Haɗin gwiwar Yanayi na Duniya

Hadin gwiwar Yanayi na Duniya (GCC) (1989-2001) ƙungiya ce ta 'yan kasuwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke adawa da matakin rage hayaƙin iskar gas da kuma yin watsi da canjin yanayi, a bainar jama'a suna ƙalubalantar kimiyyar da ke bayan dumamar yanayi. GCC ita ce ƙungiyar masana'antu mafi girma da ke aiki a manufofin yanayi kuma fitacciyar masana'antu masu ba da shawara a cikin shawarwarin yanayi na duniya. GCC na da hannu wajen adawa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto, kuma ta taka rawa wajen hana amincewa da Amurka. Haɗin gwiwar ya san ba zai iya musun ijma'in kimiyya ba, amma ya nemi shuka shakku kan ijma'in kimiyya kan sauyin yanayi da haifar da cece-kuce.

An narkar da GCC a shekara ta 2001 bayan da mambobin kungiyar suka ki amincewa da kyakkyawar fahimtar rawar da iskar gas ke takawa wajen sauyin yanayi da kuma sukar jama'a. Ta bayyana cewa an cimma manufarta ta farko: Shugaban Amurka George W.Bush ya janye Amurka, wanda shi kadai ya kai kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a duniya, daga tsarin yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta hanyar kada kuri'ar amincewa da yarjejeniyar da Majalisar Dattawa ta yi. Don haka, wannan ya sanya ragi na wajibi na duniya ba zai iya isa ba.Adam, David (December 7, 2005). "Oil industry targets EU climate policy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2016. During the 1990s US oil companies and other corporations funded a group called the Global Climate Coalition, which emphasised uncertainties in climate science and disputed the need to take action. It was disbanded when President Bush pulled the US out of the Kyoto process.

 Kafa 
An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Yanayi ta Duniya (GCC) a cikin 1989 a matsayin wani aiki a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa. An kafa GCC don wakiltar bukatun manyan masu samarwa da masu amfani da burbushin mai, don adawa da ƙa'idodin rage dumamar yanayi, da kuma ƙalubalanci kimiyyar da ke bayan dumamar yanayi.Levy & Rothenberg 1999: On the organizational level, the three major US automobile companies, as well as the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA) worked largely through the Global Climate Coalition (GCC), which was formed in 1989, initially under the auspices of the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), but reorganized as an independent entity in 1992. Context for the founding of the GCC from 1988 included the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and NASA climatologist James Hansen's congressional testimony that climate change was occurring. Ofisoshin harkokin gwamnati na kamfanoni biyar ko shida sun fahimci cewa ba a tsara su yadda ya kamata ba don Yarjejeniyar Montreal, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da ta kawar da ozone da ke lalata chlorofluorocarbons, da Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace a Amurka, kuma sun fahimci cewa za a yi niyya don ka'ida.

A cewar sanarwar manufa ta GCC a shafin farko na gidan yanar gizonta, GCC an kafa shi: "don daidaita harkokin kasuwanci a cikin muhawarar manufofin kasa da kasa kan batun sauyin yanayi da dumamar yanayi," da kuma babban darektan GCC a cikin wata sanarwa da aka fitar a 1993 ya ce GCC an shirya shi "a matsayin babbar murya ga masana'antu a kan batun sauyin yanayi na duniya."Levy & Rothenberg 1999: A senior GCC staff member, discussing motivations for the creation of the GCC, expressed the view that industry had “been caught napping” by the ozone issue, and that there was also considerable dissatisfaction with the Clean Air Act process. As he expressed it, “Boy, if we didn't like the Montreal Protocol, we knew we really wouldn’t like climate change! This is the mother of all issues

GCC ya sake shirya kansa a cikin 1992, [7] tare da shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na farko shine daraktan hulda da gwamnati na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Phillips.[20] Exxon, daga baya ExxonMobil, ya kasance memba na kafa, kuma memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na GCC; ma’aikacin makamashi kuma yana da rawar jagoranci a cikin haɗin gwiwa. Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka (API) ta kasance babban memba na haɗin gwiwar. Mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na API shine shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar."Global Warming Deniers Well Funded". Newsweek. August 12, 2007. Archived from the original on June 19, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2016. There is too much "scientific uncertainty" to justify curbs on greenhouse emissions, William O'Keefe, then a vice president of the American Petroleum Institute and leader of the Global Climate Coalition, suggested in 1996. Sauran membobin GCC da suka kafa sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Amirka, Ƙungiyar Gandun daji & Takardun Amirka, da Edison Electric Cibiyar. Babban daraktan GCC John Shlaes a baya shi ne daraktan hulda da gwamnati a Cibiyar Lantarki ta Edison. Ruder Finn, kamfanin hulda da jama'a ne ke tafiyar da GCC.[32] E. Bruce Harrison ne ya tsara cikakken yaƙin neman zaɓe na GCC, wanda ya kasance yana ƙirƙira kamfen ga masana'antar Amurka akan dokokin muhalli tun daga shekarun 1970.

GCC ita ce ƙungiyar masana'antu mafi girma da ke aiki a manufofin yanayi. Kimanin kamfanoni 40 da ƙungiyoyin masana'antu sune membobin GCC. Idan aka yi la'akari da ƙungiyoyin mambobi, ƙungiyoyin ciniki na membobi, da kasuwancin da ƙungiyoyin ciniki ke wakilta, GCC ta wakilci kasuwanci sama da 230,000. Sassan masana'antu da aka wakilta sun haɗa da: aluminum, takarda, sufuri, samar da wutar lantarki, man fetur, sinadarai, da ƙananan kasuwanci. Duk manyan kamfanonin mai sun kasance membobi har zuwa 1996 (Shell ya bar a 1998). Membobin GCC sun fito ne daga masana'antu waɗanda da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun busassun man fetur ya yi musu illa. GCC ta sami kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen zama memba.Revkin 2009: The coalition was financed by fees from large corporations and trade groups representing the oil, coal and auto industries, among others.

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Category: Kungiyoyin Yan Kasuwa
Category: Kungiyoyi