Tangshan

Tangshan (Sinanci: 唐山; : ) birni ne na bakin teku a Arewa maso gabashin lardin Hebei. Tana nan a gabashin lardin Hebei da arewa maso gabashin yankin Arewacin Kasar Sin. Tana nan a tsakiyar yankin Bohai Rim kuma tana aiki a matsayin babbar hanyar zirga-zirga zuwa Arewa maso gabas. Birnin yana daura da Tekun Bohai daga kudu, Tsaunukan Yan daga arewa, Qinhuangdao a fadin Kogin Luan daga gabas, da Tianjin daga yamma.

Yawancin ci gaban birnin ya samo asali ne daga masana'antu, wanda aka fara a 1870, lokacin da Kailuan Group ta kafa mahakar kwal a yankin. Shi ne wurin da aka fara kafa titin jirgin kasa ta farko a kasar Sin, tashar jirgin kasa ta fara, motar tururi ta farko, da kuma masana'antar siminti ta farko. Ana yaba ma wurin a matsayin "tushen masana'antu" na ƙasar Sin. Har ma a yau, Tangshan cibiyar samar da ƙarfe ce, makamashi, sinadarai, da yumbu. Ping opera, wanda ya samo asali ne daga gundumar Luanzhou ta birnin, yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren wasannin opera na kasar Sin guda biyar.

Birnin ya kuma zama sananne ga girgizar ƙasa a 1976 wanda ya auna 7.8 a kan sikelin Richter. Ya rushe yawancin birnin kuma ya kashe akalla mazauna 255,000 bisa ga ƙididdigar hukuma. Tun daga wannan lokacin an sake gina birnin, ya zama abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido, kuma yana daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa 10 a kasar Sin.

Birnin Tangshan yana da kimanin kilomita  (93  gabas da kudu maso gabashin Beijing da kilomita  (68  arewa maso yammacin Tianjin. Yawan mutanen gundumar Tangshan ya kai 7,717,983 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, tare da 3,687,607 a cikin yankin da aka gina (ko metro) da aka yi da gundumomi 7 na birane.

 Tarihin Suna 
An sanya wa Tangshan suna ne bayan Dacheng Hill (), wanda a baya ake kira Dutsen Tang (唐山) kuma yana tsakiyar birnin.

In A.D. 645, Li Shimin, an emperor of Tang dynasty, with his army, was stationed at Dacheng Hill on his way back from the Korean Peninsula. Unfortunately, Caofei, his beloved concubine, died there. In order to commemorate her, he named the mountain after the name of the empire, Tang. Later, the city took the name of the mountain.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span>]

 Tarihin Farko 
Tangshan yana da dogon tarihi, tare da mutane na dā da ke zaune a yankin tun farkon shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata. Ya fadi a cikin yankin Masarautar Guzhu (1600 BC) a lokacin Daular Shang kuma daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na Jihar Yan, ɗaya daga cikin Jihohi bakwai masu yaƙi (403 - 221 BC). A lokacin Daular Han (206 BC - 220 AD) ya zama wani ɓangare na tsohuwar lardin Youzhou . Ya kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon lardin Zhili da Jihar Zunhua a jere a lokacin Daular Qing.

 Daular Tang, Ming da Qing 
Tangshan ƙauye ne a lokacin Daular Ming (619-907) kuma ya ci gaba da bunkasa aikin gona, amfani da mai da yumbu a lokacin dauwar Ming (1368-1644).

A lokacin gyare-gyaren kwanaki ɗari a daular Qing ta ƙarshe, an kafa hukumar kula da ma'adinai ta Kaiping a shekara ta uku ta Sarkin Guangxu (1877). A cikin 1878, an kafa garin Qiaotun a Tangshan kuma aka sake masa suna Garin Tangshan a 1889. A 1938, an kafa birnin Tangshan bisa hukuma. Tsarin Tangshan a zamanin jamhuriyar kasar Sin ya ci gaba da bin tsarin mulki na Qing. A shekarar 1929, lardin Zhili ya canza suna zuwa lardin Hebei. A ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1939, saboda matsayin Tangshan na musamman na tattalin arziki da siyasa, gwamnatin Hebei mai cin gashin kanta ta kafa birnin Tangshan wanda aka fara kiransa da "Gwamnatin Municipal Tangshan" daga baya kuma ta canza zuwa "Ofishin Municipal Tangshan". Bayan da kasar Japan ta mika wuya a shekarar 1945, jam'iyyar 'yan kishin kasa ta kasar Sin dake birnin Peking (a yanzu ake kiranta da birnin Beijing) ta karbe ikon siyasar Tangshan daga kasar Japan tare da kafa ofishin kula da harkokin gudanarwa. A watan Afrilun shekarar 1946, a gun taron kwamitin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin karo na 132 na lardin Hebei, an yanke shawarar kafa birnin Tangshan, kuma a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, an yanke shawarar kafa birnin Tangshan.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October1, 1949, Tangshan remained a provincially administered municipality with 12 areas under its jurisdiction.
In March 1955, it was decided at the 2nd session of the first People's Congress of Tangshan City to change Tangshan Municipal people's government to Tangshan people's committee without changing its administration areas.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span>]

A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1958, Majalisar Jiha ta amince da kafa gundumar Tangshan. A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 1958, an yanke shawarar a zaman na bakwai na Majalisar Jama'a ta farko ta lardin Hebei don matsawa Ofishin Kwamishinan Tangshan daga gundumar Changli zuwa Birnin Tangshan.

Kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin ya yanke shawarar ayyana birnin Tangshan a matsayin daya daga cikin birane 45 da aka bude wa duniya a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1959. A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1959, kwamitin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin da majalisar wakilan jama'ar lardin Hebei sun yanke shawarar hade ofishin kwamishinonin da kwamitin jama'ar birnin Tangshan cikin kwamitin jama'ar Tangshan. A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1960, majalisar gudanarwar kasar ta amince da soke lardin Tangshan a hukumance. Birnin Qinhuangdao, da Qian'an, da Changli, da Laoting, da Baodi, da Yutian, da gundumar Jixian da kuma Zunhua, da lardin Tangshan ke gudanarwa a da, an shigar da su cikin gundumar Tangshan. Gundumar Luanxian, gundumar Fengrun (tsohuwar gundumomi) da kuma gonar Baigezhuang an haɗa su cikin gundumar Tangshan. A halin yanzu, Tangshan ta zama gundumar da ake gudanarwa a cikin lardi.

A ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1961, Majalisar Jiha ta amince da sake dawo da gundumar Tangshan, wanda aka karɓa a taron 14 na Kwamitin Jama'ar Lardin Hebei a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1959. An sake raba gundumar Tangshan da karamar hukumar Tangshan kuma Tangshan ta zama karamar hukuma mai gudanarwa ta musamman.

An kafa kwamitin juyin juya halin Tangshan Municipal wanda ke da alaƙa da kwamitin juy juya halin yankin Tangshan a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1968. A ranar 11 ga Maris, 1978, Tangshan ya zama karamar hukuma mai gudanarwa.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1982, an yanke shawarar a taron jama'a na bakwai na birnin Tangshan don soke kwamitin juyin juya halin Tangshan kuma ya kafa Gwamnatin Jama'ar Tangshan.

Majalisar Jiha ta amince da matakin a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1983, kuma daga baya ta aiwatar da tsarin mulkin birni. A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1983, Gwamnatin Jama'a ta Lardin Hebei ta ba da sanarwar soke ofishin Civic Administration na yankin Tangshan, wanda ya daina aiki a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1983.

On December15, 1984, the State Council approved Tangshan city as one of 13 national “comparatively big” cities.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span>]

 Girgizar kasa ta 1976 a Tangshan 
Tangshan ta sha wahala daga girgizar ƙasa mai girmansa 7.8 (7.5 bisa ga rahotanni na hukuma) da karfe 3:42 na safe a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1976, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa. Adadin wadanda suka mutu a hukuma ya kai 255,000, amma masana da yawa sun yi imanin cewa ainihin adadin wadanda suka mutu ya ninka sau biyu zuwa uku na wannan adadin, yana mai da shi girgizar kasa mafi muni a tarihin zamani. A sakamakon girgizar kasa, dole ne a sake gina mafi yawan garin. An nuna girgizar ƙasa a cikin fim din 2010 Aftershock .

 Yanayin ƙasa 
Tangshan tana cikin tsakiyar ɓangaren Bohai Economic Rim, tana fuskantar Tekun Bohai zuwa kudu. Yana kwance a kan Filayen arewa China, Tangshan yana kusa da Dutsen Yan a arewa, iyaka da Kogin Luan da Qinhuangdao a gabas, da yamma da kudu maso yammacin iyakar Tianjin. Saboda wurin da yake a arewa maso gabas Hebei, yanki ne mai mahimmanci da kuma hanyar da ke haɗa yankuna biyu na arewa da arewa maso gabasan kasar Sin. Kogin da ya fi girma a cikin gundumar shine Kogin Luan .

 Yanayi 
Tangshan yana da tasirin ruwan sama, Yanayin zafi na nahiyar (Köppen Dwa), tare da sanyi da hunturu mai bushewa, da zafi, lokacin bazara mai ruwan sama. Lokacin bazara da kaka ba su da yawa tare da ruwan sama. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na kowane wata 24 a watan Janairu shine -3.6 ° C (25.5 ° F), da  ° C (80.4 ° F) a watan Yuli, kuma matsakaicin shekara-shekara shine  ° C (55.0 ° F). Kusan kashi 60% na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na   in) ya fadi a watan Yuli da Agusta kadai. Lokacin sanyi ba ya ɗaukar kwanaki 180-190, kuma yankin yana karɓar sa'o'i 2,600-2,900 na hasken rana a kowace shekara.

Kamar yadda gurɓataccen iska a kasar Sin ya kara muni a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, rahotanni sun nuna biranen da ke Hebei daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a kasar, tare da Tangshan ba banda ba. Dangane da binciken da "Muryoyin Duniya na China" suka yi a watan Fabrairun 2013, birane 7 a Hebei ciki har da Xingtai, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Handan, Langfang, Hengshui da Tangshan, suna daga cikin biranen 10 da suka fi gurɓata a kasar Sin.
Tangshan muhimmiyar birni ce ta masana'antu a Arewacin China . Sakamakon sa ya haɗa da injuna, motocin mota, sunadarai, masana'antu, gilashi, kayayyakin man fetur, da siminti. Ya kasance cibiyar hakar kwal tun daga ƙarshen Daular Qing, yayin da ɗan kasuwa na Guangdong Tong King-sing ya buɗe ma'adinin kwal na farko ta amfani da fasahohin zamani a Kaiping a cikin 1877.  Tun lokacin da aka gina aikin Caofeidian, ya dauki bakuncin manyan masana'antun ƙarfe da ƙarfe, ayyukan sunadarai, da masana'antun lantarki. Ita ce birni mafi girma a kasar Sin da ke samar da ƙarfe. Tangshan kuma ana kiranta "babban birnin porcelain na Arewacin China".

Masana'antar zamani a kasar Sin ta fara fitowa ne a Tangshan. Hanyar jirgin kasa ta biyu a kasar Sin - bayan Woosung Railway da ta gaza a Shanghai - ita ce hanyar mil shida da aka shimfiɗa tsakanin Hsukochuang da Tangshan wanda aka buɗe a 1881;  wannan daga ƙarshe ya girma cikin Imperial Railroad na Arewacin China da kuma Jingshan da Jingha Railways na zamani na kasar Sin. An gina masana'antar kayan aiki na farko da ke tsayayya da wuta da masana'antar siminti ta farko kuma mafi girma a Tangshan.

Tangshan ya sami ci gaban GDP kusan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma ya ragu a ƙarshen rabin shekarun 2010.  A shekara ta 2008, GDP na Tangshan ya kai ¥ 353.747 biliyan, wanda kusan ya ninka zuwa ¥ 612,121 biliyan a shekara ta 2013, kuma ya kara girma zuwa ¥ 695.500 biliyan a shekarar 2018.  GDP na Tangshan ya kasance na 26th mafi girma a cikin biranen kasar Sin bisa ga bayanai daga shekarar 2017. An kiyasta fitar da kayayyaki na birnin a dala biliyan 7.109 a shekarar 2016. Adadin gwamnati na shekara ta 2017 ya nuna cewa tattalin arzikin birnin ya fi mamaye masana'antu na biyu, yana ba da gudummawa ¥ 408.14 biliyan ga tattalin arzikin birni.

 Yankin masana'antu 

 Sabuwar Yankin Caofeidian.

Bayanan gwamnati daga 2017 sun nuna cewa mutane miliyan 7.897 suna zaune a Tangshan, daga cikinsu, 61.64% suna zaune a cikin birni. Mazaunan garin suna da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na ¥27,786, wanda ya kasance ¥36,415 tsakanin mazaunan birane.

Tangshan, kamar sauran wurare da yawa a kasar Sin, galibi Han ne, wanda ke da kashi 95.25% na yawan mutanen garin. A cikin Birnin Zunhua, akwai ƙauyuka 3 da ƙauyuka. Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna rarrabuwar kabilanci na birnin:
+Tangshan Ethnic Composition (2017) 人口民族-唐山市人民政府. Ƙungiyar ƘabilarYawan jama'a (cikakken) Yawan jama'a (kashi) Han Sinanci7,194,20095.25%Manchu287,7003.81%Hui32,8000.43%Mongol14,1000.19%Zhuang12,9000.17%Sauran13,7000.18%
Birnin Tangshan na matakin gundumar yana gudanar da yankuna 14 da suka hada da gundumomi 7, yankuna 4 da birane 3 na matakin gunduma.
TaswirarSunanHanziHanyu PinyinYawan jama'a (ƙidayar jama'a ta 2010) Yankin (km2) Yawan jama'a (/km2) KujerarGundumar Lubei743,5041126,638Gundumar QiaotunGundumar Lunan311,076355876Gundumar Kudancin XueyuanYankin Gudanarwa na Hangu*Yankin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Lutai*Gundumar Guye358,4612531,417Gundumar JinghuaGundumar Kaiping262,5712521,042Gundumar KaipingGundumar Fengrun916,0921,334687Gundumar Taiping RoadGundumar Fengnan595,4671,568380Gundumar Hanyar QingnianYankin da aka gina3,187,1713,874823Gundumar Caofeidian184,931700264Birnin TanghaiBirnin Zunhua737,0111,521485Gundumar WenhuaBirnin Qian'an728,1601,208603Yankin YongshunBirnin Luanzhou554,315999555Gundumar LuanheGundumar Luannan584,5181,270460Gundumar YouyiluGundumar Laoting526,2221,308402Gundumar LeanGundumar Qianxi390,1281,439271Gundumar LixiangYutian County684,8331,165588Gundumar Wuzhong* Yankin Gudanar da Hangu da Yankin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Lutai suna ƙarƙashin Gundumar Lunan amma a hukumance suna cikin Sabon Yankin Binhai ko Gundumar Ninghe a Tianjin.

 Ilimi 

 Jami'o'i da kwalejoji 

 Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Arewacin China (wanda ake kira Jami'ar Hebei United), wanda Jami'ar Polytechnic ta Hebei da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Arewacin kasar Sin suka kafa a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010 
 Jami'ar Tangshan
 Kwalejin Tangshan
 Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Hebei reshen Tangshan

 Tangshan No.1 makarantar sakandare (wanda aka kafa 1902), daya daga cikin shahararrun makarantun sakandare a kasar Sin
 Makarantar Harshen Ƙasashen Waje ta Hebei Tangshan


 Abincin Wanlixiang da aka gasa kaza (萬里香燒雞) Chessboard pancake (棋子燒ī) Honey sugar candy (蜂蜜麻糖) Peanut crisp (花生ī糖) Big gezhe (大格ī) Small gezhe (小格ī) 
 Wanlixiang naman kaza () 
 Chessboard pancake (ƙwallo) 
 Abincin sukari na zuma () 
 Kyakkyawan man shanu
 Babban gezhe
 Ƙananan ƙanƙanta
 'Ya'yan itatuwa da aka bushe 
 Château na kasar Sin () 
 Walnut

 Ayyukan gargajiya 

 Ping opera, ko Pingju, daya daga cikin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo a kasar Sin
 Tangshan Shadow Play () 
 Rashin drum () 

 Yawon shakatawa 

 Kabarin Qing na Gabas
 Anti-Seismic Monument, wanda ke cikin Anti-Seisismic Square
 Gidan shakatawa na Tangshan Nanhu (Gundumar Lunan) 
 Gidan shakatawa na Kailuan (Gundumar Lunan) 
 Gidan Tarihin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Tangshan (Gundumar Lubei) 

 Datang Xingguo Chan Haikali (大唐興國禪寺), haikalin Buddha
 Dutsen Jingzhong, wurin ibada na hadin gwiwa ga masu bi na Confucianism, Buddha, da Taoism, bi da bi.
 Coci biyu na Kirista.

 Sufuri 
Ya zuwa 2017, Tangshan yana da kilomita 18,000 na hanyoyi, daga cikinsu, 16,000 suna cikin yankunan karkara. Hanyoyin birnin sun yi amfani da tan miliyan 410 na jigilar kaya, kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ta birnin ta yi amfani da ton miliyan 570. Ya zuwa 2023, Tangshan ita ce birni mafi girma a kasar Sin ba tare da tsarin metro mai aiki ko shirin ba.

 Iska 

 Filin jirgin saman Tangshan Sannühe, kilomita 20 (12  daga tsakiyar gari, a cikin Gundumar Fengrun

 Jirgin kasa na Beijing-Harbin
 Jirgin kasa na Tianjin-Shanhaiguan
 Jirgin kasa na Beijing-Qinhuangdao
 Jirgin kasa na Tianjin-Shanxi

 Hanyar Kasa ta kasar Sin 102, a kudancin gundumar Fengrun
 Hanyar Kasa ta kasar Sin 112, hanyar zobe da ke kewaye da Beijing, ta ratsa gefen yammacin yankin birni na Tangshan
 Hanyar Kasa ta China 205, wacce ke gudana a gabashin da kudancin yankin birni
 G1 Beijing-Harbin Expressway, a gefen arewacin birni
 G25 Changchun-Shenzhen Expressway, a gefen yammacin birni
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba