Dokar jama'a (doka ta yau da kullun)

Dokar farar hula babbar “reshe ce ta doka”, a cikin tsarin shari’a na gama gari kamar na Ingila da Wales da kuma Amurka, inda ya bambanta da dokar laifuka .  W J Stewart and Robert Burgess. Collins Dictionary of Law. HarperCollins Publishers. 1996. . Page 68. Definition 4 of "civil law". Dokokin masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da laifuffukan farar hula da kwangilolin ƙima, wani ɓangare ne na dokar farar hula,  kamar yadda dokar kwangila da dokar dukiya (ban da laifukan da suka shafi dukiya, kamar sata ko ɓarna ).  Dokokin farar hula na iya, kamar dokar laifuka, a raba su zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan doka da ka'idojin tsari .  Hakkoki da ayyukan mutane ( na halitta da na shari'a ) a tsakanin su shine babban abin da ya shafi dokar farar hula.   Dokar gama gari ita ce a yau a matsayin tushen tushen bincike na ka'idar kamar yadda ta kasance. A duk duniya masu magana da Ingilishi, yawancin malaman doka, falsafa, siyasa, da tarihi suna nazarin tushen ka'idar da aikace-aikacen dokar gama gari.  Idan aka yi amfani da shi a tsarin tsarin shari'a na gama gari, kalmar dokar farar hula tana nufin cewa reshe na doka ba ya haɗa da dokar laifi.  

Tsarin doka na gama-gari, wanda ya samo asali a cikin tsakiyar Ingila, galibi ana bambanta da tsarin shari'ar farar hula wanda ya samo asali daga Faransa da Italiya. Ganin cewa dokar farar hula tana ɗaukar nau'ikan lambobin shari'a kamar lambar Napoleonic, dokar gama gari ta fito ne daga dokar shari'ar da ba ta dace ba wacce ta taso sakamakon yanke hukunci na shari'a, tare da sanin hukunce-hukuncen kotuna a matsayin abin da ya dace da doka. 

Shari'ar farar hula tana nufin shari'ar shari'a da aka gudanar don warware takaddamar da ke ba da lada ga wanda ake zargi da laifi da neman gyara ko biyan diyya . Ya hada da tsarin da wani bangare zai sanar da daya cewa suna da dalilin daukar mataki.  Sau da yawa ana ba da shawarar cewa ana gudanar da shari'ar farar hula don manufar samun ramuwa ga rauni, don haka ana iya bambanta da shari'ar laifuka, wanda manufarsa ita ce azabtar da shi. Koyaya, ana iya bayar da ɓangarorin misalan lahani ko ladabtarwa a cikin shari'ar farar hula. Har ila yau, a da yana yiwuwa masu ba da labari na gama-gari su kai kara don a hukunta su a cikin shari'ar farar hula. 

Saboda wasu kotuna suna da hukunce-hukuncen farar hula da na laifuka, ba za a iya ayyana shari’ar da ake yi a zaman kotunan farar hula ba.  A {asar Amirka, ana amfani da kalmar "kotunan farar hula" a matsayin gajeren hannu don "kotunan shari'a a cikin shari'o'in jama'a".   A cikin Ingila da sauran ƙasashe na gama gari, nauyin hujja a cikin shari'ar jama'a shine, gabaɗaya - tare da keɓancewa da yawa kamar shari'ar ƙaddamarwa don raina farar hula - hujja akan ma'auni na yuwuwar . Keane and McKeown. The Modern Law of Evidence. Ninth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2012. . p 108. A cikin shari'o'in jama'a a cikin dokar Maldives, nauyin hujja yana buƙatar mai gabatar da kara ya shawo kan kotu game da haƙƙin mai gabatar da kara ga agajin da ake nema. Wannan yana nufin cewa mai ƙara dole ne ya tabbatar da kowane ɓangaren da'awar, ko dalilin aiki don murmurewa. 

An dai bayyana tsadar gudanar da shari'ar a wani lokaci a matsayin wuce gona da iri dangane da ma'aunin batun da za a warware. Inda farashin ya yi yawa, za su iya hana samun adalci. 

 Manazarta 

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