Rarrabar sufuri

Rarrabar sufurihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_divide yana nufin rashin daidaituwar hanyar sufuri. Yana iya haifar da keɓance zamantakewar ƙungiyoyin marasa galihu."Social inequality, disadvantaged neighbourhoods and transport deprivation: an assessment of the historical influence of housing policies"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22578-4_10

Manufar ita ce ta ƙunshi batutuwan da suka kama daga rashin daidaito zuwa jigilar jama'a zuwa ga rashin daidaito a cikin ƙaura na duniya saboda manufofin biza daban-daban a matsayin wani ɓangare na rarrabuwar kai tsakanin Arewa da Kudu ta duniya.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X0000024Xhttps://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu8070696

Akwai abubuwa da dama na rarraba sufuri. Mutane na iya samun matsala wajen amfani da tsarin sufuri saboda shingen jiki, kamar rashin samun dama ga nakasassu (rashin shiga keken guragu shima yana shafar mutanen da ke da keken jarirai ko kekuna).http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84503/1/Mobility%20Divide_Mau_Guelzau_Laube_Zaun_finalpdf.pdf Rashin isassun lakabi kuma na iya haifar da matsala ga mutanen da ba sa jin yaren gida. Matsalolin kuɗi a cikin nau'ikan farashin sabis na iya hana matalauta amfani da sabis na sufuri. Shingayen nesa (a matsayin nisa daga gidajen mutane) na iya sanya wasu wuraren galibi ba su isa ga mutane ba tare da shiga mota ba, musamman lokacin da zirga-zirgar jama'a na gida ba ta da kyau. Matsalolin lokaci sun haɗa da matsalolin da ake samu a lokacin gaggawa, amma kuma ƙaƙƙarfan lokaci ke haifar da buƙatar shirya kula da ’yan uwa (mafi yawan kulawar yara), wanda idan aka haɗa tare da rashin kyawun hanyoyin sufuri na iya zama wani abu na rage shigar mata cikin ma’aikata. Har ila yau, akwai shingen tsoro kamar tsoron kada a danne su, wanda ya kai ga kera motocin fasinja kawai mata. Kokarin gyara shingen tsoro ta hanyar kara sanya ido da kuma 'yan sanda duk da haka yana da alaƙa da raguwar amfani da irin waɗannan ayyuka da wasu ƙungiyoyi, kamar matasa suke yi.https://www.civilrightsteaching.org/desegregation/transportation-protests

Masana da masu tsara birane sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a bi don inganta zirga-zirgar jama'a da haɓaka hanyoyin shiga, ba da tallafin sufuri na sirri, da canza hanyoyin da aka tsara birane don haɓaka motsi.https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4a98c249-30af-44e5-9b45-00ea8b42bc15

 Tarihi  
A cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata, haɗin gwiwar duniya ya yi tasiri a yankuna da yawa na birane. Sake fasalin tattalin arziki ya haifar da ginshiƙan tattalin arzikin birni tare da kewaye. Gentrification ya tilasta wa marasa galihu da magidanta yin ƙaura daga tsakiyar birane, yana haifar da buƙatu na sufuri mai sauƙi da kwanciyar hankali. Wannan sauye-sauye na sararin samaniya da tattalin arziki ya kara dagula matsalar sufuri.https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/1008

Manufofin gidaje sun yi tasiri sosai kan rarrabuwar kawuna da motsi. Tallafin da aka yi wa manyan gidaje a yankunan karkara ya haifar da tarin talauci a cikin birane. Bayar da tallafin gidaje masu karamin karfi a yankunan da ba su da yawa yana haifar da keɓantattun al'ummomin da ke da iyakacin damar sufuri. Yana da matukar wahala a haɗa yankunan karkara masu nisa ta hanyar zirga-zirgar jama'a, duk da haka gidaje masu karamin karfi suna kokawa don samun daidaiton hanyar sufuri na zaman kansu.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00755.x

 Kasar Amruka 
A tarihi an sami rarrabuwar kawuna na sufuri ga tsirarun kabilanci a Amurka ta hanyar rarraba tsarin jigilar jama'a. An ware motocin bas da yawa har zuwa hukuncin Kotun Koli na 1956, Browder v. Gayle. Sauran manyan shari'o'in kotuna da suka shafi rarrabuwa kan jigilar jama'a sune Keys v. Carolina Coach Co., Morgan v. Virginia, da Boynton v. Virginia.https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs2542-5196%2818%2930219-5

A shekara ta 1956, gwamnatin Amurka ta zartar da dokar babbar hanya tsakanin jihohi, wadda ta ba da kudade don gina dubban miliyoyi na manyan tituna a fadin kasar. Wannan doka, tare da lissafin GI wanda ya ba da tallafi ga tsoffin sojoji don zama masu gida, ya sauƙaƙe ƙauyuka da bazuwar birane. Wannan ya sa Amurka ta kasance mai dogaro da mota yayin da birane suka bazu kuma mutane sukan tashi daga bayan gari zuwa birane don aiki. Wannan ya sanya mallakar mota mahimmanci don samun gidaje da makarantu na bayan gari. Wannan kewayen birni bai iyakance ga Amurka ba; birane da yawa a Turai sun ci gaba haka a cikin karni na 20.https://doi.org/10.1108/9781780522012-002https://doi.org/10.1111%2Famet.12072

 Harkokin sufurin jama'a 
Harkokin sufurin jama'a ya bambanta da ƙasa, kuma a cikin ƙasashe, ana samun rarrabuwar kawuna. Amurka, alal misali, tana da tsarin sufurin jama'a mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Garuruwa masu yawa, irin su New York ko D.C., sun fi samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a, amma wasu biranen, irin su Houston, an gina su a kewayen motoci da manyan tituna kuma akwai rashin isassun hanyoyin sufuri na jama'a. Wadanda ba su da motoci a cikin wadannan biranen suna cikin matsala wajen ganowa da kuma zuwa ayyukan yi. Manufar yanzu tana fifita waɗanda ke bayan gari da motoci maimakon talakawa, mazauna birane.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1523908X.2013.858592

Rashin isassun sufurin jama'a shine tsakiyar hanyar sufuri. Harkokin sufurin jama'a yana ba da damar yin aiki, ilimi, ayyukan zamantakewa, sabis na kiwon lafiya, abinci, da sauran abubuwan bukatu. Wadanda ba su da sufuri na sirri kamar motoci sukan dogara da jigilar jama'a. Amma duk da haka, ana samun ƙarancin kuɗin jigilar jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, maiyuwa ba zai yi hidima ga duk jama'a cikin adalci ba. Wadanda ke kewayen cibiyoyin birane na iya kokawa don samun ingantacciyar zirga-zirgar jama'a idan ba sa zama kusa da wuraren aikinsu."Transport and Inequality: Why Disparities in Access Matter in Cities |"

 Nakasa 
A al'adance ba a tsara jigilar jama'a ga masu nakasa ba. Zagayowar tafiye-tafiye na zirga-zirgar jama'a yana da abubuwa da yawa, kamar tafiya zuwa tashar wucewa, siyan tikiti, nemo madaidaicin sabis, shiga da tashi, waɗanda galibi ba sa samun damar masu nakasa. Sau da yawa, motoci ne kawai zaɓi mai yiwuwa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa, wanda zai iya zama ƙarin kuɗi da nauyi. Wadanda ke da motoci na iya kokawa don samun filin ajiye motoci ko wuraren kwana kamar tudu a wuraren da ake zuwa. Samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a a cikin Ƙasashe na karkashin (LMIC) ke da shi, wanda ke da sakamako mai mahimmanci ga samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da aikin yi. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken a Cambodia ya gwada Kayan Aikin Tafiya (JAT) wanda ke gano shingen jigilar jama'a ga masu nakasa. Wannan kayan aikin yana da yuwuwar haɓaka tattaunawa game da shingen sufuri da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan samun dama.

 sufuri na sirri(kai da kai)  
An samu fashewar wani abu a cikin mallakar mota a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ana sa ran akwai motoci biliyan 2 a kan hanya a duniya nan da shekarar 2030. Akwai mummunan sakamako da yawa ga irin wannan yaduwar mallakar motoci, kamar sauyin yanayi, yaduwar birane, hadarin lafiya, da zirga-zirgar da ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki da zirga-zirga. Koyaya, rashin abin hawa yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da suka dogara da mota kamar Amurka. Mattioli (2014) ya bayyana nau'ikan lalacewar sufuri iri biyu: waɗanda ba su da mota da waɗanda mallakar motar ke da nauyi mai nauyi (mallakar motar tilas). Wadanda ke cikin kasan rabin rabon kudaden shiga sune suka fi shafan mallakar mota kamar yadda wani muhimmin kaso na kudaden shigarsu ke kasaftawa don siye da kula da ababen hawa. Sau da yawa ana raina farashin mallakar mota; inshorar mota, kuɗin rajista, filin ajiye motoci, gas, da gyare-gyare suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan nauyi mai nauyi na mallaka. Ƙasashen kuɗin shiga a Amurka ya kashe kusan kashi 34% na kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara kan sufuri. Irin wannan lahani kuma an kira shi da mallakar mota "tilastawa" saboda yana haifar da babban nauyi ga gidaje duk da haka suna buƙatar mota don ci gaba da aiki ko shiga cikin wasu ayyukan da suka dace.

