Banyuwangi Madurese

Banyuwangi Madurese yare ne na Madurese da ake magana a Banyuwangi Regency, Gabashin Java, Indonesia . Ana amfani da wannan musamman a yankunan yamma da arewa waɗanda ke kan iyaka da sauran yankunan Madurese, kamar Situbondo, Bondowoso, da Jember,  da kuma yankunan da ke kusa da gabas.[2] A cikin gundumomi da yawa a Banyuwangi, amfani da Madurese shine mafi rinjaye, amma bai wuce amfani da Osing da Mataraman Javanese ba, waɗanda ke da fa'ida mai yawa.[3][4] Masu amfani da harshen Madurese a Banyuwangi suma suna raba yankin magana tare da masu magana da Osing, suna samar da yankuna biyu.[5] Dangane da nazarin yaren, an ce Banyuwangi Madurese ya bambanta da Situbondo Madurese ko Probolinggo Madurese. Wannan ya faru ne da farko saboda bambance-bambance na yanki.[6]

Banyuwangi, wanda ke cikin yankin gabashin Java, an san shi da mafi girma a kan Java. A yamma yana da iyaka kai tsaye da Jember, a arewa yana da iyakar da Bondowoso da Situbondo, duk waɗannan regencies suna magana da Madurese. A halin yanzu, a kudu yana iyaka da teku tare da Tekun Indiya da Bali Strait zuwa gabas. Banyuwangi kuma yana da yankuna da ke da nau'ikan ƙasa daban-daban kamar rairayin bakin teku, koguna, da duwatsu. Wannan wuri na dabarun yana sa harsuna daban-daban su daidaita don samar da kyakkyawan bambancin harsunan yanki a cikin al'umma mai yawa. Al'ummar Banyuwangi sun bambanta sosai, Mutanen Osing su ne 'yan asalin Banyuwangi kuma su ne zuriyar mutanen Blambangan. Baya ga wannan, a cikin al'ummar Banyuwangi akwai kuma Mutanen Madurese, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa akwai yaren Madurese iri-iri wanda ake amfani dashi a Banyuwangi.[7]

 Tarihi 
Tsarin yadda ake amfani da Madurese_language" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Madurese language">Harshen Madurese a Banyuwangi ya fara ne a karni na 19 ko ma kafin hakan, lokacin da aka yi ƙaura da mutanen Mataram Javanese da Madurese zuwa gabashin Java, gami da Banyuwangi, wanda a wannan lokacin yana cikin mulkin Blambangan. Masu magana da Madurese a Banyuwangi galibi baƙi ne daga tsibirin Madura kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga yankuna da yawa a gabashin Java wanda a wannan lokacin Madurese suka riga sun zauna, kamar Situbondo, Bondowoso, Jember, Probolinggo, Pasuruwa, da Lumajang. A fannin ƙasa, Madurese a Banyuwangi suna zaune a yankunan bakin teku kuma suna rayuwa a matsayin masunta, kuma a wuraren shuka kusa da tuddai. Kamar yadda yake a Muncar, yawancin jama'a suna aiki a matsayin masunta, yayin da a Glenmore su ne tsoffin ma'aikatan gona a can.[3][8]
A cikin karni na 19 zuwa farkon karni na 20, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Dutch ta aiwatar da manufofi da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Agrarischewet ko Dokar Agrarian wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar yawan masana'antu, duka a bangarorin noma da shuka. Wannan dokar ta zama farkon farawa don sassaucin tattalin arziki a cikin Dutch East Indies kuma ta nuna ƙarshen tsarin noma da aka tilasta wanda ya kasance tun 1830 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Gwamna Van Den Bosch. An kafa Dokar Agrarian ta 1870 kuma an karfafa budewar Java ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Shuke-shuke da aikin gona, da zarar gwamnatin Holland ta sarrafa su, sannu a hankali sun fara canzawa zuwa hannun masu zaman kansu.[9] Akwai shuka mai zaman kansa guda ɗaya wanda shine asalin yawancin baƙi na Madurese a Banyuwangi, wato Glenmore, kamar yankuna da yawa a Indonesia, Glenmore ya ci gaba a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Dutch. Glenmore Estate, mallakar Scotsman Ross Taylor, ya bunkasa a ƙarƙashin tasirin manufofin mulkin mallaka waɗanda ke neman haɓaka kuɗi daga ɓangaren shuka. Manufar Agrarian ta 1870 ta buɗe dama ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Turai don sarrafa manyan yankuna na ƙasa a Gabashin Java, gami da Glenmore. Ma'aikatan da ke can sun hada da ma'aikatan gida da ma'aikata na kwangila daga wajen yankin, kamar Madura da Java ta Tsakiya.[10]

Tun lokacin da aka bude gonaki masu zaman kansu a Banyuwangi, sun ci gaba da kawo ma'aikata daga yankuna daban-daban, musamman Madura. A hankali, wannan al'ummar baƙi ba kawai sun zauna a yankin a cikin shuka ba, amma suna fadada zuwa gefen shuka don samar da sabbin al'ummomin zama. Musamman a kudancin gonar, an fara kafa wani yanki wanda ya buɗe ta hanyar (kalma ga dattijo) Yasin, dattijo na Madurese. Zuwan mutanen Madurese zuwa Glenmore yana da lokuta da yawa, lokacin farko ba zai iya raba shi da tayin daga Dutch da masu gonar ba. Ruwa na farko na isowarsu ya yi daidai da bude gonaki, gami da gonar Glenmore.[11]

A cikin bayanan kula da fadar Sumenep, na farko Hijirar mutanen Madurese zuwa gabar tekun Java ta arewa ta fara ne a cikin 1857, tare da lambobi sun kai 20,000 zuwa 40,000 a farkon shekarun 1900.  Sun mamaye garuruwan bakin teku da aka fi sani da yankin Horseshoe.  Wannan lokacin na farko na ƙaura ya biyo bayan raƙuman baƙi na shiga yankunan shuka, musamman waɗanda aka buɗe.  An kiyasta bakin haure daga yankin Madura da suka shiga Glenmore sun faru ne daga shekarar 1910 zuwa 1920 daidai da aikin gonakin Glenmore.  Damar samun ingantacciyar rayuwa tana sa su sha'awar yin aikin gonaki.  Wannan yanayin ya sa shukar ta zama cibiyar al'ummar ƙaura daga Madura.  Kamar farkon lokacin, baƙi daga wasu yankuna, zuwan ma'aikata daga Madura sun biyo bayan dangi, 'yan'uwa, har ma da maƙwabta a ƙasarsu.  Duk da haka, sabon lokacin da ya zo a farkon shekarun 1920 bai ƙunshi dukansu suna aiki a kan shuka ba.  Sun zaɓi yin aiki a wasu sassa kamar su aski, masu sayar da abinci, ƴan dako a kusa da wuraren cinikin filaye..[12]

 Amfani da shi 
Dangantaka tsakanin Banyuwangi Madurese da Harshen Madurese a yankin asalinsa (tsibiran Madura) yana nuna bambance-bambance, kodayake ba su da mahimmanci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tasirin yankin Banyuwangi wanda ke da nisa da asalin ƙasarsu. Baya ga wannan, Banyuwangi Madurese yana da ƙarfi, musamman saboda wuraren zama suna kan tekun, kamar a gundumar Muncar, inda mutane ke da ƙarfi yayin sadarwa. Harshen Madurese da aka yi amfani da shi yana amfani da ƙananan harshe, enja'-iya, a matakin harshe.[13] Wannan bambanci shine saboda Banyuwangi Madurese yana cikin yankin magana na Madurese mai nisa, kuma kai tsaye yana kan iyaka da wasu harsuna kamar Osing, Mataraman Javanese, Arekan Javanese.[7]

Masu magana da Madurese ba wai kawai suna amfani da yarensu ba lokacin da suke sadarwa tare da wasu kabilun Madurese, har ma da lokacin da suke magana da wasu kabilu, musamman Javanese. Hakanan ana amfani da harshen Ingghi-bhunten mai tsabta, amma ba a amfani dashi sosai, ana amfani dashi ne kawai a wasu ayyukan kamar su da suka shafi bautar, da kuma ayyukan da ba na al'ada ba waɗanda dattawa suka halarta.[13] Ana amfani da Banyuwangi Madurese a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na fasaha ta masu magana da shi, kamar a cikin waƙoƙin Madurese da mawaƙa,  har ma da mamaca ('karin shayari') al'adar, musamman Serat Mi'raj wanda ake karantawa kowane wata na Rajab.  Banyuwangi Madurese kuma yana shan ƙamus daga wasu harsuna, musamman Harshen Indonesian, wanda shine harshen sadarwa na yau da kullun a can, kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmar degengan 'ciniki', ya fito ne daga kalmar dagangan a cikin Indonesian, har ma da reduplication kamar roma-roma 'gidaje' daga kalmar rumah-rumah, kuma sabon lexical da aka samo daga kalmomin aro na Indonesian, kamar kalmomin roma, 'asibiti' daga kalmar Indonesian rumah sakit.[16]

 Rarraba 
Madurese Banyuwangi ana amfani da shi ne a yankunan kan iyaka, matsayinsa shine yaren da ya mamaye kan iyaka.    Masu magana da Madurese sune mafi rinjaye a gundumomi da yawa, irin su Glenmore, Kalibaru, Kalipuro, Wongsorejo, da Muncar, waɗanda ke cikin yankin Madurese, waɗanda masu magana da Osing da Mataraman Javanese ke kewaye.    Baya ga haka, akwai kuma masu magana da harshen Madurese a wasu gundumomin da ke Banyuwangi, kamar a kauyen Tamansari da ke gundumar Licin, musamman a unguwar Ampelgading, saboda keɓewar da yake a gindin dutsen, shi ma ya fi kusa da ƙauyuka masu yaren Madurese a Bondowoso.  A halin da ake ciki kuma, sauran kauyukan da ke cikin Licin galibinsu masu magana da harshen Osing ne.v Wata gunduma kuma da akwai masu jin Madurese, amma ba su ne mafi rinjaye a gundumar Songgon ba.   An san wannan ne saboda al’adar mamaca, al’adar Madurese ta al’ada.[18]  A garin Banyuwangi, amfani da shi ya fi sassauya da wahala, an san yankin a matsayin wurin tarukan ƙabilun da ke tsibirin Indonesiya don haɗuwa tare.  Harshen Madurese, wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai, yana da tasiri sosai kan harsunan wasu tsirarun ƙabilu, kamar a cikin Kampung Mandar (lit.   'Ƙauyen Mandarese'), inda mutanen zuriyar Mandarese daga Sulawesi ke magana da Mandarese da Malay, amma a hankali harshen Madurese ya fara tasiri har ma ya maye gurbin harshen Mandarese.   .

A cikin Muncar, wani yanki na yaren Madurese a Banyuwangi, yawan jama'a ya kasu kashi da yawa, Madurese sun kasance kusan 72.3%, Javanese (ciki har da Osing) sun ƙunshi 26.4%, kuma 1.2% sun ƙunshi wasu kabilun ciki har da Bugis, Makasarese, da Sinanci. Ana samun masu magana da Madurese galibi a ƙauyukan Tembokrejo da Kedungrejo, inda suka zauna kuma suka ninka tun zamanin mulkin mallaka na Dutch kuma ba su sake komawa ƙauyukansu na asali ba.[16] Kasancewar masu magana da Madurese a gundumar Glenmore galibi saboda tarihin gonaki masu zaman kansu ne wanda ya ja hankalin ma'aikata da yawa daga tsibirin Madura, musamman daga 1910 zuwa 1920. Yawancin su ba su koma ƙasarsu ba, amma sun kafa ƙauyukan kabilun Madurese.[12] A cikin Papring, wani yanki (lingkungan) a cikin gundumar Kalipuro, ana amfani da yarukan Madurese da Osing tare, musamman saboda auren kabilanci.[5] Wannan sabon abu an san shi da kalmar yankin tubruk bahasa, wanda ke nufin 'harsuna masu haɗuwa' ko 'harsunan haɗuwa'.[20]

 Harsuna 
Dangane da bincike bisa ga ka'idar ilimin Harshe, ta hanyar bayyana yawan bambance-bambance, dangin kowane bambance-mbance, da rarraba ƙasa na Banyuwangi Madurese, an sami nau'o'i uku ko yaruka, wato Kalipuro-Wongsorejo, Glenmore-Kalibaru, da Muncar. Wannan na ƙarshe shine mafi banbanci idan aka kwatanta da sauran, musamman saboda yana da harshe da ke kewaye da masu magana da Osing da Mataraman Javanese.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, Banyuwangi Madurese yana da kamanceceniya da yawa a cikin ƙamus tare da Probolinggo Madurese da Situbondo Madurese, a nan kwatanci ne.[22]
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 Dubi kuma 

 Harshen Madurese
 Situbondo Madurese
 Tsarin Mulki na Banyuwangi
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba