Laifin kiyayya

Ya kamata a bambanta laifuffukan ƙiyayya da tashin hankali na ƙiyayya, ko abubuwan ƙiyayya, waɗanda ba lallai ba ne a yi musu laifiGavrielides, Theo (2012-12-01). "Contextualizing Restorative Justice for Hate Crime". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 27 (18): 3624–3643. doi:10.1177/0886260512447575. ISSN 0886-2605. PMID 22645026. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na iya haɗawa da kai hari ta jiki, kisan kai, lalata dukiya, cin zarafi, cin zarafi, cin zarafi (wanda ya haɗa da zagi) ko zagi, laifin abokin aure, ko rubutattun rubutu ko haruffa (wasiku na ƙiyayya)."Home Office | Hate crime". Archived from the original on 26 November 2005. Ayyukan da ba na laifi ba waɗanda waɗannan dalilai ke motsa su galibi ana kiran su da “abubuwan son zuciya”.

Misali, dokar aikata laifuka ta Amurka, Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI) ta bayyana laifin ƙiyayya a matsayin laifin gargajiya kamar kisan kai, konewa, ko ɓarna tare da ƙarin abin son zuciya. Kiyayya ita kanta ba laifin kiyayya ba ce, amma aikata wani laifi da ya haifar da son zuciya ga daya ko fiye daga cikin kungiyoyin zamantakewa da aka lissafa a sama, ko kuma nuna son kai ga abubuwan da suka gindaya ya zama laifin kiyayya[10]. Dokokin aikata laifukan ƙiyayya doka ce da aka yi niyya don hana tashin hankali na son zuciya[11]. Dokokin aikata laifukan ƙiyayya sun bambanta da dokokin yaƙi da kalaman ƙiyayya: dokokin laifukan ƙiyayya suna haɓaka hukunce-hukuncen da ke da alaƙa da aikatawa wanda ya riga ya zama laifi a ƙarƙashin wasu dokoki, yayin da dokokin kalaman ƙiyayya suka haramta wani nau'in magana. Kalaman ƙiyayya wani abu ne na haɓaka hukunci a Amurka, daban da dokokin da ke haramta magana.

 Tarihi 
Kalmar "ƙiyayya masu laifi" ta zama amfani gama gari a cikin Amurka yayin shekarun 1980, amma ana amfani da shi sau da yawa don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru kafin wannan zamanin. [12] Daga tsananta wa Kiristocin da na Nazi, laifuffukan ƙiyayya da mutane da mutane suka yi amfani da su tunda aka saba amfani da kalmar. [7] Babban ɓangare na ma'anar laifuka a matsayin laifukan ƙiyayya suna ƙudacewa cewa an aikata su akan membobin membobin ƙungiyoyi ƙungiya-ƙungiya. [13] [14]

A cikin ƙarni guda biyu da suka gabata, misalai na hali na ƙiyayya masu kiyayya a cikin Amurka, da lynching na Kiristocin da ke yamma; Giciye ƙone don tsoratar da baƙar fata don tsoratar da masu fafutuka masu baƙar fata ko fitar da iyalai baki ɗaya daga cikin yankuna fari yayin kuma bayan sake ginawa; Harin kai a kan Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da mutane transsider; zanen swastikas a kan majami'un Yahudawa; da amsoshin Xenophobic da yawa daga cikin kabilu kabilu. [15]

Verb "zuwa Lynch" an danganta shi da ayyukan Charles Lynch, Qargeria ta karbi na 18 da ta karni na 18. Lynch, sauran jami'an hakarnia, da kuma shari'awar zaman lafiya zagaye-zaman lafiya wadanda aka baiwa fitina ta a kotu ta ba da labari; Yanke jimlolin da aka mika sun hada da bulala, raunin dukiya, suka mamaye alkawuran biyayya, kuma suka yi biyayya da sojoji. Asali, kalmar da aka ambata game da tsari da aka tsara amma hukunci mara izini na masu laifi. Daga baya ya samo asali ne wajen bayyana hukuncin da aka yi a waje "adalci. Yana da alaƙa da fari mamakin Amurkawa a kudu, da lokacin rauni ko kuma rashin ƙarfi ko ikon ikonsa, kamar yadda a wasu yankunan yanki na Tsohon West. [7]

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