Makamashi a Turkiyya

Amfani da Makamashi ga kowane mutum a Turkiyya yayi kama da matsakaicin duniya,   kuma sama da kashi 85 cikin dari daga man fetur ne.] Daga 1990 zuwa 2017 samar da makamashi na farko na shekara-shekara ya ninka sau uku, amma daga nan ya kasance mai ɗorewa zuwa 2019.  A cikin 2019, samar da makamashi na farko na Turkiyya ya haɗa da kusan kashi 30 cikin dari na mai, kashi 30 cikin ɗari na kwal, da kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Wadannan burbushin burbushin suna ba da gudummawa ga gurɓataccen iska na Turkiyya da kuma fitar da iskar gas sama da matsakaicin iska.   Turkiyya tana hakar ma'adinin kanta (kwal mai launin ruwan kasa) amma tana shigo da kashi uku cikin hudu na makamashi, gami da rabin kwal da kusan duk man fetur da iskar gas da take bukata, kuma manufofin makamashi suna ba da fifiko ga rage shigo da kayayyaki.

OECD ta soki rashin farashin carbon,  tallafin man fetur ] da kuma iskar da ba a yi amfani da su ba a kasar. [] Lantarki na kasar yana samar da kashi 20% na makamashinta  kuma ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar kwal, gas da wutar lantarki ; tare da ƙarami amma girma daga iska, hasken rana da geothermal.  Koyaya, ana hasashen iskar Gas ɗin Bahar Maliya don biyan duk buƙatun zama daga ƙarshen 2020s.  Hakanan ana kan gina tashar makamashin nukiliya, kuma rabin ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya shine makamashin da za'a iya sabuntawa .  Duk da haka, daga 1990 zuwa 2019, iskar carbon dioxide ( CO  ) daga konewar man fetur ya tashi daga megaton 130 (Mt) zuwa 360 Mt.  A cikin 2023 an yi hasashen amfani da makamashi zai karu kusan 40% a cikin shekaru 12 masu zuwa. 

Manufofin makamashi shine don tabbatar da samar da makamashi na kasa  da rage shigo da man fetur,  wanda ya kai sama da kashi 20% na farashin shigo da Turkiyya a cikin 2019,  da kuma kashi 75 cikin dari na rashi na asusun yanzu.  Wannan kuma ya haɗa da amfani da makamashi yadda ya kamata. Koyaya, tun daga 2019, an yi ɗan bincike kaɗan game da manufofin da Turkiyya ke amfani da su don rage talauci na makamashi, wanda ya haɗa da wasu tallafi don dumama gida da amfani da wutar lantarki. Manufofin makamashi na Turkiyya suna shirin ba da "la'akari da damuwa game da muhalli duk a cikin sarkar makamashi", "a cikin mahallin ci gaba mai ɗorewa".  An soki waɗannan tsare-tsaren saboda an buga su sama da shekara guda bayan aikin da aka ambata a ciki ya fara,  ba ya isa ya shafi kamfanoni masu zaman kansu,  kuma saboda rashin jituwa da Manufofin yanayi na Turkiyya. Misali a cikin 2024 wani minista ya ce ta hanyar shekara ta Turkiyya ta 2053 rabin makamashi na farko zai kasance daga sabuntawa da 30% daga nukiliya, amma bai bayyana yadda za a iya cire sauran 20% ba.

 Manufofin da ka'idoji 
An kirkiro Hukumar Kula da Kasuwancin Makamashi a cikin shekara ta 2001.

 Tsaro na samarwa 
Turkiyya ta cika kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na bukatar makamashi daga albarkatun ƙasa. Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin Kasashen Waje (EDAM), wani tanki mai tunani, ya ce a cikin shekarun 2010, shigo da man fetur mai yiwuwa shine mafi girman rauni na tsarin tattalin arzikin kasar:  sun kashe dala biliyan 41 a cikin 2019 wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na jimlar lissafin shigo da Turkiyya,  kuma sun kasance babban ɓangare na rashi na asusun 2018 [2] da Matsalolin bashin ƙasar. Kodayake kasar tana shigo da kashi 99% na iskar gas da kashi 93% na man fetur da take amfani da shi,  a farkon shekarun 2020 an rarraba iskar gas don rage dogaro da Rasha. 

Don tabbatar da samar da makamashi, gwamnati ta gina sabbin bututun gas, "Turkstream Impact on Turkey's Economy and Energy Security" (PDF). "Istanbul Economics" & "The Center for Economics and Foreign Policy" – EDAM. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018. da kuma tsire-tsire na regasification. Misali, iska gas daga Azerbaijan ta wuce wadanda ke Rasha a shekarar 2020."Azerbaijan Becomes Turkey's Top Gas Supplier". Modern Diplomacy. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2021. Akwai babban wadataccen ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki,  duk da haka gwamnati tana da niyyar saduwa da hasashen karuwa buƙatun wutar lantarki a Turkiyya ta hanyar gina tashar makamashin nukiliya ta farko da ƙarin hasken rana, iska, ruwa da tashoshin wutar lantarki. [34] Shirin Yanayi na Duniya ya ce, a matsayin mai shigo da mai, Turkiyya na iya kara tsaro na samarwa ta hanyar kara yawan wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa da take samarwa."Cobenefits". Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar Kasuwar carbon,  kuma EDAM ta ce a cikin dogon lokaci, harajin carbon zai rage dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki ta hanyar hanzarta ci gaban hasken rana da makamashin iska na kasa. 

Saboda Gwamnatin Turkiyya tana da tsakiya sosai,  manufofinta na makamashi na kasa ne. Rashin ƙarfin watsawa shine daya daga cikin dalilan rufewar ƙasa a cikin 2015, saboda haka manufofin sun haɗa da inganta watsa wutar lantarki. Kazalika da ajiyar iskar gas da tsire-tsire na regasification don canza iskar gas mai ruwa (LNG) zuwa iskar gas,  gwamnati tana tallafawa hydroelectricity na ajiya don adana makamashi na dogon lokaci. 

A cikin 2020, sabuntawa sun samar da kashi 40% na wutar lantarki ta Turkiyya, wanda ya rage farashin shigo da iskar gas: amma, kasancewar galibi wutar lantarki ce, adadin da za a iya samarwa yana da rauni ga fari. A cewar Hülya Saygılı, masanin tattalin arziki a Babban bankin Turkiyya, kodayake shigo da kayan aikin hasken rana da na iska sun kai kashi 12% na farashin shigo da kayayyaki a cikin 2017, a cikin ƙasashen EU wannan yafi yawa saboda farashin saitawa na lokaci ɗaya. Ta ce idan aka kwatanta da Italiya da Girka, Turkiyya ba ta saka hannun jari sosai a hasken rana da wutar lantarki ba.

 Amfani da makamashi 
Shirin ingancin makamashi na Kasa yana da niyyar rage ƙarfin makamashi na Turkiyya - makamashi da ake buƙata don samar da GDP - zuwa matsakaicin OECD nan da 2023.[44] Duk da Dokar Ingancin Makamashi da burin rage ƙarfin makamashi da akalla 20% tsakanin 2011 da 2023; tsakanin 2005 da 2015, ƙarfin makamashin Turkiyya ya karu da kashi bakwai cikin dari. A cewar wani binciken, idan an canza manufofin makamashi - mafi mahimmanci cire tallafin man fetur na burbushin halittu - aƙalla 20% na farashin makamashi za a iya adanawa, kuma bisa ga Chamber of Mechanical Engineers, za a iya yanke makamashi da ake buƙata don gine-gine da rabi. A cikin 2019, Ministan Makamashi Fatih Dönmez ya ce ingantaccen makamashi na gine-ginen jama'a ya kamata ya jagoranci kuma ingantaccen aiki muhimmin tushe ne na ayyukan yi. An ba da shawarar cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin takamaiman manufofi na inganta makamashi don gine-gine.

A cewar Ma'aikatar Makamashi da albarkatun kasa, Turkiyya tana da damar yanke 15% zuwa 20% na jimlar amfani ta hanyar kiyaye makamashi.

 Taimako na man fetur da haraji 
A karni na 21, tallafin burbushin mai na Turkiyya ya kai kusan kashi 0.2% na GDP,   ciki har da akalla dalar Amurka 14 biliyan (US $ 169 ga mutum daya) tsakanin Janairu 2020 da Satumba 2021.  Idan ba a biya diyya (kamar lalacewar kiwon lafiya daga iska) an kiyasta tallafin man fetur a kan dala 400 a kowane mutum a kowace shekara kuma ga duk albarkatun mai fiye da dala dubu daya.  Bayanai game da kuɗin kuɗin burbushin mai ta bankunan mallakar gwamnati da hukumomin bashi na fitarwa ba na jama'a ba ne.  Ministan makamashi Fatih Dönmez yana goyan bayan kwal   kuma yawancin tallafin makamashi na kwal ne,  wanda OECD ta yi kakkausar suka.  Kuɗaɗen hanyoyin biyan wutar lantarki ga tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke Turkiyya a cikin 2019 ya kai ₺ miliyan 720 (US $ 130 miliyan) idan aka kwatanta da ₺ miliyan 542 (US $ 96 miliyan) zuwa tashoshin wutar lantarki a Turkiyya .  A cikin 2022 waɗannan kudaden sun kai dalar Amurka miliyan 200.   , Harajin kowace naúrar makamashi akan man fetur ya fi dizal,  duk da motocin diesel akan matsakaita suna fitar da huhu da ke lalata NOx (nitrogen oxide). 

 Gudanar da man fetur da iskar gas da haraji 

 Canjin makamashi 
A cikin 2024 shirin yanayi na dogon lokaci ya ce nan da shekara ta 2053, shekara mai mahimmanci, sabuntawa za ta samar da rabin makamashi na farko. : sashi na 4.8 Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta farashin da fa'idodi, amma ya ba da shawarar gwamnati ta yi cikakken bayani game da tsarawa.
A cewar Hukumar Sabunta Makamashi ta Duniya da binciken ilimi, kara rabon makamashi mai sabuntawa na iya sa kasar ta sami 'yancin makamashi kuma ta kara yawan aiki  musamman a masana'antun hasken rana da hasken rana na Turkiyya.[88] Cibiyar Canjin Makamashi ta SHURA ta ce a cikin 2018 cewa ana buƙatar shirin hasken rana a Turkiyya bayan 2023 . A cikin ƙoƙari na rage shigo da man fetur na burbushin halittu gwamnati tana tallafawa samar da motocin lantarki da sel na hasken rana. Wasu masana kimiyya sun ce ya kamata a rarraba kudade don sabuntawa kamar iska.

 Tattalin Arziki 
Rashin cinikin makamashi na Turkiyya ya kai sama da dala biliyan 80 a shekarar 2022,  wanda ya haifar da babban rashi na cinikin kasashen waje.  Turai tana tallafawa ingancin makamashi da makamashi mai sabuntawa ta hanyar Yuro biliyan 1 na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Makamashi mai dorewa (MidSEFF) don tallafawa saka hannun jari a waɗannan yankuna. Taimako na makamashi ya kai dala biliyan 200 a shekarar 2021. Har zuwa 150kWh a kowane wata ana ba da wutar lantarki kyauta ga iyalai matalauta miliyan biyu.

 Manazarta 

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