Kwamitin Bayanai na Muhalli

Majalisar Bayanai don Muhalli (ICE) kungiya ce ta musanta canjin yanayi ta Amurka wacce kungiyar National Coal Association, Western Fuels Association, da Edison Electrical Institute suka kirkira. 

 Tarihi 
A cikin shekarun 1980s, Yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da dumamar duniya ta fara samuwa: duniyar tana dumama sakamakon mutane da ke ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu, kuma wannan zai zama matsala ga bil'adama. A farkon shekarun 1990s, wayar da kan jama'a game da batun ya karu, kuma Kungiyar man fetur ta Yammacin Yamma ta nemi gabatar da wata hujja cewa karuwar hayakin carbon zai zama mai fa'ida, maimakon cutarwa, ga muhalli. Don yin wannan, sun kirkiro Green Earth Society da ICE. Don kara tasirin kamfen ɗin su, Ƙungiyar Man Fetur ta Yamma ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi na kasuwa. Lalle ne, an zaɓi acronym ICE kafin a ba da sunan kungiyar. Sauran sunayen da za a iya amfani da su sun haɗa da: "Mutanen da ke da masaniya don Muhalli", "Damuwa mai basira ga Muhalli", da kuma "Zaɓuɓɓuka masu basira don Muhalli". Ƙungiyoyin mayar da hankali sun nuna cewa 'yan ƙasar Amurka sun amince da masana kimiyya fiye da' yan siyasa ko masu gwagwarmaya, don haka an zaɓi sunan fasaha mai suna "Majalisar Bayanai don Muhalli.

A cikin wani shiri wanda Shugaba na Western Fuel, Fred Palmer ya jagoranci, ICE ta kashe $ 510,000 don gudanar da kamfen ɗin gwaji daga Fabrairu zuwa Agusta 1991. Kungiyar tana da manufofi da yawa waɗanda aka rubuta a ciki; lokacin da aka ƙidaya manyan goma, lambar farko ita ce "sakewar dumamar duniya a matsayin ka'idar (ba gaskiya ba). "  Shugaban Ƙungiyar Coal ta Kasa Richard L. Lawson ya nemi membobin su ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin ICE. Ya bayyana a cikin wata sanarwa, "masana'antarmu ba za ta iya zama a gefe a cikin wannan muhawara ba".  Hudu daga cikin manyan masu samar da kwal 15 (ARCO Coal, Peabody Holding Company, Island Creek Coal Company, da Amax Coal Industries) sun ba da gudummawa aƙalla $ 15,000 ga kamfen ɗin. Patrick Michaels, Robert Balling da Sherwood B. Idso duk sun ba da sunayensu a cikin 1991 ga kwamitin ba da shawara na kimiyya. Shirin tallace-tallace ya bukaci sanya wadannan masana kimiyya guda uku, tare da abokin hulɗar canjin yanayi S. Fred Singer, a cikin bayyanar watsa shirye-shirye, shafukan op-ed, da tambayoyin jarida.

Bracy, Williams & Co., wani kamfanin PR na Washington DC, ya yi aikin talla na gaba don tambayoyin. Wani kamfani ya yi kwangila don gudanar da binciken ra'ayi, wanda ya gano "maza da suka fi girma, maza marasa ilimi daga manyan gidaje waɗanda ba masu neman bayanai ba ne" da kuma "matasa, mata masu karamin karfi" a matsayin "masu kyau don tallace-tallace na rediyo" wanda zai " kai tsaye kai farmaki ga masu goyon bayan dumamar duniya [...] ta hanyar kwatanta dumamar duniya da tarihin tarihi ko lokuta na baƙin ciki da lalacewa".

Tallace-tallace na bugawa da rediyo sun mamaye biranen da aka zaba don kamfen ɗin. Ɗaya daga cikin tallan bugawa da aka shirya don kamfen ɗin ICE ya nuna jirgin ruwa da ke gab da sauka daga gefen duniya mai laushi a cikin maƙarƙashiya na dragon mai jira. Taken ya karanta: "Wasu suna cewa duniya tana dumi. Wasu kuma sun ce duniya tana da faɗi. "Wani ya gaya maka cewa duniya tana Warming . . . Chicken Little?" Wani talla an yi niyya ga masu karatu na Minneapolis kuma an tambayi, "Idan duniya tana da zafi, me ya sa Minneapolis ke yin sanyi?"  Maganganun da aka yi a cikin tallace-tallace sun kasance ƙarya ko kuma sun wuce gona da iri. Misali, wani jami'in American Meteorological Society ya lura cewa Minneapolis ya yi zafi da digiri 1.0 zuwa 1.5 a karni na ashirin. Yawancin tallace-tallace suna da akwati inda mutane za su iya rubuta bayanan hulɗarsu don karɓar ƙarin bayani, daga abin da Bracy, Williams suka gina jerin wasiku na fararen hula masu tausayi.

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ICE ya rushe bayan masu fafutukar muhalli sun ɓoye wa manema labarai bayanan ciki. Wani Michaels mai kunya ya rabu da kansa da sauri, yana mai ambaton abin da ya kira "rashin gaskiya". Bayan rushewar, shi, Balling, Idso, da Singer sun ci gaba da nuna musantawarsu game da gaskiyar kimiyya na dumamar duniya. Sun shiga kungiyoyi masu kama da ICE kuma sun kasance sanannun a tattaunawar jama'a game da canjin yanayi duk da matsayinsu ba daidai ba ne da sauran masana kimiyya. Wakilan masana'antu sun ci gaba da tura labarin cewa hayakin carbon dioxide yana da kyau, tare da Palmer yana bayyana cewa man fetur na burbushin halittu "kyauta ce daga Allah". Ya bayyana a wani taron masana'antar kwal a shekarar 1996 cewa matakin gwamnati na hana dumamar duniya shine mataki na farko a cikin gangara mai santsi zuwa ga kwaminisanci, kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa da PR tare da sake kaddamar da Greening Earth Society a shekarar 1998.

 Dubi kuma 

 Siyasa na kimiyya

 Haɗin waje 

 Kamfen ɗin "ICE" na Masana'antar Karfe (1999)
 Tarihin bayanan ICE

 Ƙarin karantawa 

 Naomi Oreskes: Gaskiya ta fi gaskiyar ku kyau, a cikin: Peter Howlett, Mary S. Morgan (Hrsg.), Ta yaya Gaskiya ke Tafiya?  Yaduwar Ilimi Mai Amincewa. Cambridge University Press 2011, 136-166,  .
 Riley E. Dunlap, Aaron M. McCright: Ƙaryatãwa game da Canjin Yanayi. A cikin: John S. Dryzek, Richard B. Norgaard, David Schlosberg (Eds.): Littafin Oxford na Canjin Yanayi da Al'umma. Oxford University Press, 2011, shafi na 144-160.

 Manazarta