Yarjejeniyar bayi ta Lynch

Yarjejeniyar bawa ta Lynch ita ce yarinya ta bawa ta ƙarni na 19, ko kurkuku na bawa, a birnin Saint Louis, Missouri, Amurka, wanda ke riƙe da bayi maza, mata, da yara yayin da suke jiran a sayar da su. Bernard M. Lynch, sanannen ɗan kasuwa na bawa na Saint Louis, ya mallaki alkalami na bawa. Lynch ya yi amfani da alkawarin bawa a wannan wurin daga 1859 https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/slave-sales.htm har sai Sojojin Amurka suka kwace shi a 1861. 

Ginin ya kasance a kusurwar Fifth da Myrtle Streets a Saint Louis, wanda ya sanya shi a cikin wannan yanki kamar yawancin kamfanonin kasuwanci na birnin da gine-ginen gwamnati. A halin yanzu, Filin wasa na Busch da ƙauyen St. Louis Ballpark sun mamaye shafin inda alkawarin bawa na Lynch ya taɓa tsayawa.https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/mayor/news/on-the-map-lynchs-slave-pens.cfm
Tarihi
An haifi Bernard M. Lynch a Maryland a cikin shekara ta 1814. Bayan ya koma Saint Louis, Lynch ya tara dukiya daga shiga cikin kamfanoni da yawa da suka shafi Cinikin bayi na cikin gida a Amurka. Wadannan kokarin sun hada da amma ba a iyakance su ba don gudanar da alkawarin bawa a titunan Fifth da Myrtle da kuma wani kurkuku da ke kusa da Locust Street tsakanin tituna na huɗu da na biyar, inda ya kuma sayar da bayi. Dangane da Ƙididdigar 1860, dukiyar Lynch ta kasance mai daraja a $ 38,700 (daidai da $ 1,354,000 ). https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/mayor/news/on-the-map-lynchs-slave-pens.cfm Shirin bawa daga ƙididdigar 1860 ya kuma rubuta cewa Lynch ya mallaki bayi uku: mace mai shekaru talatin da biyar, yarinya mai shekaru goma sha shida, da yaro mai shekaru tara. Kowane mutum da aka bautar an kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "Mulatto".

Baya ga tsare bayi da ke jiran siyarwa a cikin gidan bawa, Lynch ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da bayi da Mai kama bawa. A cikin hulɗarsa da Henry Shaw, wanda ya kafa Gidan Aljanna na Missouri, Lynch ya yi aiki a cikin dukkan ayyukansa guda uku: mai kula da gidan yari, ɗan kasuwa, da mai kamawa. Lynch ya zargi Shaw da kamawa da kama wata mace mai bautar da Shaw mai suna Esther. Lynch ya kuma caje Shaw don shiga Esther da wani bawa a cikin gidansa. Lynch daga baya ya sayar da Esther a madadin Shaw ga wani bawa da ke zaune a Mississippi.https://www.mobot.org/mobot/archives/image.asp?filename=PHO2020-0043.tif&returnto=/mobot/archives/results.asp

Duk da yake yana da wahala a san sau da yawa Lynch ya kama, ya ɗaure, kuma ya sayar da wannan bawa kamar yadda ya yi da Esther, jerin dokoki don alkalami na bawa wanda Lynch ya rubuta a 1858 ya nuna cewa ya yi kowane ɗayan waɗannan ayyukan kuma ya amfana daga samar da su a wasu lokuta. A cikin jerin, Lynch ya saita farashin don allon da siyar da bayi a 37 1⁄2 cents kowace rana da 2 1⁄2 percent na farashin siyarwa, bi da bi.https://news.stlpublicradio.org/show/st-louis-on-the-air/2017-10-18/curious-louis-uncovering-what-remains-of-st-louis-slave-trading-past Kasuwancin Lynch ya zama mai fa'ida sosai cewa a shekara ta 1859 ya rasa sarari don gudanar da ayyukansa kawai daga cikin ginin a kan Locust Street, kuma ya sayi ƙarin gini a Fifth da Myrtle Streets don tallafawa kasuwancinsa.
Bayanan Yarjejeniyar Bawa
Bayan Lynch ya sayi ginin a titunan Fifth da Myrtle, sai ya sanya sanduna a kan windows ban da sauran matakan tsaro kamar makullin don ya iya amfani da shi a matsayin wani ɗayan alkalami na bawa. Yarjejeniyar bawa ta Lynch ta kunshi akalla sel huɗu a matakin ginshiki. Kowane ɗayan tantanin an yi shi da bangon tubali. Abinda kawai ke buɗewa a cikin sel shine sarari mai kama da ƙofar tare da bangon gaba don mutane su shiga da fita. Bayani mafi zurfi na jiki game da alkawarin bawa yana da ƙalubale don samarwa saboda akwai ƙananan tushe daga lokacin da kayan aikin ke aiki wanda ya bayyana yanayin alkawarin bawa na Lynch. Bugu da ƙari, ba a gudanar da binciken archaeological na alkawarin bawa ba kafin a lalata shi yayin kirkirar Filin wasa na Busch a 1963.

Ɗaya daga cikin takardun da suka wanzu game da yanayin da ke cikin alkawarin bawa daga lokacin da ya kasance shi ne jerin dokokin da Lynch ya rubuta. Jerin dokoki bakwai an rubuta su ne a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1858. Yawancin dokoki da aka lissafa a cikin takardar sun mallaki tsammanin masu mallakar bayi da aka tsare a gidan bawa na Lynch. Wadannan dokoki sun bayyana farashin da haɗarin da bayi suka samu ta hanyar sanya mutanen da suka bautar a cikin gidan bawa kuma, sabili da haka, a ƙarƙashin kulawar Lynch. Lynch ya haɗa da manufofi biyu don kula da bayi a cikin alkawarin bayi. Ya tabbatar wa bayi cewa zai yi ƙoƙari ya hana "tserewa ko haɗari" tsakanin bayi a cikin alkalami. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa zai ba da "kariya iri ɗaya" ga mutanen da ya tsare a matsayin mutanen da ya bautar.

Wani labarin da ke kwatanta yanayin da ke cikin alkawarin bawa an samo shi a cikin "The Story of a Border City During the Civil War", littafin da masanin tauhidi Galusha Anderson ya rubuta. A cikin littafinsa, Anderson ya bayyana ziyarar da shi da wasu abokan aikinsa daga Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Matasa suka ɗauka a 1859 zuwa gidan bayi na Lynch a Fifth da Myrtle Streets da Locust Street. Anderson ya kiyasta cewa mafi yawan bayi a cikin gidan bawa a Fifth da Myrtle suna tsakanin shekaru biyar zuwa goma sha shida. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma tsare wasu daga cikin uwayen yaran bayi a cikin gidan bawa. Wani mutum da ba a san sunansa ba ne ya tsare alkalami wanda "ya kare rabuwar iyalai ta hanyar sayar da bayi. " Anderson ya kuma ba da rahoton sayar da wani yaro da ya shaida a gidan bawa jim kadan bayan ya ziyarci abokan aikinsa daga Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Matasa.[2] Yaron, wanda Anderson ya yi imanin yana da shekaru goma, ya yi kuka sosai lokacin da aka ɗauke shi daga alkalami har baiwar da ta sayi shi ya dawo ya sayi mahaifiyar yaron a ƙoƙarin rage bakin ciki na yaron. Anderson ya ba da rahoton cewa daga baya aka mayar da mahaifiyar zuwa gidan bawa da zarar bawa ya sami nasarar kai yaron gidansa.

Ginin ya daina amfani da shi azaman gidan bawa a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1861. Lynch ya tsere daga Missouri a farkon yakin basasa, ya zauna a Mississippi.
Kurkukun Myrtle Street
A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka, Sojojin Amurka, waɗanda Dokar Conquisation ta 1861 ta ba su iko, sun karɓi ginin da ya taɓa riƙe alkawarin bawa na Lynch. An sake sunan ginin da sunan gidan yarin Myrtle Street . A matsayin kurkuku da Sojoji ke sarrafawa, an tsare sojoji a ciki. Ba kamar sauran kurkuku na soja ba, fararen hula da suka goyi bayan Confederacy da Sojojin Amurka suma an tsare su a gidan yarin Myrtle Street . 

Tsarin sake amfani da tsoffin fursunonin bayi da kurkuku na bayi a lokacin yakin basasa ba sabon abu ba ne. Kamar yadda aka sauya gidan yarin bautar Lynch zuwa kurkuku da Sojojin Amurka ke amfani da shi, wasu gidan yarin bayi da kasuwanni a kudancin Amurka Sojojin US sun mallaki su don zama kurkuku ga sojojin Confederate da sansanonin smuggling. Tsohon bayi sun kuma yi amfani da takardun bayi da kasuwanni a matsayin wuraren ibada da makarantun. Yankunan da aka taɓa amfani da su don sayar da mutanen Afirka ga wasu mutane daga baya mutanen da suka kasance bayi sun yi amfani da su wajen yin bikin da kuma yin aiki akan 'yancin su. Mutane da yawa da suka kasance bayi da abokansu sun lura da wannan canji kuma sun kalli shi a matsayin wani nau'i na adalci na Allah.https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-emancipation-finally-came-slave-markets-took-redemptive-purpose-180968260/

Bikin Tunawa
Sashen Matasa na Kamfanin Kasuwanci ya shigar da bikin tunawa na farko na jama'a na alkawarin bawa na Lynch da Kurkukun Myrtle Street. A cikin shekarun 1920, kungiyar ta kafa Kwamitin Tarihi wanda ya bincika kuma ya zaɓi wuraren da za su isar da muhimmancin tarihin St. Louis da ƙarfafa yawon bude ido a cikin birni. A shekara ta 1944, kwamitin ya ba da gudummawa ga alamomi 126 ga shimfidar wuri na St. Louis. Alamomi huɗu, gami da alamar tunawa da alkalami na bawa da gidan yarin soja, "a bayyane ya yi nuni da tarihin Afirka ta Amirka. " Alamar da ake nufi don nuna shafin da alkalami ya kasance kamar garkuwar kuma yana nuna rubutun baki a kan fararen bango. Rubutun bayanin a kan alamar ya karanta: "A nan ne Lynch Slave Pens da Prison. Wannan yana daya daga cikin mahimman kasuwannin bayi. An sayar da bawa na ƙarshe a nan a 1861. A farkon yakin basasa an sami kurkuku na tarayya a nan. " A shekara ta 1971, yawancin alamun da Kwamitin Tarihin ya shigar ba su kasance a wuraren da suka yi alama ba Duk da yake an maye gurbin wasu alamomi, alamar tunawa da alkawarin bawa ba ta kasance ba.

Lokacin da aka fara gini a filin wasa na Busch, wasu masana tarihi da sauran malamai sun nuna damuwa game da rashin bincike da tunawa da alkawarin bawa a shafin. Wani mai magana da yawun St. Louis Cardinals ya kalubalanci da'awar cewa kungiyar ta yi watsi da tarihi, yana mai cewa, "Kadinals suna gina tarihi a yanzu. "  Wasu masana tarihi suna jayayya cewa ci gaba da rashin amincewa da alkalami na bawa a shafin yana "bar rauni a cikin tunawa da kuma fahimtar rashin adalci da suka gina birnin kuma suna ci gaba da tsara shi. "  A cikin 2019 masanin tarihi Anne C. Bailey ya yi jayayya cewa sanya alamun waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon "zai taimaka wajen warkar da duk abin da shi".https://thesouthern.com/sports/stadium-construction-upsets-historians/article_8a39d903-bb29-591d-9886-6da49f8c853b.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/12/magazine/1619-project-slave-auction-sites.html

Sauran alkalami da alamun bayi da aka gano an canza su zuwa gidajen tarihi da aka keɓe ga tarihin Afirka ta Amirka.
Dubi kuma
Shockoe Bottom

Kurkukun Lumpkin

Kurkukun Bawa na Bruin

Jerin 'yan kasuwa na Amurka

Kasuwancin bayi da kurkuku a Amurka
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