Gidan shakatawa na Canyonlands

Canyonlands National Park wani wurin shakatawa ne na Amurka wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Utah kusa da garin Mowabi . Gidan shakatawa yana adana shimfidar wuri mai launi wanda ya lalace a cikin canyons da yawa, mesas, da buttes da Kogin Colorado, Kogin Green, da kuma yankunansu. Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta kirkiro wurin shakatawa a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1964. 

An raba wurin shakatawa zuwa gundumomi huɗu: tsibirin a cikin Sky, Needles, Maze, da koguna da aka haɗu - Green da Colorado - waɗanda suka zana manyan canyons biyu a cikin Colorado Plateau. Duk da yake waɗannan yankuna suna da yanayin hamada na asali, kowannensu yana riƙe da halinsa. Marubucin Edward Abbey, baƙo mai yawa, ya bayyana Canyonlands a matsayin "mafi ban mamaki, wuri mai ban mamaki, mai sihiri a duniya - babu wani abu kamar shi a ko'ina".

 Tarihi 
A farkon shekarun 1950, Bates Wilson, wanda a lokacin shi ne mai kula da Arches National Monument, ya fara bincika yankin a kudu da yammacin Moab, Utah. Bayan ya ga abin da yanzu aka sani da Gundumar Needles na Canyonlands National Park, Wilson ya fara ba da shawara don kafa sabon wurin shakatawa na kasa wanda zai hada da Needles. Ƙarin bincike da Wilson da sauransu suka yi sun faɗaɗa wuraren da aka ba da shawarar don haɗa su cikin sabon wurin shakatawa na ƙasa don haɗuwa da kogin Green da Colorado, Gundumar Maze, da Horseshoe Canyon.

A cikin 1961, Sakataren Cikin Gida Stewart Udall an shirya shi don yin jawabi a taron a Grand Canyon National Park . A kan jirginsa zuwa taron, ya tashi sama da Confluence (inda kogin Colorado da Green suka hadu). Wannan ra'ayi a bayyane ya haifar da sha'awar Udall game da shawarar Wilson don sabon wurin shakatawa na kasa a wannan yanki kuma Udall ya fara inganta kafa Canyonlands National Park.

Sanata na Utah Frank Moss ya fara gabatar da doka a Majalisa don ƙirƙirar Canyonlands National Park. Dokokinsa sun yi ƙoƙari su gamsar da masu kiyaye yanayi da masu haɓaka kasuwanci. A cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, an soke shawararsa, an yi muhawara, an sake duba shi, kuma an sake gabatar da shi ga Majalisa sau da yawa kafin a zartar da shi kuma a sanya hannu a cikin doka.

A watan Satumbar 1964, bayan shekaru da yawa na muhawara, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya sanya hannu kan Pub.  L. 88-590, wanda ya kafa Canyonlands National Park a matsayin sabon wurin shakatawa na kasa. Bates Wilson ya zama mai kula da sabon wurin shakatawa na farko kuma galibi ana kiransa "Uba na Canyonlands".

 Wasanni 
Canyonlands sanannen wurin shakatawa ne. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, sama da mutane 400,000 sun ziyarci wurin shakatawa a kowace shekara tare da rikodin baƙi 776,218 a cikin 2016, wanda ke wakiltar karuwar kashi 22 cikin dari daga shekarar da ta gabata. Yanayin wurin shakatawa ya dace da amfani daban-daban na nishaɗi. Masu tafiya, masu tuka keke, masu saka kaya, da masu tuka ƙafa huɗu duk suna jin daɗin tafiya a kan hanyoyi masu tsawo, masu nisa a cikin wurin shakatawa. Hanyar White Rim ta ratsa matakin White Rim Sandstone na wurin shakatawa tsakanin koguna da tsibirin a sararin sama. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, dole ne a sami izinin amfani da rana kafin tafiya a kan White Rim Road saboda karuwar shahararren tuki da keke tare da shi. Manufar sabis na wurin shakatawa ita ce samar da ƙwarewar jeji mafi kyau ga duk baƙi yayin rage tasirin da ke kewaye da yanayi. Gidan shakatawa na Canyonlands yana goyan bayan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin baƙi.
Ya zuwa 2016, tsibirin a cikin gundumar Sky, tare da kusanci da Moab, yankin Utah, yana jan hankalin kashi 76.7 cikin dari na jimlar baƙi na wurin shakatawa. Gundumar Needles ita ce ta biyu da aka fi ziyarta, tana jawo kashi 20.7 cikin dari na baƙi. Gundumar Maze mai nisa tana da kusan kashi 1.5 cikin dari na baƙi, yayin da kogin kogin da sauran masu amfani da kogi ke da sauran kashi 1.1 cikin dari na jimlar ziyarar wurin shakatawa.

Rafters da kayakers suna iyo a kan kwanciyar hankali na Green River da Colorado River sama da Confluence. A ƙasa da Confluence, Cataract Canyon ya ƙunshi manyan ruwan farin ruwa, kamar waɗanda aka samu a cikin Grand Canyon. Koyaya, tunda babu babban ajiya a kan Kogin Colorado sama da Canyonlands National Park, kogin da ke gudana ta hanyar Confluence an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara, ba gudanarwa ba. A sakamakon haka, kuma a hade tare da ilimin ƙasa na musamman na Cataract Canyon, wannan kogin yana ba da ruwan fari mafi girma a Arewacin Amurka a cikin shekaru masu dusar ƙanƙara.

Yarjejeniyar siyasa a lokacin da aka kirkiro wurin shakatawa ta iyakance yankin da aka kare zuwa wani ɓangare na kwandon Canyonlands. Masu kiyayewa suna fatan kammala wurin shakatawa ta hanyar kawo iyakoki har zuwa tsaunuka masu tsawo waɗanda suka zama iyakar halitta na yanayin Canyonlands.

A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2020, an rufe Canyonlands National Park don taimakawa hana yaduwar COVID-19. 

 Yanayin ƙasa 
Kogin Colorado da Kogin Green sun haɗu a cikin wurin shakatawa, suna raba shi zuwa gundumomi uku da ake kira Island in the Sky, Needles, da Maze. Kogin Colorado yana gudana ta hanyar Cataract Canyon a ƙasa da haɗuwa da Green River.

Tsibirin a cikin gundumar Sky yana da faɗi kuma yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsayi a yankin arewacin wurin shakatawa, tsakanin kogin Colorado da Green. Gundumar tana da ra'ayoyi da yawa da ke kallon White Rim, benci na sandstone   a ƙasa da Tsibirin, da koguna, waɗanda suke da wasu   a ƙarƙashin White Rim.

Gundumar Needles tana kudu da tsibirin a Sky, a gefen gabas na Kogin Colorado. An sanya sunan gundumar ne saboda jan da fararen dutse wanda shine babban fasalin yankin. Sauran nau'ikan dutse daban-daban na halitta suna cikin wannan gundumar, gami da grabens, potholes, da arches. Ba kamar Arches National Park ba, inda ake samun arches da yawa ta hanyar gajeren tafiya zuwa matsakaici, yawancin arches a cikin gundumar Needles suna cikin canyons na baya, suna buƙatar dogon tafiya ko tafiye-tafiye huɗu don isa gare su.

Mutanen Pueblo na kakanninmu sun zauna a wannan yanki kuma wasu daga cikin gidajen su na dutse da laka an kiyaye su sosai, kodayake abubuwa da kayan aikin da suka yi amfani da su galibi masu fashi ne suka cire su. Ancestral Puebloans kuma sun kirkiro zane-zane na dutse a cikin nau'ikan petroglyphs, musamman a kan Newspaper Rock tare da hanyar shiga Needles.
Gundumar Maze tana yammacin kogin Colorado da Green. Maze shine ɓangaren da ba a iya isa ba a wurin shakatawa, kuma ɗayan yankuna masu nisa da ba a isa ba a Amurka.

Wani sashi mai banbanci na wurin shakatawa da ke arewacin gundumar Maze, Horseshoe Canyon ya ƙunshi bangarorin fasahar dutse da mafarauta suka yi daga Late Archaic Period (2000-1000 BC) kafin zamanin Tsohon Puebloans. Asalin da ake kira Barrier Canyon, kayan tarihi na Horseshoe, gidaje, hotuna, da murals wasu daga cikin tsofaffi a Amurka. Hotunan da ke nuna dawakai sun kasance daga bayan 1540 AD, lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka sake gabatar dawakai zuwa Amurka.

Tun daga shekarun 1950, masana kimiyya suna nazarin yanki na   wanda ke kewaye da dutsen dutse. Duwatsun sun hana shanu daga kiwo a yankin   na ciyawa. A cewar masana kimiyya, shafin na iya ƙunsar mafi girman ciyawa marar damuwa a yankin Four Corners. Nazarin ya ci gaba sau biyu a shekara tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An rufe yankin ga jama'a tun 1993 don kula da kusan yanayi mai kyau.

 Halitta 

 Dabbobi 
Dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke ƙaho a wannan wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da bears baƙi, coyotes, skunks, jemagu, elk, foxes, Bobcats, badgers, Cats masu wutsiya, pronghorns, tumakin hamada, da Cougars. Cottontails na hamada, beraye na kangaroo da deer ana ganinsu ga baƙi.

Akalla nau'in tsuntsaye 273 suna zaune a wurin shakatawa. Ana samun nau'ikan hawks da gaggafa iri-iri, gami da Cooper's hawk, arewacin goshawk, sharp-shinned hawk, ja-tailed hawk, golden da bald eagles, rough-legged hawk, Swainson's hawl, da kuma arewacin harrier. Ana samun nau'o'in owls da yawa, gami da babban owls mai ƙaho, owls na arewacin saw-whet, owls ɗin yammacin screech, da owls na Mexico. Grebes, woodpeckers, ravens, herons, flycatchers, crows, bluebirds, wrens, warblers, blackbirds, orioles, goldfinches, swallows, sparrows, ducks, quail, grouse, pheasants, hummingbirds, falcons, gulls, da ospreys wasu daga cikin sauran tsuntsayen da za'a iya samu.

Ana iya samun dabbobi masu rarrafe da yawa, gami da nau'ikan lizards goma sha ɗaya da nau'in maciji takwas (ciki har da tsutsa mai tsinkaye).  An bayar da rahoton maciji na yau da kullun da maciji na daji a cikin wurin shakatawa, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba ta National Park Service.

Gidan shakatawa yana da nau'o'in amphibian guda shida, gami da jan-ja-spotted toad,  Woodhouse's toad,  American bullfrog,  arewacin leopard frog,  Great Basin spadefoot toad,  da tiger salamander. An bayar da rahoton cewa kwayar itacen canyon tana cikin wurin shakatawa a shekara ta 2000, amma ba a tabbatar da ita ba yayin binciken a shekara ta 2004.

 Tsire-tsire 
Canyonlands National Park ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tsire-tsire iri-iri, ciki har da nau'in cactus 11,  nau'in moss 20,  liverworts,  ciyawa  da furannin daji .  Iri-iri na bishiyoyi sun haɗa da netleaf hackberry, zaitun na Rasha, Juniper Utah, pinyon pine, tamarisk, da kuma Fremont's cottonwood .  Shrubs sun haɗa da shayi na Mormon, baƙar fata, gishiri mai fuka-fuki huɗu, cliffrose,  ɗan leaf dutsen mahogany, da maciji 

Ƙasa ta Cryptobiotic ita ce tushe na rayuwa a cikin Canyonlands, tana ba da nitrogen da danshi ga tsaba na shuka. Ɗaya daga cikin sawun na iya lalata shekarun da suka gabata na girma.

 Yanayi 
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Canyonlands National Park yana da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi ("BSk").  Yankunan tsayayyar shuka a tsibirin a cikin Sky da Needles Gundumar Baƙi Cibiyoyin sune 7a tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara na 4.0 ° F (-15.6 ° C) da 2.9 ° F (-16,2 ° C), bi da bi.    

Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa ta kula da tashoshin yanayi guda biyu a cikin wurin shakatawa tun watan Yunin 1965. Bayanan hukuma sun rubuta yanayin hamada tare da kasa da inci 10 (250 millimeters) na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, da kuma zafi, mafi yawa lokacin rani da sanyi, wani lokaci hunturu mai laushi. Snowfall yawanci yana da sauƙi a lokacin hunturu.

Tashar a yankin Neck ta ba da rahoton matsakaicin zafin Janairu na 29.6 °F da matsakaicin yanayin Yuli na 79.3 °F.  Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na Yuli yana tashi daga babban  zuwa ƙasa da  . Akwai matsakaita na kwanaki 45.7 tare da haɓakar  ko sama da matsakaicin kwanaki 117.3 tare da raguwar  ko ƙasa. Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka rubuta shine  a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2005, kuma mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta shine  ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1989. Matsakaicin hazo na shekara shine  . Akwai matsakaita na kwanaki 59 tare da hazo mai aunawa. Shekarar da ta fi zafi ita ce 1984, tare da , kuma shekarar da ta fi bushewa ita ce 1989, tare da  . Mafi yawan hazo a cikin wata daya shine  a cikin Oktoba 2006. Mafi yawan hazo a cikin sa'o'i 24 shine  a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1978. Matsakaicin yawan dusar ƙanƙara a shekara shine  . Mafi yawan dusar ƙanƙara a cikin shekara guda shine  a cikin 1975, kuma mafi yawan dusar ƙanƙara a cikin wata ɗaya shine  a cikin Janairu 1978. 

Tashar a yankin Needles ta ba da rahoton matsakaicin zafin jiki na Janairu na 29.7 °  matsakaicin yawan zafin Yuli na 79.1 ° F. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na Yuli ya kasance daga saman  ° F (35.2 ° C) zuwa ƙasa na  ° F (16.9 ° C). Akwai matsakaicin kwanaki 75.4 tare da tsawo na  ° F (32 ° C) ko mafi girma da matsakaicin kwanakin 143.6 tare da ƙananan 32 ° F (0 ° C) yo ƙasa. Mafi girman zafin da aka rubuta ya kasance  ° F (42 ° C) a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1971, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci da aka rubuta shi ne -16 ° F (-27 ° C) ranar 16 ga Janairu, 1971. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine  in (216 . Akwai matsakaicin kwanaki 56 tare da ruwan sama mai auna. Shekarar da ta fi ruwan sama ita ce 1969, tare da  in (284 , kuma shekarar da ta fi bushewa ita ce 1989, tare da  in (108 . Mafi yawan hazo a cikin wata daya ya kasance  in (113  a watan Oktoba 1972. Mafi yawan hazo a cikin awanni 24 ya kasance  in (40  a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1999. Matsakaicin dusar ƙanƙara na shekara-shekara shine  in (37 . Mafi yawan dusar ƙanƙara a cikin shekara guda ya kasance  in (100  a cikin 1975, kuma mafi yawan dusarƙara a watan guda ya kasance  in (61  a watan Maris na shekara ta 1985.  

 Canjin yanayi 
Wuraren shakatawa na kasa a yammacin Amurka sun fi shafar sauyin yanayi fiye da kasar gaba daya,   da kuma National Park Service ta fara bincike kan yadda ainihin wannan zai shafi yanayin yanayin Canyonlands National Park da yankunan da ke kewaye da kuma hanyoyin da za a kare wurin shakatawa na gaba.  Matsakaicin zafin shekara na Canyonlands National Park ya karu da 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) daga 1916 zuwa 2018.  Ana hasashen cewa idan yanayin dumamar yanayi ya ci gaba, matsakaicin tsayin daka a wurin shakatawa a lokacin bazara zai wuce  ta 2100.  Baya ga ɗumamar yanayi, yankin ya fara ganin fari mai tsanani kuma akai-akai   wanda ke sa murfin ciyawa na asali ya ragu  da ƙananan kwararar kogin Colorado.  Magudanar ruwa na Basin Upper Colorado sun ragu da    Yankin kuma ya fara ganin farkon bazara, wanda zai haifar da sauye-sauye a lokacin furanni da furanni da kuma yanayin ƙaura na namun daji wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarancin abinci ga namun daji, da kuma lokacin wuta mai tsawo. 

A halin yanzu, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa tana sa ido sosai kan tasirin canjin yanayi a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Canyonlands don ƙirƙirar dabarun gudanarwa waɗanda za su fi taimakawa wajen kiyaye shimfidar wuri da yanayin halittu na dogon lokaci. Kodayake ainihin burin Sabis na Gidan shakatawa na Kasa shine adana shimfidar wurare kamar yadda suke kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai, yanzu sun sauya zuwa dabarun gudanarwa mai dacewa tare da babban burin kiyaye bambancin halittu na wurin shakatawa. NPS tana haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu kungiyoyi ciki har da Binciken Yanayi na Amurka, kabilun 'yan asalin gida, da jami'o'in da ke kusa don ƙirƙirar shirin gudanarwa don wurin shakatawa na ƙasa.   A halin yanzu, akwai mai da hankali kan bincike wanda tsire-tsire na asali za su fi tsayayya da canjin yanayi don wurin shakatawa ya iya yanke shawara kan abin da za a ba da fifiko a kokarin kiyayewa. Kungiyar Tarihin Halitta ta Canyonlands tana ba da kuɗi ga Binciken Yanayi na Amurka don tallafawa wannan da sauran binciken da suka shafi yanayi. Sun ba da $ 30,000 a cikin 2019 da $ 61,000 a cikin 2020.

 Ilimin ƙasa 

Wani kwandon da ke raguwa da tsaunuka masu tasowa da ke kusa (Uncompahgre) sun kasance a yankin a lokacin Pennsylvania. Ruwan teku da aka kama a cikin kwandon da ke raguwa ya haifar da babban ajiyar evaporite ta Mid Pennsylvanian. Wannan, tare da kayan da aka rushe daga tsaunukan da ke kusa, ya zama Tsarin Paradox, kanta wani ɓangare na Hermosa Group. Gidan gishiri na Paradox ya fara gudana daga baya a cikin Pennsylvanian kuma mai yiwuwa ya ci gaba da motsawa har zuwa ƙarshen Jurassic. Wasu masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa an halicci Upheaval Dome daga motsi na gado na gishiri na Paradox, samar da gishiri, amma ƙarin binciken zamani ya nuna cewa ka'idar meteorite tana iya zama daidai.

Ruwa mai zurfi mai zafi ya sake ambaliya yankin kusa da ƙarshen Pennsylvania. Abubuwan da ke da wadataccen burbushin halittu, sandstones, da shales na launin toka mai launin toka Honaker Trail Formation sun haifar. Wani lokaci na rushewa ya biyo baya, ya haifar da hutu a cikin rikodin ilimin ƙasa da ake kira rashin daidaituwa. Da farko a cikin Permian teku mai ci gaba ta shimfiɗa Halgaito Shale. Yankunan bakin teku daga baya sun koma yankin, suna samar da Tsarin Elephant Canyon .

Manyan magoya bayan alluvial sun cika kwandon inda suka hadu da Dutsen Uncompahgre, suna haifar da gadaje masu ja na Cutler na sandstone mai arziki. Yankin yashi na karkashin ruwa da yashi a bakin tekun sun haɗu da yatsunsu ƙarfe da jan gadaje kuma daga baya sun zama dutsen Cedar Mesa Sandstone mai launin fari. Daga nan aka ajiye laka mai launin haske, wanda ya samar da Organ Rock Shale. Yankin yashi na bakin teku da sandunan yashi na ruwa sun sake zama masu rinjaye, suna haifar da White Rim Sandstone.
An haifar da rashin daidaituwa na biyu bayan teku ta Permian ta koma baya. Filayen ambaliyar ruwa a kan wani fili mai faɗi ya rufe yankin da aka rushe da laka da aka gina a cikin filayen ruwa, wanda ya haifar da Tsarin Moenkopi. Rugujewar ta dawo, ta samar da rashin daidaituwa na uku. An kafa Tsarin Chinle a saman wannan rushewar.

Yanayin da ya karu ya mamaye Triassic. Sabili da haka, yashi a cikin nau'in yashi ya mamaye kuma ya zama Wingate Sandstone. A wani lokaci yanayin yanayi ya zama mai laushi kuma rafi sun yanke tashoshi ta hanyar yashi dunes, suna samar da Tsarin Kayenta. Yanayin busasshiyar ya koma yankin tare da fansa; babban hamada ya bazu a yawancin yammacin Arewacin Amurka kuma daga baya ya zama Navajo Sandstone. An haifar da rashin daidaituwa na huɗu ta hanyar lokacin rushewa.

Gidajen laka sun dawo, sun samar da Tsarin Karmel, kuma an shimfiɗa Entrada Sandstone a gaba. Tsawon lokaci na rushewa ya cire mafi yawan San Rafael Group a yankin, tare da duk wani tsari da za a iya shimfiɗa a lokacin Cretaceous.

Orogeny na Laramide ya fara ɗaga Dutsen Rocky shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata kuma tare da shi, yankin Canyonlands. Rugujewar ta kara tsanantawa kuma lokacin da Kogin Colorado ya kai ga gadon gishiri na Tsarin Paradox, abubuwan da ke sama sun kai ga kogin kogin, suna samar da siffofi kamar The Grabens .  Karin hazo a lokacin zamanin kankara na Pleistocene ya hanzarta yawan binciken canyon tare da sauran rushewa. Irin wannan lalacewa yana ci gaba, amma yana faruwa a hankali.


 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba