Taron farko na Pan-Afirka

An gudanar da taron farko na Pan-African a London, Ingila, daga 23 zuwa 25 ga Yuli 1900 (kafin nunin Paris na 1900 "domin ba da damar masu yawon bude ido na Afirka su halarci duka abubuwan biyu").  An shirya shi ne da farko ta lauyan Trinidadian Henry Sylvester Williams,  taron ya gudana a Westminster Town Hall (yanzu Caxton Hall ) "The First Pan African Conference of 1900". Global Pan African Movement. kuma ya sami halartar wakilai 37 da sauran mahalarta 10 da masu kallo   daga Afirka, West Indies, Amurka da Birtaniya, ciki har da Samuel Cogate  T. Alcindor, Benito Sylvain, Dadabhai Naoroji, John Archer, Henry Francis Downing, Anna H. Jones, Anna Julia Cooper, da WEB Du Bois, tare da Bishop Alexander Walters na AME Sion Church ya ɗauki kujera.  

Du Bois ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, inda ya rubuta wasiƙar ("Adireshin ga Ƙasashen Duniya") "(1900) W. E. B. Du Bois, 'To the Nations of the World, BlackPast.org ga shugabannin Turai suna kira gare su da su yi gwagwarmaya da wariyar launin fata, don ba da mulkin mallaka a Afirka da yammacin Indiya 'yancin cin gashin kai da kuma neman 'yancin siyasa da sauran haƙƙin Amurkawa na Afirka.  

 Fage 
A ranar 24 ga Satumbar 1897, Henry Sylvester Williams ya taka rawar gani wajen kafa kungiyar Afirka a London (kada a rude da Kungiyar Bunkasa Gano Sassan Cikin Gida na Afirka ), a matsayin martani ga rabe-raben Afirka na Turai wanda ya biyo bayan taron 1884-85 na Berlin . Ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ta nuna wani mataki na farko a cikin ci gaban ƙungiyar masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, kuma an kafa ta ne don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar 'yan Afirka da mutanen Afirka, musamman a yankunan daular Birtaniya,  game da kanta tare da rashin adalci a yankunan Birtaniya na Afirka da Caribbean.  A cikin Maris 1898, ƙungiyar ta ba da da'ira mai kira ga taron ƙasashen Afirka. Booker T. Washington, wanda ya kasance yana tafiya a Birtaniya a lokacin rani na 1899, ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga jaridun Afirka-Amurka:

Damu da Matsalolin Taron

Lokacin da aka bude Taron Pan-African na Farko a ranar Litinin, 23 ga Yuli 1900, a Westminster Town Hall, Bishop Alexander Walters cikin jawabin bude taro da ya yi mai taken "Jarrabawa da Wahalhalun Fatar Baki a Amurka", ya lura da cewa "karo na farko a tarihin duniya mutane bakake sun taru daga sassa daban-daban na duniya domin tattauna da inganta yanayin rayuwar jinsinsu, su kare hakkokinsu da kuma tsara yadda za su sami matsayi daidai da sauran al’umma."Fryer (1984), p. 283. Bishop na birnin London, Mandell Creighton, ya gabatar da jawabi na maraba inda ya ambata "amfanin mulkin kai-da-kai" wanda Burtaniya za ta bai wa "wasu kabilu... da wuri-wuri."

Masu jawabi a tsawon kwanaki uku sun tabo fannoni daban-daban na wariyar launin fata. Daga cikin takardun da aka gabatar akwai: "Yanayi da ke Tallafawa Ingantacciyar Darajar Bil-Adama ta Afirka" (C. W. French daga St. Kitts), "Kare Daidaito Tsakanin Jinsuna" (Anna H. Jones daga Kansas City, Missouri), "Hadin Kai da Dole Tsakanin Kabilun Asali da Masu Mulkin Turai" (Benito Sylvain,Benito Sylvain ya wallafa rahoton taron mai taken "Kungiyar Pan-African" a cikin littafinsa Du Sort des Indigènes dans les Colonies d'Exploitation (Paris: L. Boyer, 1901). Duba Tony Martin, "Benito Sylvain of Haiti on the Pan-African Conference of 1900", a cikin The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond, Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing, 1983, shafi na 201–16. mataimaki ga sarkin Habasha daga Haiti), "Matsalar Bakar Fata a Amurka" (Anna J. Cooper daga Washington), "Ci gaban Mutanenmu" (John E. Quinlan daga St. Lucia) da "Afirka, Sphinx na Tarihi, a Hasken Matsalolin da ba a warware ba" (D. E. Tobias daga Amurka)."Sylvester Williams" , Spartacus Educational. Batutuwan da aka tattauna sun hada da korafin Richard Phipps akan wariyar da bakar fata ke fuskanta a hukumar gwamnatin Trinidad da Tobago, da kuma suka daga William Meyer, wani dalibin likitanci daga jami’ar Edinburgh, akan karya da akayi wa kimiyya domin nuna wariyar jinsi. An gudanar da tattaunawa bayan gabatar da kowanne bayani, kuma a ranar karshe George James Christian, wani dalibin lauya daga Dominica,Thomson Fontaine, "George James Christian: Pioneer in Africa", Thedominican.net, Vol. 1, Issue 32, 27 November 2002.Gabriel J. Christian, "Nelson Mandela, Dominica and the Caribbean Contribution to African Liberation", Dominica News Online, 8 December 2013. ya jagoranci tattaunawa akan taken "Fasadi na Tsari da Ci gaban Bil-Adama Sun Mayar da Jinsinmu Filin Yakin Su", inda ya ce a da "ana sace Afirkawa daga kasashensu, kuma a Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia bautar da aka farfado da ita tana cikin salon aikin tilas."Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain, London: Pluto Press, 1984, p. 284.Bernard Magubane, The Ties that Bind: African-American Consciousness of Africa, Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2nd printing 1989, p. 140.

Taron ya kai ga mayar da Kungiyar African Association (wadda Sylvester Williams ya kafa a 1897) zuwa Pan-African Association, da kuma aiwatar da "Sako zuwa Ga Al’umman Duniya" wanda aka amince da shi gaba daya, aka aika zuwa ga shugabannin kasashe daban-daban da mutanen asalinsu na Afirka ke zaune suna fuskantar danniya.Shivani Sivagurunathan, "Pan-Africanism", a cikin David Dabydeen, John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Black British History, Oxford University Press, 2007, shafi na 259–60. Wannan sako ya roki Amurka da kasashen Turai masu mulkin mallaka da su "amince da kuma kare hakkokin mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka" da kuma girmama ‘yanci da zaman kan kansu na "kasashen bakaken fata masu ‘yanci kamar Abyssinia, Liberia, Haiti, da sauransu."The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945, BlackPast.org. Walters (Shugaban Pan-African Association), Rev. Henry B. Brown daga Kanada (Mataimakin Shugaba), Williams (Sakataren Janar) da Du Bois (Shugaban Kwamitin Sako)1900 Pan-African Conference Resolution . Source: Ayodele Langley, Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa, London: Rex Collings, 1979, pp. 738–739. ne suka rattaba hannu akan wannan takarda, wacce ke dauke da jimla "Matsalar Karni na Ashirin ita ce matsalar layin launin fata", wanda Du Bois zai kara amfani da shi bayan shekaru uku a cikin gabatarwar littafinsa The Souls of Black Folk (1903).Brent Hayes Edwards, "The Practice of Diaspora", a cikin Janice A. Radway, Kevin Gaines, Barry Shank, Penny Von Eschen (eds), American Studies: An Anthology, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, shafi na 33.

A watan Satumba, wakilan taron sun roki Sarauniya Victoria ta hanyar gwamnatin Birtaniya da ta binciki halin da Afirkawa ke ciki a Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia, ciki har da wasu ayyuka na zalunci da fararen fata suka aikata, wato:
 Tsarin aiki mai tozarci kuma ba bisa ka’ida ba da ake amfani da shi a Kimberley da Rhodesia.  
 Yarjejeniyar aiki da ake kira "indenture", wato, bautar doka ga maza da mata da yara Afirka zuwa ga masu mulkin mallaka fararen fata.  
 Tsarin tilasta mutane yin aiki a ayyukan gwamnati.  
 Tsarin lasisi ko “docket” da ake amfani da shi ga mutanen da ba farare ba.  
 Dokokin garuruwa da ke ware da kuma tauye martabar Afirkawa kamar dokar hana fita da dare; hana amfani da hanyoyin tafiya na kafa; da kuma rarrabe su a cikin abin hawa na jama'a.  
 Matsalolin samun mallakar kadarori.  
 Matsalolin samun damar kada kuri’a.

A karshe, Sylvester Williams ya samu amsar gwamnati a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1901:
"Alhaji. An umurce ni da in shaida maka cewa Sakataren Harkokin Waje [Joseph] Chamberlain ya karbi umarnin Sarauniya cewa rokon da aka yi a taron Pan-African domin duba halin da kabilun asali ke ciki a Afirka ta Kudu ya kai gareta, kuma tana farin ciki da umurtar shi ya mayar da martani a madadin gwamnatin ta.

Mr. Chamberlain ya tabbatar wa mambobin taron Pan-African cewa, yayin da ake tsara yadda za a gudanar da sabbin yankunan da aka kwace, gwamnatin Mai Martaba ba za ta manta da bukatu da jin dadin kabilun asali ba.""1900 Pan African Conference Petition to Queen Victoria" . Source: Molefi K. Asante, The History of Africa, New York & London: Routledge, 2007, p. 260.

Kwana guda kafin rasuwar Sarauniya Victoria, ta umarci sakataren ta na sirri, Arthur Bigge, da ya rubuta wata takarda, wanda ya yi a ranar 21 ga Janairu.J. R. Hooker, "The Pan-African Conference 1900", Transition, No. 46 (1974), shafi na 24. Ko da yake zaluncin da aka ambata a Afirka ta Kudu ya ci gaba har wani lokaci, taron ya haskaka su ga idon duniya.Frank A. Salamone, "Pan-African Conference, London", a cikin Paul Finkelman, Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009, shafi na 43.

Rahotannin Jaridu da Karɓuwa a Gida

An ruwaito taron a manyan jaridun Burtaniya, ciki har da The Times"PanAfrican Conference", The Times (London), 24 July 1900, da "PanAfrican Conference", The Times (London), 25 July 1900. da kuma Westminster Gazette, wacce ta bayyana cewa wannan "yana nuna fara wani muhimmin motsi a tarihin duniya: bakar fata ta farka daga barci ta fahimci damar da ke gabanta" sannan ta ambato Williams yana cewa: "Manufarmu yanzu ita ce mu tabbatar da cewa a ko’ina cikin duniya, bakar fata tana da irin damar da fari ke morewa."Fryer, p. 287.

Bishop Alexander Walters ya rubuta a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa:

"Ranar Litinin, 23 ga Yuli, an gayyaci taron zuwa shan shayi da karfe biyar na yamma wanda kungiyar gyara ta Cobden Club ta London ta shirya a girmamawa ga wakilan taron, a babban ofishinta da ke otal ɗin St. Ermin, daya daga cikin otal-otal masu kyau a cikin birnin. 'Yan majalisar dokoki da wasu fitattun mutane sun halarta. An gabatar da kyakkyawan liyafa, kuma na tsawon awa biyu wakilan taron sun ji daɗi sosai da tarba mai kyau daga mambobin da abokan kungiyar.

Da karfe biyar na yamma ranar Talata, marigayi Dr. Creighton, Lord Bishop na birnin London, ya shirya mana shan shayi a fadarsa mai kima da ke Fulham, wacce ta kasance mazauni na Bishops na birnin London tun karni na goma sha biyar. Lokacin da muka isa fadar, mun tarar da Mai Martaba Bishop da wasu Bishops guda daya ko biyu, tare da matansu da 'ya'yansu mata, suna jiran maraba da mu. Bayan an gama cin abinci mai dadi sosai, sai aka raka mu mu zagaya gonaki masu fadi da ke kewaye da fadar. Farfesa DuBois, M. Benito Sylvain, Misters Downing da Calloway, Miss Jones da wasu sun zagaya cikin fadar da lambun cikin salo da kwanciyar hankali, kamar suna daga cikin masu gida ne. Mun gano cewa Lord Bishop ba kawai hazikin malami ne da mai zurfin tunani ba, amma kuma Kirista mai kima da natsuwa. Ina da yakinin cewa wannan ziyarar fadar za ta daɗe a cikin tunanin wakilan taron a matsayin daya daga cikin mafiya dadi a tarihin su.

Sakamakon karamcin Mr. Clark, dan majalisar dokoki, an gayyace mu zuwa shan shayi a ranar Laraba da karfe biyar na yamma a saman dandalin majalisa. Bayan shan shayi, mambobin maza na tawagarmu sun samu shiga cikin House of Commons, wacce ake ɗauka a matsayin girmamawa mai girma; hakika, ziyarar Majalisar Dokoki da shan shayi a dandalinta ita ce mafi girma cikin jerin girmamawa da muka samu. Babban yabo ya tabbata ga sakatarenmu mai ban sha’awa, Mr. H. Sylvester Williams, saboda waɗannan abubuwan zamantakewa.

Miss Catherine Impey daga birnin London ta bayyana cewa ta ji daɗin haɗuwa da irin mutanen da suka wakilci taron Pan-African, kuma ta fatan cewa mafi ilimi da ƙwararru daga cikinsu za su ci gaba da ziyartar Ingila domin su haɗu da mutanen ta masu daraja, don sauya mummunan ra’ayin da wasu ke da shi game da su, wanda abokan gaba suka yada a baya-bayan nan."

Gado

Bayan taron ya ƙare, Williams ya kafa rassan Ƙungiyar Pan-African a Jamaica, Trinidad da Amurka. Haka kuma, ya ƙaddamar da wata mujalla mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, The Pan-African, a watan Oktoba 1901. Ko da yake shirin ƙungiyar na taruwa duk bayan shekaru biyu bai tabbata ba, taron na 1900 ya ƙarfafa haɓakar Taron Pan-African."Pan-African Conference", in Bute and Harmer, The Black Handbook, 1997, shafi na 96.

Kamar yadda Farfesa Tony Martin ya lura, "Akalla wakilai uku daga yankin Caribbean daga baya sun ƙaura zuwa Afirka. George Christian daga Dominica ya zama lauya da ɗan majalisar dokoki a Gold Coast (Ghana) inda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki daga 1920 zuwa 1940. Richard E. Phipps, lauya daga Trinidad, ya koma gida bayan taron sannan ya ƙaura zuwa Gold Coast a 1911. Ya zauna a can har zuwa rasuwarsa kusan shekara ta 1926. Williams kansa ya zauna a Afirka ta Kudu daga 1903 zuwa 1905, kuma ya rasu a Trinidad a 1911."Tony Martin, "African consciousness", in General History of the Caribbean, Unesco, 1996, Vol. 5, Chapter 6, shafuka 259–260.

A ƙarƙashin tutar Taron Pan-African, an gudanar da taruka da dama daga bisani — a 1919 a Paris, 1921 da 1923 a London, 1927 a New York City, 1945 a Manchester, 1974 a Dar es Salaam da 1994 a Kampala — don tattauna batutuwan da ke fuskantar Afirka sakamakon mulkin mallakar Turawa.

An gudanar da bikin tunawa da cikar shekara ɗari a London a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2000,"Centenary Pan African Conference a Resounding Success" , Pan-African Perspective. inda zuriyar wasu daga cikin wakilan taron na farko suka halarta (ciki har da Margaret Busby, 'yar George Christian, da 'yar cikinta Moira Stuart), da kuma zuriyar wadanda suka halarci Taron Pan-African na 1945 a Manchester (kamar ɗiyar George Padmore Blyden Cowart, da Samia Nkrumah, 'yar Kwame Nkrumah).Lester Lewis, "Pan Africans on the Rise Again", RaceandHistory.com, 23 Janairu 2001.
Ƙara karatu
 Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain, London: Pluto Press, 1984, pp. 284–86.
 Imanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa, Africana Publishing Company, 1974. 
 Tony Martin, Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond, Dover, MD: The Majority Press, 1985.
 Marika Sherwood, Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa, and the African Diaspora, Routledge, 2011.

 Manazarta 

Mahaɗa
 The Pan-African Congresses, 1900-1945, BlackPast.org
 Dr. Mark Ledwidge, "Du Bois and Garvey: Foreign Affairs and Two Roads to Pan-Africanism", Politics, University of Manchester, Centre for International Politics Working Paper Series No. 39, February 2008.
 "Pages From History: DuBois Submission to the 1900 Pan-African Conference in London". Pan-African News Wire, 17 October 2009.
 Colin Legum, Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide, revised edition, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965.