Yanayin Jamus

Jamus (Jamus: Deutschland) ƙasa ce a Tsakiya da Yammacin] wacce ta taso daga tsaunukan Alps, ƙetare filayen Arewacin Turai zuwa Tekun Arewa da Tekun Baltic.  Ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Turai bayan Rasha, kuma ita ce kasa ta bakwai mafi girma a yanki a nahiyar.  Yankin Jamus ya zama na 63 kuma ya rufe 357,600 km2 (138,070 sq mi), wanda ya ƙunshi 349,250 km2 (134,846 sq mi) na ƙasa da 8,350 km2 (3,224 sq mi) na ruwa, ƙasa da Jamhuriyar Japan, ƙasa da Jamhuriyar Japan.

Hawan ya fito ne daga tsaunuka na Alps (mafi girman matsayi: Zugspitze a mita 2,962 (9,718 ) a kudu zuwa gabar Tekun Arewa (Nordsee) a arewa maso yamma da Tekun Baltic (Ostsee) a kudu maso gabas. Tsakanin tsaunuka masu gandun daji na tsakiyar Jamus da ƙasashen da ke arewacin Jamus (mafi ƙasƙanci: Neuendorf-Sachsenbande a mita 3.54 (11.6  a ƙasa da matakin teku), waɗanda wasu manyan koguna na Turai kamar Rhine, Danube da Elbe suka ratsa.

Jamus tana da iyaka ta biyu mafi yawa a kowace ƙasa ta Turai, bayan Rasha. Yana da iyaka da kasashe tara: Denmark a arewa, Poland da Jamhuriyar Czech a gabas, Switzerland (makwabciyarta kawai ba ta EU ba) da Austria a kudu, Faransa a kudu maso yamma da Belgium, Luxembourg da Netherlands a yamma. Har ila yau, Jamus tana da iyakar teku tare da Sweden a arewa da Ingila a arewa maso yamma.

 Yankin 
Germany is in Central Europe, bordering Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the south, France and Luxembourg in the south-west, and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north-west. It lies mostly between latitudes 47° and 55° N (the tip of Sylt is just north of 55°), and longitudes 5° and 16° E. The territory covers , consisting of  of land and  of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 63rd largest in the world.

 Abubuwa masu tsanani 

 Matsayi mafi nisa: Jerin, Sylt, Schleswig-Holstein 55°03′N 8°24′E / 55.050°N 8.400°E / 55.550; 8.400 (List a kan Sylt (Matsayi mafi nisa)) 
 Yankin arewacin ƙasar Jamus: Rodenäs, Schleswig-Holstein 54°54′N 8°49′E / 54.900°N 8.817°E / 54. 900; 8.817 (Aventoft (mafi arewacin nahiyar)) 
 Matsayi mafi zurfi: Haldenwanger Eck, Oberstdorf, Bavaria 47°16′12.39′′N 10°10′41.95′′E / 47.2701083°N 10.1783194°E / 47.7701083; 10.1783-194 (Haldenwanger eck a OberstdorF (Most Point)) 
 Yammacin Yamma: Isenbruch, Selfkant, Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia 51°3′N 5°52′E / 51.050°N 5.867°E / 51. 050; 5.867 (Isenbruch kusa da Millen (Yammacin Yankin)) 
 Matsayi mafi gabas: Deschka, Neißeaue, Saxony 51°16′N 15°2′E / 51.267°N 15.033°E / 51.277; 15.033 (Deschka (Matsayi mafi gaas)) 
 Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci (wanda aka yi da mutum): Tagebau Hambach    a ƙasa da matakin teku, Niederzier, Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia, 50°54′39′′N 6°30′10′′E / 50.91083°N 6.50278°E / 50.71083; 6.502778 (Tagebau Hambac (mafi ƙasƙanci)) 
 Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci (na halitta): Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch, Schleswig-Holstein    ƙasa da matakin teku  53°57′48′′N 9°19′5′′E / 53.96333°N 9.31806°E / 53.963333; 9.31806. (Wilstermarsh (mafi ƙasƙanci)) 
 Matsayi mafi girma: Zugspitze, a cikin Bavaria Alps,   , Garmisch-Partenkirchen / Grainau, Bavaria 47°25′N 10°59′E / 47.417°N 10.983°E / 47.417; 10.983 (Zugspitze (mafi girma)) 
 Mafi girman zama: Feldberg, Baden-Württemberg, a cikin Black Forest,  m (4,190  

 Da'awar teku 

 Continental shelf:  depth or to the depth of exploitation.
 Exclusive economic zone:  with . The exact EEZ is due to conventions with neighbouring states.
 Territorial sea: 

 Sauyin Yanayin jiki 
Kashi na uku na arewacin kasar yana cikin Filayen Arewacin Turai, tare da fili mai laushi wanda ke ratsawa ta hanyar ruwa mai gudana zuwa arewa (Elbe, Ems, Weser, Oder). Ana samun wuraren da ke kusa da iyakar Holland da kuma bakin tekun Frisia. Sandy Mecklenburg a arewa maso gabas yana da tabkuna da yawa da aka kafa a kankara wanda ya fara ne a lokacin glacial na ƙarshe.

Motsawa kudu, tsakiyar Jamus yana da tsaunuka masu tsaunuka da tsaunukan tsaunuka, wasu daga cikinsu sun samo asali ne daga ayyukan dutsen wuta na dā. Kwarin Rhine ya ratsa yammacin wannan yankin. Tsakiyar tsaunuka suna ci gaba da gabas da arewa har zuwa Saale kuma suna haɗuwa da Dutsen Ore a kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Czech. Yankunan tsaunuka sun haɗa da Eifel, Hunsrück da Palatine Forest a yammacin Rhine, tuddai na Taunus a arewacin Frankfurt, massif na Vogelsberg, Rhön, da kuma gandun daji na Thuringian. Kudancin Berlin, ɓangaren gabashin tsakiyar ƙasar ya fi kama da ƙananan yankunan arewa, tare da ƙasa mai yashi da wuraren kogi kamar yankin Spreewald.

An bayyana yanayin kudancin Jamus ta hanyoyi daban-daban na tsaunuka da tsaunuka kamar su kewayen Swabia_Alb" id="mwxg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Swabian Alb">Swabian da Franconian Alb (wanda ya kai kusan daga asalin Danube" id="mwyA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Danube">Danube a kudu maso yamma Baden-Württemberg, a fadin Swabia zuwa Tsakiyar Franconia da kwarin Main) da kuma gandun daji na Bavarian tare da iyakar tsakanin Bavaria da Jamhuriyar Czech. Alps a kan iyakar kudancin sune tsaunuka mafi girma, amma ƙananan Alpine suna cikin Jamus (a kudu maso gabashin Swabia da Upper Bavaria) idan aka kwatanta da Switzerland da Austria. Black Forest, a kan iyakar kudu maso yamma da Faransa, ya raba Rhine daga asalin Danube a kan gangaren gabashinsa.

Bambancin arewa da kudu a Jamus, tsakanin 55°03"N (a List on Sylt) da 47°16"N (a kusa da Oberstdorf, Bavaria) yayi daidai da kusan digiri takwas na latitude (ko 889 km), wanda za'a iya gani musamman a lokacin bazara a cikin bambance-bambance tsakanin matsakaicin yanayin zafi.  Bayan haka, akwai kaƙƙarfan layin yamma-gabas a yanayin zafi.  An bayyana hakan ne ta hanyar shimfidar fili da buɗaɗɗen wurare a arewa maso yammacin Jamus da kusancinsa da teku, da kuma mafi tsayin ƙasa ta Kudu, mafi nisa daga teku, da tsaunukan Alps.  Waɗannan tsaunuka suna hana yawancin iska mai ɗumi na Bahar Rum da ke kadawa zuwa kudancin Jamus.  A arewacin tsaunin Alps da Carpathians, yanayin gida ya zama sanyi, ko da a latitude da tsayi iri ɗaya.  Hakan na faruwa ne sakamakon wasu yankunan da ke nesa da magudanar ruwa ta Tekun Atlantika, wadanda aka sansu da samun ruwan zafi saboda latitude, baya ga kusanci da iska mai tsananin sanyi na Rasha da Siberiya.  Ko da iskar hunturu na Siberiya ba ta mamaye Jamus ba, lokacin da suka mamaye Jamus, yanayin zafi na iya faɗuwa zuwa -20 C a cikin tsaunuka da ƙasa a cikin dare, kuma hakan yana da tasiri kan matsakaicin yanayin zafi na Nuwamba zuwa Maris.  Ko da yake ba kasafai ake samun irin wannan sanyin ba, idan irin wannan sanyin ya kai Jamus, yankin Arewa maso Gabas ya fi shafa, yayin da Kudu maso Yamma ke samun ‘yan kwanaki masu sanyi gaba daya.  Kogin Gulf Stream yana haifar da bakin teku yana samun mafi kyawun dare a cikin hunturu, kusan ba ya daskarewa.

Yankin da ya fi zafi a Jamus shine yankin da ke kan iyaka da Faransa, yammacin tuddai na Schwarzwald, kusan tsakanin Mannheim zuwa arewa da iyakar Switzerland zuwa kudu. Yankin da ya fi sanyi (sai dai tsaunuka na tsaunuka) ana samunsa a sassan kudu maso gabashin Jamus a kusa da Dresden da Görlitz har zuwa Berlin.

yanayi Jamus yana da matsakaici da Ruwa a yamma da kuma ruwan zafi a gabas. Yana da hunturu mai sanyi a yamma da hunturu mara kyau a gabas. Yana da ruwan sama mai matsakaici a duk shekara kuma galibi ana rufe shi daga Nuwamba zuwa Fabrairu. Lokacin bazara yana da dumi, musamman a kudu. Arewa da tsakiyar Jamus suna cikin yanayin yanayi wanda iska mai laushi ta yamma ta fi yawa. A arewa maso yamma da arewa, yanayin yana da nau'in teku. Lokacin hunturu akwai sanyi kuma lokacin rani yana da dumi. A gabas, yanayin yana nuna bayyanar siffofin nahiyar; hunturu yana da sanyi kuma lokacin rani yana da dumi. Sau da yawa ana yin rikodin lokutan fari.

A tsakiya da kudu, akwai yanayi na canji tsakanin teku ko nahiyar. Lokacin hunturu yana da sanyi kuma lokacin rani yana da dumi, kodayake matsakaicin yanayin zafi na iya wucewa  ° C (86 ° F) na kwanaki da yawa a jere yayin raƙuman zafi.

Yankunan da suka fi zafi a Jamus suna kudu maso yamma (duba Rhine Rift Valley, German Wine Route da Palatinate). Lokacin bazara yana da zafi tare da kwanaki da yawa har zuwa  ° C (104 ° F). Wani lokaci, mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi ba ya sauka ƙasa da  ° C (68 ° F), wanda yake da wuya a wasu yankuna, ban da bakin tekun Arewa da yanayin birni na yamma.

The recorded extremes are a maximum of  (July 2019, Duisburg-Bearl & Tönisvorst), and a minimum of  (February 1929, in Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm).

 Amfani da ƙasa na Jamus 
Jamus ta rufe jimlar  km2  sq , wanda  km2  sq mi) ƙasa ce mai ban ruwa kuma  km2  sq mi) ruwa ne ya rufe shi, tabkuna mafi girma sune Lake Constance (dukka yanki na  km2  sq mi), tare da 62% na bakin teku kasancewa Jamusanci; ba a bayyana iyakoki duniya a kan tafkin kanta ba), Müritz ( km2  sq mi) da Chiemsee ( km2  sq mi). Yawancin Jamus an rufe su da ko dai ƙasar noma (33.95%); amfanin gona na dindindin sun rufe 0.57% na ƙasar.

Jamus tana da jimlar  (1,484  na bakin teku da iyakoki jimlar kilomita  (2,308  (a gefen agogo daga arewa: Denmark   , Poland " 467  , Jamhuriyar Czech   ,  Austria   title="Switzerland">Switzerland   , Faransa   , Luxembourg  km (80 , Belgium 133  mi), Netherlands   mi)). Yankin Jamus da Ostiraliya ya haye kansa kusa da Jungholz . Yankin da Belgium ya haɗa da yankuna biyar na Jamus saboda layin jirgin ƙasa na Vennbahn. Yankin da ke tsakanin Switzerland ya haɗa da ƙauyen Jamus na Büsingen da Hochrhein wanda aka raba shi da sauran Jamus ta hanyar yanki na Switzerland mai faɗin mita 680 a mafi ƙanƙanta.

 Koguna 

Manyan koguna a Jamus sune:

 Rhine (Rhein a cikin Jamusanci) tare da sashin Jamusanci mai tsayin kilomita 865 (537 mi) (babban rafukan da suka haɗa da Neckar, Babban da Moselle (Mosel)); Elbe mai yanki na Jamusanci na 727 km (452 mi) (shima yana malala cikin Tekun Arewa);  kuma  Danube (Donau) mai tsayin Jamusanci kilomita 687 (427 mi).

Ƙarin manyan koguna sun haɗa da Saale da Main a tsakiyar Jamus, Neckar a kudu maso yamma, Weser a Arewa da Oder a iyakar gabashin.
A cikin duwatsun Karst an kafa koguna da yawa musamman a kwarin Hönne. Babban kogon al'adu na Turai yana cikin Balve.

 Gidajen ruwa 
Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 2,783 km2 na filayen ruwa a Jamus, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 11 dangane da yawan filayen ruwa da ke faruwa a can. 

 Albarkatun halitta 

 Karfe, kwal, potash, katako, lignite, uranium, jan ƙarfe, man fetur, iskar gas, gishiri, nickel, da ruwa.

 Muhalli 
alt=Lüneburg Heath|178x178pxGidan ajiyar yanayi na Lüneburg Heath a Lower SaxonyƘananan Saxonyalt=Golden eagle|200x200pxGwargwadon zinariya tsuntsu ne mai kariya.

 Batutuwan yanzu

 Fitowar da ake samu daga ma'aikatu da masana'antu masu kona gawayi suna taimakawa wajen gurbatar iska;  Ruwan acid, sakamakon hayakin sulfur dioxide, yana lalata dazuzzuka a Jamus;  gurbatar yanayi a Tekun Baltic daga danyen najasa da gurbataccen ruwa na masana'antu daga koguna a gabashin Jamus;  zubar da shara mai haɗari;  gwamnati (a karkashin Chancellor Schröder, SPD) ta sanar da aniyar kawo karshen amfani da makamashin nukiliya don samar da wutar lantarki;  gwamnati tana aiki don saduwa da sadaukarwar EU don gano wuraren adana yanayi daidai da umarnin Flora, Fauna, da Habitat na EU.  Dusar kankara ta ƙarshe ta Jamus tana ɓacewa.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span>]

 Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa

 Jam'iyya zuwa yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi: gurɓataccen iska, nitrogen oxides, masu gurɓata iska na kwayoyin halitta, sulphur 85, sulphur 94, mahalli masu saurin canzawa, Yarjejeniyar Antarctic-Environmental, Yarjejeniya ta Antarctic, bambancin halittu, Canjin yanayi, Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, hamada, nau'in da ke cikin haɗari, gyaran muhalli, sharar gida, haramtaccen jirgin ruwa, gurɓatawar jirgin ruwa, katako na Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timer 94, wuraren da kifiyar kifi
 An sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba: babu

 Haɗarin Halitta

 Ambaliyar ruwa ta koguna bayan ruwan sama mai yawa, kamar a lokacin ambaliyar Turai ta 2002, ko guguwar guguwa, kamar Ambaliyar Tekun Arewa ta 1962 da ambaliyar tarihi ta 1362 da 1634 wanda ya canza bakin tekun abin da ke yanzu yammacin Schleswig-Holstein. 
A fannin ilimin ƙasa, ana raba Jamus tsakanin lardunan Atlantic na Turai da na Tsakiyar Turai na yankin Circumboreal a cikin mulkin Boreal. Yankin Jamus za a iya raba shi zuwa yankuna biyu: gandun daji na Turai-Mediterranean da kuma Arewa maso gabashin Atlantic. Yawancin Jamus an rufe su da ko dai ƙasar noma (33%) ko gandun daji da gandun daji (31%). Kashi 15% ne kawai aka rufe shi da makiyaya na dindindin.

Tsire-tsire da dabbobin Jamus sune waɗanda gabaɗaya suke zuwa tsakiyar Turai.  Beeches, itacen oak, da sauran bishiyun dazuzzukan sun zama kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gandun daji;  conifers suna karuwa a sakamakon sake dazuzzuka.  Bishiyoyin spruce da fir sun fi yawa a cikin tsaunuka na sama, yayin da ake samun Pine da larch a cikin ƙasa mai yashi.  Akwai nau'ikan ferns, furanni, fungi, da mosses da yawa.  Kifi ya yawaita a cikin koguna da Tekun Arewa.  Dabbobin daji sun haɗa da barewa, boar daji, mouflon, fox, badger, kurege, Eurasian lynx, da ƙananan lambobi na beaver.  Dabbobin batattu/masu haɗari sun haɗa da kerkeci mai launin toka, bear mai launin ruwan kasa, da bison na Turai.  Tsuntsaye masu ƙaura daban-daban suna ratsa Jamus a cikin bazara da kaka.

Gidan shakatawa na ƙasa a Jamus sun haɗa da Wadden Sea National Parks, Jasmund National Park, Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, Müritz National Park, Lower Oder Valley National Park, Harz National Park, Saxon Switzerland National Park da Bavarian Forest National Park.

An san Jamus da lambunan kiwon dabbobi da yawa, wuraren shakatawa na namun daji, akwatunan kifaye, da wuraren shakatawa. Fiye da gidajen namun daji 400 da wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi suna aiki a Jamus, wanda aka yi imanin cewa shine mafi girma a kowace ƙasa a duniya. Zoo na Berlin shine mafi tsufa a cikin gidan zoo a Jamus kuma yana gabatar da mafi yawan tarin jinsuna a duniya.Tierstatistik 2008 , Zoo Berlin.

A cikin yankuna masu dumi na kudanci, an shuka tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi masu zafi kamar kakatu da bishiyar dabino kuma an haɓaka su ta dabi'a daga baya, yayin da itatuwan tsakiyar Turai suma suke faruwa.  Wannan lamari ne kawai ko da yake a cikin Babban, Rhine da Kwarin Neckar da Lake Constance.  A cikin Jamusanci, mutane suna kiran su Tuscany na Jamus ko Riviera na Jamus.

 Yanayin ɗan adam 

 Yawan jama'a 
Tare da kimanin mazauna miliyan 83.2 a watan Disamba na 2020, Jamus ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a Tarayyar Turai kuma tana cikin ƙasa ta 19 mafi girma a duniya dangane da yawan jama'ar. Yawan jama'arta ya tsaya a mazauna 233 a kowace murabba'in kilomita (600 / sq . Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lissafa Jamus a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin na biyu mafi girma na baƙi na duniya a duk duniya,  kusan kashi 23% na yawan mutanen Jamus ba su da fasfo na Jamus ko kuma zuriyar kai tsaye ne na baƙi. Adadin ƙarni na uku da na gaba na baƙi ba a rubuta su ba.

 Rarrabawar gudanarwa 
Jamus ta ƙunshi <i id="mwAi8">Jihohi</i> goma sha shida waɗanda ake kira tare da Länder.The individual denomination is either Land [state], Freistaat [free state] or Freie (und) Hansestadt [free (and) Hanseatic city]. Kowace jiha tana da kundin tsarin mulkinta na jihar  kuma tana da ikon cin gashin kanta game da ƙungiyarta ta ciki. Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin girman da yawan jama'a rarraba waɗannan jihohin ya bambanta, musamman tsakanin jihohin birni (Stadtstaaten) da jihohin da ke da manyan yankuna (Flächenländer). Don dalilai na gudanarwa na yanki jihohi biyar, wato Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia da Saxony, sun ƙunshi jimlar gundumomi Gwamnati 22 (Regierungsbezirke). Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2021 an raba Jamus zuwa gundumomi 400 (Kreise) a matakin birni, waɗannan sun ƙunshi gundumomi 294 na karkara da gundumomi 106 na birane.
JihaBabban BirniYankin (km2) Yawan jama'a Baden-WürttembergStuttgart35,75211,103,043BavariaMunich70,54913,140,183BerlinBerlin8923,664,088BrandenburgPotsdam29,4772,531,071BremenBremen404680,130HamburgHamburg7551,852,478HesseWiesbaden21,1156,293,154Mecklenburg-VorpommernSchwerin23,1741,610,774Ƙananan SaxonyHanover47,6188,003,421Arewacin Rhine-WestphaliaDüsseldorf34,04317,925,570Rhineland-PalatinateMainz19,8474,098,391SaarlandSaarbrücken2,569983,991SaxonyDresden18,4164,056,941Saxony-AnhaltMagdeburg20,4452,180,684Schleswig-HolsteinKiel15,7632,910,875ThuringiaErfurt16,1722,120,237

 Gidajen birni 
Jamus tana da manyan birane da yawa; mafi yawan jama'a sune: Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, da Stuttgart. Babban birni shine yankin Rhine-Ruhr (miliyan 12), gami da Düsseldorf (babban birnin Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia), Cologne, Essen, Dortmund, Duisburg, da Bochum. 

 Gidan wasan kwaikwayo 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba