Biofuel

Biofuel mai fetur ne da ake samar da shi cikin kankanin lokaci daga biomass, maimakon ta hanyar tafiyar hawainiya ta dabi'a da ke tattare da samuwar albarkatun mai kamar mai.Priya A, Hu Y, Mou J, Du C, Wilson K, Luque R, et al. (2023). "Chapter 1 - Introduction: An overview of biofuels and production technologies". In Luque R, Sze Ki Lin C, Wilson K, Du C (eds.). Handbook of Biofuels Production (Third Edition). Woodhead Publishing. pp. 3–24. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-91193-1.00002-0. ISBN 978-0-323-91193-1. Ana iya samar da sinadarin biofuel daga tsire-tsire ko daga sharar halittun noma, gida ko masana'antu. Ana amfani da man biofuel galibi don sufuri, amma kuma ana iya amfani da shi don dumama da wutar lantarki. Biofuels (da bio energy gabaɗaya) ana ɗaukar su azaman tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa. na samar da biofuel.

Gabaɗaya, albarkatun mai suna fitar da ƙarancin hayaki mai gurɓataccen iska lokacin da aka kone su a cikin injin kuma galibi ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin makamashin tsaka-tsaki na carbon kamar yadda amfanin gonakin da ake amfani da su wajen samarwa ya kama shi daga sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, ƙididdigewa na tsawon rayuwa na man fetur na biofuels ya nuna babban hayaki mai hade da yuwuwar canjin amfani da ƙasa da ake buƙata don samar da ƙarin kayan abinci na biofuel. Sakamakon kima na rayuwa (LCAs) don biofuels suna da matuƙar yanayi kuma sun dogara da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da nau'in kayan abinci, hanyoyin samarwa, bambance-bambancen bayanai, da zaɓin hanyoyin. Ƙididdiga game da tasirin yanayi daga albarkatun halittu sun bambanta bisa ga hanya da ainihin yanayin da aka bincika. Saboda haka, yuwuwar rage sauyin yanayi na biofuel ya bambanta da yawa: a wasu yanayi matakan fitar da iska suna kama da mai, kuma a wasu yanayin hayakin biofuel yana haifar da mummunan hayaki.

An yi hasashen buƙatun duniya na albarkatun halittu zai karu da kashi 56% akan 2022-2027.[13] Nan da shekara ta 2027 ana sa ran samar da man biofuel a duniya zai samar da kashi 5.4% na man da ake samarwa a duniya ciki har da kashi 1% na man jiragen sama. Ana hasashen buƙatun mai na jirgin sama zai ƙaru. Sai dai an soki wasu manufofin da fifita sufurin kasa fiye da jiragen sama.Jeswani HK, Chilvers A, Azapagic A (November 2020). "Environmental sustainability of biofuels: a review". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 476 (2243): 20200351. Bibcode:2020RSPSA.47600351J. doi:10.1098/rspa.2020.0351. PMC 7735313. PMID 33363439.

Mafi yawan nau'ikan biofuel guda biyu sune bioethanol da biodiesel. Brazil ita ce kasa mafi girma da ke samar da bioethanol, yayin da EU ita ce mafi girma mai samar da biodiesel. Abubuwan makamashi a cikin samar da bioethanol da biodiesel na duniya shine 2.2 da 1.8 EJ a kowace shekara, bi da bi.

Bioethanol barasa ne da aka yi shi ta hanyar fermentation, galibi daga carbohydrates da ake samarwa a cikin sukari ko amfanin gona na sitaci kamar masara, rake, ko dawa mai daɗi. Cellulosic biomass, wanda aka samo daga wuraren da ba abinci ba, kamar bishiyoyi da ciyawa, ana kuma haɓaka shi azaman abincin abinci don samar da ethanol. Ana iya amfani da Ethanol azaman mai don ababen hawa a cikin sigar sa mai tsabta (E100), amma yawanci ana amfani dashi azaman ƙari na man fetur don ƙara ƙimar octane da haɓaka hayakin abin hawa.

Ana samar da Biodiesel daga mai ko mai ta amfani da transesterification. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman mai don ababen hawa a cikin tsaftataccen nau'insa (B100), amma yawanci ana amfani da shi azaman ƙari na diesel don rage matakan barbashi, carbon monoxide, da hydrocarbons daga motocin da ake amfani da dizal.Bayetero CM, Yépez CM, Cevallos IB, Rueda EH (January 2022). "Effect of the use of additives in biodiesel blends on the performance and opacity of a diesel engine". Materials Today: Proceedings. Advances in Mechanical Engineering Trends. 49: 93–99. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.478. ISSN 2214-7853. S2CID 238787289.

 Kalmomi 
Ana amfani da kalmar biofuel ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'anar ita ce "Biofuels samfurori ne na halitta, a cikin m, ruwa, ko gaseous nau'i. Ana samar da su daga amfanin gona ko kayan halitta, kamar itace, ko ragowar noma, irin su molasses da bagasse:  173

Sauran wallafe-wallafen sun tanadi kalmar biofuel don man fetur ko gas, da ake amfani da su don sufuri.

Rahoton kimantawa na shida na IPCC ya bayyana biofuel a matsayin "Man fetur, gabaɗaya a cikin ruwa, ana samarwa daga biomass. Biofuels sun haɗa da bioethanol daga sugarcane, gwoza sukari ko masara, da kuma biodiesel daga canola ko waken soya.". Tsarin yanayin kasa: 1795  Wannan yana nufin cewa kwal ko wasu abubuwan da ake amfani da su na burbushin halittu ba wani nau'in halitta bane a wannan mahallin.Biofuels explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 24 January 2023.

 Na al'ada biofuels (ƙarni na farko) 
Biofuels na ƙarni na farko (wanda kuma ake kira da "na al'ada biofuels") ana yin su ne daga amfanin gonakin abinci da ake nomawa a ƙasar noma.IPCC, 2022: Annex I: Glossary [van Diemen, R., J.B.R. Matthews, V. Möller, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, A. Reisinger, S. Semenov (eds)]. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.020