Rushewar bakin teku a Yorkshire

rushewa bakin teku a Yorkshire tsari ne wanda aka rubuta tun zamanin Roman. An san yawan lalacewa a bakin tekun Holderness mafi muni a cikin Turai, tare da gabar tekun Gabas (da Norfolk) da ke da mafi yawan kadarorin da ke cikin haɗari a Ingila. Kusan ƙauyuka 30 a bakin tekun Holderness sun ɓace zuwa teku, tare da ƙarin da ke fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa da asarar da aka kara da ƙaruwa ta hanyar hasashen hauhawar matakin teku wanda Canjin yanayi ya haifar. Saboda iyakantaccen kariya daga tasirin tasowa a cikin Humber Estuary, yankin yana da Mai Girma darajar kadarorin da ke cikin haɗari daga ambaliyar ruwa fiye da ko'ina a Ingila.

 Tarihi 
Yankin bakin Tea Holderness ya ƙunshi dutsen yumbu marasa kariya waɗanda aka yi musu mummunar lalacewa daga teku. Cikakken bincike ya nuna cewa yawancin kayan da suka ɓace daga Holderness an kwashe su  tekun don a ajiye su a kan Spurn Head .  An kiyasta cewa tun zamanin Roman, akalla ƙauyuka 30 sun wanke ta hanyar aikin teku, tare da yumɓu na dutse na Holderness Coast yana da saukin kamuwa da rushewa. An daɗe ana amince da rushewar bakin teku a bakin tekun Yorkshire; garin Ravenser Odd, wanda ke kudu da gabashin Spurn Head na yanzu, an wanke shi da yawa daga manyan raƙuman ruwa da kumbura na teku a cikin karni na 14,  hasken wuta a Withernsea, wanda aka gina a 1892, yana da nisan kilomita 0.48 (0.3  a cikin ƙasa saboda ƙasar da ke bakin tekun yana da yashi kuma yana ci gaba da lalacewa,  kuma wani littafi da aka buga a 1912, The Lost Towns of the Yorkshire Coast, ya kiyasta cewa yana lalata mita 2.1 . Koyaya, cikakken binciken taswirar ya nuna cewa tsakanin 1852 da 1952, adadin ya kasance a ƙaramin asarar mita 1.2 (3 ft 11 in) a matsakaici kowace shekara. [bayanin kula 1] Duwatsu masu wuya na bakin tekun Arewacin Yorkshire (an kimanta tsakanin bakin Tees da Ravenscar), sun koma baya a asarar mita 0.04 (1.6 in) a wannan lokacin. 

Gidaje a bakin tekun Arewacin Yorkshire sun ɓace zuwa teku; babbar hanyar zuwa ƙauyen Robin Hood's Bay ta ɓace a cikin 1780, kuma yawancin ƙauyen Kettleness sun ɓace a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1829. A cikin farkon karni na 20, har yanzu ana rasa gidaje a cikin teku a Robin Hood's Bay; wani labari daga 1946 ya ba da labarin wata mace da ke zaune zuwa shayi a cikin ɗakinta na gaba (da ke fuskantar yamma zuwa gefen ƙasa), da kuma wasu sassan bayan gidanta suna zamewa  cikin teku Ƙarin asarar ya sa majalisa ta gina ganuwar teku wacce ke da tsawon mita 500, da kuma mita 40 (12 , wanda ya kai £ 578,000 (daidai da £ 6,124,000 a 2023).  Koyaya, asarar a Kettleness ya kasance a wani bangare saboda dutsen alum a bakin tekun da ke ƙasa da ƙauyen dutsen. Whitby a tarihi ya sha wahala daga rushewar bakin teku, musamman a gefen dutsen da Ikilisiyar St Mary, wanda ke nufin cewa wasu daga cikin kaburbura a cikin cocin sun ɓace zuwa teku.
Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2002 ya nuna cewa hauhawar matakin teku  tekun Yorkshire na iya zama a ko'ina tsakanin 15 centimeters (5.9 in) da 75 centimeters (30 in) ta hanyar 2080. Koyaya, tsari da aka sani da daidaitawar isostatic, yana nufin cewa lokacin da kankara ta narke, rabin saman Ingila zai tashi sama, kuma kudancin ya sauka. A sakamakon haka, za a sami ƙananan yankuna masu haɗari a arewacin Arewacin Yorkshire fiye da Gabashin Riding na Yorkshire. Layin iyaka tsakanin ƙasashe masu ɗorewa da waɗanda ke tasowa an ce suna gudana tare da kwarin Tees.

Matsakaicin shekara-shekara na  in) hauhawar matakin teku ya kasance al'ada tare da daidaitawar isostatic, amma haɗe da hauhawar matakan teku saboda dumama na duniya, wannan matsakaicin shekara na shekara-sheko ana sa ran ya kasance kusa da 8-millimetre (1.31 in).   2022, babban zartarwa na Hukumar Muhalli, Sir James Bevan, ya ba da shawarar cewa ga al'ummomin bakin teku, kamar waɗanda ke zaune a gabar tekun Gabas (Holderness), ƙaura zai zama zaɓi ɗaya idan aka kwatanta da wuraren da  haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa, inda za'a iya ɗaukar wasu matakan kariya. Manufar rushewar bakin teku ita ce ta ba da damar duk matakai na halitta su ci gaba kamar yadda suke, kuma kawai mayar da hankali ga matakan rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa kamar ganuwar teku da tsaron rairayin bakin teku, a kan garuruwan da ke akwai kamar Bridlington, Hornsea da Withernsea. An ce bakin tekun Holderness yana rushewa a cikin mita 120 (390  a kowace ƙarni saboda yanayin yanayin ƙasa, yayin da bakin tekun Arewacin Yorkshire tsakanin Whitby da Redcar an kiyasta cewa yana janyewa a cikin kimanin mita 9 (30  a kowane ƙarni.

 Yankunan da abin ya shafa 
Hawan matakan teku zai kara matsalolin rushewar bakin teku ta hanyar 2100, tare da wasu kimantawa da ke nuna cewa yawan rushewar gabar teku zai karu da tsakanin sau uku zuwa bakwai na farkon karni na 21 na rushewa. Mafi yawa, hauhawar matakan teku zai shafi al'ummomin bakin teku, amma kuma duk wani yanki mai ƙasƙanci kusa da manyan koguna da koguna. Gabashin Gabas na Yorkshire zai sha wahala sosai, kuma yawan lalacewar bakin teku zai karu saboda hauhawar matakin teku. Birnin Hull wani kwandon da ruwan kasa, ruwan sama da raƙuman ruwa zasu iya shafar shi: a cikin 2018, an kiyasta cewa kashi 90% na Hull yana ƙasa da layin hawan ruwa. Hull na biyu ne kawai a London a cikin biranen Burtaniya da ke cikin haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa, kuma kashi 2% ne kawai na ƙasar a Hull an dauke su ba su cikin haɗarin Ambaliyar ruwa ba. Kamar yadda Humber Estuary ba shi da kariya ko babu kariya daga teku (ba kamar London wanda ke da Thames Barrier ba), yankin Yorkshire da Humber suna da mafi yawan kadarori a Ingila a cikin haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ko mamayewa da teku. Wani barazanar, wanda aka sani da "Coastal Squeeze", zai haifar da asarar yawancin mudflats waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga namun daji. Tsarin ra'ayin mazan jiya da kimantawa sun nuna cewa har zuwa kashi 7% na yankunan da ke cikin ruwa na Humber Estuary na iya ɓacewa nan da shekara ta 2050.

Kimanin gidaje 195 a bakin tekun East Yorkshire ana sa ran za su kasance cikin haɗarin rasawa cikin teku a shekara ta 2105, tare da 18 daga cikin waɗanda ke cikin barazana a shekara ta 2025. Yankin bakin teku da tsaunuka a bakin tekun Holderness, musamman tsakanin Bridlington da Withernsea, an san su ne a kan iyakar bakin teku mafi sauri a Turai. Tare da Norfolk Coast, Gabashin Riding na Yorkshire yana da mafi yawan gidaje da ke cikin haɗari saboda lalacewar bakin teku a Ingila.   Koyaya, ba tare da hauhawar matakan teku da tasirin canjin yanayi ba, bakin tekun Yorkshire, musamman Holderness Coast, za su shafi hanyoyin halitta na raƙuman ruwa, iskõki da raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa waɗanda za su lalace kuma su sake rarraba turɓaya a wasu wurare. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun wurare wanda ake sa ran zai ɓace zuwa teku shine Skipsea; yayin da aka samar da wasu wurare a bakin tekun tare da tsaron teku, Skipsea ba ta da, kuma bakin tekun da ke can ya rushe sama da mita 9 (30  a cikin 2019 kadai saboda guguwa.

Tsohon filin bama-bamai na RAF a Cowden ya kasance matsala yayin da rushewar ke ci gaba da nuna kayan da ba a fashe ba, tare da mutane da aka gargadi su nisanta daga abubuwan da aka samu a bakin rairayin bakin teku. Wannan yanki zai kasance a kan iyaka saboda haɗari, kuma za a motsa hanyar Ingila ta bakin teku daga bakin teku a wannan lokacin. An inganta aikin kula da ruwa na Hollym a cikin 1991, kuma a wannan lokacin, yana da mita 168 (551 daga bakin teku, zuwa 2018, yana da mita 40 kawai (130 daga gabar teku. An matsa shi zuwa cikin ƙasa a cikin 2020. The National Coastal Erosion Risk Mapping (NCERM) dataset na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ya lissafa ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka masu yawa da ke cikin haɗari daga ambaliyar ruwa ko rushewa cikin teku a Gabashin Riding na Yorkshire da 2100.

Ba za a shafi yankuna da yawa a Arewacin Yorkshire ba sai dai Runswick Bay,  da kuma Kogin Esk da ke cikin ƙasa a Whitby. Ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da ake nazarin su don yiwuwar rushewa saboda tasowa na jihohin teku, shine Scalby a Arewacin Yorkshire. Duk da kasancewa bakin teku mai duwatsu da tsaunuka, an yi hasashen asarar a Scalby ya kai mita 22 (72  a cikin shekaru 80 tsakanin 2020 da 2100.

 Tsaro na teku 
Wasu daga cikin garuruwa da ƙauyuka a bakin tekun Yorkshire an ba su kariya daga Tekun Arewa, ko dai a cikin nau'in groynes (yawanci kafin karni na 20), breakwaters, ganuwar teku na kankare ko makamai na dutse. Yankin Holderness ya kai kilomita 85 (53 , wanda ba a kare kilomita 73 (45 , tare da sauran kilomita 12 (7.5  cakuda tsaro na jama'a da masu zaman kansu. A cikin 2020, an yi amfani da tan 63,000 (69,000 ton) na makamai na dutse don kare A1033 da hanyoyi a kudancin Withernsea. Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa wasu tsaron tare daga gine-ginen kankare da suka rage daga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kamar tsaron da aka yi wa sojojin mamayewa ta amfani da tankuna.

Wata yiwuwar barazana ga tsaro ita ce daga raguwar matakin teku. Halin yiwuwar narkewar kankara a Arewacin Atlantic na iya haifar da sanyaya teku, kuma ya shafi tsarin yaduwar thermohaline, musamman a cikin yanayin United Kingdom, Gulf Stream. Wannan tsarin ruwa mai sanyi na iya haifar da ƙananan matakan teku, kuma yayin da tsaron teku ke cikin haɗarin kasancewa da hawan teku, ƙananan matakin teku na iya aiki a tushe na tsaron teku kuma ya sa su kasa ko rushe.

 Gidajen da suka ɓace 

 Manazarta 

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