'Yanci a Duniya

Freedom in the World bincike ne na shekara-shekara da rahoto daga Ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba ta Amurka Freedom House wacce ke auna matakin 'yanci da' 'Yancin siyasa a kowace al'umma da kuma mahimman yankuna masu alaƙa da rikici a duniya.

 Asalin da amfani 
Raymond Gastil ne ya kaddamar da 'Yanci a Duniya a shekarar 1973. Yana samar da ƙididdigar shekara-shekara wanda ke wakiltar matakan haƙƙin siyasa da 'yancin farar hula a kowace jiha da yanki, a kan sikelin daga 1 (mafi yawan kyauta) zuwa 7 (mafi ƙarancin kyauta). Dangane da ƙididdigar, ana rarraba ƙasashe a matsayin "Free", "Partly Free", ko "Ba Free". Sau da yawa masu bincike suna amfani da rahoton don auna dimokuradiyya kuma yana da alaƙa sosai da wasu matakan dimokuradiya kamar jerin bayanan Polity.

Ana bayar da rahoton matsayi na Freedom House a cikin kafofin watsa labarai kuma masu binciken siyasa suna amfani da su azaman tushe. Masu sukar da magoya bayansu sun kimanta gine-ginen su da amfani da su. name="AP03">

Matsayin ya fito ne daga ' Yanci a Duniya 2019,  name="FITW-TG-2019"> 2020,  name="FITW-TG-2020"> 2021,  name="FITW-TG-2021"> da binciken 2022, kowane rahoto yana rufe shekarar da ta gabata. Matsakaicin kowane nau'i biyu na ƙididdiga akan haƙƙin siyasa da 'yancin ɗan adam yana ƙayyade matsayin gabaɗayan "Kyauta" (1.0-2.5), "Kyautatawa" (3.0-5.0), ko "Ba Kyauta" (5.5-7.0). 

Asterisk (*) yana nuna ƙasashe waɗanda suke "Dimokuradiyya ta zaɓe". Don samun cancanta a matsayin "dimokuradiyya ta zaɓe", jihar dole ne ta gamsu da ka'idoji masu zuwa:

 Tsarin siyasa na gasa, jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa;
 'Yancin kuri'a na manya ga dukkan' yan ƙasa ba tare da yanke hukunci ba (wasu jihohi na iya kara azabtarwa da kuma rinjayar mutanen da ke da yanke hukunci ta hanyar hana su daga tsarin dimokuradiyya);
 Zaben da ake gudanarwa akai-akai a cikin yanayin sirri na zabe, tsaro na zabe mai ma'ana, da kuma rashin cin hanci da rashawa na masu jefa kuri'a wanda ke haifar da sakamakon da ba su wakilci nufin jama'a ba; da kuma
 Muhimmin damar jama'a na manyan jam'iyyun siyasa zuwa masu jefa kuri'a ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da kuma ta hanyar yakin neman zabe na siyasa gaba ɗaya.

Dole ne dimokuradiyya ta zaɓe ta sami maki 7 ko fiye daga cikin 12 a cikin 'yancin siyasa A (Ci gaban Zabe), jimlar jimlar 20 a cikin ƙimar haƙƙin siyasa da jimlar jimillar 30 a cikin ƙididdigar' yancin farar hula.

Kalmar Freedom House "dimokuradiyya ta zaɓe" ta bambanta da "dimokurariyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi" a cikin cewa ƙarshen kuma yana nuna kasancewar yawancin 'yanci na farar hula. A cikin binciken, duk ƙasashe masu 'yanci sun cancanci zama masu jefa kuri'a da masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Sabanin haka, wasu kasashe masu 'yanci sun cancanci zama masu jefa kuri'a, amma ba masu sassaucin ra'ayi ba.

 Duniya 
yana nuna "yancin jama'a a cikin ƙasa ko yanki" ko "yancin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasa o yanki".

PR = 'yancin siyasa, CL =' yancin jama'a

 2025 
Country (2025)ElectoraldemocracyPR ratingCL rating name="Ratings 2013-2024" TotalOverallstatusAfghanistan77615Albania33682840Algeria65311021Andorra11933855Angola65281018Antigua and Barbuda22833251Argentina22853550Armenia44542331Australia11953956Austria11933756Azerbaijan77707Bahamas12903852Bahrain7612210Bangladesh54451629Barbados11943757Belarus77716Belgium11963957Belize21883553Benin43601842Bhutan23683236Bolivia33652639Bosnia and Herzegovina53521735Botswana22753144Brazil23723042Brunei6527720Bulgaria22773245Burkina Faso7525322Burundi7615411Cambodia7523419Cameroon661569Canada11973958Cape Verde11923854Central African Republic77514Chad7615114Chile11953857China769 -211Colombia23703139Comoros54421626Congo (Democratic Republic)7618414Congo (Republic)7617215Costa Rica11913853Croatia22823448Cuba761019Cyprus11913853Czech Republic11953758Denmark11974057Djibouti7524519Dominica11923755Dominican Republic33682741Ecuador33652837Egypt6618612El Salvador54471730Equatorial Guinea77505Eritrea77312Estonia11963957Eswatini7617116Ethiopia6618810Fiji33692841Finland111004060France12893851Gabon7521219The Gambia44502228Georgia44552134Germany11954055Ghana22803545Greece22853550Grenada12893752Guatemala44481929Guinea6530723Guinea-Bissau54411526Guyana22743044Haiti6524618Honduras44482226Hungary33652441Iceland11953857India24633132Indonesia34562828Iran771147Iraq56311615Ireland11973958Israel23733439Italy11893653Ivory Coast44491930Jamaica22803347Japan11964056Jordan55341222Kazakhstan7523518Kenya44512229Kiribati11893653Kosovo34602832Kuwait6531714Kyrgyzstan7526422Laos7613211Latvia12893752Lebanon54391326Lesotho23663036Liberia24643034Libya761028Liechtenstein21903357Lithuania12893851Luxembourg11973859Madagascar44552134Malawi33652837Malaysia44532231Maldives45432023Mali6524618Malta22873552Marshall Islands11933855Mauritania55391524Mauritius22863551Mexico34592633Micronesia11923755Moldova33602535Monaco31822557Mongolia12843648Montenegro33692742Morocco55371324Mozambique54411229Myanmar77707Namibia32732845Nauru23753243Nepal34622834Netherlands11973958New Zealand11994059Nicaragua7614212Niger7530525Nigeria45442024North Korea77303North Macedonia33672839Norway11993960Oman6524618Pakistan55321220Palau11923755Panama22833548Papua New Guinea43612239Paraguay33632637Peru33672839Philippines34582533Poland22823448Portugal11963957Qatar6525718Romania22823448Russia761248Rwanda6621714Samoa22843252San Marino11973958São Tomé and Príncipe22843549Saudi Arabia76918Senegal23693039Serbia43561838Seychelles22803446Sierra Leone43592336Singapore44481929Slovakia11893653Slovenia11963957Solomon Islands32752847Somalia77826South Africa22813447South Korea22813249South Sudan771 -34Spain11903753Sri Lanka34582632Saint Kitts and Nevis21893554Saint Lucia11913853Saint Vincent and the Grenadines11903654Sudan772 -35Suriname22803446Sweden11994059Switzerland11963957Syria765 -38Tajikistan77505Tanzania65351124Thailand65341123Timor-Leste23723339Togo54411427Tonga22803050Trinidad and Tobago22823349Tunisia64441133Turkey56331716Turkmenistan77101Tuvalu11933756Uganda65341024Ukraine44512328United Arab Emirates7618513United Kingdom11923953United States22843450Uruguay11964056Uzbekistan7612210Vanuatu22823250Venezuela7613013Vietnam7620416Yemen761019Zambia44532231Zimbabwe6526917

 Kafin 2025 

 Yankunan da ƙasashe masu ƙarancin karɓa 
Yankin (2025) JimillarMatsayi na gaba ɗayaAbkhazia391722Yankin Gaza2 -24Hong Kong40931Kashmir ta Indiya381721Arewacin Cyprus762749Kashmir na Pakistan30921Kasar Rasha da ta mamaye Ukraine2 -13Somaliland472126Ossetia ta Kudu1239Taiwan943856Tibet0 -22Transnistria17512Yammacin Kogin22418Yammacin Sahara4 -37
Kasar2014201520162017201820202021Matsayi na gaba ɗayaMatsayi na gaba ɗayaMatsayi na gaba ɗayaMatsayi na gaba ɗayaMatsayi na gaba ɗayaMatsayi na gaba ɗayaPtsMatsayi na gaba ɗayaPts45454545451723Wani bangare401723Wani bangare404376767676 -210Ba haka ba8 -29Ba haka ba7Donetsk PR da Luhansk PR (da ake jayayya)  -16Ba haka ba5 -15Ba haka ba4Yankin Gaza (Palestine) 767676767638Ba haka ba1138Ba haka ba1152525252521639Wani bangare551537Wani bangare52Kashmir ta Indiya (India) 4444444444820Ba haka ba28720Ba haka ba27Azad Kashmir (Pakistan) 6565656565919Ba haka ba28919Ba haka ba2822222222223150'Yanci'812850'Yanci'7812121145455555451724Wani bangare411824Wani bangare42767676767628Ba haka ba1028Ba haka ba1011931194Tibet (China) 7777777777 -23Ba haka ba1 -23Ba haka ba16666666666913Ba haka ba22812Ba haka ba20Yammacin Kogin (Palestine) 6565657575421Ba haka ba25421Ba haka ba257777777777 -37Ba haka ba4 -37Ba haka ba4

 Abubuwan da suka gabata 
Tsohon shigarwa daga Freedom in the World . Yawancin yankuna ne da aka kara a cikin rahoton 1978 na 1977 kuma sun sami ɗaukar hoto na ƙarshe a cikin rahoton 2000 na wannan shekarar. Sauran yankuna da ke da kwanakin daban-daban an lura da su a ƙasa. Matsayinsu sun dogara ne akan matsayi na karshe kafin su daina ɗaukar hoto.

 'Yanci' 


 Wani bangare na 'yanci 


 Bincike 
Akwai wasu muhawara game da tsaka-tsaki na Freedom House da kuma hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Raymond Gastil da abokan aikinsa suka rubuta. An tattauna tsakatsaki da nuna bambanci na alamun haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa na Kenneth A. Bollen. Bollen ya rubuta cewa "An yi la'akari da waɗannan zarge-zarge tare ya nuna cewa wasu ƙasashe na iya zama ba daidai ba a kan matakan Gastil. Koyaya, babu wani daga cikin zarge-sarge da ya nuna nuna son zuciya a cikin duk ƙididdigar. Yawancin shaidun sun ƙunshi shaidar labarai na ƙananan lokuta. Ko akwai tsari ko ƙididdigari a cikin ƙididdigaren Gastil tambaya ce" (Bollen, 1986, shafi na 586).  name="Bollen"  Alamar 'yanci ta ''Yanci a Duniya' tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da kyau (akalla 80%) tare da wasu alamun dimokuradiyya guda uku da aka yi nazari a Mainwaring (2001, shafi na 53).  name="springerlink.com">  

 Ra'ayi na ra'ayi ko tsaka-tsaki 
A cikin bincikensa na 1986, Bollen ya tattauna sake dubawa game da ma'auni na haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da lissafin da aka ruwaito a cikin Freedom in the World (Bollen, 1986, shafi na 585). Gastil (1990), wanda ya bayyana cewa "yawanci irin wannan zargi ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyi game da Freedom House maimakon cikakken nazarin ƙididdigar binciken", ƙarshen da Giannone ya yi jayayya. Ma'anar Freedom in Gastil (1982) da Freedom House (1990) sun jaddada 'yanci maimakon yin amfani da' yanci, a cewar Adam Przeworski, wanda ya ba da misali mai zuwa: A Amurka, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin kafa jam'iyyun siyasa da jefa kuri'a, duk da haka har ma a zaben shugaban kasa rabin' yan Amurka ne kawai; a Amurka, "kungiyoyin biyu suna magana a cikin haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci", in ji Przeworska (2003, shafi na .  name="AP03">
Przeworski, Adam (2003).  

Ƙarin zarge-zarge na nuna bambanci na akida ya sa Freedom House ta fitar da wannan sanarwa ta 2010:Freedom House ba ta kula da ra'ayi na al'ada game da 'yanci. Hanyar binciken ta samo asali ne daga ka'idojin ka'idoji na 'yancin siyasa da' yancin bil'adama, wanda aka samo asali ne sosai daga sassan da suka dace na Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Wadannan ka'idoji suna aiki ga dukkan ƙasashe da yankuna, ba tare da la'akari da wurin ƙasa ba, kabilanci ko addini, ko matakin ci gaban tattalin arziki.Mainwaring et alia (2001, shafi na 52)  name="springerlink.com">Mainwaring, S.; Brinks, D.; Pérez-Liñán, A.B. (2001).  ya rubuta cewa ƙididdigar Freedom House tana da "ra'ayoyi biyu na tsari: ƙididdigal ga masu hagu sun lalace ta hanyar la'akari da siyasa, kuma canje-canje a cikin ƙididdigarsa wani lokacin ana motsa su ta hanyar canje-canje ne a cikin ainihin yanayin. " Duk da haka, lokacin da aka kimanta a cikin ƙasashen Latin Amurka a kowace shekara, ƙididdigaren Freedom House yana da alaƙa sosai da ƙididdigatattun Adam Przeworski da kuma tare da ƙididdiga na marubuta da juna: Ƙididdigar su duka suna da ƙididdigewarsu na 0.8 .8 .    name="springerlink.com" 

Kamar yadda aka nakalto a baya, Bollen ya soki binciken da ya gabata na Freedom in the World a matsayin labari da ba a kammala ba; sun tayar da batutuwan da ke buƙatar ƙarin bincike ta hanyar hanyoyin kimiyya maimakon labara. Bollen ya yi nazarin batun son zuciya ta hanyar amfani da kididdigar multivariate. Yin amfani da tsarin su na bincike don ma'aunin haƙƙin ɗan adam, Bollen da Paxton sun kiyasta cewa hanyar Gastil tana haifar da son zuciya na -0.38 (s.d.) akan ƙasashen Marxist-Leninist da kuma mafi girman son zuciya, +0.5 s.d., suna son ƙasashen Kirista; irin wannan sakamako da aka gudanar don hanyar Sussman (Bollen da Pazton, 2000, shafi na 585). Sabanin haka, wata hanyar da mai sukar 'Yanci a Duniya ya haifar da nuna bambanci ga ƙasashen Hagu a cikin shekarun 1980 na akalla +0.8 s.d., nuna bambanci wanda "ya dace da binciken da aka yi cewa masana kimiyya na siyasa sun fi dacewa da siyasar hagu fiye da yawan jama'a" (Bollen da Paxton, shafi na 585). 

 Rashin son kai 
Masana kimiyya na siyasa Andrew T. Little da Anne Meng sun yi jayayya cewa bayanan da Freedom House da Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) suka samar sun dogara sosai da ra'ayi, sabanin manufa, matakan kuma ta haka ne aka lalata su da son zuciya.

 Amfani da bincike na ra'ayi 
Criticisms of the reception and uses of the Freedom in the World report have been noted by Diego Giannone: 

 "Tattara ra'ayi", kalmar mahimmanci ta Giovanni Sartori don gazawar hanyar da aka saba da ita a cikin nazarin zamantakewa. Giannone ya ba da rahoton a matsayin misali cewa, a cewar Landman da Hausermann (2003), "an yi amfani da alamar FH a matsayin kayan aiki don auna dimokuradiyya, kyakkyawan shugabanci, da haƙƙin ɗan adam, don haka samar da shimfida ra'ayi wanda shine babban dalilin 'asarar daidaito': a takaice, kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da shi don auna komai, a ƙarshe, ba zai iya nuna bambanci da komai ba. "
 Matsalar haɗuwa. Giannone ya nakalto ƙarshen Scoble da Wiseberg (1981) cewa "ƙididdigar ƙimar 'yanci na farar hula na 4 da ƙimar' yancin siyasa na 2 daidai yake da jimlar ƙimar' Yancin farar hula ta 2 da ƙimar 'Yancin siyasa ta 4 duk da cewa fassarar waɗannan haɗuwa daban-daban sun bambanta". name="Scoble69">Scoble, Harry and Laurie Wiseberg, Ved Nanda, Ved, James Scarritt, and George Shepherd (eds) (1981), "Problems of Comparative Research in Human Rights", Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and NGO Strategies, pp. 147–171, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, . 
 "Rashin takamaiman da tsauraran gine-gine" da kuma "rashin isasshen matakin nuna gaskiya da sake fasalin ma'auni", na farko da aka yi nuni da Scoble et alli (1981) kuma na ƙarshe ga Hadenius da Teorell (2005).  Don tallafawa ƙarshen, ya kuma nakalto ƙarshen Munck da Verkuilen (2002) cewa "dukkanin bayanan da Freedom House ta bayar dole ne a karɓa da yawa bisa bangaskiya",  saboda abubuwan da "ba a ba da ka'idojin ƙididdiga ba, kuma ba a gano tushen bayanai da isasshen daidaito ba, kuma saboda ba a ba da bayanan da aka rarraba ga malamai masu zaman kansu ba. "name="Munck">Munck, Gerardo L. and Verkuilen, Jay, CPS 2002.pdf "Conceptualising and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices" , Comparative Political Studies, vol. name="Giannone69" 

 Jerin lokaci 
A cikin "Sashe da akidar siyasa a cikin ma'auni na dimokuradiyya: shari'ar Freedom House" (2010) wanda ya sake nazarin canje-canje ga hanyar tun daga 1990, Diego Giannone ya kammala cewa "saboda canje-canje a cikin hanyar da lokaci mai tsauri tsakanin bangarorin da siyasa, bayanan FH ba sa ba da jerin lokuta marasa katsewa da siyasa, don kada a yi amfani da su don nazarin lokaci-lokaci har ma don ci gaban ra'ayoyin farko.

A kan wannan batu, shafin yanar gizon Freedom House ya amsa cewa sun "yi wasu canje-canje masu sauƙi don daidaitawa da ra'ayoyin da suka samo asali game da haƙƙin siyasa da 'yanci na jama'a. A lokaci guda, ba a sake fasalin bayanan jerin lokaci ba, kuma ana gabatar da duk wani canji ga hanyar don tabbatar da kwatankwacin ƙididdigar daga shekara zuwa shekara".

 Dubi kuma 

 Dimokuradiyya a Gabas ta Tsakiya
 Lissafin Dimokuradiyya
 'Yanci a Duniya ta Yankin
 Lissafin 'Yanci a Duniya
 Jerin alamun 'yanci
 Jerin bayanan tsauraran ra'ayi

 Manazarta 

 Bayani 

Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba