Lardin Herat

Herat (Pashto, Dari: هرات), ko Harat, yana ɗaya daga cikin larduna talatin da huɗu na Afghanistan, wanda ke cikin yammacin ƙasar. Tare da lardunan Badghis, Farara, da Ghor, ya zama yankin arewa maso yammacin Afghanistan. Babban birninta da babban birnin gudanarwa shine Herat City . Lardin Herat ya kasu kashi 17 kuma ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka sama da 2,000. Tana da yawan mutane kusan 3,780,000, yana mai da shi lardin na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Afghanistan bayan Lardin Kabul .  Yawan jama'a sun fito ne daga kabilanci da yawa amma galibi suna magana da Farisa. Herat ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Avestan kuma an san shi da al'ada saboda ruwan inabi. Birnin yana da shafuka da yawa na tarihi, gami da Herat Citadel da Musalla Complex . A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya Herat ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen Khorasan, kamar yadda aka sani da Pearl na Khorasan . 

Lardin Herat yana da iyaka da Iran a yamma da Turkmenistan a arewa, yana mai da shi muhimmiyar yankin kasuwanci. Ana sa ran Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline (TAPI) zai wuce ta Herat daga Turkmenistan zuwa Pakistan da Indiya a kudu. Lardin yana da filayen jirgin sama guda biyu, daya shine Filin jirgin saman Herat a babban birnin Herat ɗayan kuma yana a Shindand Air Base, wanda shine ɗayan manyan sansanonin soja a Afghanistan. Dam din Salma wanda Kogin Hari ke ciyarwa yana cikin wannan lardin.

 Tarihi 

Yankin Herat ya kasance wani ɓangare na Tarihin Khorasan, wanda Tahirids suka ci gaba da sarrafawa sannan Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Ilkhanids, Timurids, Safavids, Hotakis, Afsharids, Durranis, Qajarids suka biyo baya har sai ya zama wani ɓangare na jihar Afghanistan ta zamani.

A cikin karni na 19, Birtaniya ta zo daga kudancin Afganistan a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Babban Wasan" kuma sun goyi bayan Afganistan a lokacin wani hari na Farisa da kuma kama birnin, tsohon a 1838, da kuma na karshe a 1856 don hana tasirin Farisa ko Rasha ya kai zurfi a Kudancin Asiya, da kuma, mafi mahimmanci, don kare mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Indiya a matsayin ɓangare na Birtaniya.  Lamarin da lardin ke ciki ya kasance shiru da rashin tabbas har zuwa lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Afghanistan a shekara ta 1979..

Lardin ya ga yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a lokacin yakin Soviet na 1980, kuma ya kasance yanki mai aiki na yaƙin 'yan tawaye a ko'ina, tare da kwamandan Mujahideen na gida Ismail Khan yana jagorantar juriya a kan gwamnatin Afghanistan da ke goyon bayan Soviet. Wannan ya ci gaba har sai Tarayyar Soviet ta janye dukkan dakarunta a shekarar 1989.

Lokacin da Soviets suka janye daga Afghanistan, Ismail Khan ya zama gwamnan lardin, matsayin da ya riƙe har sai Sojojin Taliban daga kudu suka mallaki lardin a shekarar 1995. Bayan korar Taliban da kafa Hamid Karzai">Gwamnatin Karzai a ƙarshen shekara ta 2001, karkashin jagorancin Hamid Karzai, Ismail Khan ya sake zama gwamnan Herat.

Ismail Khan ya zama wani mutum mai tada zaune tsaye a lokacin da kafafen yada labarai suka fara bada labarin cewa yana yunkurin tauye ‘yancin jama’a, kuma yana kara zama mai cin gashin kansa a matsayinsa na jagoran yaki.  Ya rasa dansa Mirwais Sadiq a shekara ta 2004 a lokacin da suke gwabza fada da dakarun wasu mayakan.  Dangane da haka, gwamnatin tsakiya ta fara fadada lardin tare da sabbin horar da jami'an tsaron Afghanistan (ANSF).  An umurci Ismail Khan ya bar mukaminsa ya zama minista kuma ya zauna a Kabul

Bayan shekara ta 2005, rundunar taimakon tsaro ta kasa da kasa (ISAF) ta kafa kasancewar a yankin don taimakawa gwamnatin Afghanistan. Italiya ce ta jagoranci. An kuma kafa Kungiyar sake ginawa ta lardin (PRT) don taimakawa mazaunan lardin. Amurka ta kafa ofishin jakadanci a Herat, ta horar da jami'an tsaro na Afghanistan, kuma ta gina makarantu da asibitoci.

Herat na ɗaya daga cikin yankuna bakwai na farko da suka sauya alhakin tsaro daga NATO zuwa Afghanistan. A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, jami'an tsaro na Afghanistan sun dauki nauyin tsaro daga NATO. A wannan lokacin, Ministan Tsaro Wardak ya gaya wa masu sauraro, "wannan shine alhakinmu na kasa don karɓar tsaronmu da kare kasarmu".

A cikin 2023, manyan girgizar ƙasa guda biyu sun shafi Herat sosai, ɗaya daga cikinsu girgizar kasa ce mai girman 6.3, ɗayan kuma girgizar ƙasar. Haɗe, girgizar ƙasa ta kashe sama da 2,800 kuma ta ji wa dubban mutane rauni a lardin. An kira shi girgizar kasa mafi muni a Afghanistan tun 1998. Girgizar ƙasa ta uku ta mamaye Herat a cikin mako guda. Ya kashe mutane 2 kuma ya ji rauni kusan 150.

 Tattalin Arziki 
Lardin yana gida ne ga kashi 90% na samar da Saffron na Afganistan (masana'antar dalar Amurka miliyan 12 a shekarar 2014)[] A cikin 2015 Bankin Duniya ya lura cewa noman saffron ya baiwa manoman lardin Herat tushen samun kudin shiga, ayyukan yi ga maza da mata, da rage dogaro ga noman poppy..

Tare da iyakokin kasa da kasa zuwa Iran da Turkmenistan da filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa, kasuwanci na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin lardin Herat. Saboda rashin birni a Lardin Herat, kusan kashi 75% na yawan jama'a suna zaune a yankunan karkara kuma ayyukan tattalin arziki sun dogara sosai da aikin gona da samar da kayan lambu (saffron, rugs, cumin, marmara, fatar dabbobi da ulu ) tare da kusan kashi 82% na ayyukan tattalin arziki da ke fitowa daga waɗannan filayen a cikin 2011. Masana'antar marmara da masana'antu masu haske sun ƙunshi sauran yankunan ayyukan tattalin arziki.

 Kula da lafiya 

Kashi na gidaje masu tsabta sun fadi daga 31% a 2005 zuwa 28% a 2011. Kashi na haihuwa da ƙwararren mai kula da haihuwa ya halarta ya karu daga 24% a 2005 zuwa 25% a 2011.

 Ilimi 
Adadin mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu (shekaru 6+) ya fadi daga 36% a 2005 zuwa 25% a 2011.  Adadin shiga cikin duka (shekaru 6-13) ya fadi daga 55% a 2005 zuwa 52% a 2011. Jami'ar Herat ita ce jami'a ta biyu mafi girma a Afghanistan tare da dalibai sama da 10,000, fannoni 14 da sassan 45 a cikin 2014.

 Yawan jama'a 
Ya zuwa 2020, yawan jama'ar lardin ya kai kimanin 2,187,169, mafi yawansu suna zaune a yankunan karkara. A cewar Ma'aikatar Gyara da Ci Gaban Karkara ta Afghanistan:

 Yawan jama'a ta gundumomi 
An raba lardin zuwa gundumomi 16 kuma ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka sama da 1,000.
+Gundumomi na Lardin HeratGundumarBabban BirniYawan jama'a Yankin a cikin km2Yawan jama'aYawan ƙauyuka da kabilunAdraskan60,7168,1137Pashtun, TajiksTajikistanciChishti Sharif26,8381,62617Mafi yawa TajikFarsi34,6762,19416Mafi yawa TajikGhoryan101,8787,93413Dukkanin Pashtun, TajikGulran106,4205,54419Dukansu Pashtun, Tajik, da kuma 'yan tsiraru TurkmenGuzara165,9402,45568Mafi yawa Tajiks, 'yan tsiraru MogholsHeratHerat574,2762342,452Mafi yawa Tajiks 'yan tsiraru Pashtuns, 'yan Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens, da sauransu.Injil / Enjil276,479896308TajikistanciKarukh72,5302,12334Mafi yawa TajikKohsan61,5132,68823Pashtun, Tajiks, BalochsKushk141,5852,95948Mafi yawa Tajik, 'yan tsiraru PashtunKushki Kuhna51,6821,81728, Mafi yawa Tajik, 'yan tsiraru PashtunObe85,8362,42735Mafi rinjaye Tajiks, 'yan tsiraru PashtunPashtun Zarghun113,3292,19652Mafi yawan Pashtun, 'yan tsiraru TajiksTajikistanciShindandShindand202,39515,76013Pashtun, TajiksTajikistanciZinda Jan64,5692,54225Pashtun, TajikHerat2,140,66255,8693870% Tajiks, 20-25% Pashtun, 5% Hazaras% Uzbeks, 0.9% Turkmen, 0.2%, 0.1% Balochs da Moghols 
.

 Wasanni 
Kwallon ƙafa sanannen wasa ne a lardin Herat, kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wasan kurket yana karuwa cikin shahara. Lardin yana da wakilci a cikin gasa na cikin gida ta Kungiyar wasan kurket ta lardin Herat. Ana kuma buga wasan kasa na Afghanistan Buzkashi da sauran wasanni da yawa a yankin.

 Shahararrun mutane 

 Abbas Mai Girma - Sarkin Safavid
 Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara - mai mulkin Timurid na Herat
 Mirwais Hotak - wanda ya kafa daular Hotak
 Ismail Khan - Kwamandan Tajik na Jamiat Islami
 Ahmad Shah Durrani - wanda ya kafa daular Durrani
 Ali-Shir Nava'i - mawaki, marubuci, ɗan siyasa, masanin harshe, masanin asiri, kuma mai zane
 Faramarz Tamanna
 Zablon Simintov

 Makomar nan gaba 
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, Afghanistan da Italiya sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar "yar dogon lokaci" ciki har da kayan lamuni na Yuro miliyan 150 don ayyukan ababen more rayuwa a Lardin Herat. A cikin 2014 an amince da yarjejeniyar rance na farko mai laushi wanda ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 32 don haɓaka filin jirgin saman Herat. A cikin 2016 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta biyu mai laushi wanda ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 100 tsakanin Afghanistan da Italiya don gina hanyar kilomita 155 tsakanin Herat da Chist-e Sharif. Italiya ta kuma amince da tantance yiwuwar rancen mai laushi na uku wanda ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 70 don kammala haɗin jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Herat da Mashad a Iran. Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya kuma yana aiwatar da binciken yiwuwar gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Herat da Turkmenistan. 

 Dubi kuma 

 Harin jirgin sama na Azizabad
 Yankunan Afghanistan
 Kungiyar sake ginawa ta lardin (PRT) 
 Shawarwarin Jirgin kasa Taimako Kwamandan - Yamma
 Bayani na lardin Herat
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba