Makamashi mai sabuntawa a Indiya

Indiya ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya mai amfani da wutar lantarki kuma ta uku mafi girman mai samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a duniya tare da kashi 46.3% na ƙarfin makamashi da aka girka har zuwa Oktoba 2024 (203.18 GW na 452.69 GW) wanda ya zo daga hanyoyin sabuntawa. Ernst &amp; Young's (EY) 2021 Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) ya sanya Indiya ta 3 a bayan Amurka da China. A cikin FY2023-24, Indiya tana shirin bayar da takardun GW 50 don ayyukan iska, hasken rana da hybrid. Indiya ta himmatu ga burin 500 GW mai sabunta makamashi nan da shekara ta 2030. Solar PV tare da tsire-tsire na ajiyar batir na iya biyan jimlar buƙatun wutar lantarki tare da amintaccen 100% a cikin kwanaki 89% na shekara. Rashin ƙarni daga tsire-tsire na hasken rana a cikin sauran kwanaki saboda lokacin hazo na rana a lokacin damina za a iya rage shi ta hanyar iska, wutar lantarki da tsire-shuke na ajiyar wutar lantarki.

A cikin 2016, Yarjejeniyar Paris ta Ƙaddamar da Gudummawar Ƙasashen Ƙasashen Duniya, Indiya ta yi alkawarin samar da kashi 50% na jimlar wutar lantarki daga hanyoyin da ba na burbushin halittu ba nan da shekara ta 2030. A cikin 2018, Hukumar Kula da Lantarki ta Tsakiya ta Indiya ta sanya burin samar da kashi 50% na jimlar wutar lantarki daga hanyoyin da ba na burbushin halittu ba ta hanyar 2030. Indiya ta kuma kafa burin samar da 175 GW nan da 2022 da 500 GW nan da 2030 daga makamashi mai sabuntawa.

Ya zuwa Oktoba 2024, 92.12 GW hasken rana ya riga ya fara aiki, ayyukan 48.21 GW suna cikin matakai daban-daban na aiwatarwa kuma ayyukan 25.64 GW suna ƙarƙashin matakai daban'daban na tayin. A cikin 2020, 3 daga cikin manyan wuraren shakatawa na hasken rana 5 a duniya sun kasance a Indiya ciki har da mafi girma a duniya 2255 MW Bhadla Solar Park a Rajasthan da kuma mafi girma a cikin duniya wurin shakatawa na Hasken rana na 2000 MW Pavgada Solar Park Tumkur a Karnataka da 1000 MW Kurnool a Andhra Pradesh. Ikon iska a Indiya yana da tushe mai karfi na masana'antu tare da masana'antu 20 na nau'ikan turbine na iska daban-daban 53 na ingancin kasa da kasa har zuwa 3 MW a girman tare da fitarwa zuwa Turai, Amurka da sauran ƙasashe.

Hasken rana, iska da wutar lantarki mai gudana a cikin kogi sune tushen wutar lantarki mai rahusa da ke da muhalli ana amfani da su azaman tushen "ya kamata a gudanar da" a Indiya don kula da nauyin tushe, kuma ana ƙara motsa wutar lantarki mai ƙazantarwa da ƙazantar ƙazantar da ƙazanta daga ƙarni na wutar lantarki mai "ya kamata" zuwa nauyin da ke biyowa (tsakiyar tsakiya da matsakaicin buƙata-dandani-dandalin buƙata-da-dandarin buƙata-ƙaddamarwa-dandance-dandari-dandara-dandaren wutar lantarki) don saduwa kawai. Wasu daga cikin buƙatun yau da kullun a Indiya an riga an sadu da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa. Hasken rana da wutar lantarki tare da tsarin ajiyar batir na awa 4, a matsayin tushen ƙarni mai aikawa idan aka kwatanta da sabbin masana'antun kwal da sabbin iskar gas, sun riga sun yi tsada a Indiya ba tare da tallafi ba.

Indiya ta fara International Solar Alliance (ISA), kawance ta kasashe 121. Indiya ita ce ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta kafa ma'aikatar albarkatun makamashi marasa al'ada (Ma'aikatun Sabon Makamashi da Sabuntawa (MNRE)) a farkon shekarun 1980. Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), wani bangare na jama'a, yana da alhakin ci gaban masana'antar hasken rana a Indiya. Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ce ke gudanar da wutar lantarki daban kuma ba a haɗa ta cikin manufofin MNRE ba.

 Kwatanta Duniya 

 Matsayi na Duniya 
Indiya ta kasance ta farko dangane da yawan jama'a kuma tana da kashi 17% na yawan jama'ar duniya. Indiya tana cikin matsayi na 3 a duniya a cikin amfani da makamashi. Dangane da shigarwar iyawa da saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa, EY's Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) ranking a watan Yulin 2021 shine kamar haka: 
KasarSakamakonMatsayi na RECAIAmurka70.71China68.72Indiya66.23

 Sakamakon jan hankali 
Takamaiman fasahar RECAI (da matsayi) a cikin 2021 sune kamar haka: 
FasaharIndiyaAmurkaChinaSolar PV62.7 (1)57.660.3Tsire-tsire masu amfani da hasken rana49.2 (4)46.254.3Ruwa da wutar lantarki46.4 (3)57.660.3Kayan shafawa47.4 (10)45.352.8Ikon iska a bakin teku54.2 (6)58.155.7Ikon iska na waje28.6 (29)55.660.6Ikon geothermal23.2 (16)46.031.7

 Abubuwan da za a yi niyya a nan gaba 
Ikon da aka shigar na wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa shine 125.159 GW a ranar 31 ga Maris 2023.  Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa babu wani sabon ƙarfin da ake buƙata fiye da 50 GW a ƙarƙashin matakai daban-daban na gini wanda zai iya zuwa kan layi tsakanin 2017 da 2022.
Shekarar da aka yi niyyaManufar ƙarfin makamashi mai sabuntawa (GW) Bayani2030500Ya haɗa da makamashin nukiliya da babban wutar lantarki. An kafa shi a cikin 2019 a Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,  tare da sau 15 na hasken rana da sau 2 na ƙarfin wutar lantarki idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfin shigarwa na Afrilu 2016.2022175Ya cire makamashin nukiliya da babbar wutar lantarki. Ya haɗa da 100 GW hasken rana, 60 GW iska, 5 karamin ruwa, 10 GW Biomass power, da 0.168 GW Waste-to-Power.

 Capacity da aka shigar yanzu 

 Tsarin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa na shekara-shekara 
Shekara mai hikima mai sabunta makamashi a cikin TWh.
Tushen2014–152015–162016–172017–182018–192019–20202020–20212021–20222022–2023Babban Hydro129.2121.4122.3126.1135.0156.0150.3151.7162.06Ƙananan Hydro8.18.47.735.18.79.410.310.411.17Rana4.67.512.125.939.350.160.473.5102.01Iska28.228.646.052.762.064.660.168.671.81Bio mass15.016.714.215.316.413.914.816.116.02Sauran0.40.30.20.40.40.41.62.32.53Jimillar191.0187.2204.1228.0261.8294.3297.5322.6365.59Cikakken ikon amfani1,1051,1681,2361,3031,3721,3851,3731,4841,617.42% Sabuntawa ikon17.28%16.02%16.52%17.50%19.1%21.25%21.67%21.74%22.60%

 Ethanol 
Indiya tana shigo da kashi 85% na kayayyakin man fetur tare da farashin shigo da dala biliyan 55 a cikin 2020-21, Indiya ta kafa burin hada 20% ethanol a cikin man fetur nan da shekara ta 2025 wanda ya haifar da adana ajiyar maye gurbin shigo da dala miliyan 4 ko ₹ 30,000 crore, kuma Indiya tana ba da taimakon kudi don kera ethanol daga shinkafa, alkama, sha'ir, sorghum, sukari, sukari. Kasuwancin ethanol ya kai adadi mafi girma na 10% cakuda a Indiya a cikin 2022 kuma a halin yanzu yana kan hanya don cimma 20% cakuda ethanol ta 2025 kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Manufofin Kasa kan Biofuels.

Ana samar da ethanol daga sukari mai laushi kuma wani bangare daga hatsi kuma ana iya haɗa shi da man fetur. Ba za a iya amfani da sukari ko ruwan sukari don samar da ethanol a Indiya ba. Gwamnati kuma tana ƙarfafa samar da ethanol na kasuwanci ta 2G ta amfani da biomass a matsayin kayan abinci.

 Biodiesel 
Kasuwar Biodiesel ta kasance a farkon matakin a Indiya tare da kasar da ta sami ƙarancin cakuda tare da diesel na 0.001% a cikin 2016.  Da farko ci gaban ya mayar da hankali kan tsire-tsire na Jatropha (jatropha curcas) a matsayin mafi kyawun mai mai mai ba za a iya ci don samar da biodiesel. Wasu nazarin Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) sun nuna yiwuwar Indiya don samar da ƙananan carbon Jatropha da Algae tushen biodiesel. Ci gaban biodiesel daga jatropha ya sadu da wasu ƙuntatawa na ilimin gona da tattalin arziki kuma yanzu hankali yana motsawa zuwa wasu fasahohin abinci waɗanda ke amfani da man dafa abinci da aka yi amfani da shi, wasu ɓangarorin mai marasa amfani, kitsen dabba da mai da ba za a iya ci ba. Biodiesel da kuma Biopropane ana samar da su ne daga man kayan lambu da ba a iya ci ba, man dafa abinci da aka yi amfani da shi, kitsen dabba, da dai sauransu.

 Bioasphalt 
Ana kuma samar da bitumen mai tsaka-tsaki ko bio-bitumen daga biomass kamar sharar amfanin gona don maye gurbin bitumen da aka samo daga man fetur.

 Ikon iska 
Ci gaban wutar lantarki a Indiya ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1990, kuma ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Kodayake sabon dan dangi ne ga masana'antar iska idan aka kwatanta da Denmark ko Amurka, goyon bayan manufofin cikin gida don wutar lantarki ta haifar da Indiya ta zama ƙasar da ta huɗu mafi girma a duniya.

Ya zuwa 30 Yuni 2018 ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka shigar a Indiya ya kai 34,293 MW,  galibi ya bazu a fadin Tamil Nadu (7,269.50 MW), Maharashtra (4,100.40 MW), Gujarat (3,454.30 MW), Rajasthan (2,784.90 MW), Karnataka (2,318.20 MW), Andhra Pradesh (746.20 MW) da Madhya Pradesh (423.40 MW)  Ikon wutar lantarki na Indiya yana da kashi 10% na jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Indiya ta kafa burin burin samar da 60,000 MW na wutar lantarki daga wutar lantarki nan da shekara ta 2022. Duk lokacin da matsakaicin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana shine 28,974 MW.

Ginin wutar lantarki yana da kashi 2% kawai na yankin gonar iska wanda ke sauƙaƙe sauran yankin don noma, shuke-shuke, da dai sauransu. Ma'aikatar Sabon Makamashi da Sabuntawa ta Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba da sanarwar sabuwar manufofin matasan iska da rana a watan Mayu 2018.  Wannan yana nufin cewa za a yi amfani da wannan yanki don gidajen gonakin iska da bangarorin hasken rana.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba