Cibiyar Kula da Carbon

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory ( OCO ) wani gazawar NASA tauraron dan adam manufa ne da nufin samar da sararin duniya tushen lura na yanayi carbon dioxide (  ). Asalin kumbon ya yi hasarar rashin nasarar harba shi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, lokacin da kayan aikin roka na Taurus da ke dauke da shi ya kasa rabuwa yayin hawan.  Kara yawan taron baje kolin ya hana tauraron dan adam isa ga kewayawa. Daga baya ya sake shiga cikin sararin samaniya kuma ya fada cikin tekun Indiya kusa da Antarctica .   An harba tauraron dan adam mai maye gurbin, Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2, a ranar 2 ga Yuli shekara ta 2014 a cikin roka na Delta II.   Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3, kayan aikin da aka gina shi kaɗai daga kayan aikin jirgin OCO-2, an shigar da shi akan Fannin Faɗakarwa na Kibō ' Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya a cikin Mayu shekara ta 2019. 

 Bayani game da aikin 
An tsara ma'aunin OCO don ya zama daidai don nuna a karo na farko rarrabawar ƙasa na tushen carbon dioxide da nutsewa a kan sikelin yanki. An tsara bayanan don inganta fahimtar sake zagayowar carbon na Duniya, hanyoyin halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam waɗanda ke tasiri ga yalwa da rarraba iskar gas. Ana sa ran wannan ingantaccen fahimta zai ba da damar ƙarin tsinkaye masu aminci game da canje-canje na gaba a cikin yalwa da rarraba carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi da kuma tasirin da waɗannan canje-canjen zasu iya yi akan yanayin Duniya.
Kamfanin Orbital Sciences Corporation ne ya samar da jirgin sararin samaniya na OCO. A lokacin aikinta na shekaru biyu, OCO za ta tashi a cikin Ruwa da polar orbit wanda ke ba da damar kayan aikin don lura da mafi yawan farfajiyar Duniya aƙalla sau ɗaya a kowace kwana goma sha shida. An yi niyyar tashi a cikin tsari mai sauƙi tare da jerin wasu tauraron dan adam na duniya da aka sani da Tsarin Kula da Duniya, ko A-train. Wannan tsari na jirgin sama an yi niyya ne don ba da damar masu bincike su daidaita bayanan OCO tare da bayanan da wasu kayan aiki suka samu a kan wasu jiragen sararin samaniya. Musamman, masana kimiyya na Duniya za su so su kwatanta bayanan OCO tare da kusan ma'auni na lokaci guda da aka samu ta hanyar kayan aikin Infrared Sounder (AIRS) a cikin tauraron dan adam na NASA da bayanan ƙasa daga Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Haɗuwa tare da Jirgin kasa na A yana buƙatar ɗan gajeren taga na 30 seconds.

Farashin asali na aikin ya kai dala miliyan 280. Shirin Nazarin Kimiyya na Tsarin Duniya na NASA ne ya dauki nauyinsa. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory a Pasadena, California, yana sarrafa OCO don Daraktan Nazarin Kimiyya na NASA.

 Fasahar 
Satellite ɗin zai ɗauki kayan aiki guda ɗaya da aka tsara don yin ma'auni mafi kyau na carbon dioxide na sararin samaniya da aka taɓa yi daga sararin samaniya. Kayan aikin ya kunshi nau'o'i uku masu layi daya, masu tsayi masu tsayi, waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin tsari na yau da kullun kuma ana ciyar da su ta hanyar na'urar daukar hoto ta yau da kullun. spectrometers za su yi ma'auni a lokaci guda na carbon dioxide da Kwayar oxygen absorption na hasken rana wanda aka nuna daga wannan wuri a farfajiyar Duniya lokacin da aka kalli shi a cikin ɓangaren infrared na bakan lantarki, wanda ba a gani ga idon mutum.

Yayin da hasken rana ke wucewa ta cikin yanayin duniya kuma yana nunawa daga farfajiyar duniya, kwayoyin iskar gas na sararin samaniya suna shan wasu launuka na haske. Idan aka raba hasken zuwa bakan gizo na launuka, wanda ake kira bakan gizo, takamaiman launuka da kowane gas ya shawo kansu sun bayyana a matsayin layin duhu. Gas daban-daban suna shan launuka daban-daban, don haka tsarin layin sha yana ba da "ƙwanƙwasawa" mai ban sha'awa ga wannan kwayar. An tsara spectrometers na OCO don gano waɗannan yatsun yatsa na kwayoyin.

Kowane ɗayan ƙididdigar ƙira guda uku an daidaita su don auna sha a cikin takamaiman launuka. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan kewayon ya haɗa da layin duhu da aka samar ta hanyar carbon dioxide ko iskar oxygen. Adadin hasken da aka sha a cikin kowane layin bakan yana ƙaruwa tare da yawan kwayoyin tare da hanyar gani. OCO's spectrometers auna kashi na hasken da aka sha a cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan layin tare da cikakken daidaito. Za a bincika wannan bayanin don tantance yawan kwayoyin a kan hanyar tsakanin saman yanayi da farfajiya.

Idan adadin carbon dioxide ya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri, adadin sha zai bambanta. Don warware waɗannan bambance-bambance, kayan aikin mai lura zai yi rikodin hoto na bakan da kowane spectrometer ya samar sau uku a kowane sakan yayin da tauraron dan adam ya tashi sama da mil huɗu a kowane sakan. Wannan bayanin za a watsa shi zuwa ƙasa, inda za a dawo da maida hankali ga carbon dioxide a cikin sawun sawun safu guda huɗu don kowane hoton da aka tattara. Wadannan ƙididdigar ƙididdigan carbon dioxide daban-daban za a bincika su ta amfani da samfuran sufuri na duniya, kamar waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tsinkayar yanayi, don ƙaddara wuraren tushen carbon dioxide da sinks.

Kamfanin Hamilton Sundstrand Sensor Systems ne ya kirkiro kayan aikin OCO a Pomona, California, da Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

 Farko na asali 
An kaddamar da tauraron dan adam ne daga Vandenberg Air Force Base a California a kan rokar Taurus XL da aka keɓe. Koyaya, fairing na kaya - wani nau'in shell-shaped wanda ke kare tauraron dan adam yayin kaddamarwa - a bayyane ya kasa rabuwa da jirgin sararin samaniya. "Ba mu sami nasarar kaddamarwa a daren daren ba kuma ba za mu iya samun nasarar OCO ba", in ji mai sharhi na NASA George Diller.

 Ranar: 24 Fabrairu 2009, 09:55:31 UTC  
 Motar Launch: Orbital Sciences, Taurus-XL
 Wurin kaddamarwa: Vandenberg Air Force Base, Launch Complex 576-EFitarwa Complex 576-E

A payload fairing ne mai kama da clamshell murfin da ke kewaye da kare wani payload a kan pad da kuma lokacin da fara tashi. Fairings wani bangare ne na daidaitattun motocin kaddamarwa, kuma koyaushe ana jefa su da wuri-wuri bayan roket ya hau da isa don dumama daga tashin hankali na iska don kada ya sake lalata kaya. An yi niyyar raba fasalin Taurus XL da yawa bayan matakin 2 na kunnawa. Ƙarin nauyinsa ba wani muhimmin abu ba ne yayin tashi na manyan ƙananan matakai, amma ya kiyaye ƙaramin mataki na 3 daga ƙara isasshen saurin don isa ga orbit. Minti 17 bayan tashi kaya ya fadi cikin teku kusa da Antarctica. Masu binciken NASA daga baya sun ƙayyade dalilin gazawar ƙaddamarwa ya zama kayan da ba su da kyau waɗanda masana'antar aluminum Sapa Profiles ta bayar.

 Sake tashi 
Kwanaki uku bayan gazawar ƙaddamar da Fabrairu 2009, ƙungiyar kimiyya ta OCO ta aika da hedkwatar NASA da tayin gina da ƙaddamar da kwafin OCO a ƙarshen 2011.  A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010, buƙatar kasafin kudin NASA ta 2011 ta haɗa da dala miliyan 170 ga NASA don haɓaka da tashi don maye gurbin Orbiting Carbon Observatory: OCO-2.

NASA, a cikin 2010, da farko ya zaɓi Orbital Sciences don ƙaddamar da maye gurbin a watan Fabrairun 2013 a kan Taurus XL 3110 daga Vandenberg Air Force Base a California. An kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na Glory a ranar 4 ga Maris 2011 kuma ya ƙare cikin gazawar, kamar OCO. Sa'an nan, a watan Fabrairun 2012 duka NASA da Orbital Sciences sun zo yarjejeniya don Darajar da kwangilar kaddamarwa.

OCO-2 da farko an shirya shi don ƙaddamarwa a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2014 a 09:56 UTC a cikin rokar Delta II, kodayake an share wannan ƙaddamarwa da sakan 46 a kan agogon ƙididdiga saboda wani bawul mara kyau a kan tsarin hana ruwa wanda ake amfani da shi don gudana ruwa a kan tashar ƙaddamarwa don rage ƙarfin sauti yayin ƙaddamarwa. An kaddamar da rokar a ranar 2 ga Yuli a lokaci guda.

 Binciken NASA 
Masu binciken NASA Launch Services Program (LSP) sun ƙayyade tushen fasaha don gazawar kaddamar da Taurus XL na NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) da Glory manufofi a cikin 2009 da 2011, bi da bi: kayan da ba su da kyau da masana'antar aluminum, Sapa Profiles, Inc. (SPI). Binciken fasaha na LSP ya haifar da shigar da Ofishin Sufeto Janar na NASA da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka (DOJ). Kokarin DOJ, wanda aka bayyana kwanan nan, ya haifar da ƙudurin tuhumar aikata laifuka da zargin farar hula game da SPI, da kuma yarjejeniyarta ta biya dala miliyan 46 ga gwamnatin Amurka da sauran abokan ciniki na kasuwanci. Wannan yana da alaƙa da makircin shekaru 19 wanda ya haɗa da yaudarar dubban takaddun shaida don fitar da aluminum ga daruruwan abokan ciniki.

A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, wani roka na Taurus XL (Taurus T8) dauke da tauraron dan adam na NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) ya kasa isa orbit. Aikin Taurus T8 ya gaza saboda kayan aiki bai rabu ba yayin hawa, wanda ya sa roket din bai zubar da nauyi ba. A sakamakon karin nauyi, rokar Taurus ta kasa kaiwa ga saurin orbital, wanda ya haifar da asarar aikin gaba ɗaya. A ranar 4 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, wani rokar Taurus (Taurus T9) dauke da tauraron dan adam na kimiyya na NASA ya kasa isa orbit. Har ila yau, aikin Taurus T9 ya kammala a cikin gazawar kayan aiki don rabuwa. Ayyukan Taurus T8 da T9 dukansu sun sake shiga cikin yanayin duniya wanda ya haifar da fashewa da / ko konewar roket da tauraron dan adam, kuma duk wani sashi da ya tsira zai warwatse a cikin Tekun Pacific kusa da Antarctica. Kudin da aka haɗu da gazawar manufa biyu ya wuce dala miliyan 700. Manufar wannan takardar ita ce samar da cikakken bayani game da binciken da NASA ta samu game da dalilin duka masifu biyu.

Rocket din Taurus T8 da T9 dukansu sun yi amfani da kayan aiki na inci 63 don rufewa da kare jirgin sararin samaniya yayin ayyukan ƙasa da ƙaddamarwa. Ana haɗa sassan da ke aiki a cikin tsari kuma an haɗa su da roket ɗin ta amfani da haɗin gwiwa. Hadin gwiwar da za a iya amfani da ita shine tsarin rabuwa wanda aka fara ta amfani da kayan aiki. Farawar kayan aikin yana haifar da ligament na haɗin gwiwa mai laushi zuwa karyewa, yana ba da damar raba sassan biyu da ke aiki kuma daga baya a jefa su daga rokar Taurus. An yi haɗin gwiwa don T8 da T9 kuma an haɗa su tare, a lokaci guda. Sapa Profiles, Inc. (SPI) ne suka ƙera haɗin gwiwa na T8 da T9, a cikin masana'antar ta Technical Dynamics Aluminum (TDA), a Portland, Oregon.

 Manazarta 

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