Yantai

Yantai, wanda aka fi sani da Chefoo, birni ne na bakin teku a Yankin Shandong a arewa maso gabashin Lardin Shandong na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin . Yana kwance a kudancin gabar Bohai Strait, Yantai iyaka da Qingdao a kudu maso yamma da Weihai a gabas, tare da damar teku zuwa duka Tekun Bohai (ta Bayar Laizhou Bay da Bohai Streat) da Tekun Yellow (daga arewa da kudu na Shandong Peninsula). Ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a Shandong. Yawan jama'arta ya kai 7,102,116 a lokacin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, daga cikinsu 3,184,299 suna zaune a cikin yankin da aka gina wanda ya ƙunshi gundumomi 5 na birane na Zhifu, Laishan, Fushan, Muping, da Penglai.

 Sunayen 
Sunan Yantai (lit. "Hasumiya Smoke") ya samo asali ne daga hasumiyoyin tsaro da aka gina a Dutsen Qi a cikin 1398 a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarkin Hongwu na dung_dynasty" id="mwSg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ming dynasty">Daular Ming. An yi amfani da hasumiyoyin don kunna siginar wuta da aika siginar hayaki, wanda ake kira langyan daga amfani da turaren wolf don man fetur. A wannan lokacin, 'yan fashi na Japan (Wokou) sun damu da yankin, da farko masu fashi daga jihohin da ke yaƙi a Japan to amma daga baya sun fi jin daɗin Sinawa. Har ila yau, an riga an yi amfani da shi a matsayin Yen-tai . [2]

Babban gundumar Yantai ita ce Zhifu, wanda ya kasance birni mai zaman kansa mafi girma a yankin. An yi amfani da shi daban-daban a matsayin Chefoo, Che-foo, Chi-fu, da Chih-fou.[2][3] Kodayake baƙi sun yi amfani da wannan sunan ga birnin kafin nasarar Kwaminisanci a Yaƙin basasar kasar Sin, mazauna yankin sun kira shi Yantai a ko'ina.[2][3]
A lokacin daular Xia da Han_dynasty" id="mweg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shang dynasty">Shang, 'yan asalin ƙasar da aka sani da Sinanci a matsayin "[./<i id= Dongyi" id="mwfQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dongyi">Barbarians na Gabas]" (Dongyi) sun zauna a yankin. A karkashin [./<i id=]Zhou_dynasty" id="mwfw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou, an mallake su kuma an sanya su a matsayin jihar Lai. Qi ya mamaye Lai a cikin  A karkashin Sarkin sarakuna na farko (Shi Huangdi), an gudanar da yankin a matsayin Kwamandan Qi . A karkashin Han, an sake sunan wannan a matsayin Donglai Commandery (). Bayan zamanin Masarauta Uku, Jin ya shirya yankin a matsayin Masarautar Donglai ko Masarautar, daga baya ya koma matsayin prefecture a matsayin jùn sannan kuma zhōu. A karkashin Tang kuma a lokacin Daular biyar da Masarauta Goma, an san shi da Deng Prefecture kuma an shirya shi tare da Henan Circuit. Daga nan aka shirya shi a matsayin Laizhou () sannan, a ƙarƙashin Qing, Dengzhou Prefecture ().

Har zuwa ƙarni na 19, duk da haka, yankin Zhifu ba shi da komai sai ƙananan ƙauyuka kamun kifi marasa ganuwa.[2] A karkashin Ming, waɗannan sun fara damuwa da Wokou sannan kuma da "Sea Ban", wanda ke buƙatar kasar Sin ta bakin teku ta daina kasuwanci da mafi yawan kamun kifi kuma su koma cikin ƙasa bayan baƙin ciki na mutuwa.

Bayan Yaƙin Opium na Biyu, Daular Qing ta tilasta bude ƙarin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yarjejeniyar Tianjin ta 1858, gami da Tengchow (yanzu Penglai). An sami tashar jiragen ruwa ba ta isa ba, an zaɓi Zhifu - kimanin kilomita 30 (48) daga nesa - don aiki a matsayin wurin zama na kasuwancin kasashen waje na yankin.[2] Rashin tashar yana da nisa sosai daga bakin teku, yana buƙatar ƙarin lokaci da kuɗi a ɗorawa da saukewa, amma tashar jiragen ruwa tana da zurfi da faɗaɗa  kasuwanci ya girma cikin sauri.[2] An buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa a watan Mayu 1861, tare da matsayinta na tashar jiragen kasa da kasa da aka tabbatar a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta. Dokar hukuma ta kasance tare da gina Gidan kwastam na Donghai ().  Nan da nan ya zama mazaunin mai kula da da da'ira ("taotai"), gidan kwastam, da kuma wani yanki mai yawa na kasashen waje da ke tsakanin tsohon garin da tashar jiragen ruwa.[2] Burtaniya da wasu kasashe goma sha shida sun kafa ofisoshin jakadanci a garin. Da farko an fadada garin da tituna masu kyau da gidajen dutse masu kyau, har ma ga talakawa, an gina cocin Katolika da Protestant, kuma babban otal ya yi kasuwanci tare da baƙi waɗanda suka yi amfani da garin a matsayin wurin shakatawa na rani.[2]
Manyan 'yan kasuwa su ne Birtaniya da Amurkawa, sai Jamusawa da Thais suka biyo baya.[bayanin kula 2] A cikin 1870s, manyan abubuwan da aka shigo da su sune kayan ulu da auduga, baƙin ƙarfe, da opium kuma manyan abubuwan da ake fitarwa su ne tofu, man waken soya, Peas, m vermicelli, kayan lambu, da busassun 'ya'yan itace daga Zhilkfu da silkfu da kanta, braid silkfu da Laizhou.  Qingzhou.  Garin ya kuma yi cinikin barasa da kayan marmari na Sinawa don ciyawan ruwan teku da ake nomawa a cikin lungunan matsugunan Rasha da ke kusa da Port Arthur (a yanzu gundumar Lüshunkou ta Dalian).   A shekara ta 1875, kisan gillar da aka yi wa jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya Augustus Margary a Tengchong na Yunnan, ya haifar da rikicin diflomasiyya wanda Thomas Wade da Li Hongzhang suka warware a Zhifu a shekara mai zuwa.  Sakamakon Yarjejeniyar Chefoo ta ba wa al'ummomin Birtaniyya damar yin gyare-gyare a duk fadin kasar Sin, tare da kebe yankunan 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje daga harajin likin kan kasuwanci na cikin gida.  Halin da yake da shi na lafiya da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau ya sa ya zama tashar hada-hadar jiragen ruwa da aka fi so don jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje, yana ba shi wasu mahimmanci a cikin rikice-rikicen Koriya, Port Arthur, da Weihaiwei.[5]
An samar da lace na Chefoo bobbin wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ne bayan gabatar da sana'ar ta mishaneri na Burtaniya,  wanda aka ruwaito ya zama sanannen fitarwa.  An nuna lace na Chefoo a 1904 St. Louis World's Fair . 

Yantai ta sami ayyukan tattalin arzikin Jamus da saka hannun jari na kimanin shekaru 20. A cikin gudu zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na farko, kasuwancin ta ya ci gaba da girma amma an iyakance shi da hanyoyi marasa kyau na yankin da kuma buƙatar amfani da dabbobi don ɗaukar kaya.[5] Abubuwan kasuwanci sun kasance kamar yadda suke a baya.[5] Bayan sojojin Allied sun ci Jamusawa a yakin duniya na farko, Jafananci sun mamaye Qingdao da Yantai, wadanda suka juya Yantai zuwa tashar bazara don rundunar sojojin Asiya. Sun kuma kafa cibiyar kasuwanci a garin. Ana bincika tasirin kasashen waje daban-daban da suka tsara wannan birni a Gidan Tarihi na Yantai, wanda ya kasance zauren guild. Koyaya, tarihin birni mai ban sha'awa bai bar alamar gine-gine ba, ba a taɓa samun izinin ƙasashen waje ba, kuma kodayake akwai wasu manyan gine-ginen Turai na ƙarni na 19, yawancin garin sun fito ne daga asalin kwanan nan. Bayan 1949, an canza sunan garin daga Chefoo zuwa Yantai, kuma an buɗe shi ga duniya a matsayin tashar kasuwanci ba tare da kankara ba a shekarar 1984.

A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1911, ƙungiyar gabas ta Da'ira-linkid="531" href="./Tongmeng_Hui" id="mwATk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tongmeng Hui">Tongmeng Hui ta ayyana kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na juyin juya halin. Kashegari, ta kafa Gwamnatin Sojojin Shandong () kuma, washegari, an sake masa suna Yantai Division na Gwamnatin Sojan Shandong. A shekara ta 1914, an kafa Jiaodong Circuit () tare da Yantai a matsayin babban birnin. An sake sunan Jiaodong Circuit Donghai Circuit () a cikin 1925. A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 1938, Yantai ta shiga cikin kwamitin juyin juya halin adawa da Japan.

Bayan kirkirar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, an ba Yantai matsayin birni a hukumance tare da garuruwan Laiyang da Wendeng da aka sanya su a matsayin "Yankuna na Musamman" () a cikin 1950. Wendeng ya haɗu da Laiyang shekaru shida bayan haka, kuma wannan yanki na musamman na Laiyang ya haɗu tare da Yantai City don zama Yantai Prefecture (). Yantai yana da mahimmancin dabarun ga tsaron kasar Sin, saboda shi da Dalian, kai tsaye a fadin Tekun Bohai daga gare ta, sune manyan wuraren tsaro na bakin teku na Beijing. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1983, gundumar ta zama birni mai matakin gundumar.

 Yanayin ƙasa 
Yantai tana gefen arewacin gabar tekun Shandong, kudu da mahaɗar Tekun Bohai da Tekun Yellow kuma daidai da kudancin gabar Liaoning. Rarrabawar taswirar ta kunshi:

 36.62% tsaunuka
 39.7% tsaunuka
 50.23% fili
 2.90% kwandon

Kimanin  km2  sq  an gina shi. Birnin Qixia ne kawai ke cikin ƙasa. Duk sauran hukumomin gundumar suna bakin teku, tare da Changdao wanda ya kunshi tsibirai gaba ɗaya. Jimlar bakin tekun yankin yana da kilomita 909 (565 .

Taron da ke cikin ƙasar tsaunuka ya bambanta daga mita 100-300 (330-980 ; matsakaicin tsawo a yankin tsaunuka shine mita 500 (1,600 , kuma mafi girman matsayi shine taron Dutsen Kunyu (昆ń山) a mita 922.8 (3,028 .

Akwai koguna 121 sama da kilomita 5 (3.1  a tsawon, mafi girma shine:

 Kogin Wulong (五龍河) 
 Kogin Dagu
 Kogin Dagujia
 Kogin Wang (King River) 
 Kogin Jie
 Kogin Huangshui (kogi na黃水) 
 Kogin Xin'an (Ruwa Sinan) 

Babban garin tsohon garin Zhifu yana sama da bakin Yi ([[[[[[[]]]]]]]), [2]

 Yanayi 
Yantai yana da yanayin da ke da tasirin ruwan sama wanda a ƙarƙashin rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen, Yantai ya fada cikin ko dai Yanayin zafi mai zafi (Dwa) idan an yi amfani da isotherm na  ° C (32 ° F) ko kuma yanayin zafi mai sanyi (Cwa) idan aka yi amfani da -3 ° C (27 ° F). Lokacin bazara yana da zafi, zafi, kuma yana da ruwan sama yayin da hunturu yana da sanyi da bushewa. Ƙararrawa tun daga shekara ta 1951 sun kasance daga -12.8 ° C (9 ° F) (an kafa rikodin da ba na hukuma ba na -15 ° C (5 ° F) a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1931) zuwa  ° C (101 ° F).

 Gudanarwa 
Birnin Yantai na matakin gundumar yana gudanar da yankuna 12 na matakin gunduma, gami da gundumomi 5, birane 6 na matakin gunduna, da kuma yankin ci gaba guda ɗaya.  (Yankin haɓaka) 

 Gundumar Zhifu
 Gundumar Fushan (Foshan) 
 Gundumar Muping
 Gundumar Laishan (Ley山) 
 Gundumar Penglai
 Birnin Laiyang (Leiyang City) 
 Birnin Laizhou (Ley州) 
 Birnin Zhaoyuan
 Birnin Qixia
 Birnin Haiyang (海阳) 
 Birnin Longkou (龍口) 
 Yankin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Fasaha na Yantai
 Yankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Yantai

Wadannan sun kara rarraba zuwa yankuna 148 na gari, gami da garuruwa 94, garuruwa shida, da kananan gundumomi 48.
Taswirar 
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Yantai a halin yanzu ita ce birni na biyu mafi girma a masana'antu a Shandong, kusa da Qingdao . Koyaya, masana'antar mafi girma a yankin ita ce noma. Ya shahara a ko'ina cikin kasar Sin don wani nau'in apple da Laiyang pear, kuma gida ne ga mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa a kasar, Changyu . 
The county-level city of Longkou is well known throughout China for its production of cellophane noodles.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span>]

Yantai ta samo mafi yawan makamashi daga babban tashar wutar lantarki ta amfani da kwal mai bitumen, kuma an haɗa shi da fasahar gas don rage gurɓataccen. Shuka tana kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yantai. Wani yunkuri na sauya arewacin kasar Sin daga kwal zuwa iskar gas ya haifar da karancin, kuma a cikin 2017 gwamnatin kasar Sin ta aiwatar da sabon shirin don canza rabin arewacin kasar China zuwa makamashi mai tsabta don dumama hunturu. Haiyang, wani birni a karkashin Yantai prefecture, ana sa ran zai cika cikakkiyar bukatun dumama na hunturu tare da makamashin nukiliya nan da shekarar 2021.
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 Yankunan masana'antu 

 Yankin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Fasaha na Yantai 
Yankin bunƙasa tattalin arziki da fasaha na Yantai na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin matakin jihohi da aka amince da su na farko a kasar Sin.  Yanzu tana da yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 10 (3.9 sq mi) da yawan jama'a 115,000.  Ya ta'allaka ne a kan iyakar Shandong Peninsula da ke fuskantar Tekun Yellow Sea.  Yana kusa da cikin garin Yantai, nisan kilomita 6 daga tashar jirgin ruwa ta Yantai da nisan kilomita 6 daga tashar jirgin kasa ta Yantai (kada a rude da tashar jirgin kasa ta Kudu ta Yantai..

 Yankin Gudanar da Kasuwancin Yantai 
Yankin Yantai Export Processing (YTEPZ) yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna 15 na farko na sarrafa fitarwa da Majalisar Jiha ta amince.  Jimillar yanki na ginin YTEPZ shine murabba'in kilomita 4.17 (sq mi), wanda yankin farko ya ƙunshi murabba'in kilomita 3 (1.2 sq mi).  Bayan haɓaka shekaru da yawa, YTEPZ an gina shi gaba ɗaya.  A halin yanzu, an kammala abubuwan more rayuwa, tare da daidaitattun bita na murabba'in murabba'in 120,000 (1,300,000 sq ft) da ɗakunan ajiya na murabba'in murabba'in 40,000 (430,000 sq ft).  Ya zuwa yanzu, saboda kyakkyawan yanayin zuba jari, YTEPZ ta jawo hankalin masu zuba jari daga kasashen waje da yankuna kamar Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, Amurka, Kanada, da dai sauransu, da masu zuba jari na cikin gida, don yin aiki a yankin.   .

 Ilimi 
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 Jami'ar Yantai
 Jami'ar Ludong
 Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Fasaha ta Shandong

Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta kasar Sin da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Binzhou a Yantai.

Yana da makarantar kasa da kasa ta Koriya, Makarantar Koriya a Yantai .

Makarantar Chefoo a baya ta ilimantar da yara na kasashen waje.

 Sufuri 
Filin jirgin saman Yantai Penglai yana ba da jirage masu tsarawa zuwa manyan filayen jirgin sama a China da Seoul, Osaka, da Hong Kong. Hanyar jirgin kasa ta Lancun-Yantai ta ƙare a Yantai. Jirgin kasa na Qingrong Intercity, hanyar jirgin kasa ta farko a cikin lardin Shandong, an sanya ta aiki, ta yanke lokacin tafiye-tafiye na jirgin kasa mafi sauri daga Qingdao zuwa Yantai daga kimanin awanni 4 da minti 30 zuwa kimanin awa 1 da minti 15.
Dan Cliffs City na Penglai (丹崖) an ce shine wurin tashi na Matattu Takwas a kan tafiyarsu zuwa taron na Magical Peach.   Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa Penglai na da nisan kilomita 80 daga tsakiyar birnin Yantai.

Tsibirin Yangma  yana cikin arewacin Gundumar Muping, Yantai kuma yana da babban yanki. Yanayin a tsibirin yana da kyau, ba tare da sanyi mai tsanani a cikin hunturu ba kuma babu zafi mai zafi a lokacin rani, yana mai da shi ya dace da hutu da hutu. Ana iya kiranta Maldives a kasar Sin. Tsibirin Yangma yana da dogon tarihi. An ce Sarkin sarakuna Qin Shihuang ya kiwon dawakai na sarauta a nan yayin yawon shakatawa na gabas kuma an kira shi "Royal Horse Island", saboda haka sunan Yangma Island.

 Garin Twin - biranen 'yar'uwa 
KasarBirniBrazilNasaraAmurkaSan DiegoJapanBeppuNew ZealandTaurangaJapanMiyakoKoriya ta KuduGunsanThailandPhuketƘasar IngilaAngusKoriya ta KuduWonjuKoriya ta KuduUlsanSwedenÖrebroBulgariaBurgasFaransaQuimperFaransaFushiKoriya ta KuduIncheonKoriya ta KuduAnsanAmurkaOmahaOstiraliyaMackaySpainAlcala De HenaresHungaryMiskolc

 Shahararrun mutane 

 Qiu Chuji (1148-1227), jagorancin Quanzhen Taoist firist kuma wanda ya kafa Dragon Gate Taoism
 Qi Jiguang (1528-1588), Janar na Sojojin Daular Ming wanda aka fi tunawa da shi don kare bakin tekun China daga 'Yan fashi na Japan
 Wang Yirong (1845-1900), jami'in Daular Qing kuma masanin tarihi wanda shine na farko da ya gane rubutun ƙashi na oracleRubutun ƙashin annabi
 Henry Luce (1898-1967), wanda ya kafa Time Magazine, Sports Illustrated, kuma ya mallaki mujallu da yawa kamar Life MagazineMujallar Rayuwa
 Peter Stursberg (1913-2014), marubucin Kanada kuma ɗan jarida
 Chou Wen-chung (1923-2019), mawaƙi
 Liu Zewen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943), mai zane
 Lin Qingxia (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo
 Wang Zhengpu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), ɗan siyasa
 Dong Jun (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), kwamandan rundunar sojan ruwa ta 'yanci
 Li Yunze (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970), ɗan siyasa kuma shugaban matakin ministoci na farko na 70
 Huo Jianhua (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
 Wang Yaping (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), ɗan saman jannati na Sojojin 'Yancin Jama'a
 Fan Bingbing (an haife ta a shekara ta 1981), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo
 Guanqun Yu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), mawaƙin Opera
 Zhao Yingzi (an haife ta a shekara ta 1990), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba