Gas a Turkiyya

Gas na halitta yana samar da sama da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na Makamashi na Turkiyya. Kasar tana cinye mita cubic 50 zuwa 60 na iskar gas a kowace shekara, kusan duk an shigo da su. Wani babban filin iskar gas a cikin Tekun Baƙi ya fara samarwa a cikin 2023. https://www.dw.com/ha/shirin-ciniki-da-masanaantu-na-wannan-makon/audio-39125902

Bayan mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine ta fara, kasashe da yawa na Turai sun daina sayen man fetur ko iskar gas na Rasha, amma Dangantakar Turkiyya da Rasha ta isa ta ci gaba da sayen duka biyun. Turkiyya tana karɓar kusan rabin iskar gas daga Rasha. Ya zuwa 2023 gas mai yawa yana da tsada kuma babban ɓangare na lissafin shigo da kaya.

Gidaje suna sayen mafi yawan gas, sannan masana'antu da tashoshin wutar lantarki. Fiye da kashi 80% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun iskar gas, kuma yana samar da rabin bukatun dumama na ƙasar. yadda mai sayar da man fetur da iskar gas mallakar jihar BOBOTAŞ da 80% na kasuwar iskar gas, : 16 gwamnati na iya kuma tana tallafawa masu amfani da iskar mai zaman kansu da masana'antu. [4] Dukkanin abokan ciniki na masana'antu da kasuwanci, da gidaje da ke amfani da fiye da wani adadin gas, na iya sauya masu samarwa.

 Tarihi 
An kafa Babban Daraktan Binciken Ma'adinai da Bincike a cikin 1935, amma an sami iskar gas kaɗan. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta shigo da iskar gas ita ce ta hanyar bututun mai daga kasashe da ke kusa, kuma shigo da farko ya fito ne daga Rasha a 1986, sannan Iran ta biyo baya. Koyaya, bututun daga Azerbaijan ne kawai ya fara canja wurin gas a cikin 2007.

An fara shigo da iskar gas (LNG) daga Aljeriya a 1994 kuma daga Najeriya a 1999.  A farkon karni na 21 amfani da iskar gas ya karu. : 9 Tsakanin 2000 da 2020 rabon makamashi da aka shigo da shi ya karu daga sama da 50% zuwa 70% .

A cikin 2019, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta ki amincewa da hakowar Turkiyya a gabashin Bahar Rum. A cikin 2022, rufewar gas ta Iran ta haifar da matsaloli ga masana'antu. Wasu masu sharhi sun ce Turkiyya ba ta da isasshen ajiyar gas ko madadin kayan aiki don tsayayya da matsin lamba, kuma lokacin da Rasha ta ce tana rufe bututun gas don kulawa (misali rufewar kwanaki 10 na Bluestream a cikin 2022 a sanarwa ta kwanaki 2) wannan wani lokacin ana nufin yin amfani da matsin siyasa. A cikin 2022, karuwar farashin gas na duniya ya kara karancin asusun yanzu yayin da aka sayi karin gas a kasuwar tabo. : 15 : 15 

 Siyasa ta ƙasa 
Ba kamar kasashe da yawa na Turai ba, waɗanda suka daina sayen ko kuma an yanke su daga man fetur ko iskar gas ta Rasha, bayan mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, Dangantaka da Rasha ta ci gaba da sayen duka biyun. China da Turkiyya suna shigo da mafi yawan iskar gas daga Rasha. An ce wani lokacin yana da wahala ga kafofin watsa labarai a Turkiyya su bayar da rahoto sosai game da yanayin siyasa na makamashi. Shugaba Erdoğan ya ce a cikin 2022 cewa Turkiyya ba za ta iya shiga takunkumi a kan Rasha ba saboda dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki.

Kamfanin bincike da samar da man fetur da iskar gas na Turkiyya yana fatan bincika man fetur le gas a cikin ruwan Libya:  an amince da yarjejeniyar fahimta tare da Libya amma daga baya kotun Libya ta dakatar da ita.  Turkiyya ta yi adawa da wasu binciken gas da Jamhuriyar Cyprus ta yi saboda takaddamar yankin teku na Cyprus da Turkiyya.

Jam'iyyun biyu masu adawa da Arewacin Iraki Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) da Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) dole ne su amince da sabon bututun mai don ɗaukar hanya mafi ƙanƙanta, saboda zai fito ne daga rijiyoyi a ɓangaren Yankin Kurdistan da PUK ke sarrafawa kuma ya wuce ta ɓangaren da KDP ke sarrafawa. A cikin 2022 Sojojin Tsaro na Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci sun yi amfani da makamai masu linzami don kai hari kan gidan Baz Karim Barzanji, wani dan kasuwa da ke aiki a kan sabon bututun mai, wanda aka ruwaito saboda ya sadu da jami'an Amurka da Isra'ila a can.

 Tasirin da makomar 
alt=Graph shows carbon dioxide emitted by coal, oil, and natural gas over the years from 1990|thumb|Kashewa daga iskar gas ya karu, amma ya kasance a ƙasa da kwal da mai.
Babban tushen fitar da iskar gas ta Turkiyya shine wutar lantarki, wanda ke fitar da kimanin gram 1000 na iskar carbon dioxide ga kowane kilowatt-hour na wutar lantarki da aka samar. Don samar da iskar gas iri ɗaya yana fitar da ƙasa da kwal, (371g a cikin 2020 ), amma fiye da hasken rana a 30g zuwa 60g. Lokacin da aka samar da iskar gas a Rasha ko Turkmenistan, duk da haka, iskar methane tana fitar da iskar greenhouse. Amma, kamar yadda kayan gas na duniya ya dogara da inda aka samar da shi, an lissafa wannan a cikin iskar gas na Rasha ba na Turkiyya ba.

Turkiyya ta yi niyyar kara rabon sabuntawa da makamashin nukiliya a cikin makamashi na kasa. A cewar wani rahoto na Mayu 2022 daga thinktank Ember, hasken rana da iska sun adana dala biliyan 7 a kan shigo da iskar gas a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata. Wasu kamfanonin rarraba suna gwada haɗuwa har zuwa 20% Hydrogen tare da iskar gas, don haka a ƙarshe wasu daga cikin iskar gas da aka rarraba za su zama hydrogen kore.

Girgizar ƙasa na iya zama haɗari ga bututun mai. A makwabciyar IranIran tare da famfo na zafi, daga gas an ba da shawarar inganta ƙarfin girgizar ƙasa.[2]

 Sayarwa da buƙata 
Akwai hanyoyin samarwa da yawa a yankin da isasshen damar shigo da LNG a cikin ƙasar.

A cikin 2020 Fatih, ɗaya daga cikin jirage biyar na kamfanin mai da iskar gas na jihar TPAO, ya gano filin Sakarya Gas a ƙarƙashin Tekun Baƙi kusa da inda Romania ta sami iskar gas. Kafin 2023, lokacin da aka fara samarwa daga wannan filin iskar gas mai zaki a cikin Bahar Maliya, kusan dukkanin iskar gas da aka cinye a Turkiyya an shigo da ita. Kudancin Akcakoca Sub-Basin (SASB) karamin filin iskar gas ne kuma a cikin Tekun Baƙi .  Kazalika da jirage masu hakowa akwai jirage 2 na girgizar ƙasa. An kiyasta ajiyar Black Sea na Turkiyya a cikin miliyoyin cubic mita:  za a tura iskar gas zuwa Filyos don sarrafawa don sanya shi ya dace da grid na iskar gas,  tare da samar da mafi girma na cubic mita biliyan 40 (bcm) da aka yi niyya don 2026. Ana sa ran iskar Black Sea ta Turkiyya za ta cika kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na bukatar iskar gas ta ƙasa, tare da mita cubic biliyan 15 (bcm) a kowace shekara nan da shekara ta 2030. A cewar wasu masu sharhi, tare da wannan binciken, jayayya ta Aegean da Girka game da hakowar bincike yanzu ba ta da mahimmanci.
Kusan rabin iskar gas ta kasar ana shigo da ita ne daga Rasha. Yarjejeniyar Turkiyya ta dogon lokaci tare da Rasha za ta ƙare a ƙarshen 2025 don haka ana sa ran lissafin shigo da iskar gas zai faɗi a ƙarshen 2020s (daga 2024 an kiyasta dala 320 a kowace cubic m ) kuma saboda fara samarwa daga ɓangaren Turkiyya na Tekun Baƙi. A cikin 2021 an sabunta kwangila tare da kamfanin makamashi na Rasha Gasprom kuma an haɗa shi da farashin EU;  sun haɗa da yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu zuwa ƙarshen 2025 don 5.75 bcm a shekara ta hanyar TurkStream (wanda ke da jimlar ƙarfin 31.5 bcm).  Ba a buga farashin kwangilar ba amma an ruwaito shi (a cikin 2022 ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da ke adawa da jam'iyyun da ke mulki na Turkiyya) don ya dogara da kashi 70% na farashin kasuwar LNG tare da farashin man Brent Crude: wannan ya fi tsada fiye da iskar Blue Stream.

A cikin 2021 an amince da kwangila tare da Azerbaijan don shigo da bcm 11 a kowace shekara har zuwa ƙarshen 2024.  TPAO tana da kashi 19% a cikin Shah Deniz 1. Fracking shale gas na iya taimakawa tare da tsaro na makamashi. An shirya samar da iskar gas daga Turkmenistan tsawon shekaru amma ba a gina bututun mai a ƙarƙashin Tekun Caspian ba,   wani bangare saboda rashin yarjejeniya tsakanin Turkmenistan da Azerbaijan. Maimakon haka a cikin 2025 Turkiyya tana sayen sama da 1 bcma na iskar Turkmen ta hanyar yarjejeniyar musayar tare da Iran, saboda akwai damar bututun mai. Koyaya matsakaicin yiwuwar an ce (ta hanyar masu goyon bayan hanyar abokin hamayya tsakanin shigarwar teku) ya zama kawai 3 bcma. Ana shigo da LNG daga kasashe da yawa ciki har da Masar,  Aljeriya,  da Amurka.

 Bukatar 
Fiye da kashi 80% na yawan jama'a, da dukkan larduna a Turkiyya, suna da damar samun iskar gas,  wanda ke samar da rabin makamashi na karshe na gida. [2 cikin rabon amfani na 2021 ya haɗa da gidaje 27%, samar da wutar lantarki 35%, masana'antu 29% da bangaren sabis na 8%.[3]  Makamashi tana sa ran buƙatar iskar gas ta karu dan kadan zuwa 2030, amma rabonta na amfani da makamashi na farko zai faɗi dan kadan zuwa ƙasa da kwata.[4] : 19–20 : 19–20 
A wasu shekaru samar da wutar lantarki a Turkiyya yana ƙone rabin gas, amma wannan ya bambanta sosai dangane da ko akwai isasshen ruwan sama don samar da wutar wutar lantarki; sabili da haka, lokacin da ruwan sama ya yi, Turkiyya tana ƙone iskar gas kaɗan. :: 139  Babban buƙata yawanci a tsakiyar hunturu, matsakaicin kusan mita cubic miliyan 300 (mcm) kowace rana, kuma Chamber of Engineers ya ce a cikin 2022 cewa babu isasshen ajiya. Akwai yankuna 72 na rarrabawa kuma ana ba da gidaje miliyan 18 da iskar gas. Kimanin rabin buƙatun makamashi na zama ana biyan su ta hanyar gas. :: 139  Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya ta yi hasashen a cikin 2021 cewa amfani da samar da wutar lantarki zai ragu. :: 140  Koyaya shirin makamashi na kasa da aka buga a watan Janairun 2023 yana hasashen sama da 10 GW ƙarin wutar lantarki na gas na iya buƙata ta 2035 don daidaita makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma Tsaro na makamashi. : 15-16 Duk masu amfani da masana'antu da kasuwanci, da gidaje da ke sayen fiye da cubic-mita dubu 75 a shekara na iya sauya masu samarwa.

 Sufuri, sarrafawa da adanawa 
Akwai bututun gas da yawa,   kuma bazai yiwu ba ga Turawa su tantance asalin iskar da suka saya daga Turkiyya,  wanda zai iya zama matsala ga ƙasashen EU saboda ba za su iya siyan iskar gas ta Rasha bisa doka ba daga 2027 .  Manyan bututun gas (tare da damar a cikin bcm) sune:
+←Daga yammazuwa yammaTa hanyar←A cikin daga gabas←20Trans-BalkanTrans-Anatolian16TurkStream3216Kogin BalkanBlue Stream1610Trans AdriaticKudancin Caucasus24Tabriz Ankara14
Gas daga Rasha ya zo ta hanyar bututun Blue Stream da TurkStream; kuma daga Iran ta hanyar buthun Tabriz-Ankara. Azerbaijan yawanci tana samar da Turkiyya ta hanyar bututun Kudancin Caucasus. Gas din yana gudana ta hanyar bututun gas na Trans-Anatolian (TANAP) wanda ke samar da Turkiyya kuma wasu suna ci gaba a fadin iyakar Girka zuwa cikin bututun Trans Adriatic.
alt=Seven middle aged men in dark suits stand behind a large white horizontal pipe. There is a large TANAP logo behind them and six of them are holding the large red valve wheel protruding up from the pipe|thumb|An kaddamar da bututun gas na Trans-Anatolian a Eskişehir a cikin 2018 (Rovnag Abdullayev - shugaban SoCAR, → Mustafa Akıncı - shugaban Arewacin Cyprus, → Ilham Aliyev - shugaban Azerbaijan, → Recep Tayyip Erdoğan - shugaban Turkiyya, → Petro Poroshenko - shugaban Ukraine, → Aleksandar Vučić - shugaban Serbia, → Berat Albayrak - Ministan Makamashi da albarkatun Turkiyya) 
Jirgin mai na Tabriz-Ankara mai nisan kilomita 2,600 ne, wanda ke gudana daga Tabriz a arewa maso yammacin Iran zuwa Ankara a Turkiyya. Blue Stream, babban bututun mai na Black Sea, yana isar da iskar gas daga Rasha zuwa Turkiyya tun shekara ta 2003. Kudancin Gas Corridor ya haɗa da filin iskar gas na Shah Deniz 2, bututun mai na Kudancin Caucasus, TANAP, da Trans Adriatic Pipeline: Ana fadada TANAP zuwa 31 bcm a kowace shekara. A Erzurum, bututun Kudancin Caucasus, wanda aka ba da izini a shekara ta 2006, yana da alaƙa da bututun Iran-Turkey. A cikin 2022 bututun sufuri na Turkiyya yana da ƙarfin ajiya na 3 zuwa 5 bcm. Kamar yadda shigo da iskar gas ya kai dala biliyan 12 zuwa 15 a kowace shekara kuma lira ba ta da ƙarfi;  suna da muhimmiyar ɓangare na lissafin shigo da kayayyaki.  Turkstream yana da kusan kashi 60% na iyawa tun daga shekarar 2022.

 Tattalin Arziki da Amfani 
A cewar BOTAŞ farashin gas ga gidajen Turkiyya shine mafi ƙasƙanci a Turai a cikin 2022,  kuma sun ce abokan ciniki masu zama suna samun tallafin farashi na 70% daga gwamnati.  Akwai kamfanonin rarraba gas 72, tare da masu amfani sama da miliyan 13. Akwai baje kolin kasuwanci na shekaru biyu a Istanbul . 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba