Yajin aikin 'yan jarida na 1899

Yunkurin yajin aiki jaridu na 1899 ya kasance kamfen ne na matasa na Amurka don sauƙaƙe canji ta hanyar da jaridu na Joseph Pulitzer da William Randolph Hearst suka biya bashin ikon su na jaridu ko Masu sayar da <i id="mwGQ">Jarida</i>. Masu yajin aikin sun nuna a fadin Birnin New York na kwanaki da yawa, yadda ya kamata su dakatar da yaduwar takardu biyu, tare da rarraba Labarai, ga biranen New England da yawa. Yajin aikin ya dauki makonni biyu, wanda ya sa Pulitzer's New York World ta rage yaduwarta daga takardu 360,000 da aka sayar a kowace rana zuwa 125,000. Kodayake ba a saukar da farashin takardu ba, yajin aikin ya ci nasara wajen tilasta wa Duniya da Jarida su ba da cikakken sayayya ga masu siyar da su, don haka ƙara yawan kuɗin da 'yan jarida suka samu don aikinsu. Wannan taron ya yi wahayi zuwa ga fim din fim na 1992, Newsies, wanda an daidaita shi don Broadway a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2012.
A farkon karni, 'yan jarida suna da mahimmanci ga rarraba jarida. Duk da yake ana isar da takardun safiya kai tsaye ga masu biyan kuɗi, fitowar da ta yamma ta dogara kusan kawai ga jaridu don siyarwa. Yawancin 'yan jarida sun fito ne daga iyalai marasa galihu kuma suna sayar da takardu da yamma da maraice, bayan ayyukan makarantarsu. Sun sayi takardu a 50¢ a kowace ɗari, kuma sun sayar da su a 1 cent kowannensu, don ribar rabin cent a kowace takarda.

Akwai yajin aikin Jarida shekaru da yawa kafin abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta 1899, gami da wadanda a 1886,  1887,  da 1889   Yunkurin yajin aiki na karshe da 'yan jarida suka yi a kan Duniya da Jaridar ya kasance a watan Agustan shekara ta 1889. 

A shekara ta 1898, tare da Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka da ke kara tallace-tallace na jaridu, masu bugawa da yawa sun ɗaga farashin jaridu 100 daga 50¢ zuwa 60¢,  karuwar farashin da a lokacin aka daidaita ta hanyar karuwar tallace-tafiye. Bayan yakin, takardu da yawa sun rage farashin zuwa matakan da suka gabata, tare da sanannun ban da The Evening World da New York Evening Journal.

 Yunkurin yajin aiki 

 Kwanaki na farko 

A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1899,  wani rukuni na 'yan Jarida a Long Island City sun juya motar rarrabawa don Jaridar New York. A City Hall Park kwana daya bayan haka,  sun ayyana yajin aiki a kan takardun Joseph Pulitzer, mai wallafa World, da William Randolph Hearst, mai wallafa Jaridar, har sai an sake dawo da farashin zuwa 50¢ a kowace ɗari.  Jaridu na Manhattan da Brooklyn sun yi saurin bin su a ranar 20 ga Yuli.

Hanyoyin 'yan jarida sun kasance masu tashin hankali a farkon kwanakin yajin aikin. Duk wani mutum ko yaro da aka samu yana sayar da takardun da aka kaurace wa jama'a zai tarwatsa shi da wani rukuni na masu yajin aiki, ya buge shi, kuma ya lalata takardunsa. Masu mallakar jaridu sun biya maza da suka girma don sayar da takardun su, suna ba su kariya ta 'yan sanda, amma masu yajin aiki galibi suna samun hanyoyin jan hankali ga jami'an don su iya samun "scabs".  Mata da 'yan mata sun yi kyau sosai saboda, kamar yadda shugaban kungiyar Kid Blink ya ce, "A feller can's soak a lady". 

Har ila yau, 'yan Jarida sun rarraba takardu da kuma rataye a cikin birni, suna ƙarfafa mutane su taimaka musu a cikin manufar su ta hanyar kada su sayi Duniya da Jarida.

 Taron da aka yi a Irving Hall 
A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1899, 'yan jarida sun gudanar da taron jama'a a Irving Hall wanda sanata na jihar, Timothy D. Sullivan ya dauki nauyinsa. Kimanin yara maza dubu biyar daga Manhattan sun halarci taron, tare da yara maza dubu biyu daga Brooklyn da daruruwan daga wasu yankuna na birnin.

Yawancin 'yan kasuwa da' yan siyasa na cikin gida sun yi magana da taron, ciki har da lauya Leonard A. Suitkin, Frank B. Wood, da tsohon dan majalisa Phil Wissig. Lokacin da manya suka gama magana, shugaban kungiyar, David Simmons, ya karanta jerin kudurori da ke cewa yajin aikin zai tsaya har sai takardun sun rage farashin su, kuma ya yi kira ga 'yan jarida da su karɓi hanyoyin juriya marasa ƙarfi.

"Warhorse" Brennan, Jack Tietjen, "Bob the Indian", shugaban kungiyar "Kid Blink",  "Crazy" Arborn, Annie Kelly, da shugaban kungiyar Brooklyn, "Racetrack" Higgins sun yi wasu jawabai. Dare ya ƙare da waƙar da "Hungry Joe" Kernan ya rera.

An miƙa wa Kid Blink fure mai laushi a matsayin lada don ba da mafi kyawun jawabi na maraice.

 Bayan taron 
A cikin kwanaki bayan taron, dabarun 'yan Jarida sun canza zuwa ba su da tashin hankali. Ko da yake ba sa cinye mutanen da suka sayar da World and Journal, yajin aikin har yanzu yana da tasiri saboda jama'a suna gefen su kuma sun zaɓi kada su sayi takardun, koda kuwa suna sayarwa.

A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1899, 'yan jarida sun shirya fareti, inda kusan yara maza 6,000 za su yi tafiya, tare da ƙungiyar da wuta, amma wannan fareti bai taba faruwa ba saboda matsalolin samun izini.

 Kid Blink ya kunyata 
A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1899, jita-jita sun bazu tsakanin 'yan jarida cewa shugabannin yajin aiki, Kid Blink da David Simmons sun ci amanar yajin aikin kuma sun amince da sayar da takardun da aka kaurace su don musayar cin hanci daga shugabannin jaridar. Dukkanin yaran sun musanta zargin, amma wasu kafofin sun lura cewa Kid Blink ya sa tufafi da suka fi kyau fiye da yadda aka saba, yana nuna yiwuwar cewa yana iya karɓar cin hanci. A mayar da martani ga waɗannan tuhume-tuhumen, Kid Blink da David Simmons sun yi murabus daga mukaman shugabancin su, Simmons ya canza daga shugaban kungiyar zuwa mai ba da kuɗi, kuma Kid Blink ya zama wakilin tafiya.

A wannan dare, wani rukuni na yara maza da suka yi fushi game da jita-jita cewa ya bar yajin aikin sun bi Kid Blink a kan tituna. Wani jami'in 'yan sanda, ganin ƙungiyar' yan yara maza masu gudu, ya ɗauka cewa Kid Blink shine jagora kuma ya kama shi saboda halin rikici. An ba Kid Blink tarar kuma an bar shi, yayin da wani rukuni na 'yan jarida a waje da kotun suka yi masa ba'a.

 Ƙarshen yajin aikin 
Bayan jita-jita game da Kid Blink da David Simmons sun fice daga yajin aikin, tare da gazawarsu don samun izinin fareti, bangaskiyar 'yan jarida a cikin jagoranci na tsakiya ta ragu. Sauran 'yan jarida sun tashi don jagorantar masu yajin aiki, amma babu wani daga cikinsu da ke da irin wannan matakin iko da tasiri kamar yadda Kid Blink ya taɓa samu.

A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 1899, Jarida Duniya da Jarida sun ba da sulhu ga 'yan jarida: farashin takardu ɗari zai kasance a 60¢, amma za su sayi duk takardu da ba a sayar da su ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa yaran da ke da matsala wajen sayar da dukkan takardun su ba za a tilasta su sayar da dare ba don kauce wa rasa rana. 'Yan jarida sun yarda da wannan sulhu, sun kawo karshen yajin aikin kuma sun rushe kungiyar a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 1899. 

 Shugabannin yajin aiki 
Jagorancin yajin aikin jarida bai kasance mai tsakiya ba fiye da yawancin ƙungiyoyi, tare da yara maza a kowane unguwa suna jin aminci ga sauran yara maza a yankinsu fiye da jagorancin tsakiya. Wannan ya ce, wasu yara maza sun fi wasu tasiri, suna shirya tarurruka, suna aiki a matsayin masu magana da yajin aikin, kuma takardu kamar New York Tribune, New York Sun ko New York Herald suna yin hira da su. Sau da yawa takardun sun ambaci masu yajin aiki tare da sautin su na New York, wanda aka nuna a matsayin Yaren ido, ta amfani da irin waɗannan maganganun kamar "Mutanen da ke da aminci dukansu".

 Louis "Kid Blink" Baletti 
Fuskar yajin aikin ita ce Louis "Kid Blink" Baletti . Kid Blink yana da shekaru 18 a lokacin yajin aikin, kuma takardu sun bayyana shi a lokacin a matsayin "yaro mara girma"  tare da jan gashi da ido a kan idonsa na hagu.  Ya kuma tafi da laƙabi "Red Blink,"  "Muggsy McGee"  da "Blind Diamond".

Kid Blink shugaba ne mai ban sha'awa. Jaridu da yawa sun rubuta jawabai, wanda ya ba da shi a taron, daya daga cikinsu ya karanta a wani bangare "Abokai da ma'aikata masu yawa. Wannan lokaci ne, wanda ke ƙoƙarin zukatan mutane. Dis shine lokacin da za mu tsaya tare kamar manne... Mun san abin da muke so kuma za mu same shi ko da mu makanta. "  Maganarsa a taron Irving Hall ta ba shi da doki mai furanni don mafi kyawun jawabin maraice.

An zargi Kid Blink da cin amanar yajin aikin da karɓar cin hanci don sayar da takardun da aka kaurace su, kuma kodayake wasu kafofin sun ce an wanke shi daga waɗannan zarge-zargen, har yanzu ya sauka daga matsayin shugabancinsa bayan an zarge shi.

Lokacin da aka kama shi a lokacin yajin aikin, Kid Blink ya gaya wa 'yan sanda sunansa Louis Ballat,  amma mai yiwuwa yana karya ko kuma sun ji kuskure saboda ainihin sunansa ya zama Louis Baletti. 

Bayan yajin aikin, Kid Blink ya sami aiki a matsayin direban karusa kuma daga baya a matsayin mai kula da saloon. Wataƙila ya yi aiki a matsayin hannun dama ga ɗan fashi na New York Chuck Connors . Ya mutu a watan Yulin 1913 yana da shekaru 32 na tarin fuka.

 David Simmons 
David Simmons ya kasance shugaban kungiyar jaridu a farkon yajin aikin, kuma mai ba da kuɗi a rabi na biyu, bayan an zarge shi da cin amanar yajin aikin kuma an tilasta masa ya koma baya daga matsayinsa na shugabanci. Yana da shekara ashirin da daya a lokacin yajin aikin kuma yana sayar da jaridu tun yana da shekaru takwas. Ya kuma kasance sanannen mai fafatawa a kungiyoyin wasanni na gida.

Simmons ya karanta jerin ƙuduri a taron a Irving Hall, wanda aka ruwaito cewa taron ya sami banƙyama.

 Ed "Racetrack" Higgins 
Ed "Racetrack" Higgins  shi ne shugaban kungiyar Brooklyn, kuma an zabe shi mataimakin shugaban kungiyar bayan an zargi Kid Blink da David Simmons da sayar da kayayyaki.  Higgins ya kasance mai tsalle-tsalle a Sheepshead Bay Race Track, kuma ya ambaci dawakai a cikin ƙa'idodi da yawa a lokacin yajin aikin.

Higgins ya kasance mai magana mai ban sha'awa, takardu da yawa sun ambaci amfani da ban dariya a cikin jawabinsa ga 'yan jarida masu ban sha'awar. Life Brooklyn ta kira shi "shugaban da aka haifa na yara maza, kuma yana iya kasancewa na maza".  Jawabinsa a taron ya tafi da kyau har New York Times ta ce "Idan 'yan jarida da ke wurin zasu iya samun kuri'a a daren jiya, 'Race Track Higgins' na iya samun wani ofis a cikin kyautar su".

 Morris Cohen 
Morris Cohen ya kasance shugaban kungiyar bayan Kid Blink da David Simmons sun sauka. Ba a san komai game da shi ba, amma wata sanarwa ta 20 ga Yuli daga manajan kasuwancin Joseph Pulitzer, Don Seitz, mai suna Cohen a matsayin yaron da ya fara yajin aikin a Birnin New York.

 Henry "Major Butts" Butler 
Henry "Major Butts" Butler ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Upper Manhattan bayan Kid Blink ya sauka. An kama shi a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1899, a kan tuhumar zamba bayan ya gaya wa masu gudanarwa a New York World cewa ba zai karya yajin aikin ba don kasa da $ 600 ($ 600 a cikin 1900 kusan daidai yake da $ 23,000 ). 

 Annie Kelly 
Annie Kelly na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jarida kalilan da suka yi biyayya ga yajin aikin, gaskiyar da ta sa ta shahara sosai tare da' yan jarida masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda suka gan ta a matsayin "kusan mai kula da saint. "  Ita ce kawai mace da ta yi magana a taron a Irving Hall, bayan da taron' yan jaridu masu farin ciki suka ja ta a kan mataki, inda ta gaya musu "Duk abin da zan iya fada, yara maza, shine mu ci nasara. "

 Kyauta 
An yaba wa yajin aikin jaridu na 1899 tare da karfafa yajin aiki daga baya, gami da yajin aikin manema labarai na Butte, Montana na 1914,  da yajin aiki na 1920 a Louisville, Kentucky. 

Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, gabatar da ayyukan kula da yara na birane ya haifar da ingantaccen rayuwar' yan jarida.

 Bayanan al'adu 
DC Comics sun kirkiro 'yan jarida a cikin 1942 a matsayin Newsboy Legion, sun fara bayyana a cikin fitowar lamba 7 na Star Spangled Comics kuma suna ci gaba a ciki, ta hanyar fitowar 64, da kuma a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na zamani.

Abubuwan da suka faru na yajin aikin 1899 daga baya sun yi wahayi zuwa fim din Disney na 1992 Newsies, gami da wani hali mai suna Kid Blink (wanda ke sanye da ido), amma a cikin wannan Labarai, an kira jagoran yajin aikin Jack Kelly . Wani wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na fim din, wanda kuma ake kira Newsies, ya fara fitowa a 2011 kuma ya buga a Broadway daga 2012 zuwa 2014, kuma a kan yawon shakatawa daga 2014 zuwa 2016. An fitar da fim din kai tsaye na samar da mataki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga Broadway da Tour a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2017, a kan Netflix kuma daga baya ya sauya zuwa Disney+. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, an bude samar da Newsies Off West End a London don iyakantaccen gudu.

An bayyana yajin aikin jarida dalla-dalla a cikin littafin da ba na fiction ba na 2003 Kids on Strike!Yara a Yajin aiki!

 Dubi kuma 


 Ayyukan yara a Amurka
 Mai sayar da jarida ya haɗa da 'yan jarida
 Littattafan NLRB v. Hearst

 Manazarta 

 Ƙarin karantawa 

 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Newsboy Strikes". a cikin Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History (2009): 609-619.
 DiGirolamo, Vincent, Crying the News: Tarihin Labaran Amurka (Oxford University Press, 2019).
 Nasaw, David. "Dirty-Faced Davids & The Twin Goliaths" American Heritage 36.3 (1985): 42-47.
 Nasaw, Children of the City: A Aiki da Aiki (1965) shafuffuka 167-77 kan layi 
 Saxby, A. (1902) "Ka'idodin Newsboys" a cikin The Westminster Review . shafi na 575-578. Baldwin, Cradock, da Joy Publishers. 

 Haɗin waje 

 City Hall Park 1899 Tarin labaran jarida game da yajin aikin.
 Newsboys na 1899 Tarin tushe na farko da na biyu game da yajin aikin, shugabannin sa, da rayuwar 'yan jarida gabaɗaya
 Yaƙin Ƙasashen Ƙasashen Duniya: Yakin Labaran 1899
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba