Tatars na Ruwa

Mutanen Tungusic ƙungiya ce ta kabilanci da masu magana da harsunan Tungusic suka kafa (ko harsunan Manchu-Tungus).  Suna zaune a Siberiya, Mongoliya da China.

Iyalin yaren Tungusic ya kasu kashi biyu, Arewa (Ewenic-Udegheic) da Kudancin Tungusic (Jurchens-Nanaic).

Sunan Tungusic na wucin gadi ne, kuma da kyau yana nufin dangin harshe kawai (harsunan Tungusic).  An samo shi daga Tungus na Rasha (Тунгус), ƙayyadaddun kalmomin Rasha don Evenks (Ewenki).  Friedrich Max Müller ne ya gabatar da amfani da Tungusic a Turanci a cikin 1850s, dangane da yadda Heinrich Julius Klaproth yayi amfani da Tungusik na Jamus a baya.  Hakanan ana amfani da madadin kalmar Manchu–Tungus (Тунгусо-маньчжурские 'Tunguso-Manchurian').Sunan , wani yanki na gabashin Siberia wanda ke da iyaka a yammacin Kogin Tunguska da gabas da Tekun Pacific, ya samo asali ne daga mutanen Tungus (Evenks).  An dauki Tungus na Rasha daga kalmar Sinanci  (, 'Masu Gabas', cf.   'Tungusic').  , ko kuma daga Gabashin Turkic  (a zahiri, 'azaki na daji, alade', daga Tsohon Turkic ).  Wannan "kamar damar da aka yi a cikin furcin zamani ya haifar da zaton da aka yi amfani da shi a ko'ina cewa Hu na Gabas sun kasance Tungusic a cikin harshe. "

 Tarihi 
Gabaɗaya ana ba da shawarar cewa ƙasar Tungusic ta kasance a arewa maso gabashin Manchuria, wani wuri kusa da yankin kogin Amur.  Shaidar kwayoyin halitta da aka tattara daga gundumar Ulchsky suna nuna kwanan wata don faɗaɗa kafin 3500 BC.

Yaduwar Tungusic zuwa Siberia ya kawar da yarukan Siberian na asali, waɗanda yanzu aka haɗa su a ƙarƙashin kalmar Paleosiberian.

Mutanen Tungusic a kan kogin Amur kamar Udeghe, Ulchi da Nanai sun karɓi tasirin Sinanci a cikin addininsu da tufafi tare da dodanni na Sinanci akan riguna na bikin, naɗaɗɗen da tsuntsaye masu juzu'i da kuma zane-zanen abin rufe fuska, Sabuwar Shekarar Sinanci, ta amfani da siliki da auduga, tukwane na dafa abinci na ƙarfe, da gidaje masu zafi daga China.

Manchu da farko sun fito ne daga Manchuria, wanda yanzu shine Arewa maso gabashin China da Gabashin Gabashin Rasha. Bayan kafawar Manchu na daular Qing a karni na 17, an kusan daidaita su gaba ɗaya cikin al'adun mutanen Han na kasar Sin, suna karɓar yarensu.

Hanyar rayuwa ta kudancin Tungusic Manchu ta zama ta bambanta da salon rayuwa mai farauta mai tarawa na danginsu na arewacin Tungusical kamar Warka, wanda ya bar jihar Qing don ƙoƙarin sa su zama da gona kamar Manchus.

 Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci 
Yankin kudancin ya mamaye Manchu (a tarihi Jurchen). Sarakunan Qing sun kasance Manchu, kuma ƙungiyar Manchu galibi an yi amfani da ita (Harshen Manchu yana mutuwa, tare da masu magana da asali 20 da aka ruwaito tun daga 2007 ).

Sibe sun kasance mai yiwuwa wani bangare ne na Tungusic na (Mongolic) Shiwei kuma Manchu (Jurchen) mai fadada sun ci su. Harshensu yana da fahimtar juna tare da Manchu. Nanai (Goldi) kuma an samo su ne daga Jurchen . Orok (Ulta)  reshe ne na Nanai . Sauran ƙananan kungiyoyi da ke da alaƙa da Nanai sune Ulch, Oroch da Udege . Udege suna zaune a cikin Primorsky Krai da Khabarovsk Krai a cikin Tarayyar Rasha.

Ofishin arewacin yafi kafa shi ne ta hanyar kabilun da ke da alaƙa da Evenks (Ewenki) da Evens.  (Evenks da Evens suma an haɗa su a matsayin "Evenic". An rarrabe sunayensu ne kawai ta hanyar bambancin -n don Even da -nkī don Evenkī; endonymically, har ma suna amfani da adjective iri ɗaya don kansu - ǝwǝdī, ma'ana "Ko" a cikin harshen Evenkī da "Evenkī" a cikin yaren Evenkī.) Evenks suna zaune a cikin Evenk Autonomous Okrug na Rasha a cikin ɓangarori da yawa na gabashin Siberia. Evens suna da alaƙa sosai da Evenks ta hanyar yare da al'adu, kuma suna zaune a sassa daban-daban na gabashin Siberia. Mutanen da suka rarraba kansu a matsayin Evenks a cikin ƙididdigar Rasha suna rayuwa zuwa yamma da kudu maso gabashin Siberia, yayin da mutanen da suka rarrabe kansu a matsayin Evens suna rayuwa zuwa gabas da arewacin gabashin Siberia. Ƙananan kabilun kuma a cikin reshen arewa sune Negidals da Oroqen . Oroqen, Solon, da Khamnigan suna zaune a wasu sassan Lardin Heilongjiang, Inner Mongol" id="mwoQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mongolia">Mongolia a China, da Mongolia kuma ana iya la'akari da su a matsayin ƙananan rukuni na kabilanci na Evenk, kodayake Solons da Khamnigans musamman sun yi hulɗa da mutanen Mongolic (Mongol, Daur, Buryat), kuma sun bambanta da Evenks a Rasha.

Mutanen Taz na musamman ne tsakanin mutanen Tungusic saboda suna da yaren Sinitic a matsayin yarensu na asali. Su ne sakamakon auren tsakanin mazajen kasar Sin na Han da mata na Udege, Nanai, da Oroch a Outer Manchuria a lokacin daular Qing. 

 Yawan jama'a 
alt=|thumb|240x240px|Rarraba harsunan Tungusic
Mutanen Tungusic sune:
Jerin mutanen Tungusic na zamaniSunan kabilanciYawan jama'aBabban ƙasarAddiniManchus10,424,785Manchu shamanism, Buddha, Addinin gargajiya na kasar Sin, Roman KatolikaSibes190,481Buddha, ShamanismEvenks69,503Shamanism, Orthodox na Rasha, BuddhaAddinin BuddhaAbubuwan da suka faru22,487Shamanism, Orthodox na RashaNanais17,514Buddha, Orthodox na Rasha, ShamanismOroqens8,659Shamanism, BuddhaAddinin BuddhaUlchs2,841Shamanism, Orthodox na RashaUdeges1,538ShamanismOrochs815Shamanism, Orthodox na Rasha, BuddhaAddinin BuddhaƘaryatãwa565ShamanismOroks315Shamanism, Orthodox na RashaKofin274Orthodox na Rasha

 Yawan jama'a 
Nazarin da ya gabata ya yi jayayya game da yiwuwar kakanninmu tsakanin mutanen Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic, Koreanic, da Jafananci ta hanyar al'ummomin aikin gona na Neolithic daga Arewa maso gabashin China (misali wayewar Liao) a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin yaren Altaic. Koyaya, bayanan kwayar halitta sun saba wa wannan saboda yayin da aka samo kakannin Kogin Liao na Yamma tsakanin 'yan Koriya da Jafananci na "macro-Altaic", ba su nan tsakanin mutanen Tungusic da Mongolic na "micro-Altaïque". Sauran rikitarwa na haɗa dangin yaren Altaic da Kogin Liao na Yamma shine cewa farkon kwayoyin halitta daga Kogin Lhao na Yamma sun ƙunshi kakannin Kogin Yellow (wanda ba a samu a Amur ko Primorye) kuma cewa kamanceceniya tsakanin Tsohon kakannin Arewa maso gabashin Asiya da suka samo asali daga Kogin West Liao tare da waɗanda 'yan asalin yankin Amur sun sa irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su cikin wannan yankin suna da wuyar bin diddigin kwayoyin halitta.

Manchu, mafi yawan mutanen da ke magana da harshen Tungusic, suna nuna karuwar alaƙar kwayar halitta tare da Han Chinese, da Koreans, idan aka kwatanta da sauran mutanen Tungusic. Saboda haka Manchu sun kasance banbanci ga tsarin kwayar halitta na yawan mutanen da ke magana da harshen Tungusic, mai yiwuwa ne saboda yawan ƙaura da ƙwayoyin halitta tare da Han na kasar Sin a cikin 'yan shekaru da suka gabata.

 Ƙungiyoyin iyaye 
Mutanen Tungusic suna nuna farkon haplogroup na uba da ke da alaƙa da Tsohon Arewa maso gabashin Asiya, kuma suna nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa da Mutanen Mongoliya da sauran mutanen Arewa maso gabobin Asiya. Kungiyarsu ta farko tana da alaƙa da C-M217 da ƙananan ta. Sauran haplogroup mai rinjaye shine Haplogroup N-M231, wanda aka samo a cikin al'ummomin Neolithic na Arewa maso gabashin Asiya tare da Kogin Liao kuma ya bazu a duk Siberia. Wani banda shi ne Mutanen Manchu na zamani waɗanda ke nuna mafi girman mitar Haplogroup O-M122 .     29/97 = 29.9% C-M86 a cikin samfurin Mongols daga arewa maso yammacin Mongolia,  
Haplogroups (darajar a cikin kashi) Yawan jama'aHarshenC C-M217C-M48C-M86/M77C-M407OO-M122O-M119O-M268O-M176NN-TatN-P43R1aR1bQSauranBayaniEvenks (China) Arewacin Tungusic4143.943.9 -34.1 -36.624.42.49.82.44.90.02.44.90.09.80.0Hammer 2006 Evenks (China) Arewacin Tungusic2657.757.730.8 -0.034.623.17.73.80.03.8 - -0.00.00.0K-M9 (xNO-M214, P-92R7) =3.8Xue 2006 Evenks (Rasha) Arewacin Tungusic9568.468.4 -54.7 -0.00.00.00.00.018.916.82.11.10.04.2I1-P30=5.3J2-M172 (xM12) =2.1Hammer 2006 Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J Hum Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.Evens (Rasha) Arewacin Tungusic3174.274.2 -61.3 -0.00.00.00.00.012.912.90.06.50.03.2I2a1-P37.2=3.2Hammer 2006 Hezhe (China) Amur Tungusic4528.922.211.1 - -51.144.40.06.74.420.0 -17.80.00.00.00.0Xue 2006 Manchu (China) Jurchen-Manchu5226.926.9 -0.0 -57.738.53.89.63.85.80.00.01.9 -0.0R2a-M124=3.8R1-M173 (xP25, M73, M269, SRY10831b) =1.9J-12f2 (xM172) =1.9Hammer 2006 Manchu (China) Jurchen-Manchu3525.725.72.9 - -54.337.12.914.35.714.30.02.90.00.00.0DE-YAP (xE-SRY4064) =2.9K-M9 (xNO-M214, P-92R7) =2.9Xue 2006 Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; Hurles, Matthew E.; Yang, Huanming; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2005). "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–2439. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.Oroqen (China) Arewacin Tungusic2290.990.9 -68.2 -4.50.00.04.50.04.54.50.00.00.00.00.0Hammer 2006 Oroqen (China) Arewacin Tungusic3161.361.341.9 - -29.019.40.06.50.06.50.06.50.00.00.0K-M9 (xNO-M214, P-92R7) =3.2Xue 2006 Ulchi (Rasha) Amur Tungusic5269.269.234.626.90.015.411.51.91.9 -5.83.80.00.00.05.8I-P37=1.9%J1-M267 (xP58) =1.9%Balanovska 2018 Xibe (China) Jurchen-Manchu4126.826.84.9 - -36.626.87.32.42.417.14.90.00.0 - -J-12f2=7.3P-92R7 (xR1a-SRY10831.2)  =2.4DE-YAP (xE-SRY4064)  =2.4BT-SRY-10831.1 (xC-M130, DE-YAP, J-12f2, K-M9) =2.4Xue 2006 

 Ƙungiyoyin uwa 
Dangane da jimlar samfurori 29 daga binciken mtDNA na Xibo, Oroqen, da Hezhen daga China:
Rukunin HaplogroupPop.%BayaniRukunin Haplogroup B2/296.89%Rukunin Haplogroup C8/2927.58%Rukunin D6/2920.68%Rukunin Haplogroup F4/2913.79%Haplogroup M1/293.44%Rukunin R1/293.44%Haplogroup J1/293.44%An samo 1 cikin 10 (10%) samfurori na OroqenHaplogroup U1/293.44%An samo samfurori 1 cikin 9 (11.11%) na XiboHaplogroup Y4/2913.79%Dukkanin samfurori 4 da aka samu kawai a cikin mutanen HezhenHaplogroup Z1/293.44%%
Samfurori 283 daga binciken mtDNA na Tungusic Evenks, Evens, da Udeges a Rasha da aka buga a cikin 2013, manyan rukunin mtDNA sune: 
Rukunin HaplogroupPop.%BayaniRukunin Haplogroup C121/28342.76%C4b55/28319.43%C4a54/28319.08%C511/2833.89%Rukunin D69/28324.38%D4l218/2836.36%D5a2a212/2834.24%D4e4a10/2833.53%D38/2832.83%D4o28/2832.83% (an lura kawai a cikin samfurin Evens daga Kamchatka) D4i25/2831.77%D4j5/2831.77%D4m23/2831.06%Haplogroup Z1a25/2838.83%Z1a (xZ1a1, Z1a2) 12/2834.24%Z1a29/2833.18%Z1a14/2831.41%Rukunin Haplogroup A11/2833.89%A4 (xA2a, A2b1, A8, A12a) 7/2832.47%A12a2/2830.71%A2a2/2830.71%Haplogroup N9b10/2833.53% (an lura kawai a cikin samfurin Udege) Haplogroup G10/2833.53%G1b9/2833.18%G2a11/2830.35%Haplogroup Y1a8/2832.83%Haplogroup M78/2832.83%M7a2a6/2832.12%M7c1d2/2830.71%Haplogroup F1b16/2832.12%

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 Mutanen Manchu Tungusic na kasar Sin
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