Dedovshchina

Dedovshchina (Russian: дедовщина, lit. 'sarautar tsofaffi', furcin Rasha:) al'ada ce ta al'ada da cin zarafi kananan 'yan takara a tarihi a cikin Sojojin Soviet kuma a yau a cikin Sojan Rasha, Sojojin cikin gida, da kuma  FSB, Masu Tsaro na Yankin, da kuma a wasu sojoji da sabis na musamman na tsoffin Jamhuriyoyin Soviet. Ya ƙunshi zalunci da manyan ma'aikata, NCOs, da jami'ai suka yi. Wani nau'i ne na dangantakar da ba ta doka ba tsakanin ma'aikatan soja; mafi yawan nau'ikan dangantakar da ta doka ba, wanda shine keta ka'idojin doka na dangantakar tsakanin masu shiga tsakani, bisa ga rarrabawar sojoji da sajan ta hanyar shiga da tsawon aiki.

Tushen al'adu na 'Dedovshchina' ya ƙunshi al'adu, al'adu da al'adun da aka ba da su daga mai shiga soja zuwa mai shiga soja. Sau da yawa (amma ba koyaushe ba), waɗannan al'adun da bukukuwan suna da alaƙa da wulakanci na girmamawa da mutunci na ma'aikatan da aka yi amfani da su daga baya ta ma'aikatan na baya. Dedovshchina ya ƙunshi ayyuka iri-iri na ƙasƙanci da wulakanci da ƙananan matsayi ke yi, daga yin ayyukan gida na manyan matsayi, zuwa tashin hankali kuma hanci lokacin mummunan cin zarafin jiki da tunani, ba kamar mummunan nau'i na zalunci ko azabtarwa ba, gami da azabtar da jima'i da fyade. Akwai lokuta inda sojoji suka ji rauni sosai ko kuma suka mutu.

 Magana 
An samo kalmar daga " ded " ( Russian:       ), wanda shi ne rundunar sojojin Rasha daidai da gramps, ma'ana sojoji bayan su na uku (ko na hudu, wanda kuma aka sani da  ( Russian:   ko "DMB" Russian:   )) rabin shekara na sabis na tilas, wanda ya samo asali daga ɓata kalmar " demobilisation " ( Russian:     – Sojoji sun yi amfani da wannan kalmar cikin kuskure wajen bayyana aikin yin murabus daga aikin soja; sojoji kuma suna nufin  rabin shekara na aikin soja, tare da kari  wanda ke nuna nau'in tsari, mulki, ko tsarin mulki (kwatanta Yezhovshchina, Zhdanovshchina ). Don haka, ana iya fassara shi a zahiri a matsayin " mulkin kakanni ". Wannan ainihin tsarin jama'a ne na manyan mutane dangane da matakin sabis, galibi ba a goyan bayan lamba ko doka ba, wanda kawai ke ba da fifiko ga masu shiga aikin da aka ɗaukaka zuwa manyan saje da yefreitor daban-daban.

 Abubuwan da ke cikin laifi 
Alakar da ba ta doka ba ita ce mafi girman ra'ayi fiye da  . Dangantakar da ba ta doka ba ta haɗa da dukkan nau'ikan alaƙa tsakanin ma'aikatan da ba a bayyana su a cikin ƙa'idodin soja na gabaɗaya (ciki har da dangantakar da ke tsakanin babba da na ƙasa, na ƙasa da na gaba). Dedovshchina a cikin kunkuntar ma'anarsa ya ƙunshi kawai waɗancan keta dokokin da ke da alaƙa da alaƙar da ke tsakanin manyan ma'aikata da ƙarami.

Bugu da kari, kimiyyar zamani na aikata laifuka da Dokar gudanarwa ta bambanta tsakanin laifuka masu aikata a cikin tsarin da ake kira  da "barikin hooliganism". Abubuwan da suka bambanta a nan shine bangaren ra'ayi na laifi. A cikin yanayin farko, manufar mai laifi tana da niyyar tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin tsohon soja, tilasta wa wani matashi soja ya yi ayyukan gida, yin wasu bukukuwan da suka shafi "al'adun dedovshchina", da dai sauransu. A cikin yanayin na biyu, ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba suna motsawa ta hanyar dangantakar ƙiyayya ta mutum, ƙasa, kabilanci, ƙiyayya na addini, dangantakar dukiya, da ba zato ba tsammani ta taso, da dai sauransu

  a matsayin sabon abu 
 involves the existence of unofficial hierarchical relationships that parallel the main formal ones, not excluding cases where officers are not only aware of  but also use it to maintain "order."Pronoza Andrii Viktorovych (2005). Dedovshchyna' as a socio-cultural phenomenon: mechanisms and form of reproduction". A dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Sociological Sciences. Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv. UDC 316.354:355.1 + 316.75

A cikin maganganun hukuma, wasu manyan jami'an soja suna magana game da matsalolin al'umma da aka sauya zuwa sojoji. Misali, an yi irin wannan sanarwa a cikin wata hira ta talabijin da Admiral Vyacheslav Popov, tsohon kwamandan Rundunar Sojan Arewa, yanzu memba ne na Majalisar Tarayya kuma memba na Kwamitin Tsaro da Tsaro.

Nazarin da ya dace ya nuna cewa  samfurin ayyukan tattalin arziki ne da ba na doka ba a cikin sojoji. A lokaci guda, dedovshchina kayan aiki ne na taimako a hannun shugabanci, wanda zai iya canza mafi yawan alhakinsa don kiyaye tsari ga shugabannin matsayi na al'ada, yana ba su wasu fa'idodi a madadin (kiran farko, halin laushi ga laifi, rage aikin jiki, da dai sauransu).Pronoza Andrii Viktorovych (2005). Dedovshchyna' as a socio-cultural phenomenon: mechanisms and form of reproduction". A dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Sociological Sciences. Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv. UDC 316.354:355.1 + 316.75

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba