Yankin ciyawa na Puna

Yankin ciyawa na puna, wani ɓangare na tsaunuka na Andes da kuma shrublands biome, ana samun su a tsakiyar tsaunukan Andes na Kudancin Amurka. An dauke shi daya daga cikin Yankunan Halitta guda takwas a Peru,  amma ya kai kudu, a fadin Chile, Bolivia, da yammacin arewa maso yammacin Argentina. Kalmar puna ta ƙunshi tsarin halittu daban-daban na tsakiyar Andes sama da 3200-3400 m. 

 Wurin da yake 
Ana samun puna a sama da layin itace a tsawo na 3200-3500 m, kuma a ƙasa da layin dusar ƙanƙara na dindindin sama da tsawo na 4500-5000 m. Ya shimfiɗa daga tsakiyar Peru a arewa, a fadin Altiplano plateau na Peru, Chile da Bolivia, da kudu tare da kashin Andes zuwa arewa maso yammacin Argentina.  

Sauran kafofin suna da'awar cewa yana kan Suni (tsawon tsaunuka da tsaunuka, wasu noma) kuma daga 4000 m zuwa layin dusar ƙanƙara (permafrost da hamada alpine) na ciyawa na puna (ƙwanƙolin tsaunuka masu sanyi, sun fi sanyi).  

 Yankunan halittu 
Puna wani tsarin halittu ne daban-daban wanda ya ƙunshi yankuna daban-daban da ake kira wet / rigar puna, bushe puna da hamada puna.

 Ruwa / ruwa mai laushi (Central Andean wet puna) 
Wannan yankin yana da tsawo mai tsawo, mai laushi, ciyawa a kudancin Andes, yana faruwa daga arewacin Peru zuwa arewacin Bolivia. Ruwan puna yana raba iyakarta a yamma tare da hamadar Sechura da gabas tare da Yungas na Peruvian. Yanayin dutse mai tsawo ya ƙunshi manyan tabkuna, kwarin dutse, duwatsun da aka rufe da dusar ƙanƙara, da tsaunuka. Babban tsawo na rigar puna (4200 zuwa 5000 m) yana haifar da yankin da ke da bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin dare da rana. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara yana da ƙasa, daga 5 zuwa 7 ° C; tare da lokacin sanyi na dare daga Maris zuwa Oktoba. Yanayin zafi yana canzawa daga halayen lokacin rani a rana kuma ya sauka zuwa yanayin hunturu da dare. Wannan matsanancin canjin zafin jiki ya haifar da zaɓaɓɓen daidaitawa ya faru kuma yawancin tsire-tsire masu yawa kamar Culcitium, Perezia, da Polylepis suna da bambancin su a cikin rigar puna. Yankin ya ƙunshi tsaunuka masu dusar ƙanƙara, tabkuna masu dusarƙara, da koguna da yawa waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin Cordilleras. Babbar tafkin a cikin yankin shine Tafkin Titicaca, wanda shine mafi girman tafkin da za a iya tafiya a duniya, a tsawo na 3800 m (sama da matakin teku). Kogin Suches da Tiwanacu a Bolivia sune tabkuna masu ba da gudummawa. Yankunan da ke arewacin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Titicaca suna da watanni takwas, kuma yankunan da ke kudu suna da wata daya zuwa biyu. Matsakaicin ruwan sama a wannan yankin ya kasance daga 400 zuwa 2000 mm.    

 Dry puna (Central Andean dry puna) 
Wannan yankin ya bushe sosai, tsaunuka masu tsawo na kudancin Andes. Ya kai zuwa arewacin Chile da arewa maso yammacin Argentina da gabas zuwa yammacin Bolivia yana faruwa sama da 3500 m tsakanin itace da layin dusar ƙanƙara na dindindin. Shuke-shuke na busassun puna sun ƙunshi ganye na wurare masu zafi tare da ƙananan shrubs. A cikin busassun puna akwai filayen gishiri, tsaunuka masu tsawo, tsaunukan da aka rufe da dusar ƙanƙara da tsaunuka. Dry puna ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan puna ta hanyar raguwar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Tsuntsu mai bushewa yana da tsawon watanni 8 kuma yana karɓar ƙasa da 400 mm na ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Yankin yana da tsawo na 3500-5000 m sama da matakin teku. Tsuntsu mai bushewa ma oligothermic ne. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin wannan yankin ya kasance daga digiri 8 zuwa 11 na Celsius kuma ya fi ƙasa a kudu. A sakamakon tsawo, yanayin zafi daban-daban da rashin ruwan sama, tsakiya na tsakiya na Andean busassun yanki ne na musamman tare da tsire-tsire da fauna da suka dace sosai. Yankin kudancin busassun puna ya ƙunshi wani busassun Puna da aka sani da desert puna. A cikin hamada puna matsakaicin ruwan sama ya kasance daga 51-406 mm kawai. Babban tabkuna na gishiri sun mamaye hamada puna kuma an san shi da halophytes da aka warwatsa a kusa da kuma cikin ɓacin rai. Wadannan tabkuna masu gishiri sune gida ga Flamingo na Andean.    

Asusun namun daji na duniya ya bayyana yankuna uku daban-daban na puna:

 NT1003 Tsakiyar Andean wet puna (Bolivia, Peru) - Tare da kimanin 1000 mm na hazo a kowace shekara, ana rufe shi da ciyawa da aka gauraya da ganye, lichens, mosses, da ferns. Yankunan daji ke da ruwa suna da tuddai da rushes. An kawar da gandun daji na Polylepis na shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata ta hanyar wuta don noma da kiwo. Ana noma wurare da yawa. Ya shimfiɗa daga arewa maso tsakiyar Peru, kusa da páramos, kuma ya kai kudu maso gabas zuwa gabashin altiplano na Bolivia. 
 NT1002 Tsakiyar Andean puna (Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Argentina)  - Ya rufe mafi yawan kudancin Peru, yankin ya mamaye shrublands da shrubs na tola.
 NT1001 Tsakiyar Andean bushe puna (Northwest Argentina, Bolivia, Chile) - Mafi yawa a kudancin yankin Andes na Tsakiya tare da yammacin cordillera na Bolivia. Akwai karancin noma.

 Tsarin ƙasa 
Ƙasa ta Puna ta ƙunshi wani nau'i mai wadataccen kwayoyin halitta da kuma dutse mai laushi. Matsakaicin bayanin ƙasa yana da zurfin 33 cm. Tsarin halittu na puna yana da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa. Rhizosphere na ciyawa sun mamaye nau'in Bacillas, waɗannan kwayoyin sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin da ba su da rai waɗanda ke ba su damar rayuwa a cikin matsanancin yanayin yanayi a cikin yanayin halittu na puna. Al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta masu barci na ciyawa suna kama da waɗanda aka samu a cikin ƙasar hamada. 

 Tsire-tsire 
Tsire-tsire na puna suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan cushion da mat. Yawancin waɗannan nau'o'in, musamman babban Azorella compacta (Yareta) an girbe shi sosai don man fetur da amfani da magani. Shuke-shuke tare da ciyawa na puna suna nuna alamu masu rikitarwa na bambancin sararin samaniya, duk da ƙananan murfin da yawan jama'a. Yankin puna wanda ya fito ne daga rigar puna a arewacin Andes zuwa busassun puna zuwa kudu maso yammacin Andes ya ƙunshi mafi yawa ta hanyar poaceae (Grasses) da shrubs na iyalin Asteraceae (daisy).  Sauran ciyawa masu wakilci sun haɗa da nau'in Jarava ichu ("Paja Brava"), Calamagrostis vicunarum ("Crespillo"), da Festuca dolichophylla ("Chillihua"). 

Akwai manyan rukunin dutse da yawa a cikin Puna tare da yanayin ƙasa daban-daban waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don gano manyan tsire-tsire na kowane yanki. Har zuwa 3000 m sama da hamada, tsire-tsire masu busasshiyar tsaunuka suna da ginshiƙan cacti, shrubs da ganye. Shuke-shuke da ke tsakanin 3800 da 4000 m suna ci gaba da ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa a kan ajiyar ash-fall kuma sun haɗa da nau'ikan shuke-shuka da yawa kamar Hersodoma arequipensis, Piplostephium tacorense da Opuntia corotilla. A cikin Yankin daji ya fi ruwan sama shrubby shrubby na iyalai Asteraceae, fabaceae da solanaceae sun mamaye. Puna yawanci ya bushe fiye da wuraren ciyawa na páramo na arewacin Andes.

 Dabbobi 

 Dabbobi masu shayarwa 
Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun hada da (na gida) Llama da paca" id="mwww" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Alpaca">alpaca, da danginsu na daji, vicuña da guanaco. Dabbobin Taruca masu ban sha'awa suna jin kunya kuma suna da tanadi. Har ila yau akwai sanannun nau'ikan dabbobi, kamar chinchilla, paca, da alade na montane. Daga cikin dabbobi masu cin nama, akwai puma (zaki na dutse), Pampas cat, rare Andean mountain cat, Andean fox, da wasu Spectacled bear. Tsuntsaye kalilan, kamar su Darwin's rhea, Andean condor, da wasu masu hakar ma'adinai da yellow-finches, ana samun su a cikin manyan wuraren ciyawa na puna; duk da haka, wasu tsuntsaye da yawa suna da alaƙa da tabkuna da marshes da ake samu a cikin puna. Misalai mafi yawanci sune Andean goose, Andean flamingo, Andean avocet, giant coot, puna teal da diademed sandpiper-plover. Dutsen puna wani yanki ne wanda ya ƙunshi manyan wuraren ajiya.

 Tsuntsaye 
Yawan tsuntsaye a cikin yanayin halittu na puna suna da ban mamaki daban-daban ga irin wannan mummunan yanayi. Misali, Gidan shakatawa na Lauca ya hada da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 148, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan tsuntsayen Chile. Yawancin waɗannan nau'o'in suna da wuya kuma suna jan hankalin baƙi zuwa yankin. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na wannan tsuntsaye mai ban sha'awa shine babban Darwin's rhea (Rhea pennata), wanda yayi kama da tsutsa da aka samu a Tsohon Duniya, yana kaiwa har zuwa mita ɗaya a tsawo da 20 kg a nauyi. Puna kuma ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan ruwa iri-iri musamman a Tafkin Chungará da ke arewacin Chile. Tsarin halittu na puna yana da nau'ikan kifi masu yawa na ruwa mai laushi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun hada da giant coot, azurfa grebe, Chilean teal, da diademed sandpiper-plover (ɗaya daga cikin tsuntsayen bakin teku mafi ƙaranci a duniya).  

 Tasirin ɗan adam da kiyayewa 
Yankunan ciyawa na Puna suna raguwa cikin sauri ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma a sakamakon haka suna buƙatar kulawa sosai a cikin yankin kiyayewa. Abubuwa da yawa na iya haifar da dalilin wannan lalacewa, amma adana shi ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan yadda mutane ke cika yankin. Mutane suna tsara yanayin halittu ta hanyar sauya yawancin ƙasar zuwa gonakin noma da wuraren kiwo. Saboda babban bukatar dafa abinci da man fetur a tsakanin mazaunan yankin, yawancin ƙasar sun lalace. Misali, itatuwan jinsin polylepis ana samun su cikin sauƙi a duk yanayin halittu kuma yanzu suna da ƙarancin gaske.

Mutanen wannan yankin suna noma sha'ir, dankali da maca. Ana kiwon alpacas, vicuñas, da guanacos don ulu, da llama don ulu da sufuri. Gidan ɗan adam a cikin puna ya yadu kuma yana ƙaruwa zuwa gabas, zuwa wuraren da ke da danshi. Ana shuka tubers da hatsi na asali a manyan yankuna na tsakiyar puna. Mazaunan wannan yankin suna noma 'ya'yan asalin ƙasar (dankali da maca) tare da hatsi marasa asali kamar sha'ir da kayan abinci na asali kamar quinoa. Alpacas, vicuñas, llamas, da guanacos ana kiwon su ne don ulu kuma, a sakamakon haka, mafi yawan dukkan puna suna ƙarƙashin tasirin kiwon dabbobi. Ana samun shanu, dawakai, da jaki a cikin rigar / rigar puna yayin da ake iya kiwon llama, tumaki da alpaca a cikin wurare masu laushi da wuraren da suka bushe na puna.

Tasirin da ya fi yaduwa a kan ciyawa shine kiwo mai yawa tare da tasirin wuta. Kiwo yana bushe ƙasar, yana sa ta fi fuskantar wuta. Da zarar an fallasa ƙasa ga wuta, yana sa ya fi ƙonewa, yana haifar da madauki wanda ke haifar da lalacewar yanayin halittu. Wuta sau da yawa tana tare da kiwo a matsayin kayan aiki na gudanarwa kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan barazanar ga wuraren ciyawa. Yankunan da suka bushe suna fuskantar barazanar ci gaba zuwa hamada. Duk da gaskiyar cewa filayen puna suna fuskantar kiwo mai nauyi, a matsayin yanayin halittu yana da ƙarfi sosai. A cikin waɗannan yankuna na kiwo mai girma, nau'ikan ciyawa da forbs da suka biyo baya suna girma, don haka adana ƙasa wanda ke nufin damar sakewa ya fi girma.

Yankunan ciyawa kuma suna da tasiri a cikin gida ta hanyar noma, hakar ma'adinai, da zubar da sharar gida dangane da yawan jama'a. Akwai manyan nau'o'i biyu na gudanar da filayen puna. Na farko shine na al'umma. A cikin wannan nau'in gudanarwa, al'umma tana sarrafa ƙasar kuma kowane memba na wannan al'umma yana kiwon dabbobi. Wannan gabaɗaya yana haifar da yawan kiwo da lalacewar ƙasar. Hanyar gudanarwa ta biyu tana da hadin kai. Wannan nau'in gudanarwa ya samo asali ne daga motsi wanda ya karɓi ƙasa daga manyan masu mallakar ƙasa kuma ya ba da ita ga majalisa da ke kunshe da ma'aikata. Masana ilimin noma da masana kimiyyar dabbobi suna ganin ƙasa kuma suna tabbatar da cewa kiwo yana da ɗorewa.

Kodayake akwai matsaloli da yawa a cikin makiyaya na puna, galibi ana danganta su da yawan kiwo, akwai matakan da ake ɗauka don inganta halin da ake ciki yanzu. Wadannan matakan tasiri ba su da yawa duk da haka, tunda rabo na wuraren da aka kiyaye ga sauran yanayin halittu na ɗan lokaci ne. Yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa, gina sabbin hanyoyi, da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai duk suna aiki ne a matsayin cikas ga kiyaye yanayin halittu. Abin farin ciki, ana wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar, kuma ana daukar matakai don taimakawa wajen inganta adana ta. A halin yanzu ana gabatar da shirye-shiryen gudanarwa a yawancin jami'o'in makwabta don bincika sabbin ra'ayoyin da ke aiwatar da ƙananan fasaha kuma zasu iya taimakawa wajen dawo da yanayin halittu. Tare da gudanarwa mai kyau, filayen puna na iya sake dawowa da tallafawa yawan mutanen da ke kewaye da su. Daga ƙarshe duk da haka, ya rage ga mutanen yankin su daidaita wasu hanyoyin da za su iya samun kudin shiga ta hanyoyin da ba su cutar da ƙasar ba.

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 
Rarraba Yankin Andean
Yammacin YammaGabasChala, bakin teku mai busheKudancin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ko Selva bajaƘananan dajiYungas na RuwaKudancin zafi na tsaunuka ko Selva altaDajin tsaunukaYungas na RuwaKudancin girgije na subtropical ko Fluvial YungasYungas na ruwaQuechua - kwarin MontaneQuechua - kwarin MontaneLayin itaceLayin itace - kimanin 3,500 mSuni, shuke-shuke da nomaSuni, shuke-shuke da noma

 Manazarta 

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