Cibiyar Sierra

Sierra Club kungiya ce ta muhalli ta Amurka tare da surori a duk Jihohin Amurka 50, Washington DC, da Puerto Rico . An kafa kulob din a shekara ta 1892, a San Francisco, ta hanyar mai kiyayewa John Muir. Samfurin ci gaba ne, yana daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli na farko a duniya. Ya yi kira ga manufofi don inganta Makamashi mai ɗorewa da rage dumamar yanayi, da kuma adawa da amfani da kwal, wutar lantarki, da makamashin nukiliya. Tallafin siyasa gabaɗaya yana goyon bayan 'yan takara masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ci gaba a cikin zaɓuɓɓuka.

Baya ga bayar da shawarwari na siyasa, kungiyar Sierra Club tana shirya ayyukan nishaɗi na waje, kuma a tarihi ta kasance sanannen kungiya don Hawan dutse da hawan dutsen a Amurka. Mambobin Sierra Club sun fara Tsarin Yosemite Decimal System na hawa, kuma suna da alhakin adadi mai yawa na farkon ci gaban hawa. Yawancin wannan aikin ya faru ne a cikin sunan kungiyar, Sierra Nevada . Kungiyar Sierra tana aiki ne kawai a Amurka kuma tana da matsayin doka na 501 (c) (4)  kungiyar jin dadin jama'a. Sierra Club Canada wani bangare ne daban.

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 
Manufar da kungiyar Sierra Club ta bayyana ita ce "Bincike, jin daɗi, da kare wuraren daji na duniya; Yin aiki da inganta amfani da alhakin yanayin halittu da albarkatun duniya; Don ilimantarwa da shigar da bil'adama don karewa da dawo da ingancin yanayin yanayi da na ɗan adam; da kuma amfani da duk hanyoyin da suka dace don aiwatar da waɗannan manufofi". 

Kungiyar Sierra Club tana karkashin jagorancin kwamitin daraktoci mai mambobi 15. Kowace shekara, ana zabar daraktoci biyar zuwa wa'adin shekaru uku, kuma duk membobin kulob din sun cancanci yin zabe. Kwamitin ne ke zabar shugaban kasa a kowace shekara daga cikin mambobinta. Darakta mai zartarwa yana gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun na kungiyar. Michael Brune, tsohon na Rainforest Action Network, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta na kungiyar daga shekara ta 2010.  Brune ya gaji Carl Pope. Paparoma ya sauka a cikin rashin jin daɗi cewa ƙungiyar ta ɓace daga ƙa'idodinta na asali.

A watan Janairun 2023, tsohon shugaban NAACP Ben Jealous ya zama sabon darektan zartarwa na kungiyar, wanda ya sanya shi Ba'amurke na farko da ya cika rawar.

An shirya kungiyar Sierra Club a matakin kasa da na jihar tare da surori masu suna ga jihohi 50 da yankuna biyu na Amurka (Puerto Rico da Washington DC) California ita ce jihar da ke da surori da yawa da ake kira ga yankunan California. Babi na kulob din suna ba da izini ga ƙungiyoyi da kwamitocin yanki, wasu daga cikinsu suna da dubban mambobi. Wadannan surori sun kara ba da damar sassan sha'awa na musamman (misali kyamara, fita), kwamitoci (tsaro da siyasa), da kuma rundunonin aiki a kan batun guda tare da wani nau'in yanayin ƙasa. Duk da yake ana daidaita ayyukan da yawa a matakin gida, kulob din kungiya ce mai haɗin kai; yanke shawara da aka yi a matakin ƙasa suna da fifiko, gami da cirewa da ƙirƙirar surori, da kuma daukar ma'aikata da cire mambobi."Policies". 

An san kulob din da shiga cikin manyan ayyuka guda biyu: ingantawa da jagorantar ayyukan nishaɗi na waje, wanda ake yi a ko'ina cikin Amurka amma da farko a California (musamman Kudancin California), da kuma gwagwarmayar siyasa don inganta abubuwan muhalli. An bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "manyan kungiyoyin muhalli" na Amurka,  kungiyar Sierra Club tana ba da amincewa ga kowane dan takara don zaɓaɓɓen mukamin.

 Tarihi 

 Kafawa 
Jarida Robert Underwood Johnson ya yi aiki tare da John Muir a kan nasarar kamfen ɗin da aka samu don ƙirƙirar babban wurin shakatawa na Yosemite da ke kewaye da ƙaramin wurin shakatawa wanda aka kirkira a 1864. Wannan kamfen ɗin ya yi nasara a cikin 1890. Tun a farkon 1889, Johnson ya ƙarfafa Muir ya kafa "ƙungiya" don taimakawa kare Sierra Nevada, kuma an gudanar da tarurruka na farko don tsara kungiyar. Sauran da ke cikin shirin farko sun hada da mai zane William Keith, Willis Linn Jepson, Warren Olney, Willard Drake Johnson, Joseph LeConte da David Starr Jordan .

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1892, matashi farfesa a fannin tsire-tsire, Willis Linn Jepson daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, ya taimaka wa Muir da lauya Warren Olney sun ƙaddamar da sabuwar kungiyar da aka tsara bayan gabashin Appalachian Mountain Club. Mambobin Yarjejeniyar Sierra Club sun zabi Muir a matsayin shugaban kasa, ofishin da ya rike har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1914.

Manufofin farko na kulob din sun haɗa da kafa wuraren shakatawa na Glacier da Mount Rainier, tabbatar da majalisar dokokin California don ba da Yosemite Valley ga gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka, da kuma adana gandun daji na California.

Muir ya raka Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt ta hanyar Yosemite a cikin 1903, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka majalisar dokokin California ta ba da Yosemite Valley da Mariposa Grove ga gwamnatin tarayya. Kungiyar Sierra ta lashe nasarar farko ta lobbying tare da kirkirar wurin shakatawa na biyu na kasar, bayan Yellowstone a 1872. 

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba