1976 Yaduwar cutar Legionnaires ta Philadelphia

Yaduwar cutar Legionnaires ta 1976, wanda ya faru a ƙarshen lokacin rani a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Amurka a taron shekara. na Legion na Amurka, shine farkon lokacin da aka ƙaddara tarin wasu nau'ikan cutar huhu da aka haifar da kwayar cutar Legionella pneumophila. An gano barkewar cutar da ta gabata kamar yadda wataƙila ƙwayoyin cuta na Legionella ne suka haifar da ita.

 Tarihi 
A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1976, rundunar Amurka ta bude taron shekara, na kwana uku a Otal din Bellevue-Stratford a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fiye da 2,000, Legionnaires, galibi maza, sun halarci taron. An zaɓi kwanan wata da birni don dacewa da bikin Amurka na bikin cika shekaru 200 na sanya hannu kan sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Amurka a Philadelphia a shekara ta 1776. 

A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin, kwana uku bayan taron ya ƙare, Legionnaire Ray Brennan, kyaftin din Sojojin Sama na Amurka mai shekaru, 61. da ya yi ritaya wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai kula da littattafai na Legion, ya mutu a gidansa daga ciwon zuciya. Brennan ya dawo gida daga taron a yammacin ranar 24 ga Yuli yana gunaguni game da gajiya. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin, wani Legionnaire, Frank Aveni, mai shekaru 60, shi ma ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya, kamar yadda wasu Legionnaires uku suka yi. Dukansu sun kasance masu halartar taron. Bayan sa'o'i ashirin da hudu, a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, wasu Legionnaires shida sun mutu. Sun kasance a cikin shekaru daga 39 zuwa 82, kuma, kamar wadanda biyar suka mutu a baya, duk sun koka game da gajiya, ciwon kirji, cunkoso na huhu, da zazzabi.

Uku daga cikin Legionnaires sun kasance marasa lafiya na Dokta Ernest Campbell, likita a Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, wanda ya lura cewa kawai hanyar da ke tsakanin su uku ita ce sun halarci taron. Ya tuntubi Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Pennsylvania. Jami'ai a rundunar sojin Amurka sun fara samun sanarwa game da mutuwar kwatsam na mambobi da yawa, duk a lokaci guda. A cikin mako guda, fiye da mutane 130, galibi maza, an kwantar da su a asibiti, kuma an ruwaito mutuwar 25.

Gabaɗaya, akwai Legionnaires 149 da suka yi rashin lafiya da wasu mutane 33 da ke da alaƙa da otal ɗin ko a yankin waɗanda suka yi rashin aiki. Daga cikin wadannan shari'o'i 182, mutane 29 sun mutu.

 Yaduwar cututtuka 
Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka ta gudanar da bincike da ba a taɓa gani ba kuma, a watan Satumba, an mayar da hankali daga abubuwan da ke waje, kamar mai ɗaukar cuta, zuwa yanayin otal kanta. A watan Janairun 1977, an gano kwayar cutar Legionella kuma an ware ta kuma an gano tana kiwo a cikin hasumiyar sanyaya na tsarin sanyaya iska na otal ɗin,  wanda ya yada shi ta cikin ginin.  Wannan binciken ya haifar da sabbin ka'idoji a duk duniya don Tsarin kula da yanayi.

Abin da ya rikitar da halin da ake ciki shine tsoro tsakanin jama'a cewa asalin tarin shari'o'i 14, shida daga cikinsu sun mutu a cikin 'yan kwanaki da juna, suna wakiltar barkewar mura na alade. Adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar ya kai 211, kuma daga cikin wadanda, 29 sun mutu. A lokacin barkewar cutar, ka'idojin binciken annoba ba su haɗa da sa hannun kwararru da masu bincike ba. Babu wata sadarwa mai tasiri tsakanin masana kimiyya a fagen da ke hira da marasa lafiya, da waɗanda ke cikin samfurori na gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

 Binciken Legionella pneumophila 
Duk da yake Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (kamar yadda ake kira a wannan zamanin) ta amsa da sauri, kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Pennsylvania ta yi, ya ɗauki watanni shida ga masanin ilimin microbiology na CDC Joseph McDade don gano dalilin barkewar cutar. Da farko ya yi tunanin cewa dalilin ya kasance kwayar cuta saboda jini da kyallen takarda daga marasa lafiya sun kasa shuka ƙwayoyin cuta lokacin da aka shuka su a cikin al'adu. Kokarin da ya yi na ware kwayar cutar a cikin ƙwai ya haɗa da maganin rigakafi don kashe kwayoyin cuta masu "ƙazantar da cuta". Sai kawai lokacin da ya watsar da maganin rigakafi ne kwayoyin suka girma a cikin ƙwai. Kokarin haihuwar cutar a cikin beraye, misali na dabba na dakin gwaje-gwaje, suma sun kasa. A ƙarshe an samar da cutar a cikin aladu. CDC ta sanar da binciken a taron manema labarai a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1977.Fraser, David W.; Tsai, Theodore R.; Orenstein, Walter; Parkin, William E.; Beecham, H. James; Sharrar, Robert G.; Harris, John; Mallison, George F.; Martin, Stanley M.; McDade, Joseph E.; Shepard, Charles C.; Brachman, Philip S.; et al. (December 1, 1977). "Legionnaires' Disease — Description of an Epidemic of Pneumonia". New England Journal of Medicine. 297 (22): 1189–1197. doi:10.1056/NEJM197712012972201. PMID 335244. Daga baya aka sanya wa kwayar cutar suna Legionella pneumophila . 

Legionella pneumophila shine sanannen sanadin, amma wani lokacin wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na Legionella suma suna haifar da cutar Legionnaires. Kalmomin "Philadelphia zazzabi" da "Legion zazzabi " sun bayyana an yi amfani da su a lokacin barkewar cutar kuma ba da daɗewa ba,  kodayake aƙalla tushen 2008 wanda ke rufe cututtuka a cikin tarihin tarihin tarihi ya haɗa da "Légion zazzabin" a matsayin madadin sunan.  Dukansu Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a cikin 2018 da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) a cikin 2017 kawai suna amfani da kalmar cutar Legionnaires don komawa ga mummunan cutar huhu

 Binciken baya na barkewar cutar da ta gabata a matsayin cutar Legionnaires 
Masu binciken CDC da sauri sun gano barkewar cutar numfashi wanda L. pneumophila ya haifar tun daga shekarar 1959.

 Wani barkewar abin da ake kira Pontiac zazzabi ya faru a sashen kiwon lafiya a Pontiac, Michigan a watan Yulin 1967. Babu wanda ya mutu. Kodayake kwayar cuta iri ɗaya ce ta haifar da shi, zazzabin Pontiac cuta ce mai sauƙi fiye da cutar Legionnaires. Pneumonia ba ta cikin waɗanda ke da zazzabin Pontiac."Legionellosis". World Health Organization (WHO). 2018. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014.Preeta K. Kutty; Laurel E. Garrison (May 31, 2017). "Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease & Pontiac Fever)". U.S. CDC.
 Wani barkewar cutar huhu a watan Yulin-Agusta 1965, a Asibitin St. Elizabeths a Washington, DC, wanda ya kashe mutane 16 daga cikin 78 da suka kamu da cutar daga baya an tabbatar da shi cutar Legionnaires.  
 An kuma gudanar da taron Satumba 1974 na Independent Order of Odd Fellows a wannan Otal din Bellevue-Stratford. Daga cikin kimanin mambobi 1,500 da suka halarta, 20 sun kamu da cutar huhu kuma biyu sun mutu. Wani labarin da ya biyo baya a cikin The Lancet ya ruwaito cewa: "Rashin lafiya [babban zazzabi da cutar huhu] yana da alaƙa da halartar wani taron da aka gudanar a ranar Litinin da safe, 16 ga Satumba, 1974, a cikin babban dakin biki na otal ɗin. " Abin mamaki, ma'aikatan otal ɗin sun yi kama da rigakafi ga kamuwa da cuta kuma CDC har yanzu ba ta gano dalilin wannan bayyanar rigakafi ba.

 Dubi kuma 

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 Manazarta 

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