Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa

Yarjejeniyar kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko rashin mutunci (wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan azabtar da azabtarwa (UNCAT)) yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa a karkashin bita na Majalisar Dinkinobho wanda ke da niyyar hana azabtarwa le sauran ayyukan zalunci, zalunci, ko rashin mutuntaka a duniya.

Yarjejeniyar ta bukaci kasashe membobin su dauki matakai masu inganci don hana azabtarwa a kowane yankin a ƙarƙashin iko, kuma ta hana kasashe membobinsu jigilar mutane zuwa kowace ƙasa inda akwai dalilin yin imani cewa za a azabtar da su.

Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya karɓi rubutun yarjejeniyar a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1984  kuma, bayan tabbatar da jam'iyyar jihar ta 20,  ya fara aiki a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1987. 26 Yuni yanzu an san shi a matsayin Ranar Kasa da Kasa don tallafawa wadanda aka azabtar, don girmama taron. Tun lokacin da aka tilasta shigarwar taron, cikakkiyar haramtacciyar haramtacciya game da azabtarwa da sauran ayyukan zalunci, rashin mutunci, ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa ya zama an yarda da shi a matsayin ka'idar dokar al'ada ta duniya. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, taron yana da jam'iyyun jihohi 174.

 Takaitaccen Bayani 
Yarjejeniyar ta bi tsarin Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) da Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR), tare da gabatarwa da labarai 33, an raba su kashi uku:

Sashe na I (Mataki 1-16) ya ƙunshi ma'anar azabtarwa (Mataki na 1), kuma ya ba da izini ga ɓangarorin su ɗauki matakai masu tasiri don hana duk wani aikin azabtarwa a kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin ikonsu (Mataki 2). Wadannan sun hada da tabbatar da cewa azabtarwa laifi ne a karkashin Dokar birni ta jam'iyya (Mataki na 4), kafa iko kan ayyukan azabtarwa da aka aikata ko a kan 'yan kasa na jam'iyya suka aikata (Mataki ya 5), tabbatar da cewa azaba laifi ne mai ba da izini (Mataki nke 8), da kuma kafa ikon duniya don kawo shari'o'in azabtarwa zuwa shari'a inda ba za a iya ba da mai azabtarwa (Mataki ba (Mataki 5). Dole ne jam'iyyun su bincika duk wani zargi na azabtarwa (Mataki na 12 da 13), kuma wadanda aka azabtar da su, ko kuma wadanda ke dogaro da su a cikin yanayin wadanda aka azabta sun mutu sakamawa azabtarwa, dole ne su sami damar biyan diyya (Matakiyar 14). Dole ne jam'iyyun su hana amfani da shaida da aka samar ta hanyar azabtarwa a kotunsu (Mataki na 15), kuma an hana su korar mutane, fitarwa, ko sake cin zarafin mutane inda akwai dalilai masu yawa don gaskata cewa za a azabtar da su (Mataki 3). Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun su horar da kuma ilimantar da Ma'aikatan gwamnati da 'Yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu da ke da hannu a tsare, tambayoyi, ko kuma kula da duk wani mutum da aka kama, tsare, ko ɗaurin kurkuku, game da haramtacciyar azabtarwa (Mataki na 10). Har ila yau, dole ne jam'iyyun su ci gaba da bin ka'idojin tambayoyi, umarni, hanyoyin, da ayyuka a ƙarƙashin bita na tsari game da mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin kulawa ko iko a kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, don hana duk ayyukan azabtarwa (Mataki na 11). Hakanan ana tilasta wa bangarorin hana duk ayyukan zalunci, rashin mutunci, ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa a kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, da kuma bincika duk wani zargi na irin wannan bi da.  (Mataki na 16).

Sashe na II (Mataki na 17-24) yana jagorantar bayar da rahoto da saka idanu game da taron da kuma matakan da jam'iyyun suka dauka don aiwatar da shi. Ya kafa Kwamitin Yaki da Torture (Mataki na 17), kuma ya ba shi damar bincika zarge-zargen azabtarwa na tsari (Mataki 20). Har ila yau, ya kafa tsarin warware rikice-rikice tsakanin bangarorin (Mataki na 21) kuma yana bawa bangarorin damar amincewa da ƙwarewar kwamitin don jin korafe-korafe daga mutane game da keta yarjejeniyar da wata jam'iyya ta yi (Mataki ta 22).

Sashe na III (Mataki 25-33) yana jagorantar tabbatarwa, shigarwa cikin aiki, da gyare-gyaren yarjejeniyar. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da hanyar sasantawa ta zaɓi don jayayya tsakanin jam'iyyun (Mataki na 30).

 Babban tanadi 

 Ma'anar azabtarwa 
Mataki na 1.1 na Yarjejeniyar ya bayyana azabtarwa kamar haka:Kalmomin "wanda ya samo asali ne ko kuma ya dace da takunkumin doka" ya kasance mai zurfi kuma yana da faɗi sosai. Yana da matukar wahala a tantance abin da takunkumi ke "wanda ya dace da takunkumin doka" a cikin wani tsarin shari'a da abin da ba haka ba ne. Masu tsara Yarjejeniyar ba su ba da wata ma'auni don yin irin wannan ƙuduri ba kuma ba su bayyana sharuɗɗan ba. Yanayin binciken zai bambanta sosai daga tsarin shari'a zuwa wani wanda zai haifar da rikice-rikice masu tsanani tsakanin bangarorin da ke cikin taron. An ba da shawarar cewa ambaton irin waɗannan dokoki zai sa batun ya fi rikitarwa, domin zai ba da dokoki da kama da ƙarfin ɗaure doka. Wannan yana bawa jam'iyyun jihohi damar zartar da dokokin cikin gida waɗanda ke ba da izinin ayyukan azabtarwa waɗanda suka yi imanin suna cikin sashi na takunkumi. Koyaya, fassarar da aka fi karɓa game da sashi na takunkumi na doka ita ce tana nufin takunkumi da doka ta duniya ta ba da izini. Dangane da wannan fassarar, takunkumin da dokar kasa da kasa ta ba da izini ne kawai za su fada cikin wannan warewa. Fassarar sashi na takunkumin doka ba ta bar wani iko na aikace-aikace ba kuma marubuta, masana tarihi, da malamai suna muhawara sosai.

 Hana azabtarwa 
Mataki na 2 ya haramta azabtarwa, kuma yaƙi buƙatar bangarorin su dauki matakai masu inganci don hana shi a kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin ikonsu. Wannan haramcin cikakke ne kuma ba za a iya soke shi ba. "Babu wani yanayi na musamman"  da za a iya kiran don tabbatar da azabtarwa, gami da yaki, barazanar yaki, Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na ciki, gaggawa ta jama'a, Ayyukan ta'addanci, aikata laifuka, ko kowane irin rikici.  A wasu kalmomi, azabtarwa ba za a iya tabbatar da ita ba a matsayin hanyar kare lafiyar jama'a ko hana gaggawa. Wadanda ke ƙarƙashin su waɗanda ke yin azabtarwa ba za su iya kauce wa kansu daga alhakin shari'a ba bisa dalilin cewa suna bin umarni daga manyansu.

Hana azabtarwa ya shafi ko'ina a ƙarƙashin ikon da ya dace na jam'iyya a ciki ko a waje da iyakokinta, ko a cikin jiragenta ko jirgin sama ko a cikin Ayyukan soja, sansanonin soja, Ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya, masana'antun kiwon lafiya, makarantu, Cibiyoyin kula da rana, cibiyoyi, tsare-tsare, ofisoshin jakadancin, ko kowane ɗayan yankunanta, kuma yana kare duk mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin iko mai tasiri, ba tare da la'akari da asalinsa ba ko yadda ake amfani da wannan iko.

Sauran labaran ɓangaren na tsara takamaiman wajibai da aka nufa don aiwatar da wannan haramtacciyar haramtacciya ta hanyar hanawa, bincike, da kuma azabtar da ayyukan azabtarwa.

 Hana hanawa 
Mataki na 3 ya haramta bangarorin dawowa, fitarwa, ko sake karkatar da kowane mutum zuwa jihar "inda akwai dalilai masu yawa don gaskata cewa zai kasance cikin haɗarin azabtarwa. "  Kwamitin Yaki da azabtarwa ya yanke shawarar cewa dole ne a tantance wannan haɗari ba kawai ga jihar karɓar farko ba, har ma da jihohin da za a iya fitar da mutumin daga baya, dawowa ko fitar da shi. 

 Hakki na gurfanar da shi ko fitar da shi 
Mataki na 7 ya tilasta wa gwamnatin jihar da ake zargi da laifin ya faru ta gurfanar da wanda ake tuhuma, ko kuma ta mika su ga jihar da za ta, a karkashin ka'idar aut dedere aut judicare . 

 Hana zalunci, rashin mutunci, ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa 
Mataki na 16 ya buƙaci bangarorin su hana "wasu ayyukan zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa wanda bai kai ga azabtarwa ba kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Mataki na 1" a kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin ikonsu. Saboda sau da yawa yana da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin zalunci, rashin mutunci, ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa da azabtarwa, Kwamitin ya ɗauki haramcin Mataki na 16 na irin wannan aikin a matsayin cikakke kuma ba a iya soke shi ba.

 Masu sanya hannu da tabbatarwa 
ParticipantSignatureRatification, accession (a), succession (d)4 February 19851 April 1987 Albania11 May 1994 a Algeria26 November 198512 September 1989 Angola24 September 20132 October 2019 Andorra5 August 200222 September 2006 Antigua and Barbuda19 July 1993 a Argentina4 February 198524 September 1986 Armenia13 September 1993 a Australia10 December 19858 August 1989 Austria14 March 198529 July 1987 Azerbaijan16 August 1996 a Bahamas16 December 200831 May 2018 Bahrain6 March 1998 a Bangladesh5 October 1998 a Belarus19 December 198513 March 1987 (as the ) Belgium4 February 198525 June 1999 Belize17 March 1986 a Benin12 March 1992 a Bolivia (Plurinational State of)4 February 198512 April 1999 Bosnia and Herzegovina1 September 1993 d Botswana8 September 20008 September 2000 Brazil23 September 198528 September 1989 Brunei Darussalam22 September 2015 Bulgaria10 June 198616 December 1986 Burkina Faso4 January 1999 a Burundi18 February 1993 a Cabo Verde4 June 1992 a Cambodia15 October 1992 a Cameroon19 December 1986 a Canada23 August 198524 June 1987 Central African Republic11 October 2016 a Chad9 June 1995 a Chile23 September 198730 September 1988 China12 December 19864 October 1988 Colombia10 April 19858 December 1987 Comoros22 September 2000 Congo30 July 2003 a Costa Rica4 February 198511 November 1993 Côte d'Ivoire18 December 1995 a Croatia12 October 1992 d Cuba27 January 198617 May 1995 Cyprus9 October 198518 July 1991 Czech Republic22 February 1993 d (previously ratified by  on 7 July 1988) Democratic Republic of the Congo18 March 1996 a (as ) Denmark4 February 198527 May 1987 Djibouti5 November 2002 a Dominican Republic4 February 198524 January 2012 Ecuador4 February 198530 March 1988 Egypt25 June 1986 a El Salvador17 June 1996 a Equatorial Guinea8 October 2002 a Eritrea25 September 2014 a Estonia21 October 1991 a Ethiopia14 March 1994 a Fiji1 March 201616 March 2016 Finland4 February 198530 August 1989 France4 February 198518 February 1986 Gabon21 January 19868 September 2000 Gambia23 October 198528 September 2018 Georgia26 October 1994 a Germany13 October 19861 October 1990 (Signed as the . The  also ratified on 9 September 1987) Ghana7 September 20007 September 2000 Greece4 February 19856 October 1988 Grenada26 September 2019 a Guatemala5 January 1990 a Guinea30 May 198610 October 1989 Guinea-Bissau12 September 200024 September 2013 Guyana25 January 198819 May 1988 Holy See26 June 2002 a Honduras5 December 1996 a Hungary28 November 198615 April 1987 Iceland4 February 198523 October 1996 India14 October 1997 Indonesia23 October 198528 October 1998 Iraq7 July 2011 a Ireland28 September 199211 April 2002 Israel22 October 19863 October 1991 Italy4 February 198512 January 1989, 5 July 2017 a Japan29 June 1999 a Jordan13 November 1991 a Kazakhstan26 August 1998 a Kenya21 February 1997 a Kiribati22 July 2019 a Kuwait8 March 1996 a Kyrgyzstan5 September 1997 a Lao People's Democratic Republic21 September 201026 September 2012 Latvia14 April 1992 a Lebanon5 October 2000 a Lesotho12 November 2001 a Liberia22 September 2004 a Libya16 May 1989 a (then  Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) Liechtenstein27 June 19852 November 1990 Lithuania1 February 1996 a Luxembourg22 February 198529 September 1987 Madagascar1 October 200113 December 2005 Malawi11 June 1996 a Maldives20 April 2004 a Mali26 February 1999 a Malta13 September 1990 a Marshall Islands12 March 2018 a Mauritania17 November 2004 a Mauritius9 December 1992 a Mexico18 March 198523 January 1986 Monaco6 December 1991 a Mongolia24 January 2002 a Montenegro23 October 2006 d Morocco8 January 198621 June 1993 Mozambique14 September 1999 a Namibia28 November 1994 a Nauru12 November 200126 September 2012 Nepal14 May 1991 a Netherlands4 February 198521 December 1988 New Zealand14 January 198610 December 1989 Nicaragua15 April 19855 July 2005 Niger5 October 1998 a Nigeria28 July 198828 June 2001 Norway4 February 19859 July 1986 Pakistan17 April 20083 June 2010 Palau20 September 2011 State of Palestine2 April 2014 a Oman9 June 2020 a Panama22 February 198524 August 1987 Paraguay23 October 198912 March 1990 Peru29 May 19857 July 1988 Philippines18 June 1986 a Poland13 January 198626 July 1989 Portugal4 February 19859 February 1989 Qatar11 January 2000 a Republic of Korea [South]9 January 1995 a Republic of Moldova28 November 1995 a Romania18 December 1990 a Russian Federation10 December 19853 March 1987 (ratified as the ) Rwanda15 December 2008 a Saint Kitts and Nevis21 September 2020 a Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1 August 2001 a Samoa28 March 2019 a San Marino18 September 200227 November 2006 São Tomé and Príncipe6 September 200010 January 2017 Saudi Arabia23 September 1997 a Senegal4 February 198521 August 1986 Serbia12 March 2001 d (ratified as the ;  had previously ratified on 10 September 1991) Seychelles5 May 1992 a Sierra Leone18 March 198525 April 2001 Slovakia28 May 1993 d (previously ratified by  on 7 July 1988) Slovenia16 July 1993 a Somalia24 January 1990 a South Africa29 January 199310 December 1998 South Sudan30 April 2015 a Spain4 February 198521 October 1987 Sri Lanka3 January 1994 a Sudan4 June 198610 August 2021 Suriname16 November 2021 a Swaziland26 March 2004 a Sweden4 February 19858 January 1986 Switzerland4 February 19852 December 1986 Syrian Arab Republic19 August 2004 a Tajikistan11 January 1995 a Thailand2 October 2007 a North Macedonia12 December 1994 d Timor-Leste16 April 2003 a Togo25 March 198718 November 1987 Tunisia26 August 198723 September 1988 Turkey25 January 19882 August 1988 Turkmenistan25 June 1999 a Tuvalu24 March 2024 a Uganda3 November 1986 a Ukraine27 February 198624 February 1987 (ratified as the ) United Arab Emirates19 July 2012 a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland15 March 19858 December 1988 (British Indian Ocean Territory not included) United States of America18 April 198821 October 1994 (With specific reservations detailed here.) Uruguay4 February 198524 October 1986 Uzbekistan28 September 1995 a Vanuatu12 July 2011 a Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)15 February 198529 July 1991 Viet Nam7 November 20135 February 2015 Yemen5 November 1991 a Zambia7 October 1998 a
Ya zuwa 17 ga Nuwamba 2021, akwai jam'iyyun jihohi 173. Kasashe 22 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su shiga cikin taron ba.

 Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka 

Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar Kan Torture da Sauran zalunci, Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Hukunci (OPCAT), wanda Majalisar Dattijai ta karɓa a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2002 kuma tana aiki tun daga 22 ga Yuni 2006, ta ba da kafa "tsarin ziyarar yau da kullun da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da na ƙasa suka yi zuwa wuraren da aka hana mutane 'yancinsu, don hana azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko azabtarwa,  don a kula da su ta hanyar Kwamitin hana su.

Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, Yarjejeniyar tana da masu sa hannu 76 da jam'iyyun 91.

 Kwamitin Yaki da Torture 

Kwamitin Yaki da Torture (CAT) kungiya ce ta masana kan kare hakkin dan adam waɗanda ke sa ido kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ta jam'iyyun Jiha. Kwamitin yana daya daga cikin kungiyoyi takwas na yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam da ke da alaƙa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dukkanin jam'iyyun jihohi suna da alhakin gabatar da rahotanni na yau da kullun ga CAT kan yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙoƙi. Bayan tabbatar da yarjejeniyar, jihohi dole ne su gabatar da rahoto a cikin shekara guda, bayan haka dole ne su bayar da rahoto kowane shekaru hudu. Kwamitin yana nazarin kowane rahoto kuma yana magance damuwarsa da shawarwari ga jam'iyyar Jiha ta hanyar "bincike na ƙarshe". A wasu yanayi, CAT na iya la'akari da korafe-korafe ko sadarwa daga mutane da ke da'awar cewa an keta hakkinsu a karkashin Yarjejeniyar.

CAT yawanci tana haɗuwa a watan Afrilu / Mayu da Nuwamba a kowace shekara a Geneva. Ana zabar mambobi zuwa wa'adin shekaru hudu ta jam'iyyun Jiha kuma ana iya sake zabar su idan an zaba su. Mambobin CAT na yanzu a watan Yunin 2023, wanda sharuɗɗan sa suka ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2025, sune: 
SunanJihaAbderrazak RouwaneIlvija FukaTodd F. BuchwaldMaeda NaokoClaude Heller (shugaban) Erdogan Iscan (Mai ba da rahoto) Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov (Mataimakin shugaban) Ana Racu (Mataimakin Shugaban) Sébastien Touze (Mataimakin Shugaban) Liu Huawen

 Tasirin 
Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2021 a cikin American Journal of Political Science ya gano cewa kasashen da suka karɓi dokokin ƙasa waɗanda suka hana azabtarwa (suna bayyana shi daidai da ƙa'idodin da aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa) daga baya suna fuskantar raguwa a azabtarwar 'yan sanda.

 Dubi kuma 

 Tsanani na tunani
 Yarjejeniyar Turai don Rigakafin azabtarwa da Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Girma ko Hukunci
 Ranar Kasa da Kasa don Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar
 Majalisar Maidowa ta Duniya don Wadanda aka azabtar
 Amfani da azabtarwa tun 1948
 Ƙungiyar Duniya da ke Kan Tsanani

 Manazarta 

 Ƙarin karantawa 



 Haɗin waje 

 Rubutun hukuma na Yarjejeniyar
 Jerin jam'iyyun
 Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka
 Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa
 Yarjejeniyar da ke adawa da azabtarwa
 Human Rights Watch taƙaitaccen Yarjejeniyar
 Jerin hanyoyin haɗi zuwa wasu takardu masu alaƙa
 'Yancin Dan Adam na Farko; Adalci mai azabtarwa: Yin amfani da Shaida mai tilasta don gurfanar da' yan ta'adda (2008) Adalci mai azabtarwa: Yin amfani da Shaida mai tsauri don gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da ta'addanci (2008)
 'Yancin Dan Adam na Farko; Bar Babu Alamomi: Ingantaccen Hanyar Tambaya da Hadarin Laifi
 Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Duniya don Wadanda aka azabtar (IRCT); Menene azabtarwa? Bayyana azabtarwa
 Bayani na gabatarwa na Hans Danelius, bayanin tarihin tsari da kayan bidiyo akan Yarjejeniyar kan azabtarwa da Sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa a cikin Tarihin Tarihi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Audiovisual Library of International LawTarihin Tarihi na Tarihin Tarihin Tarihon Tarihin Tarihuna na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
 Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (1984-2014) - Jagoran Bincike, Laburaren UNOG
 Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (1984-2014) - Littattafai (Littattafai / Labarai), Laburaren UNOG

 Shawarwarin Kwamitin Yaki da azabtarwa 

 Kwamitin da ke adawa da azabtarwa - Shari'a
 OHCHR.org/EN/HRBodies/CAT/Pages/catindex.aspx" id="mwBcA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Shawarwarin CAT akan OHCHR
 Shawarwarin Kwamitin Yaki da azabtarwa
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