San Rafael Falls

San Rafael Falls (Spanish) wani ruwa ne a kan Kogin Coca a Sucumbíos da Napo, Ecuador .  Tsayawa mita 131 (430  tsawo,  shi ne mafi tsayi kuma mafi karfi ruwa ruwa ruwa a Ecuador kuma sanannen jan hankalin yawon bude ido. Ruwan ya kasance a iyakar gabashin Cayambe Coca National Park, a gabashin tuddai na Andean kimanin kilomita 170 (110  zuwa gabashin Quito. 

A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2020, faduwar ta rushe cikin wani babban rami a bayan Layer na dutsen dutse mai tsawo wanda ya kafa bakinsa, ya haifar da babbar gada ta halitta da ta ratsa Kogin Coca. Har ila yau, gadar ta halitta ta rushe kimanin shekara guda bayan haka, ta bar wani kwari a tsohon wurin da faduwar ta kasance. A lokacin da ta kasance, gadar ta halitta ta kasance mafi tsawo a duniya, ta wuce Xianren Bridge na kasar Sin. Ruwan da kansa ya koma sama sakamakon saurin rushewa kuma ya ɓace cikin 'yan watanni yayin da kogin ya zana sabon tashar da ke saukowa a hankali.

Rushewar faduwar ta canza Kogin Coca sosai, tare da sabon kogi mai zurfi da ke bayyana a saman tsohon faduwar, da kuma manyan tarin datti da ke sauka a ƙasa. Rushewar ruwa ta lalata gadoji da yawa da bututun mai, kuma tun daga 2023 yana barazanar lalata madatsar ruwan Coca Codo Sinclair, wanda aka gina a saman ruwa a cikin 2016. Ƙarin rushewa sakamakon madatsar ruwa da ke kamawa da madatsar ruwan wasu masu bincike suna tunanin cewa sun hanzarta rushewar ruwan, kodayake abin da ya faru zai iya faruwa a ƙarshe saboda ƙarfin rushewar kogin.

 Tarihi 
San Rafael Falls an kafa su ne dubban shekaru da suka gabata ta hanyar tarkace da kwararar dutse daga dutsen El Reventador da ke kusa, wanda caldera ke kusa da kilomita 9 (5.6  zuwa yamma. Kimanin shekaru 19,000 da suka gabata, wani babban bangare na gefen gabas na dutsen mai fitattun wuta ya rushe, ya haifar da babban tarkace na dutse da ƙasa zuwa kwarin kogin Coca. Bayan haka, dutsen mai fitattun wuta ya fashe kuma kwararar dutsen mai kauri mai mita 100 (330  ta toshe Kogin Coca, ta samar da madatsar ruwan mai tsayayya da rushewa a saman ajiyar tarkace na farko. Rashin ruwa na halitta a bayan madatsar ruwan ya cika da cakuda ruwa da ƙarin kayan dutsen wuta daga El Reventador, yayin da kogin ya zubo a saman shingen ya samar da ruwa.Crespo, Pedro D. Barrera; Girón, Pablo Espinoza; Bedoya, Rénan; Gibson, Stanford; East, Amy E.; Langendoen, Eddy J.; Boyd, Paul (2024). "Major fluvial erosion and a 500-Mt sediment pulse triggered by lava-dam failure, Río Coca, Ecuador". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1 (23): 1058–1080. doi:10.1002/esp.5751.
Abubuwan da ke gudana a cikin madatsar ruwan sun wanke, suna ƙara saukowa zuwa sama da mita 130 (430 . Fiye da dubban shekaru, tafkin da ke nutsewa a gindin ruwa ya ci gaba da fadada, yana haifar da babban dutse da kogon inda Layer basalt mai wuya ya huta a saman kayan da ke ƙasa. A wannan lokacin, knickpoint ya zama mai ɗorewa, tare da basalt mai ɗorewar da ke kare kayan da ke ƙasa daga ci gaba da rushewa.Crespo, Pedro D. Barrera; Girón, Pablo Espinoza; Bedoya, Rénan; Gibson, Stanford; East, Amy E.; Langendoen, Eddy J.; Boyd, Paul (2024). "Major fluvial erosion and a 500-Mt sediment pulse triggered by lava-dam failure, Río Coca, Ecuador". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1 (23): 1058–1080. doi:10.1002/esp.5751. Yankin da ke kusa da El Reventador ya kasance mai aiki. Girgizar kasa ta Maris 1987 ta haifar da manyan tarkace da ke gudana cikin Kogin Coca wanda ya kai San Rafael Falls. Rushewar ta kai kimanin zurfin mita 20 (66  a faduwar.

Kafin rushewar, faduwar ta kasance babbar jan hankalin yawon bude ido ga yankin. A cikin 2019 kimanin mutane 30,000 sun ziyarci faduwar. Ana iya samun faduwar ta hanyar tafiya na kimanin minti talatin daga Hostería El Reventador da ke kusa (kimanin kilomita 50 (31  ta hanyar hanyar arewa maso gabashin El Chaco) wanda ya kawo baƙi zuwa wurin kallo mai kyau, "La Mirador", sama da faduwar. Kodayake suna kusa da Gidan shakatawa na Cayambe-Coca, faduwar kanta a zahiri suna kan karamin ajiya mai zaman kansa.

A shekara ta 2010, an fara gini a madatsar ruwan Coca Codo Sinclair kimanin kilomita 19 (12  daga sama daga faduwar ruwa. An tsara tashar wutar lantarki ta 1,500 Megawatt, tashar wutar wutar lantarki mafi girma a E, don karkatar da ruwa a kusa da babban karkata ("codo") na Kogin Coca, ta amfani da saukowar ruwa da kogi don samar da wutar lantarki.Crespo, Pedro D. Barrera; Girón, Pablo Espinoza; Bedoya, Rénan; Gibson, Stanford; East, Amy E.; Langendoen, Eddy J.; Boyd, Paul (2024). "Major fluvial erosion and a 500-Mt sediment pulse triggered by lava-dam failure, Río Coca, Ecuador". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1 (23): 1058–1080. doi:10.1002/esp.5751. Duk da haifar da babbar gardama game da tasirin muhalli da kuma damar da take da ita na rage kwararar ruwa, an kammala aikin a cikin 2016. Masu haɓaka Coca Codo Sinclair sun yi alkawarin kula da mafi ƙarancin kwararar mita 22 a kowace dakika (780 cu ft / s) a kan faduwar, ko kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na kwararar lokacin bushewa.

Ruwan ya kasance yana fuskantar canje-canje na geomorphic tun daga shekarun 1990, lokacin da ya fadi a matakai biyu daban-daban: karamin cascade na sama wanda ya biyo bayan babban raguwa. A kusan shekara ta 2010, yawancin ƙananan leɓunan faduwar sun lalace, suna kawo matakai biyu kusa tare; a cikin 2015 wannan ɓangaren ya rushe gaba ɗaya, kuma faduwar ta zama faduwa ɗaya ba tare da katsewa ba."San Rafael, Cascada de". World Waterfall Database. Retrieved 2024-01-26.Crespo, Pedro D. Barrera; Girón, Pablo Espinoza; Bedoya, Rénan; Gibson, Stanford; East, Amy E.; Langendoen, Eddy J.; Boyd, Paul (2024). "Major fluvial erosion and a 500-Mt sediment pulse triggered by lava-dam failure, Río Coca, Ecuador". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1 (23): 1058–1080. doi:10.1002/esp.5751.

 Rugujewar 2020 da tasirin 
A watan Yunin 2019, an kafa rami a sama da faduwar kuma an lura da ruwa ya fito daga kasan dutsen, yana nuna cewa ruwa yana shiga cikin kayan da ke ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwan kuma ta haka ne ya wuce faduwar. A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2020, ramin ya rushe kwatsam, ya haɗiye babban ɓangare na kwararar Kogin Coca, wanda ya ci gaba da fashewa daga ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu an wanke ragowar kayan da ke ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwan kuma cikakken girman Kogin Coca ya gudana a ƙarƙashinsa, ya haifar da babbar gada ta halitta kuma ya cire maɓallin da ruwa ke wakilta. Wani sabon faduwar ruwa ya bayyana nan da nan a saman inda aka sami ramin. Sabuntawar kogi ba zato ba tsammani ya fara rushewar ruwa mai laushi a cikin kogin, wanda ya sa ruwan ya koma sama da sauri.Crespo, Pedro D. Barrera; Girón, Pablo Espinoza; Bedoya, Rénan; Gibson, Stanford; East, Amy E.; Langendoen, Eddy J.; Boyd, Paul (2024). "Major fluvial erosion and a 500-Mt sediment pulse triggered by lava-dam failure, Río Coca, Ecuador". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1 (23): 1058–1080. doi:10.1002/esp.5751.
A watan Yulin 2020, watanni biyar bayan rushewar farko, rushewar ta ci gaba da kilomita 3.8 (2.4  sama, ta samar da canyon mai zurfin mita 100 (330  a wurare. Yayin da kogin ya daidaita, magudanan ruwa sun samo asali ne daga nutsewa guda ɗaya zuwa ƙananan ƙananan, rabuwa, kuma a ƙarshe an rage su zuwa rapids. Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Ecuador ta fara gina matakan kula da wucin gadi a cikin kogi a cikin ƙoƙari na rage yawan lalacewa. Ginin na halitta ya rushe kusan shekara guda bayan haka a watan Fabrairun 2021, ya takaitacciyar madatsar ruwan kogin kafin a rufe shi kuma a wanke shi a cikin babban ambaliyar ruwa.Crespo, Pedro D. Barrera; Girón, Pablo Espinoza; Bedoya, Rénan; Gibson, Stanford; East, Amy E.; Langendoen, Eddy J.; Boyd, Paul (2024). "Major fluvial erosion and a 500-Mt sediment pulse triggered by lava-dam failure, Río Coca, Ecuador". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1 (23): 1058–1080. doi:10.1002/esp.5751.

Kwamitin Ayyukan Gaggawa na Sucumbíos ya ƙuntata damar shiga yankin yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Ecuador ta fara binciken lamarin. Rugujewar ƙasa ba da daɗewa ba ta yi barazanar gagarumin ababen more rayuwa a sama. A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, kogin da ke nutsewa ya karya bututun mai na Trans-Ecuadorial Pipeline System, Crudos Pesados Oil da Poliducto Shushufindi-Quito. Kimanin ganga 15,000 na man fetur ya zubo cikin Kogin Coca kuma nan da nan ya shiga Kogin Napo. An gano man fetur har zuwa Cabo Pantoja, Peru. Ruwan mai ya shafi fiye da ɗari da farko al'ummomin asali, da yawa daga cikinsu sun dogara da tattalin arziki akan kamun kifi. A ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu an shigar da karar neman lalacewa daga kamfanonin mai. A watan Agusta, an gina hanyoyi don jagorantar bututun mai daga kogi, yayin da al'ummomin da ke ƙasa suka ci gaba da nuna damuwa game da saurin aikin gyara. A watan Disamba na 2021, Sojojin Injiniyoyi na Amurka da Kamfanin Lantarki na Ecuador (Corporación Eléctrica del Ecuador, ko CELEC) sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta fahimta don nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka don rage lalacewa da kare ababen more rayuwa, musamman madatsar ruwan Coca Codo Sinclair, wanda za'a iya lalata shi ko lalata shi idan lalacewar kai ta kai wannan batu.Graw, Valerie; Dedring, Torben; Hiby, Roman; Jara-Alvear, Jose; Guzman, Pablo; Juergens, Carsten (2022-10-20). "Regressive Erosion at River Coca in Northeast Ecuador: Landslide Monitoring with Sentinel-1 to Support Disaster Risk Management". Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science. 90 (5): 457–471. Bibcode:2022PFJ....90..457G. doi:10.1007/s41064-022-00221-z.

Babban raƙuman ruwa da aka saki ta hanyar rushewa sun canza sosai zuwa gabas na Kogin Coca. Kimanin tan miliyan 250 (Mt) na laka an tattara shi a cikin shekara ta farko bayan rushewa, kuma a farkon 2023, shekaru uku bayan haka, wannan ya karu zuwa 500 Mt.Crespo, Pedro D. Barrera; Girón, Pablo Espinoza; Bedoya, Rénan; Gibson, Stanford; East, Amy E.; Langendoen, Eddy J.; Boyd, Paul (2024). "Major fluvial erosion and a 500-Mt sediment pulse triggered by lava-dam failure, Río Coca, Ecuador". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1 (23): 1058–1080. doi:10.1002/esp.5751. Yawan sediment na shekaru uku yana iya kwatanta da jimlar adadin da aka ɗauka a cikin shekaru 43 bayan fashewar Dutsen St. Helens a shekarar 1980. Ya zuwa 2023, babban haɓaka ya binne tsohon kogin a cikin ruwa, tare da tarkace da ke tarawa har zuwa mita 40 (130  a wani batu kilomita 2 (1.2  a ƙasa da tsohon ruwa. A tashar wutar lantarki ta Coca Codo, kilomita 44.5 (27.7  a cikin ruwa, kogin kogin ya tashi daga mita 1 zuwa 2 (3.3 zuwa 6.6 ,  wanda ke barazanar iyakance adadin ruwan da zai iya wucewa ta tashar wutar wutar lantarki kuma ta haka ne fitar da wutar lantarki.  An rage wannan har zuwa yanzu ta hanyar hakowa, amma har yanzu ba a tantance mafita ta dogon lokaci ba. Ambaliyar ruwa da tasirin ingancin ruwa da ke da alaƙa da rushewar an bayar da rahoton a Puerto Francisco de Orellana, kilomita 90 (56  daga cikin ruwa.

A farkon 2023, rushewar ta ci gaba da kilomita 11.3 (7  daga saman ruwa daga asalin wurin ruwa. Kimanin hekta 287 (710 acres) na ƙasar bakin kogi sun rushe kuma akalla gadoji uku sun lalace. Ana sa ran rushewar kai tsaye zai ci gaba har zuwa wani kilomita 28 (17  kafin kogin ya sami daidaitattun gradient, wanda zai zama fiye da isa ga madatsar ruwan Coca Codo Sinclair, sai dai idan kogin ya haɗu da wani dutse mai wuya kafin wannan batu.Crespo, Pedro D. Barrera; Girón, Pablo Espinoza; Bedoya, Rénan; Gibson, Stanford; East, Amy E.; Langendoen, Eddy J.; Boyd, Paul (2024). "Major fluvial erosion and a 500-Mt sediment pulse triggered by lava-dam failure, Río Coca, Ecuador". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 1 (23): 1058–1080. doi:10.1002/esp.5751. Har ila yau, rushewar ta fara shafar masu ba da gudummawa, musamman Río Malo, wanda ya haɗu da Coca kimanin kilomita 10 (6.2  daga sama daga tsohon faduwar ruwa.

 Bincike 
Duk da yake duk magudanan ruwa suna fuskantar rushewa, masu bincike da kungiyoyi da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa madatsar ruwan Coca Codo Sinclair na iya ƙara tasirin rushewa a kan magudanan, wanda ya sa ya rushe da wuri fiye da daga ƙarfin yanayin ƙasa kadai. Emilio Cobo, shugaban Shirin Ruwa na Kudancin Amurka na IUCN, ya yi la'akari da cewa madatsar ruwan ta hanzarta rushewar ta hanyar kama turɓaya a saman ruwa, ta kashe kogin turɓaya da kara karfinta. Makarantar Polytechnic ta Kasa ta Ecuador ta yi nazarin tasirin madatsar ruwan bayan an gina ta, tana kimanta cewa rushewar kogi ya karu da kashi 42 bisa dari sakamakon aikin madatsar ruwa. 

A cewar Alfredo Carrasco, masanin ilimin ƙasa na jihar Ecuador, rugujewar ruwan mai yiwuwa ba ta da tasiri sosai ta hanyar madatsar ruwa, amma saurin rushewar kogin da ya biyo baya ya zama mafi muni ta hanyar madarar ruwa. Bayan rushewar, Carrasco ya nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar tasirin da ke tattare da ababen more rayuwa kamar gadoji da bututun mai, amma ba a dauki wani mataki na gyara ba kafin a lalata wannan ababen more more rayuwa kuma a lalata shi. Masanin ilimin ƙasa Carolina Bernal ya bayyana cewa, "Ina da shakku cewa tsire-tsire na Coca Codo Sinclair ya rinjayi abin da ya faru da ruwan San Rafael [a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu], amma yanzu, bayan ganin tashin hankali na abin da ya haifar, ana iya danganta shi da kula da aikin. Dole ne a tsara tsire-shuke na Hydroelectric sosai a hankali. "

 Manazarta 

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