Yankunan Italiya

yankuna (Italian; sing. ) sune yankuna na farko na Jamhuriyar Italiya, wanda ya zama matakin gudanarwa na NUTS na biyu. Akwai yankuna ashirin, biyar daga cikinsu yankuna ne masu cin gashin kansu tare da matsayi na musamman. A karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya, kowane yanki yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa tare da ƙayyadaddun iko. Baya ga Kwarin Aosta (tun daga 1945), kowane yanki ya kasu kashi da yawa. 

 Tarihi 
A lokacin Masarautar Italiya, yankuna sun kasance gundumomi ne kawai na kididdiga na jihar ta tsakiya.  A karkashin Jamhuriyar, an ba su wani ma'auni na 'yancin kai na siyasa ta tsarin mulkin Italiya na 1948.  Jerin daftarin asali ya ƙunshi yankin Salento (wanda a ƙarshe aka haɗa shi cikin Apulia);  Friuli da Venezia Giulia yankuna ne daban, kuma ana kiran Basilicata Lucania.  An bayyana Abruzzo da Molise a matsayin yankuna daban-daban a cikin daftarin farko, amma daga baya aka hade su zuwa Abruzzi e Molise a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na karshe na 1948, kafin a raba su a 1963.

An jinkirta aiwatar da ikon cin gashin kai na yanki har zuwa zaben yanki na farko na 1970. Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Kirista mai mulki ba ta son Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Italiya ta sami iko a yankunan da ta samo asali a tarihi (ja belin Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Umbria da Marches).

Yankuna sun sami babban matakin cin gashin kansu biyo bayan sake fasalin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 2001 (wanda gwamnatin tsakiya ta kawo kuma jama'ar raba gardama ta tabbatar da su), wanda ya basu cancantar manufofin siyasa.  Jam'iyyar Lega Nord mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ce ta gabatar da wani sake fasalin tsarin tarayya sannan a shekara ta 2005, gwamnatin tsakiya karkashin jagorancin Silvio Berlusconi ta ba da shawarar sake fasalin da zai kara karfin yankuna..

Shawarwarin, wanda aka haɗa shi musamman da , kuma wasu suna ganin yana jagorantar hanyar zuwa jihar tarayya, an ƙi su a cikin raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki na Italiya na 2006 da kashi 61.7% "a'a" zuwa 38.3% "yes". Sakamakon ya bambanta sosai tsakanin yankuna, daga 55.3% a cikin ni'ima a Veneto zuwa 82% a kan Calabria.

 7Gudanar da siyasa 


 Yankuna 
FadarSunan yankin Italiyanci (idan ya bambanta) Sunan Italiyanci (idan ya bambanta)  MatsayiYawan jama'aJanairu 2023Yankin2" href="./Population_density" id="mwbw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Population density">Pop. yawan jama'a (p/km2) HDI  2022Babban BirniShugaban kasaAdadin tarayya Tabbacin. ormetrop.  biraneAdadin%km2%border|40x40pxAbruzzoAl'ada1,307,0002.16%3.59%1180.889AquilaMarco Marsilio'Yan'uwa na Italiya3054border|40x40pxAosta ValleyValle d'Aosta/Valle d"AostaKwarin AostaMai cin gashin kansa143,0000.21%1.08%380.887AostaRenzo TestolinƘungiyar Valdostan741border|40x40pxApuliaPugliaAl'ada3,945,0006.63%6.48%2000.854BariMichele EmilianoJam'iyyar Democrat2576border|40x40pxBasilicataAl'ada559,0000.92%3.34%540.862Ƙarfin ƘarfinVito Bardi1312border|40x40pxCalabriaAl'ada1,870,0003.13%5.04%1210.845CatanzaroRoberto Occhiuto 4045border|40x40pxKamfenAl'ada5,615,0009.48%4.53%4090.854NaplesVincenzo De LucaJam'iyyar Democrat5505border|40x40pxEmilia da RomaAl'ada4,452,0007.51%7.44%1970.921BolognaMichele De PascaleJam'iyyar Democrat3309border|40x40pxFriuli-Venezia GiuliaFurlanija-Julijska Krajina/Friûl-Vignesie Julie/Friaul-Julisch VenetienMai cin gashin kansa1,219,0002.03%2.63%1510.903TriesteMassimiliano FedrigaƘungiyar2154border|40x40pxLazioAl'ada5,745,0009.69%5.71%3320.914RomaFrancesco RoccaMai zaman kansa3785border|40x40pxLiguriaAl'ada1,535,0002.56%1.79%2780.898GenoaMarco BucciMai zaman kansa2344border|40x40pxLombardyLombardyAl'ada10,342,00016.89%7.91%4180.912MilanAttilio FontanaƘungiyar1,50612border|40x40pxTafiyaAl'ada1,524,0002.53%3.12%1580.901AnconaFrancesco Acquaroli'Yan'uwa na Italiya2255border|40x40pxMoliseAl'ada324,0000.49%1.48%650.872CampobassoFrancesco Roberti1362border|40x40pxPiedmontPiemonteAl'ada4,302,0007.21%8.41%1680.898TurinAlberto Cirio1,1818border|40x40pxSardiniaSardegnaMai cin gashin kansa1,604,0002.68%7.99%660.868CagliariAlessandra ToddeMotsi na Taurari biyar3775border|40x40pxSicilySicilyMai cin gashin kansa4,825,0008.14%8.56%1860.845PalermoRenato Schifani3919border|40x40pxTrentino-Kudancin TyrolTrentino-Alto Adige/SüdtirolMai cin gashin kansa1,111,0001.83%4.51%79Trentino: 0.920TrentoArno KompatscherJam'iyyar Jama'ar Kudancin Tyrolean2822Kudancin Tyrol: 0.910border|40x40pxTuscanyTuscanyAl'ada3,698,0006.23%7.62%1600.907FlorenceEugenio GianiJam'iyyar Democrat27310border|40x40pxUmbriaAl'ada930,0001.46%2.81%1020.897PerugiaStefania ProiettiMai zaman kansa922border|40x40pxVenetoAl'ada4,883,0008.23%5.97%2650.900VeniceLuca ZaiaƘungiyar5637border|40x40pxItaliya Italiya-59,933,000100.00%100.00%1950.892RomaSergio MattarellaMai zaman kansa7,904107

 Manyan yankuna 
Macroregions sune NUTS na farko na Tarayyar Turai.  (shi) 
TaswirarMacroregion Sunan ItaliyanciYankunaBabban birniYawan jama'aJanairu 2022Yankin (km2) Yawan jama'a<br id="mwAwM"> (km2) 'Yan majalisaAdadin%km2%center|163x163pxCibiyarCibiyarLazioTafiyaTuscanyUmbriaRoma11,740,83619.91%19.23%20215center|163x163pxArewa maso YammaArewa-OvestKwarin AostaLiguriaLombardyPiedmontMilan15,848,10026.87%19.18%27420center|163x163pxArewa maso gabasArewa maso GabasEmilia da RomaFriuli-Venezia GiuliaTrentino-Kudancin TyrolVenetoBologna11,561,67619.60%20.63%18615center|163x163pxKudancinKudancinAbruzzoApuliaBasilicataCalabriaKamfenMoliseNaples13,451,86122.81%24.43%18218center|163x163pxTsibirinSardiniaSicilyPalermo6,380,64910.82%16.53%1288

 Matsayi 
Kowane yanki yana da doka da ke aiki a matsayin kundin tsarin mulki na yanki, wanda ke ƙayyade nau'in gwamnati da ka'idojin kungiyar da kuma aikin yankin, kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya ya tsara (Mataki na 123). Kodayake duk yankuna sai dai Tuscany sun bayyana kansu a hanyoyi daban-daban a matsayin "Yankin mai cin gashin kansa" a cikin labarin farko na Dokokin su,  yankuna goma sha biyar suna da dokoki na yau da kullun kuma biyar suna da Dokoki na musamman, suna ba su ikon cin gashin kansu.

 Yankunan da ke da doka ta yau da kullun 
Wadannan yankuna, wadanda majalisun yankunansu suka amince da dokokinsu, an kirkiresu ne a shekarar 1970, duk da cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya ya samo asali ne daga shekarar 1948. Tun bayan sake fasalin kundin tsarin mulki na shekara ta 2001 suna da sauran ikon majalisa: yankuna suna da ikon majalisa na musamman dangane da duk wani al'amari da ba a tanada shi ba ga dokar jihar (Mataki na 117).  Duk da haka ikon cin gashin kansu na kudi yana da kyau: suna riƙe da kashi 20% kawai na duk harajin da aka karɓa, galibi ana amfani da su don tallafawa Tsarin kiwon lafiya na yankin.

 Yankunan da ke da ikon cin gashin kansu tare da doka ta musamman 
Mataki na 116 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Italiya ya ba da mulkin gida ga yankuna biyar: kwarin Aosta, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily, da Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, yana ba su damar wasu 'yan majalisa, gudanarwa da ikon kuɗi zuwa wani nau'i daban-daban, dangane da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idarsu.  Waɗannan yankuna sun zama masu cin gashin kansu don yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen al'adu da kuma kare tsirarun harsuna.  Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta so ta hana su yiwuwar ballewa ko kuma a ɗauke su daga Italiya bayan shan kaye a yakin duniya na biyu.

 Cibiyoyin 
Kowane yanki yana da zaɓaɓɓen majalisa, mai suna Consiglio Regionale (majalisar yanki), ko Assemblea Regionale (majalisar yanki) a Sicily, da gwamnati mai suna Giunta Regionale (kwamitin yanki), wanda gwamna mai suna Presidente della Giunta Regionale (shugaban kwamitin yankin) ko Presidente della Regione (shugaban yankin).  'Yan kasar na kowane yanki ne ke zabar na karshen kai tsaye, ban da Aosta Valley da Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol inda majalisar yankin ke zaben shugaban kasa.

A karkashin dokar zabe ta 1995, hadin gwiwar da ta ci nasara ta sami mafi yawan kujeru a majalisar. Shugaban kasa yana jagorantar giunta, kuma yana zabar ko korar mambobinta, wanda ake kira assessori. Idan shugaban da aka zaba kai tsaye ya yi murabus, ana kiran sabon zabe nan take.

A cikin yankin Trentino-Alto Adige / Sudtirol, majalisar yanki ta ƙunshi zaman hadin gwiwa na majalisun larduna biyu na Trentino da na Kudancin Tyrol. Shugaban yankin yana daya daga cikin kwamishinonin lardin guda biyu.

 Wakilin Majalisar Dattawa 
Mataki na 57 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya da farko ya kafa cewa za a zabi Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar a kan yanki ta 'yan ƙasar Italiya masu shekaru 25 ko sama da haka (ba kamar Majalisar Wakilai ba, wanda aka zaba a kan ƙasa da kuma dukkan' yan ƙasar Italiya da suka kai shekaru 18 ko sama da kai). Babu wani yanki da zai iya samun kasa da sanatoci 7, sai dai ga ƙananan yankuna biyu: Aosta Valley (1 sanata) da Molise (2 sanatoci). Daga 2006 zuwa 2020, 6 daga cikin sanatoci 315 (da 12 daga cikin wakilai 630) 'yan Italiya da ke zaune a kasashen waje ne suka zaba su.

Bayan an zartar da gyare-gyare biyu na kundin tsarin mulki bi da bi a cikin 2020 (ta hanyar raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin) da 2021, duk da haka, an sami canje-canje. Har yanzu ana zabar Majalisar Dattijai a kan yanki, amma an rage yawan sanatoci daga 315 zuwa 200, waɗanda yanzu duk 'yan ƙasa masu shekaru 18 ko sama da haka ne suka zaba, kamar wakilai (suna raguwa daga 630 zuwa 400). Italiyanci da ke zaune a kasashen waje yanzu suna zabar sanatoci 4 (da wakilai 8).

Sauran sanatoci 196 an sanya su a kowane yanki gwargwadon yawan jama'arsu. Mataki na 57 da aka gyara na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da cewa babu wani yanki da zai iya samun ƙasa da sanatoci 3 da ke wakiltar shi, ban da Aosta Valley da Molise, waɗanda suka riƙe sanatoci 1 da 2 bi da bi.
YankinKujerun zamaYankinKujerun zamaYankinKujerun zama44511816135633112653182161414Yankunan kasashen waje4

 Tattalin arzikin yankuna da manyan yankuna 
FadarSunanGDP 2018, Yuro miliyan GDP ga kowane mutum 2018,EUR GDP 2011, PPS miliyan GDP na kowane mutum 2011,PPS border|40x40pxAbruzzo33,90025,80029,43821,900border|40x40pxKwarin Aosta4,90038,9004,23633,000border|40x40pxApulia76,60019,00068,49616,700border|40x40pxBasilicata12,60022,20010,51717,900border|40x40pxCalabria33,30017,00032,35716,100border|40x40pxKamfen108,00018,60091,65815,700border|40x40pxEmilia da Roma161,00036,200139,59731,400border|40x40pxFriuli-Venezia Giulia38,00031,20035,85529,000border|40x40pxLazio198,00033,600168,60929,300border|40x40pxLiguria49,90032,10043,06926,700border|40x40pxLombardy388,80038,600330,04233,200border|40x40pxTafiya43,20028,30040,01425,500border|40x40pxMolise6,50020,9006,27819,700border|40x40pxPiedmont137,00031,500123,33627,600border|40x40pxSardinia34,90021,20032,37719,300border|40x40pxSicily89,20017,80082,18316,300border|40x40pxTrentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol41,70039,20035,04133,700border|40x40pxTuscany118,00031,500103,77527,600border|40x40pxUmbria22,50025,40021,07823,200border|40x40pxVeneto163,00033,200146,36929,600
LambobinSunanGDP 2011, Yuro miliyan "GDP per capita in the EU in 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2014.GDP na kowane mutum 2011, EUR GDP 2011, PPS miliyan GDP na kowane mutum 2011,PPS ITECibiyar340,66928,400333,47527,800ITCArewa maso Yamma511,48431,700500,68331,000ITDArewa maso gabas364,56031,200356,86230,600ITFKudancin243,89517,200238,74416,800ITGTsibirin117,03117,400114,56017,000 -Ƙarin Rikici2,771 -2,712 -

 Dubi kuma 

 Yankunan NUTS na Italiya na matakin 1
 Majalisar yanki (Italiya) 
 Jerin shugabannin yankuna na yanzu na Italiya
 Jerin yankunan Italiya ta GDP
 Jerin yankunan Italiya ta hanyar GRP ga kowane mutum
 Jerin yankuna na Italiya ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam
 Flags na yankuna na Italiya
 ISO 3166-2:IT

 Yankunan Italiya
 Biranen birni na Italiya
 Manyan hukumomi na Italiya
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