Yanayin Victoria

Victoria is the southernmost mainland state of Australia.  With an area of , it is Australia's sixth largest state/territory, comparable in size to the island of Great Britain or the U.S. state of Utah.  It is bound to the northwest by South Australia, directly north by New South Wales, and also shares a maritime border with Tasmania across the Bass Strait to the south.  Most of Victoria's northern border lies along the Murray River. The eastern half of the state is dominated by the Australian Alps and the surrounding highlands (plateaus and hills) of the Great Dividing Range, which also to a lesser extent extend far into the west of the state and ease off after The Grampians. By comparison the north and northwest of the state is extremely flat with little prominence.

Kimanin kashi 80% na yawan mutanen Victoria suna zaune a bakin tekun Port Phillip Bay da (har zuwa ƙarami) Western Port Bay a yankin kudu maso tsakiya, galibi a cikin manyan biranen jihar, Melbourne (babban birnin jihar) da Geelong.
+Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki na kowane wata a VictoriaWataMelbourne ° C (° F) Mildura °C (°F) JanairuFabrairuMarisAfriluMayuYuniYuliAgustaSatumbaOktobaNuwambaDisambaTushen: Ofishin Meteorology
Victoria tana da yanayi daban-daban duk da ƙaramin girmanta. Ya fito ne daga tsaka-tsaki mai tsaka-tsakin yanayi tare da lokacin zafi a arewa maso yamma, zuwa tsaka-tsaka da sanyi a bakin tekun. Babban fasalin ƙasar Victoria, Babban Rarraba Range, yana samar da sanyi, yanayin dutse a tsakiyar jihar. Lokacin hunturu a bakin tekun jihar, musamman a kusa da Melbourne, yana da sauƙi (duba jadawalin da ke dama) .

Yankin bakin teku a kudancin Great Dividing Range yana da yanayin da ya fi dacewa a Victoria. Iska daga Kudancin Tekun yana taimakawa rage zafi na lokacin rani da sanyi na hunturu. Melbourne da sauran manyan biranen suna cikin wannan yankin mai matsakaici.

Mallee da Wimmera na sama sune yankuna mafi zafi na Victoria tare da iska mai zafi da ke kadawa daga jeji na kusa.  Matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya wuce 32 °C (90 °F) lokacin bazara da 15 °C (59 °F) a cikin hunturu.  Sai dai a tsaunuka masu sanyi, yanayin zafi na cikin gida kowane wata yana da zafi 2-7 ° C (4-13 °F) fiye da kewayen Melbourne (duba ginshiƙi).  An yi rikodin mafi girman zafin jiki na Victoria na 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) a Hopetoun a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2009, a lokacin 2009 kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ta 2009.

The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east–west through the centre of Victoria. Average temperatures are less than  in winter and below  in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of  was recorded at Omeo on 15 June 1965, and again at Falls Creek on 3 July 1970."Rainfall and Temperature Records: National" (PDF). 

 Ruwan sama 
Ruwan sama a Victoria yana ƙaruwa daga kudu zuwa arewa maso gabas, tare da matsakaicin matsakaici a yankunan da ke da tsawo. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya wuce 1,800 millimeters (71 inci) a wasu sassan arewa maso gabas amma bai kai   in)  Mallee ba.

Ruwan sama ya fi yawa a cikin Otway Ranges da Gippsland a kudancin Victoria da kuma a arewa maso gabas mai tsaunuka.  Dusar ƙanƙara gabaɗaya tana faɗowa a cikin tsaunuka da tsaunuka a tsakiyar jihar.  Ruwan sama yana faɗuwa akai-akai a cikin hunturu, amma hazo na rani ya fi nauyi.  Ruwan sama ya fi dogaro a Gippsland da Gundumar Yamma, wanda ya sa su biyun ke jagorantar yankunan noma.  Ruwan sama mafi girma da aka yi rikodin yau da kullun na Victoria shine 377.8 mm (14.87 in) a Kogin Tidal a cikin wurin shakatawa na Wilsons Promontory National Park a ranar 23 ga Maris 2011"Rainfall and Temperature Records: National" (PDF). 

 akwatunan yanayi 

 Rarrabawar yanki 
Yanayin Victoria yana da rarrabuwa daban-daban dangane da yanayin da ake tambaya. An jera rarrabuwar geomorphological a cikin sassan da ke biyowa. Daga hangen nesa na ɗan adam, an raba jihar zuwa yankuna masu zuwa:

 Tsakiya 

 Yankin Port Phillip Bay Babban Melbourne Mornington Peninsula Dandenong Ranges Werribee Plain You Yangs Babban Geelong Bellarine Peninsula
 Babban Melbourne
 Yankin Mornington
 Yankin Dandenong
 Filayen Werribee
 Kai Yangs
 Babban Geelong
 Yankin Bellarine
 Tsakiyar Tsakiya
 Yarra Ranges
 Kwarin Yarra

 Gabas da Kudu maso Gabas 

 Alps na Victoria
 Gippsland
 Gabashin Gippsland
 Tsakiyar Gippsland
 Tafkin Gippsland
 Kwarin Latrobe
 Yammacin Gippsland
 Kudancin Gippsland
 Yankin Strzelecki
 Wilsons Promontory
 Yankin Yammacin Port Bay Phillip Island Faransanci
 Tsibirin Phillip
 Tsibirin Faransa

 Arewa maso gabas 

 Alps na Victoria
 Hume
 Oven da Murray
 Kwarin Goulburn

 Mallee
 Loddon-CampaspeKamfen

 Yamma 

 Magana
 Tsakiyar Tsakiya
 Gidan shakatawa na Grampians
 Wimmera

 Kudu maso Yamma 

 Barwon Kudu maso Yamma
 Yankunan Otway
 Cape Otway

 Gabashin Gabas (Victorian Alps) 

 Yanayin ƙasa da ilimin ruwa 
Tsakanin Babban rarrabuwa a gabashin Victoria, Gabashin Gabas ya raba rafi da koguna da ke gudana daga arewa zuwa Murray-Darling Basin daga waɗanda ke gudana zuwa kudu kai tsaye zuwa teku. Ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi banbanci a cikin jihar.

Manyan rafukan da ke matsewa zuwa arewa sune Goulburn, Campaspe, Mitta Mitta, Kiewa, Loddon, Avoca, Wimmera, Ovens da King Rivers.  Mahimman kogunan da ke gudana zuwa kudu zuwa teku su ne Latrobe, Thomson, Macalister, Mitchell, Tambo, Nicholson da Snowy Rivers da magudanan ruwansu.  Duk waɗannan koguna, ban da kogin Snowy, suna isa teku ta tafkin Gippsland na kudu maso gabashin Victoria.  Gabas gabas, Kogin Bemm, Cann da Genoa suna kwarara kai tsaye zuwa Bass Strait don zubar da yankin gabas na Gabashin Uplands.  Kogin Yarra, wanda ke kwarara zuwa cikin Port Phillip Bay, ya malala yankin kudu maso yamma na Uplands.  Kudu-maso-yammacin jihar ya mamaye kogin Hopkins da Glenelg.  Kogin mafi tsayi a Victoria shine Goulburn, wanda ya tashi ƙasa da kololuwar Dutsen Masara (1,331 m) kuma yana gudana cikin kogin Murray kusa da Echuca.  Tsayinsa ya wuce kilomita 650.

Manyan kololuwa akan Babban Rabo a Gabas ta Gabas sun haɗa da Dutsen Cobberas (1,833 m) kusa da kan iyaka da New South Wales, Dutsen Hotham (1,862 m) da Dutsen Howitt (1,746 m).  Dutsen mafi girma na Victoria, Dutsen Bogong (1,986 m), yana arewa da babban kewayo a kan wani tudu da ya raba saman saman kogin Mitta Mitta da Kogin Kiewa.  Sauran fitattun kololuwa sune Dutsen Feathertop (1,922 m), kuma zuwa arewacin Rarraba, da Dutsen Buller (1,804 m) zuwa arewa maso yamma na Dutsen Howitt.  Dutsen Wellington (m1,632 m) yana kwance a ƙarshen ƙarshen Rawan dusar ƙanƙara.  Madaidaicin wurin kudu na babban rarrabuwar shine Dutsen Reynard wanda ke kan tsayin mita 1,737.

Tsarin Dendritic na ƙananan tuddai da kwari suna da kyau a yankin kuma suna nuna yawancin shimfidar wuri mai zurfi a kowane bangare na Babban Rarraba. Taron da aka ware na lokaci-lokaci kamar Dutsen Buller da Feathertop suna tsaye sama da ragowar tsaunuka ko tsaunuka masu faɗi.

Yankunan da ke da ƙananan taimako suna faruwa a tsaunuka masu tsawo kamar su Bogong High Plains, tsaunuka na Dutsen Buffalo (kimanin 1,400 m) da Baw Baw Plateau, waɗanda galibi ana kiransu "tsawon filaye". Filayen da ke da tsawo a ƙananan tsaunuka kuma suna yawan zuwa yayin da suke daga babban rarrabuwa. Wadannan sun hada da filin Pinnibar a arewa maso gabas, filayen Nunniong zuwa kudu (kimanin 1,200 m), da kuma Koetong - Shelly, Wabonga da Strathbogie filayen da ke arewacin (kimani 600-1,100 m).   

Kwarin da ke arewacin suna fadada kuma raƙuman raƙuman ruwa suna raguwa a hankali yayin da suke kusa da Riverine Plain zuwa arewa da yammacin yankin. Ƙananan ƙananan waɗannan raƙuman ruwa suna da filayen ambaliyar ruwa masu kyau waɗanda ke kewaye da ɗakunan da yawa. Tsarin alluvial ko colluvial ya fito ne daga ƙananan kwari na ƙananan raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke zubar da koguna na manyan kwari. Duwatsun, yayin da suke kusantar filayen ƙasa, suna ba da hanya ga ƙananan tuddai waɗanda ke nuna matakan baya na rushewar tuddai.

Yankin ambaliyar ruwa da tsaunuka na Kogin Murray a Wodonga suna nuna gefen gabas na Arewacin Kogin da gefen arewacin Gabashin Gabas, a wannan lokacin ambaliyar ambaliyar tana da kimanin mita 150 sama da matakin teku, saboda haka yana haifar da kwararar manyan tsarin kogi a yankin don su zana zurfi, ƙanƙanin kwari a cikin saman su a tsawon lokaci inda gradients suka fi tsayi fiye da filin ambaliyar. 

Kudancin Babban Rarraba tsarin kogin yana ƙaruwa a cikin gradient da zurfin kwarin, kuma yayin da suke kusantar Gabashin Gabas, suna da ƙananan kwari fiye da waɗanda ke arewa. Manyan yankuna masu ƙasƙanci da ke kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsawo kamar Murmungee basin a kudancin Beechworth da yankin Dargo a kudancin Divide, suna faruwa a wasu sassan Gabashin Gabas. Ana samun waɗannan a inda duwatsu masu saurin yanayi da rushewa ke kewaye da duwatsu masu tsayayya. Yankin kudancin Gabashin Gabas shine iyakar kudancin wani dandamali mai kama da benci wanda aka sani da Nillumbik Terrain, wanda za'a iya gano shi da iyakar Gabashin Gabashin Gaban daga kusa da Orbost zuwa gabashin gabashin Melbourne. Gabashin Gabas ya kai ga bakin teku daga Cape Conran zuwa Rams Head, inda Nillumbik Terrain ba ya nan, kuma yana gefen yashi na bakin teku a sassa.

 Botany 
Tsawon tsaunuka masu tsawo na Alpine Ash suna faruwa a kan gangaren tsaunuka na sama, yayin da Itacen katako mafi tsayi a duniya, Mountain Ash, ana samun sa a dan kadan a yammacin yankin, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan Eucalypts masu haɗuwa tare da bishiyoyin Ti-Tree waɗanda suka hada sauran yankin gandun daji na Gabashin Uplands.

Yankunan tsaunuka masu tsawo sun mamaye ciyawa, filayen ganye, da al'ummomin da ke ko'ina a yankunan da iska mai sanyi ke iyakance ci gaban shuke-shuke masu katako, tare da sphagnum bogs da fens a wuraren da ke da rigar dindindin. Yankunan Snow Gum suna zaune a kan tuddai da tuddai sama da kimanin 1400-1500 m. 

 Yammacin tsaunuka (Grampians) 

 Yankunan da aka raba 

 Yankin yajin aiki da kwari (Grampians range) 

 Ƙananan tsaunuka (Tablelands) 

 Kudancin tsaunuka (Strzelecki & Otways) 

 250-600m (Otway, Strzelecki & Hoddle Ranges) 


 100-250m 

 Kasa da mita 100 


 Yankin Arewa maso Yamma da Filayen (Wimmera & The Mallee) 


 Dutsen da ba a sani ba (Gippsland Lakes) 

 Shingen bakin teku (Ninety Mile Beach) 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba