Yarjejeniyar Kisan kiyashi

Yarjejeniyar rigakafin da hukunta laifukan kisan kiyashi (CPPCG), ko yarjejeniyar kisan kiyashi, yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da ta haramta kisan kiyashi da kuma tilasta wa jam’iyyun jihohi su ci gaba da aiwatar da haramcinsa. Ita ce ka’ida ta farko ta shari’a da ta amince da kisan kiyashi a matsayin laifi kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko da babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya amince da ita a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1948, a zaman taro na uku na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.[1] Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 12 ga Janairun 1951 kuma tana da jam'iyyun jihohi 153 Kamar yadda na 2025.

An yi la'akari da Yarjejeniyar Kisan kare dangi galibi don mayar da martani ga Yaƙin Duniya na II, wanda ya ga mummunan aiki kamar Holocaust wanda ba shi da isasshen bayanin ko ma'anar doka. Lauyan Poland-Yahudawa Raphael Lemkin, wanda ya kirkiro kalmar kisan kare dangi a 1944 don bayyana manufofin Nazi a Turai da aka mamaye da kisan kare kare dangi na Armeniya, ya yi kamfen don a san shi a matsayin laifi a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. Lemkin ya kuma danganta mulkin mallaka da kisan kare dangi, yana ambaton kisan kare kare dangi na mulkin mallaka a waje da Turai a cikin rubuce-rubucensa.: "Extra-European colonial cases also featured prominently in this projected global history of genocide. In 'Part III: Modern Times,' he wrote the following numbered chapters: (1) Genocide by the Germans against the Native Africans; (3) Belgian Congo; (11) Hereros; (13) Hottentots; (16) Genocide against the American Indians; (25) Latin America; (26) Genocide against the Aztecs; (27) Yucatan; (28) Genocide against the Incas; (29) Genocide against the Maoris of New Zealand; (38) Tasmanians; (40) S.W. Africa; and finally, (41) Natives of Australia ... While Lemkin's linking of genocide and colonialism may surprise those who think that his neologism was modeled after the Holocaust of European Jewry, an investigation of his intellectual development reveals that the concept is the culmination of a long tradition of European legal and political critique of colonization and empire." A cikin ƙuduri na 1946, Babban Taron ya amince da kisan kare dangi a matsayin laifi na kasa da kasa kuma ya yi kira ga ƙirƙirar yarjejeniya mai ɗaurewa don hanawa da azabtar da aikata shi . Subsequent discussions and negotiations among UN member states resulted in the CPPCG.

Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kisan kare dangi a matsayin kowane ɗayan "ayyukan da aka aikata da niyyar hallaka, gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare, ƙungiyar ƙasa, kabilanci, launin fata ko addini. " Wadannan ayyukan biyar sun haɗa da kashe membobin ƙungiyar, suna haifar musu da mummunar lahani na jiki ko tunani, sanya yanayin rayuwa da aka nufa don hallaka ƙungiyar, hana haihuwa, da kuma tilasta tura yara daga cikin ƙungiyar. Wadanda abin ya shafa ana niyya ne saboda ainihin ko kuma ana ganin su memba ne na rukuni, ba da gangan ba. Yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da aikata laifuka "haɗin kai, ƙoƙari, ko tayar da kwamishinanta. " An haramta jihohin membobin shiga cikin kisan kare dangi kuma an tilasta su bi aiwatar da wannan haramcin. Dukkanin masu aikata laifin za a gwada su ba tare da la'akari da ko su mutane ne masu zaman kansu ba, jami'an gwamnati, ko shugabannin siyasa tare da kariya ta mallaka.

CPPCG ta rinjayi doka a matakin ƙasa da na duniya. Ma'anar kisan kare dangi ta karɓa ta kotuna na kasa da kasa da na gauraye, kamar Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, kuma an haɗa ta cikin dokar cikin gida na ƙasashe da yawa. Ana ɗaukar tanadinta a ko'ina a matsayin wanda ke nuna dokar al'ada sabili da haka yana ɗaurewa ga dukkan al'ummomi ko su jam'iyyun ne ko a'a. Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ) ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ka'idodin da ke tattare da Yarjejeniyar suna wakiltar ƙa'ka'ida mai ƙarfi game da kisan kare dangi wanda babu gwamnati da za ta iya ragewa. Yarjejeniyar kisan kare dangi ta ba da izini ga ikon tilas na Kotun Shari'a don yin hukunci da rikice-rikice, wanda ya haifar da shari'ar kasa da kasa kamar shari'ar kisan kare hakkin Rohingya da shari'a game da mamayar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine.

 Ma'anar kisan kare dangi 
Mataki na 2 na Yarjejeniyar ya bayyana kisan kare dangi kamar haka:

Mataki na 3 ya bayyana laifukan da za a iya hukunta su a karkashin yarjejeniyar:

 Manazarta