Shaidan Iblis (California)

Devil's Slide wani yanki ne na bakin teku a California, Amurka . Yana kwance a bakin tekun San Mateo County tsakanin Pacifica da Montara . Sunansa ya fito ne daga gefen dutse da ke fuskantar haɗari.

 Yanayin halitta 
Devil's Slide sunan ne da aka ba da wani dutse mai tsawo, dutse mai duwatsu wanda ke kusa da tsakiyar tsakanin Montara da Gundumar Linda Mar ta Pacifica . Yankin yana da halayyar tsaunuka masu tsawo, masu lalacewa tare da gradients na halitta tsakanin 30 da 50%. Akwai ƙananan kwari na bakin teku a ko'ina cikin manyan magudanar ruwa a cikin Dutsen Montara. Ƙasa a cikin waɗannan kwari suna da zurfi kuma suna da matsakaici kuma sun haɓaka tare da ƙananan terraces da magoya bayan rafi na tashoshin rafi.

Yanayin yankin Bahar Rum ne tare da tasirin teku mai ƙarfi. Yanayin zafin jiki yana da ƙanƙanta a cikin yanayi da rana, yayin da danshi na iska yana da yawa. Yankin da ke arewacin bakin teku ya rufe mafi yawan yankin, musamman a kan Dutsen San Pedro da kuma kan gangaren ƙafafun Dutsen Montara. Ƙananan ramuka masu ciyawa da wuraren duwatsu marasa amfani sun warwatse a duk wuraren da ke cikin daji. Yankin cikin gida yana riƙe da wasu nau'ikan ciyayi ciki har da ruwa mai laushi / gabar teku, willow riparian scrub, bakin teku ciyawa, da ba na asali ba, da makiyaya / makiyaya / brushes / wadanda ba na asali. Hickman's potentilla da ke cikin haɗari yana faruwa a kan gangaren sama da Martini Creek a har zuwa   tsawo.

 Hanyar Jiha ta 1 
Nan da nan gabashin Devil's Slide tsohon sashi ne na California State Route 1, sananne ne ga rufewa da rushewa ƙasa, wanda kuma ake kira "Slide na Iblis". Ginin hanyar ya fara ne a 1935 kuma an kammala shi a 1936, ya maye gurbin hanyar Pedro Mountain Road mai tsayi, mai kunkuntar, da kuma juyawa. An san shi da rushewar ƙasa da rushewa wanda sau da yawa ke faruwa a lokacin guguwar hunturu, wani lokacin yana sa hanya ba za a iya wucewa ba.

Devil's Slide asalinsa wani bangare ne na Ocean Shore Railroad wanda aka gabatar tsakanin San Francisco zuwa Santa Cruz . 

Babban rushewar ƙasa ta farko ta lalata yawancin hanyar a cikin 1940. Wani babban zamewa a cikin 1995 ya tilasta rufe hanyar kusan shekaru biyu. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2006, hanyar ta fara bunkasa manyan tsagewa a cikin hanyar, yana nuna raguwa mai zuwa kuma yana tilasta rufe babbar hanyar na watanni biyar yayin da CalTrans ke aiki don daidaita zamewar.

On March 25, 2013, Caltrans shut down the landslide-prone coastal road, replacing it with the Tom Lantos Tunnels, which take the highway through the promontory behind the precarious cliffs. On , the -long Devil's Slide Trail was opened to pedestrians and bicyclists, taking over the section of roadway formerly used by State Route 1 and now bypassed by the new tunnels. The total cost to convert the highway into a trail was .

 A cikin al'adun gargajiya 
An yi amfani da Devil's Slide a cikin wani muhimmin wuri na fim din 1960 mai suna Portrait in Black tare da Lana Turner da Anthony Quinn . Turner da Quinn sun nuna masoya da aka yanke musu hukunci waɗanda suka tura mota, wanda ke dauke da jikin mutumin da aka kashe, a gefen dutsen. Ma'aikatan Universal sun sami izini daga Jihar California don shirya lamarin, wanda ya haɗa da dawo da motar daga kasan dutsen da zarar an yi fim din. San Mateo Times ta buga hoto na yin fim na wannan jerin.

 Tarihin Soja 
Devil's Slide shine wurin da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsaron tashar jiragen ruwa na San Francisco. Kafin zuwan radar, ma'aikatan soja sun yi amfani da binoculars da compasses don bincika jiragen ruwa a teku da kuma tura ma'aunin su zuwa babban matsayi. Ta hanyar hada bayanai daga wuraren kallo da yawa, za'a iya tantance ainihin wurin jirgin ta hanyar triangulation. Akwai gine-ginen soja guda shida a Devil's Slide: akwatunan lura da kwayar cuta guda uku da ƙarfe, bunkers biyu na kankare da ƙasa, da kuma hasumiyar lura da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi. An yi amfani da akwatunan kwayar cutar a matsayin wuraren lura da aka yi amfani da su, kuma an yi amfani da ɗayan bunkers a matsayin tashar sadarwa da umurni. An sayar da shafin bunker na kudancin ga mai zaman kansa a 1983, amma wasu daga cikin tsarin da aka fallasa sun kasance.

 Bayanan littattafai 

 Binciken Biological, Species of Concern, Shirin Hanyar 1 Shirin Slide Tunnel Bypass Project, San Mateo County, California Shirin da Caltrans, Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Muhalli, Kudu. [Hasiya]
 Michael Hogan da Ballard George, Air Quality da Noise Analyses for the Bypass Alternative, Devil's Slide Improvement Project, Caltrans District 4, shirya ta Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, CA (1984) 
 Shirin Inganta Slide na Iblis, San Mateo County, California, Shafin Bayani na Biyu na Tasirin Muhalli, Gundumar Caltrans 4 (1999) 
 Hovland, John H., Ph.D., P.E., Nazarin yiwuwar tabbatar da Yankin Ragewa tare da Hanyar Ɗaya, San Mateo County, California, ta hanyar Dewatering, Afrilu, 1998
 Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Devil's Slide Tunnel Study - Feasibility Report, Oktoba, 1996.

 Manazarta