Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka

Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka (AIF) ƙungiya ce ta siyasa wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin "babban muryar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka game da manufofin Indiyawan tarayya a lokacin Sabon Yarjejeniya", musamman daga 1934 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1940. AIF wani yunkuri ne na farko na 'Yan asalin Amurka don yin tasiri ga manufofin kasa, kuma ya jawo hankalin zargi mai tsanani saboda alakarsa da kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da yawa.

Masanin tarihi Laurence Hauptman ya bayyana AIF a matsayin rukuni mai rikitarwa tare da ka'idoji guda uku: "cewa a cire Kwamishinan Harkokin Indiya John Collier daga ofis; cewa a soke Dokar sake tsara Indiya, kuma mafi mahimmanci, cewa a soke Ofishin Harkokin Indiya (BIA) ". A kan wasu tambayoyin, membobin AIF suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban, musamman kan batun daidaitawa. Shugaban AIF Joseph Bruner, alal misali, ya yi jayayya game da cikakken haɗin Indiyawan cikin fararen al'umma, yayin da ɗaya daga cikin marubutan da suka fi karfi ya yi imani da rabuwa da al'adun Indiya da ikon mallaka.

 Kafawa 
An kafa kungiyar ne a hukumance a Gallup, New Mexico, a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 1934, inda masu shirya suka tsara gabatarwa, suka zabi Joseph Bruner shugaban kasa, kuma suka zartar da ƙuduri da ke kira ga cire Collier. Kungiyar kuma tana da tarurruka a Lewiston (Idaho) , San Diego, Salt Lake City, da Tulsa. AIF ta ba da shaida a gaban kwamitocin Majalisa na Amurka game da zargin keta doka da BIA ta yi.

AIF ta kunshi mambobi daga wasu kungiyoyin Indiya da yawa, gami da Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Indiya ta Oklahoma, Ƙungiyar Indiya ta California, Kwamitin Ƙungiya don Ci gaban Ƙasa na Indiyawan Amurka, da Majalisar Yarjejeniyar Black Hills. Membobin sun fito ne daga kabilun da yawa, ciki har da Navajo, Cherokee, Sioux, Iroquois, California, da Lumbee. Shahararrun mambobi sun hada da Alice Lee Jemison, 'yar jaridar Seneca kuma mai fafutuka; Rupert Costo, shugaban Cahuilla kuma editan jaridu na Wassaja da Masanin tarihin Indiya, Fred Bauer, Mataimakin Shugaban Gabashin Gabashin Indiyawan Cherokee, Elwood Towner, lauyan Hupa, da J. C. Morgan, mishan na Ikilisiyar Kirista.

 Kokarin da aka yi 
A farkon shekarunta, mambobi da yawa na Majalisa masu sukar BIA sun karfafa AIF, gami da Wakilan Alfred Beiter, Virginia Jenckes, Usher L. Burdick, John S. McGroarty, da Sanata Burton K. Wheeler.

AIF ta sami kulawa ta kasa da sauri saboda zarge-zargen da ta yi wa BIA da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, ta zargi kwamishinan John Collier da magoya bayansa da kasancewa masu musun wanzuwar Allah, kwaminisanci, da kuma goyon bayan ACLU. Wasu mambobin AIF sun kuma yi maganganun adawa da baƙar fata da kuma adawa da Yahudawa, kuma wasu kungiyoyi kamar Daughters of the American Revolution da Silver Shirts of America sun yi amfani da AIF don inganta abubuwan da suka haifar. A cikin 1938, Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya ya sanya shugabannin AIF a karkashin sa ido, amma ya kammala cewa AIF ba kungiya ce mai tayar da kayar baya ba.

 Raguwa 
AIF ta kasa cimma kowanne daga cikin manufofi uku da suka hada mambobinta. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1939, mambobin kungiyar da suka darajar ikon mallakar Indiya, ciki har da Alice Lee Jemison, sun yi fushi da goyon bayan AIF ga wani shirin "Settlement Bill" wanda zai samar da $ 3,000 ga kowane dan asalin Amurka don daidaita duk ikirarin Indiya akan Amurka. Wasu mambobi 4,664 na AIF daga kasashe 34 na Indiya sun amince da wannan tsari na kudi.

Bayan Jemison ya bar AIF a 1939, kungiyar "ba ta iya samar da irin wannan hankalin kafofin watsa labarai ba kuma da sauri ta rasa tasiri". AIF ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a kan takarda har zuwa 1945, amma ta rasa yawancin goyon bayanta na kasa: zuwa 1945, biyar ne kawai daga cikin shugabannin goma sha tara ke zaune a waje da Oklahoma.

 Manazarta