Shugaba Stawamus

Babban Stawamus, bisa hukuma Stawamus Chief Mountain  (wanda galibi ana kiransa da kawai The Chief, ko kuma wanda ba a saba da shi ba Squamish Chief ), wani yanki ne mai girma wanda ke kusa da garin Squamish, British Columbia, Kanada. Yana da fiye da  sama da ruwan Howe Sound na kusa. Yana daya daga cikin manyan granite monoliths a duniya. 

Squamish, ƴan asalin ƙasar daga wannan yanki, suna la'akari da shugaban a matsayin wuri mai mahimmanci na ruhaniya. Sunan harshen Squamish na dutsen shine  .  yawanci ana fassara shi da "shugaba", ko da yake yana da matsayi na zamantakewa), kuma al'adun su sun ce gidan mai tsawo ne wanda Xáays ya canza shi zuwa dutse, kamar yadda aka san 'yan Transformer a cikin wannan harshe. Babban tsaga a fuskar dutsen a cikin almara na Squamish alama ce ta lalata da fatar Sínulhka ta bari, ƙaton macijin teku mai kai biyu. 

Dutsen ya sami sunansa daga ƙauyen Squamish da ke kusa da ƙafarsa, Stawamus (Stʼa7mes), kamar yadda yake a kogin Stawamus da tafkin Stawamus .

 Wurin shakatawa 
A cikin 1997, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Columbia ta Burtaniya ta kafa wurin shakatawa na Babban Lardin Stawamus . Wurin shakatawa yana da fiye da murabba'in kilomita biyar a cikin yanki kuma ya ƙunshi ba kawai babban sarki ba har ma da Slhanay, ƙaramin ɗan ƙarami mai ƙanƙara mai ɗan tazara zuwa arewa-maso-gabas. Har ila yau, a cikin wurin shakatawa akwai filin tafiya a cikin sansani da kuma wasu hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye da aka kiyaye waɗanda ke bi ta cikin dajin "baya" na shugaban zuwa yankunan koli da dama.

A cikin bazara na 2009, an buɗe sabuwar gada mai tafiya a kan babbar hanya. Yana ba da damar zuwa wurin shakatawa daga sabon filin ajiye motoci na kudu baya ga haɗa wuraren hawa na The Chief tare da waɗanda ke kan fuskokin Malamute Bluffs. Wannan gada (wanda aka fi sani da Stawamus Chief Pedestrian Overpass) an gina shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓaka wasannin Olympics na lokacin sanyi na Teku zuwa Babban Titin Sky.

 Geology 
Babban wani bangare ne na wani matsakaicin girman pluton na dutsen granitic ( granodiorite ) wanda aka fara samuwa a farkon Cretaceous (kimanin shekaru miliyan 100 da suka wuce) ta hanyar jinkirin sanyaya da ƙarfafa narkakkar magma mai zurfi a ƙasan duniya. 

Hakowa daga jikin granodiorite mai yiwuwa ya faru ne ta hanyar zaizayar duwatsu sama da dubun-dubatar shekaru, tare da zaizayar glacial da ke mamaye hakowa a cikin shekaru miliyan 2.5 da suka wuce. Da zarar an fallasa a saman, ainihin jikin granodiorite ya siffata ta hanyar zaizayar glacial, wanda ke da alhakin dogayen ganuwar tudu da ke ayyana Babban, da kuma hakowar Howe Sound, fjord . Alamun gargajiya na zaizayar glacial suna a ko'ina, musamman goge, filaye masu tsauri. Yaren mutanen Poland da striations da ake iya gani a daidai lokacin koli na samuwar suna buƙatar cewa, a lokacin kololuwar glaciation, an binne gabaɗayan samuwar a ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan kauri na kankara.

Abubuwan ban mamaki da suka rabu da bayyana koli guda uku na Babban Hafsan sune sakamakon karaya da barnatar da manyan tubalan tare da jeri a tsaye, da kuma wajen arewa – kudanci masu zurfin zurfafan karaya.

Babban na iya zama tushen dutsen mai aman wuta saboda babu wani aiki mai aman wuta da ya faru a yankin Squamish daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 86 da suka gabata zuwa farkon aman wuta na Garibaldi Volcanic Belt kimanin shekaru miliyan 2-3 da suka wuce. A cikin yankin Squamish, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt volcanism ya daina lokacin ko jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen lokacin ƙanƙara na ƙarshe.

 Topography da fasali 
Shugaban yana da kusan murabba'in kilomita uku. A taƙaice, akwai tarukan koli da dama da aka raba su da zurfafa zurfafa. Duwatsu masu tsayi suna raba koli daga dajin dajin a wurare da yawa, musamman fuskokin yamma.

Akwai manyan fannoni guda uku:

 Kololuwar Farko ko Babban Taron Kudu (  )
 Kololuwar Biyu ko Babban Taron Cibiyar (  )
 Kololuwa na uku ko taron Arewa (  )

Kowane taron yana da faɗin faffadan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan glacier da ra'ayoyi a duk kwatance. Peak na uku ya ɗan fi nisa da keɓe kuma ba shi da farin jini ga masu yawon bude ido.

Wani yanki na taron koli ya ta'allaka ne ga arewacin dukkan tarukan. Ana kiran wannan yanki taron Zodiac . Ko da yake ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin ƙaramin koli na Peak na Uku, watakila shi ne yanki mafi keɓance na Hakiman. Babu wata hanyar da ta dace da ke kaiwa ga Taron Zodiac; akwai kawai lallausan waƙoƙi nan da can a cikin bishiyoyi.

 Hanyoyin tafiya 
Dukkan manyan tarurrukan guda uku ana iya samun su ta hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye na baya da shugaban ya kiyaye. Waɗannan hanyoyi suna da tudu kuma masu karko. A wurare masu tsayi da yawa akwai gajerun sassan "hanyoyi" waɗanda suke da tudu ko kuma santsi, waɗanda aka makala sarƙoƙi da tsani a kan dutse don taimako. Babban abin jan hankali a shugaban shine babban facade na granitic wanda babban hanya ko hawan dutse ke shiga. Yawancin kololuwa suna ba da ra'ayi na Teku zuwa Sky Highway 99 da kogin da ke ƙasa. Babban taron ba shi da ginshiƙai ko na'urorin tsaro, wanda ke ba da damar faɗuwa daga fuskar dutsen.

 Halaye 

 Gullies 
Manyan tarurruka guda uku na Babban Hafsan sun raba su ne da wasu gungun masu zurfi da aka sani da gullies. Waɗannan ɓangarorin suna da tudu kuma an cika su da tarkace, galibi talus da tarkace . A fili an tono su da farko ta aikin glacier.

 Gully ta Kudu : Babban babban hafsan hafsan hafsoshi kuma sanannen guly, yana raba Peak na Farko da Peak na Biyu.
 North Gully : Gully mai duhu da kunkuntar kusa da ƙarshen arewa na babban sarki, ya raba Peak na biyu da "Taron Zodiac".
 North-North Gully : ko da duhu da kunkuntar, wannan gully ya raba "Taron Zodiac" da Peak na Uku.

Akwai ƙarin ƙaramar guly a kusa da ƙarshen ƙarshen Hakimin da ake kira Bullethead Gully wanda ya ɗan raba yankin Bulletheads da sauran Hakiman. Wannan gully yana da kurmi sosai kuma bai cika ban mamaki ba fiye da manyan gullies da aka ambata a sama.

 The Apron 
The Apron wani yanki ne mai faffadar share fage na dutsen kusurwa wanda ke tashi kamar tsinke daga babbar hanya zuwa kusan rabin babbar katangar kusa kusa da tsakiyar tsakiyar shugaban. A can ta hadu da wani tudun dutse mai tasowa wanda aka sani da Squamish Buttress, kuma nan da nan ya ƙare a cikin babban chasm da aka sani da South Gully .

 Fuskokin dutse 
An kewaye tarukan shugaban da manyan duwatsun bangon dutse. Yawanci suna da tsayi, fallasa, kuma abin mamaki daban-daban a hali. Da yawa daga cikin fitattun fuskokin dutsen da Sarkin ya yi su ne kamar haka:

 Grand Wall : tsakiyar babban Hafsan, wannan bango mai tsayi da kodadde ya hau kan babbar hanya 99 a kudu da Apron .
 Bulletheads : wani yanki ne mai zagaye mai ban mamaki kusa da ƙarshen ƙarshen sarki.
 Katangar Dihedral : wannan faffadan dutsen yana tsakanin babban bango da bangon Tantalus. A cikin bazara da farkon lokacin rani yanki ne na gida don falcons peregrine .
 bangon Tantalus : fuskar fuska mai banƙyama da ke raba abubuwan da suka bambanta na bangon Dihedral da Bulletheads. Hakanan wani yanki na gida don falcons peregrine.
 Alamar Sheriff : farar launi, tabo mai siffar tauraro arewa maso gabas na Apron . Wani lokaci ana kiransa "Mayya" ko "Tsuntsu" ta mutanen gari.
 bangon Zodiac : wanda yake a ƙarshen arewa na babban sarki, wannan fuskar dutsen duhu ce, keɓe, kuma ba safai ake ziyarta ba.

Fuskokin Babban Hafsan, musamman Babban bango, suna baje kolin sifofin rubutu na musamman waɗanda ke haifar da tsarin fitar da ƙorafi. Wannan ita ce hanyar dabi'a ta yadda manyan, ingancin granite ke haifar da yanayi, lalata, da shekaru. Maimakon rugujewa da sawa a hankali, manyan ɓangarorin dutsen dutsen suna yin tsagewa da faɗowa daga fuska cikin yadudduka. A kan tasiri tare da ƙasa a ƙasa, ɓangarorin da aka tarwatsa sun zama duwatsu da talus .

Wani lokaci flake zai rabu da ɗan lokaci yayin da ya rage a haɗe zuwa fuskar dutsen. Kyakkyawan misali na ɓangarorin da aka ware a kan Babban shine mashahurin Raga Pillar akan Grand Wall. Fuskokin dutsen na Babban Hafsan suna da nau'ikan fasalin dutse daban-daban da suka haɗa da rufin rufin rufin sama, tsagewar tsaga, bututun dutsen, tukwane, ledoji, dandali, da ƙwanƙwasa ƙananan kusurwa.

 Da Black Dyke 
Wannan fasalin ya raba Babban bango daga bangon Dihedral zuwa kudu. Wannan yanayin ya fi ƙanƙan da kodadden dutsen granodiorite da ke kewaye da shi. Ya samo asali ne ta hanyar rarrabuwar ƙaƙƙarfan granodiorite tare da karaya a tsaye, wanda ya haifar da magudanar ruwa don basalt da andesite magmas, waɗanda wataƙila sun ciyar da tsaunuka a saman dutsen dutsen da aka binne a lokacin. Waɗannan ƙananan magmas sun yi sanyi sosai da sauri, wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan hatsi, kusan nau'in gilashi. Sakamakon dyke a yanzu yana bayyane a fili daga babban filin ajiye motoci na Chief.

 Daji 
A gindin da kewayen shugaban akwai dazuzzuka masu kauri . Ko da yake ba ainihin tsohon girma ba waɗannan tsayayyen bishiyoyi suna wakiltar dazuzzukan dazuzzukan tekun pacific wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a yankin. Yawancin nau'in bishiyoyi sune Douglas fir, Western Hemlock, yammacin jan cedar, Sitka spruce, da ja alder .

 Boulders 
Har ila yau, a gindin katangar shugaban akwai wani iri-iri mai cike da rudani na manyan duwatsu masu matsakaici zuwa manya. Da zarar sun kasance wani ɓangare na Babban, waɗannan duwatsun suna kafa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda masu sha'awar dutse suka bincika a hankali. Wasu daga cikin duwatsun suna da girma har suna kama da ƙananan duwatsu a nasu dama. Mafi girma shine Cacodemon Boulder a gindin Grand Wall, wani yanki na dutse mai girma kamar ƙaramin ginin gida.

 Hawan dutse 
Saboda Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin da wasu wurare masu inganci masu kyau a cikin kusanci, Squamish ya zama wurin hawan dutse mai daraja a duniya. Wani lokaci ana kiran Squamish da " Yosemite North".  Dangane da tsari, abun da ke ciki, da ingancin dutsen granitic, an bayar da rahoton cewa Babban ya yi kama da Half Dome a cikin kwarin Yosemite.

Kevin McLane, wanda ya daɗe yana hawan dutse kuma marubucin littafin jagora na Squamish, ya kwatanta hawan dutsen a Babban Hafsan haka: "Babban ganuwar a tsaye, dogayen sanduna masu sanyi, dykes masu kyau, da fashe masu kyau suna ba da nau'ikan hawan da ke da wuyar daidaitawa a ko'ina." Kusan kowane salon hawan dutse a kusan kowane matakin fasaha ana iya aiwatar da shi a nan, gami da hawan gargajiya, hawan wasanni, hawan taimako, da dutsen dutse . Tun da shugaban yana a matakin teku, kawai salon hawan da ba a saba wakilta ba shine hawan tsaunuka da hawan kankara .

An yi hawan farko na almara na Grand Wall a cikin 1961 ta Ed Cooper da Jim Baldwin. Ƙoƙarin su daga baya an bayyana shi a cikin fim ɗin 2003 na Ivan Hughes A cikin Inuwar Babban .

Mai hawan dutse Peter Croft ya fara abin da ya zama dogon lokaci kuma sanannen aikin hawan dutse a Squamish a ƙarshen 1970s. Ya yi fice a cikin al'ummar hawan dutse ta hanyar sanya wasu sabbin hanyoyin hawa kyauta a kan Hafsan wanda, a lokacin, ya sanya iyakokin abin da mutane ke tunanin zai yiwu. Kwanan nan, Brad Zdanivsky ya zama na farko quadriplegic da ya kai ga taron kolin a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2005. A lokacin rani na 2006, Sonnie Trotter ya kafa abin da a lokacin ake la'akari da hanya mafi wuyar hawan gargajiya a Arewacin Amirka, kuma mai yiwuwa a duniya: Cobra Crack 5.14b (8c) .

 Slacklining 
Slacklining ya sami hanyar zuwa ga Babban kwanan nan fiye da hawan dutse. Slackliners sun kafa a ko'ina cikin gullies na Chief. A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2015, Spencer Seabrooke ya karya rikodin rikodin duniya na kyauta don tafiya ba tare da haɗin gwiwa ba a kan tazarar mita 64.  Akwai sama da layuka daban-daban guda bakwai waɗanda slackliners ke amfani da su a wurare daban-daban akan Babban.

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