Taron Dukkan Al'ummar Afirka

Taron  Afrika baki daya (AAPC) wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwa da kuma ra'ayi daban-daban ga kasashen Afirka na zamani wanda taron farko na kasashe masu cin gashin kansu na Afirka ya wakilta a shekarar 1957. Sabanin wannan taro na farko da jihohi kadai ke da wakilci a hukumance, taron al'ummar Afirka baki daya ya kasance cikin al'adar Pan-Africanism kuma wadanda aka gayyata sun hada da kungiyoyin 'yancin kai da kungiyoyin kwadago, da wakilai daga al'ummomin kabilu da sauran manyan kungiyoyi a fadin nahiyar. Har ila yau, akwai tawagogin 'yan kallo na Amurka, da Tarayyar Soviet, da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, da sauran kasashe da dama. Fira Ministan Ghana Kwame Nkrumah da mashawarcinsa George Padmore da sauran su ne suka dauki nauyin taron al'ummar Afrika baki daya don ci gaba da al'adar Majalisar Pan-African Congress wadda ta hadu a karshe a shekarar 1945 a Manchester . Yana wakiltar ra'ayin cewa ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na Turai ya kusa, kuma a cikin kalaman shugaban taron Tom Mboya na Kenya, cewa lokaci ya yi da za su "zama daga Afirka." 

A cikin kalaman taron, an bude shi ne ga “dukkan jam’iyyun siyasa na kasa da na kungiyar kwadago ta kasa ko makamantansu ko kungiyoyi masu bin manufofin taron”. [1] Taron ya hadu sau uku: Disamba 1958, Janairu 1960, da Maris 1961; kuma yana da sakatariya ta dindindin mai hedikwata a Accra. Manufofinsa na farko shine 'yancin kai ga ƴan mulkin mallaka, da ƙarfafa ƙasashe masu zaman kansu da kuma juriya ga necolonia . Ya kasance yana yin magana sosai a cikin la'antar mulkin mallaka fiye da taron ƙasashen Afirka masu zaman kansu, ƙungiya ce ta zamani wacce ta ƙunshi shugabannin ƙasashe, tana da ɗan taƙaitaccen taka tsantsan na diflomasiyya. Immanuel Wallerstein ya ce taron jama'ar Afirka duka shi ne "majibin gaskiya ga majalisun kasashen Afirka ." An kwatanta batutuwan da halayen taron da abin da ya biyo baya daga taronsa na biyu:Taron

  Ya bukaci samun 'yancin kai cikin gaggawa ba tare da wani sharadi ba na dukkan al'ummar Afirka, da kuma kwashe sojojin kasashen waje na zalunci da zalunci da aka jibge a Afirka;  Ya yi shelar cikakkiyar larura, domin tinkarar kawancen 'yan mulkin mallaka cikin sauri da sauri ya 'yantar da dukkan al'ummomin da suka dogara da su daga zaluncin kasashen waje, da hada kai da hada karfi da karfe na dukkan al'ummar Afirka, sannan ya ba da shawarar kasashen Afirka da kada su yi watsi da duk wani nau'i na hadin gwiwa don moriyar dukkan al'ummomin Afirka;  Ya yi tir da kakkausar murya kan manufar nuna wariyar launin fata da 'yan mulkin mallaka da 'yan tsiraru masu ra'ayin kabilanci ke amfani da su a Kudu da Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka, tare da neman a kawar da mulkin launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, da murkushe Tarayyar Nyasaland da Rhodesia, da samun 'yancin kai na wadannan kasashe nan take;  Yana shelar daidaiton haƙƙoƙi ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa na ƙasashen Afirka masu 'yanci da haɗin gwiwar talakawa don haɓakawa da gudanar da 'yantacciyar Afirka mai 'yanci da wadata;  Ya yi kira ga al'ummomin Afirka da su kara kaimi wajen fafutukar neman 'yancin kai, tare da dagewa kan wajibcin gaggawa ga kasashe masu cin gashin kansu na Afirka don tabbatar musu da taimakon da suka dace;... 

 Taron Farko: Accra, 8-13 Disamba 1958 

Kwamitin Shirye-Shirye wanda ya kunshi wakilai daga kasashe takwas na Afirka masu cin gashin kansu ne suka gabatar da taron na farko-ban da Afirka ta Kudu. Shi kansa taron ya samu halartar wakilai daga kasashen Afirka 28 da kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Wakilai sama da 300 ne da ke wakiltar jam'iyyun siyasa da kungiyoyin kwadago na Afirka, da wakilai daga kasashen Canada, Sin, Denmark, Indiya, Tarayyar Soviet, Burtaniya, da Amurka suka halarta. Tom Mboya, Babban Sakatare na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Kenya, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar. 

A cikin zaurensa, Mboya ya kwatanta taron da na Berlin a shekara ta 1884, ya kuma shaida wa mahalarta taron cewa, ya kamata 'yan Afirka su mallaki makomarsu, ya kuma roki Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da su guji jawo Afirka cikin yakin cacar baka . WEB Du Bois ya kuma yi jawabi a wurin taron (yayin da yake fama da rashin lafiya matarsa ta karanta masa), yana mai cewa Pan Africanism "yana nufin kowace al'umma ta bar wani bangare na gadonta domin amfanin nahiyar baki daya; wajen yin irin wannan sadaukarwa, al'ummar Afirka ba za su rasa komai ba sai daurin da aka yi musu, kuma za su dawo da martabarsu." 

Wata muhimmiyar tattaunawa ita ce kan halaccin yin amfani da tashin hankali kan turawan mulkin mallaka. An yarda cewa tashin hankali zai zama dole a wasu lokuta. Game da gwagwarmaya a Aljeriya, an ba da cikakken goyon baya ga gwamnatin Republican na wucin gadi da aka shela kwanan nan ( Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne — GPRA ). A kan Kamaru, taron ya goyi bayan yakin UPC maquis, yana neman cikakken afuwa da zaben da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki nauyi. Taron ya dauki hadin kai da hadin kai a matsayin muhimman dabarun yaki da mulkin mallaka da kuma mamaye tattalin arziki bayan mulkin mallaka; ta yi kira da a kafa kungiyoyi a fadin Afirka, da suka hada da kungiyoyin matasa na kungiyoyin kwadago, da Ofishin 'Yanci. A wannan taron ne aka yanke shawarar kafa sakatariyar dindindin a Accra. Babban sakatare na farko shine George Padmore, sannan yana zaune a Ghana. A shekara mai zuwa, ya rasu kuma ministan mazauni na Guinea a Ghana, Abdoulaye Diallo ya maye gurbinsa.

Fitattun mutane a taron farko sun hada da: 

 Kwame Nkrumah, shugaban sabuwar Ghana mai cin gashin kanta
 Patrice Lumumba, wanda ya jagoranci tawagar Kongo
 Kenneth Kaunda na Zambia
 Hastings Banda na Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland (kuma daga baya shugaban Malawi )
 Holden Roberto, yana amfani da sunan Rui Ventura, na Angola

Kalmomin da 'yan Ghana suka nuna masu rike da alamu yayin taron: 

 "Hannun Afirka"
 "Dole ne Afirka ta zama 'yanci"
 "Down Tare da Imperialism da Colonialism"
 "Mun fi son 'yancin kai tare da haɗari da bauta cikin kwanciyar hankali"

Kwame Nkrumah a jawabinsa na rufe taron ya jaddada muhimmancin al'ummar Afirka mai cin gashin kanta, kuma ya kamata a sake gina tattalin arzikin Afirka da zamantakewar al'umma bisa tsarin gurguzu. Taron ya yi tasiri mai yawa a kan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na 'yancin kai, musamman na Patrice Lubumba, kuma ya ba da tabbaci. Taron ya kuma ba da gudunmawa wajen kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afrika .

Taron Na Biyu: Tunis, 25–30 Janairu 1960

Wani fasali na AAPC shi ne rashin jituwa tsakanin masu ra'ayin rikau da kuma masu gwagwarmaya na zamani. Babu ɗayansu daga cikin Mboya ko Nkrumah — manyan shugabanni a Taron Accra — da suka halarci taron na biyu a Tunis.Houser, No One Can Stop the Rain (1989), shafi na 75.

Taron ya amince da shawarwarin 'yan Aljeriya da Moroko na ƙirƙirar "rukunin masu sa kai na duniya" domin zuwa su yi yaƙi a Aljeriya kamar yadda aka yi da International Brigade a Yaƙin Basasar Spain a shekarun 1930. Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya ya kasance babban jigon wannan taron.Houser, No One Can Stop the Rain (1989), shafi na 74. Masu halarta sun haɗu da sama da mutane 200,000 na Tunisia wajen yin zanga-zanga kan gwajin makaman nukiliya da Faransa ke yi a hamadar Sahara.

Taron ya nuna damuwa sosai kan neokoloniyalizm — wato, yadda wasu ƙasashe da aka ba 'yanci ke ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon daular mulkin mallaka ta hanyar dogaro da tattalin arziki da sauran dalilai. Wannan ya bayyana misali a cikin Matsayar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa:

Matsayar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa
  La'akari da yadda tattalin arziƙin Afirka ya kasance cikin koma baya sakamakon tsarin mulkin mallaka da mamayar ƙetare;
  La'akari da yadda ƙasashen mulkin mallaka ke ƙoƙarin maye gurbin mulkin siyasa da mulkin tattalin arziki domin hana sabbin ƙasashe 'yanci na gaske;
  La'akari da rashin haɗin kai da jituwa a cikin tattalin arziƙin Afirka da kuma ƙarancin ƙwararrun ma'aikata da kuɗaɗe;
  La'akari da cewa ci gaban tattalin arziƙi shi ne tabbataccen tabbaci na 'yancin nahiyar Afirka;
  La'akari da cewa ƙasashen waje na amfani da tallafin su na tattalin arziƙi a matsayin hanyar raba yankunan Afirka da ke da 'yanci da kuma ke ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka;

Taron

  Ya tabbatar da cewa samun 'yanci shi ne mataki na farko kafin a samu ci gaban tattalin arziƙi;
  Ya bayyana cewa al’ummomin Afirka sun ƙudiri aniyar yin aiki don ci gaban tattalin arziƙi da ‘yantar da nahiyar, a madadin talakawa da ƙarƙashin kulawarsu;
  Ya shawarci ƙasashen Afirka masu 'yanci:

  I. Su ƙarfafa ƙoƙarinsu wajen kuɓutar da ƙasashensu daga dogaro da ƙasashen da suka mulke su a baya..."Resolutions adopted by the Second All-African Peoples' Conference, Tunis, 30 January 1960", in Gott, Major and Warner, shafi na 351.

Matsayar gaba ɗaya ma ta yi magana kan wannan batu:

Taron

   ...ya shawarci gwamnatocin Afirka da su ɗauki mataki wajen kawar da ƙungiyoyin neokoloniyal, musamman duk wata sansanin soji ta ƙasashen waje da ke cikin ƙasashensu;
  La'akari da muhimman "enclaves" na tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewa da ƙasashen daular mulkin mallaka suka kafa a sassan masana’antu da noma, da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyin kuɗi, fasaha da zamantakewa da suke sarrafa su gaba ɗaya;
  Ganin cewa waɗannan "enclaves" suna haifar da cin moriyar albarkatu na ɗan Adam, na shuka da na ma'adinai na Afirka, kuma an kafa su don su amfani tsarin tattalin arzikin ƙetare;
  Ganin ƙari cewa wanzuwar waɗannan "enclaves" yana bai wa ƙasashen daular mulkin mallaka damar daure tattalin arziƙin wasu ƙasashen Afirka sosai a fannonin kwastam, kuɗi, kasuwanci da dai sauransu;
  La'akari da cewa waɗannan daular mulkin mallaka na ƙoƙarin ƙulla waɗannan sababbin tsare-tsaren mulki da kowace ƙasa daban-daban yayin da su kuma suke haɗa kansu domin su mayar da martani ga ƙoƙarin 'yantar da tattalin arziƙin Afirka;

Taron

  Ya tabbatar da muhimmancin juya tattalin arziƙin ƙasashen Afirka zuwa moriyar mutanenta, da kuma yin aiki tare da haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziƙi kamar yadda ake yi a fannin siyasa da al’adu;
  Don haka, yana bayar da shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi na haɗin gwiwa daga duk ƙasashen Afirka masu 'yanci, don gudanar da harkokin kuɗi da kasuwanci, da cibiyoyin binciken zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi, domin nazarin nau'ikan taimakon fasaha da horar da kwararrun da Afirka ke buƙata don ci gabanta da cigaban zamantakewa;
  A ƙarshe, yana ayyana cewa ba za a iya dakatar da motsin samun 'yanci, 'yantarwa da haɗin kan Afirka ba..."Resolutions adopted by the Second All-African Peoples' Conference", Tunis, 30 January 1960. In Gott, Major and Warner, shafuka 350–351.

Taron ya fi tsananta suka ga gwamnatin Faransa saboda matakan da ta ɗauka na rage ikon ƙasashen arewacin Afirka da ke neman samun 'yanci:

  La'akari da wanzuwar Ƙungiyar Faransa, wata sabuwar hanyar mulkin mallaka, da ƙoƙarin gwamnatin Faransa na tilasta wa ƙasashen da ke cikin wannan ƙungiya, waɗanda ke dab da samun 'yanci, wani tsarin da zai hana su samun cikakken ikon mulki;...

Taron Na Uku: Alkahira, 25–31 Maris 1961
Yanayin taron na wannan lokaci ya fi na taro na biyu zafi, saboda wasu kungiyoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun janye, sannan kuma taron ya gudana ne a lokacin rikicin Kongo. Sakatare-Janar Abdoulaye Diallo ne ya gabatar da batun Kongo a jawabinsa na bude taron:

A yau akwai bangarori biyu a Kongo; bangarorin da ke wakiltar muradun mulkin mallaka, da kuma bangarorin da ke wakiltar muradun al’ummar Kongo. Na farko ana jagorantarsu da su Kasavubu, Tshombe, da abokan aikinsu; na biyun kuwa, wato namu, ana jagorantarsu da Gizenga, wanda yake da tausayin jama’a da goyon bayan mafi yawan al’umma.Wallerstein, shafi na 51.

Daga baya, taron ya amince da kuduri mai karfi game da Kongo:

Taron ya la’anci rawar da Janar Kettani ya taka wajen tabarbarewar al’amura a Kongo, sannan ya bukaci a kore Dag Hammarskjöld wanda shima ke da alhakin kisan Lumumba.Wallerstein, shafuka na 51 da 52.

A wani bangare na kudurin, an la’anci Kasavubu, Mobutu, Tshombe da Kalonji kan rawar da suka taka. Taron ya ayyana Lumumba a matsayin “jarumin Afirka”.

Taron ya sake duba batun mulkin mallaka ta hanyar daban (neocolonialism); kudurinsa mai shafuka hudu kan wannan batu ya zama abin tarihi saboda ya samar da ma’anar hadin gwiwa ta wannan tsarin da kuma bayani kan siffofinsa na asali.Wallerstein, shafi na 52: “Ya yi kokarin bayyana ma’anar mulkin mallaka ta zamani a matsayin wani muhimmin ra’ayi na hadin kai a Afirka.”
Hakanan William D. Graf, a nazarin littafin Yolamu R. Barongo, Mulkin Mallaka ta Zamani da Siyasar Afirka (1980); Canadian Journal of African Studies, shafi na 601: "Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, watakila daga Nkrumah, sannan ta samu amincewar hadin gwiwa a Taron Jama’ar Afirka na 1961."

Sabani na ciki a cikin AAPC ya kai ga rugujewar kungiyar. Wallerstein ya bayyana yadda kungiyar take a lokacin taro na uku:

AAPC ta zama wurin haduwar kungiyoyi guda uku:
'Yan kishin kasa na Afirka daga kasashen da ba su samu 'yanci ba, wadanda radadin juyin juya halinsu na dan lokaci ne;
shugabannin kasashen Afirka da suka kira kansu masu juyin juya hali, wadanda tsananin siyasa da matsin tattalin arziki na duniya ke rage karfinsu;
kungiyoyin hamayya na radikal masu kishin kasa daga cikin kasashen da suka riga suka samu ‘yanci, wadanda suke kallon wadancan kasashe a matsayin abokan Turawa ko “marasa ‘yanci na hakika”. Wannan rukuni na karshe (wanda ya hada da UPC, Sawaba daga Nijar karkashin jagorancin Djibo Bakary, da kuma Moroccan Union Nationale des Forces Populaires [UNFP] karkashin Mehdi Ben Barka) shi ne mafi zafi da tsayayyen ra’ayi. Amma kuma su ne mafi karancin iko na zahiri.
Saboda haka, ko da yake wannan rukuni na uku ne ke yawan bayyana a taruka da shan alamar kudurori, rukuni na biyu (gwamnatoci) ne ke da ikon kudi da tsarin gudanarwa.Wallerstein, shafi na 52.

Bambancin dake tsakanin wadannan rukuni biyu shi ne ya haddasa rugujewar AAPC, domin kalaman juyin juya hali daga taron na jefa gwamnatocin kasashen cikin damuwa wajen mu’amala da sauran kasashen Afirka masu ra’ayin zaman lafiya. Ko da yake an yanke shawarar gudanar da Taro na Hudu a Bamako, Mali, a watan Fabrairu 1962, hakan bai tabbata ba saboda gwamnatocin Mali da Guinea ba su da kwarin gwiwar ci gaba da shirin. Wallerstein ya bayyana cewa “Gwamnatocin Casablanca sun yarda su bar AAPC ta bace a hankali a kokarinsu na sasantawa da sauran gwamnatocin Afirka.”

Majiya
 Gott, Richard, John Major and Geoffrey Warner (eds), Documents on International Affairs 1960. London: Oxford University Press, 1964; pp. 349 et seq."
 Houser, George M. No One Can Stop the Rain: Glimpses of Africa's Liberation Struggle, New York: Pilgrim Press, 1989; .
 King, Gillian (ed.), Documents on International Affairs 1958. London: Oxford University Press, 1962; pp. 583 et seq. 
 De Lusignan, Guy, French-Speaking Africa Since Independence, New York: Praeger, 1969.
 Wallerstein, Immanuel, Africa: The Politics of Unity; New York: Random House, 1967.
 "Resolutions adopted by the Second All-African Peoples' Conference, Tunis, 30 January 1960". Watt's source is Colin Legum, Panafricanism, London: Pall Mall Press, 1962, pp. 236–47. (D. C. Watt (ed.) Documents on International Affairs 1961''. London: Oxford University Press, 1965).