Dutsen Marsden

Marsden Rock dutse ne a cikin Tyne da Wear, Arewa maso Gabashin Ingila, wanda ke cikin Marsden, Kudancin Shields . Marsden Grotto ya yi watsi da shi. Dutse yana da   tarin teku na Magnesia Limestone wanda ke kwance kusan   daga babban dutsen. An riga an san shi da hanyar da aka tsara ta halitta. Ginin ya rushe a cikin 1996 bayan hunturu na guguwa wanda ya haifar da ɗakunan biyu daban-daban. An rushe ƙarami daga cikin biyun a cikin 1997 saboda damuwa game da tsaro. Sauran tarin ana iya isa da ƙafa a lokacin low tide amma an kewaye shi da ruwa a high tide. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da Marsden Rock muhimmiyar wurin kiwo ce ga tsuntsayen teku kuma ana iya ganin yankuna a saman dutsen kanta, gami da kittiwakes, herring gulls, da razorbills.

 Ilimin ƙasa 

 Halitta 
alt=Picture of Marsden Rock in 1990. The arch was formed by erosion of the limestone rock by waves and weather.|left|thumb|Marsden Rock a cikin 1990. An kafa bakan ne ta hanyar rushewar dutsen dutse ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa da yanayi.
A lokacin Carboniferous, bakin tekun Marsden ya kasance wani ɓangare na nahiya da kuma wuraren da ke da zafi wanda ya shimfiɗa a fadin ma'auni. A tsawon lokaci, peat, yashi da laka sun yi tauri don samar da matakan kwal kuma ƙasar ta yi nisa a arewacin ma'auni. Wannan ƙasar ta zama hamada kuma daga baya ta kasance a ƙasa da matakin teku, an ambaliya kusan shekaru miliyan 260 da suka gabata ta Tekun Zechstein wanda lokaci-lokaci ya tashi ya faɗi. An kafa duwatsun Permian Magnesian da aka samo a bakin tekun Marsden kusan shekaru miliyan 250 da suka gabata. Ƙasar ta ci gaba da tafiya zuwa arewa a cikin shekaru miliyan 250 masu zuwa har sai ta kai matsayinta na yanzu. Shekarar kankara wacce ta faru kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata ita ce ke da alhakin tsara yanayin da ke yanzu na bakin tekun Marsden da kewayen yankin.

 Rugujewar ƙasa 
alt=Marsden Rock was once part of the main cliff, but became separated overtime due to the erosion of less-resistant stone.|thumb|Marsden Rock (hagu) ya taɓa kasancewa wani ɓangare na babban dutse, amma ya rabu da shi a tsawon lokaci saboda rushewar dutse mai ƙarancin ƙarfi.
Yankin bakin tekun Magnesia Limestone tare da Tyne da Wear yana da bambanci; wasu sassan suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da ɗanɗano yayin da wasu sassan ke da ɗanɗana kuma suna da sauƙin rushewa ta teku da yanayi. Marsden Rock an kafa shi ne ta hanyar rushewar dutse mai ƙarancin ƙarfi tare da haɗin gwiwa dutsen Marsden Bay, wanda ya haifar da tarin dutse mai laushi. An sassaƙa tashar ta cikin dutse ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa waɗanda suka samar da bakan halitta. A cikin shekarun 1800, bakan ya zama babba don jiragen ruwa su wuce a lokacin da ruwa ya yi yawa. An sassaƙa ƙananan koguna a cikin dutse wanda za'a iya lura da shi a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu. gadaje masu tsayayya, suna fitowa daga dutsen kuma an rufe su da ciyayi, da kuma tsaunuka sun bunkasa a kusa da dutsen. Yankin rairayin bakin teku da ke kewaye da shi ya ƙunshi yashi da dutse wanda aka samar ta hanyar yaduwar laka.

Marsden Rock ya lalace kuma ya rushe daban-daban a cikin tarihinsa. A shekara ta 1865, wani ɓangare na dutsen ya ba da hanya kuma tan biyar na dutse ya faɗi ta hanyar gini a ƙasa. A farkon shekara ta 1996 bayan hunturu na guguwa, saman bakan halitta ya rushe. Wannan ya sa dutsen ya rabu zuwa ɗakunan biyu. Ƙananan daga cikin waɗannan ɗakunan biyu, suna tsaye a mita 33 (108 ,  an bincika su kuma an dauke su marasa daidaituwa kuma suna cikin haɗarin rushewa. National Trust ta rushe shi a cikin 1997 don amfanin tsaron jama'a.   Sauran tarin yana tsaye a   tsawo.

A cikin 2018, an ba da rahoton cewa kayan da ke samar da dutsen da ke kusa da Marsden Rock sun kasance marasa ƙarfi kuma suna da saurin raguwa, tare da ci gaba da shaidar yanayi. A cikin 2020, an ba da rahoton Dutsen da kansa a matsayin "mai ɗorewa sosai", amma har yanzu ana iya rushewar kogon kogon.

 Dabbobi na daji 
alt=Picture of group of seabirds, a mainly cormorants, sitting on top of Marsden Rock.|thumb|Wani rukuni na tsuntsayen teku, galibi cormorants, suna zaune a saman Marsden Rock.
Duwatsun dutse da ke kewaye da Marsden Rock suna daga cikin mahimman yankuna na kiwo ga tsuntsayen teku a arewa maso gabashin Ingila. A lokacin rani, tsaunuka na Marsden Rock suna gida ga fulmars, cormorants, kittiwakes, herring gulls, da razorbills. Dutse da kansa muhimmiyar wurin zama ce ga cormorants, waɗanda suka kasance a can tun 1960 amma ba a taɓa ganin su haifuwa ba. Puffin da guillemot suna tashi suna wucewa yankin a kai a kai kuma terns suna ciyarwa a bakin teku. A ƙarshen kaka, ana iya ganin terns, skuas, da Gannet a kan dutse. Ana iya samun falcons na Peregrine a wasu lokuta a cikin hunturu tare da bunting na Lapland da bunting dusar ƙanƙara. A shekara ta 1998, an ruwaito cewa Marsden Rock shine shafin yanar gizon da aka rubuta kawai don Manx shearwater a gabar gabas a kan ƙasar Burtaniya.

 Muhimmancin tarihi da al'adu 
Marsden Rock ya daɗe yana jan hankalin yawon bude ido na gida kuma yana da muhimmiyar alama saboda bayyanarsa da tarihinsa. An yi imanin cewa ya taɓa zama wurin da ake fataucin giya da taba,  da ke kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsawo da ke ba da murfin jiragen ruwa.  Dutsen kuma sananne ne ga mazaunanta masu ban sha'awa: Jack the Blaster ya kasance mai smuggler, mai farauta da kuma mai hakar ma'adinai wanda ya zauna Marsden Bay a karni na 18 tare da matarsa. An ruwaito cewa Jack ya koma Marsden Bay a cikin 1780 lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 80 bayan ya ki biyan haya a gidansa a Allenheads. Wani mazaunin da ya biyo baya, Peter Allan, ya kasance mai mallakar gidan cin abinci da kuma mai ginawa wanda ya zana gida daga duwatsu a Marsden Bay. A shekara ta 1828, ya koma tare da matarsa da iyalinsa. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ana iya samun saman Marsden Rock ta hanyar tsani da matakala waɗanda Peter Allan da iyalinsa suka gina. Abubuwan da aka tono da kuma samun damar yin amfani da ra'ayoyi masu kyau sun ja hankalin masu yin hutu. A shekara ta 1887, an ruwaito cewa dubban mutane sun hau dutsen saboda godiya ga matakala na Allan. A cikin 1903, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta hau kan dutse don yin hidimar mawaƙa. Wani rahoto na labarai na zamani ya rubuta taron a matsayin "mafi karfafa gwiwa ga masu sauraro yayin da suke tsaye a kan tsaunuka masu tsawo na ƙasar, kuma sun ji babban yaduwar yabo na mawaƙa da ke iyo a kan ruwa mai faɗi kuma suna hawa sama".

Muhimmancin Marsden Rock a matsayin alamar gida a bayyane yake a cikin hotuna daban-daban da zane-zane. An nuna dutsen a kan katunan waya da yawa, hotuna da zane-zane na yankin. An nuna shi a kan Marsden Lodge Banner wanda ke wakiltar pitmen da suka yi aiki a Whitburn Colliery tare da kalmar "Firm a matsayin dutse da muke tsaye". Ya kuma bayyana a matsayin baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Arewa maso Gabas Catherine Cookson . Akwai waƙoƙi da waƙoƙoƙi masu yawa da aka rubuta game da Marsden Rock. The Legend of Marsden Rock; ko rayuwa da kasada na Little Spottee, mai zaman kansa na dutse, waka ce mai kashi huɗu da labarin fatalwa wanda John Young ya rubuta a cikin 1800. An raira waƙa game da Marsden Rock, zuwa sautin Jockey zuwa Fair, a cikin karni na 19. John Lodge ya haɗa da waka mai taken Ode the Marsden Rock a cikin tarin shayari na 1842 - The Bard, da ƙananan waƙoƙi - wanda aka keɓe ga Yarima Albert. Waƙar ta yi mamakin halaye na jiki da kewayen Marsden Rock.



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