Kwalejin Al'umma

kwalejin al'umma makarantar gaba da sakandare,anasamun shedar kamala da digiri, takardar shaidar, ko difloma. Kalmar na iya samun ma'anoni daban-daban a kasashe daban-daban: kwalejojin al'umma da yawa suna da manufofin shiga ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare, wanda aka fi sani da babbar makarantar sakandare ko makarantar sakandare. Kalmar yawanci tana nufin cibiyar ilimi mafi girma wacce ke ba da ilimin ma'aikata da shirye-shiryen canjin kwaleji. Wasu cibiyoyin suna kula da ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa da dakunan kwana kamar takwarorinsu na jami'a.

 Ostiraliya 
A Ostiraliya, kalmar "kolejin al'umma" tana nufin ƙananan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke gudana gajerun darussan (misali makonni shida) gabaɗaya na inganta kai ko yanayin sha'awa. Daidai da ra'ayin Amurka na kwalejojin al'umma sune Kwalejin Fasaha da Ci gaba da Ilimi ko TAFEs; waɗannan cibiyoyin ne da aka tsara mafi yawa a matakin jihohi da yanki. Har ila yau, akwai karuwar adadin masu samar da masu zaman kansu da ake kira "kollejoji".

TAFEs da sauran masu ba da gudummawa suna ci gaba da al'adar ilimin manya, wanda aka kafa a Ostiraliya a tsakiyar karni na 19, lokacin da aka gudanar da darussan maraice don taimakawa manya su inganta ƙwarewar lissafi da karatu da rubutu. Yawancin jami'o'in Australiya kuma ana iya gano su zuwa irin waɗannan masu gabatarwa, kodayake samun takardar shaidar jami'a koyaushe yana canza yanayin su. A cikin TAFEs da kwalejoji a yau, an tsara darussan don ci gaban mutum ko don sakamakon aiki. Shirye-shiryen ilimi sun rufe batutuwa daban-daban kamar zane-zane, harsuna, kasuwanci da salon rayuwa. Yawancin lokaci ana tsara su don gudanar da kwana biyu, uku ko hudu na mako, dangane da matakin karatun da aka gudanar. Takardar shaidar na iya gudana na awanni 4 sau biyu a mako don wa'adin makonni 9. Darasi na cikakken lokaci na iya samun darussan kwanaki 4 a kowane mako na shekara guda (makonni 36)  Ana iya ba da wasu darussan da yamma ko karshen mako don karɓar mutanen da ke aiki na cikakken lokaci. Kudin kwalejoji na iya fitowa daga tallafin gwamnati da kudaden karatun. Da yawa kungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu. Irin waɗannan TAFES suna cikin manyan birane, yankuna da yankunan karkara na Ostiraliya.

Ilimi da TAFEs da kwalejoji ke bayarwa ya canza a tsawon shekaru. A cikin shekarun 1980s, kwalejoji da yawa sun fahimci bukatar al'umma don horar da kwamfuta. Tun daga wannan lokacin dubban mutane sun kara ƙwarewa ta hanyar darussan IT. Yawancin kwalejoji a ƙarshen karni na 20 sun zama Ƙungiyoyin Horarwa. Suna ba mutane wurin kulawa, wanda ba na gargajiya ba ne don samun ƙwarewa wanda ya fi dacewa ya shirya su don wurin aiki da yiwuwar buɗe aikin. TAFEs da kwalejoji ba su ba da digiri na farko ba, a maimakon haka suna ba da shirye-shiryen hanya tare da jami'o'i don ci gaba zuwa digiri. Ana haɓaka ƙirar Amurka na digiri na haɗin gwiwa a wasu cibiyoyi. Darussan takardar shaidar I zuwa IV, ana ba da difloma da difloma masu ci gaba, wanda aka ɗauka daidai da ƙwarewar digiri, duk da cewa yawanci a cikin wuraren sana'a. Kwanan nan, wasu cibiyoyin TAFE (da masu zaman kansu) sun kuma zama masu ba da ilimi mafi girma a cikin haƙƙinsu kuma yanzu suna fara bayar da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko.

 Kanada 
A Kanada, kwalejoji cibiyoyin ilimi ne na manya waɗanda ke ba da manyan makarantu da manyan makarantu, da ba da takaddun shaida da difloma.  A madadin, kwalejojin Kanada galibi ana kiran su "cibiyoyi" ko "cibiyoyin fasaha".  Kazalika, a cikin Ontario, an ba wa kwalejoji 24 na fasaha da fasaha damar ba da nasu digiri na kansu tare da ba da digiri na haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'i ta hanyar "yarjejeniyoyi na magana" wanda galibi yakan haifar da haɓaka ɗalibai tare da difloma da digiri.  Don haka, alal misali, Jami'ar Guelph "tagwaye" tare da Kwalejin Humber da Jami'ar York suna yin daidai da Kwalejin Seneca.  Kwanan nan, duk da haka, kwalejoji suna ba da nau'ikan digiri na kansu, galibi a cikin kasuwanci, fasaha, kimiyya, da sauran fannonin fasaha.  Kowane lardi yana da nasa tsarin ilimi, kamar yadda tsarin mulkin tarayya na Kanada ya tsara.  A tsakiyar 1960s da farkon 1970s, yawancin kwalejoji na Kanada sun fara ba da ilimi mai amfani da horo ga tsararraki masu tasowa da haɓaka, da kuma baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda ke shiga Kanada a yawan adadin a lokacin.  Wani ingantaccen tsari shine hadewar makarantun koyar da sana'o'i daban daban da na manya (makarantar dare).

Kolejojin Kanada ko dai ana tallafawa ne na jama'a ko kuma cibiyoyin sakandare masu zaman kansu (suna gudana don riba).

Dangane da hanyoyin ilimi, kwalejoji da jami'o'in Kanada suna aiki tare da juna tare da manufar samar da daliban koleji damar inganta ilimin su. Dalibai na iya canja wurin difloma kuma su sami ƙididdigar canja wurin ta hanyar kammala karatun koleji zuwa digiri na jami'a.

Ana amfani da kalmar digiri a Yammacin Kanada don komawa ga zane-zane na kwaleji na shekaru biyu ko digiri na kimiyya, kamar yadda ake amfani da kalmar a Amurka. A wasu sassan Kanada, ana amfani da kalmar digiri na ci gaba don nuna shirin kwaleji na shekaru uku ko hudu.

A Quebec, shekaru uku shine al'ada don digiri na jami'a saboda ana samun shekara guda na bashi a cikin tsarin CÉGEP (koleji). Ko da lokacin da suke magana a Turanci, mutane galibi suna magana da dukkan kwalejoji kamar  Cégeps; duk da haka, kalmar ta fi dacewa da aka yi amfani da ita musamman ga tsarin jama'a na harshen Faransanci: Collège d'enseignement général et professionnel (CEGEP); a Turanci: Kwalejin Janar da Ilimi na Kwarewa. Kalmar "koleji" na iya nufin makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta a Quebec.

 Tsarin kwalejin al'umma na Kanada

 Jerin kwalejoji a Kanada
 Kwalejoji da Cibiyoyin Kanada (CICan)  - cibiyoyin ilimi da ke tallafawa jama'a; tsohon Association of Canadian Community Colleges (ACCC) 
 Ƙungiyar Kwalejin Kwalejin  - cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu; tsohuwar Ƙungiyar Kwayoyin Kwalejin Kanada

 Indiya 

A Indiya, kwalejojin al'umma 98 sun amince da Hukumar Gudanar da Jami'o'i. Darussan da waɗannan kwalejojin ke bayarwa sune difloma, difloma na gaba da darussan takardar shaidar. Tsawon waɗannan darussan yawanci yana daga watanni shida zuwa shekaru biyu.

 Malaysia 
Kwalejojin al'umma a Malaysia cibiyar sadarwa ce ta cibiyoyin ilimi inda za a iya ba da horo na sana'a da fasaha a kowane mataki ga masu barin makaranta kafin su shiga ma'aikata. Kwalejojin al'umma suna ba da ababen more rayuwa ga al'ummomin karkara don samun horo na ƙwarewa ta hanyar gajeren darussan da kuma samar da damar samun ilimi na sakandare.

A halin yanzu, yawancin kwalejojin al'umma suna ba da cancantar cancanta har zuwa mataki na 3 a cikin Tsarin cancantar Malesiya (Certificate 3) a cikin sassan Skills guda biyu (Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia ko Takaddun Ƙwararrun Malesiya) da kuma ɓangaren Sana'a da Horarwa amma adadin kwalejoji na al'umma waɗanda ke fara ba da lambar yabo ta matakin 4.  Wannan mataki biyu ne kasa da digiri na farko (Level 6 a MQF) kuma daliban da ke cikin tsarin da suke da niyyar ci gaba da karatunsu zuwa wannan matakin yawanci za su nemi shiga cikin shirye-shiryen Advanced Diploma a jami'o'in gwamnati, polytechnics ko masu ba da izini masu zaman kansu.

 Philippines 
A cikin Philippines, makarantar al'umma tana aiki a matsayin makarantar firamare ko sakandare da rana kuma zuwa ƙarshen rana ta zama kwalejin al'umma. Wannan nau'in ma'aikata yana ba da darussan dare a ƙarƙashin kulawar shugaban wannan, da kuma membobin ma'aikata iri ɗaya waɗanda aka ba su nauyin koyar da kwaleji na ɗan lokaci.

Manufar kwalejin al’umma ta samo asali ne tun lokacin tsohon Ministan Ilimi, Al’adu da Wasanni (MECS) wanda ke karkashinsa Ma’aikatun Ilimi na Firamare, Sakandare, Ilimi mai zurfi da Ilimin Fasaha-Tsaro.  Sakatariyar MECS, Cecilio Putong, wanda a cikin 1971 ya rubuta cewa makarantar al'umma makaranta ce da aka kafa a cikin al'umma, da al'umma, kuma ga al'umma kanta.  Pedro T. Orata na Pangasinan ya ba da irin wannan ra'ayi, don haka aka kafa kwalejin al'umma, wanda yanzu ake kira City College of Urdaneta.Danao, Carolina P. (2005-02-20). "The medium-term higher education development plan and the local colleges and universities". The Manila Bulletin Online. Retrieved 2008-08-19.

Kwalejin al'umma kamar wanda ke Abuyog, Leyte na iya aiki tare da kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara na PHP 124,000 kawai a cikin tsarin hawa biyu wanda ke da gidaje fiye da dalibai 700.Danao, Carolina P. (2005-02-20). "The medium-term higher education development plan and the local colleges and universities". The Manila Bulletin Online. Retrieved 2008-08-19.

 Ƙasar Ingila 

Kwalejojin al'umma kusan daidai da kwalejojin Ci gaba da Ilimi (FE) a Ingila da Ireland. 

Kalmar "kolejin al'umma" ba a amfani da ita sosai a Ƙasar Ingila. Idan haka ne, kwalejin al'umma makaranta ce wacce ba kawai ke ba da ilimi ga yawan mutanen da ke zuwa makaranta ba (11-18) na yankin, har ma da ƙarin ayyuka da ilimi ga manya da sauran membobin al'umma. Wannan ilimin ya haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance shi ga wasanni ba, ilimin manya da ilimin salon rayuwa.

 Amurka 
A Amurka, kwalejojin al'umma, wani lokacin ana kiransu ƙananan kwalejoji, kwalejoji na fasaha, kwalejojojin shekaru biyu, ko kwalejojin birni, sune manyan cibiyoyin gwamnati da ke ba da ilimi na sakandare, wanda aka fi sani da ci gaba da ilimi, wanda ke mai da hankali kan takaddun shaida, difloma, da digiri na tarayya. Bayan kammala karatunsu daga kwalejin al'umma, wasu dalibai sun koma kwalejin zane-zane ko jami'a'a'a na tsawon shekaru biyu zuwa uku don kammala digiri na farko.

Kafin shekarun 1970s, kwalejojin al'umma a Amurka ana kiransu ƙananan kwalejoji. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan kalmar a wasu cibiyoyi. Kwalejin al'umma da farko suna jan hankalin da karɓar ɗalibai daga al'ummar yankin kuma yawanci ana tallafa musu da kudaden haraji na gida. Yawancin lokaci suna aiki tare da kasuwancin gida da na yanki don tabbatar da cewa ana shirya ɗalibai don ma'aikatan gida.

 Bincike 
Wasu kungiyoyin bincike da wallafe-wallafen suna mai da hankali kan ayyukan kwalejin al'umma, ƙaramin kwaleji, da cibiyoyin Kwalejin fasaha.Mellow, G.O. & Heelan, C. (2008). Minding the Dream: The Process and Practice of the American Community College. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.  Yawancin waɗannan cibiyoyin da kungiyoyi suna gabatar da bincike na yanzu da sakamako masu amfani a taron kwalejin al'umma na shekara-shekara.

 Ƙungiyar Kwalejin Al'umma ta Amurka Cohen, A.M. & Brawer, F.B. (2008). The American Community College (5th Ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.  ta ba da kulawa kan binciken kwalejin al'umma tun daga shekarun 1920. Vaughn, G.B. (2000). The Community College Story. Community College Press.  AACC ta buga mujallar bincike da ake kira Community College Journal . 
 Cibiyar Nazarin Kwalejin Al'umma (CCRC) a Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia, tana gudanar da bincike a kan kwalejojin al'umma tun daga 1996 don gano shingen ga damar dalibai bayan sakandare da kuma mafita masu kyau. CCRC ta buga rahotanni na bincike, taƙaitaccen bayani, da albarkatun da aka tsara ga masu ruwa da tsaki na kwalejin al'umma, gami da shugabannin kwaleji da kwalejin kwaleji, ma'aikata da ma'aikatan tallafi, masu tsara manufofi, da masu bincike na ma'aikata.
 Kungiyar Masu Kula da Kwalejin Al'umma (ACCT) ta ba da ilimi ga kwamitocin kwalejin al'umma na daraktoci da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga kwalejojin al'ada tun daga shekara ta 1972. Shugaban ACCT kuma Shugaba J. Noah Brown ya wallafa wani littafi game da baya, yanzu, da kuma makomar kwalejojin al'umma, Charting a New Course for Community Colleges: Aligning Policies with Practice .
 Cibiyar Nazarin Kwalejin Al'umma a Jami'ar Texas a Austin tana gudanar da bincike kuma tana ba da tallafin nazarin bayanai ga kwalejojin membobin game da dalilai daban-daban na shiga ɗalibai da shiga cikin kwalejojin al'umma a Amurka da Kanada.
 Ofishin Nazarin Kwalejin Al'umma da Jagora a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign yana nazarin manufofi, shirye-shirye, da ayyukan da aka tsara don inganta sakamako ga matasa da manya daban-daban waɗanda ke neman sauyawa zuwa da kuma ta hanyar kwaleji zuwa aiki. Binciken OCCRL ya kunshi ci gaba da ilimi na P-20, tare da mai da hankali sosai kan yadda kwalejojin al'umma ke tasiri ga ilimi da sakamakon aiki ga masu koyo daban-daban. Sakamakon karatun OCCRL game da hanyoyin da shirye-shiryen karatu, daga makarantar sakandare zuwa kwalejoji da jami'o'i na al'umma da kuma aiki, ana rarraba su a cikin ƙasa da duniya. Rahotanni da kayan aiki an samo su ne daga sabon ilimin da aka kama kuma aka yada ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon OCCRL, wallafe-wallafen masana, da sauran motoci.

Yawancin mujallu da aka sake dubawa sun buga bincike sosai a kan kwalejojin al'umma, gami da Community College Review da sauransu.

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