Yanayin ƙasar Guam

Guam yanki ne na Amurka a yammacin Tekun Pacific, a iyakar Tekun Philippine . Ita ce mafi kudanci kuma mafi girma a cikin tsibirin Tsibirin Mariana, wanda shi ne mafi arewacin tsibirin a Micronesia. Ƙungiyar siyasa mafi kusa ita ce Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), wani yanki na Amurka. Guam tana da iyakokin teku tare da CNMI a arewa da Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia a kudu. Tana kusa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na hanyar daga Philippines zuwa Hawaii. Yanayinta da girmansa sun sa ya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci. Ita ce kawai tsibirin da ke da tashar jiragen ruwa mai kariya da ƙasa don filayen jirgin sama da yawa tsakanin Asiya da Hawaii, a kan gabas da yamma, da kuma tsakanin Papua New Guinea da Japan, a kan arewa maso kudu.

Tsibirin ya samo asali ne daga aikin dutsen wuta wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar subduction na Pacific Plate a ƙarƙashin Philippine Sea Plate a kusa da Mariana Trench, wanda ke gudana daga gabashin Guam zuwa kudu maso yamma. Fashewar dutsen wuta ta kafa tushen tsibirin a cikin Eocene, kimanin shekaru 56 zuwa 33.9 da suka gabata (mya). Arewacin Guam shine sakamakon wannan tushe da aka rufe shi da yadudduka na coral reef, ya juya zuwa dutse mai laushi, sannan kuma ana tura shi ta hanyar aikin tectonic don ƙirƙirar tudu. Kudancin kudancin tsibirin shine sakamakon aikin dutsen wuta na baya-bayan nan. Tsibirin Cocos a kudancin Guam shine mafi girma daga cikin ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a bakin tekun.

A siyasance, an raba Guam zuwa Ƙauyuka 19. Yawancin jama'a suna zaune a kan tsaunuka na coralline limestone na arewa, tare da ayyukan siyasa da tattalin arziki da ke tsakiyar yankuna da arewa. Yankin da ke kudu yana iyakance ƙauyuka zuwa yankunan karkara na bakin teku. Yankin yammacin gabar teku yana gefen iskar kasuwanci kuma shine wurin Apra Harbor, babban birnin Hagåtña, da kuma cibiyar yawon bude ido ta Tumon. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ta mallaki kusan kashi 29% na tsibirin,  a karkashin kulawar hadin gwiwar yankin Marianas .

 Ilimin ƙasa 
Tsibirin Mariana na kwance a saman Gabashin Mariana Ridge wanda ya mamaye, wani yanki na Arc na Izu–Bonin–Mariana (IBM).  IBM Arc wani yanki ne mai jujjuya farantin tectonic inda yammacin Tekun Pasifik ya keɓe farantin Tekun Philippine.  Guam a zahiri yana kan farantin Mariana, ƙaramin faranti tsakanin su biyun.  Wurin da aka ƙaddamar yana da alamar Mariana Trench, mafi zurfin gash a saman duniya, wanda ya haɗa da zurfin tabo uku zuwa kudancin Guam.  Daga gabas zuwa yamma, waɗannan sune: Nero Deep, wanda shine wurin da aka sani mafi zurfi a cikin teku daga 1899 zuwa 1927 a 9,660 m (31,690 ft);  Sirena Deep, ma'auni mafi zurfi na uku a 10,714 m (35,151 ft);  da Challenger Deep, wuri mafi zurfi a 10,902 zuwa 10,929 m (35,768 zuwa 35,856 ft)

Akwai manyan fashewa uku a Guam. na farko, tsarin Facpi, a tsakiyar Eocene, ya kafa tushe na tsibirin kuma har yanzu shine mafi girman tsari a bakin tekun kudu maso yamma. Rushewar ta biyu ta haifar da tsarin Alutom wanda har yanzu shine mafi girma a tsakiyar tsibirin. Dutsen Alifan-Mount Lamlam shine ragowar caldera na Alutom. : 7 

Layer na ƙarshe na dutsen wuta, wanda ake kira Umatac formation, an kafa shi ne ta hanyar fashewa ta uku da ta ƙarshe, wanda ya kewaye wannan tudun a kudancin Guam. A halin yanzu, aikin dutsen wuta ya sauya yankunan tsibirin, wanda ya karbi bakuncin coral reefs, sannan ya ɗaga waɗancan reefs. Ana iya raba tsibirin zuwa yankuna huɗu na geophysical: : 4 tsaunuka masu tsawo da kuma shimfidar dutse mai laushi a arewa wanda ke samar da mafi yawan ruwan sha; tuddai masu tasowa na Alutom Formation a tsakiya; duwatsun Umatac Formation a kudu; da kuma ƙasƙanci na bakin teku da ke kewaye da mafi yawan tsibirin.  : 1 Yawancin bakin tekun an kare shi da dutse mai laushi.

Ƙasa galibi yumɓu ne ko yumɓu kuma yana iya zama launin toka, baƙar fata, launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa; acidity da zurfin sun bambanta. Akwai alamun halitta guda huɗu a Guam da aka zaba a matsayin misalai na ilimin ƙasa na tsibirin: Facpi Point, Fouha Point, Dutsen Lamlam, da Two Lovers Point.

 Girgizar ƙasa 
Guam a wasu lokuta tana fuskantar girgizar ƙasa;  mafi yawan wuraren da ke kusa da Guam suna da girman daga 5.0 zuwa 8.7. Ba kamar Anatahan a cikin Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa ba, Guam ba ta aiki da dutsen wuta ba, kodayake vog (smog na dutsen wuta)  daga Anatahan yana shafar shi saboda kusanci."Home page of the Anahatan volcano". USGS-CNMI, November 8, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from 

 Matsayi na dabarun 
Guam yana da kimanin kilomita 1,500 (kilomita 2,400) daga Tokyo a arewa da Manila a yamma,  kimanin kilomita 3,800 (kilominta 6,100) daga Honolulu a gabas. Girman Guam da mallakar wani wuri mai aminci na halitta a Apra Harbor, na musamman tsakanin makwabtanta, sun kori yawancin tarihinta.Rogers, Robert F. (October 8, 2020). "Guam's Strategic Value". Guampedia. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.

Guam ƙarami ne amma wani ɓangare na kasuwancin galleon na Mutanen Espanya na Manila. Da yake a kan iskar kasuwanci ta gabas zuwa yamma, galleons daga Mexico za su sake dawowa a kan Guam kafin su ci gaba zuwa Manila. Yammacin yamma suna da nisa daga Guam don haka ba tsayawa ba ne a kan tafiyar dawowa. A lokacin tsawo na kifi na Pacific, Apra Harbor ya kasance babban tsayawa ga masu kifi.

Bayan da Amurka ta kama Guam a shekara ta 1898, Kamfanin Kasuwancin Pacific Cable ya shimfiɗa kebul na sadarwa na karkashin ruwa don telegraph ta hanyar Guam Cable Station, wanda ke haɗa Amurka zuwa Asiya a karon farko.Babauta, Leo (October 14, 2019). "Sumay". Guampedia. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021. Guam ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban cibiyar kebul na karkashin ruwa a yammacin Pacific. A cikin 1935, Pan American Airways ta sanya Sumay, Guam, tushe ga China Clipper, sabis na jigilar kaya na farko na Pacific, yana tashi daga San Francisco zuwa Manila, ya isa Sumay a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1935, kuma jirgin fasinja na farko a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1936. 

Kame Jafananci na Guam a cikin 1941 da 'yantar da Amurkawa na gaba a 1944 sun kasance ta hanyar amincewa da dabarun Guam a yakin Pacific.  Wuraren soji a Guam, gami da Base na Naval Base Guam da Andersen Air Force Base, ana ɗaukar mahimman sansanonin tura ci gaba a cikin Asiya-Pacific.  Guam ya kasance cibiyar tallafi don Yaƙin Koriya (1949-1953) kuma ya zama mafi mahimmanci a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, lokacin da aka fitar da bama-bamai Operation Arc Light (1965 – 1973) da Operation Linebacker II (1972) daga Andersen Air Force Base.  Guam haka nan ya kasance wurin Operation New Life, sarrafa 'yan gudun hijirar Vietnam bayan faduwar Saigon a 1975.. Rogers, Robert F. (October 8, 2020). "Guam's Strategic Value". Guampedia. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.

Guam ita ce hanyar "Second Island Chain" a cikin Island Chain Strategy da Amurka ta fara bayyanawa a lokacin yakin Koriya, amma wanda ya zama karuwar mayar da hankali ga Manufofin kasashen waje na kasar Sin. A cikin 2016, kasar Sin ta tura DF-26, makami mai linzami na farko na tsakiya tare da kewayon ya buga Guam. Masu watsa labarai na kasar Sin da masana soja sun kira shi "Guam Killer".

 Tsarin zama 
Wani bayanin 1668 ya ba da rahoton cewa akwai kimanin ƙauyuka 180 na Chamoru a kan Guam tare da jimlar yawan tsibirin tsakanin 35,000 da 50,000. Dabarun Mutanen Espanya na ƙauyuka, wanda ake kira reducción, wanda ya fara a cikin Yakin Mutanen Espanya-Chamorro, ya canja yawan zuwa garuruwa bakwai. Wadannan mutanen da aka sake komawa an tilasta su yi tafiya don yin aiki a gonaki da ranches masu nisa, suna ƙirƙirar tsarin lanchu na gonar gona, wanda zai zama wani ɓangare na gargajiya na al'ummar Chamoru har zuwa karni na ashirin. : 48 

Taswirar daga farkon shekarun 1700 ta nuna kusan ƙauyuka 40 a kan Guam, galibi a bakin tekun. Mutanen Espanya sun kwashe dukkan ƙauyukan arewa da na tsakiya na Guam, ban da Hagåtña. Jama'ar Guam da dukan Arewacin Marianas, ban da Rota, an tura su zuwa Hagåtña, da ƙauyuka Biya na kudanci: Agat, Inarajan, Merizo, Pago (wanda ba ya wanzu), da Umatac. A halin yanzu, barkewar cututtukan cututtukani sun haifar da mummunar mummunar lalacewa, wanda aka hanzarta ta hanyar mayar da hankali ga yawan jama'a. An kiyasta yawan mutanen Chamoru a cikin 1689 a 10,000, kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa biyar na adadin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. : 70 : 70 

Yawan jama'a ya canza kadan a cikin ƙarni biyu masu zuwa.  Yawan jama'a a cikin 1901, bayan kama Guam na Amurka, ya kasance 9,676, tare da yawancin suna a Hagåtña da Sumay akan tashar Apra.  Yawan jama'a ya kai 18,509 a shekara ta 1930. Gwamnatin sojojin ruwa ta Amurka tana gina tituna da makarantu a lungu da saqo domin jan hankalin jama'a su ba da lokaci a filayen kiwon su da kuma samar da karin kayayyakin noma.  Akwai gundumomi takwas da gwamnan Naval ya amince da su a cikin 1920s, Hagåtña, Agat, Asan, Inarajan, Merizo, Piti, Sumay da Yona.  Wannan ya karu zuwa 15 a cikin 1939.

Barnar da Amurka ta yi na sake karbe Guam a cikin 1941 da kuma gina gine-ginen soji da suka biyo baya a karshen yakin Pacific ya canza matsugunan tsibirin.  Gundumomi biyu da suka bace gaba ɗaya bayan ƙasar ta zama sansanonin soji sune Machanao a arewa da Sumay da ke Apra Harbor, waɗanda a yanzu ke cikin Base na Naval Base Guam.  Gwamnatin soja ta hana sake tsugunar da jama'a da sake gina Hagåtña, wanda ke rike da kusan rabin yawan mutanen da aka yi yakin kafin yakin.  Tsofaffin mazauna Hagåtña sun watse, akasari zuwa lanchus (ranches"Resettlement Patterns Under American Rule". Guampedia. Micronesian Archaeological Research Services. October 15, 2019. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.

Da zarar an gina mafi yawan sansanonin lokacin yaƙi, arewacin Guam ya sami ci gaba da gina gidaje. Amurkawa sun rushe ainihin wurin Dededo don ƙirƙirar Harmon Air Force Base. Lokacin da Typhoon Karen ya lalata sabon wurin a cikin 1962 da Typhoo Olive a cikin 1963, taimakon tarayya da ya haifar da bunkasa gini wanda ya haifar da manyan gidaje na farko.

Garin Yigo da ke kusa da shi a arewa maso gabashin tsibirin ya sami karuwar yawan jama'a. A shekara ta 1940, akwai kimanin iyalai 40 da ke zaune a yankin. A farkon karni na 21, ita ce ƙauyen Guam na biyu mafi yawan jama'a bayan Dededo . 

 Yanayi 
Guam tana da Yanayin ruwa na wurare masu zafi wanda yawanci yana da dumi da zafi, amma iska ta arewa maso gabas ta daidaita shi. Lokacin fari yana daga Janairu zuwa Yuni. Lokacin rigar daga Yuli zuwa Disamba ne. Akwai ƙananan bambancin zafin jiki. Akwai Guguwa akai-akai a lokacin rigar. Typhoons suna da wuya amma sun fi yawa a lokacin rigar kuma suna iya lalata sosai.

Typhoon Pongsona a shekara ta 2002 yana da iska mai iska har zuwa 290 km / h (183 mph 1-min) a kan Guam kuma ya haifar da lalacewa mai yawa, amma babu mutuwar kai tsaye saboda tsananin ka'idojin gini. Pongsona ita ce guguwa mafi muni a Guam tun lokacin da Guguwar Paka ta yi a shekarar 1997.  

 Muhalli 
Saurin yaduwar maciji mai launin ruwan kasa (Boiga irregularis), wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa, ya haifar da lalacewar yawan tsuntsaye na asali, kamar Guam rail da Guam kingfisher. Tsibirin kuma yana tallafawa yawan mutanen da aka gabatar da su na Philippine deer (Rusa marianna), aladu (Sus Scrofa), da Carabao (Bubalus bubalis carabanesis).

Ana hakar albarkatun kasa don samun riba ta fuskar tattalin arziki a kewayen teku.  Wannan ya haɗa da kamun kifi na kasuwanci, galibi hidima da sauke manyan jiragen ruwa masu dogon layi da tasoshin kasuwanci.  Akwai kamun shakatawa na Indo-Pacific blue marlin (Makaira majara), wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri), mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), da kuma kifin ruwa mai zurfi.  Yawon shakatawa daga Japan musamman, amma yana karuwa daga China da Koriya ta Kudu, galibi ya samo asali ne daga yanayi mai kyau na wurare masu zafi da abubuwan more rayuwa.

Wani kimantawa na 2 ya kasance cewa ana amfani da kashi 16.67% na yankin don amfanin gona na dindindin, yayin da kawai 1.85% aka dauke shi ƙasa mai noma da ta dace da noma, shuka, da girbi. An yi ban ruwa da 2 km2. 

 Abubuwa masu tsanani 
Abubuwa uku mafi girma a kan Guam sune Dutsen Lamlam a mita 406 (1,332 , Dutsen Jumullong Manglo a mita 391 (1,283 , da Dutsen Bolanos, mita 368 (1,207 . Dutsen Lamlam wani lokacin ana da'awar shi ne dutse mafi girma a duniya a  , an auna shi daga tushe a cikin Challenger Deep    nesa. Ko da an auna shi daga Sirena Deep, kilomita 145 (90  daga nesa, Dutsen Lamlam ya fi tsayi fiye da Mauna Kea, wanda yawanci ake ambaton shi a matsayin dutse mafi tsayi ciki har da tashi daga ƙarƙashin teku a   .

Yankunan arewa, gabas, kudu, da yamma a kan ƙasar Guam sune Ritidian Point, Pati Point, Aga Point, da Point Udall, bi da bi. Koyaya, Tsibirin Cocos, wanda ke kusa da kudancin gabar ƙasar Guam shine mafi girman kudancin yankin. Point Udall, wanda a baya ake kira Orote Point, shi ne kuma yammacin Amurka, kamar yadda aka auna daga Cibiyar ƙasa ta Amurka.
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