Dokar Sirri ta imel

Dokar Sirri ta Imel wani kudiri ne da aka gabatar a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka . Wakilai Kevin Yoder, dan Republican daga Kansas, sannan kuma mai wakiltar Jared Polis, dan jam'iyyar Democrat na Colorado ne ya dauki nauyin wannan dokar ta tarayya . An tsara dokar don sabuntawa da sake fasalin dokokin sadarwar kan layi na yanzu, musamman Dokar Sirri na Sadarwar Lantarki (ECPA) na 1986.   

A majalisa ta 113 (2013 – 15), kudurin bai taba fitar da shi daga karamin kwamiti ba. A cikin 114th Congress (2015 – 17), Majalisar ta amince da kudirin gaba daya, amma an yi watsi da shi a cikin Majalisar Dattijai bayan wasu gyare-gyaren da aka raunana da Sanata John Cornyn na Texas, mai rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa . A majalisa ta 115 (2017 – 19) da 116th Congress (2019 – 21), dokar ta wuce majalisar, amma ta kasa samun kuri’a a majalisar dattawa.

 Bayarwa da tanadin lissafin 
Dokar za ta buƙaci hukumomi irin su Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Tsaro da Hukumar Musanya don samun takardar neman izini don samun damar imel, bayanai a cikin ma'ajiyar girgije, da sauran hanyoyin sadarwar dijital fiye da kwanaki 180.  

A ƙarƙashin dokar yanzu — Dokar Sirri ta Sadarwar Lantarki (ECPA) ta 1986 — hukumomi na iya samun irin waɗannan bayanan ta hanyar ba da sammacin gudanarwa ga mai ba da sabis na Intanet, ba tare da buƙatar samun izinin shari'a ba.    Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa ya ruwaito a cikin 2015 cewa: "A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ECPA ta fuskanci karin zargi daga duka fasaha da al'ummomin sirri cewa ta wuce amfani da ita a cikin zamani na dijital kuma ba ya samar da cikakkun tsare-tsaren tsare sirri don sadarwar lantarki na daidaikun mutane. Dangane da waɗannan matsalolin, an gabatar da canje-canje daban-daban a cikin majalisa 4 da suka 

Dokar Sirri ta Imel za ta tsara matsayin dokar tarayya hukuncin Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka na Da'ira ta Shida a Amurka v. Warshak (2010). A wannan yanayin, Da'irar ta Shida ta ɗauka cewa Kwaskwarima na Hudu ga Tsarin Mulki na Amurka yana buƙatar gwamnati ta sami garanti kafin samun damar imel da aka adana akan layi (misali, cikin gajimare ).    Hukuncin Warshak a halin yanzu yana aiki ne kawai ga Sashe na Shida ; Dokar Sirri ta Imel za ta tsawaita mulkinta a duk faɗin ƙasar.  

 Magoya baya da abokan adawa 
Dokar "tana da goyon bayan masana'antar fasaha da masu ba da shawara na sirri." 

Gidauniyar ‘Electronic Frontier Foundation’ ta matsa kaimi wajen samar da dokar sama da shekaru shida, inda ta yabawa majalisar da ta amince da dokar a shekarar 2016 a matsayin “nasara ga sirrin masu amfani da ita” tare da yin kira ga majalisar dattijai ta amince da shi ba tare da raunana gyare-gyare ba.  EFF ta lura, duk da haka, cewa lissafin "ba cikakke ba ne" saboda baya buƙatar gwamnati ta sanar da masu amfani lokacin da gwamnati ta nemi bayanan su daga masu ba da sabis, wanda EFF ta yi imanin cewa "mahimmanci ne mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa masu amfani za su iya samun shawara na doka don yaki da 'yancinsu." 

Yawancin kungiyoyin farar hula, kamfanoni, da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci sun ba da wasika a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 suna nuna goyon baya ga Dokar Sirri ta imel. Daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka sanya hannu a cikin wasikar sun kasance Adobe, ACT / The App Association (tsohon Association for Competitive Technology), Amazon.com, Inc., American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), American Library Association, Americans for Tax Reform (ATR), Brennan Center for Justice, Center for Democracy & Technology (CDT), Cisco Systems, Consumer Technology Association, Direct Marketing Association, Dropbox, EFF, Facebook, FreedomWorks, Google, HP, Internet Association, LinkedIn, Microsoft, Newspaper Association of America, Niskanen, Twitter. Kungiyoyin sun rubuta cewa Dokar Sirriyar Imel sabuntawa ce mai mahimmanci "don nuna tsammanin masu amfani da intanet na sirri dangane da imel, matani, bayanin kula, hotuna, da sauran bayanan da aka adana a cikin "girgije". "

Digital 4th Coalition, haɗin gwiwar shawarwari wanda ya ƙunshi ACLU, ATR, CDT, da Ayyukan Heritage, yana goyan bayan doka, samar da shafin yanar gizon don tallafawa dokar da kuma kira ga 'yan ƙasa su tura shi. Haɗin gwiwar ya zagaya bakan akida daga hagu zuwa dama.  

Wani binciken ra'ayin jama'a game da masu jefa kuri'a na Amurka wanda Vox Populi Polling ya gudanar a madadin Digital 4th Coalition ya gano cewa kashi 77 cikin 100 sun yarda cewa ya kamata a nemi izinin shiga "sakwannin imel, hotuna da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na sirri da aka adana a kan layi."  Lokacin da masu amsa suka ji taƙaitaccen tanadi na ECPA, "kashi 86 sun ce ya kamata a sabunta shi, kuma kashi 53 cikin dari sun ce za su fi dacewa su goyi bayan dan takarar da ya fi son 'ƙarfafa sirrin kan layi' ta hanyar gyara doka." 

A cikin 2015, gwamnatin Obama ta nuna goyon bayanta ga gyara da sabunta ECPA don mayar da martani ga wani koke na kan layi Mu Jama'a wanda ya sami sa hannun sama da 100,000, kodayake Fadar White House ba ta nuna goyon baya ga wani yunƙuri na gyara ba. 

Kudirin ya fuskanci adawa daga wasu hukumomin tarayya, wadanda suka bayyana cewa sun dogara da sammaci don gudanar da bincike.   A cikin shaidar kwamitin majalisar dattijai da aka bayar a watan Satumba na 2015, jami'an Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya sun nuna damuwa cewa "shawarwari na baya-bayan nan na iya hana ikon samun wasu bayanai" daga kamfanonin Intanet. 

 Majalisa ta 113 (2013-15) 
Kudirin ya gaza a majalisa ta 113 . An gabatar da lissafin a watan Mayu 2013 ta Yoder da masu tallafawa 272 a matsayin HR 1852 . Duk da haka, bai taba fitar da shi daga cikin Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Laifuka, Ta'addanci, Tsaron Gida da Bincike ba . 

 Majalisa ta 114 (2015-17) 
A cikin Majalisa na 114, an sake gabatar da lissafin, a cikin Fabrairu 2015, a matsayin HR 699 . Kudirin ya sami mafi yawan masu tallafawa kowane kudiri a wannan Majalisa, tare da 'yan Republican 194 da 'yan Democrat 115 suka ba da gudummawa. Kudirin doka mai shafuka 14 ya amince da kwamitin shari’a na majalisar, sannan a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2016, ya amince da majalisar gaba daya (419-0).    Majalisar edita ta New York Times ta yaba da amincewar daftarin dokar a majalisar, wanda ya kira kudirin "mai hankali" idan ba a sabunta dokar sirri ba kuma ta ce kuri'ar majalisar ta kasance "wanda ba kasafai ba ne kuma na ban mamaki na nuna bangaranci." 

Jagororin masu tallafawa na majalisar dattawan abokin tarayya, Dokar Canje-canjen Dokar Sirri ta Sadarwar Sadarwa ta 2015 ( S. 356 ) sune Sanata Patrick Leahy, Democrat na Vermont, da Sanata Mike Lee, Republican na Utah .   Wasu Sanatoci 25 ne suka kasance masu tallafawa. 

Bayan majalisar ta zartar da kudirin ta, Leahy da Lee sun yi kira ga majalisar dattijai da su “dauki kuma su zartar da wannan doka ta bangaranci da fahimtar juna ba tare da bata lokaci ba.”  Duk da haka, lissafin ya ragu a cikin Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattijai,   da kuma shugaban kwamitin, Sanata Chuck Grassley, Republican na Iowa, ya nuna damuwa "game da cikakkun bayanai game da wannan sake fasalin, da kuma ko yana da daidaito don yin la'akari da batutuwan da jami'an tsaro suka gabatar."  Mai rinjayen Majalisar Dattijai John Cornyn, dan Republican na Texas, ya ba da gyare-gyare guda biyu a cikin Kwamitin Shari'a wanda ya raunana dokar: daya don ba hukumomin tarayya ikon samun damar yin amfani da bayanan ganowa ta hanyar lantarki ba tare da izini ba a cikin shari'ar ta'addanci, da kuma sauran don ba da darektan Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya ko wani wanda ke aiki a cikin sunansa "ikon tilasta wa mai ba da sabis, lambar waya don mikawa ga wani adireshin imel idan ya dace da wani adireshin imel, don ba da adireshin imel, lambar wayar da ta dace. "aikin yaki da ta'addanci mai izini."   Canje-canje na Cornyn ya fusata 'yancin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyi masu ba da shawara na fasaha waɗanda suka goyi bayan lissafin, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Kwamfuta da Sadarwa, ACLU, da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bude, wanda ya bukaci Majalisar Dattijai ta zartar da dokar Majalisar.  Wasu Sanatoci shida kuma sun ba da gyare-gyare a cikin Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattijai,  ciki har da gyaran da Sanata dan Republican Jeff Sessions na Alabama ya yi, wanda zai ba da izini ga wakilan tarayya daga abin da ake bukata don tabbatar da garanti idan gwamnati ta tabbatar da cewa akwai wani yanayi na gaggawa.  Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin keɓantawa sun yi adawa da gyaran zaman zaman, "saboda baya buƙatar wani koma baya na shari'a don duba matakin daga baya don ganin ko sa ido yana da garantin kuma ya kamata a ci gaba."  Bayan da aka ba da gyare-gyaren Cornyn da Sessions, masu ba da tallafi na majalisar dattijai Leahy da Lee, sun janye kudirin daga la'akari, suna masu tsoron cewa gyare-gyaren za su sa "sadarwar lantarki ta Amurkawa ba ta da sirri fiye da yadda yake a yanzu." 

 Majalisa ta 115 (2017-19) 
An sake gabatar da Dokar Sirri ta Imel a Majalisa ta 115, tare da Polis da Yoder sun sake kasancewa jagororin masu daukar nauyin kudirin.  Ya wuce Majalisar Wakilai (inda ke da masu tallafawa 109) a kan kuri'ar murya a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2017, amma an sake sa ran za ta fuskanci 'yan adawar Republican a Majalisar Dattijai,  kuma ba ta taba sanya shi daga kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai ba. 

 Majalisa ta 116 (2019-21) 
A cikin Majalisa ta 116, an haɗa Dokar Sirri ta Imel a matsayin gyara ga tsarin dokar ba da izinin tsaro ta ƙasa na shekara ta 2019 (NDAA FY 2019) da majalisar wakilai ta zartar; gyare-gyaren da aka zartar akan kuri'u 351 – 66.  Duk da haka, tanadin ya gaza a Majalisar Dattijai, don haka NDAA FY 2019 "ya wuce ba tare da gyare-gyaren EPA ba ko kuma mafi girma na ECPA Modernization Act na 2017" wanda Sanata Patrick Leahy (D-VT) ko Sanata Mike Lee (R-UT) ya gabatar. 

 Manazarta 

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