Yanayin Chadi

Chadi na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 47 da ba su da iyaka a duniya kuma tana cikin Arewacin Afirka ta Tsakiya, tana auna  kilomita 1,284,000 (495,755 sq , kusan sau biyu girman Faransa kuma dan kadan fiye da sau uku girman California. Yawancin kabilanci da harsuna daban-daban suna zaune a kudu, tare da yawan mutane daga mutane 54 a kowace murabba'in kilomita a cikin Kogin Logone zuwa mutane 0.1 a arewacin BET (Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti) yankin hamada, wanda kansa ya fi Faransa girma. Babban birnin N'Djaména, wanda ke wurin haɗuwar kogin Chari da Logone, yana da yanayi na duniya, tare da yawan jama'a na yanzu sama da 700,000.

Kasar Chadi tana da yankuna hudu na yanayi.  Yankin Sahara na arewa yana da matsakaicin ƙasa da 200 mm (7.9 in) na ruwan sama a shekara.  Yawan mutanen da ba su da yawa ba su da yawa, suna da wasu dabbobi, galibi kananan dabbobi da rakuma.  Yankin Sahel na tsakiya yana samun ruwan sama tsakanin 200 zuwa 700 mm (7.9 da 27.6 in) ruwan sama kuma yana da ciyayi tun daga ciyawar ciyawa zuwa ƙaya, buɗewar savanna.  Yankin kudancin, wanda aka fi sani da shiyyar Sudan, yana samun tsakanin 700 zuwa 1,000 mm (27.6 da 39.4 in), tare da savanna daji da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka don ciyayi.  Ruwan sama a yankin Guinea, dake kudu maso yammacin kasar Chadi, ya kai tsakanin 1,000 zuwa 1,200 mm (39.4 da 47.2 in).  A cikin dajin Chadi kusan kashi 3% na fadin kasa, daidai yake da hekta 4,313,000 na gandun daji a shekarar 2020, ya ragu daga hekta 6,730,000 a shekarar 1990.  hekta 19,800 (ha).  A cikin shekarar 2015, an ba da rahoton cewa kashi 100% na yankin dajin yana ƙarƙashin mallakar jama'a.

Yankin ƙasar gabaɗaya yana da faɗi,  tare da tsawo a hankali yana tashi yayin da mutum ke motsawa arewa da gabas daga Tafkin Chadi. Matsayi mafi girma a Chadi shine Emi Koussi, dutse wanda ya tashi    a arewacin Dutsen Tibesti. Ennedi Plateau da tsaunuka na Ouaddaï a gabas sun kammala hoton wani kwandon da ke gangarowa a hankali, wanda ke saukowa zuwa Tafkin Chadi. Har ila yau, akwai tsaunuka na tsakiya a yankin Guera wanda ya tashi zuwa   .

Tafkin Chadi shi ne tafki na biyu mafi girma a yammacin Afirka kuma yana daya daga cikin wurare masu dausayi mafi muhimmanci a nahiyar.  Gida mai nau'in kifaye 120 da akalla nau'in tsuntsaye da yawa, tafkin ya ragu matuka a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata saboda karuwar amfani da ruwa daga karuwar yawan jama'a da karancin ruwan sama.  Tafkin Chadi yana da iyaka da kasashen Chadi, Nijar, Najeriya, da Kamaru, a halin yanzu yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 1,350, kasa da murabba'in kilomita 25,000 a shekarar 1963. Kogunan Chari da Logone, wadanda dukkansu sun samo asali ne daga jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya kuma suna zuwa arewa, suna samar da mafi yawan ruwan saman da ke shiga tafkin Chadi.  Kasar Chadi ma tana kusa da Nijar.

 Yanayin ƙasa 
Tana cikin arewa maso tsakiyar Afirka, Chadi ya shimfiɗa kusan kilomita 1,800 daga arewacin arewa zuwa iyakar kudancin. Sai dai a arewa maso yamma da kudu, inda iyakokinta suka haɗu, matsakaicin faɗin Chadi kusan kilomita 800 ne. Yankin murabba'in kilomita 1,284,000 kusan daidai yake da yankunan Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, da Arizona. Makwabtan Chadi sun hada da Libya a arewa, Nijar da Najeriya a yamma, Sudan a gabas, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a kudu, da Kamaru a kudu maso yamma.

Chadi tana nuna halaye biyu masu ban sha'awa. Na farko, ƙasar ba ta da iyaka. N'Djamena, babban birnin, yana da nisan kilomita 1,100 a arewa maso gabashin Tekun Atlantika; Abéché, babban birni a gabas, yana da kilomita 2,650 daga Bahar Maliya; kuma Faya-Largeau, ƙarami amma muhimmiyar cibiyar a arewa, tana tsakiyar hamadar Sahara, kilomita 1,550 daga Baharam. Wadannan nisa masu nisa daga teku sun yi tasiri sosai a kan ci gaban tarihi da na zamani na Chadi.

Halin na biyu mai ban sha'awa shi ne cewa ƙasar tana da iyaka a sassa daban-daban na nahiyar Afirka: Arewacin Afirka, tare da al'adun Islama da tsarin tattalin arziki zuwa ga Bahar Rum; da Yammacin Afirka, da addinai da al'adu daban-daban da tarihin jihohin da suka ci gaba sosai da tattalin arzikin yanki.

Chadi kuma tana da iyaka da Arewa maso gabashin Afirka, wanda ke fuskantar Kwarin Nilu da yankin Bahar Maliya - da Afirka ta Tsakiya ko Equatorial, wasu daga cikinsu sun riƙe addinan Afirka na gargajiya yayin da wasu suka karɓi Kiristanci, kuma tattalin arzikin su wani ɓangare ne na babban tsarin Kogin Kongo. Kodayake yawancin bambancin Chadi ya fito ne daga wannan bambancin tasiri, tun lokacin da aka sami 'yancin kai bambancin ya kasance cikas ga kirkirar asalin ƙasa.

 Ƙasar 
Duk da cewa al'ummar Chadi ta rabu a fannin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da kuma al'adu, amma yankin tafkin Chadi ya hade yankin kasar.[1]  Da zarar wani katon teku na cikin kasa (Tekun Pale-Chadi) wanda ragowarsa kawai tafkin Chadi mara zurfi ne, wannan bakin ciki ya mamaye yamma zuwa Najeriya da Nijar.[1]  Mafi girma, arewacin rafin yana da iyaka a cikin kasar Chadi da tsaunin Tibesti a arewa maso yamma, Plateau Ennedi a arewa maso gabas, tsaunukan Ouaddaï a gabas tare da iyaka da Sudan, Guéra Massif a tsakiyar Chadi, da tsaunin Mandara da ke kan iyakar Chadi ta kudu maso yamma da Kamaru.[1]  Karamin, kudancin rafin ya fado kusan a kasar Chadi.[1]  Guéra Massif ya iyakance shi a arewa, a kudu ta tsaunuka mai nisan kilomita 250 kudu da kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, kuma a cikin . 

Tafkin Chadi, wanda ke cikin yankin kudu maso yammacin kwandon a tsawo na mita 282, abin mamaki ba ya nuna mafi ƙasƙanci na kwandon; maimakon haka, ana samun wannan a yankunan Bodele da Djourab a arewa maso tsakiya da arewa maso gabashin kasar, bi da bi. Wannan ban mamaki ya taso ne saboda manyan dunes (ergs) na yankin Kanem sun haifar da madatsar ruwa, suna hana ruwan tafkin gudana zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci. A lokuta daban-daban a baya, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1870, Bahr el Ghazal Depression, wanda ya shimfiɗa daga arewa maso gabashin tafkin zuwa Djourab, ya yi aiki a matsayin tashar ruwa; tun lokacin samun 'yancin kai, yanayin yanayi ya sa ya zama ba zai yiwu ba.

Arewa da arewa maso gabashin Tafkin Chadi, tafkin ya kai sama da kilomita 800, yana wucewa ta yankuna da ke da manyan dunes masu juyawa da aka raba ta hanyar zurfin ɓacin rai. Kodayake ciyayi suna riƙe da dunes a wurin a yankin Kanem, a arewacin su ba su da komai kuma suna da ruwa, halayyar motsi. Daga ƙananan matsayi a cikin Djourab, kwandon ya tashi zuwa tsaunuka da tsaunuka na Dutsen Tibesti a arewa. Taron wannan tsari - da kuma mafi girma a cikin hamadar Sahara - shine Emi Koussi, dutsen wuta wanda ya kai mita 3,414 sama da matakin teku.

Yankin arewa maso gabashin kwandon shine Ennedi Plateau, wanda gadonsa na dutse ya tashi a matakai da aka zana ta hanyar rushewa. Gabashin tafkin, tafkin ya tashi a hankali zuwa Ouaddaï Highlands, wanda ke nuna iyakar gabashin Chadi kuma ya raba ruwan Chadi da Nilu. Wadannan yankunan tsaunuka suna daga cikin yankin gandun daji na Gabashin Sahara.

Kudu-maso-gabashin tafkin Chadi, wuraren da aka saba amfani da su a yankin sun karye da Guéra Massif, wanda ya raba rafin zuwa sassan arewaci da kudancinsa.  Kudancin tafkin akwai filayen kogin Chari da Logone, wanda yawancinsu ke cika ruwa a lokacin damina.[] A can kudu, katangar ruwa tana gangarowa sama, ta samar da jerin yashi maras nauyi da tudun yumbu, wanda ake kira koros, wanda a ƙarshe ya haura mita 615 sama da matakin teku[1].  Kudancin iyakar Chadi, koros ya raba tafkin Chadi Basin daga tsarin kogin Ubangi-Zaire

 Tsarin ruwa 

Koguna na dindindin ba su wanzu a arewa ko tsakiyar Chadi. Bayan ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin Ennedi Plateau da Ouaddaï Highlands, ruwa na iya gudana ta hanyar ɓacin rai da ake kira enneris da wadis. Sau da yawa sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa, irin waɗannan rafi yawanci sun bushe a cikin 'yan kwanaki yayin da sauran tafkuna suka shiga cikin ƙasa mai yashi. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan raƙuman shine Batha, wanda a lokacin ruwan sama yana ɗaukar ruwa zuwa yamma daga Ouaddaï Highlands da Guéra Massif zuwa Tafkin Fitri . 
Manyan kogunan kasar Chadi su ne Chari da Logone da magudanan ruwansu, wadanda ke kwarara daga kudu maso gabas zuwa tafkin Chadi. Dukansu tsarin kogunan sun tashi ne a tsaunukan tsaunukan Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Kamaru, yankunan da ke samun ruwan sama sama da milimita 1,250 a duk shekara.  Tsawon kilomita 1,200.  Daga asalinsa a kusa da birnin Sarh, tsakiyar hanyar Chari yana tafiya ta cikin ƙasa mai fadama;  Ƙarƙashin Chari yana haɗuwa da Kogin Logone kusa da N'Djamena.] Ƙarfin Chari ya bambanta sosai, daga mita 17 cubic a cikin dakika a lokacin rani zuwa mita 340 a kowace daƙiƙa a lokacin mafi ƙarancin shekara a cikin shekara..

Kogin Logone ya samo asali ne daga koguna da ke gudana daga Kamaru da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya .  Dukansu ya fi guntu kuma ya fi karami a cikin girma fiye da Chari, yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas don kilomita 960; girmansa ya kasance daga biyar zuwa takwas da biyar cubic mita a kowace dakika. A N'Djamena Logone ya zubo cikin Chari, kuma koguna da aka haɗu suna gudana tare na kilomita talatin ta hanyar babban delta da kuma cikin Tafkin Chadi. A ƙarshen lokacin ruwan sama a cikin fall, kogin ya cika bakin kogin kuma ya haifar da babban ambaliyar ruwa a cikin delta.

Tafkin na bakwai mafi girma a duniya (kuma na huɗu mafi girma a Afirka), Tafkin Chadi yana cikin yankin Sahel, yankin da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara .  Kogin Chari yana ba da gudummawa kashi 95 cikin 100 na ruwan Tafkin Chadi, matsakaicin shekara-shekara na cubic mita biliyan 40, 95% daga cikinsu ya ɓace zuwa evaporation. Girman tafkin an ƙayyade shi ne ta hanyar ruwan sama a kudancin tsaunuka da ke kan iyakar kwandon da kuma yanayin zafi a cikin Sahel. Canje-canje a duka biyun suna haifar da tafkin ya canza sosai a girman, daga murabba'in kilomita 9,800 a lokacin fari zuwa 25,500 a ƙarshen lokacin ruwan sama.

Tafkin Chadi kuma yana canzawa sosai a girman daga shekara zuwa wata. A cikin 1870 matsakaicin yankin ya kasance murabba'in kilomita 28,000. Ma'aunin ya sauka zuwa 12,700 a cikin 1908. A cikin 1940s da 1950s, tafkin ya kasance karami, amma ya sake girma zuwa murabba'in kilomita 26,000 a 1963. Rashin ruwa na ƙarshen shekarun 1960, farkon shekarun 1970, da tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ya sa Tafkin Chadi ya sake raguwa, duk da haka. Sauran tabkuna masu mahimmanci a Chadi sune Tafkin Fitri, a cikin Batha Prefecture, da Tafkin Iro, a cikin marshy kudu maso gabas.

 Yanayi 
Tafkin Chadi yana da yanayi mai yawa daga arewa zuwa kudu, kodayake yawancin waɗannan yanayi suna bushewa. Baya ga arewacin arewa, yawancin yankuna suna da yanayin sake zagayowar ruwan sama da bushewa. A cikin kowace shekara, tsawon kowane kakar an ƙayyade shi ne ta hanyar matsayi na manyan iska guda biyu - tarin teku a kan Tekun Atlantika zuwa kudu maso yamma da kuma mafi bushewa.

A lokacin ruwan sama, iskõki daga kudu maso yamma suna tura tsarin teku mai laushi a arewacin nahiyar Afirka inda yake haɗuwa da zamewa a ƙarƙashin tarin nahiyar tare da gaba da ake kira "yanki na intertropical". A lokacin ruwan sama, gaba na iya kaiwa har zuwa Kanem Prefecture. A tsakiyar lokacin fari, yankin haɗuwa na wurare masu zafi yana motsawa a kudancin Chadi, yana ɗaukar ruwan sama tare da shi. Wannan tsarin yanayi yana ba da gudummawa ga kafa manyan yankuna uku na yanayi da ciyayi.

 Yankin Sahara 
Yankin Sahara ya rufe kusan rabin arewacin ƙasar, gami da yankin Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti tare da sassan arewacin Kanem, Batha, da Biltine. Yawancin wannan yanki yana samun alamun ruwan sama kawai a duk shekara; a Faya-Largeau, alal misali, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da matsakaicin ƙasa da millimeters 12 (0.47 in), kuma akwai kusan awanni 3800 na hasken rana. Ƙananan oases da aka warwatsa da rijiyoyi na lokaci-lokaci suna samar da ruwa don wasu dabino ko ƙananan filayen millet da amfanin gona.

A yawancin arewa, matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun shine kusan  ° C (89.6 ° F) a lokacin Janairu, watan da ya fi sanyi na shekara, kuma kimanin  ° C (113 ° F) yayin Mayu, watan da aka fi zafi. A wani lokaci, iskõki masu ƙarfi daga arewa maso gabas suna haifar da guguwar yashi mai ƙarfi. A arewacin Biltine Prefecture, wani yanki da ake kira Mortcha yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a kiwon dabbobi. Ya bushe na watanni takwas na shekara, yana karɓar  in) ko fiye da ruwan sama, galibi a lokacin Yuli da Agusta.

Katin maɓuɓɓugar kore daga hamada a lokacin wannan ɗan gajeren lokacin rigar, yana jan hankalin makiyaya daga ko'ina cikin yankin waɗanda ke zuwa makiyaya da shanu da raƙuma. Saboda ƙananan rijiyoyi da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna da ruwa a ko'ina cikin shekara, makiyaya suna barin tare da ƙarshen ruwan sama, suna juyawa ƙasar zuwa ga antelopes, gazelles, da ostriches waɗanda zasu iya rayuwa tare da ƙananan ruwa na ƙasa. Arewacin Chadi yana da matsakaicin sa'o'i 3500 na hasken rana a kowace shekara, kudu dan kadan ƙasa.

Yankin sahelian mai tsaka-tsaki, ko Sahel, ya samar da belin kimanin kilomita 500 (311  wanda ke gudana daga lardunan Lac da Chari-Baguirmi zuwa gabas ta hanyar Guéra, Ouaddaï, da arewacin lardunan Salamat zuwa iyakar Sudan.  Yanayi a cikin wannan yankin canji tsakanin hamada da yankin kudancin Sudan ya kasu kashi biyu cikin ruwan sama (daga Yuni zuwa Satumba) da kuma lokacin bushewa (daga Oktoba zuwa Mayu). 

A arewacin Sahel, shrubs masu ƙaya da itatuwan acacia suna girma daji, yayin da ake shuka dabino, hatsi, da amfanin gona  oases da aka warwatsa. A waje da waɗannan ƙauyuka, makiyaya suna kula da garken su a lokacin ruwan sama, suna motsawa zuwa kudu yayin da abinci da ruwa ya ɓace tare da farkon ɓangaren bushe na shekara. Tsakiyar Sahel tana da ciyawa masu tsayayya da fari da ƙananan dazuzzuka. Ruwan sama ya fi yawa a can fiye da yankin Sahara. Misali, N'Djamena ta yi rikodin matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na  in), yayin da Ouaddaï Prefecture ke karɓar kaɗan kaɗan.

A lokacin zafi, a watan Afrilu da Mayu, matsakaicin yanayin zafi akai-akai yana tashi sama da  ° C (104 ° F).  A kudancin Sahel, ruwan sama ya isa ya ba da izinin samar da amfanin gona a ƙasar da ba a ban ruwa ba, kuma an shuka millet da sorghum. Aikin noma kuma ya zama ruwan dare a cikin marshlands a gabashin Tafkin Chadi da kuma kusa da maras kyau ko rijiyoyi. Manoma da yawa a yankin suna haɗawa da aikin gona tare da kiwon shanu, tumaki, awaki, da kaji.

 Yankin Sudan 
Yankin Sudan mai laushi ya haɗa da Sahel,  yankunan kudancin Mayo-Kebbi, Tandjilé, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Moyen-Chari, da kudancin Salamat.  Tsakanin Afrilu da Oktoba, lokacin ruwan sama yana kawo tsakanin 750 da 1,250 millimeters (29.5 da 49.2 in) na ruwan sama. Yanayin zafi yana da yawa a duk shekara. Karatun rana a Moundou, babban birni a kudu maso yamma, ya kasance daga 27 ° C (80.6 ° F) a tsakiyar lokacin sanyi a watan Janairu zuwa kusan 40 ° C (104 ° F) watanni masu zafi na Maris, Afrilu, da Mayu.

Yankin Sudan yafi yawanci gabashin Sudan, ko filayen da aka rufe da cakuda ciyawa na wurare masu zafi ko na subtropical da gandun daji. Girman yana da kyau a lokacin ruwan sama amma ya zama launin ruwan kasa kuma ya lalace a lokacin rani na watanni biyar tsakanin Nuwamba da Maris. A kan babban bangare na yankin, duk da haka, tsire-tsire na halitta sun ba da gudummawa ga aikin gona.

A ranar 22 ga Yuni, zafin jiki ya kai  ° C (117.7 ° F) a Faya, ya karya rikodin da aka kafa a 1961 a wannan wuri. An kuma bayar da rahoton irin wannan hauhawar zafin jiki a Nijar, wanda ya fara shiga yanayin yunwa.

A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli zafi ya kai kusan matakan rikodin a kan Chadi da Nijar.

 Yankin 
Yankin: jimillar:: 1.2 miliyan km2 ƙasa: 1,2,200 km2 ruwa: 24,800 km2  

 Kanada: dan kadan kasa da sau biyu girman Alberta
 US: dan kadan fiye da sau uku girman California
 Ostiraliya: dan kadan karami fiye da Yankin Arewa

 Yankin 
Yankin ƙasa: jimillar:: 6,406 km Kasashen iyaka:: Kamaru 1,116 km, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya 1,556 km, Libya 1,050 km, Nijar 1,196 km, Najeriya 85 km, Sudan 1,403 km       

Yankin bakin teku: 0 km (ƙasasshe)  
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba