Yanayin ƙasar Austria

Austria ƙasa ce mai yawan tsaunuka a Tsakiyar Turai, tana tsakanin Ƙasar Jamus, Italiya da Hungary. Tana da jimillar faɗin yanki na  kilomita 83,871 (32,383².  

Austria tana da iyakoki na ƙasa da Switzerland (ƙasar da ba memba na Tarayyar Turai ba, wanda ke da iyaka na kilomita 158, zuwa 98 mi) da kuma masarautar Liechtenstein (itama ƙasar da ba memba ba ne na Tarayyar Turai (EU), inda suke da iyaka Kimanin kilomita 34 ko 21 mil) zuwa yamma, Jamus (kilomita 801 ko 497 mi) da Jamhuriyar Czech (kilomita402 ko 249 mi) da Slovakia (kilomitha 105 ko 655) zuwa arewa, Hungary zuwa gabas (kilominta 311 ko mi) da Slovenia (kilomitara 330 ko 185 mi) da Italiya (404 ko kilomita 2574 a kudu).                  

Kashi na uku mafi yamma na ƙasar ɗan sifar pear ya ƙunshi ƙaramar hanya tsakanin Jamus da Italiya wacce ke tsakanin 32 zuwa 60 km dai-dai da (20 zuwa 37 mi) na faɗi.  Sauran ƙasar Ostiriya tana gabas kuma tana da matsakaicin faɗin arewa-kudu na kilomita 280 (170 mi).] Ƙasar tana auna kusan kilomita 600 (370 mi) a tsayi, wanda ya tashi daga Lake Constance (Jamus Bodensee) akan iyakar Austrian-Swiss-Jamus a yamma zuwa iyakar Neusiedler a kan iyakar Austriya.  - daya a cikin Alps, ɗayan kuma wani tafki ne na yau da kullun a kan iyakar yammacin ƙasar Hungarian - yana nuna bambancin shimfidar ƙasar Austria..

Bakwai daga cikin Jihohin tarayya tara na Austria suna da al'adun tarihi da suka gabata kafin kafa Jamhuriyar Austria a 1918: Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol, da Vorarlberg.Johnson, Lonnie (1994). "Geography". In Solsten, Eric; McClave, David E. (eds.). Austria: a country study (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 69–78. ISBN 0-8444-0829-8. OCLC 30664988. link=|alt=Public Domain|class=noviewer|12x12px This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite encyclopedia}}:  CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Category:CS1 maint: postscript An kafa jihohin Burgenland da Vienna bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I. Yawancin Burgenland sun kasance wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary, amma yana da yawan mutanen da ke Magana da Jamusanci kuma saboda haka ya zama Austrian. Dalilan gudanarwa da akidar sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Vienna a matsayin ƙasa mai zaman kanta. Vienna, a tarihi babban birnin Lower Austria, ya kasance sansanin gurguzu, yayin da Lower Austria ta kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, kuma masu ra'ayin gurguzu da masu ra'ay mazan jiya suna so su karfafa tasirin su a jihohin su. Kowace jiha tana da babban birnin jihar ban da Vienna, wanda jiha ce da kanta ban da kasancewa babban birnin tarayya. A Vienna, Majalisar Birni da magajin gari suna aiki a matsayin majalisar dokokin jihar (Landtag) da gwamnan jihar (LLandeshauptmann), bi da bi.

 Yanayin jiki 

 Yankunan da ke cikin ƙasa 
Ana iya raba Austria zuwa yankuna uku marasa daidaituwa. Mafi yawan ɓangaren Austria (62%) yana cike da ƙananan duwatsu na Alps, amma a gabas, waɗannan suna ba da hanya ga wani ɓangare na filayen Pannonian, kuma arewacin kogin Danube yana da gandun daji na Bohemian, tsofaffi, amma ƙasa, tsaunukan dutse.

 Kogin Danube 
Kogin Danube yana da asalinsa kusa da Donaueschingen a kudu maso yammacin Jamus kuma yana gudana ta hanyar Austria kafin ya shiga cikin Bahar Maliya. Ita ce kawai babbar kogi ta Turai da ke gudana zuwa gabas, kuma muhimmancinta a matsayin hanyar ruwa ta ciki an inganta ta hanyar kammala a 1992 na Rhine-Main-Danube Canal a Bavaria, wanda ke haɗa kogin Rhine da Main tare da Danube kuma yana sa zirga-zirgar jirgin ruwa daga Tekun Arewa zuwa Tekun Baƙi ya yiwu.

Manyan koguna da ke arewa da magudanar ruwa na Alps na Austriya (Inn a Tyrol, da Salzach a Salzburg, da Enns a Styria da Upper Austria) su ne rafukan kai tsaye na Danube kuma suna kwarara arewa zuwa kwarin Danube, yayin da kogunan kudu da magudanar ruwa a tsakiya da gabashin Austria (Gail da Draus da kuma kogin Murhia a cikin Carint ta St.  magudanar ruwa na Drau, wanda a ƙarshe ya shiga cikin Danube a Serbia.]  Saboda haka, tsakiyar da gabashin Ostiriya sun karkata zuwa ga kogin Alps: lardunan Upper Austria da Lower Austria zuwa Danube da lardunan Carinthia da Styria zuwa Drau.. 

 Dutsen Alps 
Manyan jeri uku na tsaunuka - Tsaunukan Calcareous na Arewa, Tsaunukan Tsakiya, da Tsaunukan Calcareous na Kudancin - suna gudu zuwa gabas ta hanyar Austria.[1]  Tsawon tsaunuka na tsakiya, wanda ya ƙunshi babban tushe na granite, sune mafi girma kuma mafi girma a cikin Ostiriya.  Tsaunukan Calcareous na Arewa, waɗanda ke gudana daga Vorarlberg ta hanyar Tyrol zuwa Salzburg tare da iyakar Jamus kuma ta Upper Austria da Lower Austria zuwa Vienna, da Kudancin Calcareous Alps, akan iyakar Carinthia-Slovenia, galibi dutse ne da dolomite.[1]  A tsayin mita 3,797, Großglockner shine dutse mafi tsayi a Ostiriya.  A bisa ka'ida, mafi nisa zuwa gabas na Arewa da Tsakiyar Alps suna gudana, ƙananan sun zama ƙasa.  Tsayin tsaunuka kuma yana gangarowa arewa da kudu na jeri na tsakiya..

A matsayin fasalin ƙasa, Alps a zahiri sun mamaye sauran yankuna.[1]  Sama da kashi 28% na Ostiriya yana da matsakaicin tudu ko lebur: Arewacin Alpine Foreland, wanda ya haɗa da kwarin Danube;  yankunan tuddai da tuddai a arewa maso gabas da gabashin Ostiriya, wadanda suka hada da Basin Danube;  da tuddai masu birgima da tsaunuka na Kudu maso Gabashin Alpine Foreland.[1]  Sassan ƙasar Ostiriya waɗanda suka fi dacewa da matsuguni - wato, gonaki da yanayi mai kyau - suna tafiya arewacin tsaunukan Alps ta lardunan Upper Austria da Lower Austria a cikin kwarin Danube sannan su karkata gabas da kudu na Alps ta hanyar Lower Austria, Vienna, Burgenland, da Styria.[1]  Mafi ƙanƙantar yanayin tsaunuka na Austriya yana kudu maso gabas na ƙaramin Leithagebirge, wanda ya zama leɓen kudu na Basin Vienna, inda tudun tudun Hungarian ya fara.[1].

 Bohemian Forest (tsawon tsaunuka) 
Dutsen dutse na gandun daji na Bohemian (wanda aka sani a cikin Jamusanci da Böhmerwald), wani dutse mai laushi tare da tsaunuka masu iska da kuma mummunan yanayi, yana arewacin kwarin Danube kuma yana rufe sauran 10% na yankin Austria.  Shahartsberg wani dutse ne wanda ya raba Waldviertel daga Weinviertel.

 Duwatsu 
Duwatsu 35 mafi tsawo a Austria:
SunanTsawonYankin13,797 m2Rashin daji3,772 m3Kleinglockner3,770 m43,739 m53,721 m63,719 m7Hofmannspitze3,711 m8Weitzenböckturm3,702 m9Draschturm3,701 m10Gerinturmmita 3,70011Glocknerhornmita 3,68012Teufelshorn3,677 m133,674 m14mita 3,62815mita 3,62816Similaun3,606 m17Großes Wiesbachhorn3,564 m18Rainerhorn3,560 m193,556 m20Marzellspitze3,555 m21Ramolkogel3,550 m22Schalfkogel3,540 m23Watzespitze3,533 m24Hochvernagtspitze3,530 m25Langtaufererspitze3,529 m263,526 m27Mutmalspitze3,522 m28Fineilspitze3,516 m293,515 m30Hochfeiler3,510 mZillertal Alps31Teufelskamp3,509 m32Romariswandkopf3,508 m33Zuckerhütl3,505 mDutsen Stubai343,504 m35Fluchtkogelmita 3,500
 (Dukan tsawo suna da alaƙa da ma'aunin ruwa na Trieste na 1875 da aka yi amfani da shi a Austria - mita sama da Adriatic) 

 dazuzzuka 
A cikin gandun dajin Ostiriya yana kusan kashi 47% na yawan fili, daidai da hekta 3,899,150 na gandun daji a shekarar 2020, daga hekta 3,775,670 (ha) a shekarar 1990.  hekta 1,671,500 (ha).  Daga cikin gandun dajin da ke sake farfadowa a zahiri kashi 2% an ba da rahoton cewa su ne dajin na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in bishiyar da ba a iya gani a fili na ayyukan ɗan adam) kuma kusan kashi 23% na yankin dajin an samu a cikin wuraren da aka karewa.  A cikin shekarar 2015, an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 18% na yankin dajin yana ƙarƙashin ikon jama'a, 82% na masu zaman kansu da kuma 0% tare da mallakar da aka jera a matsayin wani ko ba a sani ba.

 Yanayin ɗan adam 
Tsarin amfani da ƙasa a Austria ya canza daga Alpine zuwa yankunan da ba Alpine ba. Kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin goma na Austria ba shi da amfani ko rashin amfani, wato, sosai Alpine ko sama da layin itace. Fiye da kashi 40% na Austria an rufe shi da gandun daji, mafi yawansu suna cikin yankunan Alpine. Kasa da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na Austria ana noma shi kuma ya dace da aikin gona na al'ada. Kashi na ƙasar noma a Austria yana ƙaruwa a Gabas yayin da ƙasar ta zama ƙasa da tsaunuka. Fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na Austria makiyaya ne da ke cikin tsaunuka daban-daban. Kusan rabin wannan ciyawa ya ƙunshi manyan makiyaya na Alpine.

A tarihi, an yi amfani da makiyaya na Alpine a lokacin rani don kiwon shanu, don haka yana da sarari a ƙananan tsawo don noma da girbi abinci don hunturu. Yawancin tsaunuka masu tsawo suna da tsawo sama da 1,000 m.

Kodayake aikin gona a yankunan tsaunuka a wani lokaci yana da fa'ida ta tattalin arziki, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya tsira ne kawai tare da taimakon tallafi mai yawa.

Alps sun sa yankuna da yawa na Austria ba za a iya zama ba.<sup about="#mwt132" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" s" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Geography_of_Austria#cite_note-:0-1 [1]] Yankunan da ake kira yankunan zama na dindindin na Austria - yankunan da ake nomawa, ana ci gaba da zama, kuma ana amfani da su don sufuri, amma ba su haɗa da gandun daji, makiyaya na Alpine, ko ƙasar maras kyau - suna rufe kashi 40% ko 35,000 km2 na ƙasar. Mafi yawan yankin zama na dindindin yana cikin kwarin Danube da ƙananan ƙasashe ko yankuna masu tsaunuka a arewa, gabas, da kudancin Alps, inda kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na yawan jama'a ke zaune. 

A cikin lardunan Alpine na ƙasar, yawancin jama'a suna zaune a kwarin kogi: Bregenz a bakin tekun Constance a Vorarlberg; Innsbruck a kan kogin Inn a Tyrol; Salzburg a kan kogun Salzach a Salzburg; da Klagenfurt a kan tafkin Wörthersee a Carinthia .  Mafi girma Alps ne, da ƙarancin zama sun zama dangane da ƙasa, microclimate, da ciyayi. Sabanin haka, ƙananan da kuma faɗin kwarin Alpine, yawan jama'a sun zama.

Saboda Alps, kasar gaba ɗaya tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohin da ba su da yawan jama'a a Yamma da Tsakiyar Turai. Tare da mazauna casa'in da uku a kowace murabba'in kilomita, Austria tana da yawan jama'a mai kama da na tsohuwar Yugoslavia.

Yankunan ƙasar Austria da yanayin ƙasa sun yi daidai da kaɗan. Tun lokacin da Daular Romawa ta Yamma ta fadi, Alps da Danube ba su yi amfani da su don nuna iyakokin siyasa ba. Ko da a cikin Austria, iyakokin lardin ana saita su ne kawai a wasu lokuta ta hanyar tsaunuka da tuddai na Alps.

Kodayake Alps ba su nuna iyakokin siyasa ba, galibi suna raba ƙungiyoyin mutane da juna. Saboda a baya Alps ba za a iya wucewa ba, mazauna da aka ware a cikin kwari ko cibiyoyin sadarwa na kwari sun haɓaka al'adun yanki daban-daban. Sakamakon haka, mazaunan kwarin daya galibi suna kula da yaruka, tufafi na asali ko na gargajiya, salon gine-gine, da al'adun da suka bambanta da na kwarin na gaba. Bambance-bambance sun kasance masu girma sosai cewa ana iya gano asalin baƙi cikin sauƙi. Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai, motsi, wadata, da yawon bude ido sun lalata bambancin al'adun yankin Alpine zuwa babban matsayi ta hanyar rage warewa wanda ya ba su ainihin halinsu.

Duk da Alps, Austria a tarihi ta kasance ƙasar wucewa. Kwarin Danube, tsawon ƙarni da yawa haɗin ruwa na Tsakiyar Turai zuwa Yankin Balkan da "Gabas" a cikin ma'anar kalmar, koyaushe hanya ce ta gabas zuwa yamma. Koyaya, rarrabuwar Turai zuwa bangarori biyu masu adawa da tattalin arziki da soja bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II ya rage muhimmancin Austria a matsayin wurin wucewa. Tun lokacin da aka bude Gabashin Turai a 1989, kasar ta fara sake ɗaukar rawar tarihi. A farkon shekarun 1990s, ta riga ta sami karuwa sosai a cikin yawan mutane da motoci da ke tsallaka iyakokinta na gabashin.

A cikin Alps, hanyoyi huɗu da hanyoyin da ke ratsa su suna da mahimmanci ga zirga-zirgar arewa maso kudu. Hanyar Semmering a kan iyakar lardin Lower Austria da Styria ta haɗa Vienna Basin tare da kwarin Mürz da Mur, don haka samar da damar arewa maso gabas zuwa Styria da Slovenia, kuma, ta hanyar Carinthia, zuwa Italiya.

Pyrhn Pass tsakanin lardunan Upper Austria da Styria da Tauern Pass tsakanin High Tauern range da Lower Tauern range na Central Alps a Salzburg, suna ba da damar zuwa Mur Valley a Styria da Drau Valley a Carinthia, bi da bi. Hanyoyin da ke gudana ta waɗannan hanyoyin suna da mahimman hanyoyin sadarwa ta arewa maso yamma da kudu maso gabas ta hanyar Alps. An ba da lakabin babbar Hanyar Pyrhn Fremdarbeiterweg ("hanyar ma'aikatan kasashen waje") saboda miliyoyin Gastarbeiter ("ma'aikatan baƙi") a Jamus suna amfani da ita don komawa gidajensu a cikin Balkans da Turkiyya don hutu. Yawancin Jamusawa da mutanen arewacin Turai suna amfani da shi a cikin watanni na rani don isa gabar tekun Adriatic. Bayan barkewar tashin hankali a Yugoslavia a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1991, duk da haka, an sake tura yawancin wannan zirga-zirga ta hanyar kwarin Danube da Hungary.

Hanya mafi muhimmanci a cikin Austrian Alps ita ce Brenner Pass, wanda ke kan iyakar Austrian-Italiya a Tyrol .  A 1,370 m, yana daya daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci Alpine wucewa. Hanyar zuwa kwarin Inn da kan Brenner Pass ta kasance muhimmiyar hanya ce ta hanyar wucewa ta arewa maso kudu tsakanin Jamus da Italiya, kuma tana ba da hanya mafi kai tsaye tsakanin yankuna biyu mafi yawan masana'antu na Turai: Jamus da arewacin Italiya.

Albarkatun halitta: mai, lignite, katako, ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, zinc, antimony, Magnesite, tungsten, graphite, gishiri, wutar lantarki

Amfani da ƙasa: ƙasa mai noma: 16.44% amfanin gona na dindindin: 0.79% wasu: 82.77% (2012) 

Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa: 1,170 km2 (2007)  

Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa: 77.7 km3 (2011)  

Rashin ruwa mai laushi (na gida / masana'antu / aikin gona)  jimillar:: 3.66 km3/shekara (18%/79%/3%) a kowace babban birnin: 452.4 m3/shekaru (2008)  

 Yanayi 
Alps suna aiki ne a matsayin ruwa mai rarraba manyan nau'ikan yanayi guda uku na Turai waɗanda ke tasiri ga yanayin Austrian. Yanayin teku na Atlantic daga arewa maso yamma yana da matsin lamba, iska mai sauƙi daga Gulf Stream, da hazo. Yana da tasiri mafi girma a kan gangaren arewacin Alps, Arewacin Alpine Foreland, da kwarin Danube. Yanayin nahiyar yana da ƙananan matsin lamba tare da hazo a lokacin rani da tsarin matsin lamba mai yawa tare da sanyi da iska mai bushe a cikin hunturu. Yana shafar galibi gabashin Austria. Tsarin matsin lamba na Bahar Rum daga kudu yana da ƙananan girgije da iska mai dumi, kuma suna rinjayar yanayin gangaren kudancin Alps da na Kudu maso gabashin Alpine Foreland, yana mai da su mafi kyawun ɓangaren Austria.

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka bambanta da tsarin yanayin Bahar Rum shine iska mai iska, iska mai dumi wanda ya samo asali ne a cikin Sahara na Afirka kuma yana motsawa zuwa arewa da sauri, lokaci-lokaci yana haɓaka yanayin zafi har zuwa  ° C (18 ° F) a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Mutane da yawa suna amsawa ga wannan saurin canjin yanayi tare da ciwon kai, fushi, da Matsalolin zagayawa. A lokacin hunturu, saurin dumama da ke tare da föhn na iya narke dusar ƙanƙara a cikin Alps har zuwa yadda Ruwan sama ke faruwa.

Idan aka ba da muhimmancin tseren kankara na Alpine ga masana'antar yawon bude ido ta Austriya, Disamba shine watan da ake kallon yanayi tare da babban tsammanin. A matsayin doka, tsarin yanayin teku na Atlantic yana kawo dusar ƙanƙara, kuma tsarin yanayin nahiyar yana taimakawa kiyaye shi. Koyaya, rinjaye na sanyi, tsarin busassun nahiyoyi ko na Bahar Rum mai dumi ya jinkirta farkon lokacin kankara. A lokacin rani, tsarin matsin lamba na Bahar Rum yana kawo zafi, yanayin rana.Austrians sun fuskanci matsaloli da yawa na muhalli a cikin shekarun 1990. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi matsa lamba shine gurɓataccen da ya haifar da karuwar zirga-zirga a cikin ƙasar. Jirgin ƙasa a kan babbar hanyar da ke wucewa ta Brenner Pass, alal misali, ya karu daga motoci 600,000 a kowace shekara a farkon shekarun 1970 zuwa sama da miliyan 10 a kowace shekara.  Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na zirga-zirgar da ke ƙetare Austria ya ƙunshi semitrailers da aka yi amfani da su don jigilar kaya. Bude Gabashin Turai kawai ya kara tsananta matsalar zirga-zirgar zirga-zanga. 

Kwarin Alpine wanda yawancin wannan zirga-zirgar ke wucewa suna da rauni ga lalacewar muhalli. Ƙananan kwari ba su da kyau ga ɓarkewar hayaniya ko gurɓataccen abin da motoci ke haifar. Inversions - yadudduka masu sanyi na iska waɗanda ke kama yadudduka na iska mai dumi ko yadudduka mai dumi na iska waɗanda suka kama yadudduke masu sanyi a cikin kwari da ƙasƙanci - kuma a yanayi suna ba da gudummawa ga girman matsalar gurɓata.

Austria ta tattauna da Tarayyar Turai don saita iyakoki akan adadin zirga-zirgar kasuwanci, musamman ta hanyar Tyrol. Har ila yau, ana aiki don haɓaka tsarin "piggy-back" na ɗora motoci a kan motocin layin dogo a kudancin Jamus da arewacin Italiya, jigilar su ta hanyar Tyrol ta hanyar dogo. Masu kula da muhalli sun tura matakan da suka fi kaiwa. Suna ba da shawara, alal misali, haƙa rami daga Garmisch-Partenkirchen a kudancin Jamus zuwa Bolzano a arewacin Italiya.

Hakanan tsarin yanayi ne ke kawo gurɓataccen yanayi wanda ke ƙayyade yanayin ƙasar. Tsarin yanayi na teku na Atlantic yana ɗaukar gurɓata zuwa Austria daga arewa maso yammacin Turai. Kusawar Austria da yankuna masu masana'antu na tsoffin jihohin Kwaminisanci, tare da manufofi ko kayan aiki na kula da gurɓataccen yanayi, haɗe da tasirin tsarin yanayi na nahiyar sun tabbatar da cewa yana da lahani sosai. Tsarin yanayi na Bahar Rum yana watsa gurɓataccen masana'antu daga arewacin Italiya.

Muhimmancin matsalolin muhalli da ke fuskantar kasar ya haifar da yunkurin kare muhalli a cikin shekarun 1970s. An kafa jam'iyyun siyasa, kuma an zabi wakilai zuwa majalisa. Wani raba gardama a shekarar 1978 ya rufe sabon tashar makamashin nukiliya da aka kammala kuma ya juya kasar daga amfani da makamashin nukliya. 'Yan adawar jama'a a shekarar 1984 sun dakatar da shirin gina tashar wutar lantarki a yankin da ke da ruwa.

Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu: wasu lalacewar gandun daji da gurɓataccen iska da ƙasa ya haifar; Gurɓatar ƙasa sakamakon amfani da sinadarai na gona; gurɓatar iska ta haifar da hayaki daga tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal da mai da masana'antu da kuma daga manyan motoci da ke wucewa tsakanin arewa da kudancin Turai
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba