Canjin hasken rana

Gyaran Hasken rana (SRM) (ko geoengineering na hasken rana) rukuni ne na manyan hanyoyin da za su rage dumama duniya ta hanyar kara yawan hasken rana wanda aka nuna daga Duniya da komawa sararin samaniya. Ba a yi niyyar maye gurbin kokarin ragewa hayakin gas ba,  amma don kara su a matsayin hanyar da za a iya iyakance dumamar duniya.  :: 1489  SRM wani nau'i ne na injiniya.

Hanyar SRM da aka fi bincika ita ce allurar aerosol stratospheric (SAI), wanda za a shigar da ƙananan ɓangarorin da ke nunawa cikin sararin sama don nuna hasken rana.  Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da hasken girgije na ruwa (MCB), wanda zai ƙara haskaka girgije akan tekuna, ko gina hasken rana ko madubin sararin samaniya, don rage yawan hasken rana da ke isa duniya. []

Misalai na yanayi sun nuna cewa SRM na iya rage dumamar yanayi da kuma tasirin sauyin yanayi da yawa,    ciki har da wasu wuraren da ke iya canza yanayin yanayi. Koyaya, tasirinsa zai bambanta da yanki da lokacin, kuma sakamakon yanayin zai bambanta da wanda bai sami zafi ba. Fahimtar kimiyya game da waɗannan tasirin yanki, gami da yiwuwar haɗarin muhalli da tasirin illa, ya kasance iyakance. : 1491–1492 : 1491–1492 

SRM kuma tana tayar da batutuwan siyasa, zamantakewa, da ɗabi'a masu rikitarwa. Wasu sun damu da cewa ci gabanta na iya rage gaggawa na rage hayaki. Ƙananan farashi kai tsaye da yiwuwar fasaha sun nuna cewa ana iya tura shi, a ka'idar, yana haifar da damuwa game da mulkin kasa da kasa. A halin yanzu, babu wani tsari na duniya don tsara binciken SRM ko turawa.

Sha'awar SRM ta karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan,  wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da dumama duniya da jinkirin ci gaba a rage fitarwa. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar bincike na kimiyya, muhawara ta manufofi, da tattaunawar jama'a, kodayake SRM ta kasance mai kawo rigima.

SRM kuma an san shi da hanyoyin hasken rana, injiniyan yanayi na hasken rana.

 Yanayi 
Sha'awar gyaran hasken rana (SRM) ya samo asali ne daga ci gaba da dumama duniya, yana ƙara haɗari ga tsarin ɗan adam da na halitta.

Bisa ka'ida, cimma fitar da hayaki ta hanyar rage hayaki da cire carbon dioxide (CDR) na iya dakatar da dumamar duniya. Koyaya, raguwar hayaki ya ci gaba da raguwa ga manufofi, kuma CDR mai girma bazai yiwu ba. Rahoton Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2024 (UNEP) ya ce manufofi na yanzu na iya haifar da 3.1 ° C alkawuran da kuma alkawuran rage hayaki na iya haifar wa 1.9 ° C dumama. : na goma sha takwas

SRM tana da niyyar kara hasken duniya (albedo) ta hanyar canza yanayi ko farfajiyar don nuna karin hasken rana. Karin kashi 1% a cikin albedo na duniya na iya rage tilasta radiative da 2.35 W / m2, yana kawar da mafi yawan dumama daga yawan iskar gas na yanzu. Karin kashi 2% na iya magance tasirin dumama na ninka carbon dioxide na yanayi. : 625 

Ba kamar rage hayaki ba ko CDR, SRM na iya rage yanayin zafi na duniya a cikin watanni na turawa. : "One Atmosphere: An Independent Expert Review on Solar Radiation Modification Research and Deployment". UN Environment Programme. 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.: 14 Wannan saurin sakamako yana nufin SRM na iya taimakawa wajen iyakance mummunar tasirin yanayi yayin da rage fitar da hayaki da CDR ke karuwa. Koyaya, SRM ba zai rage yawan carbon dioxide na yanayi ba, ma'ana cewa ƙarancin teku da sauran tasirin canjin yanayi za su ci gaba.

Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya jaddada cewa SRM ba madadin rage fitar da hayaki ba ne ko CDR, yana mai cewa: "Akwai babban yarjejeniya a cikin wallafe-wallafen cewa don magance haɗarin canjin yanayi, SRM ba zai iya zama babban martani na manufofi ga canjin yanayi ba kuma, a mafi kyau, kari ne don cimma matsakaicin ci gaba ko matakan fitar da CO2 a duniya". :

Dimming na duniya yana ba da shaidar yiwuwar tasirin SRM da ƙarin gaggawa na canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar. Hanyoyin masana'antu sun kara yawan aerosols a cikin troposphere, ko ƙananan yanayi. Wannan ya sanyaya duniya, ya kawar da wasu dumamar duniya, : 855-857 wanda ya haifar da haskakawar aerosol (tushen allurar aerosol na stratospheric) da kuma kara haskakawar girgije (tushon Hasken girgije na ruwa).  : 860-861 Kamar yadda tsari ya rage tropospheric aerosols, dimming na duniya ya ragu kuma duniya ta yi zafi da sauri. : 851–853 

 Tarihi 
A shekara ta 1965, a lokacin gwamnatin Shugaban Amurka Lyndon B. Johnson, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya na Shugaban kasa ya ba da rahoton Maido da Ingancin Muhalli, rahoton farko wanda ya yi gargadi game da mummunar tasirin hayakin carbon dioxide daga amfani da man fetur. Don magance dumamar duniya, rahoton ya ambaci "da gangan kawo game da sauye-sauyen yanayi," gami da "haɓaka albedo, ko reflectivity, na Duniya".  

A shekara ta 1974, masanin yanayin yanayi na Rasha Mikhail Budyko ya ba da shawarar cewa idan dumamar duniya ta zama babbar barazana, ana iya magance ta ta hanyar sakin aerosols a cikin stratosphere. Ya ba da shawarar cewa jirgin sama mai cin wuta zai iya samar da aerosols wanda zai nuna hasken rana daga Duniya, yana sanyaya duniya. : 38 

Tare da Cire carbon dioxide, an tattauna SRM a ƙarƙashin babban ra'ayi na geoengineering a cikin rahoton canjin yanayi na 1992 daga Kwalejin Kasa ta Amurka. An buga sakamakon farko da aka tsara da kuma labarin bita akan SRM a cikin 2000. A shekara ta 2006, Laureate Nobel Paul Crutzen ya buga wata takarda mai tasiri da ke jayayya cewa, saboda rashin isasshen rage iskar gas, bai kamata a watsar da bincike kan yiwuwar da sakamakon muhalli na SRM ba.

 Hanyoyi 

 Injin aerosol na Stratospheric (SAI) 
Don allurar aerosol ta stratospheric (SAI), za a gabatar da ƙananan barbashi a cikin sararin samaniya don nuna hasken rana da kuma haifar da dimming na duniya. Daga cikin dukkan hanyoyin SRM da aka gabatar, SAI ta sami kulawa mafi tsawo. IPCC ta kammala a cikin 2021 cewa SAI "shi ne hanyar SRM da aka fi bincike, tare da babban yarjejeniya cewa zai iya iyakance dumama zuwa ƙasa da 1.5 ° C. " : Wannan dabarar za ta sake maimaita Abubuwan sanyaya na halitta da aka lura bayan manyan fashewar dutsen wuta.  : 627 

Babban damuwa tare da SAI shine yiwuwar jinkirta dawo da Layer na ozone, dangane da abin da ake amfani da aerosols. : 21 

 Hasken girgije na ruwa (MCB) 

Cirrus cloud thinning (CCT) ya haɗa da shuka girgije na cirrus don rage kaurin gani da rage rayuwar girgije, yana ba da damar ƙarin radiation mai tsawo don tserewa cikin sararin samaniya. : 628 

Girgije na Cirrus gabaɗaya suna da tasirin dumama. Ta hanyar watsar da su ta hanyar shiga tsakani, CCT na iya inganta ikon Duniya na fitar da zafi. Koyaya, hanyar ta kasance ba ta da tabbas, kamar yadda wasu binciken suka nuna cewa CCT na iya haifar da dumama maimakon sanyaya saboda hadaddun hulɗar girgije-aerosol.

Wannan hanyar sau da yawa ana haɗa ta tare da SRM duk da aiki da farko ta hanyar kara radiation mai fita maimakon rage radiation mai shigowa. : 624 

 Yankunan da ke nunawa 

IPCC ta bayyana gyaran albedo na farfajiyar a matsayin "ƙara albedo na teku ta hanyar ƙirƙirar microbubbles;... fentin rufin gine-gine fari...; ƙara albedo na ƙasar noma, ƙara kayan nunawa don ƙara albedo kankara na teku". :

Za'a iya la'akari da hanyoyin da suka danganci ƙasa kuma za su sami iyakantaccen tasirin duniya. :">: 624  Duk da yake ana iya samun sanyaya birane ta hanyar rufin da ke nunawa da kuma shimfidar hanya, babban gyare-gyaren albedo na hamada na iya canza yanayin hazo na yanki. : An ba da shawarar rufe kankara tare da kayan nunawa don jinkirta narkewa, kodayake yiwuwar da tasiri a sikelin ya kasance ba a tabbatar da shi ba. : 629 

 Hanyoyin da suka danganci sararin samaniya 

SRM na sararin samaniya ya haɗa da tura madubai, ƙwayoyin nunawa, ko tsarin inuwa a ƙananan yanayin duniya, yanayin geosynchronous, ko kusa da L1 Lagrange tsakanin Duniya da Rana. Ba kamar hanyoyin yanayi ba, hanyoyin sararin samaniya ba za su tsoma baki kai tsaye tare da tsarin yanayi na Duniya ba.

MCB na iya tsada, a cewar UNEP, $ 1 zuwa biliyan 2 a kowace W / m2 na tilasta radiative mara kyau, "One Atmosphere: An Independent Expert Review on Solar Radiation Modification Research and Deployment". UN Environment Programme. 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.: 32 wanda ke nuna $ 1.5 zuwa biliyan 3 a kowace digiri.

 Tasirin 

 Halin da za a iya rage canjin yanayi 

 Malamai 
Ya zuwa 2024, an kashe kusan dala miliyan 200 a kan binciken SRM, tare da kudaden shekara-shekara sun karu zuwa sama da dala miliyan 30 a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ya zuwa Mayu 2025, an ba da ƙarin $ 164 don 2025-2029.

 Gwamnatoci 
Ya zuwa 2025, kashi 42% na kudaden bincike sun fito ne daga gwamnatoci. Kasashen da suka ba da kuɗin binciken SRM sun haɗa da Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya, Argentina, Jamus, China, Finland, Norway, da Japan, da Tarayyar Turai.

NOAA a Amurka ta kashe dala miliyan 22 daga 2019 zuwa 2022, tare da wasu gwaje-gwaje na waje kawai da aka gudanar. Ya zuwa 2024, NOAA tana ba da kusan dala miliyan 11 a kowace shekara ta hanyar shirin binciken injiniyan hasken rana.

A cikin 2025, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta saka hannun jari sama da fam miliyan 60 a kan binciken SRM, wanda ya haɗa da gwaje-gwaje na geoengineering na waje. A ƙarshen 2024, Cibiyar Bincike da Invention, wata hukumar samar da kudade ta Burtaniya, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a samar da kudaden bincike na fam miliyan 57 (kimanin dala miliyan 75) don tallafawa ayyukan da ke bincika "Climate Cooling". Wannan ya haɗa da gwaje-gwaje na waje. An sanar da masu neman nasara a cikin 2025. Shirin, tare da wani shirin fam miliyan 10 na Majalisar Binciken Muhalli ta Halitta ta sanya Burtaniya "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da kuɗi na binciken injiniya a duniya".  

 Ayyukan jin kai 

 Hamayya da turawa da bincike 
Hamayya da bincike da tura SRM ya fito ne daga kungiyoyi masu gwagwarmaya wadanda ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), malamai,  da masu tsara manufofi na Jamhuriyar Amurka.   Damuwa ta yau da kullun sun haɗa da cewa SRM na iya lalata ƙoƙarin rage hayakin gas, ya zama da wahala a yi mulki a sikelin duniya, ko haifar da tashin hankali da rikici na duniya. Masu adawa galibi suna jaddada cewa ragewa mai ƙarfi zai kuma ba da fa'idodin lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, kamar rage gurɓataccen iska, wanda za'a iya hana shi idan SRM ta sami ƙarfi.

 Ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari 
Kungiyar ETC, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da muhalli na fasahar da ke tasowa, ta kasance ta farko a adawa da binciken SRM. Daga baya Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ta shiga,  wata kungiya ta siyasa ta Jamus da ke da alaƙa da Green Party, da Cibiyar Shari'ar Muhalli ta Duniya.  Cibiyar Ayyukan Yanayi, cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta kungiyoyi da ke inganta aikin yanayi, tana kuma adawa da gwaje-gwaje na waje da amfani da SRM.

A cikin 2021, masu bincike a Jami'ar Harvard sun dakatar da shirye-shiryen don gwajin filin SRM a Sweden bayan adawa daga Majalisar Saami, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara ta asali. Majalisar ta ki amincewa da gwajin jirgin sama a kan ƙasar kakanninsu. Kodayake jirgin ba zai fitar da wani abu ba, Majalisar Saami ta soki rashin shawarwari kuma ta nuna damuwa game da ɗabi'a da haɗarin SRM.

Kungiyar malamai da masu ba da shawara sun ba da shawarar "Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Duniya kan Injiniyancin Hasken rana, " tana kira ga gwamnatoci da su hana kudade, gwaji, ba da izini, turawa, da kuma halatta ma'aikata na SRM, wanda suke jayayya yana da haɗari sosai, ba za a iya sarrafawa ba, kuma mai yiwuwa ya lalata ragewa. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, kusan masana kimiyya 540  da kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari 60 sun goyi bayan kokarin su.  Kodayake kamfen ɗin ya bayyana tsohon a matsayin "masu kimiyya,"  yawancin su masana kimiyya ne na zamantakewa. An kaddamar da kamfen ɗin su tare da wata kasida a cikin wata mujallar ilimi, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews (WIREs): Climate Change .  Shirin bai bayyana ainihin tushen kudadensa ba.

Wannan mujallar daga baya ta buga abubuwa biyu masu biyo baya. Na farko, mai bugawa, Wiley, ya haɗa bayanin edita ga rubutun da ke nuna rikice-rikice na sha'awa a cikin tsarin bita. Mike Hulme, babban editan mujallar wanda ya kula da sake dubawa na labarin don WIREs Climate Change, ya hada hannu da wani labarin da ya gabata, wanda wata mujallar ta ƙi. Wiley ya kammala cewa wannan rikici ne na sha'awa. Hulme ya yi murabus a matsayin babban edita a lokacin binciken mai bugawa.

Na biyu, a cikin martani da aka buga, wani rukuni na malamai suna jayayya cewa kamfen ɗin "Yarjejeniyar Amfani" ya ɓata yanayin bincike kuma ya wuce gona da iri haɗarin gwaji. Sun yi jayayya cewa irin wannan yarjejeniya za ta hana binciken kimiyya na gaskiya, ta ware muryoyi daga kasashe masu tasowa, kuma ta hana gudanar da alhakin fasahar da ke tasowa.

 Masu tsara manufofi na Jamhuriyar Amurka 
Tun daga shekara ta 2024, kuma musamman bayan sake zaben Donald Trump a matsayin Shugaban Amurka, 'yan majalisa a akalla jihohin Amurka 28 sun gabatar ko tallafawa takardun kudi don hana SRM ko ayyukan da suka danganci. Wadannan kokarin sau da yawa suna nufin SRM  da gyaran yanayi  musamman. Wadannan takardun kudi suna da tasiri daga ka'idar makirci ta chemtrails .  A cikin 2024, Tennessee ta kafa irin wannan lissafin, an amince da shi tare da layin jam'iyya  kuma Gwamna Bill Lee ya sanya hannu a cikin doka.  A shekara ta gaba, Florida ta kafa irin wannan, bayan da Gwamna Ron DeSantis ya sanya hannu. Majalisa ta Amurka Marjorie Taylor Greene ta sanar da shirin ta na gabatar da irin wannan lissafin tarayya wanda zai sanya SRM na waje ko ayyukan gyaran yanayi Laifi.

Mambobin gwamnatin Trump sun amince da kokarin. Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam a cikin gwamnatin Trump, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. ya buga a kan X : "Jihohin 24 sun matsa don hana geoengineering yanayin mu ta hanyar zubar da 'yan kasarmu, hanyoyin ruwa da shimfidar wurare tare da guba. Wannan motsi ne kowane MAHA ( Sake Amurka Lafiya Again ) yana buƙatar tallafawa. HHS za ta yi nata bangaren. "  Lokacin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta dauki mataki a kan farawa Make Sunsets (duba ƙasa), An nakalto Manajan EPA Lee Zeldin a cikin sanarwar manema labarai na hukumar, yana mai cewa: "Ma'anar cewa mutane, da goyon bayan 'yan jari-hujja, suna sanya ma'auni na gurɓataccen iska a cikin iska don sayar da ƙididdiga na 'sanyi' ya nuna yadda tsattsauran ra'ayi ya wuce gona da iri." 

 Al'umma da al'adu 
Make Sunsets  wani farawa ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke siyar da "ƙididdigar sanyaya" don ƙananan ayyukan SRM, yana da'awar cewa kowane US $ 10 yana rage tasirin dumama na tan ɗaya na carbon dioxide na shekara guda.  Kamfanin ya saki balloons dauke da helium da sulfur dioxide. Make Sunsets ya gudanar da wasu ayyukansa na farko a Mexico, wanda ya sa gwamnatin Mexico ta sanar da niyyar hana gwaje-gwajen SRM a cikin iyakokinta. Ko da wadanda ke ba da shawara don ƙarin bincike game da SRM suna sukar aikin Make Sunsets. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta bukaci bayani daga farawa game da sakin sulfur dioxide a cikin yanayi.

Gabaɗaya, ra'ayin jama'a game da SRM yana da ƙwarewa, mai rikitarwa, kuma ya dogara da mahallin, tare da ƙarin tallafi ga bincike fiye da turawa. :: 100  Sanarwar jama'a game da SRM ya kasance ƙasa a duniya, tare da 75-80% na masu amsawa a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da kasashe da yawa da suka ba da rahoton ƙarancin ko babu sanarwa. : 96 Duk da wannan, binciken kimiyyar zamantakewa game da halayen jama'a game da SRM yana girma da rarrabuwa, kodayake Burtaniya, Amurka, da Jamus har yanzu suna mamaye wallafe-wallafen ilimi na yanzu. : Ra'ayi na jama'a a Kudancin Duniya ya kasance ba a bincika shi sosai ba, kodayake binciken da yawa har zuwa yanzu suna samun kyakkyawar buɗewa ga SRM a can, inda ake ganin tasirin yanayi a matsayin mafi sauri. : 100-101 Ta hanyar hanya, bincike ya sauya zuwa binciken da aka yi, amma damuwa ta kasance game da dorewar abubuwan da aka fi so da aka ba da ƙarancin ilimin asali. : 98 : 98 

A cikin binciken, ra'ayoyin jama'a suna tsarawa ta hanyar dabi'u, haɗarin yanayi, da kuma yadda aka tsara SRM. Damuwa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da tsoron sauya sauyawa, rashin daidaituwa na shiga tsakani a cikin tsarin yanayi, adalci da daidaito, da kuma sha'awar sanar da tuntuɓar jama'a kafin amfani. : 99-: 100  gabaɗaya ana kallon shi da ƙarancin kyau fiye da rage hayaki da kuma cire carbon dioxide. : Mutanen Turai 99 sun fi karuwa, musamman a cikin ƙasashe na tsakiya da na arewa (misali Jamus, Austria, Switzerland), yayin da mutanen kudancin Turai da na Kudancin Duniya suka fi karɓa, musamman lokacin da suke fuskantar matsanancin yanayin yanayi. : 98 Wasu karatu sun kuma nuna alaƙa tsakanin SRM da ka'idojin makirci, kamar chemtrails, wanda zai iya ƙara rikitar da fahimtar jama'a. : 100 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba