Yankin Andes na wurare masu zafi

Yankin Andes na wurare masu zafi272x272pxDutsen Andes na wurare masu zafi na Bolivia, kusa da garin CoroicoMafi Girma Mafi girmaHuascaránHawan sama6,768 m (22,205 ft)   GirmaTsawon3,300 km (2,100 mi)   Yanayin ƙasaKasasheVenezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, BoliviaIyayeAndes
Kogin Tropical Andes yana arewacin sassan Andes guda uku da yanayin yanayi ya keɓe, sauran kuma sune Busassun Andes da Wet Andes . Yankin Tropical Andes ya kai    .

 Yanayin ƙasa da muhalli 
Tsibirin Tropical Andes yana Kudancin Amurka yana bin hanyar Andes. Suna gudana, galibi, ta cikin ƙasashe biyar, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, da Bolivia . Ƙasar da farko ta kasance kusan    amma ya ragu zuwa , barin 25% na asalin ƙasar. Saboda yawan yanki mai faɗin ya bambanta. Daban-daban shimfidar wurare suna haifar da wurare daban-daban da kuma ikon samar da albarkatun da ake buƙata don nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa. Mabambantan shimfidar wurare sun haɗa da tsaunuka masu dusar ƙanƙara har zuwa kwaruruka da kwaruruka. Daban-daban ciyayi kamar yadda canjin tsayi ya haɗa da dazuzzuka masu zafi a , gandun daji na gajimare daga , kuma mafi girman tsayi na  ya ƙunshi filayen ciyawa har zuwa dusar ƙanƙara. Mafi bambancin dazuzzukan girgije da aka samu a Peru da Bolivia sun rufe    . Ana kuma samun busassun dazuzzuka da gandun daji a ko'ina cikin Andes na Tropical. Wannan kewayon kuma gida ne ga mafi zurfin kwazazzabo a Peru a  zurfi da tafkin Titicaca, mafi girman ruwa mai kewayawa tare da tsayin  .

 Biodiversity 
Yankin Tropical Andes wuri ne mai zafi na rayayyun halittu mai suna "matsalar halittun duniya" bisa ga Asusun Haɗin gwiwar Ecosystem Critical . [ ]

Kogin Tropical Andes yanki ne na ɗimbin ɗimbin halittu. Wannan wurin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tsire-tsire kusan 45,000 waɗanda 20,000 ke da su. Akwai sama da nau'in kashin baya sama da 3,000 tare da kusan 1,500 endemics. Bayan shuke-shuke da kashin baya, nau'in tsuntsaye 1,666, nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe 479, da nau'in amphibian 830 suna zaune a cikin Tropical Andes. Duk wuraren zafi suna da mahimmanci don ilimin halitta na kiyayewa, amma musamman Andes na wurare masu zafi tare da nau'ikan endemic da yawa. Bambance-bambancen halittu a cikin Tropical Andes yana raguwa a lambobi saboda barazanar. [ ]

An ci gaba da nazarin bambancin ciyayi a tsaunuka daban-daban a Colombia. Chengyu Weng ya yi nazarin yadda bambancin pollen ke shafar yanayin zafi daban-daban saboda canjin tsawo. Kungiyar ta yi nazarin tsire-tsire daban-daban, gandun daji na subandean, gandun dajin Andean, subparamo, da paramo na ciyawa da ke cikin Andes. Akwai ƙarin bambancin shuke-shuke yayin da tsawo ya karu a duk faɗin ciyayi. Bambancin pollen yana da alaƙa da ƙarin bambancin a ƙananan tsawo.Weng, Chengyu. Response of pollen diversity to the climate-driven altitudinal shift of vegetation in the Colombian Andes. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences; 2007, Vol. 362 Issue 1478, p253-262. Tare da waɗannan binciken, sun sami damar ganin canje-canje a cikin bambancin shuke-shuke a cikin shekaru 430000 da suka gabata. A lokacin zafi, bambancin pollen ya karu a tsaunuka mafi girma, daga nau'ikan shuke-shuke da ke motsawa sama. Yanayin sanyi ya ga bambancin pollen a ƙananan tsaunuka. Binciken ya bayyana yadda zafin jiki ke tasiri ga bambancin shuke-shuke.

 Yankunan halittu 
Yankunan da ke cikin hotspot sun hada da:

 Cordillera de la Costa gandun daji (Venezuela) 
 Garin Andes na Venezuela (Venezuela) 
 Kudancin tsaunuka na Cordillera Oriental (Colombia, Venezuela) 
 Santa Marta páramo (Colombia) 
 Garin Santa Marta (Colombia) 
 Yankin Andes na Arewa (Colombia, Ecuador) 
 Gidan daji na Magdalena Valley (Colombia) 
 dazuzzukan tsaunuka na arewa maso yammacin Andes (Colombia, Ecuador) 
 Kwarin Cauca da ke cikin gandun daji (Colombia) 
 Kudancin gandun daji na Cauca Valley (Colombia) 
 Kyakkyawan gandun daji na Magdalena Valley (Colombia) 
 Kudancin gandun daji na Patía Valley (Colombia) 
 Gabashin Cordillera Real gandun daji (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru) 
 Kyakkyawan gandun daji na Marañón (Peru) 
 Yungas na Peru (Peru) 
 Cordillera Central páramo (Peru) 
 Tsakiyar Andean wet puna (Bolivia, Peru) 
 Tsakiyar Andean puna (Bolivia, Peru) 
 Yungas na Bolivia (Bolivia, Peru) 
 Kyakkyawan gandun daji na Bolivia (Bolivia) 

 Wuraren zafi 
Za a iya gano wuri mai zafi a matsayin yanki mai girma dabam-dabam na nazarin halittu tare da babban endemism. Dole ne wurin kuma ya yi asarar ƙasa mai yawa da nau'in barazana, bisa ga bugu na huɗu na Mahimman Halittu na Tsare-tsare . Norman Myers yayi amfani da kalmar "masu zafi" don kwatanta dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi goma. Dazuzzuka sun ƙunshi halaye masu girma na ƙarancin shuka da asarar wuraren zama . Myers ya ci gaba da ƙara ƙarin wurare takwas nan da 1990. Ƙungiyar Conservation International ta sake nazarin ma'anar Myers na wuri mai zafi da kuma 1999 ma'auni na hotspot da aka bunkasa don amfani da shi a duniya. Wuri mai zafi yana buƙatar nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu ruɗi 1,500 da asarar aƙalla kashi 30 na ƙasar asali.    Tare da waɗannan ka'idoji, an gano wuraren zafi na 25 a cikin 1999 kuma an buga su a cikin mujallar Nature . Sun ƙunshi aƙalla kashi 44 na tsire-tsire na duniya da kashi 35 cikin ɗari na kasusuwan ƙasa. Haɗin yanki tsakanin wuraren zafi 25 da aka yi amfani da su don rufe kashi 11.8 na ƙasar. Jimlar adadin ƙasar ya ragu daga kilomita miliyan 17 daga kilomita 2 zuwa miliyan 2 kilomita 2, ko kuma kusan kashi 85% na ƙasar. Wannan ya bar wannan babban ɗimbin halittu ya iyakance ga kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na farfajiyar ƙasa.  [ mafi kyau tushe ake bukata ]

 Bincike 
Akwai kaɗan sama da wuraren zafi 30 da aka yi rikodin kuma ana amfani da su don bincike. Wasu ƴan wuraren zafi sun haɗa da tsibiran Caribbean, Himalaya, da Japan . Saboda ɗimbin bambance-bambancen wuri mai zafi da nau'in halitta, ilimin halittun kiyayewa da sauran wurare da yawa suna gudanar da bincike a waɗannan wurare. Ana kuma buƙatar bincike idan aka yi la'akari da adadin nau'in da ake yi wa barazana a wurare masu zafi. Masu bincike suna da damar adana nau'ikan jinsuna da yawa tare da wuraren zama a cikin wurare masu zafi. Wasu ƙungiyoyin da ke amfani da wuraren bincike don bincike sune Cibiyar Kula da Kariya ta Duniya, Birdlife International, Conservation International, da Asusun namun daji na Duniya. Ana kuma gudanar da bincike kan tasirin da mutane ke yi ga wurare masu zafi da jinsunan da ke zaune a cikinsu. An kiyasta kudaden da ake kashewa don adana wuraren zafi da dala miliyan 750 da aka tara cikin shekaru goma sha biyar da suka gabata. [ ] Ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan bincike a kan wuraren da ke da zafi, yawancin nau'o'in za a iya taimakawa a lokaci daya.

Wani bincike na musamman yana nazarin tasirin gobara akan ciyayi a Arewacin Ecuador na Tropical Andes. Irin ciyayi iri-iri na wannan wurin sun haɗa da dazuzzuka daban-daban, ƙasar da ake amfani da ita don noma da páramo, ko kuma tsaunuka masu zafi da aka samu a mita 4,500. Páramo ciyawa ne ke mamaye shi amma har yanzu yana da girma a cikin bambancin. Labarin "Fire Ecology and Conservation in the High Tropical Andes: Observations from Northern Ecuador" ya dubi ikon páramo na jure hargitsi kamar wuta. Mutane sun rayu a wannan wurin tsawon shekaru 7,000, kuma páramo ta kasance ta hanyar gobara da kiwo. Marubucin ya yi imanin cewa manufofin da ake amfani da su don aiwatar da kashe gobara ba su da yuwuwa ko amfana ga shuka.  A maimakon haka ya kamata a rubuta manufofin bisa ga takamaiman nau'in shuka da tasiri ga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a can. Wannan karamin misali ne na bincike a cikin Tropical Andes wanda zai iya yin babban tasiri ga ceton bambancin.

Ana kuma ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan yadda ake duba raguwar yawan jama'ar jiragen ruwa, inda ake mai da hankali a wurare masu zafi saboda yawan bambancinsa. Binciken ya mayar da hankali ne a Yankunan Tsuntsaye ko EBAs don fahimtar dalilin da yasa suka ɓace da yiwuwar tsare-tsaren kiyayewa.   akwai 218 EBAs, tare da sama da kashi 30 na nau'in tsuntsayen da aka yi barazana. EBAs da ke cikin wurare masu zafi suna tsoma baki tare da yawancin ayyukan ɗan adam, wanda ke haifar da asarar wurin zama a cikin kashi 51 na EBAs. Dangane da ginshiƙi na labarin, EBA biyar tare da asarar wurin zama suna cikin Tropical Andes. Ta hanyar nazarin tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan EBAs waɗanda ke rasa yawan jama'ar avian, shirye-shiryen taimakawa makomar sauran EBAs mai yiwuwa ne. Sakamakon su ya nuna cewa idan jinsin yana da ƙayyadaddun wurin zama kuma yana da girma a cikin girmansa, damar da za ta ƙare yana ƙaruwa. Asarar wurin zama zai yi tasiri sosai ga waɗanda ke da takamaiman wurin zama. Manufar kiyayewa yana buƙatar duba ayyukan ɗan adam da ƙayyadaddun mazaunin tsuntsu don yin tasiri mai kyau.

Misali na bincike akan takamaiman nau'in barazanar da ke cikin Tropical Andes shine rare Tremarctos ornatus, wanda kuma aka sani da Bear Andean (ko spectacled). An kama wasu maza biyu, kuma an makala kwala na rediyo don bin diddigin al'ada da motsinsu. Sun nuna irin wannan tsari idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in beyar da yawa. Waɗannan binciken sun bambanta da imani na berayen kallo kasancewar dare ne kuma babu wani canji a cikin yanayi tsakanin yanayi saboda canjin yanayi kaɗan ne kawai. Ƙwayoyin rediyo sun tabbatar da waɗannan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru na yau da kullun. Beyoyin suna motsi daga fitowar rana zuwa faɗuwar rana tare da lokutan hutu a tsakanin. An sami ɗan ƙaramin canji a matakin ayyuka tsakanin yanayi, tare da karuwa a lokacin rani. Saboda fasahar kwala ta rediyo, an gwada hasashe game da waɗannan beyoyin. Ta hanyar sanin mazauninsu da salon rayuwarsu, za mu iya fahimta da taimakawa nau'ikan da ke barazana.

 Bambance-bambancen arziki 
An ce yankin Andes na Tropical shine mafi bambance-bambancen wuraren kimiyya na duniya na bambancin. Mujallar Nature ta ƙunshi labarin da Norman Myers ya yi yana kwatanta wurare 25 masu zafi tare da ƙasa da nau'ikan a cikin 2000. A lokacin, an rubuta Tropical Andes yana da nau'in tsire-tsire 45,000 tare da wuraren zafi mafi kusa da aka rubuta cewa suna da nau'in shuka 25,000. A gaskiya ma, ana iya samun kashi shida na kowane nau'in shuka a cikin Tropical Andes. Tropical Andes kuma yana da mafi yawan nau'in shuka a 20,000, yayin da hotspot na gaba ya ƙunshi 15,000. Kogin Tropical Andes yana da ƙasa mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran wuraren zafi amma ba shine mafi girma ba.

Yawancin tsire-tsire da nau'in dabbobi a halin yanzu suna fuskantar barazana a cikin Tropical Andes. Misali na nau'in tsire-tsire masu barazana shine Andean bromelilad, wani tsire-tsire mai tsire-tsire wanda ke ɗaukar shekaru 100 don girma da abinci na yau da kullum ga nau'in nau'in da ke cin abinci. Sauran nau'in shuka sun haɗa da amfanin gona da yawa kamar taba da dankali. Ɗaya daga cikin dabbar da ke fama da ita ita ce Andean condor, wanda ya kusan bace daga farauta. Godiya ga shirin dawowar kiyayewa, lambobin su na girma. Wani tsuntsun da ke fuskantar barazana a cikin Tropical Andes shine aku mai launin rawaya . Barazana ɗaya da wannan nau'in ke fuskanta ita ce asarar dabino mai rauni. Aku mai rawaya-kunne yana amfani da dabino na kakin zuma don yin gida da kuma kiwo. Koyaya, mutane, musamman a Colombia, suna cire dabino mai rauni daga daji don Palm Lahadi . Wasu shirye-shiryen kiyayewa suna taimakawa halin da ake ciki don ilmantar da majami'u don amfani da wasu albarkatu ban da dabino mai rauni. Biri mai launin rawaya wata dabba ce da ke cikin hatsari. Suna daya daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da ba a san su ba, tare da adadin mutane 250 da aka samu a cikin dazuzzukan gajimare na Peru. Suna fuskantar barazana daga mutane suna haifar da asarar muhalli da kuma wargajewar mazauninsu. Jinkirin balagarsu da ƙarancin yawan jama'a ba su taimaka ba. Shirye-shiryen sun yi ƙoƙarin mayar da su dazuzzuka na biyu, amma ƙoƙarin ya ci tura. Yawancin nau'ikan suna zaune a cikin Tropical Andes amma suna fuskantar barazana sosai.

 Barazanar lalata muhalli 
Akwai barazanar da yawa da Tropical Andes ke fuskanta kowace rana. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazanar shine ayyukan ɗan adam, musamman tare da karuwar yawan jama'a. Wasu ayyukan sun haɗa da hakar ma'adinai, saren katako, da gini. Haka kuma ’yan Adam na amfani da filaye wajen noma kuma suna ci gaba da ƙaura da zarar an gama amfani da ƙasar. Kwaruruka sun lalace sosai saboda mutanen da ke zaune a wurin. An kuma sanya madatsun ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin Tropical Andes da kuma dazuzzukan gajimare da aka matsa musu mara kyau. Kashi 25 cikin 100 na filayen da aka ba da kariya har yanzu ba a gudanar da shi ba tare da taimakon jama'a ba daga rashin ilimi. Nau'in masu cin zarafi kuma sun kasance barazana ga ƙasar Tropical Andes' da nau'in halittu, mai yuwuwa mutane ne suka shigo da su. Nau'in masu cin zarafi sun haɗa da bijimin bijimin Amurka da wasu ciyawa da ake amfani da su ga shanu.

Mutane suna da ikon haifar da asarar muhalli da rarrabuwa ga nau'ikan. Mazaunan gandun daji da ke fuskantar barazana a cikin Tropical Andes an gyara su kuma an lalata su da sauri kashi 30 fiye da ƙananan wuraren zafi.  Rarrabuwa yana haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin nau'in halitta kuma yana rage bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Akwai yiwuwar inbreeding ya karu kuma. Har ila yau labarin ya duba rarrabuwar kawuna wanda ke haifar da wasu nau'ikan dabi'u a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Ta hanyar nazarin fuka-fukan nau'in tsuntsaye guda 2,500 a cikin dazuzzuka tara, binciken ya nuna asymmetry yana da alaƙa da rarrabuwa. Asymmetry ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta idan dajin ya ci gaba kuma mafi girma tare da ƙarami ko matsakaici.  Suna ba da shawarar asymmetry na fuka-fukan tsuntsayen da ke fama da damuwa na rarrabuwa da canza yanayin. Wannan sakamako ɗaya ne daga rarrabuwa a cikin Tropical Andes.

Wani bincike da Niall O'Dea ya yi yana duban al'ummomin tsuntsaye gabaɗaya da kuma yadda lalacewar muhalli ke shafar su. Ya kwatanta al'ummomin tsuntsayen da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzukan farko, dazuzzukan na biyu, wuraren zama na gaba da kuma filayen noma, duk mutane ne suka gyara su. An sami yawancin bambance-bambance a cikin dazuzzuka na biyu da wuraren zama na gaba amma nau'ikan iri daban-daban. Ƙasar noma da gandun daji na farko sun kasance mafi ƙarancin bambancin.   Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa a cikin gandun daji na Andean montane, kiyaye gandun daji na biyu yana ba da fa'ida ga waɗannan tsuntsayen da ke barazana.

Wani mummunan barazana ga Andes na wurare masu zafi shine dumamar yanayi, sakamakon yawan iskar gas da ke danne a cikin iska da ke riƙe da zafi. Wasu wurare suna ƙaruwa da zafin jiki wasu kuma suna raguwa. Canjin yanayin zafi yana da babban tasiri a kan Tropical Andes; wasu suna cewa  cewa wannan ya fi saran gandun daji. Wani lamari mai mahimmanci shine narkar da glaciers a cikin tsaunuka. An kiyasta cewa kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwan da ke fitowa daga tsaunuka ne kuma tare da narkewar kusan rabin al'ummar Duniya zai shafa.  A duk faɗin duniya glaciers suna narkewa, amma tsaunukan da ke cikin Tropical Andes suna da saurin kamuwa. An ce tuni kashi daya bisa hudu na glacier na Tropical Andes ya fara ja da baya. Waɗannan glaciers sun ƙunshi nau'ikan samar da ruwa da yawa, kuma wurin na iya zama cikin rikici idan sun narke. Glacier a cikin Andes suna ba da manyan ayyuka guda biyu; rage sauye-sauyen fitarwa na yanayi da samar da mafi girma takamaiman fitarwa.  Labarin da Bryan Mark ya yi ya annabta karuwar fitarwa yayin da glaciers ke narkewa, tare da ikon gano ruwan glacier yana narkewa cikin ruwa ta amfani da isotopes.  Dankali na duniya na iya haifar da lalacewar nau'ikan nau'ikan, musamman a wuraren kiwo. Wani bincike da Jay Malcolm ya yi ya yi hasashen cewa kasa da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari zuwa kashi 43 cikin ɗari na endemic biota zai zama batattu saboda ɗumamar yanayi. Ya kuma yi imanin cewa Tropical Andes yana cikin manyan wurare shida masu rauni, tare da yuwuwar bacewar shuka fiye da nau'ikan 2000. 

Hakanan dumamar yanayi yana haifar da karuwar cututtuka a tsakanin masu amphibians. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa an yi rikodin Andes na Tropical don samun mafi yawan amphibians, wasu sun iyakance zuwa wannan wuri, cututtuka na iya rage bambancin sosai. Wani abu kuma shi ne cewa an riga an yi barazanar 400 na nau'in amphibian. Wadannan fungi masu kisa sun kasance suna da alaƙa da bacewar dinosaur.Associated Press. 'Amphibian Ark' aims to save frogs from fungus. NBC News website. 2007. Accessed 12/8/07.  Ɗaya daga cikin naman gwari na chytrid wanda ke cutar da amphibians shine batrachochytrium dendrobatidis . Wannan naman gwari zai lalata fatar amphibian kuma zai rage karfin sa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalin amphibian a cikin Tropical Andes shine halittar Atelopus, tare da 56 na nau'in Halittun Halittu. Saboda karuwar zafin jiki, naman gwari yana da ikon yaduwa da sauri kuma ya bunƙasa akan masu amphibians masu rai.

Wani sabon barazanar da ake bincike shine tasirin takin nitrogen . Nazarin da aka yi a Turai ya nuna bambancin tsire-tsire ya ragu saboda adadin nitrogen. Samfuran na yanzu suna ƙididdige abin da zai iya faruwa ga wurare masu zafi a duk faɗin duniya idan tarin nitrogen ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Idan aka kwatanta da binciken da ya gabata, adadin nitrogen ya riga ya karu da kashi 50 tun daga shekarun 1990. Ƙididdigar nan gaba tana nuna karuwa da kashi 100 a cikin 2050. Yin la'akari da babban bambancin tsire-tsire a cikin Tropical Andes, musamman ma yawancin cututtuka, ƙaddamar da nitrogen zai iya zama mummunar barazana. Rage bambance-bambancen tsire-tsire na iya haifar da yanayin sarka akan wasu nau'ikan da suka dogara da tsire-tsire.

Waɗannan su ne 'yan barazanar da Tropical Andes ke fuskanta a kullum. Ana nuna tasirin ƙasar da raguwar kashi 75 cikin ɗari daga asalinta na asali. Nau'in da abin ya shafa suna raguwa a lambobi, kuma adadin nau'ikan da aka jera a kan Dokar Nau'in Halittu yana ƙaruwa. Halin ya fi muni lokacin da nau'ikan da aka yi barazanar ke mamaye yankin Andes na Tropical. Ana yin barazana ga dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 14 da tsuntsaye masu yawa 110 a cikin Tropical Andes. Jinsuna biyu daga Tropical Andes sun riga sun bace.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba