Ayyukan Dukiyar Mata Masu Aure a Amurka

Ayyukan Dukiyoyin Matan Aure Dokoki ne da kowanne jihohin Amurka suka kafa tun daga shekara ta 1839, yawanci a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan kuma a wasu lokuta, musamman idan aka tsawaita tanade-tanade na Dokar Dukiyar Mata ta Aure, a ƙarƙashin sunayen da ke bayyana takamaiman tanadi, kamar Dokar Samun Matan Aure. Dokokin Dukiyar Matan Aure sun baiwa matan Amurkan aure sabbin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki. A karkashin rufaffiyar (tsarin dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi), matan aure ba za su iya mallakar dukiya ba, sarrafa albashinsu, shiga kwangiloli, in ba haka ba su yi aiki da kansu, ga ikon mijinsu. Haka kuma ba su da iko a kan inda ’ya’yansu suke zama kuma ana zaton mazaje suna yin jima’i (babu fyaden aure).    

Dokar Dukiya ta Mata ta yi magana game da yanayin tattalin arziki na rufin asiri, yana ba wa mata damar sarrafa albashi da dukiyoyi. Bayan New York ta zartar da dokar mallakar mata ta aure a 1848, dokar New York ta zama samfuri ga sauran jihohi don baiwa matan aure 'yancin mallakar dukiya. 

 Fage 
A karkashin ka'idar doka ta gama gari wacce aka fi sani da coverture, matar aure a yankin Arewacin Amurka na Burtaniya da kuma daga baya a Amurka da kyar ba ta da wata rayuwa ta doka ban da mijinta. Haƙƙoƙinta da wajibcinta sun kasance ƙarƙashinsa. Ba za ta iya mallakar dukiya ba, ba za ta iya yin kwangila ba, ba za ta iya kawo ƙara, ko samun albashi da sunan ta ba.  Matar da ba ta yi aure ba, mace tafin hannu, tana da damar mallakar dukiya da yin kwangila da sunanta.

A cikin shekaru da yawa, tun daga 1839, an kafa dokoki waɗanda suka ba wa mata damar sarrafa dukiyoyi na gaske da na kansu, shiga kwangila da ƙararraki, gaji ba tare da mazajensu ba, yin aikin albashi, da rubuta wasiyya. Irin wannan doka ta farko ta kasance a Mississippi, wanda a cikin 1839 ya ba wa matan aure 'yancin mallakar (amma ba iko) dukiya da sunanta ba.  An kafa shi ne bayan wata nasara da wata mata mai suna Chickasaw, Betsy Love Allen ta yi, ta hana mai ba da lamuni na mijinta kwace bayin ta daban.   Maine da Maryland sun yi haka a cikin 1840. A cikin 1842, New Hampshire sun ba wa matan aure damar mallaka da sarrafa dukiya da sunan kansu a lokacin rashin iyawar mijinta, kuma Kentucky ya yi haka a 1843. A cikin 1844 Maine ya kara wa matan aure haƙƙin mallaka ta hanyar ba su tattalin arziki daban-daban sannan kuma lasisin kasuwanci. Massachusetts kuma ya ba wa matan aure raba tattalin arziki a cikin 1844. 

Yawancin lokaci, damuwa game da mutuncin dangi da kare dangi daga rikicin tattalin arziki, maimakon ra'ayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi na rawar mata a cikin al'umma, ya motsa waɗannan canje-canje. Katz, Elizabeth D. (2008-09-01). "How Automobile Accidents Stalled the Development of Interspousal Liability". Rochester, NY. SSRN 2333295. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical Canje-canje ya zo a cikin salon yanki. A ƙarshen 1867 wani yanke shawara na Kotun Koli na Illinois a Cole v. Van Riper ya lura cewa "Ba shi yiwuwa mace mai aure ta iya sarrafa kuma ta ji daɗin dukiyarta kamar ita ita kaɗai, ba tare da barinta a cikin 'yanci don soke auren ba."  Kamar yadda wani bincike ya nuna, dokar ta zo ne a matakai uku - ba da damar matan aure su mallaki dukiya, sannan su ci gaba da samun kudin shiga, sannan su shiga kasuwanci - kuma sun ci gaba da sauri a Yammacin Turai, kamar yadda mace ta samu. 

 Jiha ta jiha 

 Connecticut 
Mata a jihohin Arewa sune manyan masu fafutukar ganin an inganta haƙƙin mata.

Dokar Connecticut ta 1809 ta ƙyale matar aure ta rubuta wasiyya ta kasance gaba, duk da cewa tasirinsa a kan dukiya da kwangila ba a ƙidaya shi a matsayin doka ta farko don magance hakkokin mata masu aure. 

 Jihohin Kudu 
Tsoron 1837 ya haifar da yunƙuri a cikin jihohin Kudu don iyakance tasirin irin wannan rikicin tattalin arziki ta hanyar kare kadarorin iyali.  Mississippi ya fara yanayin a cikin 1839 tare da Dokar Kayayyakin Matan Aure wanda ya ba matan aure damar mallakar dukiya. Duk wani yunƙuri da mijinta zai yi na karɓar bashi ba zai iya kaiwa ga dukiya ba sai dai ita. Tana da hakkin ta ƙi sayar da kadarorin, amma ba za ta iya sarrafa wannan dukiyar ba ko sayar da ita ba tare da izinin mijinta ba. Iyayen da suka bai wa diya dukiya idan suka yi aure, su ma sun sami kariyar da dokar ta tanadar daga yadda surukinsa ke yin mugun nufi da harkokin iyalinsa.  Dukiyoyin da mace za ta iya mallaka da kuma kare su daga masu bin mijinta har da bayi. 

 Texas 
Texas, wacce har yanzu jamhuriya ce mai cin gashin kanta maimakon jiha, ta zartar da aikinta a shekara ta 1840. Ita ce mafi girman dokar da aka kafa a Kudu kuma ta ba wa matar aure damar shiga wasu kwangiloli, ta rubuta wasiyya, kuma ta kai karar kisan aure. Ba wai kawai za ta iya hana sayar da kadarorinta ba, amma za ta iya yin watsi da siyar da gidan iyali ko da ba ita ce mai shi ba. Ba tare da yin la'akari da 'yancin kai na matar da ke ba da shawarar yin irin wannan dokar ba, 'yan majalisa sun yi jayayya cewa dokar ta kare matar da 'ya'yanta daga mazan da ba su dace ba. 

 Jihohin Tsakiyar Yamma 
Jihohin Midwestern da suka kafa doka sun haɗa da Michigan a 1844, wanda ya shafi dukiyoyi na gaske da na sirri da mace ta samu kafin ko lokacin aurenta. An zartar da ƙarin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa a Ohio, Indiana, da Iowa. (Iowa ta zama jiha a cikin 1846) 

 New York 
A cikin 1845, New York ta ba wa matar aure wacce ta sami "patent don ƙirƙira nata" 'yancin riƙe shi kuma ta riƙe duk abin da aka samu daga gare ta "kamar mara aure".  An kafa dokar mallakar mata ta aure a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1848, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarin motsi na gabaɗaya, wanda ke gudana tun daga 1820s, nesa da al'adun doka na gama gari don amincewa da tsarin doka. Ernestine Rose ya kasance yana yakin neman irin wannan doka tun 1836, daga baya Paulina Wright Davis da Elizabeth Cady Stanton suka shiga.  Ya yi matukar canza doka game da haƙƙin mallaka da aka bai wa matan aure, ba su damar mallaka da sarrafa nasu dukiyoyi. An yi amfani da shi azaman abin koyi ta wasu jihohi a cikin 1850s. Yana cewa: "Married Women's Property Laws". American Women. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 3, 2013.

 California 
Ban da ƙa'idar faɗaɗa haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mata masu aure, Tsarin Mulki na California na 1849, yana zana al'adar dukiyar al'umma ta dokar farar hula ta Spain maimakon al'adar doka ta gama gari, ya bambanta dukiyar matar daga dukiyar al'umma : "Dukkanin dukiya, na gaske da na sirri, na matar, mallakar ko da'awar ta ta gabanin aure, da abin da aka samu daga baya ta hanyar kyauta, tsarawa, ko zuriyarta, za a yanke hukunci a sarari kuma za a yanke hukuncin kisa na mace; dangane da kadarorinta na daban, dangane da abin da ya hada da mijinta”. 

 New Jersey 
New Jersey ta zartar da ƙayyadaddun ka'ida a cikin 1852 kuma a cikin 1874 wani juzu'in da wani ɗan tarihi ya bayyana a matsayin "cikakke da ci gaba". 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba