Yanayin Turai

An bayyana Turai a matsayin daya daga ciki nahiyoyi bakwai. A fannin jiki, shi ne yankin arewa maso yammacin yankin da aka fi sani da Eurasia (ko mafi girma Afro-Eurasia); Asiya ta mamaye tsakiyar da gabashin wannan yankin mai ci gaba. Yankin gabashin Turai yawanci ana tsara shi ta Dutsen Ural a Rasha, wanda shine mafi girman ƙasa ta ƙasa a nahiyar. Yankin kudu maso gabas da Asiya ba a bayyana shi a duniya ba, amma ma'anar zamani gabaɗaya ita ce Kogin Ural ko, ba a saba da shi ba, Kogin Emba. Yankin ya ci gaba zuwa Tekun Caspian, saman tsaunukan Caucasus (ko, ba a saba gani ba, kogin Kura a cikin Caucasus), kuma zuwa Tekun Baƙi. Bosporus, Tekun Marmara, da Dardanelles sun kammala iyakar Asiya. Tekun Bahar Rum a kudu ya raba Turai daga Afirka. Yankin yamma shine Tekun Atlantika . Iceland yawanci ana haɗa shi a Turai saboda yana da kusan sau biyu da ƙasar Turai kamar ƙasar Arewacin Amurka. Akwai muhawara mai gudana game da inda cibiyar Turai ta fada.

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 
Wasu matani na ƙasa suna nufin nahiyar Eurasia saboda ba a kewaye Turai da teku ba kuma an bayyana iyakarta ta kudu maso gabashin ta daban-daban na ƙarni.

DDangane da siffa, Turai tarin tsibiran da ke da alaƙa ne da tsibiran da ke kusa.  Manyan tsibirai biyu mafi girma su ne Turai kanta da Scandinavia a arewa, wanda Tekun Baltic ya raba da juna.  Ƙananan tsibirai uku—Iberia, Italiya, da Balkans—sun fito daga gefen kudancin ƙasar.  Ƙasar Balkan ta rabu da Asiya ta tekun Black da Aegean.  Italiya ta rabu da Balkan da Tekun Adriatic, da Iberia ta tekun Bahar Rum, wanda kuma ya raba Turai da Afirka.  Gabas, babban yankin Turai yana faɗaɗa kamar bakin mazurari, har sai an kai iyaka da Asiya a tsaunukan Ural da Kogin Ural, Tekun Caspian, da tsaunin Caucasus.

Taimakon ƙasa a Turai yana nuna babban bambanci tsakanin ƙananan yankuna.  Yankunan kudanci suna da tsaunuka yayin da suke tafiya arewa filin yana gangarowa daga tsaunukan Alps, Pyrenees, da Carpathians, ta cikin tuddai masu tuddai, zuwa cikin faffadan filayen arewa, waɗanda ke da yawa a gabas.  Har ila yau, akwai tarin tuddai a gefen tekun arewa maso yammacin kasar, wanda ya fara daga kudu maso yammacin Ireland, yana ci gaba da ratsa yammacin Birtaniya da arewacin Birtaniya, da kuma sama tare da dutsen da aka yanke na Norway.

An sauƙaƙa wannan bayanin. Yankunan da suka hada da Iberia da Italiya sun ƙunshi siffofinsu masu rikitarwa, kamar yadda ƙasar Turai kanta ta yi, inda taimakon ya ƙunshi filayen da yawa, kwarin kogi, da kuma kwari waɗanda ke rikitar da yanayin gaba ɗaya. Iceland da Tsibirin Burtaniya lambobi ne na musamman. Tsohon yana daga tsarin dutsen wuta na Arewacin Atlantic, yayin da ƙarshen ya ƙunshi yankunan da suka haɗu da ƙasar har sai an yanke shi ta hanyar hauhawar matakan teku.

 Yankin tsibirin 
A wasu lokuta ana kiran Turai "ƙasar tsibirin", don jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa Turai ƙarami ce, mai tsawo ga Asiya, kuma babban ɓangare na Turai ya ƙunshi tsibirai. Halin da ya gabata zai haɗa da Burtaniya da Ireland a matsayin ainihin tsibirin Turai mai mahimmanci kafin hauhawar bayan ƙanƙara a matakin teku.

 Yankin Balkan
 Peloponnese
 Chalkidiki
 Istria
 Gallipoli
 Brittany
 Yankin Cotentin
 Crimea
 Yankin Fennoscandian
 Yankin Kola
 Yankin Scandinavia
 Yankin Iberian
 Yankin Italiya
 Jutland
 Yankin Kanin

 Ilimin ƙasa 

Mafi mahimmancin fasalin yanayin ƙasa na Turai shine dichotomy tsakanin tsaunukan tsaunuka da tsaunukan Kudancin Turai da wani yanki mai faɗi, wani yanki na ƙarƙashin ruwa, filin arewa wanda ya fara daga Burtaniya a yamma zuwa tsaunin Ural a gabas.  [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need] Waɗannan rabi biyu an raba su da sarƙoƙin tsaunuka na Pyrenees da Alps/Carpathians.  Tsaunukan Scandinavian da kuma tsaunukan tsibirin Biritaniya sun keɓe filayen arewa a yamma.  Manyan jikunan ruwa marasa zurfi da ke nutsar da sassan filayen arewa sune Tekun Celtic, Tekun Arewa, hadadden Tekun Baltic, da Tekun Barents.

Yankin arewacin ya ƙunshi tsohuwar nahiyar geological ta Baltic, don haka ana iya ɗaukar ta a matsayin "babban nahiyar", yayin da tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunukan tsaunuka a kudu da yamma sun zama raguwa daga wasu nahiyoyin geological daban-daban.

Ilimin ƙasa na Turai ya bambanta sosai kuma yana da rikitarwa, kuma yana haifar da wurare masu yawa da aka samu a duk faɗin nahiyar, daga Highlands na Scotland zuwa filayen Hungary.

 Yawan jama'a 
A cikin tarihi, yawan jama'ar Turai na fama da ƙaura daga cikin nahiyar, cututtuka da rikice-rikice.  Lissafi na yawan jama'ar Turai sun bambanta bisa ga ma'anar iyakokin Turai da ake amfani da su.  Yawan mutanen da ke cikin daidaitattun iyakoki na zahiri sun kai miliyan 701 a cikin 2005 bisa ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  A shekara ta 2000 yawan jama'a ya kai miliyan 857, ta hanyar amfani da ma'anar da ta haɗa da dukan ƙasashen da ke wucewa na Rasha da Turkiyya.  Girman yawan jama'a yana kwatankwacin jinkirin, kuma matsakaicin shekarun yana da girma kwatankwacinsa dangane da sauran nahiyoyi na duniya.

 Koguna 
Koguna mafi muhimmanci a Turai sune Danube, Volga, Rhine, Elbe, Oder da Dnieper, da sauransu. [an kara bayani da ake buƙata] Mafi girman Ruwa da ke Turai (ta hanyar gudana) shine Rhine Falls. 

 Kogin Turai ta tsawon 
Koguna mafi tsawo a Turai, kai tsaye suna gudana cikin Tekun Duniya ko wuraren Endorheic, tare da kimanin tsayinsu: 

 Volga
 Danube
 Ural
 Ruwa
 Ba da kyauta
 Pechora
 Dniester
 Rhine
 Elbe
 Vistula
 Tagus
 Daugava
 Loire
 Ebro
 Kayan aiki
 Neman
 Meuse
 Douro
 Kogin Kuban
 Mezen
 Oder
 Guadiana
 Rhône
 Kudancin Bug
 Kuma
 Seine
 Ganuwar
 Arewacin Dvina
 Po
 Guadalquivir
 Bolshoy Uzen
 Siret
 Terek
 Glomma -    (kogi mafi tsawo kuma mafi girma a Norway) 
 Garonne
 Kemijoki
 Babban -    (mafi tsawo (dama) mai ba da gudummawa na Rhine) 
 Wurin da aka yi
 Dalälven
 Maritsa
 Marne -  km (319  (mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa na Seine) 
 Neris
 Júcar
 Dordogne
 Ume
 Ångerman -    (kogin Sweden mafi tsawo) 
 Lule
 Gauja
 Weser
 Kalix

 Kogin Turai ta hanyar zubar da ruwa 
Koguna 15 na Turai ta matsakaicin fitarwa, gami da koguna kawai da ke gudana kai tsaye cikin Tekun Duniya ko Endorheic basins:

 Volga - 8,087 m3/s (kogi mafi girma a Gabashin Turai) 
 Danube - 6,450 m3/s (kogi mafi girma a Tsakiyar Turai) 
 Pechora - 4,380m3/s
 Arewacin Dvina - 3,330m3/s
 Neva - 2,490 m3/s
 Rhine - 2,315 m3/s) (kogi mafi girma a Yammacin Turai) 
 Rhône - 1,900 m3/s (kogi mafi girma a Faransa) 
 Dnieper - 1,700 m3/s
 Po - 1,460 m3/s (kogi mafi girma a Italiya) 
 Vistula - 1,080 m3/s (kogi mafi girma a Poland) 
 Don - 890 m3/s
 Mezen - 890 m3/s
 Loire - 889 m3/s (kogi mafi tsawo a Faransa) 
 Elbe - 860 m3/s
 Glomma - 709 m3/s (kogi mafi tsawo kuma mafi girma a Norway) 

 Tafkuna da teku 


 Manyan tsibirai 
Tsibirin Aegean, Åland, Tsibirin Balearic, Tsibirin Burtaniya, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus (Kusa da Asiya), Fyn, Tsibirin Faroe, Gotland, Hinnøya, Iceland, Tsibirin Ionian, Malta, Tsibirin Jutlandic ta Arewa, Saaremaa, Sardinia, Senja, Sicily, Svalbard da Zealand.

 Filaye da ƙasƙanci 

 Babban Filayen Turai, mafi girman fasalin wuri na Turai Gabashin Turai Filayen Lower Danubian Plain, tsakanin Dutsen Balkan da Kudancin Carpathians Filayen Danubian (Bulgaria) Filayen Wallachian Arewacin Turai Filayen Arewacin Jamus (sashi na Jamus) Beauce, Faransa
 Filin Gabashin Turai
 Ƙananan Filayen Danubian, tsakanin Dutsen Balkan da Kudancin Carpathians Filayen Danubi (Bulgaria) Filayen Wallachian
 Filin Danubian (Bulgaria) 
 Filayen Wallachia
 Filin Arewacin Turai
 Filin Arewacin Jamus (sashi na Jamusanci) 
 Beauce, Faransa
 Baetic Depression (Andalusian Plain), tsakanin Sierra Morena da Baetic System
 Ƙananan ƙasashen Birtaniya
 Yankin tsakiya na Sweden
 Ebro Basin (Ebro Depression), tsakanin Pyrenees da Sistema Ibérico
 Meseta ta Tsakiya babban tudu ne a tsakiyar Spain (ya mamaye kusan kashi 40% na ƙasar), tsakanin Dutsen Cantabrian da Sistema ta Tsakiya
 Filin Pannonian, tsakanin Alps, Dutsen Dinaric da Dutsen Carpathian
 Kwarin Po, wanda aka fi sani da Padan Plain, tsakanin Alps da Apennines
 Swiss Central Plateau, tsakanin Dutsen Jura da Swiss AlpsAlps na Switzerland
 Upper Rhine Plain, tsakanin Dutsen Vosges da Dutsen Black Forest
 Upper Thracian Plain, tsakanin Dutsen Balkan (Sredna Gora) da Rila-Rhodope massiftsaunuka
 Sauran filayen bakin teku na Turai

 Tsawon tsaunuka 
Wasu daga cikin manyan tsaunuka na Turai sune:

 Alps, a Tsakiyar Yammacin Turai Yammacin Alps Gabashin Alps Kudancin Alps Arewacin Alps
 Yammacin Alps
 Gabashin Alps
 Kudancin Alps
 Arewacin Alps
 Apennines, wanda ke gudana ta Italiya
 Tsarin Baetic, Spain, Yankin Iberian


 Duwatsun Balkan, galibi Bulgaria, tsakiyar Balkan Peninsula Sredna Gora Range a tsakiyar Bulgaria, wanda ke kudu da kuma layi daya da Dutsen Balkan
 Dutsen Sredna Gora a tsakiyar Bulgaria, wanda ke kudu da kuma layi daya da Dutsen Balkan
 Bohemian da sauran tsaunuka na Variscan (tsawon tsaunuka kafin Alpine): Dutsen Jura, Vosges, Dajin Palatinate, Black Forest, Dutsen Ore, Sudetes
 Duwatsun Cantabrian, waɗanda ke gudana a arewacin Spain
 Duwatsun Carpathian, babban tsaunuka a Tsakiyar Turai da Kudancin Carpathians, Romania Dutsen Tatra, Slovakia da Poland
 Kudancin Carpathians, Romania
 Duwatsun Tatra, Slovakia da Poland
 Duwatsun Caucasus, waɗanda suka raba Turai da Asiya
 Duwatsun Crimea


 Dinaric Alps, tsaunuka a cikin Balkans
 Duwatsun Pindus, Albania da Girka
 Pyrenees, iyakar halitta tsakanin Faransa da Spain
 Tsarin tsaunuka na Rila-Rhodope wanda ya kunshi tsaunuka, gami da Dutsen Pirin da jerin tsaunuka Osogovo-Belasitsa, galibi Bulgaria
 Šar-Korab-Jakupica-Baba-Kajmakčalan-Olympus, Albania, Arewacin Makidoniya da Girka 
 Duwatsun Scandinavia, tsaunuka da ke ratsa Yankin Scandinavia, sun haɗa da tsaunukan Kjølen
 Highlands na Scotland (ciki har da Cairngorms) a cikin Ƙasar Ingila.
 Sierra Morena, Spain
 Tsarin Iberian, Spain
 Tsarin Tsakiya, Spain
 Duwatsun Ural, waɗanda suka zama iyaka tsakanin Turai da Asiya

Yankin ƙasa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na tsaunuka na Turai
Tsawon tsawoYankin (km2) % Yankin≥4500 m10.00%3500-4500 m2250.00%2500-3500 m497,8864.89%1500-2500 m & gangara ≥2°145,8381.43%1000-1500m & gangara ≥5 ° ko tsawo na gida >300m345,2553.39%300-1000 mand tsawo na gida >300m1,222,10412.00%Yawan tsaunuka2,211,30821.72%Dukan Turai10,180,000100.00%Tushen:

 Yanayin zafi da ruwan sama 
Yankunan tsaunuka masu tsawo na Turai sun fi sanyi kuma suna da ruwan sama fiye da ƙananan yankuna, kamar yadda yake ga yankunan tsaunukan gabaɗaya. Turai tana da karancin hazo a gabas fiye da tsakiyar da yammacin Turai. Bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin bazara da hunturu a hankali yana ƙaruwa daga bakin teku arewa maso yammacin Turai zuwa kudu maso gabashin Turai, daga Ireland, tare da bambancin zafin jikin mutum na 10 ° C kawai daga mafi zafi zuwa watan sanyi, zuwa yankin arewacin Tekun Caspian, tare da Bambancin zabin jiki na 40 ° C. Matsakaicin watan Janairu ya kasance daga 13 ° C a kudancin Spain da tsibirin kudancin Girka zuwa -20 ° C a arewa maso gabashin Rasha ta Turai. Ana samun yanayin hamada a yankin Turai na Kazakhstan da Kudu maso Gabashin Spain.    

Yammacin Turai da sassan Tsakiyar Turai gabaɗaya suna fadawa cikin yanayin teku mai matsakaici (Cfb), ɓangaren kudancin galibi yanayin Bahar Rum ne (yawanci Csa, ƙaramin yanki tare da Csb), ɓangare na arewa maso tsakiya da gabas zuwa tsakiyar Rasha galibi yanayin nahiyar ne mai laushi (Dfb) kuma ɓangaren arewacin nahiyar yanayin subarctic ne (Dfc). A cikin matsanancin arewacin (arewacin Rasha; Svalbard), iyaka da Tekun Arctic, yanayin tundra ne (Et). Duwatsun tsaunuka, kamar Alps da tsaunukan Carpathian, suna da yanayin tsaunuka tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa bisa ga tsawo da latitude.

 Yanayi 
Yanayin Turai ya bambanta saboda girman kewayonsa daga Tekun Arctic a arewa zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum a kudu, kuma daga Tekun Atlantika a yamma zuwa Dutsen Ural a gabas. Yankunan yanayi da yawa sun haɗu da nahiyar, waɗanda abubuwan da suka shafi latitude, kusanci da ruwa, tsawo, da kuma yanayin iska.

Arewacin Atlantic Drift, ruwan teku mai dumi, yana daidaita yanayin zafi a yawancin Yammacin Turai, wanda ke haifar da hunturu mai sauƙi ga yankuna a irin wannan latitudes a wasu wurare. Wannan tasirin yana bayyane musamman a ƙasashe kamar United Kingdom, Ireland, da Norway na bakin teku, waɗanda ke fuskantar yanayin teku wanda ke da yanayin sanyi da sanyi, hunturu mai laushi.

6Kudancin Turai yana jin daɗin Yanayin Bahar Rum, tare da zafi, lokacin rani mai bushe da sanyi, hunturu mai laushi. Wannan yanayi ya fi yawa a kasashe kamar Spain, Italiya, da Girka, inda Ruwan sama na yanayi ke tallafawa noma da yawon bude ido. Gabashin Turai da wasu sassan cikin nahiyar suna da Yanayin yanayi na nahiyar tare da bambance-bambance na zafin jiki na yanayi, gami da hunturu mai sanyi da lokacin zafi. Ruwan sama a cikin waɗannan yankuna ana rarraba su daidai a duk shekara.

Arewacin Turai, gami da Scandinavia, ana nuna shi ta yanayin subbarctic da tundra, inda hunturu ke da tsawo da tsanani, kuma lokacin rani yana da gajeren lokaci da sanyi. Yankunan Arctic na Turai, musamman a Rasha da Norway, suma suna fuskantar Yanayin yanayi. Yankunan tsaunuka, kamar Alps da Carpathians, suna nuna yanayin alpine, tare da yanayin zafin jiki da hazo wanda ya bambanta da tsawo. Tsaunuka masu tsawo gabaɗaya suna fuskantar yanayin sanyi da hazo mafi girma, sau da yawa a cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara.

Yankunan yanayi na Turai sun kara rinjayar Canjin yanayi na mutum, wanda ke haifar da hauhawar yanayin zafi, sauya yanayin hazo, da karuwar yawan abubuwan da suka faru a duk faɗin nahiyar.

 Kasashen da ba su da iyaka 
Kasashen da ba su da iyaka a Turai sune: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Jamhuriyar Czech, Hungary, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (wanda ba shi da iyaka sau biyu), Luxembourg, Arewacin Makidoniya, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Vatican CityBirnin Vatican

Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, da Arewacin Makidoniya sun kasance ƙungiya mai ƙasashe takwas a Tsakiyar Turai da Balkans, daga Geneva har zuwa Skopje. Sauran ƙasashen da ba su da iyaka suna da iyaka, ba su da wani irin wannan Turai (ƙaddamarwa ta zama dole, tunda Kazakhstan tana da iyaka da Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, da Kyrgyzstan, don haka suna samar da babban yanki a Asiya ta Tsakiya).

 Kasashen da suka kunshi tsibirai ko sassan tsibirai 

 Cyprus
 Iceland
 Ireland
 Malta
 Ƙasar Ingila

 Kasashen da ke kan iyaka ko kewaye da wata nahiya 
EurasiaArmenia, Azerbaijan, Jamhuriyar Cyprus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Rasha, Turkiyya, Girka (wasu tsibirai na Aegean da Tsibirin Kastelorizo a kudu maso gabashin Bahar Rum) Turai da AfirkaMalta, Spain (Ceuta, Melilla da Canary Islands), Italiya (Lampedusa da Lampione), Portugal (Madeira),  Faransa (Réunion da Mayotte) Turai-Kudancin AmurkaFaransa (Faransa Guiana) Turai-Arewancin AmurkaFaransa (Guadeloupe, Martinique, da St. Pierre da Miquelon), Iceland, Denmark (Greenland), Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba, da St.) 

 Kasashen da babban birni ba shi da yawan jama'a 
KasarBabban BirniBabban birni ko karamar hukumaVaduzShawanVallettaBirkirkaraSan MarinoSerravalleBernZürichAnkaraIstanbul
Lura: Babban birnin Italiya, Roma, shine birni mafi girma a kasar idan kawai aka yi la'akari da karamar hukuma. Babban Milan shine mafi girman birni a Italiya.

An dauki Brussels a matsayin birni mafi girma a Belgium, bisa ga yawan mutanen yankin Brussels-Capital. Yawan mutanen Birnin Brussels ya kai ~ 175,000. Antwerp ita ce birni mafi girma a kasar.

 Jerin ƙasashe ta yawan sauran ƙasashe da suke iyaka 
14Rasha  (Ciki har da Kaliningrad)  11Faransa  (Ciki har da sassan kasashen waje da yankuna)  9Jamus8Austria, Serbia, Turkiyya, Faransa  (Ba tare da sassan kasashen waje ba)  7Hungary, Poland, Ukraine6Italiya5Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kazakhstan, Romania, Arewacin Makidoniya, Slovakia, Spain  (Ciki har da Ceuta da Melilla) , Switzerland4Albania, Armenia, Belgium, Jamhuriyar Czech, Georgia, Girka, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Slovenia3Bosnia da Herzegovina, Finland, Netherlands  (Ciki har da Sint Maarten) , Norway, Luxembourg2Andorra, Estonia, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Sweden1Denmark, Ireland, Monaco, Portugal, San Marino, United Kingdom, Vatican CityBirnin Vatican0Iceland, Cyprus, Malta

 Dubi kuma 

 Yankunan Turai
 Yankin Turai
 Tarayyar Turai
 Yammacin Turai
 Tsakiyar Turai
 Gabashin Turai
 Arewacin Turai
 Kudancin Turai
 Kudu maso gabashin Turai
 Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a Turai
 Yankin Tsakiya
 Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na Tarayyar Turai
 Jerin manyan tsaunuka na Turai
 Jerin manyan tsaunuka na Turai
 Jerin tsaunuka
 Kudancin kudancin kankara a Turai
 Kasashen da ke kan iyaka da Tarayyar Turai
 Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a Eurasia
 Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a Afro-Eurasia
 Yanayin Tarayyar Turai
 Yankunan membobin musamman da Tarayyar Turai
 Shekarar Bincike
 Masu bincike na Rasha
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba