Tsarin muhalli na ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici

An gano ƙananan kamfanoni dake da matsakaici (SMEs) a  yanki mai matsala a fagen Tsarin muhalli.Williamson, David; Lynch-Wood Gary (2006). "Drivers of environmental behaviour in manufacturing SMEs and implications for CSR". Journal of Business Ethics. 6 (3): 317–330. doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9187-1. S2CID 154836631. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta bayyana ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici kamar yadda suke da ƙasa da ma'aikata 250, masu zaman kansu (ba tare da wani mai hannun jari da ke da sama da kashi 25% a cikin kasuwancin ba) kuma tare da jujjuyawar shekara-shekara ba fiye da Yuro miliyan 50 ko takardar lissafin shekara-sheko na Yuro miliyan 43.

Duk da yake tasirin muhalli na SMEs gabaɗaya ƙananan ne idan aka kwatanta da na manyan kamfanoni, tasirin muhallar ɓangaren yana da yawa. Har ila yau, suna haifar da wasu matsaloli ga mulkin muhalli, suna nuna ƙarancin karɓar sabbin kayan aikin manufofin muhalli (NEPIs) kamar kayan kasuwa, yarjejeniyar son rai da na'urorin bayanai.

 Yankunan matsala 
Akwai kusan kamfanoni miliyan 4.7 a Burtaniya wanda 99.7% SME ne. Babban girman bangaren yana ba da kansa ga ra'ayin cewa tasirin muhalli yana da yawa.Williamson, David; Lynch-Wood Gary (2006). "Drivers of environmental behaviour in manufacturing SMEs and implications for CSR". Journal of Business Ethics. 6 (3): 317–330. doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9187-1. S2CID 154836631. Yayinda aka yi iyakantaccen bincike game da tasirin SMEs, Rahoton Marshall  ya kiyasta cewa kashi 60% na jimlar hayakin carbon a Burtaniya ya danganta ne ga SMEs. SMEs kuma suna da alhakin kusan 60% na sharar Kasuwanci da 43% na duk manyan abubuwan da suka faru na gurɓata masana'antu. Ra'ayi game da halayyar muhalli na SME gabaɗaya matalauta ne. Rashin bin matakan da suka dace da muhalli sau da yawa ana danganta su da ƙananan matakan wayar da kan jama'a da rashin albarkatu. Shaidar kwatankwacin daga wajen Burtaniya ta nuna irin wannan tsari.  An yi la'akari da cewa kamar yadda yawancin SMEs ke aiki da kasuwannin cikin gida ba za su iya fuskantar matsin lamba ko ƙarfafawa na duniya ba, gami da waɗanda zasu iya inganta sababbin muhalli. Del Brío, Jesús; Junquera Beatriz (2003). "A review of the literature on environmental innovation management in SMEs: implications for public policies". Technovation. 23 (12): 939–948. doi:10.1016/s0166-4972(02)00036-6. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa jama'a ba su da damuwa ga ayyukan ƙananan kamfanoni, suna iya jagorantar damuwarsu ga manyan kungiyoyi waɗanda ake ganin suna da babban tasiri.

Yayin da 1980s da 1990s suka ga canji a cikin fahimtar dangantakar da ke tsakanin muhalli da aikin kasuwanci[1] kawai an fassara shi zuwa ayyuka ga manyan kamfanoni.  Wannan sauyi a ka'idojin kasuwancin muhalli ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin 'zamantar da muhalli', makarantar tunani da ta ci gaba musamman daga malaman Jamus Joseph Huber da Martin Janicke.  Sun kalubalanci ka'idar Max Weber na ma'auni na bureaucratic.[2]  Ka'idar wacce ta sanya gwamnati a matsayin mafi kyawun sanya don magance matsalolin muhalli.  Madadin haka, jawabin na zamanantar da muhalli yana iƙirarin cewa isassun ƙarfin ƙirƙira zai fito ne daga masana'antar kanta saboda tana da ƙwarewa da hanyoyin yin hakan.  An kafa wannan tare da ra'ayin masana'antar 'tuƙi' zuwa hanyoyin mafi fa'ida ta muhalli ta hanyar ƙarfafa kuɗi.

Wannan canjin yana bayyane a bayyane a cikin 1980 World Conservation Strategy  wanda ke tura ayyukan muhalli daga amsawa zuwa tsammanin. Canjin zuwa tunani dangane da 'tsarin zamani na muhalli' ya kuma haɗa da motsi don 'samar' kayan aiki na tsarawa waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu nau'ikan doka (doka wacce ke tura kamfanoni don yin tunani da tsara ayyukansu) kamar Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli, Rahoton Muhalli da Shirye-shiryen Bayyanawa, Kayan Kasuwanci da lasisin zamantakewa. Wannan na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan yana da mahimmanci a cikin Hakkin Jama'a na Kamfanin.

Duk da yake ka'idoji 'mai basira' ra'ayi ne mai ban sha'awa, SMEs sun kasance masu jinkiri a kan karɓar  kuma an lura da su gabaɗaya don riƙe hanyar amsawa ga ayyukan muhalli masu kyau. Del Brío, Jesús; Junquera Beatriz (2003). "A review of the literature on environmental innovation management in SMEs: implications for public policies". Technovation. 23 (12): 939–948. doi:10.1016/s0166-4972(02)00036-6. Bincike sau da yawa ya ba da shawarar cewa za a buƙaci ingantaccen tsari don inganta aikin muhalli a cikin sashin SME,  waɗannan sun dogara ne akan ra'ayoyi uku daban-daban;

 Halin dabarun yana nuna muhimmancin hanyar da ake sadarwa da batutuwan muhalli da kuma fahimta ta hanyar 'yan wasan da ke da hannu tare da mulkin SME.
 Halin cibiyar sadarwa yana ci gaba da inganta yanayin da SMEs ke samun ilimin da ya shafi sabbin fasahohi da;
 Halin ƙwarewar ciki yana nuna buƙatar gina ikon karɓar SMEs a daidaitawa da sabon fasahar fasaha.

 Batutuwan tsari 
An ba da shawarar cewa har yanzu babu wani tsari mai mahimmanci a Burtaniya wanda ke tilasta al'amuran muhalli a kan ajanda na kasuwanci na SMEs na Burtaniya. Zaɓin kayan aikin manufofi a Burtaniya ya nuna rashin amincewa da bambance-bambance na tsari tsakanin manyan kamfanoni da SMEs. Misali, White Paper na EU  sau da yawa yana inganta tsarin sashi da 'daidaitaccen girman-duk' don magance tasirin muhalli na ayyukan kasuwanci. Kodayake amincewa da bambance-bambance na tsari tsakanin masana'antu yana da mahimmanci, wannan bambancin kadai na iya lalata fahimtar muhimman bambance-mbance a cikin manyan kamfanoni da SMEs waɗanda zasu iya shafar hanyar da ake fahimta ko aiwatar da batutuwan muhalli. Game da aikin manufofi, White Paper ya rinjayi kirkirar 'tsarin dorewar bangarori', ƙungiyoyin son rai na wakilan kamfanoni daga takamaiman bangarorin masana'antu. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi an soki su saboda rashin wakiltar abubuwan da suka dace saboda rashin daidaito tsakanin manyan kamfanoni da ƙananan kamfanoni.

Hakanan ana ganin SMEs sau da yawa ba su da halaye waɗanda in ba haka ba za su iya shiga yadda ya kamata tare da ajanda na Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, shingen don ingantaccen shiga cikin ciki da waje ga kamfanin.Petts, Judith; Herd Andrew; Gerrard Simon; Horne Chris (1999). "The climate and culture of environmental compliance within SMEs". Business Strategy and the Environment. 8 (1): 14–30. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0836(199901/02)8:1<14::aid-bse175>3.0.co;2-4. An yi tunanin cewa rashin 'yancin hukumomi na SMEs a Burtaniya kuma shine mahimmin mahimmanci wajen fahimtar dalilin da ya sa Manufofin muhalli na iya zama marasa tasiri wajen karfafa aikin muhalli a cikin ƙananan kamfanoni.

 Hakkin zamantakewar kamfanoni 
Duk da yake manyan kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu gani na jama'a sun karɓi dabarun CSR, tasirin wannan nau'in tsarin zamantakewa tare da SMEs ya kasance abin tambaya.  Wannan wani bangare ne saboda girmansu, saboda kananan ayyukansu ba a ganinsu a cikin al'umma.  Ana tunanin cewa manyan kamfanoni da yawa suna haɓaka dabarun CSR da son rai don guje wa bayyanawa don munanan ayyuka da kiyayewa da haɓaka tushen masu hannun jari.  Ƙananan kamfanoni duk da haka ba su da abin ƙarfafawa iri ɗaya don yin CSR.  Wannan saboda an ayyana su ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun tushen masu hannun jari kuma ba za su iya nuna munanan ayyuka na muhalli da zamantakewa akan sikelin da ya cancanci kulawar kafofin watsa labarai ba.  Wadannan ra'ayoyin suna misalta su a cikin binciken da Lynch-Wood da Williamson suka yi wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa aikin muhalli na SME yana haifar da 'aikin kasuwanci' da 'ka'ida', maimakon 'kasuwancin kasuwanci' (watau kiyayewa da inganta tushen masu hannun jari) wanda aikin CSR ya samo asali daga.  Hakanan a bayyane yake cewa ƙananan kamfanoni ƙila ba za su sami wadatattun albarkatun kuɗi don biyan dabarun CSR masu tsada ba (Shirye-shiryen CSR da suka haɗa da samar da ayyukan al'umma).

Matakan son rai gabaɗaya sun sami matsala daga wasu malamai tare da shawarar cewa aikin muhalli a cikin SMEs sau da yawa ana ƙuntata shi ta hanyar tsarin yanke shawara na kasuwa kyauta wanda ke ƙarfafa riba don cutar da fiye da bin halayyar zamantakewa da muhalli.Gibb, Allan (1997). "Small firms' training and competitiveness: building upon the small business as a learning organisation". International Small Business Journal. 15 (3): 13–29. doi:10.1177/0266242697153001. S2CID 154771542.

 Tsarin kula da muhalli 
Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli (EMS)  kamar ISO 14001 da EMAS suna neman samar da dukkan Kasuwanci (ba tare da la'akari da girman da masana'antu ba) tare da hanyoyin haɓaka hanyoyin da suka dace don inganta aikin muhalli. An rubuta ISO 14001">ISO 14001 tare da mai sayar da chipshop a zuciya don kare amfani da shi a duk faɗin kasuwancin EU. Yayinda EMS ya kamata ya dace da amfani da SME, yawan karɓar ya kasance kaɗan. An kiyasta cewa a cikin 1999 kawai 24% na kasuwancin Burtaniya da aka yi rajista tare da EMAS SMEs ne, yayin da babu adadi don ISO 14001 bisa ga girman kamfanin 

Abin da aka fi ingantawa ga kasuwancin da ke aiwatar da EMS gabaɗaya shine adana farashi. Binciken da aka yi na EU game da kasuwancin da ke amfani da EMAS ya gano cewa tanadin kuɗi shine ainihin fa'idar da aka gani da ta taso daga aiwatarwa a duk da haka SMEs sun sanya wannan na biyu suna da'awar EMAS ya fi amfana da hoton kamfanoni.Hillary, Ruth (2004). "Environmental Management Systems and the smaller enterprise". Journal of Cleaner Production. 12 (6): 561–569. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2003.08.006. S2CID 154562271.

Duk da yake an tsara ISO 14001 tare da mai siyar da guntu, bai kamata a yi la'akari da bukatun EMS ba.  ISO 14001 yana biye da tsarin asali wanda ke buƙatar kasuwanci don ayyana manufofin muhalli, rajistar abubuwan muhalli (cikakkun dokokin muhallin da suka dace) da manufofin da ake bitar kowace shekara (dangane da yanayin muhalli).  Ba tare da tallafi ko horo ba, waɗannan abubuwan na iya zama da wahala a fahimta.  ISO 14001 yana buƙatar duba cikin gida (a kowace shekara) ma'ana ƙarin ƙuntatawa kamar lokacin da aka keɓe don horar da ma'aikata (saboda wanda ke da alhakin kula da tsarin gudanarwa ba zai iya yin shi ba).  Takaddun shaida da Tabbatarwa suna da tsada kuma SMEs musamman na iya buƙatar goyan baya daga masu ba da shawara, ƙari ga farashi..

Duk da yake waɗannan nauyin kuɗi na iya samun ƙaramin tasiri ga manyan kamfanoni, ga ƙananan kamfanoni farashin aiwatarwa da kiyayewa na iya wucewa da tanadin kuɗin da aka samu ta hanyar EMS. Idan SMEs za su bi EMS mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon matsin lamba na samarwa maimakon ra'ayoyin ribar kudi.Williamson, David; Lynch-Wood Gary (2006). "Drivers of environmental behaviour in manufacturing SMEs and implications for CSR". Journal of Business Ethics. 6 (3): 317–330. doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9187-1. S2CID 154836631.

 Sabuntawa ta muhalli 
Yaduwar fasahar tsabta da kuma sarrafa kai (watau ta hanyar amfani da EMS) an iyakance shi a bangaren SME. Ana tunanin wannan yana ba da babban ƙalubale ga masu tsara manufofi kamar yadda SMEs ba su da isasshen alaƙar cibiyar sadarwa.Hansen, Ole Erik; S⊘nderga˚rd, Bent; Meredith, Sandra (2002). "Environmental innovations in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises". Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. 14 (1): 37–56. doi:10.1080/09537320220125874. S2CID 38788197. Rashin albarkatun sau da yawa yana haifar da cewa kamfanin zai shiga cikin ayyukan cibiyar sadarwa kawai misali tare da fitaccen abokin ciniki ko mai samarwa ɗaya. Wannan iyakantaccen aikin cibiyar sadarwa yana iyakance ikon canja wurin bayanai game da sababbin fasahohi.

 Canjin doka 
Kwanan nan, Tarayyar Turai ta amince da matsalolin tsarin game da shugabanci SME. A watan Yunin 2008 an karɓi 'Sakamako na Kasuwanci' (SBA) don Turai. Dokar tana neman inganta ƙarin abubuwan da ke motsawa ga SME mai kyau tare da manufar kawo bangaren daidai da ajanda na Ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

Ka'idar 9 'Jayar da kalubalen muhalli zuwa dama' ana ganin ta a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen jagorantar SMEs zuwa hanyoyin da suka fi aiki a cikin muhalli. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kasashe membobin da yawa sun ba da tallafin inganta makamashi ko ta hanyar tallafi ko ƙarfafa yanayin rance da kuma digiri daban-daban na tallafin ba da shawara kyauta ga SMEs.

Binciken SBA  ya gayyaci kasashe membobin su yi amfani da "gwajin SME" don tantance ko za a sami tasirin da ba daidai ba dangane da girman kamfanin. Har ila yau, an fahimci cewa ana buƙatar ba da ƙarin ƙwarewa ga SMEs don karɓar ISO 14001 ko EMAS. Takardar bita ta shirya don samar da ƙarin tallafin cibiyar sadarwa ga SMEs. An yi la'akari da cewa ta hanyar sauƙaƙe amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwa zai yiwu a canja wurin albarkatun bayanai game da sababbin muhalli a fadin kamfanoni masu yawa, gami da waɗanda ke cikin sashin SME.Hansen, Ole Erik; S⊘nderga˚rd, Bent; Meredith, Sandra (2002). "Environmental innovations in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises". Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. 14 (1): 37–56. doi:10.1080/09537320220125874. S2CID 38788197. Binciken SBA ya kuma fahimci cewa 'yayinda SMEs suna da wasu abubuwan karfafawa na kasuwa don inganta amfani da albarkatun su, a lokuta da yawa alamun kasuwa ba su da sauƙin ganewa' sun kuma bayyana cewa 'SMEs suna fuskantar ƙalubalen iyakantaccen bayani, lokaci da albarkatunsa na mutum da na kudi". An ba da shawarar cewa don shawo kan waɗannan ƙalubalen zai zama dole don haɓaka ƙarfafawa kamar taimakon kuɗi. An ce Cibiyar Kasuwancin Turai za ta samar da ƙarfafawa don kyakkyawan aikin muhalli ta hanyar ba da taimako ga samfuran tallace-tallace da sabis waɗanda suka samo asali daga mafi kyawun aiki, musamman waɗanda ke amfani da fasahar carbon mai ƙarancin carbon.

Kodayake ana ganin manufofin SBA don Turai sun zama dole don haɓaka canji mai kyau a cikin aikin kasuwancin muhalli na ɓangaren SME ba shi da doka.

 Manazarta 

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