Akwai tsadar waje da yawa don yaɗuwar amfani da mota da dogaro da mota. Wadannan kudaden da ake kashewa ga al'umma sun hada da gurbatar hayaniya, gurbacewar iska, sauyin yanayi, cunkoso, da hadurran mota.

Baƙar fata da Latino a cikin Amurka suna da ƙarancin ikon mallakar mota, kuma mallakar mota yana da alaƙa da haɓaka samun aiki, ƙarin albashi, da rage rarrabuwar kabilanci a cikin ƙimar rashin aikin yi. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken a LA ya gano cewa mallakar mota ya karu da aikin da kashi 9%. Yana da wahala a yi zirga-zirgar jama'a daga cikin birane zuwa guraben ayyukan yi na kewayen birni, wanda ke rage guraben aikin yi ga waɗanda ke cikin birane ba tare da motoci ba.

 Rarrabar motsin duniya 
Manufofin watsi da Visa sun canza a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata yayin da haɗin gwiwar duniya da sabbin fasahohi suka haɓaka sauƙin motsi. Koyaya, waɗanda suka fito daga OECD da ƙasashe masu arziki suna da ƙarin haƙƙin motsi da samun damar hana biza fiye da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashe masu arziki. Wannan ya haifar da "rarrabuwar motsi ta duniya" a matsayin 'yan ƙasa na wasu ƙasashe masu yancin motsi fiye da sauran. Shachar (2009) yana amfani da kalmar "ɗan farin gidan 'yan wanzuwa" don motsawa yadda mutum ke da ikon motsa cikin duniya ta yanke hukunci a cikin ƙasar.

 Damuwar karkara 
Galibin al'ummomin karkara ba su da hanyar sufuri ko wacece. Mutane a cikin al'ummomin karkara ba za su iya yin tuƙi ba saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da shekaru, nakasa, da matsayin zamantakewa. Koyaya, "motsi ya kasance muhimmin bangare na jin daɗin rayuwar karkara, tsofaffi da marasa galihu." Harkokin sufuri yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar yau da kullum saboda kowane mutum dole ne ya bar gidansu a wani lokaci ko wani lokaci don zuwa aiki, kantin kayan abinci, ziyarci likita, ko zuwa makaranta. Wannan ya lura, akwai mutane da yawa da suka bar ƙoƙarin samun abin hawa saboda ba za su iya samun wani wuri da kansu ba. Wannan yana sanya nauyi mai yawa a kan daidaikun mutane yayin da mutane ke shiga hanyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun don zagayawa. Cibiyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da mutane suna karɓar lamuni da ba na hukuma ba daga abokai da dangi don siyan abin hawa ko haɗa mota tare da abokin aiki ko maƙwabci. Ga mutane da yawa, duk da haka, waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullun sune kawai zaɓi saboda biyan kuɗin mota yana da yawa kuma al'ummomin karkara ba sa iya tafiya. Wannan nauyin ya shafi ingancin rayuwar yau da kullun na mutum da duk wanda abin ya shafa.

Samun ababen hawa da zirga-zirgar jama'a yana da alaƙa da gamsuwar unguwanni. Lokacin da mutum zai iya kewaya wurin da ya zaga da kansa, zai fi jin daɗin zama a wurin. Alal misali, motoci suna sauƙaƙa wa mutane yin amfani da lokaci tare da abokansu da iyalansu. Ƙauye da na bayan gari suna wahalar da mutanen da ba su da mota su zagaya. Wata mahaifiyar Boston da ta shiga cikin binciken 2010 kan hanyar sufuri ta ce, "Ta yaya zan isa daga nan zuwa wurin likita a yau? Ba ni da kuɗin motar bas, wanda shine tafiya na sa'a da rabi. Kuma idan ana ruwan sama da sanyi, tare da jarirai biyu, ba za ku iya tafiya sa'a daya zuwa tashar bas ba ta wata hanya. "Damuwa ga mutanen da suka shafi sufuri shine mafi girma ga al'ummomin karkara. Mutanen da ke da ababen hawa sun fi gamsuwa da yankunansu sau 1.6 fiye da waɗanda ba su da motoci.

A cikin yankunan karkara, mutanen da ba su da abin hawa suna iya tsallake alƙawuran likitoci. Sufuri shine ƙayyadaddun lafiya na zamantakewa, ma'ana cewa rashin samun damar sufuri yana da alaƙa da mummunan sakamakon lafiya. Yayin da shirye-shirye kamar Medicaid da sauransu suka yi ƙoƙarin yaƙar wannan batu, akwai miliyoyin Amurkawa marasa inshora waɗanda ba za su iya samun damar waɗannan ayyukan ba a sakamakon haka. Wasu al'ummomin karkara sun ƙaddamar da ayyukan sufuri waɗanda ke haɗa ayyukan hawan keke da zirga-zirga don hidima ga tsofaffi da marasa galihu. TAFARKIN Aikin (Mazauna Masu Tafiya tare da Sabbin Ayyuka) sun fara a cikin 2015 a wani yanki na Arewacin Carolina. Ana ba da kuɗi na sirri kuma "yana ba da jigilar jigilar mutum kyauta zuwa alƙawuran kiwon lafiya, kantin magani, shagunan miya / bankunan abinci, da sauran wuraren da ke tallafawa lafiya da walwala." Shirin ya sauke wasu nauyin kudi daga kafadun wadannan mutane tare da ba su damar halartar muhimman alƙawuran likita ba tare da damuwa ba. Shirye-shirye kamar TRIP sun ga sakamako mai kyau ga mazauna karkara, duk da haka, kudade ya kasance abin damuwa ga mutane da yawa.

 Tasiri 
Rashin lahani na sufuri yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da haɓaka haɓakar zamantakewa (wanda aka auna ta dalilai kamar samun kudin shiga, shiga siyasa, tallafin zamantakewa) da rage jin daɗin rayuwa. Rashin lahani na sufuri yana iya cutar da jin daɗin rayuwa ta hanyar iyakance damar samun albarkatu da sabis na zamantakewa. Hakanan yana hana dangantaka da jin daɗin jama'a, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga jin daɗin rayuwa. Unguwannin da ba su da walwala a cikin jama'a sun fi fuskantar matsalar sufuri. Wani tasiri na rashin lahani na sufuri shine ƙara yawan bayyanar da zirga-zirga, wanda ke da haɗari ta hanyar gurbataccen iska da kuma hadarin mota. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci da ƙabilanci sun fi zama a yankunan da ke da cunkoso kuma suna fuskantar mummunan tasirin lafiya. Ana kiran irin waɗannan alamu da bambance-bambance a matsayin wariyar launin fata. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken a Ostiraliya ya gano cewa rashin lafiyar sufuri yana da alaƙa da ƙarin fahimtar aikata laifuka a cikin unguwa, daɗaɗɗen lafiyar jiki da tunani, ƙarancin shiga cikin ayyukan jama'a da zamantakewa, da rage jin daɗin rayuwa gaba ɗaya.

Rashin lahani na sufuri yana shafar yawan jama'a daban-daban. Ingancin rayuwar tsofaffin jama'a ya dogara sosai kan samun damar sufuri kamar yadda sufuri ke ba da damar hulɗar zamantakewa da abubuwan sha'awa.

Saboda cutar ta COVID-19, wani nau'in rarrabuwar sufuri shine haɗarin lafiya. Wadanda ke iya tafiya a cikin motoci masu zaman kansu suna cikin ƙasa da ƙasa don yin kwangilar COVID-19, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da damar zirga-zirgar jama'a kawai. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda ke da naƙasa ƙila sun ƙara haɗari ga COVID-19 ban da fuskantar ƙarin shingen samun damar sufuri. Wannan annoba ta sanya yin amfani da sufuri da wahala ga nakasassu ta hanyar katsewa zuwa amintaccen sufuri da kwanciyar hankali, rashin sadarwa game da sabuntawa game da jigilar jama'a, da rashin taimako.

 Matsaloli masu yiwuwa 
An sanya kudade don zirga-zirgar jama'a a kan mashin baya. Jami'an sufuri sun taru a taron kasa kan zirga-zirgar jama'a na yankunan karkara da na tsakiyar gari a shekarar 2016 don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi sufuri. Babban burinsu shi ne cimma fahimtar bincike da buƙatun manufofin da suka shafi zirga-zirgar ƙauyuka ga tsofaffi da marasa galihu. Domin auna ra'ayi kan batun, an rarraba binciken ga masu halarta. Yawancin sun ji cewa gwamnati ba ta yin abin da ya dace don magance bukatun tsofaffi da marasa galihu. Dangane da wannan batu, mutane da yawa suna ganin ya kamata jama'a da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki tare don samar da hanyoyin sufuri a yankunan karkara.

Wasu ƙasashe suna da shirye-shiryen taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba da tallafin motoci ga gidaje matalauta. Koyaya, ana sukar waɗannan shirye-shiryen saboda matsalolin muhalli da kuma damuwa game da hana zirga-zirgar jama'a. Sauran masanan sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin samar da fasaha, kamar buƙatun kasuwar jigilar kayayyaki a cikin yankunan karkara. Wasu masu tsara birane suna ba da shawara ga ƙarnuka masu yawa, ƙauyukan birni masu gauraya waɗanda ke da kusancin mutane tare da ƙarin zirga-zirgar jama'a da ƙarancin zirga-zirga.

Ɗaya daga cikin mafita ga rashin lahani na sufuri da ke da alaƙa shine samarwa da ƙarfafa amfani da madadin hanyoyin sufuri. Ana iya ƙarfafa hawan keke da tafiya ta hanyar yaƙin neman zaɓe ko shirin raba keke, amma waɗannan kamfen ɗin sun iyakance ga ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan birane. Motsin da ba shi da mota yana nufin rage tsakiyar amfani da mota a cikin al'umma ta hanyar tsara birane da jigilar jama'a. Sabbin al'adun birni, haɓaka wayo, da haɓaka mai dogaro da kai, hanyoyi ne guda uku waɗanda ke da nufin sanya birane su kasance masu tafiya, ƙara yawan birane, rage ɓarkewar kewayen birni, da rage rarrabuwar sufuri. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da suka mayar da hankali kan dorewa suna fatan inganta zaɓuɓɓuka don gidaje, aikin yi, da sufuri don ƙarin al'ummomin masu adalci.

Ka'idodin hawan keke irin su Uber da Lyft suna karuwa, musamman a birane da kewaye. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan kamfanoni sun yi ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa a yankunan karkara amma suna magance gaskiyar cewa waɗannan yankunan suna da ƙarancin yawan jama'a da kuma tsawon tafiya. Masu farawa da sauran kamfanonin fasaha sun fara fitowa don magance wannan batu. May Motsi, wani kamfanin abin hawa mai cin gashin kansa na Ann Arbor, Michigan yana ƙoƙari zuwa ga kore, sabuwar sabuwar makoma. Manufar Mobility na samar da tafiye-tafiye kyauta ga mutane shine mafita mai aiki ga mutanen da ke fuskantar matsalar samun damar sufuri.

Harkokin zirga-zirgar jama'a a wuraren da ba su da sufuri na iya inganta motsi, damar tattalin arziki, rage farashin gida, da kuma inganta al'umma gaba ɗaya. Wasu malaman suna jayayya cewa saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin zirga-zirgar jama'a yana taimaka wa waɗanda ke fama da matsalar sufuri kawai idan an yi niyya ga zirga-zirgar jama'a a takamaiman ƙungiyoyi kuma yana ba da sabis na sassauƙa. Harkokin sufuri yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar dukan mutane; kowa yana buƙatar sufuri. Batu ne na duniya wanda masu tsara manufofi za su iya samun matsaya guda a kai idan ya zama batu mafi girma.

 Jirgin sama 
Tun lokacin da aka fara sararin samaniyar kasashe ban da kasashen da suka fi samun ci gaba a sararin samaniyar sun yi iƙirarin cewa sararin samaniya na kowa ne kuma bai kamata waɗanda ke da damar zuwa wurin su sarrafa sararin samaniya ba.https://www.sapiens.org/culture/space-colonization-racism/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X0000024X

Bugu da ƙari, 'yan kasuwa na New Space sun yi jayayya da goyon bayan kamfanoni don kafa bil'adama a matsayin nau'in nau'in nau'i na duniya, wanda aka soki saboda kasancewarsa manufa ta tserewa, iyakance ga 'yan kaɗan, bisa ga ka'idojin da ba a sani ba da kuma ba da gudun hijira a matsayin mafita ga matsalolin a duniya maimakon yin aiki a kan matsalolin.http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84503/1/Mobility%20Divide_Mau_Guelzau_Laube_Zaun_finalpdf.pdfhttps://books.google.com/books?id=enrUPzDSRFQChttps://books.google.com/books?id=1AYyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49

 Duba kuma 
 https://mirror.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/8019_73613_WUF5%20Summary%20Report_22Feb2011.pdf

 Manazarta