Ilimin yaduwar muhalli

Ilimin yaduwar muhalli reshe ne na ilmin yaduwar da ke da alaƙa da ƙayyade yadda bayyanar muhalli ke tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Wannan filin yana neman fahimtar yadda abubuwa daban-daban na haɗari na waje zasu iya haifar da ko karewa daga cututtuka, rashin lafiya, rauni, rashin daidaituwa na ci gaba, ko mutuwa. Wadannan dalilai na iya faruwa ta halitta ko kuma ana iya gabatar da su a cikin mahalli inda mutane ke zaune, aiki, da wasa.

 Yankin da ake ciki 
Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta Turai don Muhalli da Lafiya (WHO-ECEH) ta yi iƙirarin cewa mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 a kowace shekara a Turai kadai saboda bayyanar muhalli ne da za a iya gujewa. Ana iya rarraba bayyanar muhalli a cikin waɗanda ke kusa (misali, kai tsaye yana haifar da yanayin kiwon lafiya), gami da sunadarai, wakilai na jiki, da cututtukan microbiological, da waɗanda ke da nisa (misali., kai tsaye yana kaiwa ga yanayin kiwon lafiyar), kamar yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, Canjin yanayi, da sauran canje-canje na muhalli. Kimanin bayyanar yana faruwa ta hanyar iska, abinci, ruwa, da kuma fata. Bayyanawa ta nesa tana haifar da mummunan yanayin kiwon lafiya kai tsaye ta hanyar canza bayyanar kusa, kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin yanayin halittu da sauran tsarin tallafi ga lafiyar ɗan adam.Slikker, William Jr., Chang, Louis W., Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology, p. 460, 1998, Academic Press, , google books

Binciken yaduwar muhalli na iya sanar da canjin manufofin gwamnati, ayyukan kula da haɗari, da ci gaban ka'idodin muhalli. Rashin tsaro shine jimlar duk haɗari da abubuwan kariya waɗanda ke ƙayyade ko mutum ko ƙananan jama'a suna fuskantar sakamako mara kyau na kiwon lafiya lokacin da bayyanar ga wakili na muhalli ya faru. Mai hankali shine karuwar amsawar mutum ko ƙananan jama'a, da farko saboda dalilai na halitta, ga wannan bayyanar. Halin ilimin halitta na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da matakin ci gaba,  yanayin kiwon lafiya da ya riga ya kasance, abubuwan da aka samu, da abubuwan kwayar halitta. Har ila yau, abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen canza rauni da hankali ga abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli ta hanyar kara yiwuwar fallasawa ga wakilai masu cutarwa, hulɗa tare da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari, da / ko haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin ikon shirya ko magance fallasawa ko farkon matakan rashin lafiya. Jama'ar da ke zaune a wasu yankuna na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari saboda wuri da halaye na muhalli na yanki.

 Tarihi 
Tabbatar cewa muhalli yana da tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam ana iya samunsa tun daga 460 BC a cikin rubutun Hippocrates akan iska, ruwa, da wurare. A ciki, ya bukaci likitoci da suyi la'akari da yadda abubuwan kamar ruwan sha zai iya tasiri ga lafiyar marasa lafiya. Wani sanannen misali na hulɗar muhalli da lafiya shine guba da aka samu ta zamanin d ̄ a na Romawa, waɗanda suka yi amfani da gubar a cikin bututun ruwa da tukwane na kicin. Vitruvius, masanin gine-gine na Romawa, ya rubuta don hana amfani da bututu, yana mai nuna damuwa game da kiwon lafiya:"Ruwa da aka gudanar ta hanyar bututun yumɓu ya fi kyau fiye da wanda aka kawo ta hanyar gubar; hakika abin da aka kawo a cikin gubar dole ne ya zama mai cutarwa, saboda daga gare ta ana samun farin gubar, kuma an ce wannan yana da lahani ga tsarin ɗan adam. Saboda haka, idan abin da aka samar daga gare ta yana da lahiri, babu shakka cewa kanta ba za a tabbatar da ita ba ta hanyar lura da ma'aikata a cikin guber, waɗanda ke da launi mai laushi; don yin amfani da ita a kan su a cikin waɗannan bututun yau da ita, duk ana amfani da ita, saboda ita, duk an yi amfani da ita.Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ilmin annoba na zamani, John Snow ya gudanar da watakila binciken farko na ilmin muhalli a cikin 1854. Ya nuna cewa mazaunan Landan da suka sha ruwan da aka gurɓata sun fi kamuwa da kwalara fiye da waɗanda suka sha ruwa mai tsabta.

 Tsarin gwamnatin Amurka 
A cikin karni na 20, Gwamnatin Amurka ta zartar da dokoki da ka'idoji don magance matsalolin lafiyar muhalli. Jerin ɓangaren yana ƙasa.
+Tebur na Zaɓaɓɓun Dokokin Amurka da suka shafi Lafiya ta MuhalliDokarShekaraTakaitaccen BayaniDokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya1938Ya kirkiro Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) Dokar Kisan Kayan Kayan Kudan Kudan Kayan Kusan Kudan Kusan Kayan Kadan Kudan Kadan Kayan Karan Kudan Karan Kayan Kukat Kudan Kukat Kayan Kiran Kudan Kiran Kayan Kisan Kudan Kidan Kudan K1947Masu amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da masana'antun dole ne su yi rajista tare da EPA; magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta dole ne su haifar da lahani mara ma'anaDokar Kula da Ruwan Tarayya1948 1977Har ila yau an san shi da Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace, ya kafa ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwaDokar Tsabtace Iska1955,
1977Ƙididdigar Ingancin Ruwa na Ƙasa (NAAQS) don kare muhalli da lafiyar jama'aDokar Kashe Kashe Kashi Mai Ruwa1965Ka'idojin da aka ƙayyade don zubar da sharar gida da masana'antuDokar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Aiki1970Ya kirkiro ka'idodin kariya na ma'aikata kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIOSH) Dokar Kula da Magunguna Masu Gishiri1976Ya ba da izinin EPA don tsara sunadarai, gami da ikon hana abubuwan da aka nuna don cutar da mutaneCikakken Amsa na Muhalli, Biya, da Dokar Hakki1980 1986Har ila yau an san shi da Superfund, yana biyan haraji ga masana'antun sinadarai da man fetur don tallafawa tsaftace wuraren sharar gida masu haɗariDokar Radon ta Cikin Gida1988Shirye-shiryen tsaftacewa da bincike na radonDokar Kare Ingancin Abinci1996An yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Insecticide, Fungicide, da Rodenticide ta Tarayya don haɗawa da abin da ake buƙata cewa magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da tabbacin cewa ba sa haifar da cutar ga mutane

 Ka'idar kariya 
Ka'idar kariya wani ra'ayi ne a cikin kimiyyar muhalli cewa idan ana zargin wani aiki ya haifar da lahani, bai kamata mu jira ba har sai an tattara isasshen shaidar wannan lahani don daukar mataki. Yana da tushe a cikin manufofin muhalli na Jamus, kuma mahalarta taron Arewa-Teku a The Hague sun karbe shi a cikin 1990. A shekara ta 2000, Tarayyar Turai ta fara karɓar ƙa'idar kariya a cikin dokokinta a matsayin Sadarwa daga Hukumar Tarayyar Tarayyar. Amurka ta yi tsayayya da karɓar wannan ka'idar, tana mai nuna damuwa cewa kimiyya mara tushe na iya haifar da wajibai don matakan sarrafawa masu tsada, musamman ma dangane da hayakin gas.

 Manazarta