Dokar Ku Klux Klan

Dokar tilastawa ta 1871 ( 17 Matsayi 13 ), wanda kuma aka sani da Dokar Ku Klux Klan, Dokar tilastawa ta uku,  Dokar Ku Klux Klan ta Uku,  Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1871, ko Dokar Ƙarfi ta 1871,  wani Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ce da aka yi niyya don yaƙar ' yan ta'addar Klan Klux . Dokar ta yi wasu ayyukan da mutane masu zaman kansu suka aikata laifukan tarayya ciki har da hada baki don tauye 'yan kasa hakkinsu na rike mukami, yin aiki a kan juri, ko kuma samun daidaiton kariyar doka. Dokar ta baiwa shugaban kasa izinin tura sojojin tarayya don tunkarar Klan da kuma dakatar da rubutattun habeas corpus don yin kama ba tare da tuhuma ba.  

Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta 42 ce ta zartar da wannan doka kuma shugaban kasar Ulysses S. Grant ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1871. Dokar ita ce ta karshe cikin dokokin tilastawa guda uku da majalisar ta zartar daga 1870 zuwa 1871 a lokacin sake ginawa don yakar hare-haren da ake kaiwa ' yancin cin gashin kan Amurkawa . Canje-canje kaɗan ne kawai aka yi wa dokar, amma kotuna ke yin tafsiri sosai.

Shugaba Grant ya nemi wannan doka kuma ya wuce cikin wata ɗaya lokacin da ya aika da bukatar ga Majalisa. Bukatar Grant ta kasance sakamakon rahotannin da yake samu na barazanar kabilanci a cikin Deep South, musamman a South Carolina . Ya ji cewa yana bukatar Majalisa ta ba wa Shugaban kasa karin iko kafin ya sa baki yadda ya kamata. Bayan zartar da dokar, shugaban ya sami ikon a karon farko don murkushe rikice-rikicen jihar da kansa da kuma dakatar da rubutattun Habeas corpus . Grant bai yi jinkirin yin amfani da wannan ikon a lokuta da dama a lokacin shugabancinsa ba, kuma a sakamakon haka an wargaza KKK gaba daya (wanda ya kawo karshen zamanin "Klan na farko") kuma bai sake farfadowa ta kowace hanya mai ma'ana ba har zuwa farkon karni na 20. 

Da yawa daga cikin tanade-tanaden dokar har yanzu suna nan a matsayin ƙa'idodin da aka tsara . Majalisa ta baiwa ma'aikatar shari'a ta tarayya ikon tilasta aiwatar da take hakkin jama'a, tare da mafi mahimmancin waɗannan dokokin da aka ba da izini shine sashe na 1979 na dokokin da aka sake duba ( 42 USC § 1983 ) mai suna ' Aikin farar hula don tauye haƙƙin''' . Ita ce ka'idar tabbatar da haƙƙin jama'a da aka fi amfani da ita, tana ba mutane damar kai ƙara a kotunan farar hula saboda take haƙƙin ɗan adam.

 Tarihi 

Dangane da tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa da Ku Klux Klan da sauransu suka yi a lokacin sake ginawa bayan yakin basasar Amurka, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar tilastawa guda uku da ke baiwa gwamnatin tarayya karin iko don tabbatar da 'yancin tsarin mulkin 'yan kasa. Kashi na uku na waɗannan ayyuka, wanda aka yi a watan Afrilu 1871, ya ba shugaban ƙasa ikon ɗaure mutane ba tare da shari'a ba (wanda aka sani da dakatar da rubutun habeas corpus ) da kuma yin amfani da sojojin tarayya a cikin gida don tabbatar da haƙƙin tsarin mulki, a tsakanin sauran matakan.

A cikin Janairu 1871, Sanata dan Republican John Scott na Pennsylvania ya kira wani kwamiti na majalisa don sauraron shaida daga shaidun kisan gillar Klan . A watan Fabrairu, dan majalisar Republican Benjamin Franklin Butler na Massachusetts ya gabatar da lissafin anti-Klan, wanda ke nufin tilastawa duka Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 . Kudirin Butler ya sha kaye da kyar a majalisar, inda dan majalisar wakilai na Republican Samuel Shellabarger, na Ohio, ya gabatar da wani kudirin da zai maye gurbinsa, dan kadan bai kai na asali na Butler ba. Wannan kudiri ya kawo wasu 'yan Republican a cikin layi, kuma kudirin ya wuce Majalisa, ya ratsa ta Majalisar Dattijai, kuma Shugaba Grant ya sanya hannu kan doka a ranar 20 ga Afrilu. 

 Yi amfani da lokacin sake ginawa 
Bayan yakin basasa, Shugaba Ulysses S. Grant ya gudanar da yakin basasa-kuma a ƙarshe ya yi nasara-kamfen da Ku Klux Klan da rassa (irin su Knights of the White Camellia ) daga 1860s zuwa 1870s. Grant ya tura sojojin tarayya don kama mambobin Klan, ya shigar da lauyoyin Amurka don gwada shari'arsu, ya goyi bayan dokokin majalisa kamar Dokar Ku Klux Klan, da kuma shirya alkalan tarayya don kula da shari'ar Klan.  A karkashin dokar Klan a lokacin sake ginawa, an yi amfani da sojojin tarayya, maimakon 'yan bindigar jihohi, don aiwatar da doka, kuma an gurfanar da Klansmen a kotun tarayya, inda alkalai suka kasance mafi yawan baƙi. An ci tarar ɗaruruwan membobin Klan ko ɗaure, kuma an dakatar da habeas corpus'' a cikin larduna tara a South Carolina. Waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun yi nasara sosai har an lalata Klan a South Carolina kuma an lalata su a cikin sauran tsoffin ƙungiyoyin, inda ya rigaya ya ragu na shekaru da yawa. Klan ba zai sake wanzuwa ba har sai an sabunta shi a cikin 1915. A cikin ɗan gajeren zamansa, duk da haka, "zamanin farko" Klan ya cim ma burinsa da yawa a Kudu, kamar hana 'yancin jefa kuri'a ga baƙar fata ta Kudu. 

 Yi amfani da lokacin da bayan shugabancin Donald Trump 
A cikin Disamba 2020, NAACP tare da kungiyar kare hakkin jin dadin jama'a ta Michigan da gungun masu jefa kuri'a na Detroit sun kai karar Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump tare da yakin neman zabensa da Kwamitin Kasa na Republican a karkashin dokar da kuma Dokar 'Yancin Zabe .    A cewar karar, Shugaba Trump da Jam'iyyar Republican "sun hada kai don hana masu jefa kuri'a Bakar fata hakkinsu" ta hanyar aiwatar da doka da aka yi niyyar soke sakamakon zaben shugaban kasa na 2020 a Michigan, Georgia da Pennsylvania ta hanyar " tsoratarwa da tilastawa jami'an zabe da masu sa kai". 

A cikin Fabrairun 2021, NAACP da kamfanin lauyoyi Cohen Milstein sun shigar da wata kara suna kiran wannan matakin a madadin Wakilin Amurka Bennie Thompson .  Sauran 'yan majalisa za su shiga cikin shari'ar a matsayin masu gabatar da kara.   An shigar da karar a watan Fabrairu a kan tsohon shugaban kasa Donald Trump, Rudy Giuliani, The Proud Boys, da kuma masu rantsuwa .  Ya yi zargin keta dokar da ta shafi yunƙurin ƙin amincewa da shaidar sakamakon zaɓe a lokacin ƙidayar ƙuri'un Kwalejin Zaɓe ta Amurka na 2021, da kuma zargin haɗa baki don tayar da tashin hankali da ya kai ga harin Capitol na 2021 na Amurka .   Bayan kararrakin da Thompson da Swalwell suka shigar, kwamitin lauyoyi na kare hakkin jama'a a karkashin doka ya shigar da kara a madadin wasu jami'ai bakwai da ke aiki tare da 'yan sandan Capitol na Amurka suna zargin Trump, Roger Stone, Proud Boys, Dakatar da Sata, Masu rantsuwa da sauran mutanen da suka hada baki don kai hari kan Capitol a karkashin dokar ta DC.  A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Vindman ya kai karar abokan kawancen Trump da dama, suna zargin cewa sun tsoratar da kuma mayar masa da martani yayin da yake ba da shaida a Majalisa, kuma ta haka ya keta dokar Ku Klux Klan ta 1871. Wadanda ake tuhuma a cikin karar su ne Donald Trump Jr., Rudy Giulihn, tsohon mataimakin shugaban ma'aikatan fadar White House, Dan S. 

 Sashi na 1 (42 USC § 1983) 
Sashe na 1 na dokar, wanda tun daga lokacin aka gyara kuma an daidaita shi azaman sashe na 1979 na dokokin da aka sake fasalin ( 42 USC § 1983) kuma ana kuma san shi da sunan "Sashe na 1983", ba da izini na kuɗi da umarni ga duk wanda, yana aiki ƙarƙashin ikon dokar jiha, ta hana mutum haƙƙin haƙƙin da tsarin mulkin Amurka ya ba shi. Sashe na 1983 shine mafi shahara kuma mafi yawan ƙa'idar haƙƙin ɗan adam.

 Sauran tanadi 
Sashi na 3 ya bai wa shugaban kasar izinin amfani da sojoji wajen murkushe tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida da makarkashiyar tauye wa mutane ‘yancinsu da tsarin mulki ya ba su.

Sashi na 4 ya baiwa shugaban kasa izinin dakatar da rubutattun <i id="mwATo">habeas corpus</i> don murkushe tawaye. Wannan sashe ya ƙare bayan shekara ɗaya. 

Sashi na 5 ya haramtawa mutanen da suka karya dokar zama a matsayin alkalai a duk wata shari’a da ke karkashin dokar, kuma ya sanya wa alkalan rantsuwa cewa ba za su karya dokar ba. 

 Manazarta 

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