Canjin yanayi a Malaysia

Canjin yanayi yana da tasiri sosai a Malaysia. Karin yanayin zafi na iya ƙara yawan yawan ruwan zafi da ke faruwa a kowace shekara. Bambance-bambance a cikin hazo na iya ƙara yawan fari da ambaliyar ruwa a yankuna daban-daban. Hawan matakin teku na iya mamaye wasu yankunan bakin teku. Ana sa ran waɗannan tasirin za su sami tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa, suna kara matsalolin muhalli na yanzu da kuma karfafa rashin daidaito.

Malaysia kanta tana ba da gudummawa ga hayaki saboda amfani da kwal da iskar gas. Koyaya, amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ya fadada a cikin karni na 21, kuma ana bincika wasu hanyoyin samar da makamashi kamar wutar lantarki ta hasken rana da biomass. gwamnati tana tsammanin buƙatar daidaitawa a fannoni kamar kiwon lafiya da tsaron bakin teku, kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris.

 Rashin fitarwa 
Ya zuwa shekara ta , mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa ga hayakin gas shine bangaren makamashi, wanda tan miliyan 58 (Mt) na hayakin  ya kai kashi 26% na jimlar kasa. Wannan ya biyo bayan bangaren sufuri tare da 36 Mt, ko 16% .  : 7 Sauran kimantawa sun sanya bangaren makamashi kamar yadda yake samar da 55% na hayaki na CO2 a cikin 2011, da kuma 46% a cikin 2013. 
Abubuwan da ke cikin burbushin halittu sun kasance ainihin man fetur don samar da wutar lantarki. Bukatar wutar lantarki ta karu da kashi 64% a cikin shekaru goma kafin 2017. A cikin 2017, an samar da sama da kashi 44% na wutar lantarki daga kone kwal, da kuma kashi 38% daga iskar gas. 17% da aka samar ta hanyar makamashi mai sabuntawa ya zo kusan gaba ɗaya daga wutar lantarki, tare da wasu makamashi masu sabuntawa da ke samar da 0.5% kawai na wutar lantarki. Amfani da kwal yana ƙaruwa, ya wuce amfani da iskar gas a cikin 2010. Kashi da iskar gas ta samar ya ragu daga 57% a shekarar 1995, lokacin da kwal ta samar da kashi 9%. Ana shigo da mafi yawan kwal, saboda tsadar ma'adinai na cikin gida. Yawancin wannan canjin ya faru ne saboda yawan iskar gas da ake amfani da ita da gangan ana kiyaye shi a matakan 2000, yana barin ƙarin buƙata don a ɗauka ta kwal a matsayin wani ɓangare na bambancin. Samar da iskar gas ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, amma an karkatar da shi zuwa fitarwa. A wani lokaci mai ya kasance mai mahimmanci don samar da wutar lantarki, yana samar da 21% na wutar lantarki a 1995, amma yayin da farashin mai ya tashi wannan ya ragu zuwa 2% a cikin 2010 da 0.6% a cikin 2017.Siti Norasyiqin Abdul Latif; Meng Soon Chiong; Srithar Rajoo; Asako Takada; Yoon-Young Chun; Kiyotaka Tahara; Yasuyuki Ikegami (15 April 2021). "The Trend and Status of Energy Resources and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Malaysia Power Generation Mix". Energies. 14 (8): 2200. doi:10.3390/en14082200.

Hydropower yana mai da hankali ne a Gabashin Malaysia, kodayake akwai yiwuwar a Perak da Pahang. Duk da karuwar da aka samu a kwanan nan a cikin amfani da kwal, ba a sa ran sabon ƙarfin kwal a karkashin tsare-tsaren yanzu, wanda a maimakon haka ya yi niyya da iskar gas, kuma zuwa ƙaramin matakin hasken rana da wutar lantarki.  da  hayaki sun ragu daga 2010 zuwa 2017, a lokacin fadada wutar lantarki, yayin da ci gaban hayaki na  ya ragu.Siti Norasyiqin Abdul Latif; Meng Soon Chiong; Srithar Rajoo; Asako Takada; Yoon-Young Chun; Kiyotaka Tahara; Yasuyuki Ikegami (15 April 2021). "The Trend and Status of Energy Resources and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Malaysia Power Generation Mix". Energies. 14 (8): 2200. doi:10.3390/en14082200.  

Abubuwan gurɓata yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci suna da alaƙa da matakan gurɓata iska a manyan birane."Climate and Health Country Profile – 2015 Malaysia". World Health Organization. 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2021. : 5 

Rashin gandun daji, musamman don Man dabino da samar da roba na halitta, shima babban mai ba da gudummawa ga fitar da iskar gas a kasar. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2 ya kiyasta cewa sare daji da canjin amfani da ƙasa tsakanin 2010 da 2015 sun ba da gudummawa ga fitar da CO2 miliyan 22.1 na shekara-shekara.

 Tasirin 
Malaysia ta fuskanci rashin daidaito na dumama da ruwan sama musamman a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.

Ana sa ran Matsin muhalli da ke akwai akan albarkatun kasa zai kara tsanantawa. : 3 Bala'o'i na halitta sun riga sun haifar da kusan dala biliyan 1.3 a cikin lalacewa a kowace shekara, galibi saboda ambaliyar ruwa. : 21 

 Canjin zafin jiki 

Yanayin zafi ya tashi da 0.14-0.25 °C a kowace shekara goma daga 1970 zuwa 2013.World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank (2021). "Climate Risk Country Profile: Malaysia (2021)" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2021. : 6 Da 2090, ana sa ran za su tashi tsakanin ƙarin 0.8 °C da 3.11 °C dangane da hayaki na duniya. : 2 Akwai ƙananan bambancin yanayi don karuwar zafin jiki. : 10 Koyaya, ana sa ran raƙuman zafi za su karu a cikin mitar da ƙarfi. A halin yanzu, tsawon kwanaki uku a matsanancin yanayin da ake tsammani yana da yiwuwar 2% na faruwa. A karkashin yanayin hayaki mai yawa, wannan zai karu zuwa 93%, yana nuna yanayin zafi mafi girma. : 12 Irin wannan yanayin zafi zai kara tsananta tsibirai masu zafi na birane kamar Kuala Lumpur, wanda ya riga ya kai yanayin zafi 4-6 ° C (39-43 ° F) sama da yankunan da ke kewaye. : 20 Mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi a cikin tsofaffi na iya zuwa ƙasa da 1 a cikin 100,000 zuwa 45 a cikin manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa."Climate and Health Country Profile – 2015 Malaysia". World Health Organization. 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2021. : 1 : 23 Coral bleaching wani sakamako ne da ake tsammani, wanda zai sami tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki. : 18 Rising yanayin zafi ya nuna cewa kaɗan ko babu namiji da aka haifa a Peninsular Malaysia.   

 Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa 
Dogaro da ruwa na sama ya bar Malaysia mai saukin kamuwa da sauye-sauyen hazo, duk da haka samfuran ba su nuna manyan canje-canje da ake tsammani ba, kuma Kelantan da Pahang na iya ganin ruwa fiye da yadda suke yi a halin yanzu.World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank (2021). "Climate Risk Country Profile: Malaysia (2021)" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2021. : 15 Ana sa ran ruwan sama zai karu, kuma ya fi haka a Gabashin Malaysia fiye da Peninsular Malaysia. Cikakken girman karuwar ya bambanta tsakanin tsinkaya, da kuma tsakanin abubuwan da za su iya haifar da hayaki. A karkashin yanayin da ke hasashen matakan hayaki na duniya, ana sa ran karuwar ta kasance kusan 12% sama da millimeters 2,732 na yanzu (107.6 in). Ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar ruwan sama mai tsanani, haɗari ne na yanzu da kuma karuwa. : 2, 6-7, 11 Ba tare da wani mataki da aka dauka ba, a karkashin babban yanayin ambaliyar ruwa na iya shafar matsakaicin mutane 234,500 a kowace shekara tsakanin 2070 da 2100."Climate and Health Country Profile – 2015 Malaysia". World Health Organization. 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2021. : 1 Abubuwan ruwan sama mai yawa na iya sanya ruwan sama har zuwa 32%  2090. A shekara ta 2010, kimanin mutane 130,000 a kasar sun fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai yuwuwa 1-in-25. A karkashin hayaki mai yawa, wannan zai karu zuwa 200,000 nan da 2030. Ko da a cikin ƙananan yanayin fitarwa, ana sa ran abubuwan da suka faru na 1-a cikin shekara-shekara 100 za su zama abubuwan da suka faruwa na 1-a-shekaru 25. : 13-14 Rashin yanayin muhalli da yaduwar birane sun raunana ambaliyar ruwa. 

 Hawan matakin teku 
Daga 1993 zuwa 2015, matakan teku sun tashi tsakanin millimeters 3.3 (0.13 in) da millimeters 5 (0.20 in) a kowace shekara, dangane da wurin. : 16 A nan gaba, ana sa ran matakan teku za su tashi 0.4-0.7m, tare da Gabashin Malaysia yana da matukar damuwa. Yankunan noma na bakin teku yanki ne mai haɗari, kuma wuraren mangrove na yanzu na iya ɓacewa a shekara ta 2060. : 17 Irin wannan hauhawar za ta kara tasirin guguwa, wanda kansu za a iya kara karfi. : 14-15 Wannan yana kawo haɗari ga yawon shakatawa na yanzu a yankunan bakin teku. 

 Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane 
Aikin noma yana fuskantar barazanar fari da ambaliyar ruwa. Amfanin shinkafa na iya raguwa da kashi 60%. Sauran samfuran da za su iya shafa sun haɗa da roba, man dabino, da koko.World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank (2021). "Climate Risk Country Profile: Malaysia (2021)" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2021. : 2 Halin fari na shekara-shekara, wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin 4%, na iya ƙaruwa zuwa 9%. Irin wannan yiwuwar ya bambanta da yanki, mai yiwuwa a Sabah. : 12-13 Gabaɗaya, canje-canjen hazo za su sami tasiri sosai a kan aikin gona fiye da canje-canjin zafin jiki. : 19 

Rashin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayin yanayi suna shafar kifin kifi kuma suna sa kamun kifi ya fi haɗari. Al'ummomin da suka fi fuskantar tasirin canjin yanayi sun fi talauci, gami da wadanda ke da hannu a aikin hannu, noma, da kamun kifi. Ana sa ran tasirin canjin yanayi don karfafa rashin daidaito na yanzu, duka a cikin tasiri da kuma ikon daidaitawa.World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank (2021). "Climate Risk Country Profile: Malaysia (2021)" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2021. : 22 

 Ragewa 

Hukumar Sabunta Makamashi ta Duniya ta yi hasashen a shekarar 2014 cewa Malaysia na iya kaiwa sama da kashi 50% na samar da wutar lantarki daga sabuntawa nan da shekara ta 2030.

A cikin 2021, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar burin isa ga iskar hayaki ta atomatik nan da shekarar 2050 a cikin Shirin Malaysia na goma sha biyu. Firayim Minista Ismail Sabri Yaakob ya kuma ce Malaysia ba za ta gina sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki ba, za ta fadada kayan aikin motocin lantarki, kuma ta gabatar da tsarin tattalin arziki na blue don ci gaban bakin teku.

Wani yunkuri na sayar da hekta miliyan 2 na gandun daji a Sabah a matsayin kudaden karɓar carbon ya tsaya a cikin 2022 a cikin adawa ta cikin gida biyo bayan rashin shawarwari da tambayoyi game da inda riba za ta je.

 Daidaitawa 
An haɗa matakan juriya na yanayi a cikin Shirin Malaysia Na goma da na goma sha ɗaya. World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank (2021). "Climate Risk Country Profile: Malaysia (2021)" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2021. : 3 Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa ta saka hannun jari a cikin sabis na kiwon lafiya don tsammanin karuwar 144% a cikin yawan mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin zazzabin cizon sauro, da kuma sa ran karuwar cutar dengue, zawo, da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa. : 23 

Matakan daidaitawa kamar inganta dikes zasu rage tasirin hauhawar matakin teku a kan al'ummomin bakin teku a cikin wannan karni."Climate and Health Country Profile – 2015 Malaysia". World Health Organization. 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2021. : 3 

 Siyasa 
Malaysia ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi a cikin 1994, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Kyoto a cikin 2002. An kafa manufofin kasa kan canjin yanayi a cikin shekara ta 2009, tare da manufofin makamashi na kasa."Climate and Health Country Profile – 2015 Malaysia". World Health Organization. 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2021. : 7 A wannan lokacin Malaysia ta yi alkawarin raguwar kashi 40% a cikin ƙarfin carbon a shekarar 2020 idan aka kwatanta da 2005, : 1 kuma an karɓi Dokar Sabunta Makamashi a cikin 2011 tare da Dokar Kula da Makamashi mai dorewa. : 7 

A ƙarshen karni na 20, manufofin makamashi sun kewaye da bambancin Tsaro na makamashi. Makamashi mai sabuntawa ya zama sananne a cikin karni na 21, ya zama wani ɓangare na manufofin hukuma a cikin Shirin Malaysia na goma sha ɗaya na 2016-2020, tare da Shirin Ayyukan Kasuwancin Makamashi na Kasa na 2016-2025.Siti Norasyiqin Abdul Latif; Meng Soon Chiong; Srithar Rajoo; Asako Takada; Yoon-Young Chun; Kiyotaka Tahara; Yasuyuki Ikegami (15 April 2021). "The Trend and Status of Energy Resources and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Malaysia Power Generation Mix". Energies. 14 (8): 2200. doi:10.3390/en14082200.

Malaysia ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2016, yayin da take gabatar da gudummawar ta farko ta kasa. An gabatar da gudummawar da aka ƙaddara a cikin ƙasa a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2015. World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank (2021). "Climate Risk Country Profile: Malaysia (2021)" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2021. : 3  Sadarwar Kasa ta Biyu ga UNFCCC ta jaddada ingantaccen Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa. : 16 

A cikin 2018, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar burin 20% na makamashi mai sabuntawa nan da 2025. Hydropower ya karu daga 5% na makamashi a cikin 2010 zuwa 17% a cikin 2017, daidai da yawancin karuwar buƙata a wannan lokacin. Hasken rana ya zama mafi amfani yayin da farashinsa ya ragu, kamar tare da Hanyar Arewa-Kudanci. Akwai karuwar sha'awar biomass daga sharar aikin gona.Siti Norasyiqin Abdul Latif; Meng Soon Chiong; Srithar Rajoo; Asako Takada; Yoon-Young Chun; Kiyotaka Tahara; Yasuyuki Ikegami (15 April 2021). "The Trend and Status of Energy Resources and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Malaysia Power Generation Mix". Energies. 14 (8): 2200. doi:10.3390/en14082200.

 Manazarta 

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