Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa

Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ( NWP ) ƙungiya ce ta siyasa ta mata ta Amurka wacce aka kafa a 1916 don yaƙin neman zaɓen mata . Bayan cimma wannan buri tare da amincewar 1920 na gyare-gyare na goma sha tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, NWP ta ba da shawarar wasu batutuwa ciki har da Daidaita Hakkokin . Mafi shaharar shugabar Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ita ce Alice Paul, kuma abin da ya fi shahara shi ne bikin 1917-1919 Silent Sentinels a wajen kofar Fadar White House.

A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2021, NWP ta daina aiki a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta kuma ta sanya haƙƙoƙin alamar kasuwanci da sauran amfani da sunan jam'iyyar ga ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ilimi, Cibiyar Alice Paul.  Cibiyar Alice Paul ta gayyaci mambobi uku na NWP Board of Directors don shiga cikin hukumar su kuma a nan gaba za su kirkiro wani sabon kwamiti don "shawarwari kan yiwuwar fadada shirye-shirye zuwa yankin Washington, DC da kuma kasa". Takardu da kayan tarihi na NWP, an ba su gudummawa ga Library of Congress da kuma National Park Service don sa su samuwa ga jama'a.

 Dubawa 
Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta kasance fice daga Ƙungiyar Majalissar Wakilai don Suffrage na Mata, wadda Alice Paul da Lucy Burns suka kafa a 1913 don yin yaki don zaben mata . Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta balle daga babbar kungiyar 'yan takarar mata ta Amurka, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan yunkurin samun kuri'ar mata a matakin jiha. NWP ta ba da fifiko wajen amincewa da gyaran kundin tsarin mulki da ke tabbatar da zaɓen mata a duk faɗin Amurka.

 Tarihin farko 
Alice Paul yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Mata ta Ingila (WSPU), wanda Emmeline Pankhurst ta shirya. Yayin da yake dalibi a kwaleji a Ingila, Bulus ya shiga cikin Pankhursts da yakin neman zaben Ingilishi. A wannan lokacin Alice Paul ya sadu da Lucy Burns, wanda zai ci gaba da zama co-kafa NWP. Ko da yake Bulus yana da alaƙa da yaƙin neman zaɓe na tsageru a Ingila, sa’ad da ta fita don neman zaɓe a Amurka, maimakon haka Paul ya soma tawaye na farar hula a Amurka. Misali, ‘yan WSPU sun yi wa ‘yan majalisa kaca-kaca, sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu kan jami’an ‘yan sanda, kuma sun yi ta kone-kone. 

Paul da Burns sun ji cewa wannan gyare-gyaren wani rugujewa ne mai kisa daga manufa ta gaskiya kuma ta zama dole na wani gyare-gyaren tarayya mai cike da duk wani abu da ke kare haƙƙin dukan mata-musamman kamar yadda aka tsinkayi zagaye na zaɓen raba gardama na jihohi a lokacin da kusan lalata dalilin. A cikin kalmomin Bulus: "Yana da ɗan wuya a bi da tare da tsanani wani equivocating, evasive, yara maye gurbin mai sauki da kuma mutunci zabe gyara yanzu a gaban Congress."

 Adawa ga Wilson 
Matan da ke da alaƙa da jam'iyyar sun gudanar da wani faretin faretin zaɓe mai ban sha'awa a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1913, kwana ɗaya kafin bikin rantsar da Wilson. 

A yayin taron farko na kungiyar, Paul ya bayyana cewa jam’iyyar ba za ta kasance jam’iyyar siyasa ta gargajiya ba, don haka ba za ta amince da dan takarar shugaban kasa a lokacin zabe ba. Yayin da ba jam'iyya ba, NWP ta jagoranci mafi yawan hankalinta ga Shugaba Woodrow Wilson da 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat, suna sukar su a matsayin alhakin rashin zartar da gyaran kundin tsarin mulki. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1918, Paul ya gudanar da yakin neman zabe wanda ya kaurace wa 'yan Democrat saboda kin goyon bayan zaben mata. Sun yanke shawarar kauracewa jam'iyyar baki daya, ciki har da 'yan Democrat masu goyon bayan zaben.  A ƙarshe, ƙauracewa 'yan Democrat da NWP ke jagoranta ya haifar da rinjaye na Republican a cikin gidan.  Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan zabe a matsayin babban dalilinsu. Ya ƙi ko dai ya goyi baya ko kai hari ga shigar Amurka a yakin duniya, yayin da abokin hamayyar NAWSA, karkashin Carrie Chapman Catt ya ba da cikakken goyon baya ga kokarin yakin. Sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar masu fafutuka daban-daban irin su masu fafutuka da masu ra'ayin gurguzu sun ja hankalin NWP saboda adawa da shugaba mai adawa da zaɓe.

 Zabar Fadar White House 
Rikicin da ke ci gaba da karuwa a Turai bai hana Alice Paul da NWP daga nuna rashin amincewa da matsayin Wilson na munafunci a kan yakin ba. Wilson ya inganta ra'ayin wanzar da dimokuradiyya a kasashen waje, duk da cewa har yanzu Amurka ta hana rabin 'yan kasarta 'yancin kada kuri'a. An yi la'akari da zabin NWP a matsayin masu rikici saboda sun ci gaba a lokacin yakin da sauran kungiyoyi masu rinjaye kamar NAWSA suka zaɓi don tallafawa kokarin yaki. Wanda aka fi sani da " Silent Sentinels ", aikin nasu ya ci gaba daga ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1917 har zuwa Yuni 1919. An amince da masu zaɓen da farko, amma lokacin da suka ci gaba da cin zarafi bayan da Amurka ta ayyana yaƙi a 1917, 'yan sanda sun kama su don hana zirga-zirga. Ko da kuwa yanayin, matan sun tsaya a wajen fadar White House suna rike da tutoci, kullum suna tunatar da Wilson game da munafuncinsa. Lokacin da aka fara kama su, Lucy Burns ta yi iƙirarin cewa su fursunonin siyasa ne amma an ɗauke su a matsayin fursunoni na yau da kullun. A matsayin girmamawa ga sadaukarwar da suka yi na zaɓe, sun ƙi biyan tara kuma ya karɓi lokacin kurkuku.

 Shugaban Kwamitin Kasa na Kasa, 1920 
Florence Bayard Hilles a matsayin shugabar kwamitin kasa da Miss Mary Ingham a matsayin sakatariya.
StateNameCity or townNotesImageAlabamaSara HaardtMontgomeryHead of the Alabama branch of the National Woman's Party.127x127pxArizonaNellie A. HaywardDouglasHead of the Arizona branch of the National Woman's Party. Was assistant secretary of the 6th Arizona State Legislature, a member of the Arizona House of Representatives elected in 1918 from Cochise County, Arizona, and along with former suffrage leaders Rosa McKay, Pauline O'Neill, and Anna Westover, voted for the Susan B. Anthony Amendment that passed both houses without a dissenting vote.CaliforniaGenevieve AllenSan FranciscoHead of the California branch of the National Woman's Party (NWP). A member of the National Woman's Party seeking then U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding's support.100x100px|Mrs. Genevieve Allen front row: Far rightColoradoBertha W. FowlerColorado SpringsHead of the Colorado branch of the National Woman's Party. Dr. Caroline Spencer was secretary.100x100px|Mrs. Bertha W. Fowler: Fourth from leftConnecticutKatharine Martha Houghton Hepburn (Mrs. Thomas N. Hepburn)HartfordHead of the Connecticut branch of the National Woman's Party and chairperson of the National Executive Committee of the NWP.146x146px|Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn (Mrs. Thomas N. Hepburn) DelawareFlorence Bayard HillesWilmingtonHead of the Delaware branch of the National Woman's Party and a member of the national executive committee. Daughter of Thomas F. Bayard. Spent 3 days of a 60-day sentence for picketing the White House and was pardoned by President Wilson.145x145px|F B HillesDistrict of ColumbiaDelia Sheldon JacksonHead of the Washington D.C. branch of the National Woman's Party. A member of the group that called on Senator Harding for support.FloridaHelen HuntJacksonvilleHead of the Florida branch of the National Woman's Party. Hunt was a journalist and lawyer, born February 10, 1892, to Aaron and Lillian Hunt.GeorgiaMrs. W.A. MaddoxAtlantaHead of the Georgia branch of the National Woman's PartyIdahoMrs. John E. WhiteTwin FallsHead of the Idaho branch of the National Woman's PartyIllinoisMrs. Lola Maverick LloydHead of the Illinois branch of the National Woman's Party143x143pxIndianaMrs. W.C. BobbsIndianapolisHead of the Indiana branch of the National Woman's Party. Eleanor P. Barker served as state chair of the Indiana chapter of the Congressional Union for Women's Suffrage and was on the advisory council for the National Woman's Party.IowaMrs. Florence HarshDes MoinesHead of the Iowa branch of the National Woman's PartyKansasMrs. Lilla Day MonroeTopekaHead of the Kansas branch of the National Woman's Party. President of the Kansas Equal Suffrage Association, editor of "The Club Member" and "The Kansas Woman?s Journal," and was a founding member of the Good Government Club.152x152pxKentuckyEdith CallahanLouisvilleHead of the Kentucky branch of the National Woman's Party.LouisianaMrs. E. G. Graham (Eleanor G. Graham)New OrleansHead of the Louisiana branch of the National Woman's Party.MaineFlorence Brooks Whitehouse (Mrs. Robert Treat Whitehouse)Portland, MaineHelped launch and served as first head of the Maine branch of the National Woman's Party.106x106pxMarylandMrs. Donald R. HookerBaltimoreHead of the Maryland branch of the National Woman's Party. Editor of the Maryland Suffrage News then The Suffragist.146x146pxMassachusettsAgnes H. MoreyBrooklineHead of the Massachusetts branch of the National Woman's Party. Her daughter, Katharine A. Morey (One of the Silent Sentinels), was also a leader in the suffrage movement.140x140pxMichiganMarjorie Miller Whittemore (Mrs. W. Nelson Whittemore)DetroitHead of the Michigan branch of the National Woman's Party. Not to be confused with her sister-in-law Miss Margaret Faye Whittemore, also a member of the NWP.100x100pxMinnesotaSarah Tarleton Colvin (Mrs. A. R. Colvin)St. PaulHead of the Minnesota branch of the National Woman's Party.115x115pxMississippiAnn Calvert NeelyVicksburg, MississippiHead of the Mississippi branch of the National Woman's Party.140x140pxMissouriMrs. H.B. LeavensKansasHead of the Missouri branch of the National Woman's Party. Formed the Kansas City Woman Suffrage Association in 1911 along with others such as Dr. Dora Green, Helen Osborne (Secretary), Mrs. G.B. Longan, Mrs. Henry N. Ess (President), and Clara Cramer Leavens (Treasurer).NebraskaGertrude Hardenburg Laws Hardy (Mrs. W. E. Hardy)LincolnHead of the Nebraska branch of the National Woman's Party.152x152pxNew HampshireMrs. Winfield ShawManchesterHead of the New Hampshire branch of the National Woman's Party.New JerseyAlison Turnbull Hopkins (Mrs. J. A. H. Hopkins)NewarkHead of the New Jersey branch of the National Woman's Party. Married to J. A. H. Hopkins, a member of The Committee of 48.162x162pxNew MexicoCora Armstrong Kellam (Mrs. Arthur A. Kellam)AlbuquerqueHead of the New Mexico branch of the National Woman's Party. Along with Florence Bayard Hilles (Delaware NWP chairperson) were members of the "Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense" met with President and Mrs. Wilson on Federal Suffrage Amendment.New YorkAlva Belmont  (Mrs. O. H. P. Belmont)Long IslandHead of the New York branch of the National Woman's Party. Mrs. John Winters Brannan (acting)111x111pxNorth CarolinaElla St. Clair ThompsonSpruce PineHead of the North Carolina branch of the National Woman's Party.155x155pxNorth DakotaBeulah McHenry Amidon (Mrs. Chas. Amidon)FargoHead of the North Dakota branch of the National Woman's Party. She should not be confused with her daughter, also named Beulah Amidon (later Beulah Amidon Ratliff) and known as the "Prettiest Picket"OhioHelen Clegg Winters (Mrs. Valentine Winters)DaytonHead of the Ohio branch of the National Woman's Party.OklahomaMiss Ida F. HalseyOklahoma CityHead of the Oklahoma branch of the National Woman's Party. Was replaced by Florence Etheridge Cobb in 1922.OregonMrs. W. J. HawkinsPortlandHead of the Oregon branch of the National Woman's Party.PennsylvaniaMiss Mary H. InghamPhiladelphiaHead of the Pennsylvania branch of the National Woman's Party.166x166pxRhode IslandMary Lavinia Archbold Van Beuren  (Mrs. Michael Van Beuran)NewportHead of the Rhode Island branch of the National Woman's Party.South CarolinaMrs. W. P. VaughanGreenvilleHead of the South Carolina branch of the National Woman's Party.South DakotaHarriet E. Fellows Mrs. A. R. FellowsSioux FallsHead of the South Dakota branch of the National Woman's Party.149x149pxTennesseeSue WhiteJacksonHead of the Tennessee branch of the National Woman's Party.127x127pxTexasAnna Tidball Millett (Mrs. Paul Millett)Fort WorthHead of the Texas branch of the National Woman's Party.UtahMrs. Louise GarnettSalt Lake CityHead of the Utah branch of the National Woman's Party.VirginiaMrs. Sophie G. MeredithRichmondHead of the Virginia branch of the National Woman's Party.149x149pxWashingtonMrs. Sophie L. W. ClarkSeattleHead of the Washington branch of the National Woman's Party.West VirginiaMiss Florence HogeWheelingHead of the West Virginia branch of the National Woman's Party.WisconsinMabel Raef Putnam Mrs. Frank PutnamMilwaukeeHead of the Wisconsin branch of the National Woman's Party.WyomingMrs. P. E. GlafckeCheyenneHead of the Wyoming branch of the National Woman's Party.

 Manazarta 

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