Socialism a Pakistan

Tasirin kwaminisanci da ƙungiyoyin gurguzu a Pakistan sun ɗauki nau'o'i daban-daban a matsayin takwaransa ga ra'ayin mazan jiya na siyasa, daga kungiyoyi kamar The Struggle, Lal Salam wanda shine ɓangaren Pakistan na Ƙungiyar Marxist ta Duniya, zuwa ƙungiyar Marxist-Leninist kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta hanyar aikin zaɓe na sake fasalin da aka tsarkake a cikin haihuwar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan (PPP).

Duk da yake jari-hujja koyaushe tana riƙe da rinjaye, duk da haka ana ci gaba da samun yaduwar akidar gurguzu a lokuta da yawa a cikin siyasar Pakistan da kuma fitattun mutane. Yawancin sauran gurguzu a Pakistan a yau sun yarda da ra'ayin hagu na Islama (socialism da Kwaminisanci), inda za a gudanar da jihar a cikin tsarin gurguzu wanda ya dace da ka'idodin siyasa na Islama, yayin da wasu masu goyon baya ke buƙatar gurguzu mai tsabta.

 Tarihi 


 Tarihin siyasa 

Yunkurin gurguzu a Daular Indiya ta Burtaniya ya fara ne da Juyin Juya Halin Rasha, da kuma ƙaurawar mutanen Soviet zuwa yankunan Arewa maso Yamma zuwa yankin (yanzu Pakistan) wanda Daular Burtaniya ke gudanarwa, a cikin 1922-27.  Hukumomin Burtaniya sun firgita bayan sun bayyana jerin yunkurin tayar da kayar baya a kan Daular Burtaniya, wanda aka sani da Peshawar Conspiracy Cases . 

 1947-50s: farkon Marxism 

 'Yancin kai da gwagwarmayar aji 

Nan da nan bayan Pakistan" id="mwNw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Creation of Pakistan">kafawa Pakistan a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1947 wanda wata jam'iyya ta siyasa, Muslim League karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Ali Jinnah, ta fara gwagwarmaya don jagorancin hagu ne a matsayin gazawar yakin basasa tare da Jamhuriyar Indiya.  Bayan mutuwar Jinnah ta 1948, rikice-rikice da rashin jituwa na siyasa sun fara ne lokacin da Firayim Minista Liaquat Ali Khan ya karfafa matsayinsa sosai. Jam'iyyar Socialist Party (PSP) ita ce kawai Jam'iyyar Socialist ta lokacinta, kuma tana aiki a Gabashin Pakistan da Yammacin Pakistan. Jam'iyyar Socialist ta kasance jam'iyya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta fara adawa da ra'ayin raba Indiya. Jam'iyyar Socialist ta sami wahalar yin gasa tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da sauran kungiyoyin dama. Firayim Minista Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan ne ya jagoranci PML, wanda ke son karɓar abin da ake kira gurguzu na Islama. Wani rukuni na hagu shine Jam'iyyar Socialist . Jam'iyyar Socialist Party ta Pakistan ta kasance a ware a siyasa tare da karancin taro. Wannan ya kasance duk da rokonta mai karfi a yankunan karkara. Tana da kusan mambobi 1200 kuma memba ne na Taron Socialist na Asiya. Shirye-shiryen sassaucin ra'ayi na Jam'iyyar Socialist sun sadu da adawa mai tsanani wanda masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka lakafta su da Kafirs. Da yake ya yi takaici da sakamakon yaƙin, Firayim Minista Liaquat Ali Khan ya tsira daga wani makircin juyin mulki da aka yi da shi, gami da ma'aikatan sojoji. A mayar da martani ga bangaren hagu na masu fafutuka, Firayim Minista Ali Khan ya yi nasara wajen rubuce-rubuce da kuma tsara ƙudurin manufofi, a cikin 1950.  Gidan ya wuce shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 1949, amma ya sadu da mai sukar har ma daga Ministan Shari'a Jogendra Nath Mandal wanda ya yi jayayya da shi.

Sabanin haka, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta fi aiki, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma tana da goyon baya daga yankunan karkara saboda matsayinta mai tsanani da aka dauka a kan batutuwan tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci da sauri ta fahimci shahararta yayin da take goyon bayan dalilan manoma da ma'aikata na Pakistan game da tsinkaye na <i id="mwgg">zamindars</i>, manyan sarakuna, da masu zaman kansu. A lokacin babban zaben shekara ta 1954, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta sami izini na musamman a Gabashin Pakistan da wakilci a Yammacin Pakistan; a farkon shekarar 1950, Jam'iyyar kwaminis ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yajin aiki ma'aikata don tallafawa ƙungiyar harshe. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, tare da goyon baya daga Awami League, ta kafa gwamnatin dimokuradiyya a Gabashin Pakistan. Gwagwarmayar aji ta kai iyakarta lokacin da mambobin PML da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis suka yi fada da 'Yan sanda na Gabashin Pakistan a shekarar 1958. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar korar gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a Gabashin Pakistan da kuma kama ~1,000 mambobin Jam'iyyar kwaminis a Yammacin Pakistan, a ƙarshe ta haramta Jam'iyyar Kwamaminis a can.

Rashin jin daɗi game da aikin tsarin dimokuradiyya, rashin mulki a zaben 'yan majalisa na Gabashin Pakistan, da kuma barazanar Rarrabawar Baloch a Yammacin Pakistan, Shugaban Bengali Iskandar Ali Mirza ya ba da sanarwar da ta soke dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa a Yamma da Gabashin Pakistan.  Shugaban Kwaminisanci, Hassan Nasir, 'yan sanda sun kama shi akai-akai; ya mutu a kurkuku a watan Nuwamba 1960. 

 1960s-70s: gina al'umma 

 Gwagwarmayar iko da masana'antu 
Bayan dokar soja a shekara ta 1958, Shugaba Ayub Khan ya watsar da tsarin majalisa don tallafawa tsarin Shugaban kasa- tsarin da ake kira "Democracy na asali". Ayub Khan's decade"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Ayub_Khan's_decade-12","html":"<span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://storyofpakistan.com/martial-law-under-field-marshal-ayub-khan/&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;27 July 2013&quot;},&quot;newspaper&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ayub Khan's decade&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1 January 2003&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBFg\">&nbsp;</span><cite about=\"#mwt55\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"mwBFk\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://storyofpakistan.com/martial-law-under-field-marshal-ayub-khan/\" id=\"mwBFo\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan\"</a>. <i id=\"mwBFs\">Ayub Khan's decade</i>. 1 January 2003<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwBFw\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBF0\">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite>"}}" id="cite_ref-Ayub_Khan's_decade_12-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Socialism_in_Pakistan#cite_note-Ayub_Khan's_decade-12 [1]] An dauki mulkin shugaban kasa na Ayub Khan a matsayin "Babban Shekaru Goma", inda shirye-shiryen shugabancinsa suka motsa kasar daga tattalin aikin gona zuwa saurin Masana'antu a cikin shekarun 1960.  Hagu a Pakistan sun fuskanci ƙarin rikitarwa bayan rabuwa da Sino-Soviet a cikin shekarun 1960, kuma Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci tana da ƙungiyoyinta; ɗayan yana Pro-Beijing ɗayan kuma yana Pro-Moscow.

Duk da tasirin da Masana'antu ke da shi, kungiyoyin kwadago, ma'aikata, manoma, da manoma sun shawo kan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ta hanyar masana'antu masu iko waɗanda ke da dangantaka mai ƙarfi da Shugaba Ayub Khan.  A zahiri, kungiyoyin masana'antu sun yi watsi da yanayin aiki kuma sun kasa samar da yanayi mai kyau ga ma'aikata a cikin masana'antu. A cewar Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Hukumar Shirye-shiryen, Dokta Mahbub-ul-Haq, a shekarar 1968 "ƙungiyoyin iyali 22 na masana'antu sun mamaye rayuwar tattalin arziki da kudi na Pakistan kuma sun mallaki kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na kadarorin masana'antu, 80% na banki da 79% na kadarorin inshora a yankin masana'antu. "  Bugu da ƙari, sulhu na zaman lafiya na Shugaba Khan da Indiya a 1965 don kawo karshen Yakin Indo-Pakistan ya haifar da rashin amincewa da jama'a.  Yarjejeniyar ta kuma haifar da murabus din Ministan harkokin waje Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, mai tsayin daka da kuma dan kasa. A farkon watanni na 1968, Ayub Khan ya yi bikin abin da ya kira 'Shekaru goma na Ci gaba', wanda ya haifar da ƙarin tashin hankali. A wannan watan Nuwamba, wani rukuni na daliban Rawalpindi suna komawa baya daga Landi Kotal, lokacin da aka dakatar da su a wani wurin dubawa na Kwastam kusa da Attock, kuma masu tsaron 'yan sanda na jami'an Kwastam sun yi musu mummunan rauni. Lokacin da suka dawo Rawalpindi, sun gudanar da zanga-zanga game da rashin kula da 'yan sanda, wanda' yan sanda suka yi ƙoƙari su murkushe ta hanyar harbi a cikin taron jama'a, da kuma kashe dalibi. Sakamakon tashin hankali, wanda ya fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar ɗalibai, ya haɗu da goyon bayan ma'aikata, kuma ya canza zuwa ƙungiyar 1968 a Pakistan wanda ya kawo gurguzu a kan ajanda.

Bayan wani taron gurguzu mai nasara a Lahore, Punjab, 'yan gurguzu, da' yan falsafa na hagu na kasar ne suka kafa Jam'iyyar Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). Takardar PPP da ake kira, mai taken "Islama ita ce Addininmu; Dimokuradiyya ita ce Siyasa; Socialism ita ce Tattalin Arziki; Power Lies with the People", wanda kwaminisanci na Bengali J. A. Rahim ya rubuta, kuma an fara bayar da shi a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1967.  Takardar ta gano babban burin jam'iyyar, babban burin da kuma Dalilin kasancewa a matsayin nasarar samun daidaito da "al'umma mara matsayi", wanda aka yi imanin cewa za'a iya cimma shi ne kawai ta hanyar zamantakewa. Ya yi kira ga "daidaitaccen daidaito na 'yan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin mulkin dimokuradiyya", a cikin "tsarin adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki".  Ba kamar Jam'iyyar Socialist ba, Jam'iyyar Peoples Party da sauri ta sami shahara a duk faɗin ƙasar tare da taken ta, "Land to the Landless", kamar yadda jam'iyyar ta yi alkawarin ba kawai kawar da tsarin mulki wanda ya addabi ƙasar ba, har ma da sake rarraba ƙasashe tsakanin marasa ƙasa da manoma. Ma'aikata da ƙungiyar ma'aikata da sauri suka taru a cikin jam'iyyar, suna gaskata cewa jam'iyya ce da aka keɓe don halakar da jari-hujja a cikin ƙasar.

A ƙarshe, kalmar da ta dace da gurguzu "Roti, Kapra aur Makan" (lit. "gurasa, tufafi, da gidaje"), wanda jagoran Kwaminisanci ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, sanannen taken V.I Lenin 'Peace, Land and Bread' ya zama kira na taruwa a duk fadin kasar don jam'iyyar. A cikin shekarun 1970s, Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan ta zama babbar ƙungiya mai rinjaye da dimokuradiyya a ƙasar. Jam'iyyar ta wallafa ra'ayoyinta a cikin jaridu, kamar "Nusrat", "Fatah", da "Mussawat".

 1970s-80s: sake ginawa da sabuntawa 

 Da'a da kuma son kasa na hagu 
Yunkurin 1968 ya haifar da ƙarshen wa'adin Ayub Khan, amma dakatar da dimokuradiyya da ikon soja ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sabon Shugaba Yahya Khan. Koyaya, Janar Khan ya ba da izinin gudanar da babban zaben 1970, wanda ya kawo Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan da Awami League, a gasa kai tsaye da juna. Zaben ya ba Awami League cikakkiyar rinjaye gaba ɗaya a Gabashin Pakistan, yayin da PPP, karkashin jagorancin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, ya ci nasara sosai a Punjab da Sindh. Koyaya, Janar Yahya Khan, tare da Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, shugaban PPP, sun yi adawa da wata jam'iyya daga Gabashin Pakistan da ke jagorantar gwamnatin tarayya. Don haka, Janar Khan bai zauna a majalisar ba, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikicen da ya biyo baya a Gabashin Pakistan, kuma aikin soja na gaba a Gabashin Pakistán ya haifar da mummunan yaki da Indiya, wanda ya ƙare a cikin rabuwa da Gabashin Pakistan a 1971, da kuma kirkirar Bangladesh.

Bayan yakin, an tilasta Janar Yahya Khan ya yi murabus, kuma Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ya zama Shugaban kasa a shekarar 1972. PPP da ke mulki ta goyi bayan siyasar kishin kasa na hagu, tana kira ga hadin kan kasa da wadatar tattalin arziki a matsayin hanyar murmurewa daga asarar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Yaƙin 1971.  Nan da nan, jam'iyyar Peoples Party ta fara aiwatar da kasa bayan tashin hankali na ma'aikata na 1972. Manufofin hagu na PPP sun kai farmaki ga tsarin feudal; manyan gyare-gyare na ƙasa sun faru, suna iyakance adadin ƙasar da za a iya mallaka, tare da sauran rarraba ƙasa ga yawancin manoma matalauta, manoma, da masu haya marasa ƙasa. An inganta haƙƙin ma'aikata fiye da kowane lokaci; talauci ya sami raguwa sosai.  

Hakki na asali na ɗan ƙasa, kamar samun damar samun isasshen kiwon lafiya da ilimi kyauta, an kawo su a ƙarƙashin sabuntawa. Makarantu, kwalejoji, da jami'o'i sun zama kasa. Wani babban bangare na bangaren banki, bangaren masana'antu (ciki har da ma'adinan ƙarfe da ƙarfe), kamfanonin injiniya, abin hawa, abinci da masana'antun samar da sinadarai suma sun zama kasa. Adadin da ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin kwadago sun sami karuwa. Za a ba mazaunan karkara, masu karbar albashi a birane da manoma marasa ƙasa 'taimako' a matsayin mutanen jihar. A mayar da martani ga shirin tsaro mai karfi, PPP ta kaddamar da aikin bam din nukiliya na asirce, inganta gwagwarmayar wallafe-wallafen, Ci gaban masana'antu da wayar da kan jama'a ta kimiyya a duk faɗin ƙasar.

 Fuka-fukan hagu sun rabu kuma sun ragu 
Duk da populism da goyon baya na PPP, rikice-rikicen cikin gida a cikin jam'iyyar zai haifar da rarrabuwa kuma ya raba bangaren hagu. Ko da yake, PPP ta sami goyon baya daga mutane kan batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa, manufofin tattalin arzikinta, musamman na yunkurin da ta yi na musamman na zama kasa, sun rushe tattalin arzikin kasar. Yawancin masu sukar, musamman masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da shugabannin addinai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, duk da haka sun zargi manufofin kwaminisanci na Bhutto da jinkirta ci gaban tattalin arzikin Pakistan, saboda rashin yawan aiki da tsada.

Jam'iyyar hagu, ANP, tana cikin gasa kai tsaye tare da PPP duk da irin wannan akidar. Tattaunawar kan daidaitawa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afghanistan ta haifar da babbar matsala da matsaloli tare da Afghanistan sun karu a kan Layin Durand. Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kuma yi adawa da PPP kan shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki da tasirin ta iyakance ga Karachi. Wannan ya haifar da jam'iyyun hagu da suka shiga kawancen PNA karkashin jagorancin jam'iyyu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na dama na kasar kuma suka yi gasa da PPP a Babban Zabe a shekarar 1977. 

Babban Zabe 1977 ya haifar da nasarar majalisa ta farko ta Jam'iyyar Peoples. Jam'iyyun adawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa PPP ce ta yi magudi sosai a zaben. Rikicin ya karu kuma duk da yarjejeniyar da aka cimma tsakanin 'yan adawa da PPP, Babban Jami'in Sojoji Janar Zia-ul-Haq ya sanya dokar tawaye a kasar a shekarar 1977. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1979, an rataye Bhutto a shekara ta 1977 bayan shari'ar da aka yi masa rikitarwa, inda aka same shi da laifin kisan abokin hamayyarsa na siyasa. A shekara ta 1982, an zabi 'yarsa Benazir Bhutto a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Peoples Party. Jam'iyyar Peoples Party ta yi gwagwarmaya sosai da Janar Zia-ul-Haq, wanda Amurka ta goyi bayan.

Jam'iyyun hagu da zamantakewar al'umma a kasar sun hadu da adawa mai tsanani ta siyasa daga kungiyar Pakistan Muslim League mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma kungiyar addini mai karfi Clergy Coalition. Harkokin Tarayyar Soviet a Afghanistan ya haifar da raguwar goyon bayan kwaminisanci a kasar. Shugaba mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Zia-ul-Haq ya yi hulɗa da masu gurguzu da kwaminisanci tare da matsanancin zalunci na siyasa.

 1980s-ya zuwa yanzu: sake fitowa daga waje da Pakistan 

 Yakin 
An dasa tsaba na sabunta siyasar Marxist a cikin 1980 a Netherlands, lokacin da wasu 'yan gwagwarmayar Pakistan da suka tsere wa Pakistan don tserewa daga zaluncin Zia suka sami kansu a Amsterdam a cikin sanyi Nuwamba 1980. Janar Zia ne ya mallaki kasar. Wadannan 'yan gwagwarmayar Pakistan sun kasance Farooq Tariq, Tanvir Gondal (yanzu an fi sani da Lal Khan), Muhammed Amjad da Ayub Gorya . 
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1980, kungiyar Struggle ta yanke shawarar fara mujallar Urdu ta kowane wata da ake kira Jidd-o-jehed jدو ko The Struggle .  Ba da daɗewa ba mujallar Struggle ta haɓaka matsayi na addini a tsakanin 'yan Pakistan, kuma mawaƙa kamar Habib Jalib, Ahmad Faraz da Faiz Ahmed Faiz sun fara ba da gudummawa ga mujallar ta hanyar rubuta juyin juya hali da adawa da mulkin kama karya na Urdu don mujallar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984, mujallar ta wallafa waka mai suna "Yakin Baaghi Hoon", wanda Khalid Javaid Jan ya rubuta. Waƙar ta zama muhimmiyar al'ada saboda sautin juyin juya hali kuma an yi amfani da ita a cikin zanga-zangar karkashin kasa a matsayin makami a kan Dictator Zia.

Kungiyar Struggle ta ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsu a gudun hijira game da mulkin kama-karya na soja a Pakistan kuma ta ci gaba tilasta wa Zulfikar Ali Bhutto jana'izar jama'a a gaban ofishin jakadancin Pakistan a Holland tare da kusan mahalarta 500. Yanayin da aka caje ya kuma ga mahalarta sun jefa duwatsu a tagogin ofishin jakadancin kuma 'yan sanda na Holland sun kama Farooq a takaice. Kaddamarwa, gwagwarmaya da yunkurin da hukumomin Pakistan suka yi na kama su ya sa suka shahara tare da ƙungiyoyin hagu da masu ci gaba a Turai. Sun yi kamfen kan batutuwan ma'aikata, game da wariyar launin fata, batutuwan baƙi da adawa da nukiliya tare da jam'iyyun hagu na gida.

Ƙungiyar ta kuma tuntuɓar Kwamitin Ƙwararru Ƙwararrunkon 1990s, Kwamitin Ƙwararrun Ma'aikata (CWI) ya rabu gida biyu kan tambayar Shigarwa. Peter Taaffe, fitaccen memba na sashin Ingilishi na CWI ya ba da shawarar "Buɗe Juya", yana nufin gina ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ƙarshen "Shigarwa".[1] Ganin cewa, wani ɓangaren da Ted Grant ke jagoranta ya so ya ci gaba da tsare dabarunsa na "masu ƙiyayya".[1] Farooq Tariq ma ya samu rarrabuwar kawuna, tare da wasu 'yan gwagwarmaya guda goma sha biyu, suka bi tafarkin Peter Taaffe, suka kuma kafa jam'iyyar siyasa mai zaman kanta ga ma'aikata a Pakistan. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Daya bangaren, karkashin jagorancin Lal Khan, ya ci gaba da "shiga" cikin jam'iyyar Pakistan People's Party (PPP). Sun inganta ra'ayin cewa PPP jam'iyya ce da ke da yawan mabiya a tsakanin ma'aikata da manoma, ko da yake jagoranta ya ƙunshi bourgeois da ɓangarorin feudal. Gwagwarmayar ta yi nuni da cewa a Pakistan kamar yadda ake yi a sauran kasashe, manufar ra'ayinsu na Markisanci shine cin nasara kan ma'aikata da manoma.[2]

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Jam'iyyar Labour Party ta Farooq Tariq a Pakistan, Jam'iyyar Awami, da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata sun haɗu don kafa Jam'iyyar Aiki ta Awami (AWP) a cikin ƙoƙari da ba a taɓa gani ba don gina ainihin madadin Hagu ga manyan dakarun siyasa a Pakistan. AWP tana inganta hadin kan hagu kuma ta haɗa da mambobi daga dukkan halaye na Kwaminisanci: Trotskyism, Marxist-Leninism, da Maoism.
Yunkurin ya ci gaba da gwagwarmayar su don juyin juya halin Socialist a Pakistan a matsayin wani bangare na Marxist "International" karkashin jagorancin Ted Grant. Grant ya kafa Kwamitin Marxist International a kasashe daban-daban, musamman Spain, bayan ya rabu da CWI a shekarar 1992. A taron duniya na Kwamitin Marxist International a shekara ta 2006, an sake sunan kungiyar International Marxist Tendency (IMT). Lal Khan ya ci gaba da kasancewa editan mujallar Struggle kuma shugaban kungiyar Struggle__ilo____ilo____ilo__ . Ya kuma rubuta labarai a kai a kai ga Daily Times .  da Dunya  Kungiyar Gwagwarmaya tana da nasa kamfanin wallafe-wallafen kuma ta wallafa littattafai da takardu da yawa a kan batutuwa ciki har da akidar Marxist, tarihin gwagwarmayar Marxist a Pakistan, da littattafai daban-daban da ke rufe tarihin juyin juya halin Bolshevik. Wasu daga cikin littattafan sune: Rarraba - Za a iya cire shi? ,  Pakistan's Other Story - The Revolution of 1968-69,  da Kashmir: A Revolutionary Way Out. Littattafai a cikin harshen Urdu sun haɗa da China tare da, da kuma yin amfani da shi,  yayin da littattafan da aka fassara daga wasu harsuna zuwa Urdu sun hada da yin amfani da su, da kuma tare da yin amfani. An san ƙungiyar kwadago ta Struggle da Kamfen na Tsaro na Kwadago na Pakistan (PTUDC), da sauran bangarori da yawa da ke aiki tsakanin Matasa, gami da Ƙungiyar Matasa marasa aikin yi. A cikin 2015, matasa da dalibai na gaba na Gwagwarmaya sun fara kamfen don hada manyan dalibai na hagu da kungiyoyin matasa daga ko'ina cikin kasar a kan dandamali guda. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, an kaddamar da Progressive Youth Alliance (PYA)  a Lahore.

 Rarraba a cikin Gwagwarmaya 
In the first quarter of 2016, The Struggle suffered a split, with the majority leaving the IMT retaining their name as The Struggle, while the minority reorganized as Lal Salam لال سلام. Lal Salam is the official Pakistani section of the IMT.

 Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Awami 
Bayan rabuwa da Kwamitin Ma'aikata na Duniya (CWI), wani Trotskyist na kasa da kasa, The Struggle, shi ma ya sha wahala da rabuwa kuma Farooq Tariq, tare da watakila mambobi goma sha biyu na Struggle.  Farooq Tariq da abokan aikinsa sun sanar da kafa jam'iyyar Labour Party Pakistan a shekarar 1997.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Jam'iyyar Labour Party ta Farooq Tariq a Pakistan, Jam'iyyar Awami, da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata sun haɗu don kafa Jam'iyyar Aiki ta Awami (AWP) a cikin ƙoƙari da ba a taɓa gani ba don gina ainihin madadin Hagu ga manyan dakarun siyasa a Pakistan. AWP tana inganta hadin kan hagu kuma ta haɗa da mambobi daga dukkan halaye na Kwaminisanci: Trotskyism, Marxist-Leninism, da Maoism.

 1980s-90s: matsakaici da gasa 

 Ƙarfafawa da populism 
An jefa adadi mai yawa na 'yan siyasa da masu ilimi a kurkuku don fuskantar shari'a, Jam Saqi Trial, a cikin shekarun 1980. A karkashin mulkin Zia, kwaminisanci da kansa ya fara gwagwarmaya don tsira a cikin kasar a cikin mummunan yanayi na Soviet. A mayar da martani ga zaluncin Zia, jam'iyyun hagu sun haɗu a cikin babban dandamali da aka sani da, Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) wanda PPP ta jagoranta. ANP ta sami goyon baya daga Tarayyar Soviet tun farkon shekara ta 1983. A lokacin 1977-91, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet (CPSU) ta fara ayyukanta na siyasa ta ɓoye ta hanyar Jam'iyyar Awami National Party, yawancin manyan shugabannin ta sun yi aiki a matsayin matsakanci da masu ba da shawara ga Soviets. Sakataren cikin gida na Shugaba Zia, Roedad Khan, daga baya ya rubuta cewa gwamnatin MRD ta sami damar sarrafa wannan fahimta don amfanin su kuma ta hana MRD samun babbar kira a matakin ƙasa.

Duk da karfafawa, MRD ta sha wahala da yawa saboda matsayinta na Pro-Leninist wanda ba "layin" ba ne na Kremlin a wannan lokacin.

Abubuwan da suka haifar da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet sun rushe hagu na Pakistan. Kusan ya ɓace, har sai Benazir Bhutto ta yi nasarar haɗa kan masu faɗakarwa na hagu, waɗanda suka haɗu da PPP, kuma suka juya masu faɗar ra'ayi da masu goyon bayan Soviet zuwa ƙarin Dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa tare da ka'idodin dimokuradiyar dimokuradiya.

 Sabon Hagu da Dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa 
Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da rushewa USSR a 1991 ya rushe hagu a Pakistan. Rushewar USSR a cikin 1991 ya haifar da rashin bege da rabuwa a tsakanin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci. Jam'iyyun hagu sun kusan ɓacewa har sai Benazir Bhutto ta zo don kare ta. A adawa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, Benazir Bhutto ta yi nasarar hada kungiyoyin hagu da suka warwatse, wadanda suka shiga cikin PPP, kuma suka juya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu goyon bayan Soviet zuwa ga dimokuradiyya ta zamantakewa tare da ka'idodin dimokuradiyar dimokuradiya.

A cikin shekarun 1990s, kungiyoyin hagu, yanzu sun haɗa kai a ƙarƙashin PPP, sun sami kansu a cikin gasa mai tsanani tare da Pakistan Muslim League (PML (N) ), jam'iyyar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta tsakiya karkashin jagorancin Nawaz Sharif .  PPP da hagu sun kasance a lokacin da ake adawa da juyin juya hali a Pakistan, suna haifar da hauhawar tsattsauran ra'ayi. Gasar siyasa tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, tare da PML (N), ta ba da sabuwar rayuwa ga jam'iyyun hagu don taruwa a kusa da motsi don tallafawa PPP a shekarar 1992. Rashin amincewa da gwamnatin Pakistan Muslim League (N) a shekarar 1992 ya rushe goyon baya ga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.

A sakamakon Babban Zabe da aka gudanar a 1993, PPP da Hagu sun sake komawa mulki, amma kawai don sake shiga gasar tare da Pakistan Muslim League (N). Gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin jam'iyyun hagu da na dama ya lalata tattalin arziki amma, a gefe guda, ya karfafa matsayinsa a kasar. Yankin hagu kusan ya rabu a cikin shekarun 1990 bayan wani aikin soja ya faru a Karachi don cire wata jam'iyyar hagu, MQM; an dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1995. PPP da masu hagu sun gabatar da shirin na masana'antu na zamani, ilimin kwamfuta, mai da hankali sosai kan ilimin kimiyya, wayar da kan mata jama'a da haƙƙoƙi, da inganta ka'idodin dimokuradiyya da kishin ƙasa na hagu. A mayar da martani, Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Pakistan (N)  masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun gabatar da keɓancewa, tare da sassaucin ra'ayi, kishin ƙasa na dama, da kuma mai da hankali kan addini da ilimin kimiyya. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1996, mutuwar mai rikitarwa na shugaban hagu na hagu, Murtaza Bhutto, ya zama abin da ya faru na ƙarshe wanda ya haifar da korar gwamnatin hagu ta PPP ta shugabanta na hagu Farooq Leghari (ba da daɗewa ba masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na PML (N)  suka kore shi daga shugabancin a shekarar 1997).

A shekara ta 1997, Hagu, wanda ke zaune a cikin 'Yan adawa na majalisa, ya ci gaba da samun iko a cikin yunkurin da jam'iyyun dama suka yi na zartar da kudaden da suka fi rikon kwarya don zama wani ɓangare na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Hagu ya sami nasarar matsawa PML (N)  don matsawa tare da shawarar gudanar da gwajin nukiliya na farko a kasar don mayar da martani ga gwajin nukiliyar Indiya a shekarar 1998. Rashin jituwa a Dangantakar farar hula da soja a cikin 1999 ya haifar da korarsu mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na tsakiya, gwamnatin PML. Shahararren goyon baya ga PML (N)  da PPP ya ƙi, tare da faduwar kwaminisanci da ra'ayin mazan jiya a lokaci guda a cikin 2000. Shugaba Pervez Musharraf ya yi kira ga Hanyar ta Uku wacce ta haifar da kafa jam'iyyar PML (Q)  a cikin 2002 yayin da jam'iyyar dimokuradiyya da ta tsakiya, PTI, ta fito a fagen da sanannen ɗan wasan Imran Khan ke jagoranta.

 2000s-2010s: Tarihin zamani 

 Sake bayyana matsayin Sabon Hagu 
A matsayin sakamakon Hare-haren 9/11 a Amurka da kuma ci gaba da mamayewar Amurka a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001, Babban Zabe a shekara ta 2002 ya ga masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna zuwa ikon ƙasa a karo na farko a Tarihi ƙasar. Duk da yunkurin Musharraf na samar da ingantaccen gwamnati, goyon baya ga Shugaba Musharraf ya ragu kuma ra'ayin Hanyar Uku, tare da Haskakawa, ya fara ganin juriya daga jam'iyyun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da na hagu.

A cikin 2002, an kafa jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Pakistan amma ba ta daɗe ba. Bayan 'yan watanni ne aka wargaza jam'iyyar inda aka koma PPP. A shekara ta 2003, jam'iyyar PPP ta gudanar da babban gangamin adawa da yakin Iraki da Amurka.[1] A cikin 2004, Hagu ya yi hasashen ikonsa a Peshawar bayan da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta gudanar da wata gagarumar zanga-zangar adawa da Pervez Musharraf da Amurka[2]. Jam'iyyar PPP ta gurgunta Pervez Musharraf yadda ya kamata kan batun LFO da na Hagu daga baya suka yi wa Musharraf sharri kan batun yaduwar nukiliya a kasar.[1] Masana tarihi na gwagwarmayar hagu sun lura da gaskiyar cewa bayyani game da yaduwar atomic ya fusata kuma ya fusata 'yan hagu da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar "jarumin kasa", Dr. Qadeer Khan.[3]. Bayan wannan abin kunya a cikin 2005-07, 'yan adawar Amurka daga jam'iyyun masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun kasance masu tsananin zafi fiye da jam'iyyun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ta yadda za su yi zagon kasa ga duk wani yunƙurin Amurka don shiga cikin tattalin arzikinsu da kuma lalata hoton da ke cikin ƙasar wanda ya ba da gudummawa a cikin kaifi da rikodin haɓakar motsin zuciyar Amurkawa a cikin zukatan Pakistan.[3]

Hagu a Pakistan ya rasa jagorancinsa bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto a shekara ta 2007, kuma tawaye na dama a kasar ya kara iyakance Hagu. Har ila yau, ra'ayoyin hagu da manyan shugabannin hagu, kamar Aitzaz Ahsan, Ali Ahmad Kurd, da Raza Rabbani, sun kasance mutanen da suka jagoranci motsi don dawo da Shari'a da kuma fitar da Pervez Musharraf daga gwamnati. Duk da matsin lamba na dama da zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa, Hagu ya nuna matsayinsa na hadin kai a lokacin Babban Zabe da aka gudanar a 2013 a karkashin sabbin shugabannin hagu Raza Rabbani da Aitzaz Ahsan 

Kodayake gwamnati da Asif Ali Zardari ke jagoranta ta dauki matakai da yawa a wannan bangaren wanda ya haɗa da amma ba a iyakance shi ba, tsarin zaɓi na Ma'aikata wanda aka sanya ma'aikatan bangaren gwamnati masu riƙe da hannun jari a cikin sassan su, an fara shirin gidaje kyauta a Sindh a ƙarƙashin sunan Benazir Bhen Basti, an rarraba fiye da kadada 56,000 na ƙasa a cikin manoma, an fara cikakken shirin don kawar da talauci a ƙarƙashin sunan Shirin Taimako na Jama'a wanda yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a Asiya. Baya ga wannan an fara shirin da ake kira waseela-e-haq wanda a karkashin 0.3 miliyan rps. kowannensu an rarraba shi tsakanin dubban iyalai masu cancanta don su iya fara samun kudin shiga. An kuma fara tsare-tsare irin su tsarin inshorar rai na Benazir. Dubban ma'aikatan kwangila ba wai kawai an daidaita su ba amma kuma an dawo da dubban wasu ma'aikata. A sakamakon wadannan matakai an zabi Shugaban Pakistan Mista Asif Ali Zardari a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar Socialist International.

A cikin 2018, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf ya hau mulki tare da Imran Khan a matsayin Firayim Minista na 22. Ya yi alkawarin sanya Pakistan a matsayin jihar jin dadin jama'a, daidai da ka'idodin kishin kasa. Wasu manufofi na gwamnatin PTI suna cikin layi tare da Social Democracy, Pakistan nationalism da Populism. Manufofinsa sun hada da: Dokar doka, hakkoki ga dukkan 'yan Pakistan (ban da ƙananan ɗalibai), ba tare da la'akari da matsayi ba, launi, addini da sauransu, karfafa mata, da kuma tsarin cancanta.

Jam'iyyar Barabri ta Pakistan ta kafa kuma ta fito a matsayin babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Hagu a cikin 2017. Shahararren mawaƙin pop na Pakistan kuma mai fafutukar siyasa na hagu Jawad Ahmad ya kafa wannan jam'iyya tare da sauran ma'aikatan siyasa na hagu. a cikin babban zabe na 2018, Jawad Ahmad ya yi takara da Imran Khan, Bilalwal Bhutto Zardari da Nawaz Sharif . A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci Barabri Party Pakistan ya zama sananne sosai a duk faɗin gundumar a matsayin adawa da dukkan jam'iyyun da ke mulki. A cikin 2024, Jam'iyyar Barabri ta Pakistan ta gabatar da 'yan takara 31 a Babban Zabe, kuma ta zama babbar jam'iyyar Hagu a Pakistan. 

 Tasiri a cikin al'adun gargajiya, wallafe-wallafen, zane-zane da kimiyya 
Hanyar hagu ta yi tasiri sosai ga Red cx-link" data-linkid="2054" href="./Literature_of_Pakistan" id="mwA28" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Literature of Pakistan">wallafe-wallafen, ayyukan kimiyya, zane-zane, da al'adun gargajiya. Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Anwar Maqsood, Habib Jalib, Aitzaz Ahsan, da Tina Sani, sun taimaka wajen tsara ra'ayoyin hagu a kasar. <i id="mwA3U">Laal</i> (lit. Red) ya sami yabo da shahara sosai don raira waƙoƙin siyasa na gurguzu, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tattara mutane don tallafawa sake dawo da Babban Alkalin Iftikhar Chaudhry a cikin 2007.

A cikin shekara ta 2012, aikin kimiyya na masanin kimiyya, Munir Ahmad Khan, Gwamnati ta amince da shi a fili bayan ya ba Munir Khan kyautar Nishan-e-Imtiaz saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyya a matsayin alamar farfado da siyasa. An karɓi aikin wallafe-wallafen Tariq Ali a cikin marubuta da wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai. Mawallafinsa, The Leopard and The Fox, an fara shi ne a New York a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007 sannan daga baya a Majalisar Fasaha ta Karachi a shekara ta 2010.

 Jam'iyyun da kungiyoyi 

 Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Pakistan (1948-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan (1967-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Mazdoor Kisan (1968-yanzu) 
 Awami Tahreek (1970-yanzu) 
 Yakin Pakistan (1980-ya zuwa yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Awami ta Kasa (1986-yanzu) 
 Pakistan Awami Tehreek (1989-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami (1989-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Kasa ta Balochistan (Mengal)  (1996-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan (Shaheed Bhutto)  (1997-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Pakistan (Thaheem)  (2002-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Pakistan (2002-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Hazara Democratic Party (2003-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Kasa (2003-yanzu) 
 Ƙungiyar Socialist ta Pakistan (2004-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Jamhuriyar Baloch (2008-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Qaumi Watan (2012-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Awami (2012-yanzu) 
 Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa (2013-yanzu) 
 Ma'aikatan Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan (2014-yanzu) 
 Barabri Party Pakistan (2017-yanzu) 
 Hagu na Jam'iyyar Democrat (2017-yanzu) 
 Jam'iyyar Haqooq-e-Khalq (2022-yanzu) 

 Tsohon 

 Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan (1885-1975) 
 Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Pakistan (1948-1958) 
 Ganatantri Dal (1953-1957) 
 Jam'iyyar Labour ta Pakistan (1986-2012) 
 Sindh National Front (1989-2017) 
 Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci Mazdoor Kissan (1995-2015) 
 Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Kasa (1999-2010) 
 Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan (2012-2015) 
 Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Pakistan (2010-2012) 

 Dubi kuma 

 Tsattsauran ra'ayi a Pakistan
 Feudalism a Pakistan
 Rashin son addini a Pakistan
 Dimokuradiyya a Pakistan
 Musulunci a Pakistan

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Ƙarin karantawa 



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