Julian Bond

Horace Julian Bond (Janairu 14, 1940 - Agusta 15, 2015) ɗan gwagwarmayar zamantakewar al'umma ne na Amurka, shugaban ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama, ɗan siyasa, farfesa, kuma marubuci. Yayinda yake dalibi a Kwalejin Morehouse a Atlanta, Jojiya, a farkon shekarun 1960, ya taimaka wajen kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC). A shekara ta 1971, ya kafa Cibiyar Shari'ar Talauci ta Kudu a Montgomery, Alabama, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta na farko kusan kusan shekaru goma. 

An zabi Bond don yin wa'adi huɗu a Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia kuma daga baya aka zabe shi ya yi wa'adi shida a Majalisar Dattijan Jihar Georgia, yana aiki jimlar shekaru ashirin a cikin majalisun majalisa biyu. Bayan aikinsa a majalisa, ya kasance farfesa a fannin tarihi a Jami'ar Virginia daga 1990 zuwa 2012. Daga 1998 zuwa 2010, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP).

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haifi Bond a shekara ta 1940 a Asibitin Hubbard da ke Nashville, Tennessee, ga iyayen Julia Agnes (Washington) da Horace Mann Bond . Mahaifinsa malami ne, sannan shugaban Kwalejin Jihar Fort Valley. Mahaifiyarsa, Julia, tsohuwar mai kula da ɗakin karatu ce a Jami'ar Clark Atlanta, kuma kwalejin baƙar fata ce ta tarihi.

Iyalin sun zauna a harabar jami'ar Fort Valley State College. Gidan Bonds ya kasance wurin tsayawa akai-akai ga malamai, masu gwagwarmaya, da kuma shahararrun da ke wucewa, kamar WEB Du Bois da Paul Robeson.

A shekara ta 1945, mahaifin Bond ya karbi matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Lincoln, inda ya kasance shugaban Afirka na farko, kuma iyalin suka koma Arewa.

A cikin 1957, Bond ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar George, makarantar share fage ta Quaker mai zaman kanta kusa da Newtown a cikin Bucks County, Pennsylvania .  Ya halarci Kwalejin Morehouse, kwalejin baƙar fata ta tarihi a Atlanta, Jojiya. Ya kasance da hannu sosai a Morehouse . Ya kasance dan wasan ninkaya a kungiyar varsity. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai horarwa a mujallar Time kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa The Pegasus, mujallar wallafe-wallafe.  

 Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai ba tare da tashin hankali ba 
A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1960, Bond ya taimaka wajen kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC). 

A shekara ta 1961, Bond ya bar Morehouse don shiga ma'aikatan Atlanta Inquirer, sabon takarda na zanga-zangar baƙar fata da ya taimaka wajen kafa a lokacin rani na 1960 tare da Jesse Hill, Herman J. Russell,  da sauran ɗalibai daban-daban a cikin Atlanta Student Movement ciki har da Charlayne Hunter-Gault, da Lonnie King.  

Bayan farar tashin hankali da aka ziyarta a lokacin rani na 1961 akan ƙoƙarin rajista na farko na masu jefa ƙuri'a (a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bob Moses) a McComb, Mississippi, ciki har da kisan gillar mai fafutuka Herbert Lee,  Bond ya ɗauki sabon matsayi na cikakken lokaci na darektan sadarwa na SNCC wanda Casey Hayden ya taimaka, Mary King da Dottie Miller,  har zuwa watan Satumba na 1966 . tuƙi a 1964) kuma zuwa Georgia, Alabama, da Arkansas . 

A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, kuma ba tare da rungumar tsarin baƙar fata ba, Bond ya kammala cewa ci gaba da kasancewar masu shirya fararen fata a SNCC yana lalata amincewar baƙar fata. Daga baya ya ce:"Sarakunan da Freedom Summer ta samu sun samo asali ne daga rungumar wata matsala - ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi yaƙi da tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hanyar yin kira ga mutanen da suka fi damuwa da fararen fata, ba baƙi ba. Yin kira ga wariyar launin fata na al'ummar da ta yarda da fifiko ga fararen fata don fadada gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama a Kudu, SNCC ta saba wa imanin ta a cikin daidaito na dukkan kabilu, kuma ta rage dagewarta cewa 'yan asalin baƙi sun fi shirya don jagorantar gwagwarmaya da rinjayar su daga ceto. "A lokacin da yake da shekaru 31, tare da SNCC zubar da ma'aikata da masu sa kai bayan hadewar da ba ta yi nasara ba tare da Black Panther Party, Bond ya koma Kwalejin Morehouse a 1971, don kammala karatun digiri na farko a Turanci.

 Babban Taron Georgia 
Baya ga shirya tare da SNCC, Bond ya gudu don ofishin siyasa a Georgia. A shekara ta 1965, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan Afirka 11 da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia . An taimaka musu ta hanyar fadada ikon mallakar baƙi a cikin jihar, waɗanda suka fi tallafawa 'yan takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat, bayan da aka zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 da Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta 1965. Wannan na ƙarshe musamman ya kawo kulawar tarayya don aiwatar da haƙƙin tsarin mulki na baƙi don jefa kuri'a. Yayin da jihohi suka kawo karshen ayyukan nuna bambanci a cikin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a, 'Yan Afirka na Afirka sun sake samun damar jefa kuri'u kuma sun shiga tsarin siyasa.

Kodayake da farko bai yanke shawara game da ƙungiyar jam'iyyarsa ba, Bond daga ƙarshe ya gudu kuma an zabe shi a matsayin dan jam'iyyar Democrat, jam'iyyar Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson, wanda ya goyi bayan haƙƙin jama'a, kuma ya sanya hannu kan Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama da Dokar 'YanYancin Zabe a cikin doka.Yes We Did?: From King's Dream to Obama's Promise (2009) by Cynthia Griggs Fleming,  A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 1966, wakilan Georgia sun kada kuri'a 184-12 kada su zauna Bond bayan zaben, saboda ya amince da manufofin SNCC na adawa da Amurka ta shiga cikin yakin Vietnam.  Biyar daga cikin wakilan da suka jefa kuri'a don zama Bond fari ne, ciki har da Republican Rodney Cook .  Ba su son nuna tausayi ga mutanen da "ba sa son amsawa ga aikin soja". [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] 

Bond ya kai majalisar dokoki kotu. Kwamitin alƙalai uku na Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewacin Georgia sun yanke hukunci a cikin yanke shawara 2-1 cewa Gidan Georgia bai keta duk wani haƙƙin tsarin mulki na Bond ba. Shari'ar ta kai Kotun Koli ta Amurka a shekarar 1966, wacce ta yanke hukunci 9-0 a cikin shari'ar Bond v. Floyd (385 US 116) cewa Majalisar Wakilai ta Georgia ta hana Bond 'yancin magana kuma an buƙaci ya zauna a kansa. Daga 1967 zuwa 1975, an zabi Bond zuwa wa'adi huɗu a cikin Gidan Georgia, inda ya shirya kungiyar Black Caucus ta Georgia. 

A watan Janairun 1967, Bond na cikin mambobi goma sha ɗaya na gidan Georgia waɗanda suka ki yin zabe lokacin da majalisar dokoki ta zabi dan jam'iyyar Democrat Lester Maddox na Atlanta a matsayin gwamnan Georgia a kan Bo Callaway na Jamhuriyar Republican. Callaway ya jagoranci a babban zabe 1966 da kuri'u dubu uku. A karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Georgia na 1824, majalisar dokoki ta jihar ta warware zaben saboda babu wani dan takarar jam'iyya da ya samu rinjaye a babban zaben. Tsohon Gwamna Ellis Arnall ya samu kuri'u sama da dubu hamsin a matsayin dan takara na rubuce-rubuce, wani abu da ya haifar da rikici. Bond ba zai goyi bayan ko Maddox ko Callaway ba, kodayake an umarce shi da ya jefa kuri'a ta hanyar Laftanar Gwamna Peter Zack Geer.

A duk lokacin da yake aiki a majalisar, Bond ya yi hulɗa da sake sake rarraba gundumar sa ta majalisar dokoki ta jihar:

 1967-1969: 136th 
 1969-1973: na 111 
 1973-1974: na 32 

An zabi Bond a shekara ta 1974 don karo na farko na wa'adi shida a Majalisar Dattawan Georgia, inda ya yi aiki daga 1975 zuwa 1987.   

A lokacin Zaben shugaban kasa na 1968, Bond ya jagoranci wata tawagar daga Georgia zuwa Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Democrat a Chicago. A can ne dan Afirka na farko da aka shigar da sunansa a cikin gabatarwa a matsayin babban dan takarar jam'iyya na Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka. Bond mai shekaru 28 ya ƙi da sauri, yana mai da hankali ga abin da tsarin mulki ya buƙaci cewa dole ne mutum ya kasance aƙalla shekaru 35 don yin aiki a wannan ofishin.

 Ayyuka da bayyanar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai 
A cikin 2012, an nuna Bond a cikin Julian Bond: Reflections from the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement, fim din Eduardo Montes-Bradley.

Daga 1980 zuwa 1997, Bond ya dauki bakuncin Black Forum na Amurka. Ya kuma kasance mai sharhi ga Byline na rediyo da NBC's The Today Show .  Ya wallafa shafi na jaridar da aka hada da ita a kasar Viewpoint,  kuma ya ba da labarin jerin shirye-shiryen PBS masu suna Eyes on the Prize a cikin 1987 da 1990. 

Bond ya Sarki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1977, ya zama baƙar fata na farko da ya yi hakan. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya kuma bayyana a cikin motar Richard Pryor Greased Lightning . A shekara ta 1978, Bond ya buga kansa a cikin miniseries King . Epic Television Miniseries: A Critical History (2010) by John De Vito and Frank Tropea, p. 181,  Ya kuma yi karamin fitowa yana wasa da Wakilin Jiha John E. White a fim din Ray (2004),  kuma ya buga kansa a fim din 5 zuwa 7 (2014). 

 Rayuwa da mutuwarsa 
A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1961, Bond ya auri Alice Clopton, daliba a Kwalejin Spelman. Suna da 'ya'ya biyar: Phyllis Jane Bond-McMillan, Horace Mann Bond II, Michael Julian Bond (wani wakilin Atlanta City), Jeffrey Alvin Bond, da Julia Louise Bond . Sun sake aure a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1989.

A cikin 1990 Bond ya auri Pamela Sue Horowitz, tsohon lauya na ma'aikatan SPLC.

Bond ya mutu daga rikitarwa na cututtukan jijiyoyi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 2015, a Fort Walton Beach, Florida, yana da shekaru 75. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Matattun 2015
Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba