Tsarin girgizar ƙasa

Tsarin girgizar ƙasa yana nufin abin da ya faru cewa girgizar kasa tana faruwa akai-akai akan wannan Kuskuren sakamakon ci gaba da tarawa da kuma sakin damuwa na lokaci-lokaci. Tsarin girgizar ƙasa na iya faruwa a kan kuskuren da suka hada da yankuna da kuskuren nahiyar. Dangane da girman girgizar ƙasa, sake zagayowar girgizar ƙasa na iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa, ƙarni, ko fiye.  https://www.rfi.fr/ha/duniya/20230208-jerin-manyan-girgizar-kasa-da-aka-yi-a-duniyaYankin Parkfield na Kuskuren San Andreas sanannen misali ne inda aka yi rikodin girgizar ƙasa ta M6.0 a kowane shekaru 30-40.

 Ka'idar 
Bayan Harry F. Reid ya gabatar da ka'idar tashin hankali a cikin 1910 bisa ga rikodin fashewar ƙasa daga girgizar ƙasa ta San Francisco ta 1906, kuma bayanan da aka tara sun nuna ci gaba da damuwa daga motsi na farantin, ka'idar sake fashewar girgizar kasa ta "cyclic" ta fara samuwa a ƙarshen karni na ashirin.

 Tattara damuwa da sake dawowa 
Ka'idar sake zagayowar girgizar ƙasa ta haɗu da ra'ayin damuwa da ka'idar juyawa. Za'a iya raba cikakken zagaye na girgizar ƙasa zuwa lokutan interseismic, preseismic, coseismic da postseismic. A lokacin interseismic, damuwa tana tarawa a kan kuskuren da aka kulle saboda motsi na farantin.Kanamori, Hiroo; Brodsky, Emily E (2004-07-13). "The physics of earthquakes". Reports on Progress in Physics. 67 (8): 1429–1496. Bibcode:2004RPPh...67.1429K. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/67/8/r03. ISSN 0034-4885. S2CID 250877470. A cikin lokacin pre-seismic, wannan damuwa tana gabatowa da iyakar fashewa, kuma wasu abubuwan da ke gaban girgizar ƙasa na iya faruwa. Lokacin da wannan damuwa a ƙarshe ta wuce iyakar fashewa, kuskuren zai fara motsawa kuma bangarorin biyu za su sake komawa matsayinsu na baya, suna sakin damuwa da suka tara ta hanyar girgizar ƙasa. A lokacin bayan girgizar ƙasa, shakatawa na sauran sassan kuskuren da aka haifar da damuwa na sake rarraba na iya haifar da bayan girgizo. Saboda motsi na farantin Duniya koyaushe yana jaddada kurakurai, wannan sake zagayowar zai iya maimaitawa.

 Tsarin mai hawa na bazara 
Samfurin haɗaɗɗiyar slider mai sauƙi na bazara yana taimakawa bayyana maimaita sake zagayowar girgizar ƙasa.  Jigon shi ne cewa shingen da ke tsaye yana hulɗa da ƙasa maras kyau yana jan wani marmaro wanda ke jan shi a tsayin daka.  Wannan tsari yana haifar da damuwa don ci gaba da tarawa akan bazara.  Da zarar ƙarfin ja ya wuce madaidaicin juzu'i f(0), toshe zai zame tare da saman ƙasa.[l] Idan aka ɗauka cewa juzu'in kinematic ya fi ƙanƙara, motsi na farko na toshe ba shi da kwanciyar hankali, wanda yayi daidai da fashewar kuskure.  Da zarar toshe ya zo ya huta a sabon wuri, damuwa zai sake tarawa.  Haɗaɗɗen tsarin ƙirar bazara-slider sun yi nasarar haifar da Dokar Gutenberg-Richter.

 Rarrabawar iri-iri 
Kodayake samfuran sauƙin sake dawowar girgizar ƙasa suna da cikakkiyar tsinkaya, abubuwa da yawa na duniya na ainihi na iya canza tsawon sake zagayowar, gami da tarawar damuwa mara daidaituwa, ƙarfinsa ɓawon burodi mai canza lokaci, da ƙaurawar ruwa.Kanamori, Hiroo; Brodsky, Emily E (2004-07-13). "The physics of earthquakes". Reports on Progress in Physics. 67 (8): 1429–1496. Bibcode:2004RPPh...67.1429K. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/67/8/r03. ISSN 0034-4885. S2CID 250877470. A karkashin yanayi daban-daban, za'a iya sakin damuwa ta hanyar fashewa da sauri, jinkirin raguwa, ko girgizar ƙasa. Fahimtar rashin daidaito na waɗannan nau'ikan zamewa daban-daban yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar sake zagayowar girgizar ƙasa.

 Abubuwan da aka lura 
Ya zuwa yanzu, an yi rikodin cikakken girgizar ƙasa, kuma bayanan geodetic da geology sun zama mahimman tushe don nazarin matakai daban-daban a cikin girgizar ƙasar.

 Ma'auni na geodetic 
Ma'aunin Geodetic i kayan aiki ne masu mahimmanci don tabbatar da tarin damuwa na tsaka-tsakin yanayi da sake rarraba damuwa a matakin girgizar ƙasa.  Misali, bayanan GPS da aka tattara a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata sun nuna ci gaba da tarawa ga tsarin kuskuren San Andreas] da kuma ci gaba da ɗorawa saman faranti na yankin Nankai subduction zone wanda ya haifar da tarin damuwa.  An gano jinkirin zamewa da zamewa a lokacin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsakanin bangarorin biyu da kurakuran nahiyoyi ta hanyar ma'aunin GPS da InSAR..Avouac, Jean-Philippe (2015-05-30). "From Geodetic Imaging of Seismic and Aseismic Fault Slip to Dynamic Modeling of the Seismic Cycle". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 43 (1): 233–271. Bibcode:2015AREPS..43..233A. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105302. ISSN 0084-6597.

 Shaidar ilimin ƙasa 
Binciken ilimin ƙasa wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don gano daɗaɗɗen girgizar ƙasa.  Matsaloli da yawa na tashoshi rafi a fadin Laifin San Andreas a Wallace creek akan Carrizo Plain shine tabbataccen shaida na maimaita fashewar kuskure.  Da zarar girgizar kasa ta faru, an yanke rafin da ke kan laifin, barin tashar tasha ta watsar, kuma an samar da sabon tasha.  An gano jerin tashoshi da aka yi watsi da su kuma an yi imanin ragowar zagayowar girgizar ƙasa da yawa ne.  Rubuce-rubucen najasa wata maɓalli ce ta gano tsoffin girgizar asa.  Misalai su ne bayanan da aka ɗauka a bakin teku na Muroto kusa da yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasan Nankai, wanda ya haifar da girgizar ƙasa mai maimaita ta megathrust tsawon ƙarni da yawa;  Rikodin tashin teku da tsunami a kusa da gefen subduction na Hikurangi, wanda ya haifar da girgizar ƙasa mai yuwuwa 10 a cikin shekaru 7000 da suka gabata;  An gano girgizar kasa guda uku da aka maimaita a Mongoliya a cikin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata daga koma baya da kuma girma.

 Tsarin kuskuren ƙarfi 
Fiye da rikitarwa fiye da samfurin bazara, ƙirar ƙira na fashewar kuskure bisa ga tsarin tsarin mulki (kamar dokar ƙimar-da-jiha da ƙididdigar sassauci) ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin nazarin sake girgizar ƙasa. Tsarin kuskuren ƙarfi yana ba mu damar bincika rawar da sigogi daban-daban na kuskuren a cikin halayyar tsagewa Barbot, Sylvain (2019-10-05). "Slow-slip, slow earthquakes, period-two cycles, full and partial ruptures, and deterministic chaos in a single asperity fault". Tectonophysics. 768: 228171. Bibcode:2019Tectp.76828171B. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2019.228171. ISSN 0040-1951. S2CID 202197354. kuma yana haifar da abubuwan lura da yawa na girgizar ƙasa. Avouac, Jean-Philippe (2015-05-30). "From Geodetic Imaging of Seismic and Aseismic Fault Slip to Dynamic Modeling of the Seismic Cycle". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 43 (1): 233–271. Bibcode:2015AREPS..43..233A. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105302. ISSN 0084-6597.

 Dokar rikice-rikice na ƙimar da jihar 
Ana amfani da dokar rikice-rikice ta kudi da jihar a ko'ina a cikin samfuran kuskuren ƙididdiga Avouac, Jean-Philippe (2015-05-30). "From Geodetic Imaging of Seismic and Aseismic Fault Slip to Dynamic Modeling of the Seismic Cycle". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 43 (1): 233–271. Bibcode:2015AREPS..43..233A. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105302. ISSN 0084-6597. Barbot, Sylvain (2019-10-05). "Slow-slip, slow earthquakes, period-two cycles, full and partial ruptures, and deterministic chaos in a single asperity fault". Tectonophysics. 768: 228171. Bibcode:2019Tectp.76828171B. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2019.228171. ISSN 0040-1951. S2CID 202197354. kuma yana da tasiri sosai ga fasalulluka masu yuwuwa. Dokar rikice-rikice ta kudi da jihar ta ɗauka cewa ma'aunin rikice-rikicen aiki ne na saurin zamewa (ƙimar) da yanayin tsarin (jiha).    A cikin dokar rikice-rikice-da-jiha, ma'aunin rikice-rikicen yana ƙaruwa lokacin da saurin zamewa ya ƙaru kwatsam sannan a hankali ya ragu don isa sabon darajar. Dangantakar rikice-rikice ta hanyar saiti na abubuwan da suka hada da kunnawar zafi, ainihin yankin lamba (a sikelin atom), da tasirin Haɗin kwayoyin.

 Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan 
Tsarin kuskuren ƙarfi yana taimakawa wajen bayyana hanyoyin da ke haifar da girgizar ƙasa. Dangane da dokar rikice-rikice na kudi da jiha, an gano canja wurin daga Abubuwan da suka faru a hankali zuwa girgizar ƙasa mai saurin fashewa da ke da alaƙa da sigogi na geometric da elastic na yankin kuskure.Barbot, Sylvain (2019-10-05). "Slow-slip, slow earthquakes, period-two cycles, full and partial ruptures, and deterministic chaos in a single asperity fault". Tectonophysics. 768: 228171. Bibcode:2019Tectp.76828171B. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2019.228171. ISSN 0040-1951. S2CID 202197354. Tsarin ƙididdiga mai sauri wanda ke sauƙaƙa canja wurin damuwa yana ba da damar sabbin samfuran ɗaukar tasirin filastik a cikin la'akari.Erickson, Brittany A.; Dunham, Eric M.; Khosravifar, Arash (2017-12-01). "A finite difference method for off-fault plasticity throughout the earthquake cycle". Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. 109: 50–77. Bibcode:2017JMPSo.109...50E. doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2017.08.002. ISSN 0022-5096. Koyaya, kwatanta samfuran kusan-dynamic tare da cikakkun samfuran ƙarfi na tsarin iri ɗaya ya nuna cewa tsarin ƙira yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan fasalulluka na sake girgizar ƙasa.

 Aikace-aikacen tsinkaya na girgizar ƙasa 
Kodayake masana kimiyya da yawa har yanzu suna kallon tsinkayen girgizar ƙasa a matsayin ƙalubale ko ba zai yiwu ba,  an daɗe ana tuntuɓar ka'idodin sake girgizar kasa da ƙira don samar da ƙimar hasashen haɗari. Misali, an yi amfani da samfuran ƙwarewa don yin hasashen yiwuwar manyan girgizar ƙasa da za su buge Yankin San Francisco Bay a nan gaba. Bugu da kari, masana kimiyya sun kafa cikakkiyar samfurin don ɓangaren Parkfield na San Andreas Fault. Wannan samfurin ya sami nasarar sake haifar da cikakken girgizar ƙasa wanda ya dace da rikodin girgizar kasa na rabin ƙarni da ya gabata kuma yana nuna alkawari ga tsinkayen girgizar ƙasar nan gaba.Barbot, Sylvain; Lapusta, Nadia; Avouac, Jean-Philippe (2012-05-11). "Under the Hood of the Earthquake Machine: Toward Predictive Modeling of the Seismic Cycle". Science. 336 (6082): 707–710. Bibcode:2012Sci...336..707B. doi:10.1126/science.1218796. PMID 22582259. S2CID 21183948.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba