GIS da tsarin muhalli

Tsarin bayanai na ƙasa (GIS) kayan aiki ne da aka saba amfani dashi don kula da muhalli, ƙira da tsarawa. Kamar yadda Michael Goodchild ya bayyana, GIS a matsayin "tsarin kwamfuta don sarrafa bayanan ƙasa a cikin hanyar dijital". A cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɗin gwiwa, haɗin gwiwa da kuma bude bayanai. Juyin halitta na zamantakewa da fasaha sun ɗaga tsarin dijital da muhalli zuwa gaba na manufofin jama'a, kafofin watsa labarai na duniya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.

Ma'aikatun gwamnati suna amfani da dandamali na sararin samaniya na dijital akai-akai don tsarawa da kuma tsara canje-canje da aka tsara ga hanyoyin sadarwa, ƙirar gini, ƙasar greenbelt, samar da amfani, rigakafin aikata laifuka, samar da makamashi, Gudanar da sharar gida da tsaro. Kungiyoyin da ba su da riba sun haɗa da hanyoyin geospatial da taswirar yanar gizo a cikin kamfen ɗin siyasa don yin lobby gwamnatoci, don nuna rashin amincewa da kamfanoni masu cutar da zamantakewa ko muhalli, da kuma samar da tallafin jama'a. Kasuwanci masu zaman kansu, ko a cikin kula da ƙasa, hakar albarkatu, siyarwa, masana'antu ko kafofin sada zumunta misali, suma sun haɗa GIS cikin dabarun samun riba gaba ɗaya.

 Kimiyya ta ɗan ƙasa da GIS 
Kimiyya ta ɗan ƙasa wani ɓangare ne na karfafawa kan sa hannun jama'a a fannonin ƙwararru a duk faɗin dimokuradiyya na Yamma. Kalmar "sau da yawa ana amfani da ita don bayyana al'ummomi ko cibiyoyin sadarwar 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masu kallo a wasu fannoni na kimiyya". Kodayake an yi amfani da shi sosai don bayyana canjin zuwa nau'ikan kirkirar ilimi na musamman, an kira shi akai-akai a cikin GIS na jama'a da wallafe-wallafen kula da muhalli gaba ɗaya. 

 National Audubon Society: Gulf Spill Bird Tracker 
Yawancin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na ɗan ƙasa sun dogara ne akan nazarin namun daji. Misali, Goodchild Goodchild, Michael F. (2007). "Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography". GeoJournal. 69 (4): 211–221. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.525.2435. doi:10.1007/s10708-007-9111-y. ya yi nuni da Ƙididdigar Kirsimeti ta Ƙungiyar Audubon ta Kasa (CBC) a matsayin misali na kimiyya ta ɗan ƙasa a cikin aiki. Kowace shekara a lokacin hunturu, kungiyar kiyayewa ta Amurka tana ƙarfafa masu sa kai masu kallon tsuntsaye don tattara bayanai game da yawan nau'in tsuntsaye a yankin su. Da zarar an tattara bayanan filin, kowane mai sa kai yana iya gabatar da abubuwan da suka gani a cikin bayanan kan layi, don amfanin masu binciken kimiyya da masu sha'awar tsuntsaye. Aikin eBird - yana bawa jama'a damar bincika taswirar taswirar nau'ikan tsuntsaye - sakamakon waɗannan abubuwan sa kai na shekara-shekara ne.

Abin sha'awa na musamman shine Gulf Spill Bird Tracker; taswirar gani ta hulɗa don nau'o'i goma da aka ɗauka suna cikin haɗari daga zubar da mai na Deepwater Horizon a cikin 2010. An karfafa masu kallon tsuntsaye na Gulf Coast (a lokacin da yake da rai) don gabatar da abubuwan da suka gani na tsuntsaye masu haɗari (kamar launin ruwan kasa, Roseate spoonbill da Wilson's plover), don taimakawa aikin tsaftacewa, da kuma rairayin bakin teku da man fetur ya fi shafa. Ƙungiyar Audubon ta ƙasa ta shiga cikin Amsawar Man Fetur ta Gulf tun bayan bala'in, kuma tana da shirin sadaukarwa don daidaita albarkatun, hulɗa da karamar hukuma, da tura kayan aiki bayan zubar. Rahoton su na watanni 6 ya tattara wasu daga cikin wadannan mahimman dalilai. Ba wai kawai an nuna shirin kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa na National Audubon Society a matsayin "ƙashin baya ... don fahimtar tasirin bala'in nan take",  har ma da ƙoƙari na dogon lokaci don saka idanu kan lafiyar nau'in da ke cikin haɗari a yankin Gulf Coast. Bugu da ƙari, dabi'un su na asali sun tattara adadi mai yawa na masu sa kai na Gulf don "yi wa zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai da hukumomin gwamnati su riƙe masu gurɓata kamar BP da lissafi",  don kuɗin kuɗi, muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan bala'o'i. Wannan shine watakila mafi kyawun misali na software na taswirar yanar gizo (wani nau'in GIS mai "yan ƙasa" da kuma maganganun kula da muhalli da ke haɗuwa da kai tsaye. Tunanin masu sa kai, masu amfani, bayanan ɗan ƙasa shine jagorar jagora ga irin waɗannan ayyukan, kuma dutsen tushe na duk wani yunkuri mai zurfi na yin kira ga gwamnatocin ƙasa, shiga tare da kungiyoyin al'umma, da samar da bincike na kimiyya. 

 Taswirar Canji 
Wani misali na kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa da GIS a cikin aiki an ɗauke shi daga cikin makarantar. Jami'ar Kwalejin London (UCL) da Cibiyar sadarwar Mapping for Change ta London 21 sun karfafa kungiyoyin masu sa kai, hukumomin gida da hukumomin ci gaba don gina ayyukan taswira don tallafawa manufofin siyasa, zamantakewa da muhalli. Har ma suna samar da kayan aikin taswirar hayaniya a shafin yanar gizon Mapping for Change kanta, wanda aka tsara don taimakawa al'ummomin yankin tattara shaidar rikice-rikice da haɗari na muhalli. Al'ummar Royal Docks a London sun yi amfani da irin wannan kayan aiki don taimakawa gabatar da damuwarsu ga Kwamitin Muhalli na Babban Hukumomin London game da shirye-shiryen fadada Filin jirgin saman London City. Tare da mita masu sauti, takardun bincike da kuma samun dama ga dandalin taswirar kan layi, mazauna sun sami damar saka idanu kan matakan hayaniya; daga jiragen sama da motoci masu wucewa, zuwa waƙoƙin tsuntsaye da sautunan kogi.

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