Karoniaktajeh Louis Hall

Karoniaktajeh Louis Hall (Janairu 15, 1918 - Disamba 9, 1993) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Mohawk, marubuci kuma mai fafutuka na yankin Kahnawake Mohawk . An fi saninsa da ƙirar "Mohawk Warrior Flag", wanda aka fi sani da "Unity Flag", wanda Rotisken'rakéhte, ko Mohawk Warrior Society, suka yi amfani da shi azaman alama ce ta juriya, a cikin Rikicin Oka na 1990. Hall an san shi da kasancewa mai karfi a farfado da al'adun ruhaniya na Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) da al'adar Kanonsiononwe (Longhouse).  Hall ya kasance gwani a kan Kaianera'kó:wa (Babban Dokar Zaman Lafiya), kundin tsarin mulkin Iroquois Confederacy, kuma ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na kafa yankin Ganienkeh Mohawk . 

 Gwagwarmaya da aikin fasaha 
Hall na ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane na farko na 'Yan asalin Amurka na ƙarni na 20 waɗanda ke da aikin fasaha na siyasa a bayyane. Hall ya kasance mai zane-zane mai koyar da kansa kuma sanannen mai zane ne a cikin "Red Power" Movement .  Ayyukansa suna da abubuwa na zane-zane na gargajiya, farfaganda na siyasa, da zane-zane. Baya ga aikinsa na gani, Hall ya kuma buga jaridu da littattafai, gami da A Tale of One Mohawk, The Warriors' Handbook, Rebuilding the Iroquois Confederacy, da The Mohawk Warrior Society: A Handbook on Sovereignty and Survival. Baya ga 1990 "Mohawk Warrior Flag", ba a nuna aikin Hall a kowane gallery ko gidajen tarihi ba.

Hall ya shiga kungiyar American Indian Movement (AIM), kuma ya tsara hoton su a shekarar 1973. AIM kungiya ce ta kare hakkin bil'adama da mutanen Al'ummai na farko na Amurka da Kanada suka kafa. Wannan motsi ya nemi kalubalanci da yaƙi da dakarun zalunci da aka sanya a kan 'yan asalin Arewacin Amirka. Hall ya shiga cikin matsayi a kowane mataki a cikin AIM, kuma a nan ne ya yi yaƙi don dawo da gwamnatin gargajiya da ra'ayoyin Longhouse zuwa Kahnawake.

Kafin Rikicin Oka, Hall ya shiga cikin sake mallakar yankin Ganienkeh na gargajiya a Jihar New York a shekara ta 1974.  A nan, Hall ya tsaya a matsayin sakatare mai dacewa da kuma mai magana da yawun Majalisar Moss Lake .  'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi iƙirarin cewa yankin Ganienkeh ya kai fiye da kadada miliyan 9 daga New York zuwa Vermont, kuma an kwace ƙasar ba bisa ka'ida ba daga gare su a cikin shekara ta 1797.  Wannan shi ne lokacin da Hall ya kirkiro sigar farko ta "Flag na hadin kai". Yana nuna siffar namiji mai dogon gashi tare da jan da fari a bayansa. Hall ya ce tutar "An tsara ta ne ga dukkan al'ummomin Indiya. Fuka-fuki guda ɗaya yana nufin 'duk wani tunani.' Deganawida yana son duk Indiyawa su kasance a ƙarƙashin Babban Dokar Zaman Lafiya. Daidaitawa ga dukkan al'ummomin Indiya. Deganawida, wanda kuma ake kira The Great Peace Maker, shi ne wanda ya kafa Iroquois Confederacy.

Sabon kuma sanannen "Flag na hadin kai" an tsara shi ne ta hanyar Hall a lokacin rikicin Oka na 1990 kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman alama ce ta juriya a toshewa a yankunan Kanesatake da Kahnawake. Wannan sabon fasalin tutar ya maye gurbin mutumin da ya gabata mai dogon gashi, tare da jarumi Kanien'kehá:ka. Ya bambanta da tutar da ta gabata, wacce alama ce ga dukkan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, an yi wannan tutar musamman ga Rotisken'rakéhte, ko Mohawk Warrior Society. Hall ya bayyana wannan tutar a matsayin bayyanar gani na Kaianera'kó:wa (Babban Dokar Zaman Lafiya). 

 Mutuwa da gado 
Louis Karoniaktajeh Hall ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1993, yana da shekaru 76. Ya kasance a gidansa a cikin al'ummar Mohawk na Kahnawake a lokacin mutuwarsa.

Ana tunawa da aikin fasaha da gwagwarmayar siyasa na Hall kuma har yanzu yana nan a yau. "Flag na hadin kai" ya zama alama ce ta zaman lafiya da juriya, kuma an samar da shi a cikin nau'ikan takalma, maɓalli, tufafi da banners. An kuma yi amfani da "Flag na hadin kai" a cikin saitunan kare hakkin bil'adama na zamani. A lokacin Esgenoôpetitj "rashin jituwa na kamun kifi" tsakanin 1999 da 2002, mutanen Mi'kmaq sun tashi da "Flag na hadin kai", suna kare haƙƙinsu na kamun Kifi, girbi, da farautar albarkatun kasa. An kuma ga tutar a zanga-zangar da aka yi a Standing Rock, tarurruka a lokacin zanga-zambe na Idle No More da Black Lives Matter, da kuma Nablus, Falasdinu a lokacin Yaƙin Gaza.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1993
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1918