Amfanin tattalin arziki na muhalli

Binciken yanayin muhalli tsari ne na tattalin arziki wanda ke ba da darajar (ko dai kuɗi, biophysical, ko wasu) ga tsarin muhalli da / ko ayyukan tsarin muhallu. Ta hanyar lissafin, alal misali, fa'idodin jin daɗi ɗan adam na gandun daji don rage ambaliyar ruwa da rushewa yayin da ake tsare da carbon, samar da mazauni ga nau'in da ke cikin haɗari, da kuma shan sunadarai masu cutarwa.https://oceanfdn.org/ha/dorewar-tattalin-arziki-blue/irin wannan samar da kuɗi yana ba da kayan aiki ga masu tsara manufofi da masu kiyayewa don kimanta tasirin gudanarwa da kwatanta nazarin farashi-amfanin manufofi masu yuwuwa. Koyaya, irin waɗannan kimantawa ƙididdiga ne, kuma sun haɗa da rashin tabbas da muhawara ta falsafa na kimantawa da kewayon farashin da ba na kasuwa ba.

 Tarihi da Tsarin Tattalin Arziki 

 Tarihi 
Binciken farashi da fa'idar kasuwa sun wanzu a cikin wallafe-wallafen tattalin arziki na ƙarni. Koyaya, a cikin 1997, Robert Costanza, Farfesa na Jami'ar Mai Girma na dorewa a Jami'ar Jihar Portland, Oregon, shine na farko da ya kiyasta darajar duniya na ayyukan yanayin halittu - yana kawo sabon hankali ga fagen kimanta yanayin halittu. Shi da abokan aikinsa sun lissafa cewa irin waɗannan ayyukan sun kai dala tiriliyan 33 a kowace shekara ($ tiriliyan 44 na yanzu). 

Da yake ambaton muhimmancin irin wannan ilimin don samar da manufofi, a cikin 2007, Ministocin Muhalli daga kasashe G8 + 5 sun amince da kiran jama'a da kuma fara yin lissafin fa'idodin yanayin duniya, farashin kiyayewa, da kuma damar da ake kashewa na bunkasa irin wannan yanayin halittu. Sakamakon shirin ruwa da aikin da ke gudana shine The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB).

A Amurka, Majalisar Shugaban kasa kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta ba da shawarar a cikin 2011 cewa "Gwamnatin Amurka ya kamata ta kafa da kuma tallafawa Binciken Ayyukan Ecosystems na Quadrennial (QuEST) Assessment" wanda ke nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin aikin yanayin halittu, inganci, da darajar.

 Misalai na Tattalin Arziki: Daraja, Kudin, da Hanyar Daraja 
Ƙididdigar yanayin muhalli yana ƙoƙari ya kama kewayon fa'idodi da farashi da ke ƙunshe a cikin yanar gizo mai rikitarwa tare da kewayon hanyoyin tattalin arziki.

Tsarin muhalli yana ba da nau'ikan ayyuka guda huɗu: samarwa (misali kifi don cin abinci, katako don siyarwa), tsarawa, tallafawa, da al'adu (misali tsarin muhalli da ke tallafawa dabarun tattara 'yan asalin ƙasar, ko kayan aiki don tufafin gargajiya).  Dubi Hoto 1. don takamaiman misali na mangrove na wannan batun mai rikitarwa.
Wadannan nau'ikan ayyuka guda huɗu na iya samar da nau'ikan darajar guda biyu: amfani da nau'o'in da ba a amfani da shi ba. Masana tattalin arzikin muhalli sun kara rarraba nau'o'i wanda mutane suke shirye su biya:https://ha.cepf.net/grants/grantee-projects/enviro-wise-learning

 Amfani da kai tsaye.
 Hanyar da ta fi sauƙi ta kimanta yanayin halittu ga masana tattalin arzikin muhalli na al'ada, wannan yana fassara amfanin muhalli kai tsaye kamar yadda zai kasance a kasuwannin kasuwanci na duniya: misali darajar ruwa, katako, kifi, ko wasu kayayyaki idan nan da nan aka haɓaka kuma aka sayar da su a farashin kasuwa. Don haka, darajar musayar ko 'farashi' tana da alaƙa da abubuwa masu daraja, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin Babban birnin halitta, waɗanda ke da alaƙa ti yanayin halittu kuma wannan na iya dogara ne akan ikon tsarin don samar da amfanin gona a kowace shekara waɗanda za'a iya musayar su a kasuwanni masu aiki kuma suna da farashin musayar da ke akwai.
 Darajar amfani da ba ta kai tsaye ba da aka danganta ga amfani da kai tsaye na ayyukan yanayin halittu, ta hanyar kyawawan abubuwan waje da tsarin halittu ke bayarwa. 
 Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa waɗannan dabi'u "an samo su ne daga ayyukan yanayin halittu waɗanda ke ba da fa'idodi a waje da yanayin halittu kanta. Misalan sun haɗa da tace ruwa na halitta wanda sau da yawa ke amfana da mutane da ke ƙasa, aikin kariya na guguwa na gandun daji wanda ke amfana ga kadarorin bakin teku da ababen more rayuwa, da kuma ƙwaƙwalwar carbon wanda ke amfanar da dukan al'ummar duniya ta hanyar rage canjin yanayi.
 <i id="mwTA">Darajar zaɓi</i> da aka danganta don adana zaɓi don amfani da ayyukan yanayin muhalli a nan gaba.
 Darajar wanzuwar da aka danganta ga wanzuwar yanayin halittu.
 Darajar sadaukarwa bisa ga jin daɗin yanayin halittu na iya ba wasu mutane.
 Darajar gado bisa ga jin daɗin yanayin halittu na iya ba da tsararraki masu zuwa.

Idan aka yi la'akari da waɗannan nau'ikan ƙima na yanayin muhalli, masana tattalin arziki suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don ƙididdige waɗannan ƙimar kasuwa da auna ƙimar da ba ta kasuwa ba.  Ana amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin tattalin arziƙin muhalli don sanya ƙimar kuɗi akan ayyukan muhalli inda babu farashin kasuwa.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da hanyoyin “bayyanar fifiko” da hanyoyin “bayyanar fifiko”.  Hanyoyin fifita da aka bayyana, kamar hanyar tantancewa na ɗan lokaci suna tambayar mutane don shirye-shiryensu na biyan wani takamaiman yanayin muhalli (sabis).  Hanyoyin fifita da aka bayyana, kamar farashin hedonic da hanyar farashin tafiye-tafiye, yi amfani da alaƙa tare da kyakkyawar kasuwa ko sabis don ƙididdige shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗin sabis.  An soki amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin da suka dogara da fifiko a matsayin wata hanya ta samun kimar muhallin halittu da rayayyun halittu da kuma guje wa shawara, hujja da yanke hukunci a yin zaɓi.. Al'ummar darajar kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan yanayin halittu sun dogara da rarraba kuɗin shiga. An yi jayayya cewa kimantawar yanayin halittu dole ne ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa a tsawon lokaci, daidai da karuwar kuɗin shiga na duniya da kuma karuwar ƙarancin tsarin halittu masu aiki.

 Sakamakon kimantawa 
Duk da yake wallafe-wallafen har yanzu suna fitowa, yawancin mahimman karatu sun haifar da ƙididdiga masu ban sha'awa.

Ɗaya daga cikin takardun ilimi na de Groot et al., wanda ya haɗu da fiye da 300 masu aiki na ilimi tare da kimanta manyan halittu 10, "ya nuna cewa jimlar darajar ayyukan yanayin halittu tana da yawa kuma tana tsakanin 490 int $ / shekara don jimlar tarin ayyukan yanayin halitto wanda za'a iya bayarwa ta hanyar 'ma'auni' na teku masu budewa zuwa kusan 350,000 intoto $ / shekara saboda yiwuwar ayyukan 'ma' yankancin murjani' yanci na murjani na murjani.

Bugu da ƙari, de Groot et al. sun gano cewa mafi yawan ƙididdigar ƙididdigarsa ta "a waje da kasuwa kuma mafi kyau a ɗauka a matsayin fa'idodin jama'a marasa cinikayya. Ci gaba da cin zarafin yanayin halittu ta zo ne a kan kuɗin rayuwar matalauta da tsararraki masu zuwa. "

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB), a cikin daya daga cikin manyan rahotanni na farko, sun kuma gano cewa ayyukan muhalli suna farawa a kusan $ 100 / hekta / shekara don bude teku, kuma suna saman zuwa sama da $ 1,000,000 / hekta - shekara don mafi yawan coral reefs.

Baya ga "lambar farashi," waɗannan kimantawar muhalli na iya bincika tambayoyin manufofi masu rikitarwa. Misali, tankin tunani na Copenhagen Consensus ya lissafa cewa kawar da asarar coral reefs da kashi 50 cikin dari zuwa 2030 zai dawo da fiye da $ 24 ga kowane dala da aka kashe. Wanda ya kafa yarjejeniyar, Bjorn Lomborg, ya bayyana cewa "kayan kwalliya, wanda duka suna aiki a matsayin wuraren kifi da albarkatun kamun kifi yayin adana adadi mai yawa na nau'o'in halittu. A lokaci guda, coral reefs suna da kyawawan abubuwa, wanda duka biyun suna nunawa a cikin manyan kudaden shiga na yawon bude ido amma kuma a cikin yawancin mutane suna shirye-shiryen su biya wani adadin don tabbatar da za su ci gaba da wanzuwar su ta hanyar dawo da dala biliyan 3 zuwa dala 22 / 30 / 30 /

Hukumar Kula da Tekun Kasa da Yanayi (NOAA) tana kula da Ayyukan Muhalli da Kasuwanci (InVEST) na Halitta. Wannan kayan aiki mai budewa - kodayake an tsara shi ga masu tsara manufofi, masu ba da shawara, da masana kimiyya - yana bawa kowa damar yin hulɗa tare da taswirar da ke ƙididdige "ciniki tsakanin zaɓuɓɓukan gudanarwa" da kuma gano "wuraren da saka hannun jari a cikin asalin halitta zai iya inganta ci gaban ɗan adam da kiyayewa. ”

A matsayin wani misali, Cibiyar Basque don Canjin Yanayi (BC3) ta dauki bakuncin aikin Artificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability (ARIES). An tsara wannan software mai budewa don haɗa samfuran kimiyya don kimantawa na muhalli da yin manufofi,  tare da mayar da hankali ga Ayyukan yanayin halittu 

 Biyan kuɗi don Ayyukan Muhalli (PES) 
Bayan (kuma, wani lokacin, kafin) kimanta farashin yanayin halittu da fa'idodi, wasu shirye-shiryen sun yi ƙoƙari su shigar da waɗannan dabi'u tare da takamaiman shirye-shirye da ke ba da biyan kuɗi don ayyukan muhalli. Costa Rica ta biya kimanin $ 42 / hekta ga masu mallakar ƙasa don adana gandun daji;  a cikin 2010 Norway ta fara biyan Indonesia jimlar dala biliyan 1 don rage lalacewar gandun daji.  China ta amsa ambaliyar 1998 tare da biyan kuɗi da ke da niyyar lalacewar daji da lalacewar ƙasa;  da sauran shirye-shirye da yawa babba da ƙananan.

 Rashin jituwa da iyakoki ga kimantawar yanayin halittu 
Ta fuskar ilimi, ko da yake bincike na masana yana saurin ƙara wa wannan fanni na fahimta, har yanzu akwai gibin ilimi da yawa.  Misali, akwai rashin tabbas a cikin ƙoƙarin ƙididdige kayan da ba kasuwa ba.  Kamar yadda de Groot et al ya nuna, yawancin kayan muhalli (kamar iska mai tsafta da bambancin halittu) ba a siyar da su kawai a kasuwannin da aka kafa.  Bugu da kari, yawancin kayan muhalli na iya zama marasa kishiya, ba a keɓancewa ba, har ma da kayayyaki marasa daidaituwa tare da zaɓuɓɓukan ƙima da yawa suna ƙara dagula kowane ƙima.

Daga hangen nesa na ɗabi'a da falsafa, ma, kimanta yanayin halittu ba shi da rikici. Za'a iya samun muhawara game da kimantawar da ba ta kasuwa ba ta hanyar ambaton Ka'idojin muhalli da zurfin muhalli.

Tun da dabbobi ba sa sanya farashi a bayyane akan tsarin halittun da suke amfani da su, amma suna nuna hali kamar suna da daraja, misali.  ta hanyar zaɓar yanki ɗaya da wani, kare yankunansu, da sauransu, galibi batun ma'ana ne ko ilimin halittu ya haɗa da ƙima a matsayin batun.  Yana iya zama anthropocentric yin haka, tun da "ƙimar" a fili yana nufin fahimtar ɗan adam maimakon zama "manufa" sifa na tsarin da aka gane.  Ecology kanta ita ma hasashe ne na ɗan adam, kuma irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa kamar sarkar abinci mutane ne ke gina su don taimaka musu fahimtar yanayin muhalli.  A lokuta da yawa ta waɗanda ke riƙe da cewa kasuwanni da farashin suna wanzuwa ba tare da kowane mai sa ido na ɗan adam ba da kuma “masu amfani”, musamman waɗanda ke ganin kasuwannin “ba su da iko”, ana ɗaukar kimar yanayin muhalli a matsayin wani ɓangare na tattalin arziƙi.  Wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa babban birni shine ra'ayi na tattalin arziki wanda aƙalla zai iya zama kamar babban kuɗin kuɗi, wanda kansa ya ƙaddara akan ƙima.  Wasu ma suna ba da shawarar cewa kimanta ayyukan muhalli ya fi ƙima fiye da kimar kuɗi, saboda yanayin yanayin zai ci gaba bayan rugujewar tattalin arzikin, yayin da sabanin ba ya da inganci.

Bugu da ƙari, tambayoyi masu ban sha'awa da yawa game da inda fa'idodin yanayin halittu ke tafiya, da kuma wanda ya kamata ya biya waɗannan fa'idodi, muhawara ce ta siyasa da ke gudana. A cikin wani birni na Washington, mazauna yanzu suna biyan lissafin ruwa don garin ya sayi kuma ya dawo da ƙasar da ke kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta gari; kuma misalai na duniya na kimantawa da biyan kuɗi don ayyuka ba ƙasa da filin ban sha'awa na ci gaba ba.

 Dubi kuma 

 Biya don Ayyukan Halitta
 Tattalin arzikin muhalli
 Kayan muhalli da ayyuka
 Ka'idojin Muhalli
 Muhalli Mai zurfi
 Tattalin Arziki na Duniya
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba