Rashin jin tsoro

Ephebiphobia shine tsoron matasa. Da farko an kirkiro shi a matsayin "tsoro ko ƙyamar matasa",  an gane wannan abin a yau a matsayin "maras tabbas, wuce gona da iri da kuma halayyar matasa" a cikin saituna da yawa a duniya.  Nazarin tsoron matasa yana faruwa a cikin ilimin zamantakewa da karatun matasa. An bambanta shi daga pedophobia ta hanyar mayar da hankali ga matasa fiye da yara masu tasowa.

 Ilimin ƙamus 

 Yin amfani da tsabar kudi 
Kalmar ephebiphobia ta samo asali ne daga harshen Helenanci ἔφηβος éphēbos, ma'ana "matasa" ko "matashi" da φόβος phóbos, ma'ana "tsorata" ko "phobia". An danganta kuɗin wannan kalmar zuwa labarin shekarar 1994 na Kirk Astroth wanda aka buga a Phi Delta Kappan.[1] A yau, amfani da yau da kullun yana faruwa a duniya ta masana ilimin zamantakewa, hukumomin gwamnati, [2] da kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari na matasa waɗanda ke ayyana ephebiphobia a matsayin mummunan tsoro ko rashin hankali da tsayin daka ko ƙiyayya ga matasa ko samartaka.[3][4]

 Irin waɗannan kalmomi 

 Alamomi masu kama da juna 

Kalmar paedophobia ta sami karɓuwa a Turai don kwatanta abin da aka ambata a baya "tsoron matasa".[1][2] Pediaphobia shine tsoron jarirai da yara. Hebephobia (daga Hellenanci ἥβη, hḗbē, "matasa, balaga") an kuma gabatar da shawarar [ana binciken hujja]. Irin wannan sharuɗɗan sun haɗa da balaga, wanda ke da ɗabi'a ga manya waɗanda ke nuna son kai ga yara da matasa, da kuma shekarun shekaru, wanda ke bayyana nuna wariya ga kowane mutum saboda shekarunsa

 Juvenoia 
A cikin mahallin karni na 21, an yi amfani da neologism juvenoia ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen kamar The Christian Science Monitor don bayyana rashin jin daɗi da / ko tsoron al'adun zamantakewa da ke da alaƙa da matasa. Tsayawa na tunanin mutum yana da alaƙa da ci gaba a cikin fasaha da kuma bayyanar da yake sauƙaƙa ga kayan da suka saba wa dabi'un gargajiya.

 Tarihi 
Tsoron matasa, tare da tsoron Al'adun titi da tsoron aikata laifuka, an ce sun kasance a cikin Al'adun Yamma Turai don "lokaci mai ban mamaki". An ce Machiavelli ya fahimci cewa tsoron matasa shine abin da ya hana birnin Florence daga kiyaye sojoji. Tsohon Girka da Venice na zamani an kuma ce suna da manufofin jama'a saboda tsoron matasa.

An ga Puritanism na farko na Amurka a matsayin wanda ya dogara da tsoron matasa, waɗanda aka gani a matsayin masu ba da kasada da haskakawa, sabili da haka ana kallon su a matsayin masu saukin kamuwa da "halin kirki". A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, sanannun kafofin watsa labarai na Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun fi son yada tsoron na'ura da matasa don ci ɗabi'a da masana'antu na makaranta,  kuma a ƙarshe don cire matasa daga wurin aiki lokacin da aikinsu ya zama mara amfani saboda inji da kwararar sabbin ma'aikata. 

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu an ce Faransa ta damu da damuwa game da rashin matashi lokacin da suka kirkiro manufofi da suka nuna tsoron matasa. "Sanya su zuwa sansanonin bazara, sanya wasu a cikin masu gyarawa, sauran ya kamata su sami iska mai kyau, gina wasu filayen wasanni..." sune niyyar manufofin matasa a wannan zamanin. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu sojojin Amurka sun gano karuwar yawan matasa a cikin Kudancin Kudancin a matsayin matsala ga tsaron kasa. Masu sharhi sun ba da shawarar cewa ana iya danganta hauhawar tsoron matasa ga manufofin tsaro da aka kirkira don mayar da martani ga wannan barazanar.

"A cikin shekarun 1990s tsoron jama'a game da matasa ya tashi", wanda ya haifar da "ƙaruwar damar matasa ga bindigogi, hadin gwiwa ƙungiyoyi matasa na yankin zuwa ƙungiyoyin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, nuna bambancin launin fata na matasa na birane, ilimi da siyasa, tashin hankali na kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma yawan harbe-harbe-harben makaranta na ɗalibai da 'yan uwan su". The Seattle Weekly musamman ya ambaci tsoron matasa a matsayin abin da ke motsawa a bayan Seattle, Washington's yanzu-defuntive Teen Dance Ordinance. Gwamnatin Firayim Minista Tony Blair ta gabatar da Dokar Halin Halin Jama'a a cikin 1998, wanda kuma aka danganta shi kai tsaye ga tsoron matasa.

 Dalilan da suka haifar 
Kafofin yada labarai, 'yan kasuwa, 'yan siyasa, Ma'aikatan matasa da masu bincike sun kasance suna da hannu wajen ci gaba da tsoron matasa.Fletcher, A. (2006) Washington Youth Voice Handbook . CommonAction. p 11. Retrieved 6/3/08. Tunda ana sa ran matasa a Kasashe masu tasowa su kasance daga cikin ma'aikata, duk wani rawar da suke takawa a gare su a waje da na mabukaci na iya zama barazana ga manya. Sayar da tsaro ga iyaye da malamai ya kasance mai motsawa, kamar yadda ake sayar da tsarin tsaro na gida, wayoyin salula, da amfani da sa ido na kwamfuta ga iyaye; kuma ana sayar da injunan X-ray, Masu gano ƙarfe da Talabijin mai rufewa ga makarantu a kan batun cewa ba za a amince da matasa ba. Wadannan matakai duk da gaskiyar cewa gogewa koyaushe tana nuna cewa saka idanu matasa ba sa yin komai don hana tashin hankali ko bala'i: kisan gillar makarantar sakandare ta Columbine ya faru ne a cikin gini tare da sa ido na bidiyo da 'yan sanda a cikin ginin.

Halitta da ainihin kalmomin matashi, Matasa da matasa duk an danganta su da tsoron matasa. Yayin da kasashen yamma suka zama masana'antu, matasa sun kara karuwa daga ma'aikata, gami da matsayi na son rai da na son rai, da kuma ci gaba duka cibiyoyin da suka rasa ikon cin gashin kansu don tallafawa kulawar zamantakewa. Manufofin gwamnati a waje da makarantu sun kasance suna da alaƙa, kamar yadda a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata dokokin ƙetare, dokokin hanawa da ƙetarewa, da Sauran dokokin da aka yi niyya ga matasa sun kama a duk faɗin ƙasar. Kotuna sun kara yin hukunci game da haƙƙin matasa, har ma. Kafin shekarun 1940 ba a lissafa "matasa" a cikin kanun labarai ba, saboda a matsayin rukuni ba su wanzu ba. Tasirin matasa tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a kan al'ummar yamma ya kasance mai girma, galibi ta hanyar tallace-tallace wanda ke tallafa musu a matsayin "Wani". Hakanan, ana sa matasa suyi hali a hanyoyin da suka bambanta da manya. Wannan ya haifar da sabon abu na matasa, kuma hakan ya haifar da tsoratar da su.

 Tasirin 
Ana zaton tsoron matasa ya wanzu a duk faɗin Yammacin duniya. Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Ray Oldenburg ya danganta gibin ƙarni da "ƙaruwar rarrabe matasa daga manya a cikin Al'ummar Amurka" ga "rashin jituwa da tsoronsa na matasa".

Akalla wani babban masanin tattalin arziki ya ba da shawarar cewa tsoron matasa na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar tattalin arzikin kasashe. Yawancin masu bincike sun ba da rahoton cewa tsoron matasa yana shafar lafiyar Dimokuradiyya, suna ba da rahoton gore sakamakon cin zarafin matasa a baya, kuma yana ci gaba da lalata jama'a, zamantakewa, siyasa, addini, da al'adu tsakanin tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba.

Kamar yadda yake shafar matasa da kansu, an gane ephebiphobia a matsayin shingen ga nasarar samun nasara a ilimi,  shingen ga shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani na zamantakewa,  kuma a matsayin alamar rashin iyawar manya da yawa don zama iyaye masu cin nasara. 

 Nuna bambanci na zamantakewa 
"Yau 'yan ƙasa gabaɗaya da kuma mutanen da ke aiki tare da yara suna rayuwa cikin tsoron Matasa a gidajenmu da makarantu da kuma kan titunanmu". Duk da yake "al'umma tana son kyawawan jikinsu, matasa da ikon kasuwanci", muna kuma "karfafa matasa a matsayin wanda ba ya ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arziki da dimokuradiyya". A cikin manyan kafofin watsa labarai, ana nuna matasa sau da yawa a matsayin masu son kai da rashin kulawa, marasa sha'awar amfanin kowa ko ci gaba da burin zamantakewa.

Yawancin shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da masu sukar zamantakewa suna kallon tsoron matasa a matsayin ikon hukunta matasa a duk faɗin al'umma, musamman idan aka haɗa shi da wariyar launin fata. An babba wa mawaki Gwendolyn Brooks saboda aikinta na wayar da kan jama'a game da tsoron matasa, musamman matasa 'yan Afirka. Shahararrun imani na zamani game da matasa sun bambanta da labarun tarihi; a baya an nuna matasa a matsayin "makomar" da "shugabannin gobe"; a yau ana ganinsu a matsayin "maɓallin damuwa, ba mai yuwuwa ba," wanda ke taimakawa ga tsoron matasa, musamman launin fata da kabilanci. Hakanan wannan ra'ayi na wariyar launin fata da manya yana sanar da tilasta bin doka a birane, makarantun jama'a, da kuma ayyukan zamantakewa. Masana ilimin zamantakewa sun ba da shawarar cewa yawancin yaduwar tsoron matasa a yanzu saboda "damuwar manya game da sauye-sauyen launin fata a cikin yawan jama'a". Sakamakon jima'i an bayar da rahoton cewa ana kara shi ta hanyar ephebiphobia.Bromwich, R.J. (2002) Beyond Villains and Victims: Some Thoughts on Youth and Violence in Canada . Toronto, ON: Women's Justice Network. Koyaya, farfesa na Jami'ar New York Pedro Noguera ya ba da shawarar cewa tsoron matasa ya wuce iyakokin launi, kamar yadda "masu tsalle-tsalle, punks, har ma da matasa masu tsalle-tallace na kusa da su na iya haifar da damuwa tsakanin manya ta hanyar taruwa da adadi mai yawa a wuraren da aka ɗauka ba a kan iyaka ga matasa ba".

Ikon matasa na shiga cikin al'umma ana ganin shi a matsayin mai cin amana saboda tsoron matasa, kuma galibi ana nuna shi a matsayin iyaye ko kariya tsakanin manya. Bugu da ƙari, masanin kimiyya Henry Jenkins, "ya haɗa zargi da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai tare da tsoron matasa, waɗanda suka fi sha'awar karɓar su. Al'adun matasa ba su da ma'ana kuma suna da haɗari ba tare da godiya ga mahallin su ba".

 Samun riba na kasuwanci 
Masana kimiyya musamman sun yarda da ƙarfin ephebiphobia a bangaren Kasuwanci, inda aka yi amfani da wannan tsoron matasa sosai don samun riba. Masu bincike da masu sukar zamantakewa sun bayyana wannan a kan cewa shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai, gami da fina-finai da talabijin, musamman sun kara tsoron matasa don samun riba,   kamar yadda wani binciken ya ruwaito, "Tsoro mai tsanani na matasa shine Tsoro na kafofin watsa labarai".

An samar da Littattafan Pulp a cikin shekarun 1950 don samar da kuɗi musamman akan karuwar tsoron matasa wanda ke yaduwa a duk faɗin al'umma. Abin mamaki, an kuma ce tasirin kafofin watsa labarai a kan matasa ba su da ƙarfi kamar tsoron matasa, wanda ke haifar da tsoron fasaha kuma hakan ke ci gaba da tsoron matasa.

 Manufofin gwamnati 
An gano yanke shawara ta hukumomin gwamnati, gami da makarantun gwamnati, 'yan sanda da kotuna, saboda tsoron matasa ne ke motsa su. An ce tsoron matasa yana haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin abin da aka fada game da darajar matasa da abin da aka yi musu a ilimi da ayyukan zamantakewa, kuma yana sa a gan su, "da farko a matsayin barazana - ga mutane, ga cibiyoyi, ga halin da ake ciki". Yawancin masu kallo sun nuna ci gaba da gangan na zamantakewar jama'a don haifar da wasu martani na jama'a da zamantakewa. Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Mike Males ya gano abubuwan da ke faruwa tsakanin 'yan siyasa da masu tsufa manufofi na haifar da tsoron matasa tsakanin al'umma don samun ci gaba a cikin kamfen na siyasa da gina goyon baya mai mahimmanci ko kuma in ba haka ba "samar da jin dadin kafofin watsa labarai da tsoron jama'a". Hakazalika, an gano tsoron matasa a matsayin abin da ke motsawa a bayan shirye-shiryen gwamnati da yawa da aka tsara don yaki da abin da ake kira " tashin hankali na matasa, " wanda ayyukan matasa kaɗan ke da alaƙa da yawan matasa gabaɗaya.    A wani takamaiman misali, "A Dallas, tsoron matasa ya haifar da hanzarta sa ido da 'yan sanda, musamman a yankin da ya fi talauci, Gaston". Tsoron matasa an kuma ce ya sa gwamnatoci da yawa su rage shekarunsu na aikata laifuka kuma su kara tsare matasa daga ƙuruciya har zuwa balaga.

 Ilimi 
Binciken motsi na Black Power na shekarun 1970s, wani mai bincike ya rubuta, "Rashin son kai da tsoron matasa ya kara da tsoron malami - tsoron rasa iko a cikin aji, tsoron rasa ikon mutum". Wani karuwar tsoron matasa a makarantu bayan kisan gillar Columbine High School na 1999 ana ganinsa a matsayin wani dalili a cikin shaidu da ke nuna raguwar yawan ɗalibai a duk makarantun sakandare a yau. Tsoron matasa ya haifar da ci gaban manufofin haƙuri a makarantu da yawa,  wanda kuma aka danganta shi a matsayin dalilin karuwar kamawa don aikata laifukan yara a makarantun makaranta, wanda ya inganta tsoron matasa kuma ya jagoranci masu gudanar da makaranta su kira 'yan sanda don keta doka da zarar an magance su a ciki. 

 Yaki da tsananin tsoro 
Ƙungiyar Laburaren Amirka ta haɓaka tarin albarkatu don masu ɗakin karatu musamman don magance ephebiphobia ta hanyar inganta ƙwarewar sabis na abokin ciniki na musamman ga Matasa. Koyaya, masanin ilimin zamantakewa Mike Males ya ba da shawarar cewa ephebiphobia ba ya nazarin matsalar sosai, saboda tsoron tsinkaye na balaga, ko ko kourophobia, shine babban ƙalubalen da matasa ke fuskanta a yau.

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 "Ephebiphobia," Shirin Freechild.

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba