Purushamedha

Purushamedha (ko Naramedha) al'ada ce ta Śrauta ta Hadaya ta mutum. Tsarin Vajasaneyi Samhita-Sataphatha Brahmana-Katyayana Srauta Sutra na Shukla Yajur Veda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan bayanai.

Ko ana yin hadaya ta mutum a zahiri an yi muhawara tun lokacin da Colebrooke ya kawo batun a cikin 1805. Ya dauki shi a matsayin al'ada ta alama. Tun da yake babu wani rubutun ko wani rikodin Purushamedha da aka taɓa yi, wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar an ƙirƙira shi ne kawai don kammala yiwuwar hadaya. Asko Parpola ya ba da shawarar ainihin hadayu na ɗan adam an bayyana su a cikin matani na Vedic, yayin da Brahmanas suka nuna aikin yana raguwa. [bayanin kula 1] A cikin Shatapatha Brahmana 13.6.2, murya mai zurfi ta shiga tsakani don dakatar da aikin. Dhatupatha na Aṣṭādhyāyī na Pāṇini ya bayyana tushen medha a matsayin haɗin makamashi don yin wani abu mai amfani.

 Ci gaban tarihi 

 A lokacin Vedic 
Masana suna shakkar Purushamedha kamar yadda aka yi ainihin hadayar mutum. [bayanin kula na 2] Oliver Leaman (2006), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Routledge, , page 557, Quote: "It should be mentioned that although provision is made for human sacrifice (purusha-medha) this was purely symbolic and did not involve harm to anyone". Koyaya, a cewar Jan Houben, ainihin abin da ya faru na hadayar ɗan adam zai zama da wahala a tabbatar da shi tunda shaidun da suka dace za su kasance kaɗan. 

 Tashin Addinai na Sramanic 
A cewar Jan Houben, lokacin Vedic na baya ya biyo bayan wani lokaci na kunya game da tashin hankali a cikin al'ada. Wannan lokacin ya dace da tashiwar addinan Sramanic kamar Buddha da Jainisma, dukansu suna mai da hankali kan rashin tashin hankali (ahimsa). Wannan lokacin kuma ya dace da abun da ke cikin Shatapatha Brahmana, wanda ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a saki wadanda aka azabtar da Purushamedha, da kuma abun da ke ciki na Chandogya Upanishad, wanda ya lissafa rashin tashin hankali a matsayin nagarta.

 Lokacin Tsakiya 
A karni na 10, an haɗa Purushamedha a cikin jerin Kali-varjyas, ko ayyukan da aka haramta wa Kali Yuga. Wannan yana nuna cewa hadayar mutum ta zama tsohon yayi a lokacin da aka rubuta matani. Koyaya, yana kuma nuna cewa Purushamedha na iya cinyewa a wasu lokuta tare da ainihin hadaya na mutum. Wato, kasancewar shigar da haramcin a cikin jerin Kali-varjyas ya nuna cewa aƙalla marubuci ɗaya ya ji tsoron yiwuwar cewa mai yin al'ada na iya ɗaukar bayanin al'ada a matsayin lasisi na ɗabi'a don yin al'adar har zuwa kisan kai da cin nama. Wannan dalili ne mai yiwuwa don haɗa shi a cikin jerin Kali-varjyas, koda kuwa bikin alama ne kawai a lokacin da aka tsara Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa . 

 Ayyuka a cikin tarihin Hindu 
Aitareya Brahmana ya ba da labarin hadaya da Sarki Harischandra ya yi. Sarkin da ba shi da yara ya nemi Varuna ya ba shi ɗa, kuma a sakamakon haka, Varuna ya nemi ya miƙa masa hadaya da yaron. Harischandra ya jinkirta yin hadaya kuma ya ba ɗansa, mai suna Rohita, damar tsufa. A ƙarshe, Rohita ya yi yawo cikin gandun daji don neman wanda zai maye gurbin kansa. Ya haɗu da wani matalauci Brahmin mai suna Ajigarta, wanda ya sayar masa da ɗansa Sunahsepa. Sunahsepa an ɗaure shi a kan gungume, amma ya 'yantar da kansa ta hanyar karanta wasu mantras da Vishvamitra ya koya masa. An sake maimaita wannan labarin a cikin Bhagavata Purana  

 A cikin Vedanta da Puranas 
An yi hadaya da cin nama a bayyane a cikin Bhagavata Purana (5.26.31). Chandogya Upanishad (3.16) ya bayyana cewa Purushamedha a zahiri kwatanci ne na rayuwa kanta, kuma yana kwatanta matakai daban-daban na rayuwa da hadayu da aka miƙa. Sashe na Mahabharta na XXII na Sabha Parva a cikin Jarasandha-Badha Parva lokacin da mugun sarki Jarasandha ke yin hadayar mutum. Sri Krishna ya ce, "Amma kai, Ya sarki, yana bi da wasu sarakuna da zalunci, yana neman miƙa su a matsayin hadaya ga allahn Rudra! Ya ɗan Vrihadratha, wannan zunubi da kuka aikata na iya taɓa mu, domin kamar yadda muke da nagarta a cikin ayyukanmu, muna da ikon kare nagarta. Kashe mutum kamar yadda ba a taɓa gani ba. Me ya sa ka nemi yin hadaya ga Allah Sankara ta hanyar yankan mutane? Ba a san ko irin wannan hadaya ta kasance nasu ba kuma yanzu an hukunta shi ko kuma ba a taɓa kasancewa ba.

 Manazarta