Gyaran haƙƙin muhalli

Gyaran haƙƙin muhalli, wanda kuma ake kira da gyaran muhalli, nau'in gyare-gyare ne wanda aka gabatar da shi ga kundin tsarin mulki ko lissafin haƙƙin. Wadannan gyare-gyare sun tabbatar da 'yan ƙasa haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya. Hakkin da aka haɗa a cikin waɗannan shawarwari galibi sun haɗa da haƙƙin yanayi mai ɗorewa, iska mai tsabta da ruwa, Adalci na muhalli, adana dabi'un halitta, shimfidar wuri, kyawawan abubuwa da tarihi na muhallar.

Za'a iya aiwatar da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya a cikin dokar tsarin mulki a wasu hanyoyi, kamar rubuta a cikin kundin tsarin mulki a cikin rubuce-rubucen su, kamar a Tunisiya, ko kuma tilasta ta hanyar Shari'ar canjin yanayi, kamar a Colombia. A Amurka, yawancin masu ba da shawara suna mai da hankali kan yin gyare-gyare na kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu ko aiwatar da kundin tsarin mulki da ke akwai, kamar a Held v. Montana, inda matasa suka lashe hukuncin kotun shari'a don aiwatar da kundin mulkin jihar da ke akwai.

 Amurka 
A Amurka, babu wani gyare-gyare na kare muhalli na tarayya a Amurka. Duk da yake an ambaci haƙƙin muhalli a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi da yawa, jihar Pennsylvania ita ce ta farko da ta zartar da ainihin gyare-gyaren haƙƙin mujalli  a matsayin wani ɓangare na lissafin haƙƙin jihar a cikin 1971. Montana ta kara haƙƙin muhalli a cikin 1972.

Ba har zuwa 2022 ba ne jihar New York  ta kara da gyaran haƙƙin muhalli ga lissafin haƙƙoƙinsu. Mataki na I sashi na 19 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na New York ya ba da, "Kowane mutum zai sami damar tsabtace iska da ruwa, da kuma yanayi mai lafiya. "  Kokarin samun Green Amendment a kan kuri'a ya fara ne a cikin 2017 kuma ya ci nasara a watan Nuwamba 2021. 

Mai kiyaye muhalli Ralph W. Abele ne ya gabatar da gyare-gyaren kare muhalli na Pennsylvania game da 1969 lokacin da ya zama babban sakatare na Kwamitin Kula da Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa da Ruwan Ruwa na Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dattijan Pennsylvania. A shekara ta 1972 ya zama babban darakta na Hukumar Kifi ta Pennsylvania . A duk lokacin da yake aiki Mista Abele ya kasance murya mai ƙarfi don kare tabkuna, koguna da rafi na jihar.

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don ƙara gyare-gyaren haƙƙin muhalli a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi a Amurka.  Duk da cewa kowace jiha ta dan bambanta, amma a gaba daya majalisar dokokin jihar ta zartas da dokar da za a yi wa kwaskwarima, sannan ta je gaban masu kada kuri’a don yanke hukunci ko da gaske za a kara da ita cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jihar.  Har ila yau, takardar koke na ‘yan kasa na iya samun gyara a gaban jama’a, idan har takardar za ta iya samun isassun sa hannun mazauna jihar, kuma ta bi wasu matakai, to za a iya gabatar da ita a gaban masu kada kuri’a.  Jama'a a Florida suna ƙoƙarin yin hakan har zuwa Maris 2024[sabunta] .

Jihohin California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, Kentucky, New Jersey, New Mexico, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, da West Virginia sun tsara, ko kuma suna tsarawa, dokoki don ƙara gyare-gyaren haƙƙin muhalli a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jihohinsu.  Ana iya ƙara wasu jihohi cikin wannan jerin yayin da lokaci ke tafiya.  Tun daga Maris 2024, [sabuntawa] jihohi tara suna da doka da aka gabatar da za su iya sanya ta a kan kuri'ar 2024.  Jihohin Hawaii, New Jersey, da Washington sun sami ci gaba mafi girma ga wannan buri.

Yana da mahimmanci ga rubutun gyaran haƙƙin muhalli ya zama takamaiman don a aiwatar da shi. Tare da takamaiman haƙƙoƙi da aka bayyana a sarari, irin waɗannan gyare-gyare na iya hana shari'o'i daga kotuna tunda 'yan ƙasa da masu tsarawa za su sami rubutu mai sauƙi don komawa lokacin kimanta ayyukan da za su iya faruwa. Wasu sun damu da cewa waɗannan gyare-gyare za su kara yawan shari'o'in shari'a.

Held v. Montana ita ce karar farko ta tsarin mulki da za a yi Shari'a a Amurka, a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2023.  A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2023, alƙalin kotun shari'a ya yanke hukunci a cikin goyon bayan matasa masu shigar da kara, kodayake jihar ta nuna cewa za ta daukaka kara kan shawarwari. Kotun Koli ta Montana ta ji muhawara ta baki a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2024, alƙalai bakwai da ke karɓar shari'ar a ƙarƙashin shawara. Kotun Koli ta Montana ta tabbatar, ta yanke hukunci a madadin masu shigar da kara, tana riƙe da cewa iyakancewar Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Montana (MEPA) akan sake duba hayakin gas ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ya keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki ga yanayi mai tsabta da lafiya.

 Uruguay 
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Uruguay a cikin sigar sa ta yanzu ya haɗa da labarin game da kariya ta muhalli (Art. 47). Tare da wasu shawarwari, an amince da wannan gyare-gyare ta hanyar raba gardama a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1996. 

Daga baya, an amince da wani gyare-gyare ta hanyar raba gardama a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2004. An fadada Art. 47 tare da tanadi da suka shafi albarkatun ruwa, wanda tun daga wannan lokacin ba za a iya mallakar shi ba. Abokan Duniya sun kuma goyi bayan matakin, suna cewa "ya kafa maɓallin misali don kare ruwa a duk duniya, ta hanyar tsarkake waɗannan ka'idoji a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa na ƙasa ɗaya ta hanyar dimokuradiyya kai tsaye".

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba