Rarraba Lafiya ta Muhalli

Sashen Lafiya na Muhalli wani bangare ne na Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka (PHS) wanda ya mai da hankali kan lafiyar muhalli, wanda ya kasance a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban daga 1913 har zuwa 1970. Shi ne babban magajin kai tsaye na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. Yana da wasu sunaye da yawa a baya a cikin tarihinsa, gami da Ofishin Binciken Ruwa da Sashen Ayyukan Injiniya na Sanitary. 

PHS ta kafa shirin da ke mai da hankali kan gurɓataccen ruwa a 1913 a Cincinnati. A lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ya faɗaɗa zuwa ƙarin fannoni na kiwon lafiyar muhalli, ya zama Sashen Ayyukan Injiniya na Sanitary a cikin 1954. A cikin 1960 an sake tsara shi a cikin Sashen Lafiya na Muhalli, ɗaya daga cikin raka'a biyu na Ofishin Ayyukan Jiha na PHS. A matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin sake tsarawa da yawa na PHS wanda ya fara a 1967, yawancin tsoffin Sashen Lafiya na Muhalli sun zama ainihin sabuwar Hukumar Kare Muhalli a cikin 1970, ban da abubuwan da suka zama Cibiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa da Cibiyar FDA don Na'urori da Lafiya. Mai maye gurbin kai tsaye na babban cibiyar Sashen Lafiya na Muhalli na PHS a Cincinnati, Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Andrew W. Breidenbach, ta kasance cibiyar bincike da ci gaba ta biyu mafi girma ta EPA.

 Asalin 
Dokar PHS ta 1912 (Pub. L. 62-265) ta fadada aikin PHS daga masu yaduwa zuwa cututtukan da ba masu yaduwar cututtuka ba. A cikin 1913, an sake buɗe tsohon Asibitin Marine na Cincinnati na Amurka a matsayin Cibiyar Bincike don binciken gurɓata ruwa. Yanayinta a Cincinnati ya kasance ne saboda tasirin muhalli na biranen masana'antu na Kogin Ohio akan ruwan sha mai aminci. Wade Hampton Frost shine shugaban farko na shirin, wanda ya hada da wasu jami'an kiwon lafiya guda hudu da ma'aikatan tallafi, da dakunan gwaje-gwaje biyar a gefen Kogin Ohio.

Da farko an kira shi Tashar Bincike ta Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa kuma an mayar da hankali kan tsarkakewar ruwa, da tsarin kula da ruwa. Daga baya an san shi da Ofishin Binciken Ruwa na Ruwa. Da farko ya kasance wani ɓangare na Sashen Binciken Kimiyya na PHS,  kuma a cikin 1942 ya kasance wani bangare na magajinsa, Cibiyar Lafiya ta Kasa.

 Faɗakarwa 
A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wurin ya fadada cikin iska, masana'antu, da gurɓataccen sinadarai da binciken kiwon lafiya na radiology. A shekara ta 1949 an sake masa suna Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Muhalli ta PHS don nuna karuwar ikonsa.Walsh, John (1964-07-03). "Environmental Health: Taft Center in Cincinnati Has Been the PHS Mainstay in Pollution Research". Science. 145 (3627): 31–33. Bibcode:1964Sci...145...31W. doi:10.1126/science.145.3627.31. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14162688. An ba shi matsayi na yanki a wannan lokacin. A wannan shekarar, an kuma kirkiro Sashen albarkatun injiniya, Sashen Sanitation, da Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na saitin farko na Ofishin Ayyukan Jiha.

A shekara ta 1954, an haɗa bangarorin huɗu a cikin sabon Sashen Ayyukan Injiniya na Sanitary a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake daidaita shirye-shiryen Ofishin zuwa ƙananan, manyan bangarori."Records of the Public Health Service [PHS], 1912-1968". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2021-04-23. A wannan shekarar, shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na muhalli sun ƙaura daga tsohon asibitin Marine zuwa sabon Cibiyar Injiniya ta Robert A. Taft,  Rogers, Jerry R.; Symons, James M.; Sorg, Thomas J. (2013-05-28). "The History of Environmental Research in Cincinnati, Ohio: From the U.S. Public Health Service to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency". World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. American Society of Civil Engineers: 33–37. doi:10.1061/9780784412947.004. ISBN 978-0-7844-1294-7. wanda ya karfafa wurare bakwai na PHS a Cincinnati. An sanya masa suna ne don Sanata Robert A. Taft da ya mutu kwanan nan, kuma yana da ma'aikata kusan 200.Walsh, John (1964-07-03). "Environmental Health: Taft Center in Cincinnati Has Been the PHS Mainstay in Pollution Research". Science. 145 (3627): 31–33. Bibcode:1964Sci...145...31W. doi:10.1126/science.145.3627.31. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14162688. Shirye-shiryen sabon ginin sun kasance tun daga 1938, lokacin da aka gano shafin.

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