Gudun ƙasa

Gudun ƙasa, wanda aka fi sani da ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa ko ƙuƙwalwa kawai, wani nau'in ƙuƙwasawa ne wanda ke nuna jinkirin, ci gaban ƙasa na dutse da ƙasa ƙasa ƙasa ƙasa a ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙuƙura; Hakanan yana iya komawa zuwa jinkirin lalacewar irin waɗannan kayan sakamakon matsin lamba da damuwa. creep na iya bayyana ga mai kallo ya ci gaba, amma da gaske shine jimlar minti da yawa, motsi mai hankali na kayan gangara wanda ya haifar da ƙarfin nauyi. Friction, kasancewa babban karfi don tsayayya da nauyi, ana samar da shi lokacin da wani abu ya wuce wani yana ba da juriya ta inji tsakanin su biyu wanda ke aiki don riƙe abubuwa (ko gangara) a wurin. Yayin da gangara a kan tudu ke ƙaruwa, ƙarfin da ke tsaye ga gangaren yana raguwa kuma yana haifar da ƙarancin rikici tsakanin kayan da zai iya haifar da gangaren ya zame.

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 
Ruwa muhimmiyar mahimmanci ce yayin tattaunawar lalacewar ƙasa da motsi. Misali, sandcastle zai tashi ne kawai lokacin da aka yi shi da yashi mai laushi. Ruwa yana ba da haɗin kai ga yashi wanda ke ɗaure ƙwayoyin yashi tare. Koyaya, zuba ruwa a kan sandcastle ya lalata shi. Wannan shi ne saboda kasancewar ruwa mai yawa ya cika kofofin tsakanin hatsi da ruwa yana haifar da jirgin sama mai zamewa tsakanin barbashi kuma ba da haɗin kai wanda ke sa su zame kuma su zame. Wannan yana da alaƙa da tuddai da tsaunuka. Kasancewar ruwa na iya taimakawa dutsen ya zauna kuma ya ba shi haɗin kai, amma a cikin yanayin da ke da ruwa sosai ko kuma a lokacin ko bayan ruwan sama mai yawa, ƙwayoyin da ke tsakanin hatsi na iya zama cike da ruwa kuma ya sa ƙasa ta zame tare da jirgin sama da ya kirkira.
Hakanan ana iya haifar da creep ta hanyar fadada kayan kamar yumɓu lokacin da aka fallasa su cikin ruwa. Yumbu yana fadada lokacin da ya yi rigar, sannan kwangila bayan bushewa. Yankin fadada yana turawa ƙasa, sannan raguwa yana haifar da karfafawa a sabon canji.

Abubuwan da ke hutawa a saman ƙasa ana ɗauke da su yayin da suke saukowa daga gangaren. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin majami'u, inda tsofaffin duwatsu galibi suna cikin kusurwa da mita da yawa daga inda aka gina su da farko.

Shuke-shuke suna taka rawa a cikin kwanciyar hankali da raguwa. Lokacin da tudun ya ƙunshi tsire-tsire da yawa sai tushensu ya haifar da cibiyar sadarwa mai haɗuwa wanda zai iya ƙarfafa kayan da ba a haɗa su ba. Har ila yau, suna taimakawa wajen shan ruwa mai yawa a cikin ƙasa don taimakawa wajen kiyaye gangaren. Koyaya, suna ƙara nauyin gangaren da ke ba da nauyi wanda ya fi ƙarfin motsawa don yin aiki a cikin tura gangaren ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, gangaren da ba su da ciyayi suna da damar motsawa.

Injiniyoyin zane wani lokacin suna buƙatar yin tsaro daga saukowa yayin shirin su don hana ginin ginin daga lalacewa. Ana dasa piles sosai a cikin kayan saman don karewa daga wannan aikin da ke faruwa.

 Tsarin yaduwar regolith 
Don ƙananan tuddai zuwa matsakaici, ana tsara yaduwar yaduwar ruwa a layi kamar yadda (Culling, 1960; McKean et al., 1993) 

ina  shi ne yaduwa akai-akai, kuma  gangara ne. Don gangaren gangare, ɗimbin ruwa mai yaduwa an tsara shi da kyau azaman aikin da ba na layi ba na gangaraRoering, Joshua J., James W. Kirchner, and William E. Dietrich. "Evidence for nonlinear, diffusive sediment transport on hillslopes and implications for landscape morphology." Water Resources Research 35.3 (1999): 853–70. 

ina  shine mahimmin gradient don zamewar busasshiyar ƙasa.

A kan lokaci mai tsawo, raguwa mai yawa a cikin ƙasa mai tuddai yana haifar da halayyar zagaye na tuddai a cikin wuri mai faɗi.Roering, Joshua J., James W. Kirchner, and William E. Dietrich. "Evidence for nonlinear, diffusive sediment transport on hillslopes and implications for landscape morphology." Water Resources Research 35.3 (1999): 853–70.Rosenbloom, N. A., and Robert S. Anderson. "Hillslope and channel evolution in a marine terraced landscape, Santa Cruz." California: Journal of Geophysical Research 99.B7 (1994): 14-013.

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