Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)

A cikin ilimin ƙasa, tsarin magudanar ruwa, wanda aka fi sani da tsarin kogin, sune alamu da koguna, koguna, da tabkuna Ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar yanayin ƙasa, ko wani yanki yana mamaye da duwatsu masu kauri ko taushi, da gradient na ƙasar  Masana ilimin ƙasa da masu ilimin ruwa galibi suna kallon koguna a matsayin wani ɓangare na tafkunan ruwa (da ƙananan tafkuna). Wannan shi ne yankin da ke karɓar rafi, ta hanyar gudana, da kuma daidaitaccen Ruwan ƙasa. Adadin, girman, da kuma siffar tafkin ruwa sun bambanta kuma mafi girma da kuma cikakkun bayanai taswirar taswirar, akwai ƙarin bayani.

 Tsarin ruwa 
Ta hanyar ƙarya na tashoshi, tsarin magudanar ruwa na iya fadawa cikin ɗayan rukunoni da yawa, waɗanda aka sani da alamu na magudanar jini. Wadannan sun dogara da Yanayin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa na ƙasar.

Dukkanin nau'ikan sauye-sauye na iya faruwa tsakanin layi daya, dendritic, da kuma tsarin trellis.

 Tsarin jituwa da rashin jituwa 
An bayyana tsarin magudanar ruwa a matsayin mai jituwa idan tsarinsa ya danganta da tsari da sauƙin shimfidar wuri wanda yake gudana.

Tsarin da ba daidai ba ko tsari ba ya da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa na yankin. Ana rarraba alamu na zubar da ruwa a cikin manyan nau'o'i biyu: antecedent da superimposed,  yayin da akayi matsayi na magudanun ruwa alamu na hada biyu.  A cikin magudanar ruwa na baya, ƙarfin ɓangarorin kogin a tsaye yayi daidai da na ɗaga ƙasa saboda ƙarfin tectonic.  Magudanar ruwa da aka ɗora na tasowa daban-daban: da farko, tsarin magudanar ruwa yana tasowa akan wani saman da ya ƙunshi duwatsun 'ƙanana', amma saboda ayyukan haƙarƙari an cire wannan saman kanan duwatsun kuma kogin yana ci gaba da gudana akan wani sabon ƙasa da alama, amma ɗayan a zahiri ya ƙunshi duwatsun tsohuwar halittar ƙasa.

 Tsarin zubar da ruwa na Dendritic 
Tsarin zubar da ruwa na Dendritic (daga Girkanci , dendrites, "na ko kamar itace") ba madaidaiciya ba ne kuma sune mafi yawan tsarin zubar da jini. A cikin wannan, akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa (kamar rassan itace), waɗanda suka haɗu cikin manyan kogin (rassan da kututturen itacen, bi da bi). Ana ganin suna ciyar da tashar kogi wanda ya dace kuma yana da karfi sosai ga yanayin ƙasa. Gaskiya tsarin dendritic ya samo asali ne a cikin kwari masu siffar V; a sakamakon haka, nau'ikan dutse dole ne su kasance marasa ruwa da marasa rami.

 Tsarin zubar da ruwa a layi daya 
tsarin magudanar ruwa mai kama da juna yana faruwa akan sifofin ƙasa masu tsayi kamar maɗaurin dutse masu jurewa), yawanci bin laifuffuka na halitta ko yashwa (kamar tabon iska).  Magudanan ruwa suna tafiya cikin sauri da madaidaiciya, tare da ƴan ƙorafi kaɗan, kuma duk suna gudana ta hanya ɗaya.  Wannan tsarin yana samuwa a kan dogayen gangara iri ɗaya, alal misali, manyan koguna da ke gudana daga kudu maso gabas daga tsaunin Aberdare a Kenya da kuma koguna da yawa.Myanmar.

Wannan wani lokacin yana nuna babban kuskure wanda ke yankewa a fadin wani yanki na dutse mai zurfi.

 Tsarin zubar da ruwa na Trellis 
Geometry na tsarin magudanar ruwa na trellis yayi kama da na trellis na lambu na gama gari.  Tare da kwarin yajin aiki, ƙananan magudanan ruwa suna cin abinci a cikin gangaren gangaren tsaunin tsaunuka.  Wadannan tributary suna shiga babban kogin game da perpendicular, suna haifar da bayyanar tsarin trellis.  Suna samuwa ne a inda sassa masu wuya da taushi suka kasance a kan duka bankunan babban kogin, kuma suna nuna tsayin daka, wanda ya ƙazantar da shi.  Magudanar ruwa na Trellis siffa ce ta tsaunukan da aka naɗe, kamar tsaunin Appalachian a Arewacin Amurka da kuma arewacin yankinTrinidad.

 Tsarin ruwa na rectangular 
Rashin ruwa na rectangular yana tasowa a kan duwatsu waɗanda ke da kusan juriya iri ɗaya ga rushewa, amma waɗanda ke da hanyoyi biyu na haɗuwa a kusan kusurwoyi madaidaiciya ko digiri 90. Ƙungiyoyin yawanci ba su da tsayayya da rushewa fiye da babban dutse don haka rushewa yana buɗe haɗin gwiwa da rafi a ƙarshe suna tasowa tare da haɗin gwiwa. Sakamakon shine tsarin rafi wanda rafi ya kunshi galibi sassan layin madaidaiciya tare da kusurwar kusurwa ta dama da masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗu da manyan rafi a kusurwar dama. Ana iya samun wannan tsari tare da Kogin Arun a Nepal.

 Tsarin zubar da ruwa na radial 
alt=A map of Dogu'a Tembien in Ehtiopia|thumb|Cibiyar sadarwa ta radial na Dogu'a Tembien a Habasha
A cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na radial, koguna suna haskakawa daga wani matsayi na tsakiya. Volcanos yawanci suna da siffofi na archetypal wanda wannan ya saba tasowa ne masu ladabi ko tsarin tsaunuka masu wuya da ke tasowa lokacin da koguna ke gudana a wurare da yawa (ma'ana na dogon lokaci) 

A Indiya, kewayon Amarkantak da rami na Ramgarh sune mafi yawan asali; da kuma Dogu'a Tembien a Habasha.

 Tsarin magudanar ruwa na Centripetal 
Lokacin da koguna suka haɗu a wani batu, wanda yawanci shine bakin ciki ko kwandon suna samar da tsarin centripetale ko tsarin ruwa na ciki.

 Tsarin zubar da ruwa 
Tsarin zubar da ruwa mai banƙyama shine tsarin zubar da jini a cikin kwandon zubar da ruwan inda babu tsari mai ma'ana ga koguna da tabkuna. Wadannan zasu iya samuwa a yankunan da ke da manyan ajiyar dutse, inda koguna na sama zasu iya ɓacewa cikin ruwan kasa ta hanyar koguna da hanyoyin ruwa na karkashin kasa. Hakanan suna iya samuwa a yankunan da aka sami rikice-rikice da yawa.

Misali mai kyau shine Garkuwar Kanada . A lokacin zamanin kankara na ƙarshe, an cire ƙasa, ya bar mafi yawan dutse. Rugujewar kankara ta bar ƙasa tare da rashin daidaito da yawa na tsawo da ruwa mai yawa don tattarawa a cikin ƙananan wurare, wanda ya haifar da tabkuna da yawa na yankin. Rashin ruwa yana da ƙuruciya kuma har yanzu suna rarraba kansu; a ƙarshe tsarin zai daidaita.

 Tsarin zubar da ruwa na annula 
A cikin tsarin zubar da ruwa, koguna suna bin hanyar tangential ko mafi girma tare da belin dutse mai rauni don haka, tare da wasu, ana iya ganin zobe mai laushi. An fi nuna shi ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa da ke zubar da wani tsari mai zurfi ko kwandon inda rushewa ya fallasa shimfidar shimfidar sassan da ke da matakai daban-daban na tsauraran matakai, kamar yadda yake a cikin Red Valley, wanda kusan kewaye da tsarin domal na Black Hills na Dakota ta Kudu.

Astroblemes da laka diapires kuma ana zaton zasu iya haifar da irin wannan tsarin magudanar ruwa.

 Tsarin magudanar ruwa na kusurwa 
Tsarin zubar da ruwa na kusurwa ya samo asali ne inda haɗin dutse da kuskuren suka haɗu a kusurwoyi ban da tsarin zubar da jini na rectangular. Angles na iya zama fiye ko ƙasa da digiri 90.Easterbrook, Don J (1969). Chapter 7, Origins of Stream Valleys and Drainage Patterns.  Principles of Geomorphology. McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 148-153.  (this author defines dendritic, trellis, rectangular, angular, radial, annular, centripetal and parallel drainage patterns)

 Haɗin magudanar ruwa 
Haɗin ruwa shine tsarin ruwa mai girma wanda ke nuna yanayin yanayi mai bushewa. An kafa shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da wasu kwari da aka raba su da ƙasa mai tsawo, kamar duwatsu ko tuddai. Rushewar kai tsaye daga ƙananan kwandon na iya karya shingen, kamar yadda zai iya zubowa daga kwandon da ya fi girma saboda haɓaka (tattara turɓaya a cikin kwandon). Sakamakon hadewar tsarin magudanar ruwa shine maye gurbin matakan tushe mafi girma na gida tare da matakin tushe guda ɗaya.

Misali na hadedde magudanar ruwa shine yankin da kogin Rio Grande ya malala.  Ba a haɗa kwandon kwandon da ke samar da kwarin Rio Grande na zamani a cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ke zubewa cikin Tekun Mexico har sai lokacin yanayin ƙasa na kwanan nan.  Madadin haka, kwanukan da aka kafa ta hanyar buɗe ramin Rio Grande sun kasance da farko bolsons, ba tare da magudanar ruwa na waje da kuma tsakiyar playa ba. Wani kogi na axial ya wanzu a cikin Espanola Basin tun farkon shekaru miliyan 13 da suka gabata, ya kai Santo Domingo Basin da shekaru miliyan 6.9 da suka gabata. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin, kogin ya shiga cikin rairayin bakin teku a kudancin Albuquerque Basin inda ya ajiye Popotosa Formation. Yankin saman wannan kogi ya dace da Rio Chama na zamani, amma shekaru miliyan 5 da suka gabata, tsohuwar Rio Grande da ke zubar da gabashin Dutsen San Juan ta shiga tsohuwar Rio Chama.

Tsohon Rio Grande ya ci gaba da haɗuwa da tafkuna zuwa kudu, ya kai tafkin Palomas da shekaru miliyan 4.5 da suka gabata, tafkin Mesilla da shekaru miliyan 3.1, zuwa Texas da shekaru miliyan 2.0, kuma a ƙarshe ya shiga Kogin Pecos a shekaru 800,000 don shiga cikin Tekun Mexico. Volcanism a cikin Taos Plateau ya rage magudanar ruwa daga kwandon San Luis har zuwa wani abin da ya faru shekaru 440,000 da suka gabata wanda ya zubar da Tafkin Alamosa kuma ya sake dawo da kwandon San Louis cikin kwandon Rio Grande.

Haɗin ruwa ya bazu a yammacin Arewacin Amurka a Paleocene da Eocene,  kuma akwai shaidar haɗin ruwa a saman Mars. 

 Dubi kuma 

 Rarraba
 Gudanar da haɗin kai
 Kogin da ya rabu
 Ruwa da aka kama

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

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