CHIPS da Dokar Kimiyya

Dokar CHIPS da Kimiyya doka ce ta tarayya ta Amurka da Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta 117 ta kafa kuma Shugaba Joe Biden ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2022. Dokar ta ba da izini kusan dala biliyan 280 a cikin sabon kudade don bunkasa bincike na cikin gida da masana'antun semiconductors a Amurka, wanda ya ba da dala biliyan 52.7 .   Dokar ta haɗa da dala biliyan 39 a cikin tallafi don masana'antar kwakwalwa a ƙasar Amurka tare da ƙididdigar harajin saka hannun jari na 25% don farashin kayan aikin masana'antu, da dala biliya 13 don binciken semiconductor da horar da ma'aikata, tare da manufar biyu na ƙarfafa ƙarfin sarkar samar da Amurka da kuma magance China.   : 1 Har ila yau, yana saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 174 a cikin tsarin halittu na binciken bangaren jama'a a kimiyya da fasaha, ci gaba da jirgin sararin samaniya na ɗan adam, lissafin lissafi, kimiyyar kayan aiki, kimiyyyar rayuwa, kimiyya ta gwaji, tsaro na zamantakewa da la'akari da ɗabi'a, ci gaban ma'aikata da bambancin, daidaito, da ƙoƙarin hadawa a NASA, NSF, DOE, NIST" EDA, da NIST.

Dokar ba ta da gajeren lakabi na hukuma gaba ɗaya amma an raba ta zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku tare da gajerun sunayensu: Sashe na A shine Dokar CHIPS ta 2022 (inda CHIPS ke tsaye ga tsohon "Creating Helpful Incentives to Producing Semiconductors" don Dokar Amurka" ); Sashe na B shine Dokar Bincike da Ci Gaban, Gasar, da Innovation; kuma Sashe na C shine Dokar Kudin Tsaro ta Kotun Koli ta 2022.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, masu sharhi sun kiyasta cewa dokar ta karfafa tsakanin ayyukan 25 zuwa 50 daban-daban, tare da jimlar saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 160-200 da sabbin ayyuka 25,000-45,000. Koyaya, waɗannan ayyukan suna fuskantar jinkiri wajen karɓar tallafi saboda matsalolin bureaucratic, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ma'aikata, da yarjejeniyar tallafin majalisa waɗanda suka iyakance ko yanke tanadin bincike na Dokar da dubban biliyoyin daloli.

 Tarihi 
Dokar CHIPS da Kimiyya ta haɗu da takardun kudi guda biyu: Dokar Ƙayyadadden Ƙasa,  wanda aka tsara don haɓaka saka hannun jari a cikin binciken fasaha na cikin gida, da Dokar CHIPS don Amurka,  wanda aka tsara domin kawo masana'antar semiconductor zuwa Amurka. Dokar tana da niyyar yin gasa da China.

An gabatar da Dokar Ƙayyadadden Ƙayyadaddun ga Sanatoci Chuck Schumer (D-NY) da Todd Young (R-IN) ta Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati Keith Krach a watan Oktoba 2019, a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun Tsaro na Tattalin Arziki na Duniya don haɓaka saka hannun jari a cikin bincike mai zurfi wanda ke da muhimmanci ga tsaron ƙasa na Amurka. Shirin ya bunkasa dala biliyan 150 a cikin kudaden R&D na gwamnati a cikin saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 500, tare da daidaita saka hannun jari daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da hadin gwiwar abokan hulɗa na fasaha da ake kira "Techno-Democracies-10" (TD-10).   A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2020, Sanatoci Young da Schumer, tare da 'yan majalisa Ro Khanna (D-CA) da Mike Gallagher (R-WI.), sun gabatar da Dokar Ƙasashen Ƙasashen Waje ta Bipartisan, Bicameral don ƙarfafa jagorancin Amurka a cikin sababbin kimiyya da fasaha ta hanyar ƙara saka hannun jari a cikin ganowa, halitta, da kasuwanci na fannonin fasaha na gaba.  

Dokar Innovation da Competition ta Amurka ta 2021 (USICA) (S. 1260), wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Ƙayyadadden Ƙasa, doka ce ta Amurka da shugaban Majalisar Dattijai Chuck Schumer da Sanata Young suka tallafawa wanda ya ba da izini ga dala biliyan 110 don bincike na asali da ci gaba a cikin shekaru biyar. Zuba jari a cikin bincike na asali da na ci gaba, kasuwanci, da ilimi da shirye-shiryen horo a cikin hankali na wucin gadi, semiconductors, lissafin lissafi, sadarwa mai ci gaba, biotechnology da makamashi mai ci gaba. Fiye da dala biliyan 10 an ba da izini don ba da gudummawa don tsara cibiyoyin fasahar yanki goma da ƙirƙirar shirin amsa Rikicin sarkar samarwa.   

Sashe na Dokar CHIPS don Amurka ya samo asali ne daga Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati Krach da tawagarsa da ke ba da dala biliyan 12 a kan shoring na TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) don tabbatar da jerin samar da kayan aiki na ƙwarewar semiconductors, a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2020. Shirye-shiryen da Krach ya bayyana shi ne yin amfani da sanarwar TSMC a matsayin abin motsawa don karfafa amintaccen sarkar samarwa ta hanyar jan hankalin tsarin halittu na masu samar da kayayyaki na TSMC; shawo kan wasu kamfanonin guntu don samarwa a Amurka, musamman Intel da Samsung; karfafa jami'o'i don haɓaka tsarin aikin injiniya da ke mai da hankali kan masana'antar semiconductor da tsara lissafin bipartisan (CHIPS don Amurka) don samar da kudade da ake buƙata.  Wannan ya haifar da Krach da ƙungiyarsa ta kusa da haɗin gwiwa wajen ƙirƙirar ɓangaren CHIPS don Amurka tare da sanatoci John Cornyn (R-TX) da Mark Warner (D-VA).  A watan Yunin 2020, Sanata Warner ya shiga Sanata na Amurka John Cornyn wajen gabatar da Dokar CHIPS biliyan 52 don Amurka.  An kuma haɗa abubuwa na Dokar Bincike da Ci Gaban Bioeconomy ta 2021.  

Dukkanin takardun kudi sun haɗu cikin Dokar Innovation da Competition ta Amurka (USICA). A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2021, USICA ta wuce 68-32 a Majalisar Dattijai tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyun biyu. Dokar Majalisar, Dokar COMPETES ta Amurka ta 2022 (H.R. 4521), ta wuce a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2022. Majalisar Dattijai ta zartar da dokar da aka gyara ta hanyar maye gurbin rubutun HR 4521 tare da rubutun USICA a ranar 28 ga Maris, 2022. An buƙaci taron Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar don sulhunta bambance-bambance, wanda ya haifar da Dokar CHIPS da Kimiyya ta jam'iyya biyu, ko "[./CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-32 [1]] Kudin ya wuce Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka da kuri'un 64-33 a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2022. A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin, lissafin dala biliyan 280 ya wuce Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka da kuri'un 243-187-1 .  A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 2022, mujallar EE Times (Injiniyan lantarki) da ake kira Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati Keith Krach (kamar yadda ya kasance a watan Fabrairun 2023), yanzu Shugaban Cibiyar Krach ta Tech Diplomacy a Jami'ar Purdue) masanin gine-ginen CHIPS da Dokar Kimiyya.Patterson, Alan (August 1, 2022). "Architect of CHIPS Act Speaks on Its Impact". EE Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023. Shugaba Joe Biden ne ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2022.

 Tarihi da tanadi 
Dokar ta zama shirin manufofin masana'antu wanda ke faruwa ne a kan asalin wani AI Cold War tsakanin Amurka da China, kamar yadda fasahar fasaha ta wucin gadi ta dogara da semiconductors. An yi la'akari da dokar a cikin karancin semiconductor na duniya kuma an yi niyyar samar da tallafi da kudaden haraji ga masu yin kwakwalwa tare da ayyuka a Amurka. Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta Amurka an ba ta ikon rarraba kudade bisa ga shirye-shiryen kamfanoni na ci gaba da bincike, gina wurare, da horar da sabbin ma'aikata

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