Macijin Ruuben

Reuben Alvis Snake Jr. (1937-1993)  ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) na Amurka, malami, shugaban ruhaniya, kuma shugaban kabilanci. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora a cikin Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka (AIM) a cikin shekarun 1970,  kuma a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Indiyawan Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980.  Snake ya yi aiki don kafa Dokar 'Yancin Addini ta Indiya ta Amurka, wanda ya wuce a 1994, bayan mutuwarsa. Ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da addini, bikin peyote.

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haifi Reuben Alvis Snake Jr., a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1937, a yankin Winnebago Indian Reservation a cikin Thurston County, Nebraska .  Iyayensa, Reuben Harold da Virginia Greyhair Snake, sun sake aure, kuma ya fuskanci wasu rikice-rikice da yawa a lokacin yaro.

A shekara ta 1950, ya halarci Cibiyar Haskell (yanzu Jami'ar Haskell ta Indiya) amma ya fita yayin da yake fama da maye. Ya shiga Sojojin Amurka, ya yi aiki daga 1956 zuwa 1958, kuma an sallame shi da mutunci.

 Ayyuka 
A watan Agustan 1970, ya shiga cikin aikin 'yan asalin Amurka na Dutsen Rushmore (watau, "Mount Crazy Horse").  A shekara ta 1972, ya zama shugaban kasa na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka (AIM), ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke mai da hankali kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora ga Trail of Broken Treaties .  A shekara ta 1975, an nada Snake a matsayin shugaban Ƙabilar Winnebago ta Nebraska. Daga 1985 har zuwa 1987, Snake ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Indiyawan Amurka. Yayinda yake aiki ga Majalisar Dokokin Indiyawan Amurka, Snake ya yi maɓallan da ke karantawa, "bawanku mai tawali'u". Daga baya ya tafi da laƙabi, "Macijinka mai tawali'u". Snake ya kuma koyar da darussan al'adu a Cibiyar Harkokin Indiyawan Amurka (IAIA). 

Snake ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora na ruhaniya da kuma roadman (shugaban peyote) a cikin Cocin 'yan asalin Amurka tun daga shekara ta 1974.   Snake ya yi yaƙi da juyin juya halin Sashen Ayyuka v. Smith (1990)  kuma daga baya ya shirya Shirin 'Yancin Addini na' yan asalin Amurka don yin amfani da dokokin ƙasa, ƙoƙari wanda ya ƙare a cikin gyare-gyare na 1994 ga Dokar' Yancin Addini ta Indiya, yana ba da kariya ga Dokar Maido da' yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ga amfani da peyote na addini.  

 Mutuwa da gado 
Lokacin da yake da shekaru 40 ya riga ya sha wahala daga ciwon zuciya sau biyu da ciwon sukari. Snake ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1993, yana da shekaru 56.

Shekara guda bayan mutuwarsa, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Maido da 'Yancin Addini ta Indiya ta Amurka, wanda ya ba da izinin amfani da peyote a bikin addini.

Ya kasance batun tarihin rayuwarsa, Your Humble Serpent: The Wisdom of Reuben Snake (1995; Clear Light Books; wanda Jay Fikes ya rubuta) da kuma fim din fim din na wannan taken (1996; Peacedream Productions; ta darektan fim Gary Rhine). Tarihinsa yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Indiyawan Amurka a Washington, DC . 

Michael Pollan ya rubuta littafin How to Change Your Mind (2018), wanda ya zama Netflix docuseries a cikin 2022 na wannan sunan kuma ya nuna wani sashi game da amfani da 'yan asalin Amurka na peyote (mescaline) kuma ya ambaci yakin shari'a na Snake (lokaci 1, labarin 4). 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1993
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937