Ilimin muhalli na kiwon lafiya

Ilimin muhalli na kiwon lafiya (wanda aka fi sani da muhalli) wani yanki ne mai tasowa wanda ke nazarin tasirin yanayin muhalli akan Lafiyar ɗan adam. Yana nazarin canje-canje a cikin yanayin halitta, jiki, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki don fahimtar yadda waɗannan canje-canje ke shafar lafiyar mutum da ta jiki. Ilimin muhalli na kiwon lafiya yana mai da hankali kan hanyar da za a iya fahimtar dukkan abubuwan da ke tasiri ga lafiyar mutum, zamantakewa, da kuma jin daɗi.

Nazarin kiwon lafiya na muhalli sau da yawa ya shafi gurɓata muhalli. Wasu misalai sun haɗa da karuwar ƙimar asma saboda gurɓataccen iska, ko gurɓatawar PCB na kifi a cikin Great Lakes na Amurka. Koyaya, yanayin muhalli na kiwon lafiya ba lallai bane ya danganta da gurɓata muhalli. Misali, bincike ya nuna cewa raguwar mazaunin shine babban abin da ke taimakawa wajen karuwar Cutar Lyme a cikin yawan mutane.

 Tarihi 
Hanyoyin yanayin muhalli ga lafiyar jama'a sun fito ne a matsayin wani yanki na bincike da aikace-aikace a cikin shekarun 1990, da farko ta hanyar bincike na duniya wanda Cibiyar Binciken Ci Gaban Duniya (IDRC) ta goyi bayan a Ottawa, Kanada (Lebel, 2003). Koyaya, wannan tashin matattu ne na hanyar kiwon lafiya da muhalli da aka gano zuwa Hippocrates a cikin al'ummomin Yamma. Hakanan ana iya gano shi zuwa zamanin da suka gabata a cikin al'ummomin Gabas. Wannan hanyar ta shahara a tsakanin masana kimiyya a cikin ƙarni. Koyaya, ya ɓace daga al'ada a ƙarni na ashirin, lokacin da aka ɗauka ƙwarewar fasaha da ƙwarewa sun isa sarrafa lafiya da cututtuka. A cikin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci, kimanta mummunan tasirin canjin muhalli (duka yanayi na halitta da na wucin gadi) akan lafiyar ɗan adam an sanya shi ga magani da lafiyar muhalli.

Hanyoyin hadin gwiwa ga kiwon lafiya da muhalli sun sake fitowa a karni na 20. Wadannan ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali an gina su ne a kan tushe da malaman da suka gabata suka kafa, ciki har da Hippocrates, Rudolf Virchow, da Louis Pasteur. A cikin karni na 20, Calvin Schwabe ya kirkiro kalmar "magunguna guda ɗaya," yana fahimtar cewa maganin ɗan adam da na dabbobi suna da irin waɗannan ka'idodin halittu, kuma suna da alaƙa. Wannan hanyar magani guda ɗaya, wanda ke da ma'anar asibiti da na mutum, an sake masa suna zuwa "One Health," don nuna burinsa na lafiyar mutum da dabbobi na duniya. Sauran hanyoyin kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da juriya ta muhalli, amincin muhalli.

Hanyoyin kiwon lafiya na muhalli, kamar yadda ake yi a halin yanzu, sune shiga, hanyoyin da suka danganci tsarin don fahimtar da inganta lafiyar jama'a da jin daɗi a cikin mahallin hulɗar zamantakewa da muhalli. Wadannan hanyoyin sun bambanta da hanyoyin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da suka gabata ta hanyar ingantaccen tushe a cikin ka'idar rikitarwa da kimiyya ta al'ada (Waltner-Toews, 2004; Waltner-Tœws et al., 2008).

Bayan shekaru goma na taron kasa da kasa a Arewacin Amurka da Ostiraliya a karkashin karin jayayya na "lafiya ta muhalli," an gudanar da taron farko na "haɗin muhalli ga lafiyar ɗan adam" (lafiya ta cikin muhalli) a Montreal a shekara ta 2003, sannan tarurruka da forums a Wisconsin, Amurka, da Merida, Mexico, duk tare da babban tallafi daga IDRC. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Ƙungiyar Duniya don Muhalli da Lafiya, da mujallar Eco Health, sun kafa filin a matsayin aikin ilimi da ci gaba.

 Ma'anar 
Nazarin kiwon lafiya na muhalli ya bambanta da na gargajiya, nazarin horo guda ɗaya, wanda ke mai da hankali kan wani bangare na batun mai rikitarwa. Binciken yaduwar cututtuka na gargajiya na iya nuna karuwar yawan zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin yanki, amma ba ya magance dalilan karuwar adadin; binciken kiwon lafiya na muhalli na iya ba da shawarar yin amfani da maganin kashe kwari a takamaiman adadi a wasu yankuna don rage yaduwa; nazarin tattalin arziki na iya lissafin farashi da tasirin irin wannan shirin. A madadin haka, binciken kiwon lafiya na muhalli ya haɗu da horo da yawa, kuma ya saba da kwararru tare da al'ummar da abin ya shafa. Ta hanyar tarurruka kafin karatu, ƙungiyar tana raba iliminsu kuma tana haɓaka fahimtar juna. Wadannan tarurruka na kafin karatu galibi suna haifar da hanyoyin kirkira da sababbin hanyoyi kuma suna iya haifar da mafita mafi "mai ƙarfi na zamantakewa". Masu kiwon lafiya na muhalli suna kiran wannan hadin gwiwa "transdisciplinary" kuma suna rarrabe shi daga nazarin da yawa. Nazarin kiwon lafiya na muhalli kuma yana darajar shiga dukkan kungiyoyi masu aiki, gami da masu ruwa da tsaki da masu yanke shawara. Sun yi imanin cewa batutuwan daidaito (tsakanin jinsi, zamantakewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, shekaru, har ma da jinsuna) suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar gaba ɗaya da warware matsalar. Jean Lebel (2003) ya kirkiro transdisciplinary, shiga, da daidaito a matsayin ginshiƙai uku na Eco Health (Lebel, 2003). IDRC yanzu ta bayyana ka'idoji shida maimakon ginshiƙai uku: transdisciplinary, shiga, jinsi da daidaito na zamantakewa, tunanin tsarin, dorewa, da bincike-zuwa-aiki (Charron, 2011).

 Manazarta