Batutuwan muhalli a Myanmar

Batutuwan muhalli a Myanmar sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska, gurɓatawar ruwa, sare daji, da batutuwan da suka shafi Canjin yanayi. Myanmar ƙasa ce da ke da babban kashi na gandun daji noma an ce tana da mafi yawan gandun daji da suka rage a ƙasar kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A lokaci guda, yana da saurin sare daji sama da kashi 2 cikin 100 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a kowace shekara. Rashin gurɓata iska wani damuwa ne na muhalli ga Myanmar. Bayanan da aka tattara har zuwa 2019 sun nuna cewa mutuwar 24,000 na yawan mutanen da ke cikin shekara-shekara na kasar sun haifar da gurɓataccen iska da gurɓatar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasar sun haifar da haɗari mai matsakaici akan lafiyar ɗan adam. Mutanen Myanmar daga yankunan karkara da birane suna fuskantar gurɓataccen ruwa wanda ya samo asali ne daga aikin gona, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da zubar da Ruwa mai guba a cikin ruwa ba tare da wani magani ba. Bugu da ƙari, Myanmar ta fuskanci bala'o'i na halitta akai-akai wanda shine sakamakon canjin yanayi. Har ila yau, yana fama da dumamar yanayi wanda ke haifar da hauhawar zafin jiki da fari.

 Kashe daji 
Myanmar ƙasa ce mai kyawawan wurare da kuma bambancin yanayin halittu, kamar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, gandun daji masu bushewa, coral reefs, alpine ciyawa, da tsaunuka da yawa. A tarihi, gandun daji sun rufe kashi 75 cikin 100 na jimlar yankin ƙasar a shekarar 1948.  Koyaya, wannan adadin ya ragu da fiye da kashi 40 cikin dari a cikin shekaru, zuwa kusan kashi 44 cikin dari na yankin ƙasar a cikin 2015.Climate, Environmental Degradation and Disaster Risk in Myanmar (PDF) (Report). Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU). May 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2023. Adadin sare daji ya tashi ba zato ba tsammani daga 0.25 bisa dari kafin 1988 zuwa 1.2 bisa dari bayan 1988 lokacin da kasar ta fara inganta ayyukan katako na kasuwanci. Yankunan gandun daji marasa lalacewa sun ga asarar shekara-shekara na 0.94 bisa dari tsakanin lokacin 2002 da 2014. Bhagwat, Tejas; Hess, Andrea; Horning, Ned; Khaing, Thiri; Thein, Zaw Min; Aung, Kyaw Moe; Aung, Kyaw Htet; Phyo, Paing; Tun, Ye Lin; Oo, Aung Htat; Neil, Anthony; Thu, Win Myo; Songer, Melissa; Connette, Katherine LaJeunesse; Bernd, Asja; Huang, Qiongyu; Connette, Grant; Leimgruber, Peter (17 May 2017). "Losing a jewel—Rapid declines in Myanmar's intact forests from 2002–2014". PLOS ONE. 12 (5). United States, National Library of Medicine: e0176364. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276364B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176364. PMC 5435175. PMID 28520726. Kasar ta sami mummunar lalacewar gandun daji tsakanin 2010 da 2015, tare da yawan lalacewar shekara-shekara na kasar a matsayin kashi 2 cikin dari na jimlar gandun daji na kasar. Daga 1996 da 2016, matsakaicin asarar mangroves a cikin ƙasar ya kai kusan kashi 3.6 zuwa 3.9 cikin dari a kowace shekara. Tare da wannan saurin asarar gandun daji, an sanya Myanmar a duniya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashe tare da mafi girman lalacewar gandun daji.  
Wasu yankuna na kasar, kamar Kachin, Sagaing, da Tanintharyi, sun kasance a ɓoye kuma don shuka suna da gandun daji da suka rage. Duk da haka, ci gaban manyan hanyoyi, gine-gine, da shuke-shuke sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga rikice-rikice na gandun daji a cikin waɗannan yankuna masu nisa.Bhagwat, Tejas; Hess, Andrea; Horning, Ned; Khaing, Thiri; Thein, Zaw Min; Aung, Kyaw Moe; Aung, Kyaw Htet; Phyo, Paing; Tun, Ye Lin; Oo, Aung Htat; Neil, Anthony; Thu, Win Myo; Songer, Melissa; Connette, Katherine LaJeunesse; Bernd, Asja; Huang, Qiongyu; Connette, Grant; Leimgruber, Peter (17 May 2017). "Losing a jewel—Rapid declines in Myanmar's intact forests from 2002–2014". PLOS ONE. 12 (5). United States, National Library of Medicine: e0176364. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276364B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176364. PMC 5435175. PMID 28520726. Misali, jihohin Chin, Kayin, da Shan sun sha wahala sosai a cikin gandun daji a cikin shekarun da suka gabata tsakanin 2001 da 2020. Musamman, jihar Shan ta rasa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 18,000 na gandun daji a wannan lokacin. Rashin gandun daji ya fi shahara a yankunan Shan da Sagaing. A gefe guda, asarar mangrove ya bambanta da asarar da aka rufe da gandun daji, tare da Jihar Rakhine ta kasance mafi girma ta hanyar rasa murabba'in kilomita 2,000 gabaɗaya. A wasu yankuna kamar Ayeyarwady Delta, yawan lalacewa na iya raguwa saboda ayyukan sabuntawa. A cikin 2014, gandun daji har yanzu sun rufe kashi 63 cikin 100 na sararin ƙasar.Climate, Environmental Degradation and Disaster Risk in Myanmar (PDF) (Report). Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU). May 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2023. Sabili da haka, an lissafa ƙasar a cikin ƙasashe da ke da mafi yawan gandun daji a yankin duk da saurin raguwar gandun daji da kuma yawan lalacewar gandun dajin.

Fahimtar ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da sare daji da raguwar albarkatun gandun daji ya kasance babban matsala wajen samar da mafita ga sare daji a Myanmar. Amfani da albarkatun gandun daji ta yankunan karkara an taɓa yi iƙirarin ƙarya a matsayin babban dalilin da ya sa ake sare daji saboda ana amfani da itace a matsayin babban man fetur ga kashi 95 cikin 100 na tushen makamashi na karkara. Babban dalilan da suka sa a sare daji a Myanmar sun hada da ayyukan samar da katako na kasuwanci, shuke-shuke na kasuwanci, hakar ma'adinai, gini, da ci gaba. Kasuwancin katako da kayan katako yana daya daga cikin manyan bangarorin kudaden shiga na kasar kuma wannan bangaren ya kai dala biliyan 2.2 a shekarar 2011. Ci gaba da fadada manyan shuke-shuke yana daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga sare daji. A cikin waɗannan shuke-shuke na kasuwanci, yawanci ana shuka amfanin gona na kasuwanci kamar teak, Man dabino, sukari, ko roba. Yaduwar wadannan shuke-shuke ya rage gandun daji da fiye da kashi 26% kuma ya shafi bambancin halittu da yanayin halittu na gandun daji sosai. A yau, kasa da kashi 27 cikin dari na duka gandun daji a Myanmar sun kasance ba tare da lalacewa ba. Yawancin sauran gandun daji ba a kare su da doka. Sabili da haka, waɗannan gandun daji suna da sauƙin amfani da katako mai daraja da sauran albarkatun gandun daji. Bhagwat, Tejas; Hess, Andrea; Horning, Ned; Khaing, Thiri; Thein, Zaw Min; Aung, Kyaw Moe; Aung, Kyaw Htet; Phyo, Paing; Tun, Ye Lin; Oo, Aung Htat; Neil, Anthony; Thu, Win Myo; Songer, Melissa; Connette, Katherine LaJeunesse; Bernd, Asja; Huang, Qiongyu; Connette, Grant; Leimgruber, Peter (17 May 2017). "Losing a jewel—Rapid declines in Myanmar's intact forests from 2002–2014". PLOS ONE. 12 (5). United States, National Library of Medicine: e0176364. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276364B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176364. PMC 5435175. PMID 28520726.

 Rashin gurɓata iska 
A cikin 2017, gurɓataccen iska a Myanmar an kiyasta shi ne mafi girma a cikin ƙasashen Kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma kusan sau biyu ne na matsakaicin wasu ƙasashe. Daga 1990 zuwa 2017, yawan mutanen da suka mutu a Myanmar saboda gurɓataccen iska ya mamaye wasu ƙasashe kamar Kambodiya da Laos, waɗanda ke da mutuwar sama da 200 ga kowane mutum 100,000 a cikin 1990. A cikin 2017, gurɓataccen iska ya haifar da mutuwar sama da 45,000 a Myanmar. A cikin 2019, an kiyasta mutuwar 24,000 ta haifar da gurɓataccen iska, wanda ya wuce mutuwar da aka rubuta saboda annobar COVID-19 har zuwa Janairu 2021.

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