Agroforestry

Agroforestry (wanda kuma aka sani da agro-sylviculture ko noman daji) tsarin kula da amfanin ƙasa ne wanda ke haɗa bishiyoyi da amfanin gona ko kiwo. Ya haɗa fasahar noma da gandun daji. A matsayin tsarin al'adun gargajiya, tsarin noma na iya samar da katako da kayan itace, 'ya'yan itace, goro, sauran kayan shuka da ake ci, da namomin kaza da ake ci, da tsire-tsire na magani, tsire-tsire na ado, dabbobi da kayayyakin dabbobi, da sauran kayayyaki daga gida da na daji.Mudge, Ken; Gabriel, Steve (2014). Farming the Woods: an integrated permaculture approach to growing food and medicinals in temperate forests. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-60358-507-1.

Ana iya yin aikin noma don amfanin tattalin arziki, muhalli, da zamantakewa, kuma yana iya zama wani ɓangare na aikin noma mai dorewa. Baya ga samarwa, amfanin gonakin gandun daji sun haɗa da inganta yawan amfanin gona, mafi koshin lafiya, rage Ma'anarsa

A mafi mahimmancinsa, aikin noma shine kowane nau'in tsarin al'adu daban-daban waɗanda ke haɗa bishiyoyi da amfanin gona ko kiwo a ƙasa ɗaya da gangan. An gudanar da tsarin aikin gonakin gandun daji don inganta hulɗar taimako tsakanin tsirrai da dabbobin da aka haɗa, kuma "yana amfani da gandun daji a matsayin abin ƙira. Haɗin nau'in bishiya cikin tsarin noma yana haifar da haɓakar tsarin aikin gona wanda ya yi daidai da ciyayi na halitta. Don haka, ana amfani da agroforestry agroecology.Leakey, R.R.B. 2014. The role of trees in agroecology and sustainable agriculture in the tropics. Annual Review of Phytopathology 52: 113-133

Agroforestry yana raba ka'idoji tare da ayyukan al'adu iri-iri kamar haɗakarwa, amma kuma yana iya haɗawa da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzuka da yawa waɗanda suka ƙunshi ɗaruruwan nau'ikan. Agroforestry kuma na iya amfani da tsire-tsire masu gyara nitrogen kamar legumes don dawo da haɓakar ƙasa na nitrogen. Ana iya dasa tsire-tsire masu kayyade nitrogen a jere ko kuma a lokaci guda.[Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya kuma nuna cewa yawancin manoma da ke aikin noman gandun daji ba sa bayyana amfanin gonakinsu a matsayin "agroforestry," wanda ke nuna bukatar samun ilimi mai zurfi da wayar da kan jama'a don kara daukar wadannan ayyuka masu dorewa.Santiago-Freijanes et al. 2021; Mosquera-Losada et al. 2020.

 Tarihi da binciken kimiyya 
An kirkiro kalmar "agroforestry" a cikin 1973 ta hanyar gandun daji na Kanada John Bene, amma manufar ta hada da ayyukan noma da suka wanzu tsawon shekaru dubu. Aikin noman gandun daji na kimiyya ya fara ne a karni na 20 tare da nazarin ethnobotanical da masana ilimin dan adam suka gudanar. Duk da haka, al'ummomin ƴan asalin da suka rayu cikin dangantaka ta kud da kud da yanayin gandun daji sun yi aikin noma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tsawon ƙarni. Misali, ’yan asalin California na kona itacen oak a lokaci-lokaci da sauran wuraren zama don kiyaye tsarin tattara nau'ikan nau'ikan iri, wanda ya ba da damar ingantacciyar lafiyar bishiyar da yanayin muhalli. Hakanan ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a gabashin Amurka sun canza yanayinsu sosai kuma suna gudanar da ƙasa a matsayin “mosaic” na wuraren dazuzzuka, gonaki, da lambunan daji.

Agroforestry a cikin wurare masu zafi tsoho ne kuma ya yadu a ko'ina cikin wurare masu zafi daban-daban na duniya, musamman a cikin nau'i na "gidaje na wurare masu zafi." An ci gaba da noma wasu filaye na “lambun gida na wurare masu zafi”. "Lambun gida" a Amurka ta tsakiya na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan bishiyoyi iri-iri 25 da kayan amfanin gona a kan kashi ɗaya cikin goma na kadada. "Gidan gida na wurare masu zafi" tsarin gargajiya ne da masu noman gona suka ɓullo da shi tsawon lokaci ba tare da ingantaccen bincike ko tallafi na hukumomi ba, kuma suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsari da bambancin tsire-tsire masu amfani, tare da alfarwa na bishiya da nau'in dabino waɗanda ke samar da abinci, man fetur, da inuwa, tsakiyar labarin shrubs don 'ya'yan itace ko kayan yaji, da kuma bayanin tushen kayan lambu, kayan lambu na magani, tsire-tsire, wake, da sauran nau'in itace.

A cikin 1929, J. Russel Smith ya buga amfanin gona na Tree: Aikin Noma na Dindindin, wanda a ciki ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kamata a canza aikin noma na Amurka ta hanyoyi biyu: ta hanyar amfani da ƙasar da ba za a iya nomawa ba don noman bishiya, da kuma amfani da amfanin gona na itace don maye gurbin kayan abinci na hatsi a cikin abincin dabbobi. Smith ya rubuta cewa itacen farar zuma, legume da ke samar da kwas ɗin da za a iya amfani da su a matsayin abinci mai gina jiki na dabbobi, yana da babban ƙarfin noma. Rubutun littafin daga baya ya kai ga samar da kalmar permaculture. (wanda kuma aka sani da agro-sylviculture ko noman daji) tsarin kula da amfanin ƙasa ne wanda ke haɗa bishiyoyi da amfanin gona ko kiwo. Ya haɗa fasahar noma da gandun daji. A matsayin tsarin al'adun gargajiya, tsarin noma na iya samar da katako da kayan itace, 'ya'yan itace, goro, sauran kayan shuka da ake ci, da namomin kaza da ake ci, da tsire-tsire na magani, tsire-tsire na ado, dabbobi da kayayyakin dabbobi, da sauran kayayyaki daga gida da na daji.

Ana iya yin aikin noma don amfanin tattalin arziki, muhalli, da zamantakewa, kuma yana iya zama wani ɓangare na aikin noma mai dorewa. Baya ga samarwa, amfanin gonakin gandun daji sun haɗa da inganta yawan amfanin gona, mafi koshin lafiya, rage haɗari ga manoma, kyakkyawa da kyawawan dabi'u, haɓakar ribar gona, rage zaizayar ƙasa, samar da muhallin namun daji, ƙarancin ƙazanta, sarrafa sharar dabbobi, haɓakar halittu masu rai, ingantaccen tsarin ƙasa, da rarraba carbon.

Ayyukan aikin gonakin gandun daji sun fi yawa musamman a cikin wurare masu zafi, musamman a yankunan da ba su da rai, tare da mahimmanci musamman a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Saboda fa'idodinsa da yawa, misali a cikin fa'idodin sake gina jiki da yuwuwar rage fari, an karbe shi a cikin Amurka da Turai.

Haɗe-haɗe da dasa shuki tare da kiwo na dabba a gonar Taylor's Run, Ostiraliya

A mafi mahimmancinsa, aikin noma shine kowane nau'in tsarin al'adu daban-daban waɗanda ke haɗa bishiyoyi da amfanin gona ko kiwo a ƙasa ɗaya da gangan. An gudanar da tsarin aikin gonakin gandun daji don inganta hulɗar taimako tsakanin tsirrai da dabbobin da aka haɗa, kuma "yana amfani da gandun daji a matsayin abin ƙira.". Haɗin nau'in bishiya cikin tsarin noma yana haifar da haɓakar tsarin aikin gona wanda ya yi daidai da ciyayi na halitta. Don haka, ana amfani da agroforestry agroecology.

Agroforestry yana raba ka'idoji tare da ayyukan al'adu iri-iri kamar haɗakarwa, amma kuma yana iya haɗawa da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzuka da yawa waɗanda suka ƙunshi ɗaruruwan nau'ikan. Agroforestry kuma na iya amfani da tsire-tsire masu gyara nitrogen kamar legumes don dawo da haɓakar ƙasa na nitrogen. Ana iya dasa tsire-tsire masu kayyade nitrogen a jere ko kuma a lokaci guda.[Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya kuma nuna cewa yawancin manoma da ke aikin noman gandun daji ba sa bayyana amfanin gonakinsu a matsayin "agroforestry," wanda ke nuna bukatar samun ilimi mai zurfi da wayar da kan jama'a don kara daukar wadannan ayyuka masu dorewa.Santiago-Freijanes et al. 2021; Mosquera-Losada et al. 2020.

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