Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Siyasa na Mata

Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Siyasa ta Mata (CPRW) yarjejeniya ce ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ta kafa daidaiton 'yancin siyasa ga maza da mata. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a yayin taronta na 409 a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1952, a birnin New York .  An amince da Yarjejeniyar a kan 31 Maris 1953, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1954. 

CPRW ta sa kasashe mambobinta su kawar da wariyar jinsi da kafa ma'auni na kasa da kasa kan 'yancin siyasar mata. Yana da nufin aiwatar da ka'idojin daidaiton jinsi kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce ta tabbatar da 'yancin kowa na shiga cikin gwamnatin kasarsu. Har ila yau Yarjejeniyar ta yi daidai da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (1948), wadda ta jaddada yancin kowane ɗaiɗai na shiga rayuwar jama'a da siyasa.

 Fage 
Yunkurin neman yancin zaɓen mata ya sami ƙarfi a ƙarni na 19, wanda ya haifar da yunƙurin neman zaɓen mata a duniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th. Koyaya, tsarin kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ya bambanta a cikin ƙasashe. Misali, New Zealand ta ba wa mata ’yancin kada kuri’a a zabukan kasa a shekara ta 1894, yayin da mata a Philippines ba su sami wannan ‘yancin ba sai 1937. 

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kafa Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da amincewa da Yarjejeniya Ta 1945 ya kawo ƙara mai da hankali kan yancin ɗan adam, ciki har da 'yancin mata.  Yarjejeniya tana nufin "tabbatar da imani ga muhimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, cikin mutunci da kimar ɗan adam, da daidaiton haƙƙin maza da mata." A lokacin kafuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, fiye da rabin kasashe 51 da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, ko dai sun tauye hakkin mata na kada kuri’a ko kuma ba su ba mata damar kada kuri’a ba. 

alt=Membership of the Convention on the Political Rights of Women|right|thumb|400x400px|Kasancewa cikin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Siyasar Mata:
Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta bayyana cewa kowa na da 'yancin shiga cikin gwamnatinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na Hukumar Kula da Matsayin Mata shine tsara Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Siyasa na Mata. Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) daga baya ya fadada akan waɗannan tarurruka na farko. Mataki na 7 na CEDAW ya ba wa mata damar yin zabe a duk zabuka da kuri'ar raba gardama na jama'a, cancantar zaɓe ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a, shiga cikin tsara manufofin gwamnati, da hulɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) waɗanda ke da hannu a rayuwar jama'a da siyasa. "Convention on the Political Rights of Women". United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2015. Mataki na 8 na CEDAW yana buƙatar ƙasashe membobin su tabbatar da cewa mata suna da daidaitattun damar wakiltar gwamnatocinsu a duniya da shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin duniya.

Duk da amincewa da haƙƙin ƙuri'a na mata a cikin doka a kusan kowace ƙasa, shingaye a aikace galibi suna hana cikar shiga siyasa. Kalubalen sun hada da rashin gudanar da sahihin zabe, da hana ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, da kuma rashin tsaro, wanda ke shafar mata yadda ya kamata. "Convention on the Political Rights of Women". United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2015. A wasu ƙasashe, mata suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen yin rajistar jefa ƙuri'a saboda rashin muhimman takardu, kamar takaddun haihuwa ko takaddun shaida, waɗanda maza kawai za su iya samu. Ƙarin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas sun haɗa da ra'ayin jinsi, matsayin al'umma na gargajiya, taƙaitaccen damar samun bayanai, da rashin isassun kayan aiki, duk waɗannan na iya hana mata yin amfani da 'yancinsu na zabe. Haka kuma, tsarin jam’iyyun siyasa, tsadar tsayawa takara, da nauyi biyu na aiki da na iyali na ci gaba da kawo cikas. Duk da yaɗuwar amincewa da CEDAW, mata ba su da wakilci a kowane mataki na gwamnati, wanda ke nuna bambance-bambancen jinsi da ke gudana a cikin harkokin siyasa. 
ParticipantSignatureRatification, Accession(a), Succession(d)Afghanistan16 Nov 1966 (a)Albania12 May 1955 (a)Algeria5 Aug 2004 (a)Angola17 Sep 1986 (a)Antigua and Barbuda25 Oct 1988 (d)Argentina31 Mar 195327 Feb 1961Armenia24 Jan 2008 (a)Australia10 Dec 1974 (a)Austria19 Oct 195918 Apr 1969Bahamas16 Aug 1977 (d)Bangladesh5 Oct 1998 (a)Barbados12 Jan 1973 (a)Belarus31 Mar 195311 Aug 1954Belgium20 May 1964 (a)Bolivia (Plurinational State of)9 Apr 195322 Sep 1970Bosnia and Herzegovina1 Sep 1993 (d)Brazil20 May 195313 Aug 1963Bulgaria17 Mar 1954  (a)Burkina Faso9 Dec 1998 (a)Burundi18 Feb 1993 (a)Cambodia11 Nov 2001 (a)Canada30 Jan 1957 (a)Central African Republic4 Sep 1962 (d)Chile31 Mar 195318 Oct 1967Colombia5 Aug 1986 (a)Congo15 Oct 1962 (d)Costa Rica31 Mar 195325 Jul 1967Côte d'Ivoire18 Dec 1995 (a)Croatia12 Oct 1992 (d)Cuba31 Mar 19538 Apr 1954Cyprus10 Sep 196812 Nov 1968Czech Republic22 Feb 1993 (d)Democratic Republic of the Congo12 Oct 1977 (a)Denmark29 Oct 19537 Jul 1954Dominican Republic31 Mar 195311 Dec 1953Ecuador31 Mar 195323 Apr 1954Egypt8 Sep 1981 (a)El Salvador24 Jun 195326 Mar 2008Eswatini20 Jul 1970  (a)Ethiopia31 Mar 195321 Jan 1969Fiji12 Jun 1972 (d)Finland6 Oct 1958 (a)France31 Mar 195322 Apr 1957Gabon19 Apr 1967  (a)Georgia6 Jul 2005  (a)Germany4 Nov 1970 (a)Ghana28 Dec 1965 (a)Greece1 Apr 195329 Dec 1953Guatemala31 Mar 19537 Oct 1959Guinea19 Mar 197524 Jan 1978Haiti23 Jul 195712 Feb 1958Hungary2 Sep 195420 Jan 1955Iceland25 Nov 195330 Jun 1954India29 Apr 19531 Nov 1961Indonesia31 Mar 195316 Dec 1958Ireland14 Nov 1968  (a)Israel14 Apr 19536 Jul 1954Italy6 Mar 1968 (a)Jamaica14 Aug 1966 (a)Japan1 Apr 195513 Jul 1955Jordan1 Jul 1992 (a)Kazakhstan28 Mar 2000  (a)Kyrgyzstan10 Feb 1997 (a)Lao People's Democratic Republic28 Jan 1969 (a)Latvia14 Apr 1992 (a)Lebanon24 Feb 19545 Jun 1956Lesotho4 Nov 1974  (a)Liberia9 Dec 1953Libya16 May 1989 (a)Luxembourg4 Jun 19691 Nov 1976Madagascar12 Feb 1964 (a)Malawi29 Jun 1966 (a)Mali16 Jul 1974 (a)Malta9 Jul 1968 (a)Mauritania4 May 1976 (a)Mauritius18 Jul 1969 (d)Mexico31 Mar 195323 Mar 1981Mongolia18 Aug 1965 (a)Montenegro23 Oct 2006 (d)Morocco22 Nov 1976 (a)Myanmar14 Sep 1954Nepal26 Apr 1966 (a)Netherlands (Kingdom of the)8 Aug 1968,30 Jul 1971New Zealand22 May 1968 (a)Nicaragua17 Jan 1957 (a)Niger7 Dec 1964 (d)Nigeria11 Jul 198017 Nov 1980North Macedonia18 Jan 1994  (d)Norway18 Sep 195324 Aug 1956Pakistan18 May 19547 Dec 1954Papua New Guinea27 Jan 1982 (a)Paraguay16 Nov 195322 Feb 1990Peru1 Jul 1975 (a)Philippines23 Sep 195312 Sep 1957Poland31 Mar 195311 Aug 1954Republic of Korea23 Jun 1959 (a)Republic of Moldova26 Jan 1993 (a)Romania27 Apr 19546 Aug 1954Russian Federation31 Mar 19533 May 1954Rwanda26 Sep 2003 (a)Senegal2 May 1963  (d)Serbia12 Mar 2001  (d)Sierra Leone25 Jul 1962  (a)Slovakia28 May 1993 (d)Slovenia6 Jul 1992 (d)Solomon Islands3 Sep 1981 (a)South Africa29 Jan 1993 (a)Spain14 Jan 1974  (a)St. Vincent and the Grenadines27 Apr 1999  (d)State of Palestine2 Jan 2015 (a)Sweden6 Oct 195331 Mar 1954Tajikistan7 Jun 1999  (a)Thailand5 Mar 195430 Nov 1954Trinidad and Tobago24 Jun 1966 (a)Tunisia24 Jan 1968 (a)Türkiye12 Jan 195426 Jan 1960Turkmenistan11 Oct 1999 (a)Uganda21 Jun 1995 (a)Ukraine31 Mar 195315 Nov 1954United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland24 Feb 1967 (a)United Republic of Tanzania19 Jun 1975 (a)United States of America8 Apr 1976 (a)Uruguay26 May 1953Uzbekistan29 Sep 1997 (a)Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)31 May 1983  (a)Yemen9 Feb 1987 (a)Zambia4 Feb 1972 (a)Zimbabwe5 Jun 1995 (a)

 Gado 
A cikin 1948, 35 ne kawai daga cikin 74 mambobi ne suka ba wa mata damar shiga harkokin siyasa daidai da na maza. Ya zuwa 1950, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa har yanzu kasashe 22 ba su da tsarin da ya baiwa mata damar kada kuri'a ko rike mukamai. Daga cikin kasashen da suka aiwatar da irin wadannan tsare-tsare, akwai karancin aiwatar da doka kuma mata na fuskantar karin wasu cancantar kada kuri’a, kamar cika takamaiman shekaru ko matakan ilimi.  Wannan mahallin ya ba da gudummawa ga amincewa da Yarjejeniya kan 'Yancin Siyasa na Mata (CPRW) ya fara aiki a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1954. 

Yarjejeniyar ta bi hanyar Yarjejeniya ta Amirka kan Bayar da 'Yancin Siyasa ga Mata kuma ita ce dokar kasa da kasa ta farko a matakin yanki da ke kare daidaiton matsayin mata na gudanar da 'yancin siyasa. Yarjejeniyar ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko a cikin mahallin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  Bugu da ƙari, ita ce yarjejeniya ta duniya ta biyu don wajabta wa jihohinta su kare haƙƙin siyasa na 'yan ƙasa.  Yarjejeniyar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a baya bayan yaƙi don saita ƙa'idodin rashin nuna bambanci ga mata.

CPRW ta taka rawar gani a matsayin mafari na yin gyare-gyare a ƙasashen da ba a samu nasarar zaɓen mata ba. Yayin da ya mai da hankali da farko kan daidaiton doka maimakon magance faffadan shingen tsari da shinge, ya haifar da sauye-sauyen da suka magance batutuwa kamar daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da wariyar launin fata.  Misali, a Kudancin Amurka, karbe shi ya zo daidai da aiwatar da yancin zaɓe ga mata a ƙasashe kamar Paraguay da Colombia. Hakazalika, ƙasashen Afirka da na Asiya galibi suna yin la'akari da CPRW lokacin haɗa tanadin daidaiton siyasa da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a cikin tsarin shari'arsu.  Sauran tarurrukan sun haɗa da Yarjejeniya kan Ƙasar Matan Aure da Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Aure, Mafi ƙarancin shekarun Aure da Rajista, wanda aka fara aiki a cikin 1958 da 1964, bi da bi. 

Haƙƙoƙin da Yarjejeniyar ta zayyana an haɗa su cikin Yarjejeniya ta baya, mafi mahimmanci akan kawar da kowane nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW).  Wannan Yarjejeniyar daga baya, dokar da ta fi dacewa kuma mafi sauƙi don rashin nuna bambanci, an amince da ita ta kuri'a gaba ɗaya a 1967. 

 Manazarta 

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