'Yancin baki a Amurka

'Yan Afirka na Afirka sun sami cikakken' yanci a aikace a duk faɗin Amurka ta hanyar Dokar' Yancin Zabe ta 1965. Kafin Yaƙin basasa da gyare-Gyaran sake ginawa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wasu baƙar fata a Amurka suna da damar jefa kuri'a, amma ana sau da yawa rage ko cire wannan haƙƙin. Bayan 1870, baƙar fata sun kasance daidai a gaban doka, amma a cikin lokacin tsakanin ƙarshen zamanin sake ginawa da kuma wucewar Dokar 'yanci Bil'adama ta 1964 an keta wannan akai-akai a aikace.

 Tarihi 
A lokacin da aka kafa kasar, an iyakance haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ga "maza masu dukiya da tsayawa"; yawancin baƙar fata ba su da isasshen dukiya don jefa kuri'u. Cire bukatun dukiya, don ba da 'yanci ga matalauta, yana nufin cewa baƙar fata za su iya jefa kuri'a ma, don haka binciken ya fara don wasu hanyoyin da za su hana su. Ayyukan shari'a na farko, kamar Dokar Naturalization ta 1790, sun ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga "mutumin fari mai 'yanci ... mai halin kirki", don haka ba tare da bayi ba, 'yan baƙar fata masu' yanci ba,' yan asalin Amurka, bayin da aka yi wa rajista, da Asiyawa ba.[s] Koyaya, an ba jihohi damar ba da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a a matakin jiha. Kafin yakin basasa, 'yan baƙar fata masu 'yanci suna da' yanci a New York, New Jersey, da Pennsylvania. Koyaya, an soke haƙƙin jefa kuri'a a New Jersey (1807)  da Pennsylvania (1838).  Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jihar New York na 1821 ya sanya nauyin mallakar dukiya a kan masu jefa kuri'a na baki (kawai), a sakamakon haka ya hana kusan dukkansu damar.

A wannan lokacin, abolitionists sun nemi kawo karshen bautar, kuma kiran neman zabe ya karu. Hukuncin Dred Scott na 1857 ya tabbatar da cewa mutanen da ke da al'adun Afirka ba 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba ne. Maimakon warware batun, kamar yadda Shugaba Buchanan ya yi fatan, ya haifar da fushi kuma babban abu ne daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da yakin basasa.

Bayan yakin basasa, Kwaskwarima ta goma sha biyar ya ba dukkan maza kuri'a, amma a aikace baƙar fata har yanzu suna fuskantar cikas. Wasu daga cikin "Black Codes" sun wuce jim kadan bayan kawar da bautar doka a bayyane ya hana baƙar fata yin zabe. Ayyukan tilasta aiki sun kara hukuncin tarayya don tsoratar da masu jefa kuri'a, musamman ta kungiyoyin ta'addanci irin su Ku Klux Klan . 

Baƙar fata da ke neman 'yancin zaɓe galibi suna fuskantar tashin hankali da rashin 'yanci bayan da Reconstruction Era ya ƙare kuma babu sojojin tarayya da ke tilasta haƙƙin baƙar fata a cikin jihohin tsohon Confederacy. Kisan kiyashi na Colfax na 1873 ya faru ne lokacin da fararen mazauna garin suka yi yaƙi da baƙar fata da sojojin tarayya kan jefa kuri'a a Grant Parish, Louisiana. A cikin Amurka v. Cruikshank (1876), Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta soke wasu daga cikin Ayyukan Tilasta, ta yanke hukuncin cewa gwamnatin tarayya za ta iya shiga tsakani ne kawai don hana nuna bambanci daga 'yan wasan jihohi. A cikin Amurka v. Reese (1876), Kotun ta amince da bukatun jefa kuri'a, kamar Gwaje-gwaje na karatu da rubutu, waɗanda ba su nuna bambanci a bayyane bisa ga launin fata. Dokokin Jim Crow da ke tilasta rarrabe launin fata na doka a matakin jiha da na gida a Kudancin Amurka  an kafa su ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 ta hanyar majalisun majalisa na Democrat masu rinjaye na fararen fata don hanawa da cire nasarorin siyasa da tattalin arziki da baƙar fata suka samu a lokacin Reconstruction Era 

 Yunkurin 'yan baƙar fata 
Mata baƙar fata sun fara aiki don haƙƙin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1830 a New York da Philadelphia. A cikin karni na 19, baƙar fata mata kamar Harriet Forten Purvis, Mary Ann Shadd Cary, da Frances Ellen Watkins Harper sun yi aiki a kan 'yancin farar hula, kamar' yancin jefa kuri'a. Mata baƙar fata dole ne su yi gwagwarmaya don daidaiton launin fata, da kuma haƙƙin mata. Sau da yawa ana ware su saboda tseren su da jinsi. Wannan ya haifar da kirkirar kungiyoyi kamar Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Launi ta Kasa. Mata baƙar fata sun sami 'yancin yin zabe tare da wucewar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a shekarar 1920. Tare da mata da ke samun kuri'a, da kuma wucewar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama, mata baƙi sun zama ƙungiyar jefa kuri'a mai ƙarfi.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba