Hakkin yin shiru a Ingila da Wales

Hakkin yin shiru a Ingila da Wales shine kariya da aka ba mutum yayin aikata laifuka daga mummunan sakamako na yin shiru. Wani lokaci ana kiransa da dama game da cin zarafin kai. Ana amfani da shi a kowane lokaci lokacin da aka yi la'akari da mutumin da ake magana da shi yana ƙarƙashin tuhuma na aikata laifi ɗaya ko fiye kuma saboda haka yana iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin tsarin aikata laifuka.

 Tarihi 
A Ingila da Wales, haƙƙin waɗanda ake zargi na ƙin amsa tambayoyin yayin shari'arsu ta ainihi ("dama don yin shiru", ko haƙƙin yin shiru kamar yadda aka sani yanzu) an kafa shi sosai a cikin doka ta gari daga karni na 17. An dauki wanda ake tuhuma a matsayin "marasa iyawa" don ba da shaida da ƙoƙari na tilasta wa wadanda ake tuhuma su ba da amsoshi, kamar kokarin Star Chamber, an yanke musu hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba. Da yake ba za su iya magana a shari'arsu ba, an gabatar da aikin wadanda ake tuhuma da ke ba da wata sanarwa ba tare da rantsuwa ba kuma an amince da shi a cikin doka a 1883. An kuma gabatar da wadanda ake tuhuma da ke ba da shaida a cikin kare kansu a cikin shekarun 1880 (kuma an kara su ga dukkan laifuka ta 1898) kodayake an kare haƙƙin yin shiru a sarari. Yayin da aka ba da damar yin shaida an janye yiwuwar maganganun da ba a rantsu ba.

Koyaya haƙƙin waɗanda ake zargi na ƙin amsa tambayoyin kafin shari'a ba a tsara su a matsayin Dokokin Alƙalai ba har zuwa 1912. Kafin 1912, yayin da aka haramta azabtarwa, cin zarafin wadanda ake zargi da yin shiru don haifar da ikirari ya zama ruwan dare kuma an yi amfani da ƙin amsa tambayoyin a matsayin shaida a kansu. Haɗuwa da ayyukan bincike da shari'a ba a raba su ba har zuwa 1848, lokacin da aka yi wa masu tuhuma tambayoyi ne kawai batun 'yan sanda, tare da kafa rundunar' yan sanda ta zamani.

Wadanda ake tuhuma da ke ba da shaida a kotu sun zama ruwan dare har zuwa shekara ta 1957, abin mamaki ne lokacin da wanda ake tuhuma bai ba da shaida ba. Lokacin da, a lokacin shari'arsa don kisan kai, Dokta John Bodkin Adams ya yanke shawarar, bisa ga shawarar lauyansa, kada ya ba da shaida, masu gabatar da kara, gallery har ma da alƙali, Baron Devlin, sun yi mamakin. A ra'ayin Melford Stevenson, ƙaramin lauya a cikin masu gabatar da kara (kuma daga baya wani fitaccen alƙali), yana magana a farkon shekarun 1980: "Ya kamata mai gabatar da kara ya bincika wanda ake tuhuma kai tsaye ... Misali ne mai kyau na damar yin shiru wanda ya ba da damar mutum mai laifi ya tsere. " name="Where">Hallworth, Rodney and Mark Williams, Where there's a will... The sensational life of Dr John Bodkin Adams, Capstan Press, Jersey, 1983.  Pages 232–233 

Dokokin Alƙalai, tare da haɗa da taka tsantsan kan kama haƙƙin yin shiru, gwamnati ba ta karɓa ba har zuwa 1978. Koyaya haƙƙoƙin sun riga sun kafa su sosai ta hanyar shari'ar shari'a kamar yadda babu buƙatar maganganu masu banƙyama, ƙa'idar ita ce wanda ake tuhuma ba lallai bane ya tabbatar da rashin laifi - nauyin hujjoji ya dogara ne akan mai gabatar da kara.

Koyaya haƙƙin yin shiru "ba ya nuna wani haƙƙi ɗaya, amma yana nufin ƙungiyar rigakafi daban-daban, waɗanda suka bambanta da yanayi, asali, abin da ya faru da muhimmancin". Ubangiji Mustill ya gano hakkoki shida da ke cikin laima:

Akwai ayyuka da yawa don canza dokar, kamar Kwamitin Binciken Dokar Laifuka na 1972. Kwamitin ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a cire ra'ayoyi daga shiru, amma rahoton kwamitin ya yi tsayayya sosai. An gabatar da wasu canje-canje tare da Dokar 'yan sanda da Shaidar Laifuka ta 1984 (wanda aka fi sani da PACE), wanda ya samo asali ne daga rahoton Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure na 1981; waɗannan sun gabatar da haƙƙin samun wakilin shari'a yayin tambayoyin' yan sanda da inganta damar samun shawara ta shari'a.

Hakkin yin shiru yayin tambayoyi da shari'a an canza shi sosai a cikin shekarun 1990. An riga an rage haƙƙin ga waɗanda ake zargi da laifukan ta'addanci, ko kuma Ofishin Cin Hanci Mai tsanani ko Royal Ulster Constabulary suka yi musu tambayoyi, amma a cikin 1994 Dokar Shari'a da Dokar Jama'a ta canza haƙƙin yin shiru ga duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin tambayoyin 'yan sanda a Ingila da Wales. Kafin Dokar, taka tsantsan da 'yan sanda suka bayar ya bambanta daga karfi zuwa karfi, amma ya kasance tare da layin:  name="Kurzon">

Wannan yayi kama da sashi na haƙƙin shiru a cikin Miranda Warning a Amurka. name="Kurzon">Kurzon, Dennis (1996). ""To Speak or Not to Speak": The Comprehensibility of the Revised Police Caution (PACE)". International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. 9 (25): 3–16 – via HeinOnline. PACE Code C, daya daga cikin lambobin aiki da aka bayar a karkashin PACE, an gyara shi don ƙayyade kalmomin daidaitawa don taka tsantsan, wato:

A wasu yanayi, musamman idan wanda ake zargi ya nemi shawarar shari'a amma ba a ba shi damar tuntuɓar lauya ba, ba za a iya samun mummunar fahimta ba. A cikin wannan yanayin, an yi gyare-gyare don kauce wa wannan yiwuwar:

An ƙayyade daidaitattun gargadi a cikin Welsh.

Dokar 1994, ban da ka'idojin aiki da aka gyara, ta dogara ne akan rahoton Kwamitin Bita na Dokar Laifuka na 1972 da Dokar Laifukan (Arewacin Ireland) 1988. Ya ƙi rahotannin 1991 Royal Commission on Criminal Justice da Ƙungiyar Aiki akan haƙƙin yin shiru. Magoya bayan dokar da aka gabatar sun yi zargin cewa masu aikata laifuka "masu sana'a" ne ke amfani da wannan doka, yayin da mutanen da ba su da laifi ba za su yi amfani da hakkinsu ba. Canza dokar zai inganta binciken 'yan sanda kuma an samu isassun tsaro don hana cin zarafin 'yan sanda. Masu adawar sun yi iƙirarin cewa mutanen da ba su da laifi za su iya yin shiru a hankali saboda dalilai da yawa, kuma canza dokar zai haifar da wani abu na tilastawa kuma ya kasance a fili ya ci karo da ainihin ra'ayoyin da ake da su na zato na rashin laifi da nauyin hujja.

 Hakkin yin shiru 
Wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka ba shi da alhakin amsa duk wata tambaya, amma yana iya zaɓar ko ya ba da shaida a cikin shariʼar. Bugu da ƙari, babu wani wajibi na taimaka wa 'yan sanda da binciken su.

Kodayake wasu hukumomin bincike na kudi da na tsarawa suna da ikon buƙatar mutum ya amsa tambayoyi kuma ya sanya hukunci idan mutum ya ki, idan mutum ya ba da shaida a cikin irin wannan shari'a, mai gabatar da kara ba zai iya amfani da irin wannan shaida a cikin shari'ar laifi ba.

 Magana mara kyau daga shiru 
A cikin doka ta yau da kullun, ana iya samun ra'ayoyi masu kyau daga shiru kawai a cikin iyakantaccen yanayi inda aka zargi da laifi. Ya zama dole cewa wanda ake tuhuma ya kasance daidai da mutumin da ke tuhuma kuma yana da ma'ana a sa ran wanda ake tuhumar ya amsa zargi da aka ɗora masa nan da nan (ko da yake ba a bayyane yake ba idan dokar ta shafi inda aka yi zargin ko a gaban jami'an 'yan sanda).

Dokar Shari'a da Dokar Jama'a ta 1994 ta ba da ka'idojin doka wanda za'a iya samun mummunar fahimta daga shiru.

Za'a iya samun ra'ayoyi masu banƙyama a wasu yanayi inda kafin ko a tuhume shi, wanda ake tuhuma:

 ya kasa ambaton duk wani gaskiyar da daga baya ya dogara da ita kuma wanda a cikin yanayin a lokacin da ake tuhuma za a iya sa ran ambaton shi;
 ya kasa ba da shaida a shari'a ko amsa kowane tambaya;
 ya kasa lissafawa akan kamawa don abubuwa, abubuwa ko alamomi a kansa, tufafi ko takalma, da yake da shi, ko kuma a wurin da aka kama shi; ko
 ya kasa yin lissafi game da kama shi saboda kasancewarsa a wani wuri.

Inda za a iya samun ra'ayi daga shiru, kotun dole ne ta umarci juriya game da iyakokin ra'ayi wanda za'a iya samun ra-ayi daga sharar. Wataƙila babu tabbacin da ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan shiru. Bugu da ƙari yana da tambaya ko hukunci wanda ya dogara da shiru zai dace da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Idan an karya ka'idojin aiki na PACE, ana iya cire shaidar a karkashin s. 78 na Dokar 'yan sanda da Shaidar Laifuka ta 1984. Dokar ta yi la'akari, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, tambayoyin 'yan sanda da aka rubuta da ke faruwa a ofishin' yan sanda, inda wanda ake tuhuma ke da damar samun shawara ta shari'a kuma bayan an ba da taka tsantsan a cikin waɗannan sharuddan:Ba lallai ba ne ka faɗi wani abu, amma yana iya cutar da tsaronka idan ba ka ambaci lokacin da aka tambaye ka wani abu da ka dogara da shi daga baya a kotu ba. Duk abin da kuka ce ana iya ba da shi a matsayin shaida.

 Gaskiya da aka dogara da ita daga baya 
Za'a iya samun ra'ayoyi masu banƙyama a wasu yanayi inda kafin ko a tuhume shi, wanda ake tuhuma ya kasa ambaton wani takamaiman gaskiyar da daga baya ya dogara da ita kuma wanda a cikin yanayin a lokacin da ake tuhuma za a iya sa ran ya ambaci. Idan wannan gazawar ta faru a wani wuri mai izini na tsare-tsare (misali ofishin 'yan sanda), ba za a iya samun wani ra'ayi daga duk wani gazawar da ke faruwa kafin a ba wanda ake tuhuma damar tuntuɓar mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ba. Sashe na 34 na dokar 1994 ya sauya matsayin doka ta yau da kullun [1] cewa ba za a iya amfani da irin wannan gazawar a matsayin shaida na laifi ba.

Mutum ya dogara da gaskiyar idan ya dogara da ita a cikin shaidarsa ko kuma lauyansa ya gabatar da shari'a mai kyau.

Abin da ya dace ga wanda ake tuhuma ya ambaci ya dogara da duk yanayin, gami da "shekaru, gogewa, iyawar tunani, yanayin lafiya, natsuwa, gajiya, ilimi, mutuntaka da shawarar shari'a".[1] Idan wanda ake tuhuma ya bayyana cewa ya yi shiru a kan shawarar shari'a, tambayar da juriya za ta iya yin shiru ne kawai ga wanda ake tuhumar da ba shi da amsar da ta dace da tuhumar da aka yi masa.

Sashe ya fi mayar da hankali ne ga yanayin da wanda ake tuhuma ya ki bayyana kare kansa har sai an yi masa shari'a, yana kwanton bauna masu gabatar da kara..

 Jagora ga juri 
A lokuta masu dacewa, alƙalin ya kamata ya umarci juriya game da iyakokin da suka dace na ƙaddamar da shiru. Kwamitin Nazarin Shari'a ya ba da umarnin samfurin,  wanda Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta karɓa.  Jagoran samfurin yanzu an haɗa shi a cikin Kotun Kotun Crown Compendium .  Rashin ba da ingantaccen jagora, duk da haka, ba ya ba da hukunci ta atomatik mara aminci.  

 Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam 
Ba a ambaci manufar haƙƙin yin shiru a cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ba amma Kotun 'Yancin Mutum ta Turai ta riƙe cewa

A cikin shari'ar 2007 na O'Halloran da Francis v. United Kingdom, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin cewa haƙƙin yin shiru bai kai ga masu motoci da suka ki bayar da bayanai game da wanda ke tuka mota mai saurin gudu ba lokacin da 'yan sanda suka tambaye su.

 Ban da 

 Dokar Dokar Kula da Ikon Bincike ta 2000  s.49 da s.53 sun sanya shi laifi ne (tare da hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku, ko shekaru biyar game da laifukan jima'i na yara) don kasa bayyana lokacin da aka nemi mabuɗin duk wani bayanan da aka ɓoye.
 Lokacin da aka zargi abin hawa da ya shiga cikin laifi, sashi na 172 na Dokar Hanyar Hanyar 1988, kamar yadda sashi na 21 na Dokar Hadin Hanyar 1991 ya yi gyare-gyare,   yana bawa 'yan sanda damar buƙatar mai kula da abin hawa, ko wani mutum mai dacewa, don samar da bayanai game da asalin direban motar. An ba da gargadi na musamman wanda ke nuna cewa ƙin yin hakan laifi ne a kanta.
 A karkashin Dokar Gyaran 'Yan Sanda ta 2002 mutumin da ya kasa samar da dan sanda a cikin tufafi ko mutumin da aka sanya sunansa da adireshinsa inda ake zargi da nuna hali ko nuna hali a hanyar da ba ta dace da zamantakewa laifi ne.

 Dubi kuma 

 Mute na mugunta, wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka wanda da gangan ya zaɓi kada ya yi magana
 Kwaskwarima ta Biyar ga Tsarin Mulki na Amurka

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba