Yanayin Angola

Angola a yammacin Tekun Atlantika na Kudancin Afirka tsakanin Namibiya da Jamhuriyar Kongo.  Haka kuma tana iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango da Zambia daga gabas.  Ƙasar ta ƙunshi fili mai ƙarancin ruwa da ɗan ƙarancin ruwa wanda ke shimfida cikin ƙasa don nisan da ya bambanta daga kilomita 50 zuwa 160 (31 zuwa 99 mi).  A cikin ƙasa kaɗan kuma a layi daya da bakin teku akwai bel na tsaunuka da tsaunuka da kuma bayan waɗancan babban tudu.  Jimlar girman ƙasar shine murabba'in kilomita 1,246,700 (481,400 sq mi).  Tana da Yankin Tattalin Arziki Na Musamman na murabba'in kilomita 518,433 (200,168 sq mi). 

Angola tana wajajen yammacin Tekun Atlantika na Kudancin Afirka tsakanin Namibiya da Jamhuriyar Kongo.  Haka kuma tana iyaka da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango da Zambia daga gabas.  Ƙasar ta ƙunshi fili mai ƙarancin ruwa da ɗan ƙarancin ruwa wanda ke shimfida cikin ƙasa don nisan da ya bambanta daga kilomita 50 zuwa 160 (31 zuwa 99 mi).  A cikin ƙasa kaɗan kuma a layi daya da bakin teku akwai bel na tsaunuka da tsaunuka da kuma bayan waɗancan babban tudu.  Jimlar girman ƙasar shine murabba'in kilomita 1,246,700 (481,400 sq mi).  Tana da Yankin Tattalin Arziki Na Musamman na murabba'in kilomita 518,433 (200,168 sq mi).

 Yankin 

 Area
 Total: 
 country rank in the world: 22nd
 Land: 
 Water: negligible

 Yankin kwatankwacin
 Kwatanta Australia: dan kadan karami fiye da Yankin Arewa
 Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan kasa da sau biyu girman Manitoba
 Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan kasa da sau uku na girman California
 Kwatanta EU: dan kadan kasa da sau biyu girman Faransa

 Ilimin ƙasa 
Akwai yankuna uku na Tsarin dutse a Angola: yankin bakin teku, yankin tsakiya wanda jerin tuddai suka kafa a layi daya da bakin teku, da kuma tsakiya.

Tsakiyar tsakiya ta ƙunshi tsoffin duwatsu masu lu'u-lu'u tare da dutsen dutse da ba na burbushin halittu ba da kuma tarin zamanin Paleozoic. An ɓoye ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyen a ƙarƙashin laterite. Yankin tsakiya ya ƙunshi mafi yawan duwatsu masu lu'u-lu'u tare da dutse da wasu duwatsu marasa tushe na Palaeozoic. Yankin bakin teku ya ƙunshi kawai burbushin burbushin halittu. Wadannan na Tertiary da Cretaceous ne, duwatsun na ƙarshe suna kwance a kan dutse mai launin ja na tsofaffi. Duwatsun Cretaceous na yankin Dombe Grande (kusa da Benguela) na shekarun Albian ne kuma na yankin Acanthoceras mamillari. Gidajen da ke dauke da Schloenbachia inflata ana iya magana da su ga Gault. Ana saduwa da duwatsu na Tertiary a Dombe Grande, Moçâmedes da kusa da Luanda. Yankin yashi tare da gypsum, jan ƙarfe da sulfur na Dombe ana ɗaukar su na zamanin Triassic. Duwatsun fashewa na baya-bayan nan, galibi basalts, sun samar da layin tuddai kusan babu ciyayi tsakanin Benguela da Moçâmedes. Nepheline basalts da liparites suna faruwa a Dombe Grande. Kasancewar gum copal a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin duwatsu na sama alama ce ta wasu yankuna.

Ilimin ƙasa da tsarin gabar yammacin Angola suna da alaƙa da buɗewar Kudancin Atlantic wanda ya fara a farkon Cretaceous kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa Eocene, wanda aka nuna a cikin burbushin halittu masu rai da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ma'adinin lu'u-lu'u na Catoca ya adana waƙoƙin dinosaur na dā, dabbobi masu shayarwa da crocodylomorph da ba a tsammani ba tare da shekaru Miliyan 128.

 Babban Birni 

 Luanda (São Paulo de Loanda) - tashar jiragen ruwa - tashar jirgin kasa



 Yankunan ƙasa 

 jimillar:: 5,369 km  
 Kasashen kan iyaka: Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo 2,646 km (wanda 225 km shine iyakar Lardin Cabinda), Jamhuriyar Kongo 231 km, Namibia 1,427 km, Zambia 1,065 km      

Da'awar teku:

 territorial sea: 
 contiguous zone: 
 exclusive economic zone: 

 Yanayi 
Kamar sauran wurare masu zafi na Afirka, Angola tana fuskantar bambanci, sauyawa ruwan sama da kuma lokacin bushewa. A arewa, lokacin ruwan sama na iya ɗaukar watanni bakwai - yawanci daga Satumba zuwa Afrilu, tare da watakila ɗan gajeren raguwa a cikin Janairu ko Fabrairu. A kudu, lokacin ruwan sama yana farawa daga baya, a watan Nuwamba, kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa kusan Fabrairu. Lokacin fari (cacimbo) sau da yawa ana nuna shi da hazo mai nauyi. Gabaɗaya, hazo ya fi girma a arewa, amma a kowane latitude ya fi girma cikin ciki fiye da bakin tekun kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da tsawo. Yanayin zafi yana fadowa tare da nesa daga ma'auni da tsawo kuma yana tasowa kusa da Tekun Atlantika. Don haka, a Soyo, a bakin Kogin Kongo, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara yana da kusan  °  ° F, amma yana ƙarƙashin  ° C ko 61 ° F a Huambo a kan tsakiya na tsakiya. Watanni mafi sanyi sune Yuli da Agusta (a tsakiyar lokacin fari), lokacin da sanyi na iya samuwa a wasu lokuta a tsaunuka mafi girma.

 Yankin 
Amfani da ƙasa(2018)Yankin noma3.9%Amfanin gona na dindindin0.3%Gidauniyar Dindindin41.5%Dajin54.3%
Angola tana da manyan yankuna huɗu na halitta: busassun bakin teku, wanda ya shimfiɗa daga Namibia zuwa Luanda kuma yana da ƙananan filayen da tsaunuka; tuddai da duwatsu masu kore, suna tashi a cikin ƙasa daga bakin teku zuwa babban tudu; babban yanki na filayen ciki na busassun Savanna, wanda ake kira babban tudu (planalto), wanda ya shimfida zuwa gabas da kudu maso gabas daga dutsen; da gandun daji a arewa da Cabinda. Matsayi mafi girma a Angola shine Morro de Môco, a 2,620 m. Hawan gabaɗaya suna daga 910 zuwa 1,830 m (3,000 zuwa 6,000 . Angola tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 8.35/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 23 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172. A cikin gandun daji na Angola yana da kusan 53% na jimlar yankin ƙasa, daidai da hekta 66,607,380 (ha) na gandun daji a cikin 2020, ƙasa daga hekta 79,262,780 (ha). A cikin 2020, gandun daji mai sabuntawa ya rufe hekta 65,800,190 (ha) kuma gandun daji da aka dasa ya rufe hekita 807,200 (ha). Daga cikin gandun daji mai sabuntawa na halitta an ruwaito kashi 40% na gandun daji na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bishiyoyi na asali ba tare da alamun bayyanar ayyukan ɗan adam ba) kuma kusan kashi 3% na yankin gandun daji an samo su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye. A shekara ta 2015, an ruwaito cewa 100% na yankin gandun daji yana ƙarƙashin mallakar jama'a.  

 Yankin da ke bakin teku 
Yankin bakin tekun ya fi yawa a fili, tare da ƙananan dutse na lokaci-lokaci da bluffs na ja sandstone. Akwai kawai wani zurfi shigarwa na teku - Great Fish Bay (ko Baía dos Tigres). Ƙarin arewa sune Port Alexander, Little Fish Bay da Lobito Bay, yayin da ƙananan bays suna da yawa. Lobito Bay yana da isasshen ruwa don ba da damar manyan jiragen ruwa su sauke kaya kusa da bakin teku. Yankin da ke bakin teku ya tashi daga teku a cikin jerin ƙananan wurare. Wannan yankin ya bambanta da faɗin daga kimanin kilomita 25 (16  kusa da Benguela zuwa fiye da kilomita 150 (93  a cikin kwarin Kogin Cuanza kawai a kudancin babban birnin Angola, Luanda, kuma ya bambanta da tsaunuka na Angola. Rashin sanyi na Tekun Atlantika, Benguela A halin yanzu yana rage hazo a bakin tekun, yana sa yankin ya zama mai bushe ko kusan kudancin Benguela (inda ya zama tsawo na arewacin hamada Namibert), kuma ya bushe sosai a arewacinsa. Ko da inda, kamar yadda yake a kusa da Luanda, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na iya zama kusan santimita hamsin, ba sabon abu ba ne don ruwan sama ya kasa. Idan aka ba da wannan tsari na hazo, kudancin kudu yana da alamar yashi, wanda ke ba da damar bushewa a tsakiyar gabar teku. Sassan filin bakin teku na arewacin an rufe su da zurfin daji.

 Duwatsu da duwatsu 
Hanyar zuwa babban tudu ta tsakiyar Afirka alama ce ta tsaunukan yamma-tsakiyar tsaunuka, jerin tsaunukan da ba a saba ba bisa ka'ida da kuma tatsuniyoyi masu kama da bakin teku a nisan tsakanin kilomita 20 zuwa 100 (12 zuwa 62 mi) na ciki.  Kogin Cuanza ya raba yankin dutse zuwa sassa biyu.  Bangaren arewa yana tashi a hankali daga yankin bakin teku zuwa matsakaicin tsayin mita 500 (1,600 ft), tare da tsaunuka masu tsayi kamar mita 1,000 zuwa 1,800 (3,300 zuwa 5,900 ft).  Kudancin kogin Cuanza, tsaunukan suna tasowa sosai daga rairayin bakin teku kuma suna yin wani babban tudu, wanda ya tashi daga wani wuri gabas da Luanda kuma ya bi ta kudu ta Namibiya.[1]  Mafi girman kololuwa shine Dutsen Moco (mita 2,620 (8,600 ft)), [ana binciken hujja] kuma tsaunin ya fi tsayi a kudu mai nisa a tsaunin Serra da Chella.  A Lardin Benguela sauran manyan wuraren sune Loviti (mita 2,370 (7,780 ft)), a cikin 12° 5' S., da Dutsen Elonga (mita 2,300 (7,500 ft)).  Kudancin Cuanza shine dutsen Caculo-Cabaza mai aman wuta (mita 1,000 (3,300 ft)).[2]

Babban tudu, tare da tsawo daga 1,200 zuwa 1,800  , yana gabashin tuddai da duwatsu kuma yana mamaye ƙasar Angola. Yankin tsaunin yawanci yana da faɗi ko mirgina, amma sassan Benguela Plateau da yankin Humpata Highland na Hufla Plateau a kudu sun kai tsawo na mita 2,500 (8,200  da ƙari. Filin Malanje zuwa arewa ba ya wuce mita 1,000 (3,300  a tsawo. Benguela Plateau da yankin bakin teku a kusa da Benguela da Lobito, Bie Plateau, Malanje Plateau, da kuma karamin sashi na Hufla Plateau kusa da garin Lubango sun kasance daga cikin yankunan da suka fi zama a Angola.

 Rashin ruwa 
Kogin Zambezi da wasu magudanan Kogin Kongo suna da tushe a Angola. Koguna da yawa sun samo asali ne daga tsaunuka na tsakiya, amma tsarin kwarara sun bambanta kuma hanyoyin da suka fito sun bambanta. Yawan kwarara a cikin hanyar yammaci zuwa Tekun Atlantika, samar da ruwa don ban ruwa a cikin busassun bakin teku da kuma yiwuwar wutar lantarki, wasu daga cikinsu ne kawai aka fahimta a shekarar 1988. Biyu daga cikin manyan koguna na Angola, Cuanza (Kwanza) da Cunene (Kunene), suna ɗaukar hanyar da ba ta kai tsaye ba zuwa Tekun Atlantika, Cuança yana gudana a arewa kuma Cunene yana gudana kudu kafin ya juya yamma. Cuanza ita ce kawai kogi da ke cikin Angola wanda ke iya tafiya - kusan kilomita 200 daga bakinsa - ta jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci ko na soja. Kogin Kongo, wanda bakinsa da ƙarshen yammacin ya zama karamin yanki na iyakar arewacin Angola da Zaire, shi ma ana iya tafiya.

Arewacin Lunda Divide Kwango da sauran rafi da yawa suna gudana daga arewacin tafkin don shiga Kogin Kasai (ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu wadata na Kongo), wanda a samansa ya zama cikakkiyar iyakar tsakanin Angola da Kongo. Kudancin rarrabuwar wasu koguna suna gudana cikin tsarin Kogin Zambezi daga nan zuwa Tekun Indiya, wasu zuwa Kogin Okavango (kamar yadda ake kiran Kogin Cubango tare da iyaka da Namibia da Botswana)  daga nan zuwa Okavango Swamp a Botswana. Kogin Cubango da koguna da yawa na kudancin da ke gudana zuwa Tekun Atlantika na yanayi ne, sun bushe sosai a yawancin shekara.

 Amfani da ƙasa da haɗari 
Albarkatun halitta: man fetur, lu'u-lu'u, ma'adinin ƙarfe, phosphate, jan ƙarfe, feldspar, zinariya, Bauxite, uranium 

Irrigated land:  (2014)

Hadarin halitta: ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin gida yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a kan tudu 

 Batutuwan muhalli 
Batutuwan muhalli na yanzu sun haɗa da yawan amfani da makiyaya da Rushewar ƙasa wanda ya haifar da matsin lamba na yawan jama'a; hamada; sare gandun daji na gandun daji, don mayar da martani ga buƙatun ƙasa na katako na wurare masu zafi da kuma amfani da gida a matsayin man fetur, wanda ke haifar da asarar halittu masu yawa; rushewar kasa da ke ba da gudummawa ga gurɓataccen ruwa da madatsun ruwa; da rashin isasshen ruwa mai sha.

Angola tana cikin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasa da kasa masu zuwa: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Canjin-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Changing-Paris Yarjejeniyar, Cikakken Dokar Gwajin Nukiliya, Desertification, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Hadari, Dokar Tekun, Ruwa na Ruwa, Kare Yankin Ozone, Ruwa (MARPOL 73/78). 

 Canjin yanayi 
Saboda Canjin yanayi, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na Angola ya karu da 1.4. °C tun 1951, kuma ana sa ran ci gaba da tashi. Ana sa ran yankunan ciki da na gabas za su yi zafi da sauri fiye da yankunan yammacin bakin teku. Ana hasashen kwanakin zafi sosai za su faru sau 2 - 4 sau da yawa a cikin shekarun 2060, yayin da ruwan sama ke zama mai canzawa. Angola tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin canjin yanayi. Ana sa ran haɗarin halitta kamar ambaliyar ruwa, rushewa, fari, da annoba (misali: zazzabin cizon sauro, kwalara da zazzabin typhoid) za su kara muni tare da canjin yanayi. Kudancin Angola ya fuskanci fari mai tsanani da yawa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da karancin abinci da ruwa. Hawan matakin teku kuma yana haifar da babbar haɗari ga yankunan bakin teku na Angola, inda kusan kashi 50% na yawan jama'a ke rayuwa.

A cikin 2023 Angola ta fitar da tan miliyan 174.71 na iskar gas, kusan 0.32% na jimlar iskar gas a duniya, yana mai da ita ƙasa ta 46 mafi girma. A cikin gudummawar da aka ƙayyade a ƙasa, Angola ta yi alkawarin raguwar kashi 14% a cikin hayakin iskar gas dinta nan da shekara ta 2025 da kuma ƙarin raguwar kashi 10% dangane da tallafin duniya. A cewar Bankin Duniya, cimma matsaya kan yanayi a Angola yana buƙatar rarraba tattalin arzikin kasar daga dogaro da man fetur.

 Tsire-tsire da dabbobi 
Dukansu flora da fauna su ne halayen mafi girma na Afirka masu zafi.  Har zuwa kudu da Benguela yankin bakin teku yana da arzikin dabino da man goro.  A arewacin lardin akwai dazuzzuka masu yawa.  A Kudu zuwa Kunene akwai yankuna na ƙaya mai yawa.  Kurangar inabin roba da bishiyoyi suna da yawa, amma a wasu gundumomi an rage adadinsu sosai ta hanyar daɗaɗɗen hanyoyin da masu tara robar ke amfani da su.  Mafi yawan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in roba ne daban-daban, musamman Carpodinus chylorrhiza.  Wannan nau'in da sauran nau'in carpodinus an rarraba su sosai.  Ana kuma samun Landolphias.  Tsire-tsiren kofi, auduga da barkonon Guinea na asali ne, kuma shukar taba tana bunƙasa a gundumomi da yawa.  Daga cikin bishiyoyin akwai da yawa waɗanda ke samar da kyawawan katako, irin su tacula (Pterocarpus tinctorius), wanda ke girma zuwa girman girma, itacen sa launin jini ja ne, da mahogany na Angola.  Bawon musuemba (Albizzia coriaria) ana amfani da shi sosai wajen tanning fata.  Mulundo yana ba da 'ya'yan itace kamar girman ƙwallon cricket wanda aka lulluɓe shi da harsashi mai kauri mai kauri mai ɗauke da jajaye kamar rumman.[1]

The fauna includes the lion, leopard, cheetah, elephant, giraffe, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, buffalo, zebra, kudu and many other kinds of antelope, wild pig, ostrich and crocodile. Angola previously served as a habitat for the endangered African wild dog, which is now deemed to be extinct within the entire country, stemming from human activities during the period 1965 to 1991.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span>] Among fish are the barbel, bream and African yellow fish.

 Yankunan halittu 
An bayyana yankuna masu zuwa a Angola:

 Angolan Scarp savanna da gandun daji, tsaunuka masu tsawo na bakin teku.
 Mozauna tsaunuka na Angola, gangaren cikin gida na tsaunuka masu tsaunuka waɗanda aka rufe su da ciyawa kuma suna dauke da sauran wuraren gandun daji.
 Yankin daji na Angola, yawancin manyan filayen ciki, hakika mafi yawan tsakiyar Angola.
 Yankin daji na Angola, wani yanki a kudu, galibi ya ƙunshi Lardin Cunene kuma ya shimfiɗa a fadin iyaka zuwa makwabciyar Namibia.

Yanayin ƙasa - bayanin kula: lardin Cabinda yanki ne, wanda Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta raba shi da sauran ƙasar

 Abubuwa masu tsanani 
Wannan jerin manyan wurare ne na Angola, wuraren da suka fi arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri.

Angola

 Yankin arewa - wanda ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Kongo (arewacin garin Caio Bemba, Lardin Cabinda (wani yanki na Angola)) 
 Gabashin Gabas - wurin da ba a san shi ba a wani yanki na kogi na iyaka da Zambia (arewacin garin Sapeta a Zambia), Lardin Moxico
 Yankin kudu - a kan inda sashin Kogin Cunene na iyaka da Namibia ya ƙare a Yankin Caprivi (nan da nan arewacin garin Andara a Namibia, Lardin Cuando CubangoLokacin da lardin Cubango
 Yammacin Yamma - tsibirin Baía dos Tigres, Lardin Namibe

Angola (ƙasar) 

 Yankin arewa - wani batu a kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo nan da nan zuwa arewa maso yammacin garin Luvo, Lardin Zaire
 Yankin gabas - wanda ba a san shi ba a kan wani yanki na kogi na iyaka da Zambia (arewacin garin Sapeta a Zambia), Lardin Moxico
 Yankin kudu - a kan inda sashin Kogin Cunene na iyaka da Namibia ya ƙare a Yankin Caprivi (nan da nan arewacin garin Andara a Namibia, Lardin Cuando Cubango) 
 Yammacin Yamma - ba a san sunansa ba a yammacin Tombua (Porto Alexandre), Lardin Namibe
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba