Dutsen Furada

Pedra Furada (Da yaren Portuguese: [ˈpɛdɾɐ fuˈɾadɐ], ma'ana dutse mai fure) muhimmiyar tarin wuraren tarihi ne sama da 800 a jihar Piauí, Brazil . Wadannan sun hada da daruruwan zane-zanen dutse wanda ya kasance daga kimanin shekaru 12,000 kafin yanzu. Mafi mahimmanci, gawayi daga tsoffin gobara da raguwar dutse waɗanda za a iya fassara su a matsayin kayan aikin da aka samo a wurin an tsara su daga shekaru 48,000 zuwa 32,000 kafin yanzu, suna ba da shawarar yiwuwar kasancewar mutum dubban shekaru kafin zuwan mutanen Clovis a Arewacin Amurka (kwanakin na ƙarshe har yanzu suna cikin tattaunawa, duba Meltzer, 2021: 90-130).ptptpt

A shekara ta 1973, ƙungiyar Brazil da Faransa da ke tono wani shafin da ke yankin kudu maso gabashin abin da ke yanzu Serra da Capivara National Park sun gano abubuwan da aka gano na farko. masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Brazil Niède Guidon ya ba da rahoton binciken a shekarar 1986.  A cikin 1991, Pedra Furada ya zama Gidan Tarihin Duniya.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, binciken Guidon har yanzu ana daukarsa a matsayin mai kawo rigima kuma masana a fagen ba su yarda da shi ba.

 Abubuwan da aka tono 
Pedra Furada ya haɗa da tarin mafaka na dutse da aka yi amfani da su dubban shekaru ta hanyar yawan mutane. Abubuwan da aka fara tonowa sun samar da ajiyar gawayi tare da kwanakin Carbon-14 na shekaru 48,000 zuwa 32,000 BP. Binciken da aka maimaita ya tabbatar da wannan kwanan wata, yana ɗauke da kewayon kwanakin har zuwa 60,000 BP. Masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Tom Dillehay ya ba da shawarar a cikin 1994 cewa ragowar gawayi na iya kasancewa daga gobarar halitta kuma ba lallai ba ne ya nuna aikin ɗan adam.

Guidon ya kafa matakai daban-daban 15, an rarraba su cikin matakai uku na al'adu, wanda ake kira Pedra Furada, wanda ya haɗa da tsofaffin ragowar; da Serra Talhada, daga 12,000 zuwa 7,000 BP, tare da kayan aiki kamar wuƙaƙe, scrapers, flakes da aka yi amfani da su "kamar yadda yake" ko tare da wasu retouch da Lithhic core, duk an yi su da Quartz ko Quartzite. Na uku shine Agreste na ƙarshe. Har ila yau, shafin yana da daruruwan zane-zanen dutse daga shekaru 5,000 zuwa 11,000 da suka gabata.

A cikin 2013, shafin yanar gizon Toca da Tira Peia, wanda kuma yake cikin Serra da Capivara National Park, an nuna cewa yana da alamun kasancewar mutum tun shekaru 22,000 da suka gabata.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014 an tono shafin da ke kusa da Sitio do Meio a tsawon shekaru. Kodayake ba tsoho ba ne, yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa da bayyana jerin lokutan Pedra Furada. An adana lithics a Sitio do Meio.AIMOLA, Giulia et al. Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Sitio do Meio, Piauí, Brazil: Stratigraphy and comparison with Pedra Furada. Journal of Lithic Studies, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 2, p. 5-24, September 2014. ISSN 2055-0472. Available at: <http://journals.ed.ac.uk/lithicstudies/article/view/1125/1631>. Date accessed: 16 April. 2016 

 Ma'anar 
Abubuwan da aka gano sune batun muhawara saboda a bayyane suke sabawa ra'ayi na "Clovis na farko" (daga shekarun 1930s) don zama na mutane a Amurka, wanda ke riƙe da cewa mazaunan farko na nahiyar sun kasance wakilan Al'adun Clovis, wanda ya fara kusan 11,500 BP. Bincike a wasu shafuka, kamar Monte Verde, Chile, wanda aka rubuta shekaru 14,800 BP, Piedra Museo a lardin Santa Cruz na Argentina, wanda aka yi amfani da shekaru 11,000 BP, Topper a jihar South Carolina, Amurka, wanda aka tsara shekaru 16,000-20,000 BP, da Meadowcroft Rockshelter da ke kusa da Avella a Washington County a kudu maso yammacin Pennsylvania, Amurka, da aka rubuta shekaru 16,000 BP, sun kuma haifar da shakku game da ka'idar "Clovis First". A sakamakon haka, malamai sun ba da shawarar wasu yanayi don hanyoyin mulkin mallaka da yaduwar al'adu ta nahiyoyi, a cikin rikici mai zafi wanda ba a warware shi ba.

Babban ra'ayi game da yawan jama'a na Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da ka'idar gajeren lokaci, shine cewa motsi na farko bayan Alaska zuwa Sabon Duniya ya faru ba a baya ba fiye da shekaru 15,000 - 17,000 da suka gabata, sannan raƙuman ruwa na baƙi. Pedra Furada ya ba da hujja mai yuwuwa ga masu goyon bayan ''ka'idar dogon lokaci, wanda ya bayyana cewa rukuni na farko na mutane sun shiga cikin hemisphere a kwanan wata da ya gabata, mai yiwuwa shekaru 21,000-40,000 da suka gabata,   tare da tarin baƙi na baya. Wannan shaidar ana daukar ta a matsayin mai kawo rigima kuma masana a fagen ba su yarda da ita ba. Wani kasusuwa na caribou da aka yi amfani da shi azaman scraper, wanda aka samo a shafin Old Crow Flats a Kanada kuma an yi tunanin yana da shekaru 27,000, a cikin shekarun 1970s an yi amfani da ita don tallafawa ka'idar dogon lokaci. Sake yin jima'i, tare da karin fasahohin zamani a cikin shekarun 1990 sun zo da shekaru 2,000.

 Rikici 
Tattaunawar ta ci gaba har zuwa 2016 game da ko kayan tarihi da wuta sun kasance geofacts ne da aka yi ta halitta, ko kuma a madadin haka, da birai suka yi. An lura da birai masu gemu na daji (Sapajus libidinosus) a cikin Serra da Capivara National Park suna murkushe duwatsu a kan duwatsu da aka saka a ƙasa. Sakamakon 'shaped' duwatsu da flakes suna kama da kayan aikin hominid na farko da flakes. An ba da shawarar cewa irin wannan hali da birai na baya suka yi na iya zama dalilin abin da aka ɗauka a matsayin kayan aikin ɗan adam a Pedra Furada. James Adovasio na Jami'ar Atlantic ta Florida ya yi imanin cewa kayan aikin da Guidon ya gano kamar yadda aka yi mutum sune duwatsu da suka fadi daga dutse kuma suka fashe lokacin da suka buga ƙasa. "Abubuwan Pedra Furada ba su kai ga ka'idojin capuchin ba", in ji shi. Halin capuchin kuma yana da tasiri ga fassarorin fasahar Oldowan mafi sauki a Gabashin Afirka. Wannan alama ce ta raba ra'ayi a cikin muhawara tsakanin masu binciken tarihi da ke jayayya da ka'idar Guidon cewa kayan tarihi na shafin sun tabbatar da zama na ɗan adam kafin Clovis a Amurka.

A shekara ta 2000, Alex Bellos ne ya nuna gardamar a The Guardian a matsayin masu binciken tarihi na Amurka da suka yi imanin cewa abubuwan sune geofacts da aka kirkira ta halitta, "saboda Arewacin Amurkawa ba za su iya gaskata cewa ba su da tsohuwar shafin ba", yayin da David Meltzer, na Jami'ar Methodist ta Kudu a Dallas, Texas ya tambayi "...idan muna da [pre-Clovis] mutane a Kudancin Amurka, sannan ta hanyar golly, me ya sa ba mu da su a Arewacin Amurka ma?"

Responding to this, Guidon suggested a sea voyage across the Atlantic as a potential route for the first migration.[<span title="&nbsp;Dead link tagged February 2024">dead link</span>]

A cikin wata kasida ta 2014 a cikin New York Times'' Guidon ya yi iƙirarin mamaye Amurka na iya komawa baya shekaru 100,000 kuma mazauna farko 'watakila sun zo ba ta ƙasa daga Asiya ba amma ta jirgin ruwa daga Afirka'. Michael R. Waters, masanin ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa a Jami'ar Texas A & M ya lura da rashin shaidar kwayar halitta a cikin al'ummomin zamani don tallafawa da'awar Guidon. An gano Buttermilk Creek Complex a Texas a cikin 2006 kuma an rubuta shi a kusan 15,500 BP.

Guidon ya ce, "Carbon ba daga wuta ce ta halitta ba. Ana samun shi ne kawai a cikin shafuka. Ba ku samun gobarar halitta a cikin mafaka ba", kuma ya kara da cewa "Matsalar ita ce Amurkawa suna sukar ba tare da sani ba. Matsalar ita ce ta su. Ya kamata Amurkawa su tono ƙarin kuma su rubuta kaɗan.  Masanin binciken tarihi na Faransa Jacques Pelegrin, ya yi imanin cewa akwai yiwuwar hanyoyin da ke haifar da duwatsu masu laushi waɗanda zasu iya kwaikwayon Pedraada a cikin wannan yanayin na ɗan adam, saboda wannan yanayin ya sami wannan yanayin.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba