Allan Savory

Clifford Allan Redin Savory (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1935) manomi ne na dabbobi na Zimbabue kuma tsohon ɗan siyasan Rhodesia. Shi ne shugaban kuma co-kafa Cibiyar Savory . Ya samo asali ne daga gudanarwa cikakke,  tsarin tunani na tsarin sarrafa albarkatun.

Masu ba da shawara masu ban sha'awa ta yin amfani da dabbobi masu yawa da motsi a cikin ƙoƙari na yin koyi da yanayi, a matsayin hanyar warkar da yanayin, yana mai cewa "dabbobi ne kawai za su iya juyar da hamada . Babu wani kayan aiki da aka sani da mutane don magance hamada wanda ke ba da gudummawa ba kawai ga sauyin yanayi ba amma har ma da yawancin talauci, ƙaura, tashin hankali, da dai sauransu a cikin yankunan duniya da ke fama da cutar."  "Dabbobi ne kawai za su iya cetonmu."  Ya yi imanin filayen ciyawa suna da damar yin amfani da isassun iskar carbon dioxide don juyar da canjin yanayi. . Manoman shanu sun yaba da shi,   ra'ayoyinsa masu rikitarwa sun haifar da adawa daga malamai; kama daga muhawara kan shaida don tasirin jiyya zuwa iyakar tasirin tasirin da ke tattare da iskar carbon .   

Savory ta sami lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa ta 2003 Banksia  kuma ta lashe 2010 Buckminster Fuller Challenge .  Yarima Charles ya kira shi "mutum mai ban mamaki" kuma sanannen manomi Joel Salatin ya rubuta, "Tarihi zai tabbatar da Allan Savory a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu ilimin muhalli na kowane lokaci".

Sabanin haka, James E. McWilliams ya bayyana Savory a matsayin mai "ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwar da ake tuhuma ta kimiyya a fuskar shaidar akasin haka". George Monbiot ya ce game da shi, "maganganunsa ba su da goyon baya ta shaidar kwarewa da aikin gwaji, kuma a muhimman batutuwa dabarunsa suna haifar da lahani fiye da nagarta. "  Koyaya, wannan sharhi ya kasance mai sukar a cikin wani labarin da Hunter Lovins ya buga a cikin The Guardian, mai taken "Me ya sa George Monbiots ba daidai ba ne: kiwon dabbobi na iya ceton duniya". 

 Rayuwa 

 Ilimi 
Savory ta yi karatu a Afirka ta Kudu a Jami'ar Natal, inda ta sami B.Sc. a cikin Biology da Botany a cikin 1955 . 

 Ayyuka na farko a kudancin Afirka 
Ayyukan Savory na farko sun kasance masu yawa, suna aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halitta, soja, ma'aikacin gwamnati, memba na majalisa, shugaban jam'iyyar siyasa, manomi, rancher, kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara. Fahimtar daga waɗannan abubuwan sun ƙare a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Holistic Management.

Ayyukansa na nazarin tushen dalilin lalacewar ƙasa (ƙasa) ya fara ne tun daga 1955 a Arewacin Rhodesia (yanzu Zambia), inda ya yi aiki a cikin Ma'aikatar mulkin mallaka a matsayin Jami'in Wasanni na Lardin Arewa da Luapula .  Ayyukansa sun ci gaba a Kudancin Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe), da farko a matsayin jami'in bincike a Sashen Wasan sannan kuma a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai zaman kansa da mai ba da shawara na duniya.

Binciken farko na Savory ya ba da shawarar kashe yawan giwaye bisa ga imanin cewa adadi mai yawa na masu cin ganyayyaki suna lalata mazauninsu,   babban imani wanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa tare da masu goyon bayan dabbobi da yawa har zuwa yau. Ba a gabatar da shawarwarinsa ba a lokacin da yake cikin Ma'aikatar Wasanni, amma daga baya a shekarar 1969 a matsayin memba na Majalisar ya kawo Hukumar Bincike ta Majalisar da George Petrides ya jagoranci wanda aka caje shi "don bincika da bayar da rahoto kan dukkan fannoni na manufofin rayuwar daji da gudanarwa a Rhodesia da kuma ba da shawarwari a ciki. Biye da shawarwarin Hukumar Petrides, an nada Dokta Graham Child a matsayin Darakta na Gidajen Kasa da Gudanar da Rayuwa na Wild wanda daga nan gabaɗaya, ya kai kimanin mutane 30,5 da yawa.

Koyaya, wannan shirin culling bai juyar da lalacewar ƙasar ba kamar yadda ake tsammani, kuma Savory ya kira shawarar da ya yanke don yin kira ga kawar da yawan giwaye "mafi tausayi da mafi girman kuskuren rayuwata".  Wannan asarar da za a iya hanawa, sakamakon fassara bayanan bincike don dacewa da ra'ayi na duniya wanda yawancin dabbobi ke haifar da wuce gona da iri, ya sa Savory ya zama mafi ƙuduri'a don fahimtar da warware tushen lalacewar ƙasa da kuma hana wasu yin irin wannan kuskuren rayuwa wanda ya danganta ga tunanin da ya ragewa. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban Savory na tsarin cikakke don yanke shawara da kuma kirkirar Holistic Planned Grazing, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littattafansa, Holistic Management, Third Edition: A Commonsense Revolution to Restore Our Environment, wanda aka rubuta tare da matarsa Jody Butterfield, da kuma Holistic Management Handbook, Third Edition, Regenerating Your Land and Growing Your Profits, wanda aka buga tare da Sam Bingham da Jody Butterwood.

Savory ya sami rinjaye daga aikin da ya gabata na masanin ilimin noma na Faransa André Voisin wanda ya ce yawan kiwo ya haifar da yawan lokacin da aka fallasa shuke-shuke ga dabbobi, ba daga dabbobi da yawa a kowane yanki ba. Savory ya ga wannan a matsayin mafita ga wuce gona da iri, kuma ya yi imanin cewa wuce gona da yawa ya haifar da barin shanu da daɗewa kuma ya dawo da su da wuri, maimakon girman garken.

 Kasancewar soja 
Savory ya ce a cikin tarihinsa cewa ya shiga matsayin mai kula da gida tare da sabis na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Sashen Wasanni na Arewacin Rhodesia don shirya kansa don yaƙin 'yan tawaye - koyon dabarun kamar ƙwarewar daji da bin dabbobi kamar giwaye daga al'adun gida, wanda zai iya samun aikace-aikacen soja a cikin yaki da tawaye. A farkon shekarun 1960, lokacin da Savory ya kasance jami'in Sojoji na Yankin (tsare), ya rubuta wa Firayim Minista na Tarayya Roy Welensky yana ba da shawarar cewa sojoji su shirya don yaƙin 'yan tawaye mai zuwa ta hanyar horar da masu bin diddigin - shawarar da manyan jami'an masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka ƙi. Koyaya, a farkon shekarun 1960, ra'ayoyinsa sun fara samun karɓa lokacin da manyan Sojojin Tarayya na Air Service (SAS) suka gayyace shi don gabatar da darussan kan bin diddigin da "ƙwarewar daji mai tsattsauran ra'ayi" - waɗanda aka tura su kan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Afirka da ke fada da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.

