Dokar Canjin Yanayi na shekarar 2008

Dokar Canjin yanayi ta 2008 (c 27) Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ce ta Burtaniya . Dokar ta sanya shi aikin Sakataren Gwamnati don rage fitar da iskar gas, don kauce wa canjin yanayi mai haɗari. Dokar tana da niyyar ba da damar Burtaniya ta zama tattalin arzikin carbon mai ƙarancin gaske kuma tana ba ministoci ikon gabatar da matakan da ake buƙata don cimma burin rage iskar gas. An kirkiro kwamitin mai zaman kansa kan Canjin Yanayi a karkashin Dokar don ba da shawara ga Gwamnatin Burtaniya kan waɗannan manufofi da manufofi masu alaƙa. A cikin dokar Sakataren Gwamnati yana nufin Sakataren Jiha na Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi.

Manufar asali ita ce raguwar 80% a shekara ta 2050 amma a watan Yunin 2019 an ƙarfafa wannan zuwa manufa ta "net zero" na raguwar 100%. 

 Manufar fitar da iskar carbon 
A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2008 Ed Miliband, Sakataren Harkokin Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi, ya ba da sanarwar cewa Dokar za ta ba da umarnin yanke kashi 80% gaba ɗaya a cikin iskar gas guda shida nan da shekara ta 2050.

Lokacin da aka fara buga Gwamnati ta ba da shawarar cewa Dokar za ta kafa burin raguwa na 60%, ban da jirgin sama na kasa da kasa da jigilar kayayyaki, adadi wanda ya kasance burin Gwamnati na wasu shekaru. An karɓi adadi na asali na kashi 60% bisa ga shawarar Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, wanda aka yi a cikin rahoton su na Yuni 2000 Energy - The Changing Environment .  Idan wasu kasashe ma sun karɓa, an yi la'akari da raguwar kashi 60% a shekara ta 2050 wanda zai iya iyakance yawan carbon dioxide na yanayi zuwa kashi 550 a kowace miliyan wanda, an yi tunaninsa a lokacin, mai yiwuwa zai hana yanayin zafi na duniya daga tashi da fiye da 2 ° C (3.6 ° F) don haka kauce wa mummunar sakamakon dumamar duniya. Hukumar Royal ta ci gaba da cewa ya kamata a yanke kashi 80% ta hanyar 2100, kuma ya kamata a 'ci gaba da sake dubawa' iyakar 550 ppm. Sun sake maimaita muhimmancin wannan a watan Janairun shekara ta 2006.    

Adadin Royal Commission sun dogara ne akan shawarar Yuni 1996 na Majalisar Ministocin EU don iyakance hayaki zuwa 550 ppm, wanda ke cikin dabarun al'umma akan Canjin Yanayi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya dogara ne akan Rahoton Bincike na Biyu na IPCC na 1995, wanda ya fara ambaton 550 ppm - 2 ° C.   

Wani kimantawa na kimiyya a taron kasa da kasa na 2005 na kauce wa canjin yanayi mai haɗari, wanda aka gudanar a Exeter a karkashin shugabancin Burtaniya na G8,  ya kammala cewa a matakin 550 ppm mai yiwuwa ne cewa za a wuce 2 ° C, bisa ga tsinkaya na samfuran yanayi na baya-bayan nan. Daidaitawar iskar gas a 450 ppm zai haifar da yiwuwar 50% na iyakancewar dumamar duniya zuwa 2 ° C, kuma zai zama dole don cimma daidaito a ƙasa da 400 ppm don ba da tabbaci mai girma na ba da wucewa 2 ° C ba.      

Dangane da yawan karuwa na yanzu - matsakaicin kusan 2 ppm a kowace shekara  - yawan iskar gas mai guba zai iya kaiwa 400 ppm ta 2016, 450 ppm ta 2041, da 550 ppm ta kusan 2091. Saboda haka ne kungiyoyin muhalli da wasu jam'iyyun siyasa suka soki burin kashi 60% a matsayin rashin isasshen burin, da kuma dalilin da ya sa suka bukaci karin raguwa (80%-100%), kamar yadda aka ambata a kasa. Rashin hayaki daga jirgin sama da jigilar kayayyaki, haɗe da tsinkaya don ci gaba a waɗannan yankuna, yana nufin cewa tasirin lissafin zai kasance kawai 35-50% jimlar yanke a matakan 1990 zuwa 2050.    

Bayan matsin lamba daga jama'a, 'yan majalisa da kuma shawarar daga Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi, an amince da burin kashi 80% a ƙarshe.

 Ci gaban doka 
Hanyar aiwatar da dokoki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wani lokacin ya haɗa da matakai masu yawa na shawarwari da muhawara.

 Kudin da ya gabata 
Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta 2008 ta riga ta kasance ta hanyar lissafin memba mai zaman kansa mai suna  wanda Abokan Duniya suka tsara kuma suka kawo gaban Majalisar a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2005. Kodayake ya sami goyon baya mai yawa  Bill ɗin bai iya samun ci gaba ba yayin da aka rushe majalisar kafin babban zaben 2005.

 Motsi na farko 
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Babban zaben shekara ta 2005, 412 daga cikin 'yan majalisa 646 sun sanya hannu kan wani yunkuri na farko da ke kira da a gabatar da Dokar Canjin Yanayi, don haɗawa da abin da ake buƙata don rage kashi 3% na shekara-shekara a cikin hayakin carbon. Sai kawai wasu matakai uku na farko sun taba sanya hannu da fiye da 'yan majalisa 400.

 Binciken da aka yi kafin a yi 
Gwamnati Labour ta sanar da gabatar da Dokar Canjin Yanayi a Aiki jawabin Sarauniya, a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2006.  An buga daftarin Bill a ranar 13 ga Maris 2007, amma ya ba da shawarar 'budget na carbon' na shekaru biyar maimakon manufofi na shekara-shekara da mutane da yawa suka kira. Gwamnati ta yi imanin cewa yanayin yanayi daban-daban ya sa manufofi na shekara-shekara ba su da amfani.

Kwamitocin majalisa guda uku ne suka binciki daftarin. An kafa kwamitin zaɓe na hadin gwiwa na mambobi 24 daga House of Lords da House of Commons, wanda Ubangiji Puttnam ke jagoranta, nan da nan don bincika Dokar. Kwamitin Zaɓin Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara na House of Commons ya kuma gudanar da bincikensa game da da daftarin Bill, kamar yadda Kwamitin Binciken Muhalli ya yi. Wadannan kwamitocin sun sami shaidu daga jerin jam'iyyun da ke da sha'awar tsakanin Afrilu da Yuli kuma sun jefa kuri'a  a kan kalmomin ƙarshe na rahotonsu. 

Daga cikin masu sukar da ke ba da shaida shine Ubangiji Lawson wanda ya yi jayayya cewa duk manufar ba ta da amfani saboda mutane za su iya daidaitawa da mafi munin tsinkaye na hauhawar digiri 4 a cikin zafin jiki a ƙarshen karni saboda, tare da matsakaicin ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya na 2%, za su kasance "sau bakwai kamar yadda muke a yau", saboda haka ba daidai ba ne a tilasta sadaukarwa ga "mafi talauci na yanzu".

An buga martani na Gwamnati ga rahoton a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007. 

 Tattaunawar Ubangiji 
Gwamnati ta gabatar da dokar ga House of Lords a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2007.  An gudanar da muhawara ta farko a bene na House (Karanta na Biyu) a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2007 kuma ta dauki sa'o'i shida. Wannan ya biyo bayan zaman takwas a matakin kwamitin, ƙarin zaman hudu a matakin rahoto da kuma daya don Karatu na Uku. Dukkanin waɗannan zaman (ciki har da matakin Kwamitin) sun faru ne a bene na House  da kuri'u goma don gyare-gyare daban-daban. 

Ɗaya daga cikin kuri'un ya ki amincewa da shawarar da yawancin mutane 148 zuwa 51 suka yi don canza burin 2050 daga 60% zuwa 80% a ƙasa da ƙarar 1990 bisa ga cewa ya kamata su jira sabon shawarar kimiyya daga Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi kafin su canza burin daga 60% .

Wani gyare-gyare, don cire Sakataren Harkokin Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi na cikakken aikin tabbatar da cewa an cika burin 2050, kuma an maye gurbinsa da aikin gabatar da manufofi don cimma burin, an kayar da shi da kuri'u 132 zuwa 130 a cikin Karatu na Uku a cikin House of Lords  a ranar 31 ga Maris 2008. Kudin ya wuce zuwa House of Commons.

 Tattaunawar Commons 
A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2008, bayan karatun Bill na biyu, mambobi biyar ne kawai na House of Commons suka kada kuri'a. Wadannan biyar sune Christopher Chope, Philip Davies, Peter Lilley, Andrew Tyrie, da Ann Widdecombe . 

A lokacin muhawara a kan Karatu na Uku a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba, gwamnati ta ki amincewa da gyare-gyaren adawa don ba da damar Sakataren Gwamnati ya saita matsakaicin matakin carbon dioxide wanda za'a iya fitarwa a kowane ɗayan fitarwa ta kowane tashar samarwa. Bayan da aka gabatar da shawarar kwamitin canjin yanayi game da matakin burin a shekarar 2050 a gaba, an sake fasalin burin a shekara ta 2050 daga kashi 60% na hayakin carbon dioxide na shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 80% na manyan hayakin gas guda shida a kan matsin gwamnati. An kuma amince da cewa rabon Burtaniya na jirgin sama da fitar da hayaki zai zama wani ɓangare na manufa, lokacin da za a iya amincewa da hanyar auna waɗannan.

Kudin ya zama doka a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2008. 

 Gyara 
A cikin shekara ta 2019, ta hanyar Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta na shekarar 2008 (2050 Target Amendment) Order, An yi gyare-gyare na Sashe na 1 na Dokar, maye gurbin manufa don rage iskar gas da kashi 80 cikin dari ta hanyar 2050 tare da manufa na kashi 100. 

 Matsayi 

 Jam'iyyun siyasa 
Jam'iyyar Conservative ta adawa ta goyi bayan manufar lissafi, kuma ta ba da shawarar bambancin kansu a gaban Gwamnati. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambance shine cewa suna buƙatar manufofi na carbon na shekara-shekara, kuma cewa Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi ya kamata ya sami ingantaccen matsayi, ya kafa manufofi da kuma ba da shawara ga gwamnatoci.

Jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats ta dauki irin wannan matsayi ga Conservatives, kuma suna da ra'ayin cewa kafa manufofi a kowace shekara biyar zai zama abdication na alhakin, saboda gwamnati yawanci ta kasance a mulki na shekaru hudu kawai. Sun kuma bayyana cewa da aka tsara 60% yankewa da aka yi a shekarar 2050 bazai isa ba, kuma cewa "muna iya buƙatar yin niyya zuwa kusan 80%".

Green Party na Ingila da Wales sun ba da amsa mai ƙarfi. Sun yi la'akari da cewa dokar ta ba da 'kyauta mai yawa', amma cewa daftarin Bill ya kasance 'mai haɗari ba tare da burin ba'. Daga cikin bukatunsu akwai manufofi na shekara-shekara da kuma raguwar fitarwa gaba ɗaya da kashi 90% nan da shekara ta 2050. Daraja - Ƙungiyar Unity ta kuma goyi bayan raguwar kashi 90% a cikin hayakin carbon nan da shekara ta 2050, amma ba ta bayyana ra'ayi game da lissafin ba.

Daga cikin jam'iyyun siyasa na kasa wadanda aka san ra'ayoyinsu, manufar Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta sami goyon baya daga Jam'iyyar Scottish National Party  da Jam'iyyar Democratic Unionist Party.  Welsh Plaid Cymru ta ba da shawarar raguwar carbon 3% na shekara-shekara ga Wales a cikin bayanan manufofinsu.

Jam'iyyar Independence ta Burtaniya ta yi imanin cewa dokar ta zama dole ne kawai saboda gazawar tsara wani shiri mai yiwuwa ga wasu hanyoyin samar da makamashi don maye gurbin man fetur. Sun yi la'akari da cewa Bill ya kasance 'mai zurfi kuskure', mai yiwuwa ya gurgunta tattalin arziki kuma zai lalata saka hannun jari a wasu fasahohi. Maimakon haka sun yi imanin cewa Gwamnati da 'yan adawa 'suna buƙatar bincika hanyoyin da suka dace kamar makamashin nukiliya', kuma cewa shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi masu sabuntawa kamar wutar lantarki ta iska da hasken rana, da kuma rage hayakin carbon da kashi 60%, 'ba za a iya cimma su ba kuma ba dole ba'.

 Ƙungiyoyin muhalli 
Abokan Babban Yakin Duniya na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka rinjayi gwamnati ta haɗa da Dokar Canjin Yanayi a cikin shirin majalisar su. Kungiyar ta bukaci cewa Bill din ya hada da manufofi masu bin doka don rage akalla kashi 3% a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai jimlar raguwa kusan kashi 80% nan da shekara ta 2050. Sun yi la'akari da cewa raguwar kashi 60% a cikin hayakin carbon a shekara ta 2050 ba isasshen gudummawa daga kasashe masu tasowa ba ne ga matakin kasa da kasa kan canjin yanayi.

Ƙungiyar WWF ta Burtaniya ta goyi bayan Dokar, amma ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Get on Board don ƙaddamar da burin rage carbon na 2050 da za a ɗaga zuwa akalla 80%, gami da rabon Burtaniya na hayaki daga jirgin sama na duniya da jigilar kaya. Bugu da kari, WWF-UK ta yi kira da a riƙe gyaran House of Lords cewa akalla kashi 70% na raguwar Burtaniya ya kamata a cimma shi a cikin gida (ƙuntata zuwa kashi 30% na raguwar da za a iya cimma ta hanyar sayen 'karfin carbon'). 

Sauran 50 ko makamancin haka na muhalli, ci gaban kasa da kasa da sauran kungiyoyin da ke cikin hadin gwiwar Stop Climate Chaos sun goyi bayan Babban Yakin Tambaya kuma sun raba irin wannan ra'ayi. Kungiyar hadin gwiwa kanta ta soki Gwamnati saboda rashin amincewa da 'ƙofar haɗarin dumama duniya' na 2 ° C. Idan aka yi la'akari da wannan, sun yi imanin cewa burin 2020 ya kamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin 30%, tare da burin 80% don 2050. Sun kuma yi la'akari da cewa Bill ya kamata ya haɗa da manufofi na raguwa na shekara-shekara na 3%, rufe jirgin sama da jigilar kayayyaki a cikin ikonsa, da kuma hana sayen kudaden carbon daga kasashen waje, aikin da suka yi imanin fitar da matsalar hayaki a wasu wurare. 

.  Matsalar Jama'a ta hadin gwiwa ta Ikklisiyoyin Baptist, Methodist, da United Reformed sun yi kira ga raguwar kashi 80% a cikin hayakin carbon [a shekara ta 2050], don kada a yi watsi da gudummawar iska da tafiye-tafiye na teku, da kuma rage hayakin da ke cikin Burtaniya maimakon dogaro da sayen kudaden carbon daga wasu ƙasashe.

 Kungiyoyin kwadago da kasuwanci 
Kungiyar Masana'antu ta Burtaniya, wacce ta kirkiro rundunarta ta sauya yanayi, ta yi maraba da dokar da aka gabatar, tana mai cewa ta haɗu da abubuwa biyu masu mahimmanci, haske na dogon lokaci game da jagorancin manufofi da sassauci a isar da ita.

Har ila yau, Majalisar Tarayyar Kasuwanci ta ba da goyon baya ga Dokar.

 Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi 
Kwamitin kan Canjin Yanayi, wanda aka saka hannun jari ta Sashe na 2 na Dokar, an ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008 tare da Ubangiji Adair Turner a matsayin shugabanta. Har ila yau, akwai Kwamitin Gudanarwa (ASC), wanda ke tsara jagora don al'amuran daidaitawa ciki har da shawarwari masu zaman kansu game da shirya don canjin yanayi. ASC ta kunshi masana daga dukkan fannoni na canjin yanayi, kimiyya da tattalin arziki kuma a halin yanzu Baroness Brown na Cambridge ce ke jagoranta.

 Sakamakon / rahotanni 
Kamar yadda wannan dokar ta buƙaci, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta samar da rahotanni da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu an saita su don sabuntawa a lokuta na yau da kullun. Wadannan rahotanni sun hada da:

 Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA), rahoton farko da aka buga a cikin 2012,  rahoton na biyu da aka buga A cikin 2017,  kuma an buga rahoton na uku a cikin 2022.

 Shirin Adaptation na Kasa (NAP), rahoton farko da aka buga a cikin 2013,  na biyu a cikin Yulin 2018.  Buga Shirin Daidaitawa na Kasa na uku, na 2023-28, ya faru ne a watan Yulin 2023 . 

 Adaptation Reporting Power (ARP), gabaɗaya na farko da aka buga a cikin 2011 (daga sama da manyan kungiyoyi 100),  zagaye na biyu na rahotanni sun fara bugawa a cikin kaka na 2015.  Shirye-shiryen zagaye na uku na rahotanni ya fara, tare da takardar shawarwari da aka buga a watan Yunin 2018  kuma an buga jerin kungiyoyi a cikin takardar manufofi a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2018. 

Rahotanni da ke sama da abubuwan da aka fitar sun sami goyon baya daga Shirin Tasirin Yanayi na Burtaniya (wanda yanzu ake kira UKCIP),  da kuma tsinkayen UKCP09.  Daga ƙarshen 2018, waɗannan tsinkaye sun maye gurbin tsinkayen UKCP18.

 Dubi kuma 

 Dokar Canjin Yanayi da Dokar Makamashi mai dorewa ta 2006 (United Kingdom) 
 Canjin yanayi a Ƙasar Ingila
 Dokar Yanayi da Yanayi

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Text of the Climate Change Act 2008kamar yadda yake a yau (ciki har da duk wani gyare-gyare) a cikin Ƙasar Ingila, dagalegislation.gov.uk. 
 Bayanan bayani game da Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta 2008.
 Jagoran aiwatar da Dokar Canjin Yanayi ga kasuwanci akan NetRegs.gov.uk
 Cikakken rubutun da aka yi a baya
 DEFRA Draft Dokar Canjin Yanayi shawarwarin jama'a
 ePolitix.com Q&A: Climate Change Bill[usurped]
 Babban Yunkurin Tambaya
 Shiga cikin Jirgin, WWF-UK Yanayin Yanayi Campan
 Biritaniya ta wallafa Dokar Canjin Yanayi.
 Bidiyo na kaddamar da gwamnati (YouTube)
 Siyasa ta Yanayi da Makamashi ta Ingila 
 Dabarun Canjin Yanayi.

 Kafofin watsa labarai

 10 Afrilu 2008, Laburaren Jama'a na Intanet: Rage Carbon mara zafi da 80%Rage Carbon mara zafi da kashi 80%
 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, BBC: 'yan majalisa da takwarorinsu sun bukaci dokar carbon mai tsauri'Yan majalisa da takwarorinsu suna neman ka'idar carbon mai tsauri
 14 Maris 2007, Independent Online: Dokar da ta sa rage hayakin carbon ya zama aikin doka
 23 Fabrairu 2007, Times Online: Miliband ya yi wa masu sukar sa ba'a yayin da aka rage dokar yanayi
 15 Nuwamba 2006, Guardian Unlimited: Miliband ya musanta rabuwa da majalisar kan dokar yanayiMiliband ya musanta rabuwa da majalisar ministoci game da dokar yanayi
 13 Oktoba 2006, Politics.co.uk: Ministocin 'duba da hankali' akan yiwuwar dokar canjin yanayiMinistocin 'duba da hankali' a kan yiwuwar dokar canjin yanayi 
 1 ga Fabrairu 2006, Euractive: Babban mai ba da shawara na kimiyya na Burtaniya: Tsayawa da maida hankali ga CO2 a ƙasa da 450ppm 'ba zai yiwu ba'Babban mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya na Burtaniya: Tsayawa da CO2 a ƙasa da 450ppm 'ba zai yiwu ba'
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba