Addinin Dogon

Addinin Dogon shine addini na gargajiya ko imani na al'ummar Dogon na Mali . Dogon da ke bin addinin Dogon sun yi imani da wani Mahalicci koli mai suna Amma (ko Ama).   Sun kuma yi imani da ruhohin kakanni da aka sani da Nommo wanda kuma ake kira "Ruhohin Ruwa". Griaule, Marcel (1970, (original 1965)), Conversations With Ogotemmêli: an Introduction To Dogon Religious Ideas , p. 97,  Girmama matattu muhimmin abu ne a imaninsu na ruhaniya. Suna yin raye-rayen al'ada na abin rufe fuska nan da nan bayan mutuwar mutum da kuma wani lokacin dadewa bayan sun wuce zuwa rayuwa ta gaba .  Twins, "bukatar duality da ninki biyu na rayuwar daidaikun mutane" (ka'idodin namiji da na mata) wani muhimmin abu ne a tsarin imaninsu. Kamar sauran addinan gargajiya na Afirka, daidaito, da mutunta yanayi suma mahimman abubuwa ne. 

Addinin Dogon tsohon addini ne ko tsarin ruhi.  

Addinin Dogon, cosmogony, ilmin sararin samaniya da ilmin taurari sun kasance batutuwan da masana ilimin kimiya da fasaha suka gudanar da bincike mai zurfi tun daga shekarun 1930. Daya daga cikin marubutan yammacin turai na farko da suka rubuta akidar Dogon shine masanin kabilun Faransa Marcel Griaule -wanda yayi hira da babban limamin Dogon kuma dattijo Ogotommeli a farkon shekarun 1930. A cikin hirar kwana talatin da uku, Ogotommeli ya bayyanawa Griaule tsarin imani na Dogon wanda ya haifar da shahararren littafinsa Dieu D'eau ko Conversations With Ogotemmeli, wanda aka buga a 1948 a matsayin Dieu D'eau. Wannan littafi na Griaule ya kasance abin tafiya-zuwa-zuwa ga tsararraki masu zuwa na masana ilimin ƙabilanci da ilimin ɗan adam da ke rubuce-rubuce game da addinin Dogon, sararin samaniya, ilmin sararin samaniya, da ilmin taurari.    

Dogon ilmin sararin samaniya da falaki suna da fadi da sarkakiya. Kamar wasu daga cikin sauran ƙungiyoyin Afirka a cikin Nijer ta Upper, da sauran sassan Nahiyar, suna da babban tarihin "tsarin alamu" waɗanda ke da alaƙa da addini. Wannan, bisa ga Griaule da tsohon dalibi Germaine Dieterlen, ya hada da "tsarin nasu na astronomy da calendrical ma'auni, hanyoyin lissafi da kuma m ilmin jikin mutum da physiological ilmin lissafi, kazalika da tsarin pharmacopoeia ".   Griaule, Marcel (1970, (original 1965)), Conversations With Ogotemmêli: an Introduction To Dogon Religious Ideas, p. ix [in] Ogunmodede, Francis Ishola, African Philosophy Down the Ages: 10,000 BC to the Present, Hope Publications (2004), 

 Imani 

 Allahntaka da mutuntaka 
A cikin addinin Dogon, akwai imani da wani abin bautawa guda ɗaya mai iko akan kome da kome da kome da kome da kome da ake kira Amma . 

Addinin Dogon ya koyar da cewa, ta hanyar ikon Amma ne ya haifar da halittar sararin samaniya, kwayoyin halitta, da tsarin halittu na haifuwa .  Tare da irin wannan tsarin imani mai rikitarwa, Amma, Allah na sama, shine shugaban Dogon triumvirate ; Sauran kasancewar Allah Ruwa - Nommo ; da Duniya Allah - Lewe ko Lebe. 

Amma ba ta da jinsi, kuma ƙila ana ɗaukarsa kamar yadda shi, ita, ko ita, ya danganta da wane ɓangaren ƙa'idodinta ne ake ƙoƙarin gamsar da ita. Allahntakar yana wakiltar ka'idodin namiji da na mata . Don haka, ba shi da jinsi ko kasancewar jinsi biyu, wanda ke kiran ma'auni, duality da haɗin kai na gaba. Ma'anar ma'auni na sararin samaniya na daidaito, duality da kuma sabani ana samun su a kowane fanni na ruhaniya da al'adun Dogon.  Wannan "ya dace da namiji da mace na haifuwa na halitta wanda Amma ke wakiltar." 

 Allahntaka 
Hadaya ta addini ( Bulo, kalma don sadaukarwa a cikin yarensu  ) da kuma al'ada ana yin su zuwa Amma. Ana kuma samar da siffofi da aka sassaƙa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin "wakilin masu rai". Waɗannan siffofi ba wakilcin zahiri ba ne na Allahntaka, amma kawai suna aiki ne a matsayin matsakanci ko masu shiga tsakani tsakanin duniya mai rai da Allahntaka.   

 Mutuwa da lahira 
Fahimtar al'adun rufe fuska na Dogon da tunaninsu na nyama suna da mahimmanci don ƙarin fahimtar ra'ayin Dogon na mutuwa da lahira. King ya siffanta nyama da kalmomi kamar haka:

Dogon ya danganta asalin abin rufe fuska da halittun da suke kira Andoumboulou . An yi masks na farko da fiber. Duk da cewa a karshe mata sun samu su, daga baya kuma maza, aikinsu bai bayyana ga Dogon ba har sai da kakanni suka fara mutuwa. Kakan na farko da ya mutu ya yi haka a siffar maciji . Kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin sauran gaskatawar Afirka da cosmogonies kamar a cikin tatsuniyar Serer, mutuwar maciji tana wakiltar tsarin canzawa zuwa siffar ruhu. Lokacin da mutane suka fahimci mummunan tasirin nyama da mutuwa ta saki, kakannin sun yanke shawarar sassaƙa abin rufe fuska don ya zama tallafi ga nyama . An sassaƙa abin rufe fuska a cikin siffar maciji, wanda ke nuna alamar kakannin da suka mutu. Wannan abin rufe fuska na farko, wanda ake kira "imina na" a cikin harsunan Dogon ("babban abin rufe fuska" ko "mahaifiyar abin rufe fuska") shine salon abin rufe fuska da ake amfani da shi a bikin Sigi domin tunawa da wannan al'amari na almara a duk shekara sittin. 

Ko da yake fuskar abin rufe fuska yana cikin siffar maciji, ba a taɓa sawa ba. Maimakon haka, Dogon zai nuna shi a tsaye ko yayin da yake ɗauke da shi. Kowace shekara sittin a lokacin bikin Sigi, kowane ƙauyen Dogon zai yi sabon "babban abin rufe fuska". Bayan mutuwar farko wanda ya haifar da samar da "babban abin rufe fuska", wasu mutuwar suka biyo baya, kuma jim kadan bayan haka, Dogon ya nemi wasu matakan magance nyama da aka saki. Da farko, Dogon ya gina wa kakanni bagadai yayin da siffofin itace ke zama wurin ajiyar ruhi. Yayin da mace-mace ke karuwa, hakan ya zama rashin isa kuma an sanya abin rufe fuska don ibada . Dama dai al'ada ce inda ake fitar da rayukan matattu daga ƙauyen a aika zuwa lahira har abada. Dogon suna da al'adu da yawa game da mutuwa waɗanda muhimman abubuwa ne na al'adar rufe fuska. 

Saiti guda hudu na abin rufe fuska da ake kira bede, da kuma abin rufe fuska na katako mai suna sirige galibi ana sanya su ne don al'adar baga bundo - wacce irin rawa ce da ake yi bayan kwana biyu da binne wani mutumi da ya halarci bikin Sigi. Bayan shekaru da yawa da rasuwar marigayin, ana gudanar da ibadar dama . Dama yana kwana shida. Manufarta ita ce daukaka martaba da martabar mamaci da na zuriyarsa. Yawancin lokaci da albarkatu suna tafiya zuwa shirye-shiryen dama . Al'ada ce mai cikakken bayani kuma mai tsada. A lokacin al'adar dama, Ƙungiyar Mask ( Awa Society ) tana yin wasan kwaikwayo a filin ƙauye, a gidan marigayin da kuma a cikin wurare masu tsarki na Hogon .

An jefa ran mamacin, wanda aka boye a hannun fartanyansa da kuma a cikin kwandon giyan gero daga kauyen - aka jefa cikin daji. Inda aka yi al’adar dama ga matar da ta rasu, ba a tare da rawan abin rufe fuska sai dai idan matar da ta rasu ‘ yar iska ce—ita kaɗai ce a cikin Mask Society. 

Akwai nau'o'in abin rufe fuska na Dogon daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu suna wakiltar dabbobi masu rarrafe, dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye, mutane, abubuwa, da ma'ana. Masks "ana iya ganin su a matsayin taƙaitaccen mutane, dabbobi, da abubuwan da suka zama duniyar Dogon, lissafin gani na dawowar tsari a sararin samaniya bayan rushewar da mutuwa ta haifar." 

Kamar yawancin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, ra'ayin addinin Ibrahim na sama da jahannama babu shi a addinin Dogon. Girmama kakanni abu ne mai mahimmanci. Maƙeran Dogon ne ke yin sassaƙaƙe da abin rufe fuska, waɗanda su ma ke yin ƙarfe . Masu sana’a iri biyu ne a cikin al’ummar Dogon: jemo da ke zaune a fili, da kuma irin wanda ke zaune a tudun mun tsira.   

Kamar yadda yake a sauran kabilun Afirka ta Yamma, yadda maƙera suka mallaki ƙasa da iska da wuta da kuma ƙwarewarsu wajen kera kayan aikin ƙarfe—wanda ‘yan kabilar Dogon suka dogara da su wajen noma—ya ba su damar samun gata a cikin al’ummar Dogon. Dukansu jemo da iru suna aiki ne a matsayin masu shiga tsakani da masu kawo zaman lafiya tsakanin sauran Dogon, tsakanin masu rai da kakanni, da tsakanin mutane da Amma, musamman kan al'adun da ke tattare da samar da ruwan sama . Girmamawa maƙera ya samo asali ne daga rawar da suke takawa a cikin tatsuniyar halitta, inda aka ce maƙerin farko ya fito daga sararin sama na Empyrean domin ya kawo wuta da baƙin ƙarfe da iri don nomawa.  

Kamar yadda abubuwan da suke da alaƙa da haɓakawa a lokacin rayuwa, hoton ɗan adam yana tasowa a cikin mahaifarsa kuma yana cikin bukukuwan jana'izar su. Idan mutum ya mutu, bakinsa yana rufe da laka. Wannan al'ada tana wakiltar wattles na kifi. An lullube kan mamacin da wata farar bandeji da ke zagaye saman kwanyarsa. Wannan alama ce ta saman kan kifi. Yayin da suke aika da marigayin zuwa rayuwa ta gaba, mata da 'yan mata suna yin raye-rayen al'ada suna kwaikwayon kifi - tare da mika hannayensu da hannayensu a gabansu - wanda ke nuna alamar iyo na kifi. Ana yin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin a hankali. “Haɗin kai yana ci gaba ne saboda matattu wanda ya ci gaba da kiyaye abubuwansa na ruhaniya (wato ainihin abubuwansa) har sai an ce lahira kamar “kifin sama ne.” Editor: Bonnefoy, Yves; (translated by: Doniger, Wendy ; compiled by: Bonnefoy, Yves), American, African, and Old European Mythologies, University of Chicago Press (1993), p. 124,  (retrieved March 3, 2020) 

 Ruhohin kakanni 
Nommo ruhohin kakanni ne (wani lokaci ana kiransu alloli) da Dogon ke girmamawa. Kalmar Nommos ta samo asali ne daga ma'anar yaren Dogon "don sha daya." Yawanci ana kwatanta Nommos a matsayin amphibious, hermaphroditic, halittu masu kama da kifi. Hotunan zane-zane na jama'a na Nommos suna nuna halittu masu saman jikin mutum, ƙafafu/ƙafa, da ƙananan kifaye da wutsiya. Ana kuma kiran Nommos a matsayin "Masters of Water", "Masu Kulawa", da "Malamai". A cewar Dogon cosmogony, a zamanin da, Nommo "ba su iya rayuwa gaba ɗaya a ƙasa kuma da isowarsu suka yi tafki na ruwa suka nutse a ciki." 

 Matsayin firist 
Ana kiran jagoran ruhaniya Dogon hogon . A cewar Dogon cosmogony, akwai tagwaye guda hudu, mata hudu, maza hudu. Kakannin mutane ne. Daga cikin waɗannan, Griaule M. (1970, p. 223) koma na bakwai a matsayin "Mai Jagoran Magana" - yana magana da halayen "namiji". A al'adar Dogon, kyautar kakanni na bakwai ga bil'adama sun hada da saƙa, kiɗa, sutura da harshe. 

A cewar Ogotommeli na ruwayoyin, "babu wani limaman coci maza da aka yarda su yi hidima a cikin tsohon addinin da aka gina kewaye da Koli Amma". 

Bukukuwa  
Dogon suna da shahara wajen amfani da masekai da bukukuwan rawa—wadanda ke da alaka da ruhi, kodayake wani lokaci ana shirya su don yawon bude ido. Rawarsu da bukukuwan masekai na jawo hankalin yawon bude ido da dama zuwa ƙasar Dogon. Sai dai wasu daga cikin Dogon suna nuna damuwa game da yadda ake kasuwanci da fasahar su mai ruhaniya.Bruijn, Mirjam de; & Dijk, Rijk van; The Social Life of Connectivity in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan (2012), shafi na 250, 264,  (an duba ranar Maris 3, 2020)  Akwai bukukuwa masu yawa a wajen Dogon, kuma wasu daga ciki sun hada da waɗanda aka jera a ƙasa. Dukkan wadannan bukukuwa na faruwa a cikin da’irar lokaci kuma suna zama dama ga samarin Dogon su kammala tarbiyyarsu (initiation rites) da karɓar ilimi daga uba, kakansu, ko shugaban gidan su (ginna bana).

Bulo : Kamar yadda bikin Xooy na duba al’amura na mutanen Serer na yankin Senegambia yake, Bulo kuwa bikin Sabuwar Shekara ne da ake gudanarwa tsakanin Mayu da Yuni a ƙasar Dogon. Biki ne na noma da ke nuna farkon damina da shuka gero. Amma fa, sabanin Xooy wanda limaman Serer (Saltigue) ke jagoranta, Bulo na kunshe da rawar masekai da kuma kurkusa da cike da giya daga gero.Dogon Country, Festivals  (an duba ranar Maris 13, 2020) Bikin Bulo na nuna farkon lokacin shuka. Ana gudanar da shi a lokacin bazarar rana ta fi tsayi (estival solstice).
Sigi : Bikin Sigi (ko Sigui) yana girmama lokacin farko na Dogon, kuma wata hanya ce ta neman gafara da isar da sirri da ilimin gargajiya ga matasa. Yana da nasaba da isar da magana ga ɗan adam, bikin tuba da tarbiyya, da kuma neman gafara saboda mutuwar kakanni sakamakon rashin hankali da mantuwa daga samari. Doguwar tafiya ce da ta fara kuma ta ƙare a ƙauyen Youga Dogorou. Bikin Sigi yana daga cikin shahararrun bukukuwan Dogon, kuma watakila shine mafi muhimmanci. Ana gudanar da shi duk bayan shekaru 60 a kalandar Dogon—wanda tauraron Sirius ke kayyade shi a sararin dare. Mutum ka iya ganin biki ɗaya ne kawai na Sigi a rayuwarsa, ko biyu idan yana da arzikin rayuwa mai tsawo. Wannan da’irar shekara 60 ta ba da mamaki ga masana kamar Jean Rouch wanda yawancin aikinsa ya shafi wannan batu. Shekaru 60 ɗin suna wakiltar tsawon rayuwar kakannin Dogon na sihiri. Kowane kwanaki biyar, Dogon na ɗaure ƙulli a igiya, wannan ne makon su. Hakan ne ke basu damar gudanar da Sigi da daidaito. Bukukuwan Sigi hudu da suka gabata sun kasance a shekarun 1787, 1847, 1907, da 1967. Na gaba zai kasance a shekarar 2027 (a cewar 2020).Adjaye, Joseph K., Time in the Black Experience (Issue 167 of Contributions in Afro-American and African studies, ), Greenwood Publishing Group (1994), shafi na 92,  (an duba ranar Maris 3, 2020) Editor: Bonnefoy, Yves; (fassarar: Doniger, Wendy ; tattarawa: Bonnefoy, Yves),  American, African, and Old European Mythologies, University of Chicago Press (1993), shafi na 124,  (an duba ranar Maris 3, 2020)  Bikin Sigi da makamantansa da ke faruwa a cikin da’irar lokaci, suna zama hanyoyi na watsa ilimi tsakanin Dogon. "Yawancin bukukuwan Dogon suna amfani da hoton ɗan adam cikin mahaifa a matsayin alamar sake haihuwa a sararin samaniya." A daren kafin bikin shekaru 60, mazan da za su shiga cikin bikin suna shiga daji a cikin wata kogon da ba kowa, kuma su shiga azumi—ba abinci, ba ruwa. Da safe, suna aske kawunansu—alamar haihuwa ta biyu, don su daidaita da jarirai. Sannan su sa kayan Sigi wanda zai sanya su kama da kifi. Su sa hula fari da ke wakiltar kan kifi, wato catfish. Su sa wando baki mai fadi wanda aka ɗaure a ƙugunsu da rabon wutsiya biyu. Launin baki na nufin ruwan mahaifa. A kirjinsu kuma suna ɗauke da igiyar kwalliya da aka kawata da kwallayen kudi na cowrie da ke wakiltar ƙwayayen kifi. A hannun damansu suna rike da sandar da aka lankwashe, alamar gabobin jima'i na Nommo—kakannin ɗan adam na al'ada. Haka kuma suna ɗauke da rabin kalbashin da za su sha giya ta Sigi da shi. Wannan hoton yana wakiltar "mahaifar Amma" inda aka ce samuwar duniya ta faru a fahimtar Dogon. Bikin Sigi yana ɗaukar shekaru da dama. Na karshe ya gudana daga 1967 zuwa 1973.
Dama : Bikin Dama na nuni da ƙarshen zaman makoki.Petit, Véronique, Population Studies and Development from Theory to Fieldwork, Springer (2017), shafi na 33,  (an duba ranar Maris 3, 2020) 
Bado : Bikin Bado biki ne na dattawa wanda ake gudanarwa a lokacin bazara.
Bago : Bikin Bago biki ne na girbi wanda ake gudanarwa a lokacin kaka.
Gogo : Bikin sanyi ne wanda ake gudanarwa a lokacin hunturu.

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