'Yancin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Dominica

'Yancin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Dominica sun zama' masu  yancin farar hula da siyasa da' yanci da kare bisa kai doka a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Dominica kuma gwamnati ta tilasta su ta hanyar doka da doka. Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen haƙƙin ɗan adam ana jagorantar su ne ta babbar kotun daukaka kara ta tsarin mulki, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Dominica .  Wadannan hakkoki da 'yanci sun bunkasa a tsawon lokaci daidai da fadada Jamhuriyar Dominica daga tsohon mulkin mallaka na Spain na Kyaftin Janar na Santo Domingo zuwa tsarin jihar ta zamani. Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin jihar kuma an yi alama da sauye-sauye tsakanin gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya, kamar shugabancin Danilo Medina na yanzu, da gwamnatocin mulkin kama karya, mafi mahimmanci mulkin kama-karya na Rafael Trujillo tsakanin 16 ga Agusta 1930 da 16 ga Agustan 1938.  A matsayinta na memba na Kungiyar Amurka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Jamhuriyar Dominica tana cikin yarjejeniyoyi da alkawura da yawa waɗanda ke yada ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na al'ummar duniya kuma sun haɗa mafi yawan waɗannan jagororin haƙƙin ɗanɗano a cikin dokokin cikin gida.

Gwamnatoci daban-daban na Jamhuriyar Dominica a tarihi sun kasance cikin wuta saboda rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam mara kyau, wanda ya haɗa da kisan kai, azabtarwa, kamawa da tsare-tsare, hare-hare kan 'yancin' yan jarida da ƙuntatawa kan motsi na baƙi. Wasu kungiyoyi da 'yan tsiraru a cikin al'ummar Dominican ciki har da' yan tsirarun kabilun Haiti, mata da' yan ƙasa na LGBTQI + sun kasance wadanda ke fama da mummunar cin zarafin haƙƙoƙinsu na ɗan adam, wanda ya jawo hankalin jama'ar duniya. Musamman, yadda gwamnati ke bi da Dominicans tare da iyayen Haiti ya ba kasar wuri a cikin "jerin baƙar fata" na Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, jerin da aka tanada ga ƙasashe da suka fi cin zarafin' yancin ɗan adam."The Dominican Republic's Tortured Relationship With Its Haitian Minority". Human Rights Watch. 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2019-05-07. Wannan ya faru ne da farko saboda hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki na 2013 wanda ya hana 'yan asalin ƙasar Haiti na zama ɗan ƙasa da kuma rashin iyawar gwamnati ta biya da kuma gyara bambancin nuna bambanci a yayin kukan kasa da kasa.

 Tsarin shari'a 

 Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Dominica 
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Dominica na yanzu, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2015, ya ƙunshi iyakantaccen bayanin haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa wanda ke nuna tarihin Jamhuriyarsa na sauye-sauyen siyasa tsakanin gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya da na mulkin mallaka."DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-07. Retrieved 2022-09-27. Takardar kamar yadda take a halin yanzu tana dauke da kariya mai zurfi ga 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa kuma tana bin ka'idodin rabuwa da iko da dubawa da ma'auni, kodayake halin da yake ciki na yau da kullun da ƙarancin tsarin mulki a matsayin akidar da ke tsakanin manyan 'yan siyasa na Dominican yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin shakku game da ingancin sa.
Mataki na 8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda suka mamaye yanayin siyasa na yanzu, yana mai cewa "ya sami kariya mai inganci ga haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma kula da hanyoyin ci gabansa a cikin tsarin 'yanci na mutum da adalci na zamantakewa wanda ya dace da manufofin jama'a, jin daɗi na gaba ɗaya da haƙƙin kowa an san su a matsayin manyan manufofin jihar".[t] Wannan labarin ya haɗa da, a tsakanin wasu, takamaiman haramtacciyar azabtarwa, yana mai cewa " azabtarwa ko wani hukunci ko hanya mai cutarwa, ko haifar da asarar ko raguwar, amincin jiki ko lafiyar mutum ba za a iya kafawa ba, tilasta ko tilasta" da kuma 'yancin yin addini a yayin da ba a yi shi ba 'da kyau da rashin girmamawa".

Abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ke bayyana yanayin da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Dominica ke da ikon tsoma baki tare da iyakance haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka tsara, gami da yanayin haɗari mai tsanani ga ikon mallakar ƙasar, rikice-rikicen jama'a ko bala'o'i.Pomares, Luis (March 2008). "The Dominican Republic and the UN Human Rights Treaty System". Journal of Race, Gender and Ethnicity. 2. Bugu da kari, takardar ta bayyana mummunan sakamako a yayin da jami'in gwamnati ya tsoma baki ko ya ba da umarnin tsoma baki tare da haƙƙin jama'a da 'yancin' yan ƙasa.

 Hakkin shari'a na kasa da kasa 
Jamhuriyar Dominica memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma tana cikin yarjejeniyoyi da alkawura da yawa na haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yawancin waɗannan takardun an haɗa su cikin tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa ta hanyar tabbatarwa.

Yarjejeniyar da gwamnatin Dominican ta tabbatar sun hada da:

 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1978) 
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1978) 
 Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata (an tabbatar da shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1982) 
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci na launin fata (an tabbatar da shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1983) 
 Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1991) 
 Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara (an tabbatar da su 6 Disamba 2006) 
 Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa (an tabbatar da su a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta 2009) 
 Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (an tabbatar da ita a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2012) 
 Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Shigawar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai (an tabbatar da ita 14 Oktoba 2014) 
 Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Alkawarin Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa wanda ya haɗa da kawar da hukuncin kisa (an tabbatar da shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2016). Pomares, Luis (March 2008). "The Dominican Republic and the UN Human Rights Treaty System". Journal of Race, Gender and Ethnicity. 2.

Jamhuriyar Dominica ta sanya hannu amma har yanzu ba ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kare Dukkanin Mutane daga Kashewa ba.Pomares, Luis (March 2008). "The Dominican Republic and the UN Human Rights Treaty System". Journal of Race, Gender and Ethnicity. 2."Treaties". United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner. Yarjejeniyoyi biyu masu muhimmanci da kasar ba ta sanya hannu ba sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da Mambobin Iyalai da Yarjejeniyar kan Rage Rashin Kasuwanci, wanda ya jawo hankalin zargi daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da ke kula da yadda gwamnatin ke kula da 'yan tsiraru na Haiti."RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED FORMS OF INTOLERANCE: FOLLOW-UP TO AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DURBAN DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION: Mission to Dominican Republic". United Nations Human Rights Council (2008). Retrieved 2022-09-27.

Jamhuriyar Dominica kuma memba ce ta Kungiyar Jihohin Amurka, tare da alƙalin Dominican wanda ya yi aiki a Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka."RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED FORMS OF INTOLERANCE: FOLLOW-UP TO AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DURBAN DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION: Mission to Dominican Republic". United Nations Human Rights Council (2008). Retrieved 2022-09-27.

 Kula da wasu kungiyoyi da 'yan tsiraru 

 Ƙananan launin fata na Haiti 
Zaman jin daɗin bakin haure na Haiti da ƴan kabilar Haiti na Jamhuriyar Dominican batu ne mai gudana.  A tarihi, jiga-jigan siyasa na Jamhuriyar Dominican sun yi amfani da 'yan tsiraru na Haiti a matsayin abin kunya ga cututtuka na kasa, tare da rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'kawar da wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata, kyamar baki da kuma nau'i na rashin haƙuri' suna da'awar wanzuwar 'babban matsala mai zurfi na wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata a cikin al'umma.  ga alakar mulkin mallaka ta tarihi tsakanin ’yan mulkin mallaka na Santo Domingo da bakar fata Haiti, da kuma kyamar Haiti da aka yi amfani da su wajen nuna goyon baya ga ‘yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Dominican Jamhuriyar Dominican bayan hayewar Haiti na 1822 na Santo Domingo.[2].  1937 kisan kiyashi tsakanin ma'aikatan Haiti dubu tara da dubu ashirin a kusa da iyakar ƙasa, wanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashi na Parsley, wanda ya fara haifar da ci gaban kishin ƙasa na Dominican da kuma yunƙurin tarihin tarihin Dominican elites don lalata tsirarun Haitian.ce:
"....babu wani jin na bil'adama, ko dalili na siyasa, ko kuma wani yanayi mai sauƙi wanda zai iya tilasta mana mu dubi rashin kulawa da shiga Haiti. Wannan nau'in ba shi da kyau... 'Haitian wanda ya shiga [ƙasarmu] yana rayuwa da yawa da kuma babban abin da ke fama da cututtuka da raunin jiki waɗanda ke da alaƙa a mafi ƙasƙanci na wannan al'umma. "

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun nace cewa ana kare 'yan gudun hijirar Haiti da zuriyarsu ta Haiti a karkashin sanarwar' yancin mutane na kasa ko kabilanci, addini da kuma harshe."RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED FORMS OF INTOLERANCE: FOLLOW-UP TO AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DURBAN DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION: Mission to Dominican Republic". United Nations Human Rights Council (2008). Retrieved 2022-09-27.

Matsayin zama ɗan ƙasa na ƙabilar Haiti da zuriya ya kasance tushen babbar gardama. Hukuncin 2005 na Dilcia Yean da Violeta Bosico v. Jamhuriyar Dominica ta Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Inter-American ta zargi gwamnatin Dominica da keta dokar kasa da kasa da kuma dokokin cikin gida dangane da ƙin zama ƙasa da ilimi ga yara da aka haifa ga iyalan Haiti a cikin jihar bisa la'akari da cewa an haife su ga baƙi 'a cikin wucewa'. " Kundin tsarin mulki da aka gabatar a watan Janairun 2010 ya kara samun zargi lokacin da ya fadada bambancinsa ga 'yan ƙasa don haɗawa da yara da aka haifa a Jamhuriyar Dominica ga iyaye marasa' yan ƙasa.

A cikin Satumba 2013, Kotun Koli ta Kotun Tsarin Mulki, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Dominican, ta ba da hukuncin TC 0168-13 wanda ya sake fassara dokokin zama ɗan ƙasa don hana babban adadin Haitian Dominican zama ɗan ƙasa.  don yin rajista a manyan makarantu, iyawarsu don yin aiki ko samun damar samun ingantaccen tsarin kula da lafiya.  Hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mutane sama da 200,000 da ba su da takardun shaida ne hukuncin kotun ya shafa.[2]  Matakin dai ya gamu da tofin Allah tsine daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa tare da kiraye-kirayen a maido da 'yan kasarsu da kuma kawo karshen korar da aka yi musu na tilas.  A cikin 2014, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Dominican na yanzu, Danila Medina ya kafa Dokar 169/14 tare da aniyar da aka bayyana a bainar jama'a na yin aiki don maido da 'yan ƙasa na iyalai masu ƙaura da ba su da izini.  Sai dai kuma, an soki dokar sosai saboda gazawarta na maido da ‘yan asalin ƙasar Dominican kai tsaye, wanda a halin yanzu ya bar dubban mutane cikin yanayin rashin ƙasa da kuma lahani ga cin zarafinsu.[2]  A cikin Oktoba 2016, Kotun Inter-Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta yanke hukuncin cewa rashin daidaituwa na rashin daidaituwa na bakar fata, 'yan kabilar Haitian Dominicans da waɗannan dokoki suka kawo da kuma gazawar gwamnati don magance matsalolin zamantakewar al'umma ya keta Yarjejeniyar Amirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, kuma a cikin Afrilu 2017 kotu ta yi amfani da wannan dalili don tabbatar da sanya 'yancin ɗan adam a jerin sunayensu.'."The Dominican Republic's Tortured Relationship With Its Haitian Minority". Human Rights Watch. 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2019-05-07.

 Mata 
Yaduwar tashin hankali na jinsi a Jamhuriyar Dominica ya ja hankalin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam daban-daban na duniya. Wani rahoto na 2018 daga Babban Ofishin Mai Shari'a ya nuna cewa an gabatar da rahotanni sama da 71,000 na tashin hankali na jinsi a wannan shekarar kadai, kuma fiye da rahotanne 6,300 na laifukan jima'i. 'Yan sanda na kasa sun ba da kididdiga a cikin rahoton Human Rights Watch a cikin 2016 wanda ya nuna cewa fiye da mutuwar 1,300 da aka rubuta tsakanin 2008 da 2014 sakamakon tashin hankali ne na jinsi."World Report 2016: Rights Trends in Dominican Republic". Human Rights Watch. 2016-01-06. Retrieved 2019-05-07. Koyaya, sanannen ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Amnesty International ta ba da shawarar cewa lambobin hukuma kaɗan ne kawai na ainihin adadi, suna ambaton al'adun cin zarafin jima'i da azabtarwa a cikin rundunar 'yan sanda ta Dominican da kuma ƙananan yiwuwar jami'an da ke fuskantar adalci saboda daidaitawa a cikin al'ummar Dominican.

A hukumance, dokar Jamhuriyar Dominica ta hukunta fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jinsi, gami da cin zarafin dangi da cin zarafi, tare da hukunce-hukuncen cin zarafin da ya kai shekaru goma sha biyar a kurkuku."DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-07. Retrieved 2022-09-27. Dokar ta kuma sanya cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki a matsayin laifi wanda ke ɗauke da hukuncin ɗaurin shekara guda da tarar kuɗi mai yawa, kodayake ma'aikatan ƙungiyar sun nuna shakku game da aiwatar da doka a wannan batun. Ma'aikatar Mata tana aiki don rage tashin hankali na jinsi da haɓaka daidaito mai mahimmanci ta hanyar samar da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da horar da masana'antu, da kuma aiki da mafaka na tashin hankali na gida. Koyaya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata da ke aiki a yankin, kamar su Mujeres Latinoamericanas, sun sanya shakku mai tsanani game da ingancin Ma'aikatar, suna sukar rashin kudade ga ayyukan da suka dace da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin cibiyoyin ƙasa."Dominican Republic 2017/2018". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2019-05-14.

 Ma'aikatan jima'i 
Ayyukan jima'i na kasuwanci a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominican a halin yanzu laifi ne na laifi, tare da ma'aikatan jima'i suna samun kariya kaɗan daga mummunan take haƙƙin ɗan adam, a cewar rahoton 2019 na Amnesty International.  Bincike da Dan Danielsen da Karen Engle suka yi a cikin 1995 (kamar yadda aka ambata a Cabezas. 2002) ya nuna cewa tsananin matakan da gwamnati ta dauka kan karuwanci ya faru ne saboda bacin rai game da karkata daga ka'idojin dangantakar haihuwa guda daya, maza da mata wadanda suka mamaye al'ummar Dominican.  An yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da cin zarafi, ta jiki da ta jima'i da ake yiwa ma'aikatan jima'i a cikin ƙasa da kuma yanki, wanda Erika Guevara-Rosas, daraktocin Amurka a Amnesty International suka bayyana, a matsayin 'annoba a fadin Latin Amurka da Caribbean'.  Baya ga tashin hankalin da gwamnati ke yi, ma'aikatan jima'i suna fuskantar ƙarancin kariya daga tashin hankali daga ɓangarori na uku kamar abokan ciniki ko masu shiga tsakani, wanda Amalia Lucia Cabezas ta danganta da ra'ayin jama'a game da ma'aikatan jima'i a matsayin 'laifi' da rashin cancantar daidaitawa a ƙarƙashin doka.].  Rahoton ya kuma ambaci ci gaba da cin zarafi ga ma'aikatan jima'i masu rauni, musamman ma'aikatan jima'i wadanda suka fi dacewa da azabtarwa da gwamnati ta amince da su..Cabezas, A. L. (2002). Tourism, Sex Work and Women's Rights in the Dominican Republic. In Brysk, A. (Eds.) Globalization and Human Rights. University of California Press.

 Hakkin haifuwa 
Ya zuwa 2019, zubar da ciki ya kasance laifi ne a Jamhuriyar Dominica, bisa ga Mataki na 37 na kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu wanda ke ba da haƙƙin rayuwa "daga ɗauke da ciki zuwa mutuwa". A sakamakon haka, masu ba da zubar da ciki da mata da ke neman su suna fuskantar hukunci na laifi ba tare da la'akari da kiwon lafiya ko tasirin kudi ga mahaifiyar ko yanayin ciki ba. Ministan Lafiya na Jama'a ya fahimci cewa zubar da ciki da rikitarwa marasa aminci yayin daukar ciki da haihuwa sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga yawan mace-mace, kuma wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta mata a duk duniya ta ba da rahoton yawan mace-momi guda daya da ke da alaƙa da ciki a kowace kwana biyu a farkon rabin shekara ta 2017, wanda ke sanya zargi akan karancin isasshen sabis na kiwon lafiya.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Shugaba Danilo Medina ya inganta jerin sauye-sauye masu yawa ga dokar azabtarwa ta Jamhuriyar Dominica, tare da shawararsa mai rikitarwa don kawar da zubar da ciki a lokuta na fyade, dangi da barazana ga rayuwar mahaifiyar da ke karɓar babban adadin kulawar kafofin watsa labarai na gida da na duniya. Koyaya, hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki a shekara mai zuwa ya yanke hukuncin sake fasalin ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ya sake kafa haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan zubar da ciki. An soki shawarar a matsayin babban rauni ga ci gaban 'yancin mata a kasar, tasirin da Amnesty International ta bayyana a matsayin "babban bala'i ga mata da 'yan mata... wadanda za su ci gaba da zama masu laifi, su nuna musu kunya kuma su tilasta su nemi zubar da ciki mara lafiya saboda an hana su samun damar samun magani mai aminci da shari'a". Kwamitocin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da yawa ciki har da Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkinobho game da azabtarwa sun yi Allah wadai da shawarar, suna zargin gwamnati da keta haƙƙin rayuwa da kiwon lafiya da kuma haifar da wahala ta jiki da ta hankali kamar azabtarwa ta hanyar ƙin samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan.

Halin da ake yi wa mata a Jamhuriyar Dominican ya sami ƙarin izgili daga al'ummomin duniya a cikin watan Agusta 2017, lokacin da Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ta sami takardar koke na neman a yi adalci ga mutuwar Rosaura Almonte Hernández a 2012.  maganin cutar sankarar bargo kan damuwa da tayin."Dominican Republic 2017/2018". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2019-05-14.

 Hakkin LGBT 
Duk da yake Dokar Laifuka ta Dominican ba ta haramta luwadi ko sutura ba, ba ta kuma magance nuna bambanci ko cin zarafi saboda yanayin Jima'i ko asalin jinsi, kuma ba ta amince da haɗin jima'i iri ɗaya a kowane nau'i ba, ko aure ne ko haɗin gwiwa. Gidajen da ma'aurata masu jinsi guda ke jagoranta ba su cancanci samun kowane hakki iri ɗaya da aka ba ma'auratan jinsi guda ba, kamar yadda aka haramta auren jinsi ɗaya a cikin ƙasar.

Yawancin Dominicans suna da alaƙa da Cocin Katolika.  Don haka, halayensu ga membobin al'ummar LGBT suna nuna halin ɗabi'ar Katolika.  Duk da haka, mutanen LGBT sun sami ƙarin gani da karbuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, daidai da yanayin duniya.  Taimakon auren jinsi ya kai kashi 25% bisa ga kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na 2013/2014, amma ya karu zuwa kashi 45 cikin 100 a shekarar 2018. Bugu da kari, Jamhuriyar Dominican tana daure bisa doka a watan Janairu 2018 Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka, wacce ta ce auren jinsi da kuma amincewa da haƙƙin ɗan Adam na mutum bisa takaddun Amurka suna kare haƙƙin ɗan adam..
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba