Nazarin Harvard Six Cities

Nazarin Harvard "Cities shida" babban binciken yaduwar cuta ne na manya sama da 8,000 a cikin biranen Amurka guda shida waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa haɗin tsakanin gurɓataccen iska mai kyau (kamar hayaki na injin diesel) da rage tsammanin rayuwa ("mutuwa mai yawa").  An san shi sosai a matsayin wani muhimmin bincike na kiwon lafiyar jama'a,   Benjamin G. Ferris, Jr  ne ya fara shi a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard kuma Douglas Dockery, C. Arden Paparoma na Jami'ar Brigham Young ta Harvard, Ferris da kansa, Frank E. Speizer, da wasu abokan aiki guda huɗu ne suka gudanar da shi, kuma an buga shi a cikin New England Journal of Medicine a 1993. Bayan karar da kungiyar American Lung Association ta shigar, binciken, da kuma bin diddigin sa daban-daban, ya haifar da karfafa ka'idodin gurɓataccen ta Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. Wannan ya haifar da mummunar martani daga kungiyoyin masana'antu a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Kotun Koli, a cikin abin da mujallar <i id="mwLQ">Kimiyya</i> ta kira "babban gwagwarmayar muhalli na shekaru goma".

 Tarihi 
An haifi binciken Six Cities ne a cikin rikicin makamashi na 1970s a cikin damuwa mai girma cewa matsawa kan samar da mai zai haifar da amfani da kwal mai ƙarancin inganci kuma, sabili da haka, mutuwa mafi girma daga gurɓataccen iska. Sakamakon cutar da lafiyar kone kwal ya riga ya bayyana bayan Babban Smog na London na 1952 (a cikin Ƙasar Ingila), bala'in Donora na 1948 (a cikin Amurka), da sauran manyan abubuwan gurɓataccen kwal, amma ba a san wane ɓangare na gurɓatawar kwal ba (sulfur dioxide, ƙwayoyin, ko wasu haɗuwa da waɗannan da sauran hayaki).  Har ila yau, akwai bambance-bambance na ra'ayi na kimiyya game da yadda ƙwayoyin suka shafi lafiyar ɗan adam, waɗanne nau'ikan sun fi cutarwa, da kuma ko akwai tasiri ko da a ƙananan zuwa matsakaiciyar matakan fallasawa.Pope, C. Arden; Dockery, D (2006). "Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 56 (6): 709–742. Bibcode:2006JAWMA..56..709P. doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485. PMID 16805397. S2CID 8299285. Nazarin Harvard Six Cities ya yi niyyar magance wasu daga cikin waɗannan tambayoyin. 

Kamar yadda ya yarda a cikin gabatarwa, ya gina a kan wasu binciken da suka gabata waɗanda suka sami "haɗin kai tsakanin yawan mace-mace da gurɓataccen iska a cikin manyan biranen Amurka", gami da takardar Kimiyya ta 1970 "Air Pollution and Human Health" ta Lester Lave da Eugene Seskin na Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon. Abu mai mahimmanci, ba kamar binciken da ya gabata ba, wanda gabaɗaya ya kasance sashi na ƙira a cikin ƙira (ƙididdigar ƙididdigar manyan, mutanen da ba a san su ba da aka ɗauka a lokutan da aka yi), Harvard Six Cities wani binciken rukuni ne wanda ya bi mutane iri ɗaya a rayuwarsu, don haka ya ba da damar Abubuwan haɗari kamar shekaru, jima'i, da tarihin shan sigari su kawar, da kuma tasirin gurɓata iska da za a yi nazari a ware.Pope, C. Arden; Dockery, D (2006). "Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 56 (6): 709–742. Bibcode:2006JAWMA..56..709P. doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485. PMID 16805397. S2CID 8299285.

 Hanyar da ake amfani da ita 
Dockery da abokan aiki sun yi nazarin rukunin manya 8,111 da ke zaune a biranen Amurka guda shida "sun zaba a matsayin wakilin kewayon gurɓataccen iska a Amurka": Harriman, Tennessee; Portage, Wisconsin; St Louis, Missouri; Steubenville, Ohio; Topeka, Kansas da Watertown, Massachusetts. Fiye da shekaru goma da rabi, an tambayi kowane mutum game da abubuwa kamar tarihin kiwon lafiya da salon rayuwarsu (ciki har da ko da kuma yawan shan sigari, yawan jikin su, matakin iliminsu, matsakaicin shekaru, da sauransu). An kwatanta wannan bayanan da ma'aunin gurɓataccen iska daga birane shida da bayanan mace-mace daga Ƙididdigar Mutuwa ta Kasa.Dockery, Douglas; Pope, C. Arden; Xu, Xiping; Spengler, John; Ware, James; Fay, Martha; Ferris, Benjamin; Speizer, Frank (December 9, 1993). "An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities". New England Journal of Medicine. 329 (24): 1753–1759. doi:10.1056/NEJM199312093292401. PMID 8179653.

 Ƙarshen 
Binciken ya gano cewa mutanen da ke zaune a cikin birni mafi gurɓataccen (Steubenville) sun kasance kashi 26 cikin dari na yiwuwar mutuwa fiye da waɗanda ke cikin birni da aka ƙazanta (Portage),  yana ba da shawarar haɗin kai tsakanin gurɓatawar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙimar mutuwa mafi girma a cikin birane: "Ko da yake ba za a iya cire tasirin wasu abubuwan haɗari marasa ma'auni ba tare da tabbaci ba, waɗannan sakamakon suna nuna cewa gurɓata iska masu kyau, ko cakuda gurɓatacciyar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da ke da ke da alaƙa da yawa a wasu biranen AmurkaDockery, Douglas; Pope, C. Arden; Xu, Xiping; Spengler, John; Ware, James; Fay, Martha; Ferris, Benjamin; Speizer, Frank (December 9, 1993). "An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities". New England Journal of Medicine. 329 (24): 1753–1759. doi:10.1056/NEJM199312093292401. PMID 8179653.

 Dokar "Mai Gaskiya" ta EPA da aka gabatar 
Lokacin da darektan EPA na lokacin, Scott Pruitt, ya sanar da manufofin binciken kimiyya da ya gabatar wanda ke buƙatar cikakken gaskiya ga duk binciken da ke sanar da manufofi na muhalli na jama'a, wannan zai cire karatu, kamar nazarin Six Cities, saboda sun yi amfani da bayanan sirri a cikin rahotanni na likita na mutum wanda ba za a iya samun su a bayyane ba. Masu sukar manufofin Pruitt sun samo asali ne daga binciken Harvard Six Cities. Majalisar Chemistry ta Amurka ta goyi bayan sauye-sauye daban-daban na lissafin, kungiyar da ke ba da shawara ga DuPont da Monsanto, da sauransu. Koch Industries, Peabody Energy, da ExxonMobil sun kuma goyi bayan hakan. A cewar Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya, wasu a cikin masana'antu, masana'antu da makamashi ba su amince da ka'idojin iska mai tsabta da aka aiwatar ba saboda nazarin birane shida, don haka suna ƙoƙarin "harin kimiyya da ke haifar da ka'idar". "Binciken nuna gaskiya" a zahiri hanya ce ta "ƙazantar da 'yancin kai na kimiyya. " The Honest and Open New E.P.A. Science Treatment Act, wanda Lamar Smith (R-Texas) ya tallafawa ya ba da tushen shirye-shiryen Pruitt na nuna gaskiya a cikin manufofin kimiyya wanda ya sanar a kan The Daily Caller a watan Maris na 2018.

 Manazarta