Shigar da bayi zuwa Amurka bayan 1808

An hana shigo da bayi daga ketare zuwa Amurka a shekara ta 1808, amma ana iya ci gaba da yin safarar miyagun mutane na bayi a karamin ma'auni na shekaru masu yawa. Lokacin da aka fi yin satar fasaha a cikin shekarun 1810, kafin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da wasu dokoki masu tarin yawa da kuma hukuncin da ya hada da kisa ga masu shigo da kaya ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma a cikin shekarun 1850, lokacin da masu fafutukar bautar suka yanke shawarar cewa mafita ga saurin hauhawar farashin bayi shine kawai a mamaye kasuwa tare da mutane da aka sace daga ko'ina cikin teku.

 Tarihi 
A karkashin wata yarjejeniya da aka yi a lokacin amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, Majalisa ta zartar da dokar hana shigo da bayi a shekara ta 1807 kuma dokar ta fara aiki a shekara ta 1808. Jihohi da yawa sun riga sun sami irin wannan dokoki, amma tare da ɗimbin keɓancewa; South Carolina, alal misali, ya haramta sannan kuma ya sake ba da izinin cinikin bayi na Afirka sau da yawa tsakanin mulkin mallaka da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta 1787,  sannan ta sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Charleston zuwa cinikin bayi na transatlantic tsakanin 1803 da 1807, lokacin da wasu 40,000  zuwa 50,000 suka shiga bautar Afirka.  (Wasu jihohi kuma sun zartar da dokokin da suka haramta ko kuma suna daidaita kasuwancin tsakanin jihohi, ko da yake a tsawon lokaci mafi yawan waɗannan dokokin za su ragu, ba a kula da su, kuma a ƙarshe za a soke su gaba ɗaya.) Bayan 1808, mutanen da ke safarar bayi ta hanyoyi na bakin teku dole ne su sanya hannu kan takaddun shaida a gaban jami'an Kwastam na Amurka suna rantsuwa cewa babu wani daga cikin kayan da suka zo daga Amurka sai dai kaya na Amurka . An ba 'yan gudun hijirar juyin juya halin Haiti da suka koma Louisiana izinin kawo bayinsu tare da su, wanda ya kara kusan rayuka 3,000 ga yawan bayi na Amurka. 

Aiwatar da doka da farko ya kasance matalauta, saboda an hana cinikin bayi a tsakiyar Yaƙin Napoleon da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Independence na Latin Amurka . Masu zaman kansu masu biyayya ga kowane bangare sun kasance masu aiki a cikin Caribbean kuma sun yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar su na fasa-kwauri a Amurka don kawo bayi cikin kasar.  Akwai aƙalla masu fasa-kwaurin bayi 100 ('yan kasuwa da 'yan fashi) masu shigo da bayi cikin Amurka a cikin 1800s; Lafitte ne suka fi shahara a cikinsu.  : 434 Masanin tarihi David Head ya gano wasu mutane 30 na masu zaman kansu da suka sauka ko aka kama su a Amurka wanda ya sa aka shigo da bayi 4,000 ko kama su sannan aka sayar da su. Wadannan jiragen ruwa suna aiki ne da farko a kusa da Louisiana, kusa da Galveston, da kuma kusa da tsibirin Amelia da ke gabar tekun Florida.  : 439-441 A shekara ta 1820 dokar kare kasuwancin Amurka da hukunta laifin satar fasaha (Dokar 15 ga Mayu, 1820, Babi na 113, 3 Stat. 600) ta kafa tara tara da kuma hukuncin kisa ga 'yan fashin da aka kama suna shigo da bayi cikin Amurka.  Sabbin dokoki, hade da kwanciyar hankali na geopolitical da zaman lafiya a yankin Caribbean, ya haifar da raguwa a cinikin bayi bayan 1820. 

A cikin 1830s, ƙwararrun ƴancin sintiri na yaƙi da bautar da sojojin ruwa na Amurka da na Royal suka fara aiki a gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma. Duk da sintiri da tsauraran doka da ake yi kan jigilar bayi daga wajen Amurka, jami'ai sun yi imanin cewa fataucin bayi daga Afirka, Amurka ta Kudu, da Caribbean ya ci gaba da zuwa aƙalla. Duk da cewa gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da gudummawar aikin sintiri na yaki da bauta, amma ta ki barin rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy su binciko jiragen ruwa masu dauke da tutar Amurka domin neman bayi, kasa daya tilo da ta yi hakan. Dalilan hakan sun bambanta; wasu 'yan siyasa sun so su guje wa maimaita rikice-rikice masu ban sha'awa wanda ya zama sanadin yakin 1812, yayin da wasu, irin su jami'in diflomasiyya Nicholas Trist, sun goyi bayan cinikin a asirce. Bugu da kari, jiragen bayi ba wai kawai ga Amurka ba, har ma da Cuba da Brazil, suna tashi da tutar Amurka don gujewa bincike.  Akalla bayi 500 daga Afirka an shigo da su zuwa Texas na Mexico a farkon shekarun 1830.  : 159 

Nazari na zamani da na baya sun samar da ƙididdiga masu yawa akan girman cinikin. A cewar William Jay wanda ya shafe shekaru 1844, "A wata muhawara a Majalisa a 1819, Mista Middleton na South Carolina, ya bayyana cewa, a ra'ayinsa, 13,000 'yan Afirka suna shiga Amurka a kowace shekara. Mista Wright na Virginia ya kiyasta adadin a 15,000!"  Kotun Koli Joseph Labari da Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Ruwa Paul Hamilton kuma sun tabbatar a cikin sanarwar jama'a cewa ana ci gaba da safarar mutane daga ketare.  A cewar ɗan tarihi Paul Finkelman, ƙasa da mutane 10,000 gabaɗaya ƙila an yi safarar su daga Afirka zuwa Amurka tsakanin 1825 zuwa 1850. 
A cikin shekarun 1850, haɓakar motsi don sake buɗe cinikin bayi na transatlantic wani bangare ne na tashin hankali na bautar da masu cin wuta a kudanci. A wannan lokacin (a yunƙurin ciyar da ƙwallon gaba zuwa ga tattalin arzikin ƙasar ba tare da tawaya ba), Charles AL Lamar da ƙungiyar abokan hulɗa sun shiga cikin fataucin mutane daga kogin Kongo zuwa kogin Savannah da kogin Mississippi, a kan Wanderer tabbas,  amma mai yiwuwa akan EA Rawlins da Richard Cobden kuma.  

 Musamman lokuta 

 Jean da Pierre Lafitte, sun fi shahara ga ayyukansu a yakin New Orleans, sun yi safarar bayi zuwa Louisiana a lokuta da yawa tsakanin 1805 da 1820, suna aiki daga sansanonin a Barataria Bay, Amelia Island, da Galveston, Texas tare da sauran masu zaman kansu na Faransa da Spain. 
 A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, 1839, wani birgegen Birtaniya HMS Buzzard ya raka brig Eagle zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na New York bayan da aka kama shi yana cinikin bayi a Afirka. William G. Harrison da Walter Price ne suka kera jirgin a Baltimore, sannan ya tashi zuwa Havana, inda Joshua W. Lettig ya siya. Ma’aikatan ofishin jakadancin Amurka da yawa sun shaida kuma sun amince da siyar da jirgin da kwangilolin, ciki har da Nicholas Trist, karamin jakada a Havana. Wasu jiragen ruwa na bayi hudu na Amurka, Clara, Wyoming, Catherine, da Butterfly, an kama su tare da raka su zuwa New York a wannan shekarar ta hanyar Royal Navy. Duk da haka, babu wani daga cikin sakamakon ƙarar da aka yi wa masu jirgin ko ma'aikatan jirgin da ya haifar da hukunci. 
 <i id="mwsw">Echo</i>, Bawan Amurka mai tutar Amurka wanda aka kama a 1858 kusa da Cuba kuma ya ja shi zuwa Charleston; alkalai sun wanke ma'aikatan; Marubutan edita masu goyon bayan bautar daga baya sun yi korafin cewa James Buchanan ya so yin almubazzaranci da kudaden gwamnatin tarayya don kula da wadanda suka tsira sannan a mayar da su zuwa Afirka, maimakon a sake su kasuwa domin sayarwa da kuma abin da ake ganin zai amfana da bautar Amurka. 
 A cikin Afrilu 1860 an yi jita-jita cewa "kayan na'urori na Afirka" sun sauka a tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta tsakanin Corpus Christi da Indiaola, Texas. 
 William, wanda wani dan Philadelphian ya jagoranta kuma aka ɗaure zuwa Havana, USS ta kama shi Wyandotte (1853) kuma ya sauka a Key West .  Wataƙila za a aika yawancin kayan da ɗan adam zuwa Laberiya, kuma ana tsammanin fasinjoji 190 sun mutu a Key West kuma za a binne su - amma wannan da'awar mace-mace kawai dabara ce ta samar da gonaki a Alabama da Mississippi tare da sabbin ma'aikata bayi?  Idan ba haka ba, to menene tushen "'yan Afirka 23" da za a yi gwanjo a Otal din St. Charles a watan Yuni 1860? 
 <i id="mw0Q">Clotida</i> ya sauka a Mobile Bay a watan Yuli 1860. 

 Magana 

Ƙara karatu