SWAPO

Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma ( SWAPO / ˈswɑːp oʊ / ; Afrikaans Afrikaans  , SWAVO; German  , SWAVO), wanda aka fi sani da SWAPO Party of Namibia, jam'iyyar siyasa ce kuma tsohuwar gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai a Namibiya (tsohuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta Kudu ). An kafa ta a shekarar 1960, ita ce jam'iyya mai mulki a Namibiya tun bayan da kasar ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Jam'iyyar na ci gaba da samun rinjaye a adadi da rinjaye daga kabilar Ovambo .

SWAPO ta samu rinjayen kashi biyu bisa uku a majalisar daga 1994 zuwa 2019. A babban zaben da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba 2019, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 65.5% na yawan kuri'un jama'a da kuma kujeru 63 daga cikin kujeru 104 na majalisar dokokin kasar . Haka kuma tana da kujeru 28 daga cikin 42 na majalisar wakilai ta kasa . Daga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017 har zuwa rasuwarsa a watan Fabrairun 2024, shugaban kasar Namibia Hage Geingob ya ci gaba da zama shugaban SWAPO bayan an zabe shi a matsayin a babban taron jam'iyyar. 

 Tarihi 

 Fage da tushe 
An kafa kasar Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1884. Bayan yakin duniya na daya, kungiyar hadin kan kasashen duniya ta bai wa kasar Birtaniya Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka wadda a da ta kasance karkashin mulkin mallakar Jamus . Lokacin da Jam'iyyar National Party ta lashe zaben 1948 a Afirka ta Kudu kuma daga baya ta gabatar da dokokin wariyar launin fata, an kuma yi amfani da waɗannan dokokin ga Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka wanda aka dauke shi a matsayin lardin Afirka ta Kudu na biyar .

An kafa SWAPO a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1960 a matsayin wanda zai gaji Kungiyar Jama'ar Ovamboland . Shugabannin sun sauya sunan jam'iyyar ne domin nuna cewa tana wakiltar dukkan 'yan kasar Namibiya. Amma, kungiyar tana da tushe a tsakanin mutanen Ovambo na arewacin Namibiya, wadanda suka zama kusan rabin yawan jama'a. 

 Gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci 
A cikin 1962, SWAPO ta zama babbar ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ga mutanen Namibiya. Ta zabi wasu kungiyoyi irin su South West Africa National Union (SWANU), daga baya a 1976 Namibia African People's Democratic Organization .  SWAPO sun yi amfani da dabarun sari-ka-noke wajen yakar sojojin tsaron Afrika ta Kudu . A ranar 26 ga Agustan 1966, babban rikici na farko ya faru, lokacin da wata ƙungiya ta 'yan sandan Afirka ta Kudu, da ke samun goyon bayan sojojin saman Afirka ta Kudu, suka yi musayar wuta da dakarun SWAPO. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar wannan kwanan wata a matsayin farkon abin da ya zama sananne a Afirka ta Kudu da Yaƙin kan iyaka . 

Wani muhimmin al'amari a yakin neman 'yancin kai shi ne yajin aikin ma'aikatan kwantiragin Namibiya 1971-72, wanda ya yi gwagwarmayar kawar da tsarin aikin kwangila da 'yancin kai daga Afirka ta Kudu. Babban manufar ita ce haɓaka ƴancin kai a ƙarƙashin jagorancin SWAPO.  

A shekara ta 1973, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da SWAPO a matsayin 'kadaitaccen wakili' na mutanen Namibiya.  Gwamnatin Norway ta fara ba da taimako kai tsaye ga SWAPO a cikin 1974. 

Kasar Angola ta sami 'yencin kanta a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1975 bayan yakin neman 'yencin kai . Jam'iyyar Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), wadda Cuba da Tarayyar Soviet suka goyi bayan, ta hau mulki. A cikin Maris 1976, MPLA ta ba da sansanonin SWAPO a Angola don kai hare-hare kan sojojin Afirka ta Kudu.

Namibiya Mai 'Yancin Kai
Lokacin da Namibiya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1990, SWAPO ta zama babbar jam'iyyar siyasa. Ko da yake kungiyar ta ƙi amincewa da kalmar South West Africa kuma ta fi son amfani da Namibiya, asalin sunan ƙungiyar — wanda aka samo daga tsohon sunan yankin — ya yi zurfi cikin yunkurin neman 'yancin kai fiye da yadda za a iya sauyawa. Duk da haka, cikakken asalin sunan ba a amfani da shi yanzu; kawai takaitaccen sunan SWAPO ne ya rage. SWAPO, tare da yawancin gwamnatin Namibiya da harkokin mulkinta, har yanzu kabilar Ovambo ce ke da rinjaye, duk da "ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce da dama don kawar da wannan fahimta".

Shugaban SWAPO Sam Nujoma ne aka ayyana a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na farko bayan SWAPO ta lashe zaɓen farko a 1989. Bayan shekara goma, Nujoma ya canza kundin tsarin mulki domin ya sami damar tsayawa takara a wa'adi na uku a 1999, duk da cewa kundin ya kayyade wa'adin shugaban ƙasa zuwa biyu.

A 2004, dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na SWAPO shi ne Hifikepunye Pohamba, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin wanda Nujoma ya zaɓa da kansa.

A 2014, dan takarar SWAPO shi ne Hage Geingob, wanda ya kasance mataimakin shugaban SWAPO. A zaɓen 2019, shugaban ƙasa Geingob ya lashe wa'adin mulki na biyu na shekaru biyar a matsayin shugaban Namibiya.


Manufa
An kafa SWAPO ne da nufin cimma 'yancin kai na Namibiya, kuma saboda haka tana daga cikin motsin kishin Afirka. Kafin samun 'yancin kai, tana da akidar zamantakewa (socialist), kuma akidar Marxist–Leninist, akida ce da ba a bar ta nan take ba bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1990 lokacin da SWAPO ta zama jam'iyyar mulki. A hukumance, jam'iyyar ta rungumi akidar dimokuradiyyar zamantakewa, har sai taron zaben 2017 ya amince da sauya akidar zuwa zamantakewa mai “halayyar Namibiya”, duk da cewa wasu 'yan Namibiya sun ce wannan sauyin ba shi da tushe daga matakin kasa.

Masu sharhi daban-daban sun fassara siyasar SWAPO ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Gerhard Tötemeyer, wanda mamba ne na jam'iyyar, ya dauki siyasar bayan 'yancin kai a matsayin ta neoliberal da dimokuradiyyar zamantakewa. Henny Seibeb, dan adawa daga kungiyar Landless People's Movement, ya bayyana akidar jam'iyyar yanzu a matsayin kishin kasa mai sassauci tare da alamun akidu kamar dogmatism, kama-karya, da statism.

 Tsari 
Shugaban jam’iyya shi ne matsayi mafi girma a cikin SWAPO; a shekarar 2012, tsohon shugaban Namibia Pohamba ne ke da wannan matsayi. Mataimakin shugaban jam’iyyar kuma shi ne tsohon shugaban Namibia Hage Geingob, wanda aka zabe shi wannan matsayi a shekarar 2007 sannan aka sake tabbatar da shi a taron SWAPO a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012, har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2024. Matsayi na uku mafi girma a cikin SWAPO shi ne sakataren janar, wanda Nangolo Mbumba ke rike da shi a watan Disamba na 2012. Na hudu kuwa shi ne mataimakin sakataren janar, gwamnan Omaheke Laura McLeod-Katjirua.

Kamar yadda jam’iyyun kwaminis da na zamantakewa ke yi, SWAPO tana karkashin jagorancin politburo da central committee. Jagorancin jam’iyyar yana samun shawara daga matasa, majalisar mata, da kuma majalisar dattawa.

 Politburo 
Politburo na SWAPO wata kungiya ce da  ke da mambobi 29 a tsakanin shekarar 2022–2027 (sun haɗa da shugaban jam’iyya, tsohon shugaban jam’iyya, sakataren janar, mataimakin sakataren janar, mambobin da shugaban jam’iyya ya nada da kuma mambobin da kwamitin tsakiya na SWAPO ya zaba).MEMBERS OF THE POLITICAL BUREAU 2022 – 2027

 Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
 Sophia Shaningwa
 Uahekua Herunga
 Pohamba Shifeta
 Lucia Witbooi
 Frans Kapofi
 Sirkka Ausiku
 Charles Mubita
 Lucia Iipumbu
 Iipumbu Shiimi
 Bernadette Jagger
 Modestus Amutse
 Laura McLeod-Katjirua
 Veikko Nekundi
 Kornelia Shilunga
 Royal ǀUiǀoǀoo
 Saara Kuugongelwa
 Edward Wambo
 Verna Sinimbo
 Elia Kaiyamo
 Hilma Nicanor
 Hofni Iipinge
 Paula Kooper
 Erastus Uutoni
 Anna Nghipondoka
 Alpheus ǃNaruseb
 Maria Elago
 Steve Sensus Ovambo
 Katrina Hanse-Himarwa
 Sisa Namandje

 Kwamitin Tsakiya 
Kwamitin Tsakiya na SWAPO ya kunshi:
 Shugaban jam’iyya
 Mataimakin shugaban jam’iyya
 Sakataren janar
 Mataimakin sakataren janar
 Tsohon shugaban SWAPO a matsayin mamba na dindindin
 Kwamishinonin yankuna na SWAPO guda 13
 Mambobi 54 da aka zaba a taron jam’iyya
 Mambobi 10 da shugaban jam’iyya ya nada

A , mambobin kwamitin tsakiya guda 100 su ne:

 Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
 Sophia Shaningwa
 Uahekua Herunga
 Lucia Witbooi
 Iipumbu Shiimi
 Loide Kasingo
 John Mutorwa
 Lucia lipumbu
 Charles Mubita
 Sirkka Ausiku
 Frans Kapofi
 Bernadette Jagger
 Veikko Nekundi
 Tuulikki Abraham
 Nangolo Mbumba
 Christine Haindaka
 Alpheus ǃNaruseb
 Hilma Nicanor
 Willem Amutenya
 Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila
 Bonifatius Wakudumo
 Ester Kavela
 Pohamba Shifeta
 Petrina Haingura
 Neville Andre
 Verna Sinimbo
 Modestus Amutse
 Maria Elago
 Royal ǀUiǀoǀoo
 Anna Nghipondoka
 Tobie Aupindi
 Paula Kooper
 Edward Wambo
 Loise Garosas
 Peya Mushelenga
 Evelyn ǃNawases-Taeyele
 Austin Samupwa
 Kornelia Shilunga
 Festus Ueitele
 Naemi Amuthenu
 John Likando
 Hilma lita
 Usko Nghaamwa
 Jenelly Matundu
 Tjekero Tweya
 Gaudentia Krohne
 Sebastian Karupu
 Fennie Nanyeni
 Tommy Nambahu
 Pendukeni Iivula-Ithana
 John Elago
 Katrina Liswani
 Elia Kaiyamo
 Silvia Makgone
 Utoni Nujoma
 Nono Katjingisiua
 Salomon April
 Easter Mokaxwa
 Steve Sensus Ovambo
 Laura McLeod-Katjirua
 Samuel Mbambo
 Martha Namundjebo-Tilahun
 Hofni lipinge
 Katrina Hanse-Himarwa
 Erastus Uutoni
 Coleen van Wyk
 Obed Kandjoze
 Sirkka Kapanga
 Paulus Kapia
 Emma Kantema-Gaomas
 Marius Sheya
 Lempy Lucas
 Erginus Endjala
 Laurencia Stephanus
 Martin Shalli
 Marlyn Mbakera
 Sisa Namandje
 Sharonice Busch
 James Uerikua
 Ephraim Tuhadeleni Nekongo
 Fransina Kahungu
 Muwaita Shanyengana
 Phillemon Josua
 Ottilie Shinduvi
 Armas Amukwiyu
 Moffat Sileze
 Daniel Utapi Muhuura
 Immanuel Namaseb
 Joplin Gontes
 Mathew Mumbala
 Elliot Mbako
 Julius Kaujova
 Sackey Kayone
 Werner Iita
 David Hamutenya
 Ruth Kaukuata-Mbura
 Petrus Nevonga
 Loide Shaanika
 Bamba Nghipandua
 Taimi Ileka

 Kudade da sha'anin kasuwanci 
Duk da cewa SWAPO tana karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnati don gudanar da ayyukanta, jam’iyyar tana da manyan sha’anin kasuwanci. Ta hanyar Kalahari Holdings, ta shiga haɗin gwiwa da kamfanoni da dama, musamman reshen Namibian na MultiChoice, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na bayar da talabijin ta tauraron dan adam, inda SWAPO ke da hannun jari har 51%. Kalahari Holdings tana da haɗin gwiwa da Radio Energy, Africa Online, da kuma wasu kamfanoni a fannonin yawon shakatawa, noma, ayyukan tsaro da inshorar lafiya. SWAPO na da kamfanonin Namib Contract Haulage, Namprint, Kudu Investments da Ndilimani Cultural Troupe.

Namibia Today ita ce jaridar SWAPO, kuma Asser Ntinda shi ne edita. Jaridar ba ta ci gaba da wallafa tun ranar 7 Afrilu 2011 kuma ta rufe gaba daya a shekara ta 2015.

 Cin zarafi da take hakkin dan Adam 
Wasu kungiyoyi sun zargi SWAPO da aikata munanan laifuka na take hakkin dan Adam ga mutanen da ake zargi da leken asiri a lokacin gwagwarmayar ’yancin kai. Tun farkon karni na 21, wadannan kungiyoyi sun kara matsin lamba ga gwamnati kan wannan batu. Breaking the Wall of Silence (BWS) na daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da mutane da SWAPO ta tsare a lokacin yaki suka kafa, inda aka ci zarafinsu yayin bincike."Church council's stance on detainees revives apartheid rhetoric, charges the NSHR", The Namibian, 18 November 2003"Ex-detainee issue still runs deep", The Namibian, 4 October 2005 A shekara ta 2004, BWS ta zargi cewa “A cikin gudun hij

 Membobinsu 
SWAPO cikakken mamba ne na Socialist International. Ta kasance mamba a cikin Non-Aligned Movement kafin Namibiya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990.
 Tarihin Zaɓe 

 Zaɓen Shugaban Ƙasa 
ZaɓeDan takarar jam'iyyaKuri'u%Sakamako1994Sam Nujoma370,45276.34%An Zaɓe 1999414,09676.82%An Zaɓe 2004Hifikepunye Pohamba625,60576.45%An Zaɓe 2009611,24175.25%An Zaɓe 2014Hage Geingob772,52886.73%An Zaɓe 2019464,70356.3%An Zaɓe 2024Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah683,56058.07%An Zaɓe 

 Zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki 
ZaɓeShugaban Jam’iyyaKuri’u%Kujeru+/–MatsayiSakamako1989Sam Nujoma384,56757.33%Sabon Na 11994370,45276.34% 12 Na 11999414,09676.82% 2 Na 12004625,60576.44% 0 Na 12009Hifikepunye Pohamba611,24175.25% 1 Na 12014785,67180.01% 23 Na 12019Hage Geingob536,86165.45% 14 Na 12024Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah583,30053.38% 12 Na 1

 Zaɓen Majalisar Ɗinkin Ƙasa 
ZaɓeKujeru+/–MatsayiSakamako1992Sabon Na 11998 2 Na 12004 3 Na 12010 Na 12015 16 Na 12020 12 Na 1

 Manazarta