James Bevel

James Luther Bevel (Oktoba 19, 1936 - Disamba 19, 2008) ya kasance ministan Amurka kuma jagora kuma babban mai dabarun kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta 1960. A matsayinsa na memba na Kudancin Kudancin Kirista (SCLC), sannan kuma a matsayin darektan aikin kai tsaye da ilimi mara tashin hankali, Bevel ya fara, ya tsara, kuma ya haɓaka manyan nasarorin SCLC guda uku na zamanin:  1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade,  ƙungiyar haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ta Selma ta 1965, da ƙungiyar gidaje ta Chicago ta 1966. Ya ba da shawarar cewa SCLC ta yi kira da shiga Maris a Washington a 1963  kuma ta tsara tafiye-tafiye na Selma zuwa Montgomery na 1965 wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga sashi na Majalisa na Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta 1965. 

Kafin lokacinsa tare da SCLC, Bevel ya yi aiki a cikin Nashville Student Movement, wanda ya gudanar da 1960 Nashville Lunch-Counter Sit-Ins, 1961 Open Theater Movement, kuma ya dauki dalibai don ci gaba da 1961 Freedom Rides bayan an kai musu hari. Ya taimaka wajen farawa da kuma jagorantar yunkurin kare hakkin zabe na 1961 da 1962 a Mississippi. A shekara ta 1967, Bevel ya kasance shugaban kwamitin Spring Mobilization Committee don kawo karshen yakin a Vietnam. Ya fara Maris na 1967 a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunkurin adawa da yaki. Babban aikinsa na karshe shi ne a matsayin mai gabatar da Ranar Rashin Rashin Ruwa / Miliyan Mutum Maris a Washington, DC. Don aikinsa, an kira Bevel mai dabarun da kuma gine-gine na Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta 1960  kuma, tare da Dokta King, rabin ƙungiyar farko da suka tsara yawancin dabarun da ayyuka don samun dokokin tarayya da canje-canje na zamantakewa a lokacin zamanin haƙƙin bil'adama na 1960. 

A shekara ta 2005, daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata ta zargi Bevel da lalata. Wasu uku sun zarge shi da cin zarafin jima'i wanda ake zargin ya faru lokacin da suke yara, kodayake ba a taba tuhumar shi da waɗannan laifuka ba. An yi masa shari'a saboda lalata a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, an yanke masa hukunci, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru goma sha biyar a kurkuku da tarar $ 50,000. Bayan ya yi watanni bakwai, an sake shi yana jiran roko; ya mutu daga ciwon daji a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008 kuma an binne shi a Eutaw, Alabama.

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi (1936-1961) 
An haifi Bevel a 1936 a Itta Bena, Mississippi, ɗan Illie da Dennis Bevel .  Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yara 17 kuma ya girma a yankunan karkara na LeFlore County na Mississippi Delta da Cleveland, Ohio. Ya yi aiki a gonar auduga na wani lokaci a matsayin matashi kuma daga baya a cikin Ma'aikatar ƙarfe. Ya yi karatu a makarantun gida da aka ware a Mississippi da Cleveland. Bayan makarantar sakandare ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka na wani lokaci kuma ya bi aiki a matsayin mawaƙi.

Da yake jin kira na ciki don zama minista, ya halarci Cibiyar Nazarin tauhidin Baptist ta Amurka a Nashville, Tennessee daga 1957 zuwa 1961 kuma ya zama mai wa'azin Baptist. Ya shiga Kungiyar Jagorancin Kirista ta Kudu. Yayinda yake a makarantar sakandare, Bevel ya sake karanta littafin Leo Tolstoy na 1894 The Kingdom of God Is Within You, wanda a baya ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi shawarar barin soja. Bevel ya kuma karanta littattafai da jaridu da yawa na Mohandas Gandhi yayin da yake gudanar da bita a waje da harabar kan falsafar Gandhi da dabarun da ba su da tashin hankali da James Lawson na Kudancin Kudancin Kirista ya koyar. Bevel ya kuma halarci bita a makarantar Highlander Folk School wanda wanda ya kafa ta, Myles Horton, ya koyar, wanda ya jaddada shirya jama'a.

 Jagoranci ƙungiyoyi (1960s) 

 Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Nashville (1960-1961) da SNCC 
A cikin 1960, tare da ɗaliban James Lawson da Myles Horton Bernard Lafayette, John Lewis, Diane Nash, C.T. Vivian da sauransu, Bevel sun shiga cikin Nashville Sit-In Movement wanda Nash ya shirya, wanda daga baya zai auri, don kawar da masu cin abincin rana na birnin. Bayan nasarar wannan aikin, kuma tare da taimakon Ella Baker na SCLC, ɗaliban masu fafutuka daga Nashville da kuma Kudancin sun haɓaka Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC). Yayinda yake aiki a kan sadaukarwar SNCC don kawar da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, Bevel ya sami nasarar jagorantar ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Nashville ta 1961.

Kungiyar Budaddiyar Wasan kwaikwayo, karkashin jagorancin Bevel, ta samu nasara a Nashville, birni daya tilo a kasar inda masu fafutukar SCLC suka shirya irin wannan aiki. A cikin wannan lokacin, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) ta shirya 1961 Freedom Rides ta cikin Deep South don kalubalanci dokokin kudancin jihar da ayyuka cewa motocin bas da kayan aikin su sun kasance a ware duk da dokokin tarayya don daidaitawa. Bayan da aka kai wa motocin bas da mahayi mummunan hari, ciki har da tashin bama-bamai na wata bas da duka tare da hadin gwiwar 'yan sanda a Birmingham, Alabama, CORE ta dakatar da hawan.  Diane Nash, shugaban kungiyar Nashville Student Movement, ya bukaci kungiyar da ta ci gaba da Rides Freedom, kuma ta yi kira ga masu aikin sa kai na kwaleji daga Fisk da sauran jami'o'i a fadin Kudu. Bevel ya zaɓi ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai don bas ɗin. An kama shi da sauran bayan sun isa Jackson, Mississippi kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su ware ɗakunan dakunan jira a tashar bas. Daga ƙarshe, 'Yancin Freedom Riders sun kai ga burin su na New Orleans, Louisiana, suna haifar da ɗaukar hoto a duk faɗin ƙasar game da tashin hankali don kiyaye Jim Crow da fifikon fari a Kudu. 

Yayinda suke cikin kurkukun Jackson, Bevel da Bernard Lafayette sun fara Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Zabe na Mississippi. Su, Nash, da sauransu sun zauna a Mississippi don yin aiki a kan shirya kasa. Masu fafutuka sun fuskanci mummunan tashin hankali a wannan lokacin kuma sun koma baya don sake haɗuwa. Ƙoƙarin da aka yi daga baya a Mississippi ya ci gaba a matsayin Freedom Summer a cikin 1964, lokacin da aka gudanar da ilimi mai zurfi da ƙoƙarin yin rajista. Lafayette da matarsa, Colia Lidell, sun kuma bude aikin SNCC a Selma, Alabama, don taimakawa aikin masu shirya gida kamar Amelia Boynton.

 Bevel da King sun haɗu da karfi (1962) 
A shekara ta 1962, an gayyaci Bevel don saduwa a Atlanta tare da Martin Luther King Jr., minista wanda shine shugaban SCLC. A wannan taron, wanda James Lawson ya ba da shawarar, Bevel da King sun amince da yin aiki tare daidai, ba tare da wani iko a kan ɗayan ba, a kan ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kudancin Kudanci (SCLC). Sun amince da yin aiki har sai sun kawo karshen wariyar launin fata, sun sami 'yancin jefa kuri'a, kuma sun tabbatar da cewa duk yaran Amurka suna da ilimi mai inganci. Sun amince da ci gaba har sai sun cimma wadannan manufofi, da kuma neman kudade daga SCLC kawai idan kungiyar ta shiga cikin shirya motsi.

Ba da daɗewa ba Bevel ya zama darektan ayyukan kai tsaye na SCLC kuma darektan ilimin rashin tashin hankali don haɓaka matsayin Sarki a matsayin Shugaban SCLC da kakakin SCLC. []

 Yakin Yakin Yara na Birmingham (1963) 
alt=A black-and-white photograph of a black male teenager being held by his sweater by a Birmingham policeman and being charged by the officer's leashed German Shepherd while another police officer with a dog and a crowd of black bystanders in the background look on|thumb|300x300px|Kamar yadda Bevel ya aika da dalibai 50 a lokaci guda daga Cocin Baptist na 16th Street don tafiya a Birmingham, Alabama, mai daukar hoto na Associated Press Bill Hudson ya ɗauki wannan sanannen hoton ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Parker Walter Gadsden da karnuka suka kai hari.
A cikin 1963, SCLC ta amince da taimakawa wanda ya kafa ta, Fred Shuttlesworth, da sauransu a cikin aikinsu na kawar da kasuwancin tallace-tallace da ayyuka a Birmingham, Alabama, inda tattaunawa da tattaunawa tare da jami'an birni suka samar da sakamako kaɗan. Makonni na zanga-zangar da tafiye-tafiye sun haifar da kama Sarki, Ralph Abernathy, da Shuttlesworth kuma an ɗaure su. Sarki yana so ya cika kurkuku da masu zanga-zangar, amma ya zama da wahala a sami manya su yi tafiya. An hukunta su sosai saboda sun rasa aiki kuma suna ƙoƙarin tallafa wa iyalansu.

Bevel ya ba da shawarar daukar dalibai a cikin kamfen ɗin. Sarki da farko ya yi jinkiri, amma ya yarda. Bevel ya shafe makonni yana bunkasa dabarun, daukar ma'aikata da kuma ilimantar da dalibai a cikin falsafar da dabarun rashin tashin hankali. Taron su ya faru ne a Cocin Baptist na 16th Street na Birmingham, kuma daga can ne Bevel ya umarci ɗalibai, 50 a lokaci guda, su yi tafiya cikin lumana zuwa Birnin Birmingham don yin magana da Magajin garin Art Hanes game da wariyar launin fata a cikin birni. Kusan dalibai 1,000 ne aka kama a rana ta farko. Kashegari, lokacin da ƙarin ɗalibai suka isa cocin kuma suka fara tafiya zuwa zauren gari, Eugene "Bull" Connor, Kwamishinan Tsaro na Jama'a, ya ba da umarnin cewa a yi amfani da karnukan Makiyaya na Jamus da hanyoyin wuta masu matsin lamba don dakatar da su. Kafofin yada labarai na kasa da na kasa sun rufe labarin, kuma hotunan da aka yi amfani da su a kan yara a makaranta sun haifar da fushin jama'a a kan birnin da jami'ansa.

 Laifukan aikata laifuka (2007-2008) 
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007, an kama Bevel a Alabama a kan tuhumar da aka yi tsakanin Oktoba 1992 da Oktoba 1994 a Loudoun County, Virginia. A lokacin, Bevel yana zaune a Leesburg, Virginia, kuma yana aiki tare da ƙungiyar LaRouche, wanda hedkwatar ƙasa da ƙasa ta kasance 'yan tubalan daga gidan Bevel.

Mai tuhuma yana daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata, wanda ke da shekaru 13-15 a lokacin kuma yana zaune tare da shi. A wani taron iyali, wasu 'ya'ya mata uku sun kuma yi zargin cewa Bevel ya yi musu fyade. Virginia ba ta da wata doka ta iyaka ga laifin jima'i. Bevel ya yi ikirarin cewa ba shi da laifi ga wanda ake tuhuma kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa marar laifi. A lokacin shari'arsa ta kwana huɗu a shekara ta 2008, 'yar da ke zargin ta shaida cewa ya yi mata fyade sau da yawa, tun lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida.

A lokacin shari'ar, masu gabatar da kara sun gabatar da muhimmiyar shaida: kiran wanka na 'yan sanda na 2005 da 'yan sanda suka rubuta ba tare da sanin Bevel ba. A lokacin wannan kiran na minti 90, 'yar Bevel ta tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa ya yi jima'i da ita sau ɗaya a cikin 1993, kuma ta tambaye masa dalilin da ya Sa ta so ta yi amfani da douche na farji daga baya. Bevel ya ce ba shi da sha'awar samun ta ciki. A shari'ar, Bevel ya musanta yin jima'i kuma an yi amfani da bayanin da ya rubuta a kansa.

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2008, bayan tattaunawar sa'o'i uku, juriya ta yanke wa Bevel hukunci kan jima'i. An soke takardar shaidarsa kuma an tsare shi. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2008, alƙalin ya yanke masa hukuncin, bisa ga shawarar juriya, zuwa shekaru 15 a kurkuku kuma ya ci tarar da shi $ 50,000. Bayan hukuncin, Bevel ya yi iƙirarin cewa tuhumar ta kasance wani ɓangare na makirci don lalata sunansa, kuma ya ce zai iya daukaka kara. Ya sami takardar daukaka kara a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2008, kuma an sake shi daga kurkuku bayan kwana uku, bayan an gano shi da ciwon daji. Makonni shida bayan haka ya mutu daga ciwon daji, yana da shekaru 72, a Springfield, Virginia . 

Lauyan Bevel ya nemi Kotun daukaka kara ta Virginia ta rage hukuncin saboda mutuwar Bevel. Kotun daukaka kara ta mayar da karar zuwa kotun shari'a don tantance ko akwai kyakkyawan dalili don kada a rage hukuncin. Kotun shari'a ta gano cewa rage hukuncin zai hana wanda aka azabtar rufewar da ta nema kuma ta musanta bukatar ragewa. Kotun daukaka kara ta tabbatar da wannan hukunci. Lauyan Bevel ya daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Virginia game da kin amincewa da karar da aka yi. A cikin ra'ayi da aka bayar a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2011, Kotun Koli ta Commonwealth ta yanke hukuncin cewa rage hukuncin aikata laifuka ba a samuwa a Virginia a ƙarƙashin yanayin shari'ar Bevel. Saboda mai aiwatar da dukiyar Bevel bai nemi ya gurfanar da karar ba, Kotun ta tabbatar da watsi da karar da ya yi.

 Aure da iyali 
A shekara ta 1961, Bevel ya auri mai fafutuka Diane Nash bayan ya kammala karatunsa na seminary. Sun yi aiki tare a kan 'yancin bil'adama, kuma suna da 'yar da ɗa tare. Sun sake aure bayan shekaru bakwai. Ya auri wasu mata biyu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kuma ya gaya wa kotun a lokacin shari'arsa ta jima'i cewa yana da 'ya'ya 16 da aka haifa daga mata bakwai.

 Tasirin al'adu 
Dan wasan kwaikwayo kuma rapper Common ya nuna Bevel a cikin fim din 2014 Selma . 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba