Makhtesh

A makhtesh ( Hebrew   (  ), jam'i na Ibrananci:    – Makhteshim ) wani yanayi ne na musamman wanda aka samo shi a cikin hamadar Negev ta Isra'ila da yankin Sinai na Masar . Makhtesh yana da ganuwar dutse mai tsayin daka kewaye da wani kwari mai rufaffiyar rufaffiyar kwari, wanda kwarin kwarin ke zubar da shi. Kwaruruka suna da iyakacin ciyayi da ƙasa, suna ɗauke da duwatsu masu launi iri-iri da fauna da flora iri-iri. Mafi sanannun kuma mafi girma makhtesh shine Makhtesh Ramon .

 Magana 
Kodayake galibi ana kiransu "craters", waɗannan tsari sune "cirques na rushewa" (kwari masu tsawo ko kwari na akwatin). Craters an kafa su ne ta hanyar Tasirin meteor ko fashewar dutse, yayin da makhteshim an halicce su ne ta wurin rushewa.Desert ecology: Naming .

Kalmar makhtesh ita ce kalmar Ibrananci don mai niƙa tururi () Safa-Ivrit Hebrew Dictionary:  (Hebrew). An ba da wannan sunan ga yanayin ƙasa saboda kamanceceniya da kwano mai niƙa. 

 Ilimin ƙasa 
Inda wani nau'i mai laushi na dutse ya rufe duwatsu masu laushi, rushewa yana cire ma'adanai masu laushi da sauri, kuma ana wanke su daga ƙarƙashin dutse mai laushi. Duwatsu masu wuya a ƙarshe sun rushe a ƙarƙashin nauyin kansu, kuma an kafa tsarin kwarin da ya yi kama da rami. A cikin Negev da Sinai makhteshes, duwatsu masu wuya sune limestone da dolomites, yayin da duwatsu masu laushi na ciki sune chalk ko sandstone.

Cibiyar Negev ta mamaye arewa maso gabas- kudu maso yammacin tsaunuka. Yankunan tsaunuka huɗu suna da kwari masu zurfi guda biyar da ke kewaye da bango mai tsawo. Rabin sama ya ƙunshi dutse mai laushi da dolomite, kuma ƙasa yana da dutse mai yashi. Kowane kwarin, wanda aka sani da makhtesh, an zubar da shi ta hanyar wani karamin kogi.

 Negev 
Negev yana da makhteshes guda biyar: Makhtesh Ramon, Makhtesh Gadol, Makhtesh Katan, da ƙananan makhtesh guda biyu a Dutsen Arif, kudu da Makhtesh Ramón.

 Makhtesh Ramon na musamman ne yayin da koguna biyu (Nahal Ramon da Nahal Ardon) suka zubar da shi. Ita ce mafi girma makhtesh a kan tsawon kilomita 40, 2-10 km a fadin kuma a kan zurfin mita 500. Duwatsun da ke cikin wannan makhtesh suna dauke da dubban burbushin ammonite, da kuma dutsen dutse da metamorphic.   
 Makhtesh Gadol (Babban Makhtesh). A lokacin da aka ba da suna, Makhtesh Ramon ba a san shi ba, don haka an yi tunanin wannan shine mafi girman makhtesh, a kilomita 10 da kilomita 5.  
 Makhtesh Katan (Small Makhtesh) ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta manyan makhtesh a kilomita 7 da kilomita 5 kuma masu binciken Yahudawa ne suka tsara shi a shekarar 1942.  


 Sinai 
Makhteshes guda biyu a Sinai, Misira, ba su da sunaye ga kwandon, amma ganuwarsu tana da sunaye da yawa ciki har da Jabal al-Manzur ko Gebel Maghara. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]

 Jordan 
Ana kuma samun irin wannan tsarin yanayin ƙasa a Wadi Rum a kudancin Jordan. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]

 Gidan wasan kwaikwayo 

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