Clyde Bellecourt

Clyde Howard Bellecourt (8 ga Mayu, 1936 - 11 ga Janairu, 2022) ya kasance mai shirya haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasar Amirka. Sunansa na Ojibwe shine Nee-gon-we-way-dun, wanda ke nufin "Thunder Before the Storm". Ya kafa Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka (AIM) a Minneapolis, Minnesota, a cikin 1968 tare da Dennis Banks, Eddie Benton-Banai, da George Mitchell . Babban ɗan'uwansa, Vernon Bellecourt, shi ma yana aiki a cikin motsi.

A karkashin jagorancin Bellecourt, AIM ta yi nasarar wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan kabilanci. AIM ta haskaka haske game da cin zarafin 'yan sanda a Minneapolis. Bellecourt ta kafa "makarantu masu tsira" masu nasara a cikin Twin Cities don taimakawa yaran 'yan asalin Amurka su koyi al'adun gargajiya. A shekara ta 1972, ya fara tafiya zuwa Washington, DC da ake kira Trail of Broken Treaties, yana fatan sake tattauna yarjejeniyar tarayya da kabilanci. Kungiyoyin da ba na riba ba ne da ya kafa an tsara su ne don inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
Clyde Bellecourt shi ne na bakwai cikin yara goma sha biyu da aka haifa wa iyayensa, Charles da Angeline, a White Earth Indian Reservation a arewacin Minnesota . Daga cikin 'yan uwansa maza akwai ɗan'uwansa Vernon Bellecourt .  Ginin ya talau kuma gidansa ba shi da ruwa ko wutar lantarki.

A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Bellecourt ya yi yaƙi da hukumomi, yana gaskata cewa ba su bi da iyalinsa da sauran Indiyawa da girmamawa ba. Iyayensa sun gaya masa ya yi tunani game da iliminsa kuma ya yi yadda zai iya. Shekaru a makaranta ba su da kyau. Yayinda yake yaro, ya halarci makarantar mishan ta Katolika da ke karkashin jagorancin nuns na Benedictine. Matashi Bellecourt ya kama buns, kuma ya girbe shinkafa na daji da sukari har sai ya kai shekara 11 lokacin da aka kama shi saboda rashin bin doka da laifi, kuma aka tura shi zuwa Makarantar Horar da Jihar Red Wing.

A lokacin da aka sake shi shekaru hudu bayan haka, dangin Bellecourt sun koma Minneapolis a cikin shekarun 1950, a karkashin Dokar Gudanar da Indiya ta 1956 inda gwamnatin tarayya ta karfafa motsawa zuwa saitunan inda za a iya samun karin damar aiki. Sun sami birnin da wahala, kuma Bellecourt ya amsa ga nuna bambanci da jin daɗi.

Ya samu tsare a makaranta.  Samun shiga tare da mummunan tasiri, Bellecourt a ƙarshe ya haifar da tuhumar aikata laifuka. An yanke masa hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zuwa gidan gyaran hali na manya da ke St. Cloud saboda wasu laifuka da suka hada da sata da fashi . 

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 25, an tura Bellecourt zuwa gidan yarin Stillwater a cikin garin Minnesota, inda ya yi sauran hukuncinsa. A can ya sadu da wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da yawa, da yawa daga cikinsu ma Ojibwe. Daga cikin wadanda akwai Eddie Benton-Banai (Ojibwe, 1931-2020), wanda ya fara shirin al'adu na kurkuku da ake kira American Indian Folklore Group  don 'yan asalin Amurka,  da Dennis Banks (Ojibw, 1937-2017).  Bayan sun yi aiki tare a kurkuku, sun yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar irin wannan shirin a Minneapolis, don taimakawa Indiyawan birane ta hanyar fallasa tarihin su, al'adun gargajiya, da ruhaniya.

 Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka 
Bellecourt ya taimaka wajen gano AIM a lokacin taron Minneapolis a watan Yulin 1968 tare da Banks da George Mitchell na Leech Lake Reservation .   Eddie Benton-Banai, wanda ya girma a wurin ajiyar Lac Courte Oreilles a arewacin Wisconsin, shi ma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa. Suna tattauna yadda za a wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin da Indiyawa na Amurka suka fuskanta a cikin Twin Cities, da kuma warware waɗannan matsalolin. Batutuwan sun haɗa da cin zarafin 'yan sanda da zalunci ga' yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, nuna bambanci daga masu aiki, nuna bambancin a makaranta, gidaje marasa kyau, da rashin aikin yi tsakanin' yan Indiyawan Amurka.

Da farko sun kira kansu "Amurkawa na Indiya," amma sun canza zuwa "ma'ana" bisa ga shawarar wata tsohuwar mace. Banks ya rubuta a shekara ta 2004 cewa Bellecourt "mutum ne da ke cikin gaggawa don yin abubuwa," wanda "ya yi magana da irin wannan tsananin cewa sha'awarsa ta mamaye mu kamar guguwa. "  An zabi Bellecourt a matsayin shugaban kungiyar na farko, Dennis Banks filin darektan, da Charles Deegan mataimakin shugaban. 

Sun fara saka idanu kan kama 'yan Indiyawan Amurka da sashen' yan sanda na yankin ya yi don tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye hakkinsu na farar hula kuma an bi da su da mutunci da girmamawa. Benton-Banai ya kuma yi aiki a kan wannan batun kafin ya yi aiki a gidan yarin Stillwater.

A shekara ta 1970, ya jagoranci karbar Ofishin Harkokin Indiya (BIA) a Littleton, Colorado, don neman a sanya 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a matsayin masu kula da BIA. Wannan zanga-zangar ta bazu a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da rufe ofisoshin BIA guda takwas.

A shekara ta 1971, Bellecourt ya ziyarci ƙauyen Indiyawan Chicago (CIV), ƙungiyar ƙabilu da ke zanga-zanga don wayar da kan jama'a da mafita ga yanayin gidaje mara kyau ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a Chicago. CIV ta mamaye tsohon shafin batirin Nike anti-aircraft makamai masu linzami a Belmont Harbor a Chicago.

FBI ta sami damar raba motsi kuma tun daga farkon karni na 21 ya tsira, ya raunana,  a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu, daya a Colorado kuma wanda Russell Means ya jagoranci, kuma na biyu a Minnesota kuma wanda 'yan uwan Bellecourt suka jagoranci, dukansu yanzu sun mutu. An kafa bangaren Minnesota a karkashin dokar Minnesota da Amurka kuma sun yi nasara a kokarin majalisa da zamantakewa da yawa. Lokacin da ya fashe, ƙungiyar Colorado ta zargi Minnesotans da laifuka daban-daban: a mafi yawancin, Bellecourts suna lakafta kansu jami'an AIM na ƙasa da zamba, saboda shugabannin ƙasa ba su wanzu a cikin ƙungiyar ƙauyuka ba.

 Hanyar Yarjejeniyar da ta Rushe 
A watan Agustan 1972, shugaban kabilanci Robert Burnette na Rosebud Reservation ya ba da shawarar tafiya ta zaman lafiya a Washington, DC, wanda ya zama sananne da Trail of Broken Treaties .  Sun so su nuna gazawar gwamnatin tarayya wajen cika wajibai na yarjejeniyarta da kuma talauci mai yawa tsakanin 'yan asalin Amurka. Kungiyar ta goyi bayan kafa Hukumar Tarayyar Indiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na reshen zartarwa da kuma kawar da BIA, daga cikin jerin abubuwan da suke bukata. Masu shirya taron da farko sun shirya yawon shakatawa na zaman lafiya na wuraren tarihi na Washington da ganawa da manyan jami'an gwamnati don gabatar da "maki 20," a matsayin jerin korafe-korafe da bukatun su.

Ba tare da samun masauki a wani wuri ba,  kimanin masu fafutuka 1,000 sun mamaye Ofishin Harkokin Indiya . An [ ] sun yi mummunar barna ga fayilolin yarjejeniya da sauran bayanan tarihi tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilu.  Sun yi kira da a kawo karshen cin hanci da rashawa da rashin gudanar da mulki a cikin BIA.    Bellecourt, Bankuna da sauran shugabannin AIM sun tattauna da gwamnatin tarayya.  Bayan wani aiki daga Nuwamba 3 har zuwa Nuwamba 9,  gwamnatin Nixon ta ba wa masu fafutuka $ 66,000 a farashin sufuri don musanyawa ga sakamako na lumana. Wani zaman majalisar da aka yi ya kiyasta barnar a kan dala $250.000. Kasancewar hedkwatar BIA ya canza AIM sosai. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba