Betty Hill (mai fafutuka)

1966Betty Hill (1876-1960) 'yar asalin Amurka ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da kare hakkin mata a farkon karni na 20. Kokarinta ya kasance mai mahimmanci wajen tabbatar da cewa wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci ba su iya samun tushe a Kudancin California kamar yadda suka yi a Kudu ba.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Betty Hill Rebecca Jane Lapsley a kusa da 1876 a Nashville, Tennessee . Mahaifinta ya gina makarantar farko ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka a Davidson County, Tennessee . An yi imanin cewa kakanta ya sayi matarsa daga Bautar. Ta halarci makarantar mahaifinta kuma daga baya ta halarci makarantar jama'a a Nashville . Ta yi karatun addini a Jami'ar Roger Williams, wata cibiyar baƙar fata a Nashville wacce aka kafa a 1866. Da farko an buɗe shi a matsayin kwaleji ga tsoffin bayi, kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa shi ne kawunta (mai yiwuwa) Daniel L. Lapsley, lauya da mai shari'a na zaman lafiya wanda aka tilasta masa barin jihar saboda tsanantawar launin fata. An rufe Jami'ar Roger Williams a 1905, an sake buɗe ta a 1909, kuma ta haɗu da Kwalejin LeMoyne-Owen a Memphis a 1927.

A shekara ta 1898 ta auri wani soja na Buffalo, kuma daga Nashville, mai suna Abraham Houston Hill, sajan a Kamfanin B na 24th Infantry Regiment. A wannan lokacin an kafa shi a Oklahoma, amma nan da nan ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka. Bayan ɗan gajeren dawowa Amurka ya shiga cikin Yakin Philippine-Amurka na 1902. Matarsa, Betty ta tafi tare da shi. A cikin 1905, an lura da Sgt. Hill a matsayin fitaccen mai harbi da ƙwararren mai bindiga wanda ya sami babban ci a gasar sojan ƙasa don Sojojin Amurka, kuma an ruwaito kwarewarsa a cikin jaridu a duk faɗin ƙasar.

Daga baya, bayan da abokinsu na Lt. Col. Allen Allensworth ya yi ritaya, mai kula da rundunar sojan kasa ta 24, an ruwaito cewa ta dauki nauyin aikin mai kula da su har sai an sanya sabon mai kula da shi don aiki. Idan haka ne, ba a tabbatar da lokacin da wannan ya kasance ba. Allensworth ya yi ritaya daga Sojoji a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1906, kuma wanda ya maye gurbinsa, Rev. Washington E. Gladden na Denver, ya ɗauki nauyin aikin chaplain a farkon Mayu, amma an ruwaito Allensworth cewa an cire shi daga aiki tare da rundunarsa kuma an tilasta masa yin ritaya a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1905. A cewar Claude Hudson, shugaban kungiyar NAACP ta Los Angeles na dogon lokaci, ta rike wannan rawar na kimanin watanni tara.

 Tushen 

 Beasley, Delilah L. Negro Trailblazers na California.  (Los Angeles: Times Printing and Binding House, 1919).
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Bound For Freedom: Black Los Angeles a cikin Jim Crow Amurka . Berkeley da Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 2005.
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] A Room at a Time: Yadda Mata suka shiga Siyasa ta Jam'iyya. [Hasiya]
 Ramsey, Eleanor M., da Janice S. Lewis. "Black Americans in California". Ra'ayoyi biyar: Binciken Tarihin Tarihi na Ƙabilar California.  (Sacramento: Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gidajen Kasa da Wasanni ta California Ofishin Tsaro na Tarihi, 1988). A kan layi a: https://web.archive.org/web/20080502214050/http://www.nps.gov/history/history""online_books/5views2h7.htmhttps://web.archive.org/web/20080502214050/http://www.nps.gov/history/online_books/5views2h7.htm
 Royal, Alice, tare da Mickey Ellinger da Scott Brady . Allensworth: Ƙasar 'Yanci. Berkeley, CA: Littattafan Heyday, 2008.  
 Rymph, Catherine E. Jamhuriyar Republican Mata: Mata da Conservatism Ta hanyar Tashin Sabon Dama. Chapel Hill: Jami'ar North Carolina Press, 2006.
 Schubert, Irene Kettunen, da Frank N. Schubert. A kan hanyar Soja ta Buffalo II: Sabon da aka sake fasalin tarihin Afirka ta Amirka a cikin Sojojin Amurka, 1866-1917. [Hasiya] 
 [Hasiya] Mata na Afirka ta Amirka a cikin Gwagwarmayar Zabe, 1850-1920. Bloomington: Jami'ar Indiana Press, 1998.
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba