Ka'idojin kulawa

Ka'idar kulawa (a madadin ka'idojin kulawa ko EoC) ka'idar ka'idoji ce ta ka'idozi wacce ke riƙe da cewa aikin ɗabi'a yana kan al'ada mutum da kulawa ko alheri a matsayin nagarta. EoC tana ɗaya daga cikin tarin ka'idojin ka'idoji waɗanda wasu masu fafutukar mata da masu kula da muhalli suka haɓaka tun daga shekarun 1980.  Duk da yake ra'ayoyin ka'idoji da ka'idojin ka'idozi suna jaddada ka'idojoji da rashin son kai, ka'idocin kulawa suna jaddata muhimmancin amsawa ga mutum. Bambanci tsakanin janar da mutum yana nunawa a cikin tambayoyin ɗabi'a daban-daban: "me ne kawai?" da "yadda za a amsa?" : Carol Gilligan, wanda ake la'akari da shi wanda ya kafa ka'idojin kulawa, ya soki aikace-aikacen ƙa'idodin gaba ɗaya a matsayin "matsalar ɗabi'i, tunda yana haifar da makantaccen ɗabi'aa ko rashin kulawa".

Tunanin tsarin sun haɗa da: ana fahimtar mutane suna da matakai daban-daban na dogaro da juna; wasu mutanen da sakamakon zaɓin mutum ya shafa sun cancanci la'akari da su daidai da rashin lafiyarsu; kuma cikakkun bayanai na yanayi suna ƙayyade yadda za a karewa da inganta bukatun mutane.

 Tarihin tarihi 
Wanda ya kirkiro ka'idojin kulawa shine Carol Gilligan, masanin ka'idoji da masanin halayyar dan adam na Amurka. Gilligan ta kirkiro wannan samfurin a matsayin sukar mai ba da shawara, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Lawrence Kohlberg na ci gaban ɗabi'a. Gilligan ya lura cewa auna ci gaban ɗabi'a ta matakan Kohlberg na ci gaban ɗ ɗabi'aa ya sami yara maza sun fi girma fiye da mata, kuma wannan sakamakon ya kasance ga manya (ko da yake lokacin da ake sarrafa ilimi babu bambancin jinsi).  Gilligan ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin Kohlberg ba na da ma'ana ba ne, amma ra'ayi ne na namiji game da ɗabi'a, wanda aka kafa akan ka'idodin adalci da haƙƙoƙi. A cikin littafinta na 1982 In a Different Voice, ta ci gaba da nuna cewa maza da mata suna da halin kallon ɗabi'a a cikin kalmomi daban-daban. Ka'idarta ta yi iƙirarin cewa mata suna jaddada tausayi da tausayi a kan ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a dangane da ayyuka da ba a fahimta ba ko wajibai waɗanda ke da daraja a sikelin Kohlberg. Dana Ward ya bayyana, a cikin wata takarda da ba a buga ba, cewa sikelin Kohlberg yana da kyau. Bincike na gaba ya nuna cewa bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin kulawa ko tsarin adalci na iya zama saboda bambance-mbaran jinsi, ko bambance-buce a yanayin rayuwa na jinsi.Ford, M. R.; Lowery, C. R. (1986). "Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning: A Comparison of the Use of Justice and Care Orientations". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 50(4), 777–783. Rothbart, M. K.; et al. (1986). "Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning". Sex Roles. 15 (11&12), 645–653. Krebs, D.L.; Vermeulen, S.C.; Denton, K.; and Carpendale, J. I. (1994). "Gender and perspective differences in moral judgment and moral orientation". Journal of Moral Education. 23, 17–26.  Taƙaitawar Gilligan game da bambancin jinsi ya ba mata murya don yin tambaya game da dabi'u da ayyukan al'umma a matsayin namiji.

 Dangantaka da matsayi na al'ada 
Ka'idodin kulawa sun bambanta da sauran samfuran ɗabi'a, kamar su ka'idojin sakamako (misali amfani) da ka'idoji na deontological (misali ka'idocin Kantian), saboda yana neman haɗa kyawawan halaye da dabi'u na al'ada waɗanda, masu goyon bayan ka'idohin kulawa suna jayayya, ba su cikin samfuran gargajiya na ka'idozi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan dabi'u shine sanya kulawa da dangantaka akan ma'ana da dalili. A cikin ka'idojin kulawa, dalili da ma'ana suna ƙarƙashin kulawa ta halitta, wato, kulawa da aka yi ta hanyar sha'awa. Wannan ya bambanta da deontology, inda ayyukan da aka dauka daga son kai ba su da kyau.

 Manazarta