Yaƙin Basasar Aljeriya

Yaƙin Basasar Aljeriya (Larabci;الحرب الأهلية الجزائرية), known in Algeria as the Black Decade (Larabci;العشرية السوداء, Faransanci;La décennie noire), Yakin basasa ne da aka gwabza tsakanin gwamnatin Aljeriya da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban tun daga ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 1992 (bayan juyin mulkin da ya yi watsi da nasarar zaben 'yan kishin Islama) zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun 2002. Yakin ya fara ne sannu a hankali, kamar yadda da farko ya bayyana gwamnati ta yi nasarar murkushe kungiyar Islama, amma kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai sun fito don shelanta jihadi kuma a shekarar 1994, tashin hankali bai kai ga irin wannan matakin ba.  A 1996-97, ya bayyana a fili cewa gwagwarmayar Islama ta rasa goyon bayanta na jama'a, ko da yake an ci gaba da gwabzawa shekaru da yawa bayan haka.

An kira yakin da 'yaƙin datti' (la sale guerre),  kuma ya ga matsanancin tashin hankali da zalunci da aka yi amfani da shi akan fararen hula.  Masu kishin Islama sun yi niyya ga 'yan jarida, sama da 70 daga cikinsu an kashe su, da kuma baƙi, sama da 100 daga cikinsu an mutu,  kodayake mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa jami'an tsaro da kuma masu kishin Islama suna da hannu, kamar yadda gwamnati ta shiga cikin masu tayar da kayar baya.  An yi amfani da yara sosai, musamman daga kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye. An kiyasta jimlar mutuwar a 44,000  zuwa tsakanin 100,000 da 200,000. 

Rikicin ya fara ne a watan Janairun shekara ta 1992, lokacin da sabuwar jam'iyyar Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) ta bayyana a shirye take ta kayar da jam'iyyar National Liberation Front (FLN) mai mulki a zaben majalisar dokoki na kasa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1991. An soja zaben bayan zagaye na farko kuma sojoji sun mallaki gwamnati yadda ya kamata, suna tilasta wa shugaban kasar Chadli Bendjedid daga ofis. Bayan da aka dakatar da FIS kuma aka kama dubban mambobinta, 'Yan tawaye na Islama sun fito da sauri kuma sun fara kamfen din makamai a kan gwamnati da magoya bayanta.

Sun kafa kansu cikin kungiyoyi daban-daban masu dauke da makamai, musamman kungiyar Islama Armed Movement (MIA), wanda ya fi dacewa da tsaunuka, da kuma kungiyar Islama mai dauke da makami (GIA), wanda aka fi mayar da hankali a cikin garuruwa. Taken GIA shine "babu yarjejeniya, babu truce, babu tattaunawa" kuma ya ayyana yaki da FIS a 1994 bayan da karshen ya ci gaba a tattaunawar da gwamnati. MIA da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya sun sake haɗuwa, sun zama FIS-loyalist Islamic Salvation Army (AIS).

Bayan tattaunawar ta rushe, an gudanar da zabe a 1995 kuma dan takarar soja, Janar Liamine Zerual ya lashe. GIA ta yi yaƙi da gwamnati, da kuma AIS, kuma ta fara jerin Kisan kiyashi da aka yi wa dukan unguwanni ko ƙauyuka wanda ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 1997. Manufar kisan kiyashi ta haifar da ficewa da rarrabuwa a cikin GIA, yayin da AIS, a karkashin hari daga bangarorin biyu, ta ayyana tsagaita wuta tare da gwamnati a shekarar 1997. A halin yanzu, sabuwar jam'iyyar da aka kafa ta goyi bayan Sojoji ce ta lashe zaben majalisar dokoki na 1997.

A shekara ta 1999, bayan zaben Abdelaziz Bouteflika a matsayin shugaban kasa, tashin hankali ya ragu yayin da yawancin masu tayar da kayar baya suka "juya", suna amfani da sabuwar dokar afuwa. An farautar ragowar GIA daidai a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, kuma kusan sun ɓace a shekara ta 2002, ban da ƙungiyar da ake kira Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), wanda ya sanar da goyon bayansa ga Al-Qaeda a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003 kuma ya ci gaba da yaki da tayar da kayar baya wanda zai bazu zuwa wasu ƙasashe a yankin.

 Tarihi 

 Daga baya 
Yanayin zamantakewa wanda ya haifar da rashin gamsuwa da gwamnatin FLN, da kuma sha'awar jihadi a kanta sun haɗa da: fashewar yawan jama'a a cikin shekarun 1960 da 70s wanda ya fi karfin ikon tattalin arzikin da ya tsaya don samar da ayyuka, gidaje, abinci da ababen more rayuwa na birane ga adadi mai yawa na matasa a cikin birane; [[Note 3]] wanda sayar da shi ya ba da kashi 95% na fitar da Aljeriya da kashi 60% na kasafin kudin gwamnati;  'dangi-karbar cin zarafin jam' yanci-karya ta hanyar cin gashin kai da kuma ya faru a cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa na Larabawa, 'yanci da kuma ya mamayewa na manyan yankunan da suka faru a cikin shekarun Larabawa;

Musulunci a Aljeriya bayan samun 'yancin kai ya mamaye Salafist "Rasovalism na Musulunci" da Islama ta siyasa maimakon Musulunci mai ban sha'awa na 'yan uwantaka da aka samu a wasu yankuna na Arewacin Afirka. Gwamnatin FLN ta rushe 'yan uwantaka a matsayin fansa saboda rashin goyon baya kuma gwamnatin FLN ta kwace ƙasarsu kuma ta sake rarraba ta bayan samun' yancin kai. A cikin shekarun 1980s gwamnati ta shigo da sanannun malaman Islama guda biyu, Mohammed al-Ghazali da Yusuf al-Qaradawi, don "ƙarfafa bangaren addini" na jam'iyyar National Liberation Front (FLN) mai mulki "ka'idar kishin kasa". Maimakon yin haka, malamai sun yi aiki don inganta "farkawar Islama" kamar yadda suke "abokan matafiya" na Muslim Brotherhood da magoya bayan Saudi Arabia da sauran masarautun Gulf. Al-Ghazali yana ba da fatawa da yawa (hukuncin shari'a na Islama) mai kyau ga matsayin da Imamai "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi" suka dauka.Takeyh, Ray (Summer 2003). 

Wani mai bin addinin Islama, Mustafa Bouyali, "mai wa'azi mai basira" kuma tsohon soja na gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya, ya yi kira ga amfani da Shari'a da ƙirƙirar jihar Islama ta hanyar jihadi. Bayan tsanantawa da jami'an tsaro suka yi a shekarar 1982 ya kafa kungiyar Mouvement Islamique Armé (MIA), "wani ƙungiya mai sauƙi na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi", tare da kansa a matsayin amir. Kungiyarsa ta gudanar da jerin "harin kai tsaye" a kan gwamnatin kuma ta sami damar ci gaba da gwagwarmayar ta na tsawon shekaru biyar kafin a kashe Bouyali a watan Fabrairun 1987. 

Har ila yau, a cikin shekarun 1980s, daruruwan matasa sun bar Aljeriya zuwa sansanonin Peshawar don yin yaƙi da jihadi a Afghanistan. Kamar yadda Aljeriya ta kasance abokiyar kusa da masu jihadi da ke adawa da Tarayyar Soviet, waɗannan masu jihadi sun kasance suna la'akari da jihadi na Afghanistan a matsayin "farko" ga jihadi a kan jihar FLN ta Aljeriya. Bayan gwamnatin Marxist a Afghanistan ta fadi, da yawa daga cikin Salafist-Jihadis sun koma Aljeriya kuma sun goyi bayan Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) sannan daga baya GIA masu tayar da kayar baya.

A lokacin da kuma bayan tashin hankali na Oktoba na 1988 Musulmai "sun kafa kan gina gadoji ga matasa matalauta na birane". Shaidar tasirin su ita ce cewa tashin hankali "ya ƙare" bayan ganawa tsakanin Shugaba Chadli Bendjedid da Musulmai Ali Benhadj da membobin Muslim Brotherhood . 

Gwamnatin FLN ta mayar da martani ga tashin hankali ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Aljeriya a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1988, don ba da damar wasu jam'iyyun da ba na FLN mai mulki ba su yi aiki bisa doka. Wata jam'iyyar Islama mai zurfi, Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) an haife ta ne jim kadan bayan haka a Algiers a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1989, kuma ta shiga wanzuwar doka a watan Satumbar 1989.  Mutanen biyu ne suka jagoranci gaba. Abbassi Madani - farfesa a Jami'ar Algiers kuma tsohon mayaƙan samun 'yancin kai - ya wakilci ra'ayin mazan jiya na addini kuma a alamance ya haɗa jam'iyyar da Yakin Independence na Aljeriya, tushen al'ada da aka jaddada na ikon FLN mai mulki. Manufarsa ita ce "Islama da mulkin ba tare da canza asalin al'umma ba".  Ali Benhadj, mai wa'azi mai ban sha'awa kuma malamin makarantar sakandare ya yi kira ga matasa da marasa ilimi. Mai magana mai sha'awa, an san shi da iyawarsa na fusata ko kwantar da hankali ga dubban matasa da suka zo su ji shi. Koyaya, jawabinsa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da adawa da mulkin dimokuradiyya sun tsoratar da wadanda ba Musulunci ba da mata. Babu Madani ko Benhadj da suka himmatu ga dimokuradiyya.
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