Sauyin yanayi na Vermont

Jihar Vermont yana cikin yankin New England na arewa maso gabashin Amurka kuma ya ƙunshi murabba'in mil 9,614 (24,900 km2), wanda ya mai da ita jiha ta 45 mafi girma.  Ita ce kaɗai jihar da ba ta da gine-ginen da ya fi tsayi ƙafa 124 (38 m).  Ƙasa ta ƙunshi murabba'in murabba'in mil 9,250 (kilomita 24,000) kuma ruwa ya ƙunshi murabba'in mil 365 (950 km2), wanda ya mai da shi matsayi na 43 mafi girma a yankin ƙasa kuma na 47 a yankin ruwa.  A cikin duka, ya fi El Salvador girma kuma ya fi Haiti girma.  Ita ce jiha tilo da ba ta da ƙasa a cikin New England, kuma ita ce ta gabas kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a yankin duk jihohin da ba su da ƙasa.

Za'a iya kwatanta yanayin ƙasa na Vermont gabaɗaya a matsayin mai tsayi sosai kuma mai gandun daji, tare da cibiyoyin wayewa da ke kewaye da koguna da kwarin Champlain (daidai) mai laushi da noma a arewa maso yamma, kuma a ƙarshe ya raba shi da Green Mountains, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yankunan karkara da yawa na Appalachian. Matsakaicin tsawo na Vermont yana da ƙafa 1000 sama da matakin teku, kuma mafi girman tsawo shine taron kolin Dutsen Mansfield a ƙafa 4,395 sama da matakin lewatle. 

Green Mountains a Vermont sun samar da kashin arewa maso kudu wanda ke gudana mafi yawan tsawon jihar, dan kadan yammacin tsakiya. A yankin kudu maso yammacin jihar akwai Dutsen Taconic .  A arewa maso yamma, kusa da Tafkin Champlain, shine Kwarin Champlain mai kyau. A kudancin kwarin shine Tafkin Bomoseen . Yawancin garuruwa da ƙauyuka a cikin Vermont an raba su da ƙananan tuddai da duwatsu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da manyan hanyoyin karkara da manyan hanyoyin da ake kira daban-daban kamar notches, gaps ko gulfs. Yankin da ba shi da iyaka yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga halin karkara na Vermont kuma yana aiki a matsayin shingen halitta ga karuwar yawan jama'a. Lalle ne, kashi 66% na duk hanyar da ke cikin Vermont an "tsare" da datti ko dutse, kuma a kowace shekara yana haifar da Lokacin laka na bazara, inda dusar ƙanƙara ke haifar da hanyoyin datti don zama kusan ba za a iya wucewa ba ga motoci, sau da yawa ga nishaɗin mazauna yankin. 

Yankin Vermont mai tsayi sosai shine kusan tabbas game da dalilin da ya sa jihar ta kasance mai yawan jama'a; Bayan Maine, Vermont tana da mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'ar kowane jiha a gabashin Kogin Mississippi. Burlington, a kawai ~ mutane 45,000 shine birni mafi girma, kuma yana cikin kwarin Champlain mai yawan jama'a. 

Tafkin Champlain, na shida mafi girma a cikin ruwa mai laushi a Amurka, ya raba Vermont daga New York a yankin arewa maso yammacin jihar. Daga arewa zuwa kudu, Vermont yana da tsawon kilomita 256. Babbar faɗin ta, daga gabas zuwa yamma, tana da mil 89 (kilomita 143) a Kanada-U. S. iyaka; mafi ƙanƙantaccen faɗin yana da mil 37 (60  kusa da iyakar Massachusetts. Faɗin yana da matsakaicin mil 60.5 (97.4 . Cibiyar ƙasa ta jihar tana da kusan kilomita uku (5  a gabashin Roxbury, a cikin Washington County. Akwai ƙetare iyakar tarayya goma sha biyar na Amurka tsakanin Vermont da Kanada. 

Duwatsu da yawa suna da layin katako tare da tsarin halittu na shekara-shekara, gami da Dutsen Mansfield, dutse mafi girma a jihar; Killington Peak, na biyu mafi girma; Kamel's Hump, na uku mafi girma a cikin jihar; da Dutsen Ibrahim, na biyar mafi girma. Yankunan da ke cikin Vermont da Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ke gudanarwa sun haɗa da Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller (a cikin Woodstock) da kuma Appalachian National Scenic Trail . 

 Yankuna 
A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1764, Sarki George III ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Majalisar da ta kafa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, iyakoki biyu na Lardin New York waɗanda Vermont ta gaji. An kafa iyakar gabashin a matsakaicin alamar ruwa na yammacin Kogin Connecticut, ma'ana mafi yawan ruwa a cikin kogin yana cikin New Hampshire. 41% na yankin ƙasar Vermont wani ɓangare ne na kogin Connecticut.

George ya kafa iyakar arewa tare da Lardin Quebec a 45th parallel arewa, daga Kogin Connecticut zuwa Kogin St. Lawrence .  An bincika Layin Collins-Valentine tare da wannan layi daya daga 1771 zuwa 1773. Daga baya aka gano shi ya karkatar zuwa arewa daga wurin da aka nufa da sama da ƙafa dubu a wurare. Yarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton ta 1842 ta tabbatar da iyakar doka ita ce inda alamun Collins-Valentine suke, ba daidai ba ne na 45, suna barin Vermont tare da karamin ƙarin yanki.

Yankin yammacin jihar shine Lake Champlain, Kogin Poultney, da ci gaba da buffer kusan kilomita 20 a gabashin Kogin Hudson (kamar yadda aka yi wa Connecticut da Massachusetts). 

An kafa iyakar arewacin Massachusetts ta zamani a cikin 1740 ta Sarki George II don warware takaddama tsakanin Massachusetts da New Hampshire wanda ya tashi bayan an gano Kogin Merrimack don ya kara arewa fiye da yadda aka fahimta a baya.

 Gidaje 

 Birane 
Vermont has ten incorporated cities.

Birnin da ya fi yawan jama'a a Vermont shine Burlington . Yankin birni kuma shine mafi yawan jama'a a jihar, tare da kimantawa na 225,562 a shekarar 2020. Vermont ita ce jiha ta biyu mafi ƙarancin jama'a a gabashin Mississippi bayan Maine, tare da kusan mutane 68 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. 
Although these towns are large enough to be considered cities, they are not incorporated as such.

Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na jihar shine  ° F (6 ° C).  Vermont tana da yanayi mai laushi, tare da maɓuɓɓugar laka, gabaɗaya farkon lokacin rani, Augusts mai zafi; tana da kaka mai launi: tuddai na Vermont suna nuna ja, orange, da (a kan Taswirar sukari) ganye na zinariya yayin da yanayin sanyi ke gabatowa. Lokacin hunturu yana da sanyi a tsaunuka masu tsawo. Yana da Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen na Dfb, yanayin yanayi mai matsakaici. Mafi girman tsaunuka na Green Mountains waɗanda suka hada da tundra na arctic sune subarctic. 

Yankin karkara na arewa maso gabashin da aka sani da "Mulkin Arewa maso Gabas" sau da yawa yana da matsakaicin  ° F (5.6 ° C) mafi sanyi fiye da yankunan kudancin jihar a lokacin hunturu. Matsakaicin dusar ƙanƙara na shekara-shekara tsakanin inci 60 zuwa 100 (1,500 da 2,500  dangane da tsawo. Vermont ita ce jiha ta bakwai mafi sanyi a kasar. Tafkin Champlain wani lokacin yana haifar da dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu.

Mafi girman zafin da aka rubuta shine  ° F (41 ° C), a Vernon, a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1911. Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta ya kasance -50 ° F (-46 ° C), a Bloomfield, a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1933; wannan shine mafi ƙarancin zafi da aka rubuta a New England tare da Big Black River, wanda ya rubuta tabbatar da -50  / C) a cikin 2009. Lokacin girma na noma ya kasance daga kwanaki 120 zuwa 180. Yankunan tsayayya da shuka na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka don kewayon jihar tsakanin yankin 3b, babu sanyi fiye da -35 ° F (-37 ° C), a Arewa maso gabashin Masarautar da arewacin jihar da yankin 5b, babu ruwan sanyi fiye da  ° F (-26 ° C), ba a kudancin jihar. Jiha tana karɓar tsakanin sa'o'i 2,200 da 2,400 na hasken rana a kowace shekara. New England gabaɗaya tana karɓar kewayon ƙasa da sa'o'i 2,000 na hasken rana a wani ɓangare na New Hampshire zuwa kusan sa'oʼi 2,600 na hasken anyanwụ a kowace shekara a Connecticut da Rhode Island.

Canjin yanayi a Vermont ya ƙunshi tasirin canjin yanayi, wanda aka danganta da karuwar da mutum ya yi a cikin carbon dioxide na yanayi, a cikin jihar Vermont ta Amurka.

Jiha ta riga ta ga tasirin canjin yanayi wanda ke shafar tsarin halittu, tattalin arziki da lafiyar jama'a. A cewar gwamnatin jihar Vermont, ruwan sama ya karu sosai a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, guguwa da ambaliyar ruwa sun karu, kuma hunturu sun zama masu dumi da gajeren lokaci. Wadannan canje-canje sun haifar da tasiri mai mahimmanci a kan masana'antar yawon bude ido ta hunturu,  da kuma raguwa a cikin masana'antun noma da na gandun daji kamar sukari na maple.  Vermont na da matukar saurin kamuwa da ambaliya daga guguwa da kuma ruwan sama mai yawa saboda tsaunuka da kwaruruka na koguna inda mafi yawan mazauna ke zaune.  Jihar ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ciki har da babbar ambaliyar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2023 da kuma wata babbar ambaliyar ruwa a rana guda bayan shekara guda, a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2024. Ana sa ran sauyin yanayi zai kara hadarin ambaliya a fadin jihar da kasa baki daya, kuma Vermonters suna aiki don gina al'ummomin da suka fi dacewa da kuma shirye don gaba.. 

Jiha a bayyane ta amince kuma tana haɓaka shirye-shiryen da ke amsawa ga dumamar duniya. Vermont na ɗaya daga cikin jihohi na farko a Amurka da suka karɓi burin fitar da iskar gas a shekara ta 2006.

 Ambaliyar ruwa 
Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi suna sanya sassan Vermont da ke fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa. Abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da Babban Ruwan Vermont na 1927, wanda ya kashe 84 kuma ya lalata yawancin ababen more rayuwa na jihar,  ambaliyar 1973, wanda ya rufe yawancin hanyoyin jihar a kudu maso gabas,  da Guguwar Tropical Irene a cikin 2011, wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa a duk fadin jihar.  Don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar 1927, gwamnatin Tarayya ta ba da kuɗin gina madatsar ruwa guda shida a jihar, wanda Sojojin Injiniyoyi ke gudanarwa. Wadannan ruwan sama mai tsanani da ambaliyar ruwa ana sa ran za su kara muni tare da canjin yanayi.

 Bayanan yanayi 

 Ilimin ƙasa 
Akwai yankuna biyar daban-daban na Vermont. An rarraba su ta hanyar halayen ƙasa da na jiki, sune Arewa maso gabashin Highlands, Green Mountains, Taconic Mountains.

Kimanin shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata, Vermont ya kasance wani ɓangare na Laurentia kuma yana cikin wurare masu zafi. Tsakanin tsaunukan Green Green na tsakiya da na kudu sun haɗa da tsaffin duwatsu a Vermont, waɗanda aka kafa kimanin shekaru biliyan ɗaya da suka gabata a lokacin ginin dutse na farko (ko orogeny).  Daga baya, kimanin shekaru miliyan 400 da suka wuce, lokacin ginin dutse na biyu ya haifar da kololuwar Green Mountain waɗanda tsayinsu ya kai ƙafa 15,000-20,000 (4,600–6,100 m), tsayin su sau uku zuwa huɗu da kwatankwacin Himalayas.  Matsanancin yanayin ƙasa wanda ya haifar da waɗannan kololuwa suna bayyana a matsayin Champlain Thrust, yana gudana arewa-kudu zuwa yammacin tsaunuka (yanzu gabas ga tafkin Champlain).  Misali ne na ƙulle-ƙulle na ƙasa inda aka tura gadaje akan sabon ginin dutsen

A sakamakon tsarin tectonic, Vermont gabashin Green Mountains ana kirkireshi ne daga duwatsu da aka samar a zamanin Silurian da Devonian, kuma yammacin Vermont galibi daga tsoffin kayan Pre-Cambrian da Cambrian.  Yawancin manyan ajiya a cikin jihar suna dauke da dutse. Ana iya lura da ragowar Chazy Formation a Isle La Motte . Yana daya daga cikin reefs na farko na wurare masu zafi. Shi ne shafin yanar gizon Fisk Quarry, wanda ya ƙunshi tarin burbushin ruwa na dā, kamar su stromatoporoids, wanda ya kasance shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata. A wani lokaci, an yi imanin cewa Vermont an haɗa shi da Afirka (Pangaea); burbushin da aka samu da kuma tsarin dutse da aka samu a bakin tekun Afirka da Amurka sune shaidu da ke tabbatar da ka'idar Pangaea.

A cikin ƙarni huɗu da suka gabata, Vermont ta fuskanci wasu girgizar ƙasa, da wuya a tsakiya a ƙarƙashin jihar. Mafi girman matsayi, a cikin 1952, yana da sikelin Richter 6.0 kuma ya kasance a Kanada.

 Dabbobi na daji 

 Dabbobi 
Jihar ta ƙunshi nau'ikan Dabbobi masu rarrafe 41 da amphibians (ciki har da spring peeper), nau'ikan kifi 89, daga cikinsu 12 ba na asali ba ne;  nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu shayarwa 193, nau'ikan masu shayar da dabbobi 58 (ciki da bears, chipmunks na gabas, coyotes, masunta, ja da launin toka, da bishiyoyi, da woodchucks), fiye da nau'ikan kwari 15,000 (ciki na luna moths), da nau'in shuke-shuke 2,000 mafi girma, tare da fungi, algae, da nau'o'ikan halitta 75. Vermont ya ƙunshi nau'in maciji mai guba, rattlesnake na katako, wanda aka ƙuntata zuwa 'yan kadada a yammacin Rutland County.

Dabbobin daji sun sha wahala saboda ci gaban ɗan adam na jihar. A tsakiyar karni na 19, an hallaka turkey na daji a cikin jihar ta hanyar farauta da lalata mazaunin. An sake gabatar da goma sha shida a shekarar 1969, kuma sun girma zuwa garken da aka kiyasta zuwa adadi 45,000 a shekara ta 2009. A cikin 2013, mafarauta sun kashe 6,968 daga cikin wadannan. Tun daga shekara ta 1970, raguwar gonaki ya haifar da raguwar yanayi, kuma ya haifar da rage yawan tsuntsayen shrubland daban-daban, gami da American woodcock, brown thrasher, eastern towhee, willow flycatcher, golden-winged warbler, blue-winged, field sparrow, da Baltimore oriole. Ospreys, wanda DDT ya lalata qwai a baya, ya fara sake bayyana a cikin 1998 kuma a shekara ta 2010 ba su da haɗari a cikin jihar.

Dabbobi da yawa sun ƙi ko sun ɓace daga jihar, gami da jemagu, da yawa daga cikinsu an kashe su ta hanyar cutar fararen hanci,  New England cottontail, wanda zomo na gabashin cottontais ya fi gasa,  da bumblebee mai launin rawaya, ya tafi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan ƙudan zuma 19 da ke raguwa. 

Dabbobi masu mamayewa da kwayoyin sun haɗa da Drosophila mai fuka-fuki na Asiya, mai lalata amfanin gona,  da kwayar cutar encephalitis ta gabas wanda aka samo magungunan rigakafi a cikin moose ko deer a kowane yanki na Vermont. 

 Tsire-tsire 
Vermont tana cikin gandun daji mai laushi da kuma gandun daji. Yawancin jihar, musamman Green Mountains, an rufe shi da conifers da katako na arewa gandun daji na New England-Acadian. Yankin yamma da New York da yankin da ke kusa da Tafkin Champlain yana cikin gandun daji na Gabashin Great Lakes. Yankin kudu maso yammacin jihar da sassan Kogin Connecticut suna rufe da gandun daji na arewa maso gabashin gabar teku na itacen oak.

Vermont yana cikin babban leaf mai zafi da gauraye dazuzzuka.  Yawancin jihohi, musamman Dutsen Green, an rufe su da conifers da katako na arewacin dazuzzukan New England-Acadian.  Iyakar yamma da New York da yankin da ke kusa da tafkin Champlain ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gandun daji na Gabashin Manyan Tekuna.  Kusurwar kudu maso yamma na jihar da sassan kogin Connecticut suna rufe dazuzzukan gabar tekun arewa maso gabas na gauraye itacen oak.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span>]

Canjin yanayi ya bayyana yana shafar masana'antar sukari na maple.  Maple sukari sun kasance ƙarƙashin damuwa ta ruwan sama na acid, ƙwararrun ƙwaro na dogon lokaci na Asiya, da thrips pear.  A cikin 2011, garken barewa ya yi girma da yawa don zama, kuma da yawa sun koma cin haushi don tsira daga lokacin sanyi, suna lalata bishiyoyi a cikin tsari.  Bugu da ƙari, maple sugar suna buƙatar wani lokaci na sanyi don samar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace don maple syrup.  Lokacin buga waɗannan bishiyoyi ya ragu zuwa mako guda a cikin wasu shekaru.  Za a iya maye gurbin bishiyar da mafi yawan maples na Norway, wanda hakan zai tilasta wa masu sukari su "yi ƙaura" arewa zuwa Kanada.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba