Canjin shekarun yarda

Canjin shekarun yarda ya ƙunshi ƙoƙari daban-daban don gyara dokokin shekarun yarda. Shekarar yarda tana nufin shekarun da mutum zai iya yarda da jima'i bisa doka. Ana aiwatar da shekarun izini don kare waɗanda aka ɗauka matasa ko marasa girma don samun damar yarda.

Sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar yawanci sun haɗa da ɗagawa, saukarwa, ko soke shekarun yarda, yin amfani da (ko ba yin amfani da) keɓancewar kusa da shekaru ba, canza hukunci, ko canza yadda ake nazarin shari'o'i a kotu. Wani batun da ya shafi shi ne ko a tilasta shekarun yarda a kan dangantakar ɗan luwaɗi wanda ya bambanta da waɗanda aka tilasta akan dangantakar ɗan kishili. Ƙoƙarin da aka shirya sun kasance daga tattaunawar ilimi zuwa korafe-korafe na siyasa.

 Tarihi 
Gratian, lauya ne a karni na 12, ya bayyana cewa mata da maza ba za su iya yarda da yin riƙo ba kafin shekaru 7 kuma ba za a iya yin aure ba kafin shekaru 12 ga mata da shekaru 14 ga maza. A wannan lokacin, shekarun yarda don aure kusan shekaru 12 ne ga mata kuma kimanin shekaru 14 ga maza, a yawancin ƙasashen Turai. A yau shekarun yarda don jima'i yawanci ana saita tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa shekaru 18, a kasashen Yamma.

 Gabashin Turai 

 Rasha 
Kafin 1922

Kafin 1830, shekarun yarda don aure shekaru 15 ne ga maza da shekaru 13 ga mata  (ko da yake an fi son shekaru 15 ga mata, har ya zama an rubuta shi cikin Dokar Dokar 1649).  An yi auren matasa don tsabtar kai. Dukkanin mata da namiji suna buƙatar izinin iyayensu don yin aure saboda ba su kai shekara 20 ba, shekarun mafi girma. A cikin 1830, an ɗaga shekarun yarda don aure zuwa shekaru 18 ga maza da shekaru 16 ga mata. Matsakaicin shekarun aure ga mata ya kasance kusan shekaru 19.

Bayan 1991

Rasha a cikin 1998 ta rage shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 14,  amma a cikin 2003, ta ɗaga shekarun yarda daga 14 zuwa 16, tare da kusanci da shekarun da aka kara ga waɗanda ke da shekaru 14 da 15 . 

A shekara ta 2009, an kara wani bayanin da ya keɓe mutumin da ya yi jima'i da ɗan shekara 14 ko 15 a karon farko idan ya auri wanda aka azabtar.

 Yammacin Turai 

 Ƙasar Ingila 

A cikin 1275, gwamnatin Ingila ta sanya shekarun yarda a shekaru 12 ga mata a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar fyade kuma an kirkiro dokar 1576 tare da hukunci mai tsanani wanda aka sanya shekarun yarda da shekaru 10 ga mata. Mai shari'a Sir Matthew Hale ya bayyana cewa duka dokokin fyade sun kasance masu inganci a lokaci guda.

An kafa shekarun yarda don aure (dangantaka ta jima'i) a shekaru 12 ga budurwa (mata) da shekaru 14 ga matasa (yara), a karkashin dokar Ingila. An sanya shekarun mafi rinjaye a shekaru 21, matasa maza da matasa mata suna buƙatar izinin iyaye don yin aure.

A shekara ta 1875, Dokar Laifin Mutane ta ɗaga shi zuwa 13 a Biritaniya da Ireland. Dokar Kwaskwarimar Shari'a ta 1885 ta ɗaga shi zuwa 16. A cikin 1917, lissafin da ya ɗaga shekarun yarda a Burtaniya da Ireland daga 16 zuwa 17 an kayar da shi da kuri'a ɗaya kawai. A Arewacin Ireland a cikin 1950, majalisar dokoki ta Arewacin Ireland ta zartar da dokar da ake kira Dokar Yara da Matasa a cikin 1950 wanda ya ɗaga shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 17. Shekarar yarda a Arewacin Ireland daga baya aka rage shi zuwa 16, ta hanyar Dokar Laifukan Jima'i (Northern Ireland) ta 2008.

A cikin 1929, an ɗaga shekarun yarda don aure (dangantaka na jima'i) zuwa shekaru 16 ga duka, mata da maza. A shekara ta 1970, an rage shekarun mafi rinjaye daga shekaru 21 zuwa shekaru 18, wanda ya sa ya zama doka ga maza da mata masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa su yi aure ba tare da yardar iyaye ba.

 The Faransa 
In 1977 while a reform in the French penal code was under discussion in the parliament, a petition to decriminalize all consensual relations between adults and children/teenagers below the age of fifteen was sent to Parliament but did not succeed in changing the law.  In 1978, the petition was discussed in a broadcast by radio France Culture in the program "Dialogues", with the transcript later published under the title Sexual Morality and the Law in a book by Michel Foucault, later published again under the title The Danger of Child Sexuality. The participants, including Foucault, play-writer/actor Jean Danet, novelist/gay activist Guy Hocquenghem and feminist Simone de Beauvoir had all signed the petition.

 Netherlands 
Tsakanin 1990 da 2002, Netherlands ta yi aiki da abin da ya kasance a zahiri shekaru na yarda na 12, dangane da cancanta. Dokar da ta dace, ta zartar a watan Nuwamba 1990, ta ba da izinin jima'i ga matasa tsakanin 12 zuwa 16, amma ta ba da damar ƙalubalen iyaye bisa ga rushewar ikon iyaye ko cin zarafin yara, wanda Majalisar Kare Yara za ta ji. A shekara ta 1979, Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Dutch ta goyi bayan wata takarda da ba ta yi nasara ba don rage shekarun yarda zuwa 12.

 Norway 
A cikin 2023, Norway ta ba da shawarar rage shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 15. Koyaya, an watsar da shi bayan zargi da Ikilisiyar Norway.

 Afirka 

 Kenya 
A Kenya, an yi muhawara don rage shekarun yarda daga 18 zuwa 16, a cikin Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta 2006. 

 Arewacin Amurka 

 Kanada 
A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, gwamnatin Kanada ta ba da shawarar lissafin da za a kara shekarun yarda daga 14 zuwa 16 (a cikin shekara ta 1890, an ɗaga shi daga 12 zuwa 14), yayin da yake samar da keɓewar kusan shekaru don jima'i tsakanin yara masu shekaru 14 zuwa 15 da abokan tarayya ƙasa da shekaru 5, da kuma ci gaba da sashi na kusa da shekaru don jimaʼi tsakanin yara 12 zuwa 13 da abokan tarayya kasa da shekaru 2 da haihuwa. Har ila yau, shirin yana riƙe da bambanci na wucin gadi ga auren da suka riga sun kasance na yara masu shekaru 14 da 15 ga manya, amma ya hana sababbin aure kamar waɗannan a nan gaba. Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2008.

 Amurka 

Karni na 18

Shekarar yarda da ake tambaya tana da alaƙa da dokar fyade ba dokar aure ba kamar yadda wani lokacin ba a fahimta ba. A karkashin dokar Ingila shekarun yarda, wani ɓangare na dokar fyade, yana da shekaru 10 ko 12 kuma an bayyana fyade a matsayin jima'i da mace ba tare da son zuciyarta ba. Don hukunta mutum da fyade, dole ne a tabbatar da karfi da rashin yarda, sai dai a yanayin yarinya da ba ta kai shekarun yarda ba. Dokar Ingilishi ta kasance a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Amurka kuma Delaware da sauran jihohi sun karbe ta a cikin 1776.

Karni na 19 da 20

A Delaware, shekarun yarda ya kasance shekaru 10 har zuwa 1871 lokacin da aka saukar da shi zuwa shekaru 7. A karkashin dokar 1871, an ba wa mutum hukuncin kisa saboda jima'i da yarinya kasa da shekarun yarda.

A shekara ta 1880, jihohi 37 suna da shekarun yarda na shekaru 10, jihohi 10 suna da shekarun amincewa a shekaru 12, kuma Delaware ta ci gaba da shekarun yarda da shekaru 7.

A ƙarshen karni na 19, "motsi na tsarkakewa na zamantakewa" wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin sake fasalin mata na Kirista sun fara ba da shawarar ɗaga shekarun yarda zuwa 16, tare da burin ɗaga shi zuwa ƙarshe zuwa 18 ko 21. A shekara ta 1920, jihohi 26 suna da shekarun yarda a 16, jihohi 21 suna da shekarun amincewa a 18, kuma jihar daya (Georgia) tana da shekarun yarda da 14.

An sayi Alaska daga Rasha a 1867 kuma ta zama jihar ta 49 ta Amurka a 1959. Shekarar yarda ta kasance shekaru 16. 

Hawaii ta kasance mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1893, kuma daga baya ta kasance Yankin Amurka; ta zama jihar Amurka ta 50 a shekarar 1959. Shekarar yarda ta kasance shekaru 14.

Georgia da Hawaii dukansu sun ɗaga shekarun yarda daga 14 zuwa 16, a cikin 1995 da 2001 bi da bi. Colorado ta rage shekarun yarda daga 18 zuwa 15 saboda an rage shekarun mafi rinjaye daga shekaru 21 zuwa 18 a shekarar 1970.

Yanzu

Ya zuwa 16 ga Oktoba, 2020, shekarun yarda a kowace jiha a Amurka ko dai shekaru 16, 17, ko 18.

 Alabama 
A cikin 2012, Wakilin Jihar Alabama Mac McCutcheon ya dauki nauyin lissafin don kara shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 18. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2023, shekarun yarda a Alabama ya kasance 16.

 Hawaii 
A shekara ta 2001, majalisar dokoki a Hawaii ta kada kuri'a don kara shekarun yarda daga 14 zuwa 16.

 Georgia 
A watan Yunin shekara ta 2005, an gabatar da lissafi a gaban Babban Taron Georgia (Amurka) don kara shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 18.  Kudin ya gaza, duk da haka.

Georgia ita ce jihar da ta fi tsayayya da haɓaka shekarun yarda a farkon shekarun 1900. Shekarar yarda ta Georgia ta kasance shekaru 10 har zuwa 1918, a wannan lokacin an ɗaga shekarun yarda zuwa 14. Bayan da aka kara shekarun yarda a 1918, Georgia ita ce kadai jiha a Amurka da ke da shekarun yarda kasa da 16. Shekarar yarda ta Georgia ta kasance a 14 har zuwa 1995, lokacin da lissafin da Sanata Steve Langford ya gabatar don sanya shekarun yarda 16 ya wuce.

A shekara ta 2006, biyo bayan shari'ar Genarlow Wilson (Wilson v. State), an rage mummunan cin zarafin yara zuwa laifi tare da matsakaicin shekara guda a kurkuku idan mai laifin bai kai shekara 19, wanda aka azabtar ya kasance ko dai shekaru 14 ko 15, kuma mai laifin ba ya wuce watanni 48 fiye da wanda aka azabta.  (Kundin Shari'a na Georgia, 16-6-4). A baya, mummunar cin zarafin yara (a kowane shekaru) ya kai shekaru 5-20 a kurkuku ba tare da la'akari da bambancin shekaru tsakanin wanda aka azabtar da mai laifi ba.

 Kentucky 
A karkashin dokar Kentucky, mutumin da ke da shekaru goma sha shida ko sama da haka na iya yarda da yin jima'i tare da mutumin da bai wuce shekaru goma ba fiye da ƙarami, amma in ba haka ba a ƙarƙashin shekaru goma sha takwas ana zaton ba zai iya yarda da jima'i ba. Koyaya, inda mutum yake cikin matsayi na iko akan ƙarami kamar malami, kocin ko dangi, duk abin da bambancin shekaru, ƙarami ƙasa da shekaru goma sha takwas ana ɗaukarsa ba zai iya yarda ba., 

 Missouri 
A shekara ta 2008, an gabatar da lissafi a majalisar dokokin Missouri don kara shekarun yarda daga 17 zuwa 18. Wakilin Stanley Cox ne ya dauki nauyin lissafin. Kudin bai zama doka ba.

 Kudancin Carolina 
A Kudancin Carolina a cikin 2007, an gabatar da lissafi a gaban majalisa don haɓaka shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 18. Ba ta yi nasara ba.

 Wisconsin 
Kafin 1981, Wisconsin tana da bambanci ga dokar da ta ba da izinin manya waɗanda ke da laifin jima'i da yara 15 ko sama da haka su yi amfani da su a matsayin kariya cewa wanda aka azabtar ya fahimci yanayin aikin jima'i, amma akwai yiwuwar karyatawa a Wisconsin cewa yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 ba su da ikon samun yardar jima'i; amma, kamar yadda aka bayyana, wanda ake tuhuma a kotun shari'a zai iya jayayya da shi idan ƙaramin shekaru 15 ko sama. A cikin 1981, an rage shekarun yarda daga 18 zuwa 16 a Wisconsin; amma, a lokaci guda, an sanya shi laifi na atomatik don yin jima'i da duk wanda bai kai shekara 16 ba. Sanarwar da aka ba wa dan shekara 15 ba ta da wata kariya da wanda ake tuhuma zai iya amfani da ita a kotu. A shekara ta 1983, an ɗaga shekarun yarda a Wisconsin daga 16 zuwa 18; a ƙarƙashin sabuwar doka, jima'i tare da ƙarami 16 ko sama da haka yana ɗauke da ƙaramin hukunci na laifin Class A. An haɗa izinin aure a cikin doka ga babba wanda ya auri ƙarami 16 ko sama da haka, amma ba a haɗa wani bambancin kusa da shekaru ba.

 Oklahoma 
A cikin 2025, majalisar dokoki ta Oklahoma ta kafa HB 1003, lissafin don haɓaka shekarun yarda daga 16 zuwa 18.

 Kudancin Amurka 

 Peru 
Shekarar yarda a Peru ta karu daga 14 zuwa 18 a shekara ta 2006 yayin da zaɓen ya kusanci, amma a shekara ta 2007, sabon Majalisa na Peru ya kada kuri'a don dawo da shekaru zuwa 14 ba tare da la'akari da jinsi da / ko yanayin jima'i ba. Koyaya, bayan adawa mai ƙarfi na jama'a, an ɗaga dokar zuwa 18 a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2007, ta hanyar kuri'un 74 zuwa sifili (22 abstentions).  An mayar da shi zuwa 14 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012.

 Asiya 

 Indiya 
Har zuwa shekara ta 2012, an saita shekarun yarda a Indiya a 16, a karkashin Sashe na 375 na IPC (Indian Penal Code), wanda ya bayyana cewa, yarda ba shi da mahimmanci [...] Na shida''. Tare da ko ba tare da yardarta ba, lokacin da ba ta kai shekara goma sha shida. "

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Dokar POCSO ta fara aiki, wanda ya kafa sabon ƙofar, a 18.

Bayan wannan, an yi muhawara da yawa game da dawo da shekarun yarda zuwa 16.

Tattaunawar da ta fito ne daga 'yan siyasa, manyan kotuna, da kuma mambobin jama'a.

 Iraki 
Majalisar dokokin Iraqi ta yi ƙoƙari ta rage shekarun yarda a Iraki zuwa 9 a cikin 2024.

Koyaya, an sake fasalin lissafin a watan Janairun 2025 wanda ya sake dawo da sassan gyare-gyaren da ya gabata wanda ya riƙe shekarun yarda a 18 biyo bayan zanga-zangar a Iraki tare da martani daga kungiyoyin farar hula na duniya da na gida, yana riƙe da tsohon shekarun yarda. 

 A Yamma 

 Jima'i na maza Ƙasar Ingila'''

Shekarar yarda da namiji a Ƙasar Ingila an saita ta a 21 a cikin Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta 1967, an saukar da ita zuwa 18 a cikin Dokar Shari'a da Dokar Jama'a ta 1994, sannan a ƙarshe an saukar da ta daidai zuwa 16 a Ingila da Wales da Scotland a cikin Dokar Laifukan Jima-Jima'i (Gwamma) ta 2000.  A shekara ta 1970, an rage shekarun mafi rinjaye daga shekaru 21 zuwa shekaru 18.

Wasu masu lalata da yara  da masu goyon bayansu sun yi kira da a soke shekarun yarda don ba da damar yara da manya su yi jima'i.  Kungiyoyin da suka gabata da ke ba da shawara ga wannan sun haɗa da NAMBLA a Amurka da Vereniging Martijn a Netherlands.

Philip Jenkins ya ce a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, akwai jinƙai mai yawa tsakanin kungiyoyin masu gwagwarmayar luwadi don rage shekarun yarda ga duk ayyukan jima'i tare da yawancin wallafe-wallafen luwadi da ke tattauna saukar da shi ga yara maza. Wadannan tashin hankali da adawa sun ci gaba tsakanin masu gwagwarmaya har zuwa shekarun 1980; duk da haka, tun daga shekarun 1970s, kungiyoyin 'yanci na' yan luwadi da ke inganta goyon baya na gaba game da shekarun yarda suna fadawa cikin raguwa. A shekara ta 1971, an rage shekarun mafi rinjaye daga shekaru 21 zuwa shekaru 18, sai dai a Mississippi (21), Alabama (19), da Nebraska (19).

 Rashin amincewa da shekaru 
A {asar Amirka, jihohi da yawa sun amince da keɓe masu shekaru. Waɗannan dokokin, waɗanda aka fi sani da "Dokokin Romeo da Juliet", sun ba da cewa mutum zai iya yin jima'i bisa doka tare da ƙarami muddin ba su wuce adadin shekarun da aka ba su ba, gabaɗaya shekaru huɗu ko ƙasa da hakan.[1][2]. Wasu dokokin Romeo da Juliet (kamar doka a Michigan)[3] ba sa yin doka ga mutumin da bai kai shekarun izinin yin jima'i da wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗan lokaci ba, amma yana iya keɓance babban abokin tarayya daga rajistar masu laifin jima'i.

An zartar da dokokin Romeo da Juliet a 2007 a Connecticut da Indiana. A Indiana, canji a cikin doka ya haramta jima'i tsakanin matasa idan kotun ta same su a cikin "dangantaka" tare da bambancin shekaru na shekaru hudu ko ƙasa  kuma wasu jihohi sun karɓi irin wannan gyare-gyare. Michigan ta wuce Dokar Romeo da Juliet a cikin 2011.

Wadannan gyare-gyare sun kasance masu kawo rigima. A Texas, Gwamna Rick Perry ya soke dokokin Romeo da Juliet waɗanda majalisar dokoki ta zartar a shekara ta 2009,  amma ya sanya hannu kan ɗaya a shekara ta 2011 don fara aiki a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar.  Dokar Romeo da Juliet ta 2011 ta kasa wucewa a majalisar dokokin Illinois. A cikin shari'ar Jihar v. Limon, an gano dokar Romeo da Juliet ta Kansas ba ta dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba saboda ta ware halayyar jima'i.

Wasu ƙasashe ban da Amurka suma suna da dokokin Romeo da Juliet. An kalubalanci dokar Ireland ta 2006 saboda tana bi da 'yan mata daban da maza.

 Gudanar da lalata da yara 

 Dubi kuma 

 Rabin shekarunta da bakwai
 Ilimin jima'i
 Yarjejeniyar jima'i a cikin doka
 Ilimi na jima'i

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba