Sumangali (aikin yara)

Sumangali wani nau'i ne na aikin yara wanda, kodayake an haramta shi, ana yin sa a Indiya, musamman Masana'antar masana'antu a Tamil Nadu. An kwatanta shi da fataucin mutane mai laushi,  wani nau'i mara bayyane na fataucin mutum. A cikin makircin, an hayar yarinya a kan kwangila na shekaru uku zuwa biyar, a lokacin da take samun albashi, kuma bayan haka ana biyan ta kuɗi mai yawa don biyan sadaki. An ce ya samo asali ne a Coimbatore a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.

An kuma san makircin da makircin Sumungali, Sumungali Thittam, makircin Suba Mangala, makirci na Subha Mangala, Mangalya Thittam. Thirumangalam thiruman thittam, shirin aure, da tsarin coolie na sansanin. Kalmar Sumangali tana nufin "mace mai aure"  ko "mace da ta yi aure da farin ciki" a cikin Tamil. Yana nufin "yarinya marar aure ta zama mace mai daraja ta hanyar aure". 

 Samun ma'aikata 
Wani mai daukar ma'aikata ya ziyarci gidajen matasa mata masu aiki kuma ya tattauna da yarinyar da iyayenta game da fa'idodin aikin Sumangali. Yawancin 'yan mata da aka yi niyya sun fito ne daga iyalai matalauta,  kuma yawanci tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 18.  Fa'idodin da aka bayar na iya haɗawa da abinci uku a rana, sanyaya iska, tafkin yin iyo, da fina-finai kyauta, duk suna samuwa a ɗakin kwana na ma'aikaci. Hakanan suna iya ba da kyautar da za a biya a ƙarshen kwangilar. Ana biyan mai daukar ma'aikata kwamiti ga kowane yarinya da masana'antar masana'antu ta hayar. Ana ɗaukar wasu 'yan mata ba tare da yardar iyayensu ba.

Fiye da kashi 80 cikin dari na masu shiga aiki ana hayar su don aiki a cikin ma'adanai. Sauran suna aiki a masana'antar tufafi.

 Ayyuka 
Da zarar an hayar su a kan kwangila, 'yan mata suna ƙaura zuwa wani fili mai sarrafawa, kuma ana horar da su don ayyukansu a matsayin Masu koyo. Ana kiyaye mahadi a karkashin sa ido, kuma ba a yarda 'yan mata su tafi ba kuma ba su da wata alaka da iyalansu. Ana buƙatar 'yan mata su yi aiki na dogon lokaci a masana'antun hayaniya, ana cin zarafin baki da na jiki, kuma ana biyan su albashi mai ƙarancin albashi. Ana sa ran 'yan mata za su yi aiki na sa'o'i 12 kwana shida a mako, kuma wani lokacin ƙarin sauye-sauyen dare ko karin lokaci.

Manufar fili shine don hana hulɗa tsakanin 'yan mata da masu gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar, da kuma kula da ayyukan ma'aikata. Don barin fili a lokacin aikinsu, dole ne mai kula da su ya kasance tare da su. An ba 'yan matan damar ziyartar iyalansu a lokacin Diwali da Thai Pongal. A cewar Taron Jama'ar Tirupur, mahadi suna da datti da ƙura, kuma ana iya sake gina su, kamar ɗakunan kaji.

Wasu ma'aikata a cikin wannan masana'antar na iya buƙatar 'yan mata suyi aiki aƙalla kwanaki 26 a wata, kuma su cire daga albashinsu rupees goma sha biyar a kowace rana don rasa rana ɗaya. Albashi na farawa shine rupees 34 a rana, yana ƙaruwa da rupees 2 a kowace rana kowane watanni shida  zuwa matsakaicin rupees 45 a kowace rana. Daga wannan albashi, ma'aikaci yana ragewa don zama da abinci a fili,  yawanci 450-550 rupees a kowane wata. 

An kuma cire kyautar da aka yi musu alkawari daga albashinsu, wani nau'i na Bautar bashi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Indiya tun 1976,  kuma zai zama wani ɓangare na sadaki,  ba bisa ka-ida ba a India tun 1961. 'Yan mata kalilan ne suka sami kyautar,  saboda yawancin sun ji rauni ko rashin lafiya kuma an kore su,  ko kuma kawai sun lalace kuma sun bar. Yawancin waɗanda ke kusantar lokacin aiki don kyautar ana "yi musu aiki don wasu hujja ko wani",  kamar su tuntuɓar masu gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar.   Yayinda ake ɗaukar 'yan mata masu koyo, masana'antun suna lissafin albashin' yan mata dangane da dokokin mafi ƙarancin albashi a matsayin albashi na kwangila da kari na gaba.

 Yunkurin fafutuka 
A cewar Terre des hommes da sauran Kungiyoyin jin kai, wannan makircin yana ba da damar cin zarafin 'yan mata, wasu daga cikinsu ana doke su, suna fama da yunwa, ko kuma ana cin zarafin su. Hadarin da ya haifar da amfani da kayan aiki masu tsufa ko marasa kulawa sun zama ruwan dare, yawanci suna haifar da yankan yatsunsu ko hannayensu, kuma wani lokacin yankewa. Akwai yawan kashe kansa tsakanin ma'aikatan Sumangali.

Ya zuwa 2013, kimanin 'yan mata 120,000 da matasa mata an hayar su a karkashin tsarin Sumangali. Yakin da aka yi wa Shirin Sumangali ya fara ne a Tirunelveli kuma ya ƙare a Tirupur a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2012. An gudanar da shi ne don wayar da kan jama'a tsakanin matalauta da za a iya amfani da su ta hanyar makircin. Saboda masana'antar tufafi tana buƙatar ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa, sau da yawa akwai ɗan damar haɓaka ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa na mutum, kuma 'yan mata sun zama ma'aikata "marasa amfani".

An bayyana shirin Sumangali a matsayin sakamako na gefe na dokokin aikin yara a Indiya wanda ke hana daukar yara kasa da shekaru goma sha biyar. A sakamakon haka, an sami karuwar aikin matasa tsakanin shekaru goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas.

A cikin rahoton Fahimtar Halaye na Shirin Sumangali a cikin Masana'antar Masana'antu da Kayan Kasuwanci ta Tamil Nadu, Kungiyar Kwadago ta lissafa batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi shirin Sumangali: 

 rashin kwangilar aiki da aka rubuta
 'yan mata da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin masu koyo, sun biya su kyauta maimakon albashi
 ma'ana da kuma buƙata ragewa
 babu biyan kuɗi na kamfanin don Asusun Gudanarwa ko Inshorar Ma'aikataInshorar Jiha ta Ma'aikata
 kadan ko babu horo, wanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya da tsaro
 aiki mai tsawo, sau da yawa awanni 12
 tilastawa karin lokaci da tsawaita aikin canji
 nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi don albashi; ana biyan yara maza da maza fiye da aiki daidai
 yawanci ana fuskantar cin zarafin baki
 ba a yawan cin zarafin jiki ko cin zarafin jima'i
 tilasta aiki da bautar bashi

 Halin da ake ciki 
Some fashion design houses that source textiles from Tamil Nadu, or from suppliers that do so, have taken action regarding the scheme. C&amp;A suspended one of its supplier accounts it had determined was practicing the Sumangali scheme, and later closed it when the supplier would not terminate the practice. It also stated that Sumangali work had shifted to "earlier parts of the textile chain", especially spinning mills outside the purview of their auditors. It has also joined a Terre des hommes project and is part of the Brands Ethical Working Group. Ted Baker issued a press release stating it was not aware of any Sumangali work within its supply chain, but that it could "play an important role in condemning practices like these". It joined with other brands in support of Anti-Slavery International and the Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO).        Wasu gidajen zane-zane na zamani waɗanda ke samun masana'antu daga Tamil Nadu, ko kuma daga masu samar da kayan aiki da ke yin hakan, sun ɗauki mataki game da makircin. C&A ta dakatar da daya daga cikin asusun masu samar da ita da ta yanke shawarar yin shirin Sumangali, kuma daga baya ta rufe shi lokacin da mai samarwa ba zai dakatar da aikin ba. Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa aikin Sumangali ya sauya zuwa " sassan farko na sarkar masana'antu",  musamman ma'adanai masu juyawa a waje da ikon masu binciken su. Har ila yau, ya shiga aikin Terre des hommes kuma yana daga cikin ƙungiyar Brands Ethical Working Group. Ted Baker ya fitar da Sanarwar manema labarai yana mai cewa bai san wani aikin Sumangali ba a cikin jerin kayayyaki, amma zai iya "yi muhimmiyar rawa wajen hukunta ayyukan kamar waɗannan". Ya haɗu da wasu alamomi don tallafawa Anti-Slavery International da Cibiyar Bincike kan Kamfanoni na Ƙungiyoyi (SOMO). 

Kamfanonin ASOS.com, Bestseller, C&A, Cortefiel, H&amp;M, Mothercare, Next plc, Primark, da Tesco sun fitar da sanarwar manema labarai da ke Allah wadai da aikin, kuma suna bayyana cewa za a buƙaci masu samar da su "bayyana, a bayyane, ayyukan aiki masu gamsarwa da yanayin aiki". Wadannan kamfanoni an gano su a cikin rahotanni da yawa da ke sukar ayyukan su na samar da kayayyaki, kamar yadda na Asda (da mai shi Walmart), Diesel, Inditex, Old Navy (da mai mallakar Gap Inc.), Marks &amp; Spencer, s.Oliver, The Timberland Company, da Tommy Hilfiger Corporation suka kasance.

 Dubi kuma 

 Tsarin kabilanci a Indiya

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba