Morse da Frederick

Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S. 393 (2007), shari'ar Kotun Koli ce ta Amurka inda Kotun ta yanke hukunci, 5-4, cewa Kwaskwarimar Farko ba ta hana malamai hana ko azabtar da jawabin dalibai wanda ake kallo a matsayin inganta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba.

A shekara ta 2002, shugabar Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas Deborah Morse ta dakatar da dalibi Joseph Frederick bayan ya nuna wata tutar da ke karantawa "BONG  4 JESUS" a fadin titi daga makarantar a lokacin wasannin Olympics na hunturu na 2002. Frederick ya kai karar, yana mai cewa an keta haƙƙoƙinsa na tsarin mulki na 'yancin magana. Kotun gundumar tarayya ta yi watsi da karar da ya shigar, amma a kan roko, da'irar ta tara ta sauya hukuncin, ta kammala cewa an keta haƙƙin magana na Frederick. Sai shari'ar ta kai Kotun Koli. 

Babban Alkalin John Roberts, yana rubutawa ga mafi rinjaye, ya kammala cewa jami'an makaranta ba su keta Kwaskwarimar Farko ba. Don yin haka, ya yanke shawara uku na shari'a. Na farko, a karkashin maganganun makaranta na yanzu [./<i id= Tinker]_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" id="mwOg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969), Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986) da Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988), ɗalibai suna da 'yancin Magana a makaranta,  amma waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ƙarƙashin iyakancewa a cikin yanayin makaranta wanda ba zai shafi haƙƙin magana na manya a waje da makaranta ba.  Kotun Koli tun lokacin da Tinker gabaɗaya sun goyi bayan makarantu lokacin da aka kalubalanci dokokin gudanar da ɗalibai a kan tushen 'yancin magana. Na biyu, koyarwar "magana ta makaranta" ta yi amfani da ita saboda jawabin Frederick ya faru ne a wani taron da ake kula da makaranta. A ƙarshe, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa ana iya ƙuntata jawabin a cikin yanayin makaranta, duk da cewa ba ya rushewa a ƙarƙashin ma'auni na Tinker, saboda "sha'awar gwamnati na dakatar da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi na ɗalibai ... ya ba da damar makarantun su ƙuntata furcin ɗalibai waɗanda suke ɗauka daidai da inganta amfani da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. "[s]

 Tarihi da tarihin tsari 
A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2002, an ba da izinin dalibai da ma'aikata a Makarantar Sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas a Alaska su bar azuzuwan  don kallon Torch na Olympics ya wuce a matsayin wani ɓangare na ragowar torch na Olympics na hunturu na shekara ta 2002.[10] Joseph Frederick, wanda ya makara zuwa makaranta a wannan rana, ya haɗu da wasu abokai a kan titin da ke gefen makarantar sakandare, a waje da filin makaranta. Frederick da abokansa sun jira kyamarorin talabijin don su iya buɗe tutar da ke karantawa "BONG  4 JESUS". An nakalto Frederick yana cewa ya fara ganin wannan magana a kan takardar kankara. Lokacin da suka nuna tutar, shugabar Deborah Morse ta gudu a fadin titin kuma ta kwace ta. [nb 1]

Morse da farko ya dakatar da Frederick na kwanaki biyar saboda keta manufofin yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi na gundumar makarantar, amma ya kara dakatarwar zuwa kwanaki goma bayan Frederick ya nakalto Thomas Jefferson. [nb 2] Frederick ya yi kira ga dakatarwarsa ga mai kula wanda ya musanta roko amma ya iyakance shi zuwa lokacin da Frederick ya riga ya fita daga makaranta kafin ya yi kira zuwa ga mai kula (kwana takwas). Frederick ya yi kira ga Kwamitin Makarantar Juneau, wanda ya tabbatar da dakatarwar a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2002. 

 Kotun Gundumar 

A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2002, Frederick ya gabatar da karar kare hakkin bil'adama (a karkashin 42 U.S.C. §) a kan Morse da kwamitin makarantar, yana mai da'awar cewa sun keta haƙƙin tsarin mulkin tarayya da na jihar ga 'yancin magana. Ya nemi Taimako na bayyanawa (don yanke hukunci na bayyanawa cewa an keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko), taimako na injunctive (don umarni don cire ambaton dakatarwar kwana goma daga bayanan makarantarsa), da kyaututtuka na kuɗi (rashin biyan kuɗi, lalacewar azabtarwa, da Kudin lauya).  

Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Alaska ta yi watsi da shari'ar Frederick a kan yanke hukunci na taƙaitaccen lokaci. Kotun gundumar ta yi la'akari da cewa Gundumar Makarantar Bethel No. 403 v. Fraser, sabanin Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, ta mallaki jawabin makarantar Frederick. A karkashin wannan mahallin, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa, saboda gaskiyar da aka tsara, Morse da hukumar makarantar ba su keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko ta Frederick ba, saboda Morse ya fassara tutar a matsayin mai saba wa manufofin makarantar game da rigakafin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. 

 Da'ira ta Tara 
Da'ira ta Tara ta sauya hukuncin Kotun Gundumar. Alkalin Andrew Kleinfeld ne ya rubuta shawarar kwamitin. Da farko, Kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a fassara lamarin a ƙarƙashin koyarwar magana ta makaranta, duk da cewa Frederick yana tsaye a gefen titi, kuma ba a filin makaranta ba. [[nb 4]]

Don haka, ga Alkalin Kleinfeld, "tambayar ta zo ne ga ko makaranta na iya, ba tare da damuwa game da rushewar ayyukan ilimi ba, azabtarwa da kuma tantancewa ba tare da tsangwama ba, jawabin da dalibai suka yi a waje da makarantar yayin ayyukan da aka ba da izini saboda jawabin yana inganta saƙon zamantakewa wanda ya saba da wanda makarantar ta fi so. Amsar da ke ƙarƙashin iko, wanda ya daɗe yana nan a bayyane 'A'a'a' don cimma wannan ƙuduri, Kotun ta yi tambaya ko an keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki na Frederick. [Nuna cikin 5] Kotun, a cikin riƙewa (a kan Kotun Gundumar) cewa Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ya ba da bincike mai sarrafawa, ya bambanta Gundumar Makarantar Bethel No. 403 v. Fraser da Gundumar Makaranta ta Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier.

Mai kula da makarantar gundumar Juneau Peggy Cowan ya bayyana cewa, "Damuwar da nake da ita ita ce [hukuncin kotun] na iya lalata ikonmu na aika saƙo mai ma'ana game da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. "

 Certiorari da muhawara ta baki 
Kwamitin makarantar ya roki Kotun Koli ta Amurka da ta sake duba shawarar da aka yanke na tara. A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2006, Kotun ta amince da karar. 

An ji muhawara ta baki a safiyar Maris 19, 2007.  Kenneth Starr ya fara magana a madadin shugaban makarantar da ke neman takardar. Ya bayyana mulkin a cikin Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, a matsayin "cewa akwai haƙƙin magana ta siyasa da ke ƙarƙashin rushewa - cewa magana ba ta rushewa ba". Ya bayyana rikice-rikice a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya a matsayin halayyar da ba ta dace da aikin ilimi na makarantar ba, kuma a cikin takamaiman sharuddan a matsayin keta manufofin da makarantar ta sanar don tilasta da tallafawa dokoki game da kula da wiwi (da sauran dokoki gaba ɗaya). Starr ya kuma ambaci shari'o'in Bethel School District v. Fraser, da Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier .

Starr ya lura cewa a cikin Tinker babu wata manufa da aka rubuta; batun "rashin daidaituwa" ne ake amfani da shi. An ce wannan shari'ar ta damu da ayyukan horo na makaranta "da ke yin amfani da orthodoxy don hana tattaunawar ra'ayoyi". Mai Shari'a David Souter ya ce Bong Hits 4 JESUS "ya yi kama da sanarwa mai tayar da hankali a gare ni. "  Starr ya amsa ta hanyar cewa "maɓallin shine ya ba da damar jami'in makarantar ya fassara saƙon muddin wannan fassarar ta dace. "

Mataimakin Solicitor-General Edwin Kneedler ya yi magana a madadin gwamnatin Amurka don tallafawa mai shigar da kara. Ya ce: "Sakamako na Farko ba ya buƙatar jami'an makarantar jama'a su tsaya a gefe kuma su ba da izinin ɗaliban da aka ba su kulawa da kulawa don ingantawa ko ƙarfafa amfani da kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. "  Ya ambaci shari'o'in Hukumar Ilimi v. Earls da Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier a cikin ni'imarsa.

Da yake wakiltar Frederick, Douglas K. Mertz ya buɗe, "Wannan lamari ne game da 'yancin magana. Ba game da kwayoyi ba ne. " Babban Alkalin John Roberts ya amsa: "Lokaci ne game da kuɗi. Abokin ciniki yana son kuɗi daga shugaban da kansa don ayyukanta a wannan yanayin. " Mertz ya jaddada cewa ba a tallafa wa makarantar ba; cewa bai shiga kan dukiyar makaranta ba kafin ya gabatar da tutar; cewa "BONG HiTS 4 JUSES" an yi niyyar zama - kuma an dauke shi a matsayin - kawai mai ban dariya kuma wannan saƙon ba; Dangane da waɗannan hujjoji, ya kammala, shari'arsa "ba ta gabatar da batun ikon makaranta a kan maganganun ɗalibai a harabar ko a cikin aikin da ake tallafawa makaranta ba".

Starr ya karyata. Ya ambaci Gundumar Makarantar Vernonia 47J v. Acton da Hukumar Ilimi v. Earls a matsayin shari'o'in da ke nuna karfi na Kotun da ya gabata a kan al'amuran da suka shafi yaki da "ƙwayoyin cuta". A rufewa da kuma taƙaitawa, ya ce:

 Ra'ayoyi 

 Ra'ayi na Kotun 
Babban Alkalin Roberts, yana rubutawa ga mafi yawan alƙalai biyar, ya kammala cewa jami'an makarantar ba su keta Kwaskwarimar Farko ba ta hanyar kwace tutar mai goyon bayan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma dakatar da ɗalibin da ke da alhakin hakan. Bayan karanta asalin a Sashe na I na ra'ayi, a Sashe ya II ya yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da koyarwar "Magana a makaranta" saboda jawabin Frederick ya faru "a wani taron makaranta"; Sashe na III ya yanke shawarar que an "ana kallon jawabin a matsayin inganta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba"; kuma Sashe na IV, ya yi tambaya ko shugaban na iya ƙuntata wannan magana bisa doka, yana kammala cewa za ta iya - a ƙarƙashin abubuwan da suka gabata na makarantar ta hanyar shari'a game da suka shafi makarantu, da suka shafi "muhimmanci - watakila, yana tilasta sha'awar" a hana ɗalibai.

 Magana ta fada ƙarƙashin shari'ar magana ta makaranta 

Na farko, Roberts ya yanke shawarar cewa Kotun ya kamata ta bincika jawabin Frederick a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar ƙa'idar "magana ta makaranta" - ta ƙi "a farkon" gardamar Frederick cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da shari'ar a ƙarƙashin shari'ar 'yancin magana. Duk da yake ya yarda da cewa abin da ya gabata ya nuna "wani rashin tabbas a kan iyakokin waje game da lokacin da kotuna ya kamata su yi amfani da abubuwan da suka gabata na makaranta",  Roberts ya kara da cewa: "amma ba a kan waɗannan gaskiyar ba". Roberts ya sake jaddada yanayin, sannan ya bayyana cewa: "A karkashin wadannan yanayi, mun yarda da mai kula da cewa Frederick ba zai iya 'tsayawa a tsakiyar abokan karatunsa ba, a lokacin makaranta, a wani aikin da aka ba da izini a makaranta kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi makaranta ba.'"

Bayan haka, Roberts ya yanke shawarar cewa ƙarshen shugaban cewa tutar Frederick "ta ba da shawarar amfani da kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba" ya kasance mai ma'ana. Da yake amincewa da cewa saƙon tutar "cryptic" ne, duk da haka ba shakka "ma'anar miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne". A cikin isa ga wannan kammalawa, Roberts ya bambanta "ƙarancin ma'anoni na madadin da tutar zata iya ɗauka" da gaskiyar cewa fassarorin biyu da ke akwai nan da nan na kalmomin suna tallafawa wannan kammaƙalli:

Kuma ko da wannan fassarar ta biyu ba ta goyi bayan ƙaddamarwar shugaban ba cewa tutar ta ba da shawarar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba,

Da yake rufe wannan tattaunawar, Roberts ya ki amincewa da madadin asusun biyu na jawabin Frederick da aka bayar a cikin rashin amincewa: na farko, rashin amincewa ya lura cewa Frederick "kawai yana so ya shiga talabijin", wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "bayani mai gaskiya da rashin jituwa ga saƙon". Roberts ya sake cewa: "Amma wannan bayanin ne na dalilin Frederick na nuna tutar; ba fassarar abin da tutar ta ce ba ne. " Na biyu, rashin amincewar ta jaddada muhimmancin magana ta siyasa da kuma bukatar inganta "muhawara ta kasa game da batun mai tsanani". Roberts ya sake cewa "ko da Frederick ba ya jayayya cewa tutar tana isar da kowane irin saƙon siyasa ko na addini"; "wannan a bayyane ba lamari ne game da muhawara ta siyasa game da aikata laifuka na amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ko mallaka ba".

A ƙarshe, Roberts ya tambayi ko shugaban na iya ƙuntata irin wannan magana. Ya kammala cewa za ta iya. Ya fara ne ta hanyar sake nazarin shari'ar jawabin makaranta na kotun:

 Da farko, Roberts ya sake maimaita cewa za a iya murkushe maganganun dalibai ne kawai idan jami'an makaranta suka kammala cewa zai "duka aiki da horo na makarantar" - yana lura duk da haka cewa wannan rukunan ya fito ne daga shari'a (Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist.) inda dalibai ke shiga cikin "magana ta siyasa" a cikin "maganganun da ba a cikin shiru, ba a cikin ra'ayi ba tare da wani rikici ko rikici ba" (mu da rikici koyaushe suna tayar su, don nuna damuwa da ikon yin amfani da ita ga waɗannan) don nuna rashin amincewa da ita ce kawai ga waɗannan matakai na Amurkawa da ita.[t] 538 U.S. 343, 365 (2003).
 Na biyu, Roberts ya ambaci Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser . Shari'ar Fraser tana da rikice-rikice, amma Roberts ya ki yin amfani da ko warware rikice-rikicen da ake yi na wannan shari'ar ("Ba za mu buƙaci warware wannan muhawara don yanke shawarar wannan shari'a ba"); a maimakon haka, ya bayyana cewa "[f] ko dalilai na yanzu, ya isa ya narkar da ka'idoji guda biyu daga Fraser":

 cewa "yancin kundin tsarin mulki na dalibai a makarantar jama'a ba su da alaƙa ta atomatik tare da haƙƙin manya a wasu saituna" ("a cikin hasken halaye na musamman na yanayin makaranta"). 
 cewa binciken "babban rushewa" wanda Tinker ya tsara "ba cikakke ba ne" (watau, yana da sassauci / zaɓi). 

 Na uku, Roberts ya ambaci shari'ar jawabin dalibai na baya-bayan nan, Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier . A wannan yanayin, Kotun ta ba da izinin makaranta ta "yi amfani da ikon edita akan salon da abun ciki na jawabin dalibai a cikin ayyukan nunawa da ake tallafawa makaranta" (ƙin buga labarai a cikin takardar makaranta cewa " jama'a na iya fahimtar cewa suna da alaƙa da damuwa ta ilimi". Roberts ya gano cewa wannan shari'ar, ko da yake ta bambanta da gaskiya, "duk da haka tana da koyarwa saboda ta tabbatar da ka'idodin da aka ambata a sama".

Roberts sannan ya ambaci shari'o'in da suka ambaci Tinker yayin fassara matsayin da ya cancanta wanda wasu haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki ke samu a makarantu - Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, New Jersey v. T. L. O., Board of Ed. na Makarantar Mai Zaman Kanta No. 92 na Pottawatomie Cty. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Dangane da waɗannan damuwa, Roberts ya ba da cikakken bincikensa ga "muhimmanci - hakika, watakila mai tilasta sha'awa" na gwamnati wajen hana amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ta ɗalibai. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, ra'ayin ya ambaci kididdigar da ke nuna matsalolin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi na matasa. Ya ci gaba da lura cewa wani ɓangare na aikin ilimi na makaranta shine "don ilimantar da dalibai game da haɗarin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma hana amfani da su".  Kotun Gundumar ta kuma lura da "matsi na tsara shine watakila 'mafi mahimmancin abin da ke haifar da yara a makaranta su sha miyagun ƙwalwa'.  Fassarar Kotun Frederick ta ɗauki tutar a matsayin nau'in matsin lamba. Dangane da waɗannan damuwa, ra'ayi ya kammala cewa ayyukan shugaban sun motsa ta hanyar haɗarin "mai tsanani da kuma bayyane" na shan miyagun ƙwayoyi daban da tsoron rashin jin daɗin yaƙi a Tinker.

A cikin Tinker, shugaban makarantar ya hukunta dalibai saboda sanya baki mai adawa da yaki bisa ga "tsoro mara bambanci ko tsoro na rikici" ko "kawai sha'awar gujewa ... rashin jin daɗi da rashin jin daɗuwa".  A nan, duk da haka, damuwa game da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi na ɗalibai "ya wuce wani sha'awar da ba a sani ba don kauce wa rikice-rikice ba.  Shugaba Morse na yin aiki da tutar "zai aika saƙo mai ƙarfi ga ɗaliban da ke cikin alhakin cewa ba za su yarda da waɗannan abubuwan da ba, Frederick" ba da suka faru ba da ake amfani da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi ba.

 Gasar 
Mai shari'a gasa-linkid="766" href="./Clarence_Thomas" id="mwAXY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas ya rubuta yarjejeniya da ta yi jayayya cewa ɗalibai a makarantun jama'a ba su da 'yancin magana kuma ya kamata a soke Tinker. Thomas ya rubuta, "A ganina, tarihin ilimin jama'a ya nuna cewa Kwaskwarimar Farko, kamar yadda aka fahimta da farko, ba ta kare jawabin dalibai a makarantun jama'a. "  Ya yaba da ra'ayin Hugo Black game da Tinker kuma ya kira shi "annabadi". Thomas ya ambaci koyarwar in loco parentis, ma'ana "maimakon iyaye", a ra'ayinsa. Ya gano tarihin ilimin jama'a a Amurka zuwa asalin mulkin mallaka. A cewar Thomas, saboda da farko makarantun gwamnati an yi niyyar maye gurbin masu koyarwa masu zaman kansu, makarantun gwamnati na iya horar da dalibai kamar yadda suke so kuma suna da hannu mai karfi a cikin abin da ya faru a cikin aji. "A takaice dai", ya ci gaba, "a makarantun gwamnati na farko, malamai sun koyar, kuma ɗalibai sun saurara. Malamai sun ba da umarni, kuma ɗaliban sun yi biyayya. "  Ya ce saboda iyaye sun ba da kula da yaransu ga malamai, malamaa suna da damar yin aiki a madadin iyaye a lokacin makaranta. Saboda haka, malamai ya kamata su iya horar da dalibai idan ya cancanta. Thomas ya zargi Tinker da "kushe [gundumar makarantar yankin a matsayin] ikon gargajiya ga shari'a". Thomas ya yi imanin cewa Frederick ba ya magana da ba'a ko kuma ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a bayyane, amma ba da irin wannan kariya ta tsarin mulki "zai kasance... don 'ba da iko da tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Amurka ga ɗaliban makarantar jama'ar".

Mai shari'a Samuel Alito, tare da Mai shari'ar Anthony Kennedy, ya rubuta yarjejeniya da ke nuna cewa ya yarda da ra'ayi na mafi rinjaye har zuwa cewa:

Alito ya amince cewa Morse bai keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko na Frederick ba kuma ya jaddada a cikin yardarsa cewa riƙewar ta shafi ɗaliban da ke ba da shawarar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya yi adawa da "aikin ilimi" da kuma nazarin iyaye na loco don tallafawa "halayyar musamman" na makarantu da ya gano don tabbatar da lafiyar jiki na ɗalibai. Alito ya kammala cewa dole ne a yi banbanci ga tabbatar da 'yancin magana na Kwaskwarimar Farko don kare ɗalibai; tunda a cewar Alito, bayar da shawarar miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba na iya haifar da tashin hankali. Amma Alito ya nace cewa wannan karamin raguwar abin da Kwaskwarimar Farko ta kare shi ne "a nesa da abin da Kwaskarwarimar Farlo ta ba da izini".

Mai shari'a Stephen Breyer ya yarda da hukuncin a wani bangare kuma ya nuna rashin amincewa a wani bangaren, yana jayayya cewa Kotun bai kamata ta amsa batun Kwaskwarimar Farko kai tsaye ba a cikin shari'ar, amma ta yanke shawarar hakan bisa ga cancantar kariya. Kyakkyawan kariya ita ce kariya mai tabbatarwa wanda ke buƙatar kotuna su shigar da hukunci a madadin ma'aikacin gwamnati da ake zargi da keta haƙƙin mutum sai dai idan halin ma'aikaci ya keta "yancin doka ko na kundin tsarin mulki wanda mutum mai hankali zai sani". Saboda ba a bayyana ba ko ayyukan shugaban makarantar na saukar da tutar sun keta Kwaskwarimar Farko, Breyer zai ba da yanke shawara mai zurfi wanda ke nuna cewa an kare ta da ƙwarewar rigakafi kuma ba ta ci gaba ba.

 Rashin amincewa 
Mai shari'a John Paul Stevens, a cikin rashin amincewa da Mai Shari'a David Souter da Mai Shariʼa Ruth Bader Ginsburg suka shiga, sun yi jayayya cewa "Kotu ta yi mummunan tashin hankali ga Kwaskwarimar Farko ta hanyar tabbatar da - hakika, yabo - shawarar makarantar don azabtar da Frederick saboda bayyana ra'ayi wanda bai yarda da shi ba. "  Stevens ya rubuta:

Stevens ya soki shawarar mafi rinjaye a matsayin wanda "ya sauƙaƙa ƙa'idodin manyan ƙa'idodi guda biyu waɗanda Tinker ya dogara da su", saboda "yana riƙe da hukunci da aka samu bisa ga rashin jituwa da mai sauraro da fahimtar ta (ko, mai yiwuwa, rashin fahimta) game da ra'ayin mai magana". Bugu da ƙari, ya lura, "Ƙarfafa amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na iya ƙara yiwuwar mai sauraro zai gwada miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma wannan da wuya ya tabbatar da tantancewa". "[C]bayar da jawabin da ke goyon bayan miyagun ƙwayoyi don kulawa mai tsanani ba ta sami goyon baya a cikin dokarmu ba kuma tana adawa da dabi'un da Kwaskwarimar Farko ta kare. "

Stevens ya kuma yi jayayya da fassarar mafi rinjaye game da tutar a matsayin mai tsanani ga amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi:

Stevens ya jaddada cewa zai zama "mai zurfi rashin hikima don ƙirƙirar dokoki na musamman don magana game da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa", yana nuna misalai na tarihi na Hanawa da Yaƙin Vietnam da juriya ga haramtacciyar doka a cikin 1920s. Da yake nuna muhawara ta yanzu game da wiwi na likita, Stevens ya kammala, "Tabbas kwarewarmu ta ƙasa tare da barasa ya kamata ya sa mu yi taka tsantsan game da rage maganganun da ke ba da shawarar - duk da haka ba tare da ma'ana ba - cewa zai fi kyau a haraji da kuma tsara wiwi fiye da dagewa a cikin ƙoƙari mara amfani don hana amfani da shi gaba ɗaya. "

 Tattaunawar ilimi 
Melinda Cupps Dickler, a cikin labarinta "The Morse Quartet: Student Speech and the First Amendment" a cikin Loyola Law Review, [1] ya ba da wani bincike na sharhin da ya biyo baya bayan lamarin: Wasu masu sharhi sun ba da shawarar cewa Morse duka sun nuna rarrabuwa tsakanin Alkalai game da haƙƙin magana na ɗalibi[2] da kuma ci gaba da lalata haƙƙin ɗaliban Fraser da Kuhlmeier na Farko. Ta dauki wannan shawarar a matsayin "ba abin mamaki ba" idan aka yi la'akari da sakamakon yanke shawara, da bayyanannen harshe na riko, da kuma tuhumar da alkalai suka yi cewa ra'ayin ya yi "mummunan tashin hankali ga gyaran farko".[4] Ta kara da cewa wasu masu sharhi sun tabbatar da cewa yayin da Morse bai canza doka sosai game da maganganun dalibai ba, amma ya kasa amsa ko daya daga cikin tambayoyin da Tinker trilogy ya bari.[5] Ta lura cewa waɗannan tambayoyin-abin da kariya ta Farko na Kwaskwarima ke binta ga maganganun ɗalibi, da kuma yadda kotuna ya kamata su yi la'akari da ƙididdigar ta-a halin yanzu suna da mahimmanci yayin da makarantu ke gwagwarmaya da batutuwan maganganun ɗalibi na wariya ko maganganun ƙiyayya, [nb 6] da maganganun ɗalibai na barazanar tashin hankali.

Bugu da ƙari, "irin waɗannan tambayoyin koyaushe suna da mahimmanci saboda makarantu sune wuraren horo ga 'yan ƙasarmu da shugabannin nan gaba. " Melinda Cupps Dickler (Visiting Assistant Professor at Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology), "The Morse Quartet: Student Speech And The First Amendment", 53 Loyola Law Review, 355.  Dickler ya lura cewa "Kotu kalilan da suka tattauna Morse ba su yarda da faɗin riƙewa ba, "

Kenneth Starr, tsohon Dean a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Pepperdine, kuma wanda ya yi jayayya da Morse a gaban Kotun Koli, ya gabatar da wani taro game da shari'ar  yana lura da cewa Babban Alkalin Roberts "yana so ya riƙe yanke shawara sosai", yana iyakance shari'ar "ga batun ikon masu gudanar da makarantar jama'a na kiyaye tsarin ilimi kyauta daga sakonni game da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba" kuma ya samo asali daga shari'ar jawabin dalibai na Kotun da ke akwai wanda "ya ba masu gudanar da damar yin amfani da miyagun kwayoyi".

Babban masanin shari'ar kundin tsarin mulki Erwin Chemerinsky ya shiga cikin wannan taron, yana bincika yadda jami'an makaranta, kwamitocin makaranta, da alƙalai na ƙananan kotuna za su fahimta da kuma amfani da wannan shawarar. Ya ba da shawarar cewa ra'ayin ya kasance ba daidai ba kuma - daga hangen nesa na Kwaskwarimar Farko - ba a so sosai ba, yana jayayya cewa ba za a iya tabbatar da shawarar ba a karkashin ka'idodin Kwaskwarima na Farko na yanzu, cewa ana iya ganin shi azaman azabtarwa ga ɗalibai don magana da aka ɗauka mara kyau ko mai banƙyama, har ma da ƙuruciya kawai. Koyaya, ya lura da ra'ayi mai jituwa na Mai Shari'a Alito, wanda ya nuna cewa ra'ayi na mafi rinjaye na iya zama mai ƙanƙanta sosai kuma ya dogara da wani abu mai ban mamaki; Chemerinsky ya lura cewa idan ana ganin ra'ayin Mai Shari'ar Alito yana bayyana girman riƙewa, to, shari'ar ta kafa ikon makarantu kawai don azabtar da maganganun da ke ƙarfafa amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba da doka maimakon ba jami'an makaranta babban hankali don azabtarwa ga jawabin ɗalibai. Don haka, duk da gaskiyar cewa Morse v. Frederick ya dace da yanke shawara daga Kotun Koli da ƙananan kotunan tarayya a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, fatansa shine za a karanta ra'ayin mafi rinjaye na Babban Alkalin Roberts ta hanyar ra'ayin Mai Shari'a Alito, don haka ba shi da tasiri sosai a kan iyakancewar haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko na ɗalibai.

 Ƙungiyoyin da ke da hannu 
Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka kai tsaye ta shiga cikin wannan shari'ar a gefen Joseph Frederick . Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Mutum, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Tsayayya da Censorship, da sauran kungiyoyin da ke ba da shawara ga kariya ta Kwaskwarimar Farko sun gabatar da amici curiae don tallafawa Frederick. Dalibai don Manufofin Magunguna masu laushi sun kuma lura cewa haramta magana da ke da alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi zai lalata ikon su na samun surori a makarantun jama'a. Cibiyar Shari'a da Adalci ta Amurka, da Cibiyar Rutherford, da sauran kungiyoyin kare Hakkin Kirista da yawa suma sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani a gefen Frederick, suna tunanin cewa idan makarantu za su iya hana maganganun "mai cin zarafi" za su iya haramta maganganun addini wanda masu gudanarwa ba su yarda da shi ba. A wannan lokacin, kungiyoyin kirista masu dama sun yi nasara, yayin da Kotun Koli ta ki amincewa da cewa allon makaranta na iya horar da maganganun "mai cin zarafi", yana mai lura da cewa "maganganun siyasa da na addini da yawa za a iya ɗauka a matsayin abin ƙyama ga wasu" kuma damuwa shine "ba cewa maganganun Frederick ba abin ƙyama ba ne, amma an kalli shi da kyau a matsayin inganta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba".

Ƙungiyar Kwamitin Makarantu ta Kasa ta goyi bayan Morse da gundumar makarantar Juneau, suna jayayya cewa ya kamata makarantu su iya tsara maganganun rikice-rikice. Solicitor Janar na Amurka Paul Clement ya gabatar da taƙaitaccen amicus don tallafawa shawarar gundumar makarantar ta hana jawabin mai rikitarwa. A ranar 19 ga watan Maris, 2007, Dalibai don Manufofin Magunguna masu laushi sun shirya taron 'yancin magana a Kotun Koli yayin muhawara ta baki. Ƙungiyar Manufofin Magunguna da Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Matasa ta Kasa sun taimaka tare da taron wanda ya kawo dalibai da yawa daga ko'ina cikin kasar zuwa matakan kotu.

 Sakamakon haka 
Hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka bai warware dukkan batutuwan da ke cikin shari'ar ba. Frederick ya yi iƙirarin cewa an keta haƙƙin magana a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Alaska, kuma an yi jayayya da batun a gaban Kotun daukaka kara ta Alaska a watan Satumbar 2008.  Koyaya, gundumar makarantar ta amince da daidaitawa a waje da kotu kafin alƙalai su yanke shawara. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, gundumar ta biya Frederick $ 45,000 don daidaita duk sauran da'awar kuma ta amince da hayar masanin shari'ar tsarin mulki mai tsaka-tsaki don jagorantar wani taro kan jawabin dalibai a makarantar sakandare ta Juneau-Douglas a ƙarshen shekara ta makaranta. Frederick daga baya ya ce yayin da yake alfahari da kansa don tsayawa don hakkokinsa, ya yi nadama "mummunan abin da hukuncin ya kafa".

Alamar "BONG HiTS 4 JESUS" ta asali ta rataye a cikin tashar Kwaskwarimar Farko ta Newseum da ta mutu yanzu a Washington, DC.

 Dubi kuma 

 Cannabis a Amurka
 Censorship na kafofin watsa labarai na dalibai a Amurka
 Tarihin shari'a na wiwi a Amurka
 Jerin shari'o'in Kotun Koli ta Amurka, kundi 551

 Bayani mai bayani 

 Manazarta 

 Ƙarin karantawa 



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