Keetoowah Nighthawk Society

Keetoowah Nighthawk Society kungiya ce ta Cherokee da aka kafa a 1858  kuma an sake kafa ta ca. 1900 wanda aka yi niyyar adanawa da kuma aiwatar da al'adun gargajiya na Cherokee da "tsoffin hanyoyi" na rayuwar kabilanci, bisa ga kishin kasa na addini. Redbird Smith ne ya jagoranci shi, Majalisar Kasa ta Cherokee kuma memba na asali na Keetoowah Society. An kafa shi a yankin Indiya wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shigar da Oklahoma a matsayin jiha, a ƙarshen karni na sha tara lokacin da gwamnatin tarayya ke rushe gwamnatocin kabilanci da ƙasashen al'umma a ƙarƙashin Dokar Dawes da Dokar Curtis. Nighthawks sun tashi ne don mayar da martani ga raunana ƙuduri daga bangaren shugabannin Cherokee - gami da asalin Keetoowah Society (Cherokee),  ƙungiyar siyasa da Cherokee 'yan asalin Amurka suka kirkira, a cikin 1858 - don ci gaba da juriya a madadin Cherokee bayan Hukumar Dawes ta fara tilasta canja wurin ƙasashen kabilanci a cikin Yankin Indiya zuwa mallakar mutum a cikin shekarun 1890 (a tsarin da ake kira allotment). 

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafawa, Keetoowah Nighthawk Society ya karu zuwa mambobi 5,500, amma ba su iya hana canje-canjen da Hukumar Dawes ta yi ba. A cikin 1900 wakilan ta sun zo yarjejeniyar rarraba tare da shugabannin Cherokee. Bayan yin haka, Hukumar ta yi rajistar Nighthawks da ba su bi ba a cikin kabilar ba tare da samun yardarsu ba, kuma ta yi rajista da su don rabon. A cikin 1902, an kama Redbird Smith kuma an tilasta masa yin rajista don rarraba.
alt=text|right|thumb|363x363px|Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt ya sanar da matsayin jihar Oklahoma, Nuwamba 16, 1907.  Web document date appearing, 15 August 2016.
Nighthawks ba za su yarda da waɗannan alkawuran da aka tilasta ba, kuma yayin da sauran Cherokee suka zama 'yan ƙasa na Oklahoma (kasancewa, Nuwamba 16, 1907  Web document date appearing, 15 August 2016.), masu bin al'ada, suna gaskata cewa "haɗin al'adu ya wakilci babbar barazana ga mutanensu", sun gudu zuwa yankunan tsaunuka kusa da Blackgum Mountain (a yanzu Sequoyah County, Oklahoma).  A can, a kan ƙarfin sadaukarwarsu da lambobi - da kuma amfani da rikodin tarihin Cherokee da Keetoowah na belin wampum mai tsarki da suka gano - sauran Nighthawks "sun yi ƙoƙari su adana al'adun Cherokee na dā;" a cikin 1908 sun zabi Smith a matsayin shugaban rayuwa. Amma, kamar yadda Michael Lee Weber ya lura, "yunkurinsa ya riga ya ragu," kuma a ƙarshen 1918, "Redbird Smith, 'ruhu mai motsawa'" na al'ummarsu, ya mutu.

 Redbird Smith 
Don tsayayya da lalacewar al'adu, Redbird Smith da sauran shugabannin Cherokee da dattawa sun kafa wata ƙungiya ta sirri, Keetoowah Nighthawk Society, inda suka yi bikin gargajiya da tarurruka a asirce. Wannan rukuni ya yi niyyar adana yawancin al'adun da suka gabata, bukukuwan, da imani na Cherokee.

Redbird Smith ya kasance memba na Nighthawk mai tasiri wanda ya farfado da ruhin gargajiya a tsakanin Cherokee, wanda ya fara a ƙarshen karni na 19. An haife shi a watan Yuli 19, 1850, kusa da birnin Fort Smith, Arkansas ga iyayen [ ]tare da sauran Cherokee zuwa Yankin Indiya daga Jojiya. Mahaifinsa, Pig Redbird Smith, ya kasance mai sadaukarwa ga rukunin Long House na tsoffin al'adu, al'adu da ayyuka ][ . Mahaifiyarsa, Lizzie Hildebrand Smith, ta fito ne daga fitaccen dangin Cherokee. A lokacin kuruciyar Redbird, mahaifinsa ya ba shi hidima ga mutanen Cherokee daidai da tsohuwar al'adun gargajiya, [ ] ya zama shugaban majalisa. 

Burinsa shine ya riƙe duk abin da ya ɓace daga Keetoowah. A karshe dai an daure shi, tare da wasu mabiya, saboda nuna adawa da rabon fili da rajistar ‘yan kabilar. Smith ya mutu a cikin 1918, tare da Redbird Movement.  [ tabbatar da ake bukata ]

 A zamanin yau 
Keetoowah Nighthawk Society ya sake farfado da Cherokee a Oklahoma. Thornton, Russell (1993). "Boundary Dissolution and Revitalization Movements: The Case of the Nineteenth-Century Cherokee". Ethnohistory. 40 (3, summer). Durham, NC and Madison, WI: Duke University Press and the American Society for Ethnohistory: 359–383, esp. 373f. doi:10.2307/481860. JSTOR 481860. [ tabbacin da ake bukata ] A lokacin Redbird Smith, akwai fiye da 20 Cherokee Stomp Grounds;  filayen raye-raye bakwai na bikin a Oklahoma a yau sun kasance na al'adar Keetoowah ko Ƙungiyar Uwa Hudu . [ tabbatar da ake bukata ]

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