A lokacin da aka sanar da 'yancin kai a shekarar 1965, Savory ya kasance Kyaftin a cikin rundunar Sojojin Yankin na ɗan lokaci, 4th Battalion Royal Rhodesia Regiment . Ya yi tsayayya da UDI a hankali. A shekara ta 1965, Savory ya gabatar da takarda ga hedkwatar sojojin Rhodesia wanda ya ba da shawarar kafa ƙungiyar Guerrilla Anti-terrorist Unit (GATU) tare da fararen ma'aikatan SAS da 'yan sanda baƙi waɗanda za su ƙware a bin diddigin, kuma su zama masu tayar da kayar baya na Afirka don shiga da kuma kawar da ƙungiyoyinsu - an amince da wannan buƙatar, amma rashin jituwa tsakanin sojoji da' yan sanda ya haifar da dakatar da rukunin. Kafin a rushe GATU, Savory ya tuna cewa a kan ayyukan "mun yi wa fararen fata fata fata da launi na musamman da aka samar mana". Daga baya, sojojin sun ba da izinin Savory don zaɓar membobin dukan fararen Sojojin Yankin, waɗanda su ma ma Rangers ne daga Ma'aikatar Rhodesian ta National Parks and Wildlife Management (DNPWLM), da masu farauta masu sana'a don kafa Tracker Combat Unit (TCU) - kamar yadda ƙungiyar ba ta da ma'aikatan baƙar fata, an watsar da shirye-shiryen shiga cikin kungiyoyi, kuma an sake mayar da hankali kan bin diddigin da kashe 'yan tawaye na Afirka. Bayan ficewar Savory daga TCU, daga baya ya samo asali ya zama Selous Scouts.

 Kasancewa cikin siyasa 
An zabi Savory a majalisar dokokin Rhodesia wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Matobo a Zaben 1970. Bayan ya yi murabus daga Rhodesian Front don nuna rashin amincewa da manufofinsa da kuma yadda ake gudanar da yakin, a cikin 1973 Savory ya sake fasalin tsohuwar Jam'iyyar Rhodesia da Sir Roy Welensky ke jagoranta. Savory ya bayyana a watan Maris na shekara ta 1973 cewa babban burin Jam'iyyar Rhodesia a karkashin shugabancinsa shine "don tabbatar da makomar Turai ta dogon lokaci a Rhodesia ta hanyar gwamnati mai karfi da adalci" kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan fifiko na tattalin arziki dole ne a kiyaye shi, amma ya kamata a rage bambance-bambance tsakanin fararen fata da baƙar fata don "gwamnati mai kyau" za ta rage kiran "gwamnatin kai". Jam'iyyar ta kuma bayyana cewa ba ta son mambobin Afirka, kuma a watan Maris na shekara ta 1973 ta bayyana cewa "ba za ta zama jam'iyya ga hadin gwiwa tare da mambobin majalisar dokokin Afirka ba". A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1973, Savory ya bayyana cewa Jam'iyyar Rhodesia ta goyi bayan wariyar launin fata ciki har da makarantu da asibitoci, yana ba da shawarar cewa kawai 'yan Afirka da ke aiki a garuruwa kamar ma'aikatan gida su kasance a cikin birane - kuma ya ba da shawarar gabatar da "Ministan Kula da Jama'a" wanda zai kula da "farashin yawan jama'a" tsakanin' yan Afirka. A watan Yunin 1973, Savory ya bayyana a fili, "Idan an haife ni baƙar fata Rhodesian, maimakon fararen Rhodesian, zan zama babban ta'addanci. "  Ko da yake ya bukaci fararen Rhodesians su fahimci dalilin da ya sa zai ji wannan, martani ga wannan sanarwa ya haifar da fitar da Savory daga Jam'iyyar Rhodesia. A shekara ta 1977, wasu jam'iyyun fararen fata masu matsakaici sun haɗu don adawa da Ian Smith a cikin abin da aka sani da National Unifying Force (NUF) karkashin jagorancin Savory . Jam'iyyar NUF ba ta sami kujeru a zaben 1977, kuma Savory ya bar shugabanci ga Tim Gibbs, ɗan gwamnan Rhodesia na ƙarshe. Savory ya ci gaba da yaki da Ian Smith da manufofinsa, musamman adawa da Internal Settlement a karkashin Bishop Abel Muzorewa .  A shekara ta 1979, saboda rikice-rikice da gwamnatin Smith, Savory ya bar Rhodesia kuma ya shiga gudun hijira don ci gaba da aikinsa na kimiyya.

 Ka ƙaura zuwa Amurka 
Bayan barin Zimbabwe, Savory ya yi aiki daga Tsibirin Cayman zuwa Amurka, yana gabatar da cikakken shirin kiwo a matsayin tsari na gudanarwa don juyar da hamada na 'brittle' ciyawa ta hanyar tsara motsi na garken dabbobi masu yawa don kwaikwayon waɗanda aka samu a cikin yanayi, yana ba da isasshen lokaci ga tsire-tsire su murmure gaba kafin sake kiwo. Savory ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka, kuma tare da matarsa Jody Butterfield sun kafa Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Cikakken a shekarar 1984. Daga baya aka canza sunanta zuwa Cibiyar Savory sannan daga baya aka canza Holistic Management International. A shekara ta 2009 Savory ya bar HMI kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Savory. Savory, Butterfield da mai ba da agaji Sam Brown sun kafa Cibiyar Afirka don Gudanar da Cikakken, wanda ke zaune a Zimbabwe a 1992 a kan kadada 2,520 (6,200 acres) na ƙasar da Savory ya ba da gudummawa don amfanin mutanen Afirka a matsayin wurin ilmantarwa / horo don gudanarwa cikakke.

 Rayuwa ta mutum 
Lokacin da ba sa tafiya a duniya suna yada saƙonsa, Savory da Butterfield sun raba lokacin su tsakanin gidansu a Albuquerque da kuma rufin rufi na gidajen laka a cikin daji na Afirka a Zimbabwe. Sau da yawa yakan tafi tsirara.

 Gudanar da shawarwari na gaba ɗaya 
Jawabinsa na TED na 2013, "Yadda za a kore hamada da kuma sauya canjin yanayi,"  ya ja hankalin miliyoyin ra'ayoyi kuma ya biyo bayan sakin littafinsa na TED, The Grazing Revolution: A Radical Plan to Save the Earth.  A cikin jawabinsa na TED Savory ya tambaya, "Mene ne za mu yi?"

Savory yana ba da shawara ta amfani da fasaha mai zurfi don haɓaka madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi da rage ko kawar da hayaki a nan gaba. Yana goyon bayan naman sa da aka ciyar da ciyawa kuma yana adawa da samar da dabbobi na masana'antu.

Savory ya yi Allah wadai da aikin shuka da ƙone gandun daji da ciyawa,  yana mai cewa "ya bar ƙasa ba tare da komai ba, ya saki carbon, kuma mafi muni fiye da haka, ƙone hekta ɗaya na ciyawa yana ba da ƙarin, kuma mafi lalacewa, gurɓata fiye da motoci 6,000. Kuma muna ƙonewa a Afirka, kowace shekara, fiye da hekta biliyan ɗaya na ciwo, kuma kusan babu wanda ke magana game da shi. " Hectare biliyan daya ne mafi girma fiye da na hamada.

 Yabo da zargi 
Manoma, ranchers, makiyaya da kungiyoyi daban-daban suna aiki a duniya don dawo da makiyaya ta hanyar koyarwa da aikin Gudanarwa gaba ɗaya da yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. Wannan ya haɗa da ayyukan kiyayewa a Amurka, Afirka, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Kanada, da Ostiraliya inda kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban, hukumomin gwamnati da jami'o'i ke gudanar da gudanarwa gaba ɗaya da kuma shirin kiwo gaba ɗaya don juyar da hamada ta amfani da dabbobi a matsayin babban wakili na canji don dawo da muhalli, ƙara murfin ƙasa, al'amarin ƙasa da riƙe ruwa, sake cika koguna, da yaki da asarar halittu.

A shekara ta 2003 Ostiraliya ta girmama Savory tare da lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa ta Banksia "don mutumin da ke yin mafi kyawun muhalli a duniya"  kuma a shekara ta 2010, Savory da Cibiyar Gudanar da Cikakken Afirka sun lashe The Buckminster Fuller Challenge,  gasar ƙira ta shekara-shekara ta duniya da ke ba da kyautar $ 100,000 "don tallafawa ci gaba da aiwatar da dabarun da ke da babbar damar warware matsalolin bil'adama".

Savory ya fuskanci zargi game da sa hannu a siyasa da soja a cikin mulkin mallaka na Rhodesia a cikin shekarun 1970s - musamman don tallafawa wariyar launin fata da kuma ba da shawarar "Ministan Kula da Jama'a" don magance "farin yawan jama'a" tsakanin 'yan Afirka a lokacin shugabancinsa na Jam'iyyar Rhodesia,   da kuma haɓaka da koyar da dabarun bin diddigin ga dukkan fararen sojoji waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don bin diddigir da kashe masu tayar da ke yaƙi da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.

Savory ya fuskanci zargi don da'awar yiwuwar ƙwaƙwalwar carbon na kiwo cikakke yana da kariya daga binciken kimiyya na kwarewa. Misali, a cikin 2000, Savory ya ce "hanyar kimiyya ba ta gano komai ba" kuma "hanyar kimiyyar tana kare mu daga cranks kamar ni".  A 2017 factsheet da Savory ya rubuta ya bayyana cewa "Kowane binciken da aka shirya da aka yi ya samar da sakamakon da masana kimiyya suka ƙi saboda babu kwafin!". TABLE Debates ya taƙaita wannan ta hanyar cewa "Savory ya yi jayayya cewa daidaitawa, maimaitawa, sabili da haka gwajin gwaji na HPG [Holistic Planned Grazing] gaba ɗaya (maimakon kawai tsarin kiwo da ke da alaƙa da shi) ba zai yiwu ba, sabili haka, ba zai iya yin karatu ta hanyar kimiyya ta gwaji ba", amma "ba ya bayyana yadda HPG zai iya yin ikirarin ilimin dalili game da yaki da hamada da rage sauyin yanayi, ba tare da yin amfani da kimiyya da irin waɗannan haɗin ba. "

Hanyar Savory game da matsalar hamada ya gamu da juriya daga masana kimiyya. Wani bincike na meta-bincike na karatun da ya dace tsakanin 1972 da 2016 ya gano cewa Shirye-shiryen Kiwo na Holistic ba shi da tasiri mafi kyau fiye da ci gaba da kiwo a kan shuke-shuke da biomass, kodayake yana iya amfana da wasu yankuna tare da sama da hazo. Sabanin haka, nazarin uku na 2007 da 2010 sun rubuta ingantaccen ƙasa kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar carbon na ƙasa, biota na ƙasa, riƙe ruwa, ƙarfin riƙe abinci mai gina jiki, da datti na ƙasa a kan ƙasar da aka yi kiwo ta amfani da hanyoyin kiwo da yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasar da aka ci gaba da kiwo. Har ila yau, akwai shaidar cewa hanyoyin kiwo da yawa na iya kara yawan riƙe ruwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasar da ba a kiwo ba. Koyaya, George Wuerthner, yana rubutu a cikin The Wildlife News a cikin wata kasida ta 2013 mai taken, "Allan Savory: Myth And Reality" ya ce, "Ƙananan gwaje-gwajen kimiyya da magoya bayan Savory suka ambata a matsayin tabbatar da hanyoyinsa (daga cikin daruruwan da ke karyata maganganunsa), sau da yawa sun kasa gwada ra'ayoyinsa. Da yawa daga cikin binciken da aka ambata a shafin yanar gizon HM suna da matakan amfani (digiri na ciyayi da aka cire) ƙasa da matakin da matakin da Savory ya ba da shi a zahiri".

Akwai tushen shaidu da ba su da ƙwarewa wanda ke kwatanta hanyoyin Savory da rashin dabbobi a wuraren ciyawa. Bincike da yawa da aka sake dubawa sun gano cewa cire dabbobi gaba ɗaya daga wuraren ciyawa na tsaka-tsaki na iya haifar da farfadowa mai mahimmanci na ciyayi da kuma ƙwacewar carbon na ƙasa. Wata takarda da aka sake dubawa ta 2021 ta gano cewa wuraren kiwo da ke da alaƙa da ƙasa na halitta suna da kashi 80% na jimlar carbon sink na filayen duniya, yayin da wuraren kiwo masu sarrafawa sun kasance tushen iskar gas a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa kiwo mai yawa na irin wannan da Savory ya amince da shi ya haifar da karɓar carbon na ƙasa fiye da ci gaba mai nauyi, amma dan kadan karɓar karɓar carbon a ƙasa fiye da "karɓar kiwo" (ban da kiwo mai kiwo daga ƙasa).  Wani takarda da aka sake dubawa ya gano cewa idan an mayar da makiyaya na yanzu zuwa tsohuwar jiharta a matsayin wuraren ciyawa, wuraren shrubs, da ƙananan savannah ba tare da dabbobi ba wannan na iya adana kimanin 15.2 - 59.9 Gt ƙarin carbon.

A cikin jawabinsa na TED, Savory ya yi iƙirarin cewa kiwo na gaba ɗaya na iya rage matakan carbon dioxide zuwa matakan kafin masana'antu a cikin shekaru 40. A cewar Skeptical Science, "ba zai yiwu a kara yawan aiki ba, kara yawan shanu da adana carbon ta amfani da kowane dabarun kiwo, ba tare da tunani ba na Holistic Management [...] An yi nazarin dogon lokaci game da tasirin kiwo a kan ajiyar carbon a ƙasa ba, kuma sakamakon ba su da kyau.  Saboda rikitarwa yanayin ajiyar carbon cikin ƙasa, karuwar zafin jiki na duniya, haɗarin hamada da hayakin methane daga dabbobi, ba zai iya juyawa canjin yanayi ba. Da yake yin sharhi a kan jawabinsa na TED "''Yadda za a yi yaƙi da hamada da sauya canjin yanayi'", Savory tun daga lokacin ya musanta cewa kiwo na gaba ɗaya na iya juyar da canjin yanayi, yana cewa "Na yi amfani da kalmomin da ke magana game da canjin sauyin yanayi... kodayake na rubuta kuma na yi magana game da sauya hamada da mutum ya yi".

Dangane da binciken da Jami'ar Uppsala ta buga a shekarar 2016, ainihin adadin da ingantaccen kula da kiwo zai iya taimakawa ga satar carbon ya ninka sau bakwai fiye da ikirarin da Savory ya yi. Binciken ya kammala cewa gudanarwa gaba ɗaya ba zai iya juyar da canjin yanayi ba. Wani binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Abinci da Yanayi ta yi a shekarar 2017 ta kammala cewa ikirarin Savory game da tsare carbon "ba gaskiya ba ne" kuma ya bambanta da wadanda aka bayar ta hanyar binciken da aka sake dubawa. Binciken FCRN ya kiyasta cewa, bisa ga meta-bincike na wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, jimlar yiwuwar ƙwaƙwalwar carbon ta duniya daga kula da kiwo ya kasance daga 0.3-0.8 Gt CO2eq a kowace shekara, wanda ya yi daidai da 4-11% na jimlar fitar da dabbobi na duniya, kuma cewa "Ƙaruwa ko karuwa a cikin ɓangaren kiwo a matsayin hanyar kama ƙarin carbon zai haifar da karuwa mai yawa a cikin methane, nitrous oxide da amfani da canjin ƙasa CO20.92 . Wani takarda da aka sake dubawa na 2022 ya kiyasta yiwuwar satar carbon na ingantaccen kula da kiwo a irin wannan matakin na 0.15-0.70 Gt CO2eq a kowace shekara.

A cikin jawabin 2012 ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi na Duniya, Yarima Charles ya ce:

Cibiyar Savory ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin goma sha ɗaya na ƙarshe a cikin Ƙalubalen Duniya na Virgin,  gasar 2007-2019 wacce ta ba da kyautar dala miliyan 25 ga duk wanda zai iya nuna ƙirar kasuwanci wanda ya haifar da cire iskar gas na dindindin daga Yanayin duniya don ba da gudummawa ta zahiri a guje wa dumamar duniya.  Babu wani daga cikin shigarwar da ya gamsu da duk ka'idodin kyautar da ake bukata.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba