Dokar Daidaita Biya ta 1963

Dokar Daidaitaccen Biya ta 1963 doka ce ta ma'aikata ta Amurka da ke gyara Dokar Ka'idojin Ma'aikata, da nufin kawar da bambancin albashi bisa ga jima'i (duba bambancin al'adar jinsi). John F. Kennedy ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1963, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sabon Shirin Yankin. A cikin wucewa da lissafin, Majalisa ta bayyana cewa nuna bambancin jima'i: 

 rage albashin da Yanayin rayuwa ga ma'aikata da ake buƙata don lafiyarsu da inganci.
 yana hana iyakar amfani da albarkatun ma'aikata;
 yana haifar da rikice-rikicen aiki, don haka yana da nauyi, yana shafar, da kuma hana Kasuwanci.
 ya ɗauki nauyin kasuwanci da kuma jigilar kayayyaki kyauta a cikin kasuwanci; da
 hanya ce mara adalci ta gasa.

Dokar ta tanadi a wani bangare cewa "Babu ma'aikaci da ke da ma'aikata da ke ƙarƙashin kowane tanadi na wannan sashe [sashi na 206 na taken 29 na Dokar Amurka] zai nuna bambanci, a cikin kowane ma'aikata inda ake amfani da irin waɗannan ma'aikata, tsakanin ma'aikata bisa ga jima'i ta hanyar biyan albashi ga ma'aikata a cikin irin wannan ma'aikata na jinsi a cikin irin waɗannan maɓallin samarwa don aiki daidai a kan ayyuka [,] aikin da ake buƙata, ƙoƙari, da alhakin, kuma ana yin su a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin aiki (ii)  (i) 

 Tarihi 
A cikin 1944, 'yar majalisa ta Jamhuriyar Republican Winifred C. Stanley daga Buffalo, NY ta gabatar da HR 5056, hana nuna bambanci a Biya akan Asusun Jima'i, wanda bai wuce ba a lokacin. Batun ya ci gaba har zuwa 10 ga Yuni 1963, lokacin da Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Biya Daidaitawa  ("EPA" ko "Act")  a matsayin gyare-gyare ga Dokar Ka'idojin Aiki Mai Kyau,  don "hana nuna bambanci saboda jima'i a cikin biyan albashi ta ma'aikata.

Majalisa ta haɗa a cikin rubutun EPA wata sanarwa mai sauƙi da taƙaitaccen bayani kuma ta taƙaitacciyar bayani game da matsalolin da aka yi niyyar magance su. Bayanan da aka bayyana game da niyyar Majalisa da manufofin da ke jagorantar dokar EPA sun nuna sha'awar Majalisa don tsara tsarin gyara mai zurfi don kare ma'aikata daga nuna bambancin albashi bisa ga jima'i. Kotun Koli ta amince da ra'ayin cewa dole ne a fassara EPA gaba ɗaya don cimma burin Majalisa na magance nuna bambancin jima'i. Majalisa ta zartar da EPA saboda "damuwa da matsayin sulhu mara ƙarfi na mata" don samar da maganin tsarin albashi na nuna bambanci wanda ke nuna "tsohuwar imani amma ya wuce gona da iri cewa ya kamata a biya mutum fiye da mace. "  EPA tana kare maza da mata. Har ila yau, yana kare ma'aikatan gudanarwa, kwararru da zartarwa waɗanda aka keɓe su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ka'idojin Aiki ta Gaskiya.

EPA, Sashe na 206 (d) (1) , ya haramta "ma'aikaci[s] ... [daga] nuna bambanci[ing] ... bisa ga jima'i ta hanyar biyan albashi ga ma'aikata [...] a cikin ƙasa da adadin [wanda aka biya] ga ma'aikatan kishiyar jinsi [...] don daidaitaccen aiki a kan ayyuka [yana buƙatar] daidaito, ƙoƙari, da alhakin, kuma waɗanda ake yi a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin aiki [.] Don kafa babban shari'a a ƙarƙashin EPA, dole ne ma'aikaci ya nuna cewa:

 Ana biyan ma'aikata daban-daban ga ma'aikatan kishiyar jinsi;
 ma'aikata suna yin aiki daidai a kan ayyukan da ke buƙatar daidaito, ƙoƙari, da alhakin; da kuma
 ana yin ayyukan ne a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin aiki.

EPA ta ba da cewa ma'aikaci bazai biya ƙananan albashi ga ma'aikatan jinsi ɗaya ba fiye da yadda yake biya ga ma'aikata na sauran jinsi, ma'aikata a cikin wannan ma'aikata don aiki daidai a ayyukan da ke buƙatar daidaito, ƙoƙari, da alhakin, kuma ana yin su a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin aiki.

EPA ba ta ƙunshe da wani buƙata na niyya a cikin harshen doka. Ana kafa alhakin a ƙarƙashin EPA ta hanyar saduwa da abubuwa uku na shari'ar farko, ba tare da la'akari da niyyar mai aiki ba. Saboda haka, EPA ta sanya nauyin nauyi ga ma'aikata waɗanda ke yin nuna bambancin albashi bisa ga jinsi.

Da zarar mai shigar da kara ya sadu da ita ko nauyinsa mai nauyi kuma ya kafa shari'ar nuna bambancin jinsi a ƙarƙashin EPA, to wanda ake tuhuma na iya guje wa alhakin ne kawai ta hanyar tabbatar da wanzuwar ɗaya daga cikin kariya huɗu na doka. Tsaro huɗu na EPA suna ba da damar biyan kuɗi mara daidaito don aiki daidai lokacin da aka saita albashin "bisa ga (i) tsarin tsufa; (ii) tsarin cancanta; (iii) tsarin da ke auna samun kuɗi ta hanyar yawa ko ingancin samarwa; ko (iv)... wani abu banda jima'i.

 Manufar majalisa 
A lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da shi, EPA shine "mataki na farko zuwa daidaita daidaitattun albashi ga mata. "  A matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Ka'idojin Ma'aikata ta Gaskiya ta 1938, EPA tana ƙarƙashin iyaka da banbanci na ma'aikatan da aka rufe da ma'aikata da ke cikin wannan aikin.  A bene na Majalisar Wakilai, wakilan da yawa sun nuna damuwarsu cewa EPA ya kamata ta yi aiki a matsayin farawa don kafa daidaiton albashi ga mata. Bayan aiwatar da EPA, Majalisa ta dauki matakai biyu wanda ya fadada ikon kariya ta tarayya game da nuna bambancin albashi bisa ga jima'i.

Na farko, wannan Majalisa ta 88 ta kafa Title VII na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964.  Ta hanyar hada jima'i a matsayin wani abu da aka kare daga nuna bambanci, Title VII ya fadada kariya ga mata daga nuna bambancin aiki, don hada kusan dukkanin ma'aikata da ke aiki ga ma'aikata tare da ma'aikata goma sha biyar ko fiye. Da yake ganin yiwuwar rikici tsakanin gudanar da dokoki biyu tare da ƙuntatawa, Majalisa ta haɗa da Kwaskwarimar Bennett a cikin Title VII na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, wanda ya haɗa da tsaron EPA guda huɗu a cikin Title 7.

 Matsi 
Da farko, binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 wanda Ma'aikatar Aiki ta ba da umarni  ta yi gargadi game da yin amfani da EPA ba tare da yin nazari sosai game da dalilan da za su iya haifar da bambancin biyan kuɗi ba. Wannan binciken ya lura, alal misali, cewa maza a matsayin rukuni suna samun albashi mafi girma a wani bangare saboda maza sun mamaye ayyukan blue collar, wanda zai iya buƙatar biyan kuɗi don aikin karin lokaci; akasin haka, mata sun ƙunshi sama da rabin ma'aikatan kula da fararen collar da aka biya wanda galibi ana cire shi daga dokokin karin lokaci. A taƙaice, binciken ya bayyana cewa: "Ko da yake ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a wannan yanki a bayyane, wannan binciken yana haifar da ƙaddamarwa mai ban mamaki cewa bambance-bambance a cikin diyya na maza da mata sakamakon dalilai ne da yawa kuma bai kamata a yi amfani da gibin albashi ba a matsayin tushen tabbatar da aikin gyara. Lalle ne, babu wani abu da za a gyara. Bambance-bambancen albashi na iya zama kusan sakamakon zaɓin da ma'aikatan maza da mata ke yi".

Koyaya, daga baya, a cikin 2021, wani shafin yanar gizon Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ya lura, "Mata suna samun ƙasa da takwarorinsu na kabilanci da kabilanci a kowane matakin samun ilimi - Idan aka kwatanta da fararen maza da ke da ilimi iri ɗaya, matan baƙar fata da Latina da ke da digiri na farko kawai suna da babbar rata a 65%, kuma matan baƙarƙashiya da digiri na ci gaba suna samun kashi 70% na abin da fararen mutane ke samu. " A zahiri, yawancin mata masu digiri na gaba suna samun ƙasa ne kawai.

 A waje da Amurka 
Dokar Daidaitaccen Biya ta 1970 Dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce wacce ta haramta duk wani kulawa mara kyau tsakanin maza da mata dangane da albashi da yanayin aiki. Dokar Daidaita Biya ta 1970 yanzu an maye gurbin ta da Sashe na 5, babi na 3, na Dokar Daidaidaita ta 2010.

 Manazarta 

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