Kariyar Faransa a Maroko

Kariyar Faransa a Maroko, wanda aka fi sani da French Maroko,Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien, vol. 4, no 162, 29 November 1915, p. 838   shine lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Marokkó wanda ya kasance daga shekarun 1912 zuwa 1956.  An kafa mulkin ne a hukumance a ranar 30 ga watan Maris 1912, lokacin da Sultan Abd al-Hafid ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fez, kodayake mamayar sojojin Faransa a Maroko ta fara ne da mamayewar Oujda da bombardment na Casablanca a shekarar 1907.

Kariyar Faransa ta ci gaba har zuwa rugujewar yarjejeniyar Fez a ranar 2 ga watan Maris 1956, tare da Sanarwar Haɗin Kan Franco-Morocca. Ƙungiya ta 'yancin kai na Maroko, wanda aka kwatanta a tarihin Moroccan a matsayin juyin juya halin Sarki da Jama'a, ya mayar da Mohammed V da ya yi gudun hijira amma bai kawo ƙarshen kasancewar Faransa a Maroko ba. Faransa ta kiyaye tasirinta a cikin ƙasar, ciki har da 'yancin kafa sojojin Faransa da kuma samun damar yin magana a kan manufofin ketare na Maroko. Faransawa mazauna kuma sun kiyaye haƙƙinsu da dukiyoyinsu.

Yayin da yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla da Faransa sun tanadi hulɗar ƙasashen waje masu dogaro da kai, dangantakar Franco da Morocco ta ƙara taɓarɓarewa cikin sauri bayan da Mohammed V ya nuna goyon baya ga neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya ciki har da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.Mounya Essemlali, Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962), , Relations internationales 2011/2 (n° 146), p. 77–93).  Yawan mazauna Faransa ya ragu akai-akai,From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, reaching a low of 25,343 in 1990. Cloé Pellegrini, Profil démographique et historique de la présence française au Maroc, In Therrien C. (coord), 'La migration des Français au Maroc : entre proximité et ambivalence', La Croisée des Chemins, Casablanca, 2016, p. 5–6)  musamman ma bayan da aka mayar da hannun jarin su na noma.Following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973, Pellegrini, p. 8.  Dangantaka da Faransa za ta inganta da zarar sojojin Faransa na ƙarshe sun bar Maroko a cikin watan Nuwamba 1961.Amina Aouchard, Le désengagement militaire français au Maroc au lendemain de l'indépendance,  Revue Historique des Armées, Paris, 2004 (135) p. 22.

Kariyar Faransa ta kasance tare da kariyar Spaniya, wanda aka kafa kuma aka narkar da shi a cikin shekaru guda; iyakokinta sun ƙunshi yankin Maroko tsakanin Corridor na Taza da kogin Draa, ciki har da filayen ƙabilu.  Babban birnin hukuma shi ne Rabat.

 Gabatarwa 
Duk da raunin ikonta, daular Alawi ta bambanta kanta a ƙarni na sha takwas da na sha tara ta hanyar tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Maroko yayin da sauran jihohin yankin suka miƙa wuya ga mamayar Faransa ko Ingila. Sai dai kuma, a kashi na biyu na ƙarni na sha tara, raunin Maroko da rashin zaman lafiya ya gayyaci turawa shiga tsakani don kare barazanar zuba jari da neman rangwamen tattalin arziki. Bayan Yaƙin Hispano-Morocca na shekarar 1859-1860, Spain ta sami amincewar Maroko game da ikonta na dindindin akan Ceuta, Melilla da tsibiran Chafarinas da kuma yankin Ifni. Shekarun farko na ƙarni na 20, an yi gaggawar gudanar da harkokin diflomasiyya, inda ƙasashen Turai musamman Faransa, suka cimma muradunsu a arewacin Afirka.

Ayyukan Faransa a Maroko sun fara ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara. A cikin shekarar 1904, gwamnatin Faransa tana ƙoƙarin kafa wata ƙasa mai kariya a kan Maroko kuma ta sami nasarar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin sirri guda biyu tare da Biritaniya (8 Afrilu 1904, duba Entente cordiale) da Spain (7 Oktoba 1904), wanda ya ba da tabbacin goyon bayan masu iko a cikin wannan ƙoƙarin. A wannan shekarar, Faransa ta ɗauki nauyin kafa Hukumar Kula da Bashi ta Morocco a Tangier. Faransa da Spain sun raba yankin masarautar a asirce, inda Spain ta samu rangwame a arewaci da kudancin ƙasar. 

 Rikicin Morocco na Farko: Maris 1905 - Mayu 1906 
Rikicin Moroccan na farko ya faru ne sakamakon adawar daular mulkin mallaka na manyan ƙasashe, a wannan yanayin, tsakanin Jamus a gefe guda da Faransa, tare da goyon bayan Burtaniya, a ɗaya ɓangaren. Jamus ta ɗauki matakin diflomasiyya cikin gaggawa don hana sabuwar yarjejeniyar fara aiki, ciki har da ziyarar ban mamaki da Wilhelm na biyu ya kai Tangier a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1905. Kaiser Wilhelm ya yi kokarin samun goyon bayan Maroko idan sun je yaki da Faransa ko Biritaniya, kuma ya yi jawabi mai nuna goyon baya ga samun 'yancin kai na Moroko, wanda ya zama kalubale mai tsokana ga tasirin Faransa a Maroko. 

A cikin shekarar 1906, an gudanar da taron Algeciras don warware takaddama. Jamus ta amince da wata yarjejeniya inda Faransa ta amince ta ba da ikon mallakar 'yan sandan Morocco, amma in ba haka ba ta ci gaba da kula da harkokin siyasa da kuɗi  na Moroko. Ko da yake taron Algeciras na ɗan lokaci ya warware Rikicin Morocco na Farko, amma ya ƙara dagula tashe-tashen hankula na duniya tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin Triple Alliance da Triple Entente.

 Mamayewar Faransa 
An fara mamayar sojojin Faransa a Maroko ne bayan kisan Emile Mauchamp a Marrakesh a ranar 19 ga watan Maris 1907. A cikin jaridun Faransa, an kwatanta mutuwarsa a matsayin "harin da ba za a iya ƙarewa ba daga 'yan asalin ƙasar Maroko."  Hubert Lyautey ya kama mutuwarsa a matsayin hujja don mamaye Oujda daga gabas. 
A lokacin rani na 1907, ƙabilun Chaouia sun jagoranci tawaye ga aiwatar da sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar 1906 na Algeciras a Casablanca, inda suka kashe ma'aikatan Turai tara da ke aiki a layin dogo tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa da wani dutse a Roches Noires.  Faransa ta mayar da martani da wani harin bam na ruwa na Casablanca daga ranakun 5-7 ga watan Agusta,  kuma ta ci gaba da mamaye Casablanca da filin Chaouia, wanda ke nuna farkon mamayewar Faransa daga yamma. 

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