Yanayin ƙasar Arizona

thumb
Arizona jiha ce da take da iyaka da Yankin kudu maso yamma Amurka . Yana da babban yanki daban-daban da aka sani da zurfin canyons, hamada mai tsawo da ƙasa, da yawa na dutse na halitta, da tsaunukan dutse. Arizona tana da iyakokin ƙasa tare da Utah a arewa, jihar Sonora ta Mexico a kudu, New Mexico a gabas, da Nevada a arewa maso yamma, da kuma iyakokin ruwa tare da California da jihar Baja California ta Mexico zuwa kudu maso yamma tare da Colorado"Colorado River">Kogin Colorado. Arizona kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohin Four Corners kuma tana kusa da Colorado.

Arizona tana da jimlar yanki na murabba'in mil 113,998 (,253 ), yana mai da ita na shida mafi girma a Amurka. Daga cikin wannan yanki, kawai 0.3% ya ƙunshi ruwa, wanda ya sa Arizona ta zama jihar da ke da kashi na biyu mafi ƙasƙanci na yankin ruwa (New Mexico ita ce mafi ƙasƙanta a 0.2%).  Arizona ta kai kimanin kilomita 335 (kilomita 539) a mafi faɗin ta da mil 390 (kilominta 628) a mafi tsawo,  tana da matsakaicin tsawo na kimanin ƙafa 4,000 (m 1,200).  Cibiyar ƙasa ta Arizona tana cikin Gundumar Yavapai, kimanin kilomita 55 (89) gabas- kudu maso gabashin birnin Prescott.

 Yanayin siyasa 
Arizona ta kasu kashi 15, kuma tana da birane da garuruwa 90. Kimanin kashi 65 cikin dari na mazaunan Arizona suna zaune a cikin Maricopa County, wanda ke da yawan mutane 3,817,117 a kididdigar 2010. Gundumar Maricopa ta kasance ta huɗu a cikin yankunan ƙasar dangane da yawan jama'a, kuma tana da yawan jamaʼa fiye da jihohin Amurka 24. Gidan gundumar Maricopa County shine Phoenix, wanda shine birni mafi girma da babban birnin Arizona.

Gundumar da ta fi yawan jama'a ita ce Gundumar Pima, wacce ke da yawan jama'ar shekara ta 2010 na 980,263. Gidan gundumar Pima County shine Tucson, inda kusan dukkanin jama'a suka taru. Haɗe, kusan kashi 80% na mazaunan Arizona suna zaune a ko dai Maricopa County ko Pima County, duk da cewa yankuna biyu sun kai kashi 16% na jimlar yankin Arizona. Saboda yawan jama'a na Maricopa County da Pima County, yankuna biyu suna da rinjaye a siyasar jihar.

Kimanin kashi 15% na Arizona mallakar masu zaman kansu ne, sauran ƙasar da ta kunshi da farko na Forest Service, National Park Service, Native American reservations, soja cibiyoyin, da kuma wuraren jeji da Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa ke riƙe. Arizona gida ce ga kabilun da aka amince da su a tarayya, kowannensu yana da ikon cin gashin kansa. Mafi rinjaye suna daga cikin Navajo Nation, wanda shine mafi girman ajiyar 'yan asalin Amurka dangane da yawan jama'a da girman. Yankin Navajo ya rufe duk arewa maso gabashin Arizona tare da wasu sassan New Mexico da Utah, kuma yana da yawan mutane 107,449 a ƙidayar 2010.

 Yanayi 
Saboda girman yankin jihar da kewayon tsawo, akwai yanayin yanayi iri-iri. Gabaɗaya, yawancin Arizona suna samun hazo kaɗan, kuma an rarraba su kamar suna da yanayi mai bushe ko mai tsaka-tsaki. Yankunan arewacin jihar da yankunan tsaunuka suna da yanayi mai sanyi, yayin da sassan kudu maso yammacin jihar suna da dumi a duk shekara.

 Ruwan sama 
Ruwan sama a Arizona yana ƙarƙashin ikon tsawo da lokacin shekara. Lokaci mafi girma na ruwan sama shine a farkon hunturu, lokacin da tsarin guguwa daga Tekun Pacific ya haye jihar, kuma a lokacin rani, lokacin da iskõki masu ɗauke da danshi suka mamaye Arizona daga kudu maso gabas, wanda ke samun danshi daga Tekun Mexico. Ruwan sama na lokacin rani yana faruwa ne a cikin nau'in tsawa, wanda ke haifar da yawan dumama ƙasa da ɗaga iska mai cike da danshi tare da tsaunuka. Wadannan tsawa na iya haifar da iskõki masu ƙarfi, gajeren lokaci na ƙura mai hurawa, kuma ba sau da yawa suna haifar da ƙanƙara. Ana samun ruwan sama mafi girma a cikin tsaunuka na tsakiya da kudu maso gabashin Arizona, yayin da yanayin da ya fi bushewa ana samun shi a yankunan da ba su da ruwa na kudu maso yammacin Arizona.

The number of days with measurable precipitation can vary from around 70 in the Flagstaff area to 15 in the Yuma area. The highest elevations of Arizona receive up to  of precipitation annually, and the southern slopes of the Mogollon Rim and the southeast average between . The driest part of the state is the southwestern region, which receives under  of rain a year, whilst the northeastern Colorado Plateau is in a rain shadow and receives between . Annual average humidity values vary from 55% in Flagstaff to 23% in Yuma. Due to the high temperatures, low humidity, and occurrence of sunshine, Arizona has high rates of evaporation. Average annual lake evaporation varies from about  in the southwestern part of the state to about  in the northeast. During El Niño, the Pacific jet stream enters the U.S. further south of its normal position, making Arizona winters wetter than usual. The opposite phase, La Niña, reinforces the jet streams northern route, making Arizona winters even drier than normal.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span>]

 Snow 
Duk da yake sassan hamada na Arizona sun shahara da yanayin zafi, dusar ƙanƙara ba sabon abu ba ne ga wasu sassan Arizona. Daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris, lokacin da tsarin guguwa daga Tekun Pacific ya haye jihar, dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi na iya tarawa a cikin duwatsun tsakiya, arewa, da kudu maso gabashin Arizona. Matsakaicin dusar ƙanƙara na iya faruwa har zuwa kudu kamar Nogales, Arizona, wanda ke kan iyakar kudancin Mexico, tunda yana fuskantar yanayin sanyi na dare a lokacin hunturu.

Yankunan Grand Canyon suna fuskantar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu saboda tsayinsu. Kudancin Rim na Grand Canyon, wanda yake a matsakaicin mita 7,000 ko mita 2,100, yana karɓar inci 60 ko mita 1.52 na dusar ƙanƙara a kowace shekara, kuma Arewacin Rim na Babban Canyon, wanda ke da tsawo sama da ƙafa 8,000 ko mita 2,400 yana karɓar centimeters 144 ko mita 3.66 na dusarƙara.Saboda yanayin bushewa da girgije mai yawa a ko'ina cikin jihar, yanayin zafi na iya bambanta sosai, daga rana zuwa dare, kuma daga kakar zuwa kakar. Sassan Arizona da ke cikin hamadar Sonoran suna da yanayin zafi na rana a duk shekara, yayin da wasu sassan jihar ke fuskantar sanyi na yanayi a kai a kai. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun na Yuma, wanda ke kusa da kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Arizona, ya kasance daga 43 zuwa 67 ° F (6 zuwa 19 ° C) a watan Janairu, kuma daga 81 zuwa 107 ° F (27 zuwa 42 ° C) A watan Yuli. A Flagstaff, wanda ke cikin tsakiyar jihar, matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ya kasance daga 14 zuwa 41 ° F (-10 zuwa 5 ° C) a watan Janairu, kuma daga 50 zuwa 81 ° F (10 zuwa 27 ° C) A watan Yuli. Yawan zafin jiki na Arizona ya kasance 128 ° F (53 ° C), wanda aka auna a Lake Havasu City a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1994, da 5 ga Yuli, 2007. Rubuce-rubucen ƙarancin zafin jiki na Arizona ya kasance -40 ° F (-40 ° C), wanda aka auna a Tafkin Hawley a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1971.     

 Cikakken kididdiga ga biranen ThreadEx 

 Yankunan jiki 
Ana iya raba Arizona zuwa manyan yankuna biyu: Colorado Plateau da Basin da Range Province, da kuma Yankin Canji tsakanin biyun da ake kira Transition Zone.

 Filayen Colorado 
Colorado Plateau yanki ne mai tsaka-tsaki, mafi yawa yanki mai laushi wanda ke daga 5,000 zuwa 8,000 feet (15 m zuwa 2438 m) a tsawo,  wanda ke tsakiyar yankin Four Corners. Colorado Plateau ya ƙunshi yanki na kimanin murabba'in mil 140,000 (360,000 ).  Ya ƙunshi arewacin Arizona, ban da karamin yanki na arewa maso yammacin Arizona. Filayen ya ƙare tare da bango mai tsawo na Mogollon Rim, wanda ke bayyana gefen kudancin filayen.  

Colorado Plateau yana da laƙabi "Red Rock Country" saboda dutsen da ke da launi mai haske wanda aka bari a bayyane ta hanyar bushewa da rushewa, kuma an kare shi daga lalacewa. Ilimin ƙasa na Colorado Plateau yana nunawa ta hanyar canyons na Kogin Colorado, kuma Grand Canyon yana fallasa ɗayan jerin dutse masu ban mamaki a duniya. Yankin yana da siffofi masu yawa na musamman na Arizona, gami da Grand Canyon, Antelope Canyon, Meteor Crater, Painted Desert, da kuma Petrified Forest.

 Yankin Canji 
Yankin Canji wuri ne na arewa maso yammacin tsaunuka a tsakiyar Arizona wanda aka tsara ta hanyar haɗuwa da Colorado Plateau mai girma tare da ƙananan Basin da Range Province. An kira yankin Yankin Canji saboda yana da canji tsakanin yankuna biyu, tare da halaye daga duka biyun. Yankin ya kunshi jerin tsaunuka da kwari masu tsawo. Yawancin tsaunuka na Yankin Canji suna cikin ɓangaren Mogollon Rim, dutse, ko kuma tsaunuka masu ban mamaki a wurare, wanda ya kai mil 115 (190  daga arewacin Yavapai County zuwa gabas zuwa kusa da iyakar da New Mexico.

Duwatsun yankin Transition sun hada da Mazatzal, Santa Maria, Sierra Ancha, da White mountain range. Saboda kewayon tsawo a cikin Yankin Canji, yanayin yanayi na iya bambanta sosai a kan ƙananan yankuna. Yankin Canjin yana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan Arizona don samun ruwan sama mai yawa saboda yanayin tsaunuka, kuma yana fuskantar bambancin zafin jiki ta tsawo.

 Lardin Basin da Range 

Lardin Basin da Range yanki ne da ke zaune a kudancin Arizona, tare da wani yanki na ƙasa wanda ya kunshi yammacin jihar. Har ila yau, wani ɓangare ne na yanki mafi girma wanda ya ƙunshi kudu maso yammacin New Mexico, yammacin Utah, da kusan dukkanin Nevada, kuma ya kai ga arewa maso yammacin Mexico. Basin da Range suna da halayen tsaunuka masu tsawo, masu layin layi da ke canzawa tare da hamada mai tsawo. Duwatsun, waɗanda ke ratsawa cikin tsaunukan hamada da ke kewaye da su, na iya tashi sama da ƙafa 9,000 (2,700 , kuma su haifar da tsibirai na halittu waɗanda ke zaune da tsire-tsire masu sanyi da dabbobi. Ilimin yanayin Basin da Range shine sakamakon fadadawa farantin Arewacin Amurka. Saboda fadada ɓawon burodi, yankin ɓawon burodin da ke ƙarƙashin yankin yana da wasu daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. Basin da Range suna samar da kusan dukkanin jan ƙarfe da aka haƙa a Arizona, kuma suna dauke da wasu ma'adanai kamar zinariya, azurfa, da barite.

 Koguna 
Manyan koguna na Arizona sune Kogin Colorado, kuma daya daga cikin manyan koguna, Kogin Gila. Kusan dukkanin Arizona suna da ruwa daga ko dai Kogin Colorado ko daya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa.

 Kogin Colorado 
Kogin Colorado yana da mahimmanci ga Arizona saboda bushewar yanki na shekara-shekara.  Kogin ya shahara ne saboda rawar da ya taka wajen samar da Grand Canyon, wanda aka samar a tsawon shekaru miliyan shida.  Yawancin tsarin ban ruwa suna karkatar da ruwa daga kogin Colorado, wanda ɗayan mafi mahimmanci ga Arizona shine Aikin Arizona ta Tsakiya.  Aikin Tsakiyar Arizona, wanda ke da nisan mil 336 (kilomita 541), yana karkatar da ruwa mai fadin eka 1,500,000 (1.9 km3) daga tafkin Havasu zuwa tsakiyar da kudancin Arizona.[1]  Ana kuma amfani da kogin wajen samar da wutar lantarki ta madatsun ruwa daban-daban da ke bakin kogin.  Dam din da ke kan Kogin Colorado, da ke gangarowa, sune Glen Canyon Dam, Hoover Dam, Davis Dam, Parker Dam, Dam na Imperial, Dam Laguna, da Dam Morelos.

 Kogin Gila 
Kogin Gila yana da tsawon kilomita 650 (kilomita 1,050),  ya shimfiɗa daga kudu maso yammacin New Mexico zuwa haɗuwa da Kogin Colorado kusa da Yuma. Duk da yake Kogin Gila na sama yana gudana kyauta, ɓangaren kogin da ke ƙasa da yankin Phoenix yawanci ko dai ya bushe ko  ya bushe gaba ɗaya saboda karkatar da ruwa don ban ruwa. Babbar madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Gila ita ce madatsar ruwan Coolidge, mai nisan kilomita 31 (50) kudu maso gabashin Globe, Arizona.

 Dajin Sonora 
Desert na Sonoran ya ƙunshi yankin kudu maso yammacin Arizona, gami da biranen Phoenix, Tucson, da Yuma.  Hamadar Sonoran ɗaya ce daga cikin hamadar mafi zafi a Amurka, kuma tana kula da yanayin zafi duk shekara.  Duk da karancin ruwan sama a cikin wannan shekara, hamada na da yawan al'ummar flora da na namun dajin saboda ana samun damina guda biyu a shekara.  Yawancin tsire-tsire da yawa suna bunƙasa saboda ƙwararrun abubuwan da suka dace da yanayin, kuma ana iya samun nau'ikan cactus iri-iri a cikin daji.  Hamadar Sonoran ita ce kadai wuri a duniya inda cactus saguaro ke tsirowa a cikin daji, kuma kifin kifi, pear prickly, da bututun gabobin suna cikin wasu nau'ikan cactus da ake samu a cikin hamadar Sonoran.

 Dajin Mojave 
Northwestern Arizona contains part of the Mojave Desert, which is at a higher altitude than the Sonoran Desert. The boundaries of the Mojave Desert can be determined by the presence of Yucca brevifolia (Yucca palm), which is endemic to the desert. Unlike the Sonoran Desert, the Mojave Desert has few trees, both in number and diversity.

 Yankin da aka zana 
Yankin da aka Painted Desert yanki ne mai faɗi wanda ke kan Colorado Plateau a Arewacin Arizona . Ya mamaye akalla murabba'in mil 146 (380 ), kuma ya shimfiɗa daga mil 30 (48  arewacin Cameron, kusa da Grand Canyon, yana ƙare bayan dajin Petrified .   ya samo sunansa daga tarin launuka masu launi da yumbu na bentonite da aka gani daga tsarin dutsen Chinle, wanda aka bar ta hanyar rushewa. A cikin kudancin hamada, ragowar gandun daji na Triassic sun zama burbushin halittu sama da miliyoyin shekaru. Yawancin Desert da aka Painted suna cikin Navajo Nation, kuma ana iya isa ne kawai ta hanyar ƙafa.

Arizona ita ce jiha ta uku mafi girma da ba ta da iyakar teku - bayan Montana da New Mexico. Duk da kasancewa ba tare da iyaka ba, Arizona tana dauke da tsibirai, duk da cewa jihar tana da na uku mafi ƙarancin ruwa a 363.73 mi2 (942 km2) kawai bayan West Virginia da New Mexico. 0.3% na ruwa na Arizona shine kashi na biyu mafi ƙasƙanci bayan 0.2% na ruwa na New Mexico. Yawancin tsibirai na Arizona suna cikin Kogin Colorado (musamman Lake Mead). Tafkin Roosevelt kuma ya ƙunshi tsibirai da yawa.  
Arizona jiha ce mai tsaunuka da tsaunuka, kuma gida ce ga mafi girman gandun daji na ponderosa pine a duniya. Yawancin tsaunuka sun wuce   a tsawo, kuma wasu na iya riƙe dusar ƙanƙara duk lokacin rani.

Arizona tana da tsaunuka 194 masu suna. Mafi girma suna tare da gefen kudu maso yammacin Colorado Plateau, gami da dutsen San Francisco Peaks a arewacin Flagstaff da White Mountains na Mogollon Rim. Yankin Basin da Range na kudancin da yammacin Arizona yana da tsaunuka masu yawa da ke akwai a matsayin Tsibirin sama a cikin hamadar Sonoran da Chihuahuan.

 Goma tsaunuka mafi tsawo 

 Dutsen Humphreys 
Humphreys Peak a cikin gandun daji na Coconino shine babban taro a Arizona.  Wani yanki ne na San Francisco Peaks, wani tsauni mai aman wuta mai nisan mil 9 (kilomita 14) arewa da Flagstaff.  Ya yi sama da ƙafa 12,633 (3,851 m) sama da matakin teku, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarukan koli a Amurka a wajen tsaunin Rocky.  Dutsen yana da tsayi don kiyaye dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin rani, lokacin da zafin jiki bazai wuce 40 ° F ba.  Hanya daya tilo da aka kiyaye zuwa taron ita ce Titin Humphreys, tafiya mai tsananin gaske da ta fara a Arizona Snowbowl.[1]  Zuwa saman hanyar Humphreys Peak ya ƙunshi yanki ɗaya tilo na tundra na ƙasa da ke kudu da Dutsen Rocky. 

 Dutsen Agassiz 
Ana kiranta kawai "Agassiz", Agassiz Peak shine Dutsen Humphreys kuma ɗayan "Big 4" na Dutsen San Francisco, ko kuma manyan tsaunuka biyar mafi girma a Arizona. Taronsa yana da ƙafa 12,356 (3,766  sama da matakin teku. Dutsen yana rufewa ga masu hawan dutse a lokacin rani don kare yanayin da ke cikin ƙasa. Wannan tsaunin yana rasa dusar ƙanƙara yawanci a ƙarshen Mayu amma an san shi da ci gaba da dusar ƙara har zuwa Yuni.

 Dutsen Fremont 
A   sama da matakin teku, Fremont Peak kuma yana cikin tsaunukan San Francisco. Wannan taron ba a san shi ba ga baƙi da mazauna yankin, kuma yana tare da Doyle Saddle, inda ba sananne ba ne. Gaskiya ba taron koli ba ne, kawai babban batu ne a kan Doyle Saddle. Hanyar Humphreys tana gudana a kan wannan tudun da kuma saman Fremont Peak . 

 Dutsen Aubineau 
Aubineau Peak, taro na huɗu mafi girma a Arizona, ya fi girma a ƙafa 11,818 (3,602  sama da matakin teku. Wannan babban tudu ne, kuma gida ne na ambaliyar ruwa ta 2005. Wannan dutse yana gefen arewacin tsaunukan San Francisco kuma yana kusa da Abineau Canyon . 

 Babbar Ree 
Ree's Peak karami ne fiye da mafi yawan taron kolin a cikin tsaunuka na San Francisco, kuma a ƙafa 11,444 (3,488 , yana yin arewa maso gabashin iyakar kewayon. Wannan tsaunin ba shi da tsaunuka masu tsaunuka amma gida ne ga sanannen bishiyar bristlecone. Ana iya rarrabe saman ne kawai ta hanyar kallon kai tsaye, in ba haka ba sauran taron koli gaba ɗaya za su fitar da shi.

 Dutsen Doyle 
Doyle Peak an jera shi a ƙafa 11,440 (3,487 <aspen about="#mwt141" data-ve-ignore="1">m) , kuma ana iya ganinsa a matsayin taron koli mafi yawa a dama, idan kuna kallon Dutsen San Francisco daga yankin Flagstaff. Za'a iya kallon saman mafi kyau daga hanyar Shultz Pass, kuma an san shi da ci gaba da belinsa. Wannan tudu shine farkon Doyle Saddle, wanda ke haɗa Doyle Peak da Agassiz Peak . 

 Dutsen Baldy 
Dutsen Baldy, wanda yake a cikin Farin Dutsen Arizona akan Taswirar Indiyawan Fort Apache, wani ƙoƙon tsaunin da ya lalace wanda kolinsa ya kai ƙafa 11,391 (3,472 m) sama da matakin teku.  Mutanen garin ne suka sanya mata suna saboda rashin bishiyu a saman kwararo, wanda hakan ya sa ta yi kama da sanko.  Dutsen Baldy gida ne ga Yankin Ski Sunrise.  Dutsen ba ya cikin kewayo, kawai wani fitaccen kololuwa ne wanda gefensa masu laushi ne kuma kololuwa suna zagaye, ba mai karko ba.  Wannan iri ɗaya ne ga galibin tsaunukan fari, tsohuwar kewayon yanayin ƙasa sau ɗaya ya kai Alaska Range, amma hakan ya ɓace tsawon shekaru.  Dutsen Baldy gida ne ga gandun daji na Pine bristlecone, kuma wasu suna la'akari da tsaunukan fari a matsayin tsaunukan Dutsen Dutse saboda irin wannan matsakaicin tsayi, nau'in itace, dabbobi, da yanayi.

 Dutsen Ord 
A  , Dutsen Ord yana daga cikin White Mountains, kuma yana cikin Apache County a kan Fort Apache Indian Reservation. Snow sau da yawa yana zaune a kan wannan dutse mafi tsawo a lokacin rani saboda tsayinsa mai tsawo da gangaren arewa, dusar ƙanƙara na iya tsayawa a 3 zuwa 6 inci (76 zuwa 152 , wani lokacin fiye, har zuwa Yuni, sai kawai a nan kuma narkewa cikin patches.

 Aljanna Butte 
A mita 11,148, Paradise Butte yana cikin White Mountains kusa da Dutsen Baldy da Dutsen Ord, kusa da Sunrise Ski Park.

 Dutsen Thomas 

 Jerin yankuna na Arizona
 Jerin craters na dutsen wuta a Arizona

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba