Magani na juyawa

Magungunan juyawa shine aikin pseudoscientific na ƙoƙarin canza yanayin Jima'i na mutum, yanayin soyayya, asalin jinsi, ko nuna jinsi don daidaitawa da ka'idojin jima'i da cisgender. Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don wannan ƙarshen sun haɗa da nau'aikin tiyata na kwakwalwa, tiyata ko sinadarai (hormonal) castration, maganin maganin ƙyama kamar girgizar lantarki, magungunan da ke haifar da ƙishirwa, hypnosis, ba da shawara, tsoma baki na ruhaniya, gani, psychoanalysis, da sake farfadowa. Akwai yarjejeniyar kimiyya cewa maganin juyawa ba shi da tasiri wajen canza yanayin jima'i na mutum ko asalin jinsi kuma sau da yawa yana haifar da mummunar cutar tunani ta dogon lokaci. Ƙarin adadin hukunce-hukunce a duniya sun zartar da dokoki game da maganin juyawa.

A tarihi, maganin juyawa shine maganin zabi ga mutanen da suka bayyana abubuwan jan hankali na jinsi ɗaya ko kuma suka nuna rashin daidaituwa na jinsi, wanda a baya aka ɗauka a matsayin cututtuka ta hanyar cibiyar kiwon lafiya. Lokacin da aka yi a yau, maganin juyawa na iya zama zamba, kuma lokacin da aka yi wa yara ƙanana, wani nau'i na cin zarafin yara. Masana sun bayyana shi a matsayin azabtarwa; zalunci, rashin mutunci, ko kuma wulakanci; kuma ya saba wa haƙƙin ɗan adam. Matsayin maganin da ke da tushe a yanzu da jagorar asibiti shine cewa luwaɗi, bisexuality, da bambancin jinsi sune al'amuran halitta da lafiya na Jima'i na ɗan adam. Higbee, Madison; Wright, Eric R.; Roemerman, Ryan M. (2022). "Conversion Therapy in the Southern United States: Prevalence and Experiences of the Survivors". Journal of Homosexuality. 69 (4): 612–631. doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1840213. PMID 33206024. S2CID 227039714. 

 Kalmomin 
Kwararrun likitoci da masu gwagwarmaya suna la'akari da "magungunan juyawa" sunan kuskure ne, saboda ba ya zama hanyar da ta dace ta magani. Sauran kalmomi sun haɗa da "ƙoƙarin canjin jima'i" (SOCE) Fenaughty, John; Tan, Kyle; Ker, Alex; Veale, Jaimie; Saxton, Peter; Alansari, Mohamed (January 2023). "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Change Efforts for Young People in New Zealand: Demographics, Types of Suggesters, and Associations with Mental Health". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 52 (1): 149–164. doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01693-3. ISSN 0047-2891. PMC 9813061. PMID 36301377. da "ƙwarewar canjin asalin jinsi" (GICE)  - tare, yanayin jima'i da ƙoƙarin canjin asalin jima'i (SOGICE). A cewar mai bincike Douglas C. Haldeman, SOCE da GICE ya kamata a yi la'akari da su tare saboda dukansu sun dogara ne akan zaton "cewa halayyar da ke da alaƙa da jinsi da ta dace da jima'i na haihuwa na mutum ya zama al'ada kuma duk wani abu ba a yarda da shi ba kuma ya kamata a canza shi". "Gaskiya mai gyarawa" na iya nufin maganin juyawa gabaɗaya,  ko kuma wani ɓangare na shi.  Wasu kafofin sun fi son kalmar "ayyukan juyawa" zuwa "maganiyar juyawa", bisa la'akari da cewa ayyukan da ake tambaya ba ainihin warkarwa ba ne.

Masu ba da shawara game da maganin juyawa ba lallai bane su yi amfani da kalmar ko dai, a maimakon haka suna amfani da kalmomi kamar "warkarwa daga lalata ta jima'i"  da kuma "gwagwarmaya da jan hankalin jinsi ɗaya". 

 Tarihi 

 Ƙoƙarin canjin jima'i (SOCE) 
Kalmar ɗan luwaɗi ta samo asali ne daga marubucin ɗan Hungary mai magana da Jamusanci Karl Maria Kertbeny kuma tana cikin yaduwa a cikin shekarun 1880. Drescher, Jack; Schwartz, Alan; Casoy, Flávio; McIntosh, Christopher A.; Hurley, Brian; Ashley, Kenneth; Barber, Mary; Goldenberg, David; Herbert, Sarah E.; Lothwell, Lorraine E.; Mattson, Marlin R.; McAfee, Scot G.; Pula, Jack; Rosario, Vernon; Tompkins, D. Andrew (2016). "The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy". Journal of Medical Regulation. 102 (2): 7–12. doi:10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7. PMC 5040471. PMID 27754500.  A tsakiyar karni na ashirin, ra'ayoyin gasa game da luwadi sun ci gaba ta hanyar psychoanalysis da ilimin jima'i na ilimi. Sigmund Freud, wanda ya kafa psychoanalysis, ya kalli luwadi a matsayin wani nau'i na ci gaban da aka kama. Daga baya masu nazarin kwakwalwa sun bi Sandor Rado, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa luwadi shine "tsoron guje wa luwadi wanda ya haifar da rashin isasshen iyaye". Wannan layin tunani ya shahara a cikin tsarin ilimin halayyar ɗan luwaɗi bisa ga yawan fursunoni ko masu luwadi da ke neman magani. Sabanin haka, masu binciken ilimin jima'i kamar su Alfred Kinsey sun yi jayayya cewa luwadi bambanci ne na al'ada a ci gaban ɗan adam. A cikin 1970, masu gwagwarmayar gay sun fuskanci Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amirka, suna shawo kan ƙungiyar don sake la'akari da ko ya kamata a lissafa luwadi a matsayin rikici. APA ta cire luwadi a cikin 1973, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga sauye-sauye a cikin ra'ayin jama'a game da luwadi.

Duk da rashin goyon bayan kimiyya, wasu masu gwagwarmayar zamantakewa ko addini sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa idan za a iya canza jima'i na mutum, luwadi ba wani tsari ne mai mahimmanci kamar launin fata ba. Yin aro daga ra'ayoyin psychoanalytic da ba a yarda da su ba game da dalilin luwadi, wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane sun ba da maganin juyawa.Drescher, Jack; Schwartz, Alan; Casoy, Flávio; McIntosh, Christopher A.; Hurley, Brian; Ashley, Kenneth; Barber, Mary; Goldenberg, David; Herbert, Sarah E.; Lothwell, Lorraine E.; Mattson, Marlin R.; McAfee, Scot G.; Pula, Jack; Rosario, Vernon; Tompkins, D. Andrew (2016). "The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy". Journal of Medical Regulation. 102 (2): 7–12. doi:10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7. PMC 5040471. PMID 27754500. A shekara ta 2001, maganin juyawa ya ja hankalin mutane lokacin da Robert L. Spitzer ya buga wani binciken da ba An sake dubawa ba wanda ke tabbatar da cewa wasu 'yan luwadi na iya canza yanayin jima'i. Mutane da yawa masu bincike sun yi sukar hanyar binciken, kuma Spitzer daga baya ya ki amincewa da bincikensa.

 Ƙoƙarin canjin asalin jinsi (GICE) 
Ƙoƙarin Canjin Gender Identity (GICE) yana nufin ayyukan masu ba da kiwon lafiya da masu ba da shawara na addini tare da burin ƙoƙarin canza asalin jinsi na mutum ko furci don ya dace da ka'idojin zamantakewa. Misalan sun haɗa da maganin ƙyama, sake fasalin fahimta, da kuma maganin psychoanalytic da magana. Labaran tsarin kiwon lafiya na Yammacin Turai sun kafa tarihin transphobia: tsarin da ke goyon bayan tsarin jinsi na biyu da kuma cututtukan bambancin jinsi da rashin daidaituwa. Wannan ya taimaka wa ci gaba da yaduwar GICE.

Harkokin shiga tsakani na farko sun samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin psychoanalytic. Robert Stoller ya gabatar da ka'idar cewa halayyar da ba ta dace da jinsi ba da kuma furci a cikin yara da aka ba su namiji a lokacin haihuwa (AMAB) ya haifar da kasancewa kusa da mahaifiyarsu. Richard Green ya ci gaba da bincikensa; hanyoyinsa na canza halayensa sun haɗa da sa mahaifin ya ciyar da karin lokaci tare da yaro da mahaifiyarsa kaɗan, yana sa ran nuna Matsayin jinsi na jinsi, da kuma sa su yabon halayyar namiji na ɗansu, da kuma kunyatar da mata da marasa daidaituwa da jinsi. Wadannan tsoma baki sun haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin yara da jin daɗin cin amana daga iyaye cewa maganin ya gaza

A cikin shekarun 1970s, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na UCLA Richard Green ya dauki Ole Ivar Lovaas don daidaita dabarun maganin Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) don ƙoƙarin hana yara daga zama masu canza Jima'i. An yi la'akari da "Feminine Boy Project", maganin ya yi amfani da yanayin aiki don ba da lada ga halayen da suka dace da jinsi, da kuma azabtar da halayen da ba su dace da jinsi ba.

Kenneth Zucker a Cibiyar Kula da Jiki da Lafiya ta Zuciya ta karɓi hanyoyin Richard Green, amma ta ta taƙaita iyakar ƙoƙarin hana yaron ganowa a matsayin mai canza launin fata ta hanyar canza halayyar jinsi da gabatarwa don ya dace da tsammanin jinsi da aka ba shi a lokacin haihuwa, wanda ya kira "rayuwa a cikin fatar ku". Misali ya yi amfani da irin wannan shiga tsakani kamar Green tare da kara da maganin psychodynamic.

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba