Yawan jama'ar asalin California

Yawan 'Yan asalin California yana nufin yawan' yan asalin California. Kimanin kafin da kuma bayan hulɗar Turai sun bambanta sosai. Kimanin da aka yi kafin tuntuɓar ya kasance daga 133,000 zuwa 705,000 tare da wasu malaman kwanan nan da suka kammala cewa waɗannan ƙididdigar suna da ƙarancin gaske.

Bayan zuwan Turawa a California, cututtuka da tashin hankali—wanda ake kira kisan kiyashin California—ya rage yawan jama’a zuwa ƙasa da 25,000.  A lokacin da kuma bayan California Gold Rush, an kiyasta cewa masu hakar ma'adinai da wasu sun kashe kimanin 4,500 'yan asalin California a tsakanin 1849 zuwa 1870.[1].  Tun daga shekara ta 2005, California ita ce jiha mafi girma da ke da yawan jama'ar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka bisa ga ƙidayar Amurka a 696,600..

 Ƙididdigar kafin tuntuɓar 
Masana tarihi sun lissafa yawan 'yan asalin California kafin shigar Turai cikin yankin ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da:

 Rubuce-rubucen manufa (haihuwar, baftisma, mutuwa, da jimlar adadin neophytes a wasu lokuta);
 Ƙididdigar ƙauyuka da aka gano daga tarihin tarihi, ethnographic, ko bayanan archaeological, ƙididdigar matsakaicin yawan mazauna ƙauye.
 Kimanin muhalli na ikon ɗaukar ɗan adam na yanki, wanda aka ba da fasahar asali da tattalin arziki;
 Ƙididdigar yawan jama'a daga yankuna masu rubuce-rubuce zuwa waɗanda ba a san su sosai ba; da
 Extrapolating daga ƙididdigar tarihi, ta amfani da ƙididdigat yawan jama'a ragu.

'Yan sharhi kalilan ne ke da'awar cewa waɗannan hanyoyin suna samar da lambobi masu kyau. Kimanin da masu sharhi daban-daban suka kirkira yawanci sun bambanta da kashi biyu ko fiye. Stephen Powers da farko ya kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da suka gabata na jihar ya kai 1,520,000. Daga baya ya rage wannan adadi zuwa 705,000.

C. Hart Merriam ya ba da cikakken bayani na farko. Ya kafa kimantawarsa a kan bayanan manufa kuma ya kara da hakan ga wuraren da ba a yi wa'azi ba. Kimanin da ya yi wa jihar gaba ɗaya ya kai 260,000. Alfred L. Kroeber ya sake yin cikakken bincike, ga jihar gaba ɗaya da kuma ga ƙungiyoyin ƙamus a ciki. Ya rage adadin Merriam da kusan rabi, zuwa 'yan asalin California 133,000 a cikin 1770. 

Martin A. Baumhoff ya yi amfani da tushen muhalli don kimanta yiwuwar ɗaukar nauyi kuma ya kiyasta yawan mutanen asalin 350,000.

Sherburne F. Cook shine dalibi mafi tsauri da kulawa game da matsalar, yana nazarin dalla-dalla duka ƙididdigar kafin tuntuɓar da tarihin raguwar yawan jama'a a lokacin manufa da lokutan bayan aikin. Da farko, a cikin 1943, Cook ya isa adadi kawai 7% sama da wanda Kroeber ya ba da shawarar a baya: 133,550 (ban da Modoc, Northern Paiute, Washoe, Owens Valley Paiute, da Colorado River Yumans).  : 161-194 Cook daga baya ya kara kimantawarsa zuwa 310,000. : 161–194 

Wasu malamai yanzu sun yi imanin cewa raƙuman cututtukan annobar sun kai California da kyau kafin zuwan Franciscans a cikin 1769. Idan daidai ne, wannan na iya nuna cewa ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta amfani da farkon lokacin manufa a matsayin tushen ya yi watsi da yawan jama'ar jihar kafin Columbus.

 Kasancewar jihar California da kisan kare dangi 
Mulkin Mexiko akan Alta California bai daɗe ba, kamar yadda bayan Yarjejeniyar Guadalupe Hidalgo aka sanya hannu don kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka a 1848, Amurka ta karɓi ikon California kuma ta zartar da Dokar Jihar California a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1850. A ƙarshen rabin karni na 19th duka hukumomin Jihohi da na Tarayya, sun ingiza ma'aikata, masu ba da agaji, da kuma samar da kudade ga jama'a.  bautar, sacewa, kisa da kuma kashe wani babban kaso na Indiyawan Indiyawan da suka rasa matsugunansu, wani lokaci ana kiranta da wulakanci a matsayin "Diggers", ta yin amfani da yawancin manufofin cin zarafi ga ƴan asalin ƙasar da ta yi a duk faɗin ƙasarta.

A lokaci guda da ci gaba da hallaka, ana sanar da rahotanni game da tasirinsa ga duniya ta waje. [Littafi na 1]

Wani sanannen shaidar shaida da asusun farko: "The Indians of California" 1864, ya fito ne daga John Ross Browne, jami'in Custom kuma Sufetocin Harkokin Indiya a kan Tekun Pacific wanda ke rarraba zamba, cin hanci da rashawa, satar ƙasa, bautar, fyade da kisan kiyashi da aka yi a kan wani ɓangare na yawan mutanen Aboriginal. 

Ta hanyar wani kimantawa, an kashe akalla Indiyawan California 4,500 tsakanin 1849 da 1870.  Masanin tarihi Benjamin Madley ya rubuta adadin kashe-kashen Indiyawan California tsakanin 1846 da 1873 kuma ya kiyasta cewa a wannan lokacin aƙalla Indiyawan California 9,400 zuwa 16,000 ne wadanda ba Indiyawa ba suka kashe su, galibi suna faruwa a cikin kisan kiyashi sama da 370 (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "kisan da gangan na mayakan biyar ko fiye da ba tare da makamai ba, gami da mata, yara, da fursunoni, ko a cikin mahallin yaƙi ko a'ana ba ).Madley, Benjamin, An American Genocide, The United States and the California Catastrophe, 1846–1873, Yale University Press, 2016, 692 pages, , p.11, p.351 Farfesa Ed Castillo, na Jami'ar Jihar Sonoma, ya ba da ƙididdiga mafi girma: "Ayyukan hannu na waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kisa masu dauke da makamai da suka haɗu da yaduwar kisan Indiyawan da aka yi wa kowane ma'aikacin hakar ma'adinai ya haifar da mutuwar Indiyawan 100,000 a cikin shekaru biyu na farko na zinariya. "

 Canje-canje bayan tuntuɓar 
Raguwar yawan 'yan asalin California a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da 19 Cook ya bincika shi dalla-dalla. Cook ya kimanta muhimmancin dangi na tushen daban-daban na raguwa, gami da cututtukan annoba na Tsohon Duniya, tashin hankali, canje-canje na abinci mai gina jiki, da girgizar al'adu. Raguwar ta kasance mafi tsayi a yankunan da manufofi da Gold Rush suka shafa kai tsaye. Sauran binciken sun magance canje-canjen da suka faru a cikin yankuna ko kungiyoyin harshe.

Yawan 'yan asalin California sun kai kusan 25,000 a ƙarshen karni na 19. Dangane da kimantawar Kroeber na mutane 133,000 a cikin 1770,  wannan yana wakiltar raguwar sama da 80% . Yin amfani da adadi da aka sake fasalin Cook, ya zama raguwar sama da 90%. A kan wannan Cook ya ba da mummunar zargi:

Yawan jama'a daga baya ya tashi sosai a cikin ƙarni na 20.  Wannan farfadowar na iya wakiltar ci gaban alƙaluma na gaskiya da kuma sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin bayanin kai na kabilanci.  A cikin karni na 21, bayan fiye da tsararraki takwas na cudanya tsakanin 'yan asalin Californian da daidaikun mutanen Turai, Asiya, Afirka, da sauran 'yan asalin Amurkawa, za a iya samun ƙaramin tushe don ƙididdige ɓangaren 'yan asalin Californian a cikin al'ummar jihar.  Koyaya, lissafin ajiya da bayanan ƙidayar kai suna ba da wasu bayanai. 


 Tarihin yawan jama'a na 'yan asalin Amurka
 Indiyawan da ke aiki
 Rikicin al'adu na manufa ta California
 Kisan kiyashi na California
 Tarihin tarihin California
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba