Gidan shakatawa na Bryce Canyon

Bryce Canyon National Park (/braɪs/) wani wurin shakatawa ne na Amurka wanda ke kudu maso yammacin Utah . Babban fasalin wurin shakatawa shine Bryce Canyon, wanda duk da sunansa, ba canyon bane amma tarin manyan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na halitta a gefen gabas na Paunsaugunt Plateau. Bryce ya bambanta saboda tsarin ilimin ƙasa da ake kira hoodoos, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar sanyi da kuma rushewar kogin da tafkin. Launuka ja, orange, da fari na duwatsu suna ba da ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa ga baƙi na wurin shakatawa. Gidan shakatawa na Bryce Canyon ya fi karami kuma yana zaune a wani tsawo mafi girma fiye da Gidan shakata na Siyona da ke kusa. Yankin a Bryce ya bambanta daga 8,000 zuwa 9,000 feet (2,400 zuwa 2,700 .

Yankin yana cikin sassan Garfield County  da Kane County. 

An kafa yankin Bryce Canyon a cikin majagaba na Mormon a cikin 1850s kuma an ba shi suna bayan Ebenezer Bryce, wanda ya zauna a yankin a cikin 1874.  Shugaban kasar Warren G. Harding ne ya sanya shi a matsayin abin tunawa na kasa a 1923 kuma an sake fasalin shi a matsayin filin shakatawa na kasa ta Congress  .     kuma yana karɓar maziyarta kaɗan fiye da Sihiyona National Park (kusan miliyan 4.3 a cikin 2016) ko Grand Canyon National Park (kusan miliyan 6 a cikin 2016), galibi saboda wurin Bryce mafi nisa. A cikin 2023, Bryce Canyon ya karɓi baƙi 2,461,269. 

 Yanayin ƙasa 
Gidan shakatawa yana cikin kudu maso yammacin Utah kimanin kilomita 50 (kilomita 80) arewa maso gabas da ƙafa 1,000 (300  sama da Gidan shakata na Sihiyona.

Bryce Canyon National Park yana cikin lardin Colorado Plateau na Arewacin Amurka kuma yana kan iyakar kudu maso gabashin Paunsaugunt Plateau yammacin Paunsaugont Faults (Paunsaugunt shine Paiute don "gida na beaver").  Baƙi na wurin shakatawa sun zo daga tudu kuma suna kallon gefen ta zuwa kwarin da ke dauke da kuskuren da Kogin Paria kawai bayan shi (Paria shine Paiute don "muddy ko elk ruwa"). Yankin Kaiparowits Plateau yana iyakance gefen kwarin.

An gina hanya a wannan shekarar a kan tudu don samar da damar yin amfani da wuraren kallo a kan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo. Daga 1924 zuwa 1925, an gina Bryce Canyon Lodge daga katako da dutse na gida.

Mambobin Majalisa ta Amurka sun fara aiki a 1924 kan inganta matsayin kariya na Bryce Canyon daga abin tunawa na kasa zuwa wurin shakatawa na kasa don kafa Utah National Park . "Park History".  Wani tsari da Kamfanin Utah Parks Company ya jagoranta don canja wurin mallakar mallakar masu zaman kansu da mallakar jihar ga gwamnatin tarayya ya fara ne a 1923. An sami na karshe na ƙasar shekaru huɗu bayan haka, kuma a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1928, an kafa Bryce Canyon National Park.

A cikin 1931, Shugaba Herbert Hoover ya  wani yanki mai kusanci a kudancin wurin shakatawa, kuma a cikin 1942 an kara ƙarin kadada 635 (ha 257). Wannan ya kawo jimlar yankin wurin shakatawa zuwa mafi girman kadada 35,835 (ha 14,502).  Hanyar Rim, motar motsa jiki, an kammala ta a cikin 1934 ta Civilian Conservation Corps. An gudanar da gudanar da kula da wurin shakatawa daga Zion National Park har zuwa 1956 lokacin da mai kula da Bryce Canyon na farko ya fara aiki.

 Daga baya 
USS <i id="mwAYU">Bryce Canyon</i>, mai suna don wurin shakatawa, ya yi aiki a matsayin jirgin samarwa da gyare-gyare a cikin Amurka Pacific Fleet daga Satumba 15, 1950, zuwa Yuni 30, 1981. 

Bryce Canyon Natural History Association (BCNHA) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa a cikin 1961.  Tana gudanar da kantin sayar da littattafai a cikin cibiyar baƙi na wurin shakatawa da tallafawa ayyukan fassara, ilimi, da kimiyya. Ana ba da wani ɓangare na ribar da aka samu daga duk tallace-tallacen kantin sayar da littattafai ga rukunin filayen jama'a. []

Da yake amsawa ga karuwar ziyara da tarwatsa zirga-zirga, NPS ta aiwatar da tsarin sa kai, na rani kawai, a cikin filin shakatawa a watan Yunin 2000. A shekara ta 2004, an fara sake ginawa a kan tsarin hanya.

A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, an rufe filin shakatawa na Bryce Canyon don taimakawa hana yaduwar COVID-19,  kafin sake buɗewa a hankali ya fara a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2020. 

 Ilimin ƙasa 
alt=A large opening in red rock with snow on top|thumb|Rushewar duwatsu masu laushi ya haifar da arches na halitta
Yankin Bryce Canyon ya sami ƙasa wanda ya kai daga ɓangaren ƙarshe na zamanin Cretaceous da rabi na farko na zamanin Cenozoic. Yanayin da aka ajiye a dā ya bambanta. Dakota Sandstone da Tropic Shale an ajiye su a cikin ruwan dumi, mai zurfi na ci gaba da komawa baya na Cretaceous Seaway (an samo asali na waɗannan duwatsu a waje da iyakokin wurin shakatawa). 

An halicci wasu tsari, amma galibi sun lalace bayan manyan lokutan tashin hankali guda biyu. Orogeny na Laramide ya shafi duk yammacin abin da zai zama Arewacin Amurka farawa game da miliyan 70 zuwa MYA 50. Wannan taron ya taimaka wajen gina Dutsen Rocky kuma a cikin tsari ya rufe hanyar teku ta Cretaceous. Tsarin Straight Cliffs, Wahweap, da Kaiparowits sun sha wahala daga wannan tashin hankali. Colorado Plateaus ya tashi 16 MYA kuma an raba shi zuwa filayen, an raba shi da kurakurai kuma kowannensu yana da nasa hauhawa.   
alt=Thor's Hammer|left|thumb|300x300px|Hammer din Thor
Wannan haɓakawa ya haifar da haɗin kai tsaye, wanda a tsawon lokaci ya fi dacewa ya lalace. The soft Pink Cliffs of the Claron Formation ya lalace don samar da freestanding hoodoo pinnacles a cikin badlands, yayin da mafi tsayayya White Cliffs kafa monoliths. Launuka masu haske na orange sun fito ne daga Hematite (iron oxide; ); da rawaya daga Limonite (); kuma purple sun fito ne da pyrolusite ().    

 Muhalli 
alt=Trees with snow on them|thumb|Bryce Canyon yana da gandun daji masu yawa
Fiye da nau'ikan shuke-shuke 400 suna zaune a wurin shakatawa. Yankunan rayuwa guda uku a cikin wurin shakatawa sun dogara ne akan tsawo:  Yankunan da suka fi ƙasƙanci sun mamaye gandun daji na pinyon pine da juniper tare da manzanita, serviceberry, da antelope bitterbrush a tsakanin. Aspen, cottonwood, water birch, da willow suna girma tare da rafi. Gidan daji na Ponderosa pine ya rufe tsakiyar tsaunuka tare da blue spruce da Douglas fir a cikin yankunan da ke da wadataccen ruwa da manzanita da bitterbrush a matsayin underbrush. Douglas fir da farin fir, tare da aspen da Engelmann spruce, sun zama gandun daji a kan Paunsaugunt Plateau. Yankunan da suka fi tsanani suna da dutsen limber da tsohuwar Great Basin bristlecone pine, wasu sun wuce shekaru 1,600. 

Dazuzzuka da makiyaya suna tallafawa rayuwar dabbobi daban-daban ciki har da foxes, badgers, porcupines, elk, skunks, black bears, bobcats, da masu tsinke itace .  Barewa sune manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa.  Elk da pronghorn, waɗanda aka sake dawo da su kusa, wani lokacin suna bayyana. 
alt=Young deer in grass|left|thumb|Doki mai suna mule
Gidan shakatawa ya zama wani ɓangare na mazaunin nau'ikan namun daji guda uku da aka jera a ƙarƙashin Dokar Dabbobi Masu Hlaka: kare na Utah, California condor, da kuma kudancin yammacin willow flycatcher .  Karnukan Utah suna da barazana wanda aka sake gabatar da su a wurin shakatawa. Ana samun mafi yawan mutanen da aka kare a cikin wurin shakatawa.

Kimanin nau'in tsuntsaye 170 suna ziyartar wurin shakatawa a kowace shekara, gami da Swifts da swallows. Yawancin jinsuna suna ƙaura zuwa yankuna masu zafi a cikin hunturu, kodayake jays, ravens, nuthatches, eagles, da owls ba sa yin hakan. A cikin hunturu, deer, Cougars, da coyotes suna ƙaura zuwa ƙananan tsaunuka. Squirrels da marmots suna wuce hunturu a cikin hibernation.

An sami nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe guda goma sha ɗaya da nau'ikan amphibians guda huɗu. Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun haɗa da Great Basin rattlesnake, gajeren ƙaho, gawar da aka rufe a gefe, maciji mai laushi, da amphibians sun haɗa da tiger salamander.

Har ila yau, a cikin wurin shakatawa akwai baƙar fata, mai laushi, yankuna masu saurin girma na ƙasa ta cryptobiotic, waɗanda suka haɗu da lichens, algae, fungi, da cyanobacteria. Tare wadannan kwayoyin suna jinkirta rushewa, ƙara nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, kuma su taimaka masa ya riƙe danshi.

 Ayyuka 
alt=A line of snowshoers with colorful rock cliff in background.|right|thumb|Ana buƙatar takalma don tafiya ta hunturu
Yawancin baƙi na wurin shakatawa suna tafiya a kan titin, wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da ra'ayoyi 13 a kan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo.

Gabaɗaya,  na hanyoyin da suka rikiɗe-hatsaye wurin shakatawa. Bryce Canyon yana da kuma kiyaye hawan rana: 

Sauƙin zuwa matsakaici

 Mossy Cave (sa'a daya, Hanyar Jiha 12 arewa maso yammacin Tropic) 
 Rim Trail (sa'o'i 5-6, ko'ina a kan gefen) 
 Bristlecone Loop (sa'a daya, Rainbow Point), da Queens Garden (sa'o'i 1-2, Sunrise Point) 

Gudun tafiya mai matsakaici

 Navajo Loop (1-2 hours, Sunset Point) 
 Tower Bridge (sa'o'i 2-3, arewacin Sunrise Point) 

Gudun tafiya mai ƙarfi

 Fairyland Loop (4-5 hours, Fairyland Point) 
 Peekaboo Loop (sa'o'i 3-4, Bryce Point) 

Yawancin hanyoyin sun haɗu, suna ba masu tafiya damar shirya hanyoyi don ƙarin ƙalubale.

Gidan shakatawa yana da hanyoyi biyu da aka tsara don tafiye-tafiye na dare: 9 mil (14  Riggs Spring Loop Trail da 23 mil (37  Under-the-Rim Trail .  Dukansu suna buƙatar izinin sansani a baya.
alt=Horseriders on a dirt trail going toward pillars of pink rock|left|thumb|Masu hawa doki a wurin shakatawa
Fiye da  na alamomi amma ba tare da daki ba ana samun su daga hanyoyin Fairyland, Paria, da Rim.  na haɗin hanyoyin ƙwanƙwasa ski suna cikin dajin Dixie National Forest da Ruby's Inn kusa. Iska tana bayyane sosai cewa a mafi yawan kwanakin Dutsen Navajo da Kaibab Plateau ana iya ganin su   daga Arizona daga Yovimpa da Rainbow points. A ranakun haske, ana iya ganin Black Mesas na gabashin Arizona da yammacin New Mexico kimanin kilomita 160 daga nesa.

Gidan shakatawa yana da sararin dare mai girmansa 7.4, ɗaya daga cikin mafi duhu a Arewacin Amurka. Saboda haka, masu kallon taurari na iya ganin taurari 7,500, yayin da a mafi yawan wurare ana iya ganin kasa da 2,000 saboda gurɓataccen haske, kuma a cikin manyan birane da yawa kawai ana iya ganin su. Masu kula da wurin shakatawa suna karɓar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a da shirye-shiryen maraice kan ilimin taurari, dabbobin dare, da kariya ta sararin sama. Bikin Astronomy na Bryce Canyon, wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Yuni, yana jan hankalin dubban baƙi. Don girmama wannan bikin, an sanya sunan Asteroid 49272 bayan wurin shakatawa na kasa. 

Yankunan sansani guda biyu sune North Campground da Sunset Campground .  Loop A a Arewa Campground yana buɗewa a duk shekara. Ƙarin madauki da Sunset Campground suna buɗewa daga ƙarshen bazara zuwa farkon kaka. Gidan Bryce Canyon Lodge mai dakuna 114 wata hanya ce ta kwana.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba