Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Ƙasa 2

Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya ta Ƙasa ta Ƙasa ƙungiya ce ta gwamnatocin ƙasashe waɗanda ke da niyyar cimma matsaya ga rage fitar da iskar gas. Ya fara ne a matsayin yarjejeniyar fahimta, wanda aka sanya hannu ta goma sha biyu a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2015 a California" Sacramento, California. Kodayake da farko an kira shi Under2 MOU, ya zama sananne da Under2 Coalition a cikin 2017. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2024, hadin gwiwar tana wakiltar jihohi, yankuna, larduna da gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi 178, tare da wasu hukumomin kasa da na kasa. Jerin masu sanya hannu ya karu zuwa gwamnatoci 270, wanda ke wakiltar mutane sama da biliyan 1.75 da kashi 50% na tattalin arzikin duniya. An yi la'akari da MOU ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin California da Baden-Wurttemberg,  tare da Climate Group da ke aiki a matsayin sakatariyar. 

 Manufa da niyya 
Manufar masu sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ita ce ga kowannensu don cimma burin fitar da iskar gas na Greenhouse wanda ya dace da hanyar 80 zuwa 95 cikin dari a ƙasa da matakan 1990 ta hanyar 2050 da / ko cimma burin samar da iskar shekara-shekara na ƙasa da tan 2 ta hanyar 2050.  Wadanda suka sanya hannu sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan ayyukan sun dace da binciken da Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ya yi game da abin da ya zama dole don kauce wa hauhawar digiri 2 na Celsius a matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya. Masu shirya taron sun damu da cewa hauhawar zafin jiki na duniya sama da digiri 2 na Celsius zai haifar da mummunar cutar muhalli.

An nemi masu sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar su gabatar da wani shiri don biyan burin rage iskar gas ta gida da tan 2 ga kowane mutum nan da shekara ta 2050. Kowace daga cikin gwamnatoci kuma ta yi alkawarin taimaka wa juna tare da binciken kimiyya, raba fasahar da ke akwai da kuma mafi kyawun ayyuka a cikin ingancin makamashi.

An kirkiro yarjejeniyar ne kafin Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015 wanda aka fi sani da COP 21 ko Yarjejeniyar Paris .  MOU na kasa da kasa 2 yana ba da damar gwamnatoci na kasa kamar birane, yankuna da jihohi don nuna aikin su don rage hayakin gas.

 Tarihi 
Gwamnatocin ƙasashe kamar birane, jihohi da larduna sun dogara da al'adun gargajiya ga gwamnatocin ƙasa don jagorantar gwamnatin yanayi ta ƙasashen duniya da nufin magance sauyin yanayi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar gwamnatoci. Wasu gwamnatocin ƙasashe sun nuna takaici game da rashin aiki na shugabannin ƙasa kuma sun ɗauki kansu don ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyar MOU ta ƙasa ta ƙasa ta 2.[1] Babban bambanci tsakanin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da yarjejeniyar Under2 MOU tsakanin gwamnatocin ƙasashe shine cewa Under2 MOO ba ta da iyaka.[2]

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, California da Baden-Wurttemberg, wadanda suka jagoranci MOU na kasa da 2, sun ba da sanarwar cewa Climate Group za ta ɗauki matsayin sakatariyar yarjejeniyar.

An yi ƙoƙari a baya don shirya gwamnatocin ƙasashe don magance canjin yanayi musamman ta hanyar Shirin Tsaro na Yanayi - ƙoƙari da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A mafi girma a cikin 2010 shirin yana da mambobi 700 na gari waɗanda ake buƙata don samar da kayayyaki da manufofi don hayaki. Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Hukumomi ta Duniya ta ba da taimako na fasaha ga ƙananan hukumomin da ke cikin wannan shirin.

Kafin a yi la'akari da MOU na kasa da kasa da yawa sun dauki mataki na kirkirar shirin matakin yanayi. Manufar shirin matakin yanayi shine gano adadin iskar gas da ke cikin yanayin ya haifar kuma, a lokuta da yawa, samar da dabaru don rage ko dakatar da iskar gas gaba ɗaya. Wasu gwamnatoci sun gano cewa bayanan da aka samar ta hanyar shirin matakin yanayi yana kara nuna gaskiya kuma yana taimakawa tare da shirin dogon lokaci don rage hayakin gas. Tun lokacin da masu sanya hannu ga MOU na kasa da kasa 2 suka gabatar da shirye-shiryen aikinsu a matsayin kari ga takardar wannan shine karo na farko da wasu birane da jihohi a duniya ke zuwa da shirye-aikacen rage hayakin gas a cikin ikonsu.

 Masu halarta 
Kasashen / YankinMasu sanya hannu na Jiha / Lardin Arewacin AmurkaKanadaBritish Columbia (mai sa hannu) Yankin Arewa maso YammaOntario (mai sa hannu) QuebecVancouver (birni) Ƙungiyoyin ƘungiyaAustin (birni) Boulder (birni) Gundumar BrowardCalifornia (mai sa hannu) ConnecticutHawaiiLos Angeles (birni) MassachusettsMinnesotaGundumar Montgomery, MarylandNew HampshireBirnin New YorkJihar New YorkOakland (birni) Oregon (mai sa hannu) Orlando (birni) Pittsburgh (birni) Portland (birni) Tsibirin RhodeSakramento (birni) San Francisco (birni) Seattle (birni) Vermont (mai sa hannu) VirginiaJihar Washington (mai sa hannu) LATIN AmurkaGinin ArgentinaSanta Fe (Co-Chairman na Latin Amurka da Caribbean 2018-2020) TucumánJujuyBRASILAcre (mai sa hannu) AmapáAmazonasMato GrossoPernambucoRondoniaSão Paulo (birni) São Paulo (jiha) Abin da ake yi wa adoƘarƙashin ƘarƙashiyaSantiago (birni) COLOMBIACaquetáAntakiyaGuaviareHanciCundinamarcaKasuwanciAzuayPastazaMexicoAguascalientesBaja California (mai sa hannu) Baja California ta KuduKamfenChiapasColimaGuanajuatoHidalgoJalisco (mai sa hannu) Birnin MexicoSabon LeonOaxacaJihar MexicoMichoacánQuerétaroQuintana RooSonoraTobascoYucatánHAMUAmazonasHuánucoLoretoUwar AllahPiuraSan MartínUcayaliYuroPAUSTRIAƘananan AustriaUpper AustriaBELGIUMWalloniaFaransaAlsaceAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesBas-RhinBrittanyMidi-PyrénéesNew AquitaineYankin OccitanƘasar LoireTaronMatattuBaden-Württemberg (mai sa hannu) BavariaHesseƘananan SaxonyArewacin Rhine-WestphaliaRhineland-PalatinateSchleswig-HolsteinThuringiaGREECEAtticaHUNGARYBudapest (birni) ITALYAbruzzoBasilicataEmilia da RomaLombardyPiedmontSardiniaVenetoRashin jin daɗiDrentheArewacin BrabantArewacin HollandKudancin HollandNORWAYGarin Akershus CountyGidan GidaAzoresMadeiraSPAINAndalusiaKasar BasqueCatalonia (mai sa hannu) Al'ummar MadridGalaciaNavarraSWEDENJämtland HärjedalenVästra GötalandYammacin YammaBasel-LandschaftGidan BaselSarakuna Masu RuwaBristol (birni) Manchester (birni) ScotlandWales (mai sa hannu) AFRICAGAMBIAYankin Kogin ArewaKENYAGundumar LaikipiaRashin Rashin RuwaTaron Yankin Ivory CoastRuwaJihar Cross RiverMOROCCOMellal-KhénifraCasablanca-SettatDakhla-Oued Ed-DahabDrâa-TafilaletFes-MeknesGuelmim-Oued NounLaâyoune-Sakia El HamraMarrakesh-SafiGabas ta TsakiyaRabat-Salé-KénitraSouss-MassaTangier-Tetouan-Al HoceimaMasallaciNampula (birni) Quelimane (birni) HalittaGuédiawaye (birni) Kudancin AfirkaGautengKwaZulu-NatalYammacin CapeASIAArmeniaAraratKotaykShirakChinaƘungiyar Ƙananan Birane na PioneerJiangsuSichuanINDIAChhattisgarhJammu da Kashmir (yanki na hadin gwiwa) MaharashtraMeghalayaTelanganaTripuraYammacin BengalPunjabRashin amincewaGabashin KalimantanArewacin KalimantanPapuaKudancin SumatraYammacin KalimantanJafananciGundumar GifuNEPALKwarin KathmanduKudancin KOREAChungnamJejuYammacin Turai
AUSTRALIABabban Birnin AustraliyaQueenslandKudancin AustraliaVictoria

 Ƙarfafawa na Ƙasa 
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 Dubi kuma 

 Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta Amurka
 Mayors na Kasa Yanayin Yanayi
 Yanayin Yanayi
 Ƙarfafa Ƙungiyar Coal ta baya
 C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group

 Manazarta