Yanayin Iran

A geographically, ƙasar Iran tana cikin Yammacin Asiya kuma jikkunan ruwa da ke kan iyakokin ƙasa sune Tekun Caspian, Gulf Persian (Gulf na Farisa), da Gulf of Oman.  A zahiri, galibi tana kan tudun Iran/Farisiya, tsaunukanta sun yi tasiri ga tarihin siyasa da tattalin arzikin ƙasar tsawon ƙarni da yawa.  Duwatsun sun rufe kwararo-kwararo masu fadi da dama, wadanda manyan wuraren noma da na birane suke.  Har zuwa karni na 20, lokacin da aka gina manyan tituna da layin dogo ta cikin tsaunuka domin hada cibiyoyin jama'a, wadannan kwalayen sun kasance sun kasance a kebe da juna.
Yawanci, babban gari daya ne ya mamaye kowane fanni, kuma akwai hadaddiyar dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin garin da daruruwan kauyukan da suka kewaye shi.  A cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka masu ratsa ramuka, ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci sun yi ƙetarewa, suna tafiya da garken tumaki da awaki a tsakanin wuraren kiwo na rani da na hunturu.  Babu manyan tsarin kogi a kasar, kuma a tarihi ana safarar motoci ne ta ayarin motocin da ke bin hanyoyin da ke ratsa gibi da ratsawa a cikin tsaunuka.  Har ila yau, tsaunukan sun hana shiga cikin sauƙi zuwa Tekun Fasha da Tekun Caspian.

Tare da yanki na  kilomita 1,648,195 (636,372 sq , Iran ta kasance ta goma sha bakwai a cikin girman tsakanin ƙasashen duniya. Iran tana da iyakokinta na arewa tare da jihohin da yawa na bayan Soviet: Armenia, Azerbaijan, da Turkmenistan . Wadannan iyakoki sun kai sama da kilomita 2,000 (1,200 , gami da kusan kilomita 650 (400  na ruwa tare da kudancin Tekun Caspian. Yankin yammacin Iran yana da Turkiyya a arewa da Iraki a kudu, yana ƙare a Arvand Rud .

Yankin Tekun Farisa da Tekun Oman sun samar da dukkan iyakar kudancin kilomita 1,770 (1,100 . A gabas akwai Afghanistan a arewa da Pakistan a kudu. Tsakanin Iran daga Azerbaijan a arewa maso yamma zuwa Lardin Sistan da Baluchestan a kudu maso gabas kusan kilomita 2,333 (1,450 .

 Yanayin ƙasa 
Yanayin Iran ya kunshi tsaunuka masu tsaunuka da ke kewaye da tsaunuka na ciki. Babban jerin tsaunuka shine Dutsen Zagros, jerin tsaunukan da ke da alaƙa da filayen da ke raba ƙasar daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas. Yawancin tsaunuka a cikin Zagros sun wuce mita 3,000 (9,843  sama da matakin teku, kuma a yankin kudu maso tsakiya na ƙasar akwai akalla tsaunuka biyar da suka fi mita 4,000 (13,123 .

Yayin da Zagros ke ci gaba zuwa kudu maso gabashin Iran, matsakaicin tsawo na tsaunuka ya ragu sosai zuwa ƙasa da mita 1,500 (4,921 . Rimming da Tekun Caspian wani jerin duwatsu ne, kunkuntar amma tsaunuka Alborz. Dutsen Damavand, mita 5,610 (18,406 , wanda ke tsakiyar Alborz, ba kawai mafi girman dutse ne na ƙasar ba har ma da dutse na biyu mafi girma a kan ƙasar Eurasian a yammacin Hindu Kush, bayan Dutsen Elbrus.

Cibiyar Iran ta ƙunshi tafkuna da yawa da aka rufe waɗanda ake kira da Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Matsakaicin tsawo na wannan tudu kusan mita 900 (2,953 , amma da yawa daga cikin duwatsun da suka hasumiya a kan tudu sun wuce mita 3,000 (9,843 . Yankin gabashin tsaunin ya rufe da hamada mai gishiri guda biyu, Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert) da Dasht-ee Lut. Sai dai ga wasu oasis da aka warwatsa, waɗannan hamada ba a zaune ba.

Sassan arewa maso yammacin Iran suna daga cikin tsaunuka na Armenia, wanda ke kusa da shi tare da wasu sassan makwabta Turkiyya, Armenia, Azerbaijan, da Georgia.

Iran tana da ƙananan ƙasashe guda biyu kawai: Khuzestan Plain a kudu maso yamma da kuma Caspian Sea plain a arewa. Tsohon yana da siffar triangular na filayen Mesopotamiya kuma yana da matsakaicin kusan kilomita 160 (99  a fadin. Ya kai kimanin kilomita 120 (75  a cikin ƙasa, yana tashi da 'yan mita sama da matakin teku, sannan ya haɗu da kwatsam tare da tuddai na farko na Zagros. Yawancin Filayen Khuzestan an rufe shi da marshes.

,Filin Caspian ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta. Ya kai kimanin kilomita 640 (400  tare da gabar Caspian, amma mafi faɗin sa ƙasa da kilomita 50 (31 , yayin da a wasu wurare ƙasa da kilomita 2 (1.2  ya raba bakin daga tuddai na Alborz. Yankin Tekun Farisa a kudancin Khuzestan da Tekun Oman ba su da filayen gaske saboda Zagros a cikin waɗannan yankuna sun sauka zuwa bakin teku.

Babu manyan koguna a kasar. Daga cikin ƙananan koguna da rafi, wanda kawai yake tafiya shine Karun mai tsawon kilomita 830 (520 , wanda jiragen ruwa masu zurfi zasu iya tattaunawa daga Khorramshahr zuwa Ahvaz, nisan kusan kilomita 180 (110 . Sauran sanannun koguna sun haɗa da Karkheh, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 700 (430  kuma ya haɗu da Tigris; da Kogin Zayandeh, wanda yake da nisan kilometres 300 (190 mi). Sauran koguna da rafi na dindindin da yawa suna shiga cikin Tekun Farisa, yayin da wasu ƙananan koguna da suka samo asali a arewa maso yammacin Zagros ko Alborz suna shiga cikin Bahar Caspian.

A kan Tsakiyar Tsakiya, koguna da yawa - mafi yawansu suna da gadaje masu bushewa don mafi yawan shekara - suna fitowa daga narkewar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin duwatsu a lokacin bazara kuma suna gudana ta hanyar tashoshi na dindindin, suna narkewa a ƙarshe zuwa tafkunan gishiri waɗanda kuma sukan bushe a lokacin watanni na rani. Akwai tafkin gishiri na dindindin, Tafkin Urmia (sunan gargajiya, wanda aka fi sani da Tafkin Urmiyeh, wanda ya koma bayan an kira shi Tafkin Rezaiyeh a ƙarƙashin Mohammad Reza Shah), a arewa maso yamma, wanda abun ciki na salin ya yi yawa don tallafawa kifi ko yawancin sauran nau'ikan rayuwar ruwa. Har ila yau, akwai tabkuna masu gishiri da yawa da ke kan iyakar Iran da Afghanistan a lardin Baluchestan va Sistan .

Yankunan tsaunuka na Iran suna da wasu daga cikin manyan kankara a duniya. Bayyanarsu a cikin yanayin bushewa yana da fa'ida ga waɗanda suka dogara da kankara a matsayin samar da ruwa mai kyau. A cikin wani balaguro, Klaus Thymann tare da agajin muhalli Project Pressure sun samar da jerin hotunan ajiya da balaguro waɗanda ke nuna gaggawa na halin da ke kewaye da canjin yanayi da mutanen da suka dogara da irin waɗannan siffofin kankara na halitta don ci gaba da rayuwa a yankuna masu nisa.
Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 1,481 km2 na filayen ruwa a Iran, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 22 a cikin yanayin filayen ruwa. 

Iran has a diverse climate. In the northwest, winters are cold with heavy snowfalls and sub-freezing temperatures. Spring and fall are relatively mild, while summers are dry and hot. In the south, winters are mild and summers are very hot, with average daily maximum temperature exceeding  in the month of July. On the Khuzestan Plain, summer heat is accompanied by high humidity.

Gabaɗaya, Iran tana da yanayi mai matsakaici wanda yawancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya faɗi daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu. A mafi yawan kasar, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da matsakaicin millimeters 400 (15.7 in) ko ƙasa da haka. Manyan banbanci sune kwarin tsaunuka mafi girma na Zagros da filin bakin teku na Caspian, inda ruwan sama ya kai aƙalla millimeters 600 (24 in) kuma yana cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara a tsawo. A yammacin Caspian, ruwan sama ya wuce 1,500 millimeters (59 in) a kowace shekara kuma ana rarraba shi daidai a duk shekara. Wannan ya bambanta da wasu kwari na Tsakiyar Tsakiya wanda ke karɓar millimeters 100 (4 in) ko ƙasa da hazo. An dauki Iran a matsayin mai sanyi fiye da kasashe makwabta kamar Iraki da Turkmenistan, saboda girmansa.
alt=Iran climate map showing locations of province capitals|right|250x250px|Taswirar yanayi ta Iran da ke nuna wuraren manyan biranen lardin            

 Tsire-tsire da dabbobi 
Kash 7% na kasar gandun daji ne. Ana samun girma mafi girma a kan gangaren tsaunuka da ke tasowa daga Tekun Caspian, tare da tsayin oak, ash, elm, cypress, da sauran bishiyoyi masu daraja. A kan tudu da ya dace, yankunan itacen oak sun bayyana a kan gangaren tsaunuka masu ruwa mafi kyau, kuma mazauna ƙauyuka suna noma gonaki kuma suna shuka itacen jirgin sama, poplar, willow, walnut, beech, maple, da Mulberry. Tsire-tsire na daji da shrubs suna fitowa daga ƙasar da ba ta da kyau a cikin bazara kuma suna ba da makiyaya, amma rana ta rani tana ƙone su. A cewar rahotanni na FAO,  manyan nau'ikan gandun daji da ke cikin Iran da yankunansu sune:

 Dazukan Caspian na gundumomin arewa - murabba'in kilomita 19,000 (sq mi) 7,300 Dazuzzukan tsaunuka na limestone a gundumomin arewa maso gabas ( dazuzzukan Juniperus) - murabba'in kilomita 13,000 (5,000 sq mi)  Dazukan Pistachio a gabas, kudanci da kudu maso gabas - fadin murabba'in kilomita 26,000 (sq mi 10,000)  Dazuzzukan itacen oak a cikin gundumomin tsakiya da yamma - murabba'in kilomita 35,000 (14,000 sq mi)  Shrubs na gundumomin Kavir (hamada) a tsakiya da arewa maso gabas na ƙasar - murabba'in kilomita 10,000 (3,900 sq mi)  Dazuzzuka masu zafi na bakin tekun kudu, kamar dazuzzukan Hara - murabba'in kilomita 5,000 (sq mi)

Dabbobin daji na Iran sun bambanta kuma sun hada da nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa ciki har da bears, gazelles, aladu na daji, wolves, jackals, panthers, Eurasian lynx, da foxes. Dabbobi na gida sun hada da tumaki, awaki, shanu, dawakai, buffalo na ruwa, jaki, da raƙuma. Faeasant, partridge, stork, eagles da falcon suma asalin ƙasar Iran ne.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 20 na Iran da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 14 Yana cikin haɗari. Daga cikinsu akwai Beyar Baluchistan (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus), wani nau'i na beyar baƙar fata ta Asiya, dabbar fallow deer ta Farisa, Siberian crane, tururuwa ta hawksbill, tururuwar kore, Oxus cobra, Latifi's viper, dugong da dolphins. Cheetah na Asiya nau'in da ke cikin haɗari ne wanda ya ƙare a wasu wurare kuma yanzu ana iya samun sa ne kawai a tsakiyar zuwa arewa maso gabashin Iran.

Iran ta rasa dukkan zakuna na Asiya da damisa na Caspian a farkon karni na 20. Jinin daji na Siriya ya ƙare. Bears masu launin ruwan kasa na Siriya a cikin duwatsu, tumakin daji da awaki, gazelles, Faisan onagers, Aladu na daji, leopards na Farisa, da foxes suna da yawa. Dabbobi na gida sun hada da tumaki, awaki, shanu, dawakai, buffalo na ruwa, jaki, da raƙuma. Faeasant, partridge, stork, da falcon 'yan asalin Iran ne.

An ce damisar Farisa ita ce mafi girma a cikin dukkan nau'ikan damisa a duniya.  Babban kewayon wannan nau'in a Iran ya zo kusa da na bezoar ibex.  Don haka, ana samun ta a ko'ina cikin jejin tsaunin Alborz da Zagros, da kuma ƙananan jeri a cikin tudun Iran.  Yawan damisa ba su da yawa, saboda asarar wurin zama, da asarar ganimar halitta, da rarrabuwar jama'a.  Baya ga bezoar ibex, tumakin daji, boar, barewa, (ko dai jajayen barewa ko barewa), da dabbobin gida sune abincin damisa a Iran.

 Tsarin halittu da yanayin halittu 
Iran's bio-diversity ranks 13th in the world.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span>] There are 272 conservation areas around Iran for a total of 17 million hectares under the supervision of the Department of Environment (Iran), variously named national parks, protected areas, and natural wildlife refuges, all meant to protect the genetic resources of the country. There are only 2,617 rangers and 430 environmental monitoring units engaged in protecting these vast areas, which amounts to 6,500 hectares to cover for each ranger.
Shafukan Ramsar (23 Yuni 1975) Yankin (km2) Anzali Wetland Complex,  lardin GilanYankin Gilan150Arjan Meadow, lardin FarsYankin Fars22Tafkin Gori,  Lardin Gabashin Azerbaijan1.2Tafkin Kobi, lardin Yammacin AzerbaijanYankin Yammacin Azerbaijan12Tafkin Parishan, lardin FarsYankin Fars40Yankin Miankaleh, Gorgan Bay, Lapoo-Zaghmarz Ab-bandan  Lardin Mazandaran1000

 Damuwa da muhalli 
Hadarin halitta: fari na lokaci-lokaci, ambaliyar ruwa; guguwar ƙura, guguwar yashi; girgizar ƙasa a kan iyakar yamma da arewa maso gabas

Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu: gurɓataccen iska, musamman a cikin birane, daga hayakin motoci, ayyukan refinery, da magudanar masana'antu; sare daji; hamada; gurɓatawar mai a cikin Tekun Farisa; asarar ƙasa daga fari; lalacewar ƙasa (gishiri); rashin isasshen ruwa mai sha a wasu yankuna; gurɓatar ruwa daga albarkatun ruwa da sharar masana'antu.

 Albarkatarwa da amfani da ƙasa 
Albarkatun halitta: man fetur, iskar gas, kwal, chromium, jan ƙarfe, ƙarfe, gubar, Manganese, zinc, sulfur nomable land: 10.87% amfanin gona na dindindin: 1.19% wasu: 87.93% (2012 est.) 

Irrigated land:
 (2009)

Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa: 13 km3 (2011)  

Rashin ruwa mai laushi (na gida / masana'antu / aikin gona): jimillar:: 93.3 km3/shekara (7%/1%/92%) ga kowane mutum: 1,306 m3/shekaru (2004)  

 Yankin da iyakoki 

 Area
 total: 
 country rank in the world: 17th
 land: 
 water: 

 Yankin - kwatankwacin
 Kwatanta Australia: dan kadan karami fiye da Queensland
 Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan ya fi Quebec girma
 Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan ya fi Alaska girma
 Kwatanta EU: dan kadan fiye da sau uku na girman Birnin Faransa

 Yankunan ƙasa
 jimlar: kilomita 5,894 (3,662 mi) kasashe na iyaka: Afghanistan kilomita 921 (572 mi), Armenia kilomita 44 (27 mi), Azerbaijan mai kyau kilomita 432 (268 mi), Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan mai iyaka kilomita 179 (111 mi), Iraki kilomita 1,599 (994 mi), Pakistan kilomita 909 (565 mi), Turkiyya kilomita 534 (332 mi), Turkmenistan kilomita 1,148 (713 mi).

 Kasashen kan iyaka: Afghanistan kilomita 921 (572 , Armenia kilomita 44 (27 , Azerbaijan mai kyau kilomita 432 (268 , Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan mai iyaka kilomita 179 (111 , Iraki kilomita 1,599 (994 , Pakistan kilomita 909 (565 , Turkiyya kilomita 534 (332 , Turkmenistan kilomita 1,148 (713 .

 Yankin teku
 Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan

 Yankin bakin teku

 bayanin kula: Iran kuma tana da iyaka da Tekun Caspian, na kilomita 740 (460  

 Maritime claims
 territorial sea: 
 contiguous zone: 
 exclusive economic zone:  with bilateral agreements, or median lines in the Persian Gulf
 continental shelf: natural prolongation

 Babban tsawo
 mafi ƙasƙanci: Tekun Caspian -28 mita (-92  
 mafi girman matsayi: Dutsen Damavand mita 5,610 (18,410  

 Rikici na kasa da kasa 
Iran a halin yanzu tana cikin rikice-rikicen ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ƙasashe makwabta da yawa.

Kasar ta nuna rashin amincewa da yadda Afghanistan ta takaita kwararar magudanan ruwa zuwa kogin Helmand a lokutan fari.  Rashin iyakar teku a Tekun Farisa tare da Iraki kuma yana haifar da takaddamar shari'a fiye da bakin Arvand Rud.  Kasashen Iran da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa dai sun yi takun-saka game da yankin Tunbu-Babba da Karami da kuma tsibiran Abu Musa da ke karkashin ikon Iran.  A halin yanzu Iran ta dage kan raba albarkatun Tekun Caspian daidai gwargwado tsakanin kasashe biyar masu karfin fada-a-ji, bayan da tsohuwar jamhuriyar Soviet da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha suka ki mutunta yarjejeniyoyin 50-50 tsakanin Iran da Tarayyar Soviet (duk da wajibcin da ke wuyansu na kasa da kasa).  Rasha, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan da Turkmenistan suna ci gaba da da'awar yankunan ruwa don haka game da Tekun Caspian a matsayin buɗaɗɗen ruwa na kasa da kasa, suna watsi da yanayin tafkin.
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