Jam'iyyar 'Yancin Dan Adam (Amurka)

Jam'iyyar 'Yancin Dan Adam (HRP) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta hagu da ta wanzu a Michigan daga 1970 zuwa 1977. Jam'iyyar ta sami nasarar zabe a Ann Arbor da Ypsilanti . Daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa ya haɗa da wasu biranen Michigan da yawa tare da yawan ɗalibai. A shekara ta 1975, HRP ta zama Jam'iyyar Socialist Human Rights Party (SHRP), kuma daga baya ta haɗu da Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Michigan .

 Asalin 
An kafa kungiyar ne a shekarar 1970 a karkashin jagorancin Zolton Ferency, kuma da sauri ta sami ƙarfi bayan tabbatar da Kwaskwarimar Kashi na ashirin da shida ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki a shekarar 1971, wanda ya ba masu shekaru 18 damar yin zabe.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1971, Jam'iyyar Radical Independent Party ta Ann Arbor, Michigan (RIP), wacce mambobin Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), New University Conference, da kuma 'Yan gurguzu na kasa da kasa (IS) suka kafa, sun haɗu da HRP.

 Ra'ayi 
Dandalin Jam'iyyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ya haɗa da kira don janye dukkan sojojin Amurka daga ƙasar waje, ƙarshen ROTC da Sabis na Zaɓuɓɓuka, soke dokokin da suka shafi luwaɗi da karuwanci, rufe dukkan gidajen Kurkuku na jihohi, da samar da Kula da rana da kiwon lafiya bisa ga ikon biyan kuɗi.

 Tarihi 

 Kamfen na farko a Ann Arbor 
Working to gain electoral votes among the city's large population of students at the University of Michigan, the HRP succeeded in electing two candidates to the Ann Arbor city council in 1972, and successfully defended one of the seats in 1974. Building support through rock concerts, local radio spots, and coverage in the underground press, the HRP won 25 percent of the 30,000 ballots cast in the 1972 Ann Arbor municipal election. The party's victors in the city-council races – Jerry DeGrieck, a history student at the University of Michigan, and Nancy Wechsler, a U-M graduate, both 22 years of age – defeated two professors, both of whom were Democrats, and one of whom was an incumbent member of the City Council. As DeGrieck later noted, the party garnered substantial support not only from students, but also from low-income voters and factory workers. In two other Ann Arbor wards, reported the New York Times, "the Human Rights Party drew off enough votes from the Democratic candidates to help conservative Republicans win." In the next-door city of Ypsilanti, the HRP elected two city council members in 1974, both of whom were re-elected in 1976.

A lokacin zaben 1972, HRP ta zabi Sonia Yaco mai shekaru goma sha biyar, mai fafutuka da ke da alaƙa da Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor, a matsayin dan takarar makarantar Ann Arbor. Bukatar Yaco don muryar dalibi a cikin shugabancin makaranta ya sami kuri'u 1,300 a matsayin dan takarar rubutu, ko kashi takwas cikin dari na jimlar, kuma a kaikaice ya rinjayi kafa makarantar sakandare ta gwaji daga baya a wannan shekarar. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takarar HRP na farko shine Lawrence ("Larry") Pallozola, wanda bai yi nasara ba a gudanar da takarar hukumar makaranta a Garden City, Michigan, a farkon shekarun 1970.

 Majalisar Birnin Ann Arbor 
Daga Afrilu 1972 zuwa Afrilu 1973, wakilan 'yancin Dan Adam guda biyu sun sami damar yin tasiri sosai ga yanke shawara na majalisar birnin Ann Arbor, tunda babu wata jam'iyya ta siyasa da ta fi rinjaye. Baya ga mambobin HRP, akwai 'yan Republican biyar da' yan Democrat hudu. A lokacin da suke cikin majalisa, mambobin HRP sun sami nasarar turawa ga dokoki masu ci gaba da yawa, gami da sanannen "dokar tukunya ta dala biyar" wanda ke da tasirin kawar da mallakar ƙananan wiwi don amfani da mutum (duba Michigan" id="mwSw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cannabis laws in Ann Arbor, Michigan">Dokokin Cannabis a Ann Arbor, Michigan). Bugu da kari, HRP ta jagoranci turawa ga dokar hana nuna bambanci a duk fadin birni, wanda ya haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga launin fata, asalin ƙasa, Jima'i, shekaru, da addini. Dokar ita ce ta farko a irin ta a Michigan. A shekara ta 1972, an yi wa dokar farko gyare-gyare don ƙara yanayin jima'i, da kuma buƙatar matakan tabbatarwa daga masu kwangila na gari.

A kan batutuwan yanki, jam'iyyar ta yi aiki don ƙuntata gina sarkar abinci mai sauri a cikin gari. Tare da aikin zabe, HRP ta gudanar da zanga-zangar da yawa, ta goyi bayan yajin aikin ma'aikatan yankin, ta shirya masu haya na gari, kuma ta taimaka wa yunkurin yaki. Kamar yadda Nancy Wechsler ta gaya wa Wall Street Journal, HRP ta kuma yi nasara don ware dala na raba kudaden shiga na tarayya don kiwon lafiya da kula da yara a lokacin da "mafi yawan birane ke kashe kudaden shiga don ƙarin motocin 'yan sanda". 

A wani taron manema labarai na hadin gwiwa bayan wani abin da ya faru a gidan cin abinci na gida, duka biyu daga cikin wadanda suka lashe HRP na 1972, Nancy Wechsler da Jerry DeGrieck, sun fito ne a matsayin gay da lesbian a lokacin da suke a majalisar birni - don haka a lokaci guda sun zama jami'an gwamnati na farko da aka zaba a bayyane da kuma a bayyane a Amurka. Lokacin da Wechsler ta ki tsayawa takarar sake zaben a shekara ta 1974, dan takarar HRP Kathy Kozachenko ne ya lashe kujerarta. An riga an san ta da cewa 'ɗan luwaɗi ce, ta haka ne ta zama dan takarar gay ko 'yar luwaɗiyya ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin gwamnati a Amurka.

 Zabe na nan take a Ann Arbor 
Tare da gabatar da wata jam'iyya ta uku mai karfi a Ann Arbor, damuwa ta karu tsakanin 'yan Democrat da magoya bayan HRP cewa za a raba kuri'un ci gaba na birnin, don haka ya ba da damar' yan Republican su sami ofisoshi a kan mutane da yawa. Wannan yanayin ya faru ba da daɗewa ba bayan fitowar HRP. A shekara ta 1973 dan jam'iyyar Republican James E. Stephenson ya lashe mukamin magajin gari tare da rinjaye, inda ya doke dan takarar Democrat Franz J. Mogdis da dan takarar HRP Benita Kaimowitz duk da samun kashi 47% kawai na kuri'un. Don sake maimaita wannan sakamakon, HRP ta jagoranci kamfen ɗin neman izini don sanya tsarin jefa kuri'a na Instant-runoff (IRV) a kan kuri'un birni a cikin bazara na 1974. Yawancin masu jefa kuri'a na Democrat da HRP sun goyi bayan shawarar, wanda ya wuce da amincewar 52%.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1975, a lokacin tseren magajin gari na Ann Arbor na farko (kuma kawai) ta amfani da IRV, dan jam'iyyar Republican James E. Stephenson ya sami kashi 49% na kuri'un da aka zaba na farko, wanda ya jagoranci mai kalubalantar Democrat Al Wheeler, wanda ya sami kashi 40%, kuma dan takarar HRP Carol Ernst da kashi 11%. Koyaya, tunda yawancin masu jefa kuri'a na HRP sun sanya Wheeler a matsayin zaɓin su na biyu, waɗannan kuri'un sun koma shafi na Democrat, kuma Wheeler ya lashe zaben da ƙarancin kuri'u 121, ya zama magajin gari na farko na Afirka na Amurka. Zaben ya wakilci amfani da IRV na farko a gasar magajin gari ta Amurka.

Tsarin IRV ya tsira daga kalubalen kotu daga 'yan Republican, amma masu jefa kuri'a na Ann Arbor sun soke tsarin a zaben na musamman na Afrilu 1976. Ba a sake amfani da tsarin IRV a zaben Amurka ba har sai San Francisco ta fara amfani da irin wannan tsarin a shekara ta 2004.

 Majalisar Birnin Ypsilanti 
A shekara ta 1974 masu gwagwarmayar HRP a Ypsilanti sun taimaka wajen wuce Ypsil anti Marijuana Initiative, tarar $ 5 don amfani da wiwi ko mallaka. A cikin wannan zaben, HRP ta zabi mambobin majalisa Eric Jackson da Harold Baize zuwa wa'adin su na farko. Jackson da Baize sun goyi bayan adawa da nuna bambanci, ayyukan haya na gaskiya, haƙƙin mata, da batutuwan muhalli. Lokacin da 'yan sanda na Ypsilanti suka yi watsi da umarnin mai jefa kuri'a ta hanyar aiwatar da dokokin marijuana na Jiha maimakon Ypsil anti Marijuana Initiative, Jackson da Baize sun yi kira ga taron gaggawa na majalisar birni don magance batun. Kodayake yawancin sauran mambobin majalisa sun kaurace wa taron, daruruwan 'yan ƙasa ba su yi ba, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali.

 Mutuwa 
Tare da raguwar gwagwarmayar dalibai a duk fadin kasar, ikon Jam'iyyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ya ragu a tsakiyar shekarun 1970.

A Ann Arbor, hadin gwiwar Democrat-HRP da ke mulki ya rasa iko a 1973, yayin da Jamhuriyar Republican James E. Stephenson ya lashe matsayin magajin gari kuma 'yan Republican sun kuma mallaki bakwai daga cikin kujerun majalisa goma. A shekara ta 1976, reshen Ann Arbor HRP ya rasa kujerar majalisa ta ƙarshe.

A Ypsilanti, an sake zabar mambobin majalisar birni na HRP Eric Jackson da Harold Baize a 1976 kuma sun ci babba da gwagwarmayarsu don manufofi masu ci gaba. Bayan asarar matsayin zabe ga Michigan HRP, an zabi Harold Baize zuwa karo na uku a matsayin dan jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 1978. Ypsilanti HRP ta canza sunanta zuwa Jam'iyyar Democrat Socialist Caucus kuma ta zabi wasu mambobi zuwa majalisar birni tare da zabar Peter Murdock a matsayin magajin gari. A wani lokaci, DSC ta mallaki tara daga cikin kujerun majalisa goma sha ɗaya da kuma matsayin magajin gari. DSC ta daina wanzuwa a shekarar 1986.

A shekara ta 1975, HRP ta zama Jam'iyyar Socialist Human Rights Party (SHRP). A shekara ta 1977, SHRP ta haɗu da Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Michigan . Wasu mambobi sun shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat.

Yawancin shirye-shiryen HRP, musamman dokar hana nuna bambanci ta Ann Arbor da kuma hukuncin marijuana na gari, sun tsira a cikin gyare-gyare har zuwa yau.

 Dubi kuma 

 Cannabis a Amurka

 Manazarta 

 Ƙarin karantawa 

 Agis Salpukas, "2 Radicals Zaɓaɓɓu zuwa Ann Arbor Seats, " New York Times, 9 Afrilu 1972.

 Haɗin waje 

 Takardun HRP da aka adana a Jami'ar Michigan
 MA Thesis by Terrence Restivo on the New Left in Ann Arbor, MI
 Takaitaccen tarihin tsohon memba na majalisar HRP Nancy Wechsler, daga shafin yanar gizon Women's Review of Books a Kwalejin Wellesley.
 Human Rights Party (United States)a kanLocalWiki

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba