Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli a Amurka

Wariyar launin fata na muhalli wani nau'i ne na wariyar launin fata na hukumomi, wanda mutane masu launin fata ke ɗaukar nauyin da bai dace ba na cutar da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawar sharar gida mai haɗari da kuma sakamakon bala'o'i. Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli tana fallasa ’yan asalin Amirkawa, Ba-Amurkawa, Ba-Amurka, Asiyawa, Tsibirin Pacific, da al'ummar Hispanic ga haɗarin lafiyar jiki kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar hankali. Yana haifar da bambance-bambance a fannonin rayuwa daban-daban, kamar sufuri, gidaje, da damar tattalin arziki.McCall, Machara. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE U.S. EPA'S INEFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964." Southern Journal of Policy and Justice, Vol. X7II, pg. 1-3 (Fall 2019).

Ƙungiyoyi masu launi sun fi dacewa su kasance kusa da wuraren gurɓatawa, kamar wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da wutar lantarki, da kuma incinerators. Akwai shaida cewa kamuwa da gurɓataccen abu zai iya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin masu ƙarancin kuɗi masu launi suna iya samun gurɓataccen ruwa. Wani bincike na bayanan EPA ya gano cewa rashin daidaiton samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha yana da alaƙa da kabilanci. Al'ummomin da suka fi ƙazanta su ne waɗanda ke da matsanancin talauci, rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa, makarantu marasa inganci, rashin aikin yi na yau da kullun, da kuma rashin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Shaidu na gaske suna nuna haɗarin muhalli suna yin mummunan tasiri ga ƙimar kadarorin da ke kusa, damar yin aiki, da ayyukan tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, haɗarin muhalli na iya haifar da damuwa na tunani.Mohai, Paul. 1995. "The Demographics of Dumping Revisited: Examining the Impact of Alternate Methodologies on Environmental Justice Research." Virginia Environmental Law Journal 13:615-53

Har ila yau, bala'o'in dabi'a suna yin tasiri mara daidaituwa ga al'ummomi masu launi. Girman talauci a cikin yanki na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi akan girman tasirin bala'i fiye da tsananin bala'in da kansa. Al'ummomin masu wadata, fararen fata sun kasance suna kasancewa a kan tudu mai tsayi, don haka ba su da rauni ga ambaliya fiye da al'ummomin launi. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen rigakafin bala'i da dawo da su galibi suna nuna son kai ga ƴan tsiraru a yankunan da ba su da kuɗi.

 Tarihi 
Asalin fafutukar tabbatar da adalci na muhalli ana iya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin muhalli na ƴan asalin ƙasar, wanda ita kanta ta samo asali a cikin shekaru sama da 500 na mulkin mallaka, zalunci, da gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai da haƙƙin ƙasa. A cikin 1968, masu fafutukar kare muhalli daga ƙasashe da dama sun taru a Minnesota suka kafa wata ƙungiya da aka fi sani da American Indian Movement (AIM).

Zanga-zangar PCB ta 1982 ta Arewacin Carolina an san shi sosai azaman asalin motsin adalci na muhalli. A cikin 1982, jami'an jihar North Carolina sun yanke shawarar sanya wani rumbun ƙasa tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa mai guba na PCB a cikin ƙaramin garin Afton a gundumar Warren, North Carolina. Afton ya kasance kusan kashi 84% na Ba'amurke. Wannan shawarar ta haifar da zanga-zangar farko ta kasa don nuna rashin amincewa da wurin da wani wurin sharar gida yake. Organized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, residents of Warren County, along with local civil rights and political leaders, gathered in opposition to the placement of the landfill site. An kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 500. Dangane da martani, an buga manyan bincike guda biyu: Babban Ofishin Akanta na Amurka 1983, da United Church of Christ 1987. Dukansu binciken sun gano cewa akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin launin fata da wurin da wuraren sharar gida suke.Perez, Alejandro Colsa et al. "Evolution of the environmental justice movement: activism, formalization and differentiation." Environ. Res. Lett. 10 (2015). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105002/pdf Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine

Wani bincike na Ofishin Kididdigar Jama'a na Amurka ya gudanar da wani bincike a kan wuraren da wuraren da ke da hatsarin sharar gida, kuma ya gano cewa wadannan wuraren sun fi zama a cikin 'yan tsiraru da masu karamin karfi. Wani binciken da Cocin United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice (CRJ) yayi ya gano cewa uku daga cikin manyan wuraren sharar gida masu hatsarin gaske suna cikin yankunan Baƙar fata, kuma sun kai kashi 40% na ƙarfin zubar da shara a cikin Amurka. Har ila yau binciken ya gano cewa, mafi }arfin }arfin }arfin }arfin sanya wuraren sharar gida, shi ne kabilanci, wanda ya zarce na gida da kuma kimar gida. Wani ƙarin bincike da CRJ ta gudanar ya gano cewa uku daga cikin biyar Amirkawa na Afirka da kuma Hispanic Amirkawa suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ke da wuraren sharar gida.Colquette, Kelly Michele, and Elizabeth A. Henry Robertson. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND COMMENDATIONS." Tulane Environmental Law Journal 5, no. 1 (1991): 153–207. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43291103 Archived 2021-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.

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