Microbiome na Phytoplankton

A phytoplankton microbiome ne al'umma na microorganisms - galibi kwayoyin cuta, amma kuma ciki har da fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta - waɗanda ke rayuwa tare da phytoplanktan. Wadannan microbiomes suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa ta hanyar tallafawa lafiyar phytoplankton, sauƙaƙe keken abinci mai gina jiki, kiyaye hanyoyin abinci, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga tsarin yanayi.

Abokan Microbial suna taimakawa wajen lalata kwayoyin halitta da sake amfani da mahimman abubuwan gina jiki kamar nitrogen da carbon, ci gaba da samar da farko, da tallafawa yawan amfanin teku da tsarin al'ummar phytoplankton. Diazotrophic cyanobacteria, alal misali, gyara nitrogen na yanayi, haɓaka yawan aiki a cikin ruwa mai talauci. A matsayin masu samar da farko, phytoplankton yana shan CO2 ta hanyar photosynthesis, yana ba da gudummawa ga famfo na carbon na halitta da kuma ƙwace carbon na dogon lokaci.  

Hadin gwiwar Phytoplankton-microbiome suna da mahimmanci ga sake zagayowar halittu na duniya. Bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta yana tasiri ga ilimin lissafi da ayyukan yanayin halittu, yayin da abubuwan muhalli kamar zafin jiki, matakan abinci mai gina jiki, da ilmin sunadarai na teku suna tsara abun da ke ciki da aiki. Alamar sinadarai - ta hanyar Quorum sensing da Infochemicals - suna tsara halayyar microbial, tasiri ga haɓakar fure, symbiosis, da hanyoyin tsaro.   Kwayoyin cuta kuma suna shafar yawan mutanen phytoplankton ta hanyar motsa jujjuyawar abinci mai gina jiki da kuma yin sulhu da kwararar carbon.
alt=The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) flying aboard NASA s Terra satellite flew over the North Sea on June 6, 2015 and captured this beautiful true-color image of a spring phytoplankton bloom in progress.|thumb|318x318px|Alamu masu juyawa na babban fure na phytoplankton a cikin Tekun Arewa, wanda tauraron dan adam na NASA na Terra ya kama a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2015. Kodayake microscopic, furanni na phytoplankton na iya ɗaukar wurare masu yawa kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyoyin abinci na ruwa da sake zagayowar carbon na duniya.
Binciken yanzu yana mai da hankali kan bambancin microbial, direbobi na muhalli, da sadarwa ta sinadarai, dukansu suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar ayyukan microbiome na phytoplankton. Wadannan hulɗar microbial suna tsara kwanciyar hankali na yanayin halittu, tsarin yanar gizo na abinci, da tsarin yanayi na duniya.

 Matsayin muhalli da aiki 
Dangantaka tsakanin phytoplankton da microbiomes suna da mahimmanci don inganta ci gaban phytoplankon, juriya ga damuwa, da kwanciyar hankali na muhalli gaba ɗaya. Microorganisms, gami da kwayoyin cuta da archaea, suna samar da muhimman abubuwan gina jiki kamar nitrogen da phosphorus ta hanyar daidaita nitrogen da sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki. A sakamakon haka, phytoplankton yana ba da ɗorewa mai ɗorewa, yana ba da mahadi na kwayoyin halitta da wuraren da ƙwayoyin cuta zasu iya haɗewa.

Wadannan hulɗar suna ƙarfafa ikon phytoplankton na magance ƙalubalen muhalli, kamar damuwa ta oxidative, pathogens, da cututtukan algae masu cutarwa, ta hanyar ayyukan kariya na takamaiman al'ummomin microbial. Bugu da ƙari, microbiomes suna tasiri ga samar da farko na ruwa ta hanyar inganta sinadarin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma motsa ci gaban phytoplankton, wanda hakan ke tallafawa matakan trophic mafi girma a cikin shafukan abinci na ruwa.

Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa da phytoplankton sune manyan 'yan wasa a cikin sake zagayowar biogeochemical. Suna sauƙaƙa daidaitawar nitrogen da rushe kwayoyin halitta, suna sakin nitrogen da carbon masu amfani waɗanda ke haɓaka phytoplankton kuma suna taimakawa wajen rufe mahimman abubuwan gina jiki. Wadannan ma'amala masu ƙarfi tsakanin phytoplankton da microbiomes suna da kayan aiki wajen kiyaye yawan amfanin teku da aiki na yanayin ruwa.

 Bambancin kwayoyin cuta da tasirin muhalli 

 Matsayin microbiomes a cikin ilimin lissafi na phytoplankton da hulɗar muhalli 
alt=Phytoplankton - the foundation of the oceanic food chain|thumb|300x300px|Phytoplankton na ruwa
Bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin eukaryotes yana tasiri ga ilimin lissafi, keken abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yanayin al'umma a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa. Babban bambancin microbiome yana da alaƙa da karuwar bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta da bambancin taxonomic, yayin da ƙananan bambancin ke haifar da rage bambancin ƙudanar cuta. Microbiome na phytoplankton kuma yana shafar ci gaban phytoplanktan da yawan rayuwa, wanda ke shafar sake zagayowar teku. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin microbial yana shafar biomass na phytoplankton, tare da ƙananan bambancin da ke da alaƙa da mafi girman bambancin da ƙananan bambance-bambance. A karkashin yanayi mai wahala, kamar hauhawar yanayin zafi na ruwa, tasirin bambancin microbiome akan tsarin al'umma na phytoplankton yana ƙaruwa, yana rage bambancin al'umma da yalwa. Ƙarin bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta yana ƙara matakan nitrogen da phosphorus a cikin ruwa.

Phytoplankton suna da bambancin kwayoyin halitta, suna da rarraba 12 taxonomic divisions, duk da haka suna kula da ayyukan kiyayewa na metabolism da ke da muhimmanci ga kwanciyar hankali na biogeochemical, kamar photosynthesis da cycling na abinci mai gina jiki. Cyanobacteria, tsohuwar rukuni, sun mamaye yawan mutanen phytoplankton na zamani kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga juyin halitta na algae da tsire-tsire ta hanyar endosymbiosis. Wannan aikin redundancy ya tabbatar da juriya na phytoplankton duk da canje-canjen muhalli. Matsalar muhalli, gami da canje-canje na sinadarai a cikin ilmin sunadarai na teku ta hanyar phytoplankton, yana haifar da bambancin phylogenetic da ƙarfafa kwanciyar hankali na yanayin halittu.

Phytoplankton release dissolved organic matter (DOM), wanda ke kiyaye microbiome da kuma wani ɓangare na bacterioplankton al'umma. Al'ummomin microbes a cikin waɗannan tsarin suna da tsari na ƙaddara, inganta aikin rundunar, yayin da al'ummomin da ke rayuwa kyauta sun fi sauƙi kuma ba su da bambanci. Microevolution ta hanyar hulɗar mai karɓar bakuncin-microbe tana tallafawa daidaitawar muhalli da bambancin niche.

 Tasirin kwayar halitta a kan microbiomes da ke da alaƙa da phytoplankton 
Phycosphere yana nufin yankin da ke kewaye da phytoplankton, inda algae, ƙwayoyin cuta, archaea, da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cutar ke hulɗa.Deng, Yun; Vallet, Marine; Pohnert, Georg (2022-01-03). "Temporal and Spatial Signaling Mediating the Balance of the Plankton Microbiome". Annual Review of Marine Science. 14: 239–260. Bibcode:2022ARMS...14..239D. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-042021-012353. ISSN 1941-1405. PMID 34437810. Daga cikin wadannan kwayoyin, kwayoyin cuta suna da tasiri sosai a kan phycosphere. Takamaiman yanayi na phycosphere yana taimakawa wajen zaɓar wasu yawan ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda hakan ke tsara al'ummar microbial. A tsawon lokaci, yayin da waɗannan al'ummomin ke tasowa, suna iya inganta lafiyar mai masaukin.

Ma'amala tsakanin kwayoyin cuta da phytoplankton suna da rikitarwa. A cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa, ba a san ko tsarin kwayar halitta na mai karɓar bakuncin yana tasiri ga abubuwan da ke cikin al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta. Koyaya, an san cewa ana rarraba nau'in phytoplankton a cikin yawan jama'a bisa ga halayensu na kwayar halitta, galibi suna da alaƙa da ikon su na rayuwa a cikin takamaiman yanayin muhalli. Misali, wani binciken da aka yi akan T. rotula ya nuna cewa kwayar halittar phytoplankton mai karɓar bakuncin yana rinjayar al'ummar microbial da ke kewaye da shi.

 Tasirin siginar sinadarai a kan microbiomes da ke da alaƙa da phytoplankton da algal flooms 
Phytoplankton yana hulɗa tare da al'ummomin microbial da ke kewaye da su ta hanyar siginar sinadarai, musayar mahadi waɗanda ke tasiri ga ci gaba, metabolism, da abun da ke cikin al'umma. Microbes suna samar da muhimman abubuwan gina jiki kamar bitamin da nitrogen, yayin da phytoplankton ke fitar da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen tsara yawan microbial.Deng, Yun; Vallet, Marine; Pohnert, Georg (2022-01-03). "Temporal and Spatial Signaling Mediating the Balance of the Plankton Microbiome". Annual Review of Marine Science. 14: 239–260. Bibcode:2022ARMS...14..239D. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-042021-012353. ISSN 1941-1405. PMID 34437810.

Wadannan hulɗar galibi suna mai da hankali ne a cikin phycosphere, duk da haka, a lokacin manyan furanni, siginar sinadarai na iya aiki a kan sikelin da ya fi girma saboda karuwar yawan sel da mahaɗin.

A duk lokacin da aka yi fure - daga barci zuwa mutuwa - siginar sinadarai suna yin sulhu da matsayi daban-daban na muhalli. A farkon matakai, sigina kamar DMSP suna jan hankalin ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani. A lokacin girma mafi girma, ƙwayoyin cuta suna musayar mahadi masu inganta girma, yayin da a cikin matakan da suka biyo baya, siginar da ke da alaƙa da damuwa na iya haifar da tsaro ko mutuwar tantanin halitta, suna ba da gudummawa ga raguwar fure da sake amfani da abinci mai gina jiki.

Wadannan musayar sunadarai na microscale suna tsara maye gurbin microbial kuma suna tasiri ga ayyukan yanayin halittu, gami da carbon da tsarin abinci mai gina jiki.

 Halitta da bambancin al'ummomin microbial da ke da alaƙa da phytoplankton 
Phytoplankton yana nuna bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kashi 12 na lissafi amma suna da hanyoyin da aka kiyaye waɗanda ke tallafawa matakai masu mahimmanci na biogeochemical, gami da photosynthesis na oxygen da sake zagayowar abinci mai gina jiki. Cyanobacteria, daga cikin tsofaffin phytoplankton, sun tsara tarihin juyin halitta ta hanyar ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban algal na eukaryotic ta hanyar endosymbiosis. Duk da manyan canje-canje na muhalli, phytoplankton ya ci gaba saboda aikin aiki da daidaitawar kwayar halitta. Microbiomes din su suna ci gaba da narkewa ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta (DOM) wanda mai masaukin ya fitar, yana tasiri ga al'ummomin microbial masu alaƙa da masu rai kyauta. Hanyoyin ƙaddara suna fitar da bambancin microbial, suna tsara ayyukan phytoplankton, yayin da microevolution ke tallafawa daidaitawa.
alt=Mixed phytoplankton community 2|left|thumb|334x334px|Wani al'umma mai cike da tsire-tsire da aka kama a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2018, a lokacin NASA's Earth Expeditions. Wadannan kwayoyin microscopic sun zama tushe na yanar gizo na abinci na ruwa kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cycling na carbon na duniya.

 Tasirin mai masaukin a kan tsarin microbiome 
Phytoplankton ya tsara microbiomes din su sosai, tare da kwayar halittar da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance tsarin al'ummar microbial. Bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta ya fi alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta fiye da abubuwan muhalli, tare da waɗannan alamu da aka lura a duk faɗin teku. Rashin daukar ma'aikata na microbiome yana tasiri ga abun da ke ciki da aiki, kuma wannan takamaiman zai iya ci gaba a cikin tsararraki. Duk da yake waɗannan microbiomes suna ba da gudummawa ga lafiyar mai karɓar bakuncin, girman fa'idodi na iya bambanta da nau'o'in, kuma sauye-sauye na dogon lokaci a cikin abun da ke cikin microbial na iya rinjayar yadda rundunonin suka dace da sauye-shiryen yanayi.

 Abubuwan muhalli da ke shafar abun da ke cikin kwayoyin cuta 
Abubuwan muhalli da yawa suna sarrafa microbiomes na phytoplankton:

 Nau'in Abinci da Samun: Matakan nitrogen, phosphorus, da nau'in ƙarfe na microbial bambancin da aiki, suna son taxa na musamman a cikin sinadarin abinci.
 Yanayin zafi: Yana shafar metabolism na microbial da bambancin, tare da dumama da ke son takamaiman layin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin rage bambancin gaba ɗaya.
 Yanayin haske: Tasirin photosynthesis na phytoplankton da sakin DOM, canza abun da ke cikin microbial bisa ga wadatar kwayoyin halitta
 Salinity: Tasirin tsarin al'umma na microbial ta hanyar zaɓar takaddun Gishiri: da kuma rinjayar ayyukan metabolism.
 Haɗin gwiwar sinadarai:: Phytoplankton yana fitar da mahadi kamar su exopolysaccharides da lipids waɗanda ke tsara abun da ke cikin microbial, yayin da gurbatawa da guba suka zaɓi don ƙwayoyin cuta tare da damar detoxification.Pohnert, Georg; Steinke, Michael; Tollrian, Ralph (April 2007). "Chemical cues, defence metabolites and the shaping of pelagic interspecific interactions". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (4): 198–204. Bibcode:2007TEcoE..22..198P. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.01.005. PMID 17275948.

Wadannan masu canji na muhalli suna hulɗa tare da kwayoyin halitta don tsara microbiomes, suna tasiri ga matakai na muhallu kamar cycling na abinci mai gina jiki da kuma sequestration na carbon.

 Ma'amala da ƙwayoyin cuta tare da tasirin phytoplankton da microbiome akan mai karɓar bakuncin 
Hadin gwiwar Phytoplankton-microbial na iya zama:

 Amfani: Kwayoyin cuta na Mutualistic suna samar da bitamin mai mahimmanci da siderophores, yayin da phytoplankton ke samar da carbon mai narkewa. Sulfitobacter bacteria ya saki indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), yana inganta rarraba kwayar halitta.
 Neutral: Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna rayuwa tare da phytoplankton ba tare da canza yanayin halittar mahaukaci ba, suna samar da alaƙa.
 Harmful: Ma'amala ta Antagonistic sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kashe ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke lalata phytoplankton, ko warewar gasa inda ƙwayoyin suka fi phytoplanktan don abubuwan gina jiki.

Fahimtar waɗannan hulɗar yana da mahimmanci don bayyana yawan jama'ar phytoplankton da kuma matsayinsu na muhalli.

 Alamar sinadarai da hulɗar ƙwayoyin cuta 
Alamar sinadarai ta hanyar infochemicals tana da mahimmanci ga hulɗar microbial da kuma tsara tsarin halittu na ruwa. Wadannan sigina suna ba da damar sadarwa ta intraspecific da interspecific, suna tasiri ga yanayin al'umma na microbial da hanyoyin muhalli. Phytoplankton ya saki mahadi na allelopathic wanda ke shafar ci gaban microbial, abun da ke cikin al'umma, da samar da guba, musamman a cikin nau'o'in kamar Alexandrium spp. da kuma Prymnesium spp. Kwayoyin Quorum sensing (QS) suma suna sarrafa halayyar ƙwayoyin cuta, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sadarwa ta microbial. A cikin phycosphere, nau'in Sulfitobacter suna haɓaka ci gaban diatom ta hanyar ɓoye IAA. Bugu da ƙari, siginar intraspecific a cikin microalgae yana haɓaka haifuwa da bambancin kwayoyin halitta, kiyaye ma'aunin muhalli da tsarin al'umma.

 Ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta 

 Taron ƙwayoyin cuta da musayar metabolism 
Tsarin al'ummomin microbial yana rinjayar ba kawai ta hanyar nau'in jinsuna ba har ma da hulɗar halittu da ta shafi kwararar makamashi da metabolites waɗanda ke fitar da ƙarfin trophic.Gralka, Matti; Szabo, Rachel; Stocker, Roman; Cordero, Otto X. (October 2020). "Trophic Interactions and the Drivers of Microbial Community Assembly". Current Biology. 30 (19): R1176 – R1188. Bibcode:2020CBio...30R1176G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.007. hdl:1721.1/148548. PMID 33022263. Duk da yake Ka'idar muhalli ta gargajiya tana jaddada gasa tsakanin jinsuna da ƙuntatawa na abiotic (misali, zafin jiki da wadatar abinci mai gina jiki) a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade taron al'umma, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa nasarar nau'ikan microbial daban-daban ya dogara da ikon su na hulɗa tare da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna da haɗin kai tsakanin su.

A tushen abun da ke cikin muhalli shine hulɗar trophic da ƙirƙirar dama ga jinsuna don kafa kansu da sake tara mahalli. Rikicin muhalli kamar haɗuwa ta yanayi, upwelling, da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rushe al'ummomin da aka kafa, suna ba da damar masu mulkin mallaka su shiga.Pohnert, Georg; Steinke, Michael; Tollrian, Ralph (April 2007). "Chemical cues, defence metabolites and the shaping of pelagic interspecific interactions". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (4): 198–204. Bibcode:2007TEcoE..22..198P. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.01.005. PMID 17275948. Bayan jinsin ya shiga tsarin, juriya a cikin yanayin da ya damu ya dogara da ingancinsa wajen amfani da albarkatun da ke akwai da kuma ikonsa na shiga musayar metabolism tare da kwayoyin da ke kewaye.Gralka, Matti; Szabo, Rachel; Stocker, Roman; Cordero, Otto X. (October 2020). "Trophic Interactions and the Drivers of Microbial Community Assembly". Current Biology. 30 (19): R1176 – R1188. Bibcode:2020CBio...30R1176G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.007. hdl:1721.1/148548. PMID 33022263. Idan ba za su iya samar da alaƙa ta metabolism ba, jinsin na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin warewar gasa ta hanyar jinsunan da suka fi dacewa dangane da yanayin muhalli.

A cikin mahalli masu mahimmanci, gasa ta mamaye, yayin da a cikin ƙananan mahalli, musayar metabolites yana ba da damar ƙananan nau'o'in da suka fi rinjaye su kasance tare.Gralka, Matti; Szabo, Rachel; Stocker, Roman; Cordero, Otto X. (October 2020). "Trophic Interactions and the Drivers of Microbial Community Assembly". Current Biology. 30 (19): R1176 – R1188. Bibcode:2020CBio...30R1176G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.007. hdl:1721.1/148548. PMID 33022263. Wadannan hulɗar suna samar da cibiyoyin cin abinci na giciye, wanda za'a iya amfani da kayan abinci na nau'in nau'in (misali, amino acid, acetates, da kwayoyin halitta) a matsayin wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan. Misali, wani nau'in na iya amfani da kwayar cuta wacce ke samar da acetate a matsayin samfurin sharar gida, a matsayin tushen carbon ko tushen makamashi. Wadannan hulɗa suna ƙarfafa haɗin kai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar dangantaka ta symbiotic ko tilas tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta.

 Gudun abinci mai gina jiki da kuma kwace carbon 
A matsayin masu lalacewa da masu canza sinadarai, microorganisms suna aiki ta hanyar rushe kwayoyin halitta da sauƙaƙe canji tsakanin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta. Ta hanyar wannan juyawa, ƙwayoyin cuta suna fitar da abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda za a iya sake rarraba su ga masu samar da farko, suna ba da damar ƙwayoyin halitta don taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe sake zagayowar abubuwan gina jiki kamar nitrogen, phosphorus, da baƙin ƙarfe. Gudun nitrogen, musamman, ya haɗa da hanyoyi masu yawa na microbial waɗanda ke ƙayyade adadin nitrogen mai samuwa:

 Nitrification: oxidation na ammoniya (NH4+) zuwa nitrite (NO2-) sannan nitrate (NO3-) 
 Denitrification: jujjuyawar anaerobic na nitrate zuwa iskar nitrogen (N2) 
 Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) : amsawar ammonium don samar da nitrite don samar da N2
 DNRA (dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium): rage nitrate zuwa ammonium, riƙe nitrogen a cikin hanyar da za a iya samu.

Wadannan canje-canje suna tsara rabo na nitrogen inorganic (DIN) da kuma nitrogen na kwayoyin halitta (PON) da ke akwai. Game da mineralization na abubuwan gina jiki, ƙwayoyin cuta na heterotrophic sun rushe kwayoyin halitta kuma sun saki abubuwan gina jiki (phosphate da ammonium) a cikin siffofin da suka fi dacewa na nitrate da orthophosphate. A cikin waɗannan siffofin, ana iya karya mahadi na kwayoyin halitta cikin sauƙi kuma ana sake amfani da su da sauri a wani ɓangare na ƙarancin aiki.Stief, P. (2013-12-02). "Stimulation of microbial nitrogen cycling in aquatic ecosystems by benthic macrofauna: mechanisms and environmental implications". Biogeosciences. 10 (12): 7829–7846. Bibcode:2013BGeo...10.7829S. doi:10.5194/bg-10-7829-2013. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-C75E-6. ISSN 1726-4189.

.A matsayin ta-samfurin remineralization a cikin babba teku, microbes hulda da phytoplankton da nutse kwayoyin halitta don taimaka samar da recalcitrant narkar da kwayoyin halitta (RDOM) da sauƙaƙe na dogon lokaci carbon ajiya a cikin zurfin teku.[1] Lokacin da phytoplankton ya mutu ko kuma aka cinye su, kwayoyin halittarsu suna samar da manyan taro kuma suna nutsewa ta cikin ginshiƙin ruwa, suna ba da gudummawa ga jujjuyawar ɓangaren carbon na famfon carbon na halitta. Yayin da waɗannan ɓangarorin ke saukowa, ƙwayoyin heterotrophic suna rushe kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar lalatawar enzymatic kuma suna sakin carbon da aka narkar da kwayoyin halitta da inorganic a cikin nau'ikan CO2 da HCO3-.[1].-.

 Ma'amala da kwayar cuta 
Duk da yake hulɗar trophic da dogara da metabolism suna da matsayi a cikin tsara taron microbial, ana kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar kamuwa da kwayar cuta. Musamman, ƙwayoyin cuta da ke kamuwa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta (bacteriophages) da phytoplankton ana ganin suna tasiri ga kasancewar ƙwayoyin microbial ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cututtukan lytic.
A cikin 1961, George Evelyn Hutchinson ya gabatar da "paradox na plankton", wanda ya yi tambaya game da yadda yawancin jinsuna zasu iya kasancewa tare a cikin yanayin isotopic ko wanda ba a tsara shi ba kuma su yi gasa ba tare da mai fafatawa ɗaya ba. Tunanin ya bi ka'idar al'ada, inda a cikin yanayin da ba a tsara shi ba, ya kamata a ware gasa kuma ya bar al'ummar microbial ga yawan jinsin guda ɗaya; duk da haka, ba a ga wannan a wasu saituna ba.Gralka, Matti; Szabo, Rachel; Stocker, Roman; Cordero, Otto X. (October 2020). "Trophic Interactions and the Drivers of Microbial Community Assembly". Current Biology. 30 (19): R1176 – R1188. Bibcode:2020CBio...30R1176G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.007. hdl:1721.1/148548. PMID 33022263. Don bayyana wannan matsala, an lura da kamuwa da kwayar cuta, kamar yadda ƙwayoyin cuta ke taimakawa wajen hana kowane nau'in jinsin ya mamaye ta hanyar kamuwa da mafi yawan rundunonin. Lokacin da kwayar cuta ta kamu da kwayar halitta, tana shiga cikin kayan aikin mai karɓar bakuncin don haifuwa, yana sa kwayar halitta ta fashe kuma ta saki abubuwan da ke cikin kwayar halitta a matsayin kwayoyin halitta. Wannan wani bangare ne na tsari da ake kira shunt na kwayar cuta. Kwayoyin cuta na heterotrophic ne suka karɓi kwayoyin halitta da aka narke don sake amfani da su kuma sake su.

Wannan nau'in kula da kwayar cuta an tsara shi ta hanyar tsarin haɓaka-da-busted dynamics (BBeD). Bayan jinsin phytoplankton ya yi fure kuma ya sami karuwar yawan jama'a, ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da kamuwa da kwayar cuta kuma, da zarar ya kamu da cuta, yana ƙarƙashin raguwar saurin ko raguwa a cikin yawan jama'ar. Ta wannan hanyar, kamuwa da kwayar cuta na iya sanya ka'idojin sama da ƙasa a kan jinsin da suka fi rinjaye ta hanyar cika muhalli tare da ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman. Wannan yana ƙara wani nau'i na takamaiman ka'idojin jinsuna inda aka hana jinsunan da suka yi nasara sosai daga samun furanni masu yawa kuma an halicci sararin muhalli ga wasu, ƙananan jinsunan da za su yi gasa a cikin wannan tsarin.

 Sauye-sauyen ƙwayoyin cuta 

 Daidaitawar ƙwayoyin cuta ga sauye-sauyen yanayin muhalli yana tasiri ga yanayin yanayin halittu 
Tsarin al'umma na microbial na Phytoplankton da bambancin yanayi sun dogara ne da yanayin muhalli. Matsalolin muhalli da na ɗan adam kamar yanayin zafi mai girma da canje-canje a cikin wadatar abinci mai gina jiki suna haifar da canje-canjen a cikin yanayin halittu, wanda hakan ke tasiri ga yanayin yanayin halittu da sake zagayowar halittu.

An bayyana nau'ikan microbiome daban-daban a cikin binciken da ya yi nazarin metagenomic don kwatanta al'ummomin phytoplankton da aka samo daga yankuna masu iyaka da wadanda ba na iyaka ba. Bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin microbiome an yi la'akari da su ne saboda bambance-bambancen yanayin muhalli da abubuwan damuwa, kamar kankara na teku da haɗakar thermohaline. Wannan binciken ya kuma gano bambance-bambance a cikin hanyoyin metabolism da ke tattare da samun abinci mai gina jiki da amfani, wanda ke da alaƙa da wurin ƙasa.

 Microbiomes suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lafiya da lafiyar masu tsinkaye na phytoplankton 
Phytoplankton microbiomes suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lafiyar mai masaukin baki da lafiya. Hadin gwiwar symbiotic a cikin phycosphere yana tasiri ga hanyoyin halittu na takwarorinsu biyu: mai karɓar bakuncin da microbiome, suna nuna matsayinsu na muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna microbiome na phytoplankton a matsayin mai mahimmanci a cikin daidaitawar phycosphere ga masu damuwa kamar masu gurɓataccen guba da cututtukan kwayar cuta.
Abubuwan da ke cikin mutum masu guba a cikin teku, irin su herbicides da pesticides, an haɗa su da raunin aikin pigments na photosynthetic a cikin phytoplankton. Wadannan phytoplankton suna da tasiri sosai daga waɗannan gurɓataccen abubuwa fiye da takwarorinsu na microbiome, wanda zai iya canza mahaɗan guba zuwa kwayoyin motsawa, yana inganta rayuwar phytoplanktan a cikin yanayin muhalli mai gurɓata. Bugu da ƙari, canja wurin kwayar halitta a kwance na kwayoyin halittar haƙuri yana ba da gudummawa ga tsira daga phytoplankton na ruwa a gaban guba.

Abubuwan polymer na waje (EPSs) da aka samar da ƙwayoyin cuta suna ba da gudummawa ga samar da Biofilms wanda ke aiki a matsayin Layer mai kariya; kamawa da kuma metabolism masu guba a cikin mahaɗan da ba su da lahani.

An lura da diatoms na Polar da microbiomes da ke tattare da su don aiki tare don samar da EPSs don rushe tsarin kirista na kankara da rage yanayin daskarewa na kankara.  Tun da yake ana yawan haɗa diatoms na polar a cikin kankara na teku, ana zaton suna amfani da sunadarai masu ɗaure kankara da EPSs don daidaita yanayin su na kankara da kuma kula da tsarin tashar ruwa don adana damar samun abubuwan gina jiki.

 Tasirin da aka tsara na abubuwan damuwa na ɗan adam akan bambancin microbiome 
Yanayin muhalli yana daidaita aikin microbiome da ke tattare da phytoplankton da bambancin. Yanayin teku suna canzawa sakamakon aikin ɗan adam: haifar da bambancin zafin jiki, wadatar abinci mai gina jiki, da gurɓataccen guba. Yayinda yanayin halittu na teku ke ci gaba da tasiri ta hanyar rikice-rikicen ɗan adam, sauye-sauye a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin al'ummar phytoplankton da bambancin na iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin yanayin samar da kayan aiki na farko na duniya. Duk da yake ilimin yanzu game da tasirin canjin yanayi a kan microbiomes na phytoplankton yana da iyaka sosai, saka idanu don canje-canje ta amfani da metagenomics da metatranscriptomics filin da ke da alƙawari wanda zai iya samar da ƙarin fahimta da tsinkaya game da martani a cikin microbiomes da ke cikin phytoplanktan ga dumamar duniya. Gilbertson, Reuben; Langan, Emma; Mock, Thomas (2022-03-25). "Diatoms and Their Microbiomes in Complex and Changing Polar Oceans". Frontiers in Microbiology. 13. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.786764. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 8991070. PMID 35401494.
Masu damuwa da ke haifar da karuwar zafin jiki da canje-canje a cikin wadatar abinci mai gina jiki suna ba da gudummawa ga rage bambancin microbiome,   wanda aka nuna yana tasiri ga sake zagayowar abinci mai gina gina jiki. Mafi mahimmanci, wanda ke haifar da nitrogen da phosphorus. Kamar yadda nitrogen da phosphorus an riga an dauke su a matsayin iyakance abubuwan gina jiki a cikin yanayin teku, raguwar waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki na iya tasiri kai tsaye ga yawan aiki na farko a yankin. Daga cikin wasu canje-canje masu rikitarwa a cikin yanayin halittu, an nuna acidization na teku don hana nitrification ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, yayin da ƙaruwar yankunan oxygen mafi ƙarancin (OMZs) suna da alaƙa da denitrification wanda ke motsawa ta hanyar hanyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta.   Wadannan sauye-sauye na iya haifar da sake fasalin tsarin abinci mai gina jiki wanda zai iya haifar da tasirin tasirin tasirin teku a babban sikelin.

Canje-canje a cikin yanayin phytoplankton - canzawa zuwa ƙaramin girman tantanin halitta - da kuma abun da ke cikin al'umma an kuma lura da shi don mayar da martani ga raguwar bambancin microbiome. Wannan ana zaton ya kasance ne saboda damuwa na tantanin halitta sakamakon iyakar nitrogen da phosphorus.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba