Ward Churchill

Ward LeRoy Churchill (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1947)  ɗan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne, marubuci, kuma tsohon masanin kimiyya. Ya kasance farfesa na Nazarin kabilanci a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder daga 1990 har zuwa 2007.  Yawancin ayyukan Churchill suna mai da hankali kan tarihin tarihin da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi wa Masu adawa da siyasa da 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, kuma yana nuna ra'ayoyin rikice-rikice a cikin salon kai tsaye, sau da yawa rikice-rikicen da kuma lalata. Duk da yake Churchill ya yi iƙirarin asalin ƙasar Amirka, Binciken asali ya kasa gano irin wannan kakannin, kuma ba sanannen memba ne na kowane kabila ba.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, rubutun Churchill na shekara ta 2001 "A kan Adalci na Chickens" ya sami kulawa. A cikin aikin, ya yi jayayya cewa Hare-haren Satumba 11 wani sakamako ne na halitta kuma ba za a iya gujewa ba na Manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba a ƙarshen rabin karni na 20; an san rubutun ne da amfani da kalmar "little Eichmanns" don bayyana "ƙungiyar fasaha" da ke aiki a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya. 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2005, Jami'ar Colorado ta fara binciken zargin cewa Churchill ya shiga cikin mummunar hali na bincike. An kori Churchill a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2007.  Churchill ya shigar da kara a kan Jami'ar Colorado saboda dakatar da aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, wani juri na Denver ya gano cewa an kori Churchill ba bisa ka'ida ba, ya ba shi $ 1 a cikin lalacewa. A watan Yulin 2009, duk da haka, wani alƙali na Kotun Gundumar ya bar kyautar kuɗi kuma ya ki amincewa da bukatar Churchill na ba da umarnin sake dawo da shi, yana riƙe da cewa jami'ar tana da "kusan kariya ta shari'a". Roƙon da Churchill ya yi game da wannan shawarar bai yi nasara ba.

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haifi Churchill a Urbana, Illinois, ga Jack LeRoy Churchill da Maralyn Lucretia Allen . Iyayensa sun sake aure kafin ya cika shekaru biyu. Ya girma a Elmwood, Illinois, inda ya halarci makarantun yankin.

A shekara ta 1966, an rubuta Churchill a cikin Sojojin Amurka. A cikin ci gaba na 1980, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararren masaniyar bayanai wanda "ya rubuta kuma ya shirya wasikar labarai kuma ya rubuta sakonnin labarai". 

A cikin wani bayanin martaba na 1987 a cikin Denver Post, Churchill ya yi iccirarin cewa sun halarci makarantar paratrooper kuma sun ba da kansu don watanni 10 a kan Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol a Vietnam. Churchill ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya kwashe lokaci a ofishin Chicago na Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), kuma ya ba da horo na bindigogi da fashewa ga membobin Weather Underground .  A shekara ta 2005, Denver Post ta ba da rahoton ƙirƙirawa a cikin rikodin sabis na Churchill. Fayilolin ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Tsaro sun nuna cewa an horar da Churchill a matsayin Mai nuna fim da direban mota mai sauƙi, amma ba su nuna makarantar paratrooper ko horo na LRRP ba.  

Churchill ya sami B.A. a cikin sadarwa ta fasaha a 1974 da MA a cikin Ka'idar sadarwa a 1975, duka daga Jami'ar Jihar Sangamon (yanzu Jami'ar Illinois a Springfield). 

 Ayyuka 

 Jami'ar Colorado Boulder 
A shekara ta 1978, Churchill ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder a Matsayi jami'in aiki a cikin gwamnatin jami'a. Ya kuma ba da lacca kan batutuwan da suka shafi 'Yan asalin Amurka a Amurka a cikin shirin Nazarin kabilanci. A cikin 1990, Jami'ar Colorado ta hayar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin farfesa, kodayake ba shi da digiri na ilimi da ake buƙata don matsayi. A shekara mai zuwa an ba shi aiki a sashen Sadarwa, ba tare da lokacin gwaji na shekaru shida ba, bayan da sassan zamantakewa da kimiyyar siyasa suka ƙi shi.

Churchill ya sami lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Humane Letters daga Jami'ar Alfred a shekarar 1992. 

A shekara ta 1994, shugaban kasar CU-Boulder James Corbridge ya ki daukar mataki kan zargin cewa Churchill yana da'awar zama dan Indiya, yana mai cewa "ko da yaushe manufofin jami'a ne cewa tseren mutum ko kabilanci yana tabbatar da kansa".

A shekara ta 1996, Churchill ya koma sabon Sashen Nazarin Kabilanci na Jami'ar Colorado. A shekara ta 1997, an kara shi zuwa cikakken farfesa. An zaba shi a matsayin shugaban sashen a watan Yunin shekara ta 2002.   Takardun da ke cikin fayil ɗin ma'aikatan jami'ar Churchill sun nuna cewa an ba Churchill damar zama a cikin "matsayi na musamman".

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, a lokacin jayayya game da maganganunsa na 9/11, Churchill ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban sashen nazarin kabilanci a Jami'ar Colorado - an shirya wa'adinsa a matsayin shugaban ya ƙare a watan Yunin wannan shekarar. 

A shekara ta 2005, Kwamitin Bincike na Bincike a Jami'ar Colorado ya gudanar da bincike na farko kan ko Churchill ya yi kuskuren wakiltar kabilinsa don "ƙara amintacce da karɓar jama'a ga karatun sa". Kwamitin ya kammala cewa zargin bai dace da ci gaba da bincike ba a karkashin ma'anar mummunar hali na bincike". Jami'ar ta ce ba ta hayar bisa kabilanci.

A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, an kori Churchill saboda rashin halin ilimi.

 Binciken rashin adalci na bincike 
Ingancin binciken Churchill ya kasance mai matukar damuwa daga masanin shari'a John LaVelle da masanin tarihi Guenter Lewy.   Ƙarin masu sukar sun kasance masanin zamantakewa Thomas Brown, wanda ke shirya wani labarin game da aikin Churchill; da masana tarihi R. G. Robertson da Russell Thornton, waɗanda suka ce Churchill ya ɓata aikin su.  

A shekara ta 2005, masu gudanarwa na Jami'ar Colorado Boulder sun ba da umarnin bincike kan zarge-zarge bakwai na rashin halin bincike a kan Churchill. Zarge-zargen sun haɗa da zarge-zarge uku na satar bayanai, zarge-jarge na ƙirƙirawa ko karya game da tarihin Dokar Dawes da Dokar Fasaha da Ayyuka ta Indiya ta 1990, da kuma zargin cewa John Smith ya yada kyanda da gangan ga 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin 1614 da kuma Sojojin Amurka a Fort Clark a cikin 1837.

A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2006, jami'ar ta fitar da binciken ta; Kwamitin Bincike ya kammala da cewa Churchill ya shiga cikin "mummunar mummunar mummuna ta bincike", gami da karya, ƙirƙirawa, da kwace. Kwamitin ya rabu a kan matakin da ya dace na takunkumi. Bayan ci gaba da tattaunawa daga hukumomin jami'a,   a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2007, masu kula da jami'a sun kada kuri'a bakwai zuwa biyu don tabbatar da duk binciken binciken da aka samu na rashin adalci. Regents sun jefa kuri'a takwas zuwa daya don korar Churchill.

Kashegari, Churchill ya shigar da kara a kotun jihar yana mai da'awar cewa korar ta kasance fansa saboda nuna ra'ayoyin da ba a yarda da su ba a siyasa. Masu juriya a cikin karar Churchill don sake dawowa sun auna ikirarin jami'ar na rashin halin ilimi ta hanyar umarnin juri da ta karɓa a cikin shari'ar. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2009, juriya ta gano cewa an kori Churchill ba daidai ba, kuma an ba shi $ 1 a cikin lalacewa. A ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, Alkalin Larry Naves ya gano cewa jami'ar na da damar samun kariya ta shari'a a matsayin al'amari na doka, ya bar hukuncin juriya, kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa jami'a ba ta bin Churchill wani diyya na kudi. Churchill ya daukaka kara, amma kwamitin alƙalai uku na Kotun daukaka kara ta Colorado da Kotun Koli ta Colorado sun tabbatar da shawarar Alkalin Naves.  A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2013, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ki sauraron shari'ar Churchill.  

 Rayuwa ta mutum 
A shekara ta 1977, Churchill ya fara zama tare da Dora-Lee Larson . Daga baya aka bayyana dangantakar a cikin takardun saki a matsayin auren doka. Larson ta nemi saki a shekarar 1984 kuma ta nemi a ɓoye adireshin ta saboda "tabbatar da ta gabata da barazanar" daga Churchill.

 Tsofaffi 
A shekara ta 2003, Churchill ya bayyana cewa, "Ni kaina ne na Muscogee da Creek a gefen mahaifina, Cherokee a kan mahaifiyata, kuma ni memba ne na United Keetoowah Band na Cherokee Indians. "  A shekara ta 1992, Churchill ya rubuta a wasu wurare cewa shi ne daya daga cikin takwas na Creek da daya daga cikin goma sha shida.  A shekara ta 1993, Churchill ya gaya wa Colorado Daily cewa "ya kasance daya daga cikin goma sha shida na Creek da Cherokee. "  Churchill ya gaya ka Denver Post a watan Fabrairun 2005 cewa shi ne uku daga cikin goma na Cherokee . 

Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, United Keetoowah Band ta maye gurbin sanarwa ta baya da wadannan: "Saboda Mista Churchill yana da bayanan asali game da kakanninsa da ake zargi", kuma saboda yana shirye "don taimakawa UKB wajen inganta kabilar da abubuwan da ke haifar da ita, an ba shi kyautar 'Associate Membership' a matsayin girmamawa". The Band ya bayyana cewa Churchill "ba ya cancanci zama memba na kabilanci saboda gaskiyar cewa ba shi da 'Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) ", kuma ya kara da cewa membobin haɗin gwiwa ba su ba da damar mutum ga haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ko yin rajista a cikin kabilar ba. Mai magana da yawun Band, Lisa Stopp, ya bayyana cewa kabilar ta yi rajista ne kawai da membobin da ke da takardar shaidar kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jinin Indiyawan Amurka. Yayinda United Keetoowah Band ta kada kuri'a don dakatar da bayar da membobin tarayya a cikin 1994,   Band ta nuna a cikin 2005 cewa Churchill har yanzu yana da membobin haɗin gwiwa.  

 Yunkurin fafutuka 
Churchill ya kasance jagora na zanga-zangar shekara-shekara ta Colorado AIM a Denver game da hutun Columbus Day da kuma fareti da ke tattare da shi.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947
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