Ayyukan rana da yanayi

Tsarin hasken rana da bambancin hasken rana sun kasance babban abin da ke haifar da Canjin yanayi a cikin miliyoyin zuwa biliyoyin shekaru na sikelin lokacin geologic.

Shaidar cewa wannan shi ne lamarin ya fito ne daga bincike a kan ma'auni na lokaci da yawa kuma daga tushe da yawa, gami da: abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su kai tsaye; abubuwan da aka haɗa daga kwando na abubuwan da aka lura daban-daban; da kuma tsarin yanayi na lambobi. A kan sikelin dubban shekaru, an kwatanta alamun paleoclimate da yalwar isotope na cosmogenic kamar yadda ƙarshen shine wakili don aikin hasken rana. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan a kan sikelin ƙarni amma, ban da haka, bayanan kayan aiki suna ƙaruwa (musamman lura da hasken rana da ma'aunin ma'auni na zafin iska) kuma suna nuna cewa, alal misali, sauye-sauyen zafin jiki ba su dace da bambancin aikin hasken rana ba kuma cewa haɗin da aka fi sani da Little Ice Age tare da Maunder mafi ƙarancin yana da sauƙi kamar yadda, kodayake bambancin hasken rana na iya taka ƙaramin rawa, babban abu an san shi ne Little Ice Age volcanism. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata abubuwan lura da daidaito, hankali da fa'ida (na ayyukan hasken rana da yanayin ƙasa) sun zama samuwa daga jirgin sararin samaniya kuma sun nuna ba tare da wata shakka ba cewa yanayin zafi na duniya na baya-bayan nan ba ya haifar da canje-canje a cikin Sun.

 Lokacin yanayin ƙasa 
Duniya ta samo asali ne a kusa da shekaru biliyan 4.54 da suka gabata   ta hanyar karuwa daga hasken rana. Wataƙila fashewar wuta ta haifar da yanayi na farko, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan babu iskar oxygen kuma zai kasance mai guba ga mutane da yawancin rayuwar zamani. Yawancin Duniya sun narke saboda haɗuwa akai-akai tare da wasu abubuwa wanda ya haifar da matsanancin dutsen wuta. Bayan lokaci, duniyar ta sanyaya kuma ta samar da wani abu mai ƙarfi, a ƙarshe ta ba da damar ruwa ya kasance a saman.

Shekaru biliyan uku zuwa hudu da suka gabata Rana ta fitar da kashi 70% kawai na ƙarfinta na yanzu. A karkashin yanayin yanayi na yanzu, wannan hasken rana na baya bai isa ba don hana ruwa daga daskarewa daidai. Duk da haka akwai shaidar cewa ruwa mai ruwa ya riga ya kasance a cikin Hadean  da Archaean   eons, wanda ya haifar da abin da aka sani da ƙarancin matasan Sun. Magana game da wannan rikice-rikice sun haɗa da yanayi daban-daban, tare da mafi girman maida hankali ga iskar gas fiye da yadda yake a halin yanzu.

A cikin kimanin shekaru biliyan 4 masu zuwa, fitar da makamashi na Sun ya karu kuma abun da ke cikin yanayi duniya ya canza. Babban Taron Oxygenation kusan shekaru biliyan 2.4 da suka gabata shine mafi kyawun canjin yanayi. A cikin shekaru biliyan biyar masu zuwa, mutuwar rana ta ƙarshe yayin da ta zama ja mai haske sosai sannan kuma fararen karami mai rauni zai sami sakamako mai ban mamaki a kan yanayi, tare da ja mai yiwuwa ya riga ya ƙare duk wani rayuwa a Duniya.

 Aunawa 

Since 1978, solar irradiance has been directly measured by satellites with very good accuracy. These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance fluctuates by +-0.1% over the ~11 years of the solar cycle, but that its average value has been stable since the measurements started in 1978. Solar irradiance before the 1970s is estimated using proxy variables, such as tree rings, the number of sunspots, and the abundances of cosmogenic isotopes such as  10Be, all of which are calibrated to the post-1978 direct measurements.

Ayyukan hasken rana sun kasance a kan raguwa tun daga shekarun 1960, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar hasken rana 19-24, wanda matsakaicin adadin sunspots sun kasance 201, 111, 165, 159, 121 da 82, bi da bi. A cikin shekaru talatin da suka biyo bayan 1978, an kiyasta haɗuwa da aikin hasken rana da na dutsen wuta sun sami ɗan tasirin sanyaya. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 ya gano cewa abun da ke cikin hasken rana na iya canzawa dan kadan, tare da karuwar hasken ultraviolet da raguwa a wasu tsawo. "

 Manazarta