Shari'ar canjin yanayi da Dokar Ingancin Muhalli ta California

Shari'ar canjin yanayi da Dokar Inganta muhalli ta California shari'a ce  da ta shafi Canjin yanayi da hayaki na gas (GHG) da ya zama ruwan dare a kotunan tarayya da na jihohi. Bayan amincewa da Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta 2006 (AB 32) da kuma buga rahoton Bincike na Hudu na Hudu (IPCC) An sanya ƙarin matsin lamba a kan hukumomin jama'a na California don kimanta yiwuwar tasirin tasirin canjin yanayi na duniya wanda GHG ya haifar. Musamman, an shigar da karar da yawa a kan hukumomi saboda gazawar nazarin hayaki na GHG wanda ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar Ingancin Muhalli ta California (CEQA) suka samar. Hukuncin kotu kafin sake dubawa na 2010 ga jagororin CEQA sun ba da haske na farko game da yadda za a yi amfani da CEQA a matsayin abin hawa don ganowa da rage fitar da GHG a cikin jihar. Ana amfani da yanke shawara da aka bayar bayan amincewa da jagororin da aka sake sabuntawa don fassara sabon abin da CEQA ke buƙata don kimanta hayaki na GHG da canjin yanayi.

 Tarihi a kan tsarin kotun California 
Tsarin kotun California ya ƙunshi Kotuna masu girma guda 58, Kotuna daukaka kara guda shida, da Kotun Koli guda ɗaya. Kotun Koli na California suna cikin kowane gundumar kuma suna jagorantar shari'o'i a cikin ikonsu. Kotun daukaka kara ta California tana sauraron hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli kan roko. Kotun da ta fi girma a jihar, Kotun Koli ta California, tana da ikon sake duba yanke shawara da ƙananan kotuna suka yi. Shari'o'in da aka kawo a gaban Kotun Koli galibi ana nufin su warware "manyan tambayoyi" da suka shafi dokar jihar.

Tsarin kotun yana da matsayi inda hukunce-hukuncen da kotuna masu girma suka ba da fifiko ga ƙananan kotuna. Misali, hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli ta California suna da ɗaure a kan dukkan Kotunan daukaka kara da Kotun daukaka kara kuma hukunce-hinku na Kotun dawakai suna da ɗauke a kan Kotun da Kasa a cikin wannan gundumar. Kotuna masu girma sun saurari mafi yawan shari'o'in canjin yanayi; Kotun daukaka kara da Kotun Koli ta California sun sake duba ƙananan shari'oʼin.

 CEQA da canjin yanayi - bayanan doka 
Babban manufar CEQA ita ce bayyana yiwuwar tasirin muhalli na ayyukan da hukumomin jihohi da na gida suka gabatar. Ba kamar takwaransa na tarayya ba, Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa, CEQA tana buƙatar hukumomin jagora don rage tasirin da za a iya samu ta hanyar karɓar duk wani ragewa. Har zuwa kwanan nan, CEQA ta yi shiru game da batun canjin yanayi da fitar da GHG. Koyaya, an sake fasalin jagororin CEQA a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2009, wanda ke buƙatar ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin CEQA la'akari da tasirin muhalli wanda GHG ya haifar. [Lokaci 1] Sashe na 15064.4 yana ba da jagora don ƙayyade muhimmancin hayaki na GHG, amma bai kafa ƙofofi na bayyane ba. Sashe na 15126.4 (c) ya ba da shawarar nau'ikan gabaɗaya na ragewa.

Dangane da sake dubawa na jagororin CEQA, gundumomin iska da hukumomin jihohi sun buga takardun jagora don taimakawa hukumomin gwamnati wajen magance tasirin canjin yanayi. Har zuwa yau, Gundumar Gudanar da Ingancin Jirgin Sama ta Bay Area (BAAQMD) da Gundumar Kula da Gidauniyar Jirgin Sama (SJVAPCD) sun karɓi ƙofofin hukuma na muhimmancin; Gundumar Gidauniyoyin Kula da Ingancin Ruwa ta Kudu (SCAQMD) ta karɓi ƙa'idodin wucin gadi.  Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Gwamna da Bincike (OPR) ya fitar da shawarwarin fasaha mai taken CEQA da Canjin Yanayi: Addressing Climate Change ta hanyar CEQA, wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin bincike na matakai uku don fitar da GHG. Kungiyar Kula da Cututtukan Jirgin Sama ta California (CAPCOA) ta kuma fitar da takardar ba da shawara da ake kira CEQA da Canjin Yanayi, wanda ke tattauna ƙofofin da suka dace da hanyoyin kimantawa. Babban Lauyan ya fitar da jerin matakan ragewa waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da su don rage hayakin GHG, kuma CAPCOA ta haɓaka takardar jagora da ke kwatanta hanyoyin da za a iya ƙididdige raguwar hayakin GG da aka samu ta hanyar matakan ragewa.

 Kalubale ga takardun CEQA 

 Shari'a ta farko kafin jagororin iskar gas ta CEQA ta 2010 (2006-2009) 
Shari'ar da ta shafi canjin yanayi da CEQA sun fara tashi bayan amincewar jihar ta AB 32 a shekara ta 2006. Yawancin shari'o'i na farko sun yi jayayya cewa yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da barazanar dumama duniya da karɓar AB 32 da ake buƙata takardun muhalli yanzu suna kimanta hayakin GHG. Kotuna masu girma yawanci suna tabbatar da ingancin binciken CEQA na yanzu, suna kammala cewa ba sashi na AB 32 ko kuma manufar canjin yanayi ba ta zama "sabon bayani" wanda zai buƙaci sake dubawa na muhalli - duba American Canyon Community United for Responsible Growth et al. v. City of American Canyon et al. (Mayu 2007)  da kuma Natural Resources Council et al. [Lokaci 1] 

Hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli na farko sun kuma ga muhawara game da yanayin hasashe na canjin yanayi da rashin jagora. Masu shigar da kara a cikin Santa Clarita Oak Conservatory v. City of Santa Clarita (Agusta 2007) sun yi zargin cewa Rahoton Tasirin Muhalli na Birnin (EIR) ya gaza saboda ya kasa la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi akan samar da ruwa. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Los Angeles County ta kammala cewa "Tasirin canjin yanayi na samar da ruwa ya yi hasashe sosai don gudanar da bita mai yawa. "  An ba da irin wannan shawarar a Cibiyar Nazarin Biological Diversity v. Birnin Perris (Agusta 2007). A cikin Highland Springs v. City of Banning (Janairu 2008), Kotun Koli ta Riverside County ta yanke hukuncin cewa "babu wata doka da ta buƙaci Majalisar Birnin Banning ta yi la'akari da dumamar duniya a lokacin da ta amince da aikin".[the] Kotun ta kammala cewa saboda haka ba a buƙatar kimantawa na hayaki na GHG a cikin takardar CEQA ba. 

Bukatar nazarin canjin yanayi a lokacin bita na CEQA ya fara canji zuwa tabbaci lokacin da Kotuna masu yawa suka fara kin amincewa da kariya bisa ga rashin isasshen jagora ko hasashe. A cikin Cibiyar Biological Diversity (CBD) v. City of Desert Hot Springs (Agusta 2008), Kotun Koli ta Riverside County ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne City ta yi "ƙoƙarin ma'ana" don nazarin hayakin GHG kafin ta kammala cewa irin wannan bincike zai zama hasashe. Kotun Koli ta Sacramento County ta kai irin wannan kammalawa a Majalisar Muhalli ta Sacramento v. Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta California (Yuli 2008), wanda ya gudanar da cewa rashin ƙofar muhimmancin da aka buga bai isa ya bar ƙididdigar GHG ba.

Duk da yake waɗannan yanke shawara ba saitawa ba ne, suna da mahimmanci saboda suna nuna canji a cikin ra'ayoyin kotun shari'a da suka shafi CEQA da canjin yanayi. Shawarwarin sun kafa mataki don sake dubawa ga jagororin CEQA, wanda ya sa watsi da canjin yanayi a lokacin sake dubawa na CEQA ba zai yiwu ba.

 Shari'a ta baya-bayan nan bayan amincewa da jagororin iskar gas ta CEQA (2010 zuwa yanzu) 
An sake fasalin jagororin CEQA a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2009 don buƙatar hukumomin jagora ganowa da kimanta hayaki na GHG. Tun lokacin da aka buga jagororin da aka sake sabuntawa, an kawo wasu shari'o'i a gaban Kotun daukaka kara game da isasshen sake dubawa na muhalli, gami da ragewa da ƙofofi. 

Babban yanke shawara na farko da aka buga game da rage GHG shine Al'ummomi don Muhalli Mafi Kyau (CBE) v. Birnin Richmond (Afrilu 2010, 184 Cal.App.4th 70). CBE ta kai karar City kan EIR din su saboda sauye-sauyen aiki da aka gabatar ga mai mai mai da ke akwai. Shirin EIR ya kammala cewa hayakin GHG zai zama ƙasa da mahimmanci tare da aiwatar da shirin ragewa. CBE ta kalubalanci EIR a kan dalilan cewa binciken GHG ba shi da tushe kuma an jinkirta ragewa ba daidai ba. [Lokaci 1]Kotun ta amince, tana mai bayyana cewa EIR ta kasa bayyana tushen lissafin GHG kuma cewa shirin ragewa bai ba da tabbacin cewa za a cimma matsaya ba. Hukuncin kotun ya tabbatar da cewa dole ne a gano raguwar GHG kuma a bayyana shi sosai kafin amincewar aikin.

An sake tayar da batun ragewa a cikin Santa Clarita Organization for Planning the Environment (SCOPE) v. City of Santa Clarita (Yuli 2011, 197 Cal.App.4th 1042). Birnin ya kimanta hayakin GHG da ke da alaƙa da fadada Asibitin Tunawa ta amfani da jagorancin canjin yanayi na OPR (duba tattaunawa a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Statue, a sama). SCOPE ta kai karar, tana jayayya cewa City ta kasa karɓar duk wani ragewa da aka tsara a cikin jagorancin OPR kuma cewa mahimmancin ƙarshen ba shi da tushe. Kotun ta ci gaba da goyon bayan City, ta bayyana cewa bincikensu game da hayakin GHG ya isa kuma cewa hada dukkan matakan OPR 50 ba zai dace ba.

An gabatar da shari'a game da ƙofofin da suka dace don kimanta muhimmancin hayakin GHG a gaban Kotun daukaka kara a cikin Citizens for Responsible Environmental Development (CREED) v. City of Chula Vista (Yuli 2011, 197 Cal.App.4th 327). CREED ta kalubalanci ƙaddamarwar Birnin cewa aikin zai sami tasiri mara kyau akan canjin yanayi. CREED ta kuma yi zargin cewa amfani da AB 32 a matsayin ma'auni mai mahimmanci bai dace ba. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa nazarin canjin yanayi ya isa kuma bisa ga Jagororin CEQA Sashe na 15064.4, hukumomin jagora suna da hankali don zaɓar ƙofar muhimmancin su.

Tambayar ko CEQA tana buƙatar hukumomin jagora don kimanta tasirin canjin yanayi a kan ayyukan an magance su kwanan nan a cikin Ballona Wetlands Land Trust (Ballona) v. City of Los Angeles (Disamba 2011, 201 Cal.App.4th 455). Ballona ta yi zargin cewa City ta kasa magance tasirin hauhawar matakin teku a kan aikin da aka tsara. Kotun ta amince da EIR na Birnin, tana mai bayyana cewa yayin da EIR dole ne ya bincika tasirin muhalli wanda zai iya haifar da aikin, ba a buƙatar bincika tasirin mujallar a kan aikin. A ra'ayinta, Kotun ta soki Jagororin CEQA waɗanda ke ba da shawarar cewa hukumomin jagora ya kamata suyi la'akari da tasirin muhalli a kan aikin, kamar Sashe na 15065 (a) (4), wanda ke buƙatar hukumomin jagorantar su sami muhimmancin ayyukan da ke haifar da "babban sakamako ga mutane, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice".

 Kalubale ga doka 
Kodayake da alama ba daidai ba ne, an shigar da karar a kan Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California (CARB) game da aiwatar da shirin da aka gabatar a karkashin AB 32. A cikin Association of Irritated Residents (AIR) v CARB, AIR ta yi zargin cewa CARB ta kasa samar da bincike kan madadin don cap-and-trade a cikin "takardar aiki daidai" don Shirin Scoping na AB 32. AIR ta kuma yi jayayya cewa shirin cap-and-trade, kamar yadda aka tsara, zai yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummomin da ke da karancin kudin shiga. Babban abin da AIR ta yi shi ne cewa tushen da ke tsaye a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi na iya ƙara hayaki ta hanyar sayen hayaki. Ta hanyar shigar da kara a kan CARB, AIR ta nemi umarni game da shirin cap-and-trade.

Bayan bita, Kotun Koli ta San Francisco ta ba da hukunci don dakatar da aiwatar da shirin cap-and-trade. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa CARB ta kasa yin la'akari da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don yin amfani da su kuma cewa binciken muhalli ba shi da tushe. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2011, Alkalin Kotun Koli na California Ernest Goldsmith ya ba da umarni na musamman wanda ya umarci CARB daga aiwatar da shirin cap-and-trade har sai ya kammala isasshen nazarin muhalli. Babban Lauyan California ya yi kira ga umarnin Alkalin Goldsmith, kuma a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2011, Kotun daukaka kara ta ba da takardar neman izinin CARB don "rubuce-rubuce. " Wannan yanke shawara ta sauya umarnin Kotun Koli, ta ba CARB damar ci gaba da yin mulki. Masu ba da shawara game da shari'ar muhalli sun roki Kotun Koli ta California da ta sauya "rubuce-rubucen manyan mutane", amma an ki amincewa da karar a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2011.

A mayar da martani ga karar, CARB ta shirya wani ƙarin takardar CEQA daidai da shirin AB 32 Scoping wanda ke kimanta madadin don yin amfani da kai da kasuwanci. Kotun Koli ta San Francisco ta amince da takardar a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2011. Dokokin cap-and-trade sun fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2012. 

 Babban Lauyan Yanar Gizo 
Babban Lauyan California ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Shari'ar canjin yanayi ta baya-bayan nan. Ta hanyar amfani da sulhu da sauran yarjejeniyoyi, Babban Lauyan ya warware rikice-rikice da yawa da suka shafi nazarin canjin yanayi a cikin takardun CEQA. A shekara ta 2007, Babban Lauyan ya shiga cikin sasantawa na farko na canjin yanayi tare da San Bernardino County. Jihar California ta kai karar County, tana zargin cewa Babban Shirin su na baya-bayan nan ya kasa la'akari (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) da ya dace da rage GHG. Yarjejeniyar Babban Lauyan ta haifar da shigar da rage GHG a cikin Babban Shirin Gundumar.

An kuma cimma matsaya tare da ConocoPhillips a cikin 2007. A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2007, Babban Lauyan ya shigar da roko tare da Kwamitin Masu Kula da Contra Costa yana mai cewa EIR na ConocoPhillips don Shirin fadada Man Fetur mai tsabta bai magance iskar GHG yadda ya kamata ba. Don warware wannan takaddama da kuma ba da damar aikin ya ci gaba, bangarorin sun shiga yarjejeniya tare da Babban Lauyan da ke buƙatar ConocoPhillips sayen carbon.

A shekara ta 2008, Birnin Stockton ya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar fahimta (MOU) tare da Babban Lauyan da Sierra Club don warware haɗin kai a kan Babban Shirinsa na 2035. Kungiyar Sierra Club da farko ta shigar da takarda don rubuce-rubuce, tana zargin cewa EIR na Birnin don Babban Shirin bai dace da karuwar hayaki na GHG ba. An buƙaci Shirin Ayyukan Yanayi (CAP) (a tsakanin sauran abubuwa) a matsayin wani ɓangare na MOU.

An yi wasu yarjejeniyoyi tare da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Los Angeles (2007)  da Filin jirgin saman San Diego (2008).  An gabatar da taƙaitaccen manyan ƙauyuka da aka kai har zuwa yau, gami da manyan ayyuka da matsayinsu na yanzu, a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa.
Shari'aAyyuka Masu MuhimmanciMatsayiSan Bernardino County, 2007Sabunta Babban Shirin don haɗawa da GHG inventory da rage shirinAn kammala shi (2007) Kafa manufofi na rage hayaki na GHGShirin Rage GHG da aka kammala ConcoPhillips, 2007Bayar da izinin aiki ga Santa Maria RefineryAn rufe shuka a cikin 2007 Gundumar Gudanar da Ingancin Jirgin Sama ta Bay Bay dala miliyan 7 a cikin carbon offsetsAn biya BAAQMD (2009) Audubon Society $ 200,000 a cikin carbon offsetsN/ABi California Wildfire ReLeaf dala miliyan 2.8 a cikin carbon offsetsN/ATashar jiragen ruwa ta Los Angeles, 2007Gudanar da lissafin shekara-shekara na hayaki na GHGAna gudanar da kokarin yin lissafi Gina tsarin hasken rana na 10 megawattAna ci gaba da aikin, ana sa ran kammala shi a cikin 2013 Filin jirgin saman San Diego, 2008Ci gaba da shirin rage hayaki na GHGAn haɓaka rahoton kayan GHG a cikin 2008 Birnin Stockton, 2008Shirya CAPAn kammala rubutun CAP (2012) Kafa manufofi na rage GHG da VMTAn haɗa shi a cikin Draft CAPCi gaba da tsarin gine-gine da shirinGreen Building Ordinance da Green-Up Stockton kammala (2011/2012) Cikakken karatun sufuri da shirinAn kammala shi kuma an haɗa shi a cikin Draft CAP  Kafa buƙatun cikawa / cikin gariA cikin ci gaba

