Canjin yanayi da noma a Amurka

Canjin yanayi da aikin gona matakai ne masu rikitarwa. A Amurka, noma shine na biyu mafi girma mai fitar da iskar gas (GHG), a bayan bangaren makamashi. GHG kai tsaye daga bangaren noma yana da asusun 8.4% na jimlar fitar da Amurka, amma asarar carbon na ƙasa ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa a kaikaice yana ba da gudummawa ga fitarwa. Duk da yake aikin gona yana taka rawa wajen bunkasa canjin yanayi, sakamakon sauyin yanayi kai tsaye (karin zafin jiki, canji a ruwan sama, ambaliyar ruwa, fari) da na biyu (albasa, annoba, matsin cututtuka, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa) ya shafi shi.  USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II[Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, US, 470 pp, . Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) kungiya ce mai tsarawa, bincike, da tallafi a Aikin noma na Amurka. Suna aiki don fahimtar tasirin canjin yanayi a kan noma da kuma taimaka wa manoma na Amurka su daidaita. Binciken USDA ya nuna cewa waɗannan canje-canjen yanayi za su haifar da raguwar amfanin gona da yawan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin amfanin gona masu mahimmanci, da kuma raguwar yawan dabbobi.   Canjin yanayi yana haifar da ƙalubalen da ba a taɓa gani ba ga aikin gona na Amurka saboda ƙwarewar yawan aikin gona da farashin canza yanayin yanayi. Al'ummomin karkara da suka dogara da aikin gona suna da matukar damuwa ga barazanar canjin yanayi. Har ila yau, al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna da rauni, kuma Majalisar Aikin Gona ta Ƙungiya (IAC) takardu, tallafi, da kuma ba da shawara ga ayyukan sake hadewa na' yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da masu samar da aikin gona na Alaska. IAC ta fi mayar da hankali kan tasirin tattalin arziki da yiwuwar ayyukan noma na sabuntawa ga 'yan asalin ƙasar.

Shirin Binciken Canjin Duniya na Amurka (2017) ya gano mahimman wurare huɗu na damuwa a bangaren noma: rage yawan aiki, lalacewar albarkatu, ƙalubalen kiwon lafiya ga mutane da dabbobi, da kuma iyawar daidaitawa na al'ummomin noma.USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II[Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, US, 470 pp, doi:10.7930/J0J964J6.

Babban daidaitawa da rage waɗannan barazanar ya dogara da canje-canje a cikin manufofin noma.

 Tsarin samar da dabbobi da amfanin gona 
Hasashen amfanin gona da tsarin noman dabbobi sun nuna cewa za a gauraya tasirin sauyin yanayi a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa. Ana sa ran ci gaba da canjin yanayi a tsakiyar karni da kuma bayan haka zai yi illa ga yawancin amfanin gona da dabbobi. Canjin yanayi zai tsananta damuwa na yanzu akan tsire-tsire na noma da dabbobi Ƙarar iskar carbon dioxide (CO2), hauhawar yanayin zafi, da canjin yanayin hazo zai shafi yawan amfanin gona. Ƙara yawan zafin jiki tare da ƙarin hazo mai sauye-sauye zai rage yawan amfanin gona, kuma waɗannan tasirin za su wuce amfanin ƙara carbon dioxide. Tasirin zai bambanta tsakanin amfanin gona na shekara-shekara da na shekara-shekara, da yankuna na Amurka; duk da haka, duk tsarin samar da kayayyaki za su shafi wani mataki ta hanyar sauyin yanayi.

Tsarin samar da dabbobi yana da rauni ga matsalolin zafin jiki. Ikon dabba na daidaita yawan metabolism don magance matsanancin zafin jiki na iya haifar da rage yawan aiki kuma a cikin matsanancin yanayi mutuwa. Tsawon bayyanar matsanancin yanayin zafi zai kara kara kara farashin samarwa da asarar yawan aiki da ke da alaƙa da duk kayan dabba, misali, nama, ƙwai, da madara. Yankunan kiwo da aka yi amfani da su don kiwon dabbobi suna ƙarƙashin karuwar barazanar gobarar daji.USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II[Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, US, 470 pp, doi:10.7930/J0J964J6.

Za a lalata carbon na ƙasa a lokacin fari, yana hana amfanin gona wani muhimmin abu na yawan aiki.USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II[Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, US, 470 pp, doi:10.7930/J0J964J6. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Amurka ta fuskanci fari wanda ya rage yawan amfanin gona da dabbobi a cikin Babban Shirye-shiryen da yankin Midwest. Matsakaicin amfanin gona na kayan masarufi (masara, soya, shinkafa) zai ragu saboda karuwar zafin jiki yayin da wasu amfanin gona (alkama, hay) na iya kara yawan amfanin gona saboda ruwan sama da ake tsammani a wasu yankuna. Tasirin amfanin gona zai kasance mai canzawa.

Yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka yana daya daga cikin yankuna mafi zafi da bushewa a kasar.Elias, E.H.; Flynn, R.; Idowu, O.J.; Reyes, J.; Sanogo, S.; Schutte, B.J.; Smith, R.; Steele, C.; Sutherland, C. Crop Vulnerability to Weather and Climate Risk: Analysis of Interacting Systems and Adaptation Efficacy for Sustainable Crop Production. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6619.  Manoma sun gano karancin ruwa da ruwa a kasa a matsayin dalilin raguwar amfanin gona. Misalai na yanayi sun nuna yiwuwar fari na shekaru goma yana da yawa sosai, yana haifar da damuwa da ba a taɓa gani ba ga tsarin aikin gona.

 Ciyawa, cututtuka, kwari da masu shuka 
Canjin matsin lamba da ke da alaƙa da ciyawa, cututtuka, da kwari, tare da yiwuwar canje-canje a cikin lokaci da daidaituwa na rayuwar masu shuka, zai shafi girma da amfanin gona. Har yanzu ba a fahimci girman waɗannan tasirin ba. Misali, yayin da wasu kwari masu kwari za su bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin karuwar yanayin iska, yanayin zafi na iya tilasta wasu daga cikin yankunansu na yanzu. Karin zafin jiki na duniya a cikin irin wannan shimfidar wuri yana ƙuntata damar noma don tsarin pollination mai ɗorewa, yana rage motsi na noma zuwa wuraren zama, kuma yana rage yanayin yanayi a lokacin barazanar muhalli. Yawancin ciyawa sun nuna amsa mafi girma ga carbon dioxide dangane da amfanin gona; fahimtar waɗannan martani na jiki da kwayar halitta na iya taimakawa jagorantar haɓakawa na gaba ga kula da ciyawa.

 Tasirin ƙasa da ruwa 
Aikin noma ya dogara da matakai masu yawa na yanayin halittu waɗanda ke tallafawa yawan aiki gami da kula da Ingancin ƙasa da daidaita ingancin ruwa da yawa. Masu damuwa da yawa, gami da canjin yanayi, suna ƙara daidaita ikon yanayin halittu don samar da waɗannan ayyukan.

Muhimman tasirin canjin yanayi na kusa a kan ƙasa da albarkatun ruwa sun haɗa da yiwuwar karuwar lalacewar ƙasa ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama, da kuma sauye-sauyen yanki da na yanayi a cikin wadatar albarkatun ruwan sama da aikin gona. Tsarin noma ya dogara da amintaccen tushen ruwa, kuma ba a fahimci tsarin da yiwuwar sauye-sauyen hazo sosai ba, don haka yana ƙara rashin tabbas ga ƙoƙarin kimantawa.

Wani samfurin yanayi na yanki ya kiyasta cewa California za ta fuskanci karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na hazo da canji a cikin nau'in hazo (yawanci ruwan sama ba tare da dusar ƙanƙara ba).  Canje-canje a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa zai zama mahimmanci don hana karancin ruwa da rage damuwa a kan tsarin noma.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba