Russell yana nufin

Russell Charles Yana nufin ( Lakota   ; Nuwamba 10, 1939 - Oktoba 22, 2012) ɗan gwagwarmayar Oglala Lakota ne don haƙƙin ƴan asalin Amirkawa, ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaki kuma marubuci. Ya zama fitaccen memba a kungiyar Indiyawan Indiyawa (AIM) bayan shiga kungiyar a 1968 kuma ya taimaka wajen shirya fitattun abubuwan da suka ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai na kasa da na duniya.

Means ya kasance mai aiki a cikin batutuwan kasa da kasa na 'yan asalin ƙasar, gami da aiki tare da kungiyoyi a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don amincewa da hakkinsu. Ya kasance mai aiki a Siyasa a asalinsa na Pine Ridge Indian Reservation kuma a matakin jihar da na kasa.

Da ya fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1992, ya bayyana a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa da kuma fina-finai da yawa, gami da The Last of the Mohicans, Pocahontas, da Curb Your Enthusiasm . Ya fitar da CD dinsa na kiɗa. Means ya wallafa tarihin kansa inda White Men Fear to Tread a shekarar 1995.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Means a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1939, a Porcupine, Dakota ta Kudu, a kan Pine Ridge Indian Reservation,  ga Theodora Louise Feather da Walter "Hank" Means.  Mahaifiyarsa Yankton Dakota ce daga Greenwood, Dakota ta Kudu kuma mahaifinsa, Oglala Lakota. Russell yana da 'yan'uwa uku, Dace, da tagwaye William da Theodore.

Mahaifiyarsa ce ta ba shi sunan Waŋblí Ohítika, wanda ke nufin 'Brave Eagle' a cikin Harshen Lakota.

A cikin 1942, dangin Means sun sake zama a yankin San Francisco Bay, suna neman tserewa daga talauci da matsalolin ajiyar. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa a Vallejo .  Means ya girma a yankin Bay, ya kammala karatu a 1958 daga Makarantar Sakandare ta San Leandro a San Leandro, California . Stark, Jessica (November 14, 2007). "Colonialism perfected on the American Indian: Activist Russell Means to offer insight, experience". Rice University: press release. Retrieved November 20, 2007. Ya halarci kwalejoji huɗu amma bai kammala karatu daga kowanne daga cikinsu ba. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na 1995, Means ya ba da labarin mummunan yaro; mahaifinsa mashayi ne kuma shi da kansa ya fada cikin shekaru na "rashin lafiya, laifi da kwayoyi" kafin ya sami manufa a cikin Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka a Minneapolis, Minnesota . 

Mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekara ta 1967 kuma, a cikin shekaru ashirin, Means ya zauna a yankunan Indiya da yawa a duk faɗin Amurka yayin neman aiki. Yayinda yake a Rosebud Indian Reservation a kudu maso tsakiyar Dakota ta Kudu, ya ci gaba da mummunar damuwa. Likitoci a asibitin ajiya sun yi imanin cewa an kawo shi cikin maye. Bayan sun ki bincika shi na kwanaki da yawa, an gano Means a ƙarshe yana da rauni saboda abin da ake zaton yaƙi a cikin saloon. Wani kwararre mai ziyara daga baya ya gano cewa likitocin ajiya sun yi watsi da kamuwa da kunne na yau da kullun, wanda ya sa Means ji a kunne ɗaya.

Bayan murmurewa daga kamuwa da cuta, Means ya yi aiki na tsawon shekara guda a Ofishin Damar Tattalin Arziki, inda ya san da yawa masu fafutukar shari'a waɗanda ke gudanar da aikin shari'a a madadin mutanen Lakota . Bayan jayayya da mai kula da shi, Means ya bar Rosebud zuwa Cleveland, Ohio . A Cleveland, ya yi aiki tare da jagororin al'ummar Amirkawa 'yan asalin ƙasar a kan ginshikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil Adama ta Amirka . 

 Rubuce-rubuce 
A cikin 1995, Means ya buga tarihin kansa, Inda White Men Ke Tsoro don Taka, wanda aka rubuta tare da Marvin J. Wolf. Ya ba da labarin matsalolin iyalinsa: mahaifinsa mashayi, da nasa "fadi cikin rashin aiki, laifi da kwayoyi" kafin ya gano Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka. Littafin ya jawo suka daga yawan masu sharhi.      Yayin da Patricia Holt, editan littafi na San Francisco Chronicle ta rubuta game da littafin, "Tarihin Amurka ne - warts, raunuka da duka."  A cikin wani bita, marubuci Mari Wadsworth na Tucson Weekly ya rubuta: "Masu karatu masu mahimmanci suna da kyau su ci gaba da shakkar kowane mutum, ko da yake mai kwarjini, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne muryar iko da sahihanci ga kowane yawan jama'a, balle wanda ya bambanta kamar kabilun Amirkawa na asali. Amma duk abin da ya yanke shawarar da mutum ya yi na hanyarsa, ya buɗe ayyukansa da rashin jin daɗi ba tare da gangan ba. Tattaunawar da ta canza tsarin tarihin Amurka." 

 Kiɗa, fasaha, da kafofin watsa labarai 
Russell Means ya rubuta CD mai taken Electric Warrior tare da Sound of America Records, a cikin 1993. Waƙoƙin sun haɗa da "Une Gente Indio", "Hey You, Hey Indian", "Wounded Knee Set Us Free", da kuma "Indian Cars Go Far". Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 2007 tare da kundin sa na The Radical, wanda ya haɗa da waƙar da ake jayayya "Waco: The White Man's Wounded Knee". A shekara ta 2013, an san shi da lambar yabo ta Native American Music Awards tare da lambar yabo na Hall of Fame . 

Ma'ana ya kasance ƙwararren mai zane, tare da nunin abubuwa a gidajen tarihi daban-daban na ƙasar da duniya.

mai zane-zane na Amurka Andy Warhol ya zana hotuna 18 na Russell Means a cikin Jerin Indiyawan Amurka na 1976. Cibiyar Fasaha ta Dayton tana da ɗaya daga cikin hotunan Warhol a cikin tarin ta.

Means ya bayyana a matsayin hali a cikin wasan bidiyo na kasada a karkashin Killing Moon,  ta hanyar Access Software, a cikin 1994.

 Rayuwa ta mutum 
Means ya yi aure sau biyar; auren farko hudu sun ƙare da kisan aure. Ya auri matarsa ta biyar, Pearl Means, har zuwa mutuwarsa. Matarsa Pearl ta mutu shekaru goma bayan haka a watan Mayu 2022, tana da shekaru 62. Yana da jimlar yara goma: yara bakwai na halitta da yara uku na tallafi, waɗanda aka "sanya su a hanyar Lakota",  gami da Tatanka Means wanda shi ma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne.

A matsayinsa na "kakan da jikoki ashirin da biyu", Russell Means ya raba lokacinsa "tsakanin Chinle, Navajo Nation, Arizona, da Porcupine, Dakota ta Kudu".

 Rashin lafiya da mutuwa 
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, an gano Means da ciwon daji na esophageal. Likitocinsa sun gaya masa cewa yanayin sa ba zai iya aiki ba. Ya gaya wa Associated Press cewa yana ƙin "babban maganin kiwon lafiya don tallafawa magungunan gargajiya na Indiyawan Amurka da madadin jiyya daga gidansa a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation". A ƙarshen Satumba, Means ya ba da rahoton cewa ta hanyar tomotherapy, ciwon ya ragu sosai. Daga baya, ya ce ciwonsa ya tafi "95%".  A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, Means ya bayyana cewa ya "yi ciwon daji", kuma ya doke " hukuncin kisa". 

A shekara mai zuwa, duk da haka, lafiyarsa ta ci gaba da raguwa kuma ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2012, yana da shekaru 72.  Wata sanarwa ta iyali ta ce, "Uba da mijinta yanzu suna tafiya tsakanin kakanninmu".

ABC News ta ce Means "ya yi amfani da rayuwarsa a matsayin jarumin Indiyawan Amurka na zamani ... , ya yi tsayayya da yarjejeniyar da ta rushe, ya yi yaƙi don dawo da ƙasar da aka sace har ma ya ɗauki makamai a kan gwamnatin tarayya ... , ya kira hankalin ƙasa ga halin da ke cikin kabilun matalauta kuma sau da yawa ya yi kuka game da raguwar al'adun Indiya. "  Daga cikin abubuwan da aka yi imani da marubucin cewa "fuska ya kamata ya kasance a kan Mt. Rushmore".  The New York Times ya ce Means ya zama sananne ne a matsayin 'yan asalin Amurka kamar Sitting Bull da Crazy Horse.

An ƙone Means kuma an yayyafa tokarsa a ko'ina cikin Black Hills.

 Batutuwan Shari'a 
A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, 1997, an kama Means, a lokacin mai shekaru 58, saboda kai hari da kuma batsa ga surukinsa mai shekaru 56 Leon Grant, memba na Omaha Nation wanda ya auri Diné (Navajo) Nation. Babban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na AIM ya ba da sanarwar manema labarai don sake jaddada rabuwa da Means.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Matattun 2012
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba