Tawayen Bayi Ma'aikata na Charleston

Tawayen bayi na Charleston Workhouse ya kasance tawaye ne na bayi na Kudancin Carolinians wanda ya faru a Charleston, Kudancin Carolina, a watan Yulin 1849. A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1849, wani bawa mai suna Nicholas Kelly ya jagoranci tawaye, ya ji wa masu gadi da yawa rauni da makamai masu zaman kansu kuma ya 'yantar da bayi 37. An kama mafi yawansu da sauri, kuma an gwada Nicholas da wasu biyu kuma an rataye su.
Gidan aiki na Charleston
Da yake a kan Magazine Street a cikin garin Charleston, gidan aiki na Charleston kurkuku ne da Kasuwar bayi inda bayi suka ɗaure baƙi don a sayar da su ko a hukunta su. Bawa sun biya birnin kudi don azabtar da bayinsu. Masu gadi sun yi wa jama'a bulala, sun tsare wadanda aka kama da bayi a cikin hannun jari, ko kuma sun tilasta musu su yi tafiya a kan treadmill, babbar na'urar niƙa masara mai kama da na'urar tsayawa. An cire su tsirara, an tilasta wadanda abin ya shafa su yi tafiya a kan hanya har sai sun fadi daga gajiya ko kuma sun fadi kuma sun ji rauni.https://discovering.cofc.edu/items/show/31 Gidan aiki sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da Tsohon Kurkukun Charleston, wanda ke kusa da shi kuma ya raba sanannun siffofin gine-gine. Koyaya, ayyukan Workhouse da Kurkuku sun kasance masu zaman kansu da juna kuma ba su da alaƙa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]
Nicholas Kelly
An haifi Nicholas a cikin bautar a cikin 1822 ko 1823 a cikin Gundumar St. Andrews, 'yan mil a arewacin Charleston. Iyayensa sune Ellen, wata mace mai bautar da asalin asalin Amurka, da kuma baiwarta, mai shuka da ba a san sunanta ba. Yayinda yake da shekaru 8, an hayar Nicholas ga William Kelly, dan kwangila na Irish-Amurka daga Philadelphia. Kelly ta horar da Nicholas don yin aiki a matsayin mai gyaran gyare-gyare kuma ta sayi shi bayan 'yan shekaru.https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/all-for-liberty/A2EAA6A64628572A56374065D8C2F0DE

A cikin 1845, Kelly ya ɗauki Nicholas zuwa New Orleans. Nicholas ya sami suna mai kyau a matsayin ƙwararren mai sana'a don hayar kuma ya halarci cocin Roman Katolika a New Orleans. Ya kuma nuna ruhun mai zaman kansa - a lokacin rani na 1846, kotun New Orleans ta yanke masa hukuncin bulala 25 saboda ya buge wani farar fata. Kelly ya ba Nicholas damar sayen 'yancinsa na $ 1,000, kuma Nicholas daga baya ya yi iƙirarin ya biya akalla $ 200 ko $ 300 don' yancinsa. A cikin 1847, Kelly, wanda ya koma Charleston ya bar Nicholas ya ci gaba da aiki don albashi a New Orleans, ya tilasta Nicholas zuwa Charleston. Jaridu a lokacin sun yi hasashen cewa Kelly yana da "laifuka na rashin adalci da rashin gaskiya na musanta biyan kuɗi da ƙin kwangilar, "ya tilasta wa Kelly ya musanta a fili cewa yana da laifi na wannan cin amana

Kasa da makonni biyu bayan dawowarsa Charleston, Nicholas ya yi tsayayya lokacin da wani mai tsaron gari da jami'in 'yan sanda, duka fararen maza, suka yi ƙoƙari su nemi shi don kuɗi a buƙatar Kelly. Wani mutum ya yi wa Nicholas barazana: "Zan busa kwakwalwarku. " Nicholas ya amsa, "Zan hura ni kuma a la'anta ni, ina da rai daya da zan rasa, kuma ina shirye in rasa hakan. " Nicholas ta buge maza biyu da cokali kafin su iya ɗaure shi. An tuhume shi da laifuka biyu na mummunan rauni ga wani fari. Lauyan da ya nada a kotu, Richard Yeadon, mai bautar kuma editan Charleston Mercury, ya sanya kariya ta hauka. An yanke wa Nicholas hukunci kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ratayewa, amma an yi watsi da shari'a a kan roko, kuma sabon shari'ar, wanda aka kammala a watan Maris na shekara ta 1848, ya haifar da yanke wa Nicholas hukuncin kisa a kan ƙananan tuhume-tuhumen da kuma hukuncinsa na shekaru uku a cikin Workhouse.https://www.southcarolinapublicradio.org/sc-news/2022-07-31/charleston-puts-up-plaque-where-slaves-were-beaten-punished

A lokacin da ya yi watanni 16 a kurkuku a cikin Workhouse, Nicholas ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci da mai kula kuma ya sami gata na musamman. Ya tsoratar da wadanda suka kama shi, wadanda suka ba shi izinin tafiya a filin da yardar rai kuma ya yi amfani da shi da sanda. Alkalin O'Neall na kotun daukaka kara ta Kudu Carolina daga baya ya lura cewa "An san Nicholas da rashin mulki, a wani mataki na musamman, rikici da haɗari: kamuwa da cuta (ko aƙalla da'awar kasancewa) da wasu ra'ayoyin haƙƙin mutum, wanda bai dace da biyayya da baiwarsa a matsayin bawa ba. ”
Tashin hankali
A safiyar ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1849, wani dan kasuwa na bawa, John M. Gilchrist, ya tafi gidan aiki na Charleston don kula da wata mace bautar da ba a san sunanta ba, wanda aka yi imanin cewa 'yar'uwar Nicholas ce. Gilchrist ya yi niyyar kai ta don samun magani amma mai yiwuwa yana nufin sayar da ita da zaran lafiyarsa ta inganta. Nicholas da sauran bayi sun hana Gilchrist daga ɗaukar matar kuma sun kai hari ga bawan Gilchrist lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin kama ta bisa umarnin mai sayar da bawa. Gilchrist ya gudu. Nicholas ya tara sahabbansa, yana gaya musu, "Za a yi yaƙi a yau" kuma yana kira ga "kowane mutum, wanda ya kira kansa mutum, ya zama mutum. " Masu tayar da kayar baya sun mamaye farfajiyar gidan aiki kuma sun yi wa kansu makamai da hannayen sledgehammer, pickaxes, gatari, hammers, da sauran makamai.https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh_r_01848

A kan umarnin Gilchrist, magajin garin Charleston Thomas Leger Hutchinson ya ziyarci gidan aiki kuma ya bukaci masu gadi su sake samun iko da halin da ake ciki. Da misalin karfe biyu, mai kula da gidan aiki James C. Norris, Magajin garin Hutchinson, da fararen masu gadi uku sun shiga farfajiyar kuma sun nemi kama Nicholas, wanda ya kare kansa. Sauran bayi ashirin sun zo don kare Nicholas, kuma an yi gwagwarmaya da makamai masu linzami. Kimanin fararen mutane da yawa sun sami mummunan rauni, kuma masu tayar da kayar baya sun fashe daga manyan ƙofofin zuwa titunan Charleston. Mutane talatin da bakwai da aka bautar sun warwatse kuma sun gudu don 'yanci, yayin da fararen Charlestonians suka taru don kama su. An kama masu neman 'yanci goma sha takwas a cikin sa'o'i 24 na tashin hankali, ciki har da Nicholas, wanda ya yi mil daya kawai daga gidan aiki kafin mayakan da ke dauke da bindiga suka tilasta masa ya mika wuya a kan Cannon's Bridge . 

Shari`a da sakamakonsa
A safiyar ranar 14 ga watan Yuli, Nicholas ya tsaya a tashar jiragen ruwa a gaban Kotun Alkalin Shari'a da 'Yanci na Charleston. An same shi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Mataimakan Nicholas guda biyu, George Holmes da John Toomer, sun tafi shari'a a ranar 16 ga Yuli kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa saboda "raunin da ya faru, ya gurgunta, da kuma raunata" fararen mutane uku. Shari'o'i, hukunce-hukuncen, da hukunce-hincen duk sun faru ne a rana ɗaya. A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, an rataye dukkan maza uku a bainar jama'a. An tura jikinsu zuwa kwalejin likita da ke kusa da gidan aiki don a yi amfani da su don dissection.[1]

Shida daga cikin masu neman 'yanci 37 sun ci gaba da guje wa kamawa, kuma gwamnan ya ba da lada na $ 600 don kama su. Biyu sun mika wuya a ranar 20 ga Yuli kuma an kama daya a ranar 21 ga Yuli, amma sauran uku, Edward Farrar, Adam Kelly, da Edward Graves, sun yi kusan mil saba'in a arewa maso yammacin Charleston, suna ratsa wuraren da ke cike da alligator yayin da suke guje wa dakarun da ke da bindigogi da karnuka. Graves ya kirkiro hanyar tafiya, kuma Farrar, wanda zai iya wucewa zuwa fari, ya yi kama da fararen mai mallakar Kelly da Graves. An kama su a kusa da Kingstree, South Carolina, a ranar 24 ga Yuli. An tuhume su da tashin hankali da rashin biyayya, duk masu neman 'yanci shida an yanke musu hukunci kuma an yanke musu hukuncin bulala da tsare su kadai a cikin shari'ar 30 ga Yuli. [1]
Bayyanawa
Jaridu na cikin gida galibi sun raina tawaye, suna kiranta "hargitsi," "farkawa," ko "rashin biyayya" wanda kawai 'yan bayi suka shiga. Sabanin haka, masu abolitionists na Arewa da jaridu sun ba da cikakken ɗaukar hoto. The Liberator, The North Star, National Intelligencer, Pennsylvania Freeman, New York Evening Post, da Boston Courier sun ba da cikakkun bayanai game da tawaye, sun yi tir da gwajin nunawa, kuma sun ba da rahoton hukuncin kisa.[1]

Har zuwa kwanan nan, masana tarihi sun yi watsi da wannan tawaye saboda karancin tushe na farko. Jeff Strickland's All For Liberty (Cambridge University Press, 2021) ita ce littafi na farko na tawaye. Wannan littafi ya sami kyakkyawan bita a cikin mujallu na masana.[1][2][3][4]
Sakamakon
Duk da saurin sa, takaice, da kuma iyakantaccen rauni, Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion shine mafi mahimmancin tashin hankali na bayi da ya faru a Kudancin Carolina tun lokacin da Denmark Vesey Conspiracy a 1822. Tashin hankali ya haifar da karin takunkumin 'yan sanda na bautar, yayin da aka kafa kwamitocin fararen tsaro da tsaro a ko'ina cikin Kudancin Carolina, suna rantsuwa da kawar da abolitionists da sarrafa yawan bayi. Wannan tawaye ya kara karfin fargabar tsakanin fararen mutanen Kudancin Carolina, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga rikicin rabuwa na Kudancin Caroline na 1850-51, bayan Yarjejeniyar 1850. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/285/article/881791

A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2022, Majalisar Birnin Charleston da Magajin garin John Tecklenburg sun shigar da takardar tunawa a wurin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a kan titin Magazine wanda ya kasance wurin Charleston Workhouse. Daga cikin sauran bayanan tarihi, tambarin ya bayyana tawaye da Nicholas Kelly ya jagoranta.
Manazarta