NKVD

Kwamishinan Jama'a na Harkokin Cikin  (Russian), wanda aka rage shi a matsayin  (Russan: НКВД; listenⓘ), Ma'aikatar cikin gida da 'Yan sanda na sirri na Tarayyar Soviet daga 1934 zuwa 1946. An kafa hukumar ne don cin nasarar kungiyar 'yan sanda ta sirri ta hadin gwiwa (OGPU), don haka tana da iko kan ayyukan leken basira da tsaro na jihar. An san NKVD da aiwatar da zalunci na siyasa da Babban Tsarkakewa a karkashin Joseph Stalin, da kuma yaki da leken asiri da sauran ayyukan a Gabashin Gabas Yaƙin Duniya na II. Shugaban NKVD shine Genrikh Yagoda daga 1934 zuwa 1936, Nikolai Yezhov daga 1936 zuwa 1938, Lavrentiy Beria daga 1938 zuwa 1946, da Sergei Kruglov a 1946.

Da farko an kafa shi a 1917 a matsayin NKVD na SFSR na Rasha,  an ba ma'aikatar aikin 'yan sanda na yau da kullun da kuma kula da gidajen kurkuku da sansanonin aiki na kasar.  An rushe shi a cikin 1930, kuma ayyukansa sun warwatse tsakanin sauran hukumomi kafin a sake dawo da shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 1934. A lokacin Babban Purge a cikin 1936-1938, a kan umarnin Stalin, NKVD ta gudanar da kama mutane da yawa, ɗaurewa, azabtarwa, da kuma kashe daruruwan dubban 'yan Soviet. Hukumar ta aika da miliyoyin zuwa tsarin Gulag na sansanonin tilasta aiki kuma, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ta gudanar da fitar da daruruwan dubban 'yan Poland, Balts, da Romanians, da miliyoyin kabilun kabilanci daga Caucasus, zuwa yankuna masu nisa na kasar, wanda ya haifar da miliyoyin mutuwar. Daruruwan dubban ma'aikatan NKVD sun yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin Sojojin Cikin Gida a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na tsaro tare da Sojojin Red Army, da kuma a cikin "tsarin toshewa," hana komawa baya. Hukumar ce ke da alhakin kisan gillar kasashen waje, gami da na Leon Trotsky .  

A cikin 1941 kuma daga 1943 zuwa 1946, an raba ayyukan 'yan sanda na sirri zuwa Kwamishinan Jama'a na Tsaro na Jiha (NKGB). A watan Maris na shekara ta 1946, an sake sunan Kwamishinan Jama'a zuwa Ma'aikatu; NKVD ta zama Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida (MVD), kuma NKGB ta zama Ma-Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jiha (MGB).

 Tarihi da tsari 
Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Fabrairu na Rasha na , Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta rushe 'yan sanda na Tsarist kuma ta kafa Militias na Jama'a. Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba na Rasha na  ya ga kwace ikon jihar karkashin jagorancin Lenin da Bolsheviks, wadanda suka kafa sabon mulkin Bolshevik, Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Soviet ta Rasha (RSFSR). Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Gwamnatin wucin gadi (MVD), a baya a karkashin Georgy Lvov (daga Maris ) sannan a karkashin Nikolai Avksentiev (daga 6 ga Agusta [ ] 1917) da Alexei Niketan (daga 8 ga Oktoba [O.s. ] 1917), ya juya zuwa NKVD (Kwamishinan Harkokin Cikin Jama'a) a karkashin Kwamishinan Jama'a. Koyaya, kayan aikin NKVD sun mamaye ayyukan da aka gada daga MVD, kamar kula da kananan hukumomi da kashe gobara, kuma Militias na Ma'aikata da Manoma da ke aiki da proletarians galibi ba su da ƙwarewa kuma ba su da cancanta. Da yake fahimtar cewa ba a bar shi da wata rundunar tsaro mai iyawa, Majalisar Kwamishinonin Jama'a ta RSFSR ta kafa (20 Disamba [O.S. 7 Disamba] 1917) 'yan sanda na siyasa na sirri, Cheka, karkashin jagorancin Felix Dzerzhinsky. Ya sami damar gudanar da shari'o'i da kisa da sauri ba tare da shari'a ba idan an ga ya zama dole don "kare juyin juya halin Kwaminisanci na Rasha".

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba