Rockall

Rockall / / ˈrɒk ɔːl / ) shine  tsayi, tsibirin granite da ba za a iya rayuwa ba a Arewacin Tekun Atlantika . Yana da  yamma da Soay, St Kilda, Scotland ;   arewa maso yammacin Tory Island, Ireland ;  da  kudu da Iceland .  Mafi kusancin wurin zama na dindindin shine a cikin North Uist,  gabas a cikin Ƙasar Hebrides na Ƙasar Scotland. 

An kafa Rockall a lokacin Paleogene, ta magmatism a matsayin wani yanki na Lardin Igneous ta Arewa . Rockall da Hasselwood Rock da ke da nisan mita 200 a arewa, su ne ɓangarorin da ke tasowa kawai na Helen's Reef da Rockall Plateau . An ba da rahoton raƙuman ruwa da ke Gabashin Rockall a cikin 2006 a matsayin mafi girma da kayan aikin kimiyya suka taɓa yin rikodin su a cikin buɗaɗɗen teku.  Sunan wurin farko na Rockall kuma yanki ne kawai da ake iya mamaye shi shine Hall's Ledge. 

Rockall ya bayyana akan taswirori tun aƙalla 1550 kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafe tun aƙalla 1698. Masu binciken ruwa, masana kimiyya, masu fafutuka, masu aikin rediyo da masu fafutukar kare muhalli, sun sauka daban-daban da/ko sun mamaye tsibirin. Farkon da aka rubuta saukowa akan Rockall ya kasance a cikin 1811 ta wata karamar jam'iyyar Royal Navy karkashin jagorancin Basil Hall . Mafi dadewar sananniyar ci gaba da sana'a shine kwanaki 45, wanda Nick Hancock ya samu a cikin 2014. 

Mallakar Rockall ya kasance shekaru da yawa ana ganin yana da mahimmanci ga da'awar kamun kifi da ke kewaye da tekun Atlantika mai arzikin mai.  Jaridar Irish Times ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta ba da rahoto game da ƙimar tattalin arzikin kamun kifi na Rockall, tun da daɗewa kamar 1861.  Sakamakon yakin sanyi na tsaron ƙasa, Burtaniya (Birtaniya) ta yi iƙirarin Rockall a 1955 kuma ta haɗa shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Scotland a 1972.  Burtaniya ta yi iƙirarin  na tekun Rock.   Ko da yake ba ta taɓa yin iƙirarin ikon mallakar Rockall ba, Ireland na da'awar haƙƙin Burtaniya ga Rockall ba su da inganci.      Iceland da Denmark (a madadin Faroes ) sun gabatar da da'awar gabar tekun da ke kusa. 

A cikin 2021 jami'ai a cikin jirgin ruwan sintiri na Marine Scotland sun shiga wani jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na Irish kuma suka umarce shi da ya bar yankin Rockall's 12-nautical-mile zone.  A cikin 2024 gwamnatocin Irish da Scotland sun ba da shawarar ba da izinin jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Irish su koma yankin mil mil 12 na ruwa. Sakataren harkokin wajen Birtaniya David Cameron, ya ki amincewa da shawarar. 

 Etymology 
Asalin da ma'anar sunan Rockall ba shi da tabbas. Sunan mahaifi ma'anar  ana amfani da shi a cikin tarihin Scots Gaelic don wani dutsen tatsuniya wanda yakamata ya bayyana sau uku, bayyanarsa ta ƙarshe shine a ƙarshen duniya: "  "('Lokacin da Rocabarra ya dawo, da alama duniya za ta zo a halaka')  Wani ra'ayi kuma shine sunan Rockall ya samo daga Gaelic , ma'ana' skerry na ruri' ko 'dutsen teku na ruri',  (ko da yake  Hakanan ana iya fassara shi azaman 'yagaye' ko 'tsagewa').  

Sunan Gaelic na Scotland don Rockall, , na iya fitowa daga tsohon sunan Norse wanda zai iya ƙunsar sinadarin , ma'ana 'dutse'.  Hakanan ana ba da shawarar sunan Rockall daga Norse , ma'ana 'teku mai kumfa', da , ma'ana 'bakin kai' - kalmar da ke bayyana a cikin wasu sunaye a cikin masu magana da Scandinavian. 

Finn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool), wanda aka fi sani da tatsuniyar tatsuniyar Irish, wanda ake zargin ya tattara ɓangarorin abin da ke yanzu Ulster don yin kishiya ga abokin hamayyar Scotland. Ya ɓace, a maimakon haka ya sauka a cikin Tekun Irish don zama tsibirin Mutum . Wurin da aka bari a baya cike da ruwa ya zama Lough Neagh . Ana zargin McCool da jefa dutsen dutse wanda ya zama abin da a yanzu aka fi sani da Rockall.  [ – ]

Rockall ya bayyana akan ginshiƙi na 1550 na Portuguese a matsayin 'Rochol', kuma akan ɗayan 1606 a matsayin 'Rocol'.  Taswirar Nova Francia alio nomine dicta Terranova, anno 1504, (  ), na , Jan Doetecom da Petrus Plancius, ya nuna Rockall mai suna Rookol . 

Ana kiran Rockall Rokol a cikin sanannen adabinsa na farko, Martin Martin 's 1698 da aka buga, A Late Voyage to St Kilda . Littafin ya ce: “... kuma daga gare ta ya ta'allaka ne da Rokol, ƙaramin dutsen  zuwa yamma da St Kilda; mazauna wannan wuri suna kiransa da Rokabarra ." 

 Wuri 
A cikin 1956 Masanin kimiyya dan Burtaniya James Fisher ya kira Rockall a matsayin "ƙananan dutse mafi keɓe a cikin tekunan duniya".  An fara shigar da fitilar kewayawa ta kowane zagaye a taron koli na Rockall a cikin 1972.  Nick Hancock ya ƙayyade ainihin wurin da Rockall yake a lokacin balaguron 2014. 

Wurin ƙasa mafi kusa da Rockall shine Soay wanda ba a zaune ba,  Gabas a tsibirin St Kilda na Scotland. Wurin zama mafi kusa da Rockall shine Hirta, tsibirin St. Kilda mafi girma,  gabas   kuma sun yi ta zama a wani sansanin soji guda ɗaya.   Matsugunin mazaunin Rockall mafi kusa yana kusa da garin Hogha Gearraidh crofting,  yamma akan North Uist 's Aird da Rùnair headland,  a NF705711 

Rockall yana da nisan  arewa maso yamma na Tory Island, County Donegal, Ireland.  Rockall kuma yana da  kudu da Iceland . 

 Tarihi 

 An ambaci farko 
Abin da yanzu ake kira Rockall ya bayyana a cikin tarihin Scots da Irish (duba sashin "Etymology" a sama). Rockall yana bayyana akan taswirori daga 1550 gaba.  Sanin wallafe-wallafen farko game da tsibirin yana cikin Martin Martin 's A Late Voyage zuwa St. Kilda, wanda aka buga a 1698 (duba sashin "Etymology" a sama). 

 Bala'i na jigilar kaya 
An sami bala'o'i iri-iri a kan Hasselwood Rock da ke makwabtaka da Reef na Helen (wanda aka ambata na karshen a cikin 1830).

 1686 – Jirgin ruwan Sifen, Faransanci ko Sifen-Faransa ya rutsa da shi a kusa da Rockall. Da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin na Spain da na Faransa, sun ceci rayukansu ta hanyar isa St. Kilda  a cikin wani abin mamaki . Martin Martin ya ba da labarin wasu cikakkun bayanai game da wannan taron a cikin tafiya ta ƙarshe zuwa St Kilda, wanda aka buga a 1698. 
 1824 – Brigantine Helen na Dundee, wanda ke daure zuwa Quebec, jirgin ruwa ya tarwatse tare da ba da sunansa ga abin da aka fi sani da Helen's Reef. 
 1839 – 'Charlotte' na Hull ya ruguje akan Rockall a kusa da Kirsimeti 
 1904 – Jirgin ruwan Danish SS <i id="mwAWo">Norge</i> ya kafa a Hasselwood Rock cikin hazo tare da asarar fasinjoji sama da 635 daga cikin 750. Nitsewar ta kasance mafi munin bala'in teku da ya shafi wani jirgin ruwan 'yan kasuwa na kasar Denmark, kuma a lokacin shi ne bala'in farar hula mafi muni a Tekun Atlantika har sai da Titanic ya nutse bayan shekaru takwas.   Rashin nutsewar Norge ya haifar da shawarar da D. &amp; C. Stevenson ya ba da shawarar don wani haske wanda ba a kula da shi ba a kusa da dutsen. 

 An yi rikodin ziyarar zuwa Rockall 
A cikin 1971, Lord Kennet ya ce, "Ba za a iya samun wurin da ya fi kufai, yanke ƙauna da muni ba" 

Gidan yanar gizon The Rockall Club kamar yadda yake a Yuli 2025 ya ce, "Jimillar ingantattun wuraren saukar Rockall zuwa yau: mutane 146". 

 HMS Endymion - Dutsen farko na Rockall 
Saukowa na farko da aka rubuta akan Rockall sau da yawa ana yin kwanan wata, 8 Yuli 1810. Jami'in sojan ruwa na Royal Navy, Basil Hall, an ruwaito yana jagorantar wata karamar ƙungiya mai saukarwa daga jirgin  zuwa taron. Koyaya, bincike na James Fisher (duba sashin "Location" a sama), a cikin log of Endymion da sauran wurare, ya ba da rahoton ainihin kwanan watan wannan saukar farko shine Lahadi 8 ga Satumba 1811. 

Ƙungiyar saukarwa ta bar Endymion zuwa dutsen ta jirgin ruwa. Endymion, yayin da yake ɗaukar zurfin ma'auni a kusa da Rockall, ya rasa haɗin gani tare da dutsen yayin da hazo ya sauko. Jirgin ya yi nisa, ya makale masu sauka. Jam'iyyar ta yi ƙoƙari ta koma jirgin, amma a cikin hazo ba a iya samun Endymion ba, kuma nan da nan ya daina komawa Rockall. []

Hazo ya zama hazo. Mai tsaron da aka aika zuwa saman Rockall ya sake hango jirgin, amma ya juya daga Rockall kafin jam'iyyar a cikin kwale-kwalen su isa gare shi. A ƙarshe, kafin faɗuwar rana, an sake hango Endymion daga saman Rockall, kuma ƙungiyar ta sami damar sake hawa. Ma'aikatan jirgin na Endymion sun ba da rahoton cewa sun yi ta bincike na tsawon sa'o'i biyar ko shida, suna harbin bindigar su a kowane minti goma. Hall ya ba da labarin wannan da sauran abubuwan ban sha'awa a cikin littafinsa, ɓangarorin tafiye-tafiye da tafiye-tafiye ciki har da labaran rayuwar sojojin ruwa . []

 Binciken karni na 19 da ziyarar kimiyya 
Ainihin matsayi na Rockall da girman da siffar Bankin Rockall an fara tsara shi a cikin 1831. Wannan shi ne ta hannun Kyaftin ATE Vidal, mai binciken jiragen ruwa na Royal . Babu tabbas idan wannan ziyarar ta haifar da saukarwa. 

A lokacin rani na 1862, Mr Johns na  ya sauka a Rockall  amma bai kai ga taron ba. Hakan ya faru ne a yayin da jirgin ke binciken gadon teku kafin a shimfida kebul na telegraph na transatlantic . [ ]

Miller Christy a cikin 1896 ya jagoranci balaguron kimiyya na farko na Rockall. Kwalejin Royal Irish Academy ta hayar da Granuaile,   kuma ta dauki nauyin binciken Christy na flora da fauna.  Ƙoƙarin saukowa biyu bai yi nasara ba. 

 Ƙasar Burtaniya 
Farkon abin da ya sa Burtaniya ta hade Rockall, ita ce gwajin harba makamin nukiliyar Burtaniya na farko, makami mai linzami na Corporal da Amurka ke yi. Za a harba makamin a kan Arewacin Atlantic daga South Uist . Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta damu da Rockall wanda ba a da'awar, zai iya ba Tarayyar Soviet damar yin leken asiri kan gwajin. Don haka, a cikin Afrilu 1955 an umarci Admiralty da ya kwace Rockall tare da ayyana ikon mallakar Burtaniya, don kada ya zama mai sa ido na waje. 

A ranar 18 ga Satumba 1955, Sarautar Birtaniyya ta mamaye Rockall. Don yin haka, wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Royal Navy daga  ya buge mutum hudu a tsibirin (kwatsam mai suna bayan mutumin da ya fara tsara tsibirin). 4 sun kasance Laftanar-Kwamandan Desmond Scott RN, Sajan Brian Peel RM, Corporal AA Fraser RM, da James Fisher, (dan farar hula kuma tsohon Royal Marine). The Admiralty ya sanar da haɗewar a kan 21 Satumba 1955. 

Tawagar masu saukar ungulu sun yi siminti a cikin tagulla a bangon Hall's Ledge kuma suka ɗaga tutar Tarayyar don ɗaukar da'awar Burtaniya. Rubutun plaque ya karanta:

 Geography 

 Girma 
Rockall ya tashi sosai zuwa tsayin  .    Rockall yana da kusan  fadi da  tsayi a gindinsa. 

 Hall's Ledge da sauran fasali 
Nick Hancock ya siffanta kumburin teku da ya buge Rockall daga Yamma a matsayin, "daidai inda ba kwa so", don nasarar yunƙurin sauka. Ƙananan mataki a cikin dutsen a gefen yamma yana aiki a matsayin "dandamali". Daga nan, duk wanda ya saukowa ya fara gudu mai sauri, a tsaye don tsira daga yankin kumburin teku. Ana buƙatar ratsawa ta fuskar Yamma don isa ga taron. 

1971 "Exercise Top Hat" na Corp of Royal Engineers, ya busa saman 5 ƙafa (mita 1.5) daga Rockall. Wannan ya bar fili mai faɗin ƙafa 12 da ƙafa 5 a mafi tsayi da faɗinsa. Wannan shine wurin da aka share don kowane tambarin kewayawa (duba "Shiryar da duk wani fitila mai zagaye" a sama).  

A ranar 25 ga Yuli 1997, Burtaniya ta amince da UNCLOS,  wanda ya bayyana cewa "Dutsen da ba za su iya ci gaba da zama na ɗan adam ko rayuwar tattalin arziƙin nasu ba ba za su sami wani yanki na tattalin arziki na musamman ko na nahiyar ba". Wannan yana iyakance da'awar yankin teku zuwa mil  radius, sabili da haka yana ba da izinin shiga cikin ruwa fiye da wannan.  Birtaniya ta yi iƙirarin Rockall tare da  tekun da ke kewaye da tsibirin cikin EEZ na ƙasar.  Burtaniya kuma tana da'awar "da'irar sararin samaniyar Burtaniya a kan tsibirin Rockall".  Kamar yadda dutsen ya ta'allaka ne a cikin EEZ na Burtaniya, Burtaniya na da'awar haƙƙin mallaka don manufar bincike da amfani, adanawa da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa na yankin, gami da ikon kariya da kiyaye yanayin ruwa.  

The Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 ya ayyana yankin da ke kusa da Rockall ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon dokar Scots maimakon dokar Ingilishi. 

 Karni na 21 
A cikin 2011, Eamon Gilmore ya ce, "Yayin da Ireland ba ta amince da ikon mallakar Burtaniya a kan Rockall ba, ba ta taɓa neman neman ikon kanta ba. Matsayin da ya dace na gwamnatocin Irish na gaba shine cewa Rockall da makamantan duwatsu da skerries ba su da mahimmanci don kafa da'awar shari'a ga haƙƙin ma'adinai a kusa da tekun da ke kusa da haƙƙin kamun kifi. " 
A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2012, an ba da rahoton jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa na Irish <i id="mwBMQ">LÉ Róisín</i> yana yin sintiri na "nuna tuta" a kusa da dutsen. 

Daga ranar 31 ga Maris 2014, Burtaniya da Ireland sun buga iyakokin EEZ wanda ya haɗa da Rockall a cikin EEZ na Burtaniya.  

A kan 25 Yuni 2019, Simon Coveney ya kara da matsayi na baya na Peter Barry da Eamon Gilmore ta hanyar furtawa, "Rockall da makamantan duwatsu da skerries bai kamata su kasance da mahimmanci ga kafa da'awar shari'a ga tsarin nahiyoyi. Wannan matsayi yanzu yana nunawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1982 game da Dokar Bahar wadda ta ba da damar yin amfani da al'ada na tattalin arziki na mutum na 12, wanda ke ba da labari na 12. nasu ba za su sami wani yanki na tattalin arziki na musamman ko na nahiya ba.'" Ya yi haka a cikin mahallin, "matsaloli na yanzu tsakanin Ireland da Scotland game da kamun kifi a cikin mil 12 na Rockall." 

Bayan Birtaniya ta bar EU, Yarjejeniyar Ciniki da Haɗin gwiwa ta EU-UK ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2021. Bayan kwana uku Northern Celt, wani jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na Irish da ke zaune daga Greencastle, County Donegal, an shiga kuma an umarce shi ya bar yankin 12-nautical-mile a kusa da Rockall ta hanyar jami'an wani jirgin ruwan sintiri na Marine Scotland . 

Tun daga shekarar 2021, lasisin kamun kifi da Burtaniya ta bayar ga jiragen ruwa na EU sun kebe damar zuwa yankin nisan mil 12 na ruwa da ke kusa da Rockall. A cikin 2023, Ministan Noma, Abinci da Ruwa na Irish, Charlie McConalogue ya bayyana cewa wannan matakin yana kashe masana'antar kamun kifi na Irish har zuwa Yuro miliyan 7 a shekara.  

A cikin 2024, yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatocin Ireland da Scotland za ta ba da damar jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Irish su koma yankin mil 12 na ruwa. Sakataren harkokin wajen Birtaniya David Cameron ya ki amincewa da shawarar . 

 A cikin shahararrun al'adu 

 Mawallafin Ingilishi Michael Roberts ya buga waka "Rockall" a cikin tarin sa na 1939, Orion Marches . Waƙar ta bayyana wani matafiyi da ya rushe a kan dutse. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]
 A cikin littafin 1951 The Cruel Sea na Nicholas Monsarrat Rockall ya bayyana a matsayin wurin aikin karshe na yakin HMS Saltash. A nan ne jirgin ya mika wuya ga jiragen ruwa biyu na Jamus a ranar karshe ta yakin duniya na biyu a Turai. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]
 Saukowar Burtaniya ta 1955, cikakke tare da tarkon kamar ɗaga tutar, ya haifar da wani nau'i na nishaɗi, tare da wasu suna ganin shi a matsayin wani nau'in ƙarshen fadada mulkin mallaka. Masu satirists Flanders da Swann sun raira waƙa mai suna "Rockall", suna wasa a kan kamanceceniyar kalmar da kalmar 'fuck all', ma'ana "babu wani abu": "Sojojin sun tashi zuwa Rockall, Rockall, Don 'yantar da tsibirin Rockall, Daga tsoron abokan gaba na waje. Mun yi sauri a fadin duniya, Don samun wannan tarin dutse, Ɗaya mai ban tsoro; A zahiri, mun sami Rockall" 
 A cikin shirin The Goon Show "Napoleon's Piano" (na farko da aka watsa a watan Oktoba 1955), Bluebottle ya sauka a kan piano yayin da yake iyo a cikin Channel Channel na Turanci kuma ya rufe farantin tagulla a ciki da imanin cewa Rockall ne.1956). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]
 Masu sukar da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa Rockall shine dutsen da ke samar da saitin littafin William Golding na 1956 Pincher Martin . 
 The Master, wani littafi na 1957 na T. H. White, an saita shi a cikin Rockall . 
 David Frost, lokacin da yake karbar bakuncin shirin talabijin na satirical na BBC na 1962-1963 That Was the Week That Was, ya karanta jerin abubuwan da ke raguwa na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, wanda ya ƙare da kalmomi, "... da Rockall mai dadi. 
 Storm Over Rockall wani littafi ne na 1965 na W. Howard Baker, wani ɓangare na jerin litattafai da suka danganci jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na leken asiri Danger Man.
 Kungiyar jazz-funk fusion ta Icelandic Mezzoforte waƙar Rockall ƙaramar bugawa ce a Turai a 1983 kuma an yi amfani da ita azaman sautin sa hannu ta hanyar nuna tashar rediyo ta Turai da yawa.  Larkin, Colin (1997) The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music, Virgin Books, , p. 321
 Kungiyar mutanen Irish The Wolfe Tones sun sanya Rockall batun waƙoƙin su na 1976 "Rock on, Rockall", wanda ya tabbatar da da'awar Irish ga dutsen.
 'Ether', waƙar buɗewa ta ƙungiyar post-punk ta Ingila Gang of Four ta 1979 ta farko album, Entertainment! , yana nuna layin satirical "Za a iya samun mai a ƙarƙashin Rockall". Yawancin waƙar suna magana ne game da matsalolin da ke gudana a Arewacin Ireland kuma suna sukar ayyukan Burtaniya a can; layin yana nuna rashin jituwa ga rikici tsakanin Ireland da Burtaniya game da Rockall. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]
 An kafa kulob din, The Rockall Club, ga mutanen da suka sauka a can.
 A cikin jerin 2, kashi na 2, na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin The Ambassador, "Vacant Possession" (wanda aka fara watsawa a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1999), wani mai zanga-zangar Irish ya sauka a Rockall kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa ga al'ummarsa, wanda ya haifar da rikici na diflomasiyya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]
 BBC Choice ta watsa shirye-shirye biyu na wani shirin kwamitin da ake kira Good Evening Rockall  wanda masu fafatawa suka gabatar da abubuwan da za a haɗa su a cikin labaran labarai da ke nuna cewa suna da niyyar dutsen. Sue Perkins ta dauki bakuncin jerin na biyu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]
 Duo da aikin solo na mawaƙa na Runrig Calum da Rory MacDonald ana kiransu The Band daga Rockall . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]
 Rockall ita ce kawai tsibirin da Ireland ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba a haɗa shi a cikin Round Ireland Yacht Race ba tun lokacin da aka fara tseren a 1980. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba