Ginin Modlin

Ginin Modlin (Polish) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sansanoni na ƙarni na 19 a Poland . Tana cikin garin Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki a cikin gundumar Modlin a kan kogin Narew, kimanin kilomita 50 a arewacin Warsaw. Faransanci ne suka gina shi daga 1806 zuwa 1812.

 Tarihi 
Muhimmancin dabarun yankin da aka iyakance ta Vistula, Bug, Wkra da Narew an san su da sojoji daban-daban a duk tsawon shekaru. An gina sansanin soja na farko a Zakroczym ta Daular Piast a karni na 11.

Sojojin Masovian na Poland ne suka gina ganuwar zamani ta farko a yankin birni na yau, wanda ya kafa sansani a nan a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1655 don karewa daga mamayar Sweden. Wadannan sun kasance wuraren da aka yi wa bindigogi da ke kare hanyoyin da ke kan Vistula da Bugonarew, da kuma wani rami da ke kare sansanin daga gabas. A lokacin yakin Nowy Dwór, sojojin Poland sun toshe ƙetarewar sojojin Sweden na kwanaki goma, sannan, an tilasta su koma baya ta hanyar harbin bindigogi na Sweden, sun rabu da abokan gaba, ta amfani da garu da cikas na ƙasa, suna guje wa hallaka.

Sojojin Sweden ne suka gina matsayi na zamani a can a shekara ta 1656 a lokacin Rigyawa. Abin da ake kira Bugskansen sansanin soja ne mai siffar tauraro, wanda mai yiwuwa yake kusa da haɗuwar Narew da Vistula, a abin da ake kira Tsibirin Sweden. Har ila yau, sansanin yana kula da gada ta katako a kan Vistula kafin yaƙin Zakroczym kuma ya zama babban wurin ajiyar kayan sojojin Sweden a lokacin yakin Warsaw na Yuli 1656. Bayan da aka ci Sweden an rushe sansanin a cikin 1660 kuma yankin ya kasance ba a tsare shi ba har kusan shekaru 150.

Bayan Rarrabawar Poland an sanya yankin cikin Daular Rasha. Ba da daɗewa ba Jan Pieter van Suchtelen, injiniyan soja na Dutch a cikin sabis na Rasha ya shirya shirin gini don babban kagara a yankin, mai suna bayan garin da ke kusa da Zakroczym . Ginin ya kasance sansanin soja, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 1.5 daga koguna kuma tare da manyan garuruwa da yawa da ke kare yankin daga yamma. Koyaya, ba a taɓa kammala aikin ba kamar yadda a cikin 1806 yankin ya zama wani ɓangare na Duchy na Warsaw, wani ɓangaren ƙasar Poland da aka kirkira kuma ya haɗa kai da Napoleon Bonaparte. 

Tun daga farkon kasancewar Faransa a Poland, injiniyoyin Bonaparte sun fara ƙarfafa kan iyaka da Rasha, suna tsammanin ko dai Rasha za ta kai hari zuwa yammacin Turai - ko kuma wani hari na gaba na sojojin Faransa zuwa Petersburg da Moscow.  A cikin Disamba 1806, yayin da yake Poznań, Napoleon ya ba da umarnin a gina katanga a tsibiran guda biyu da ke wurin haɗin gwiwar Narew da Vistula.  Ƙarfafan ya kasance na ɗan lokaci kuma ya zama babban wurin samar da kayayyaki da kuma babban rumbun ajiya, wanda ke zama cibiyar samar da kayan aiki ga sojojin da ke aiki a Poland ko Rasha.  An fara ginin kusan nan da nan, kodayake babban Injiniya na sojojin Faransa Janar François de Chasseloup-Laubat ya yanke shawarar gina katangar a arewacin gabar kogin maimakon a tsibirin.  Aikin ya fara ne a farkon 1807, duk da haka ya ci gaba a hankali.  Sai a shekara mai zuwa ne aka yi saurin yin sauri kuma a cikin 1809 an shirya abokan shari'a na farko da ganuwar.  A can ne aka jibge jigon sojojin Poland bayan yakin Raszyn da sojojin da suka mamaye kasar Ostiriya.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan gefen waje na tsaro a gefen dama na Vistula ya shirya.  Yana gudana fiye ko žasa tare da layin ciki na katangar zamani.  Ya ƙunshi aikin ƙasa mai madauwari mai ɗaiɗai da aka ƙarfafa da katako na katako da bass biyar.  Ƙari ga haka, an gadin yankin da gada biyu masu kagara, ɗaya a Kazuń a gefen hagu na Vistula, ɗayan kuma kusa da Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki..
A cikin 1810 an canza ainihin manufar sansanin kuma Napoleon ya yanke shawarar juya Modlin zuwa babban kagara a cikin layin garkuwarsa kuma ya faɗaɗa shi sosai ta hanyar ƙara gefen waje na tsaro. Janar de Chasseloup-Laubat ya maye gurbinsa da sanannen injiniyan Faransa Jean Mallet na Granville (daga baya ya zama Pole a ƙarƙashin sunan Jan Malletski), wanda Janar François Haxo ya taimaka. Ba a tabbatar da ko marubutan fadada su ne biyun don kula da gininsa ba, ko Napoleon da kansa. Ayyukan sun ci gaba da sauri yayin da Napoleon ke shirin kamfen dinsa a Rasha kuma ya yi tunanin Modlin ya zama babban sansanin soja a bayan layinsa. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 1811 sama da mutane 19,000 suna shiga cikin ayyukan. Saboda haka hukumomin Duchy na Warsaw suna la'akari da ba Modlin yarjejeniyar birni, wanda duk da haka bai yi nasara ba. Kodayake a shekara mai zuwa, jim kadan kafin barkewar Yakin Franco-Rasha, yawan ma'aikata ya wuce dubu 20, ba a kammala sansanin ba.

Shirye-shiryen Faransanci sun haɗa da ƙaƙƙarfan yanki wanda ya ƙunshi katanga guda uku masu zaman kansu.  Babban layin tsaro yana gefen dama na Vistula da Narew, kuma an haɗa shi da katangar polygonal tare da bastions 4 da ravelins 3 masu haɗawa (ɗaya yana fuskantar kogin Utrata, ɗayan yana fuskantar ƙauyen Modlin kuma ɗayan a tsakiya).  Ravelins sun kasance tsakanin nisan mita 800 zuwa 1000 daga babban layin katangar, domin karfafa kariya daga sabbin nau'ikan manyan bindigogi.  Bangare na biyu na kagara shine kan gadar Kazuń a gefen hagu na Vistula, wanda ya ƙunshi ravelin guda ɗaya.  Na uku wani reshe ne dake tsakanin Vistula da Narew kuma na hudu gida ne na bindigogi da ke tsibirin Sweden.  Daga cikin injiniyoyin da za su sa ido kan ginin har da Janar Ignacy Prądzyński, Janar Prevo-Vernois da Laftanar Kanar Filip Mięciszewski.  Bayan shan kashi na Grande Armée a Moscow, sojojin Duchy na Warsaw sun mamaye sansanin.  A ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 1813 sojojin Rasha na sojoji 36,000 sun isa katangar kuma suka kewaye shi.  Sojojin Poland karkashin Janar Herman Willem Daendels sun kare katangar har zuwa 1 ga Disamba 1813. Shi ne na karshe na katangar Faransa tare da Vistula.

 Ginin da ke cikin Majalisa Poland 
Bayan 1815 sansanin ya sami kansa a cikin Congress Poland, jihar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha, amma tana da ikon cin gashin kanta da rundunar kanta. Rukunin Poland da Rasha sun yi aiki da shi sosai, kuma an yi sabon aikin gini kaɗan. A lokacin Tashin hankali na Nuwamba na 1830 an shirya sansanin don karewa ta hanyar Polish, amma sojojin Rasha ba su mamaye shi ba. Ya mika wuya a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1831 a matsayin daya daga cikin maki na karshe da ke karkashin ikon rukunin Poland a lokacin tashin hankali.

 Ginin Rasha Novogeorgievsk 
Bayan tashin hankali na Nuwamba na 1830 mulkin Rasha a kan Majalisa Poland ya zama mafi tsanani. An sake sunan sansanin Modlin Novogeorgievsk a cikin 1834  kuma a cikin shekarun 1832-1841 ya sami babban fadadawa, don karɓar bakuncin sojojin da aka ba su aikin hana wani tashin hankali na Poland, da kuma kare iyakokin yammacin Rasha. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na sarkar sansanoni wanda ya haɗa da Warsaw, Ivangorod, da Brest-Litovsk. Sabon aikin da aka fi sani da shi shi ne barikin da aka gina 2,200 m a tsawon, wanda zai zama layin karshe na tsaro ga sansanin. Bayan 1841 aikin gini ya ƙare, kuma a cikin shekaru 40 masu zuwa sansanin ya zama tsohon yayi a hankali. Koyaya, a cikin 1844 an gina babban ginin hatsi a bakin Kogin Narew. Masanin gine-ginen Poland Jan Jakub Gay ya tsara hatsi ba kawai don adana abinci ba, har ma a matsayin matsayi mai kariya a kan gadar koguna. 

Lokacin da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Jamus da Rasha ta lalace a cikin shekarun 1880, tare da Jamus ta shiga Triple Alliance wanda zai iya zama a kan Rasha, an yanke shawarar fadada sansanin da inganta shi zuwa ka'idojin zamani. A cikin shekarun 1883-1888 an kara tsaunuka takwas na zamani, kusan samar da zobe tare da nisan kilomita 2 zuwa 4 daga tsakiya na tsakiya. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa an sabunta waɗannan sansanoni. A lokaci guda, an gina ƙarin ayyukan tsaro don haɗa sansanin a cikin yankin da ya fi girma a kusa da Warsaw. 

Rashin nasarar Rasha a Yaƙin Rasha da Japan ya haifar da sake tunani game da dabarun Rasha. Musamman ra'ayin mayar da hankali ga dakarun cikin gida daga kan iyakoki kafin tashin hankali ya fara samun karbuwa. Wannan hanyar za ta kawar da buƙatar sarkar sansanonin kan iyaka don tantance rukunin da ke tattare da su.

A shekara ta 1909 lokacin da Janar Vladimir Sukhomlinov ya zama Ministan Yaƙi na Daular Rasha, wata shawara da ya yi ita ce a kawar da mafi yawan tsarin kagara na Rasha, kuma Novogeorgievsk ya kasance babban misali na dalilin da ya sa za a soke su: An fara gina katangar waje a nesa da tazarar kilomita takwas daga kagara don kare ta daga hare-haren bindigogi;  a shekara ta 1900, har ma da bindigogin fage za su iya harba su wuce wannan nisa.[1]  Sukhomlinov ya yi nasara.  Maimakon a lalata, an tsara tsarin katangar don haɓakar ruble miliyan 800 tare da sabon bel na garu don ƙarawa.   Har ila yau, kagara ya karɓi manyan manyan manyan bindigogi.  An soma sabon aikin gine-gine mai tsanani a shekara ta 1912 kuma an ci gaba da kusan har sai da sojojin Jamus suka kusanci sansanin soja a shekara ta 1915 a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Yanzu an tsara katangar don zama cibiyar juriya da ke bayan maƙiyi idan aka tilasta wa sojojin Rasha su ja da baya daga Poland.  An gudanar da ayyukan cikin gaggawa, ba duk kayan aiki ba ne, kuma an inganta wasu kayan gini don haka ba su da inganci.  Ko da waɗannan lahani, katangar da ke da kagara goma sha tara na ɗaya daga cikin garu mafi ƙarfi a Turai a lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na ɗaya. Babban kwamandan Rasha ya yi tsammanin cewa idan sojojin Jamus suka kewaye shi zai yi tsawon watanni da yawa, wanda ke zama babban ƙaya a bayan Jamus.

 Kamun da Jamusawa suka yi 

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1915, 'yan Rasha suna fama da hare-haren Jamus a Poland. Sun fuskanci gaskiyar barin Poland ga Jamusawa ko kuma an yanke sojojin su daga koma baya.

Matsalar koma baya ita ce watsi da sansanonin musamman Novogeorgievsk. An ga Novogeorgievsk a matsayin "alama ce ta mulkin Rasha a Poland. "  Hakanan yana nufin watsi da Poland, wanda zai lalata ikon su na tattaunawa don ƙarin yanki idan Allies sun ci nasara. 

Mikhail Alekseyev, kwamandan sashin Poland, ya san cewa garkuwa da sansanonin tarko ne kuma rashin cin zarafi mafarki ne. Koyaya, maza masu matsayi mafi girma sun rinjaye shi kuma ya bar garuruwa don kare Novogeorgievsk. Sojojin da ya iya adanawa sune ragowar II. Yankin Siberiya, kashi na 63, da kuma kashi na 58. 

Don kama Novogeorgievsk, Jamusawa sun sauya Janar Hans Beseler wanda ya samu nasarar kewaye birnin Antwerp na Belgium a farkon yakin. A cikin sa'a, sojojinsa sun kama babban injiniyan Novogeorgievsk a rana ta farko. Siege na Novogeorgievsk ya dauki kwanaki kawai. Lokacin da ya fadi, Jamusawa sun kama bindigogi 1,600 kuma kusan harsashi miliyan daya.

 Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I 
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko Modlin ya zama wani ɓangare na Jamhuriyar Poland ta Biyu kuma an sabunta shi tare da bunkers na zamani, anti-tank da kayan aikin yaki da jirgin sama. Babban manufarta ita ce samar da kariya ga Warsaw daga hare-haren abokan gaba daga Arewa. Har ila yau, sansanin ya ƙunshi barikin soja da kwalejojin soja da yawa don NCOs, gami da Cibiyar Horar da Injiniyoyi da Makarantar Sojojin Sojoji.

Ginin Modlin shine wurin Yaƙin Modlin a lokacin mamayar Jamus a Poland a 1939. Janar Wiktor Thommée ya tsare Sojojin Łódź a cikin sansanin bayan ya kasa yin yaƙi da hanyarsa ta komawa Warsaw, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin rundunonin soja na Poland na ƙarshe da suka mika wuya.

 Ranar yanzu 
Wasu sassan sansanin suna buɗewa ga masu yawon bude ido. A lokaci guda, sojojin Poland har yanzu suna da wurare da yawa a yankin kuma saboda haka wasu wuraren da ba a iya isa ba. Wasu wuraren da aka watsar ba a kiyaye su ba kuma sun lalace sosai, tare da abubuwa da yawa na ƙarfe da aka sace don rushewa. Filin jirgin saman Modlin yana cikin yankin sansanin. An sake buɗe shi a matsayin filin jirgin sama na farar hula na biyu na birnin Warsaw a watan Yulin 2012. A cikin 2013 an sayar da Ginin Modlin ga masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu bayan sun kasance a kasuwa na tsawon shekaru biyar, amma dole ne a adana wasu mahimman fasalulluka kamar Tatar Tower da White Tower ga jama'a masu ziyara.

 Bayani 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba