Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1991

Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta shekarar 1991  dokar aiki ce ta Amurka, wacce aka zartar don mayar da martani ga hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na Amurka da suka iyakance haƙƙin ma'aikatan da suka kai ƙarar ma'aikatansu don nuna wariya. Dokar ta wakilci ƙoƙari na farko tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta  Shekarar 1964 don gyara wasu mahimman tsari da haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin da dokar tarayya ta tanadar a cikin shari'o'in wariyar aiki. Ya ba da 'yancin yin shari'a ta alkali kan da'awar nuna wariya tare da gabatar da yuwuwar lahani da damuwa da iyakance adadin da juri zai iya bayarwa. Ya kara tanade-tanade zuwa taken VII na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta shekarar  1964 kariyar da ke fadada haƙƙin mata don yin ƙara da karɓar diyya da diyya don nuna bambanci ko cin zarafi. Shugaban Amurka George HW Bush ya yi amfani da veto nasa a kan dokar kare hakkin jama'a ta 1990 . Ya ji tsoron za a sanya kason kabilanci amma daga baya ya amince da sigar a shekara ta 1991 na kudirin. 

 Magabata 
Dokar a shekara ta  1991 an yi niyya ne don ƙarfafa kariyar da aka ba da ta hanyar 2 daban-daban na haƙƙin ɗan adam: Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866, wanda aka fi sani da lambar da aka ba ta a cikin kundin dokokin tarayya, Sashe na 1981, da abubuwan da suka shafi aikin yi na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama na a shekara ta  1964, wanda ake kira Title VII. Dokokin biyu, da suka wuce kusan karni guda, sun fuskanci batun nuna wariya ga aikin yi da bambanci: Sashe na 1981 ya haramta wariyar launin fata kawai ko launin fata, amma taken VII kuma ya hana nuna bambanci dangane da jima'i, addini, da asalin ƙasa. Sashe na 1981, wanda ya kwanta barci kuma ba a aiwatar da shi ba tsawon karni daya bayan wucewarsa, ya ba masu kara damar neman diyya da kuma shari'a ta juri. Title VII, da aka wuce a cikin 1960s lokacin da aka ɗauka cewa alkalan Kudu ba za su iya yanke hukunci mai kyau ba, an ba da izinin shari'a kawai ta kotu kuma ta tanadar da magunguna masu adalci na gargajiya kawai: biya baya, sake dawowa, da kuma umarni game da ayyukan wariya na gaba. A lokacin da aka zartar da dokar ta a shekarar 1991, dukkansu sun ba da izinin bayar da kyautar lauyoyi.  Dokar a shekarar 1991 ta faɗaɗa magunguna da ake samu ga waɗanda ke fama da wariya ta hanyar gyara taken VII na Dokar a shekara ta  1964.

 Fage 
Majalisa ta gyara taken VII sau ɗaya a baya, a cikin 1972, lokacin da ta faɗaɗa ɗaukar nauyin Dokar. An motsa shi don sake sabunta taken VII a cikin 1991 kuma don daidaita shi da sashe na 1981 hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, sakamakon jerin yanke hukunci na Kotun Koli:

 Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 Amurka 164 (a shekarar 1989), wanda ya ɗauka cewa ma'aikaci ba zai iya yin karar da aka yi masa ba saboda cin zarafin launin fata a kan aikin saboda ko da halin da ma'aikaci ya yi ya kasance na nuna bambanci, mai aiki bai hana ma'aikacin "haƙƙi ɗaya ba ... don yin da kuma tilasta kwangila ... kamar yadda 'yan ƙasa farar fata ke jin daɗinsa," harshen da Majalisa ta zaɓa wajen zartar da doka a shekara ta1866.
 Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 Amurka 642 (a shekarar 1989), wanda ya sa ya fi wahala ga ma'aikatan Wards Cove Packing Company don tabbatar da cewa ayyukan ma'aikatan ma'aikata, masu tsaka-tsaki a kan fuskar su, suna da tasiri mai banƙyama a kansu ta hanyar buƙatar su gano takamaiman manufa ko abin da ake bukata wanda ake zargin ya haifar da rashin daidaito a wurin aiki kuma ya nuna cewa, a cikin keɓe, yana da wannan tasiri.
 Farashin Gidan Ruwa v. Hopkins , 490 Amurka 228 (a shekarar 1989), wanda ya ɗauka cewa nauyin hujja ya canza, da zarar ma'aikaci ya tabbatar da cewa wani la'akari da ba bisa ka'ida ba ya taka rawa a cikin yanke shawara na ma'aikata, ga ma'aikacin don tabbatar da cewa zai yanke shawara iri ɗaya idan ba a motsa shi ta hanyar haramtacciyar hujja ba, amma irin wannan hujja ta ma'aikacin zai zama cikakken tsaro ga mai aiki.
 Martin v. Wilks, 490 Amurka 755 (a shekarar 1989), wanda ya ba da izinin farar kashe kashe gobara waɗanda ba su kasance cikin shiga cikin shari'ar ba, kafa dokar yarda da ke tafiyar da hayar da haɓaka ma'aikatan kashe gobara na baƙar fata a Birmingham, Alabama, Ma'aikatar Wuta, don kawo ƙara don ƙalubalantar hukuncin.
 United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 499 Amurka 187 (a shekarar 1991), wanda ke riƙe da taken VII ya haramta ƙayyadaddun ka'idodin kariyar tayin.

 Canje-canje 
Patterson ya jawo zargi da yawa tun lokacin da ya bayyana barin ma'aikata da cin zarafin launin fata a kan aikin ba tare da wani ingantattun magunguna ba, saboda ba za su iya tabbatar da cin zarafin Sashe na shekarar  1981 ba kuma da wuya su nuna duk wani asarar albashi da za su iya murmurewa a ƙarƙashin Title VII. Bugu da kari, kunkuntar karatun da Kotun ta yi na jimlar "yin ko tilasta kwangila" ta kawar da duk wani abin alhaki a karkashin Sashe na shekarar 1981 don batar da girma da kuma sauran hukunce-hukuncen ma'aikata da ba su zama ƙin yin hayar ba bisa kabila ko launi.

Majalisa ta yi magana game da batun ta hanyar sake ma'anar kalmar "yi da aiwatar da kwangila" don haɗawa da "yi, aiki, gyarawa, da ƙare kwangilar, da jin daɗin duk fa'idodi, gata, sharuɗɗa, da yanayin dangantakar kwangila." Majalisa ta kuma fayyace cewa Sashe na shekarar 1981 ya yi amfani da wariyar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, batun da Kotun Koli ta fara yanke hukunci a Patterson .

Majalisa ta kuma yi imanin cewa shari'ar Wards Cove ta sa ya zama da wahala sosai don tabbatar da da'awar tasirin tasiri a ƙarƙashin taken VII. Duk da yake dokar da aka gyara har yanzu tana buƙatar cewa mai ƙara ya gano takamaiman ayyukan aiki (s) da ake zargi da haifar da tasiri daban-daban, Majalisa ta ƙara da cewa za a iya bincikar tsarin yanke shawara na mai aiki gabaɗaya idan mai ƙara zai iya nuna cewa "abubuwa na tsarin yanke shawara [mai aiki] ba su da ikon rabuwa don bincike." Majalisa ta kuma tabbatar da cewa ma'aikaci yana da nauyin hujja akan kare larura na kasuwanci kuma ya dawo da ma'anar "lalacewar kasuwanci" ga yadda aka fassara ta kafin Wards Cove . Majalisa ba, duk da haka, ta canza sashin Wards Cove da ke kwatanta nauyin mai gabatar da kara game da hujjar kididdiga, wanda kotun ta yi: "Kasancewar rashin daidaituwar kididdiga a cikin ma'aikatan ma'aikata saboda launin fata, launi, addini, jima'i, ko asalin ƙasa ba shi kaɗai ba ne ya isa ya kafa shari'ar cin zarafi na farko."

Duk da yake mafi rinjaye a Majalisa sun goyi bayan ka'idar canjin nauyi a cikin Price Waterhouse, bai ji dadi ba game da yadda wannan shari'ar ta ba wa ma'aikaci damar tabbatar da cewa zai yanke shawara iri ɗaya a kowane hali, a matsayin cikakken tsaro a cikin shari'ar da aka nuna cewa kabilanci ko jinsi ko wani abu marar doka ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yanke shawararsa. Majalisa ta gyara dokar don tabbatar da cewa ma'aikaci ya tabbatar da cewa zai yanke shawara iri ɗaya a kowane hali shine tsaro don dawo da biyan kuɗi, maido da sauran magunguna amma ba ga abin alhaki ba . Tasirin amfani da wannan canjin shine don ba da damar ƙungiyar da ta tabbatar da cewa mai aiki ya nuna wariya amma ba zai iya nuna cewa ya yi wani canji na zahiri ga sakamakon ba har yanzu zai iya dawo da kuɗaɗen lauya bayan nuna cewa ma'aikaci ya nuna wariya, koda kuwa ba a ba da wani magani ba.

A ƙarshe, Majalisa ta iyakance haƙƙin waɗanda ba jam'iyyun ba don kai hari ga ƙa'idodin yarda ta hanyar hana duk wani ƙalubale daga jam'iyyun da suka sani ko ya kamata su san hukuncin ko kuma waɗanda jam'iyyun na asali suka wakilta. Dokar ta kuma ba da izini ga gwajin juri akan da'awar Title VII kuma ta ba da damar masu gabatar da kara na Title VII su dawo da damuwa na rai da lahani na azabtarwa, yayin da suke sanya iyakoki akan irin wannan taimako. Dokar ta a shekarar  1991 ta kuma yi sauye-sauye na fasaha da suka shafi tsawon lokacin da aka ba su damar kalubalantar tanadin manyan ayyuka ba bisa ka'ida ba, don gurfanar da gwamnatin tarayya don nuna bambanci, da kuma kawo da'awar nuna wariya, amma ta ba da damar masu gabatar da kara masu nasara su dawo da kudaden shaida na ƙwararrun a matsayin wani ɓangare na kyautar kuɗin lauya da kuma karɓar riba akan duk wani hukunci da aka yanke wa gwamnatin tarayya.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba