Tsibirin Cook

Tsibirin Cook ƙasa ce ta tsibirin a cikin Polynesia, wani ɓangare na Oceania, a cikin Tekun Kudancin Pacific. Ya ƙunshi tsibirai 15 wanda jimlar yankin ƙasar ta kusan  kilomita 236.7 (91 sq . Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Tsibirin Cook (EEZ) ya rufe  kilomita 1,960,027 (756,771 murabba'i  na teku. Avarua a babban tsibirin Rarotonga shine babban birnin.

Tsibirin Cook yana da ikon cin gashin kansa yayin da yake cikin haɗin kai tare da New Zealand. Tun daga farkon karni na 21, Tsibirin Cook yana gudanar da manufofinsa na kasashen waje da na tsaro, kuma yana da ƙa'idodin al'adu. Kamar yawancin mambobin Pacific Islands Forum, ba shi da sojoji, amma Ofishin 'yan sanda na Cook Islands ya mallaki Jirgin Patrol na Guardian Class, CIPPB Te Kukupa II, wanda Australia ta bayar, don yin sintiri da ruwansa. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, Tsibirin Cook ya karɓi manufofin ƙasashen waje masu ƙarfi da bambanci, kuma ɗan tsibirin Cook, Henry Puna, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Taron Tsibirin Pacific daga 2021 zuwa 2024. Yawancin mutanen tsibirin Cook suna da 'yan ƙasa na New Zealand, tare da matsayin' yan tsibirin Cook, wanda ba a ba wa sauran' yan ƙasar New Zealand ba. Tsibirin Cook ya kasance memba mai aiki na Pacific Community, tsohon Hukumar Kudancin Pacific, tun 1980.

Babban cibiyoyin yawan jama'a na Tsibirin Cook suna kan Rarotonga (10,863 a cikin 2021),  kuma wurin Filin jirgin saman Rarotonga, babban ƙofar ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa ƙasar. Ƙididdigar 2021 ta sanya jimlar yawan jama'a a 14,987. Har ila yau, akwai yawan mutanen tsibirin Cook a New Zealand da Ostiraliya: a cikin Ƙididdigar New Zealand ta 2018, mutane 80,532 sun ce su 'yan tsibirin Cook ne, ko kuma zuriyar tsibirin Cook. Ƙididdigar Australiya ta ƙarshe ta rubuta mutanen tsibirin Cook 28,000 da ke zaune a Ostiraliya, da yawa suna da 'yan asalin Australiya. Tare da baƙi sama da 168,000 zuwa tsibirin a cikin 2018, yawon bude ido shine babban masana'antar ƙasar kuma yana jagorantar tattalin arzikinta, gaba da banki na waje, lu'u-lu'u, da fitar da ruwa da 'ya'yan itace.

 Magana 
Tsibirin Cook sun ƙunshi tsibirai 15 waɗanda ke da sunaye na mutum a cikin harsunan asali ciki har da Tsibirin Cook Māori da Pukapukan a duk lokacin da aka zauna su. Sunan farko da Turawa suka ba shi shine Gente Hermosa (kyakkyawan mutane) daga masu binciken Mutanen Espanya zuwa Rakahanga a cikin 1606. 

Tsibirin gabaɗaya suna da suna bayan kyaftin din Ingila kuma mai bincike James Cook, wanda ya ziyarci a cikin shekarun 1770 kuma ya kira Manuae "Hervey Island" bayan Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol. Kungiyar tsibirin kudancin ta zama sananne da "Hervey Islands" bayan wannan. A cikin shekarun 1820, Admiral na Rasha Adam Johann von Krusenstern ya kira tsibirin kudancin "Cook Islands" a cikin Atlas de l'Ocean Pacifique .  Dukkanin yankin (ciki har da tsibirin arewa) ba a san shi da "Cook Islands" ba har sai bayan da New Zealand ta mamaye shi a farkon karni na 20. A cikin 1901, majalisar dokokin New Zealand ta zartar da Dokar Gwamnatin Cook da sauran Tsibirin, wanda ya nuna cewa sunan "Cook Islands" kawai yana nufin wasu tsibirai. Wannan halin ya canza ta hanyar Dokar Tsibirin Cook ta 1915, wanda ya bayyana yankin Cooks kuma ya haɗa da duk tsibirai da aka haɗa a yanzu.

Sunan hukuma na tsibirin Cook a cikin tsibirin Māori shine Kūki 'Āirani, fassarar sunan Ingilishi.

 Tarihi 
An fara zama tsibirin Cook a kusan AD 1000  ta mutanen Polynesia waɗanda ake tunanin sun yi ƙaura daga Tahiti,  tsibiri mai nisan  zuwa arewa maso gabas na babban tsibirin Rarotonga .

Sadarwar Turai ta farko da tsibirin ta faru ne a shekara ta 1595 lokacin da mai ba da hanya na Mutanen Espanya Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira ya ga tsibirin Pukapuka, wanda ya ba shi suna San Bernardo (Saint Bernard). Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, kyaftin din Portuguese a hidimar kambin Mutanen Espanya, ya fara sauka a Turai a tsibirin lokacin da ya kafa kafa a Rakahanga a 1606, yana kiran tsibirin Gente Hermosa (Mutanen Kyau). Hooker, Brian (1998). 

Mai binciken Burtaniya kuma jami'in sojan ruwa Kyaftin James Cook ya isa a cikin 1773 kuma a cikin 1777,  yana ba da tsibirin Manuae sunan Tsibirin Hervey . Tsibirin Hervey daga baya ya zo don amfani da shi ga dukan ƙungiyar kudanci. Sunan "Cook Islands", don girmama Cook, ya fara bayyana a kan sashin sojan ruwa na Rasha wanda Adam Johann von Krusenstern ya buga a cikin shekarun 1820."Cook Islands Government website". 

A cikin 1813 John Williams, mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a kan jirgin mulkin mallaka Endeavour (ba jirgin ɗaya ba kamar Cook) ya yi rikodin farko na Turai na ganin Rarotonga. Farkon da aka rubuta a Rarotonga ta Turawa ya kasance a cikin 1814 ta Cumberland; matsala ta ɓarke tsakanin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da Islanders kuma an kashe mutane da yawa a bangarorin biyu. Tsibirin ba su ga Turawa ba har sai masu wa'azi na Ingila sun isa a 1821. Kiristanci da sauri ya mamaye al'ada kuma yawancin mazauna tsibirin Krista ne a yau.

Tsibirin sun kasance sanannen tsayawa a karni na 19 don jiragen ruwa na kifi daga Amurka, Burtaniya da Ostiraliya. Sun ziyarci, daga akalla 1826, don samun ruwa, abinci, da itace. Tsibirin da suka fi so sune Rarotonga, Aitutaki, Mangaia da Penrhyn .
Tsibirin Cook sun haɗu da Ƙasar Ingila a cikin 1890, galibi saboda tsoron mazaunan Burtaniya cewa Faransa na iya mamaye tsibirin kamar yadda ta riga ta sami Tahiti. A ranar 6 ga Satumba 1900, shugabannin tsibirin sun gabatar da takarda suna neman cewa tsibirin (ciki har da Niue "idan zai yiwu") ya kamata a haɗa su a matsayin yankin Burtaniya. A ranar 8 da 9 ga Oktoba 1900, shugabannin su da mutane sun sanya hannu kan kayan aiki guda bakwai na ba da Rarotonga da sauran tsibirai. An bayar da sanarwar Burtaniya, inda aka bayyana cewa an karɓi kyautar kuma tsibirin sun ayyana ɓangarorin mulkin mallaka na Britaniya. Koyaya, bai haɗa da Aitutaki ba. Ko da yake mazauna sun dauki kansu a matsayin 'yan Burtaniya, taken kambin bai kasance a bayyane ba har sai wannan sanarwar ta haɗa tsibirin.   A cikin 1901 an haɗa tsibirin a cikin iyakokin mulkin mallaka na New Zealand ta hanyar Order in Council  a ƙarƙashin Dokar iyakokin mulkin kama-karya, 1895 na Ƙasar Ingila.   Canjin iyaka ya zama mai tasiri a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1901, kuma Tsibirin Cook suna da dangantaka ta musamman da New Zealand tun daga wannan lokacin.

Tsibirin Cook sun amsa kiran neman sabis lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na I fara, nan da nan suka aika da runduna biyar, kusan mutane 500, zuwa yaƙin. Matasan tsibirin sun ba da kansu a lokacin barkewar yaƙin don ƙarfafa ma'aikatan Māori da Australian da New Zealand Mounted Rifles. An kafa Asusun Patriotic da sauri, yana tara kudade don tallafawa kokarin yaki. An horar da mutanen tsibirin Cook a sansanin Narrow Neck a Devonport, kuma 'yan wasa na farko sun tashi a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1915 a kan SS Te Anau . Jirgin ya isa Misira kamar yadda za a tura rukunin New Zealand zuwa Yammacin Gabas. A watan Satumbar 1916, Pioneer Battalion, hadewar Cook Islanders, Māori da Pakeha sojoji, sun ga wani mataki mai tsanani a cikin Allied hari kan Flers, yakin farko na Somme. 'Yan tsibirin Cook guda uku daga wannan rundunar farko sun mutu daga aikin abokan gaba kuma akalla goma sun mutu daga cuta yayin da suke gwagwarmaya don daidaitawa da yanayin a Turai. Rundunar Cook Island ta 2 da 3 sun kasance wani ɓangare na yakin Sinai-Palestine, na farko a cikin rawar da aka taka wa Australian da New Zealand Mounted Rifles a sansanin su na Moascar kuma daga baya a samar da makamai ga Royal Artillery. Bayan yakin, maza sun koma barkewar annobar mura a New Zealand, kuma wannan, tare da cututtukan Turai sun nuna cewa adadi mai yawa bai tsira ba kuma sun mutu a New Zealand ko a lokacin da suka dawo gida a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

Lokacin da Dokar 'yan kasa ta Burtaniya da New Zealand ta 1948 ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1949, 'yan tsibirin Cook wadanda suka kasance' yan Burtaniya sun sami' yancin zama na New Zealand ta atomatik. Tsibirin sun kasance yankin da ke dogara da New Zealand har sai Gwamnatin New Zealand ta yanke shawarar ba su matsayin ikon cin gashin kansu. A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1965, an gabatar da kundin tsarin mulki. Ana yin bikin Litinin na farko a watan Agusta a kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Tsarin Mulki. An zabi Albert Henry na Jam'iyyar Cook Islands a matsayin Firayim Minista na farko kuma Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta ba shi daraja. Henry ya jagoranci kasar har zuwa 1978, lokacin da aka zarge shi da yin magudi kuma ya yi murabus. An cire shi daga matsayinsa na jarumi a shekara ta 1979. Tom Davis na Jam'iyyar Democrat ne ya gaje shi wanda ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa Maris 1983. 

A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin 2017, tsibirin Cook ya kafa Marae Moana, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi girman yankin da aka kiyaye a duniya ta girmansa.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, an ruwaito cewa tsibirin Cook yana da shirye-shiryen canza sunansa da kuma cire ambaton Kyaftin James Cook don goyon bayan "wani taken da ke nuna 'yancin Polynesian'"."Cook Islands government backs name change body".  Daga baya aka ruwaito a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019 cewa sauya sunan da aka gabatar ba a karɓa ba daga tsibirin Cook. A matsayin sulhu, an yanke shawarar cewa ba za a canza sunan Ingilishi na tsibirin ba, amma za a karɓi sabon sunan Cook Islands Māori don maye gurbin sunan yanzu, fassarar daga Turanci. Tattaunawar game da sunan ta ci gaba a cikin 2020.

 Yanayin ƙasa 

Tsibirin Cook suna cikin Kudancin Tekun Pasifik, arewa maso gabas da New Zealand, tsakanin Samoa na Amurka da Polynesia na Faransa . Akwai manyan tsibirai 15 da aka bazu akan    na teku, ya kasu kashi biyu daban-daban: Kudancin Cook Islands da Arewacin Cook Islands na murjani atolls . 

An kafa tsibirin ne ta hanyar aikin dutsen wuta; ƙungiyar arewa ta tsufa kuma ta ƙunshi tsibirai shida, waɗanda tsaunuka ne masu fashewa da ke da girma a saman. Yanayin yanayi yana da matsakaici zuwa na wurare masu zafi. Tsibirin Cook ya ƙunshi tsibirai 15 da reefs biyu. Daga Maris zuwa Disamba, Tsibirin Cook suna cikin hanyar guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, mafi shahara daga cikinsu sune guguwar Martin da Percy. Yankunan halittu guda biyu na ƙasa suna cikin yankin tsibirin: gandun daji na Polynesia na tsakiya da gandun daji mai zafi na tsibirin Cook.
Ƙungiyar TsibirinTsibirinYankin (km2) Ƙididdigar Jama'a 2021Densityper km2ArewaPenrhyn9.823023.5ArewaRakahanga4.18119.8ArewaManihiki5.420738.3ArewaPukapuka1.3456350.8ArewaTema Reef (mai nutsewa) 00 -ArewaNassau1.39270.8ArewaSuwarrow0.40 -KudancinPalmerston2.12511.9KudancinAitutaki18.31,77697.0KudancinManuae6.20 -KudancinTakutea10 -KudancinMitiaro22.31557.0KudancinAtiu26.938214.2KudancinMauke18.424913.5KudancinWinslow Reef (mai nutsewa) 00 -KudancinRarotonga67.110,863161.9KudancinMangaia51.84719.1JimillarJimillar236.714,98763.3
Lura: An tsara teburin daga arewa zuwa kudu. Adadin jama'a daga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021.

 Biodiversity 
Fure na kasa na Tsibirin Cook shine Tiare Māori ko Tiale māoli (Penrhyn, Nassau, Pukapuka). 

Tsibirin Cook suna da yawan mutanen da ba na asali ba na jirgin ruwa  da kiore toka (Polynesian rat).  Rukunin sun rage yawan tsuntsaye a tsibirin.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, an sake gabatar da lorikeets na Kuhl 27 zuwa Atiu daga Rimatara. Abubuwan burbushin halittu da al'adun baki sun nuna cewa jinsin ya kasance a kan akalla tsibirai biyar na kudancin. Amfani da yawa ga jan gashinsa shine dalilin da ya sa jinsin ya ƙare a Tsibirin Cook.

Ruwan da ke kewaye da tsibirin shine gidan mala'ika na peppermint. Duk da yake sun zama ruwan dare, saboda wahalar girbi su suna daya daga cikin kifin kifin kifi mafi tsada tare da farashin US $ 30,000.

 Siyasa da alakar kasashen waje 
Tsibirin Cook wakilci ne na dimokuradiyya tare da tsarin majalisa a cikin alaƙar jihar da ke da alaƙa da New Zealand. Gwamnati ce ke amfani da Ikon zartarwa, tare da Firayim Minista a matsayin shugaban gwamnati. Ana ba da ikon yin dokoki a cikin gwamnati da Majalisar Dokokin Tsibirin Cook. Duk da yake ƙasar tana da majalisa guda ɗaya, akwai majalisa guda biyu tare da House of Ariki da ke aiki a matsayin babban gida.

Akwai Tsarin jam'iyyun da yawa. shari'a tana da 'yanci daga zartarwa da majalisa. shugaban kasa shine Sarkin New Zealand, wanda wakilin Sarki ke wakilci a Tsibirin Cook.

Tsibirin suna da ikon cin gashin kansu a cikin "haɗin kai" tare da New Zealand. A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin tsibirin Cook, New Zealand ba za ta iya ba da dokoki ga tsibirin Cook ba. Rarotonga tana da nasa sabis na kasashen waje da kuma hanyar diflomasiyya. 'Yan tsibirin Cook suna da' yancin zama' yan ƙasar New Zealand kuma suna iya karɓar ayyukan gwamnati na New Zealand lokacin da suke New Zealand, amma akasin haka ba gaskiya bane; 'yan ƙasar New Zealand ba' yan tsibirin Cook ba ne. Duk da wannan, tun daga shekarar 2018, Tsibirin Cook yana da dangantakar diflomasiyya a cikin sunansa tare da wasu kasashe 52. Tsibirin Cook ba memba ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba, amma, tare da Niue, sun sami "cikakken ikon yin yarjejeniya" wanda Sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkinobho ta amince da shi,   kuma cikakken memba ne na Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), UNESCO, Ƙungiyar Jirgin Sama ta Duniya, Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya da Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Turai, kuma memba ne na Hukumar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Asiya da Pacific (UNESCAP) kuma memba ne a Majalisar Dinkin duniya.

A ranar 11 ga Yuni 1980, Amurka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Tsibirin Cook wanda ya ƙayyade iyakar teku tsakanin Tsibirin Cook da Samoa ta Amurka da kuma barin duk wani ikirarin Amurka ga Penrhyn, Pukapuka, Manihiki, da Rakahanga.  A cikin 1990 Tsibirin Cook da Faransa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da ta iyakance iyakar tsakanin Tsibirin Cook le Polynesia ta Faransa. A ƙarshen watan Agustan 2012, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ya ziyarci tsibirin. A cikin 2017, Tsibirin Cook sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan haramta makaman nukiliya. A ranar 25 ga Satumba 2023, Tsibirin Cook da Amurka sun kafa Dangantakar diflomasiyya a karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Mark Brown a wani bikin a Washington, DC . 

A cikin 2024, kokarin tsibirin Cook na shiga Commonwealth of Nations a matsayin cikakken memba yana "ci gaba" amma, duk da wannan, gwamnati ba ta iya samun gayyatar halartar taron shugabannin gwamnati na Commonwealth na 2024 a Samoa ba.

A cikin 2025, Firayim Minista Mark Brown ya ce Tsibirin Cook bai cika bukatun zama memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje Tingika Elikana ya ce duk wani yanke shawara na shiga Majalisar Dinkinobho zai buƙaci raba gardama da sake kimanta dangantakar da New Zealand. Brown ya kuma tabbatar da cewa a Commonwealth of Nations tsibirin Cook an dauke shi wakilci ne daga Masarautar New Zealand, ma'ana cewa ba za su sami wakilcin kansu ba sai dai idan sun zama cikakke. Bugu da ƙari, don mayar da martani ga turawa don gabatar da fasfo na tsibirin Cook da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi da China, mai magana da yawun ministan harkokin waje na New Zealand Winston Peters ya ce, "Ba kamar Samoa, Tonga da Tuvalu ba, tsibirin Cook ba cikakkiyar ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta ba", sai dai idan an canza matsayinta da alakarta da New Zealand ta hanyar raba gardama.

 Tsaro da 'yan sanda 
Ofishin 'yan sanda na tsibirin Cook yana kula da ruwa, kuma yana da alhakin tsaro tare da New Zealand, tare da tuntubar Gwamnatin tsibirin Cook da kuma bukatar ta. Jimlar EEZ na bakin teku kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 2. Ana iya amfani da jiragen ruwa na Royal New Zealand Navy don wannan aikin ciki har da jiragen ruwa masu sintiri na Protector-class. Wadannan rundunonin sojan ruwa na iya samun goyon baya daga jirgin saman Royal New Zealand Air Force, gami da P-8 Poseidons .  Koyaya, waɗannan dakarun suna da iyaka a cikin girman kuma a cikin 2023 Gwamnati ta bayyana su a matsayin "ba a cikin yanayin da ya dace ba" don amsa kalubalen yanki. New Zealand ta sanar da "Manufar Tsaro da Sanarwar dabarun" ta lura cewa tsara yanayin tsaro, "mai da hankali musamman kan tallafawa tsaro a ciki da kuma ga Pacific" zai sami karin hankali.

Ofishin 'yan sanda na tsibirin Cook shine rundunar' yan sanda ta tsibirin Cook. Rundunar 'yan sanda ta Maritime Wing tana da iko a kan EEZ na kasar. Jiragen ruwa sun haɗa da jirgin sintiri na Pacific, CIPPB Te Kukupa wanda aka ba da izini a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1989 wanda ya sake dawowa a shekarar 2015  amma an janye shi daga aiki kuma an maye gurbinsa da jirgin sintirin Guardian mai girma da iyawa, CIP PB Te Kukupa II, wanda ya shiga aiki a shekarar 2022. Tsibirin Cook yana da ƙa'idodin al'adu.

 'Yancin Dan Adam 
A baya, luwaɗi na maza ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Tsibirin Cook kuma ana iya hukunta shi da matsakaicin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku; duk da haka, ba a taɓa aiwatar da doka ba. A cikin 2023, an zartar da dokar da ta halatta luwadi.

 Rukunin gudanarwa 
Akwai majalisun tsibirin, kowannensu yana karkashin jagorancin magajin gari, a duk tsibirai na waje da aka zauna (Dokar Karamar Hukumar Tsibirin Waje ta 1987 tare da gyare-gyare har zuwa 2004, da Dokar Karamar Hukumar tsibirin Palmerston ta 1993) ban da Nassau, wanda Pukapuka ke mulki (Suwarrow, tare da mai kulawa daya kawai da ke zaune a tsibirin, wanda Pukapunka ke mulki, ba a ƙidaya tare da tsibirai da mazauna a cikin wannan mahallin ba).
An kafa majalisun vaka guda uku karkashin jagorancin magajin gari a Rarotonga ta hanyar Dokar Karamar Hukumar Rarotong ta 1997,  sannan aka soke shi a watan Fabrairun 2008, duk da jayayya da yawa. 
+Majalisar Vaka ta Rarotonga, 1997-2008VakaGundumomiPuaikuraArorangiTakitumuMatavera, Ngatangiia, TakitumuTe-Au-O-TongaDaidai da Avarua, babban birnin kasar
A matakin mafi ƙasƙanci, akwai kwamitocin ƙauye. Nassau, wanda Pukapuka ke mulki, yana da kwamitin tsibirin (Nassau Island Committee), wanda ke ba da shawara ga Majalisar Tsibirin Pukapuka kan al'amuran da suka shafi tsibirin kansa.

 Waƙoƙi 
Kiɗa a Tsibirin Cook ya bambanta, tare da waƙoƙin Kirista suna da mashahuri, amma rawa na gargajiya da waƙoƙi a Tsibirin Cook Maori da Pukapukan sun kasance sanannun.

 Wasanni 
Tsibirin Cook sun yi gasa a Wasannin Olympics na bazara tun daga shekara ta 1988, ba tare da lashe lambar yabo ba. Rugby league shine shahararren wasanni da kuma wasanni na kasa na kasar.

 Jaridu 
Ana buga jaridu a Tsibirin Cook a Turanci tare da wasu labarai a Tsibirin Cook Māori .  An buga Labaran Tsibirin Cook tun 1945, kodayake gwamnati ce ta mallake shi har zuwa 1989. Tsoffin jaridu sun hada da Te Akatauira, wanda aka buga daga 1978 zuwa 1980. 

 Manazarta 

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