Yanayin yanayi na Brazil

Sauyin yanayi a Brazil ya bambanta sosai daga mafi yawan arewacin wurare masu zafi (ma'auni yana ratsa bakin Amazon) zuwa yankuna masu matsakaici a kudancin Tropic na Capricorn (23 ° 26 'S latitude). 

 Yanayin zafi 
Yanayin zafi a arewacin Tropic na Capricorn, musamman a yankunan da ke ƙasa, suna da girma, matsakaicin sama da  ° C (77 ° F), amma ba su kai ga matsanancin lokacin rani har zuwa  ° C (104 ° F) a cikin yankuna masu matsakaici ba. Akwai ƙananan bambancin yanayi kusa da ma'auni ban da yawan ruwan sama. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a ƙasa da Tropic na Capricorn yana da sauƙi, daga  ° C (55 ° F) zuwa  ° C (72 ° F).

Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka yi rajista a Brazil ya kasance  ° C (112.6 ° F) a Araçuaí, jihar Minas Gerais, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2023. Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Brazil ya kasance -14 ° C (7 ° F) a Caçador, jihar Santa Catarina, a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1952.  Koyaya, taron koli na Morro da Igreja, dutse da ke cikin garin Urubici, kuma a cikin Santa Catarina, ya rubuta zafin jiki na -17.8 ° C (0.0 ° F) a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1996 ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai sanyi a kudancin Tropic na Capricorn a lokacin hunturu (Yuni-Satumba).

Kodayake mafi yawan Brazil suna cikin wurare masu zafi, fiye da kashi 60 cikin dari na yawan mutanen ƙasar suna zaune a yankunan da ke sanyaya ko dai ta hanyar tsawo, iskar teku ko gaban polar. Wasu biranen bakin teku na Rio de Janeiro, Recife da Salvador na iya samun zafi sosai, tare da yanayin zafi sama da  ° C (104 ° F) a cikin raƙuman zafi. Misali, Rio ta kai  ° C (110 ° F) a ranar 26 ga Disamba 2012. Koyaya, biranen tsaunuka kamar São Paulo, Brasília da Belo Horizonte suna da yanayi mai sauƙi, kuma biranen kudancin Porto Alegre da Curitiba suna da hunturu mai sauƙi, amma yayin da Curitiva ke da lokacin rani mai dumi saboda matsakaicin tsawo na mita 934.6 (3,066 , Porto Alegra yana da lokacin zafi, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin tsayi na mita 10 kawai (33 .

Duk da shahararren hoton Amazon Rainforest a matsayin yanki mai zafi da zafi, yanayin zafi sama da  ° C (95 ° F) ba sabon abu ba ne. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a yankin shine 22 zuwa 26 ° C (72 zuwa 79 ° F), ba tare da bambanci mai yawa tsakanin watanni mafi zafi da mafi sanyi ba. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta iska mai zurfi yana rinjayar yanayi, yana haifar da zafin jiki ya sauka ƙasa da  ° C (64.4 ° F).  Garin da ke cikin gandun daji na Cruzeiro do Sul ya yi rikodin yanayin zafi a ƙasa da  ° C (36.5 ° F) sau biyu.

Yankin da ya fi zafi a Brazil shine arewa maso gabas, inda ake yin rikodin Yanayin zafi sama da 38 ° C (100 ° F) akai-akai a lokacin fari tsakanin Mayu da Nuwamba. Tare da gabar tekun Atlantika daga Recife zuwa Rio de Janeiro, matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya kasance daga 23 zuwa 27 ° C (73 zuwa 81 ° F). A cikin ƙasa, a ƙasa mafi girma, yanayin zafi ya fi ƙasa, daga 19 zuwa 21 ° C (66 zuwa 70 ° F). Kudancin Rio lokutan sun fi bayyanawa kuma kewayon yanayin zafi ya fi girma, tare da matsakaicin shekara-shekara yana faɗuwa tsakanin 17 da 19 ° C (63 da 66 ° F). Biranen Belo Horizonte da Brasília suna da matsakaicin yanayin zafi, yawanci tsakanin 15 da 30 ° C (59 da 86 ° F), saboda tsayinsu na mita 852 (2,795   da mita 1,172 (3,845  bi da bi. Rio de Janeiro, Recife, da Salvador a bakin tekun suna da yanayi mai dumi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na kowane wata daga 23 zuwa 27 ° C (73 zuwa 81 ° F), amma suna jin daɗin iskar kasuwanci koyaushe. An san biranen São Paulo, Curitiba, Florianópolis da Porto Alegre suna da yanayi mai zafi, wanda ya bambanta da tsakiya da arewacin Brazil. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a lura cewa hunturu sau da yawa sun fi kama da na Florida, kuma yanayin zafi ba ya sauka ƙasa da daskarewa a cikin hunturu.  

 Ruwan sama 
Matakan hazo sun bambanta a ko'ina cikin Brazil.  Yawancin Brazil suna da matsakaicin ruwan sama tsakanin 1,000 da 1,500 mm (39 da 59 a) a shekara, tare da yawancin ruwan sama yana faɗowa a lokacin rani (tsakanin Disamba da Afrilu) kudancin Equator.  Yankin Amazon sanannen ɗanshi ne, tare da ruwan sama sama da 2,000 mm (79 in) a kowace shekara kuma yana kaiwa sama da 3,000 mm (118 in) a sassan yammacin Amazon da kusa da Belém.  Ba a san kowa ba cewa, duk da yawan hazo na shekara-shekara, dajin Amazon yana da lokacin rani na watanni uku zuwa biyar, wanda lokacinsa ya bambanta bisa ga wurin arewa ko kudancin yankin equator.  Misali, lokacin rani a Boa Vista ya bambanta da na Manaus.

Matsayin hazo mai girma kuma na yau da kullun a cikin Amazon ya bambanta sosai da bushewar yankin arewa maso gabas, inda ruwan sama ke da wahala sosai kuma ana samun fari mai tsanani a hawan keke na tsawon shekaru bakwai.  Arewa maso gabas ita ce yanki mafi bushewa a cikin kasar, tare da rashin ruwan sama da kuma amfanin gona da ke fafutukar noma.  Misali Quixeramobim yana samun milimita 560 na ruwan sama kawai a shekara.  Yankin kuma ya kasance yanki mafi zafi na Brazil, inda a lokacin rani tsakanin Mayu da Nuwamba, ana yawan samun zafi sama da 40 °C (104 °F).  Duk da haka, sertão, yanki na ciyayi na jeji da ake amfani da su da farko don kiwo mai ƙarancin yawa, ya zama kore lokacin da ake ruwan sama.  Yawancin Cibiyar-Yamma tana da milimita 1,500 zuwa 2,000 (59 zuwa 79 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, tare da bayyana lokacin rani a tsakiyar shekara.  Misali, Campo Grande yana da lokacin rani daga Yuni zuwa Satumba da kuma lokacin damina na sauran shekara.[2][3]  A lokacin damina a birane kamar Campo Grande, ambaliya na iya zama matsala saboda tsananin ruwan sama da zai iya faruwa cikin kankanin lokaci[4].  Ambaliyar ruwa kuma ta kasance babban batu a biranen da ba a damina kamar Porto Alegre.  Kudu da yankunan Gabas ba su da wani lokacin rani na musamman.  Brazil ta fuskanci fari mai kisa da muni a cikin wasu shekaru..

Ruwan sama mafi tsanani a Brazil yana faɗuwa a kusa da bakin Amazon kusa da birnin Belém, da kuma  yankunan sama na Amazonia inda sama da millimeters 2,000 (79 in) na ruwan sama ke faɗuwa kowace shekara. Misali, Belém yana karɓar 3,084 millimeters (121.4 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Yanayin zafi yana ba da damar tsire-tsire da yawa su girma a nan. Yawancin Brazil suna da ruwan sama mai matsakaici tsakanin 1,000 da 1,500 millimeters (39 da 59 in) a shekara, mafi yawansu suna zuwa tsakanin Disamba da Afrilu.

