James Forman

James Forman (Oktoba 4, 1928 - Janairu 10, 2005) ya kasance fitaccen shugaban Afirka-Amurka a cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ya kasance mai aiki a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC), Jam'iyyar Black Panther, da League of Revolutionary Black Workers . A matsayinsa na babban sakataren SNCC daga 1961 zuwa 1966, Forman ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Freedom Rides, ƙungiyar Albany, yakin Birmingham, da kuma Selma zuwa Montgomery.

Bayan shekarun 1960, Forman ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa ta hanyar shirya baƙar fata a kan batutuwan daidaito na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Amurka da sauran manyan cibiyoyin. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa da ke ba da labarin abubuwan da ya samu a cikin motsi da kuma falsafar siyasa mai tasowa ciki har da Sammy Younge Jr.: Ɗalibin Kwalejin Black na farko da ya mutu a cikin Black Liberation Movement (1969), The Making of Black Revolutionaries (1972 da 1997) da kuma Ƙaddamar da Kai: Binciken Tambaya da Aikace-aikacensa ga Jama'ar Afirka (1984). 

Jaridar New York Times ta kira shi "mai gabatar da haƙƙin jama'a wanda ya kawo hangen nesa mai ban tsoro da ƙwarewar ƙungiya ga kusan kowane babban fagen yaƙi na haƙƙin jamaʼa a cikin shekarun 1960".

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haifi Forman a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1928, a Birnin Chicago, Illinois . Yayinda waje jariri mai watanni 11, an tura shi ya zauna tare da kakarsa, "Mama Jane", a gonarta a Marshall County, Mississippi. An haife shi a cikin yanayin "matalauta"; ba sabon abu ba ne a gare shi ya ci datti saboda an yi imanin yana da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki. A cikin tarihin kansa, ya kira cin datti "staple" na abincinsa. Ya tuna cewa yana "yi yunwa koyaushe". Iyalinsa ba su da gidan wanka kuma ba su da wutar lantarki. Sun yi amfani da ganye, jaridu, da masara don takardar bayan gida, kuma sun yi amfani da rassan a matsayin goge hakora. Duk da wadannan abubuwa, Forman ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai taɓa yin tambaya game da talaucinsa ba kuma bai fahimci shi ba a lokacin. Aunty Thelma ta taɓa kama James yana karanta kundin sayayya a cikin duhu. Ita, a matsayinta na malamar makaranta, ta yi sha'awar hanzarta karatun James kuma ta ba shi darussan a gida. James ya yaba da yadda ya girma saboda nasarorin da ya samu, yana cewa kakarsa ta ba shi ma'anar adalci yayin da kawunsa suka ba shi "hasken ilimi" 

 Sanin wariyar launin fata 
Kwarewar farko ta James tare da kisan kai ta zo ne lokacin da wani fari ya bayyana a ƙofar sa, yana neman abinci kuma yana neman kada su gaya wa kowa inda yake. Kashegari, labarai sun bazu cewa an kashe wani farar fata duk da cewa Forman bai taba sanin dalilin da ya sa ba. Lokacin da Forman yake kusan shekaru shida ya sami gogewa ta farko tare da wariyar launin fata. Yayinda yake ziyartar mahaifiyarta a Tennessee, Forman ya yi ƙoƙari ya sayi Coca-Cola daga kantin magani na gida. An gaya masa cewa idan yana so ya sayi daya dole ne ya sha shi a baya ba a teburin ba.

Cikin rikicewa, Forman ya tambayi dalilin da ya sa kuma an gaya masa "Yarinya, kai baƙar fata ne. " Wannan shi ne karo na farko a rayuwarsa ya fahimci cewa saboda launi na fatarsa cewa akwai "abubuwa [yana] iya kuma ba zai iya yi ba, kuma wasu mutane suna da 'dama' don gaya masa abin da [yana] zai iya kuma ba za a iya yi ba" [he][him]

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1935, Forman ya koma Chicago don ya zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa. A wannan watan Satumba ya shiga makarantar Katolika ta St. Anselm, makarantarsa ta farko, kuma nan da nan aka sanya shi cikin aji na biyu. Lokacin da yake wasa tare da yara na unguwa zai jefa duwatsu da gwangwani a kan fararen masu tafiya kuma ya jefa tubali daga rufin kuma a kan motocin 'yan sanda. Koyaya, sabuwar makarantarsa ta sanya matsin lamba a kansa don juyawa zuwa Katolika, tare da Furotesta ya zama "babban batun" ta aji na 6. Kasancewa kawai Furotesta a makarantar Katolika ya sanya James ta hanyar "babban rikici na motsin rai". Ya yanke shawarar canja wurin zuwa makarantar jama'a ta gida, makarantar Betsy Ross Grammar. Ya yi kyau sosai a can cewa an ba shi izinin tsallake semester na farko na aji na bakwai.

Forman ya yi aiki mai mahimmanci ga SNCC a cikin al'adun al'adu. Misali, Forman ya dauki matashiyar tauraron Bob Dylan don yin amfani da fa'idodi da tarurruka ga SNCC (Daya daga cikin waɗannan tarurruka a Mississippi ya bayyana a cikin classic documentary Don't Look Back).  Lokacin da Dylan ya sami lambar yabo daga Kwamitin 'Yancin Bil'adama na Gaggawa ya ce girmamawa da gaske ta kasance ta "James Forman da SNCC".

 Shirye-shiryen dabarun bayan Freedom Summer 
Lokacin da, duk da fushin kasa da tashin hankali ya haifar a Mississippi (ma'aikatan aikin 3 sun mutu; mutane 4 sun ji mummunan rauni; 80 aka yi musu duka, 1,000 aka kama su; 35 harbe-harbe, majami'u 37 da aka jefa bam ko aka ƙone; da kuma baƙar fata 30 ko gidaje da aka ƙone),  Gwamnatin Johnson ta ki sanya wakilan MFDP a taron a watan Agusta maimakon kara hadari ga Jam'iyyar Democrat a Kudu, akwai damuwa da rikici a cikin motsi.  A matsayin damar da za a dauki kaya, don sukar da sake kimanta motsi, a watan Nuwamba 1964 Forman ya taimaka wajen shirya koma baya a Waveland, Mississippi.

Lokacin da, duk da fushin kasa da tashin hankali ya haifar a Mississippi (ma'aikatan aikin 3 sun mutu; mutane 4 sun ji mummunan rauni; 80 aka yi musu duka, 1,000 aka kama su; 35 harbe-harbe, majami'u 37 da aka jefa bam ko aka ƙone; da kuma baƙar fata 30 ko gidaje da aka ƙone),  Gwamnatin Johnson ta ki sanya wakilan MFDP a taron a watan Agusta maimakon kara hadari ga Jam'iyyar Democrat a Kudu, akwai damuwa da rikici a cikin motsi.  A matsayin damar da za a dauki kaya, don sukar da sake kimanta motsi, a watan Nuwamba 1964 Forman ya taimaka wajen shirya koma baya a Waveland, Mississippi.

Kamar Ella Baker, a cikin sukar jagorancin King na "masu" na SCLC, Babban Sakatare, Forman ya ga kansa a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga masu ba da lissafi, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. Duk da haka a cikin SNCC kanta, ya kara damuwa da rashin "haɗin kai na ciki". A Waveland, ya ba da shawarar cewa ma'aikatan (kimanin ashirin), waɗanda a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki na asali suna da "murya amma babu kuri'a," su kafa "da kansu a matsayin Kwamitin Gudanarwa" kuma su zaɓi sabon Zartarwa. Lokaci ya yi da za a gane cewa SNCC ba ta da "tushen ɗalibai" (tare da matsawa zuwa rajistar masu jefa kuri'a, ƙungiyoyin zanga-zangar harabar na asali sun ɓace) kuma cewa ma'aikatan, "mutanen da ke yin mafi yawan aiki," sune ainihin "nucleus" na ƙungiyar. Amma "matsala da yawa da damuwa da yawa a cikin kungiyar" wanda "yanci" ya ba masu shirya a fagen damar yin hakan shine dalilin, ya yi jayayya, don "canja da canza" tsarin yanke shawara. Idan aka ba da "matsi na waje" abin da ake buƙata yanzu shine don "haɗin kai".

Bob Moses ya yi adawa da shi. Matsayin SNCC shine don tayar da gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, ba don samar da jagoranci ba. "shugabanci", Musa ya yi imanin, "yana cikin mutane. . . Idan ka fita ka yi aiki tare da mutanenku shugabanci zai fito. ... Ba mu san ko wanene su yanzu ba: kuma ba mu buƙatar sanin.

Don samun mu ta hanyar rikici," Casey Hayden ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa da shawarar Forman ta daban-daban ƙananan kwamitoci da tanadi don tabbatar da cewa "shugabancin dukkan shirye-shiryenmu" za a ci gaba da fitar da shi daga fagen, kuma ba daga babban ofishin "wanda ke sanya yankuna da yawa na shirye-shirye da ke da alhakin mutum ɗaya maimakon mu duka. "Forman wannan har yanzu yana ba da shawara sosai, yana da haɗin kai don ƙungiyar wanda ƙalubalen ta, ba tare da fararen masu sa kai na siyasa ba, ba "buɗe da kuma Freedom Belt"

 Dangantaka mara kyau da Black Panthers 
A watan Mayu 1966 Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson ta maye gurbin Forman, wacce ta ƙaddara "don kiyaye SNCC tare".  Amma Forman ta tuna da shugabannin maza da ke yaƙi da "yunkurin da ta yi a matsayin babban sakatariyar zartarwa don sanya ma'anar alhakin ƙungiya da horo, "da kuma "ƙoƙarin tabbatar da kansu da gaskiyar cewa mai sukar su mace ce".  A watan Oktoba 1967 Smith-Rob Robinson ta mutu "daga gajiya" a cewar ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinta, "ya hallaka ta hanyar motsi".Cynthia Fleming (1998). Soon We Will Not Cry: The Liberation of Ruby Doris Smith Robinson. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 

Ya maye gurbin John Lewis a matsayin shugaban a watan Mayu 1966 Stokely Carmichael mai shekaru 24. Lokacin da a daren 16 ga Yuni, 1966, biyo bayan zanga-zangar da aka yi a harbi na mai ba da 'yanci James Meredith, Carmichael ya fita daga kurkuku (kamawarsa ta 27) kuma ya shiga Broad Street Park a Greenwood, Mississippi, ya tambayi taron da ke jira "Me kuke so?. " Sun yi kira ga "Black Power! Black Power!"  Tare da Carmichael, shugabancin Atlanta ya kara rinjaye shi da shari'ar Forman ya yi wa jam'iyyar siyasa ta Black. Kamar Forman, wanda yanzu yake kira ga nazarin Marxism, Carmichael ya yi jinkirin karɓar ma'anar cewa ya kamata a cire fararen fata daga motsi, amma wannan shine hanyar da aka dauka. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1966, shugaban kasa na SNCC ya nemi fararen ma'aikata da masu sa kai su bar,  kuma a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1967 ya gaya musu su yi murabus. 

Da yake jagorantar ayyukan SNCC a Birnin New York, Forman ya kasance kusa da jagorancin SNCC. Ya taimaka musu su tattauna kan haɗuwa da Black Panther Party wanda ya karɓi matsayin girmamawa na "Ministan Kasashen Waje". Lokacin da Carmichael ya dawo daga Guinea ta Ahmed Sékou Touré a watan Janairun 1968, ya zama "Firai Minista". Amma ba da daɗewa ba Forman ya yi takaici, kuma a watan Yunin 1968 ya shiga cikin hukumar zartarwa ta SNCC ta kasa don kin amincewa da duk wani haɗin kai da jam'iyyar. Wannan ya biyo baya a watan Yuli ta hanyar "tsayayya mai tsanani" a ofishinsa a New York. A yayin "tafiyar tattaunawa" Panthers tare da Carmichael da Eldridge Cleaver, "Ministan Bayanai" na Panthers,  an ruwaito sun tura bindiga cikin bakin Forman.  Ga Forman da SNCC wannan shine "tsuntsu na ƙarshe". An kori Carmichael ("shiga cikin gwagwarmayar iko" wanda "ya yi barazana ga wanzuwar kungiyar")  - kuma "Forman ya fara zama a asibiti, kuma daga baya a Puerto Rico, yana fama da ciwon jijiya".  

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba