Shari'o'in 'Yancin Bil'adama

Shari'o'in 'Yancin Bil'adama, 109 US 3 (1883), rukuni ne na manya-manyan shari'o'i biyar wadanda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa gyare-gyare na goma sha uku da na sha hudu ba su ba Majalisa damar haramta wariyar launin fata daga mutane masu zaman kansu ba. Rikicin cewa Kwaskwarima na goma sha uku bai ba gwamnatin tarayya damar hukunta ayyukan wariyar launin fata da 'yan kasa suka yi ba, Kotun Koli za ta soke shi a cikin shari'ar 1968 Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu da ba ya shafi ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, duk da haka, har yanzu yana aiki a matsayin misali har yau. Ko da yake ba a taɓa soke yanke shawara na goma sha huɗu da ke da alaƙa da gyare-gyare ba, a cikin shari'ar 1964 na Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Majalisa na iya haramta wariyar launin fata ta 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kasuwanci .

A lokacin sake ginawa, Majalisa ta wuce Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875, wanda ya ba kowa damar samun damar masauki, sufuri na jama'a, da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ko launi ba. A cikin ra'ayinsa mafi rinjaye a cikin Harkokin 'Yancin Bil'adama, Mataimakin Mai Shari'a Joseph P. Bradley ya kaddamar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875, yana mai cewa Kwaskwarima na goma sha uku "kawai ya kawar da bautar" da kuma cewa Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu bai ba Majalisa ikon haramta ayyukan masu zaman kansu na wariyar launin fata ba. Mataimakin mai shari'a John Marshall Harlan shi kadai ne mai adawa da shari'ar, yana rubuta cewa "abu da ruhin gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulkin kwanan nan an sadaukar da su ta hanyar sukar magana da dabara." Shawarar ta haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na baƙar fata a cikin gidaje, aikin yi, da rayuwar jama'a wanda ya keɓe su ga zama ɗan ƙasa na biyu a cikin yawancin Amurka har zuwa lokacin da aka zartar da dokar 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin 1960s.

 Fage 
Masu shigar da kara bakar fata na Amurka, a cikin kararraki biyar daga kananan kotuna,  sun kai karar gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, otal-otal, da kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki wadanda suka ki karbarsu, ko kuma suka cire su daga wuraren "farar fata kawai". Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 Majalisa ta zartar da ita kuma ta ba kowa damar shiga masauki, sufuri na jama'a, da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ko launin fata ba.  Wannan ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka (1860-1865), Shelar 'Yanci ta Shugaba Abraham Lincoln (1 Janairu 1863) don kawo ƙarshen bauta, da Kwaskwarima na sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka (9 Yuli 1868), wanda ya karanta, "Babu wata ƙasa da za ta yi ko tilasta duk wata doka da za ta yi amfani da duk wata doka da za ta ba da dama ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ko tauye haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, ko tauye haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, ko tauye haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, ko tauye hakkin wata ƙasa. 'yanci, ko dukiya, ba tare da bin tsarin doka ba; Don aiwatar da ƙa'idodi a cikin Kwaskwarima na Goma sha huɗu, Majalisa ta ƙayyade cewa ba za a iya nuna wa mutane wariya ba saboda kabilanci ko launi wajen samun damar yin hidima ga jama'a. Masu kasuwancin sun yi iƙirarin cewa Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 ita kanta ba ta da ka'ida, kuma Dokar Majalisa ba za ta iya tsoma baki tare da haƙƙin mallaka na sirri ba.

A matakin Kotun Koli, shari'o'i biyar na asali masu zaman kansu - Amurka v. Stanley, Amurka v. Ryan, Amurka v. Nichols, Amurka v. Singleton, da Robinson et ux. v. Memphis & Charleston RR Co. - an ƙarfafa su don bayar da hukunci ɗaya.

 Hukunci 
Kotun Koli, a cikin yanke shawara na 8-1 da Mai Shari'a Joseph P. Bradley ya yanke, ya gudanar da cewa harshe na Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu, wanda ya hana hana kariya daidai da wata ƙasa, bai ba Majalisa ikon tsara waɗannan ayyuka masu zaman kansu ba, saboda sakamakon sakamakon hali ne na mutane masu zaman kansu, ba dokar jihar ko aiki ba, cewa baƙar fata suna shan wahala.  Sashi na biyar yana ba Majalisa damar aiwatar da haramcin aikin jiha. Dokokin da Majalisa ta yi kan batutuwan da ke cikin yankin jihar, a fili, ba su da izini ta Kwaskwarimar ta Sha Hudu. Ayyuka masu zaman kansu na wariyar launin fata kuskure ne kawai na sirri wanda gwamnatin ƙasa ba ta da ikon gyarawa.

Bradley ya ce mai zuwa, rike da Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai ba Majalisa izinin ƙirƙirar kundin dokokin gundumomi don daidaita haƙƙin masu zaman kansu ba, kamar yadda ya bambanta da dokokin “jiha”. A taƙaice, ƙungiyoyin jihohi ne kawai suka isa “jama’a” don a daidaita su.right|thumb| Joseph P. Bradley ne ya rubuta ra'ayin kotun. ... mamaye mutum ɗaya na haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya ba shine batun batun gyara na [Sha huɗu] ba. Yana da zurfi da faɗin iyaka. Yana warwarewa da kuma ɓarna duk dokokin jiha, da matakin kowane nau'i, wanda ke cutar da gata da kariya na jama'ar Amurka, ko kuma wanda ke cutar da su a rayuwa, 'yanci ko dukiyoyi ba tare da bin doka ba, ko kuma wanda ya hana kowane ɗayansu kariya daidai da dokokin. ...

 Ba ta saka hannun jarin majalisa da ikon yin doka kan batutuwan da ke cikin tsarin dokokin jiha; amma don samar da hanyoyin kai agaji ga dokar jiha, ko matakin jiha, irin wanda ake magana akai. Ba ya ba da izini ga majalisa don ƙirƙirar kundin dokokin birni don daidaita haƙƙin masu zaman kansu; amma don samar da hanyoyin da za a bi don magance aiki na dokokin jiha, da kuma matakin jami'an gwamnati, zartarwa ko na shari'a, yayin da waɗannan suke tauye haƙƙoƙin da aka ƙayyade a cikin gyaran. Hakkoki masu kyau da gata babu shakka ana samun su ta hanyar gyara na goma sha huɗu; amma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar hana dokokin jiha da shari'ar jaha da suka shafi haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin kuma haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin da kuma aiwatar da haramcin. kuma irin wannan dokar dole ne ta kasance a kan irin waɗannan dokokin da ake zaton na jihohi ko kuma shari'ar jiha, kuma a kai su ga gyara ayyukansu da tasirinsu. Ana iya samun cikakken bayani game da wannan fannin na gyara a US v. Cruikshank, 92 US 542; Virginia v. Rives, 100 US 313, da Ex parte Virginia, Id. 339.

 ... zai kasance gudanar da muhawarar bautar ne a cikin kasa don sanya ta shafi kowane nau'i na nuna bambanci da mutum zai ga ya dace ya yi wa baƙon da zai yi nishadantarwa, ko kuma game da mutanen da zai shiga cikin kocinsa ko taksi ko motarsa; ko shigar da shagali ko gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ko mu'amala da wasu al'amurran da suka shafi jima'i ko kasuwanci. Masu gidajen kwana da dillalan jama'a, bisa ga dokokin dukkan jihohi, kamar yadda muka sani, sun daure, gwargwadon kayan aikinsu, su samar da masaukin da ya dace ga duk wadanda ba a yarda da su ba, wadanda ke neman su da gaskiya. Idan dokokin da kansu sun yi wani nuna bambanci na rashin adalci, wanda ya dace da haramcin gyaran fuska na goma sha huɗu, majalisa na da cikakken iko don samar da magani a ƙarƙashin wannan gyaran kuma daidai da shi.

 A lokacin da mutum ya fito daga bauta, kuma ta hanyar taimakon doka mai kyau ya girgiza masu haɗin kai na wannan jihar, dole ne a sami wani mataki na ci gaban girmansa lokacin da ya ɗauki matsayi na ɗan ƙasa kawai, kuma ya daina zama na musamman na dokoki, kuma lokacin da hakkinsa na ɗan ƙasa, ko na mutum, ya kamata a kiyaye hakkinsa ta hanyar sauran mutane. Akwai dubban mutane masu ‘yanci a wannan kasa kafin a kawar da bauta, suna cin moriyar dukkan muhimman hakkokin rayuwa, ’yanci, da dukiyoyi iri daya da farar fata; amma duk da haka babu wanda, a wancan lokacin, da ya yi tunanin cewa duk wani mamayewa ne na matsayinsu na ’yan ’yanci domin ba a shigar da su ga duk wata gata da ’yan kasa farar fata suke samu ba, ko kuma don an nuna musu wariya wajen jin dadin masauki a gidajen kwana, wuraren taruwar jama’a, da wuraren shakatawa. Ba a ɗaukar wariya kawai saboda launin fata ko launin fata a matsayin baji na bauta ...
Duk da yake mai shari'a John Marshall Harlan bai yi nasara ba Sanata Charles Sumner ya bar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 yayin da yake jagorantar Jam'iyyar Republican ta Kentucky, matarsa ta yarda da shi ya ƙi amincewa da dokar da ba ta dace ba. Matar Harlan, Malvina Shanklin Harlan, ta kawo tawada tsohon babban alkalin alkalai Roger B. Taney a teburinsa, wanda ya zaburar da Harlan yin amfani da alkalami da aka yi amfani da shi wajen rubuta sanannen shawarar Dred Scott v. Sandford don kare hakkin jama'ar Amurkawa na Afirka. 

Da yake lura da cewa alkali John Taylor Coleridge ya rike dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi don kula da ma'aikatan gida a matsayin karkashin aikin jama'a da ke hana nuna bambanci tsakanin abokan cinikin kirki, Harlan ya yanke shawarar cewa haramcin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi na nuna wariyar launin fata a wuraren jama'a kawai ta kawar da karancin da aka sanya wa Amurkawa 'yan Afirka ta hanyar bauta. John E. H. Sherry (1993) The Laws of Innkeepers, Cornell University Press  Saboda haka, Harlan ya yanke shawarar cewa Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 amfani da tsarin mulki ne na ikon Majalisa a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarima na goma sha uku. Har ila yau, ya yi magana game da McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) don yin karatu mai zurfi na Mahimmanci da Magana mai Kyau kamar yadda yake goyan bayan ra'ayin Majalisa don tsara nuna bambanci na sirri a ƙarƙashin Gyara Gyara . 

 Muhimmanci 
Shawarar ta gamu da zanga-zangar jama'a a duk fadin kasar, kuma ta haifar da "tarukan fushi" da aka saba gudanarwa a birane da yawa.  Jami'an Jihohi a Kudu sun yi amfani da rawar da Majalisa ta taka wajen haramta wariyar launin fata kuma suka ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyukan wariyar launin fata a cikin dokokin da suka halatta kula da baƙar fata a matsayin 'yan kasa na biyu na shekaru saba'in. Hukuncin kotun ta haka ne daga karshe ya kai ga kafa dokokin jihar, irin su Jim Crow Laws, wanda ya tsara abin da a baya ya kasance mutum na bin tsarin wariyar launin fata.  Yawancin jihohin arewa da yamma duk da haka ba su yi koyi da su ba kuma sun fara aiwatar da nasu dokar hana wariya a wuraren taruwar jama'a. 

Harlan ya karɓi wasiƙu daga tsohon shugaban ƙasa Rutherford B. Hayes, tsohon Kotun Koli Nuhu Haynes Swayne, da abolitionist Frederick Douglass suna yabon rashin amincewarsa.  Ya yi daidai da annabta sakamakon da aka yanke na dogon lokaci: ya kawo ƙarshen ƙoƙarin da 'yan Republicans masu ra'ayin rikau suka yi don tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam na baƙar fata da kuma haifar da wariyar launin fata a cikin gidaje, aiki da rayuwar jama'a wanda ya tsare su zuwa zama ɗan ƙasa na biyu a cikin yawancin Amurka har sai da dokar kare hakkin jama'a a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1960. Bugu da kari, hukuncin ya zaburar da gwamnatin tarayya wajen daukar wariyar launin fata a matsayin wani lamari na cikin gida da ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba