Yanayin Latvia

Latvia tana kan gabar gabashin Tekun Baltic a matakin arewa maso yammacin ɓangaren tasowa na Gabashin Turai, tsakanin Estonia da Lithuania. Kimanin kashi 98% na ƙasar suna ƙarƙashin    tsawo. Baya ga filayen bakin teku, zamanin kankara ya raba Latvia zuwa manyan yankuna uku: tsaunuka na Yamma da Gabas da tsaunuka masu tsawo na Tsakiya. Latvia tana da koguna sama da 12,000, 17 ne kawai daga cikinsu suka fi  km (60 , kuma sama da 3,000 kananan tabkuna, mafi yawansu suna da eutrophic. Manyan koguna sun hada da Daugava, Lielupe, Gauja, Venta da Salaka. Yankunan daji sun rufe kusan 52%  na ƙasar (Pine - 34%, Spruce - 18%, Birch - 30%).  Baya ga peat, dolomite, da dutse mai laushi, albarkatun kasa ba su da yawa. Latvia tana da  (313  na bakin tekun yashi, kuma tashar jiragen ruwa na Liepāja da Ventspils suna samar da muhimman tashar jiragen ruwan dumi ga bakin tekun Baltic.

Latvia is a small country with a land size of . However, it is larger than many other European countries (Albania, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Slovakia, Slovenia or Switzerland). Its strategic location has instigated many wars between rival powers on its territory. As recently as 1944, the USSR granted Russia the Abrene region, which Latvia contested after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

 Yanayi na zahiri 
Latvia ta ƙunshi murabba'in kilomita 64,589 kuma fadada ne na Gabashin Turai. Yankin da ke da faɗi bai bambanta da na maƙwabtanta ba. Iyakar Latvia kawai ita ce gabar Tekun Baltic, wanda ya kai kilomita 496.  Makwabtanta sun hada da Lithuania a kudu (kilomita 453 na iyakar gama gari), Estonia a arewa (kilomiti 267), Rasha a gabas (kilomitara 217), da Belarus a kudu maso gabas (kimanin 141).  Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Latvia ta yi iyaka da gabashin Poland, amma sakamakon canje-canjen iyaka da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi, wannan yankin ya haɗa da Belarus.

 Yanayin ƙasa 
An kafa yanayin Latvia da yankunan da ke kusa da ita, har zuwa babban mataki, a lokacin Quaternary da zamanin kankara na Pleistocene, lokacin da ƙasa da tarkace suka tura su cikin tuddai da tuddai. Filayen da ke cike da tsaunuka sun rufe kashi 75% na yankin Latvia kuma suna samar da manyan yankuna don noma; kashi 25% na yankin yana cikin tsaunuka masu matsakaici. Kimanin kashi 27% na jimlar yankin ana nomawa, tare da tsakiyar   kudu da Riga kasancewa mafi kyau da riba. Manyan yankuna uku, a cikin lardunan Kurzeme (yammacin Latvia), Vidzeme (tsakiyar Latvia, Vidzeme Upland da Aluksne Upland), da Latgale (gabascin Latvia), suna ba da kyakkyawan tsari na filayen da ke cike da gandun daji da tabkuna da koguna da yawa. A cikin wannan yanki, manyan glacial moraines, eskers, da drumlins sun iyakance ribar noma ta hanyar ragargaje filaye da gabatar da manyan matsalolin lalacewa.

About 10% of Latvian territory consists of peat bogs, swamps, and marshes, some of which are covered by stunted forest growth. Forests are the outstanding feature of Latvia, claiming 42% of the territory. Over the past 100 years the amount of forest territories in Latvia has doubled, and the process is still ongoing. Forest territories are expanding naturally, as well as due to intentional afforestation of barren land and land that cannot be used for agricultural purposes.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span>] More than half of the forests consist of Scots pine or Norway spruce.

Kusan dukkanin gandun daji a Latvia suna samuwa ga jama'a,  sabili da haka daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi yaduwa na yawan jama'a shine tattara bilberries, cranberries, mushrooms, da sauran kyaututtuka na yanayin halitta. 

Dokokin Latvia game da gandun daji suna daga cikin mafi tsauri a Turai da ke tsara girbi na itace. Kowace shekara gandun daji suna samar da cubic mita miliyan 25 na katako, yayin da kusan cubic mita 12-13 kawai ake sarewa, saboda haka adadin tsofaffin gandun daji da tsofaffi suna ci gaba da ƙaruwa.

Godiya ga adadi mai yawa na albarkatun gandun daji, Latvia tana da masana'antar sarrafa itace mai ci gaba sosai,  saboda haka katako da kayayyakin itace suna daga cikin mahimman fitarwa na ƙasar.  Kamfanonin sarrafa katako na Latvia sune mahimman 'yan wasa a kasuwannin Turai da yawa.

Hanyar gargajiya ta Latvian game da gandun daji tare da ƙananan tsarin yankunan da aka yanke tare da cibiyar sadarwa ta yankunan gandun daji waɗanda suka ga tasirin ɗan adam kaɗan, da kuma fitowar mutane daga yankunan karkara zuwa birane sun sauƙaƙa fitowar bambancin halittu na musamman a cikin gandun daji wanda nau'in dabbobi da tsuntsaye na gida, waɗanda suka mutu ko kuma suna da wuya a wasu wurare a Turai.

Dangane da binciken Asusun Kula da Lafiya na Duniya a cikin 1992, Latvia tana da adadi mai yawa na baƙar fata, ƙaramin gaggafa, Eurasian otter, European beaver, Eurasian lynx, da kuma launin Doki. Har ila yau a cikin adadi mai yawa akwai ja deer da Red deer (dukkanin 86,000), naman alade (32,000), elk (25,000) da ja fox (13,000). 

Halin da ke canzawa da sauri na yanayin yanayin glacial moraines da lowlands ya kuma ba da damar tsire-tsire masu tsayi, kamar itacen oak, su girma a cikin 'yan daruruwan mita na tsire-shuke na arewa, kamar auduga da Cloudberries. Wannan iri-iri da saurin canji a cikin yanayin halittu na halitta suna daga cikin siffofi na musamman na jamhuriya.

Tsarin Soviet ya bar wani abu ga masu ilimin halitta. Yankin yammacin tekun Latvia yanki ne mai kula da iyaka. Kusan dukkanin gidaje da ke kusa da teku an rushe su ko kuma an kwashe su. A sakamakon haka, kimanin kilomita 300 na bakin teku da ba a inganta ba ne kawai da gandun daji na pine da spruce da kuma yashi na musamman na muhalli. Jaraba don samun riba mai sauri, duk da haka, na iya haifar da keta dokokin da a bayyane suka hana duk wani gini a cikin kilomita daya na teku. Wannan na iya haifar da ɗayan ragowar bakin teku na ƙarshe a Turai ya zama ba ya wanzu.

Yankin bakin teku da ke kusa da cibiyoyin jama'a da ke kusa le Riga ya kasance babban abin da yawon bude ido ya fi mayar da hankali a zamanin Soviet. Jūrmala tana da wuraren kiwon lafiya da wuraren yawon bude ido da yawa, tsaunuka masu tsawo, rairayin bakin teku, da gine-gine na dā.

Latvia tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na koguna, suna ba da gudummawa ga kyawawan gani da tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Kogin da ya fi girma shine Daugava, wanda ya kasance muhimmiyar hanya na dubban shekaru. Ƙabilun yankin da Vikings, Rashawa, da sauran Turawa sun yi amfani da shi don kasuwanci, yaƙi, da cin nasara. Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita 1,020, Daugava (ko Zapadnaya Dvina a samansa) ya samo asali ne a cikin Valday Hills a cikin Tver' Oblast na Rasha, yana kewayawa ta arewacin Belarus, sannan yana iska ta Latvia na kilomita  (219  kafin ya zubo cikin Tekun Riga. Yana da kimanin mita 180 a fadin lokacin da ya shiga Latvia, yana ƙaruwa zuwa tsakanin mita 650 zuwa 750 a Riga da buɗewa a cikin Tekun Baltic.

Kogin yana ɗaukar matsakaita a kowace shekara na kilomita 21 cubic.] Jimlar zuriyarsa tsakanin Latvia na mita casa'in da takwas ya sa ya zama tushen samar da wutar lantarki mai ban sha'awa.  Tashar wutar lantarki ta farko—Ķegums Hydro Power Plant—an gina ta ne a lokacin ‘yancin kai na Latvia.   Dam na biyu - Pļaviņas Hydro Power Plant - ya tayar da zanga-zangar da ba a saba gani ba a cikin 1958. Yawancin mutanen Latvia sun yi adawa da ambaliya na wuraren tarihi da kuma wani kwazazzabo mai ban sha'awa na musamman tare da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da siffofi na halitta, irin su Staburags, wani dutse mai kama da muhimmancin al'adu ga Lorelei a Jamus.   An amince da gina madatsar ruwa a cikin 1959, duk da haka, bayan kawar da shugabanni masu sassaucin ra'ayi da na kasa a karkashin Eduard Berklavs da maye gurbinsu da masu ra'ayin Moscow, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da Arvīds Pelše ya jagoranta.   Dam din na uku - Riga Hydroelectric Power Plant - wanda ke saman Riga, bai haifar da zanga-zangar ba saboda rashin fata na dalilin.   Dam na hudu da aka yi niyya, a garin Daugavpils da ke gabar kogin Daugava, ya zama wurin da aka yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa a shekarar 1986-87 ta dubban daruruwan mutanen Latvia.[1]  Ba a gina wannan madatsar ruwa ba, duk da makudan kudaden da aka riga aka zuba a cikin aikin.
Ƙananan koguna sun haɗa da Lielupe, a tsakiyar Latvia, tare da matsakaicin shekara-shekara na 3.6 cubic kilomita; Venta, a yamma, tare da 2.9 cubic kilomita); Gauja, a arewa maso gabas, tare da 2.5 cubic kilomita: da Aiviekste, a gabas, da 2.1 cubic kilomita. Rashin wutar lantarki mai yawa yana haifar da ruwan su, kodayake masu tsarawa yanzu suna tunanin sake kunna wasu tsofaffin madatsun ruwa da turbines da aka watsar. Gauja yana daya daga cikin koguna mafi kyau na Latvia, koguna masu tsabta kuma yana da babban wurin shakatawa na Gauja tare da bankunan biyu a matsayin daya daga cikin sanannun fasalulluka. Ruwan sanyi yana jan hankalin trout da salmon, kuma dutsen sandstone da yanayin gandun daji suna ƙara zama magnet ga masu yawon bude ido da ke sha'awar muhalli.

Fiye da kashi 60% na yawan ruwa na shekara-shekara na koguna shida mafi girma na Latvia sun fito ne daga kasashe makwabta, galibi daga Belarus da Lithuania. Wadannan albarkatun da ke kusa da su suna haifar da buƙatu na hadin kai, musamman a cikin kula da gurɓataccen yanayi. An kawo haɗarin daga rashin hadin kai ga Latvians a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1990, lokacin da wani polymer complex a Navapolatsk, Belarus, ba da gangan ya zubar da tan 128 na cyanide derivatives cikin Kogin Daugava ba tare da gargadi ga masu amfani da ruwa a Latvia ba. Kasancewar kifaye da yawa ne kawai suka faɗakar da mazaunan Latvia game da haɗarin.

 Yanayi 
A lokacin rani, sa'o'in hasken rana suna da tsawo kuma  hunturu gajere. A watan Disamba har yanzu yana da duhu a karfe 9:00 na safe, kuma hasken rana ya ɓace kafin karfe 4:00 na yamma. Yanayin yanayi yana da kyau ta hanyar Gulf Stream da ke gudana a fadin Tekun Atlantika daga Mexico. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin hunturu yana da sauƙi, yana fitowa a cikin Janairu daga -1.7 ° C (28.9 ° F) a Liepāja, a bakin tekun yamma, zuwa -6.6 ° C (20.1 ° F) na kudu maso gabashin garin Daugavpils. Yanayin Yuli ya kasance daga  ° C (63.3 ° F) a Liepāja zuwa  ° C (67.7 ° F) na Daugavpils. Kusa da Latvia zuwa teku yana kawo matakan zafi da hazo, tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara  millimeters (24.9 in) a Riga. A can, matsakaicin kwanaki 180 a kowace shekara suna da ruwan sama, kwana arba'in da hudu suna da hazo, kuma kwana saba'in da biyu ne kawai ke da rana. Ci gaba da rufe dusar ƙanƙara yana ɗaukar kwanaki tamanin da biyu, kuma lokacin da ba shi da sanyi yana ɗaukar kwanaki 177.

Wannan hazo ya taimaka wajen samar da ruwa mai yawa ga koguna da tabkuna da yawa na Latvia, amma ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Babban bangare na ƙasar noma yana buƙatar magudanar ruwa. An kashe kudi da yawa don ayyukan inganta ƙasa waɗanda suka haɗa da shigar da bututun ruwa, daidaitawa da zurfafa raƙuman ruwa, tono ramin ruwa, da kuma gina madatsar ruwa. A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, aikin magudanar ruwa ya sha kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk saka hannun jari na noma a Latvia. Kodayake yana da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na 1% na yankin, Latvia tana da alhakin kashi 11% na duk ƙasar da aka zubar da ruwa a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet.

Wani ƙarin matsala da ke da alaƙa da hazo shine wahalar shuka da girbi na farko saboda filayen da ke cike da ruwa. Ruwan sama mai yawa yana faruwa, musamman a lokacin girbi a watan Agusta da Satumba, yana buƙatar saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin tsarin bushewar hatsi da tsarin iska. A cikin 1992 Latvia ta sami lokacin rani mafi bushewa a tarihin yanayin da aka rubuta, amma ruwan sama mai tsanani a cikin bazara da ta gabata ya sa lalacewar amfanin gona ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani. Yanayin zafi ya kasance babban abin da ke jagorantar aikin gona na Latvia zuwa kiwon dabbobi da kiwon madara. Ko da mafi yawan amfanin gona, kamar sha'ir, oats, da dankali, ana shuka su ne don ciyar da dabbobi.

 Albarkatun halitta 
Latvia ba za ta iya ɗaukar albarkatun ƙasa masu kima ba.[1]  Duk da haka, yawan kasancewar irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar dutsen farar ƙasa don siminti (mita biliyan 6 ko yadudduka biliyan 8), gypsum (mita cubic miliyan 165 ko yadi miliyan 216), yumbu mai inganci (mita cubic miliyan 375 ko yadudduka miliyan 490), dolomite (615 miliyan cubic mita ko 8000 yards), peat miliyan 8000.  metric ton (tons 470,000,000; gajerun tan 530,000,000)), da kayan gini, gami da tsakuwa da yashi, suna biyan bukatun gida.[1]  Kifi daga Tekun Baltic wani nau'in albarkatun fitarwa ne mai yuwuwa. Amber, ɗan shekara miliyan chunks na petrified Pine pitch, ana samun sau da yawa a rairayin bakin teku na Tekun Baltic kuma ana yawan buƙatar kayan ado.[1]  Har ila yau, ya yi tasiri na alama a ƙasar, wanda ake kira Dzintarzeme, ko Amberland.  Makomar na iya ɗaukar albarkatun da za su fi tamani idan aka gano rijiyoyin mai a yankin ruwan Latvia, kamar yadda wasu masana kimiyyar ƙasa suka yi hasashe.  Latvia tana da Keɓantaccen Yankin Tattalin Arziki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 28,452 (10,985 sq mi).

 Yankin da iyakoki 
Yankin:jimillar:ƙasa:ruwa:

Yankin ƙasa: jimillar::    Kasashen iyaka:: Belarus   , Estonia   , Lithuania   , Rasha    

Yankin bakin teku:

Maritime claims:
territorial sea:

exclusive economic zone:
 with 
continental shelf:
 depth or to the depth of exploitation

 Arewa: (58°05′06′′N 25°11′57′′E / 58.085137°N 25.199203°E / 58. 085137; 25.199203)  
 Kudancin: (55°40′30′′N 26°35′50′′E / 55.674971°N 26.597213°E / 55. 674971; 26.59721. 
 Yamma: (56°21′14′′N 20°58′13′′E / 56.353933°N 20.970153°E / 56. 353933; 20.970-153)  
 Gabas: (56°16′37′′N 28°14′28′′E / 56.276911°N 28.241043°E / 56.476911; 28.241043)  

Matsakaicin tsawo: mafi ƙasƙanci: Tekun Baltic 0 m mafi girma: Gaizinkalns    

 Albarkatarwa da amfani da ƙasa 
Albarkatun halitta: peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, wutar lantarki, katako, ƙasar noma

Amfani da ƙasa: ƙasa mai noma: 17.96% amfanin gona na dindindin: 0.11% wasu: 81.93% (2011) 

Irrigated land:

note: land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately  or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage (2007)

Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa: 3.45 km3 (2011)  

 Damuwa da muhalli 
Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu: Muhalli na Latvia ya amfana daga sauyawa zuwa masana'antun sabis bayan kasar ta sake samun 'yancin kai; manyan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a muhalli sune inganta ingancin ruwan sha da tsarin datti, gida, da kuma kula da sharar gida, gami da rage gurɓataccen iska; a cikin 2001, Latvia ta rufe babi na tattaunawar shiga EU kan muhalli da ke da cikakken aiwatar da umarnin muhalli na EU ta hanyar 2010

Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa: jam'iyya ga: Rashin Ruwan iska, Rashin Ruwar iska - Rashin Ru'ya mai guba, Biodiversity, Canjin Yanayi-Kyoto Protocol, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Rashin haɗari, Dokar Tekun, Kare Yankin Ozone, Rashin Jirgin Jirgin Jirgi, Wetlands da aka sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba: babu wani yarjejeniyar da aka zaɓa
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba