Canjin yanayi a Kuwait

Canjin yanayi yana haifar da babbar barazana ga Kuwait, ƙaramar ƙasa a Yammacin Asiya tare da jimlar yanki na 17,818 km2. Kasar ta kunshi yankunan hamada masu bushewa da kuma karami, yankunan bakin teku da wuraren da ke da ruwa. Kuwait tana da wasu daga cikin lokacin rani mafi bushewa da zafi a duniya tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi da ke fadowa a kusan digiri 46.2 na Celsius. Kuwait tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da haɗari da yawa ga ababen more rayuwa na ƙasar, yanayin halittu, albarkatun ruwa da ci gaban noma. Kuwait ta aiwatar da dabarun ragewa da daidaitawa da yawa kuma tana daga cikin NATO-Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) wanda ke neman magance haɗarin yanayi da shiga cikin mafita masu ɗorewa.

Kuwait ta sanya hannu kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris  kuma ta sabunta gudummawar ta farko ta kasa (NDCs) a cikin 2021.

 Tasirin yanayi 
Don ƙarin bayani duba kuma Batutuwan muhalli a Kuwait

 Rashin iskar gas 
Kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan kasashe a duniya, hayakin gas a Kuwait ya karu da sauri tun daga shekarun 1990. Kuwait ita ce ta 48 mafi girma mai fitar da iskar gas kuma masana'antar makamashi ita ce babbar mai fitarwa. Daga 1990 zuwa 2021 hayaki ya karu da kashi 4.3%. Dangane da kowane mutum, Kuwait tana samar da tan 34.2 na CO2 ga kowane mutum kuma tana cikin matsayi na 2 daga cikin kasashe 191. 

Yawancin hayakin CO2 a Kuwait sun fito ne daga samar da wutar lantarki (57%), sannan sufuri (18%), da masana'antun mai da iskar gas (11%).  Maganinsa na methane ya fito ne daga zubar da sharar gida (64%) da kuma tsabtace ruwa mai guba da fitarwa (18%).  Lokacin da aka lissafa duk hayakin gas, hayakin daga samar da wutar lantarki da ruwan da ke da alaƙa da konewar iskar gas, da kayayyakin man fetur suna da mafi girman gudummawa kusan kashi 58. Duk da yake gwamnati ba ta ba da shawarar cewa babu ƙuntatawa na samar da mai tsakanin 2020 da 2035, ta bayyana cewa tana aiki don ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa ta hanyar rarraba hanyoyin samar da makamashi da fasaha. 

 Canjin zafin jiki 
Canjin yanayi yana shafar matsakaicin yanayin zafi na Kuwait. An sami karuwa mai tsanani a yanayin zafi mafi girma a lokacin watanni na rani, yana kaiwa yanayin zafi na digiri 53 da 54 na Celsius, wasu daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Tsinkaya ya nuna cewa waɗannan yanayin zafi masu yawa suna iya faruwa akai-akai kuma da ƙarfi.

Wadannan kwanaki sama da digiri 50 an rubuta su na kwanaki 64 tsakanin 2010 da 2021 idan aka kwatanta da kwanaki 18 kawai a cikin shekaru 40 tsakanin shekarun 1960 da 2000.Barhouma, Mohammed (May 19, 2023). "Kuwait and Climate Change Challenge: The Difficult Path to Sustainability". The Emirates Policy Center. Shekaru goma da suka gabata sun ga mafi girman mitar da tsananin yanayin zafi. Nazarin Alahmad et al. 2020 ya nuna cewa wasu al'ummomi sun fi fuskantar matsanancin yanayin zafi fiye da wasu. Binciken ya gano cewa sau da yawa ma'aikatan da ba na Kuwait ba suna fuskantar zafi mafi girma saboda ɗaukar ƙarin aiki mai wahala.

Kuwait kuma tana fama da rikice-rikicen da suka shafi yanayi kamar yashi da ƙura da ambaliyar ruwa. Don haka, ta kafa Dokar Kare Muhalli a cikin 2014, kuma Mataki (118) ya bayyana bukatun shirya shirye-shiryen gaggawa da rikice-rikice da shirin kula da bala'o'i.

 Ma'adanai na ruwa 
Kuwait yanayi ne mai matukar busasshiyar yanayi sabili da haka, tuni ƙasa ce mai karancin ruwa. Yawancin ruwan Kuwait yana faɗuwa tsakanin Nuwamba da Fabrairu. Canje-canje a cikin hazo da karuwar zafi saboda canjin yanayi ya sanya kasar cikin haɗarin hamada. Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa na Kuwait sun fito ne daga zubar da ruwa da sake amfani da ruwa mai guba. Rashin gishiri na ruwa yana samar da kashi 61% na abin sha da noma a Kuwait.

Kuwait gida ce ga bambancin yanayin halittu ciki har da wuraren da ke da ruwa, hamada, da yankunan bakin teku waɗanda duk suna cikin barazana saboda canjin yanayi. Gabaɗaya, yanayin halittu na hamada wasu ne daga cikin mafi haɗari da wuraren da ba a iya tsammani ba ga canjin yanayi da yanayin halittu. Wannan shi ne saboda sauye-sauye a cikin zafin jiki da hazo na iya shafar yanayin halittu mai laushi a wurin.

Tekun Farisa wuri ne na nau'o'in halittu daban-daban waɗanda suka saba da rayuwa a cikin matsanancin damuwa na muhalli dangane da yanayin zafi da gishiri. Gulf yana da coral reefs da nau'ikan kifi da algal, mangroves, da ciyawa na teku a matsayin manyan yanayin halittu a cikin wannan yanayi. Rashin zurfin ruwa, babban salinity, da matsanancin bambancin yanayi a yanayin zafi na ruwa ana ɗaukar su manyan abubuwan damuwa ga coral reefs a cikin Tekun Farisa.

Yanayin yanayi na canjin yanayi yana haifar da karuwa a cikin hamada kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga asarar halittu masu yawa. Yayin da hamada ke ƙaruwa kuma yawan ruwa ke raguwa, akwai canje-canje a cikin ingancin ƙasa, kwayoyin microbial kuma yanayin halittu ya zama mara kyau ga wasu nau'o'in. Kasar da ke da ƙananan shuke-shuke, canjin yanayi yana ƙara lalacewar ƙasa kuma yana haifar da ƙarin asarar shuke- shuke-huke. Kasa da kashi 10% na tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke sun rufe Kuwait.

 Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane 

 Aikin noma 
Kuwait hamada ce, ƙasa mai karancin ruwa tare da iyakance yawan aikin gona don farawa. Babban amfanin gona da manoman Kuwait ke girma shine amfanin gona na abinci da wasu kayan lambu. An riga an iyakance faɗin bandwidth da Kuwait ke da shi dangane da noma da amfanin gona ana kara rage shi saboda canjin yanayi, gurɓataccen yanayi, da samar da mai. Ragewa mai yawa a cikin hazo da kuma kara yawan fari, karuwar mitar da tsananin guguwar ƙura da haɗarin yanayi, da hauhawar matakin teku duk suna haifar da barazana ga aikin gona na Kuwait. Salinity na ruwan kasa yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa saboda tasirin canjin yanayi, wanda ba ya dace da kula da ƙasa da yawan aikin gona.

 Mai 
Man fetur babbar masana'antu ce a Kuwait, tana da kashi 50% na GDP, kashi 94% na kudaden shiga na fitarwa, da kuma kashi 90% na kudaden shigar gwamnati. Duk da fa'idodin tattalin arziki ga samar da mai, Kuwait tana fuskantar tasirin muhalli mara kyau, kamar manyan gurɓataccen iska, asarar nau'in dabbobi, gurɓatacciyar ƙasa, da gurɓatawar ruwa. Kuwait ta yi ƙoƙari ta bunkasa tattalin arzikinta maimakon magance damuwar muhalli bayan gobarar mai ta 1991, wanda ya haifar da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa na dindindin, halaka dabbobi, da batutuwan lafiyar ɗan adam.Husain, Tahir (July 1994). "Kuwaiti oil fires — Source estimates and plume characterization". Atmospheric Environment. 28 (13): 2149–2158. Bibcode:1994AtmEn..28.2149H. doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)90357-3. Tare da rashin albarkatun fasaha, zamantakewa, da siyasa, canjin yanayi a Kuwait yana ci gaba da muni, kuma dogaro da hako mai ya karu. 

 Makamashi mai sabuntawa 
Dangane da sabuntawar NDC ta 2021, Kuwait na shirin rage hayaki da kashi 7.4% nan da shekara ta 2035. Don yin wannan, an zartar da dokoki da yawa da suka mai da hankali kan iyakancewar hayaki. An sake fasalin Dokar Kare Muhalli ta 2014 don kare albarkatun kasa, sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi, da kuma mai da hankali kan lafiyar ɗan adam. Dokar Kare Muhalli tana inganta amfani da tsarin adana makamashi kuma tana haɓaka sabbin dabarun muhalli don haɓaka ingancin makamashi da rage amfani.

Ya zuwa 2022, haɗin makamashi na Kuwait ya kunshi da farko man fetur (50.6%) da iskar gas (49.3%) da kuma ɓangaren iska, hasken rana, da sauran abubuwan sabuntawa (0.1%). "Kuwait". CIA.gov. October 29, 2024. Kodayake iska da hasken rana sun zama sanannun a duniya, dogaro da tattalin arzikin Kuwait a kan kamfanonin mai ya hana shi kauce wa abubuwan da ba a sabuntawa ba da kuma samar da makamashi daban-daban. Bayan Yarjejeniyar Paris, an sanya tallafin iskar gas da fatan rage hayakin gas da kashi 60% nan da shekarar 2020. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Kuwait ta zartar da doka don burin 15% na jimlar samar da makamashi don kasancewa daga hanyoyin sabuntawa nan da shekara ta 2030.

Don cimma wannan burin, Kuwait ta gina Shagaya Renewable Energy Park mai nisan kilomita 60 daga Kuwait City a cikin 2019. Tashar wutar lantarki ta haɗa da turbines na iska da ƙarfin hasken rana, ta amfani da sabon bincike da haɓaka sabbin makamashi.

Dangane da adadi na 2022, duk da haka, Kuwait ba ta kan hanya don cimma burinta na makamashi mai sabuntawa. 

 Hawan matakin teku 
Yanayin zafi saboda canjin yanayi ya haifar da matakan teku su tashi a yankunan bakin teku. Hawan matakin teku yana da mummunar tasiri ga muhalli da tattalin arziki a Kuwait. Bincike ya nuna cewa salinization na ruwa mai laushi yana rage ci gaban shuke-shuke da amfanin gona, yana ƙara salinity na ƙasa, kuma yana iyakance ci gaban shuka na asali. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wannan yana haifar da rashin amfanin gona, karancin ruwan sha mai kyau, lalacewar yanayin halittu, da asarar halittu.

Kuwait ta ga saurin birni da karuwar yawan jama'a, da farko a yankunan bakin teku. Ambaliyar ruwa a cikin al'ummomin bakin teku tana haifar da ababen more rayuwa da lalacewar gidaje, da kuma shigar da ruwan gishiri, wanda ke barazana ga wuraren kifi kuma yana raunana masana'antar kamun kifi. Da yiwuwar, duk yankin bakin teku na iya shafar hauhawar matakin teku. Wannan na iya nufin cewa kashi 1% na yawan jama'a na iya tilasta su koma sababbin yankuna, haifar da asarar gidaje wanda zai iya kashe dala biliyan 11.1 da shekara ta 2100.

 Kifi 
Kifi ya kasance babbar masana'antar tattalin arziki ga Kuwait kafin a kafa kamfanonin mai. A halin yanzu, kayayyakin daga kamun kifi har yanzu sune na biyu mafi girma a bayan fitar da mai, wanda ya kunshi manyan bangarori biyu: kifi da kifi na nau'o'i da yawa da kifi mai yawa. Tun daga shekara ta 2013, duk da haka, Kuwait ta ga babban raguwa a cikin aikin kamun kifi, ya ragu daga ma'aikatan da aka ruwaito 3,500 a 2013 zuwa ma'aikatan 370 da aka ruwaitan a shekarar 2015. Rashin lalacewar muhalli da babbar gurɓataccen ruwa a Kuwait tun lokacin da masana'antar mai ta tashi ya bayyana waɗannan alamu na aiki. 

 Yawon shakatawa 
Duk da yake yawon bude ido ba babbar masana'antar tattalin arziki ce ga Kuwait ba, har yanzu kasar ta ga karuwar yawan baƙi a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A cikin 2019, yawan masu yawon bude ido da ke zuwa Kuwait ya ninka sau shida yawan masu yaƙi a cikin 1995.  Duk da yake wannan karuwar tana da damar taimakawa kasar a tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, tasirin muhalli ya kasance mai yawa. Saboda ci gaban ababen more rayuwa, karuwar samar da kasuwanci, sufuri, da masauki don ayyukan yawon bude ido, amfani da makamashi a Kuwait ya karu da kashi 80% daga 1995 zuwa 2019. Wannan karuwar bukatar makamashi ya haifar da karuwar gurɓataccen yanayi, samar da sharar gida, da kuma fitar da iskar gas, wanda Kuwait ke ƙoƙarin hana tun farkon 2000s. 

 Lafiya 
Akwai manyan matsalolin lafiyar ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen yanayi, wanda shine babban matsala a Kuwait. Rashin gurɓata iska yana haifar da rashin iska mai tsabta, yana ƙara yaduwar cuta, kuma yana inganta matsalolin huhu. matsanancin zafi yana da manyan rikitarwa ga waɗanda ke ci gaba da fallasa shi, tare da kashi 13.6% na mutuwar a Kuwait suna da alaƙa da zafi. A cikin 2019, jimlar mutane 33,472 sun mutu daga matsanancin zafi a Kuwait.Alahmad, Barrak; Shakarchi, Ahmed F.; Khraishah, Haitham; Alseaidan, Mohammad; Gasana, Janvier; Al-Hemoud, Ali; Koutrakis, Petros; Fox, Mary A. (August 2020). "Extreme temperatures and mortality in Kuwait: Who is vulnerable?". Science of the Total Environment. 732: 139289. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.73239289A. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139289. PMID 32438154. Wannan kididdigar an yi hasashen zai karu da sama da 15% idan yanayin yanayi na yanzu ya ci gaba. Bugu da ƙari, gurɓataccen ruwa da gishiri suna haifar da rashin ruwa mai tsabta don sha. Rashin ruwa da ƙishirwa sau da yawa suna tilasta mutane su cinye ruwan da aka gurbata, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka da saurin yaduwar cututtuka. A ƙarshe, raguwar samar da abinci saboda aikin gona mara kyau da kuma raunana masana'antar kamun kifi na iya haifar da rashin tsaro na abinci a Kuwait.

 Tasirin da ke tattare da ƙaura 
Akwai wasu mummunar tasirin da canjin yanayi zai iya kuma zai kasance a kan tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Kuwait. Nazarin ya nuna cewa ci gaban ɗan adam da ci gaban tattalin arziki na iya shan wahala yayin da yanayin rayuwa da tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Kuwait suka kara muni. Rashin daidaito da gibin a cikin damar kudi da zamantakewa za su ci gaba da fadada yayin da albarkatun suka zama da ƙarancin gaske. Bayanai sun nuna cewa kwanciyar hankali na siyasa zai iya shan wahala saboda karuwar tashin hankali na yanayi; batutuwan muhalli, kodayake gwamnatoci a Gabas ta Tsakiya ba sa fifiko su, suna kara tashin hankali na siyasa da zamantakewa a ciki da tsakanin ƙasashe saboda karancin albarkatu da rarrabawar rashin daidaito.

 Gidaje 
Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan 'yan ƙasa a Kuwait yana kara muni yayin da Duniya ke ci gaba da dumi. Wadannan tasirin sun hada da hauhawar matakin teku, matsanancin zafi, da karancin albarkatu. Hawan matakin teku yana haifar da yaduwar gishiri da ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan bakin teku, wanda shine batun Kuwait, saboda yana kan iyakar Tekun Farisa. A cikin 2016, Kuwait ta yi rikodin zafin jiki mai girma na 53.9 ° C (129 ° F), yana sanya mutane cikin haɗarin bugun zafi da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi, wanda ba daidai ba ne ga al'ummomin da ke fama da rauni. Mutane suna da kuma za su ci gaba da fuskantar lalacewar gidajensu da al'ummominsu, karancin ruwan sha mai kyau daga shigowar ruwan gishiri, da kuma raguwar abinci da ruwa na tasirin yanayi suna ci gaba da kara muni. 

 Ragewa 
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta soki Kuwait saboda samun iskar gas mai yawa da kuma watsi da batutuwan muhalli. A cikin 1995 da 2005, Kuwait ta sanya hannu kan UNFCCC da Kyoto Protocol, bi da bi. Duk da nuna damuwa game da batutuwan muhalli, kasar ba ta sami ci gaba ba dangane da maidowa ko ragewa. Kwanan nan, duk da haka, Kuwait ta ɗauki matakai na cikin gida da na duniya don magance tasirin canjin yanayi. Kuwait ta kirkiro hukumomin gudanarwa don saka idanu kan tasirin masana'antu a kan muhalli, kamar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kuwait (EPA) don bincike, ilimi, da manufofi game da canjin yanayi. Sun gabatar da gudummawar da aka ƙaddara a cikin ƙasa a lokacin Yarjejeniyar Paris, suna bayyana shirye-shiryen yin aiki don ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa. Wadannan INDCs sun hada da ayyukan da manufofi da ke kan hanyoyin samar da makamashi.

Duk da wadannan kokarin, Kuwait har yanzu tana fama da manyan batutuwan muhalli wadanda suka haifar da damuwa game da lafiyar mutum da matsalolin dabbobin daji na gida. Bugu da ƙari, suna ci gaba da fuskantar gwagwarmaya tare da tallafin zamantakewa da siyasa don kare muhalli.

 Daidaitawa 

 Rashin gishiri 
Saboda yawan gishiri na ruwa mai laushi daga ambaliyar ruwa da shigar da ruwan gishiri, an tilasta wa Kuwait ta cire ruwan gishiri don samar da isasshen ruwa ga 'yan ƙasa. Akwai karancin ruwan sama a ko'ina cikin shekara kuma babu koguna na ruwa mai laushi a kasar, don haka cire gishiri wajibi ne a Kuwait, koda kuwa ba a kula da tasirin canjin yanayi ba. Bukatar ruwa tana ƙaruwa a Kuwait, don haka yana da mahimmanci ga gwamnati ta sa desalinization ya zama mai yiwuwa, mai ɗorewa, aikin dogon lokaci. Ta hanyar rage farashin desalinization da haɓaka kayan aikin sake amfani da ruwa, Kuwait tana ɗaukar matakai zuwa ga aiwatar da desalinizing na dogon lokaci da kuma kula da albarkatun ruwa mai ɗorewa.

 Gargaɗin guguwar yashi 
Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, masana kimiyyar yanayi na Kuwait sun haɓaka tsarin gargadi don faɗakar da fararen hula game da yashi da ƙura (SDSs). Karin tsananin da kuma yawan waɗannan guguwa sun haifar da karuwar gaggawa don ingantaccen shiri na guguwa da sake ginawa. Mutane suna rasa gidajensu, ababen more rayuwa da birane suna lalacewa, kuma kokarin farfadowa bai isa ba saboda rashin albarkatun kudi. Sakamakon haka, an sanya matakan tsaro, kamar sirens da sanarwa, don faɗakar da al'umma game da guguwa mai zuwa. Duk da wannan tsarin, 'yan ƙasar Kuwait har yanzu suna jin cewa matakan tsaro ba su isa ba kuma ba sa inganta shiri. Don inganta wannan tsarin gargadi, zai zama da amfani ga Kuwait don aiwatar da ingantaccen sadarwa, ilimi da horo, da kuma shirin gaggawa a cikin tsarin gargada na SDS na yanzu. 

 Ayyukan Gwamnati 

 Haɗin kai na kasa da kasa 
Kuwait ta kasance tana da hannu sosai tare da NATO-Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) wanda ke da cibiyar yanki a Kuwait. An kafa ICI a shekara ta 2004 don inganta dangantaka da ƙirƙirar dandamali don hadin kai kan batutuwan tsaro a yankin Gulf na Farisa. Shirin ya hada da Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.NATO. "NATO and Kuwait hold talks with partners on climate change and security". NATO. Retrieved 2024-11-01. Janairu 30, 2023 alama ce ta farko da ICI ta hadu don tattauna batutuwan kalubalen yanayi da dabarun hadin gwiwa don magance su.

ICI ta haɗu a karo na farko a Kuwait a watan Maris na 2023 don magance shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi, kuma ta biyo bayan taron na biyu kan canjin yanayi da tsaro a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024. 

Bugu da ƙari, a watan Satumbar 2023, Kuwait ta shirya wani taron tare da EU da Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILO) mai taken "Taimakon Canjin Daidai a Kuwait: Ayyuka masu kyau don Makomar Mai dorewa. " Manufar ita ce ta kafa wasu kokari kan batutuwan canjin yanayi a gaban taron COP28 da aka gudanar a 2023.

 Manufofin kasa 
Don ƙarin bayani duba kuma Sabuntawable Energy subction.

Jawabin jama'a da zanga-zangar da ke kewaye da canjin yanayi da gwagwarmayar yanayi a Kuwait sun kasance kaɗan. 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na Kuwait yana da iyaka, wanda ke iyakance ikon zanga-zangar jama'a game da canjin yanayi, duk da rawar da Kuwait ke takawa a cikin hayaki da man fetur.

Gwamnatin Kuwait ta yi kokari da yawa da shirye-shirye don magance canjin yanayi. Kuwait ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Paris a cikin 2016 sannan ta yi canje-canje a ciki a watan Afrilun 2018. A cikin Kuwait Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), gwamnati ta bayyana cewa dukansu za su ci gaba da samar da mai yayin da suka yarda cewa ya kamata a rage hayakin GHG.

Babban takardar Dokar Muhalli ta Kuwait da aka karɓa a cikin 2014 ya kasance tushen yawancin alkawurran muhalli, gami da NDC. Takardar Dokar Muhalli tana mai da hankali sosai kan rage zubar da mai. A cikin 2018, Kuwait ta kafa Kwamitin Makamashi Mafi Girma (SEC).  Koyaya, tun daga 2021, ba a aiwatar da wani shiri don cimma burin ci gaban makamashi ba, kuma ba a sami ci gaba ta ainihi ba.

A matsayin tattalin arzikin mai, sauyawa zuwa jihar mai kore yana haifar da ƙalubale da yawa. A cikin 2016, gwamnatin Kuwait ta yanke shawarar rage tallafin man fetur saboda tsadar tattalin arziki.Nordenson, Jon (2 January 2020). "Between Populism and (Electric) Power: Reconciling a Green Shift and Popular Legitimacy in Kuwait". Journal of Arabian Studies. 10 (1): 139–158. doi:10.1080/21534764.2020.1793493. hdl:10852/85681. Rahoton Nordenson ya bayyana cewa yayin da wannan shawarar na iya zama canjin kore mai kyau a cikin GHG-emissions, gwamnati ta sami martani daga yawancin jama'a. Kamar sauran kasashe da yawa a yankin Gulf na Farisa da ke dogara da samar da mai, Kuwait tana fuskantar ƙalubalen da ke sabawa bukatun tattalin arzikinta da yanayi.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba