Jo Ann Evansgardner

Jo Ann Evansgardner (Afrilu 19, 1925 - Fabrairu 16, 2010) ƙwararren ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar zamantakewa. An haife ta a Latrobe, Pennsylvania, ta yi karatun ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Pittsburgh kuma ta sadu da mijinta, Gerald Gardner, wanda ta yi aure a shekarar da ta sami digiri na farko. Ma'auratan sun koma Dublin, Ireland, amma sun koma Pittsburgh bayan shekaru biyar, inda Evansgardner ya sami digiri na uku a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam. Ta kafa ƙungiyar mata a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam a cikin 1969 kuma tana aiki tare da mijinta a cikin NAACP da ƙungiyoyin mata masu yawa.

A cikin 1968, ma'auratan sun shiga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa (NOW) kuma sun yi aiki a matsayin shugabannin haɗin gwiwa na farkon Pittsburgh NOW. A cikin wannan rawar, Evansgardner ya yi aiki don samo KNOW, Inc. kuma yana da hannu a cikin shari'ar Kotun Koli ta 1973 na Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations, wanda ya ƙare aikin jaridu na rarraba tallace-tallacen da ake so ta hanyar jinsi. An nada ta a matsayin darektan yankin gabas na NOW kuma ta shirya zanga-zangar adawa da AT&T .

Evansgardner ya kai karar Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Westinghouse don nuna bambancin jima'i a cikin 1977, wani shari'ar da ta je Kotun Koli a Gardner v. Westinghouse Broadcasting Co. Har ila yau, ta kasance co-kafa na National Women's Political Caucus kuma dan takarar Republican na kasa na Pittsburgh City Council a 1971. Ita da mijinta sun koma Houston, 1900 a gida a Houston, Texas, 8. Jami'ar Houston . Sun koma Pittsburgh, inda ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2010.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Evansgardner Jo Ann Evans a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1925, a Latrobe, Pennsylvania .  Iyayenta sune Eugene da Elizabeth Evans, kuma 'yar'uwarta ita ce Barbara Evans Fleischauer, wakilin jihar nan gaba a West Virginia.   Ta girma a unguwar Hazelwood a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Tun tana karama, tana son zama likita amma an hana ta sana’ar da maza suka mamaye ta.  Ta bar Pittsburgh a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu don ƙaura zuwa North Carolina, inda ta tuka manyan motoci don Sojoji na Biyu . A cikin 1945, ta koma garinsu kuma ta yi aiki a kan bincike na Union Carbide & Co. a Cibiyar Nazarin Masana'antu ta Mellon, aikin da ya ba ta damar yin karatu a Jami'ar Pittsburgh .  Ta sauke karatu a 1950 tare da digiri na farko a cikin ilimin halin dan Adam.   A wannan shekarar, ta auri Gerald Gardner, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin lissafi da geophysicist.   Da farko ta ɓata sunan mahaifinta da na mijinta amma, saboda al'amuran da ke tattare da kwamfuta ba ta yarda da sunaye ba, maimakon haka ta zaɓi haɗa sunayensu.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da suka yi aure, ma'auratan sun yi shekaru biyar a Dublin, Ireland, inda Evansgardner ya ƙi aikinta na uwar gida.  

 Aikin ilimi 
Evansgardner ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam daga Jami'ar Pittsburgh a shekarar 1965, inda aka kula da ita a cikin takardar karatunta kan ilimin halin dan Adam, mai taken shigar da dabi'ar mating a cikin matashin farar dutsen dutse, na Alan E. Fisher.    Ta koyar a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon daga 1964 zuwa 1966, da kuma koyarwa a wasu jami'o'i da dama.  Ta fuskanci wariyar jinsi yayin da take cikin makarantar kimiyya, ta rubuta wani rubutun 1971 da ba a buga ba kan abubuwan da ta samu.  Ta kasance sau da yawa suna sukar sana'ar ilimin halin dan Adam. Ta ji takaicin yadda mata ke fama da tabin hankali idan suka nuna fushi ko bacin rai game da samun rashin adalci sakamakon jinsinsu. Ta kuma soki yadda ake amfani da beraye kawai wajen gwaje-gwaje, lamarin da daga baya ya tabbatar da sakamakon binciken da ya nuna cewa binciken likitanci kan batutuwan da suka shafi maza ba shi da amfani ga mata marasa lafiya. 

 Ayyukan zamantakewa 
Evansgardner ya kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a, ya shiga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mutane (NAACP) tare da mijinta a cikin 1963. Ma'auratan sun kasance masu aiki a cikin shekaru saba'in da tamanin tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka (ACLU), Shekarar Mata ta Duniya a 1975, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa a 1977, da kungiyoyin 'yancin haifuwa. Sun shiga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa (NOW) a cikin 1968.  Wilma Scott Heide, abokin aikinta a sashen ilimin halin dan Adam na Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, ya dauke ta a cikin kungiyar. An lasafta ta da gamsarwa Eleanor Smeal, wanda daga baya zai zama shugaban NOW da Feminist Majority Foundation, don shiga ƙungiyar mata.  

 SAN, Inc. 
A cikin 1968, Evansgardner ya kafa KNOW, Inc. tare da mijinta, Heide, Jean Witter, da Phyllis Wetherby .  Jaridar ita ce gidan wallafe-wallafen mata na farko, wanda ke aiki daga gidan Evansgardner a Shadyside .  Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin taken, "'Yancin 'yan jarida na wadanda suka mallaki jarida ne".   Sun buga jawabai da labarai daga masu ra'ayin mata da sauran membobin NOW, gami da " The Tyranny of Structurelessness " by Jo Freeman kuma Ina Gudu Daga Gida, Amma Ba a Ba ni izinin Ketare Titin ta Gabrielle Burton ba.  Sheila Tobias, wacce ta shirya daya daga cikin tarurrukan kare hakkin mata na farko a kasar, ta shiga cikin kungiyar ta NAN, ta kuma amince da ba da damar buga kayayyakin da ta tara daga malaman jami'o'i daban-daban wadanda suka koyar da al'amuran mata. Ta wannan haɗin gwiwar, SAN ya buga kayan kwas ɗin karatun mata na farko.   A shekara mai zuwa, Evansgardner ya ba da shawarar cewa a yi amfani da kalmar Ms maimakon Mrs. ko Miss.  

 Daga baya rayuwa 
Daga baya a rayuwarta, Evansgardner ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar muhalli.  Bayan sun yi ritaya, ita da Gardner sun koma Hazelwood, inda suka gina wani gida na geothermal .  Ma'auratan sun hana magajin garin Pittsburgh gina wata shukar coke a unguwarsu, wanda da zai yi gurbacewa sosai.  An girmama ta a cikin wani nuni mai suna "A Sisterhood: Ƙungiyar Mata a Pittsburgh" a Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Pittsburgh a cikin Janairu 2009.  A ƙarshen rayuwarta, Evansgardner yana da ciwon sukari, cututtukan zuciya, da cutar Alzheimer.  Mijinta ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2009,  kuma ta mutu bayan watanni bakwai a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2010, a asibitin Forbes a Pittsburgh.  

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba