Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam

Ma'anar hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam yana bayyana faɗaɗa da'awar haƙƙin ɗan adam, mai yuwuwar lalata mahimmancin haƙƙoƙi. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa wannan fa'ida ta fa'ida yana ɓata bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙin da ba su da mahimmanci, yana mai daɗa wahala aiwatarwa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. : "Worries about the inflation of human rights are not new – indeed, they can be traced back at the very least to mid-century responses to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)." An yi amfani da kalmar tun daga tsakiyar tsakiyar 20, nuna damuwa game da yaduwar haƙƙin haƙƙin da aka yi da shi da tsarin zamantakewa.: "It is remarkable, in particular, how consistently socio-economic human rights in the form of welfare rights have been denied the status of 'real' human rights on the basis of the anti-inflation mindset."

Tushen ka'idoji na hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam ya haɗa da muhawara daga masana falsafa kamar Zhao Tingyang, waɗanda suka ba da shawarar cewa yaduwar haƙƙin na iya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na al'umma da rikice-rikice.: "既然超越了善，权利优先原则就必定蕴含着一个关于权利的悖论：假如对某种自由和利益的要求可以被搞成一种权利，那么任何一种并且所有对自由和利益的要求就都可以按照同样理由被搞成权利。这个悖论将是价值混乱和社会失控的根源，而且已经开始表现在人权的实际发展状况中。" ["If a demand for certain kinds of freedoms and interests can be made into a right, then any and all demands for freedoms and interests can be made into rights on the same grounds."] Tsarin Karel Vasak na ƙarni uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam - haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da na siyasa, haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da al'adu, da haƙƙin hadin kai - ya kwatanta wannan faɗaɗa. : "[...] liberté (first-generation civil and political rights), égalité (second-generation socio-economic and cultural rights) and fraternité (third-generation rights of solidarity)."Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa ƙara haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da na hadin kai yana rikitar da tilasta tilasta aiki saboda yanayin su mai yawa.

Ra'ayoyin masana sun bambanta, tare da Michael Ignatieff yana kallon fadadawa kamar yadda ya zama dole don tabbatar da daidaito da mutuncin ɗan adam, yayin da Upendra Baxi ya jaddada buƙatar amincewa da haƙƙin da aka faɗaɗa don magance rashin daidaito na tsarin da warewa.[6] Babban tasirin hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam ya haɗa da ƙalubale a cikin rabon albarkatu da aiwatar da haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa albarkatun da ake buƙata don waɗannan haƙƙoƙin na iya lalata aiwatar da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa na gargajiya, yana tasiri ga maganganun siyasa da tsarin shari'a.[2] Wadannan muhawara suna nuna yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma buƙatar daidaita ra'ayoyin gargajiya tare da bukatun al'umma na zamani.[7]

"Rashin hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam" yana nufin fadada fa'idar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, wanda zai iya rage muhimmancin haƙƙin ɗanɗano da kuma ɓoye bambancin tsakanin haƙƙin da ba na muhimmanci ba. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa wannan na iya haifar da raguwar mahimman haƙƙin ɗan adam, yana mai da wuya a tilasta da kuma kare waɗancan haƙƙin da ake la'akari da tushe. Ana amfani da kalmar tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20, yana nuna damuwa game da yaduwar da'awar haƙƙin da kuma tasirinsa ga tsarin shari'a da zamantakewa.[8]

 Ka'idar 
Tushen ka'idojin hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam ya haɗa da mahimman muhawara da yawa. Masana falsafa kamar Zhao Tingyang suna jayayya cewa fifiko ga haƙƙin ɗan adam sama da komai ba za a iya gujewa ba yana haifar da yaduwar haƙƙin da ake da'awar. Zhao ya ba da shawarar cewa idan ana iya yin buƙatun wasu nau'ikan 'yanci da fa'idodi a cikin haƙƙoƙi, to duk abin da ake buƙata ana iya da'awar su a matsayin haƙƙoci. Wannan ƙarfin, Zhao ya yi jayayya, yana haifar da rikicewa game da dabi'u kuma yana iya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na al'umma.[9]

Tsarin Karel Vasak na ƙarni uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kwatanta wannan faɗaɗa. Tsararren farko ya haɗa da haƙƙin jama'a da na siyasa; na biyu ya haɗa da 'yancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da al'adu; kuma na uku ya ƙunshi haƙƙin hadin kai, kamar haƙƙin yanayi mai kyau da haƙƙin ci gaba. Masu sukar hauhawar farashin haƙƙin ɗan adam suna jayayya cewa ƙarin haƙƙin ƙarni na biyu da na uku yana rikitar da aiwatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, waɗanda ke da wadataccen albarkatu kuma suna da wuyar tabbatarwa idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa.[10]

Michael Ignatieff ya ba da hangen nesa game da wannan batun, yana ba da shawarar cewa fassarar sauye-sauye na tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam don haɗawa da batutuwan zamani ba kawai hauhawar farashi ba ne amma daidaitawa ce mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da ka'idodin daidaito da mutuncin ɗan adam. Ignatieff ya yarda cewa yayin da fadada haƙƙoƙi yana da rikici, yana nuna canje-canje masu yawa na al'umma da buƙatar magance ƙalubalen zamani.[11] Sabanin haka, Upendra Baxi ya jaddada muhimmancin fahimtar waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da aka faɗaɗa don magance rashin daidaito na tsarin da warewa, yana jayayya cewa rashin yin hakan yana ci gaba da rashin adalci da bambancin zamantakewa.[12]

 Ƙarin ma'ana 
Babban abubuwan da ke tattare da hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da damuwa game da rabon albarkatun ƙasa da ƙalubalen aiwatar da haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.  Masu suka suna jayayya cewa dumbin albarkatun da ake buƙata don cika waɗannan haƙƙoƙin na iya lalata aiwatar da yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa na gargajiya.  Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayin hauhawar haƙƙin ɗan adam yana tasiri maganganun siyasa da tsarin shari'a, galibi yana haifar da muhawara kan daidaito tsakanin kiyaye muhimman haƙƙoƙi da haɗa sabbin haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.[13] Wadannan tattaunawar suna nuna yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma ci gaba da buƙatar daidaita ra'ayoyin gargajiya tare da bukatun al'umma na zamani.

 Misalan 

 Aure na jinsi ɗaya 
Haɗakar da auren jinsi ɗaya da haƙƙin jinsi ɗaya a cikin jawabin haƙƙin ɗan adam galibi ana ambaton shi a matsayin fitaccen misali na hauhawar haƙƙin ɗanɗano. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa fadada ikon haƙƙin ɗan adam don haɗawa da waɗannan batutuwan na iya rage muhimmancin al'adun gargajiya, haƙƙoƙi na asali.[13]

Amincewa da auren jinsi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance batun cece-kuce.  Masu sukar hauhawar farashin haƙƙin ɗan adam sun yi iƙirarin cewa faɗaɗa haɗa auren jinsi ɗaya ya gurɓata tunanin al'ada na yancin iyali kamar yadda aka tsara tun farko.  Duk da haka, masu goyon bayan suna jayayya cewa wannan fadada shine juyin halitta mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaito da rashin nuna bambanci.  Misali, Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta tsakanin Amurka da Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne kare alakar iyali ya kai ga ma'auratan jinsi guda, inda ta fassara wannan hada-hadar da ta yi daidai da ainihin manufar tsare-tsaren kare hakkin dan Adam, duk da cewa masu rubuta bayanan kare hakkin dan Adam ba su bayyana a sarari ba.[14]

Michael Ignatieff ya tattauna wannan sabon abu, yana mai lura da cewa fassarar da ke canzawa game da haƙƙin iyali don haɗawa da auren jinsi ɗaya yana nuna canje-canje na al'umma da kuma buƙatar daidaita tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam ga batutuwan zamani. Wannan hangen nesa yana nuna cewa fadada ba hauhawar farashi ba ne amma daidaitawa ce da ta dace don tabbatar da ka'idodin daidaito da mutuncin ɗan adam.[11]

 'Yancin Transgender 
Similarly, the recognition of transgender rights has been a focal point in debates over human rights inflation. The inclusion of rights specific to transgender individuals, such as the right to change one's legal gender and protection against discrimination, is seen by some as an overextension of human rights. Yet, this expansion is argued  to be crucial for addressing the unique challenges faced by transgender individuals.[15]

Shirin Mai nuna haƙƙin Trans (TRIP) yana ba da cikakken bincike game da haƙƙin transgender a cikin tsarin shari'a daban-daban, yana nuna bambance-bambance da kuma buƙatar manufofi masu haɗa kai.[16] Bugu da ƙari, Upendra Baxi ya tattauna tasirin fadada haƙƙin ɗan adam don haɗawa da kariya ta transgender, yana jaddada muhimmancin fahimtar waɗannan haƙƙoƙin don magance rashin daidaito na tsarin da warewa.[12]

 Hakkin samun damar Intanet 
Kashewa a ƙarƙashin haƙƙin ɗan adam ga 'Yanci na magana ko' Yancin Magana.

 Kudin shiga na duniya 


 Ra'ayoyin Masana 
Tattaunawar game da hauhawar farashin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin mahallin auren jinsi ɗaya da haƙƙin ɗanɗano ya ƙunshi damuwa mai zurfi game da juyin halitta da daidaitawa na tsarin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa irin wannan fadadawa na iya raunana darajar haƙƙin asali, yayin da masu goyon baya ke jayayya cewa suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cikakkiyar kariya da daidaito ga dukkan mutane.[17] Wannan tashin hankali yana nuna yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma ci gaba da buƙatar daidaita ra'ayoyin gargajiya tare da bukatun al'umma na zamani.[8]
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba