Ruwan Musterian

Mousterian Pluvial wani lokaci ne mafi yawa wanda ba a amfani da shi ba don lokacin rigar da ruwan sama a Arewacin Afirka. An bayyana shi kamar yadda ya fara kusan shekaru 50,000 kafin yanzu (BP), ya kasance kusan shekaru 20,000, kuma ya ƙare ca. 30,000 BP.

 Ma'anar kalmomi da ma'anar 
A Afirka, masana'antar Mousterian kalma ce ta archaeological don wani rukuni na Middle Stone Age (ko Middle Paleolithic) samar da kayan aikin dutse. A lokacin da aka ƙaddara kwanakin archaeological ta hanyar lalacewar radiocarbon, an yi tunanin samar da irin waɗannan kayan aikin ya faru ne kawai kafin iyakar radiocarbo dating a 40,000 zuwa 35,000 BP. A Turai, kayan aikin Mousterian an yi su ne ta hanyar Neanderthals na dā. A Afirka, irin waɗannan kayan aikin an yi su ne ta hanyar Homo sapiens na zamani. Irin waɗannan mutane sun kuma yi irin waɗannan kayan aikin waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin Alterian. Don kauce wa rikicewa game da masu aikinsu, kayan aikin Mousterian da Alterian yanzu ana haɗa su a matsayin Aterian. Tare da hanyoyin kwanan nan, yanzu an fahimci kayan aikin da aka fi samar da su a lokacin zafi na Eemian interglacial da kuma matakan MIS 5, daga 130,000 zuwa 72,000 BP. Kayan aikin Mousterian galibi sun tsufa fiye da kayan aikin Aterian.

 Ƙarin bincike da tsufa 
A lokacin bushewa da ya biyo baya a Arewacin Afirka, daga 71,000 zuwa 14,500 BP, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa akwai katsewa 3 na tsaka-tsaki: 65,000 zuwa 61,000 BP, 52,500 zuwa 50,500 BP, da 37,500 zuwa 33,000 BP. Biyu na ƙarshe a wasu lokuta an haɗa su don samar da "Mousterian Pluvial". Ba a haɗa su da abubuwan da suka faru na "Green Sahara" masu ƙarfi, kamar waɗanda suka faru na Eemian a farkon MIS 5; marigayi MIS 5 lokacin zafi (105,000 zuwa 75 BP); ko farkon Holocene. Mutane kalilan ne idan akwai masu yin kayan aiki na Mousterian ko Aterian da suka tsira a Arewacin Afirka don shaida su.

Wasu tsofaffin kwatanci na Mousterian Pluvial sun bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin zafi na Afirka mai ƙarfi. A lokacin da aka fi amfani da shi a Afirka, yankunan da aka bushe yanzu a arewacin Afirka suna da giwa sosai, suna ɗauke da tabkuna, maras kyau, da tsarin kogi waɗanda ba su wanzu ba. Abin da ke yanzu hamadar Sahara ya goyi bayan namun daji na Afirka na ciyawa da yanayin gandun daji: masu cin ganyayyaki daga gazelle zuwa giraffe zuwa ostrich, masu cin nama daga zaki zuwa jackal, har ma da Hippopotamus da crocodile, da kuma siffofin da suka ƙare kamar Raƙumi na Pleistocene. Lokacin zafi na 52,500 zuwa 50,000 BP da 37,5000 zuwa 33,000 ba su da ƙarfi kamar na lokacin zafi na Eemian da ya gabata.

Tsohuwar ka'idar ita ce cewa Mousterian Pluvial ya haifar da manyan canje-canje na yanayi a lokacin zamanin kankara na ƙarshe. A shekara ta 50,000 BP, Wisconsin glaciation ("Würm glaciation" a Turai) ya ci gaba sosai. Girman kankara a Arewacin Amurka da Turai sun sauya daidaitattun yankunan yanayi na arewacin arewa zuwa kudu. Yankunan da ke da matsakaici na Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun sami yanayin Arctic ko tundra, kuma ruwan sama na yankunan da ke cikin matsakaici ya sauka zuwa latitudes na arewacin Afirka. Abin sha'awa, irin tasirin da ya haifar da Mousterian Pluvial an yi tunanin ya kawo shi zuwa ƙarshe. A lokacin da ya fi girma daga 30,000 zuwa 18,000 BP, Laurentide Ice Sheet ba wai kawai ya rufe babban yanki ba har ma ya kara tsawo zuwa 1750 m (1.1 mi). Ya samar da tsarin yanayi na dogon lokaci, wanda ya shafi jet din da ke wucewa a Arewacin Amurka. Jirgin jet ya rabu kashi biyu, wanda ya haifar da sabon yanayin yanayi a arewacin arewa wanda ya kawo yanayi mai tsanani ga yankuna da yawa (gami da sassan Asiya ta Tsakiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya). Canje-canjen sun haɗa da ƙarshen Mousterian Pluvial da dawowa zuwa yanayin da ya fi bushewa a Arewacin Afirka.Burroughs, William J., ed. Climate: Into the 21st Century. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Hoffmann, D., Rogerson, M., Spötl, C. et al. "Timing and causes of North African wet phases during the last glacial period and implications for modern human migration." Sci Rep 6, 36367 (2016)

Yanzu an fahimci cewa manyan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin zafi na Afirka sun haifar da karuwar insolation a arewacin arewa da kuma tasirin dumama na nahiyar a kan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi.

 Dubi kuma 

 Yanayin yanayi na Arewacin Afirka

 Manazarta