Rashin kula da matasa

Rashin kula da Matasa wani nau'i ne na warewar jama'a wanda matasa ke cikin matsala ta zamantakewa wajen shiga cibiyoyi da kungiyoyi a cikin al'ummominsu. Tattalin arzikin da ke cikin matsala, rashin shirye-shiryen gwamnati, da shingen ilimi misalai ne na rashin aiki a cikin cibiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga warewar matasa ta hanyar sanya shi da wuya ga matasa su sauya zuwa balaga. Gwamnatocin Turai kwanan nan sun fahimci waɗannan gazawar a cikin tsarin ƙungiyoyi kuma sun fara sake nazarin manufofi game da warewar jama'a. Yawancin manufofi da ke hulɗa da warewar jama'a an yi niyya ne ga matasa tun lokacin da wannan yawan mutane ke fuskantar canji zuwa girma; bayyana aiki da zaɓin salon rayuwa wanda zai shafi al'adun gaba da tsarin al'umma.

Rashin kula da matasa yana da yawa a cikin wannan shekarun, kabilanci, jinsi, aji da salon rayuwa duk suna shafar abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar matasa a cikin al'adu da aka ba su. Wannan haɗuwa tana shafar matakin da matashi ke fuskantar warewa. Hakazalika, warewar matasa takamaiman mahallin ne. Wannan yana nufin cewa an cire matasa daga al'umma ta hanyoyi daban-daban dangane da al'adunsu da wuraren da suke. Bambanci mai sauƙi tsakanin damar da albarkatun da aka bayar a cikin unguwa ɗaya na iya haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin matasa waɗanda aka haɗa da matasa waɗanda aka cire daga al'ummominsu. Wani la'akari da shi shi ne cewa warewar matasa tana da alaƙa da yadda warewar zamantakewa ta ƙunshi jam'iyyun biyu, masu warewa da waɗanda aka ware. Dangane da warewar matasa, masu warewa galibi tsofaffi ne waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ayyukan tallafin tattalin arziki da cibiyoyin da ke taimaka wa matasa suna sanya yanayin rayuwa mai kyau cikin haɗari. Dukkanin wadannan al'adu, al'adu da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru a duniya game da ware matasa.

 Tushen ware matasa 
Za'a iya bincika warewar matasa ta hanyar raba abubuwan da suka haifar da shi zuwa abubuwan zamantakewa da al'adu. Dalilan tsari na warewa sun haɗa da rashin daidaito a cikin iko kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar rashin daidaito da aka samar a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun na gidaje da kasuwanni na aiki. Rashin aikin yi na dogon lokaci da ƙananan kuɗin shiga na iya shafar ikon mutum na samun damar shiga Tsarin zamantakewa wanda ke inganta mutum a cikin al'umma ta hanyar buɗe ƙofofi ga sababbin dama da ƙirƙirar ma'anar yarda da haɗin kai. Har ila yau, a matakin tsari, ana cire matasa daga al'umma ta hanyar shingen ilimi da manufofin gwamnati na nuna bambanci.

Abubuwan al'adu da ke shafar warewar matasa sun haɗa da martani ga rukunin da aka gina ta zamantakewa kamar launin fata da jinsi. Wadannan rarrabuwa na iya rinjayar zaɓin mutum don a cire shi daga al'umma. Wasu masana kimiyya suna jayayya cewa matasa suna warewa saboda sun zaɓi rabuwa da kansu daga al'umma, maimakon haka suna shiga cikin wasu salon rayuwa da al'adu. Wasu, duk da haka, suna kallon wannan zaɓin a matsayin "zaɓin tilas", wanda ya haifar da tsoron launin fata, jinsi da sauran nau'ikan nuna bambanci. McDonald ya gabatar da misalin wani saurayi baƙar fata a Burtaniya wanda ya zaɓi kada ya je jami'a saboda "yana tsoron nuna bambanci a matsayin dalibi na jami'a".McDonald, Ian M. 2010. "Economic Perspectives on Social Exclusion." Australian Journal of Social Issues 45(2):213-225,153 McDonald ya ce, "Wannan mummunan waje ne wanda aka sanya shi ta hanyar zamantakewa wanda ke tasiri ga zaɓin saurayi baƙar fata a cikin jagorancin warewar jama'a". A cikin wannan misali duka shingen tsari da al'adu sun rinjayi wannan ɗalibin don haka ya ji an cire shi daga al'umma; ya ji matsin lamba daga al'ummar don ya kasance a gefen, kuma a yin hakan ya hana kansa samun ilimi. A cikin wannan halin ilimi ya gaza a matsayin tsarin zamantakewa da aka kafa don samar da wannan mutum tare da hadawa cikin al'umma.

 Talauci 
Talauci yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen ci gaba da ware matasa. Talauci wata jiha ce mai warewa wacce ke shafar alaƙar jama'a da ikon ba da gudummawa a cikin takamaiman al'adu da ke gina al'ummomi. Kamar yadda masanin zamantakewa Peter Townshend ya bayyana;"Za a iya cewa mutane, iyalai da kungiyoyi suna cikin talauci lokacin da... albarkatunsu suna da matukar damuwa a ƙarƙashin waɗanda matsakaicin mutum ko iyali suka umarce su da cewa, a zahiri, an cire su daga tsarin rayuwa na yau da kullun, al'adu da ayyukan".Lalle ne, talauci na iya lalata ikon mutum na shiga siyasa, gidaje da kasuwanni na aiki, ilimin sakandare da ayyukan da suka shafi al'adun gargajiya. Wadannan ayyukan da aka cire wadanda ke cikin talauci na iya shafar damar sadarwar matasa kuma ta haka ne yanayin gaba na shigar da su ko warewa cikin al'umma.

 Rashin kula da matasa na yanki 
Ganin cewa ma'anar warewar matasa ta bambanta a cikin al'adu, manufar dole ne ta haɗa da nazarin abin da yake nufi a zama memba na wata al'umma, alal misali, "bincike game da abin da ke nufi a zama Masarawa, Maroko, Iran, ko Siriya, zama Musulmi, Larabawa, da sauransu".  A cikin ƙasa, za a iya raba unguwa ko jihohi ta hanyar da har ma matasa daban-daban a cikin al-daban na iya fuskantar warewa a kan matakan daban-daban.  Globalization ya haifar da rarrabuwa ta duniya ta duniya. Har ila yau, ya rage ƙarfin tattalin arziki na jihohin Afirka kuma ya sanya iko da tattalin arzikin su a hannun kungiyoyin kasashe masu yawa tare da aminci na farko ga ƙasashensu na uwa a Turai da Amurka. " Don haka, matasa da ke shiga kasuwar aiki a Kudancin Duniya suna da tasiri daga ayyukan kasashe a Arewacin Duniya.

 Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA) 
A Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA), warewar matasa yana da girma da yawa. Kamar yadda yake a wasu yankuna, Rashin aikin yi na matasa yana da yawa, tare da matsakaicin yanki na 25% rashin aikin yi tsakanin masu shekaru 15 zuwa 24,  wanda ya kai kashi 37% a Maroko kuma har zuwa 73% a Siriya.  Har ila yau, akwai wani muhimmin matakin kasuwar ma'aikata da ke da alaƙa da sake fasalin tattalin arziki da batutuwan ciki-na waje;"Masu shiga ciki da ke da tsufa suna amfana daga haya - albashi mafi girma, fa'idodi mafi kyau, da kuma matsayi mafi girma - ta hanyar mallakar ayyuka da ƙuntata damar zuwa wasu bangarori. Baƙi, kamar matasa da sabbin masu shiga kasuwar aiki, suna fama da tsawon lokacin rashin aikin yi, ƙwarewa, da raguwar lafiya, da kuma girman zamantakewa na warewa daga aiki. "Bugu da ƙari, warewar matasa a cikin MENA ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar jinsi, ko saboda bukatun da tsammanin renon yara, rarrabewar jima'i, kulawar iyaye, ko wasu dalilai na al'adu ko addini. Misali, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 63% na maza masu shekaru 15 zuwa 24 masu aiki a tattalin arziki, kashi 22% ne kawai na mata daga wannan rukunin shekaru suka kasance masu aiki a cikin tattalin arziki a Misira a shekara ta 2006. 

A sakamakon rashin aikin yi na matasa, matasa suna da halin fadada iliminsu da jinkirta aure da samar da iyali. Kamar Turai, MENA ta ga jinkirin matasa daga gida, yin aure, da fara iyalai.

Sakamakon warewar matasa a cikin MENA sun haɗa da matasa da ke shiga jira, lokacin da suke jiran rayuwarsu kawai don farawa, musamman ta hanyar yin layi na dogon lokaci na rashin aikin yi lokacin da suke zaune tare da iyaye kuma ba su da ikon neman aure ko mallakar gida. Duk da yake jinkirin aure shine yanayin da ake gani a cikin al'ummomi da yawa, daidaitawa ya bambanta, don haka ya zama al'ada a Amurka da Turai ga matasa ma'aurata marasa aure su zauna tare, yayin da a cikin MENA irin wannan tsari ba a yarda da shi ba. Maimakon haka, yawan matasa suna shiga cikin Nikh urfi, auren wucin gadi,  wanda ke ba da ƙaramin tsaro ga matar da duk wani zuriya mai zuwa. Tasirin tunanin mutum ma yana da yawa, tare da rashin aikin yi wanda ke haifar da baƙin ciki da warewar jama'a, sau da yawa tare da bayyanar jiki. Akwai damuwa mai yawa a cikin al'ummomin duniya cewa kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar al-Qaeda ne ke tallata waɗannan matasa masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ke cinye ra'ayinsu na warewar jama'a da rashin bege.

 Indiya 
Rashin aiki a Indiya ya haifar da warewa, musamman ga samari, daga al'umma. Duk da dogon ilimi, samari ba sa iya samun aiki. Cirewar gwamnati daga kudaden ilimi na jama'a ya taimaka wajen ci gaba da ware matasa a Indiya. Halin matasa shine shiga kungiyoyin da ba a sani ba na wasu samari da ke taruwa a kusurwoyin tituna ko a Gidajen shayi don wuce lokaci. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna jin rashin taimako a cikin rashin iya shiga cikin al'umma ta hanyar da ta dace. Tattalin arzikin talauci da rashin aiki a wannan yanayin sune abubuwan da ke haifar da warewa tsakanin matasa, suna haifar da abubuwan da suka faru na zamantakewa da ake kira "lokaci".Jeffrey, Craig (2010) Timepass: Youth, Class, and the Politics of Waiting in India, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2010.  Wannan warewa yana shafar sauye-sauyen samari zuwa balaga ta hanyar sanya wa maza wahala su yi aure, su sami gidaje kuma su hadu da ka'idojin jinsi na al'ada na namiji. Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'i na jinsi ga warewar matasa a Indiya. An hana mata matasa shiga cikin tattaunawar gidan shayi da tarurruka na al'ada da matasa maza ke gudanarwa don magance warewa. Wannan rarrabewar ta rinjayi matsayin jinsi da aka kafa a baya wanda al'ada ta tsara.

 Najeriya 
Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya ta bayyana ƙarni na matasa a matsayin rukuni "wanda ke wucewa ta hanyar tsarin ci gaban tunani da na jiki a shirye don fuskantar ƙalubalen balaga". Wannan ma'anar ta ƙunshi matasa da yawa a Najeriya waɗanda suka fuskanci gwagwarmayar rashin tabbas na siyasa. Baya ga tashin hankali na gwamnati, matasan Najeriya sun fuskanci shingen ilimi. Lokacin da aka cire waɗannan matasa kuma aka hana su samun nasara a nan gaba ta hanyar yanayin siyasa da ilimi mara daidaituwa, suna amfani da tashin hankali don nuna rashin amincewa da al'umma da sauƙaƙe motsi don haɗa kai da zamantakewa. Sau da yawa wannan tashin hankali ana mayar da shi ga gwamnati. Binciken da aka yi akan matasan Najeriya ya nuna cewa;"Rugujewar ayyukan zamantakewa da kuma babban matakin Kasuwanci na ilimi sun hana matasa da yawa daga ilimi na yau da kullun. Don haka, matasa marasa aikin yi ba tare da ilimin jami'a ba da kuma masu digiri da yawa waɗanda ba su da damar yin aiki sun sami damar haɓaka dabarun canjin ainihi a matakin sani da ƙoƙarin su don samun sarari a cikin sabon tsarin siyasa. "  Rikicin ya kasance fasalin wannan tsarin magance shi.A Najeriya, warewar siyasa da zamantakewa yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutane da ke cikin matsayi na iko ke riƙe da albarkatu ko ilimi daga al'umma, kai tsaye yana cutar da yawan matasa wanda shine mafi rashin tsaro a tattalin arziki kuma ba shi da hanyoyin sadarwar da za su iya taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe nasarar sauyawa zuwa balaga. Ta haka ne tashin hankali ya zama kayan aiki don canjin zamantakewa.

 Kanada 
Rashin shiga tsakanin matasa a Kanada ya haifar da matsalolin karuwar Rashin gida da rashin kwanciyar hankali tsakanin matasa. Stephen Gaetz ya nuna halin da ake ciki na musamman da ke tasowa tsakanin matasa na Kanada inda suke fuskantar zargi daga al'ummarsu;"Ga matasa da suka zama marasa gida, ana samun warewar jama'a a fadin yankuna da yawa: dangane da samun mafaka da gidaje, aiki, da salon rayuwa mai kyau, alal misali. Hakanan yana bayyana a cikin ƙuntataccen damar su (da motsi tare da ciki) wuraren birane da kuma iyakancewar babban birnin su".Rashin samun dama ga wasu kungiyoyin zamantakewa da hanyoyin sadarwar ba wai kawai ya ware matasa ba, amma ya haifar da kunya inda al'umma ke kallon Matasa marasa gida a Kanada a matsayin masu laifi. Wannan aikata laifuka ya fi girma a tsakanin matasa saboda an san cewa matasa suna fuskantar sauye-sauye wanda halayyar haɗari na iya shiga. Jami'an gwamnati suna muhawara kan batutuwan manufofi musamman a tilasta bin doka don hana wannan aikata laifuka da ci gaba da warewa tsakanin matasa.Gaetz, Stephen (2004). "Safe Streets for Whom? Homeless Youth, Social Exclusion, and Criminal Victimization". Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice. 46 (4): 423–456. doi:10.3138/cjccj.46.4.423.

 Kudin warewa ga al'umma 
Za'a iya auna farashin warewar matasa dangane da yanayin da ya dace. Wannan ya haɗa da yadda tsinkaye na launin fata, Jima'i, aji da kuma wurin zamantakewa ke shafar ikon matasa na samun damar aiki, ilimi ko wasu hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga canjin su zuwa balaga. Rashin amincewa na iya adana mummunan nuna bambanci ko ra'ayi a cikin al'ada. Matasa na birane a Amurka suna fuskantar nuna bambanci mafi girma a cikin mahalli inda 'yan tsiraru ke fuskantar ƙarancin hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi a cikin saitunan tsara kamar makaranta. Bambance-bambance tsakanin maza da mata suna ci gaba da zama matsala a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki. 'Yan mata sun fi dacewa da gane wariyar launin fata tsakanin takwarorinsu tunda suna fuskantar nuna bambancin jinsi a cikin saitunan makaranta. Ka'idojin al'adu da ke da alaƙa da jinsi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaba da rarrabuwa tsakanin masu warewa da waɗanda aka ware, suna haifar da damar da ba daidai ba tsakanin matasa. Shingen ga kungiyoyin zamantakewa da dama na iya haifar da sakamakon da ba a so ciki har da aikata laifuka da tashin hankali. Akwai misalai da yawa inda matasa suka kafa kungiyoyi da ke adawa da gwamnatoci masu zalunci da warewa ta hanyar zanga-zangar tashin hankali, musamman tsakanin kasashen Afirka. Wadannan tashin hankali sun haifar da damuwa game da siyasar matasa, asalin matasa da kuma jin daɗin al'ummomin da ke fuskantar irin wannan rikici tare da yawan matasa. Matasan Indiya da ke fuskantar "lokaci" suna nuna alamun karuwar tashin hankali. Musamman wannan tashin hankali an yi wa mata, tun lokacin da samari ke jin ba su da iko a halin yanzu na rashin aikin yi.Jeffrey, Craig (2010) Timepass: Youth, Class, and the Politics of Waiting in India, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2010. 

 Magani don ware matasa 
Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Ruut Levitas ya kirkiro fassarori uku na zamantakewar al'umma da aka yi amfani da su don bincika hanyoyin da al'ummomi za su iya magance warewar jama'a. Wadannan dabarun suna shafar matasa saboda suna hulɗa da kasuwar aiki kuma ta haka ne matasa ke fara samun 'yancin kai na kudi. Magana ta sake rarrabawa (RED) tana ganin talauci a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga warewar jama'a. Wannan fahimtar tana mai da hankali kan canja wurin haraji da jin daɗi wadanda ke cikin bukata. Fassarar magana ta ɗabi'a (MUD) tana zargin zaɓin mutum don haifar da warewar jama'a. Wannan hanyar tana ba da shawarar azabtarwa a matsayin hanyar magance warewar jama'a. Hanyar ƙarshe, Magana ta Haɗin Kai (SID), tana kallon kasuwar ma'aikata a matsayin abokin gaba ga warewar jama'a sabili da haka tana bincika hanyoyin samun karin mutane cikin ma'aikata.

Sauran hanyoyin da za a rage warewar matasa sun haɗa da kara hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi tsakanin matsayi daban-daban na zamantakewar masu warewa da waɗanda aka ware. Binciken da aka yi niyyar rage warewar matasa ya haɗa da tsoma baki kamar aiwatar da ka'idojin aji (misali "ba za ku iya cewa ba za ku iya yin wasa ba") don ƙarfafa haɗin kai tsakanin yara (Harrist & Bradley, 2003). Fa'idodin hadawa da gaske an auna su ta hanyar masu ilimin zamantakewa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan gwaji ya bincika yara masu tsufa na farko don yin rikodin ra'ayoyinsu game da nuna bambanci da warewar jama'a. Masu binciken sun gano, "A cikin binciken da ake yi a yanzu, daidai da binciken da ya gabata (misali, Crystal et al. 2008; Killen et al. 2007b), ɗaliban ƙabilu da ke ba da rahoton manyan matakan hulɗa tsakanin rukuni sun fi dacewa da kimanta warewar kabilanci kamar yadda ba daidai ba ne fiye da ɗalibai da ƙananan matakan hulɗa na rukuni". Haɗin ƙungiyoyin tsara yana taimakawa wajen rage halayen xenophobic ga wasu kuma yana haɓaka haɗa kai tsakanin dukkan membobin al'umma. Wannan fahimtar tana da taimako ga malamai waɗanda ke son ƙirƙirar mahalli mai haɗa kai don matasa su ji da aminci a cikin mahallinsu na ilmantarwa.

 Dubi kuma 

 Tsufa
 Rashin jituwa na jama'a
 Yaran tituna
 Matasa
 Gudanar da matasa
 Kasancewar matasa
 Siyasa ta matasa
 Hakkin matasa
 Muryar matasa

 Manazarta 

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