Yanayin Alps

Alps sun samar da babban tsaunuka da ke mamaye Tsakiyar Turai, gami da sassan Italiya, Faransa, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Slovenia, Jamus da Hungary.
Wannan labarin ya bayyana iyakokin Alps gaba ɗaya da kuma raguwa na kewayon, yana bin hanyar babban sarkar Alps kuma yana tattauna tabkuna da kankara da aka samu a yankin.

 Yankin 
A wasu yankuna, kamar gefen Basin Po, gefen Alps ba shi da tabbas, amma inda Alps ke kan iyaka da wasu yankuna masu tsaunuka ko tuddai, iyakar na iya zama da wuya a sanya. Wadannan kewayon makwabta sun hada da Apennines, Massif Central, Jura, Black Forest, Bohemian Forest, Carpathians, da duwatsu na Balkan Peninsula.

Yankin tsakanin Apennines da Alps yawanci ana ɗaukar shi Colle di Cadibona, a 435 m sama da matakin teku, sama da Savona a bakin tekun Italiya. 

Rhône ya samar da iyaka mai kyau tsakanin Alps da aka kafa da kuma Massif Central da aka kafa ta hanyar dutsen wuta. Da yake motsawa, Rhône ya juya zuwa gabas kusa da Lyon, kuma ya wuce kudu da kewayon Jura kafin ya kai Tafkin Geneva. Yankin ƙasa mai laushi ya kai daga can zuwa Tafkin Neuchâtel, yana ci gaba da iyaka, tare da Jura zuwa arewa maso yamma da Alps zuwa kudu maso gabas. Daga Tafkin Neuchâtel zuwa haɗuwa da Rhine, Aare ya zama iyaka.

Black Forest ya rabu da Alps ta hanyar Rhine da Lake Constance, amma ainihin iyaka yana da wahala a kudancin Jamus, inda ƙasar ta gangara a hankali don saduwa da duwatsu (wanda aka sani a cikin Jamusanci kamar Schwäbisch-Bayerisches Alpenvorland, "Swabian-Bavarian pre-Alps").

A Austria, Danube yana gudana zuwa arewacin Alps, yana raba shi daga mafi yawan gandun daji na Bohemian, kodayake wasu ƙananan yankuna, kamar Dunkelsteiner Wald a kudancin Wachau, suna cikin yanayin ƙasa na gandun daji ya Bohemian duk da kasancewa a kudancin Danube. Vienna_Woods" id="mwPQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vienna Woods">Woods na Vienna kusa da Vienna ya zama kusurwar arewa maso gabashin Alps, kuma a nan Danube ya wuce kusa da Alps (duba Viennese Basin).  Gabashin Vienna, kawai Marisfeld, fili mai faɗin kilomita 30 ya raba gabashin Alps daga Ƙananan Carpathians. Bayan Vienna, Basin Pannonian, babban yanki na tsaunuka, ya haɗu da gefen Alps, a bayyane yake iyakance iyakar gabashin Alps.

Za a sami tsawo mafi kudu maso gabashin Alps a Slovenia, gami da Po" id="mwSw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pohorje">Pohorje, Kamnik Alps da Julian Alps (wanda aka raba na ƙarshe tare da Italiya). Ana iya ɗaukar garin Idrija a matsayin alamar layin raba tsakanin Alps zuwa arewa da karst plateau zuwa kudu, wanda ke kaiwa ga duwatsu na Balkan Peninsula."Travel map of the Alps". GeoCenter. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2010-12-09. Sauran gefen kudancin Alps an iyakance shi a bayyane ta kwandon Po.

Wannan iyakar Alps, duk da haka, galibi yana da ra'ayi kuma yana buɗewa ga jayayya. Musamman, wasu mutane sun ƙuntata amfani da kalmar "Alps" zuwa tsaunuka mafi girma a tsakiyar kewayon, suna rage tuddai da tsaunuka da ke kewaye da su zuwa matsayin "pre-Alps" ko tuddai. Wannan wani lokacin na iya haifar da ma'anoni masu rikitarwa, kamar Mont Ventoux ana ɗaukarsa a waje da Alps (babu tsaunuka masu girman da ke kewaye da shi, kuma yana da nisa sosai daga babban sarkar Alps).

Ba zai yiwu a ayyana Alps ta hanyar ilimin ƙasa ba, tun da abubuwan da suka faru da suka haifar da Alps sun kuma haifar da kewayen makwabta kamar Carpathians (duba kuma ilimin ƙasa na Alps). Alps wani yanki ne na musamman na tsarin lissafi na mafi girma, amma Alps sun hada da sassa uku na lissafi, Gabas, Yamma da Kudancin Alps.

 Rarrabawar 
Yayin da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a cikin Alps za a iya bayyana su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar wucewa ta kowane gefe, ayyana manyan raka'a na iya zama matsala.  Akwai rarrabuwar al'ada tsakanin tsaunukan Yamma da Alps na Gabas, wanda ke amfani da Splügen Pass (Italiyanci: Passo dello Spluga) a kan iyakar Switzerland da Italiya, tare da Rhine zuwa arewa da tafkin Como a kudu a matsayin ma'anar fasali.  Yayin da Splügen Pass ba shine mafi ƙasƙanci ko mafi mahimmancin wucewa a cikin Alps ba, yana da kusan rabi tare da babban sarkar, kuma yana yin iyaka mai dacewa.

 Gabashin Alps 
Ana rarraba Alps na Gabas bisa ga lithology daban-daban (abin da ke cikin dutse) na sassan tsakiya na Alps da kungiyoyi a gefen arewa da kudancin:

 Yankin Flysch (daga Vienna Woods zuwa Bregenz Forest).
 Arewacin Limestone Alps, tsaunuka har zuwa 3000 m;
 Tsakiyar Gabashin Alps (Austria, Switzerland), tsaunuka har zuwa 4050 m;
 Kudancin Limestone Alps, tsaunuka har zuwa 3500 m.

Yankin tsakanin Tsakiyar Gabashin Alps da Kudancin Limestone Alps shine Periadriatic Seam . Arewacin Limestone Alps sun rabu da Tsakiyar Gabashin Alps ta Yankin Grauwacken .

Koyaya, rarrabawar ƙasa, bisa ga tectonics, yana nuna tsarin daban:

 Tsarin Helvetic a arewa (ciki har da tsaunukan Jura, waɗanda ba na yankin Alps ba),
 Tsarin Penninic: galibi Tsakiyar Alps (Engadine da "Tauern window") da Flysch Alps,
 Tsarin Austroalpine: Arewacin Limestone Alps, yankin Graywacke-Schist, Tsakiyar Crystalline,
 Kudancin Alps (Kudancin Limestone Alps da sauran sarƙoƙi a kudancin Periadriatic Seam) 
 kudu da babban kuskuren ƙasa ("alpine-dinaric seam") sassan Dinarides.

 Yammacin Alps 
Yammacin Alps galibi ana raba su cikin wadannan:

 Alps na Liguria (daga Savona zuwa Colle di Tenda) 
 Alps na teku (daga Colle di Tenda zuwa Colle della Maddalena) 
 Cottian Alps (daga Colle de la Maddalena zuwa Montgenevre Pass) 
 Dauphiné Alps (daga Col du Mont Genevre zuwa Col du Mont Cenis) 
 Graian Alps (daga Col du Mont Cenis zuwa Col Ferret) 
 Chablais Alps (daga Tafkin Geneva zuwa Col des Montets) 
 Pennine Alps (daga Col Ferret zuwa Simplon Pass) 
 Lepontine Alps (daga Simplon Pass zuwa Splügen Pass) 
 Bernese Alps (arewacin Rhône zuwa Grimsel Pass) 
 Urner Alps (daga Grimsel Pass zuwa Reuss) 
 Glarus Alps (arewa maso gabashin Oberalp Pass) 
 Appenzell Alps (arewacin Sargans) 

A cikin Gabashin Alps, ɓangaren da aka fi amfani da shi shine Rarrabawar Alpine Club ta 1984, wanda ya raba yankin zuwa kusan ƙananan yankuna saba'in.

 Babban sarkar 
"Babban sarkar Alps" ya bi magudanar ruwa daga Tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Wienerwald, ya ratsa da yawa daga cikin mafi girma da shahararrun kololuwa a cikin Alps.  Mafi mahimmancin wucewa da kololuwar da ta ke haye ana ba da su a ƙasa (tsaunuka suna lanƙwasa, suna wucewa ba tare da an gano su ba).  Daga Colle di Cadibona zuwa Col de Tende yana tafiya zuwa yamma, kafin ya juya zuwa arewa maso yamma sannan, kusa da Colle de la Maddalena, zuwa arewa.  Bayan isa kan iyakar Switzerland, layin babban layin ya doshi kusan gabas-arewa-gabas, inda yake bi har zuwa karshensa kusa da Vienna.

 Colle di Cadibona (Italiya, 435 m) 
 Colle di Tenda / Col de Tende (Faransa / Italiya, 1908 m) 
 Colle della Maddalena / Col de Larche (Faransa / Italiya, 1994 m) Monte Viso (Faransi / Italiya), 3841 m) 
 Monte Viso (Faransa / Italiya, 3841 m) 
 Col de Montgenèvre (Faransa / Italiya, 1854 m) 
 Col de Fréjus (Faransa / Italiya, 2537 m) 
 Col du Mont Cenis (Faransa, 2084 m) Aiguille de la Grande Sassière (Faransi / Italiya, 3751 m) 
 Aiguille de la Grande Sassière (Faransa / Italiya, 3751 m) 
 Little St Bernard Pass (Faransa / Italiya, 2188 m) Mont Blanc / Monte Bianco (Faransi / Italiya), 4810.45 m, [1] mafi girman matsayi a cikin Alps) 
 Mont Blanc / Monte Bianco (Faransa / Italiya, 4810.45 m,  mafi girman matsayi a cikin Alps) 
 Babban St. Bernard Pass (Switzerland / Italiya, 2469 m) Matterhorn / Monte Cervino (Switisse / Italiya), 4478 m) Monte Rosa (Switwitzerland / Italy, 4634 m) 
 Matterhorn / Monte Cervino (Switzerland / Italiya, 4478 m) 
 Monte Rosa (Switzerland / Italiya, 4634 m) 
 Simplon Pass (Switzerland, 2005 m) Blinnenhorn (Swit Switzerland / Italiya, 3374 m) 
 Blinnenhorn (Switzerland / Italiya, 3374 m) 
 Saint Gotthard Pass (Switzerland, 2044 m) Rheinwaldhorn (Swit Switzerland, 3402 m) 
 Rheinwaldhorn (Switzerland, 3402 m) 
 Splügen Pass / Passo dello Spluga (Switzerland / Italiya, 2113 m) 
 Maloja Pass (Switzerland, 1809 m) Piz Bernina (Swit Switzerland / Italiya, 4049 m) 
 Piz Bernina (Switzerland / Italiya, 4049 m) 
 Fuorn Pass (Switzerland, 2419 m) Piz Sesvenna (Swit Switzerland / Italiya, 3205 m) 
 Piz Sesvenna (Switzerland / Italiya, 3205 m) 
 Reschen Pass (Austria / Italiya, 1504 m) Weißkugel (Austria / Italy, 3738 m) 
 Weißkugel (Austria / Italiya, 3738 m) 
 Timmelsjoch / Passo del Rombo (Austria / Italiya, 2491 m) 
 Zuckerhütl (Austria, 3507 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Stubaier Alpen)  
 Brenner Pass (Austria / Italiya, 1371 m) Hochfeiler (Austria / Italy, 3509 m) Großvenediger (Austria, 3666 m) Großglockner (Austria, 3798 m, dutse mafi girma a Austria) 
 Hochfeiler (Austria / Italiya, 3509 m) 
 Grossvenediger (Austria, 3666 m) 
 Großglockner (Austria, 3798 m, dutse mafi girma a Austria) 
 Hochtor (Austria, 2575 m) 
 Ankogel (Austria, 3246 m)  
 Radstädter Tauern (Austria, 1739 m) 
 Hochgolling (Austria, 2863 m)  
 Shober Pass (Austria, 849 m) 
 Hochschwab (Austria, 2277 m)  
 Gerichtsberg (Austria, 581 m) Schöpfl (Austria, 893 m, mafi girman matsayi a Wienerwald) 
 Schöpfl (Austria, 893 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Wienerwald) 
 Danube, 160 m

Wasu daga cikin tsaunuka mafi girma a cikin Alps, duk da haka, sun fada gefe ɗaya ko wani na babban sarkar. Wadannan sun hada da:

 Barre des Écrins (Faransa, 4102 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Dauphiné Alps) 
 Gran Paradiso (Italiya, 4061 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Graian Alps) 
 Finsteraarhorn (Switzerland, 4274 m, mafi girman matsayi na Berner Oberland) 
 Jungfrau (Switzerland, 4158 m, Berner Oberland) 
 Ortler / Cima Ortles (Italiya, 3905 m) 
 Marmolada (Italiya, 3343 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Dolomites) 
 Tödi (Switzerland, 3614 m, mafi girman matsayi na Glarus Alps) 
 Triglav (Slovenia, 2864 m, mafi girman matsayi a cikin Julian Alps).

Don ƙarin cikakken jerin abubuwan da suka wuce, don Allah duba labaran game da yankuna na Alps.

 Gilashin kankara 
Akwai kankara da yawa a cikin Alps, mafi tsawo daga cikinsu shine aletsch Glacier a cikin Bernese Alps. Ana iya samun su a duk manyan kungiyoyin tsaunuka daga Dauphiné Alps a Faransa zuwa Hohe Tauern a tsakiyar Austria, kuma manyan hanyoyin hawa a kan yawancin tsaunuka mafi girma suna wucewa kan kan kankara.

 Tafkuna 
Ana samun manyan tabkuna kaɗan a cikin jikin Alps, amma da yawa suna kusa da gefen, musamman a wuraren da harsunan glacier suka rufe a baya. Wadannan sun hada da Tafkin Geneva a gefen arewacin alps, a kan iyakar Faransa / Switzerland, Lago Maggiore, Tafkin Como da Tafkin Garda a gefen kudancin Alps a Italiya / Switzerland, da tabkuna na Switzerland, kudancin Jamus da Austrian Salzkammergut a arewa.

 Koguna 
 Babban tafkin ruwa na Alps sune na Rhine, Rhone, Danube da Po. Wadannan suna da manyan masu ba da gudummawa:

 Rhine: Aare, Reuss, baya Rhine;
 Rhone: Durance, Drôme, Isere;
 Danube: Sava, Drava, Mur, Enns, Inn;
 Po: Oglio, Adda, Ticino, Dora Baltea.

Sauran manyan koguna da ke zubar da Alps sun hada da Var, Adige da Piave .

Rashin ruwa uku na Rhine-Rhone-Po yana kudu da Furka Pass kusa da taron kolin Witenwasserenstock, a 46°31′N 8°27′E / 46.517°N 8.450°E / 46.517, 8.450; Rashin ruwa sau uku na Rhino-Po-Danube yana a Lunghin Pass, Grisons (46°25′N 9°17′E / 36.417°N 9.650°E / 36.4617; 9.650, 2645 m; Rashin ruwan uku na Po-Danuba-Adige ne a kudancin 10°267 na 10.66.66.66,66.67.

 Dubi kuma 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba