Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta

Saliyo Nevada de Santa Marta (Turanci: Dutsen Mai Dusar ƙanƙara da aka lulluɓe na Saint Martha ) wani keɓantaccen tsauni ne a arewacin Colombia, dabam da kewayon Andes da ke ratsa arewacin ƙasar. Ya kai tsayin   kawai daga gabar tekun Caribbean, Saliyo Nevada ita ce mafi girman kewayon bakin teku a cikin wurare masu zafi, kuma ɗayan mafi girman jeri a duniya, kasancewa  ya fi guntu tsaunin Saint Elias a Kanada. Saliyo Nevada ta ƙunshi kusan    kuma yana aiki azaman tushen koguna 36. Kewayon yana cikin Sashen Magdalena, Cesar da La Guajira.

Matsayi mafi girma na ƙungiyar Sierra Nevada (da Colombia gabaɗaya) na iya zama ko dai Pico Cristóbal Colón ko Pico Simón Bolívar, duka a cikin ƙananan hukumomin Santa Marta da Aracataca; har yanzu ba a tantance wanda ya fi girma ba. Bayanan SRTM da taswirar ƙasa na gida sun nuna cewa ainihin tsaunuka kusan , ƙasa da    tsawo wanda ake yawan ambaton shi.

Saliyo Nevada ƙaƙƙarfan ƙungiya ce, ƙanƙanta a cikin yanki, kuma gabaɗaya tana kewaye da filaye masu tsayi ƙasa da . Ko da yake yana da alaƙa da Tropical Andes , Ba za a iya isa babban kashin bayan Andes daga Saliyo Nevada ba tare da faduwa ƙasa da wannan  Wannan ya sanya matsayi mafi girma a duniya karo na biyar mafi shahara a duniya.
Yawancin kololuwa a cikin Saliyo Nevada ba su iya gani tare da Cerro Paramillo,  kololuwa  a Sashen Antioquia. Wannan yana nuna layin hangen nesa kai tsaye na sama da , an ruwaito shine mafi tsayi tsakanin kowane maki biyu a saman Duniya. 

 Yanayi 
An ƙididdige cewa yawan ruwan sama na shekara shine  a tsayin  .  Yanayin zafi ya bambanta tsakanin  . 

 Halittar halittu 
Dajin dajin na wurare masu zafi yana kunshe da bishiyu masu dawwama, tare da alfarwar da ta kai tsakanin . Akwai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri da yawan jama'a na epiphytes da lianas,  kuma fiye da nau'in 3,000 na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna samuwa a yankin.  'Yan asalin ƙasar sun yi abin sha daga 'ya'yan itacen dabino Attalea maripa da aka samu a ƙananan tudu. 

Daga cikin nau'ikan halittu 340 na Colombia, 44 ana samun su a wurin shakatawa, misali nau'ikan nau'ikan hummingbirds guda bakwai. Daga cikin nau'ikan 3,057 da ke cikin hadari, 44 ana samun su a nan.  Yankin yana gida ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye 440,  ciki har da baƙar fata-baƙar fata-quail, sarki ungulu, Andean condor, Santa Marta warbler da Santa Marta parakeet.  Dabbobin da aka samu a wurin shakatawa sun hada da: tapir, cougar, jaguar, squirrel, Transandinomys talamancae, otter, da brocket deer. 

Saliyon Nevada de Santa Marta gida ce ga yawan ecoregions, waɗanda suka bambanta da haɓakawa.

Yankin Guajira–Barranquilla xeric scrub yana kusa da gabar tekun Caribbean zuwa arewacin kewayo. Busassun dazuzzukan Sinú Valley sun rufe ƙananan gangaren gangaren, har zuwa tsayin .

Dajin Santa Marta montane yana kwance sama da . An raba dazuzzukan montane da sauran dazuzzukan dazuzzukan ta wurin busassun dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu tsayi da ciyayi na xeric, kuma suna da adadi mai yawa na nau'in endemic . Gandun daji na montane yana da al'ummomin tsire-tsire iri-iri, waɗanda aka bambanta da tsayi da ruwan sama; dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan qasar sun rufe lungu da sako na arewa da yamma na kewayon tsakanin , da gabas da kudu mafi bushewa daga  . Sama da  yanki ne na wucin gadi na gandun daji na kananan bishiyoyi da dabino. Dazuzzukan gajimare suna faruwa sama da : dazuzzukan Sub-Andean daga  samar da alfarwa  tsayi, yayin da gandun daji na Andean mafi girma, tsakanin , girma zuwa  a tsayi.

Santa Marta Páramo, bel mai tsayi mai tsayi na ciyayi na montane da ciyayi da ke da alaƙa da marshes da facin acid, ya mamaye yankin tsakanin  . Santa Marta Páramo ita ce yankin arewa mafi girma na Páramo a Kudancin Amurka, wanda ke faruwa tare da bel na Andes. Sama da  yana kwance hular dusar ƙanƙara ta dindindin.

 National Natural Park 
Saurara Nevada de Santa Marta National Park ( Spanish   ) shi ne wurin shakatawa na biyu mafi tsufa a Colombia, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1964.  Yana cikin kewayon Cordillera Oriental, tsakanin sassan La Guajira, Magdalena da Cesar, a cikin tsaunin tsaunin Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Wuri ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma yawon bude ido, saboda yana ba da yanayi daban-daban, ƙasa, flora da muhallin dabbobi, kama daga rairayin bakin teku zuwa kololuwar dusar ƙanƙara. Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Park Park ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wuri na musamman a duniya, saboda keɓewarta daga Andes, kuma mafi girman kolonta (  sama da matakin teku) yana da nisan  nesa da teku.

Duk darussan ruwa da suka samo asali a cikin filin shakatawa na kasa zuwa tekun Caribbean ko kai tsaye (misali kogin Ranchería, Don Diego, Palomino, Buritaca, Guachaca, Cañas, da dai sauransu) ko ta hanyar tsarin kogin Magdalena wanda ya hada da Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, (misali koguna Cesar, Ariguani, Fundación, Frío, da dai sauransu). Kusan mutane miliyan 1.2 ne suka dogara da ruwan da kogin Saliyo de Santa Marta ke bayarwa.   A halin yanzu akwai kimanin mutane 30,000 daga kabilun Koguis, Arhuacos, Kankuamos da Wiwa da ke zaune a yankin.  Wannan wurin shakatawa kuma gida ne ga ragowar Al'adun Tairona. A cikin 1979, UNESCO ta ayyana wurin shakatawa na Biosphere Reserve .   Wani rahoto na 2013 na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta game da wuraren da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba ya bayyana wurin shakatawa a matsayin wurin shakatawa mafi girma a duniya don barazanar nau'in. 

 Geology 
Ya ƙunshi duwatsun metamorphic na Cretaceous (mafi yawa schists da gneisses ) da kutsawa na quartzdioritic na shekaru uku. Quaternary na Saliyo Nevada de Santa Marta galibi ana wakilta ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa - cikewar kwarin kwarin da ajiyar bakin teku na kwanan nan. Gaɓar tekun arewa maso yammacin Saliyo de Santa Marta sun ɓarke, suna nuna sauye-sauyen manyan tudu da zurfin arewa-maso-maso-maso-Yamma da ke ci gaba da sarrafa teku. Manyan biranen suna yawanci  dutsen dutse ya yanke zuwa schists da granites, yayin da ebayments gaban kwarin alluvial. Tekun gaɓar teku yawanci tudu ne, rairayin bakin teku masu annuri waɗanda suka ƙunshi yashi mai ƙaƙƙarfan yashi zuwa ɓangarorin da suka shuɗe daga tsaunukan da ke kusa da su. Faɗin rairayin bakin teku na aljihu da tombolos sun zama ruwan dare tare da ɓangarori masu yawa da raguwar yazara da tari . 

 Fauna 
nau'in nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe guda uku waɗanda suke asalin ƙasar Saliyo Nevada de Santa Marta ana kiransu da suna: Anolis santamartae, ƙaƙara; Atractus sanctaemartae, maciji; da Lepidoblepharis sanctaemartae, kadangare. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. . ("St. Marta", p. 255).

Wurin yana gida ga nau'ikan tsuntsayen endemic kusan 20.

 Mazauna 
Saliyo Nevada de Santa Marta gida ne ga ragowar al'adun Tairona na Amirkawa ; Arhuacos, Koguis, Wiwas da Kankuamos, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin Resguardos Indigenas (ajiya na asali) da ke tsakiyar tsaunuka.

 Matsalolin samun damar kwanan nan 
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.  samun damar zuwa ga koli mafi girma ya kasance da wahala sosai, kuma wannan halin yana ci gaba,  ko da yake akwai alamar hawan Pico Cristóbal Colón a watan Disamba na 2015.  Wannan ya faru ne saboda adawa daga mazauna yankin kudancin dutsen don taimakawa da kuma ba da damar masu hawan dutse su gano wurin. Taimakon su da izininsu yana da mahimmanci don samun nasara a taron. Har ila yau rikicin makami ya tabbatar da kawo cikas ga shiga wurin, duk kuwa da shirin zaman lafiyar da aka yi tun daga shekarar 2016.  Iyakar lafiya kuma madaidaiciyar hanya ita ce daga Santa Marta City zuwa Cuchillo de San Lorenzo, amma wannan shine kawai zuwa  (ko da yake yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na kololuwa).

 Manazarta 

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