Dokar Tsaron Aure

Dokar Tsaron Aure ( DOMA ) wata doka ce ta tarayya ta Amurka wacce Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 104 ta amince da ita kuma Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu a kan doka a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1996. Ta haramta amincewa da auren jinsi na tarayya ta hanyar iyakance ma'anar aure ga haɗin kai na mace daya da daya, kuma ya ba da izinin jihohi su ƙi amincewa da auren jinsi na wasu jihohi da aka ba da izini a karkashin dokar.

Dan majalisa Bob Barr da Sanata Don Nickles, dukkansu 'yan jam'iyyar Republican, sun gabatar da kudirin da ya zama DOMA a watan Mayu 1996. Ya zartar da majalisun biyu na Majalisa da yawa, masu rinjaye na veto . Taimakon ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, ko da yake kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jam'iyyar Democrat a cikin Majalisa da Majalisar Dattijai sun nuna adawa da shi. Clinton ta soki DOMA a matsayin "mai raba kan jama'a kuma ba dole ba". Duk da haka ya sanya hannu a kan doka a cikin Satumba 1996.

Sashi na 2 na dokar ya baiwa jihohi damar kin amincewa da auren jinsi da wasu jihohi ke yi. Sashe na 3 ya ƙirƙira rashin amincewa da auren jinsi don duk dalilai na tarayya, gami da fa'idodin inshora ga ma'aikatan gwamnati, fa'idodin tsaro na zaman jama'a, shige da fice, fatarar kuɗi, da shigar da harajin haɗin gwiwa. Har ila yau, ta keɓance ma'auratan jinsi ɗaya daga iyakokin dokokin da ke ba da kariya ga iyalan jami'an tarayya, dokokin da ke kimanta cancantar taimakon kuɗi, da dokokin ɗabi'a na tarayya da suka shafi ma'auratan jinsi.  

Bayan wucewar ta, DOMA ta fuskanci ƙararraki da yawa da ƙoƙarin sokewa. A cikin United States v. Windsor (2013), Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ayyana Sashe na 3 na DOMA a matsayin wanda ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a karkashin Doka ta Doka, don haka ya bukaci gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da auren jinsi da jihohi ke yi. A cikin Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), Kotun ta yi imanin cewa auren jinsi ɗaya shine haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin da aka kiyaye shi ta hanyar Jigon Tsarin Tsari da Daidaitaccen Kariya . Hukuncin ya bukaci dukkan jihohi su yi tare da amincewa da auran ma’auratan, inda ya bar sashe na 2 na DOMA a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shi kuma ba a aiwatar da shi ba, inda kawai abin da ya rage a cikin dokar da ya rage shi ne sashe na 1 da ke da alaka da take. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2022, an soke DOMA ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Mutunta Aure wadda Shugaba Joe Biden ya sanya wa hannu, wanda a baya ya kada kuri'ar amincewa da DOMA a matsayin Sanatan Amurka.

 Fage 

Batun amincewa da auren jinsi a shari'a ya ja hankalin jama'a ba da dadewa ba har zuwa shekarun 1980. Wani dan jarida mai jin kai ya ji wasu mazan luwadi da dama sun tada batun a shekarar 1967 kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai girma a cikin fatan masu karkata".  A wani lamari na farko, dan gwagwarmayar luwadi Jack Baker ya kawo karar jihar Minnesota a 1970 bayan an hana shi auren wani mutum; Kotun Koli ta Minnesota ta yanke hukunci (a cikin Baker v. Nelson ) cewa iyakance aure ga ma'auratan maza da mata bai saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba. Daga baya Baker ya canza sunansa na doka zuwa Pat Lynn McConnell kuma ya auri abokin zamansa a 1971, amma ba a amince da auren bisa doka ba.   Wasan 1972 Off-Broadway, Nightride, wanda aka nuna "auren ɗan luwadi baƙar fata-fari".   A cikin 1979, IntegrityUSA, ƙungiyar 'yan luwadi Episcopalians, ta tayar da batun lokacin da Cocin Episcopal na Amurka yayi la'akari da haramta nadin 'yan luwadi a matsayin firistoci.  

Jaridar New York Times ta ce tambayar ba ta dadewa sai a karshen shekarun 1980, a cewar masu fafutuka na luwadi, “cutar cutar kanjamau... ya kawo tambayoyi game da gado da fa'idodin mutuwa ga mutane da yawa    watan Mayu 1989, Denmark ta kafa haɗin gwiwar rajista wanda ya ba wa ma'auratan jinsi da yawa hakkokin da ke da alaƙa da aure. na 'yanci na jima'i da haɗin kai na zamantakewa yana ɗaukar siffar, tare da Andrew Sullivan ya buga wani maƙala "A nan Ya zo ango" a cikin Sabuwar Jamhuriyya a  1989 yana jayayya game da auren jima'i: "Bukatar 'yan tawaye ya yi watsi da sha'awar shiga 

Gary Bauer, shugaban kwamitin bincike na iyali mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya annabta a cikin 1989 cewa batun zai zama "babban fagen fama a cikin 1990s".  A cikin 1991, Babban Mai Shari'a na Jojiya Michael J. Bowers (wanda a baya ya kasance wanda ake tuhuma a gaban Kotun Koli na kasa da kasa ga wata doka da ta haramta liwadi ) ya janye aikin aiki ga 'yar madigo wanda ya shirya auren wata mace a bikin auren Yahudawa.  A cikin 1993, wani kwamiti na Cocin Evangelical Lutheran a Amurka ya fitar da wani rahoto yana roƙon Lutherans su yi la'akari da albarkar auren jinsi tare da bayyana cewa kauracewa rayuwa na rayuwa yana cutarwa ga ma'auratan. Taron na Bishops ya amsa, "Babu wani tushe a cikin Nassi ko al'ada don kafa wani biki na hukuma ta wannan coci don albarkar dangantakar ɗan kishili."  A cikin sharhi na tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin motsi na 'yanci na 'yan luwadi, Bruce Bawer 's A Place at Tebur (1993) ya ba da shawarar halatta auren jima'i. 

 Baehr v. Mike 
A cikin ƙarar 1993 Baehr v. Miike Kotun Koli ta Hawaii ta yanke hukuncin cewa hana ma'auratan samun lasisin aure shine nuna bambanci tsakanin jima'i. Don haka, kotu ta gano cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jihar Hawaii ya buƙaci jihar ta nuna cewa ma'anar auren jinsin jinsinta ya cika ƙa'idar doka da aka sani da tsananin bincike.  Wannan hukuncin ya haifar da damuwa tsakanin masu adawa da auren jinsi guda, waɗanda ke tsoron cewa auren jinsi na iya zama doka a Hawaii kuma wasu jihohi za su gane ko a tilasta musu su gane waɗannan auren a ƙarƙashin cikakken Faith and Credit Clause na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka . Wannan saboda "aure" da "ma'aurata" sun kasance mafi yawan sharuddan da ba a bayyana ba a cikin dokokin tarayya, tare da kotunan tarayya suna dogara ga dokar jiha don ayyana abin da "aure" ya ƙunshi. A nakalto rahoton Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar 1996 game da lissafin HR 3396 (wanda zai zama DOMA): "Har zuwa halin da ake ciki a Hawaii, babu wani dalili na bayyana abin da ya kasance a bayyane - wato, cewa ma'aurata maza da mata ne kawai za su iya yin aure". 

A cikin 1995, yayin da Baehr v. Miike ya ci gaba ta hanyar kotunan Hawai, jihohi da dama sun ba da shawara kuma suka kafa dokoki waɗanda a zahiri sun ki amincewa da auren jinsi da aka yi a wani wuri a Amurka kuma suka ayyana aure a matsayin kasancewa tsakanin mace da namiji.  Jihohi za su ci gaba da aiwatar da waɗannan dokoki ko da bayan DOMA ta wuce.

Rahoton Kwamitin Shari'a na 1996 ya yi kira ga DOMA a matsayin amsa ga Baehr, saboda "sake ma'anar aure a Hawaii don haɗawa da ma'aurata na luwadi zai iya sa irin waɗannan ma'aurata su cancanci samun cikakken haƙƙin tarayya da fa'idodi".  Bugu da ƙari, rahoton ya yi iƙirarin cewa DOMA za ta ci gaba da buƙatun gwamnati guda huɗu: "(1) karewa da kuma kula da cibiyar al'adun gargajiya, auren jinsi; (2) kare ra'ayoyin gargajiya na ɗabi'a; (3) kare ikon mallakar jihohi da mulkin dimokuradiyya; da (4) kiyaye albarkatun gwamnati". 

 Rubutu 
Manyan abubuwan da wannan doka ta tanada sune kamar haka: 

 Sashi na 1. Short take
 Ana iya kiran wannan dokar a matsayin "Dokar Kare Aure".
 Sashi na 2. Ikon da aka keɓe ga jihohi
 Babu wata ƙasa, yanki, ko mallakar Amurka, ko ƙabilar Indiya, da za a buƙaci aiwatar da duk wani aiki na jama'a, rikodin, ko shari'a na kowace Jiha, yanki, mallaka, ko kabila dangane da dangantaka tsakanin mutane masu jinsi ɗaya waɗanda ake ɗaukar matsayin aure a ƙarƙashin dokokin irin wannan Jiha, yanki, mallaka, ko ƙabila, ko haƙƙi ko da'awar da ta taso daga irin wannan dangantakar.
 Sashi na 3. Ma'anar aure
 A wajen kayyade ma’anar kowace dokar Majalisa, ko duk wani hukunci, tsari, ko fassarar hukumomin gudanarwa da hukumomin Amurka daban-daban, kalmar ‘aure’ na nufin haduwar shari’a tsakanin namiji daya da mace daya a matsayin miji da mata, kuma kalmar ‘ma’aurata’ tana nufin mutum kishiyar namiji ne kawai miji ko mata.

 Doka da rawar Shugaba Clinton 
Wakilin Jojiya Bob Barr, sannan dan Republican, ya rubuta Dokar Tsaron Aure kuma ya gabatar da shi a Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1996. Sanata Don Nickles, (R-OK), ya gabatar da kudirin a Majalisar Dattijai .  Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar ya bayyana cewa Majalisa ta yi nufin dokar don "tunani da girmama hukuncin ɗabi'a na gama gari da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da liwadi".  Masu tallafawa Majalisar Dokokin sun bayyana cewa, "[T] kudirin ya gyara dokar Amurka don bayyana abin da aka fahimta a karkashin dokar tarayya sama da shekaru 200; cewa aure shine haɗin kai na shari'a na miji da mata a matsayin miji da mata, kuma ma'aurata miji ne ko matar kishiyar jinsi." 
Nickles ya ce, "Idan wasu jihohi suna son sanin auren jinsi, za su iya yin hakan". Ya ce kudirin dokar zai tabbatar da cewa “sauran jihohi 49 ba dole ba ne kuma ba dole ba ne Gwamnatin Tarayya ta yi”.  A cikin adawa da lissafin, dan majalisar Colorado Patricia Schroeder ya ce, "Ba za ku iya gyara Tsarin Mulki tare da ka'ida ba. Kowa ya san haka. Wannan kawai yana motsa ruwa na siyasa da ganin abin da ƙiyayya za ku iya saki."  Barr ya yi la'akari da cewa cikakken Faith da Credit Clause na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba Majalisa ikon ƙayyade "tasirin" wajibcin kowace jiha don ba da "cikakken bangaskiya da daraja" ga ayyukan wasu jihohi. 

Dandalin Jam'iyyar Republican na 1996 ya amince da DOMA, yana yin la'akari da Sashe na 2 kawai na dokar: "Mun ƙi yarda da murdiya na [anti-wariya] dokokin don rufe sha'awar jima'i, kuma mun amince da Dokar Tsaron Aure don hana jihohi daga tilastawa su gane ƙungiyoyin jinsi."  Dandalin Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya a waccan shekarar ba ta ambaci DOMA ko auren jinsi daya ba.  A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Yuni 1996 a cikin mujallar 'yan luwadi da madigo The Advocate, Clinton ta ce, "Na ci gaba da adawa da auren jinsi. Na yi imani aure wata cibiya ce ta haɗin gwiwar mace da namiji. Wannan shi ne matsayi na da dadewa, kuma ba a sake dubawa ko sake duba shi ba."  Duk da haka, ya kuma soki DOMA da cewa ba dole ba ne kuma mai rarraba. 

Kudirin ya zarce ta Majalisa kan tsarin doka cikin sauri kuma ya gamu da babban amincewa a majalisun biyu na Republican -Congress Congress. A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1996, tare da 'yan Democrat 65 kawai sannan Rep. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) da Rep. Steve Gunderson (R-WI), a cikin 'yan adawa, 'yan majalisar wakilai 342 na Amurka - 224 Republican da Democrat 118 - sun kada kuri'ar amincewa da DOMA.   A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1996, Sanatoci 84, yawancin Sanatocin Demokraɗiyya, ciki har da Joe Biden,  da duk 'yan Republican-sun zaɓi goyon bayan DOMA.   Sanatocin Demokuradiyya sun zabi kudirin 32 zuwa 14 (tare da Pryor na Arkansas ba ya nan), kuma Wakilan Democrat sun zabe shi 118 zuwa 65, tare da 15 ba su shiga ba. Dukkan ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican a majalisun biyu ne suka kada kuri’ar amincewa da kudirin, in ban da dan majalisar wakilai na Republican Steve Gunderson a fili yake.  

Bayan Majalisa ta wuce DOMA tare da rinjaye na veto-proof a cikin gidaje biyu,  Clinton ta sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1996   da daddare a bayan ƙofofi.    Clinton, wanda ke tafiya lokacin da Majalisa ta yi aiki, ta sanya hannu kan dokar nan da nan bayan ta dawo Washington, DC;  Ba a gudanar da bikin sanya hannu ga DOMA ba kuma ba a dauki hotunan Clinton ta sanya hannu ba.  Fadar White House ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda Clinton ta ce "bai kamata a kafa wannan doka ba, duk da zafafan kalamai masu tsauri da kuma wasu lokuta masu raba kan juna da ke kewaye da ita, a fahimci cewa suna ba da uzuri na nuna wariya, tashin hankali ko kuma tsoratarwa ga kowane mutum a kan yanayin jima'i". 

 Tasirin siyasa 
Ƙungiyar Jam'iyyar Republican ta 2000 ta amince da DOMA a cikin sharuddan gabaɗaya kuma ya nuna damuwa game da gwagwarmayar shari'a : "Muna goyon bayan ma'anar gargajiya na 'aure' a matsayin ƙungiyar shari'a ta mutum ɗaya da mace ɗaya, kuma mun yi imanin cewa alƙalai da ma'aikata na tarayya kada su tilasta jihohi su gane sauran tsarin rayuwa a matsayin aure."  Dandalin Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya a waccan shekarar ba ta ambaci DOMA ko aure ba a cikin wannan mahallin. 

 Gwamnatin daji 
A shekara ta 2004, Shugaba George W. Bush ya amince da wani gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki da aka tsara don taƙaita aure ga ma'auratan da ba su da jima'i saboda ya gano DOMA yana da rauni: "Bayan fiye da ƙarni biyu na ilimin fikihu na Amurka da ƙwarewar ɗan adam, ƴan alkalai da ƙananan hukumomi suna zaton su canza mafi mahimmancin cibiyoyin wayewa. Ayyukansu sun haifar da rudani."  A cikin Janairu 2005, duk da haka, ya ce ba zai yi amfani da shi a madadinsa ba, tun da yawancin Sanatocin Amurka suna tunanin DOMA ba za ta tsira daga ƙalubalen tsarin mulki ba. 

 Laifukan shige da fice 
Sashe na 3 na DOMA ya hana ma'auratan jinsi ɗaya daga zama a Amurka bisa doka, wanda ya hana ɗaya daga cikin ma'aurata daukar nauyin ɗayan don katin bashi .  Bayan wasu rashin tabbas bayan da Gwamnatin Obama ta ƙaddara Sashe na 3 ya zama wanda bai dace ba, Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Amurka (USCIS) ta sake tabbatar da manufofinta na ƙin irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen.  Game da samun takardar bizar baƙo, dokokin Ofishin suna kula da ma'auratan jinsi ɗaya na ƙasa ɗaya da abokan auren da ba su yi aure ba a ƙarƙashin rarrabuwa "abokan haɗin gwiwa". 

Tim Coco da Genesio J. Oliveira, ma'auratan da suka yi aure a Massachusetts a shekara ta 2005, sun yi nasarar kalubalantar wannan manufar kuma sun samar da abin koyi tun lokacin da wasu masu fafutuka na shige da fice suka bi.  Amurka ta ƙi amincewa da aurensu, kuma a cikin 2007 Oliveira, ɗan ƙasar Brazil, ya karɓi "tashi na son rai" kuma ya koma Brazil. Sun gudanar da yakin neman zabe na kasa  Editan Boston Globe yayi sharhi, "An yi babban ci gaba ga daidaito ga 'yan luwadi a cikin wannan kasa, amma mummunan makoma na Tim Coco da Genesio Oliveira ya nuna cewa dubban ma'auratan jima'i, har ma a Massachusetts, har yanzu ba cikakkun 'yan kasa ba ne."  Editan ya sami kulawar Sanata John F. Kerry, wanda ya fara zawarcin Attorney Janar Eric Holder ba tare da nasara ba.   ya sami goyon bayan Sakatariyar Tsaron Cikin Gida Janet Napolitano, wacce ta ba wa Oliveira afuwar jin kai, wanda ya ba ma'aurata damar sake haduwa a Amurka a watan Yuni 2010. 

A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2011, a cikin Lui v. Holder, Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Amurka Stephen V. Wilson ya ki amincewa da kalubale ga DOMA, inda ya ambaci Adams v. Howerton (1982).  Masu gabatar da kara a cikin wannan harka ba su yi nasara ba sun kalubalanci kin amincewa da matsayin dangi na kai tsaye ga ma'auratan jima'i na ɗan ƙasar Amirka. Lui v. Holder , No: 2:11-CV-01267-SVW (JCGx) (C.D. Cal. September 28, 2011). Retrieved October 4, 2011.  A farkon 2012, an ba wa ma'auratan jinsi guda biyu matsayin "matakin jinkiri", suna dakatar da shari'ar kora kan wanda ba dan Amurka ba har tsawon shekara guda.   Irin wannan ma'auratan Texas sun yi watsi da shari'ar korar su a cikin Maris 2012, suna barin matar da ba ɗan ƙasa ba ta iya yin aiki bisa doka a Amurka amma ba a sake fuskantar barazanar korar ba. 

 Soke 
A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2009, 'yan Democrat uku na Congress, Jerrold Nadler na New York, Tammy Baldwin na Wisconsin, da Jared Polis na Colorado, sun gabatar da doka don soke DOMA da ake kira Dokar Girmama Aure . Kudirin yana da masu ba da tallafi na asali na 91 a cikin Majalisar Wakilai   kuma Clinton, Barr, da 'yan majalisa da yawa sun goyi bayan DOMA.  Dan majalisa Barney Frank da John Berry, shugaban ofishin kula da ma'aikata, ba su goyi bayan wannan kokarin ba, yana mai cewa "kashin baya baya nan" a Majalisa. Frank da Berry sun ba da shawarar cewa za a iya soke DOMA da sauri ta hanyar kararraki irin su Gill v. Office of Personnel Management wanda Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders (GLAD) suka shigar.  

Bayan sanarwar Holder cewa Gwamnatin Obama ba za ta sake kare DOMA Sashe na 3 a kotu ba, a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2011, Sanata Dianne Feinstein ya sake gabatar da Dokar Mutunta Aure a Majalisar Dattawa  kuma Nadler ya gabatar da shi a Majalisa.  Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattijai ya kada kuri'a 10-8 don goyon bayan ƙaddamar da kudirin zuwa zauren majalisar dattijai, amma masu sa ido sun yi imanin cewa ba zai sami kuri'u 60 da ake bukata don kawo karshen muhawara da kuma kawo shi a jefa kuri'a ba. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba