'Yancin Dan Adam a Cambodia

Yanayin kare hakkin dan adam a Kambodiya yana fuskantar karuwar zargi a cikin kasar da kuma daga al'ummar duniya da ke kara damuwa. Bayan jerin manyan keta hakkin dan adam na asali, jin rashin tabbas game da hanyar da kasar ke fitowa, wani lokacin ana kwatanta halin da ake ciki da jaririn Burma.

A cikin rahotonta game da Cambodia, Human Rights Watch ya bayyana cewa "Hukumomi suna ci gaba da hana ko watsar da yawancin zanga-zangar jama'a. 'Yan siyasa da' yan jarida masu sukar gwamnati suna fuskantar tashin hankali da tsoratarwa kuma an hana su samun damar yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai. Bugu da ƙari, shari'a ta kasance mai rauni kuma tana ƙarƙashin tasirin siyasa. Cinikin jima'i a Cambodia na mata da yara ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar da 'yan sanda ko jami' yan gwamnati ke karewa. Gwamnati na ci gaba da yin watsi da ido ga kwace ƙasar manoma, katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, da doka ba, da kuma yaduwar dukiya.

Za'a iya bayyana halin da kasar ke ciki a yanzu a matsayin kama da Dimokuradiyya mai yawa. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2004, jam'iyyar adawa ta FUNCINPEC ta kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa tare da Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Kambodiya (CPP) bayan rikice-rikicen siyasa na sama da shekara guda. Kwanan nan, an yi wa mambobin Jam'iyyar Sam Rainsy (SRP) niyya don gurfanar da laifi, bayan sun ga kariya ta majalisa ta mambobin SRP da yawa da aka ɗaga ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a rufe tare da mambobin majalisa.

Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta ba da wannan kimantawa game da halin da ake ciki a Cambodia:Firayim Minista Hun Sen, tsohon kwamandan Khmer Rouge, ya kasance a mulki tun 1985. Sarautarsa ta dogara da tashin hankali na jami'an tsaro da kuma tsanantawa ta siyasa ga 'yan adawa, masu fafutuka, da ma'aikatan kare hakkin dan adam. Sojojin tsaro suna yin kisan kai da azabtarwa ba tare da hukuntawa ba. Hukumomi a kai a kai suna ƙuntata haƙƙin taruwa ta zaman lafiya ta hanyar murkushe zanga-zangar da kuma haramta tarurruka da zanga-zambe marasa tashin hankali. Masu iko na siyasa sun aiwatar da fitarwa da tilas da kwace ƙasa ba bisa ka'ida ba na tsawon shekaru. Jami'an gwamnati da alƙalai suna cikin cin hanci da rashawa. Ma'aikatan masana'antar tufafi, da farko mata, suna ƙarƙashin nuna bambanci na jima'i da sauran cin zarafin haƙƙoƙi.

 Tarihin tarihi 
Ana iya ganin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Cambodia a cikin mahallin al'adun ta da suka samo asali daga al'adun Indiya da cikakkiyar mulkin sarakuna, da Buddha, babban addini a cikin al'ummar Kambodiya.

A cikin zamani, mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya rinjayi kasar sosai da kuma rabin karni na canji mai ban mamaki daga mulkin mallaka, zuwa mulkin shugaban kasa a karkashin Lon Nol, Marxism-Leninism mai ban mamaki a karkashin Khmer Rouge, mamayewar Vietnamese a karkashin jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kampuchea (PRK), kuma a ƙarshe maido da mulkin mallaka a karkashin sauyawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNTAC), sakamakon Yarjejeniyar Paris da aka sanya hannu a 1991. A karkashin Khmer Rouge, an aikata manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Yarjejeniyar Paris ta buƙaci cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haɗa da "ka'idoji na asali, gami da waɗanda suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yanci na asali ..." Yarjejeniyar París ta kuma buƙaci Cambodia "ta ɗauki matakai masu tasiri don tabbatar da cewa ba za a taɓa barin manufofi da ayyukan da suka gabata su dawo ba. "Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1993 ya ƙunshi babi kan "Hakkin da wajibai na 'yan ƙasa na Khmer" wanda ya ƙunshi sharuɗɗa ashirin (Mataki 31-50), goma sha bakwai daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da haƙƙoƙi da uku ga ayyuka.

Dangane da abin da ake buƙata na Yarjejeniyar Paris cewa kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da cewa "[mutumin da aka yi wa rauni za su sami damar yin hukunci da aiwatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin" kuma cewa "[Za a kafa hukuma mai zaman kanta, ta ba da iko don aiwatar da haƙƙoƙcin da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki", Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ayyana cewa 'yan ƙasar Khmer suna da' yancin yin korafi ko shigar da'awar game da halin da jami'an jihar, wanda ya kamata kotuna su ƙayyade sasanta.[a]

Tun lokacin da aka amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki a 1993, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar na 'Yancin Dan Adam a Cambodia kuma Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkinobho na 'YanYancin Dan adam ya bude ofishin Kambodiya. Wadannan cibiyoyin tare da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na gida da na kasa da kasa sun rubuta nau'ikan keta hakkin dan adam, tare da iyakantaccen sakamako, dangane da sake fasalin da gyarawa.

 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki da taro 
Rashin bin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, gami da rashin samun dama ga kafofin watsa labarai, ya zama ruwan dare. Kwanan nan, abin da aka yi tir da shi a matsayin kamfen na adawa da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki  ya nuna hanzarin koma baya a kokarin Cambodia na inganta dabi'un haƙƙin ɗan adam. Akwai ƙuntatawa mai tsanani game da 'yancin taro, wanda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kambodiya ya ba shi, ƙungiyoyin cikin gida suna ganin su a matsayin kamfen ɗin da aka yi niyya don danne al'ummar Kambodiya don girma da nuna damuwarsu. A ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, masanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a Cambodia Farfesa Rhona Smith na Burtaniya, "ya nuna damuwa mai tsanani game da ƙuntatawa a kan kafofin watsa labarai, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da shiga siyasa a gaban zaben ƙasa a watan Yuli, yana kira ga Gwamnati da ta zaɓi hanyar haƙƙin ɗanɗano. "Ta bukaci hukumomi da su ɗaga haramcin kan' yan siyasa 118 da ke shiga siyasa.

'Yan jarida a Cambodia suna fuskantar nau'o'i daban-daban na tsangwama da matsin lamba, da kuma tashin hankali, wani rahoto da Ofishin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya buga a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2022, ya ce, a cikin karuwar ƙuntatawa kan sararin samaniya da' yancin jarida a kasar. An yi hira da 'yan jarida sittin da biyar kuma an bincika su a matsayin wani ɓangare na rahoton.

Soy Sros, wata mace 'yar Kambodiya wacce ke yin jaka don samfuran tufafi na duniya kamar Michael Kors da Kate Spade, ta yi aiki a masana'antar Superl a Lardin Kampong Speu. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2020, an tura Soy zuwa kurkuku don wani sakon Facebook inda ta rubuta game da damuwarta cewa za a sallami ma'aikatan masana'anta a tsakiyar annobar coronavirus. 'Yan sanda da yawa sun yi mata tambayoyi sama da awanni 48. "Akwai 'yan sanda da yawa a cikin dakin tambayoyi, kuma sun tambaye ni idan ina so in kula, ko kuma in shahara, ko ina ƙoƙarin tayar da wani, "Soy ya ce. "Sun kira ni sunaye, sun ɓata mutuncin ni a matsayin mace".

Ba da daɗewa ba, an jefa Soy cikin kurkukun Kampong Speu. Zargin farko na Superl a kan Soy ya yi iƙirarin cewa ta buga labarai na karya kuma ta ɓata sunan masana'antar. Amma kotun da ke duban shari'arta ta kuma tuhume ta da laifuka biyu, tayar da hankali da nuna bambanci. Idan aka sami Soy da laifi, za ta fuskanci shekaru uku a kurkuku da tarar har zuwa riels miliyan shida (kimanin US $ 1,500). An daure ta na tsawon watanni biyu.

A cikin 2020, Human Rights Watch ta nuna damuwa cewa gwamnatin Kambodiya ta yi amfani da annobar COVID-19 ta 2020-2021 don ƙuntata 'yanci na asali, gami da ba da dokoki da ke hana rarraba bayanai, kafa sa ido kan sadarwa, da kuma cikakken iko da kafofin watsa labarai. 

 Tsarin shari'a 
Kokarin kafa bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa ya kasance mai yawa sama da shekaru goma amma har yanzu ba su cimma sakamakon da ake fata ba. Har ila yau, bangaren shari'a ya kasance mai cin hanci da rashawa, mara inganci, kuma galibi jam'iyyar CPP mai mulki ce ke sarrafawa. An gano manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da jami'an gwamnati suka yi amma gurfanar da su ba su da yawa.

Har ila yau, gwamnatin CPP tana yin kamawa ta hanyar amfani da kotun da ke karkashin ikon siyasa a matsayin hanyar karfafa ikon ta. A shekara ta 2006, Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tsare-tsare ta yanke hukuncin cewa 'tsarewar Sam Rainsy MP Cheam Channy ya saba wa dokokin Kambodiya da na duniya'. 

 'Yancin mata 
Matsayin jinsi a Cambodia yana da tsauri kuma tashin hankali na gida akan mata matsala ce mai tsanani. Shekaru da yawa, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata ta Kambodiya ta nuna babban sadaukarwa a yaki da tashin hankali na jinsi da na cikin gida, yana mai da shi Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium ta Kasa.

 Hakkin LGBT 
Lesbian, gay, bisexual da transgender (LGBTQ) 'yan Kambodiya suna fama da nuna bambanci da cin zarafi; gami da tashin hankali, nuna bambanci a wurin aiki, da warewar zamantakewa da iyali. A cikin shekara ta 2010, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kambodiya ta kafa Shirin Gudanar da Jima'i da Gender Identity (SOGI) don karfafa mutanen LGBT a duk faɗin Kambodiya don ba da shawara game da hakkinsu da inganta girmamawa ga mutanen LGBTQ" id="mwjQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ a duk faɗuwar Kambodiya.'Not easy to be out in the Kingdom' , Phnom Penh Post, 10 May 2010. "There's not very much information out there at all ... I don't think anyone really knows what the general everyday situation is for the gay community in Cambodia, and I think that's because they've been afraid to speak out" - Rupert Abbott. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kambodiya ta wallafa wani rahoto mai ban mamaki game da halin da ake ciki na mutanen LGBTQ a Kambodiya.

Ayyukan jima'i na jinsi ɗaya ba laifi ba ne a Cambodia. Koyaya, babu wata doka ta nuna bambanci, ko wasu takunkumi ga waɗanda suka keta haƙƙin mutanen LGBTI. Bugu da ƙari, aure yana iyakance sosai ga ma'aurata masu kishiyar jinsi. An kuma yi amfani da wannan ma'anar a cikin Dokar Aure da Iyali, inda Mataki na 3 ya karanta: 'auren kwangila ne mai tsanani tsakanin namiji da mace', kuma a cikin Mataki na 6 "an haramta aure tsakanin mutane na jinsi ɗaya".

Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya shimfida haƙƙoƙinsa da ’yancinsa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ba tare da la’akari da ‘kabila, launi, jima’i... ko wani matsayi ba – jimlar da za a iya amfani da ita don tallafawa haƙƙin mutanen LGBTI, idan aka yi la’akari da niyyar samar da daidaito ba tare da la’akari da halayen mutum ba.  Tare da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma doguwar hanya a gaban Cambodia ta zama ƙasar tsarin mulki, mutanen LGBTI suna fuskantar matsaloli iri ɗaya da sauran 'yan ƙasa, inda bin doka ya yi rauni.  Hakanan ana kai musu hari ne dangane da kama su na LGBTI.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span>]

mutane suna fuskantar rashin ɗabi'a daga hukumomi shine lokacin da 'yan sanda ke kai hari ga masu madigo, 'yan luwaɗi, bisexual, transgender da intersex (LGBTI) don samun kuɗi.  Akwai tanade-tanade guda biyu: 'Dokar fataucin bil'adama' da 'Manufar kare al'umma da kauye'.  'Yan sanda sun yi amfani da waɗannan don kama mutane (mafi yawancin mata masu canza jinsi da mazan luwaɗi) a ƙarƙashin tuhume-tuhumen ƙarya kuma suna neman biyan kuɗi (tsakanin dalar Amurka 10 zuwa 30) ba don ajiye su dare ɗaya ba.  'Yan sanda na yawan cin zarafin ma'aikatan jima'i[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span>]

UNDP ta ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi da 'yan sanda a wasu lokuta suna amfani da dokoki daban-daban don iyakance haƙƙin mutanen LGBTI. Misali, ta hanyar tilasta rabuwa da ma'aurata na jinsi ɗaya, kamar yadda iyaye suka nema, ko haɗa mutanen LGBTI da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ko aikin jima'i. Batutuwan da suka shafi yanayin rayuwa da haƙƙin mutanen LGBTI gabaɗaya ba su cikin maganganun siyasa da kafofin watsa labarai a Cambodia. Akwai 'yan shari'o'i inda batutuwan LGBTI suka shiga cikin ajanda na jama'a, tare da jami'ai suna magana da ni'ima da kuma adawa da haƙƙin LGBTI.

Har yanzu babu wata ƙungiyar doka da za ta kare LGBT waɗanda ke fuskantar cin zarafi na doka da kuma take haƙƙin ɗan adam.  A watan Oktoban 2014 wasu ma'auratan sun yi yunkurin yin aure amma 'yan sanda da jami'an kwaminisanci sun hana su yin aure.  Duk da haka, dukansu biyun sun ci gaba da mutunta auren kuma sun sa ma'aurata su yi aure a cikin bikin. [better source needed]

 Kashewa da tilasta 
Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam suna ƙara damuwa da cewa fitar da mutane a Cambodia suna raguwa daga iko. Wani rahoto na Amnesty International ya nuna yadda,  ya saba wa wajibai na Cambodia a karkashin dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya, wadanda ke fama da korar ba su da damar shiga da shawarwari a gaba. Bayani game da fitarwa da aka shirya da kuma kunshin sake zama ba cikakke ba ne kuma ba daidai ba ne, yana lalata haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa ga bayanai, da kuma shiga cikin yanke shawara waɗanda ke shafar aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam, musamman haƙƙin isasshen gidaje. Rashin kariya ta shari'a daga fitar da ita, da kuma rashin tsari na ka'idojin da ke akwai ya bar gibin lissafi wanda ke kara karfin mutanen da aka ware, musamman wadanda ke zaune a cikin talauci, ga cin zarafin bil'adama ciki har da fitar da ita.

 Tsarkakewar Intanet 

Sauran matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam masu tsanani da na ci gaba sun haɗa da kisan siyasa da ba a warware su ba, cin zarafin 'yan ƙungiyar kwadago da' yan siyasa na adawa. Daga cikin kisan gillar da ba a warware su ba, kisan shugaban kungiyar Chea Vichea ya sami karfi a duniya daga manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin ma'aikata, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Kwace ƙasa, kamawa da tsare-tsare, azabtarwa, tilasta aikin yara, fataucin mata da yara, nuna bambanci da tashin hankali na gida ga mata, da cin zarafin yara suma suna shafar 'yan Kambodiya.

 Batutuwan yanzu 
Batutuwan da ke tattare da damuwa a yanzu sune tilasta dawo da masu neman mafaka na Vietnamese Montagnard da gwamnatin Kambodiya da kuma yawan batutuwan ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar.

A duk fadin Cambodia, hukumomi na tsare da ake zargin masu amfani da muggan kwayoyi, marasa gida, yara kanana, ma'aikatan jima'i, da kuma mutanen da ake ganin suna da nakasa a cikin "tsarin cibiyoyi na tsare mutane a fadin kasar".  Wasu daga cikin waɗancan cibiyoyin da ake tsare da su ana yin su ne don maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, yayin da wasu kuma ana iya yin su don “gyaran zamantakewa”.  Baya ga Prey Speu, ma'aikatar harkokin jin dadin jama'a kuma tana da ikon cibiyar Phnom Bak da ke garin Sisophon na lardin Banteay Meanchey, kuma tana kula da wurin da ake tsare da miyagun kwayoyi tare da sojoji a wani sansanin soji a garin Koh Kong na lardin Koh Kong.  Akwai kuma "cibiyoyin tsare miyagun kwayoyi guda shida" a Cambodia "waɗanda a kowace shekara suna ɗaukar akalla mutane 2,000 ba tare da bin ka'ida ba.".

Abubuwan da suka faru na 2013. Amnesty International da Cibiyar Kambodiya ta Kambodiya, da ke Cambodia, sun kuma tayar da 'rashin hukunci' a matsayin damuwa.  "Rahoton shekara ta 2012 na Amnesty ya ce, "Rashin hukunta masu aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma rashin samun hukumar shari'a mai zaman kanta ta kasance babbar matsala."  Tun daga watan Yuni, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi "sun ci zarafin akalla fursunoni 30 - 29 a lokacin da suke hannun 'yan sanda da kuma daya a kurkuku. Harba, naushi da bulala da bindiga sune mafi yawan hanyoyin da aka ruwaito na cin zarafi na jiki, amma an yi amfani da wutar lantarki, shaƙewa, gwangwani da bulala da wayoyi."  Rahoton na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya ce "Ma'aikatar shari'a da ba ta da tasiri a siyasance na daya daga cikin manyan laifukan take hakkin dan Adam a kasar."  Rahoton ya ce “Gwamnati gaba daya ba ta mutunta ‘yancin shari’a, kuma an samu cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin alkalai, masu gabatar da kara da kuma jami’an kotunai'

"Human Rights Watch ta rubuta yadda masu gadi da ma'aikata a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare na al'ada "suna bulala da bututun ruwa na roba, suna doke su da sandunan bamboo ko dabino, suna girgiza su da sanduna na lantarki, suna cin zarafin su, kuma suna azabtar da su da motsa jiki da aka nufa don haifar da ciwo mai tsanani. "An tilasta wa fursunoni da aka tsare a karin cibiyoyin shari'a su yi aiki a wuraren gini, gami da aƙalla misali ɗaya don taimakawa wajen gina otal. 

Akwai rubuce-rubuce na shari'o'i a Cambodia na mutanen da ke aikata kisan kai sannan kuma suna biyan jami'an gwamnati don kada a gurfanar da su. "Rashin azabtarwa da masu arziki da masu iko ke morewa yana taimakawa wajen bayyana rashin amincewar jama'a a cibiyoyin shari'a da tilasta bin doka na Cambodia. "  Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan bautar da ke cikin Cambodia shine lokacin da iyaye ke sayar da budurwa na 'ya'ya mata, sau da yawa don biyan bashin. Ko da bayan da 'yarsu ba budurwa ba ce, iyaye na iya ci gaba da sayar da' ya'yansu mata cikin bautar jima'i. A cewar ABC News, ya kasance a lokacin mummunan lokaci da rashin doka, bayan faduwar Khmer Rouge, cewa bautar jima'i ta yara ta fara bunƙasa. Sauran bayi a Cambodia an tilasta su yi tubali.

A ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, masanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin dan adam a Cambodia Farfesa Rhona Smith na Burtaniya, "ya nuna damuwa mai tsanani game da ƙuntatawa a kan kafofin watsa labarai, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da shiga siyasa kafin zaben kasa a watan Yuli, yana kira ga Gwamnati ta zabi hanyar kare hakkin dan Adam".

A cikin watan Afrilu 2010, shekara-shekara na nau'ikan Turai game da bayyana Croatia ya bayyana cewa yawan abubuwan da suka faru na luwadi na Croatia suna damuwa tun lokacin da ake gudanar da karatun don yin ƙarin kokarin don dokarn ta'addanci.   Zagreb;  ya alamar Croatia da su yi Allah wadai da kuma wuraren da su a gaban kuliya da cin zarafi ga duk wani tsiraru;.

A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 2022, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana karuwar rashin 'yancin yada labarai da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na Cambodia. A cikin ƙuntatawa masu ƙaruwa a kan sararin jama'a a cikin ƙasar, 'yan jarida sun ƙara fuskantar nau'o'i daban-daban na cin zarafi, matsin lamba, da tashin hankali.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba