Tunanin zafin jiki mai laushi

Maganar zafin jiki mai laushi shine ra'ayi na zahiri wanda ke bayyana martani na dukiyar radiative na girgije ga hauhawar yanayin zafi. Yana zaton cewa zafin jiki wanda girgije ke fitar da radiation yana ƙuntata ta hanyar hanyoyin radiative kuma saboda haka ba ya canzawa don amsawa ga dumama. Tunda yawan radiation da girgije ke fitarwa aiki ne na zafin su, yana nuna cewa ba ya ƙaruwa tare da dumama farfajiyar kuma ta haka ne wuri mai zafi ba ya ƙara hayakin radiation (kuma don haka sanyaya) ta saman girgije. An gano tsarin a cikin tsarin yanayi da kuma lura da halayyar girgije, yana shafar yadda duniya ke dumama ga kowane karin tan na iskar gas a cikin yanayi. Koyaya, wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa ana iya tsara shi daidai kamar yadda aka rage dumama na anvil maimakon babu dumama na invil.

 Tushen da ra'ayi 
A cikin wurare masu zafi, sanyayawar radiative na troposphere yana daidaitawa ta hanyar sakin zafi mai zurfi ta hanyar kwantar da tururi na ruwa da aka ɗaga zuwa tsawo mai tsawo ta hanyar convection. Rashin sanyaya na radiative galibi sakamakon hayaki ne ta hanyar tururi na ruwa kuma ta haka ne ya zama mara tasiri sama da matakin matsin lamba na 200 hPa. Hakazalika, a wannan tsawo ne girgije mai kauri da girgije mai laushi - girgije mafi girma - ya fi mayar da hankali.

The "fixed anvil temperature hypothesis" stipulates that owing to energetic and thermodynamic constraints imposed by the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship, the temperature and thus radiative cooling of anvil clouds does not change much with surface temperature. Specifically, cooling decreases below  as the ineffective radiative cooling by CO2 becomes dominant below that temperature. Instead, the elevation of high clouds rises with surface temperatures.

Wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa shi ne cewa yanayin zafi na tropopause ba shi da damuwa ga dumama; duk da haka yana da hanyoyi daban-daban daga tsarin zafin jiki na anvil. An danganta su da juna a cikin karatu da yawa,  wanda wani lokacin yakan sami zafin jiki mai tsawo wanda ya fi dacewa da ka'idar da ta fi dacewa da zafin jiki. 

 Tabbacin 
An yarda da ra'ayin zafin jiki na anvil a ko'ina har ma da fadada zuwa yanayin da ba na wurare masu zafi ba. Ƙarfinsa ya dogara da wani ɓangare akan dogaro da muhawara mai sauƙi na zahiri.

 Misalai 
Hartmann da Larson ne suka fara tsara ra'ayin zafin jiki na farko a cikin mahallin NCAR / PSU MM5 model  amma an riga an lura da kwanciyar hankali na yanayin girgije a cikin samfurin guda daya ta Hansen et al. Har ila yau, an dawo da shi, tare da iyakancewa, a cikin samfuran yanayi  da kuma a cikin samfuri masu yawa na yaduwa. Koyaya, wasu sun dawo da dogaro da girman girgije  da kuma yawan zafi  ko kuma cewa zafin jiki na ƙuƙwalwa ya fi dacewa a matsayin zafin jiki yana canzawa a hankali fiye da zafin jiki. Hakanan samfuran yanayi suna kwaikwayon karuwa a saman tsawo na girgije  kuma wasu samfuran radiative-convective suna amfani da shi ga fitowar Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi. 

An kuma sami ra'ayin zafin jiki mai tsayayyen anvil a cikin kwaikwayon yanayin yanayi na duniya. A babban maida hankali na CO2 da ke kusantar wani greenhouse mai gudu duk da haka, wasu tasirin jiki da suka shafi girgije na iya karɓar kuma su mamaye zafin jiki mai tsayayyen anvil yayin da yanayin zafi ya kai matakai masu tsanani.

 Abubuwan da aka lura 
An goyi bayan ka'idar zafin jiki mai tsayayyen anvil ta hanyar binciken lura  don manyan girgije. Ƙananan girgije duk da haka ba su da zafin jiki mai ɗorewa kuma akwai sauye-sauyen zafin jiki na kimanin  ° C (9 ° F)  wanda zai iya danganta da matakai da suka shafi Yaduwar Brewer-Dobson. Xu et al. 2007 sun gano cewa yanayin girgije ya fi kwanciyar hankali ga girgije tare da girman da ya wuce kilomita 150 (93 . Hawan saman girgije tare da dumama kuma ana tallafawa ta hanyar lura. Binciken canje-canje na convection a lokacin sake zagayowar El Niño-Southern Oscillation yana tallafawa ra'ayi, yana nuna cewa yanayin zafi na tsakiya yana rage tasirin tasirin thermodynamics mara kyau a lokacin El Niño.

 Sakamakon 
Clouds sune na biyu mafi girma rashin tabbas a cikin canjin yanayi na gaba bayan ayyukan ɗan adam, saboda tasirin su yana da rikitarwa kuma ba a fahimta da kyau ba. Tunanin zafin jiki na anvil yana da tasiri a kan Yanayin yanayi na duniya, tunda girgije na anvil shine mafi mahimmancin tushen radiation mai fita da ke da alaƙa da convection na wurare masu zafi  kuma yawan zafin su yana da kwanciyar hankali zai sa radiation mai fitowa ba ya amsawa ga canje-canjen zafin jiki. Wannan yana haifar da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na ra'ayoyin girgije. An kuma yi amfani da ka'idar zafin jiki don jayayya cewa ƙirar yanayi ya kamata ta yi amfani da zafin jiki maimakon matsin lamba don tsara tsawo na girgije.

 Sauran ra'ayoyi 
Wani ra'ayi wanda zai sami akasin haka a kan yanayi shine ra'ayin iris, bisa ga abin da ke tattare da girgije ya ragu tare da dumama, don haka yana ba da damar karin radiation don tserewa cikin sararin samaniya kuma yana haifar da saurin dumama. An tsara ra'ayin daidaitaccen zafin jiki na Zelinka da Hartmann 2010 bisa ga samfuran yaduwa gaba ɗaya kuma suna la'akari da karamin karuwar zafin jiki tare da babban zafin jiki. An yi niyyar wannan ra'ayi na ƙarshe a matsayin gyare-gyare ga ra'ayin zafin jiki na ƙuƙwalwa  kuma ya haɗa da la'akari da kwanciyar hankali na yanayi kuma ya bayyana don nuna ainihin yanayin yanayi a kusa.  A ƙarshe, akwai ra'ayi cewa yanayin zafi na girgije na iya raguwa tare da dumama na ƙasa  yayin da tsawo ya tashi. Wannan na iya zama amsa mara daidaituwa.

 Bincike 
Ya zuwa 2020 ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar ilimin lissafi na wasu abubuwan girgije,  saboda sun bambanta tsakanin samfuran,  kuma ci gaba a kan ƙirar girgije a duniya yana da jinkiri sosai. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba