Yanayin ƙasar Guadeloupe

Guadeloupe tsibiri ne na tsibirai sama da 12, da kuma tsibirai da duwatsu da ke inda arewa maso gabashin Tekun Caribbean ya haɗu da yammacin Tekun Atlantika. Tana cikin Tsibirin Leeward a arewacin yankin Lesser Antilles, wani bangare na tsibirin dutsen wuta. A arewa akwai Antigua da Barbuda da kuma yankin Burtaniya na Montserrat, tare da Dominica da ke kudu.

Manyan tsibiran guda biyu sune Basse-Terre (yamma) da Grande-Terre (gabas), waɗanda ke yin siffar malam buɗe ido kamar yadda ake kallo daga sama, 'fukafukan' biyu waɗanda Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin, Rivière Salée da Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin ke raba su.  Fiye da rabin filin Guadeloupe ya ƙunshi 847.8 km2 Basse-Terre.[1]  Tsibirin yana da tuddai, yana ɗauke da kololuwa kamar Dutsen Sans Toucher (ƙafa 4,442; 1,354 mita) da Grande Découverte (ƙafa 4,143; 1,263 mita), wanda ya ƙare a cikin dutsen mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi La Grande Soufrière, kololuwar dutse mafi girma a cikin Ƙananan Antilles tare da tsayin mita 1, 4]7.  Grande-Terre galibi yana da lebur, tare da gaɓar ruwa zuwa arewa, tsaunuka marasa daidaituwa a tsakiya, mangrove a kudu maso yamma, da fararen rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da murjani reefs a gefen kudu.  A nan ne ake samun manyan wuraren shakatawa na yawon bude ido 

PMarie-Galante ita ce tsibirin na uku mafi girma, sannan La Désirade, wani dutse mai laushi a arewa maso gabas, wanda mafi girman matsayi shine mita 2 (902 . A kudu akwai Îles de Petite-Terre, waɗanda tsibirai biyu ne (Terre de Haut da Terre de Bas) jimlar 2 km2. 

Les Saintes tsibiri ne na tsibirai takwas wanda biyu daga cikinsu, Terre-de-Bas da Terre- de-Haut suna zaune. Yankin yana kama da na Basse-Terre, tare da tuddai masu fitattun wuta da bakin teku mara kyau tare da zurfin bays.

Akwai wasu ƙananan tsibirai da yawa, musamman Tête à l'Anglais, Îlet à Kahouanne, Îlet a Fajou, Îlet Macou, Îlet aux Foux, Îlets de Carénage, La Biche, Îlet Crabière, Îlets à Goyaves, Îlet À Cochons, Îletà Boissard, Îlet at Chasse da Îlet du Gosier.

 Ilimin ƙasa 
Rabin biyu na Guadeloupe sun bambanta da yanayin ƙasa.  Rabin yammacin yana daga cikin wani dutsen wuta mai aiki wanda ya kai daga Saba zuwa Grenada. Rabin gabas wani bangare ne na tsohuwar dutsen wuta wanda ya hada da Anguila, Saint Martin, Saint Barts, Barbuda, Antigua, Grand Terre da Marie Galante. A nan duwatsu sun lalace kuma ƙasa galibi dutse ne na murjani. Saboda ƙasa mai laushi da rashin tsaunuka don kama ruwan sama, aikin gona yana iyakance ta hanyar rashin isasshen ruwa. 

Basse-Terre tsibiri ne mai aman wuta.[1]  Ƙananan Antilles suna a gefen gefen Tekun Caribbean, kuma Guadeloupe wani ɓangare ne na ƙananan baka na Ƙananan Antilles Volcanic Arc.  Yawancin tsibiran sun samo asali ne sakamakon rushewar ɓacin teku na Tekun Atlantika a ƙarƙashin Plate Caribbean a cikin yankin ƙaramar Antilles.  Wannan tsari yana gudana kuma yana da alhakin ayyukan aman wuta da girgizar kasa a yankin.  An kafa Guadeloupe daga dutsen mai aman wuta da yawa, wanda La Grande Soufrière kaɗai ba ya ƙare.[2]  Barkewarta ta karshe ita ce a shekarar 1976, kuma ta kai ga kaura daga yankin kudancin Basse-Terre.  Mutane 73,600 ne suka rasa matsugunansu cikin watanni uku da rabi bayan fashewar.

K-Ar dating ya nuna cewa tsaunuka uku na arewa a Tsibirin Basse-Terre suna da shekaru miliyan 2.79. Sassan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta sun rushe kuma sun lalace a cikin shekaru 650,000 da suka gabata, bayan haka dutsen Sans Toucher ya girma a cikin yankin da ya rushe. Dutsen wuta a arewacin tsibirin Basse-Terre galibi sun samar da andesite da basaltic andesite. Akwai rairayin bakin teku da yawa na duhu ko "baƙar fata". 

La Désirade, gabashin manyan tsibirai, yana da ginshiki daga Mesozoic, wanda aka rufe shi da manyan duwatsu daga Pliocene zuwa lokutan Quaternary.

Grande-Terre da Marie-Galante suna da ginshiki mai yiwuwa sun hada da raka'a na dutsen wuta na Eocene zuwa Oligocene, amma babu wani abu mai ganuwa. A kan Grande-Terre, dandalin carbonate da ke sama yana da kauri na mita 120.

Acomat Falls wani faduwar ruwa ne mai tsawon mita tara.

 Yanayi 
Tsibiran wani yanki ne na tsibiran Leeward, wanda ake kira da shi saboda suna dagulewar iskar kasuwanci da ta mamaye, wanda ke tashi daga arewa maso gabas.[1][2]  Wannan yana da mahimmanci a zamanin tafiyar jiragen ruwa.  Ana kiran Grande-Terre saboda yana gabas, ko gefen iska, wanda aka fallasa ga iskar Atlantika.  Ana kiran Basse-Terre saboda yana gefen kudu maso yamma kuma yana samun mafaka daga iska.  Guadeloupe yana da yanayi na wurare masu zafi wanda tasirin teku da iskan Ciniki ke damun su.  Akwai yanayi guda biyu, lokacin rani ana kiransa "Lent" daga Janairu zuwa Yuni, da kuma lokacin damina da ake kira "winter", daga Yuli zuwa Disamba.


 Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi da guguwar guguwa 
Da yake a cikin yankin da aka fallasa sosai, Guadeloupe da yankunan da ke dogaro da shi dole ne su fuskanci guguwa da yawa. Guguwar da ta fi kisa da ta kai Guadeloupe ita ce guguwar Pointe-à-Pitre ta 1776, wacce ta kashe akalla mutane 6,000.

A ranar 16 ga Satumba 1989, Guguwar Hugo ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga tsibirin tsibirin kuma ta bar alama mai zurfi a kan ƙwaƙwalwar mazauna yankin. A cikin 1995, guguwa uku (Iris, Luis da Marilyn) sun mamaye tsibirin a cikin ƙasa da makonni uku.

Wasu daga cikin guguwa mafi muni da suka mamaye Guadeloupe sune:

A cikin karni na 20: 12 Satumba 1928: 1928 Guguwar Okeechobee; 11 Agusta 1956: Guguwar Betsy; 22 Agusta 1964: Guguwar Cleo; 27 Satumba 1966: Guguwar Inez; 16-17 Satumba 1989: Guguwar Hugo; 14-15 Satumba 1995: Guguwar Marilyn.

A cikin karni na 21: 6 Satumba 2017: Guguwar Irma; 18-19 Satumba 2017 - Guguwar Maria .

 Tsire-tsire 
Tare da ƙasa mai kyau na dutsen wuta, ruwan sama mai yawa da yanayi mai dumi, ciyayi a kan Basse-Terre yana da kyau. Yawancin gandun daji na tsibirin suna kan Basse-Terre, wanda ke dauke da nau'ikan kamar mahogany, ironwood da bishiyoyin chestnut. Yankunan mangrove suna gefen Kogin Salée. Yawancin gandun daji a kan Grande-Terre an share su, tare da ƙananan ƙananan wuraren da suka rage.

Tsakanin mita 300 da 1,000 na tsawo, gandun daji wanda ya rufe babban ɓangare na tsibirin Basse-Terre yana tasowa. A can muna samun itacen farin gum, acomat-boucan ko itacen chestnut, marbri ko bois-bandé ko oleander; shrubs da tsire-tsire masu tsire-shire kamar dabino na dutse, balisier ko ferns; yawancin epiphytes: bromeliads, philodendrons, orchid da lianas. Sama da 1,000 m, savannah mai laushi yana tasowa, wanda ya ƙunshi mosses, lichens, sphagnum ko tsire-tsire masu ƙarfi kamar mangrove na dutse, violet mai tsawo ko thyme na dutse.

Kyakkyawan gandun daji ya mamaye babban ɓangare na tsibirin Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, Les Saintes, La Désirade kuma yana tasowa a bakin tekun Basse-Terre. Dajin bakin teku ya fi wuya a bunkasa saboda yanayin ƙasa (sandy, rock), salinity, hasken rana da iska kuma shine yanayin inda ruwan inabi na teku, mancenilla (itace mai guba wanda aka yi alama da jan layin), icaquier ko itacen Coconut ke girma. A kan tsaunuka da kuma a cikin yankunan Arid ana samun cactus kamar cactus-cigar (Cereus), pear mai tsayi, cactus chestnut, cactus "Tête à l'anglais" da aloes.

Dajin Mangrove da ke iyaka da wasu gaɓar tekun Guadalupe an tsara shi a matakai uku, daga mafi kusa da teku zuwa mafi nisa.  A matakin farko akwai jan mangroves;  a na biyu, kimanin mita goma daga teku, baƙar fata mangroves suna samar da mangrove na shrubby;  a mataki na uku farar mangoron suna samar da dogon mangrove.  Bayan mangrove, inda igiyar ruwa da gishiri ba sa shiga, wani lokacin dajin fadama yana tasowa, na musamman a Guadeloupe.  Wakilin nau'in wannan yanayin shine Mangrove-medaille.
alt=A Jamaican fruit bats hanging from a tree|right|thumb|310x310px|Ana iya samun 'ya'yan itace na Jamaica a duk sashen
Ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, ban da jemagu da raccoons, 'yan asalin tsibirin ne. Har ila yau, an gabatar da Mongoose na Javan a Guadeloupe .  Nau'in tsuntsaye sun haɗa da Carib mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma Guadeloupe woodpecker .  Ruwa na tsibirin yana tallafawa rayukan ruwa iri-iri.

Koyaya, ta hanyar nazarin ragowar ƙasusuwa 43,000 daga tsibirai shida a cikin tsibirin, 50 zuwa 70% na macizai da lizards a tsibirin Guadeloupe sun ƙare bayan masu mulkin mallaka na Turai sun iso, waɗanda suka kawo dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar cats, mongooses, beraye, da raccoons, waɗanda zasu iya cinye dabbobi masu rarrafe na asali.

 Kare muhalli 
A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, mahalli na Guadeloupe ya shafi farauta da kamun kifi, ja da baya dazuzzuka, da ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka.  Har ila yau, suna fama da haɓakar amfanin gona mai tsanani (ayaba da sukari, musamman), wanda ya kai kololuwar su a cikin shekarun 1955-75.  Wannan ya haifar da halin da ake ciki: gadaje na teku da raƙuman ruwa sun ragu har zuwa 50% a kusa da manyan tsibiran;  mangroves da mantids sun kusan bace a Marie-Galante, Les Saintes da La Désirade;  salinity na ruwa mai tsabta ya karu saboda "ƙarfin amfani da Layer";  da gurbatar asalin aikin gona (magungunan kashe qwari da abubuwan nitrogenous).). 

Bugu da kari, binciken ChlEauTerre, wanda aka bayyana a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, ya kammala cewa an samo kwayoyin mutum daban-daban 37 (fiye da rabi daga ragowar magungunan da aka haramta yanzu, kamar chlordecone) a cikin "79% na ruwa da aka bincika a Grande-Terre da 84% a Basse-Terre". Rahoton da Ofishin Ruwa na Guadeloupe ya lura cewa a cikin 2019 akwai "rugujewar ruwa".

Duk da komai, akwai sha'awar adana waɗannan mahalli waɗanda aka adana ciyayi da shimfidar wuri a wasu sassan tsibirin kuma sun zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci ga yawon shakatawa. Wadannan yankuna an kare su kuma an rarraba su a matsayin ZNIEFF, wani lokacin tare da matsayin ajiyar Yanayi, kuma koguna da yawa gida ne ga masu kariya.
An kirkiro wurin shakatawa na Guadalupe a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1989. A cikin shekara ta 1992, a karkashin jagorancin UNESCO, an kirkiro Biosphere Reserve of the Guadeloupe Archipelago (Réserve de biosphère de l'archipel de la Guadeloube). A sakamakon haka, a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1993, an lissafa shafin ruwa na Grand Cul-de-sac a matsayin wuri mai laushi na muhimmancin duniya. Saboda haka tsibirin ya zama sashen kasashen waje tare da yankunan da aka fi kiyayewa.

 Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami 
An ketare tarin tsibirai da laifuffuka masu yawa kamar na la Barre ko la Cadoue, yayin da a cikin zurfin, a gaban Moule da La Désirade ya fara Fault Désirade, kuma tsakanin arewacin Maria-Galante da kudancin Grande-Terre ya fara Laifin Maria Galante.  Kuma saboda waɗannan halayen yanayin ƙasa, tsibiran ma'aikatar Guadeloupe an rarraba su a cikin yanki na III bisa ga yankin girgizar ƙasa na Faransa kuma suna ƙarƙashin takamaiman shirin rigakafin haɗari.

A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2004, tsibirin sashen, musamman tsibirin Les Saintes, girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani ta girgiza shi wanda ya kai girman 6.3 a kan sikelin Richter kuma ya haifar da mutuwar mutum ɗaya, da kuma mummunar lalacewar kayan aiki.
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