Ilimin likita a Indiya

Matsakaicin digiri ne wanda ake yi don  shigarwa-zuwa-aiki a cikin magungunan tushen shaida na zamani a Indiya shine Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS).  Madadin tsarin Magunguna a Indiya sune Ayurveda (BAMS), Unani (BUMS), Siddha (BSMS), Homeopathy (BHMS).  M.B.B.S.  (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) takardar shaidar da aka samu bayan kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar da rabi.  An raba manhajar zuwa shekara guda na karatun share fage a cikin darussan kimiyya na gabaɗaya da shekaru uku da rabi na karatun likitanci da na asibiti, sannan kuma horon aikin likita na shekara ɗaya.  Kafin fara horon, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawa da yawa, wanda na ƙarshe ana gudanar da shi kashi biyu.  Ilimin digiri na biyu a cikin ƙwararrun likitanci yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru 3 na karatu bayan MBBS kuma ya ƙare tare da lambar yabo na Master of Surgery ko Doctor of Medicine (MD).  Hakanan za'a iya bayar da difloma na gaba a fannonin likitanci bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu.  Bayan haka mutum na iya kara samun digiri a fannin superspeciality (D.M. ko M.Ch.) a reshensa bayan ya yi nasarar kammala shekaru 3 na kwarewa a kwalejin likitanci.

Indiya tana da tsarin magani daban-daban na dā waɗanda suka riga sun riga sun gabatar da maganin zamani a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Tsohon tsarin magani na Indiya ana kiransa Ayurveda (Kimiyyar Rayuwa). Dukkanin tsarin gargajiya kamar Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, da Homeopathy (wanda ake kira AYUSH) sune nau'ikan kulawa na yau da kullun a Indiya, musamman a yankunan karkara. Duk da yake waɗannan nau'ikan magani suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na Indiya tare da tsarin kiwon lafiyar zamani kuma galibi ana yin su ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana ba da izinin likitoci a hukumance don samun lasisi daga ɗaya daga cikin majalisun kiwon lafiya 29 na ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen digiri na sana'a a cikin tsarin gargajiya ana tsara su kamar haka: Takaddun shaida kamar Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgy (BHMS) ana ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na shekara biyar da rabi. Karatun karatu yawanci yana buƙatar wucewa jarrabawar shekara-shekara da kammala aikin horar da asibiti na shekara guda. Ilimi na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarin shekaru uku na karatu Bayan BAMS da BHMS Kuma ya kammala da Kyautar Jagora na Ayurveda (BAMS MD / MS (AYU) ) Da Jagora na Homeopathy (BHMS MD (HOMEO)). A cikin BAMS Postgraduate difloma a cikin ƙwarewar likita kuma ana iya ba da su bayan kammala shirye-shiryen horo na shekaru biyu. 

Dangane da kulawa, tsarin Ayush na Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya wanda aka tsara ta ma'aikatar CCIM (Central Council Of Indian Medicine) da CCH (Central Majalisar Homeopathy). Tsarin zamani na kiwon lafiya MCI (Medical Council of India) ko sabon Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa.

 Kolejoji da Jami'o'i 
A Indiya, Kwalejin likita cibiyar ilimi ce da ke ba da ilimin likita. Wadannan cibiyoyin na iya bambanta daga kwalejoji masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke horar da likitoci zuwa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ba da horo da ke da alaƙa da kowane bangare na kulawar likita. Kalmar tana da alaƙa da "school of medicine" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe. MBBS digiri ne a fannin kiwon lafiya na zamani wanda aka kafa ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya ta 1956 kuma ta ci gaba a cikin Dokar Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa ta 2019. Bayan MBBS, sun yi rajista tare da majalisun kiwon lafiya na jihar. Dokar Indiya ta buƙaci Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da waɗannan cibiyoyin. Gwamnatin Indiya tana riƙe da jerin sabuntawa na waɗannan kwalejojin kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su. Mutane da yawa ba tare da digiri na MBBS ba suna aiki kamar likitoci a Indiya. Ana kiransu quacks. Dangane da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2019, an inganta hukuncin da aka yi wa yaudara zuwa shekara 1 a kurkuku kuma har zuwa Rs. 5 lakh tarar.

 Shigarwa 
Admissions to courses in Medical Colleges of India have been streamlined in the last few years. There criteria vary from one country to other. For example, applicants should be undergraduates when they apply to American universities while they pursue bachelor's degrees when they apply to China medical colleges.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span>] The whole admission process is under a major reform with ongoing court cases from parties against it. In general, admission was based on one of the following:

 Alamun da aka samu a cikin jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) 
 Akalla 50% (don babban rukuni) Alamun da aka samu a cikin PCB (P yana tsaye ne don kimiyyar lissafi, C yana tsaye ne ga ilmin sunadarai kuma B yana tsaye ne akan ilmin halitta) a cikin jarrabawar karshe na Std. 12.
 Kyauta / Gudanarwa da kujerun da aka dogara da su.

Hakazalika ga digiri na digiri da difloma (mazauna) jarrabawar gasa da aka gudanar a matakin tsakiya (NEET) ya zama tushen shigarwa ko kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa. Takamaiman cibiyoyi na iya buƙatar hira ta mutum da dan takarar amma wannan ya fi dacewa a lokuta na darussan ƙwarewa.

Wadannan kujerun da aka ba da gudummawa sun fuskanci babban zargi saboda wannan ya sa Indiya ta zama kasa daya tilo da ta ba da izini, a matsayin manufofin hukuma, siyar da kujerun likitanci ta kwalejojin likita masu zaman kansu, yarda da ka'idar cewa ikon biya, kuma ba cancanta ba, shine abin da ya fi dacewa.  Waɗannan kuɗaɗen ƙira ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun tashi daga ₹ 50 lakh (daidai da ₹ 59 lakh ko dalar Amurka 70,000 a cikin 2023) zuwa ₹ 2.25 crore (daidai da ₹ 2.6 crore ko US $ 310,000 a cikin 2023) don kujerar MBBS.  Ga kowane wurin zama na likitanci ɗalibi daga rukuni na gaba yakamata ya zama mafi ƙarancin maki 50 na NEET UG don samun wurin zama a kwasa-kwasan UG.[1]  Amma kwalejojin likitanci a cikin jihohi kamar Kerala, suna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin maki / darajoji a cikin jarabawar shiga gasarsu har ma da kujerun gudanarwa.

Don rage damuwa na jarrabawar da yawa da kuma tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa kuma yana da mahimmanci tare da manufar kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a ilimin likita a duk faɗin ƙasar NTA-NEET-UG da NEET-PG an fara gabatar da su a cikin hangen nesa na 2015 ta Hukumar Gwamnoni (BOGs) da Gwamnatin Indiya ta nada bayan rushewar MCI. Gwajin NEET taga ce guda ɗaya don shiga kwalejin likita. Kodayake ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka aiwatar da NEET don darussan UG da PG sun bambanta da abin da aka gabatar a cikin takardar Vision 2015, ya ci gaba da ainihin manufarsa.

Hukumomi masu zuwa ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar shiga kuma an soke su a cikin 2019:

 Gwaje-gwaje na AIIMS - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya
 NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) - Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA) 
 JIPMER shigarwa jarrabawa - Cibiyar Jawaharlal ta Ilimi da Bincike na Kiwon Lafiya

 Shigar da dalibai 
NTA-NEET (Undergraduate), don karatun MBBS da BDS, an gudanar da shi a cikin 2013 ta Babban Kwamitin Ilimi na Sakandare (CBSE). NEET-UG ya maye gurbin All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) da duk gwaje-gwaje na MBBS da jihohi ko kwalejoji da kansu suka gudanar. Koyaya, kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da yawa sun ɗauki umarnin zama kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu don shiga karatun MBBS da BDS. Duk da haka, wasu sanannun cibiyoyi kamar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji da Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras sun zaɓi shigar da dalibai bisa ga NEET-UG. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2013,  kuma an sanar da sakamakon a ranar 5 ta Yuni 2013.  A Indiya, akwai babbar gasa don samun cancanta ga wurin zama na MBBS. A cikin NEET-UG 2024, daga cikin 'yan takarar da aka yi rajista, jimlar' yan takara 2,406,079 [bayani da ake buƙata] sun cancanci bayyana a cikin NEET, 2024, daga cikinsu' yan takarar 2,333,297 [bayani ana buƙata] suka bayyana a cikin gwajin kuma' yan takarda 1,316,268 [bayani] sun cancin gwajin don kujeru 108,915. Wannan ya sa kashi 4.52% ya bayyana a jarrabawar don tabbatar da nasarar samun kujerar, kuma kusan kashi 2.32% ya bayyana a gwajin don tabbatar da samun nasarar kujerar kwalejojin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati.   

A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta kaddamar da jarrabawar NEET tare da yanke shawara ta 2: 1. Majalisar Likitoci ta Indiya ta yi kira ga sake dubawa a watan Agustan 2013, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2016 babbar kotun Indiya ta soke dukkan gwaje-gwajen likita kuma NEET (UG) da NEET (PG) sun zama hanya daya tilo'in samun shiga kusan dukkanin kwalejojin likitanci na Indiya. Daga 2019 NEET Examinations ana gudanar da su ta Hukumar Gwaje-gwaje ta Kasa (NTA).

 Shigar da karatun digiri 
Hakazalika ga darussan digiri na biyu (mazauna), NBE NEET (PG) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don MD / MS da karatun digiri na biyu. Wannan ya maye gurbin AIPGMEE na yanzu da irin wannan jarrabawar matakin jiha don shiga cikin darussan digiri. Kwamitin jarrabawar kasa ne ya gudanar da NEET na farko (PG) daga 23 ga Nuwamba - 6 ga Disamba 2012, wanda aka kira shi taga na gwaji (tare da 24th, 25th, 28 ga Nuwamba da 2 ga Disamba a matsayin kwanakin da ba na gwaji ba). Gwajin ya kasance gwajin kwamfuta ba kamar takarda na gargajiya da gwajin alkalami ba AIIMS ya kasance yana gudanarwa tsawon shekaru don shiga zuwa kashi 50% duk karatun digiri na Indiya a kasar. A cikin duka, 'yan takara 90,377 sun dauki jarrabawar.

Baya ga NEET-PG, INI CET (Institute of National Importance Combined Entrance Test) wani muhimmin jarrabawar da aka gudanar a Indiya don shiga karatun digiri na biyu. Gwajin shiga ne na MD, MS, MCh (shekaru 3-6), DM (shekara 3-6), da kuma darussan MDS a cikin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs) daban-daban kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS.

An gabatar da INI CET don daidaita tsarin shigarwa ga waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin, maye gurbin jarrabawar shiga daban-daban da kowace cibiyar ta gudanar a baya. Ana gudanar da INI CET sau biyu a shekara, yawanci a cikin zaman Janairu da Yuli.

Wannan jarrabawar ta dogara ne akan kwamfuta kuma ta ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi fagen kiwon lafiya. INI CET sananne ne ga ƙa'idodinsa mai tsauri da babban gasa, yayin da yake buɗe ƙofofi ga wasu shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da aka fi nema a Indiya. 'Yan takarar da suka ci kwallo sosai a cikin INI CET sun cancanci shiga cikin fannoni daban-daban a cikin INIs masu halarta, suna mai da shi muhimmiyar mataki ga waɗanda ke bin ilimin likita mai zurfi.

 Shigar da Kwarewar Kwarewa 
Hakazalika don darussan Superspeciality (mazauna), NBE NEET (SS) shine mafi mashahuriyar cancanta tare da jarrabawar shiga don DM / MCh. Wannan ya sami nasarar maye gurbin wasu gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar don shigar da darasi na musamman. Baya ga NEET-SS, wani muhimmin jarrabawar don karatun digiri na biyu a Indiya shine jarrabawar INI-SS (Institute of National Importance Super Specialty). Ana gudanar da INI-SS don shiga cikin darussan DM, MCh, da MD (Administration of Hospital) a manyan cibiyoyin kamar AIIMS, JIPMER, PGIMER, da NIMHANS, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayin Cibiyoyin Muhimmancin Kasa (INIs).

Ana gudanar da jarrabawar INI-SS sau biyu a shekara kuma an tsara shi don zaɓar 'yan takara don shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa. Gwajin kwamfuta ne, kamar NEET-PG, kuma ya haɗa da tambayoyin da ke tantance ilimin 'yan takara da iyawa don ingantaccen horo na likita da tiyata. Wannan jarrabawar ana ɗaukar ta mafi ƙwarewa da ƙalubale a fagen kiwon lafiya saboda manyan ƙa'idodi da ƙayyadaddun kujerun da ke cikin INIs.

 Shigarwa ga 'yan kasashen waje 
Baya ga AIIMS wanda ba mazaunin Indiya ba ne kuma mutumin asalin Indiya (NRI) a cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma ba da kujeru da yawa ga ɗalibai daga ƙasashe masu tasowa inda wuraren ilimi na likita ba su isa ba. Cikakken adadin da rarraba ƙasa na waɗannan kujerun da aka tanada na iya bambanta a kowace shekara.

Dalibai da ke neman shiga kujerun da aka tanada ana buƙatar su yi amfani da su ta hanyar ayyukan Indiya a kasashen waje ko ta hanyar ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasashe masu dacewa a Indiya. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ko Babban Kwamitin a cikin ƙasa zai iya samar da ƙarin bayani akan buƙata. Ana watsi da abin da ake buƙata don shigarwa ga irin waɗannan 'yan takarar da aka tallafawa.

Muhimmancinsa don lura cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke son karɓar kujeru ta hanyar NRI quota ya kamata har yanzu su cancanci ta hanyar NEET (akalla ga dukkan kwalejojin gwamnati) kuma za a ba da kujeru bisa cancanta a cikin wannan quota daga dukkan' yan takarar NRI da suka cancanci. Tsarin kuɗin ga 'yan takarar NRI ma ya bambanta.

 Ilimi na farko 

 MBBS 
Kwalejin likitanci tana ba da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da kuma digiri na farko (MBBS). Cibiyoyin da ke ba da karatun MBBS ne kawai a cikin tsarin karatunsu ana kiransu Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya. Kwalejin na iya koyar da Post Graduate da kuma darussan Paramedical. Shigar da shirye-shiryen MBBS na gwamnati yana da gasa sosai.

Darasi na MBBS ya fara ne da batutuwa na asali da na asibiti kamar su ilmin sunadarai, ilimin lissafi, ilimin jikin mutum, ilimin microbiology, pathology da pharmacology. Dalibai a lokaci guda suna samun horo na hannu a cikin unguwanni da sassan marasa lafiya, inda suke hulɗa da marasa lafiya na ainihi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Shirin yana da niyyar koyar da daidaitattun ladabi na ɗaukar tarihi, jarrabawa, bambancin ganewar asali da Cikakken Gudanar da haƙuri. Ana koya wa ɗalibin ya ƙayyade abin da bincike zai zama da amfani ga mai haƙuri da kuma abin da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan magani suke. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin aiki da kuma aikin yin daidaitattun hanyoyin asibiti. Har ila yau, darasi ya ƙunshi horo na tsawon watanni 12, wanda ake juyawa mai shiga a cikin ƙwarewa daban-daban. Baya ga daidaitattun kulawa ta asibiti, mutum yana samun cikakken ƙwarewar gudanar da unguwa, gudanar da ma'aikata da ƙwarewar ba da shawara.

Digirin da aka bayar shine "Bachelor of Medicine da Bachelor of Surgery". Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don karatun MBBS sune alamomi 50% a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da Ingilishi a cikin jarrabawar '10 + 2'. Ga ɗaliban ajiyar ajiya abin da ake buƙata shine 40%. Ba a haɗa shigarwar MBBS ba. Bukatun shigarwa sun bambanta a fadin jami'o'i. Gabaɗaya, ɗaliban da suka sami maki mafi girma a cikin jarrabawar cancanta da kuma a cikin jarrabawa na Medical Entrance da hukumomi daban-daban suka gudanar ana karɓa a kan karatun MBBS.

 I (Na farko) MBBS 
Shirin kafin asibiti ya kunshi Anatomy, Physiology da Biochemistry, kuma waɗannan su ne batutuwa na asali na ɗaliban likita kuma yana ɗaukar shekara guda. Kafin 1997 I MBBS ya kunshi shekaru 1⁄2 amma an gyara wannan don samar da karin lokaci don bayyanar asibiti. Kashe jarrabawar karshe ta I MBBS wajibi ne don ci gaba da karatun. Ana tsare dan takarar da ya kasa jarrabawar MBBS ta farko har sai an share dukkan batutuwan MBBS na farko. Koyaya MCI ta canza wannan a cikin ka'idoji game da karatun digiri na likita na 2012. A jami'o'i da yawa idan mutum bai bayyana batun ba cewa ɗalibin zai shiga cikin matsakaici. Yana da mummunar matsala. Lokaci na safe yawanci yana kunshe da lacca na Anatomy wanda ya biyo bayan dissection, sai dai rana ɗaya lokacin da za'a iya ɗaukar aji a cikin biostatistics. Lokaci na rana ya ƙunshi aji na ka'idar da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya biyo baya a cikin Physiology ko Biochemistry ko kuma yana iya zama reshe na histology na anatomy.

 II (Na Biyu) MBBS 
Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, da Forensic Medicine na shekara daya da rabi. Bayan share dukkan batutuwa huɗu ɗalibi yana ci gaba zuwa III MBBS. Ana gudanar da darussan lacca da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na waɗannan batutuwa da yamma don ba da damar ɗalibai su halarci unguwanni na asibiti da kuma fita daga sassan marasa lafiya da safe. Wadannan suna biye da gajeren postings (kwanaki 15) a cikin Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Forensic medicine, Skin & Leprosy, & Respiratory medicine & TB. Wannan na iya biyo baya kai tsaye ta manyan sakonni ko sakonni na asibiti a cikin Magungunan Al'umma na iya shiga tsakani.

 III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na I 
Sashe na ya kunshi shekara guda, inda Magungunan Jama'a da Rigakafi (Medicine na Jama'a), Kunnen kunne da Makogwaro da Iphthalmology suka zama manyan batutuwa.

 III (Karshe) MBBS - Sashe na II 
Shekara guda na horo a cikin batutuwa huɗu na asibiti, wato: Medicine, Surgery (ciki har da Orthopaedics), Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar MBBS ta ƙarshe, ana ba da ɗan takara rajista na wucin gadi ta MCI ko majalisar likitancin Jiha kuma zai iya fara aikin horarwa. Ana ba da rajista na dindindin (lasisi don yin aiki) da kuma digiri na karshe na likita (watau, MBBS) ne kawai bayan nasarar da aka kammala aikin likita na Rotating Medical Internship.

 Koyarwa 
Bayan nasarar kammala kwas ɗin MBBS, dole ne mutum ya yi aiki tilas a asibitin da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin likitanci ko kuma a kowane asibitin da aka amince da shi a wasu kwalejojin likitanci, na tsawon shekara ɗaya.  Ana kiran wannan aika aika Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tilas ko Likitan Gida a Kerala/Tamil Nadu.  Dalibin yana samun digiri ne kawai bayan gamsuwar kammala karatunsu.  Ana buga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun asibiti a kan jujjuyawar, suna karɓar ilimin asibiti na asali da na aikace-aikacen game da duk fannonin likitanci don sanya wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya dace da aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin Babban Likita.  Jadawalin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maƙwabta galibi suna da matuƙar ƙarewa.  Alal misali, mutum zai iya yin aiki na tsawon dare, sa'an nan kuma ya fara aikin washegari bayan kusan sa'o'i ɗaya ko biyu kawai.  Wannan na iya zama har zuwa rana.  Aikin awa 24 na rashin barci a mike ba bakon abu ba ne kuma wani lokacin hutun da aka tsara shi ma shugabanni ba sa yarda da shi.  Haka kuma ana biyan mai horon albashin wata-wata don yin aiki a asibitin, wanda ya bambanta a kwalejojin likitanci daban-daban bisa tsarin gudanarwa.  Mutumin yana da lasisin yin aikin likita kawai bayan kammala wannan horon.  Kuma bayan kammala aikin horon, mutum zai iya samun digiri na MBBS kuma zai iya yin karatun digiri na biyu.

Bayan kammala horo, wasu waɗanda suka kammala karatun na iya zaɓar yin aiki a fannonin likitanci daban-daban kuma galibi ana kiran su Jami'an Gida ko Likitocin Gida ko Likitocin Gida.  Wannan ya bambanta da horar da karatun digiri kuma baya kaiwa ga samun digiri.  Likitan da ke fuskantar horo na ƙwararru ana kiransa "mai horo na gaba da digiri" ko kuma kawai PGT.  Likitocin gida, PGTs da ƙwararrun ƙwararru kuma ana kiransu da ƙananan likitoci a duk asibitocin Indiya.  PGTs da Jami'an Gidan wani lokaci ana kiransu da Mazaunan Ƙananan.  Bayan kammala aikin digiri na biyu, likitoci na iya shiga horo na musamman sannan kuma a san su da "masu horon bayan digiri" ko kuma kawai PDTs.  Ana kuma kiran su a matsayin manyan mazauna a wasu cibiyoyi.

 Gidauniyar 
Internship ya bambanta da Ofishin Jakadancin (wanda zai iya bin Internship), kamar yadda aka fahimta a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe. Wannan na ƙarshe ba wajibi ba ne. Likitan gidan ko Likitan gidan, ba kamar Intern ba, yana aiki a wani sashen da ya zaɓa kuma ana biyan shi 'albashi' na kowane wata don aikinsa a asibiti (musamman, a Burtaniya). Ana kiran takwaransa na Amurka kawai "Mai zama" (watau, Likita mai zama ko Likita mai aiki). Dukan lokacin zama a Indiya na iya zama mai wahala sosai, a jiki da kuma tunanin mutum. Kungiyar Likitocin Maharashtra (MARD) ta shigar da korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Maharashstra (MHRC) game da likitocin mazauna da ake sanya su yi aiki sama da awanni 30 a kan lokaci. Akwai lokuta na kashe-kashen likita saboda damuwa da gajiya. An soki cibiyoyin saboda rashin wadatar abinci mai tsabta ga likitocin mazauna da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu mara kyau.

 Sauran Magunguna 
Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Homeopathy ana kiransu gaba ɗaya a matsayin AYUSH - madadin magani.

 B.A.M.S., Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery bi M.D.
 B.H.M.S., Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine & Surgery ya biyo bayan MD
 B.N.Y.S., Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Sciences ya biyo bayan MD.
 B.S.M.S., Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery ya biyo bayan MD
 B.U.M.S., Bachelor of Unani Medine da Surgery sannan MD

 Sauran darussan digiri 

 BSc a cikin Nursing
 BSc a cikin Fasahar Likita
 BSc a cikin MaganaMagana ta Magana
 BSc a cikin Neurology
 B.P.T (Physiotherapy) 
 [B.O.T] (Aikin Magunguna) 
 B.D.S, (Jin ji na hakora) 

 Gidan magani 

 B.Farm

 Ilimi na digiri 
+BatunMatsayiDiplomaAnaesthesiaMD / DNBDAYanayin jikin mutum:MS/DNB/MSc (Medicine) Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi baBiochemistryMD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) Ba Za a iya Amfani da shi baMagungunan Al'umma / PSMMD / DNBDCM / DPFKimiyyar fataMD / DNBDDVL / DVDDentalM.D.S.ENTMS / DNBDLOMagungunan IyaliMD / DNBBa ya aikiMagungunan likitanciMS / DNBDFMMagunguna na gaba ɗayaMD / DNBBa ya aikiBabban aikin tiyataMS/DNB/SMBa ya aikiIlimin halittuMD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) Ba ya aikiMagungunan NukiliyaMD / DNBDRMMagungunan OrthopaedicsMS / DNBD OrthoIlimin idoMS / DNBDO / DOMSObs & GynaecologyMS / DNBDGOMagunguna masu laushiMDNACututtukaMD / DNBDCPIlimin MagungunaMD / DNB / MSc (Medicine), M.PharmBa ya aikiIlimin jikiMD/DNB/MSc (Medicine) Ba ya aikiMagungunan yaraMD / DNBDCHMagungunan kwakwalwaMD / DNBDPMIlimin huhuMD / DNBDTCDRarrabawar rediyoMD / DNBDMRDMagungunan RadiotherapyMD / DNBDMRTYankin zafiMDDTMHMagungunan jikiM.P.T.
Duk manyan kwalejoji kuma suna da Digiri na Digiri ko Difloma a cikin shirye-shiryensu.  Kyaututtukan da aka ba su sune Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D Medical) Master of Surgery (MS) Master of Science (M.Sc Medical), Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (D.SM) dual digiri ko Diplomate na National Board (DNB).  Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya suna ba da digiri na MD / MS kuma Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta ba da digiri na DNB, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Indiya.  Ana samun su a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar likitanci kamar General Medical, General Surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiodiagnosis, Radiotherapy, ENT, Obstetrics and gyneecology, Ophthalmology, Anesthesia, Paediatrics, Community medicine, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic medicine, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physiology are durations of 3 years.  Bayan kammala karatun digiri, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar don ƙarin ƙwarewa a fannin sha'awar su ta hanyar zaɓar kwasa-kwasan da ake kira DM ko DNB (Doctorate of Medicine), ko MCh ko DNB (Master of Chirurgery/Surgery) na tsawon shekaru uku..

MD ko DNB (magungunan gaba ɗaya ko pediatrics) shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don ƙwarewa a cikin Cardiology, Nephrology, Neonatology, Gastro-enterology, Neurology ban da Clinical Hematology (Pathology ko magani gaba ɗaya), da dai sauransu, yayin da MS ko DNB. (aikin tiyata gaba ɗaya, ENT ko tiyata na Orthopaedic) shine ainihin buƙata don Neurosurgery, Urology, Cardio-thoracic & Vascular Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Paediatric da dai sauransu.

Magungunan iyali yanzu sun zama yanki na fifiko a Indiya, kuma asibitoci da yawa suna ba da DNB (Medicine na Iyali).

 Dokta da Post Doctorate 
Darussan zumunci na post-doctoral a cikin Neuro-radiology, Neuro ko Cardiac anesthesiology, da dai sauransu ana bayar da su ta zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin.

 Dokta / Fellowship 

 Dokta na Falsafa (PhD) 
 Pharm D, Dokta na Pharmacy

 Post Doctorate 

 Mai bincike na postdoctoral
 Digiri na post-doctoral 
Indiya ta kasance daya daga cikin mahimman ƙasashen likitoci ga ƙasashe masu tasowa tun daga shekarun 1960. Babban matsin lamba na ilimi da iyakantaccen tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa na ma'aikata an nuna su a matsayin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗaliban likitancin Indiya, wanda zai iya rinjayar yanke shawara don neman horo ko aiki a kasashen waje. Kimanin jimlar likitocin Indiya 20,315 da suka yi hijira da ma'aikatan jinya 22,786 na Indiya suna aiki a kasashen OECD a cikin shekara ta 2000. Tare da likitoci 59,523 na asalin Indiya da ke aiki a Yammacin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi (Amurka, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da Kanada sun haɗu) a cikin 2004, Indiya ta zama babbar hanyar likitoci masu ƙaura a duniya. Likitan Indiya Dokta Edmond Fernandes ya yi kira ga shigar da likitoci fiye da magani da gina su gaba ɗaya don ƙarfafa ilimin likitancin Indiya.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba