Geology na yankin Canyonlands

Ilimin yanayin wurin shakatawa shine sakamakon saukowa, tashi da rushewa. Tsibirin a cikin Sama wani tebur ne da ke kallon Green River (Colorado River tributary) zuwa yamma da Colorado River zuwa gabas, kuma ya rabu da Colorado Plateau da "wuya". Daga saman teburin zuwa Tsarin Honaker Trail a kasan kogin canyon, an fallasa shekaru miliyan 150 na yanayin ƙasa. Upheaval Dome ya ƙunshi Tsarin Chinle a tsakiya da Navajo Sandstone tare da gefen. Cedar Mesa Sandstone ya ƙunshi Gundumar Needles . Canyons sun hada da Gundumar Maze . 

 Rashin yashi 
Ilimin yanayin da aka fallasa na yankin Canyonlands yana da rikitarwa kuma ya bambanta; an fallasa tsari 12 a cikin Canyonlands National Park wanda ke da shekaru daga Pennsylvania zuwa Cretaceous. Tsohon kuma watakila mafi ban sha'awa an halicce shi ne daga evaporites da aka ajiye daga ruwan teku mai narkewa. An ajiye dutse mai cike da burbushin halittu, sandstones, da shales ta hanyar ci gaba da komawa baya da teku mai zurfi ta hanyar yawancin sauran Paleozoic.

Ruwan da aka rushe daga tsaunuka da ke kusa da su daga baya an gauraye su da dune na bakin teku da sand bar. Ƙarshen Paleozoic da farkon Mesozoic sun ga teku sun koma baya daga yankin har zuwa marigayi Cenozoic. Yankin da aka rage ya mamaye Filayen ambaliyar ruwa da Filayen ruwa. Yanzu da yawa a cikin ƙasa, yanayin Triassic a yankin ya bushe. Manyan hamada sun rufe yawancin wannan ɓangaren Arewacin Amurka, ban da wani lokaci lokacin da koguna na ɗan lokaci suka yi yaƙi da yashi. Lokaci mafi kyau ya dawo a cikin Cretaceous yayin da yankin ya cika da Yammacin Yammacin.

Hawan tsaunuka na Rocky wanda ya fara a ƙarshen Cretaceous - ya shafi yankin Canyonlands sosai. Rashin lalacewa ya karu kuma ya kara hanzarta farkon shekarun kankara a cikin Pleistocene. Rushewar zamani tana faruwa a hankali.

 Kungiyar Kyakkyawan 
Babban teku ya rufe yankin a farkon lokacin Pennsylvania. Wani kwandon da ke yankin da ake kira Paradox Basin ya ragu kuma an ɗaga tsaunuka da ake kira Uncompahgre Mountains zuwa gabas. Yawancin ruwan teku sun makale a cikin kwandon da ke raguwa kuma ruwa ya zama mai gishiri a cikin yanayi zafi da bushe. Dubban ƙafafun evaporites (anhydrite da gypsum sannan halite) sun fara ginawa a cikin Mid Pennsylvanian kuma guguwa a wasu lokuta suna wanke turɓaya daga tsaunuka da ke kusa. Ruwa mai laushi lokaci-lokaci ya cika kwandon amma bai taɓa iya fitar da ruwan gishiri ba a can (sabon ruwan a zahiri ya yi iyo a saman saline). Wadannan gadaje daga baya an yi su ne don zama Tsarin Paradox, wanda shi ma wani ɓangare ne na Hermosa Group. Gidan gishiri mai matsawa daga Paradox ya fara gudana a cikin filastik daga baya a cikin Pennsylvanian kuma mai yiwuwa ya ci gaba da motsawa daga wannan lokacin har zuwa ƙarshen Jurassic. Ma'aunin tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa kwararar gishiri da gypsum na ci gaba a yau don haifar da karkatarwa da lalacewar shimfidar shimfidar wuri.

Paradox yana da kauri har zuwa 5000 feet (1520 m) a wurare kuma a cikin wurin shakatawa an fallasa shi a kasan Cataract Canyon a matsayin dutse gypsum da aka haɗa da baƙar fata. Motsi zuwa sama na Paradox kuma wata ka'ida ce mai yuwuwa don ƙirƙirar Upheaval Dome, kodayake babu wani daga cikin Paradox da aka fallasa a kan dome, ka'idar da ta fi dacewa ita ce crater na meteor.

Ruwa mai zurfi mai zafi ya sake ambaliya yankin kusa da ƙarshen Pennsylvania. Limey oozes, yashi, da laka an ajiye su a saman tafkin da ke cike da gishiri. Wadannan turɓaya sun zama burbushin burbushin halittu masu arziki, sandstones, da shales na launin toka mai launin Honaker Trail Formation. Ana iya ganin ɓangarorin Honaker Trail a kusa da ƙasan zurfin canyons a cikin wurin shakatawa, musamman a gefen Kogin Colorado.

Wani lokaci na rushewa ya biyo baya, ya haifar da hutu a cikin rikodin ilimin ƙasa da ake kira rashin daidaituwa.

 Kungiyar Cutler 
Da farko a cikin Permian teku mai cin zarafi (ci gaba) ya shimfiɗa Halgaito Shale. Yankunan bakin teku sun koma yankin bayan teku ta koma baya (ta koma baya), ta samar da Tsarin Elephant Canyon. Wadannan tsari yanzu ana iya gani a cikin Cataract da Elephant Canyons.
Duwatsun Uncompahgre (Uncompahgre Plateau) suna fuskantar mummunar lalacewa a wannan lokacin. Manyan magoya bayan alluvial sun cika kwandon inda suka hadu da kewayon. Sakamakon jan gadaje na Cutler an yi su ne da dutse mai arzikin ƙarfe. Yankin yashi na karkashin ruwa da yashi a bakin tekun sun haɗu da yatsunsu tare da jan gadaje kuma daga baya sun zama dutsen Cedar Mesa Sandstone mai launin fari. A yau waɗannan rukunin dutse guda biyu masu gasa suna fallasa a cikin belin 4 zuwa 5 (6.4 zuwa 8 km) mai faɗi a fadin wurin shakatawa, wanda ya shimfiɗa daga kudancin Needles ta hanyar Maze da zuwa Elaterite Basin. 

An sanya laka mai launin haske a saman Cedar Mesa kuma ya kasance a launi daga ja zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Wadannan turɓaya daga ƙarshe sun zama gangaren Organ Rock Shale kuma ana iya ganinsu a cikin Land of Standing Rocks wani ɓangare na wurin shakatawa.

Yankin yashi na bakin teku da sandunan yashi na ruwa sun sake zama masu rinjaye, suna haifar da dutsen White Rim Sandstone. An fallasa shi azaman benci na 1200 feet (365 m) a ƙasa da saman tsibirin a cikin Sky (don haka yana samun sunansa) kuma tare da White Rim Road. Wani yashi mai banƙyama wanda aka yi da White Cliff Sandstone an kuma fallasa shi a cikin elaterite Basin. Wani man fetur mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu da ake kira elaterite yana fitowa daga tsarin, yana ba da kwandon sunansa.

Tekun Permian ya koma baya, wanda ya fallasa ƙasar zuwa dogon lokaci na rushewa kuma ta haka ne ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na biyu.

 Tsarin Moenkopi da Chinle 
An shimfiɗa gadaje masu ja a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a saman farfajiyar Paleozoic da aka rushe a farkon Triassic. Wadannan turɓaya an ajiye su a kan filayen ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa a kan wani wuri mai faɗi wanda aka ɗan karkata a cikin hanyar teku zuwa yamma. Mud da aka gina a cikin filayen ruwa don zama laka na Moenkopi Formation. Misalai na wannan tsari, wasu da har yanzu suna nuna alamun burbushin burbushin halittu da laka, ana iya ganin su a arewa da yammacin wuraren shakatawa.

Wani lokaci na rushewa ya dawo, yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa na uku. An shimfiɗa shales masu launi masu haske na Chinle Formation a saman wannan rushewar. Itacen petrified daga Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle wani lokacin ana samunsa a gindin gangaren Chinle.

 Kungiyar Glen Canyon 
Kungiyar Glen Canyon ta haɗa da (daga tsofaffi - mafi ƙasƙanci - zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta) 

 Wingate Sandstone,
 Tsarin Kayenta, da kuma
 Sandstone na Navajo

Wadannan tsari suna da kyau sosai a sassan yamma da arewacin wurin shakatawa.

Yanayin yanayi na Triassic ya zama mai bushewa, wanda ya haifar da samar da yashi wanda ya binne gadajen rafi mai bushe da filin ambaliyar su. Wannan yashi ya zama dutsen da ke samar da daruruwan ƙafa (mita da yawa) mai tsawo da ja Windgate Sandstone. Yankunan suna gudana na daruruwan mil (daruruwan kilomita) tare da raguwa kaɗan, suna haifar da cikas ga tafiye-tafiyen ɗan adam.

A wani lokaci yanayin yanayi ya zama mai laushi kuma rafi sun yanke tashoshi ta hanyar yashi. Reddish-brown zuwa lavender-launi sandstones interbedded tare da siltstones da shales sun zama sakamakon ledgy gangara-forming Kayenta Formation.

An kafa mafi ƙanƙanta kuma sabili da haka mafi girma a cikin Glen Canyon Group bayan yanayin busasshiyar ya koma yankin. Babban hamada mai bushewa sosai, ba kamar Sahara na zamani ba, ya rufe murabba'in kilomita 150,000 (388,000 km2) na yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Yankin yashi da aka shimfiɗa ya tara zuwa babban kauri, musamman a yankin Sihiyona da Kolob da ke kusa (duba ilimin ƙasa na yankin Sihiona da Kolob), suna samar da buff zuwa launin orange na Navajo Sandstone. Yankunan Navajo suna samar da dutse, temples, kuma a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi arches na halitta (kamar Millard Canyon Arch) a yankin. 

An haifar da rashin daidaituwa na huɗu ta hanyar lokacin rushewa.

 Kungiyar San Rafael 
Gidajen laka sun bunkasa a saman rushewar Glen Canyon Group, suna samar da Tsarin Karmel. An halicci Entrada Sandstone mai girma a saman Carmel. Tsawon lokaci na rushewa ya cire mafi yawan San Rafael Group a yankin tare da duk wani tsari da za a iya shimfiɗa a lokacin Cretaceous.

 Rashin ƙarfi 
Farawa shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata kuma ya kai sosai cikin Cenozoic, wani taron gine-ginen dutse da ake kira Laramide orogeny ya ɗaga Dutsen Rocky tare da shi yankin Canyonlands. Ko da yake an ɗaga dubban ƙafa (daruruwan mita) an bar su a fiye-ko ƙasa da ɗaya a kwance. Haɗin haɗin kai ya faru kuma tun daga lokacin ya rinjayi tsarin rushewa.

Lokacin da ruwan kasa ya shiga cikin gadajen gishiri na Tsarin Paradox ya ɗauki mafi girman gishiri mai narkewa, ya bar gypsum. Wannan tsari ya bayyana sosai a cikin '"The Grabens"" cewa dutsen da ke sama ya rushe cikin ragowar da aka bari ta hanyar tserewa gishiri.

Karin hazo a lokacin zamanin kankara na Pleistocene ya hanzarta yawan binciken canyon. Yaduwar Canyon da zurfafawa sun kasance da sauri musamman ga gorges na Green da Colorado Rivers, waɗanda a wani bangare an ciyar da su ta hanyar narkewar kankara daga Dutsen Rocky. Alluvial-fan-creation-landslides da sand dune-migration suma an hanzarta su a cikin Pleistocene. Wadannan matakai suna ci gaba da tsara yanayin Canyonlands a cikin Holocene (lokacin yanzu), amma a hankali saboda karuwar karuwa a cikin busasshiyar.

 Manazarta 

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