Tsabtace kabilanci

Tsabtace kabilanci shine tilasta cire kabilanci, launin fata, ko ƙungiyoyin addini daga wani yanki, tare da niyyar yin al'umma ta kabilanci. Tare da cirewa kai tsaye kamar korar ko canja wurin yawan jama'a, ya haɗa da hanyoyin da ba a kai tsaye ba da nufin tilasta ƙaura ta hanyar tilasta wa ƙungiyar da aka azabtar su gudu da hana dawowarta, kamar kisan kai, fyade, da lalata dukiya. Dukkanin ma'anar da cajin tsaftace kabilanci galibi ana jayayya da shi, tare da wasu masu bincike ciki har da wasu da ba su da izini ga tilasta wa mutane da yawa ko kisan kiyashi a matsayin hanyar kawar da wani yanki na wani rukuni,   ko kuma suna kiransa da karin magana don kisan kare dangi ko kisan kare al'adu.  

Kodayake malamai ba su yarda da abin da ya faru ya zama tsarkake kabilanci ba,  lokuta da yawa sun faru a cikin tarihi. An fara amfani da kalmar ne don bayyana yadda ake bi da 'yan kasar Albania game da' 'Yan Serbia na Kosovo a cikin shekarun 1980,   kuma sun shiga amfani da su sosai a lokacin Yugoslav Wars a cikin shekarun 1990. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kalmar ta sami karbuwa sosai saboda aikin jarida. Kodayake bincike da farko ya mayar da hankali kan ƙiyayya mai zurfi a matsayin bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru na tsabtace kabilanci, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna tsabtace kabalanci a matsayin "ƙaruwa ta halitta na halaye na jihohin al'umma" ko jaddada damuwa da tsaro da tasirin Dimokuradiyya, yana nuna tashin hankali na kabilanci a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa. Bincike ya kuma mayar da hankali kan rawar da yaƙi ke takawa a matsayin mai haifar da ko haɓaka a cikin tsarkake kabilanci. Koyaya, jihohin da ke cikin irin wannan yanayin dabarun na iya samun manufofi daban-daban ga kabilun da aka ɗauka a matsayin barazanar tsaro.

Tsabtace kabilanci ba shi da ma'anar doka a ƙarƙashin dokar aikata laifuka ta duniya, amma hanyoyin da ake aiwatar da shi ana ɗaukar su laifuka a kan bil'adama kuma suna iya fadawa ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kisan kare dangi."Ethnic cleansing". United Nations. United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved December 20, 2020.

 Magana 
Wani abu da ya gabata ga kalmar shine kalmar Helenanci  (; lit. "bautar"), wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin matani na dā. Misali, don bayyana munanan ayyukan da suka biyo bayan nasarar da Alexander the Great ya yi a Thebes a cikin 335 KZ. Cirewar Moriscos daga Spain tsakanin 1609 da 1614 wasu marubuta suna ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na tsabtace kabilanci da ke tallafawa jihar a duniyar yamma ta zamani. Raphael Lemkin, wanda ya kirkiro kalmar "kisan kare dangi", ya yi la'akari da ƙaurawar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ta mazauna Amurka a matsayin misali na tarihi na kisan kare dji. Sauran, kamar masanin tarihi Gary Anderson, suna jayayya cewa kisan kare dangi bai nuna wani bangare na tarihin Amurka ba, yana ba da shawarar a maimakon haka cewa tsarkake kabilanci kalma ce mafi dacewa. Kisan kare dangi na Circassian, wanda aka fi sani da "Tsitsekun", masana tarihi daban-daban sukan ɗauka a matsayin kamfen na farko na tsaftace kabilanci da wata jiha ta kaddamar a lokacin karni na 19th. Janar na Imperial na Rasha Nikolay Yevdakimov, wanda ke kula da ayyukan kisan kare dangi na Circassian a cikin shekarun 1860, ya lalata Musulman Circassians a matsayin " annoba" da za a kore su daga ƙasashensu. Manufar Rasha ita ce mamaye ƙasa; kuma ayyukan soja na Rasha waɗanda suka tilasta fitar da Circassians an sanya su ta Yevdakimov a matsayin "ochishchenie" (tsabtacewa). 

A farkon shekarun 1900, ana iya samun bambance-bambance na yanki na kalmar tsakanin Czechs (), Polish (), Faransanci (cleaning) da Jamusawa ().  Wani rahoto na Carnegie Endowment na 1913 wanda ya yi Allah wadai da ayyukan duk mahalarta a cikin Yakin Balkan ya ƙunshi sabbin sharuɗɗa daban-daban don bayyana zalunci da aka yi wa kabilun.

 Ma'anar 
Rahoton Ƙarshe na Hukumar Masana da aka kafa bisa ga Resolution na Majalisar Tsaro 780 ya bayyana tsabtace kabilanci kamar haka:

Ma'anar hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsaftace kabilanci ita ce "samar da wani yanki na kabilanci ta hanyar amfani da karfi ko tsoratarwa don cirewa daga wani yanki na wasu kabilanci ko addini. "  A matsayin rukuni, tsaftacewar kabilanci ya ƙunshi ci gaba ko nau'ikan manufofi. A cikin kalmomin Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, "tsarkakewar kabilanci ... ya ƙaryata ma'anar sauƙi. A wani ƙarshen kusan ba za a iya rarrabe shi daga ƙaura da musayar yawan jama'a ba yayin da a ɗayan ya haɗu da korar da kisan kare dangi. A mafi yawanci, duk da haka, tsarkakewar ƙabila za a iya fahimta a matsayin korar yawan jama'ara daga yankin da aka ba shi.

 Manazarta