 Tattaunawa 
Masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa shari'ar canjin yanayi a karkashin CEQA ta kasance mai cin lokaci kuma mai tsada. An dauke shi daya daga cikin karar da wasu masu sukar suka fi rikitarwa, San Bernardino County v State of California sun yi adawa da kananan hukumomi da masana'antu da yawa saboda wadannan dalilai. Misali, sanatocin Jamhuriyar Republican da yawa sun ji tsoron cewa karar za ta kafa misali ga sabon binciken GHG wanda zai iyakance ci gaba a nan gaba. A sakamakon haka, wasu sanatoci sun nemi samun "hana kan shari'ar yanayi ta CEQA" ta hanyar jinkirta wucewar kasafin kudin jihar. [Lokaci 1]Jami'an San Bernardino County sun kuma yi jayayya cewa shari'ar ba ta da mahimmanci kuma cewa buƙatar County ta aiwatar da matakan ragewa kafin aiwatar da AB 32 ba daidai ba ne.

Har ila yau, an yi zargi da Babban Lauyan da ke da alaƙa da CEQA da canjin yanayi. Musamman, abubuwan da ake buƙata a matsayin wani ɓangare na shari'ar San Bernardino da ConocoPhillips sun ba da kunya ga wasu masu aikin shari'a. Kowane mutum ya yi jayayya cewa Babban Lauyan da sauran jam'iyyun da ke karar ba su dauki tsari mai kyau wajen magance dumamar duniya ta hanyar amfani da yarjejeniyar sasantawa ba. Misali, wasu sun yi zargin cewa ƙauyen San Bernardino ya kasance da farko tsari, yana buƙatar kayan GHG da ragewa, yayin da ƙauyen ConocoPhillips ya dogara sosai ga ƙarancin carbon, sabanin ragewa a wurin.

 Tasiri ga aikin CEQA 
Hukuncin kotu da aka tattauna a cikin wannan labarin suna ba da jagora ga masu aiki da ke gudanar da nazarin canjin yanayi don ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin CEQA. Kotunan daukaka kara sun tabbatar da cewa tasirin GHG ba su da yawa don ƙididdigewa da kimantawa (duba CBE v. City of Richmond). Duk da yake jagororin CEQA ba su ƙayyade takamaiman ƙofar lambobi don muhimmancin ba, suna ba da hukumomin jagora damar zaɓar ƙofar kansu.

Jagororin CEQA sun gano nau'ikan rage fitar da GHG. Shawarwarin da Kotun daukaka kara ta yi sun bayyana mutum-mutumi tare da binciken da ya biyo baya.

 Ragewa dole ne ya zama takamaiman kuma ba za a iya jinkirta shi ba (duba CBE v. City of Richmond).
 Hukumomin jagora ba sa buƙatar magance duk wani ragewa na gaba ɗaya da hukumomin jihohi da na gida suka ba da shawarar (duba SCOPE v. City of Santa Clarita).

Babban Lauyan ya nuna shirye-shiryen Jiha don tabbatar da hukumomin jagora da kyau suna la'akari da rage hayaki na GHG da tasirin canjin yanayi. Ƙaddamarwa har zuwa yau sau da yawa suna buƙatar ƙarin ragewa, bincike, da / ko shirya CAP (duba "Attorney General Settlements" a sama). 

Hukuncin Kotun daukaka kara a cikin Ballona v. City of Los Angeles na iya kawar da buƙatar hukumomin jagora a gundumar ta biyu don la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi a kan ayyukan da aka tsara. A ranar 21 ga watan Maris, 2012, Kotun Koli ta musanta sake dubawa da buƙatun da kungiyoyin kare muhalli da yawa suka gabatar (National Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Muhalli). Sai dai idan an karɓi dokar da ta soke shawarar Ballona, za a gabatar da kotuna a duk faɗin Jiha tare da shari'ar a matsayin misali. Duk da haka, kotuna a waje da gundumar ta huɗu za su sami damar bambanta a cikin fassarar su na Jagororin CEQA kuma suna iya samun cewa ana buƙatar nazarin tasirin canjin yanayi akan ayyukan da aka tsara.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Bayani 

Rukuni:Canjin yanayi
Rukuni:Yancin Dan Adam
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba