Ingancin gidaje da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a Amurka

Ingancin gidaje da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a Amurka suna da alaƙa da ba za a iya raba su ba. Dana  Ingantattun yanayin gidaje, irin su rashin isashshen iska, fallasa gubar, cunkoson jama'a, da hatsarori, an danganta su da rashin lafiya na numfashi, raunin da ya faru, tabin hankali, da cututtuka na yau da kullun.c

An amince da gidaje a matsayin mahimmin ƙayyadaddun lafiyar zamantakewa ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC).  Tsarin danniya na muhalli yana nuna cewa ayyukan gidaje marasa inganci a matsayin damuwa na yau da kullun, yana tasiri martani na tunani da na jiki akan lokaci.[1]  Wannan tsarin yana taimakawa wajen bayyana yadda alamun damuwa "marasa ganuwa" da ke daure da gidaje-kamar rashin sirri ko fallasa amo-na iya haifar da tasirin lafiya na dogon lokaci.  Cutar ta COVID-19 ta kara fallasa bambance-bambancen kiwon lafiya da suka shafi gidaje.  Yawan cunkoson jama'a ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar kamuwa da cuta da kuma tabarbarewar rashin zaman lafiyar gidaje.  Haɓakar yanayin zafi da ƙarancin rufewa suna taimakawa ga cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da zafi, yayin da matsanancin yanayin yanayi kamar ambaliya yana ƙara tsananta yanayin ƙwayar cuta.  Al'ummomin masu karamin karfi suna da rauni musamman saboda karancin damar samun gidaje da ababen more rayuwa.

Don magance waɗannan ƙalubalen, shirye-shiryen tarayya da na jihohi kamar su Shirin Zaɓin Gidaje (Sashe na 8) da Shirin Taimako na Makamashi na Gida (LIHEAP) suna da niyyar inganta yanayin gidaje. Duk da wadannan kokarin, bambance-bambance a cikin ingancin gidaje sun ci gaba, suna nuna gardamar ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofi da saka hannun jari a cikin mafita na gidaje masu ɗorewa.

 Tarihi 

 kariya daga cututtukan da ke yaduwa
 kariya daga rauni, guba, da cututtukan da ba su da tsanani
 kuma rage damuwa ta tunani da zamantakewa zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta

Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka (HUD) 2007 American Housing Survey ta tabbatar da cewa gidaje miliyan 6 suna rayuwa tare da matsakaici ko matsaloli masu tsanani na gidaje. Gidajen da ba su da bayan gida, suna da tsarin dumama mara kyau ko wanda ba a dogara da shi ba, ko kuma sun fallasa waya na lantarki ba sa kare mazauna daga cututtuka da rauni kuma suna iya haifar da matsanancin damuwa na tunanin mutum ana rarraba su a matsayin matsalolin gidaje "mai tsanani". Matsalolin gidaje "masu matsakaici" abubuwa ne kamar samun iskar gas, mai, ko kerosene a matsayin tushen dumama na farko, ko rashin sink na kicin. Rashin kayan aiki na yau da kullun kamar wuta ko sink na iya fallasa mazauna ga cututtuka da rauni.

Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka yana tattara bayanai game da dalilai da yawa da suka shafi gidaje: famfo, dumama, hallways, kiyayewa, sabis na lantarki da kayan abinci. Kimanin gidaje miliyan 24 suna da haɗarin fenti na gubar. Kulawa da kiyaye gidaje na jama'a da ƙananan kudaden shiga ya kasance babban batun, wanda ke haifar da matsalolin da ke tattare da ruwa, yaduwar annoba da yanayin jiki mara lafiya. Matsakaicin nauyin waɗannan matsalolin ya fada ga yara, tsofaffi da waɗanda ke fama da cututtuka masu tsanani, da 'yan tsiraru.

 Makwabta 
Ingancin gidaje kuma alama ce ta yanayin unguwa. Garin da ake gani a matsayin mummunan ko lalacewa sau da yawa ana nuna su ta hanyar yanayin gidaje a wannan unguwar. Za'a iya bayyana yanayin unguwa mara kyau kamar samun gine-ginen da aka watsar, wuraren da ba a yi amfani da su ba, rashin samun dama ga makarantu masu inganci, da kuma matakan talauci masu yawa. Wadannan abubuwan da ke faruwa a unguwa na iya taimakawa ga damuwa da tunanin mutum da zamantakewa. Misali, mutanen da ke zaune a unguwanni masu talauci suna fuskantar haɗarin haɗarin mummunar sakamako na lafiyar kwakwalwa, gami da damuwa, baƙin ciki, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kashe kansa.

A cikin unguwanni masu karamin karfi aikata laifuka da hayaniya da ƙanshi na iya tilasta mutane su ware kansu a cikin gidaje marasa inganci, wanda sau da yawa ke nuna unguwanni marasa inganci. Haɗin guje wa ayyukan waje da warewa a cikin wuraren rayuwa masu haɗari yana haifar da mummunan sakamako na kiwon lafiya kamar kiba, guba mai guba, da asma.

Mutanen da ke ƙaura da 'yan gudun hijira a Amurka galibi suna fuskantar manyan ƙalubalen gidaje waɗanda ke taimakawa ga sakamako mara kyau na kiwon lafiya. Mutane da yawa ana sanya su a cikin ɗakunan da suka cika ko ƙananan, sau da yawa saboda iyakantaccen kuɗin shiga, shingen harshe, ko ayyukan gidaje na nuna bambanci. Masu ƙaura, musamman waɗanda ba su da takardun shaida, na iya guje wa neman taimako saboda tsoron korar su, wanda ke haifar da haɗuwa mai tsanani ga yanayin da ba shi da tabbas. 'Yan gudun hijira da aka sake zama ta hanyar shirye-shiryen tarayya na iya samun taimakon gidaje na wucin gadi, amma wannan tallafin yana da iyakacin lokaci, kuma mutane da yawa suna gwagwarmaya don sauyawa zuwa gidaje masu ɗorewa na dogon lokaci.

Bincike ya nuna cewa waɗannan al'ummomin suna fuskantar ƙimar cututtukan numfashi, cututtuken lafiyar kwakwalwa, da raunin da ya shafi yanayin rayuwarsu.Rana, Kritika; Kent, Jennifer L.; Page, Andrew (2025-03-22). "Housing inequalities and health outcomes among migrant and refugee populations in high-income countries: a mixed-methods systematic review". BMC Public Health. 25 (1): 1098. doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22186-5. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 11929249. PMID 40121396. Yara a cikin gidajen 'yan gudun hijira suna da matukar damuwa ga ingancin gidaje marasa kyau, tare da shaidar da ke danganta rashin kwanciyar hankali na gidaje da jinkirin ci gaba da rashin halartar makaranta. Maganin wadannan bambance-bambance yana buƙatar manufofin gidaje masu ƙwarewa na al'adu waɗanda suka amince da buƙatu na musamman na mutanen da suka ƙaura.

 Tarihi 
Ingancin gidaje ya inganta sosai tun farkon ƙarni na 20.  A yau kusan Amurkawa miliyan 6 suna rayuwa a cikin matsananciyar yanayi ko matsakaicin gidaje.  Yawancin waɗanda ke zaune a cikin waɗannan matsanancin yanayin gidaje tsiraru ne da masu haya.  Tsarin tarihi na raba hannun jari da yanke shawarar manufofin gidaje sun ba da gudummawa ga rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin ingancin gidaje a cikin yankuna na Amurka.  Hanyoyin tarihi a manufofin gidaje na tarayya sun ba da gudummawa wajen fadada ci gaban yankunan karkara, yayin da yawancin yankunan da ke cikin birni, galibi gida ne ga mafi yawan 'yan tsiraru, sun sami ƙananan matakan zuba jari da tallafi ga kayan aikin gidaje, wanda ya haifar da karuwar rashin tsaro na gidaje..

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarayya (FHA) ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rinjayar waɗanda ke da hanyar barin birni na ciki zuwa yankunan karkara. A cewar Schwartz, FHA ta ba da kulawa ta musamman ga inshora a cikin unguwanni maimakon cikin gari. Gidajen cikin gari, musamman wadanda ke da yawan baƙar fata, sun fuskanci raguwa da rage damar shiga gida. Wadannan alamu sun ba da gudummawa ga rashin tsaro na gidaje da raguwar unguwa a yawancin birane.

Cutar COVID-19 ta shafi kwanciyar hankali na gidaje da lafiyar jama'a a Amurka. A farkon matakan annobar, dakatarwar fitarwa ta tarayya da ta jihohi ta rage yawan gidaje na ɗan lokaci. Da zarar waɗannan kariya sun ƙare, yawan fitarwa ya wuce matakan pre-pandemic a birane da yawa.Howden-Chapman, Philippa; Bennett, Julie; Edwards, Richard; Jacobs, David; Nathan, Kim; Ormandy, David (2023-04-03). "Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being". Annual Review of Public Health. 44: 233–254. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-111836. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 36525958.Keene, Danya E.; Blankenship, Kim M. (2023-12-01). "The Affordable Rental Housing Crisis and Population Health Equity: a Multidimensional and Multilevel Framework". Journal of Urban Health. 100 (6): 1212–1223. doi:10.1007/s11524-023-00799-8. ISSN 1468-2869. PMC 10728029. PMID 37991605. Yanayin gidaje sun kuma rinjayi yaduwa da tsananin COVID-19. Bincike ya nuna cewa wuraren zama da suka cika da yawa da rashin isasshen iska sun kara haɗarin yaduwa. Gidajen da ke fuskantar rashin kwanciyar hankali na gidaje sun fi fuskantar kalubale wajen samun damar kiwon lafiya, nisantar jama'a, da kuma kula da lafiyar hankali a lokacin kulle-kulle. A mayar da martani, an gabatar da shirye-shiryen gwamnati kamar shirin Taimako na Rental na Gaggawa (ERA) don samar da taimakon kuɗi na wucin gadi ga masu haya. Tasirin cutar na dogon lokaci a kan tsaron gidaje ya kasance abin damuwa, musamman ga al'ummomin da ke da karancin kudin shiga da kuma 'yan tsiraru da rashin daidaituwa na gidaje ya shafa.

 Kididdiga 
Yanayin gidaje marasa kyau galibi suna rinjayar launin fata da yanayin ƙasa. Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware kamar Black da Hispanic sun fi fuskantar gidaje marasa kyau idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na White. Bugu da ƙari, yanayin gidaje marasa kyau sun fi yawa a cikin birane da yankunan karkara, maimakon a yankunan da ke kusa da birane. 'Yan tsiraru na cikin gari suna da mummunan sakamako na kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da fararen fata na kewayen gari. Masu mallakar gidaje baƙar fata sun fi na Hispanic da fararen gidaje su fuskanci matsaloli masu tsanani da matsakaici na gidaje; 2.1% na duk masu gidaje suna da matsalolin ingancin gidaje; 5.9% na masu mallakar gidajen baƙar fata da 3.8% na masu gidajen Hispanic suna fuskantar matsalolin ingancin zama.

Masu haya baƙar fata sun fi dacewa da Hispanics da fararen fata su fuskanci mawuyacin yanayin gidaje. 6.9% na duk masu haya suna da matsakaicin matsalolin ingancin gidaje; 7.9% na masu haya baƙar fata da 7.1% na masu haya na Hispanic. 3.1% na duk masu haya suna da matsaloli masu tsanani na gidaje; 4.2% na masu haya baƙar fata da 3.4% na masu haya na Hispanic.

Masu gida da masu haya a cikin birane na tsakiya da yankunan karkara sun fi masu gida da masu hayar gida a cikin unguwanni su fuskanci matsaloli masu tsanani ko matsakaici. Daga cikin wadanda ke da matsaloli masu tsanani na gidaje, kashi 20% sun kasance a cikin biranen tsakiya kuma kashi 10% sun kasance a yankunan karkara fiye da yankunan da ke kusa da birane. Daga cikin wadanda ke da matsaloli masu tsanani na gidaje, kusan kashi 20% sun kasance a cikin biranen tsakiya.

Matsayin zamantakewar al'umma da manufofin gidaje na tarihi sun taimaka wajen bayyana dalilin da ya sa wariyar launin fata da ƙabilanci ke fuskantar rashin ingancin gidaje.  Ayyukan nuna wariya irin su relining, ware ware, da rashin daidaiton damar yin lamuni na jinginar gidaje sun ba da gudummawa ga rarrabuwar kabilanci da ƙayyadaddun dama don mallakar gida a tsakanin dangin Baƙar fata da na Hispanic.  Sakamakon haka, gidaje da yawa daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun kasance a tarihi a cikin yankunan da ba su da wadata tare da kayan aikin tsufa da ƙarancin jari.  Waɗannan ɓangarorin tsarin suna ci gaba a yau, tare da rashin daidaiton kuɗin shiga da gibin dukiya suna ƙara iyakance zaɓuɓɓukan gidaje ga yawancin mazauna masu karamin karfi da marasa rinjaye.

 Takamaiman sakamakon kiwon lafiya 
Kyakkyawan ingancin gidaje na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar jiki da tunanin mazauna. A Amurka, gidaje masu inganci sun zama da wahala a biya da kuma samun dama. Saboda rashin isa, mutane da yawa da iyalai sun zauna don gina gidaje a wurare masu yanayin rayuwa mara kyau. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, an dauki gidaje miliyan 8.3 tare da "bukatar mafi munin shari'a".  Wannan lambar tana kwatanta adadin gidajen haya waɗanda ke zaune da mutanen da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi, kuma suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da bai dace ba. Halayen da ba su dace da gidaje sun haɗa da sarari tare da iska mara kyau ko ɓarkewa, fenti mai laushi ko ganuwa da rufin da aka fashe, ƙararrawar hayaki mara kyau, da rashi a dumama, wutar lantarki da famfo.

Mutanen da iyalai da ke zaune a wuraren da ke nuna waɗannan halaye suna fuskantar haɗarin haɗari na fuskantar rashin lafiya. Rayuwa a cikin gidaje marasa iska na iya kara haɗarin cututtukan numfashi. Bugu da ƙari, iska mara kyau na iya ƙara yiwuwar mazauna za su fallasa ga ƙura, da sauran abubuwan da ke da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda zasu iya samun tasirin kiwon lafiya, suna ƙara haɗarin fuskantar mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiyar. Baya ga tasirin lafiyar jiki da mazauna ke fuskanta a wuraren da ba a kula da su ba, waɗannan mutane da iyalai suma suna fama da damuwa da damuwa da yanayin rayuwarsu ya haifar.

Binciken ingancin gidaje, da kuma fahimtar rashin isasshen su, wani muhimmin bangare ne na tabbatar da lafiyar mutane a cikin gidajensu. Bugu da ƙari, fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin ingancin gidaje marasa kyau da rashin lafiya yana taimakawa wajen tantance wurin da ake shirin saka hannun jari ta hanyar samar da bayanai game da inda ake buƙatar kuɗi.Boch, Samantha J.; Taylor, Danielle M.; Danielson, Melissa L.; Chisolm, Deena J.; Kelleher, Kelly J. (2020-03-01). "'Home is where the health is': Housing quality and adult health outcomes in the Survey of Income and Program Participation". Preventive Medicine. 132: 105990. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105990. ISSN 0091-7435. PMC 7024670. PMID 31954138.

 Canjin yanayi da gidaje 
Canjin yanayi ya fito ne a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci da ke tasiri ga ingancin gidaje da lafiyar jama'a. Bincike ya nuna cewa hauhawar yanayin zafi na duniya, karuwa, ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma kara ingancin iska sun shafi al'ummomin gidaje masu karamin karfi.Cartwright, Angela; Khalatbari-Soltani, Saman; Zhang, Ying (2025). "Housing conditions and the health and wellbeing impacts of climate change: A scoping review". Environmental Research. 270: 120846. Bibcode:2025ER....27020846C. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.120846. ISSN 0013-9351.

 Rashin ingancin zafi da makamashi 
Gidaje marasa kyau suna taimakawa ga damuwa ta zafi, musamman a cikin birane inda Tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane ke kara yawan zafin jiki. Rashin sanyaya iska ko iska mai kyau an haɗa shi da karuwar asibiti don rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da zafi.Cartwright, Angela; Khalatbari-Soltani, Saman; Zhang, Ying (2025). "Housing conditions and the health and wellbeing impacts of climate change: A scoping review". Environmental Research. 270: 120846. Bibcode:2025ER....27020846C. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.120846. ISSN 0013-9351. Shirye-shiryen da aka yi niyyar gyaran gidaje tare da rufi da tsarin sanyaya mai amfani da makamashi sun nuna kyakkyawan sakamako na kiwon lafiya.Howden-Chapman, Philippa; Bennett, Julie; Edwards, Richard; Jacobs, David; Nathan, Kim; Ormandy, David (2023-04-03). "Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being". Annual Review of Public Health. 44: 233–254. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-111836. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 36525958.

 Ambaliyar ruwa da girma 
Yawancin guguwa masu tsanani sun haifar da karuwar ambaliyar ruwa, musamman a yankunan bakin teku da masu karamin karfi. Gidajen da ambaliyar ruwa suna iya kamuwa da ƙura da yanayin danshi, wanda ke kara cututtukan numfashi kamar asma.Chakraborty, Ougni; Dragan, Kacie L.; Ellen, Ingrid Gould; Glied, Sherry A.; Howland, Renata E.; Neill, Daniel B.; Wang, Scarlett (2024-02-01). "Housing-Sensitive Health Conditions Can Predict Poor-Quality Housing: Study examines how housing-sensitive health conditions can be used to identify poor quality housing". Health Affairs. 43 (2): 297–304. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01008. ISSN 0278-2715. PMID 38315928.

 Rashin gurɓata iska da cututtukan numfashi 
Canjin yanayi ya kara gurɓataccen iska, yana ba da gudummawa ga karuwar ƙwayoyin asma da sauran yanayin numfashi. Gidaje masu karamin karfi galibi suna kusa da wuraren masana'antu, suna fallasa mazauna ga matakan gurɓataccen abu kamar kwayoyin halitta (PM2.5). 

 Cutar asma da cututtukan numfashi 
Asthma babban dalili ne na asibiti na yara da rashin halarta daga makarantu. Yaran da ke fama da asma da ke zaune a gidaje tare da kwari, beraye da ƙuda na iya kasancewa da saukin kamuwa da abubuwan da ke buƙatar kulawar likita. Kudin kiwon lafiya kai tsaye na asma ya kai sama da dala biliyan 14.7 a shekara ta 2008.  Za'a iya ƙara dala biliyan 5 a kowace shekara a cikin farashi na kai tsaye, da farko daga rashin amfanin gona, zuwa jimlar. A cewar Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka, kusan kwanaki 13 da suka ɓace a makaranta, hare-haren asma miliyan 4 da kusan mutuwar 4,000 a kowace shekara suna da alaƙa da asma. Rashin ruwa da rashin iska yana ƙara yiwuwar cewa danshi zai zama matsala a cikin gida, wanda zai iya haifar da kamuwa da kwari da kuma samar da girma, sanannun abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiyan da asma.

 Lead 
Matsayi mai girma (matakan jini ≥10 micrograms a kowace deciliter) suna da alaƙa da wasu sakamako marasa lafiya, gami da: nakasa ta ilmantarwa, matsalolin halayyar da jijiyoyi, kuma, a lokuta masu tsanani, mutuwa. Ko da ƙananan matakan gubar jini na iya samun mummunar tasirin lafiya. Tasirin a kan mutum da al'umma dangane da yiwuwar rasa na iya zama mai ban mamaki. Wadanda ke zaune a cikin tsofaffi, gidaje marasa kulawa suna cikin haɗari mafi girma, kuma yawancin waɗannan gidaje gidaje suna da iyalan da ba su da isasshen kuɗi  Ko da yake matakan jini suna raguwa a yawancin jama'a a Amurka, yara mafi talauci sun kasance cikin haɗari saboda suna iya zama a cikin tsofaffin gidaje marasa kyau.

 Raunin da ba a yi niyya ba 
Raunin da ba a yi niyya ba shine babban dalilin mutuwa tsakanin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 15. Mutuwa daga raunin zama ya kai matsakaicin mutuwar mutane 2,822 a kowace shekara daga 1985 zuwa 1997.  Yawan mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da raunin zama daidai yake tsakanin waɗanda suka kai shekaru 65 da haihuwa. Matakala marasa kyau, tituna, mummunan haske, da wuraren da ba su da isasshen motsi ga mutanen da ke da iyakacin motsi ko raunin ji duk suna da alaƙa da yawan rauni.

 Rashin lafiya mai tsanani 
Ko da bayan lissafin wasu masu yuwuwar masu ba da gudummawa kamar samun kudin shiga, shan taba ko matsayin aikin yi, rashin kyawun yanayin gidaje yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi na yau da kullun.  Yanayin rashin tsafta ya fi tsanani ta hanyar tsufa da rashin gina gine-gine, yana ƙara tsananta matsalar.  Rashin dumama da sanyaya yana haifar da ƙara haɗarin cututtuka masu alaƙa da zafin jiki.  Ciwon zafin jiki da gajiyawa sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace da cututtuka, musamman ga tsofaffi.  Sabanin haka, fallasa zuwa yanayin sanyi na iya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin amfani da sabis na kiwon lafiya.

 Abinci da kiba 
"Bishiyar abinci", yankunan da ba su da kantin sayar da kayan masarufi ko kasuwanni waɗanda ke dauke da abinci mai lafiya kamar 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu, ana samun su da farko a cikin matsanancin talauci, yankunan cikin gari inda mazauna ba su da albarkatun tafiya. Yawan kiba da cututtukan da suka danganci sun fi girma a cikin waɗannan yankuna fiye da al'ummomin da ke da sauƙin samun sabbin abinci. An ƙaddara alaƙa don haɗin tsakanin rashin tsaro na abinci da ke da alaƙa da nauyin kuɗin gidaje da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Rashin isasshen wuraren wasa ga yara, hasken wuta mara kyau ko yanayin titi na iya haifar da rashin aikin jiki wanda ke da alaƙa da karuwar kiba da cututtukan da ke tattare da shi, kamar nau'in ciwon sukari na II, ciwon daji da cutututtuka na zuciya.

 Hadarin gidaje 
Yawancin mahimman fannoni na gidaje marasa kyau suna da alaƙa da cututtukan kiwon lafiya daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara ta yawan mutanen da abin ya shafa. Wadannan haɗarin gidaje suna da alaƙa da tasirin kiwon lafiya da yawa kamar alamun numfashi, asma, ciwon huhu, baƙin ciki, rauni, hypothermia da mutuwa.

 Ingancin iska
 Yanayin zafi (zafi da danshi) 
 Radon
 Sauti
 Ƙarƙashin ƙura na gida
 Shan taba na muhalli
 Wutar

 Amsa game da manufofi da shiga tsakani 
Manufofin gwamnati da na al'umma suna nufin rage haɗarin kiwon lafiya da suka shafi gidaje ta hanyar magance araha, aminci, da dorewar muhalli.  Shirye-shiryen da suka dace suna mayar da hankali kan shirye-shiryen taimakon gidaje, kariyar ka'idoji, da shirye-shiryen jure yanayin yanayi.

 Shirye-shiryen gidaje masu araha da taimakon kuɗi 
Shingen tattalin arziki ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da ingancin gidaje marasa kyau. Yawancin shirye-shiryen tarayya da na jihohi suna ba da tallafin kuɗi ga iyalai masu karamin karfi:

 Shirin Zaɓin Gidaje  (Sashe na 8)  - Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka (HUD) ce ke gudanar da shi, wannan shirin yana taimaka wa iyalai masu karamin karfi su ba da gidaje masu zaman kansu."Housing Choice Voucher Program Section 8 | HUD.gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". www.hud.gov. Retrieved 2025-03-01.
 Shirin Taimako na Makamashi na Gida (LIHEAP) - Yana ba da taimakon kuɗi don dumama da sanyaya, rage bayyanar da matsanancin yanayin zafi."LIHEAP White Paper | LIHEAP.org". www.liheap.org. Retrieved 2025-03-01.
 Asusun Amincewa da Gidaje na Kasa (HTF) - Yana tallafawa gini da adana gidaje masu araha, musamman ga gidaje masu karamin karfi.

 Dokokin ingancin gidaje da kariya ga masu haya 
Manufofin Tarayya da na jihohi sun kafa mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi don aminci da zama:

 Dokar Gidaje Masu Kyau (1968)  - Ta haramta nuna bambanci a cikin gidaje bisa ga launin fata, nakasassu, da matsayin iyali, tabbatar da samun dama ga gidaje masu aminci.
 Healthy Homes Initiative (HUD) - Manufar jagorantar guba, gyaran ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma kula da kwari don inganta ingancin iska na cikin gida.Howden-Chapman, Philippa; Bennett, Julie; Edwards, Richard; Jacobs, David; Nathan, Kim; Ormandy, David (2023-04-03). "Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being". Annual Review of Public Health. 44: 233–254. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-111836. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 36525958.
 Shirye-shiryen Rigakafin Kashewa - A lokacin COVID-19, dakatarwar fitarwa na ɗan lokaci ya rage rashin kwanciyar hankali na gidaje, amma yawan fitarwa bayan annobar ya kasance mai girma.Keene, Danya E.; Blankenship, Kim M. (2023-12-01). "The Affordable Rental Housing Crisis and Population Health Equity: a Multidimensional and Multilevel Framework". Journal of Urban Health. 100 (6): 1212–1223. doi:10.1007/s11524-023-00799-8. ISSN 1468-2869. PMC 10728029. PMID 37991605.

 Manufofin gidaje masu tsayayya da yanayi 
Yayinda canjin yanayi ke kara haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da gidaje, manufofi sun fito don magance ingancin makamashi, juriya daga bala'i, da Adalci na muhalli:

 Shirin Taimako na Weatherization (WAP) - Yana tallafawa ingantaccen gida don rage farashin dumama da sanyaya.
 Green Building Standards (LEED Certification) - Yana ƙarfafa ayyukan gine-gine masu ɗorewa don rage gurɓataccen cikin gida da inganta ingancin iska.

 Shirye-shiryen gidaje da al'umma ke jagoranta 
Shirye-shiryen cikin gida da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayar da shawarwari game da gidaje da kariya ga masu haya:

 Community Land Trusts (CLTs) - Bayar da damar mazauna masu karamin karfi su mallaki ƙasa gaba ɗaya kuma su kula da gidaje masu araha.
 Hakkin Shari'a - Birane kamar New York da San Francisco sun aiwatar da shirye-shiryen taimakon shari'a ga masu haya da ke fuskantar korar su.Keene, Danya E.; Blankenship, Kim M. (2023-12-01). "The Affordable Rental Housing Crisis and Population Health Equity: a Multidimensional and Multilevel Framework". Journal of Urban Health. 100 (6): 1212–1223. doi:10.1007/s11524-023-00799-8. ISSN 1468-2869. PMC 10728029. PMID 37991605.  Rahotanni na shekara-shekara na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun ba da damar kashi 84% na masu haya da suka halarci a New York su kasance a cikin gidajensu, yayin da kashi 92% na masu haya a San Francisco suka sami nasarar kauce wa rashin gida.

 Ƙarshen 
Manufofin da aka yi niyyar inganta ingancin gidaje dole ne su magance araha, aminci, dorewar muhalli, da kariya ga masu haya. Duk da yake shirye-shiryen tarayya suna ba da mahimman kudade da kariya ta shari'a, manufofi na jihohi da na gidaje galibi suna ƙayyade tasirin tsoma baki wajen rage bambancin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da gidaje.Chakraborty, Ougni; Dragan, Kacie L.; Ellen, Ingrid Gould; Glied, Sherry A.; Howland, Renata E.; Neill, Daniel B.; Wang, Scarlett (2024-02-01). "Housing-Sensitive Health Conditions Can Predict Poor-Quality Housing: Study examines how housing-sensitive health conditions can be used to identify poor quality housing". Health Affairs. 43 (2): 297–304. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01008. ISSN 0278-2715. PMID 38315928. Baya ga ingantaccen tsari, ya kamata a magance matsalolin damuwa ta hanyar inganta lafiyar mazauna, kwanciyar hankali, da sarrafawa.Rana, Kritika; Kent, Jennifer L.; Page, Andrew (2025-03-22). "Housing inequalities and health outcomes among migrant and refugee populations in high-income countries: a mixed-methods systematic review". BMC Public Health. 25 (1): 1098. doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22186-5. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 11929249. PMID 40121396. Sau da yawa ana watsi da waɗannan girma a cikin manufofi, duk da haka suna da tasiri sosai ga lafiyar hankali da ta jiki.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba