Sarawak

Sarawak / / sə- RAH - wok , / sə-,  ) jiha ce   ta Malaysia . Ita ce mafi girma a cikin jihohi 13, tare da yanki kusan daidai da na Peninsular Malaysia . Sarawak yana Gabashin Malaysia a arewa maso yammacin Borneo, kuma yana da iyaka da jihar Sabah ta Malaysia zuwa arewa maso gabas, Kalimantan (bangaren Borneo na Indonesia ) a kudu, da Brunei a arewa. Babban birnin jihar, Kuching, shine birni mafi girma a cikin Sarawak, cibiyar tattalin arzikin jihar, kuma wurin zama na gwamnatin jihar Sarawak. Sauran garuruwa da garuruwan Sarawak sun hada da Miri, Sibu, da Bintulu . Ya zuwa ƙidayar 2020 Malaysia, yawan mutanen Sarawak ya kasance miliyan 2.453.  Sarawak yana da yanayi na equatorial tare da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da yawan dabbobi da nau'in tsiro. Tana da fitattun tsarin kogo da yawa a Gunung Mulu National Park . Kogin Rajang shine kogin mafi tsayi a Malaysia; Dam din Bakun, daya daga cikin manya-manyan madatsun ruwa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, yana kan daya daga cikin magudanan ruwa, kogin Balui . Dutsen Murud shi ne wuri mafi girma a jihar. Sarawak ita ce jihar Malaysia daya tilo da ke da rinjayen kiristoci .  

Ginin mutum na farko da aka sani a Sarawak a kogon Niah ya samo asali ne daga shekaru 40,000. An gano jerin yumbu na kasar Sin daga karni na 8 zuwa 13 AD a shafin binciken archaeological na Santubong. Yankunan bakin teku na Sarawak sun kasance ƙarƙashin tasirin Daular Brunei a karni na 16. A cikin 1839, James Brooke, mai binciken Burtaniya, ya isa Sarawak. Shi, da zuriyarsa, sun mallaki jihar daga 1841 zuwa 1946. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Jafananci sun mamaye shi na tsawon shekaru uku. Bayan yakin, White Rajah na ƙarshe, Charles Vyner Brooke, ya ba da Sarawak ga Burtaniya, kuma a 1946 ya zama mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A ranar 22 ga Yulin 1963, Sarawak ta sami ikon cin gashin kanta daga Birtaniya kuma daga baya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobin da suka kafa Malaysia, wanda aka kafa a ranar 16 ga Satumba 1963. Koyaya, ƙungiyar ta yi adawa da Indonesia, wanda ya haifar da rikici na shekaru uku. Halitta Malaysia ta kuma haifar da tashin hankali na kwaminisanci wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1990.

Shugaban kasa shine gwamna, wanda aka fi sani da Yang di-Pertua Negeri, yayin da shugaban gwamnati shine firaminista. Sarawak ta kasu kashi biyu na gudanarwa da gundumomi, wanda tsarin da aka tsara a kan tsarin majalisar dokokin Westminster ke mulki kuma shine tsarin majalisa na farko a Malaysia. A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin Malaysia, Sarawak tana da ikon cin gashin kanta fiye da jihohin da ke cikin Peninsular Malaysia.

Saboda albarkatun kasa, Sarawak ta ƙware a fitar da mai da iskar gas, katako da Man dabino, amma kuma tana da masana'antu masu ƙarfi, makamashi da bangarorin yawon bude ido. Yana da kabilanci, al'adu, addini da harshe daban-daban; kabilun da suka hada da Iban, Sinanci, Malay, Bidayuh, Melanau, Orang Ulu, Indiya, Eurasian da Kedayan. Turanci da Malay sune harsuna biyu na hukuma na jihar;   babu wata addini ta hukuma.  

 Magana 
alt=A black bird with white underbelly, white beak and red-orange horn perching on a branch|left|thumb|Rhinoceros hornbill tsuntsu ne na jihar Sarawak.
Bayani da aka yarda da shi game da sunan jihar shine cewa an samo shi ne daga kalmar Sarawak Malay Serawak, wanda ke nufin antimony. Wani sanannen bayani shi ne cewa raguwa ne na kalmomin Malay guda huɗu da Pangeran Muda Hashim (ɗan kawun Sultan na Brunei) ya furta, "Saya serah pada awak" (Na mika ku), lokacin da ya ba da Sarawak ga James Brooke, mai binciken Ingilishi, a cikin 1841.  Koyaya, bayanin na ƙarshe ba daidai ba ne: an sanya sunan yankin Sarawak kafin zuwan James Brooke, kuma kalmar awaken ba ta cikin ƙamus na Sarawak Malay ba kafin kafa Malaysia. Yankin Sarawak na yau an san shi da Cerava ta hanyar masu zane-zane na Portugal a karni na 16.

 Tarihi 
An san masu cin abinci da zama a kusa da bakin yammacin kogon Niah (wanda ke da nisan kilomita  (68  kudu maso yammacin Miri) shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata. Wani kwanyar mutum na zamani da aka samo a kusa da kogon Niah shine misali mafi tsufa na ragowar mutum da aka samo daga Malaysia kuma mafi tsufa a kwanyar mutum ta zamani daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Yumbu na Waƙar Sin wanda ya kasance a zamanin Tang da Song (8th zuwa 13th karni AD, bi da bi) wanda aka samo a Santubong (kusa da Kuching) ya nuna muhimmancinsa a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa.

Ɗaya daga cikin bayanan farko na kasar Sin na daular mai cin gashin kanta a Borneo ita ce wasiƙar 977 AD zuwa ga sarkin kasar Sin daga mai mulkin Boni, wanda wasu masana suka yi imani da cewa suna nufin Borneo.  'Yan kasar Brunei sun sake samun 'yancin kai daga Srivijaya saboda fara yakin Javanese-Sumatran.  A shekara ta 1225, jami'in kasar Sin Zhao Rukuo ya ba da rahoton cewa, Boni yana da jiragen ruwa na yaki 100 don kare cinikinsa, kuma akwai dimbin arziki a masarautar.  Marco Polo ya ba da shawara a cikin abubuwan tunawa cewa Babban Khan ko mai mulkin Mongol Empire, yayi ƙoƙari kuma ya gaza sau da yawa a cikin mamaye "Great Java" wanda shine sunan Turai na Brunean da ke sarrafa Borneo.     A cikin shekaru 1300 na tarihin kasar Sin, Nanhai zhi, ya ba da rahoton cewa, Brunei ta mamaye ko sarrafa Sarawak da Sabah da kuma daulolin Philippine na Butuan, Sulu, Ma-i (Mindoro), Malilu郙裏蘆day (present). (Siocon na yanzu), Yachen 啞陳 ( Oton ), da 文杜陵 Wenduling ( Mindanao na yanzu),  wanda zai dawo da 'yancin kansu a kwanan baya. 

 Yanayin ƙasa 
Jimillar yankin Sarawak ya kusan   ,  yana da kashi 37.5 cikin 100 na duk fadin Malaysia, kuma yana tsakanin latitudes na arewa 0° 50′ da 5° da ginshiƙan gabas 109° 36′ da 115° 40′ E.  Its  na bakin teku ya katse a arewa da kusan  na bakin tekun Brunei.  Jimlar sa  bakin teku sun kasance suna lalacewa .  A cikin 1961, Sarawak ciki har da makwabciyar Sabah, wanda aka haɗa a cikin Hukumar Kula da Maritime ta Duniya (IMO) ta hanyar shigar da Burtaniya, ya zama membobin haɗin gwiwa na IMO.  Sarawak ya rabu da Kalimantan Borneo ta hanyar manyan tsaunuka da tsaunuka waɗanda ke cikin tsakiyar tsaunukan Borneo. Wadannan sun fi girma zuwa arewa, kuma sun fi girma a kusa da tushen kogin Baram a tsaunin Batu Lawi da Dutsen Mulu . Dutsen Murud shine wuri mafi girma a Sarawak. 

Akwai wuraren shakatawa na kasa talatin,  daga cikinsu akwai Niah tare da kogon da ake kira da shi,  tsarin halittu mai tasowa sosai a kusa da Lambir Hills,  da kuma Gidan Tarihin Duniya na Gunung Mulu   Na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi Sarawak Chamber, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan karkashin kasa a duniya,  Deer Cave, mafi girman hanyar kogo a duniya,  da Clearwater Cave, tsarin kogo mafi tsawo a Kudu maso gabashin Asiya.  

 Biodiversity 
Sarawak ya ƙunshi manyan yankuna na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi tare da nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban,  wanda ya haifar da nazarin su da yawa don kaddarorin magani.  Mangrove da nipah da ke gefen koguna sun hada da 2% na yankin gandun daji, gandun daji na peat tare da wasu sassan Bakon tekun ya rufe 16%, gandun daji ya rufe 5% kuma gandun daji da Dipterocarpaceae sun rufe mafi yawan yankunan tsaunuka. Manyan bishiyoyi da aka samo a cikin gandun daji sun hada da bako da Nibong, yayin da wadanda ke cikin gandun dajin sun hada da ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), Meranti (Shorea), da medang jongkong (Dactylocladus stenostachys). 

 Hotuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai 
Yawancin fina-finai na kasa da kasa, shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye, jerin shirye-shiryin talabijin sun sanya Sarawak a matsayin babban wurin daukar hoto, tare da Farewell to the King (1989), The Sleeping Dictionary (2003), da Edge of the World (2021) sun fi shahara. Daga cikin fina-finai na farko da aka samar a cikin gida sune fim din yaren Iban Bejalai wanda aka nuna a bikin fina-falla na Berlin a 1989 da kuma fim mai ban tsoro Possessed da aka nuna a 2006. 

 Halitta da bukukuwa 
Sarawakians suna kiyaye bukukuwa da bukukuwa da yawa a duk shekara. Baya ga Ranar Independence ta kasa da bukukuwan Ranar Malaysia, jihar tana kuma murna da Ranar Independence a ranar 22 ga Yuli da ranar haihuwar Gwamnan Jihar. Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci suna yin bukukuwan kansu. Al'adar bude gidan tana ba da damar wasu kabilun shiga cikin bukukuwan. Sarawak ita ce kadai jiha a Malaysia da ta ayyana bikin Gawai Dayak a matsayin hutu na jama'a.

 Wasanni 
Sarawak ta aika da tawagarta don shiga cikin wasannin Daular Burtaniya da Commonwealth na 1958 da 1962,  da kuma Wasannin Asiya na 1962; bayan 1963, Sarawakians sun fafata a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar Malaysia.  Sarawak ta dauki bakuncin Wasannin SUKMA na Malaysia a cikin 1990, 2016 da 2024,  kuma ta kasance zakara a cikin wasannin S UKMA na 1990, 1992, 1994 da 2024.   Har ila yau, ta dauki bakuncin Wasannin Para SUKMA a cikin 1996, 2016 da 2024, kuma ta kasance zakara gaba ɗaya a cikin bugu 13 a jere daga 1994 har zuwa 2018, kafin ta rasa taken ga Sabah a cikin fitowar 2022 kuma ta sake dawo da shi a cikin fitowa ta 2024.   A cikin 2019, duka Ma'aikatun Wasanni na Sabah da Sarawak suna aiki tare don kafa Hukumar Wasanni ta Gabashin Malaysia don sauƙaƙe shirya ƙarin shirye-shiryen wasanni a cikin yankuna biyu ciki har da wasu wurare a tsibirin Borneo. Gwamnatin Sarawak kuma tana shirin sanya Sarawak cibiyar wasanni ta yanar gizo a yankin.

 Dangantaka ta kasa da kasa 
Sarawak wata 'yar'uwa ce / lardin Lardin Fujian a kasar Sin . 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba