Haruna Carapella

Aaron Carapella ɗan asalin Amurka ne mai koyar da kansa wanda ke yin taswirar wurare da sunayen kabilun 'yan asalin ƙasar Pre-Columbian na Arewacin Amurka a kusa da 1490. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 19, ya fara bincikensa na yin taswira kuma tun daga shekara ta 2014, ya yi taswirar kabilun 'yan asalin tare da sunayensu na asali don nahiyar Amurka, Kanada, da Mexico.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
Carapella daga Warner, Oklahoma . Ya gaya wa NPR cewa shi " Cherokee mai hade-hade-jini" ne a bangaren mahaifiyarsa  kuma yana zaune a wani gidan kiwo a cikin Cherokee Nation a Oklahoma .  Yana magana da Mutanen Espanya,  kuma yana da digiri na farko a tallace-tallace daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiana .    Ya danganta da al'ummar Cherokee .  Kakanninsa a gefen mahaifiyarsa, sun sanya masa sha'awa mai zurfi ga 'yan asalin Amirka: 

Lokacin da yake matashi, yana so ya sami taswirar Amurka wanda ke nuna dukkan kabilun 'yan asalin Amurka a ciki. Ya tafi powwows da yawa, amma bai taba samun taswirar da ta nuna dukkan kabilun ba. Maimakon haka, yawanci yana samun taswirar da ke nuna kabilun 50 zuwa 100. Ya gaya wa Rick Smith yana rubutawa ga Win Awenen Nisitotung cewa

Lokacin da yake ƙarami, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "matashi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" wanda ke da hannu a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi 'yan asalin Amurka kuma ya nuna rashin amincewa da Ranar Columbus. Shi memba ne na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka .  Yanzu, yana mai da hankali kan yin taswira a matsayin "hanyar isar da gaskiya ta wata hanya daban".  

 Yin taswira 
Ya gina taswirar ƙasashen kabilun 'yan asalin Amurka tare da sunayensu na asali kafin Turawa su zo Amurka. Motsa masa na yin taswira ya samo asali ne daga ƙuruciyarsa, amma ya fara bincike da gina taswira yana da shekaru 19  kuma, tun daga shekara ta 2014, ya yi aiki a kansu sama da shekaru 14. Manufarsa ita ce gina taswirar zamanin Pre-Columbian a kusa da 1490, kafin Columbus ya sauka a Amurka. Wani bangare na wahayi zuwa gare shi don gina taswira tare da sunayen kabilun asali ya fito ne daga littafin da ya karanta wanda ya bayyana wasu sunayen kabalun asali da abin da suke nufi.

Don cimma burinsa, ya fara karanta littattafai, ya je ɗakunan ajiya sannan ya kira 'yan ƙabilar kuma ya ziyarci wuraren ajiya don sake gano sunayen kabilanci na asali da kuma inda suke. Binciken da ya yi da kuma ginin taswirar ya fara ne a matsayin allon allon fensir guda huɗu a bangon ɗakinsa. Wasu daga cikin kabilun da ya tuntubi da farko ba su san bayanin da yake bukata ba, amma wani daga cikin kabilu koyaushe zai dawo masa da bayanin da yake buƙata don ci gaba da bincikensa da gina taswirar. Misali, sau da yawa yakan kira wata kabila don neman sunansu na asali kuma za su amsa cewa ba su san abin da suka kira kansu ba. Daga nan sai su tambayi dattijo na kabilar kuma su gano sunan.Yurth, Cindy (1 March 2013). "Putting them on the map-Native cartographer offers a different picture of America" (PDF). Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Tribune. 8 (9). Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2014. A wani lamari, Carapella bai san wane sunan mutanen Waileptu ko Cayuse yake nufi ba kuma bai iya samun shi ba tare da binciken Intanet ko a cikin kowane littafi, amma daya daga cikin masu magana da harshen su na ƙarshe ya iya gaya masa abin da yake nufi.

Ya sami Handbook of North American Indians don taimakawa sosai wajen gina taswirarsa. Ya yi amfani da littafin tare da wasu tushe kamar bayanan mishan da bayanan sojoji don sanin inda wani dan kasuwa na Turai ya ba da rahoton cewa ya sadu da wata kabila. Wannan ya ba shi damar rage wuraren kabilun zuwa kusan 1490. Daga nan zai tabbatar da bincikensa ta hanyar tuntuɓar kabilun don tabbatar da rubutun sunayen kabilun asali da wuraren kabilansu.

Carapella ya gaya wa Navajo Times cewa babbar ƙalubale wajen gina waɗannan taswirar ita ce gano duk sunayen asali. Ya sami bincike a kan taswirarsa musamman da wahala saboda wasu kabilun suna da 'yan kalilan da suka tsira har ma da ƙarancin masu magana da yarensu. Sauran ƙananan kabilun sun ɓace kuma kawai bayanan da suka rage shine a cikin kabilun da suka shawo kansu. Ya yi imanin cewa bincikensa ya nuna cewa yayin da wasu sunayen kabilun suka ƙare, an haɗa waɗanda suka mutu daga waɗannan kabilun zuwa wasu manyan kabilun. Wato, lokacin da aka kori wata kabila daga yankin da take zaune, yawanci ana haɗa waɗanda suka tsira cikin wata kabila mafi girma: "Idan kai memba ne na kabilar Creek, alal misali, mai yiwuwa kuna da jinin tsoffin kasashe 15 zuwa 20".Yurth, Cindy (1 March 2013). "Putting them on the map-Native cartographer offers a different picture of America" (PDF). Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Tribune. 8 (9). Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2014.

Carapella ya lura cewa halin da kabilun ke yi na kula da sunansu na asali sau da yawa ya dogara da ko har yanzu suna zaune kusa da asalin ƙasarsu. Ya yi hasashen cewa

A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya tuntubi Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka don su yi bincike kan ko an mallaki ra'ayinsa na taswirar a baya. Lokacin da suka ba da rahoton cewa babu irin waɗannan taswirar da aka mallaka, sai ya sanya duk kokarinsa don samun taswirar farko  kuma ya mallaki shi lokacin da ya kammala shi. Yurth, Cindy (1 March 2013). "Putting them on the map-Native cartographer offers a different picture of America" (PDF). Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Tribune. 8 (9). Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2014.

 Taswirar 
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, ya kammala taswirar nahiyar Amurka, Kanada, da Mexico. An saki taswirar farko ta Amurka a watan Nuwamba, 2012,  kuma bisa ga Two Row Times ita ce ta farko da ta nuna al'ummomin asalin Arewacin Amurka a cikin yarensu na asali.  A cewar babban masanin ilimin ƙasa a Gidan Tarihi na Indiyawan Amurka a Washington, DC, Doug Herman, taswirarsa ta musamman ce saboda sun haɗa da sunan asalin kabilun 'yan asalin Amurka da sunayen da aka fi sani da su. A cewar Herman

Har ila yau Herman ya lura cewa wasu sunaye na gama-gari na kabilun Amirkawa na wulakanci ne. Wani lokaci wata kabila ta siffanta wata kabila da ke da kalmar wulakanci a yarensu kuma ta makale a matsayin sunan gama gari na wannan kabilar. Misali, kalmar " Comanche " kalma ce a yaren Ute wanda ke nufin a turance "duk wanda ke son yakar ni a koda yaushe".  Herman ya gaya wa NPR

Misali, maimakon samun "Comanche" a kan taswirar akwai "Numinu" kuma maimakon "Navajo" akwai "Diné" (ko da yake yana yin taswira tare da sunan asali a saman da sunan yanzu a ƙasa kamar "Diné' a sama da "Navajo".Yurth, Cindy (1 March 2013). "Putting them on the map-Native cartographer offers a different picture of America" (PDF). Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Tribune. 8 (9). Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2014. ) 

Taswirar yau na ƙasashen 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suna nuna ƙananan ƙasashe masu aminci da wuraren ajiya da ke kewaye da ƙasashe masu yawa waɗanda aka ba da su ta hanyar Yarjejeniyoyi ko kuma aka karbe su cikin shekaru. Taswirar Carapella ta nuna cewa kafin 1492, Arewacin Amurka ta cika da adadi mai yawa na kabilun masu cin gashin kansu.

Ya kuma so taswirarsa ta nuna girman yawan mutanen kabilanci da yankunan da suke zaune. An haɓaka taswirar tare da taimakon Overdrive Media da Printing a Flagstaff, Arizona .  Taswirarsa suna da hotuna ko zane-zane na mutane, kayan tarihi, gidaje, da tufafi waɗanda suka dace da kabilar kuma an sanya su a wuraren da suka dace da kowace kabila.

Taswirar nahiyar Amurka da ya gina yana da kusan kasashe 590 tare da sunayen kabilun asali. Daga cikin wadannan kabilun, kimanin 150 sun ƙare. Saboda yawancin kabilun suna nomadic, ya sanya sunayen kabilun a wuraren da kabilun suka kasance kafin fadada Turai ta fitar da su. Ya bambanta girman maɓallin sunayen kabilun don nuna girman danginsu da yankin ƙasar da suke zaune. Bugu da kari, kimanin kabilun 150 suna da sunansu na yanzu da aka jera a ƙarƙashin sunansu na asali saboda mutane da yawa ba su san sunan asali da ake kira waɗannan kabilun ba. 

Carapella bai shirya yin taswirar Kanada ba. Ya ƙarfafa wani mutum a Kanada ya yi taswirar da ta yi kama da taswirar Amurka, amma hakan bai yi aiki ba, don haka ya ci gaba ya yi taswira na Kanada. Taswirar Kanada ta gano kabilun 212 da sunayensu na asali. Akwai kungiyoyi masu cin gashin kansu da yawa waɗanda ba za su iya haɗa su ba saboda babu isasshen wuri a taswirar don haɗa ƙananan kungiyoyi. Kamar yadda yake tare da taswirar Amurka inda ya yi gyare-gyare da yawa, yana sa ran ci gaba da yin gyare- gyare-gine a cikin taswirarsa yayin da sabon bayani ya shigo.

Yankunan yau tsakanin Kanada da Amurka da Mexico da Amurka sun kasance masu son rai dangane da inda yankunan kabilanci suka kasance. Misali, ya kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin kabilun 24 da ke da yawan jama'a da ke raba ta iyakar Mexico da Amurka. A cikin gina taswirar Mexico, ya lura cewa harshe da al'adun kabilun a Mexico sun fi kiyayewa fiye da kabilun da ke gefen Amurka na iyaka. Ya yi hasashen cewa dalilin na iya zama cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari sosai don sake komawa yara zuwa Makarantun kwana na Indiyawan Amurka.

A farkon shekara ta 2015, Carapella ya kammala taswirar Alaska kuma daga baya ya kirkiro taswirar dukkan kabilun Indiya a Arewacin Amurka ba tare da iyakoki ba, wanda ke nuna kabilun sama da 1000. A ƙarshen 2015, Carapella ya kammala taswirar da ba ta da iyaka ta kabilun Kudancin Amurka. A nan gaba, yana so ya yi "tsohon atlas na tuki" wanda zai iya mai da hankali kan wurare daban-daban cikin cikakkun bayanai.

 Manazarta 

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