Manufofin canjin yanayi na Washington (jiha)

Manufar Canjin yanayi ta Jihar Washington ta haɗa da haɗuwa da ƙarfafawa da azabtarwa da aka nufa don rage hayakin gas (GHG). 'Yan majalisa da gwamnoni na jihohi sun ƙi musanta canjin yanayi kuma sun bayyana imanin su cewa magance canjin yanayi yana daya daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi dacewa a hannu. A cikin tarihin siyasa na zamani, ana ɗaukar jihar Washington a matsayin sansani ga jam'iyyar Democrat, wanda ke goyon bayan matakin gwamnati don rage hayakin carbon. 

 Tarihi 
Ko da kafin zama jihar, wutar lantarki ta samar da tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa a Yankin Washington. A shekara ta 1885, an shigar da dynamo a kan ma'adinin gari a kan Spokane Falls, yana samar da wutar lantarki don haskakawa da wutar lantarki. Grand Coulee Dam, wanda aka gina a kan Kogin Columbia a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sabon Yarjejeniya, shine mafi girman tashar wutar lantarki a Amurka, mai sabuntawa ko in ba haka ba. Har ila yau, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta 10 mafi girma a duniya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][] 

Hydroelectricity ya kasance mafi girman tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa a jihar Washington, wanda ya kai kashi 86% na ƙarni mai sabunta a cikin 2023, kuma mafi girman tushen samar da makamashi gaba ɗaya, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 64% na wutar lantarki da aka samar a jihar Washington. Koyaya, saboda fitar da wutar lantarki, kawai yana da kashi 45% na makamashi da aka cinye a jihar a cikin 2021. Ya zuwa 2023, Washington tana samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki a kowane jiha. Matsakaicin rikodin wutar lantarki da aka samar ya kasance a cikin 2011, lokacin da jihar ta samar da kusan GWh 92,000 na wutar lantarki ta al'ada. Karin tasirin canjin yanayi ya haifar da fari, wanda ya haifar da ƙaramin samar da wutar lantarki daga madatsun ruwa, kamar a 2023 lokacin da jihar ta samar da GWh 61,000 kawai na wutar lantarki ta al'ada. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]
A cikin karni na 21, manufofin canjin yanayi sun kasance sanannen batu a cikin manufofin matakin jiha. Dukkanin Gwamnonin Christine Gregoire (2005-2013) da Jay Inslee (2013-2025) sun inganta manufofin su na kore, tare da ƙarshen ya sanya shi babban abu na yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 2020. Masu jefa kuri'a sun kuma sami damar yin la'akari kai tsaye da manufofin canjin yanayi ta hanyar tsarin shirin zabe (misali I-937, ST3). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]

A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Gwamna Christine Gregoire ta sanya hannu kan umarnin zartarwa wanda ya kafa burin rage fitar da iskar gas na isa ga matakan tushe na 1990 ta hanyar 2020, 25% a ƙasa da tushe a 2035, da 50% a ƙasa da tushen a cikin 2050. Ba da daɗewa ba majalisar dokoki ta kafa waɗannan manufofi a matsayin iyakokin doka. A cikin 2020, majalisar dokoki ta hanzarta waɗannan iyakoki.

A ƙarshen shekarun 2010, masu jefa kuri'a sun ki amincewa da shirye-shiryen zabe guda biyu da ke da niyyar hana hayakin carbon ta hanyar hana tattalin arziki. Shirin 732 a cikin 2016 zai rage harajin tallace-tallace na jihar (ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kudaden shiga ga gwamnatin jihar) kuma ya aiwatar da sabon haraji kan hayakin carbon. Manufar ita ce ta ci gaba da samun kudaden shiga na haraji yayin da take ƙarfafa kamfanoni da masu amfani su kauce daga hanyoyin fitar da carbon (misali man fetur). I-732 ya kasa da kashi 59% na jefa kuri'a.

Hakazalika, Initiative 1631 a cikin 2018 zai kafa kudade don manyan masu fitarwa bisa ga burbushin da aka sayar ko amfani da su a cikin jihar, da kuma wutar lantarki da aka cinye a cikin jihar. Kudin shiga daga kudaden zai shiga cikin (1) asusun don ingancin iska da shirye-shiryen makamashi da ayyukan, (2) asusun don ingantaccen ruwa da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gandun daji, da (3) asusun don saka hannun jari da ke da alaƙa da al'ummomi. An kayar da shi da kashi 57% na kuri'a.

Yawancin kudade na yanzu don magance canjin yanayi an rarraba su ta hanyar ayyukan Majalisar dokoki ta jihar, yayin da daga 2025 Jam'iyyar Democrat ta gudanar da trifecta tun 2018. Majalisar dokoki ta jihar ta kafa wasu dokoki waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin manufofin yanayi na "Babban Bakwai", suna da niyya ga waɗannan yankuna: 
Shekarar da ta faruManufofin yanayiBayyanawa2020Dokar Canjin Makamashi Mai TsarkiYa haramta kwal a shekara ta 2025; duk wutar lantarki dole ne ta kasance carbon neutral a shekara ta 2030 da carbon zero a shekara ta 2045; masu amfani dole ne su gabatar da tsare-tsaren canji2020Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Ƙayyadaddun wasu manyan HFCs masu gurɓata da aka saba amfani da su azaman firijirefrigerants2023Dokar Yarjejeniyar Yanayi (CCA) Ya kirkiro shirin Cap-and-Invest2023Tsarin Mai Tsabtace MaiYana buƙatar masu samar da man fetur don rage ƙarfin carbon na man fetur a tsawon lokaci2024Lambobin Ginin TsabtaceSabunta lambobin gini don inganta ingancin makamashi da ƙarfafa makamashi mara amfani a cikin sabon gini2025Motoci Masu TsabtacewaYa kamata a hana motocin man fetur da ba a haɗa su ba ta hanyar 20352026Ka'idodin Ayyukan Gine-gineYana buƙatar manyan gine-gine masu yawa don rage amfani da man fetur
Gwamna Christine Gregoire ta sanya hannu kan SB 5769 a cikin 2011, inda ta kafa ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki ga duk tsire-tsire na kwal don fara aiki a cikin 2020 da 2025. A lokacin, masana'antar kwal ta Centralia ita ce kawai ta rage a cikin jihar kuma sabbin ka'idojin za su buƙaci ta rufe duk sai mai tukunyar ruwa guda daya a shekarar 2020 kuma ta cika ta 2025.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, mai ba da sabis na TransAlta ya kafa Asusun Gudanar da Karfe na Centralia na dala miliyan 55 don taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe matsalar tattalin arziki ga al'umma. Wasu sun ambaci asusun a matsayin abin koyi don yadda za a sauya al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shuke-shuke na kwal.   Rukunin daya ya fita daga layi a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2020, kamar yadda aka tsara.

Dokar Canjin Makamashi Mai Tsabtace ta Washington ta 2019 ta haramta amfani da wutar lantarki da aka samar da kwal, gami da "wal-by-wire" daga waje, zuwa ƙarshen 2025, tana buƙatar cewa duk tallace-tallace na wutan lantarki su kasance masu tsaka-tsaki a cikin 2030, kuma suna buƙatar samar da makamashi na Washington ya kasance ba tare da iskar gas ba ta hanyar 2045 .  Dukkanin masu amfani da masu saka hannun jari ana buƙatar su kammala shirin aiwatar da makamashi mai tsabta a kowace shekara huɗu, farawa a 2022. Wannan shirin dole ne ya tsara yadda kowane mai amfani zai canza zuwa sabuntawa a hankali don biyan bukatun doka da farashin da ake buƙata don shiga cikin bin doka. Misali, mafi girman mai amfani a Washington, Puget Sound Energy, ya shirya motsawa daga 43% mai tsabta a cikin 2022 zuwa 63% a cikin 2025 don shirya don buƙatar tsaka-tsaki na carbon na 2030.

 Dokokin fitar da hayaki gaba ɗaya 
A cikin shekara ta 2008, majalisar dokoki ta sanya iyakoki ga duk hayakin iskar gas a duk fadin jihar zuwa matakan 1990 zuwa 2020, 25% ƙasa da matakan 1990 zuwa 2035, da kuma 50% ƙasa da matakan 1990. An saita iyakokin da suka fi tsanani ga hukumomin jihohi, ta amfani da matakan 2005 a matsayin tushe a maimakon haka: 15% a ƙasa da tushe a shekarar 2020, 36% a ƙasa da tushen a shekara ta 2035, da 57.5% a ƙasa da asalin a shekara ta 2050 . 

A cikin 2020, HB 2311 ya yi gyare-gyare ga waɗannan iyakoki don hanzarta yawan canji. Sabbin iyakokin sune matakan 1990 zuwa 2020, 45% ƙasa da matakan 1990 zuwa 2030, 70% ƙasa da matakan 90 zuwa 2040, da 95% ƙasa da matakan 1990. Bugu da ƙari, duk wani hayaki da ya rage a shekara ta 2050 (har zuwa 5% na matakan 1990 ko tan miliyan 5) dole ne a daidaita shi, yadda ya kamata ya sa makamashi na carbon na jihar. An canza iyakokin gwamnatin jihar da suka fara daga 2030 don dacewa da iyakokin jihar gaba ɗaya, yayin da har yanzu suna ci gaba da amfani da 2005 a matsayin tushen, sabanin 1990. Wadannan gyare-gyare sun kuma bayyana cewa suna da iyaka ga hayakin gas mai guba, amma kuma ana buƙatar rahotanni na shekara-shekara game da hayakin hayaki don bayar da rahoto game da hayaki daga gobarar daji, tare da hadin gwiwar Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa.

Duk da yake ba a saki kayan aikin gas na hukuma na 2020 daga Ma'aikatar Muhalli ba tukuna, bayanan bangaren wutar lantarki sun nuna raguwa zuwa ƙasa da matakan 1990. Wannan ya fi dacewa da farawar annobar COVID-19 ta duniya da kuma rikice-rikice da suka biyo baya ga yanayin buƙatun makamashi. Gishiri na gas a cikin 2018 da 2019 sun kasance 2% da 9% sama da asalin 1990, bi da bi. Har ila yau, gwamnatin jihar Washington ta cika burinsu na 15% a ƙasa da asalin fitarwa na 2005 don duka 2020 da 2021, duk shekarun biyu suna zama sama da 13% a ƙasa da iyaka.

A cikin 2021, HB 1050 ya kara ƙuntata fitar da hayaki na hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), galibi ana amfani dashi azaman firiji a cikin masu sanyaya iska da ayyukan masana'antu. Dokar ta umarci Ma'aikatar Muhalli da ta saita matsakaicin yiwuwar dumama duniya (GWP) don HFCs da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kankara, kafa shirin gudanar da sanyaya don rage hayaki, da kuma aiki tare da Majalisar Dokokin Gine-gine ta Jiha don saita dokoki akan firiji da aka yi aiki a cikin raka'a na sanyaya. Shirin gudanar da firiji yana buƙatar masu aiki da gine-gine tare da akalla 50 lbs na refrigerants tare da GWP na 150 ko mafi girma don bincika ɓarkewa da bayar da rahoto ga jihar.

 Shirin Cap da saka hannun jari 
A cikin , Dokar Yarjejeniyar Yanayi (CCA) ta buƙaci Ma'aikatar Muhalli don haɓaka ƙwanƙwasawa da saka hannun jari a farkon 2023. Wannan shirin an yi niyya ne don aiwatar da iyakokin GHG da majalisar dokoki ta kafa, ta hanyar buƙatar duk kasuwancin da ke fitar da akalla tan 25,000 na CO daidai don samun izini daidai da girman su. Kasuwancin da aka gano ba su bi doka ba za a iya tarar su har zuwa $ 50,000 a kowace keta doka, a kowace rana. Ana sayar da adadin alawus kuma ana iya saya da siyarwa a kasuwannin sakandare, kamar securities. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]

 Motocin Zero-emission 
A cikin karni na 21, jihar Washington tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar karɓar motocin lantarki a Amurka. A cikin 2022, akwai motocin lantarki sama da 90,000 da aka yi rajista a Washington, na huɗu mafi yawan kowane jiha, duk da cewa ita ce jiha ta 13 mafi yawan jama'a. Hakanan yana da kashi na huɗu mafi girma na motocin da aka yi rajista ya zama batir na lantarki ko plug-in hybrid, a bayan California, Gundumar Columbia, da Hawaii, bi da bi.

A cikin 2020, majalisar dokoki ta kafa manufofin da ke buƙatar jihar ta bi ka'idodin California don motocin fitar da iska. A cikin 2022, Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama ta California ta kafa doka wacce za ta daidaita sayar da sabbin motocin man fetur ta hanyar 2035 ta hanyar buƙatar masu kera motoci su isar da yawan motocin da ba su da isasshen iska, farawa da 35% ZEV a cikin 2026, zuwa 68% a cikin 2030, kafin yadda ya kamata su hana sayar da motocin man shafawa a cikin 2035. Koyaya, plug-in hybrids wanda zai iya tafiya aƙalla kilomita 50 ba tare da man fetur ba har yanzu zai cancanci zama ZEVs.

A cikin 2024, Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta ba da sanarwar shirin sake biyan kuɗi na yanzu don motocin lantarki na batir, wanda Dokar Kula da Yanayi ta tallafawa. Mazaunan Washington da suka kai kashi 300% na matakin talauci na tarayya na iya samun cancanta don $9,000 daga hayar shekara 3+ na sabon BEV, $ 5,000 daga hayar shekaru 2+ ko siye, ko $ 2,500 daga siye ko hayar BEV da aka yi amfani da shi.

Ta hanyar Shirin Cajin Motocin Lantarki, sama da dala miliyan 85 a cikin CCA ta ba da tallafi don gina sabbin tashoshin caji kusan 5,000 a cikin gidaje da yawa, wuraren aiki, da wuraren jama'a an ba da su a cikin 2024. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi caja 4,710 AC matakin 2 EV da caja mai sauri 271 DC .   [ mafi kyau tushe ake bukata ]

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, jihar za ta kaddamar da shirin bayar da tallace-tallace har zuwa $ 1,200 don sabbin kekunan lantarki. Don samun cancanta ga cikakken adadin, mazauna dole ne su sami kasa da 80% na matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gundumarsu, amma idan ba haka ba har yanzu sun cancanci $ 300. Shirin, wanda ake kira "WE-Bike" majalisar dokoki ce ta ba da kuɗin tare da dala miliyan 5 daga ƙarin kasafin kuɗin sufuri na 2024. APTIM, LLC za ta gudanar da shirin. wanda ke kula da irin wannan shirye-shiryen sakewa na e-bike a wasu wurare, kamar Boston, Denver, Boulder, da Bentonville, Arkansas.  

 Rashin harajin tallace-tallace 
A shekara ta 2005, jihar ta ba da izini ga harajin tallace-tallace na sabbin motocin man fetur masu tsabta, don cikakken farashin sayarwa ko darajar kasuwa mai kyau na mota. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][]

Farawa ga watan Yulin 2015, wannan keɓancewa an iyakance shi ga motocin da ke da darajar kasuwa mai kyau na $ 35,000 ko ƙasa da haka. Koyaya, an kuma ba da izinin ga plug-in hybrids tare da akalla kilomita 30 na kewayon batir. A cikin 2016, HB 2778 ya ɗaga MSRP mai cancanta na motoci zuwa $ 42,500 ko ƙasa da haka, amma ya iyakance cancantar cire haraji zuwa $ 32,000 a kowace abin hawa. An tsara keɓancewar ta atomatik don karewa bayan motoci 7,500 da suka cancanci keɓancewar an ba su lakabi a cikin jihar ko a watan Yulin 2019, duk abin da ya kasance a baya. Game da HB 2778, an sanya kuri'ar ba da shawara ta 15 a cikin kuri'a a watan Nuwamba 2016 a matsayin tambaya mara ɗaurewa game da ko ya kamata a ci gaba da iyakance shi, don kara kudaden shiga na haraji ga jihar, ko kuma ya kamata a ba da izinin haraji ga cikakken farashin abin hawa. Yawancin sun ba da shawara game da iyakance cire haraji. Koyaya, majalisa ba ta yi aiki a kan wannan kuri'ar ba da shawara ba.

A cikin 2019, an sake dawo da cire harajin tallace-tallace don wasu motocin mai, yana sabunta farashin sayarwa don zama $ 45,000 ko ƙasa da sababbin motoci da $ 30,000 don motocin da aka yi amfani da su. Ga sabbin motoci, adadin da ya cancanci cire haraji yana raguwa a tsawon lokaci, farawa da $ 25,000 har zuwa tsakiyar 2021, zuwa $ 20,000 har zuwa tsakiyar 20223, kuma zuwa $ 15,000 har zuwa tsakiyar 2022. Ga motocin da aka yi amfani da su, adadin da ya cancanci a cire shi koyaushe shine $ 16,000. Ya wuce tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyun biyu a cikin ɗakunan biyu.

 Gudanar da jama'a 
Sound Transit hukuma ce ta zirga-zirgar jama'a ta Sarki da ke rufe yankunan King, Pierce, da Snohomish, waɗanda aka kirkira a cikin shekarun 1990 tare da manufar kafa tsarin zirga-zane na yanki. Yana amfani da kudaden shiga na haraji don tallafawa ci gaba da aiki na tsarin sufuri na yanki iri-iri ciki har da Link light rail, bas fast transit, da kuma commuter rail. Ya zuwa 2020, duk jiragen kasa masu sauƙi na Link suna gudana akan wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar makamashi mai tsabta.

Dokar Yarjejeniyar Yanayi ta haɗa da kudade don yin zirga-zirgar jama'a kyauta, gami da bas, layin dogo mai sauƙi, jiragen ruwa, da Amtrak Cascades, ga duk matasa a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18.

 Jirgin ruwa na Jihar Washington 
Washington State Ferries, wanda shine mafi girman tsarin jirgin ruwa a Amurka ta hanyar fasinjoji, yana shirin gabatar da jiragen ruwa na lantarki a hankali, a ƙarshe ya sauya zuwa rundunar lantarki gaba ɗaya nan da shekara ta 2050. Koyaya, wannan shirin ya tsaya ta hanyar ƙalubale da yawa ciki har da raguwar fasinjoji bayan annobar, mummunan yanayin gyare-gyare ga jiragen ruwa da ke akwai, da kuma dokokin "gina a Washington" da ke ƙuntata masu ginin.  

A cikin 2023, Majalisar Dokoki ta zartar da HB 1846 wanda ya haifar da banbanci ga abin da ake buƙata don gina jiragen ruwa a jihar Washington don kwangilar don gina sabbin jiragen ruwa biyar na diesel-wutan lantarki. Ana iya gina su a ko'ina a Amurka, amma WSF dole ne ta ba da bashi na 13% ga tayin masu ginin a Washington. A cikin 2024, WSF ta fara tsarin siyarwa na kasa don jiragen ruwa na diesel-wutan lantarki.

 Adalci na muhalli 
Dokar Adalci na muhalli ta 2021, wacce aka fi sani da Dokar Muhalli mai Lafiya ga Dukkanin (HEAL Act), ta aiwatar da shawarwari daga ƙungiyar aiki ta adalci ta mujalli ta baya, don saka hannun jari a cikin al'ummomin da gurɓataccen yanayi ya shafa.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba