Sauyin yanayi na Andorra

Andorra Karamar ƙasa ce, wadda ba ta da ƙasa a kudu maso yammacin Turai, tana cikin tsaunin gabashin Pyrenees kuma tana iyaka da Spain da Faransa.  Tare da yanki na 468 km², ita ce ƙasa ta shida mafi ƙanƙanta a Turai kuma ita ce mafi girma a cikin ƙananan ƙasashen Turai.

Andorra ta kunshi mafi yawan duwatsu masu tsawo, mafi girma shine Coma Pedrosa a mita 2,942 (9,652 , kuma matsakaicin tsawo na Andorra shine mita 1,996 (6,549 .  Wadannan an rarraba su ne ta hanyar kwari uku a cikin siffar Y wanda ya haɗu cikin ɗaya a matsayin babban rafi, kogin Gran Valira, ya bar ƙasar zuwa Spain (a mafi ƙasƙanci na Andorra na   ft).

yanayi Andorra yayi kama da na Yanayin yanayi na maƙwabtanta, amma mafi girman girman girmansa yana nufin akwai, a matsakaici, karin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin hunturu, ƙananan danshi, kuma yana da ɗan sanyi a lokacin rani. Akwai, a matsakaita, kwanaki 300 a kowace shekara na hasken rana. 

A fannin ilimin ƙasa, Andorra na cikin lardin Atlantic na Turai na yankin Circumboreal a cikin Masarautar Boreal. A cewar WWF, yankin Andorra na cikin yankin Pyrenees conifer da kuma gandun daji.

Rushewar ƙasa da raƙuman ruwa sune manyan haɗarin halitta. Akwai girgizar ƙasa da yawa a ƙasa da Girman Richter 2. Babu wani rikodin tarihi na duk wani girgizar kasa mai lalacewa a Andorra, amma gwamnatin Andorra ta yi nazarin yiwuwar nan gaba. 

A cikin gandun daji na Andorra yana da kusan 34% na jimlar yankin ƙasa, daidai da hekta 16,000 (ha) na gandun daji a cikin 2020, wanda bai canza ba daga 1990. A cikin 2020, gandun daji mai sabuntawa ya rufe hekta 16,000 (ha) kuma gandun daji da aka dasa ya rufe hekita 0 (ha). Daga cikin gandun daji mai sabuntawa na halitta an ruwaito 0% a matsayin gandun daji na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bishiyoyi na asali ba tare da alamun bayyanar ayyukan ɗan adam ba) kuma kusan 0% na yankin gandun daji an samo shi a cikin yankunan da aka kiyaye.

 Duwatsu 
Dukkanin Andorra yana da tsaunuka, kuma a cikin duka, akwai tsaunuka 65 na tsaunuka.

Dutsen da ya fi tsayi shine Coma Pedrosa, wanda ya tashi zuwa    a arewa maso yammacin Andorra kusa da iyakokin Faransa da Mutanen Espanya.

Tare da kan iyaka da Faransa, daga yamma zuwa gabas, manyan tsaunuka sune Pic de Médécourbe (mita 2,914 (9,560 ft)), wanda shine iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yamma ta Andorra, Faransa, da Spain, Pic de Cataperdis (mita 2,805 (9,203 ft)) da Pic de Tristaina ( ft 2 ft)  Font Blanca (mita 2,903 (9,524 ft)) a arewa maso yamma;  Pic de Siguer (mita 2,903 (9,524 ft)), Pic de la Serrera (mita 2,914 (9,560 ft)) da pic d'Anrodat (mita 2,730 (8,957 ft)) a arewa;  da Pic de Noé (mita 2,737 (mita 8,980 ft)), Pic de la Cabaneta (mita 2,818 (9,245 ft)) da Roc Mélé (mita 2,811 (9,222 ft)) a cikin

Tare da iyaka da Spain, daga yamma zuwa gabas, manyan tsaunuka sune Pic de Médécourbe (mita 2,914 (9,560 ft)), Pic de Coma Pedrosa (mita 2,942 (9,652 ft)), Port de Cabús (mita 2,301 (7,549 ft)) da Pic de Médécourbe (mita 2,914, L9, 652 ft.  yamma;  Pic Negre (mita 2,665 (8,743 ft)), Torre dels Soldats (mita 2,761 (9,058 ft)), da Pic de la Portelleta (mita 2,905 (9,531 ft)) a kudu.

A gabas, kusa da inda iyakokin ƙasashen biyu ke haɗuwa, ya ta'allaka ne Pic d'Envalira (mita 2,825 (9,268 ft)) da Pic dels Pessons (mita 2,865 (9,400 ft)).  Tafki, Estany de l'Estanyó, da dutse, Pic de l'Estanyó (mita 2,915 (9,564 ft)) suna kwance a gabas da El Serrat kuma ana samun su ta hanyar tafiya kawai.

 Tafkuna da koguna 
Andorra ta zubar da ruwa kusan gaba ɗaya ta hanyar kwandon guda ɗaya wanda babban kogi, Gran Valira, ya fita daga ƙasar a kudu kusa da ƙetaren iyakar Spain-Andorra.

Valira del Nord ita ce arewa maso yamma, tana gudana daga kusa da El Serrat ta hanyar ƙauyuka na Les Salines, Arans, La Cortinada, Sornàs, Ordino, da La Massana - inda ta haɗu da Kogin Tristaina - kuma a ƙarshe ta hanyar Les Escaldes inda ta haɗuwa da Valira d'Orient ta zama Gran Valira.

Valira d'Orient ita ce arewa maso gabas, tana gudana daga kusa da Grau Roig ta hanyar Soldeu, Canillo, Encamp, da Les Escaldes inda ta haɗu da Kogin Madriu sannan Valira del Nord, ta zama Gran Valira .

Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan wuraren ruwa da yawa waɗanda suka mamaye iyakokin Andorra tare da Faransa da Spain. Mafi sananne daga cikin wadannan shine tafkin Pic de Maià wanda babban kogi, Sant Josep, ke gudana daga gabas daga kasar zuwa Faransa kuma yana da alaƙa da Ariège, wanda ke cikin tafkin Garonne (Atlantic).

Andorra has 172 lakes, of which the largest is Estanys de Juclar ()Girard P & Gomez P (2009), Lacs des Pyrénées: Andorre.  near Pic de Noé in the north east.

 Yanayi 
Yanayi a Andorra ya bambanta sosai tare da tsaW. Kwarin suna da Yanayin teku wanda yayi kama da yanayin matsakaici na maƙwabtan Andorra, amma saboda tsawo mafi girma, hunturu yana da tsanani, danshi ya fi ƙasa, kuma lokacin rani ya ɗan sanyi. Yankunan da ke sama da Layin itacen Alpine a kusan 2,100-2,400   suna da Yanayin Alpine da tundra na alpine. Snow gaba ɗaya ya rufe kwarin arewa na watanni da yawa. Akwai, a matsakaita, kwanaki 300 a kowace shekara na hasken rana. Matsakaicin matsakaicin rana na yau da kullun ya bambanta daga 1150 W / m2 a watan Yuni zuwa 280 W / m3 a watan Disamba.Atles climàtic de Catalunya. Periode 1961–1990. Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya.   

Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara yana bambanta daga 11 °C (52 °F) a Sant Julià de Lòria a kudu, zuwa 8 °C (46 °F) a La Massana a tsakiya, zuwa 2 °C (36 °F) a Arcalis a arewa.[1]  Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun da ƙarancin zafi a cikin Escaldes-Engordany shine, bi da bi, 28 ° C (82 °F) da 15 °C (59 °F) a watan Yuli, da 11 °C (52 °F) da -2 °C (28 °F) a cikin Janairu..

Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine   in) ga dukan ƙasar, amma ya bambanta a duk faɗin ƙasar, yana ƙaruwa tare da tsawo kuma daga kudu zuwa arewa. Ikklisiya mafi bushewa ita ce Sant Julià na Lòria (  a kowace shekara) a kudu, kuma mafi ruwan sama shine Canillo (  a kowace shekara). Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na iya wucewa   in) mafi girman tsaunuka. Watanni mafi bushewa shine Janairu da Fabrairu, kuma mafi ruwan sama, Mayu, Yuni, da Nuwamba. A lokacin watanni na rani, akwai kwanaki masu ruwan sama kaɗan, amma ruwan sama na iya zama mai nauyi sosai saboda yana da alaƙa da tsawa.Atles climàtic de Catalunya. Periode 1961–1990. Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya. 

 Haɗarin Halitta 

 Ruwan sama 
Akwai haɗarin ruwan sama daga tsakiyar hunturu zuwa farkon lokacin rani. Ana amfani da hanyoyin sarrafa guguwa kamar share dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar cajin fashewa mai sarrafawa, tarkon dusar ƙara, shingen dusar ƙana, masu karkatarwa, shingen rigid, da ƙarancin dusar ƙane a Andorra don hana haɗari.JF Meffre (2001), La Predicció local del perill d'allaus a Andorra , La Gestió dels Riscos Naturals, Jornades del CRECIT, pp.100–106, 13/14 September 2001. 

 1996 Ruwan Arinsal 
Dusar ƙanƙarar Arinsal ta 1996 ta kasance ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙanƙara-dusar ƙanƙara wacce ta biyo bayan kwanaki da yawa na faɗuwar dusar ƙanƙara da iska mai ƙarfi  Da karfe 19:00 na ranar 8 ga Fabrairun 1996, dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗo a ƙauyen Arinsal ta lalata ko lalata motoci da gine-gine da otal da yawa ciki har da otal ɗin crest da mashaya dutsen dutse da sama da ɗakuna da mashaya asterics da ƙarancin barna ga gidaje uku da wani kamfani na Rasha ke kan ginawa kuma har yanzu ana kan gina su;  An kammala kwashe mazauna ƙauyen da masu yawon buɗe ido a ƙauyen sa'o'i 1½ kafin balaguron balaguro, sabili da haka ba a samu mace-mace ba, amma lalacewar abubuwa da tattalin arziki sun yi yawa.]  Bayan haka, gwamnati ta ba da umarnin gina dam ɗin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin kwarin Arinsal don dakatar da ɓarkewar ruwa a nan gaba.  Dam ɗin dusar ƙanƙara ta Arinsal, mai tsayin mita 16 (52.5 ft) da faɗin mita 320 (1,050 ft), ta kashe kuɗi miliyan 52 kuma ta yi amfani da 115,000 m3 (150,414 cu yd) na ƙasa da 11,000 m3 (14,38 cu m3).

 1970 Ba a fito da gidan da ya yi ruwan sama ba 
Guguwar Pas de la Casa ta 1970 ta kasance bala'in foda-dusar ƙanƙara wadda ta faru bayan wani mummunar guguwar dusar ƙanƙara da ta bar mita 2 (6.56 ft) na sabon dusar ƙanƙara a saman fakitin dusar ƙanƙara da ke kan tsaunin dutsen da ke sama da Pas de la Casa.  Dusar ƙanƙarar ta fara ne a wani tsayin mita 2,640 (8,661 ft) a saman gangaren Pic d'Envalira (2,825 m ko 9,268 ft), ya garzaya zuwa gangaren 35°  kuma ya zube sama da lankwasa shida na tsohuwar hanyar CG-2, wacce ke kan hanyar zuwa ƙauyen Pasa.  2,100 m (6,890 ft).  Daga nan kuma ta afkawa kauyen, inda ta lalata gine-gine da dama ciki har da ma'aikatar kula da lafiya da kuma kashe wata ma'aikaciyar jinya.[1]  A cikin 1970, Pas de la Casa yana da ƙarancin gine-gine fiye da yadda yake yi a yanzu, don haka lalacewar ta kasance kaɗan.  A cikin shekaru masu zuwa yayin da aka ci gaba da haɓaka wurin shakatawa na ski, an yi nazarin tsare-tsaren matakan shawo kan balaguron balaguro, amma sai a shekara ta 1985 aka girka ƙaƙƙarfan fasalulluka masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka haɗa da 250m (820 ft) na iska da 500 m (1,640 ft) na shingen dusar ƙanƙara.[1]  Sabuwar CG-2 ta ratsa Ramin Envalira, don haka guje wa Pas de la Casa da haɗarin dusar ƙanƙara.

 Rushewar ƙasa 
Rugujewar ƙasa abu ne mai yawa a Andorra; sun kasance suna bin lokutan ruwan sama mai yawa.R Capons-Llorens (2005), El relleu postglacial al Principat d'Andorra – Les dinàmiques de vessants i fluviotorrencials . Jornades del CRECIT – Horitzó, 8(2):25–33. 

Zabtarewar kasa a lokacin gudun maraice a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2008 ta tanadi 4,000 m3 (5,232 cu yd) na ƙasa da aka daure da duwatsu daga gangaren dutsen da ke sama zuwa babban titin CG-3 (Avinguda del Través de la Massana) tsakanin La Massana da Ordino, tare da buɗe motar gaba ɗaya tare da rufe ta na tsawon kwanaki uku.  motoci.  Lalacewar dukiya ce kawai, kuma babu wanda ya samu rauni, amma mazauna wani katafaren gidaje da ke kusa da zaftarwar kasar an kwashe su saboda ana ganin ginin ba shi da lafiya kuma ya kasance babu kowa.  An ƙaddara dalilin zabtarewar ƙasa zama daidaitawar ƙasa saboda rashin isasshen ƙarfafa ƙasa wajen ginawa da tono wurin shakatawar mota shekaru 30 a baya..Una esllavissada talla la carretera de la Massana a Ordino i obliga a desallotjar els veïns, 3cat24, 26 January 2008, 

On 7 July 2009, a rock landslide fell  onto the CG-3 main road between La Massana and Andorra La Vella, blocking the road near the entrance to the Pont Pla Tunnel for three hours. Protective nets on the mountain side caught most of the rockfall, but  went over the nets and fell onto the road and pavement.M Miño (2009), Una esllavissada obliga a tallar tres hores la carretera de la Massana, Bon Dia newspaper, 7 July 2009. 

 Girgizar ƙasa 
Pyrenees da Catalonia suna da girgizar ƙasa akai-akai kuma wani lokacin mai lalacewa - mafi girma a tarihin da aka rubuta shine girgizar ƙasar Catalonia ta 1428 tare da ƙididdigar girman IX a kan sikelin MSK, daidai da 6.0-6.5 a kan sikalin Richter. Koyaya, girgizar ƙasa wanda cibiyarsa ke cikin Andorra tana da ƙanƙanta fiye da girman 2. An ji girgizar ƙasa mai girman 4.2 a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1999 a Bagnères-de-Luchon (Faransa) da ke kusa a Andorra, wanda ya haifar da fargabar jama'a.El terratremol espanta tot Andorra, pero no causa danys, VilaWeb.cat, Maresma i Associats, SL. 1999-10-05.  Gwamnatin Andorra ta yi nazarin yiwuwar girgizar kasa mai lalacewa a Andorra. 

 Abubuwa masu tsanani 

 Latitude da longitude 

 Arewa: Basers na Font Blanca (42°39′17′′N 1°33′4′′E / 42.65472°N 1.55111°E / 42. 65472; 1.5511 1 (Pic d'Arial (North)))  
 Kudancin: Conangle - Riu Runer (42°25′43′′N 1°31′2′′E / 42.42861°N 1.51722°E / 42.432861; 1.51722 (Conangle (South)))  
 Yamma: Coll de l'Aquell (42°29′11′′N 1°24′32′′E / 42.48639°N 1.40889°E / 42. 48639; 1.408 89 (Coll de l'aquell (West)))  
 Gabas: Kogin Palomera - Kogin Arièja (42°34′26′′N 1°47′10′′E / 42.57389°N 1.78611°E / 42.87389; 1.78611. 

 Hawan sama 

 Mafi girma: Pic del Comapedrosa,    (42°35′N 01°27′E / 42.583°N 1.450°E / 42.583; 1.450 (Coma Pedrosa (mafi girma)))  
 Mafi ƙanƙanta: Conflent na kogin Runer,    (42°26′N 01°29′E / 42.433°N 1.483°E / 42.433; 1.483 (Riu Runer (mafi ƙasƙanci)))  

 Cibiyar

Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba