Masu Hanyar 'Yanci

Freedom Riders sun kasance masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a wadanda suka hau motocin bas zuwa cikin keɓaɓɓiyar Kudancin Amurka a cikin 1961 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa don ƙalubalantar rashin aiwatar da hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka Morgan v. Virginia (1946) da Boynton v. Virginia (1960), waɗanda suka yanke hukuncin cewa keɓancewar motocin jama'a sun sabawa tsarin mulki.  Jihohin Kudu sun yi watsi da hukuncin kuma gwamnatin tarayya ba ta yi wani abu ba don tilasta su. Hawan 'Yanci na farko ya bar Washington, DC, a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1961,  kuma an shirya isa New Orleans ranar 17 ga Mayu. 

Boynton ya haramta wariyar launin fata a cikin gidajen abinci da dakunan jira a cikin tashoshi masu ba da motocin bas waɗanda suka ketare layin jihar.  Shekaru biyar kafin hukuncin Boynton, Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Interstate (ICC) ta ba da wani hukunci a Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company (1955) wanda ya fito fili ya yi Allah wadai da koyaswar Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) na daban amma daidai a cikin tafiye-tafiyen bas. Kotun ta ICC ta gaza aiwatar da hukuncin da ta yanke, kuma dokokin tafiye-tafiye na Jim Crow sun ci gaba da aiki a duk Kudancin kasar. 

Kungiyoyin Freedom Riders sun kalubalanci wannan halin da ake ciki ta hanyar hawa motocin bas na jihohin Kudu a cikin ƙungiyoyin kabilanci don ƙalubalantar dokokin gida ko kwastan da ke tilasta wariya a wurin zama. Rikicin 'Yanci, da tashin hankali da suka tada, sun ƙarfafa amincin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam na Amurka. Sun ja hankalin al’ummar kasar kan rashin mutunta dokar tarayya da tashe-tashen hankula da ake amfani da su wajen tilasta wariya a kudancin Amurka. 'Yan sanda sun kama mahayan da laifin keta doka, taron da ba bisa ka'ida ba, keta dokokin jihar da na karamar hukumar Jim Crow, da sauran laifukan da ake zarginsu da aikatawa, amma sau da yawa sun fara barin farar gungun masu zanga-zangar su far wa mahayin ba tare da tsangwama ba.

 Tarihi 

 Gabatarwa 
Masu 'Yancin 'Yanci sun yi wahayi ne ta hanyar 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, wanda Bayard Rustin da George Houser suka jagoranta kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar Fellowship of Reconciliation da Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Kamar Rides na 'Yanci na 1961, Tafiya na Sulhunta an yi niyya don gwada hukuncin Kotun Koli na farko wanda ya haramta wariyar launin fata a cikin tafiye-tafiye tsakanin jihohi. Rustin, Igal Roodenko, Joe Felmet da Andrew Johnnson, an kama su kuma aka yanke musu hukuncin yin aiki a wata ƙungiya ta sarka a Arewacin Carolina saboda karya dokokin Jim Crow na gida game da wuraren zama na jama'a. 

Ride na farko na Freedom Ride ya fara ne a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1961. Jagoran CORE Daraktan James Farmer, 13 matasa mahaya ( baƙar fata bakwai, fari shida, ciki har da amma ba'a iyakance ga John Lewis (21), Genevieve Hughes (28), Mae Frances Moultrie, Joseph Perkins, Charles Person (18), Ivor Moore,  William Muuer (1) da kuma Edwland E. Blankenheim ),  ya bar Washington, DC, akan Greyhound (daga Greyhound Terminal ) da bas ɗin Trailways . Shirin su shi ne tafiya ta Virginia, Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, da Mississippi, wanda zai ƙare a New Orleans, Louisiana, inda aka shirya gangamin 'yancin ɗan adam. Yawancin Mahaya sun sami tallafin CORE da SNCC tare da kashi 75% na mahayan tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 30. Ƙungiyar masu sa kai daban-daban sun fito daga jihohi 39, kuma sun fito ne daga nau'o'in tattalin arziki daban- ] [ kuma launin fata.  Yawancin daliban koleji ne kuma sun sami horo a cikin dabarun rashin tashin hankali. 

Dabarun ’Yancin na ’Yanci don tafiyarsu ita ce a samu aƙalla ma’aurata biyu suna zaune a kujerun da ke kusa, kuma aƙalla mahaya baƙar fata ɗaya zaune a gaba, inda aka keɓe kujerun da ke ƙarƙashin rarrabuwa ga abokan cinikin farar fata bisa ga al’adar gida a duk faɗin Kudancin. Sauran tawagar za su zauna a warwatse ko'ina cikin sauran bas. Wani mahayi zai bi ka'idojin wariyar launin fata na Kudu don gujewa kamawa da tuntuɓar CORE da shirya belin waɗanda aka kama.

An fuskanci ƙananan matsaloli a Virginia da North Carolina, amma an kai wa John Lewis hari a Rock Hill, South Carolina . An kama Fiye da Mahaya 300 a Charlotte, North Carolina; Winnsboro, Kudancin Carolina; da Jackson, Mississippi. 

 Rikicin 'yan zanga-zanga a Anniston da Birmingham 

 Haɓaka lokacin rani 
CORE, SNCC, da SCLC sun ƙi duk wani "lokacin sanyaya". Sun kafa Kwamitin Gudanarwa na 'Yancin Riders don ci gaba da tafiya har zuwa Yuni, Yuli, Agusta, da Satumba.  A cikin waɗannan watanni, fiye da 60 daban-daban Freedom Rides criss-ƙetare Kudu,  mafi yawansu convering a kan Jackson, inda kowane Rider aka kama, fiye da 300 a duka. An kama wasu da ba a san adadinsu ba a wasu garuruwan Kudancin kasar. An kiyasta cewa kusan mutane 450 ne suka halarci hawan 'Yanci daya ko fiye. Kimanin kashi 75% maza ne, kuma kashi iri ɗaya sun kasance ƙasa da shekaru 30, tare da kusan daidaitattun shiga daga baƙi da baƙi.

 Tallahassee 
A tsakiyar watan Yuni, ƙungiyar Freedom Riders sun shirya don kawo karshen hawan su a Tallahassee, Florida, tare da shirye-shiryen tashi daga gida daga filin jirgin sama na Tallahassee . An ba su ‘yan sanda rakiya zuwa filin jirgin sama daga wuraren bas na birnin. A filin jirgin sama, sun yanke shawarar cin abinci a gidan cin abinci na Savarin wanda aka yiwa alama "For Whites Only".  Masu mallakar sun yanke shawarar rufe maimakon bauta wa gauraya ƙungiyar 'Yanci Riders. Duk da cewa gidan abincin na sirri ne, an yi hayarsa daga gwamnatin gundumomi. Soke ajiyar jirginsu, Masu Riders sun yanke shawarar jira har sai an sake buɗe gidan abincin don a ba su hidima. Sun jira har 11:00 pm a wannan dare kuma ya dawo washegari. A wannan lokacin, jama'a masu adawa sun taru, suna barazanar tashin hankali. A ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1961, an kama Ma’aikatan Freedom Riders a Tallahassee don taro ba bisa ka’ida ba.  Wannan kama da shari'ar da ta biyo baya ya zama sanannun Dresner v. City of Tallahassee, mai suna Isra'ila S. Dresner, wani rabbi a cikin kungiyar da aka kama.  An yanke wa mahaya hukuncin daurin haramtacciyar taro ta Kotun Municipal na Tallahassee, kuma an tabbatar da hukuncin a Kotun Kotu ta Florida na Kotun Shari'a ta Biyu.  An daukaka karar hukuncin zuwa Kotun Koli ta Amurka a cikin 1963, wacce ta ki sauraron karar bisa dalilai na shari'a.  A cikin 1964, masu zanga-zangar Tallahassee 10 sun koma birni don yin taƙaitaccen hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. 

 Monroe, North Carolina, da Robert F. Williams 
A  watan Agusta, ma'aikatan SNCC James Forman da Paul Brooks, tare da goyon bayan Ella Baker, sun fara shirin Ride Freedom a cikin haɗin kai tare da Robert F. Williams . Williams ya kasance shugaban kungiyar NAACP na Monroe, North Carolina, mai gwagwarmaya da rigima. Bayan da ya bayyana wa jama'a cewa zai "gamu da tashin hankali da tashin hankali," (tunda gwamnatin tarayya ba za ta kare al'ummarsa daga hare-haren launin fata ba) Hukumar NAACP ta kasa ta dakatar da shi saboda rashin amincewa da kasancewar Williams a cikin gida. Williams ya ci gaba da aikinsa na adawa da wariya duk da haka, amma yanzu yana da babbar adawa a cikin al'ummomin baki da fari. Ya kuma fuskanci ] [ yawa yunkurin rayuwarsa saboda hakan. Wasu ma'aikatan SNCC sun nuna tausayi da ra'ayin kare kai da makamai, ko da yake da yawa a kan tafiya zuwa Monroe suna ganin wannan a matsayin wata dama ta tabbatar da fifiko na Gandhian rashin tashin hankali a kan amfani da karfi.  Forman yana cikin waɗanda har yanzu suna goyon bayan Williams. 

 Na asali da na gaba na 'Yanci 
  Denotes location a Freedom Rider tested the compliance of the Boynton v. Virginia (1960) decision at a terminal facility only

RideDateCarrier or terminalPoint of departureDestinationNoteOriginal CORE Freedom RideMay 4–17, 1961TrailwaysWashington, D.C.New Orleans, Louisiana[note 2]GreyhoundWashington, D.C.New Orleans, LouisianaNashville Student Movement Freedom RideMay 17–21, 1961Birmingham, AlabamaNew Orleans, LouisianaConnecticut Freedom RideMay 24–25, 1961GreyhoundAtlanta, GeorgiaMontgomery, AlabamaInterfaith Freedom RideJune 13–16, 1961GreyhoundWashington, D.C.Tallahassee, FloridaOrganized Labor–Professional Freedom RideJune 13–16, 1961Washington, D.C.St. Petersburg, FloridaMissouri to Louisiana CORE Freedom RideJuly 8–15, 1961St. Louis, MissouriNew Orleans, LouisianaNew Jersey to Arkansas CORE Freedom RideJuly 13–24, 1961Newark, New JerseyLittle Rock, ArkansasLos Angeles to Houston Freedom RideAugust 9–11, 1961Union Railway StationLos Angeles, CaliforniaHouston, TexasMonroe Freedom RideAugust 17–September 1, 1961Monroe, North CarolinaPrayer Pilgrimage Freedom RideSeptember 13, 1961TrailwaysNew Orleans, LouisianaJackson, MississippiAlbany Freedom RidesNovember 1, 1961Trailways (terminal only)Atlanta, GeorgiaTrailwaysAtlanta, GeorgiaAlbany, GeorgiaNovember 22, 1961Trailways (terminal only)Albany, GeorgiaDecember 10, 1961Central of Georgia RailwayAtlanta Terminal StationAlbany, Georgia (Union Station)McComb Freedom RidesNovember 29, 1961GreyhoundNew Orleans, LouisianaMcComb, MississippiDecember 1, 1961GreyhoundBaton Rouge, LouisianaMcComb, MississippiDecember 2, 1961GreyhoundJackson, MississippiMcComb, Mississippi

 Mississippi Freedom Rides 
  Denotes location a Freedom Rider tested the compliance of the Boynton v. Virginia (1960) decision at a terminal facility only

DateCarrier or terminalPoint of departureDestinationNoteMay 24, 1961TrailwaysMontgomery, AlabamaJackson, MississippiGreyhoundMontgomery, AlabamaJackson, MississippiMay 28, 1961GreyhoundNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiTrailwaysNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiMay 30, 1961Illinois Central RailroadNew Orleans, LouisianaJackson, MississippiJune 2, 1961Trailways (#1)Montgomery, AlabamaJackson, MississippiTrailways (#2)Montgomery, AlabamaJackson, MississippiJune 6, 1961TrailwaysNew Orleans, LouisianaJackson, MississippiJune 7, 1961TrailwaysNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiGreyhound Bus Station (terminal only)Jackson, MississippiHawkins Field (airport)St. Louis, MissouriJackson, MississippiJune 8, 1961Illinois Central RailroadNew Orleans, LouisianaJackson, MississippiHawkins Field (airport)Montgomery, AlabamaJackson, MississippiJune 9, 1961Illinois Central RailroadNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiJune 10, 1961GreyhoundNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiJune 11, 1961GreyhoundNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiJune 16, 1961GreyhoundNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiJune 19, 1961Greyhound Bus Station (terminal only)Jackson, MississippiJune 20, 1961Illinois Central RailroadNew Orleans, LouisianaJackson, MississippiJune 21, 1961TrailwaysMontgomery, AlabamaJackson, MississippiJune 23, 1961Tri-State Trailways station (terminal only)Jackson, MississippiJune 25, 1961Illinois Central RailroadNew Orleans, LouisianaJackson, MississippiJuly 2, 1961TrailwaysMontgomery, AlabamaJackson, MississippiJuly 5, 1961Tri-State Trailways station (terminal only)Jackson, MississippiJuly 6, 1961Jackson Union Station (terminal only)Jackson, MississippiGreyhound Bus Station (terminal only)Jackson, MississippiJuly 7, 1961Jackson Union Station (terminal only)Jackson, MississippiTrailwaysMontgomery, AlabamaJackson, MississippiJuly 9, 1961TrailwaysMontgomery, AlabamaJackson, MississippiIllinois Central RailroadNew Orleans, LouisianaJackson, MississippiTri-State Trailways station (terminal only)Jackson, MississippiJuly 15, 1961GreyhoundNew Orleans, LouisianaJackson, MississippiJuly 16, 1961GreyhoundNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiJuly 21, 1961Hawkins Field (airport terminal only)Jackson, MississippiGreyhoundNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiJuly 23, 1961TrailwaysNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiJuly 24, 1961Hawkins Field (airport)Montgomery, AlabamaJackson, MississippiJuly 29, 1961GreyhoundNashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiJuly 30, 1961Illinois Central RailroadNew Orleans, LouisianaJackson, MississippiJuly 31, 1961Greyhound Bus Station (terminal only)Jackson, MississippiAugust 5, 1961Trailways (bus and terminal)Nashville, TennesseeJackson, MississippiAugust 13, 1961Tri-State Trailways station (terminal only)Jackson, Mississippi

 Manazarta 

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