne, kuma hanji yana iya ƙunsar guntuwar busasshen ganye, wanda ba ya cutar da ɗan adam. Dandan busasshen ganye idan ba a cire ba, yana da ɗan tuno da ganyen shayi. Busassun tsutsotsin mopane ana yawan cika gwangwani/cushe a cikin miya na tumatir ko miya don ƙara daɗin dandano.

A cikin Nuwamba 2015, ƙungiyar Cornell na masana kimiyyar abinci sun sanya na uku a Brisbane, Ostiraliya, a 2015 Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Duniya, ta hanyar gabatar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki da abinci mai gina jiki na canza sunadaran daga tsutsotsi mopane zuwa abinci. 

 Noma da tattalin arziki 
Girbi da sayar da tsutsotsin mopane masana'antar rand ce ta miliyoyin mutane a kudancin Afirka.  Manyan masu samarwa sune Botswana, Namibiya, Afirka ta Kudu ( Lardin Limpopo da Mpumalanga ) da Zimbabwe . Yawanci, caterpillars ba a haifa ba, amma duk inda suka faru ta halitta. Yana daya daga cikin kwari masu mahimmancin tattalin arziki a yankin. A cikin shekarun 1990, ana fitar da daruruwan ton daga Botswana da Afirka ta Kudu kowace shekara.  An kiyasta cewa Afirka ta Kudu ita kadai tana cinikin kilogiram miliyan 1.6 na tsutsotsin mopane a kowace shekara,   da kuma shigar Botswana a cikin wannan masana'antar tana samun kusan dala miliyan 8 kowace shekara. 

Ana ɗaukar tsutsotsin Mopane a matsayin girbi mai fa'ida, saboda kawai kilo uku na abinci (ganye mopane) gabaɗaya zai samar da kilogram ɗaya na tsutsotsin mopane: akasin haka, noman shanu na buƙatar kilo goma na abinci don samar da kilogram ɗaya na naman sa; don haka tsutsotsi suna da ƙarancin farashi, ƙarancin kulawa, tushen abinci mai gina jiki.

 Girbi 
A al'adance, ana girbe tsutsotsin mopane don rayuwa . Saboda yanayi na yanayi na faruwar waɗannan caterpillars da ake ci, ba tushen abinci ba ne na shekara. Koyaya, girbin tsutsotsin mopane na gargajiya yana haɓaka don samun ƙarin kasuwanci.

Tun daga shekarun 1950, ana amfani da hanyoyin noma na kasuwanci akan girbin tsutsotsin mopane, musamman a Afirka ta Kudu. Masu tarawa za su iya shirya ƙungiyoyin ɗaruruwan mutane da za su ɗauko ’ya’yan itacen da ke cikin bishiyar, bayan an yi musu jakunkuna da yawa, a auna su, a tura su a sarrafa su. Masu mallakar ƙasar da aka sami tsutsotsin mopane na iya cajin masu girbin kuɗi masu yawa don shiga. Ganin cewa wannan dangantaka tana cin riba ga mai sana'a da kuma manomi, sau da yawa yana cutar da al'ummar yankin wanda a baya kutuwar ta kasance tushen abinci da kudaden shiga na lokaci.

 Dorewa 
Kamar yadda tsutsotsin mopane ke wakiltar wani muhimmin sashe a cikin tattalin arzikin karkara, suna jan hankalin ɗimbin jama'a waɗanda ke neman samun riba daga sayar da kwari a matsayin abinci. Wannan yanayin yana haifar da girbi fiye da kima, da ƙarancin tsutsotsin mopane a shekara mai zuwa. A wasu yankunan, manoma da al'ummomi sun dauki matakai don cimma daidaito, ta yadda kowace shekara za ta iya samun riba mai yawa ba tare da lalata amfanin gona na shekara mai zuwa ba.

 Tsoron gasar 
Tabbataccen alamar kasancewar tsutsotsin mopane ita ce ɓarkewar gandun daji na mopane - wani lokacin kusan kashi casa'in na ganye.   Dabbobin binciken da aka shinge shinge na iya dogara da mopane, da kuma wasu bishiyoyin da caterpillars ke so, a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na abincin su. Don haka wasu manoman suna kallon tsutsar mopane a matsayin gasa ga dabbobinsu, da kuma kokarin kawar da “kwarin” da maganin kwari da makamantansu. Duk da haka, lokacin katapila ba shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma bishiyoyin suna fitar da sababbin ganye masu laushi waɗanda masu bincike suka fi so, don haka za a iya magance wannan matsala ta wasu hanyoyi, misali, ta hanyar yin aiki tare da masu girbi na gida waɗanda za su sarrafa tsutsotsi ta hanyar girbe su. 

 Sake mulkin mallaka 
Wasu yankunan da a da ke da tsutsotsin mopane yanzu sun zama bakarara saboda yawan girbi da kuma rashin ingantaccen tsarin noman tsutsotsin mopane na kasuwanci. Wani lamari mai kyau shi ne a gundumar Nkayi, Zimbabwe, inda mafi yawan yankunan daji na mopane suka taba samar da yawan adadin wadannan tsutsotsi; amma girbin ya ragu sosai. Shawarwari na yadda za a sake dawo da tsutsotsi zuwa waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da sake yin mulkin mallaka. Da yake babban asu yana rayuwa ne kawai kwanaki uku zuwa hudu, lokacin da dole ne ya hadu kuma ya yi ƙwai, akwai ɗan ƙaramin damar da za a sake su. Idan har za a samu nasarar kammala wannan mataki, za a bukaci hadin gwiwa da manoman yankin da al’umma don tabbatar da cewa ba a girbe ciyayi ba har tsawon wasu shekaru. Ta haka ne za a tabbatar da cewa an sake mamaye yankin yadda ya kamata, ta yadda za a samar da girbi mai dorewa a nan gaba.

 Zaman gida 
Wadanda ke cikin kasuwancin sun yi la'akari da yin amfani da tsutsotsi na mopane ta hanyar da ta dace da cikin gida na tsutsotsi na silkworm . Don haka masana'antar ba za ta kasance mai saurin kamuwa da ramukan da ke tattare da ita ba, kamar sauyin yanayi, fari da sauran abubuwan da za su iya kawo cikas ga girbi. Don masana'antar gida ta yi nasara a ƙaramin sikeli kuma ta sami damar isa ga matalauta mafi ƙasƙanci, farashin da ake samarwa zai kasance daidai da farashin tsutsotsin daji ko busassun tsutsotsi a kasuwa.

 Gudanarwa 
An gina cibiyar sarrafa Mopani a Dzumeri, kimanin kilomita 34 daga Giyani. Majalisar binciken kimiya da masana'antu (CSIR) ce ta dauki nauyin cibiyar. A cikin cikakken aiki, ya kamata Cibiyar ta iya samar da adadi mai yawa na kayan ciye-ciye iri-iri da mopani polony.

 Duba kuma 

 Kwari a matsayin abinci
 Gynanisa maja - wani saturniid asu, caterpillar kuma ci, kuma yana amfani da mopane a matsayin mai masauki.
 Imbrasia cytherea ( wikidata ) - wani asu na saturniid na Afirka, macijin kuma ana ci.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba