Injiniyan muhalli

injiniya na muhalli yana amfani da ilimin muhalli da injiniya don yin hasashen, tsarawa, ginawa ko dawowa, da kuma sarrafa tsarin halittu wanda ke haɗa "al'ummar ɗan adam tare da yanayin halittu don amfanin duka biyun".

 Asalin, mahimman ra'ayoyi, ma'anoni, da aikace-aikace 
Injiniyancin muhalli ya fito ne a matsayin sabon ra'ayi a farkon shekarun 1960, amma ma'anarsa ta ɗauki shekaru da yawa don gyarawa. Har yanzu ana aiwatar da shi a cikin gyare-gyare, kuma karɓar saninsa a matsayin sabon tsarin kwanan nan ne. Howard Odum da sauransu ne suka gabatar da aikin injiniya na muhalli  kamar yadda suke amfani da tushen makamashi na halitta a matsayin babban shigarwa don sarrafawa da sarrafa tsarin muhalli. Asalin aikin injiniya na muhalli yana cikin aikin Odum tare da ƙirar muhalli da ƙirar yanayin halittu don kama tsarin macro-alamu na makamashi da kayan aiki da ke shafar ingantaccen amfani da albarkatu.W.J. Mitsch & S.E. Jorgensen (1989), "Introduction to Ecological Engineering", In: W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen (Editors), Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3-12.

Mitsch da Jorgensen  sun taƙaita mahimman ra'ayoyi guda biyar waɗanda ke bambanta aikin injiniya na muhalli daga wasu hanyoyin magance matsalolin don amfanin al'umma da yanayi: 1) ya dogara ne akan ikon tsara kansa na tsarin halittu; 2) yana iya zama gwajin filin (ko acid) na ka'idodin muhalli; 3) ya dogara da tsarin tsarin tsarin; 4) yana kiyaye hanyoyin da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba; kuma 5) yana tallafawa tsarin halittu da kiyaye halittu.

Mitsch da Jorgensen  sune na farko da suka bayyana aikin injiniya na muhalli kamar yadda suke tsara ayyukan al'umma don amfanin al'umma da yanayi, kuma daga baya sun lura    ƙirar ya kamata ta kasance tsarin, mai ɗorewa, da haɗa al'umma tare da yanayin halitta.

Bergen da sauransu. ya bayyana aikin injiniya na muhalli kamar haka: 1) yin amfani da kimiyyar muhalli da ka'idar; 2) yin amfani da kowane nau'in yanayin halittu; 3) daidaita hanyoyin ƙirar injiniya; da 4) amincewa da tsarin jagora.

Barrett (1999)  yana ba da ma'anar ma'anar kalmar: "ƙirar, gini, aiki da gudanarwa (wato, injiniya) na shimfidar wuri / tsarin ruwa da al'ummomin shuke-shuke da dabbobi masu alaƙa (wato, tsarin halittu) don amfanin bil'adama kuma, sau da yawa, yanayi. " Sauran kalmomi tare da kwatankwacin ma'anar ecotechnology da kalmomin da aka fi amfani da su a fagen kula da rushewa: aikin injiniya na halitta Koyaya, ba za a rikitar da 'ƙirar jiki' a matakin injiniya ta jiki' yanci' yancin halitta' yanci.

Ana iya rarraba aikace-aikacen injiniyan muhalli zuwa ma'auni na sararin samaniya guda uku: 1) mesocosms (~ 0.1 zuwa daruruwan mita); 2) tsarin halittu (~ daya zuwa dubban kilomita); da kuma 3) tsarin yanki (> dubban kilomita). Rashin jituwa na ƙirar mai yiwuwa yana ƙaruwa tare da sikelin sararin samaniya. Aikace-aikacen suna ƙaruwa a faɗin da zurfin, kuma mai yiwuwa suna tasiri ga ma'anar filin, yayin da ake bincika ƙarin damar tsarawa da amfani da tsarin halittu yayin da ake amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin al'umma da yanayi. Aiwatar da aikin injiniya na muhalli ya mayar da hankali kan kirkirar ko maido da yanayin halittu, daga wuraren da ya lalace zuwa tubes da greenhouses masu yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da ayyukan microbial, kifi, da kuma shuke-shuke don sarrafa ruwan datti na mutum a cikin kayayyaki kamar taki, furanni, da ruwan sha. Aikace-aikacen injiniyan muhalli a cikin birane sun fito ne daga hadin gwiwa tare da wasu fannoni kamar gine-ginen shimfidar wuri, Tsarin birane, da horticulture na birane,  don magance lafiyar ɗan adam da bambancin halittu, kamar yadda manufofin ci gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka yi niyya, tare da ayyukan cikakke kamar Gudanar da ruwan sama. Aikace-aikacen injiniyan muhalli a cikin yankunan karkara sun haɗa da maganin wuri mai laushi  da sake gina gandun daji ta hanyar ilimin muhalli na gargajiya.  Permaculture misali ne na aikace-aikace masu yawa waɗanda suka fito a matsayin horo daban-daban daga aikin injiniya na muhalli, inda David Holmgren ya ambaci tasirin Howard Odum a ci gaban permaculture.

 Jagororin ƙira, azuzuwan aiki, da ka'idodin ƙira 
Tsarin injiniya muhalli zai haɗu da tsarin muhalli tare da tsarin ƙirar injiniya. Tsarin injiniya yawanci ya haɗa da tsarin matsala (ma'auni), nazarin matsala (ƙuntatawa), bincike na mafita, yanke shawara tsakanin madadin, da ƙayyadaddun cikakkiyar mafita. Matlock et al. sun samar da tsarin ƙirar lokaci,  suna bayyana cewa ana la'akari da mafita na ƙira a lokacin muhalli. A cikin zaɓar tsakanin madadin, ƙirar ya kamata ta haɗa da Tattalin arzikin muhalli a cikin kimantawa  kuma ta amince da tsarin jagora wanda ke inganta kiyaye halittu, amfanin al'umma da yanayi. 

Injiniyanci na muhalli yana amfani da tsarin muhalli tare da ƙirar injiniya don samun cikakken ra'ayi game da hulɗar cikin da tsakanin al'umma da yanayi. Simulation na yanayin muhalli tare da Harshen Tsarin Makamashi (wanda aka fi sani da harshen kewayon makamashi ko energese) na Howard Odum shine misali ɗaya na wannan tsarin tsarin muhalli. Wannan ci gaba da ƙirar ƙira ta bayyana tsarin sha'awa, ta gano iyakar tsarin, kuma ta nuna yadda makamashi da kayan aiki ke motsawa cikin, a ciki, da kuma waje, tsarin don gano yadda za a yi amfani da albarkatun sabuntawa ta hanyar hanyoyin yanayin halittu da haɓaka dorewa. Tsarin da ya bayyana shine tarin (watau, rukuni) na abubuwan da aka haɗa (watau , sassa), waɗanda aka haɗa ta hanyar wasu nau'ikan hulɗa ko alaƙa, wanda gaba ɗaya ke amsawa ga wasu motsawa ko buƙata kuma yana cika wasu takamaiman manufa ko aiki. Ta hanyar fahimtar tsarin muhalli injiniyan muhalli zai iya tsarawa yadda ya kamata tare da abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli da matakai a cikin ƙirar, amfani da makamashi da albarkatu masu sabuntawa, da haɓaka dorewa.

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