Socialism na karni na 21

Socialism of the 21st century (Spanish: Socialismo del siglo XXI; Portuguese: Socialismo do siglo XXI; Jamusanci: Sozialismus des 21. Jahrhunderts) fassarar ka'idodin gurguzu ce da masanin ilimin zamantakewa da masanin siyasa na Jamus Heinz Dieterich ya fara bayarwa kuma wasu shugabannin Latin Amurka sun karɓa. Dieterich ya yi jayayya a cikin 1996 cewa duka jari-hujja na masana'antu na kasuwa kyauta da zamantakewar al'umma na karni na 20 sun kasa warware matsalolin gaggawa na bil'adama kamar talauci, yunwa, cin zarafin aiki, zalunci na tattalin arziki, jima'i, wariyar launin fata, lalata albarkatun kasa da rashin Dimokuradiyya ta gaskiya.  yana da abubuwan zamantakewar dimokuradiyya, amma kuma yana kama da Marxist revisionism.

Shugabannin da suka yi kira ga wannan nau'in gurguzu sun hada da Hugo Chávez na Venezuela, Rafael Correa na Ecuador, Evo Morales na Bolivia, Néstor Kirchner da Cristina Fernández de Kirchner na Argentina,  Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva na Brazil da Michelle Bachelet na Chile.  Saboda yanayin tarihi na musamman na gida, tsarin zamantakewa na karni na 21 sau da yawa ana bambanta shi da aikace-aikacen zamantakewa na baya a wasu ƙasashe, tare da babban bambanci shine ƙoƙari zuwa tsarin tsara tattalin arziki mafi inganci. A waje da Latin Amurka, shugabanni na hagu kamar Mark Drakeford da Jeremy Corbyn a Ingila    da Lothar Bisky, Egon Krenz da Oskar Lafontaine a Jamus,  da kuma jam'iyyun kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Spain [4] da United Left a Spain [4] da Jam'iyyar Kwamitin Kwaminis na Tarayyar Rasha da Just Russia [4] 

 Tushen tarihi 
Bayan jerin rance na gyaran tsari da sake fasalin bashin da Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya ya jagoranta a ƙarshen karni na 20, Latin Amurka ta sami karuwar rashin daidaito. Tsakanin 1990 da 1999, Gini coefficient, ma'auni na rashin daidaito a cikin kudin shiga ko rarraba dukiya, ya tashi a kusan kowace ƙasa ta Latin Amurka. Farashin farashi da hauhawar farashi sun haifar da rashin gamsuwa. A shekara ta 2000, kashi 37% ne kawai na Latin Amurkawa suka gamsu da mulkin demokraɗiyya (20 maki ƙasa da na Turai da maki 10 ƙasa da na Afirka ta kudu da Sahara).  A cikin wannan mahallin, guguwar ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar siyasa na hagu, wanda ake kira Pink tide, a madadin haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar, Cocaleros, haƙƙin aiki, haƙƙin mata, haƙƙin ƙasa da sake fasalin ilimi sun fito don ƙarshe samar da ƙarfin zabar shugabannin gurguzu.

Socialism na karni na 21 ya samo asali ne daga al'adun 'yan asalin mulkin mallaka da kuma ƙungiyoyin gurguzu da kwaminisanci na Latin Amurka da suka gabata, gami da na Salvador Allende, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara da Sandinista National Liberation Front . 

 Ka'idoji 
A cewar Dieterich, wannan nau'in kwaminisanci ne mai juyin juya hali saboda an canza al'ummar da ke akwai don zama daban-daban, amma tsarin da kansa ya kamata ya kasance a hankali kuma ba tare da tashin hankali ba, a maimakon haka yana amfani da dimokuradiyya don samun iko, ilimi, ilimin kimiyya game da al'umma da hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa. Dieterich ya ba da shawarar gina cibiyoyi huɗu na asali a cikin sabon gaskiyar wayewar Bayan jari-hujja: 

 Tattalin arzikin da ya dace wanda ya dogara da ka'idar ma'aikata ta Tattalin arzikin Marxian na darajar kuma wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ta waɗanda ke haifar da darajar kai tsaye maimakon ka'idodin tattalin arzikin kasuwa.
 Mafi yawan dimokuradiyya wanda ke amfani da raba gardama don yanke shawara kan muhimman batutuwan al'umma.
 Dimokuradiyya ta asali tare da kariya ta haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru.
 'Yan ƙasa waɗanda ke da alhakin, masu hankali da ƙuduri.

 Bayan-neoliberalism 
Post-Neoliberalism, wanda aka fi sani da anti-neolibaralism, wani tsari ne na manufofi wanda aka nuna ta hanyar kin amincewa da neoliberalism da manufofin tattalin arziki da Washington Consensus ta tsara. Duk da yake akwai muhawara ta masana game da ma'anar fasalulluka na post-neoliberalism, sau da yawa ana danganta shi da Ci gaban tattalin arziki a matsayin martani ga abubuwan da aka gani na neoliberalism ko gazawar, daga kasawa da sake Rarraba dukiya zuwa rungumar kariya da farfado da kungiyoyin kwadago; Hakanan yana iya komawa ga siyasar hagu gabaɗaya.

Wannan motsi ya sami tasiri na musamman a Latin Amurka, inda ruwan hoda ya kawo canji mai yawa ga gwamnatocin hagu a cikin 2000s. Misalan gwamnatocin bayan-neoliberal sun hada da tsoffin gwamnatocin Evo Morales a Bolivia da Rafael Correa a Ecuador. Har ila yau, wasu masu sharhi sun yi iƙirarin cewa Gwamnatin Joe Biden a Amurka ta nuna halaye na bayan-neoliberal.

 Tarihi 
Tunanin post-neoliberalism ya tashi ne a lokacin ruwan hoda na shekarun 1990 da 2000, inda aka tura masu sukar neoliberalism na hagu na Latin Amurka kamar Hugo Chávez da Evo Morales zuwa mulki. A cewar masu bincike, zaben Chávez a matsayin shugaban Venezuela a 1999 ya nuna kyakkyawar farawa ga ruwan hoda da motsi na bayan-neoliberal. Bayan zabensa, an zabi Rafael Correa, Néstor Kirchner, Evo Morales, da sauran shugabannin da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar bayan-neoliberal a Latin Amurka a cikin 2000s da 2010s. A cikin shekarun 2020, zababben shugaban kasar Chile Gabriel Boric, wanda ya yi nasara a Babban zaben Chile na 2021, ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen tsarin tattalin arzikin neoliberal na kasar, yana mai cewa: "Idan Chile ta kasance asalin neoliberalism, zai kuma zama kabarinta. "

Duk da yake ra'ayoyin post-neoliberalism ba na musamman ga Latin Amurka ba ne, galibi suna da alaƙa da yankin. Post-neoliberalism ya jawo zargi daga dama na bangaren siyasa; masu sukar dama da na dama sun yi iƙirarin cewa kalmar kanta ba ta da ma'ana kuma tana jayayya cewa manufofin "post-neolibertal" suna cutar da saka hannun jari na duniya da Ci gaban tattalin arziki.

 Ra'ayi 
Post-neoliberalism yana neman canza ainihin rawar da jihar ke takawa a ƙasashe inda Washington Consensus ta taɓa rinjaye. Don cimma wannan, shugabannin bayan-neoliberal a Latin Amurka sun ba da shawara don mallakar masana'antu da yawa, musamman gas, hakar ma'adinai, da masana'antun mai. Post-neoliberalism kuma yana ba da shawara don fadada fa'idodin jin daɗi jama'a, ƙarin saka hannun jari na gwamnati a rage talauci, da haɓaka shigar gwamnati cikin tattalin arziki.

 Aikace-aikacen Latin Amurka 

 Haɗin kan Yankin 
Misali na kwaminisanci na karni na 21 yana ƙarfafa haɗin tattalin arziki da siyasa tsakanin kasashe a Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Wannan sau da yawa yana tare da adawa da tasirin Arewacin Amurka. Kungiyoyin yanki kamar ALBA da CELAC suna inganta hadin gwiwa tare da Latin Amurka kuma suna ware ƙasashen Arewacin Amurka. ALBA tana da alaƙa da zamantakewar al'umma na karni na 21 yayin da wasu kungiyoyi ke mai da hankali kan hadin kan tattalin arziki, ALBA tana inganta hadin kan zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashe da suka yi rajista ga zamantakewar dimokuradiyya. An sanar da kirkirarsa ne a cikin adawa kai tsaye da yunkurin George W. Bush na kafa Yankin Ciniki na Amurka wanda ya haɗa da Amurka. A shekara ta 2008, ALBA ta gabatar da ƙungiyar kuɗi ta amfani da SUCRE a matsayin kuɗin yankin.

 Tsarin Bolivarian 
Tsohon shugaban kasar Venezuela Hugo Chavez ya kaddamar da wani tsari na sauye-sauyen zamantakewa a Venezuela da aka sani da juyin juya halin Bolivarian. Wannan tsarin ya fi tasiri sosai daga ka'idodin István Mészáros, Michael Lebowitz da Marta Harnecker (wanda ita ce mashawarcin Chavez tsakanin 2004 da 2011) fiye da na Heinz Dieterich. Tsarin ya zana sunansa daga mai 'yanci na Latin Amurka Simón Bolívar kuma misali ne na Bolivarianism na zamani. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

 Rayuwa mai kyau 
Sau da yawa ana fassara shi zuwa Rayuwa mai kyau ko rayuwa mai kyau, manufar rayuwa mai kyau tana da alaƙa da motsi don haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar da haƙƙin yanayi. Yana mai da hankali kan rayuwa mai ɗorewa a matsayin memba na al'umma wanda ya haɗa da mutane da Yanayi. An tsarkake  a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ecuador na 2008 a matsayin madadin ci gaban Neoliberal. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tsara wasu hakkoki, daya daga cikinsu shine hakkokin yanayi. Dangane da tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, buen vivir yana neman canza dangantakar da ke tsakanin yanayi da mutane zuwa ra'ayi mai yawa, kawar da rabuwa tsakanin yanayi da al'umma. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar ga Yasuní-ITT Initiative. Buen vivir wani lokacin ana kiransa a matsayin amfani da haɗin gwiwa a cikin tattalin arzikin rabawa kuma ana amfani da kalmar don kallon duniya ta hanyar da ta bambanta da ta halitta, zamantakewa ko ta mutum.

 Rashin amincewa 

 Mai mulkin mallaka 
Masu sukar suna da'awar cewa zamantakewar al'umma ta karni na 21 a Latin Amurka tana aiki ne a matsayin bangon mulkin mallaka. Kwarewar mutane kamar Hugo Chávez da ka'idoji kamar "Ƙasar, Socialism, ko Mutuwa!" sun jawo kwatanci da masu mulkin kama karya na Latin Amurka da caudillos na baya. A cewar Steven Levitsky na Jami'ar Harvard: "Kawai a karkashin mulkin kama-karya na baya [...] ne aka sake zabar shugabanni har abada", tare da Levitsky ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa yayin da Latin Amurka ta fuskanci dimokuradiyya, 'yan ƙasa sun yi adawa da "sake zabar ba tare da iyaka ba, saboda mulkin kama-kashen da ya gabata". Levitsky ya lura cewa: "A Nicaragua, Venezuela da Ecuador, sake zabar yana da alaƙa da irin matsalolin shekaru 100 da suka gabata". Jaridar Washington Post ta kuma bayyana a shekarar 2014 cewa "Evo Morales na Bolivia, Daniel Ortega na Nicaragua da marigayi shugaban kasar Venezuela Hugo Chávez [...] sun yi amfani da akwatin zabe don raunana ko kawar da iyakokin wa'adin".

A cikin 2015, The Economist ya bayyana cewa Juyin Juya Halin Bolivarian a Venezuela - yanzu a ƙarƙashin Nicolás Maduro bayan hagu_Chávez" id="mwAX4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Mutuwar Chávez a cikin 2013 - yana sauyawa daga mulkin kama karya zuwa mulkin kama karya yayin da aka daure 'yan siyasa na adawa saboda makirci don lalata gwamnati, tashin hankali ya bazu kuma an rufe kafofin watsa labarai na adawa.  Labaran kafofin watsa labarai na Yammacin Turai game da Chávez da sauran shugabannin Latin Amurka daga ƙungiyar gurguzu ta ƙarni na 21 an soki su da rashin adalci daga magoya bayansu da masu sukar kafofin watsa labarai.

 Tattalin Arziki 
An yi tambaya game da dorewa da kwanciyar hankali na sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da gwamnatocin da ke bin tsarin zamantakewa na karni na 21. Kasashen Latin Amurka sun fara tallafawa Shirye-shiryen zamantakewa tare da fitarwa kamar man fetur, iskar gas da ma'adanai, suna haifar da dogaro da wasu masana tattalin arziki suka yi iƙirarin cewa ya haifar da hauhawar farashi kuma ya rage ci gaba. Ga gwamnatin Bolivarian ta Venezuela, manufofin tattalin arzikin su sun haifar da karancin kayayyaki a Venezuela, hauhawar farashi mai yawa da kuma tattalin arzikin da ba shi da kyau. Koyaya, Manufofin tattalin arziki na gwamnatin Hugo Chávez da gwamnatocin Maduro sun danganta matsalolin tattalin arzikin Venezuela ga raguwar farashin mai, takunkumin da Amurka ta sanya da kuma lalata tattalin arziki da 'yan adawa suka yi.

A cikin 2015, Tattalin arzikin Venezuela yana aiki mara kyau - kuɗin ya rushe, yana da mafi girman hauhawar farashi a duniya kuma babban samfurin cikin gida ya ragu zuwa Rushewar tattalin arziki a cikin 2016. 

 Populism 
Kodayake masu ilimin dimokuradiyya sun yi maraba da tsarin zamantakewa na karni na 21, sun kasance masu shakku game da misalai na Latin Amurka. Yayinda suke ambaton rawar da suke takawa, suna jayayya cewa lakabin da ya dace ga waɗannan gwamnatoci na populism ne maimakon gurguzu. Hakazalika, an soki wasu daga cikin gwamnatocin da ke hagu na ruwan hoda saboda juyawa daga kwaminisanci zuwa mulkin kama-karya da populism.

 Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa masu adawa da 'yanci ko' yanci 

Arewacin Amurka:

 Canada: Québec Solidaire, Green Party of Quebec
 Mexico: Morena
 United States: Democratic Socialists of America, Party for Socialism and Liberation

Asiya

 Japan: Social Democratic Party
 South Korea: Progressive Party
 Turkey: Communist Party of Turkey, Patriotic Party, Labour and Freedom Alliance

Turai

 Faransa: Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Anticapitalist 
 Iceland: Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Iceland 
 Ireland: Masu zaman kansu 4 Canji 
 Italiya: Ikon Jama'aIkon Ga Jama'a
 Norway: Red Party 

Oceania

 Ostiraliya: Green na Australiya 

 Dubi kuma 

 Pink Tide
 Masu adawa da jari-hujja
 Kirchnerism
 Tsarin zamantakewa na Shekaru
 Bayan jari-hujja
 Bayan Marxism
 Shirin Cybersyn

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba