Cinkin bayi a yamacin afrika

Tekun Slave yanki ne na tarihi da ke gabar Tekun Atlantika na Yammacin Afirka, wanda ya ƙunshi sassan Togo, Benin, da Najeriya na zamani. Tana kusa da Gabar Biafra da Benin da ke tsakanin kogin Volta da tafkin Legas.Law (1989), p.  [ "Change and Continuity in Coastal Bénin", West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade : Archaeological Perspectives, Bloomsbury Academic, 2001, doi:10.5040/9781474291064.ch-005, ISBN 978-1-4742-9104
An samo sunan ne daga tarihin yankin a matsayin babban tushen mutanen Afirka da aka sayar da su cikin bauta a lokacin cinikin bayi na Atlantic tun daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19.Freedom", The Atlantic World, Cambridge University Press, pp. 615–660, 2009-02-16, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816604.018, ISBN 978-0-511-81660-4  "The history of the transatlantic slave trade". A wannan lokacin, wannan yanki na bakin teku ya zama babbar cibiyar fitar da ’yan Afirka da suke bauta zuwa nahiyar Amurka.
A wannan lokacin, wannan yanki na bakin teku ya zama babbar cibiyar fitar da ’yan Afirka da suke bauta zuwa nahiyar Amurka.
At this time, this coastal region became a major center for the export of African slaves to the Americas.
A wannan lokacin, wannan yanki na bakin teku ya zama babbar cibiyar fitar da ’yan Afirka da ake bautar da su zuwa nahiyar Amurka.
At this time, this coastal region became a major center for the export of enslaved Africans to the Americas.
Kasashen turai, da suka hada da Portuguese, Birtaniya, Dutch, Danish, da Faransanci, sun kafa sansani da wuraren kasuwanci a yankin don sauƙaƙe cinikin bayi. An sanya sunan yankin ne saboda yawan bayin da ake jigilarsu daga bakin tekun, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummomin yankin da kuma fadin duniyar Atlantic.

An kiyasta bakin tekun Slave ya kasance wurin tashi ga kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ake bautar a Afirka, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 16 cikin 100 na mutane miliyan 12.5 da aka yi jigilar su zuwa Amurka a lokacin cinikin bayi na transatlantic. Fuglestad, Finn (2018-08-01), "Introduction", Slave Traders by Invitation, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–18, doi:10.1093/oso/9780190876104.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-087610-4 wannan ya yi daidai da matsakaita kusan mutane 20 da ke barin Tekun Slave kowace rana sama da ƙarni biyu. Wani adadi mai yawa na waɗannan mutane, mai yiwuwa fiye da rabi, an taso ne daga bakin tekun kudancin Ouidah, wanda ba shi da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun. Fuglestad, Finn (2018-08-01), "Introduction", Slave Traders by Invitation, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–18, doi:10.1093/oso/9780190876104.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-087610-4 wata tashar jirgin ruwa ta farko da bayi suka taso ita ce Legas.Law, Robin; Mann, Kristin (1999). "West Africa in the Atlantic Community: The Case of the Slave Coast". The William and Mary Quarterly. 56 (2): 307–334. doi:10.2307/2674121. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 2674121 Waɗannan alkalumman suna wakiltar waɗanda suka tsira daga yanayin kafin tafiya, gami da matsanancin jira da lokacin lodi.Fuglestad, Finn (2018-08-01), "Introduction", Slave Traders by Invitation, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–18, doi:10.1093/oso/9780190876104.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-087610-4

Sauran yankunan bakin tekun da ke kusa da su a tarihi sun san su ta hanyar fitar da turawan mulkin mallaka su ne Gold Coast, Ivory Coast (ko Windward Coast), da Tekun Pepper (ko Tekun hatsi).Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo

Tarihin tarihi
Dubi kuma: Ciniki na Triangular da Kasuwancin bayi na Transatlantic
tuntuɓar Turai da kasuwancin farko
Majiyoyin Turai sun fara tattara bayanai game da ci gaban kasuwanci a yankin "Slave Coast" da haɗin kai cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic a kusa da 1670.Green, Toby (2011), "Rethinking the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade from a Cultural Perspective", The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–28, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139016407.003, ISBN 978-1-139-01640
Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa. Boydell & Brewer. 2013. doi:10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.19 Fric, Explorador (1906). "45. Notes on the Grave-Posts of the Kadiueo". Man. 6: 71–72. doi:10.2307/2787741. ISSN 0025-1496. JSTOR 2787741 Rulers of empire: the French colonial service in Africa
A cikin karni na 18, auratayya tsakanin mazauna Turai da matan Afirka yana da alaƙa da farko ga katangar Turai da aka kafa a Ouidah.Law, Robin; Mann, Kristin (1999). "West Africa in the Atlantic Community: The Case of the Slave Coast". The William and Mary Quarterly. 56 (2): 307–334. doi:10.2307/2674121. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 2674121 Yayin da yawancin ma'aikatan Turai ko dai sun mutu ko kuma sun dawo gida bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci, waɗanda suka daɗe suna kulla dangantaka da matan gida kuma suna da yara.Law, Robin; Mann, Kristin (1999). "West Africa in the Atlantic Community: The Case of the Slave Coast". The William and Mary Quarterly. 56 (2): 307–334. doi:10.2307/2674121. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 2674121 health of European troops in the conquest of Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521591694. OCLC 39169947
Robinson, Harlow (2019-12-03), "Where the Devil Has He Been?", Lewis Milestone, University Press of Kentucky, pp. 219–237, doi:10.5810/kentucky/

Kasuwancin bayi na Transatlantic
Kasuwancin bayi na transatlantic ya haifar da samuwar "al'ummar Atlantic" na Afirka da Turawa a karni na 17, 18, da 19. Le Glaunec, Jean-Pierre; Dessens, Nathalie (2020-05-27), "Atlantic New Orleans: 18th and 19th Centuries", Atlantic History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/,  Law (1991), p.307. fataucin bayi na Turawa sun saya kusan mutane miliyan goma sha biyu bayi daga ’yan kasuwar bayi na Afirka a lokacin cinikin bayi na transatlantic. ]"The end of the Dutch slave trade, 1781–1815", The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815, Cambridge University Press, pp. 284–303, 1990-05-25, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511528958.013, ISBN 978-0-521- An kai ’yan Afirka da aka bautar zuwa Amurka don yin aikin noman noman kuɗi a ƙasashen Turawa. : Youthful Rebels: Young People, Agency, and Resistance against Colonial Slavery in the British Caribbean Plantation World", Child Slaves in the Modern World, Ohio University Press, pp. 64–83, 2011, doi:10.1353/chapter.370517, ISBN 978  ppendix A: The Dutch Slave Trade to the French Caribbean, 1650–1675", The Dutch Moment, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 267–268, 2018-12-31, doi:10.7591/9781501706127-011, ISBN 978-1-5017-0612-7, S2CID  tashishi ruwan da suka fitar da wadannan bayi daga Afirka sun hada da Ouidah, Legas, Aneho (Little Popo), Grand-Popo, Agoué, Jakin, Porto-Novo, da Badagry.Mann, K (2007). "An African Family Archive: The Lawsons of Little Popo/Aneho (Togo), 1841-1938". The English Historical Review. CXXII (499):  Waɗannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na cinikin bayi waɗanda aka ba su daga al'ummomin Afirka, kabilu da masarautu, gami da Allada da Ouidah, waɗanda masarautar Dahomey ta karɓe su daga baya.Lombard, J (2018). "The Kingdom of Dahomey". West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century. Routledge. pp. 70–92. doi:10.4324/9780429491641-3. ISBN 978-0-429-49164-1. S2CID

Yawan cinikin bayi da ke gabar tekun Slave ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka yawan jama'a daban-daban da ke shagaltuwar kasuwanci da cibiyoyin sadarwar transatlantic. Law, Robin; Mann, Kristin (1999). "West Africa in the Atlantic Community: The Case of the Slave Coast". The William and Mary Quarterly. 56 (2): 307–334. doi:10.2307/2674121. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 2674121 wanan yawan jama'a sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara kasuwancin Atlantic da al'adu.

Rushewa
Kasuwancin bayi na transatlantic a yammacin Afirka ya fara raguwa tun da wuri fiye da sauran yankuna. Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa. Boydell & Brewer. 2013. yayin da ake la'akari da kwararar fursunoni daga Afirka ta Atlantika a matsayin doka da matsin lamba na diflomasiyya da na ruwa a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata a farkon karni na 19, an fara samun koma baya a yammacin Afirka tun kafin a kafa dokokin kawar da su[Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa. Boydell & Brewer. 2013. Mafi yawan ƙasashe masu cinikin bayi sun fara kamfen na kawar da su a cikin 1807, yayin da yawan jigilar bayi ya fara raguwa a yammacin Afirka daga 1787..Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa. Boydell & Brewer. 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda dokokin mulkin mallaka na samar da tagomashi

Yawan mutane
Ana kuma kiran bakin tekun "kabari na farin mutum" , Explorador (1906). "45. Notes on the Grave-Posts of the Kadiueo". Man. 6: 71–72. doi:10.2307/2787741. ISSN 0025-1496. JSTOR 2787741  McCoy, Tim (1977). Tim McCoy remembers the West : an autobiography. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8155-2. OCLC 16866452 saboda yawan mutuwar mutane daga cututtuka kamar zazzabin rawaya, zazzabin cizon sauro, gajiya mai zafi, da cututtukan gastro-entero da yawa. A shekara ta 1841, kashi 80 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Biritaniya da ke aikin balaguron soji a kogin Niger sun kamu da zazzabi. Curtin, Philip D. (1998). Disease and empire : the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521591694. OCLC 39169947 tsakaanin 1844 zuwa 1854, 20 daga cikin mishan na Faransa 74 a Senegal sun mutu daga cututtukan gida, wasu 19 kuma sun mutu jim kaɗan bayan sun dawo Faransa.[, Rulers of empire: the French colonial service in Africa ]  James, Lawrence (2017-06-06). Empires in the sun : the struggle for the mastery of Africa (First Pegasus books hardcover ed.). New York. ISBN 9781681774633. OCLC 959869470 an rubuta auratayya a tashoshin jiragen ruwa kamar Ouidah inda Turawa suka kasance na dindindin. Law, Robin. The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550–1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an sadarwata kasance mai yawa a tsakanin dukkanin bangarorin kasuwanci guda uku, har ta kai ga ana iya bin diddigin mutanen da ake bautar da su.Quick guide: The slave trade; Who were the slaves?

Kasuwancin bayi da ke ƙetare tekun
Atlantika ya haifar da hasarar rayuka masu yawa da ba a sani ba ga fursunonin Afirka a ciki da wajen Amurka. Sama da mutane miliyan ne ake zaton sun mutu a lokacin da suke tafiya zuwa sabuwar duniya. Stannard, David. American Holocaust. Oxford University Press,  sun mutu jim kadan bayan isowarsu. Yawan rayukan da aka yi hasarar sayan bayi wani abu ne mai ban mamaki amma yana iya kai ko wuce adadin mutanen da suka tsira daga bauta.Zhu, Wei; Li, Lin Lin; Songyang, Yiyan; Shi, Zhan; Li, Dejia (9 March 2020). "Table 1: Two hundred thirty-two differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from three profile datasets". PeerJ. 8: e8731. doi:10.7717/peerj.8731
The slave trade and slavery", After Abolition, I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2007, doi:10.5040/9780755622245.ch-001, ISBN 978-1-84511-365
Masana tarihi na zamani sun yi kiyasin cewa an kwashe mutane tsakanin miliyan biyu zuwa uku daga wannan yanki kuma ana cinikin kayayyaki kamar barasa da taba daga Amurka da masaku daga Turai a matsayin wani bangare na cinikayyar kundilaZhu, Wei; Li, Lin Lin; Songyang, Yiyan; Shi, Zhan; Li, Dejia (9 March 2020). "Table 1: Two hundred thirty-two differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from three profile datasets". PeerJ. 8: e8731. doi:10.7717/peerj.8731 Masana tarihi sun lura cewa duk da cewa bayanan hukuma sun nuna cewa an kai bayin Afirka miliyan goma sha biyu zuwa Amurka daga Afirka, ainihin adadin bayin da ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turai suka saya ya fi yawa.Ronald Segal Eltis, David and Richardson, David, "The Numbers Game". In: Northrup, David: The Atlantic Slave Trade, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2002 Davidson. The African Slave  ] Tare da sauran nau'o'in ciniki, wannan hadadden musayar ya kuma haifar da musayar al'adu tsakanin waɗannan yankuna uku, wanda ya shafi addinai, tsarin gine-gine, harsuna, da ilimiLe Goaer, Olivier; Tamzalit, Dalila; Oussalah, Mourad Chabane; Seriai, Abdelhak-Djamel (2008). "Evolution styles to the rescue of architectural evolution knowledge". Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Sharing and reusing architectural knowledge. Shark '08. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 31–36. doi:10.1145/1370062.1370071. ISBN 978-1-60558-038-8. S2CID 12522305.
Mummunan yanayi na cinikin ya haifar da lalatar daidaikun mutane da al'adu. Masanin tarihi Ana Lucia Araujo"3. Rescuing Slaves Today", Ending Slavery, University of California Press, pp. 36–60, 2019-12-31, doi:10.1525/9780520934641-004, ISBN 978-0-520-93464-1, S2CID 226798869 ya lura cewa tsarin bautar bai ƙare ba tare da isowa gabar Yammacin Yammacin Turai; Hanyoyi daban-daban da mutane da ƙungiyoyin da ke fama da cinikin bayi na trans-Atlantic suka rinjayi abubuwa daban-daban - ciki har da yankin da ke tashi, damar da za a sayar a kasuwa, irin aikin da aka yi, jinsi, shekaru, addini, da harshe. aths of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Interactions, Identities, and Images American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission
Jami'ar Pittsburgh Farfesa na Tarihin Duniya, Patrick Manning, ya kiyasta cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 12 da ake bautar da su ne rikicin cinikin Atlantika ya rutsa da su a tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa na 19, amma kimanin mutane miliyan 1.5 ne suka mutu a cikin jiragen ruwa. Kusan bayi miliyan 10.5 sun isa Amurka. Baya ga mutanen da aka bautar da suka mutu a Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, yawancin mutanen Afirka sun mutu a lokacin hare-haren bayi a Afirka tare da tilasta yin tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Manning ya yi kiyasin cewa mutane miliyan 4 ne suka mutu a cikin Afirka bayan kama su, kuma da yawa sun mutu kanana. Kiyasin Manning ya shafi mutane miliyan 12 da tun farko aka nufa zuwa Tekun Atlantika, da kuma mutane miliyan 6 da aka nufa don kasuwannin bayi na Asiya da kuma mutane miliyan 8 da za su shiga kasuwannin Afirka.Patrick Manning, "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System" in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (eds), The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe (Duke University Press, 1992), pp. 117–44, online at pp. 119–120., Daga cikin bayin da aka aika zuwa Amurka, kaso mafi girma ya tafi Brazil da Caribbean.Maddison, Angus. Contours of the world economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in macro-economic history. Oxford University Press, 2007
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