Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku

Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na Tekuna (OHC) ko ɗaukar zafi na teku, OHU shine makamashi da teku ke sha kuma adanawa. Yana da muhimmiyar alama ce ta dumamar duniya. Ana lissafin abun cikin zafi na teku ta hanyar auna zafin teku a wurare da zurfi daban-daban, da kuma haɗa yawan yanki na canji a cikin makamashi na enthalpic a kan tafkin teku ko duk teku.

Tsakanin shekara ta 1971 da shekarar  2018, yanayin tashi tsaye  a cikin yanayin zafi na teku ya kai sama da 90% na yawan makamashi na Duniya daga dumamar duniya.  Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta yanayin zafi na shekarar 1961-2022 na 0.43 ± 0.08 W / m2, yana hanzarta a kusan 0.15 ± 0.04 W / m2 a kowace shekara goma. Ya zuwa 2020, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙarin makamashi ya bazu zuwa zurfin ƙasa da mita 700.   Binciken zafi na teku guda biyar zuwa zurfin mita a shekarar 2000 duk sun faru ne a cikin shekarun 2020 da 2024. Babban direba na wannan karuwar shine hayakin gas mai guba wanda ya haifar da mutum. 

Ruwa na teku na iya shan ƙarfin Hasken rana mai yawa saboda ruwa yana da ƙarfin zafi fiye da iskar gas.LuAnn Dahlman and Rebecca Lindsey (2020-08-17). "Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. A sakamakon haka, saman 'yan mita na teku suna dauke da makamashi fiye da duk yanayi duniya. Tun kafin Shekarar 1960, jiragen bincike da tashoshin sun samo yanayin zafi da yanayin zafi a zurfi zurfin duniya. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, cibiyar sadarwa mai fadada kusan 4000 Argo robotic floats ya auna anomalies na zafin jiki, ko canji a cikin Yanayin zafi na teku. Tare da inganta lura a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an bincika abubuwan zafi na teku na sama don ya karu da sauri. Matsakaicin canji a saman mita 2000 daga shekara ta  2003 zuwa  shekarar 2018 ya kasance +0.58±0.08 W / m2 (ko matsakaicin ƙarfin shekara-shekara na 9.3 zettajoules). Cheng, Lijing; Foster, Grant; Hausfather, Zeke; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Abraham, John (2022). "Improved Quantification of the Rate of Ocean Warming". Journal of Climate. 35 (14): 4827–4840. Bibcode:2022JCli...35.4827C. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0895.1.  

Canje-canje a cikin zafin teku suna shafar yanayin halittu a cikin teku da ƙasa. Misali, akwai tasiri da yawa a kan yanayin halittu na bakin teku da al'ummomin da ke dogaro da Ayyukan yanayin halittu. Sakamakon kai tsaye sun haɗa da bambance-bambance a matakin teku da kankara ta teku, canje-canje ga tsananin sake zagayowar ruwa, da ƙaura rayuwar ruwa.

 Ƙididdiga 

 Ma'anar 

Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ilimin teku na zahiri don bayyana nau'in ƙarfin thermodynamic wanda aka adana a cikin teku. An bayyana shi cikin daidaituwa tare da daidaitattun yanayin ruwan teku. TEOS-10 misali ne na kasa da kasa da aka amince da shi a cikin shekarata 2010 ta Hukumar Kula da Tekun Gwamnati.

Lissafin abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku ya biyo bayan na enthalpy da aka ambata a saman teku, wanda kuma ake kira enthalpy mai yuwuwa. Canje-canje na OHC suna da sauƙin kwatanta da musayar zafi na ruwan teku tare da kankara, ruwa mai laushi, da iska mai laushi. OHC koyaushe ana bayar da rahoton a matsayin canji ko kuma a matsayin "rashin daidaituwa" dangane da tushe. Daraja masu kyau sa'an nan kuma suna ƙididdige yawan zafin teku (OHU) kuma suna da amfani don gano inda yawancin ƙarfin ƙarfin duniya daga dumama duniya ke tafiya.

Don lissafin abun cikin zafi na teku, ana buƙatar ma'auni na zafin teku daga samfurori na ruwan teku da aka tattara a wurare daban-daban da zurfi. Haɗakar da yawan Yanayin zafi na teku a kan tafkin teku, ko duk teku, yana ba da jimlar yanayin zafi na Tekun. Don haka, jimlar abun cikin zafi na teku shine ƙarar ƙarar samfurin zafin jiki, yawa, da ƙarfin zafi a kan yankin uku na teku wanda ke da bayanai. Yawancin ma'auni an yi su ne a zurfin da ya fi kimanin 2000 m (1.25 miles).   

Yawan yanki na yanayin zafi na teku tsakanin zurfi biyu ana lissafa shi azaman ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun: 

inda 

c 

p 

{\displaystyle c_{p}} 

shine takamaiman ƙarfin zafi na ruwan teku, 

h 

2 

{\displaystyle h_{2}} 

shine zurfin zurfi, 

h 

1 

{\displaystyle h_{1}} 

shine zurfin sama, 

ρ (z)  

{\displaystyle \rho (z) } 

shine bayanin martaba na ruwa mai zurfi, kuma 

Θ (z)  

{\displaystyle \Theta (z) } 

shine bayanin zafin jiki mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.  

c 

p 

{\displaystyle c_{p}} 

an bayyana shi a zurfin h0 guda ɗaya wanda aka zaba a matsayin saman teku. A cikin raka'a na SI, 

H 

{\displaystyle H} 

yana da raka'a na Joules a kowace murabba'in mita (J·m−2).

A aikace, ana iya kimanta jimlar ta hanyar tarawa ta amfani da tsari mai santsi kuma in ba haka ba jerin abubuwan da ke cikin wuri; gami da zafin jiki (t), matsin lamba (p), salinity (s) da kuma daidaitattun su (ρ). Yanayin zafin jiki 

Θ (z)  

{\displaystyle \Theta (z) } 

sune dabi'un fassara dangane da matsin lamba (p0) a h0. An yi amfani da maye gurbin da aka sani da yiwuwar zafin jiki a cikin lissafin da suka gabata.

Ma'aunin zafin jiki da zurfin teku gabaɗaya suna nuna saman cakuda (0-200 m), thermocline (200-1500 m), da zurfin zurfin teku (> 1500 m). Wadannan zurfin iyaka kawai kusanci ne. Hasken rana yana shiga cikin zurfin kusan 200 m; saman 80 m wanda shine yankin zama don rayuwar ruwa ta photosynthetic wanda ke rufe sama da 70% na farfajiyar Duniya. Ayyukan raƙuman ruwa da sauran turbulence na ƙasa suna taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi a duk faɗin saman.     

Ba kamar Yanayin zafi na sama da ke raguwa tare da latitude ba, yanayin zafi mai zurfi na teku yana da sanyi kuma daidai a yawancin yankuna na duniya. Kimanin kashi 50% na duk girman teku yana da zurfin ƙasa da 3000 m (1.85 mil), tare da Tekun Pacific shine mafi girma kuma mafi zurfi daga cikin ƙungiyoyin teku guda biyar. Thermocline shine canji tsakanin sassan sama da zurfi dangane da zafin jiki, kwararar abinci mai gina jiki, yalwar rayuwa, da sauran kaddarorin. Yana da rabin dindindin a cikin wurare masu zafi, mai canzawa a yankuna masu matsakaici (sau da yawa mafi zurfi a lokacin rani), kuma ba shi da zurfi zuwa babu shi a yankuna.  

 Ma'auni 
Ma'aunin abun ciki na zafi na teku ya zo da matsaloli, musamman kafin turawar Argo profile floats. Saboda rashin yanayin sararin samaniya da rashin ingancin bayanai, ba koyaushe yake da sauƙin rarrabe tsakanin yanayin dumama na duniya na dogon lokaci da Canjin yanayi ba. Misalan waɗannan abubuwan masu rikitarwa sune bambance-bambance da El Niño-Southern Oscillation ya haifar ko canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi na teku wanda ya haifar da manyan fashewar dutse.Cheng, Lijing; Foster, Grant; Hausfather, Zeke; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Abraham, John (2022). "Improved Quantification of the Rate of Ocean Warming". Journal of Climate. 35 (14): 4827–4840. Bibcode:2022JCli...35.4827C. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0895.1.

Argo wani shiri ne na kasa da kasa na robotic profile floats da aka tura a duniya tun farkon karni na 21.  Shirin na farko na 3000 raka'a ya fadada zuwa kusan 4000 raka'a a shekara ta 2020. A farkon kowane zagaye na ma'auni na kwanaki 10, jirgin ruwa ya sauka zuwa zurfin mita 1000 kuma ya yi tafiya tare da halin yanzu a can na kwanaki tara. Daga nan sai ya sauka zuwa mita 2000 kuma ya auna zafin jiki, salinity (conductivity), da zurfin (matsi) a ranar ƙarshe ta hawa zuwa farfajiya. A farfajiyar jirgin yana watsa bayanan zurfi da bayanan matsayi na kwance ta hanyar sake zagayowar.  

Farawa a shekara ta 1992, TOPEX / Poseidon da Jason na gaba da jerin altimeters sun lura da OHC da aka haɗa kai tsaye, wanda shine babban bangare na hauhawar matakin teku. Tun daga shekara ta 2002, GRACE da GRACE-FO sun sa ido kan canje-canjen teku ta hanyar amfani da gravimetry. Haɗin gwiwar tsakanin Argo da ma'aunin tauraron dan adam ya samar da ci gaba da ci gaba ga kimantawa na OHC da sauran kadarorin teku na duniya."About Argo". Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UC San Diego. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
Rashin zafi na teku yana da asusun sama da 90% na jimlar zafi na duniya, galibi sakamakon canje-canjen da mutum ya haifar da abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin duniya."Vital Signs of the Plant: Ocean Heat Content". NASA. Retrieved 2021-11-15. Wannan babban kashi ne saboda ruwa a da ƙasa da teku - musamman ma turbulent upper mixed layer - nuna zafi inertia da ya fi girma fiye da duniya da aka fallasa, yankuna masu rufe kankara, ko abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi da kansu. Jiki tare da babban inertiya mai zafi yana adana babban adadin makamashi saboda ƙarfin zafi, kuma yana watsa makamashi yadda ya kamata bisa ga ma'aunin canja wurin zafi. Yawancin karin makamashi da ke shiga duniyar ta hanyar yanayi ana ɗaukar su kuma ana riƙe su ta teku.

Planetary heat uptake or heat content accounts for the entire energy added to or removed from the climate system.  It can be computed as an accumulation over time of the observed differences (or imbalances) between total incoming and outgoing radiation.
Changes to the imbalance have been estimated from Earth orbit by CERES and other remote instruments,  and compared against in-situ surveys of heat inventory changes in oceans, land, ice and the atmosphere.  Achieving complete and accurate results from either accounting method is challenging, but in different ways that are viewed by researchers as being mostly independent of each other.   Increases in planetary heat content for the well-observed 2005–2019 period are thought to exceed measurement uncertainties.Trenberth, Kevin E; Cheng, Lijing (2022-09-01). "A perspective on climate change from Earth's energy imbalance". Environmental Research: Climate. 1 (1): 013001. doi:10.1088/2752-5295/ac6f74. ISSN 2752-5295.

Daga hangen nesa na teku, yawan hasken rana na equatorial yana shawo kan ruwa mai zafi na duniya kai tsaye kuma yana fitar da yaduwar zafi gaba ɗaya. Har ila yau, farfajiyar tana musayar makamashi wanda ƙananan troposphere suka sha ta hanyar iska da aikin raƙuman ruwa. A tsawon lokaci, rashin daidaituwa a cikin Kasafin kudin makamashi na duniya yana ba da damar kwararar zafi ko dai a cikin ko daga zurfin teku ta hanyar Gudanar da zafi, downwelling, da upwelling. Sakin OHC zuwa yanayi yana faruwa da farko ta hanyar evaporation kuma yana ba da damar sake zagayowar ruwa na duniya. Sakamakon da aka ƙaddamar da shi tare da Yanayin zafi na teku yana taimakawa wajen fitar da Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, koguna na yanayi, raƙuman zafi na yanayi da sauran Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi masu tsanani waɗanda zasu iya shiga cikin ƙasa. Gabaɗaya waɗannan matakai suna ba da damar teku ta zama mafi girman tafkin zafi na Duniya wanda ke aiki don daidaita yanayin duniya; yana aiki a matsayin sink da kuma tushen makamashi.Michon Scott (24 April 2006). "Earth's Big Heat Bucket". NASA Earth Observatory.



Daga hangen nesa na yankuna da aka rufe da kankara, an rage rabon su na ɗaukar zafi kuma an jinkiri shi ta hanyar ƙarfin zafi na teku. Kodayake matsakaicin hauhawar zafin jiki na ƙasa ya wuce saman teku saboda ƙananan inertia (ƙananan canjin zafi) na ƙasa mai ƙarfi da kankara, yanayin zafi zai tashi da sauri kuma da yawa ba tare da cikakken teku ba.Michon Scott (24 April 2006). "Earth's Big Heat Bucket". NASA Earth Observatory. Ana kuma gudanar da ma'auni game da yadda saurin zafi ke haɗuwa da zurfin teku don rufe teku da kasafin kudin makamashi na duniya.

 Bincike da canje-canje na baya-bayan nan 
Nazarin masu zaman kansu da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun sami hauhawar shekaru da yawa a OHC na yankunan teku na sama wanda ya fara shiga cikin yankuna masu zurfi. Tekun sama (0-700 m) ya yi dumi tun Shekarar 1971, yayin da mai yiwuwa ne cewa dumi ya faru a zurfin matsakaici (700-2000 m) kuma mai yiwuwa cewa zurfin teku (kasa da 2000 m) yanayin zafi ya karu. : Rashin zafi yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa na dumama a cikin Kasafin kudin makamashi na duniya wanda ya fi haifar da karuwar mutum a cikin iskar gas mai tsabta. : 41 Akwai babban amincewa cewa karuwar yanayin zafi na teku don mayar da martani ga hayakin carbon dioxide na mutum ba zai iya juyawa ba a kan ma'aunin lokacin ɗan adam.    
Nazarin da ya danganci ma'aunin Argo ya nuna cewa iskar teku, musamman iskar kasuwanci ta subtropical a cikin Tekun Pacific, suna canza rarraba zafi a tsaye. Wannan yana haifar da canje-canje tsakanin raƙuman teku, da karuwar juyawa na subtropical, wanda kuma yana da alaƙa da abin da ya faru na El Niño da La Niña. Dangane da sauye-sauyen bambancin yanayi, a cikin shekarun La Niña kusan kashi 30% na zafi daga saman teku ana jigilar shi cikin zurfin teku. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya nuna cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yanayin zafi da aka lura a cikin teku yana faruwa a cikin layin teku na mita 700-2000.

Nazarin samfurin ya nuna cewa raƙuman teku suna ɗaukar ƙarin zafi a cikin zurfin yadudduka a cikin shekarun La Niña, biyo bayan canje-canje a cikin iska. Shekaru tare da karuwar zafi na teku an haɗa su da matakai marasa kyau na oscillation na Pacific (IPO).  Wannan yana da ban sha'awa ga masana kimiyya na yanayi waɗanda ke amfani da bayanan don kimanta yawan zafin teku.

Abubuwan da ke cikin zafi na teku a mafi yawan yankunan Arewacin Atlantic sun mamaye haɗuwa da jigilar zafi (wurin da ruwan teku ke haɗuwa), ba tare da manyan canje-canje ga yanayin zafi da alaƙar salinity ba. Bugu da ƙari, wani binciken daga Shekara ta 2022 game da dumama ɗan adam a cikin teku ya nuna cewa kashi 62% na dumama daga shekarun tsakanin shekara ta  1850 da shekarar 2018 a Arewacin Atlantic tare da 25 ° N ana kiyaye shi a cikin ruwa a ƙasa da 700 m, inda ake adana babban kashi na yawan zafin teku.

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ya kammala cewa karuwar yanayin zafi na teku ta Tekun Pacific an biya shi ta hanyar rarraba OHC cikin Tekun Indiya.

Kodayake saman shekarar  2000 m na tekuna sun sami zafi a matsakaita tun daga shekarun 1970s, yawan dumama teku ya bambanta a yanki tare da dumama ta Arewacin Atlantic da sannu a hankali kuma Kudancin Tekun yana ɗaukar adadi mai yawa na zafi saboda hayakin gas mai ɗorewa.  

Rashin zafi mai zurfi a ƙasa a shekarar 2000 m ya kasance mafi girma a cikin Kudancin Tekun idan aka kwatanta da sauran wuraren teku. : 1230 

Wani babban sake nazarin dumamar teku da aka buga a cikin shekarata 2024 ya kiyasta yanayin dumamar yanayi na shekarun  1961zuwa shekara ta 2022 na 0.43 ± 0.08 W / m2, tare da ƙimar hanzari mai mahimmanci na 0.15 ± 0.04 W / m2 a kowace shekara goma.Storto, Andrea; Yang, Chunxue (16 January 2024). "Acceleration of the ocean warming from 1961 to 2022 unveiled by large-ensemble reanalyses". Nature Communications. 15: 545. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44749-7.

 Tasirin 
Tekun zafi shine daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa murjani murjani  kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙaurawar nau'in ruwa.  Raƙuman zafi na ruwa yankuna ne masu barazana ga rayuwa da kuma ci gaba da hauhawar yanayin zafi na ruwa. Sake rarraba makamashi na ciki na duniya ta hanyar yaduwar yanayi da kuma ruwan teku yana samar da Canjin yanayi na ciki, sau da yawa a cikin nau'ikan oscillations ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma yana taimakawa wajen ci gaba da yaduwar thermohaline na duniya.

Karin OHC yana da asusun 30-40% na hauhawar matakin teku na duniya daga shekara ta 1900 zuwa shekarar  2020 saboda fadadawa zafi. Har ila yau, mai hanzarta kankara ne na teku, kankara, da narkewar ruwan da ke narkewa. Rashin kankara yana rage albedo na polar, yana kara yawan rashin daidaituwa na yanki da na duniya. Sakamakon koma baya na kankara ya kasance da sauri kuma ya yadu ga kankara ta teku na Arctic, da kuma cikin koguna na arewa kamar na Greenland da Kanada. Tasirin kankara na teku na Antarctic da manyan kankara na kankara na Antarctic wanda ya ƙare cikin Kudancin Tekun sun bambanta da yanki kuma suna ƙaruwa saboda ruwan zafi. Rushewar Thwaites Ice Shelf da maƙwabtanta na Yammacin Antarctica sun ba da gudummawa kusan 10% na hauhawar matakin teku a cikin shekarata 2020.  

Tekun kuma yana aiki a matsayin sink da kuma tushen carbon, tare da rawar da za a iya kwatanta da na yankunan ƙasa a cikin sake zagayowar carbon na Duniya. Dangane da yanayin zafin jiki na Dokar Henry, ruwan zafi ba shi da ikon shan iskar gas ciki har da iskar oxygen da karuwar hayaki na carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam. Duk da haka, adadin da teku ke shan carbon dioxide na mutum ya kusan ninka sau uku daga farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 2010; ƙaruwa daidai da karuwar carbon dioxide na yanayi. Karin matakan CO2 yana haifar da acidisation na teku, wanda shine inda pH na teku ke raguwa saboda ɗaukar CO2. Wannan yana tasiri ga nau'o'in halittu daban-daban ciki har da rage girma da ƙimar calcification ga calcifiers, rage ƙarfin tsarin acid a cikin bivalves, da kuma kasancewa mai cutarwa ga hanyoyin metabolism na kwayoyin halitta wanda zai iya rage adadin makamashi waɗannan kwayoyin zasu iya samarwa. 

Warming na zurfin teku yana da ƙarin damar narkewa da saki wasu daga cikin manyan ajiyar ajiyar methane hydrate da aka tara a can.

 Dubi kuma 

 Ocean acidification - Rage matakan pH a cikin teku
 Ocean stratification - Laying na ruwan teku saboda bambance-bambance na yawa
 Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate - Rahoton IPCC na shekarar 2019
 Tropical cyclones and climate change - Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan guguwa na wurare masu zafi

 Manazarta 
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