Hana Cinikin Bautar Circassian da na Georgia

Firman na 1854, wani lokacin ana kiransa Haramcin cinikin bayi na Circassian da Jojiya, yana nufin Firman Firman ko Ferman ( Dokar ) da Sultan Abdülmecid I ya bayar a watan Oktoba 1854,  ya haramta cinikin bayi a cikin bayin Circassian da Georgian ga Daular Ottoman . An ba da shi musamman ga cinikin bayi na Circassian a cikin 'yan mata bayi daga Caucasus, don bautar jima'i a matsayin ƙwaraƙwara a cikin Harem Ottoman. Bai hana bautar irin wannan ba, sai dai cinikin bayi. An aiwatar da dokar ne kawai na shekaru hudu, kuma an soke shi a cikin 1858.

Yana daya daga cikin gyare-gyaren da ke wakiltar tsarin soke bautar da aka yi a hukumance a cikin Daular Ottoman, ciki har da Firman na 1830, Rushewar Kasuwar Bawan Istanbul (1847), Rushewar cinikin bayi a Tekun Fasha (1847), Haramcin Baƙar fata da Jojiya, Haramcin Bawan Bawa- 185 (185) (1857), da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman na 1880 . 

 Fage 
An ba da Firman ne a lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta fuskanci matsin lamba na diflomasiyya daga kasashen yamma don murkushe cinikin bayi da bauta a daular Usmaniyya . Firman na 1830 ya 'yantar da dukkan bayi fararen fata a cikin Daular. Bayan haka ne aka rufe kasuwar bayi da ke birnin Constantinople ta hanyar ruguza kasuwar bayi ta Istanbul a shekara ta 1847. Bayan wannan kwanan wata, an sayar da bayi a bayan fage maimakon a fili, kuma ba a ga baki ga baki.

A cikin wannan lokaci, fataucin 'yan mata daga Caucasus a haye tekun Black Sea zuwa Daular Usmaniyya ya ja hankalin kasashen yamma. An sayar da ’yan matan ga ’yan kasuwa bayi kuma aka yi safarar su zuwa Konstantinoful, inda aka sayar da su bautar jima’i a matsayin ƙwaraƙwarai a cikin ’yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu. Daya daga cikin wadannan haramun su ne Imperial harem .

Kasuwancin bautar da ake kira Circassian ya zama magajin tsohuwar cinikin bayi na Crimea kuma ana kallonsa a matsayin kasuwancin alatu a daular Usmaniyya, inda mazaje masu fada aji da yawa suka sayi ƙwaraƙwarai ko surukai mata na gaba daga wannan kasuwancin. A kasashen yamma, wannan ciniki ya haifar da karuwar adawa. Bayan shekara ta 1846, an rufe kasuwar bayi a Konstantinoful. Bayan haka, an sayar da ’yan matan kuyangi a hankali daga gidajen ’yan kasuwa na bayi, maimakon a bainar jama’a. A lokacin yakin Crimean, matsin lamba ga daular Ottoman daga kasashen Birtaniya da Faransa ya yi tsanani.

 Firman 
A shekara ta 1854, Daular Usmaniyya ta haramta cinikin mata fararen fata bayan matsin lamba daga Burtaniya da Faransa.  Firman ya haramta cinikin bayi a cikin fararen bayi daga Caucasus da Georgia. An umurci gwamnonin lardunan da su hana sayar da yaran Caucasus da kuma kwace tare da kwato yaran Caucasian a hannun ‘yan kasuwar bayi.Toledano, Ehud R. (1998). Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East. University of Washington Press. p. 31-32 

Wasu bayin da aka nada a matsayin amintattu za su mayar da su zuwa ga iyalansu, sai dai idan sun musulunta, inda za a shigar da su aikin soja; Su kuma ‘yan matan, wadanda suka musulunta sai a daura musu aure. 

An ci gaba da matsin lamba daga kasashen yamma. A cikin 1855, an hana cinikin bayin Afirka zuwa Crete da Janina.Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p353-355 A cikin firman na 1857, daular Ottoman ta haramta cinikin bayi na Afirka a hukumance.  Har ila yau, manufar abolitionist ta kasance daidai da ƙoƙarin sake fasalin zamani na zamanin Tanzimat.Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p353-355

Firman na 1854 yana ɗaya daga cikin musabbabin tawayen Hejaz na 1855-1856. Abdulmuttalib Efendi, Sarkin Makkah, ya tattara goyon bayansa inda ya nemi jiga-jigan Jeddah da su rubuta wa Sharifai da malaman Makka a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1855 wasika, inda suka yi Allah wadai da Firman a matsayin rangwame ga Turawa, tun da ya ba wa gwamnonin Ottoman izinin hana cinikin bayi, ya halatta wa wadanda ba musulmi ba su kafa ginshikin Larabawa, wadanda ba musulmi ba, da musulmi maza.Toledano, E. R. (2014). The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression: 1840-1890. USA: Princeton University Press. 124 ya haramta kutsawa cikin suturar mata, kuma manyan mutanen Jeddah sun roki sarkin da ya kai karar Sarkin Musulmi.Erdem, Y. (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800-1909. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p106 A ranar 11 ga Janairun 1856 Seyhülislam Arif Efendi ya yanke hukuncin cewa Firman ba ta keta sharia ga manyan mutanen Makka,Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p356 kuma yayin da ta haramta cinikin bayi, ba ta haramta bautar da kanta ba, kuma ba ta yi barazana ga mallakar bayi na dukiyarsu ba.Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p357 Lokacin da aka gabatar da firman na 1857 a shekara mai zuwa, yana hana cinikin bayi na Afirka, an cire Hejaz daga haramcin.Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p358

 Bayan haka 
An aiwatar da Firman na tsawon shekaru hudu kawai. Wannan tilastawa ya haifar da hauhawar hauhawar ’yan mata farar fata a kasuwar bayin daular Usmaniyya. A cikin Maris 1858, gwamnan Ottoman na Trapezunt ya sanar da Jakadan Birtaniya cewa haramcin na 1854 ya kasance wani lokaci na yaki na wucin gadi saboda matsin lamba na kasashen waje, kuma an ba shi umarni don ba da izinin jiragen ruwa a Bahar Black su wuce hanyarsu ta zuwa Constantinople.  A cikin Disamba 1858, an gabatar da ka'idodin haraji na yau da kullun, wanda ya sake halatta cinikin bayi na Circassian. 

Jami'an diflomasiyya na Yamma sun yi zanga-zangar akai-akai game da gaskiyar cewa an dawo da cinikin bayi na Circassian duk da Firman na 1854 amma an sadu da su akai-akai tare da amsa cewa Firman na 1854 ya kasance ma'aunin yaƙi na ɗan lokaci ne kawai, kuma ba a sake amfani da shi ba. Sana'ar bawan jima'i a cikin 'yan mata farar fata don bautar jima'i (kwarwarta) bai daina ba, kuma marubucin balaguro na Burtaniya John Murray ya bayyana rukunin 'yan mata farar bayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin 1870s:

 "Kwayoyin jikinsu ba su da kyau, kuma babu ɗayansu [sic] da ke da kyan gani. Amma wanka na Turkiyya na yau da kullum, kariya daga rana, da abinci mai kyau, aiki da kyakkyawan tsarin mulki, yana yin abubuwan al'ajabi a cikin gajeren lokaci". 

Kasuwancin bayi na Circassian, yayin da ake aiwatar da shi a hankali a hankali, ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen daular Usmaniyya a farkon karni na 20.

 Magana 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba