Yarjejeniyar Lyons-Seward ta 1862

Yarjejeniyar da aka yi tsakanin Amurka da Burtaniya don dakile cinikin bayi da aka fi sani da yerjejeniyar Lyons-Seward, yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Amurka da Burtaniya a wani mataki mai tsauri na kawo karshen cinikin bayi na Atlantic . Sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka William H. Seward da jakadan Birtaniya a Amurka Richard Lyons ne suka yi shawarwarin, 1st Viscount Lyons . An kulla yarjejeniyar a Washington, ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1862, kuma Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta amince da ita gaba daya a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1862. An yi musayar ra'ayi a London, ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1862. 

 Tarihi 
Bayan kawar da cinikin bayi a cikin daularta a cikin 1807 kuma ta sami nasara mai mahimmanci a Yaƙin Napoleon a 1815, Biritaniya ta ƙirƙira " Kotunan Hukumar Mixed " tare da wasu ƙasashen Turai da Amurka a farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha tara. Waɗanda suka ƙunshi alƙalai daga kowace ƙasa da ke haɗin kai, an tsara waɗannan kotunan ne don yanke hukunci game da zargin cinikin bayi ba bisa ƙa’ida ba da kuma la’antar bautar jiragen ruwa. Duk da cewa Amurka ta soke cinikin bayi na kasa da kasa a shekara ta 1808, amma da farko ta ki amincewa da shiga kotunan da ke hade da juna a zaman wani bangare na yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biritaniya. 

A lokacin yakin basasar Amurka, duk da haka, gwamnatin Lincoln ta yi ɗokin guje wa tsammanin Biritaniya ta goyi bayan Ƙasar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasar Amirka a cikin muradun sake buɗe kasuwancin auduga na transatlantic. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyoyin da a ƙarshe suka tabbatar da zaman lafiya da Biritaniya, gwamnatin ta shiga (kuma Majalisar Dattijan Amurka gaba ɗaya ta amince da ita) Yarjejeniyar Lyons-Seward a 1862.  Babban manufar yarjejeniyar ita ce ta dakile cinikin bayi a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya da Amurka. "Mixed Slave-Trade Courts, 1862–1870". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved November 1, 2020.

Yarjejeniyar ta fitar da tsauraran matakan kawo karshen cinikin bayi na Atlantic, ciki har da yarjejeniyar cewa kasashen biyu za su yi amfani da jiragen ruwansu wajen kame jiragen ruwan 'yan kasuwa da ke dauke da 'yan Afirka da aka kama, ciki har da duk wani jirgin ruwa da ke dauke da alamun kasancewar jirgin cinikin bayi, irin su kyalkyali a maimakon rufaffiyar kyankyasai, wuraren ajiyar abinci da ruwa da ya wuce bukatun ma'aikata na yau da kullun, da sarkoki ko sarkoki. Ta bai wa Biritaniya ‘yancin yin bincike zuwa iyaka a cikin ruwan Afirka da Cuba, amma ta sami irin wannan rangwame ga jiragen ruwan Amurka daga gwamnatin Burtaniya.

Yarjejeniyar ba ta da wani tasiri kai tsaye kan batun bautar da ake yi a Amurka ita kanta, babban batu a yakin basasar da ake ci gaba da yi. 

 Hadaddiyar kotunan cinikin bayi 
Kotunan hada-hadar cinikin bayi sun hada da kotunan Burtaniya da Amurka da aka kafa karkashin yarjejeniyar da nufin dakile cinikin bayi. Yarjejeniyar ta haifar da gaurayawan kotuna guda uku da za su kasance daidai da adadin alkalan Burtaniya da Amurkawa domin yanke hukunci kan kararrakin da suka taso a karkashin ta. Za a gudanar da kotuna a New York, Saliyo, da Cape of Good Hope (wuri biyu na ƙarshe suna ƙarƙashin ikon daular Biritaniya). Ba za a daukaka kara daga kotuna ba. A cikin shari'o'in da alkalan Burtaniya da Amurka suka yi sabani kan wani muhimmin batu, dokokin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun kafa wani tsarin da ba a saba gani ba, inda kasashen biyu suka nada wani 'mai shari'a', wanda aka zaba daya daga cikinsu ta hanyar zana kuri'a. Daga nan sai alkalin da aka zaba ya tuntubi alkalan biyu kuma ya kada kuri’a a kan karar, tare da yanke hukunci ko hukuncin karshe ya nuna matsayi mafi rinjaye a kowane batu. "Mixed Slave-Trade Courts, 1862–1870". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved November 1, 2020.

safarar bayi daga Afirka zuwa Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba ya ragu a cikin shekaru bayan sanarwar yarjejeniyar. Kawar da bautar da aka yi a Amurka ya sa shigowar bayi da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba a nan gaba ba zai yi wuya ba. A sakamakon haka, duk da cewa alkalan sun ci gaba da zama a ofis kuma ana biyansu albashi har sai da aka soke kotuna a 1870, ba su taba sauraron karar ba.

 Magana 

 Kara karantawa 

 Henderson, Conway W. "Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Amurka ta 1862 a Diplomasiyyar Yakin Basasa." Tarihin Yakin Basasa 15.4 (1969): 308-319 tsantsa .

 Dalili 
Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi abubuwan da aka kwafi daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Tarayya, tushe a cikin jama'a.

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 
 Rubutun Yarjejeniya a Dokar Avalon