Hanyoyin Aeolian

Hanyoyin Aeolian, wanda kuma ake kira eolian,  ya shafi aikin iska a cikin nazarin ilimin ƙasa da yanayi kuma musamman ga ikon iska na tsara farfajiyar Duniya (ko wasu taurari). Iska na iya lalacewa, sufuri, da kayan ajiya. Su wakilai ne masu tasiri a yankunan da ke da tsiro mai yawa, rashin danshi na ƙasa da kuma wadataccen kayan da ba a haɗa su ba. Kodayake ruwa yana da karfi sosai fiye da iska, hanyoyin aeolian suna da mahimmanci a cikin yanayin busasshiyar kamar hamada.

Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sunan allahn Girka Aeolus, mai kula da iskõki.

 Ma'anar da kuma saitin 
Hanyoyin Aelian'' sune matakai na rushewa, sufuri, da kuma zubar da turɓaya wanda iska ta haifar a ko kusa da farfajiyar ƙasa. Ana kuma bayyana ajiyar sediment da aka samar ta hanyar aikin iska da kuma tsarin sedimentary wanda ke nuna waɗannan ajiyar a matsayin aeolian.

Hanyoyin Aeolian sun fi muhimmanci a yankunan da akwai kadan ko babu ciyayi. Koyaya, ajiyar Aeolian ba a ƙuntata su ga yanayin zafi ba. Hakanan ana ganinsu a bakin tekun; tare da hanyoyin rafi a cikin yanayin semiarid; a yankunan da ke da isasshen yashi da ke da rauni daga yashi mai laushi; da kuma yankunan da aka yi da glacial outwash.

Loess, wanda shine silt da iska ta ajiye, ya zama ruwan dare a yanayin zafi zuwa yanayin zafi. Yawancin Arewacin Amurka da Turai suna ƙarƙashin yashi da loess na zamanin Pleistocene wanda ya samo asali ne daga yashi mai laushi.

Yankin lee (a cikin iska) na kwarin kogi a yankunan semiarid sau da yawa ana rufe su da yashi da yashi. Misalan a Arewacin Amurka sun haɗa da Kogin Platte, Arkansas, da Missouri . 

 Rugujewar iska 
Iska tana lalata farfajiyar duniya ta hanyar raguwa (cirewar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin da aka ƙera ta hanyar aikin iska) da kuma Abrasion (ƙonewar farfajiyoyi ta hanyar aikin niƙa da yashi ta ƙwayoyin iska). Da zarar an ja su cikin iska, haɗuwa tsakanin barbashi ya kara lalata su, wani tsari da ake kira attrition.

A duk duniya, rushewar ruwa ya fi muhimmanci fiye da rushewar iska, amma rushewar iskar tana da mahimmanci a yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki da busasshiyar ƙasa. Rugujewar iska tana ƙaruwa ta wasu ayyukan ɗan adam, kamar amfani da Motoci 4x4.

 Rashin daidaituwa 
Deflation shine ɗagawa da cire kayan da ba su da tushe daga farfajiyar iska.   Yana faruwa ne ta hanyoyi uku: traction / surface creep, saltation, da dakatarwa. Traction ko surface creep tsari ne na manyan hatsi sliding ko mirgina a fadin farfajiya. Saltation yana nufin barbashi da ke tsalle a fadin farfajiyar gajeren lokaci. Abubuwan da aka rataye suna cike da iska, wanda ke ɗaukar su na dogon lokaci. Wataƙila gishiri yana da asusun 50-70% na raguwa, yayin da dakatarwa ke da asusun 30-40% kuma farfajiyar ƙasa tana da asusun 5-25%.   

Yankunan da ke fuskantar mummunar lalacewa ana kiransu yankunan raguwa. Yawancin yankunan da ke raguwa na aeolian sun hada da shimfidar hamada, wani takarda mai kama da raguwar dutse wanda ya kasance bayan iska da ruwa sun cire ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin. Rufin dutse a cikin shimfidar hamada yana kare kayan da ke ƙasa daga ci gaba da raguwa. Yankunan da ke cikin hamada sun samar da regs ko hamada mai duwatsu na Sahara. Wadannan an kara raba su zuwa yankunan dutse da ake kira hamadas da yankunan ƙananan duwatsu da dutse da aka kira serirs. Hanyar hamada ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a wuraren hamada.

Ruwan iska ramuka ne da aka kafa ta hanyar iska. Rashin iska yawanci karami ne, amma yana iya zama har zuwa kilomita da yawa a diamita. Mafi ƙanƙanta kawai dimples ne 0.3 mita (1  zurfi da 3 mita (10  a diamita. Mafi girma sun haɗa da ramuka na Mongolia, wanda zai iya zama kilomita 8 (5  a fadin da mita 60 zuwa 100 (200 zuwa 400  zurfi. Big Hollow a Wyoming, Amurka, ya kai kilomita 14 da 9.7 (9 da 6  kuma yana da zurfin mita 90 (300 .

 Abun da aka yi 
Abrasion (kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa corrasion) tsari ne na hatsi mai iska wanda ke buga ko amfani da kayan aiki daga yanayin ƙasa. An taɓa la'akari da shi a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga rushewar hamada, amma a tsakiyar karni na 20, an ɗauke shi da ƙarancin mahimmanci. Iska na iya ɗaga yashi kawai a ɗan gajeren nesa, tare da yawancin yashi mai iska da ya rage   in) na farfajiya kuma kusan babu wanda aka ɗauka sama da mita 2 (6 . Yawancin siffofin hamada da aka taɓa danganta da abrasion iska, gami da kogon iska, duwatsun ƙwai, da yanayin zuma da ake kira tafoni, yanzu ana danganta su da bambancin yanayi, ruwan sama, Yaduwa maimakon abrasion, ko wasu matakai.

 Sufuri 
Iska ta mamaye jigilar yashi da mafi kyawun laka a cikin yanayin busasshiyar yanayi. Har ila yau, sufuri na iska yana da mahimmanci a yankunan periglacial, a kan filayen ambaliyar kogi, da kuma yankunan bakin teku. Iska ta bakin teku tana jigilar adadi mai yawa na siliciclastic da carbonate a cikin ƙasa, yayin da guguwar iska da guguwa na ƙura zasu iya ɗaukar yumɓu da ƙwayoyin yumbu da nisa. Iska tana jigilar yawancin turɓaya da aka ajiye a cikin zurfin teku. A cikin ergs'' (tsarin yashi na hamada), iska tana da tasiri sosai wajen jigilar hatsi na girman yashi da karami.

 Kashewa 
Iska tana da tasiri sosai wajen raba yashi da silt da yumbu. A sakamakon haka, akwai keɓaɓɓen yashi (erg) da silty (loess) adibas na aeolian, tare da iyakance iyaka tsakanin su biyun. Loess adibas ana samun kara daga asali tushen sediments fiye da ergs. Misalin wannan shine Sand Hills na Nebraska, Amurka. Anan ana samun dunƙulewar yashi mai ciyayi zuwa yamma da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa gabas, ci gaba daga asalin tushen laka a cikin Tsarin Ogallala a ƙafar tsaunin Rocky. 

 Misalan 
Manyan tsarin Aeolian na duniya da ake zaton suna da alaƙa da yanayin yanayi da bambancin yanayi:

 Matsakaicin tan miliyan 132 na ƙura daga Sahara (musamman Sahel da Bodélé Depression) a fadin Atlantic a kowace shekara.
 Harmattan hunturu turɓaya a Yammacin Afirka ma yana faruwa yana hura turɓaya zuwa teku.
 Yankin Asiya ya samo asali ne a cikin hamadar Gobi kuma ya kai Koriya, Japan, Taiwan (a wasu lokuta) har ma da yammacin Amurka.
 Guguwar ƙurar Indiya ta 2018 ta kai ƙura daga hamadar Thar zuwa Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, da kuma Indo-Gangetic Plain.
 Shamal Yuni-Yuli iskar ƙura a arewa zuwa kudu a Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraki, UAE, da sassa na Pakistan.
 Haboob ƙurar guguwa a Sudan, Australia, Arizona da ke da alaƙa da ruwan sama.
 Khamsin ƙurar daga Libya, Misira da Levant a cikin bazara da ke da alaƙa da guguwar extratropical.
 Taron Dust Bowl a Amurka, ya ɗauki yashi zuwa gabas. An ajiye tan 5500 a yankin Chicago.
 Iska mai yashi na Sirocco daga Afirka / Sahara yana busawa arewa zuwa Kudancin Turai.
 Kalahari Desert yana hura yashi / ƙura a gabas a kudancin Afirka zuwa Tekun Indiya.
 Mars a cikin yanayin busasshiyar yanayi, an gano matakai da yawa na aeolian.


 Manazarta 

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