Tsarin bayanai na hadari

Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) wani shirin kimanta muhalli ne wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ke gudanarwa. Shirin IRIS yana mai da hankali kan kimanta haɗari, kuma ba kula da haɗari ba (waɗannan hanyoyin yanke shawara da suka haɗa da nazarin tsarin mulki, shari'a, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da suka shafi haɗarin da ake nazarin su). 

 Tarihi 
Da farko, a cikin shekarun 1980s, shirin IRIS ya kafa bayanan bayanan kimanta lafiyar ɗan adam game da tasirin sunadarai a cikin muhalli. EPA ta kirkiro bayanan don samar da tsari mai daidaituwa ga ayyukan kimanta haɗari a duk faɗin Dokokin muhalli daban-daban da Hukumar ta aiwatar da su kuma ta aiwatar da shi.

EPA ce ta kirkiro shirin a shekarar 1985. Da farko, burin shirin shine inganta daidaito a cikin kimantawar hukumar game da guba."Basic Information about the Integrated Risk Information System". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021-09-28. An fara samun bayanan IRIS a fili a cikin 1987. A cikin 1996, EPA ta aiwatar da sabon tsari don gina yarjejeniyar cikin hukuma da inganta inganci a cikin bayanan IRIS. A wannan shekarar, EPA ta gabatar da IRIS Toxicological Review, wanda ya gabatar da takardar kimanta lafiyar farko ta hukumar. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1997, an ɗora bayanan IRIS zuwa intanet. A shekara ta 2004, an canza tsarin IRIS don ƙara bita tsakanin hukumomi wanda Ofishin Gudanarwa da Kasafin Kudi (OMB) ke jagoranta da kuma sanya fifiko a kan bita na waje na ƙididdigar IRIS.

An sake sake fasalin shirin IRIS a cikin Afrilu 2008. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, sabon shirin da aka sabunta ya ba da damar bincike don rufe gibin bayanai kan sinadarai masu mahimmanci. A shekara mai zuwa, an canza tsarin don daidaita jadawalin bita ta yadda za a buga mafi yawan kimantawa a cikin bayanan IRIS a cikin shekaru biyu na ranar farawa. A cikin 2013, EPA ta sanar da cewa za ta samar da kayan haɓakawa ga tsarin IRIS don inganta gaskiya, inganci, da tushen kimiyya na kimantawar hukumar. A wannan shekarar, an sake fasalta takaddun Bita na Toxicological na shirin don ƙara bayyana su, tsari da daidaito. A cikin Disamba 2015, shirin na IRIS ya fitar da ajanda na farko na shekaru masu yawa, wanda ya gano manyan ƙididdigar sinadarai da shirin zai mayar da hankali kan a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

A cikin 2016 EPA ta fuskanci zargi don canza bayanin haɗarin Ethylene Oxide daga "watakila mai cutar kansa ga mutane" zuwa "mai cutar kansa ga mutum," bisa ga darajar IRIS ta Ethylene Oxides. Majalisar Chemistry ta Amurka ta gano ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka EPA ta yi kuskuren darajar IRIS, ta gano cewa ya kasance sau 19,000 ƙasa da matakan EO na halitta a jikin mutum, kuma daidai da matakan Eo a cikin iska. Sakamakon haka, a cikin 2017 Hukumar Texas kan Ingancin Muhalli (TECQ) ta yi bincikenta game da haɗarin ciwon daji da EO ta gabatar kuma ta gano cewa da farko ya kasance sau 65 ƙasa da darajar IRIS, kafin ya saki wani kimantawa daga baya tare da darajar sau 3,500 ƙasa a cikin 2019. A cikin 2022, duk da kira don sake duba darajar IRIS ko karɓar darajar haɗarin TECQ, EPA ta zaba don ci gaba da amfani da darajar IRIs ta 2016 kuma ta ƙi darajar da TECQ ta gabatar.

 Tsarin IRIS don haɓaka ƙididdigar lafiyar ɗan adam 
Tsarin IRIS yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 26 zuwa 39 don kammalawa, dangane da rikitarwa na kimantawa, tare da ɓangaren bita na tsari yana ɗaukar tsakanin watanni 15 zuwa 24. Shirin ya fara ne da abin da EPA ke nufi a matsayin matakin "Sanyawa da Scoping". A wannan matakin, masu tantance haɗari za su yi la'akari da iyaka da yiwuwar iyakancewar doka da kuma yadda za a yi amfani da bayanin. Bayan Shirin Shirye-shiryen da Scoping Stage, EPA tana amfani da shirin bita na haɗari na matakai bakwai wanda ke farawa da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga kuma ya ƙare a bugawa a shafin yanar gizon IRIS. Tsarin bita ya ci gaba kamar haka:

 Manazarta