Muhalli na Malaysia

Yanayin Malaysia shine biotas da geologies waɗanda suka ƙunshi yanayin yanayin Malaysia.https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cvg43mml867o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536223909670&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcvg43mml867o  Ilimin halittun Malesiya megadiverse ne, tare da nau'ikan flora da fauna iri-iri da ake samu a yankuna daban-daban a cikin ƙasar.  Dazuzzukan  na wurare masu zafi sun mamaye tsakanin kashi 59% zuwa 70% na daukacin fadin kasar Malesiya, wanda kashi 11.6% daga cikinsu na da kyau.. Malaysia tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya kai sama da rabin hekta miliyan (sama da kadada miliyan 1.2.  

Shisshigin ɗan adam na haifar da babbar barazana ga yanayin ƙasar nan.  Noma, dazuzzuka da ci gaban birane na taimakawa wajen lalata dazuzzuka, dazuzzukan dazuzzuka da sauran halittu masu albarka a kasar. Halin yanayi da shimfidar wurare suna canzawa sosai ta hanyar ci gaban ɗan adam, gami da gina hanyoyi da damming na koguna. Abubuwan al'amuran yanki, kamar zabtarewar ƙasa da ambaliya a cikin kwarin Klang, tare da hazo, sun samo asali daga saran gandun daji.  Sauyin yanayi na faruwa ne sakamakon gurbacewar iska kai tsaye da kuma ingantacciyar tasirin yanayi, wanda hakan ke haifar da fitar da iskar gas.  Yankunan da ke kusa da gabar tekun Sabah da Sarawak na fuskantar barazana sakamakon hawan teku a halin yanzu.

Muhalli shine batun Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da muhalli a matakin tarayya. Ma'aikatar namun daji da wuraren shakatawa na kasa suna da alhakin adana tsire-tsire da dabbobi a Malaysia. An kafa Kungiyoyin muhalli da yawa don wayar da kan jama'a game da Batutuwan muhalli a Malaysia.

 Halitta 
Malaysia gida ce ga nau'ikan shuke-shuke 15,500, tsuntsaye 746, dabbobi masu rarrafe 379, dabbobin ruwa 198, da nau'ikan kifi 368. Har ila yau, akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 286 a Malaysia, daga cikinsu 27 suna da iyaka kuma 51 suna fuskantar barazana. Wasu daga cikin wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna samuwa a cikin Peninsular Malaysia da Gabashin Malaysia. Tsohon yana da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 193, yayin da na ƙarshe yana da 215. Daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke cikin Malaysia sun haɗa da giwa na Asiya, damisa ta Indochinese, cat leopard da alade mai ciki. Dabbobi masu haɗari sun haɗa da Orangutan, tiger, Giwayen Asiya, Malay tapir, Sumatran rhinoceros da Singapore roundleaf horseshoe bat. Gidajen da ke da zafi masu laushi na Peninsular Malaysia sun ƙunshi nau'in tsuntsaye 450 da nau'ikan bishiyoyi sama da 6,000, daga cikinsu 1,000 ne tsire-tsire masu tasowa waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin karsts. dazuzzuka na Gabashin Malaysia sun fi yawa, tare da fiye da nau'in 400 na tsawo dipterocarps da semihardwoods.

Fure na ƙasa na Malaysia shine Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, mai tsayi wanda aka gabatar a cikin Malay Peninsula a karni na 12. Hakanan ana samun rafflesia a ko'ina a cikin ƙasar.

 Yankunan muhalli da amfani da ƙasa 
Akwai yankuna daban-daban a Malaysia tare da matakai daban-daban na yaduwa. Manyan gandun daji suna da kashi 45% na dukkan yankuna a cikin kasar, itatuwan da aka katse suna wakiltar kashi 33%, manyan wuraren da ke da ruwa sun zama kashi 3%, ciyawa da shrubs sun zama kashi 2% yayin da sauran yankunan ruwa na bakin teku suka zama kashi 8% na yankin ƙasar, tare da amfanin gona da ƙauyuka suna ɗaukar ragowar sararin samaniya. Malaysia tana da wuraren shakatawa na kasa da yawa, kodayake mafi yawansu wuraren shakatawa ne na jihar. Gidan shakatawa na Taman Negara a tsakiyar Peninsular Malaysia yana da shekaru miliyan 130, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin gandun daji a duniya. 

Garin Mangrove na Matang, wanda ba a san shi da Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR), wanda ke cikin Perak a cikin Peninsular Malaysia yana da kimanin hekta 40,000 a girman kuma an dauke shi mafi girman gandun daji na mangrove a cikin Peninsula Malaysia. Masu kiyayewa da mazauna yankin suna aiki tare don kula da gandun daji na Matang Mangrove, kuma ban da ƙananan ƙauyuka biyar na kamun kifi da ke cikin gandun daji, ƙasar ba ta da mazauna. Tun lokacin da aka fara kokarin kiyayewa a cikin 1906, bayan an sanya shi a matsayin ajiyar gandun daji na dindindin kuma Ma'aikatar Kula da dazuzzuka ke sarrafawa sosai, MMFR ya zama ɗayan mafi kyawun gandun daji a duniya, ta amfani da hanyar kiyayewa ta juyawa ta shekaru 30 wanda ya haɗa da raguwar bishiyoyi biyu na wucin gadi da ke faruwa a cikin tubalan shekaru 15 da 20, sannan kuma a fili a lokacin tubalan shekaru 30. 

Kimanin kashi 41% na yankin ƙasar an rarraba su a matsayin "rashin rikice-rikicen ɗan adam", kashi 19% an rarraba shi a matsayin "matsakaiciyar rikice-rikice na ɗan adam" kuma kashi 40% ya fada ƙarƙashin rukunin "babban rikice-ƙarfe na ɗan adam". 2.7% na ƙasar an kare shi gaba ɗaya, 1.77% an kare shi a wani ɓangare kuma 4.47% an kare su gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare.

Malaysia tana tare da layi na 1 na arewa zuwa layi na 7 na arewacin latitude, kusan daidai da Roraima (Brazil), Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Kenya. Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Malaysia tana da Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi saboda kusanci da ma'auni. Kasar tana da zafi kuma tana da danshi a duk shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na  ° C (80.6 ° F) kuma kusan babu canji a cikin zafin shekara-shekara.

Kasar tana fuskantar yanayi biyu na ruwan sama, Arewa maso gabashin Monsoon da Kudu maso Yamma Monsoon. Monsoon na Arewa maso gabashin yana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa zuwa gabar gabashin Malaysia da yammacin Sarawak, yayin da Monsoon na Kudu maso Yamma ke nuna yanayin bushewa a duk faɗin ƙasar ban da Sabah. A lokacin Kudu maso Yamma, yawancin jihohi suna fuskantar ruwan sama kaɗan saboda yanayin yanayi mai ɗorewa a yankin da tsaunukan Sumatran, wanda ke haifar da tasirin Inuwa mai ruwan sama. Sabah tana fuskantar ruwan sama da yawa saboda tasirin wutsiyar guguwa a Philippines.

Tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane ya samo asali ne daga ci gaba da ayyukan ɗan adam gaba ɗaya a cikin biranen Malaysia.

 Ƙididdigar Ƙarshen iska 
Gwamnati tana amfani da Air Pollution Index (API) don bayyana ingancin iska a Malaysia. Ana lissafin darajar API bisa ga matsakaicin matsakaicin gurɓataccen iska, wato sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone da ƙura mai kyau (PM10). Mai gurɓata iska tare da mafi girman maida hankali shine mai gurɓata wanda zai ƙayyade darajar API. Kyakkyawan ƙura yawanci shine mafi yawan gurɓataccen.

An bayar da rahoton API a kan sikelin da ya fara daga 0. An dauki kashi 0 zuwa 50 mai kyau, 51 zuwa 100 matsakaici ne, 101 zuwa 200 ba shi da lafiya, 201 zuwa 300 ba shi da kyau kuma duk wani abu da ya fi 300 yana da haɗari. An ayyana Yanayin gaggawa a yankin bayar da rahoto idan API ya wuce 500, wanda ya faru a Port Klang a cikin 2005. An dakatar da ayyukan gwamnati marasa mahimmanci, kuma duk tashar jiragen ruwa da makarantu a yankin da abin ya shafa an rufe su. Ana iya hana ayyukan kasuwanci da masana'antu na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankin bayar da rahoto.

 Dokar muhalli da kiyayewa 
A cikin 1906, an sanya Ma'aikatar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Matang Mangrove (MMFR) a matsayin ajiyar gandun daji na dindindin kuma Ma'abiyar Kula da dazubbuka ta sa ido sosai kuma ta kula da ita tun daga 1908. 

Dokar Ingancin Muhalli ta 1974 da sauran Dokokin muhalli ana gudanar da su ta hanyar Sashen Muhalli. An karɓi dokar iska mai tsabta a cikin 1978, tana iyakance hayakin masana'antu da na mota. Koyaya, gurɓataccen iska ya kasance matsala a cikin biranen Malaysia.

An kafa Dokar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Kasa ta 1984 don kula da gandun daji mai ɗorewa, amma ba a aiwatar da aikin ba.

 Yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa 
Malaysia ta kasance jam'iyya ga Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasa da kasa masu zuwa:

Malaysia ta sanya hannu amma ba ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto kan canjin yanayi ba.

 Kungiyoyin muhalli 
Wadannan sune jerin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa da ba na gwamnati ba wadanda suka sadaukar da kansu ga adanawa da kiyaye muhalli a Malaysia: 

 Batutuwan muhalli 
Akwai Batutuwan muhalli da yawa da Malaysia ke fuskanta, kamar su sare daji da gurɓataccen yanayi. Dangane da binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Yankin Ruwa ta yi a cikin 2008, kusan kashi 30% na bakin tekun Malaysia yana ƙarƙashin matakai daban-daban na rushewa. A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yawan sare daji na Malaysia ya kasance mafi girma a cikin kasashe masu zafi. Yawan sare daji na shekara-shekara ya karu da kashi 86% tsakanin 1999-2000 da 2000-2005. Malaysia ta rasa matsakaicin hekta 140,200 na gandun daji ko 0.65% na jimlar gandun daji a kowace shekara tun daga 2000, yayin da a cikin shekarun 1990, kasar ta rasa matsakaiciyar hekta 78,500, ko 0.35 cikin dari na gandun dajin ta a kowace shekara. [sabuntawa da buƙatu]

Yaduwar birane, gobarar noma da sauya gandun daji don gonakin dabino mai sauran nau'ikan noma sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan lalacewar gandun daji na Malaysia. Kashe katako yana da alhakin lalacewar gandun daji a kasar, kuma kungiyoyin muhalli sun zargi kamfanonin katako na gida da rashin yin aikin kula da gandun daji mai ɗorewa.

Ma'adinai a cikin Peninsular Malaysia ya bar alama a kan muhalli. Kashe gandun daji, gurɓata koguna, da yaduwar ruwa sun haifar da asarar noma, kuma ayyukan hanya sun buɗe sabbin wurare don mulkin mallaka.

Rashin gurɓata iska daga masana'antu da hayaki shine babban batun a cikin birane na Malaysia. Malaysia tana cikin matsayi na 42 a duniya dangane da mallakar motoci ga kowane mutum, tare da 273 Malaysians suna da motoci daga cikin 1000. An gabatar da sufuri na jama'a a cikin hanyar sadarwar bas da tsarin jirgin ƙasa a matsayin ragewa, amma yawan amfani yana da ƙarancin gaske.

Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda fitar da datti marar magani; gabar yammacin Peninsular Malaysia ita ce mafi yawan jama'a. 40% na koguna a Malaysia sun gurɓata sosai. Kasar tana da 580 cubic km na ruwa, wanda ake amfani da kashi 76% don noma kuma ana amfani da kashi 13% don ayyukan masana'antu. Birane a Malaysia suna samar da matsakaicin tan miliyan 1.5 na sharar gida a kowace shekara. 

A shekara ta 2000, Malaysia ta kasance ta huɗu a duniya dangane da hayakin gas na kowane mutum bayan la'akari da canjin amfani da ƙasa tare da tan 37.2 na carbon dioxide daidai da kowane mutum.

Wutar lokaci-lokaci, wanda yawanci ya dace da abubuwan da suka Yaro na el Niño, ya ƙone dubban hekta na gandun daji a duk faɗin Malaysia, musamman a cikin Malaysian Borneo. Hawan da ya samo asali daga waɗannan gobarar da gobarar a Kalimantan, Indonesia yawanci suna da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya ga jama'a, ban da haifar da gurɓataccen iska. Musamman, hawan kudu maso gabashin Asiya na 1997, hawan Malaysia na 2005 da hawan kudufin gabashin Asiya ya haifar da ayyukan slash da konewa a makwabciyar Indonesia.

A ranar 23 ga Yuni 2013, ma'aunin gurbacewar iska (API) a Muar, Johor ya karu zuwa 746 tun daga karfe 7.00 na safe, wanda ya ninka daidaitattun matakan haɗari a cewar gidan yanar gizon Sashen Muhalli a ranar Lahadi.  Firayim Minista Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak ya amince da ayyana dokar ta-baci a Muar da Ledang da gaggawa bayan karatun API ya kai fiye da 750. Ya bayyana cewa hatsarin ya faru ne saboda bude wuta a Indonesia kuma ya ba su shuka gajimare.  Sai dai Ministan Muhalli na Indonesiya Balthasar Kambuaya ya gano wasu kamfanoni 8 da ke da alaka da Malaysia da ake binciken kone-kone a Riau da Jambi, lamarin da ya haifar da hatsaniya da ke lakume kasashen da ke makwabtaka da Malaysia da Singapore.  An kuma yi kira ga dukkan makarantu a Selangor da Kuala Lumpur da su rufe na kwana guda saboda hazo da ke kara ta'azzara da karfe 5 na yamma.  Babban API mafi girma da aka taba samu a Malaysia ya kasance a Sarawak a 1997 tare da karantawa 860. Ministan Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli Datuk Seri G. Palanivel ya caccaki babban ministan Penang Lim Guan Eng saboda ba da fifiko ga panda fiye da 'yan Malaysia, cibiyar baje kolin RM25 miliyan za a kammala shi a watan Nuwamba kuma za a kai pandas biyu daga China.  Ministan ya kuma sanar da cewa zai gana da takwaransa na Indonesia a wannan Laraba domin tattauna hanyoyin magance matsalar hazo. 

 Dubi kuma 


 Biodiversity na Borneo
 Jerin batutuwan muhalli
 Mangroves na Straits na Malacca
 Sake amfani a Malaysia

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

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