Kiwon bayi a Amurka

Kiwon bayi ya kasance al'ada ne a Jihohin bawa na Amurka na masu bautar da ke tilasta wa bayi su yi jima'i da haihuwa.[1] Ya haɗa da tilasta jima'i tsakanin bayi maza, mata, da 'yan mata; tilasta ciki na bayi mata da' yan mata; da tilasta kiwo na takamaiman bayi da fatan samar da bayi masu karfi a nan gaba.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFMarable2000 Manufar ita ce masu bautar su kara yawan mutanen da suka bautar ba tare da biyan kudin sayen ba, don cika karancin ma'aikata da aka haifar da kawar da cinikin bayi na Atlantic, da kuma inganta halayen jiki da ake so.https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14664658.2024.2317499https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFDavis2014
Tarihin
Ƙarshen cinikin bayi na Amurka
Dokokin da suka kawar da Cinikin bayi na Atlantic sun fito ne sakamakon kokarin kungiyoyin kirista na abolitionist na Burtaniya kamar su Society of Friends, da kuma Evangelicals karkashin jagorancin William Wilberforce, wanda kokarinsa ta hanyar Kwamitin don kawar da cinikayya na bayi ya haifar da wucewar Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807 ta Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya a 1807.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFFinkelmanMiller1998 [shafin da ake buƙata] Duk da haka ba har zuwa 1937 ba ne aka haramta cinikin bayi a duk faɗin Daular Burtaniya, tare da Najeriya da Bahrain su ne yankunan Burtaniya na ƙarshe da suka kawar da bautar ba.https://www.newyorker.com/culture/personal-history/my-great-grandfather-the-nigerian-slave-trader

Wannan ya haifar da karuwar kira don kawar da shi a Amurka, wanda mambobin Majalisa ta Amurka daga Arewa da Kudu suka goyi bayan, da Shugaba Thomas Jefferson.[1]

A lokaci guda da aka ƙuntata ko kawar da shigo da bayi na Afirka, Amurka tana fuskantar saurin fadada auduga, sukari, da samar da shinkafa a Kudancin Kudancin da Yamma. Abubuwan da aka kirkira na auduga sun ba da damar noman auduga mai gajeren lokaci, wanda za'a iya samar da shi fiye da sauran nau'ikan; wannan ya haifar da fifiko na tattalin arziki na auduga a duk faɗin Kudancin Kudancin. Masu bautar da 'yan kasuwa sun bi da su a matsayin kayan aiki, kuma an dauke su a matsayin muhimmiyar aiki don samar da amfanin gona mai riba wanda ke ciyar da cinikayya ta triangular.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFSchneiderSchneider2000 

Ana bi da bayi a matsayin dukiyar dukiya, kamar yadda ake bi da dabbobi na gona. Bawa sun zartar da dokoki da ke tsara bautar da cinikin bayi, waɗanda aka tsara don kare saka hannun jari na kuɗi. Ma'aikatan da aka bautar ba su da wani hakki fiye da saniya ko doki, ko kuma kamar yadda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta sanya a cikin shari'ar Dred Scott v. Sandford, "ba su da hakki wanda fararen mutum ya tilasta girmamawa".https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States#CITEREFGalenson1986 A kan manyan gonaki, an raba iyalai masu bautar don nau'ikan aiki daban-daban. Ana sanya maza a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin filin. An sanya ma'aikata ga aikin da suka fi dacewa da jiki, a cikin hukuncin mai
Kiwo don mayar da martani ga ƙarshen shigo da bayi

Hana shigo da bayi zuwa Amurka bayan 1808 ya iyakance samar da bayi a Amurka. Wannan ya zo ne a lokacin da kirkirar gin din auduga ya ba da damar fadada noma a cikin tsaunuka na gajeren auduga, wanda ya haifar da share ƙasashe da ke noma auduga ta manyan yankuna na Deep South, musamman Black Belt. Bukatar ma'aikata a yankin ta karu sosai kuma ta haifar da fadada kasuwar bayi ta ciki. A lokaci guda, Upper South yana da yawan bayi saboda canjin zuwa aikin gona, wanda ba shi da yawa fiye da taba. Don ƙarawa ga wadatar bayi, bayi sun kalli yawan haihuwa na mata bayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawan amfanin su, kuma a lokaci-lokaci sun tilasta mata su sami yara da yawa. A wannan lokacin, kalmomin "masu kiwo", "bayin kiwo", ""mata masu haihuwar yara", "lokacin kiwo", da "tsofaffi don kiwo" sun zama sananne.

Masu shuka a cikin jihohin Upper South sun fara sayar da bayi ga Deep South, gabaɗaya ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa na bayi kamar Franklin da Armfield. Louisville, Kentucky, a kan Kogin Ohio babbar kasuwar bayi ce da tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar bayi ta hanyar Mississippi zuwa Kudu. New Orleans tana da babbar kasuwar bayi a kasar kuma ta zama birni na huɗu mafi girma a Amurka a 1840 kuma mafi arziki, galibi saboda cinikin bayi da kasuwancin da ke da alaƙa.[1]

Bayanan bayi

A cikin shekarun antebellum, mutane da yawa da suka tsere daga bautar sun rubuta game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin littattafan da ake kira labarun bawa. Mutane da yawa sun ba da labarin cewa aƙalla wani ɓangare na bayi sun ci gaba da tsoma baki cikin rayuwar jima'i na bayi, yawanci mata. Labaran bayi sun kuma ba da shaida cewa an yi wa mata bayi fyade; an shirya aure; tilasta jima'i da cin zarafin jima'i ta hanyar bayi, 'ya'yansu maza ko masu kulawa; da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafi.

Masanin tarihi E. Franklin Frazier, a cikin littafinsa The Negro Family, ya bayyana cewa "akwai iyayengiji waɗanda, ba tare da la'akari da abubuwan da bayinsu suka fi so ba, sun haɗu da kayan su yayin da suke yin kayan su. "  Tsohon bawa Maggie Stenhouse ya ce, "Bautar Durin akwai masu kiwon dabbobi. An auna su kuma an gwada su kuma wani mutum zai hayar da shi a cikin ɗaki tare da wasu matasan mata da yake so su yi renon yara daga" 
Ƙarfin hali
Wasu masana sun ba da shawarar cewa akwai yiwuwar dalilai da yawa da suka haɗu don sanya haihuwar bayi ta zama al'ada a ƙarshen karni na 18, babban daga cikinsu shine aiwatar da dokoki da ayyuka waɗanda suka canza ra'ayin bayi daga "mutumi" zuwa "wani abu". Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya siyan bayi kuma ana sayar da su a matsayin kaya ba tare da gabatar da ƙalubale ga imanin Addini da dabi'un zamantakewa na al'umma ba. Dukkanin hakkoki sun kasance ga mai bautar, tare da bautar da ba ta da haƙƙin Ƙaddamar da kai ko dai ga kansa, matarsa, ko yara.
Manazarta