Ƙungiyar Matasan Choctaw

Ƙungiyar Matasan Choctaw (CYM) ƙungiya ce ta ƙauyuka ta Choctaw da aka haifa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 don mayar da martani ga ƙoƙarin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi na dakatar da Ƙasar Choctaw . An kafa shi, a wani bangare, a matsayin ƙungiya mai tsakiya don magance Pan-Indianism na wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar, kamar su American Indian Movement . Sabanin AIM, Ƙungiyar Matasan Choctaw ta yi aiki ba tare da rikici ba, gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya, kuma ta ba da shawarar sake farfado da al'adu da sake karɓar yaren kabilanci, da kuma alfahari da bambancin kasancewa Choctaw. Tsaron al'adun kabilanci da tarihi sun fi dacewa da kiyaye kawance tsakanin kabilun.

 Tushen gwagwarmaya 
Yunkurin ƙarshen shekarun 1960 ya biyo bayan sawun rabin ƙarni na 'yan gwagwarmayar' yan asalin Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin na farko, ƙungiyar da ta kafa Society of American Indians a 1911 a Columbus, Ohio ta yi aiki kusan shekaru ashirin kafin ta rabu a cikin shekarun 1930. Sun yi kira ga kare haƙƙin shari'a da al'adu na Indiya da kuma rushe Ofishin Harkokin Indiya.

A shekara ta 1944 wani rukuni na shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar ya zo Denver, Colorado don kafa wata kungiya don kare haƙƙin al'ummomin kabilanci. Kungiyar da suka kafa, National Congress of American Indians, ta ba da shawarar kabilun suyi aiki tare suna mai da hankali kan daidaito, ba bambancin kabilanci ba. Ɗaya daga cikin mambobin da suka kafa, Ben Dwight,  ya yi aiki a matsayin Lauyan Ƙabilar Choctaw Nation kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun da suka tattauna farashin tallace-tallace na ƙarshe na kwal da ƙasashen asphalt. 

A cikin 1961 an gudanar da wani taro a Birnin Chicago, Illinois tare da malamai da masanan ilimin ɗan adam, da kuma Indiyawa masu takaici daga 13-20 Yuni wanda ya samar da "Sanarwar Manufar Indiya: Muryar Indiyawan Amurka" - manufofin da Indiyawa suka kirkira. Sun gabatar da manufofin ga Shugaba John F. Kennedy, amma sun ci gaba da kafa Majalisar Matasan Indiya ta Kasa (NIYC) a Gallup, New Mexico daga baya a wannan lokacin rani, don fassara kalmomi zuwa ayyuka. Wadanda suka kafa NIYC - Herbert Blatchford, Navajo Nation;  Gerald Brown, Flathead Indian Reservation of Montana; Sam English, Ojibwe;  Viola Hatch, Arapaho na Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribe of Oklahoma;  Joan Nobel, Ute; Karen Rickard, Tuscarora; Melvin Thom,  Walker River Paiute Tribe of the Walker River Reservation, Nevada; Clyde Warrior, Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma; Della Warrior, Oitttoe-Missoho Tribe Witthawk 3 daga Oklahoma. Kodayake NIYC ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana da daruruwan mambobi, babban rukuni na mutane goma zuwa goma sha biyar sun tsara kungiyar. Ba kamar kungiyoyin 'yan Afirka na Amurka ba ko fararen masu adawa, ya haɗa da mata a cikin jagorancinsa kuma ya mai da hankali kan girmama dattawan su, ba karya al'ada ba. A wasu kalmomi, "rashin tsara" ya wanzu, amma ba tare da baya ba, maimakon haka tare da gwamnatocin yanzu na masu daidaitawa.

Wadannan yunkurin farko a gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin Amurka, tashin hankali na shekarun 1960, haihuwar Red Power Movement da American Indian Movement sun haɗu cikin farkawar matasa a farkon shekarun 1970 a Oklahoma. Ƙungiyar Matasan Choctaw ba ita ce kawai ƙungiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a Oklahoma a wannan lokacin ba,  amma gwagwarmayar Choctaw tana da tasiri mai dorewa a kan kabilar.

 Haihuwar motsi 
Kamar yadda shekarun 1960 suka fito, an haifi karuwar damuwa ga haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, wanda ya haifar da yanke shawara na Kotun Koli kamar Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi, Gideon v. Wainwright, Loving v. Virginia da kuma doka ciki har da Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta 1957, Dokar' Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, Dokar 'YanYancin Zaɓe ta 1965 da Dokar Gidauniyar Gaskiya idan 1968. A cikin wannan lokacin tashin hankali, wani yunkuri na Indiya ya bunkasa galibi tare da burin samun gwamnatin Amurka ta dawo da ƙasashe na asali, matsalolin zamantakewa masu kyau, da samar da kudade don ilimin al'adu. Red Power Movement da American Indian Movement duk an haife su ne daga wannan farkawar Indiya, wanda shine, aƙalla a farkon, wani abu ne na birane, wayar da kan jama'a game da "Indiya-ness" da kuma kamanceceniyar al'adun kabilanci. A cikin birane, an raba su daga kabilar, har yanzu mutum yana fuskantar abubuwan da ke ɗaure su da wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar saboda halayyar kabilanci da dangin al'ada. Bayan shekaru da yawa da aka gaya musu cewa komawa birane zai taimaka musu su shiga cikin al'umma mafi girma, kwarewar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ba ta yarda ba, warewa, da kuma iyaye, wanda ya kai su ga juna don jin haɗin kai. A cikin irin wannan yanayi, matasa masu gwagwarmayar Choctaw sun fara farkawa a Birnin Oklahoma, Oklahoma.

A shekara ta 1969, shekara guda kafin gwamnatin Amurka ta aiwatar da manufar dakatar da Indiyawa ga Choctaw Nation (a hukumance 25 ga Agusta 1970), Jim Wade, dan shugaban 'yan sandan Talihina, ya gaya wa Charles E. Brown, cewa gwamnati na rushe kabilar Choctaw .  An firgita, da kuma gaskata cewa mafi yawan Choctaw ba su gane cewa lissafin Majalisa ya wuce 25 ga Agusta 1959,  wanda aka sani da "Dokar Belvin," lissafin ƙarewa ne maimakon lissafin biyan kuɗi na kowane mutum, Brown ya fara shirya sauran Choctaw na birni, da farko a cikin yankin Oklahoma City . Zuwa ƙofa zuwa ƙofa da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar dangi, matasa masu fafutuka na Choctaw sun ba da sanarwar cewa dokar dakatarwa tana buƙatar dakatar da ita kuma ta bukaci mutane su yi alfahari da al'adun Choctaw.  A watan Oktoba, 1969, masu fafutuka sun sami goyon bayan Oklahomans don Damamar Indiya (OIO) kuma daga OIO sun koyi horar da jagoranci, yadda ake daukar ma'aikata, kuma an gabatar da su ga abokan hulɗa a cikin Red Power da AIM motsi. 

Brown ya kafa rukuni, tare da masu shirya shi na farko - Ed Anderson, Floyd Anderson, Robert Anderson, Alfeas Bond, Darryl Brown, Bobbi Curnutt, Dorothy D"Amato, Carol Gardner, V.W. "Buster" Jefferson, Vivian Postoak da Carrie Preston - wanda ake kira OKChoctaws, Inc., wanda da farko shine ga Choctaw da ke zaune a yankin metro na OKC. Ci gaban kungiyar ya kasance mai sauri, ba za su iya ci gaba da haduwa a gidajen juna ba kuma sun hayar sarari daga Creek Nation a kan 34th Street a Oklahoma City. A cikin shekaru biyu, abin da ya fara ne a matsayin shirin birni, ya ga canjin iko daga OKC zuwa ƙasashen Choctaw Nation yayin da matasa suka shiga kungiyoyin cikin gida da yawa kuma suka ɗauki matsayi na jagoranci.

 Kokarin toshe ƙarshen 
Masu fafutuka sun buga wata takarda da ake kira Hello Choctaws wanda ya sanya kansa a matsayin muryar "Matsakaicin Choctaw," kuma a kai a kai yana tambayar ayyukan Babban Cif Harry J. W. Belvin. "Fiye da shekaru 20 AVERAGE CHOCTAW bai san yawan ƙasar ƙabilarsa ba ko kuma yawan abin da aka sayar da ita. Gwamnati 'ta nada' mutane suna da ikon sayar da AVERAGE "S TRIBAL LANDS ba tare da AVERACE CHOCTEW ba ko da sanin cewa ana sayar da ƙasashensa ko kuma yawan kuɗin da ake sayar da su. "  Sun fara aika Hello Choctaws ga dangi da dangi a California, Chicago, Dallas da Amurka. Ba da daɗewa ba surori na OKChoctaws sun fara fitowa a cikin garuruwan gargajiya a cikin Choctaw Nation: Antlers, Atoka, Bethel, Broken Bow, Hugo, Idabel, McAlester, da Talihina, yayin da masu gwagwarmaya suka yi tafiya a can kuma suka yi magana da matasa.

Masu fafutuka sun yi kira, sun aika da telegrams, kuma sun rubuta wasiƙun zanga-zanga. Sun yi kira ga Majalisa, suna rubutu ga kowane memba, sun sadu da wakilan majalisa na Oklahoma da ma'aikata a ofishin Ofishin Harkokin Indiya a Muskogee da Washington, DC. An rarraba takardar neman izinin kawo karshen, tattara sa hannu ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar dangi. Lokacin da Sakataren Cikin Gida ya yi magana a Will Rogers Park a Birnin Oklahoma, daruruwan Choctaw sun halarci kuma sun sanar da shi cewa ba sa son a dakatar da kabilarsu. Sun kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar su tare da OIO don tara kungiyoyin mutane don ayyukan al'umma, kamar shirya sayen ragi tare da masu sayarwa ta hanyar sayen kungiyoyi da tarurruka na ilimi don koyar da gwagwarmayar siyasa. Belvin, kodayake yana cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na OIO, ya kara ganin waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin "mai fafutuka" da ƙalubale kai tsaye ga ikon kabilanci.

 Tasirin dogon lokaci 
Yana da wahala a yi hukunci game da tasirin Choctaw Youth Movement a zahiri a soke dokar dakatarwar. A bayyane yake cewa masu fafutuka sun ji Belvin yana goyon bayan dakatarwar kuma ya kasance mai cin amana ga manufofin kabilanci. A bayyane yake cewa Belvin ya ji cewa masu gwagwarmaya suna kai masa hari da kansa kuma ya shirya tarurruka a duk faɗin Choctaw Nation don tabbatar da ayyukansa. Ra'ayi na jama'a yana canzawa tare da wucewar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Indiya ta 1968,  Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a cikin Menominee Tribe v. Amurka  har ma da Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson yana ba da shawara ga manufofin da "ya ƙare tsohuwar muhawara game da "ƙarewar" shirye-shiryen Indiya kuma yana jaddada Ƙaddamar da kai.  Belvin ya kasance yana magana a bainar jama'a kuma yana matsawa 'yan majalisa da su soke dokar dakatarwar akalla shekaru 2 kuma ya kasance mai goyon bayan kabilun da ke da ikon cin gashin kansu don zabar shugabancin kansu. A cikin waɗannan burin, shi da masu gwagwarmayar matasa ba su da nisa, saboda, bayan dakatar da dakatarwar, ɗayan manyan burin mai gwagwarmaya shine ikon zabar shugaban kabilansu. Masu fafutuka sun ga nadin BIA na shugabancinsu a matsayin keta asalin su a matsayin mutane masu iko.

Inda Belvin da masu gwagwarmayar matasa suka bambanta shi ne cewa Belvin ya yi kama da ganin kabilar a matsayin kamfani mai sauƙi wanda aikinsa shine sarrafa kadarorin kabilanci. Masu fafutuka sun ga kabilar a matsayin ƙungiya mai fa'ida da yawa wanda ya haifar da ci gaban al'umma kuma ya inganta asalin Choctaw. Abin da motsi ya yi a cikin sharuddan da ba a yarda da shi ba shi ne haɓaka girman kai na kasancewa Choctaw kuma ya haifar da sake haihuwar kishin ƙasa na Choctaw.

 Manazarta 

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