Ambaliyar ruwa a Bihar

Bihar An amince da ita a matsayin jihar da ta fi fama da ambaliyar ruwa a Indiya, tare da kusan kashi 76% na al'ummar Arewacin Bihar suna rayuwa a cikin barazanar ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani.  Bihar yana da kashi 16.5% na yankin Indiya da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa kuma ya ƙunshi kashi 22.1% na yawan mutanen Indiya da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa.  A kowace shekara, ambaliya tana kashe mutane da yawa tare da lalata dabbobi da sauran kadarori na miliyoyi.  Gabaɗaya, ambaliyar ruwa ta yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 9,500 tun lokacin da gwamnati ta fara buga ƙididdiga a shekarar 1979.] Gundumomin Arewacin Bihar suna da rauni aƙalla manyan koguna da ke haddasa ambaliya a lokacin damina – kogin Mahananda, Koshi, Bagmati, Burhi Gandak, da Gandak – waɗanda suka samo asali daga Nepal.  Wasu gundumomin Kudancin Bihar kuma sun zama masu fama da ambaliya, daga kogin Son, Punpun, da Phalgu.[6]  Ambaliyar 2013 ta shafi mutane sama da miliyan 5.9 a kauyuka 3,768 a gundumomi 20 na jihar.[7]  Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2017 ta shafi gundumomi 19 a Arewacin Bihar, inda mutane 514 suka mutu and affecting over 17 million.

 Dalilan ambaliyar ruwa 
A fannin ƙasa, Nepal yanki ne mai tsaunuka. Lokacin da ruwan sama mai yawa ya faru a cikin tsaunuka na tsakiya da gabashin Nepal ruwan yana gudana cikin manyan magudanar kogin Narayani, Bagmati, da Koshi. Yayin da wadannan koguna suka haye zuwa Indiya sai suka karya bakin kogin su kuma suka mamaye filayen da ƙasashen Bihar. Don kare Kogin Koshi da kuma Koshi Barrage, ko ƙofofin ƙofar, injiniyoyin Indiya waɗanda ke kula da madatsar ruwan a Nepal, sun buɗe ƙofofin shingen, wanda zai iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a Bihar. A shekara ta 2008, a lokacin wani babban labari, wani fashewa a gabashin Koshi afflux, sama da barga, ya faru kuma kogin Koshi, wanda aka sani da Sorrow of Bihar, ya sami tsohuwar tashar, kusa da iyakar da Nepal da Indiya, ya watsar da shi sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata. Kimanin mutane miliyan 15 ne suka kamu yayin da kogin ya karya bakin kogin a Kusaha a Nepal, inda ya mamaye gundumomi da yawa na Nepal da Indiya. Kashi 95% na jimlar Koshi sun gudana ta hanyar sabon hanya.

 Rashin ruwa 
Wani rahoto na binciken gaskiya na baya-bayan nan game da ambaliyar Kosi na 2008 - wanda wata kungiya ta farar hula ta shirya, Ofishin Binciken Gaskiya a kan Kosi, wanda ya kunshi masana daban-daban kamar Sudhirendar Sharma, Dinesh Kumar Mishra, da Gopal Krishna - ya nuna gaskiyar cewa kodayake Indiya ta gina fiye da kilomita 3000 na ambaliyar ruwa a Bihar a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, yiwuwar ambaliyar ta karu da sau 2.5 a wannan lokacin, ba tare da ambaton cewa ambaliyar ba a kowane babban taron ambaliyar. 

Rahoton, mai taken Kosi Deluge: The Worst is Still to Come, ya jaddada cewa shingen ya karkatar da kogi. A game da Kosi, ya gano cewa saboda yaduwar kogin ya tashi da ƙafa da yawa dangane da ƙasar da ke kusa. Yankunan da ke da tsawo da ƙananan ƙasashe da aka raba ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa sun haifar da halin da ake ciki inda ƙasashen da ke da ruwa har abada. Kashi goma sha shida na ƙasar arewacin Bihar an cika shi da ruwa har abada.

A shekara ta 1954, lokacin da aka gabatar da manufofin ambaliyar ruwa na Bihar, Bihar tana da kusan kilomita 160 na tsaunuka. A wannan lokacin, an kiyasta yankin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa a jihar ya kai hekta miliyan 2.5. Bayan kammala tsarin tashar jiragen ruwa, an gina kilomita 3,465 kuma Ma'aikatar albarkatun ruwa (WRD) ce ke gudanar da su. Koyaya, adadin ƙasar da ke fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa ya karu zuwa hekta miliyan 6.89 a shekara ta 2004.  

 Farakka Dam 
A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan an ga gagarumin katsewa a cikin daidaitattun kogin, yana hana yanayin kogin a cikin belinsa. Yankin da ke kewaye da Ganges a cikin gundumomin Malda da Murshidabad yana da nisan kilomita 10. A saman Farakka Barrage, matakin ruwa na Ganges ya tashi kusan mita 8. Kogin, wanda ke gudana a cikin Kudancin Easterly tsakanin Rajmahal da Farakka Dam farkon shekarun wannan karni, yanzu ya samar da maida hankali ga madauki don karɓar ƙarin fitarwa saboda barga. Saboda cikas da Barrage ya haifar, a kowace shekara kusan tan miliyan 640 na laka ana tarawa a cikin kogin. A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata wannan ya haifar da tara kusan tan biliyan 18.56 na laka.    

Farakka barga ya haifar da matsaloli masu zuwa a saman barga:

 Tsayar da tashar kwarara da ake canzawa daga madaidaiciya zuwa karkata
 Rashin ruwa (640 x106 metric ton a kowace shekara) 
 Rage yankin sashi
 Rage gangara na dogon bayanin martaba
 Faɗakar da kogin da ƙaruwa
 Karin yawan ambaliyar ruwa da girman
 Rage flora da fauna a cikin kogi, musamman kifin Hilsha.

Wani rahoto na Hukumar Ruwa ta Tsakiya (CWC) na 2016 game da ambaliyar ruwa ta Bihar ya bayyana cewa Farakka Barrage, har ma a karkashin mafi munin yanayi, na iya tasiri yankuna har zuwa kilomita 42 daga sama, saboda tasirin ruwa. Patna tana da nisan kilomita 400 daga sama. Rahoton ya zargi yawan gonakin ayaba a bakin kogin tsakanin Patna da Bhagalpur a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan ambaliyar, bisa ga kimantawar shekaru 100 na ambaliyar Ganga. Rahoton CWC ya bayyana cewa yaduwar a Ganga, a Bihar, ya kasance saboda babban nauyin yaduwar da aka bayar daga yankunan arewacinsa - kogin Ghaghra, Gandak da Kosi. Yankin da ambaliyar ta shafa a Bihar ya kai hekta miliyan 2.5 a shekara ta 1954 lokacin da tsawon dukkan shinge a Bihar ya kasance kilomita 160, amma yankin da ambaliwar ta shafa ya karu zuwa hekta miliyan 7.295 a shekara ta 2016, bayan gina kilomita 3731 na shinge.    

 Tushen ruwa mai taimakawa 
Arewacin Bihar yana cikin filayen ambaliyar manyan koguna takwas, dukansu suna da alaƙa da Ganges.

 Ghaghra
 Gandak
 Budhi Gandak
 Bagmati
 Kamala
 Bhutahi Balan
 Kosi
 Mahananda

 Kididdiga 
+Lalacewar a Bihar Saboda Ambaliyar ruwa, 1979-2006 ShekaraGundumomiAbubuwan da ke cikin gidaPanchayatsƘauyukaMutane (100,000) Dabbobi (100,000) Jimlar Yankin (100,000 ha)  (ha 100,000) Yankunan noma (100,000 ha)  (ha 100,000) Lalacewar amfanin gona  (100,000 INR)  Gidajen da suka lalaceGidajen Jama'a da aka lalata  (100,000 INR)  2006146337595910.890.11.810.87706.6318,6378,456.17200512815621,46421.045.354.61.351,164.505,5383052004202112,7889,346212.9986.862713.9952,205.64929,773103,049.602003241721,4965,07776.0211.9615.086.16,266.1345,2621,035.1620022562,5048,318160.1852.5119.699.451,149.61419,01440,892.192001221941,9926,40590.9111.711.956.526,721.79222,07418,353.782000332132,32712,35190.188.098.054.438,303.70343,0913,780.661999241501,6045,05765.6613.588.453.0424,203.8891,8135,409.991998282602,7398,347134.730.9325.1212.8436,696.68199,6119,284.041997261691,9027,04369.6510.1114.716.555,737.66174,3792,038.091996291952,0496,41767.336.611.897.347,169.29116,1941,035.701995261771,9018,23366.298.159.264.2419,514.32297,7652,183.571994211121,0452,75540.1215.036.323.55,616.3333,876151.661993181241,2633,42253.526.6815.6411.3513,950.17219,8263,040.8619928191704145.560.750.760.2558.091,2810.751991241371,3364,09648.235.139.84.052,361.0327,324139.931990241621,2594,17839.572.78.733.211,818.8811,009182.27198916746521,82118.790.354.711.65704.887,74683.71988231811,6165,68762.340.2110.523.954,986.3214,759150.641987303826,11224,518286.6233.2547.525.767,881.001,704,999680.861986231891,8286,50975.8 -19.187.9710,513.51136,7743,201.991985201621,2455,31553.09 -7.944.383,129.52103,279204.641984232393,20911,154135 -30.515.8718,543.85310,4052,717.721983221381,2244,06042.41 -18.135.782,629.2538,679258.141982151101,1123,70846.8145.149.323.239,700.0068,242955.331981212012,1387,36769.4774.8312.617.717,213.1975,776 -1980211931,8697,01074.45 -17.869.437,608.43118,507 -197913110 - -37.38 -8.062.741,901.5227,816 -

 Dubi kuma 

 Ambaliyar ruwa ta Bihar ta 1987
 Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2004 a Bihar
 Ambaliyar ruwa ta Bihar ta 2007
 Ambaliyar ruwa ta Indiya ta 2008
 2013 Ambaliyar Arewacin Indiya
 Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2013
 Ambaliyar ruwa ta Bihar ta 2017
 Ambaliyar Koshi ta 2024

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