Yanayin ƙasar Mauritania

Mauritania, ƙasa ce a Yankin Yammacin nahiyar Afirka, gabaɗaya tana da faɗi,  kasa, murabba'in kilomita 1,030,700 da ke samar da manyan filayen da aka rushe ta hanyar tuddai na lokaci-lokaci da tsaunuka masu kama da dutse. Mauritania ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a duniya da ke ƙasa da tsawo na mita 1,000 (3,300 . Yana da iyaka da Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa, tsakanin Senegal da Yammacin Sahara, Mali da Aljeriya. An dauke shi wani ɓangare na Sahel da Maghreb. Jerin tsaunuka suna fuskantar kudu maso yamma, suna rarraba waɗannan filayen a tsakiyar ƙasar. Har ila yau, tsaunuka sun raba jerin tsaunuka na sandstone, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Adrar Plateau, wanda ya kai tsawo na mita 500 ko ƙafa 1,640 . Oases da aka ciyar da su a lokacin bazara suna kwance a ƙarƙashin wasu daga cikin tsaunuka. Tushen da aka ware, sau da yawa masu wadata da ma'adanai, suna tashi sama da tsaunuka; ƙananan tsaunuka ana kiransu Guelbs kuma mafi girma Kedias. Guelb er Richat mai mahimmanci shine shahararren fasalin yankin arewa maso tsakiya. Kediet ej Jill, kusa da garin Zouîrât, yana da tsawo na mita 915 ko ƙafa 3,002 kuma shine mafi girman tudu.

Kimanin kashi uku cikin hudu na Mauritania hamada ce ko hamada. A sakamakon tsawo, mummunan fari, hamada tana fadada tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Filayen sannu a hankali suna sauka zuwa arewa maso gabas zuwa El Djouf, ko kuma "Kwurin da ba shi da komai," babban yanki na manyan yashi da ke haɗuwa cikin hamadar Sahara. A yamma, tsakanin teku da tsaunuka, akwai yankuna masu sauyawa na filayen laka (regs) da dunes na yashi (ergs), wasu daga cikinsu suna canzawa daga wuri zuwa wuri, sannu a hankali suna motsawa ta manyan iskõki. Yankin dunes yawanci yana ƙaruwa da girma da motsi zuwa arewa.

Belts na ciyayi na halitta, wanda ya dace da tsarin ruwan sama, ya shimfiɗa daga gabas zuwa yamma kuma ya kasance daga alamun gandun daji na wurare masu zafi tare da Kogin Senegal zuwa brush da savanna a kudu maso gabas. Ana samun hamada mai yashi ne kawai a tsakiya da arewacin kasar.

Yanayin yanayi yana da matsanancin zafin jiki da kuma ruwan sama mara kyau. Bambancin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara karami ne, kodayake bambancin rana na iya zama mai tsanani. Harmattan, iska mai zafi, mai bushewa, kuma sau da yawa mai ƙura, yana hurawa daga Sahara a duk lokacin fari mai tsawo kuma shine iska mai rinjaye, sai dai a kan karamin bakin teku, wanda iskar kasuwanci ta teku ke rinjayar. Yawancin ruwan sama yana faɗuwa a lokacin gajeren ruwan sama (hivernage), daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga 500 zuwa 600 millimeters (19.7 zuwa 23.6 in) a kudu maso kudu zuwa ƙasa da 100 millimeters (3.9 in) a arewacin kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar.

 Manyan yankuna da yanayi 
Mauritania tana da yankuna huɗu na muhalli: Yankin Sahara, Yankin Sahelian, Kwarin Kogin Senegal, da Yankin Tekun. Kodayake yankunan sun bambanta da juna, babu wani fasalin halitta da ke bayyana iyakokin tsakanin su. Yashi, ya bambanta da launi da abun da ke ciki, ya rufe kashi 40 cikin 100 na farfajiyar ƙasar, yana samar da dunes waɗanda ke bayyana a duk yankuna ban da kwarin Kogin Senegal. Yankin yashi mai laushi ya ƙunshi yashi mai launin fawn, yayin da dunes masu canzawa ("mobile") sun ƙunshi yashi masu kyau, masu ƙura, masu launin ja waɗanda iska za ta iya ɗauka. Filayen gabaɗaya ana rufe su da launin shudi mai nauyi, launin toka, da baƙar fata waɗanda ke samar da farfajiyar ƙasa a kan yadudduka masu laushi, yashi mai laushi.

 Yankin Sahara 
Yankin Sahara ya zama arewacin kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar. Yankin kudancin ya dace da isohyet (layi a saman duniya inda ruwan sama yake daidai) wanda ke wakiltar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na millimeters 150 (5.9 in). Ruwan sama yawanci yakan faɗi a lokacin hunturu, wanda ke faruwa daga Yuli zuwa Satumba. Sau da yawa, guguwa da aka ware suna sauke ruwa mai yawa  gajeren lokaci. Shekara, ko ma shekaru da yawa, na iya wucewa ba tare da ruwan sama ba a wasu wurare.

Bambance-bambance na rana a cikin zafin jiki a yankin Sahara na iya zama mai tsanani, kodayake bambance-bambancen shekara-shekara kaɗan ne. A lokacin Disamba da Janairu, yanayin zafi ya kasance daga farkon safiya na  ° C (32 ° F) zuwa tsakar rana na  ° C (100.4 ° F). A lokacin Mayu, Yuni, da Yuli, yanayin zafi ya kasance daga  ° C (60.8 ° F) da safe zuwa fiye da  ° C (120.2 ° F) na rana. A duk shekara, harmattan sau da yawa yana haifar da guguwar yashi.

Yankunan gudanarwa (wanda a da ake kira cercles) na Tiris Zemmour a arewa, Adrar a tsakiya, da arewacin Hodh ech Chargui a gabas, waɗanda suka ƙunshi mafi yawan yankin Sahara, manyan duniyoyin da babu kowa a cikin su.  Bayan ruwan sama, ko a gaban rijiya, waɗannan ɓangarorin na iya tallafawa ciyayi.  A yankin Adrar da Tagant mai yawan jama'a, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da rijiyoyi suna samar da ruwa don kiwo da wasu noma.  A yammacin yankin Saharan, har zuwa Nouakchott, layuka na dunƙulen yashi suna jere daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma a cikin tudu daga faɗin kilomita biyu zuwa ashirin.  Tsakanin waɗannan ƙugiya akwai ɓacin rai da ke cike da dutsen farar ƙasa da yashi mai yumbu mai iya tallafawa ciyayi bayan ruwan sama.  Dunes a arewa mai nisa yana motsawa da iska fiye da na kudu.

Yankin Sahara yana da ƙananan ciyayi. Wasu yankunan tsaunuka tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna tallafawa ƙananan shuke-shuke da tsire-tsire masu tsayi da suka dace da raƙuma. Saboda tsaba na tsire-tsire na hamada na iya kasancewa cikin barci na shekaru da yawa, dunes sau da yawa suna tsiro da tsire-shuke masu yawa bayan ruwan sama. A cikin ɓacin rai tsakanin dunes, inda ruwa ya fi kusa da farfajiya, ana iya samun wasu tsire-tsire - gami da acacias, bishiyoyin sabulu, capers, da swallowwort. Yankunan gishiri suna da wani nau'in ciyayi, galibi chenopods, waɗanda suka dace da yawan gishiri a cikin ƙasa. Noma yana iyakance ga oases, inda ake amfani da dabino don inuwa wasu amfanin gona daga rana.

 Yankin Sahelian 
Yankin Sahelian ya kai kudu da Yankin Sahara zuwa cikin kimanin kilomita 30 daga Kogin Senegal. Ya samar da belin gabas da Nemma tare da axis dinsa yana gudana daga Boutilimit ta hanyar 'Ayoûn el 'Atroûs zuwa Néma, gami da tafkin Aoukar. Yankin yafi yawanci ya kunshi tsaunuka da wuraren ciyawa. Garken shanu, tumaki, da awaki suna tafiya a fadin wannan yanki don neman makiyaya.

Lokacin hunturu yana farawa a baya a yankin Sahelian fiye da yankin Sahara, sau da yawa yana faruwa daga Yuni har zuwa Oktoba. Saboda manoma da makiyaya sun dogara da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, jinkirin wata ɗaya a farkon lokacin ruwan sama na iya haifar da asarar yawa kuma ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa daga Hodh ech Chargui da Hodh el Gharbi zuwa Mali. Kodayake matsanancin zafin jiki ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da yankin Sahara, bambancin yau da kullun ya kasance daga 16 zuwa 21 ° C (60.8 zuwa 69.8 ° F). Harmattan shine iska mai rinjaye.

A arewacin Sahel, dunes an rufe su da ciyawa da itatuwan acacia masu ƙaya. A kudu, ruwan sama mafi girma yana ba da damar tsiro mai yawa. Yankin ya fara ba da hanyar yumbu. Ana samun manyan gonakin dabino na kwanan wata a kan Tagant Plateau, da kuma ciyawa na Savanna, brushwood, balsam, da spurge sun rufe tsaunuka. Itacen baobab na lokaci-lokaci suna cike da filayen savanna na kudancin Sahel. Yankunan gandun daji suna dauke da itatuwan dabino da baobabs. Kyakkyawan gandun daji na gum-bearing acacia suna girma a yankunan Trarza da Brakna. Daga kudu, musamman a Assaba da yankin arewacin yankunan Guidimaka, ruwan sama yana da yawa don tallafawa nau'ikan aikin gona.

Kogin Senegal, wani lokacin ana kiransa Chemama ko pre-Sahel, wani yanki ne mai zurfi wanda ya kai arewacin Kogin Senegal. Kafin fari na shekarun 1960, 1970, da 1980, belin ya kasance daga kilomita 16 zuwa 30 (10 zuwa 19  arewacin kogi. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, hamada ta kai ga arewacin kogin a wasu sassan kwarin. Kwarin ya fi faɗi a yankin Guidimaka kuma an mamaye shi gaba ɗaya ta hanyar sake zagayowar yanayi na kogi. Kusan dukkanin mutanen da ke cikin kwarin suna aiki a cikin aikin gona ko kamun kifi a gefen Kogin Senegal da manyan yankunansa - Karakoro, Gorgol, da Garfa. Wannan yanki yana samar da mafi yawan amfanin gona na kasar.

Yanayin kwarin Kogin Senegal ya bambanta da na yankunan Sahara da Sahelian. Ruwan sama ya fi na wasu yankuna, daga 400 zuwa 600 millimeters (15.7 zuwa 23.6 in) a kowace shekara, yawanci tsakanin Mayu da Satumba. Wannan ruwan sama, haɗe da ambaliyar shekara-shekara na kogin, yana ba da tushen aikin gona. Yanayin zafi ya fi sanyi kuma yana ƙarƙashin bambancin shekara-shekara da na rana fiye da sauran yankuna.

Senegal ita ce kogin dindindin na dindindin tsakanin kudancin Maroko da tsakiyar Senegal.  Daga tushenta a Guinea, tana tafiya arewa da yamma kilomita 2,500 (mi 1,553), ta isa Tekun Atlantika a Saint Louis, Senegal.  Daga bakinsa, kogin yana tafiya har zuwa Kayes na kasar Mali, a lokacin damina da kuma Podor, Senegal, a sauran shekara.  Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya, wanda ya fara a watan Afrilu a Guinea da Mayu da Yuni a Senegal da Mali, yana kawo ambaliyar ruwa a kowace shekara.  Wannan ambaliya ta rufe dukkan kwarin har zuwa nisan kilomita 25 zuwa 35 (16 zuwa 22 mi), cike da tafkuna da raƙuman ruwa (marigots) waɗanda ke komawa cikin kogin a lokacin rani.  Babban misali na waɗannan shine Lake R'Kiz.  Lokacin da ruwa ya janye daga ƙasa

Kogin Senegal, tare da wadataccen ƙasa mai laushi da laka, yana da yawa a cikin tsire-tsire. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan sama mafi girma, ban ruwa, da tashoshin gefe masu yawa da sloughs suna samar da tsire-tsire masu kyau, kusa da wurare masu zafi, tare da itatuwan baobab da gonakie da kuma ciyawa masu yawa. Ana kuma samun Ddounm da barussus dabino a nan. Yawancin filayen ambaliyar ruwa ana noma su.

Yankin bakin teku, ko Yankin Canari, ya tsawaita tsawon kusan kilomita 754 (469 mi) tsayin gabar tekun Atlantika.  Iskar cinikin teku da ta mamaye tsibiran Canary suna canza tasirin harmattan, suna samar da yanayi mai ɗanɗano amma yanayin zafi.  Ruwan sama kadan ne;  a Nouadhibou yana matsakaicin mita 30 a kowace shekara kuma yana faruwa tsakanin Yuli da Satumba.  Yanayin zafi yana da matsakaici, ya bambanta daga matsakaicin matsakaicin 28 da 32 °C (82.4 da 89.6 °F) na Nouadhibou da Nouakchott, bi da bi, don nufin mafi ƙarancin 16 da 19 °C (60.8 da 66.2 °F).

Battering hawan igiyar ruwa da kuma canja bankunan yashi suna kwatanta tsawon iyakar bakin tekun.  Yankin Ras Nouadhibou (wanda aka fi sani da Cap Blanc), wanda ya zama Dakhlet Nouadhibou (tsohon Lévrier Bay) zuwa gabas, yana da nisan kilomita 50 (31 mi) da faɗinsa 13 km.  An raba yankin bisa tsarin gudanarwa tsakanin yammacin Sahara da Mauritania, tare da tashar jiragen ruwa na Mauritania da tashar jirgin kasa na Nouadhibou a gabar gabas.  Dakhlet Nouadhibou, ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta a yammacin gabar tekun Afirka, yana da nisan kilomita 43 (27 mi) da faɗinsa kilomita 32 (mi 20 ) a mafi faɗin wurinsa.  kilomita 50 kudu maso gabashin Ras Nouadhibou shine Arguin.  A cikin 1455 an kafa kafuwar Fotigal na farko a kudancin Cape Bojador (a cikin Sahara ta Yamma ta yau) a Arguin.  Kudanci mai nisa shi ne kawai babban mahimmin ƙa'idar gabar teku, mai tsayin mita 7 (ft23) mai tsayin Cape Timiris.  Tun daga wannan kafe har zuwa wurin daskararrun da ke kusa da bakin kogin Senegal, bakin tekun na yau da kullun ne kuma ana yi masa alama da babban dune na lokaci-lokaci.

A kan tuddai na bakin teku shuke-shuke ba su da yawa. A ƙarƙashin tuddai, duk da haka, ana iya samun manyan bishiyoyi na tamarisk, dwarf acacias, da swallowworts. Wasu ciyawa masu tsayi, gauraye da balsam, spurge, da shrubs masu tsayi، suna girma a yankin tsakiya. Arewacin yana da ƙananan ciyayi.

Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa akwai 494 km2 na filayen ruwa a Mauritania, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 48 dangane da yankin filayen ruwa. 

 Yaduwar hamada 
Yanayin ya canza sosai tun lokacin da aka fara fari mai tsawo a cikin shekarun 1960, wani ɓangare na tsarin maimaitawa na rigar da bushewa na Afirka ta Sahelian. Masana sun yarda, duk da haka, cewa yawan kiwo, sare daji, lalata ƙasa a kusa da rijiyoyi, hanyoyin noma marasa kyau, da yawan jama'a sun kara tsananta fari. A Mauritania isohyet yana nuna ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na millimeters 150 - wanda aka dauka mafi ƙarancin kiwo - ya koma kudu kusan kilomita 100 zuwa wani batu a kudancin Nouakchott. A cikin shekarun 1980s, hamada tana ci gaba zuwa kudu a kimanin kilomita shida a shekara. Kowane babban yanki na yanayi ya koma kudu, kuma a wasu lokuta yanayin hamada ya kai ga bakin kogin Senegal.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, hamada ta canza tsarin aikin gona da kiwo da kuma tsarin zama na ɗan adam. Rashin rufe ƙasa a cikin Yankin Sahelian ya kori dabbobi da mutane zuwa kudu don neman abinci da ruwa kuma ya haifar da sabbin filayen yashi. Yankin da ke ci gaba ya yi barazanar haɗiye rijiyoyi, ƙauyuka, da hanyoyi; har ma sun mamaye Nouakchott a kan tafiyarsu zuwa teku. Gwamnati ta sami taimakon kasa da kasa don daidaita filin dune a kusa da Nouakchott kuma ta dasa itatuwan dabino 250,000 don ƙirƙirar shingen da ke hana hamada. Don ci gaba da yaki da bushewa, gwamnati ta gina madatsun ruwa a kan Kogin Senegal da masu ba da gudummawa don kara yawan ƙasar noma.

 Yankin da iyakoki 
jimillar:ƙasa:ruwa:

jimillar:

Kasashen iyaka: Aljeriya kilomita 463 (288 , Mali kilomita 2,237 (1,390 , Senegal kilomita 813 (505 , Yammacin Sahara kilomita 1,561 (970  

territorial sea:

contiguous zone:

continental shelf:
 or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone:

 Babban tsawo 
mafi ƙasƙanci: Sebkha na Ndrhamcha -5 mita (−16  mafi girma: Kediet ej Jill 915 mita (3,002  

 Albarkatarwa da Amfani da Kasa 

 Albarkatun halitta 
arable land:
0.44%
permanent crops:
0.01%
other:
99.55% (2011)

450.1 km2 (2004)  

 Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa 

 Damuwa da muhalli 
zafi, bushe, ƙura / yashi mai cike da iska mai iska tana hurawa da farko a watan Maris da Afrilu; fari na lokaci-lokaci

 Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu 
wuce gona da iri, sare daji, da Rushewar ƙasa da fari ya kara da shi suna ba da gudummawa ga hamada; iyakantaccen albarkatun ruwa mai kyau daga Senegal wanda shine kawai kogi mai ɗorewa; yaduwar fari

 Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa 
jam'iyya zuwa: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Canjin-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling da aka sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba: babu wani daga cikin yarjejeniyar da aka zaɓa

 Birane 
Yawan jama'a galibi suna cikin biranen Nouakchott da Nouadhibou da kuma Kogin Senegal a kudancin iyakar kasar.

 Abubuwa masu tsanani 
Wannan jerin manyan maki ne na Mauritania, maki da ke arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri.

 Yankin arewacin - uku tare da Aljeriya da Yammacin Sahara, Yankin Tiris Zemmour
 Matsayi mafi gabas - maɓallin uku tare da Aljeriya da Mali, Yankin Tiris Zemmour
 Yankin kudu - haɗuwar Kogin Senegal da Kogin Karakoro a kan iyaka da Mali, Yankin Guidimaka
 Yammacin Yamma - wuri mara suna a kan iyaka da Yammacin Sahara a kan Ras Nouadhibou, tsibirin, Yankin Dakhlet Nouadhibou
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba