J. R. Clifford

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J. R. Clifford (13 ga Satumba, 1848 - 6 ga Oktoba, 1933) shi ne lauyan Afirka na farko na West Virginia. Clifford ya kuma kasance mai wallafa jarida, edita da marubuci, malamin makaranta, da kuma shugaban. Ya kasance tsohon soja na Yaƙin basasa, kakansa, da kuma majagaba na kare hakkin bil'adama kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Niagara Movement (mai gabatarwa ga NAACP). Duk da iyakokin da aka samo daga nuna bambancin launin fata, nasarorin Clifford sun kasance masu girma, suna nuna iyawarsa da ƙudurinsa.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
An haifi John Robert ("J. R.") Clifford a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1848 a cikin ƙaramin garin Williamsport, a cikin abin da ke Hardy County, Virginia (yanzu a Grant County), kusa da Moorefield na yanzu. Iyayen Clifford Isaac da Mary Clifford  da kakanninmu "baƙi ne masu 'yanci," waɗanda suka zauna a wannan yankin na Virginia na tsararraki da yawa. Babu makarantu ga yara masu launin fata a yankin. Iyayen Clifford sun tura shi zuwa Chicago don halartar makaranta, wani lokaci a farkon shekarun 1860 don J. J. Healy ya ilimantar da shi.

A shekara ta 1864, yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, Clifford ya shiga cikin Sojojin Launi na Amurka, kuma ya yi aiki a Kamfanin F, 13th Regiment of Heavy Artillery, Sojojin launi na Amurka har zuwa 1865, bayan ya kai matsayin Corporal. A ƙarshen yaƙin, ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya.

Bayan yakin basasa, Clifford ya koyi sana'ar aski. Ya ƙaura daga Chicago zuwa Zeno, Ohio inda kawunsa ya zauna kuma ya halarci makarantar rubutu. A shekara ta 1870 ya tafi Wheeling, West Virginia kuma ya gudanar da makarantar rubutu, kuma daga 1871 zuwa 1873 ya gudanar da irin wannan makarantar a Martin's Ferry, Ohio. A farkon shekarun 1870 ya shiga sabuwar Kwalejin Storer ta Harpers Ferry's, wacce aka kirkira don ilimantar da jama'ar Afirka ta Afirka ta yankin. Bayan ya sami digiri a 1878, Clifford ya zama malami a, sannan kuma shugaban, makarantar jama'a mai rarrabewa ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka a Martinsburg, West Virginia . A Martinsburg, ya yi karatun shari'a a karkashin J. Nelson Wirner kuma ya kasance lauya mai cin nasara. 

A cikin 1882, Clifford ya fara buga The Pioneer Press, wata jarida da aka rarraba a cikin ƙasa ga yawancin masu sauraron Afirka. A shekara ta 1884, an zabe shi wakilin Jamhuriyar Republican, amma wakilai da yawa sun janye kuri'unsu saboda tserensa. Wannan kungiya ta kasance karkashin jagorancin dan majalisar wakilai mai suna Flick. 'Yan adawar Clifford da Flick a cikin Pioneer Press sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shan kayen da Flick ya yi a wancan zaben.  Ya buga jarida har zuwa 1917; Ita ce jarida mafi dadewa a mako-mako da aka sadaukar don al'amuran Afirka na Amurka a wannan lokacin. A cikin 1884, Clifford ya kasance kwamishinan girmamawa na sashen launi na Duniya Centennial Centennial, bikin baje kolin duniya ][ a New Orleans waccan shekarar.  A cikin 1887, Clifford ya zama lauyan Ba’amurke na farko da aka shigar da shi Barr Jihar West Virginia. Ya yi shari'a tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar kuma ya kasance mai fafutuka a siyasar jaha da ta kasa. Clifford shi ne Shugaban Kungiyar Masu Zaman Kanta ta Kasa kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na farko na Kwalejin Negro ta Amurka. Clifford yana cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Niagara, tare da wasu fitattun shugabannin kare hakkin jama'a na Amurka-Amurka kamar WEB Du Bois . A cikin 1906, taron Amurka na farko na ƙungiyar Niagara ya faru a Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Harkar Niagara ta kai ga kafa NAACP bayan 'yan shekaru kuma ana daukarta a matsayin ginshikin kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta zamani. 

 Iyali da rayuwarsa ta baya 
A ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1876, a Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, J. R. Clifford ya auri Mary Elizabeth Franklin mai shekaru goma sha bakwai, 'yar asalin Lexington, Virginia; za su haifi 'ya'ya goma.

A 1933, Clifford ya mutu yana da shekaru 85 a Martinsburg, West Virginia . An binne gawarsa a Kabari na Arlington . 

J.R. Clifford kusan an manta da shi a tarihi har sai Dr. Connie Park Rice, fitaccen Masanin Tarihin Afirka na Afirka, na Jami'ar West Virginia ya sake gano shi. Labarin Dr. Rice "Kada ku yi watsi da shi ko kuma ku yi Inch" ya ba da cikakken tarihin J. R. Clifford.Rice, Connie Park (2007). ""Don't Flinch nor Yield an Inch": J. R. Clifford and the Struggle for Equal Rights in West Virginia". West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies. 1 (2): 45–68. doi:10.1353/wvh.2008.0030. ISSN 1940-5057. S2CID 162385384.

 Williams v. Hukumar Ilimi 

A shekara ta 1898, Clifford ya lashe wata shari'ar kare hakkin bil'adama da ilimi a gaban Kotun Koli ta West Virginia. A cikin Williams v. Hukumar Ilimi, Clifford ya yi jayayya da shawarar Hukumar Ilimi ta Tucker County ta ta taƙaita shekarar makaranta ga yara masu makaranta na Afirka daga watanni tara zuwa watanni biyar, kiyaye cikakken lokaci ga ɗaliban fararen fata. Rice, Connie Park (2007). ""Don't Flinch nor Yield an Inch": J. R. Clifford and the Struggle for Equal Rights in West Virginia". West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies. 1 (2): 45–68. doi:10.1353/wvh.2008.0030. ISSN 1940-5057. S2CID 162385384. Misis Carrie Williams, malamin makarantar mai launi, ta kusanci Clifford. Ya ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da koyarwa na cikakken watanni tara, ba tare da la'akari da kudade ba. Clifford daga nan ya shigar da kara a kan hukumar makarantar saboda albashin Williams. Clifford ya lashe shari'ar a shari'ar juri sannan ya sake lashe a gaban Kotun Koli ta West Virginia. Hukuncin Kotun ya karfafa daidaitattun hakkoki na ilimi ga ɗaliban Afirka na Amurka a duk fadin jihar.

Nasarar Clifford a cikin shari'ar Williams ta faru fiye da shekaru hamsin kafin shari'ar "Brown v. Board of Education" kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan nasarorin kare hakkin bil'adama a babban kotun jihar ta kudu kafin farkon karni na 20. J. R. Clifford Project, ƙungiyar da aka keɓe don adana abin da Clifford ya gada da kuma binciken rayuwarsa, ya gabatar da sakewa na wannan gwaji.

Daga Williams v. Hukumar Ilimi ta Gundumar Fairfax, 45 W.Va. 199, 31 SE 985 (1898):

 "Mai ba da shawara ya nace cewa ɗalibai masu launin fata, bayan an ba su rabon su na kuɗin makaranta, ba su da damar yin korafi. Dokar ta ba su tabbacin watanni takwas na makaranta, kuma, kodayake yana da tsada sau da yawa daidai da abin da makarantun fararen ke kashewa, ya kamata su sami shi. Ba za a sa darajar kuɗi a kan ingantaccen ɗabi'a da ilimi al'umma ce, yayin da tsarkakar ɗabi'i da ci gaban ilimi kawai zasu iya kiyaye amincin cibiyoyin 'yanci na gaskiya, a ƙarƙashin kariya na' yanci na gaskiya a cikin zukatan mutane.

Clifford ya kai karar saboda hukumar makarantar ta ba da watanni takwas na makaranta ga yara fararen fata amma watanni biyar kawai ga yara "launi". Wani malami wanda ba a ambaci sunansa ba ya ci gaba da koyarwa kuma ya kai karar albashi na watanni uku. Clifford ta lashe albashin, jimlar $ 121.00.

 Yunkurin Niagara 
Clifford na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Niagara Movement, wanda WEB Du Bois da William Monroe Trotter suka shirya kuma suka jagoranta. Ƙungiyar Niagara ta yi tsayayya da abin da membobinta suka yi imanin shine manufofin kwanciyar hankali da sulhu waɗanda shugabannin Afirka na Amurka kamar Booker T. Washington suka inganta. Yunkurin Niagara ya yi kira ga cikakken 'yancin farar hula ga baƙar fata na Amurkawa da kuma kawo karshen rarrabewar da aka halatta, kuma an san shi a matsayin dutse na ginshiƙi na yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama na karni na 20 da kuma mai gabatarwa ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP) .

Clifford ya taimaka wajen shirya taron na biyu na motsi, na farko da za a gudanar a ƙasar Amurka, a Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, shafin da aka kai hari na abolitionist John Brown a 1859. Taron kwana uku, daga Agusta 15 zuwa 18, 1906, ya faru ne a harabar makarantar Storer College ta Clifford (yanzu wani ɓangare na Harpers Ferry National Historical Park). Wadanda suka halarci taron sun tattauna yadda za a tabbatar da 'yancin jama'a ga' yan Afirka na Afirka, kuma Du Bois daga baya ya bayyana taron a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarurruka da baƙar fata na Amurka suka taɓa gudanarwa". Masu halarta sun yi tafiya daga Kwalejin Storer zuwa gonar Murphy Family da ke kusa, wurin sake komawa na sansanin tarihi inda John Brown ya nemi kawo karshen bautar ya kai ga ƙarshe mai zubar jini. Da zarar sun isa can, sai suka cire takalman su da takalma don girmama ƙasa mai tsarki kuma suka shiga cikin bikin tunawa.

Clifford ya rabu da Niagara Movement lokacin da ya kafa NAACP a cikin 1909. Daga cikin sauran rashin jituwa, ya ki amincewa da amfani da kalmar "launi" a cikin taken kungiyar.

A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta yi bikin cika shekaru dari na Niagara Movement a Harpers Ferry .  Shirin J. R. Clifford ya yi shirin sakewa na "J. R. R.

 Masallacin Prince Hall 
Bisa ga bayanan makabartar Arlington, John R. Clifford ya kasance Mason Digiri na 32, malami don Mafi Bauta Yarima Hall Grand Lodge na West Virginia  na West Virginia.

 An tuna da shi a kan hatimi na Amurka 
Clifford na daga cikin majagaba goma sha biyu na haƙƙin jama'a da aka tuna a cikin jerin hatimi na sabis na gidan waya na Amurka a cikin shekara ta 2009. 

 Manazarta 

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