 Ruwan dusar ƙanƙara 
Snow a Brazil sau da yawa yakan faru a cikin hunturu a cikin tsaunuka na Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, da Paraná, kuma yana da wuya a ƙananan tsaunuka. Yana yiwuwa, amma yana da wuya, a cikin jihohin São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, da Mato Grosso do Sul. Mafi girman dusar ƙanƙara da aka rubuta a ƙasar ya faru ne a Vacaria a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 1879, lokacin da fiye da mita 2 (79 inci) na dusar ƙara ya tara a ƙasa. Sauran manyan dusar ƙanƙara inda fiye da mita 1 (39 inci) na dusar ƙara ya tara ya faru a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1957 a São Joaquim  da 15 ga Yuni 1985, a Pico das Agulhas Negras .  São Joaquim yana da kwanakin dusar ƙanƙara mafi yawa a kowane yanki a Brazil.

An rubuta dusar ƙanƙara a Curitiba a cikin shekaru da yawa,   amma ba ta tara sosai ba tun 1975.  A cikin 2013, dusar ƙanƙara ta buge kananan hukumomi da yawa, gami da Curitiba .   Snow kuma ya faru a Porto Alegre, amma yana da wuya sosai.

 Yanayi mai tsanani 
Saboda tafkin Kudancin Atlantic gabaɗaya ba yanayi ne mai kyau ga ci gaban su ba, Brazil ba ta da ƙarancin guguwa na wurare masu zafi. Cibiyoyin jama'ar da ke bakin teku na kasar ana daukar su da karancin nauyi tare da buƙatar shirya don guguwa, kamar yadda biranen da ke da irin wannan latitudes a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin shekara ta 2011, Cibiyar Ruwa ta Brazil ta fara ba da sunaye hukuma ga Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi da ke tasowa a cikin yankin da take da alhakin, wanda ke yammacin 20 ° W, lokacin da suka sami saurin iska mai ɗorewa na kilomita 65 a kowace awa (40  da kuma sama.

Guguwar Catarina ita ce guguwa ta farko kuma kawai ta Kudancin Atlantic da ta kai ƙarfin guguwa, kuma ta shafi Santa Catarina a matsayin guguwa na 2 a shekara ta 2004.   Ya kai saurin iska na 155 km / h (100 mph) da matsin lamba na 972 millibars. Guguwar ta lalata wuraren da ake kera jiragen ruwa da gonakin amfanin gona da yawa, kuma talakawa sun fi shafa. Akalla mutane 2,000 sun rasa gida saboda guguwar.  

Sauran raunanan cyclones na subtropical kuma na iya haifar da lalacewa.  A cikin 2015, Subtropical Storm Cari ya haifar da ambaliya da zabtarewar ƙasa zuwa wasu biranen Santa Catarina da Rio Grande do Sul.   A cikin 2020, gaba da ke da alaƙa da Subtropical Storm Kurumí sun taka rawa wajen lalata ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar laka, tare da ruwan sama mai yawa.  An samu ruwan sama mai yawa a Greater Belo Horizonte, lamarin da ya janyo zaftarewar kasa wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane uku tare da bata mutum daya.   Daga baya a waccan shekarar, guguwar da ke karkashin kasa ta shafi jihar Espírito Santo, tare da zabtarewar kasa ta bar mutane sama da 400.[3]  A cikin 2021, Subtropical Storm Ubá ya kashe mutane goma sha biyar tare da haifar da ambaliya da lalacewa.[4][5][6]  Sama da kananan hukumomi 30 a Bahia ne suka sanya dokar ta baci saboda guguwar.   A watan Mayun 2022, Guguwar Yakecan ta Yakecan ta kashe mutane biyu a Brazil da Uruguay.   Saboda katsewar igiyoyin wutar lantarki, sama da mutane 220,000 ne katsewar wutar ta shafa sakamakon guguwar.[10]

Manazarta 

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