Midge Costanza

Margaret " Midge " Costanza (Nuwamba 28, 1932 - Maris 23, 2010) mashawarcin shugaban Amurka ce kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa da siyasa . Mace mai kare hakkin ' yan luwadi da mata na tsawon rayuwarta, an san ta da hazaka, furuci da jajircewa wajen tabbatar da hukuncinta. 

 Rayuwar farko da iyali 
Costanza an haife shi ga Philip Costanza da Concetta Granata Costanza a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1932, a LeRoy, New York, kuma an girma a Rochester . Iyayenta sun kasance Sicilian baƙi tsiran alade -makers. Bayan ayyuka daban-daban na malamai da ta ɗauka bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Costanza ta zama mataimakiyar gudanarwa ga mai haɓaka gidaje a Rochester, ta yin amfani da wannan aikin don zama mai aiki a ƙungiyoyin al'umma da yawa. 

 Sana'ar siyasa 

 Mai fafutuka, yar majalisa, kuma mataimakiyar magajin garin Rochester 
Da yake sha'awar siyasa, Costanza ya ba da kansa kan yakin neman zaben W. Averell Harriman na gwamna a 1954 kuma nan da nan ya zama gundumar Monroe, New York, babban darektan yakin neman zaben Robert F. Kennedy na Majalisar Dattawa a 1964. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kasa na Democratic daga 1972 har zuwa 1977.

A cikin 1973 ta yi takarar neman babban kujera a majalisar birnin Rochester, ta zama mace ta farko ta Rochester a zabtarewar kasa . Wanda ya samu kuri'u mafi girma a al'adance shi ne magajin gari, amma majalisar ta zabi wani mutum a kan mukamin, mai suna Costanza mataimakin magajin gari, wani matsayi na biki da karancin iko. 

 Burin majalisa 
Costanza ya sha kaye a takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a shekarar 1974 a hannun fitaccen dan jam'iyyar Republican. A cikin 1976 lokacin da Gwamnan Jojiya Jimmy Carter ya tsaya takarar Shugaban Amurka, Costanza ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban yakin neman zabensa na New York kuma ya ba shi jawabi na biyu a taron kasa na Democratic (Carter ya kasance mai sa kai a yakin neman zaben Costanza shekaru biyu kafin). 

 Mace a Fadar White House 
Bayan zaben Carter Costanza an nada shi mataimakin shugaban kasa kan hulda da jama'a, ya koma ofishin da ke kusa da Ofishin Oval . Ana yiwa Costanza lakabi da "tagan shugaban kasa ga al'umma", yana tuntubar kungiyoyi da dama. Duk da yake a cikin Fadar White House ta kasance mai goyon bayan Kwaskwarima Daidaita Hakkokin .  Costanza ta haifar da cece-kuce lokacin da ta gayyaci shugabannin Task Force Force Force Force guda goma sha hudu da masu fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi zuwa fadar White House a daidai lokacin yakin neman zaben "Ajiye Yaran mu" na Anita Bryant na nuna kyama .     Constanza ba ta bayyana wa wasu mutane cewa ita 'yar madigo ba ce kuma ba ta son Jean O'Leary a lokacin. Masu fafutuka guda biyu sun shirya wannan taro na masu fafutuka a fadar White House a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1977. 

Costanza ya ci gaba da shirya tattaunawa tsakanin shugabannin NGTF da manyan jami'an gwamnati. Rashin jituwa tsakanin jama'a da wasu manufofin shugaban ya haifar da cece-kuce tare da ganin rawar da Costanza ke takawa a fadar White House ta ragu. Kamar yadda magajiyar ta Anne Wexler ta bayyana shi: "OPL karkashin Costanza ya yi aiki a matsayin ofishin da ke ba da amsa ga ƙungiyoyi masu sha'awa, wani nau'i na aikin shari'ar Fadar White House, amma ba ta dauki isasshen shiri don neman goyon bayan kungiya ta hanyar gina haɗin gwiwar da zai motsa shirin shugaban kasa a Capitol Hill."  Tana tabbatar da goyon bayanta ga Carter, ta yi murabus daga gwamnatinsa tun daga Satumba 1, 1978.  

Costanza ta shahara da kungiyoyin mata, kuma ta samu kanta a murfin Newsweek mai taken "Mace a Fadar White House".  Bayan murabus din ta da yawa mata sun fusata da Carter, suna jin cewa ya "kore" Costanza, wanda aka matsa masa lamba don ya daina. 

 Sana'a da gwagwarmaya bayan Fadar White House 
Costanza ta zama babban darektan taron karawa juna sani na kawarta Shirley MacLaine na "Higher Self" bayan ta koma Los Angeles daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban kasa a Alan Landsburg Productions, inda ta yi fina-finan kasuwanci da tallace-tallace. Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitin gudanarwa da yawa na sabis, gami da ƙungiyar bincike kan AIDS Search Alliance da National Gay Rights Advocates. 

Komawa zuwa San Diego County, California, a cikin 1990, Costanza ya horar da 'yan takara na ofis a cikin jawabin jama'a, yana aiki a matsayin mai gudanarwa na Barbara Boxer ta lashe Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a cikin Shekarar Matar, 1992, kuma a matsayin manajan Kathleen Brown 's ya kasa takarar gwamna a 1994. Gwamnan California Gray Davis ya nada mata al'amurran da suka shafi Costanza. Costanza ya rasa wannan aikin lokacin da Gray Davis ya rasa sake zaɓen tunawa a watan Nuwamba 2003. 

Costanza ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar San Diego a 2004 kuma yana aiki tare da Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Mata na Jihar San Diego da Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa na Jami'ar California, San Diego don haɓaka Cibiyar Midge Costanza.  Cibiyar tana da nufin ingiza matasa su zama masu fafutuka a harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa. 

 Girmamawa 
An zabi Midge Costanza kuma an shigar da shi a cikin Cibiyar Mata ta San Diego County a cikin 2011 ta Gidan Gidan Mata na California, Hukumar kan Matsayin Mata, Jami'ar California, Cibiyar Mata ta San Diego, da Nazarin Mata na Jami'ar Jihar San Diego .

 Mutuwa 
Costanza ta mutu sakamakon ciwon daji a asibitin Scripps Mercy da ke San Diego, California, a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2010, tana da shekara 77.  Ta rasu ta hannun yayanta Anthony. 

An zabi Midge Costanza kuma an shigar da shi cikin zauren Mata na San Diego County a cikin 2011 don taken Trailblazer, ma'ana, matan da suka share hanya ga wasu mata, ko kuma su ne na farko a fagensu. An gabatar da gabatarwar Hall of Fame na mata na shekara-shekara ta Gidan Tarihi na Mata na California (wanda ke cikin San Diego), Hukumar kan Matsayin Mata, Cibiyar Mata ta UC San Diego, da Nazarin Mata na Jihar San Diego. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba