Cremona

Cremona (/ krɪˈmoʊnə.  Ita ce babban birnin lardin Cremona kuma wurin zama na kananan hukumomi da gwamnatocin larduna.  An san birnin Cremona musamman don tarihin kaɗe-kaɗe da al'adunsa, gami da wasu na farko kuma manyan mashahuran luthiers, irin su Giuseppe Guarneri, Antonio Stradivari, Francesco Rugeri, Vincenzo Rugeri, da membobin gidan Amati da yawa.    

 Tarihi 

 Tsohon zamani 

 Asalin Celtic 
An fara Cremona a tarihi a matsayin mazaunin Cenomani, kabilar Gallic (Celtic) da kwarinta takai Po a kusa da 400 BC. Koyaya, sunan Cremona mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga mazauna da suka gabata kuma ya rikitar da tsoffin, waɗanda suka ba da fassarori masu yawa.

 Gidan soja na Roma 
A cikin 218 KZ Romawa sun kafa sansanin soja na farko a wannan wuri (a ) a arewacin kogin Po, kuma sun ci gaba da tsohon sunan. Cremona da Placentia da ke kusa (Piacenza na zamani, a kudancin bakin Po), an kafa su ne a wannan shekarar, a matsayin tushe don shiga cikin abin da ya zama Lardin Roma na Gallia Cisalpina (Cisalpine Gaul). Saboda muhimmancin kasuwanci na garin, daga gare ta fara Via Brixia Hanyar Romawa wacce ta haɗa Brixia (Brescia) zuwa Cremona.

Cremona da sauri ya girma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan garuruwa a arewacin Italiya, saboda yana kan babbar hanyar da ke haɗa Genoa zuwa Aquileia, Via Postumia . Ya ba da sojoji ga Julius Kaisar kuma ya amfana daga mulkinsa, amma daga baya ya goyi bayan Marcus Junius Brutus da Majalisar Dattijai a cikin rikice-rikicen da suka yi da Augustus, wanda, bayan ya ci nasara, a cikin 40 BC ya kwace ƙasar Cremona kuma ya sake rarraba ta ga mutanensa. Shahararren mawaki Virgil, wanda ya tafi makaranta a Cremona, dole ne ya rasa gonar kakanninsa ("kusa da mummunan Cremona"), amma daga baya ya sake dawo da shi.

 Halakawa 
Ci gaban birnin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa har zuwa 69 AD, lokacin da sojojin Vespasian suka kori shi kuma suka hallaka shi a Yaƙin Bedriacum na Biyu a ƙarƙashin umurnin Marcus Antonius Primus, suna yaƙi don shigar da shi a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna a kan abokin hamayyarsa Vitellius. Tacitus ne ya bayyana korar a cikin Tarihi.

An sake gina Cremona tare da taimakon sabon sarki Vespasian, amma da alama ya kasa dawo da wadatar da ta gabata yayin da ta ɓace daga tarihi.

 Sake fitowa 
A cikin karni na 6, ya sake fitowa a matsayin sansanin soja na Daular Roman ta Gabas (Byzantine) a lokacin Yaƙin Gothic .

 Farkon Zamanin Tsakiya 
Lokacin da Lombards suka mamaye yawancin Italiya a rabi na biyu na karni na 6 AD, Cremona ya kasance sansanin Byzantine a matsayin wani ɓangare na Exarchate na Ravenna. Birnin ya fadada zuwa arewa maso yamma, tare da kirkirar babban sansanin da aka rushe a waje da ganuwar.

 Lombard mallaka 
A cikin 603 AD, Sarkin Lombard Agilulf ya ci Cremona kuma ya sake hallaka shi. An raba yankinta tsakanin duchies biyu na Brescia da Bergamo .

Koyaya, a cikin 615 AD, Sarauniya Theodelinda, mai ibada na Roman Katolika da niyyar juyawa mutanenta, ta sake gina Cremona kuma ta sake sanya bishop a can.

 Mai Tsarki Roman Vassal 
Kula da birnin ya ci gaba da fadawa ga bishop dinsa, wanda ya zama mai mulkin Roman mai tsarki bayan nasarar da Charlemagne ya yi a Italiya. Ta wannan hanyar, Cremona ta kara ikonta da wadata a hankali kuma wasu daga cikin bishops dinta suna da muhimmiyar rawa tsakanin ƙarni na 10 da 11. Bishop Liutprand na Cremona ya kasance memba na kotun Daular a ƙarƙashin daular Saxony kuma Olderic ya sami gata mai ƙarfi ga birninsa daga sarki Otto III. Tattalin arzikinta ya bunkasa ta hanyar kirkirar tashar jiragen ruwa daga tsohon sansanin Byzantine.

Koyaya, bishops biyu Lambert da Ubaldo sun haifar da rashin jituwa da mutanen garin. Sarkin sarakuna Conrad II ya warware jayayya ta hanyar shiga Cremona a cikin 1037 tare da saurayi Paparoma Benedict IX.

 Al'umma ta Tsakiya 
A karkashin Henry IV, Cremona ya ki biyan harajin zalunci da Daular da bishop suka nema. A cewar wani labari, babban gonfaloniere (mayor) Giovanni Baldesio na Cremona ya fuskanci sarki da kansa a duel. Yayin da aka kori Henry daga doki, an ceci birnin biyan kuɗin shekara-shekara na  kg (7  na zinariya, wanda, a wannan shekarar, an ba Berta, budurwar Giovanni, a matsayin sadakarta.

 Masu adawa da Daular 
Labarin tarihi na farko game da Cremona kyauta ya fito ne daga 1093, yayin da ya shiga cikin kawance mai adawa da Daular karkashin jagorancin Mathilde na Canossa, Cire da Lodi, Milan da Piacenza. Rikicin ya ƙare tare da Cremona samun Insula Fulcheria, yankin da ke kusa da birnin Crema, a matsayin yankinsa.

Bayan wannan lokacin, sabon gari ya yi yaƙi da biranen da ke kusa don faɗaɗa yankinsa. A cikin 1107 Cremona ta ci Tortona, amma bayan shekaru hudu an ci sojojinta a kusa da Bressanoro.

Kamar yadda yake a yawancin biranen arewacin Italiya, an raba mutane zuwa jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu, Guelphs, waɗanda suka fi karfi a sabon birni, da Ghibellines, waɗanda ke da tushe a cikin tsohon birni. Jam'iyyun sun kasance ba za a iya sulhunta ba har da tsohon ya gina fadar jama'a ta biyu, har yanzu Palazzo Cittanova ("sabuwar fadar birni").

 Masu goyon bayan Daular 
Lokacin da Frederick Barbarossa ya sauka zuwa Italiya don tabbatar da ikonsa, Cremona ya goyi bayansa don samun goyon bayansa a kan Crema, wanda ya yi tawaye da taimakon Milan. Nasarar da ta biyo baya da kuma matsayinta na aminci ya ba Cremona damar kirkirar mint don nasa tsabar kudi a cikin 1154. A cikin 1162, sojojin Imperial da Cremonese sun kai hari Milan kuma sun lalata shi.

 Ƙungiyar Lombard 
Koyaya, a cikin 1167 birnin ya canza bangarori kuma ya shiga Ƙungiyar Lombard League. Sojojinsa sun kasance wani ɓangare na sojojin da, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1176, suka ci Barbarossa a Yaƙin Legnano . Koyaya, ƙungiyar Lombard ba ta tsira daga wannan nasara ba har tsawon lokaci. A cikin 1213, a Castelleone, Cremonese sun ci League of Milan, Lodi, Crema, Novara, Como da Brescia.

A cikin 1232, Cremona ta haɗa kai da Sarkin sarakuna Frederick II, wanda ya sake ƙoƙarin sake tabbatar da ikon Daular a kan Arewacin Italiya. A Yaƙin Cortenuova, Cremonese sun kasance a gefen nasara. Bayan haka Frederick sau da yawa yana gudanar da kotunsa a cikin birni.

A Yaƙin Parma, duk da haka, Ghibellines sun sha wahala sosai kuma an kama Cremonese dubu biyu. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Cremona ta ɗauki fansa ta hanyar kayar da sojojin Parma. Sojojinsa, a karkashin umurnin Umberto Pallavicino, sun kama motar Parma kuma sun ci gaba da ajiye wando na abokan gaba daga rufin Cathedral na matsayin alamar wulakancin abokin hamayyar.

A cikin 1301 troubadour Luchetto Gattilusio ya kasance  na Cremona . A wannan lokacin Cremona ta bunƙasa kuma ta kai yawan mutane har zuwa 80,000, mafi girma fiye da 69,000 na shekara ta 2001.

 Ubangiji Mai Girma 
A shekara ta 1266, an kori Pallavicino daga Cremona, kuma mulkin Ghibelline ya ƙare bayan magajinsa Buoso da Dovara ya bar iko ga ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa. A cikin 1271 an kirkiro matsayin Capitano del Popolo ("Mutumin Jama'a").

A shekara ta 1276 Signoria ya wuce ga marquis Cavalcabò Cavalcabó; a shekara ta 1305 dansa Guglielmo Cavalcabós ya gaje shi, wanda ya rike mulki har zuwa shekara ta 1310. A wannan lokacin an halicci ko kuma an mayar da gine-gine da yawa ciki har da belfry na Torrazzo, cocin Romanesque na San Francis, da Cathedral's transepts da Loggia dei Militi. Bugu da ƙari, an haɓaka aikin gona tare da sabon hanyar sadarwa.

Bayan wasu mamayewar kasashen waje (musamman na Sarkin sarakuna Henry VII a 1311), Cavalcabò ya kasance har zuwa 29 ga Nuwamba 1322, lokacin da dangi mafi ƙarfi, Visconti na Galeazzo I, ya zama sananne cewa a Cremona zai kasance tsawon ƙarni da rabi.  Ludwig Bavarian ya katse alamar Visconti (Ubangiji) a cikin 1327, a cikin 1331 ta John na Bohemia, kuma a cikin 1403 ta ɗan gajeren dawowa na Cavalcabò.  A ranar 25 ga Yuli 1406, kyaftin Cabrino Fondulo ya kashe ma'aikacin sa Ubaldo Cavalcabò tare da dukan maza na danginsa, kuma ya dauki iko akan Cremona.  Duk da haka, ya kasa fuskantar aikin, kuma ya mika birnin ga Visconti don biyan 40,000 na furanni na zinariya.

Ta haka ne Filippo Maria Visconti ya sanya sigina ta gado. Cremona ya zama wani ɓangare na Duchy na Milan, yana bin makomarsa har zuwa hadin kan Italiya. A karkashin Visconti kuma daga baya Sforza, Cremona ta sami ci gaban al'adu da addini. A cikin 1411 Palazzo Cittanova ya zama wurin zama na jami'ar 'yan kasuwa na fustian.

A cikin 1441 birnin ya dauki bakuncin auren Francesco I Sforza da Bianca Maria Visconti a cikin haikalin da Benedictines suka gina, wanda a yau shine cocin Saint Sigismund. Labarin yankin ya ba da gudummawa ga bukukuwan don lokacin da aka kirkiro sanannen nougat () na birnin, kodayake wannan a bayyane yake ƙirƙira ne na ƙarni na 20. Ludovico il Moro ya taimaka wajen samar da kudade ga ayyukan gine-gine da yawa don babban coci, cocin St. Agatha da Fadar Jama'a.

A cikin shekara ta 1446, sojojin condottieri na Francesco Piccinino da Luigi dal Verme sun kewaye Cremona. An kafa kewaye ne bayan isowar Scaramuccia da Forlì daga Venice.

 Ayyukan kasashen waje 
Daga 1499 zuwa 1509 Cremona tana ƙarƙashin ikon Venetian.

 Jamhuriyar Venice 
Nasarar kungiyar Italiya a Agnadello ta mayar da ita ga Duchy na Milan.

 Spain 
Koyaya, an sanya Cremona zuwa Spain a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Noyon (1513). Cremona ta fada hannun sabbin sarakuna ne kawai a shekara ta 1524 lokacin da Castle na Santa Croce ya mika wuya. A ƙarshe an kori Faransanci daga duchy shekaru biyu bayan haka, tare da Yarjejeniyar Madrid, kuma daga baya Cremona ta kasance mulkin Spain na shekaru da yawa. A wannan lokacin an yi gyare-gyare da yawa ko ƙari, gami da Loggia na Porch na babban coci na Lorenzo Trotti (1550) da sabon cocin San Siro da Sepolcro na Antonio Gialdini (1614).

A lokacin mulkin Mutanen Espanya, Cremona ta ga yunwa ta 1628 da annoba ta 1630.

 Ostiraliya 
Duchy, bayan gajeren nasarar Faransa a cikin 1701 a lokacin Yaƙin Succession na Mutanen Espanya, ya wuce zuwa Austria a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1707.

 Gwamnati 

 Yawan jama'a 

 Gine-gine 

 Coci 
Cocin Cremona tare da Baptistery da aka haɗa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shafuka na Romanesque-Gothic art a arewacin Italiya.

 Sant'Agata
 Sant'Agostino
 San Facio
 San Girolamo
 San Luca
 Santa Lucia
 San Marcellino
 San Michele
 San Pietro al Po
 Santa Rita
 San Sigismondo

 Gine-gine 

 Torrazzo, hasumiyar ƙararrawa ta uku mafi girma a Turai
 Loggia dei Militi
 Palazzo Cittanova
 Palazzo Fodri
 Palazzo Comunale
 Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ponchielli
 Gidan kayan gargajiya na Berenziano
 Gidan kayan gargajiya na Contadina
 Gidan kayan gargajiya na Civico Ala Ponzone
 Gidan kayan gargajiya na violin

 Tattalin Arziki 
Tattalin arzikin Cremona yana da alaƙa sosai da samar da aikin gona na ƙauyuka. Masana'antun abinci sun haɗa da nama mai gishiri, kayan zaki (torrone), mai na kayan lambu, grana padano, provolone da "mostarda" (ya'yan itace mai ɗanɗano a cikin syrup mai ɗanɗana, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da nama da cuku). Masana'antu masu nauyi sun haɗa da ƙarfe, mai da kuma masana'antar lantarki guda ɗaya. Tashar jiragen ruwa ita ce tushe ga jiragen ruwa da ke jigilar kayayyaki a kogin Po.

 Waƙoƙi 
Cremona yana da tarihin kiɗa na musamman.  Cathedral na ƙarni na 12 ya kasance mai da hankali kan ayyukan kiɗan da aka tsara a yankin a ƙarshen Zamani na Tsakiya.  Zuwa karni na 16 garin ya zama sanannen cibiyar kiɗa.  A zamanin yau akwai mahimman taruka don Renaissance da kiɗan Baroque, watau Choir & Consort Costanzo Porta, da bukukuwa waɗanda ke kula da Cremona a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman garuruwan Italiya don kiɗa.  Mawaki Marc'Antonio Ingegneri ya koyar a wurin;  Claudio Monteverdi shi ne shahararren ɗalibinsa, kafin ya tafi Mantua a shekara ta 1591. Cremona ita ce wurin haifuwar Pierre-Francisque Caroubel, mai haɗin gwiwa tare da fitaccen mawakin Jamus Michael Praetorius.  Bishop na Cremona, Nicolò Sfondrati, babban mai goyon bayan Counter-Reformation, ya zama Paparoma Gregory XIV a shekara ta 1590. Tun da yake shi majibincin kida ne daidai da ƙwazo, sanannen garin a matsayin wurin waƙa ya girma daidai da haka.

Da farko a karni na 16, Cremona ya zama sananne a matsayin cibiyar kera kayan kida, tare da violins na iyalan Amati da Rugeri, kuma daga baya kayayyakin bitar Guarneri da Stradivari. Har zuwa yau, ana ɗaukar aikin da suka yi da hannu a matsayin taron kolin nasarori a cikin yin kayan kirtani. Cremona har yanzu sananne ne don samar da kayan kida masu inganci, misalai masu ban sha'awa waɗanda za a iya gani yayin ziyartar Museo del Violino na gida. A cikin 2012 UNESCO ta ayyana "Kwarewar violin na gargajiya a Cremona" a matsayin al'adun al'adu. A duniya, masu sana'a na birnin sun shahara ne saboda tsari na musamman da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yin kayan kida da aka haɗa da hannu ba tare da amfani da kayan masana'antu ba.

Cremona tana da al'adar ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da Guardia nazionale da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin tasirin Napoleon. A shekara ta 1864, ɗan asalin ƙasar Amilcare Ponchielli ya zama shugabansu kuma ya kirkiro abin da za a iya la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi na kowane lokaci. A matsayinsa na Capobanda, Ponchielli ya kafa makarantar rukuni da al'adar da ta ragu ne kawai a farkon Yaƙin Duniya na I.

 Sufuri 
Tashar jirgin kasa ta Cremona, wacce aka buɗe a 1863, tashar tashar jirgin kasa ce guda shida, dukansu yanki ne (mai sauri) ko sabis na gida.

Babban wuraren sune Pavia, Mantua, Milan, Treviglio, Parma, Brescia, Piacenza da Fidenza.

 Wasanni 
Wasannin da Cremona ta fi so shine kwallon kafa.  Cremonese na Amurka ya taka leda na shekaru da yawa a cikin Seria A, shahararrun 'yan wasansa sune Aristide Guarneri, Emiliano Mondonico, Antonio Cabrini da Gianluca Vialli - duk an haife su a cikin ko kusa da Cremona.  Shafi mafi haske a cikin tarihin Cremonese fiye da karni daya an rubuta shi a farkon 1990s, lokacin da shugaban kungiyar Domenico Luzzara kuma kocin Gigi Simoni;  kungiyar ta yi nasarar ci gaba da zama a gasar Seria A tsawon shekaru uku a jere, inda ta kare gasar daya a matsayi na goma.  Ta doke kungiyar Derby County ta Ingila a wasan karshe don lashe kofin Anglo-Italian (27 Maris 1993), Cremonese ta zama tawaga ta biyu ta Italiya a tarihin kwallon kafa da ta yi nasara a Wembley.

Cremona, a cikin shekarun 1980s, ta gina al'adar kwando mai ƙarfi, yanzu ta kawo ta Vanoli Basket, ƙungiyar daga Soresina wacce duk da haka yawanci ke taka leda a Cremona.

Cremona kuma tana da kulob din waterpolo wanda ke taka leda a cikin yankuna. Akwai al'adar ƙarni da ta gabata a cikin tseren jirgin ruwa da jirgin ruwa, tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban guda uku, waɗanda ke gefen kogin Po, waɗanda suka horar da yawancin masu cin kofin duniya da na Olympics.

 Garin Twin - biranen 'yar'uwa 

 Alaquàs, Spain, tun daga shekara ta 2004
 Krasnoyarsk, Rasha, tun 2006
 Füssen, Jamus, tun daga 2018

 Shahararrun mutane 
Shahararrun mutanen da aka haifa a ko kuma ke da alaƙa da Cremona sun haɗa da:

 Publius Quinctilius Varus (46 BC – AD 9), Roman general and politician
 Marcus Furius Bibaculus (103 BC – ? BC), a Roman poet.
 Liutprand of Cremona ( – 972), bishop of Cremona, historian, and author.
 Saint Homobonus, (12th C.) patron saint of Cremona, as well as business people, tailors, shoemakers, and clothworkers
 Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114 – 1187), translator of scientific books from Arabic into Latin.
 Sicard of Cremona (1155–1215), prelate, historian and writer
 Bernardino Ricca (1450–?), painter
 Filippo de Lurano (c. 1475 – after 1520), an Italian composer of the Renaissance.
 Marco Girolamo Vida (c. 1489 – 1566), scholar, Latin poet and bishop.
 Altobello Melone (c. 1490 – pre-1543) an Italian painter of the Renaissance.
 Francesco and Giuseppe Dattaro (c. 1495 – 1576) & (c. 1540 – 1616), father and son team of architects
 Girolamo del Prato (16th C.), sculptor and craftsman
 Gianello della Torre (c. 1500 – 1585) Italo-Spanish clockmaker, engineer and mathematician.
 Giulio Campi (1500–1572), painter.
 Andrea Amati (1505–1577), luthier.
 Bernardino Campi (1522–1592), painter.
 Costanzo Porta (c. 1528 – 1601), an Italian composer of the Renaissance
 Sofonisba Anguissola (c. 1532 – 1625), painter of the Renaissance.
 Benedetto Pallavicino (c. 1551 – 1601), an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance.
 Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras.
 Giulio Calvi (c. 1570 – 1596), an Italian painter of the Renaissance.
 Luca Cattapani (born c. 1570) an Italian painter of the late-Renaissance
 Gaspare Aselli (1581–1626), physician.
 Tarquinio Merula (1595–1665), an Italian composer, organist and violinist of the early Baroque era.
 Nicolò Amati (1596–1684), luthier.
 Francesco Rugeri (c. 1628–1698), luthier
 Antonio Stradivari (c. 1644–1737), renowned luthier.
 Vincenzo Rugeri (1663–1719), luthier
 Luigi Guido Grandi (1671–1742), monk, priest, philosopher, theologian, mathematician, and engineer
 Giuseppe Guarneri (1698–1744), luthier
 Francesco Bianchi (1752–1810), an Italian opera composer.
 Giovanni Pallavera (1818–1886), painter
 Amilcare Ponchielli (1834–1886), composer.
 Eugenio Beltrami (1835–1900), mathematician
 Arcangelo Ghisleri (1855–1938), an Italian geographer, writer and Socialist politician.
 Leonida Bissolati (1857–1920), leading exponent of the Italian socialist movement at the turn of the 19th C.
 Alve Valdemi del Mare (1885–1972), painter
 Primo Mazzolari (1890–1959), priest and writer
 Roberto Farinacci (1892–1945), fascist politician
 Aldo Protti (1920–1995), an Italian baritone opera singer
 Ugo Tognazzi (1922–1990) , actor, director, and screenwriter
 Mina (born 1940), singer (nicknamed the Tiger of Cremona)
 Giovanni Lucchi (1942–2012), bowmaker
 Franco Mari (born 1947), an Italian actor and comedian.
 Sergio Cofferati (born 1948), member of European Parliament and former mayor of Bologna
 Massimo Capra (born 1960), Italian-born Canadian celebrity chef.
 Sandrone Dazieri (born 1964), crime writer
 Alessandro Magnoli Bocchi (born 1968), Italian economist
 Chiara Ferragni (born 1987), blogger, businesswoman, fashion designer and model
 Quartetto di Cremona (formed 2000), Italian string quartet
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba