Rashin fitarwa da aka saka

Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya danganta hayakin gas mai guba shine auna hayakin da aka saka daga kayayyakin da ake cinyewa (wanda ake kira " hayakin hayaki", " hayakin carbon", ko "carbon mai hayaki"). Wannan ya bambanta da tambayar yadda manufofin wata ƙasa don rage hayaki ke shafar hayaki a wasu ƙasashe ("tasirin wuce gona da iri" da "rashin hayaki" na manufofin rage hayaki). UNFCCC tana auna hayaki bisa ga samarwa, maimakon amfani. Sakamakon haka, ana danganta hayaki da aka saka a kan kayayyakin da aka shigo da su ga fitarwa, maimakon shigo da su, ƙasar. Tambayar ko auna hayaki a kan samarwa maimakon amfani wani bangare ne na daidaito, watau, wanda ke da alhakin hayaki.

Jam'iyyun 37 da aka jera a cikin Ƙaddamarwa B zuwa Yarjejeniyar Kyoto sun amince da alkawuran rage fitarwa ta doka. A karkashin lissafin UNFCCC na hayaki, alkawurran su na rage hayaki ba su haɗa da hayaki da ke tattare da shigo.[./Embedded_emissions#cite_note-3 [1]] A cikin bayanin bayani, Wang da Watson (2007) sun tambayi tambayar, "wannan ne ya mallaki hayakin carbon na kasar Sin?".  A cikin binciken su, sun ba da shawarar cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na hayakin CO2 na kasar Sin na iya zama sakamakon samar da kayayyaki don fitarwa, da farko zuwa Amurka amma kuma zuwa Turai. Dangane da wannan, sun ba da shawarar cewa tattaunawar kasa da kasa da ta dogara da hayaki a cikin ƙasa (watau, hayaki da aka auna ta hanyar samarwa) na iya zama "[rashin] batun".

Binciken 2010 ya tabbatar da cewa, a cikin shekara ta 2004, kashi 23% na hayaki na duniya an saka su cikin kayayyakin da ake kasuwanci a duniya, galibi suna gudana daga China da kasashe masu tasowa, kamar Rasha da Afirka ta Kudu, zuwa Amurka, Turai da Japan. Wadannan jihohi an haɗa su a cikin rukuni na goma, da Gabas ta Tsakiya, waɗanda suka kai kashi 71% na jimlar bambancin fitar da hayaki na yanki. A Yammacin Turai bambancin shigo da fitar da hayaki yana da mahimmanci, tare da hayaki da aka shigo da shi wanda ya kai kashi 20-50% na hayaki da ake amfani da shi. Yawancin hayakin da aka canja tsakanin waɗannan jihohin suna ƙunshe a cikin cinikin injuna, kayan lantarki, sunadarai, roba da filastik.

Bincike da Carbon Trust ya yi a cikin  ya kara tabbatar da cewa kusan kashi 25% na duk hayakin CO daga ayyukan ɗan adam 'yafi' (watau shigo da su ko fitar da su) daga ƙasa ɗaya zuwa wata. An gano kwararar carbon ta kasance kusan kashi 50% da ke da alaƙa da cinikayya a cikin kayayyaki kamar ƙarfe, siminti, da sunadarai, da kuma kashi 50% a cikin samfuran da aka kammala / kammala kamar motoci, tufafi ko kayan aiki da kayan aiki.

 Carbon da aka ƙera a cikin gini 
An kiyasta cewa carbon da ke cikin gine-gine ya ƙidaya kashi 11% na hayakin carbon na duniya da kashi 75% na hayakin gini a duk rayuwarsa. Majalisar Green Building ta Duniya ta kafa manufa ga duk sabbin gine-gine su sami akalla kashi 40% ƙasa da carbon.

Binciken sake zagayowar rayuwa don carbon da aka ƙayyade yana lissafin carbon da aka yi amfani da shi a kowane mataki na rayuwar gini: gini, amfani da kiyayewa, da rushewa ko rushewa.

Sake amfani shine mahimmin la'akari yayin magance carbon da aka ƙayyade a cikin gini. An san masanin gine-gine Carl Elefante da kirkirar wannan magana, "Ginin da ya fi kore shine ginin da aka riga aka gina. "  Dalilin da gine-ginen da ke akwai yawanci sun fi dorewa fiye da sababbin gine-gine shine cewa yawan hayakin carbon wanda ke faruwa yayin gina sabon gini yana da girma idan aka kwatanta da hayakin aiki na shekara-shekara na ginin, musamman yayin da ayyukan suka zama mafi ingancin makamashi da kuma samar da makamashi sauyawa zuwa sabon ƙarni mai sabuntawa.Rubidge, Lloyd (28 October 2020). "Embodied Carbon: An Architect's View". +IMPACT Magazine. Retrieved 12 August 2021.

Baya ga sake amfani, da kuma cirewa kayan aiki, wanda sau da yawa yana da asusun manyan matakan carbon, akwai manyan wurare biyu na mayar da hankali wajen rage carbon a cikin gini. Na farko shine rage yawan kayan gini ('masu gina') yayin da na biyu shine maye gurbin ƙananan kayan carbon. Yawanci - inda rage carbon da aka ƙunshe shine burin - ana magance waɗannan duka biyun.

Sau da yawa, mafi mahimmancin iyaka don rage yawan gine-gine ana samun su a cikin ƙirar tsari, inda matakan kamar rage katako ko tsayin dutse (da haɓaka da ke tattare da yawa a cikin ginshiƙan) na iya samar da babban tanadin carbon.

Don taimakawa maye gurbin kayan aiki (karfe da ƙananan madadin carbon), masana'antun kayan kamar ƙarfe, ƙarfe re-bar, glulam, da ƙarfe na ƙarfe yawanci suna ba da Bayyanawar Samfurin Muhalli (EPD) wanda ke tabbatar da tasirin carbon da tasirin muhalli na samfuran su. Bayanan bayanai waɗanda ke tara ƙimar carbon da aka ƙayyade daga EPD da sauran tushe kamar karatun ilimi, suna ba da ƙimar carbon na kayan da yawa a wuri ɗaya, duk da haka yawan masu canji da aka haɗa a lissafin carbon da aka haɗa na kayan gini ya sa ƙimar a cikin bayanan da ke da wuyar kwatanta. 

Rage amfani da kayan carbon mai yawa na iya nufin zaɓar ƙananan nau'ikan carbon na gilashi da samfuran ƙarfe, da samfuran da aka ƙera ta amfani da ƙananan hanyoyin samar da makamashi. Ana iya rage carbon da aka ƙera a cikin gine-ginen kankare ta hanyar amfani da madadin Ciminti na Portland kamar su Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, recycled aggregates da masana'antu by-product. Carbon-neutral, carbon positive, da carbon-storing kayan sun hada da bio-based kayan kamar katako, bamboo, hemp fiber da Hempcrete, ulu, dense-pack cellulose insulation, da cork.

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2021 wanda ya mayar da hankali kan "kayan hotspot masu yawa (misali, tushe na kankare da bene, rufin rufi da bangon bango, da tsarin tsari) a cikin gine-ginen masana'antu masu haske" ya kiyasta cewa "ragewa mai yawa (~ 60%) a cikin carbon mai ƙwayoyin halitta yana yiwuwa a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku ta hanyar kawo kayan ƙaramin carbon da ke samuwa a cikin amfani da yawa.

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba