Farashin ruwa

Farashin ruwa (wanda aka fi sani da yawan ruwa a Amurka da Kanada) farashi ne da aka keɓe ga ruwa wanda ma'aikacin jama'a ke bayarwa ta hanyar sadarwar bututu ga abokan cinikinsa. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar akan kuɗin fito na ruwa. Ba a cajin kuɗin ruwa da ruwan datti don ruwa da kansa, amma don dawo da kuɗaɗen kula da ruwa, ajiyar ruwa, jigilar shi ga kwastomomi, tattarawa da kula da ruwa, da kuma lissafin kuɗi da tarawa. Farashin da ake biya na ruwa da kansa ya sha bamban da kudin ruwa. Suna wanzu a cikin ƴan ƙasashe kuma ana kiran su cajin abstraction na ruwa ko kudade. Ba a rufe cajin abstraction a cikin wannan labarin, amma a cikin labarin akan farashin ruwa). Farashin kuɗin ruwa ya bambanta sosai a tsarinsu da matakinsu tsakanin ƙasashe, birane da wasu lokuta tsakanin nau'ikan masu amfani (na zama, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko gine-ginen jama'a). Hanyoyin daidaita jadawalin kuɗin fito suma sun bambanta sosai.

Yawancin abubuwan amfani da ruwa a duniya mallakar jama'a ne, amma wasu na sirri ne ko kuma ana sarrafa su (duba siyar da ruwa). Utilities masana'antu ne na cibiyar sadarwa da na halitta monopolies. Ka'idar tattalin arziki ta annabta cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ba tare da kayyade ba suna saita farashin samfuran su a matakin da zai ba da damar fitar da ribar da ta ke da ita. Koyaya, a zahiri ana tsara jadawalin kuɗin fito da kayan aiki. Ana iya saita su a ƙasa da farashi, a matakin dawo da farashi ba tare da dawo da babban jari ba, ko kuma a matakin dawo da farashi gami da ƙayyadaddun adadin dawo da babban jari. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa an saita jadawalin kuɗin fito ƙasa da matakin dawo da farashi, ko da ba tare da la'akari da ƙimar riba ba [ref]. Wannan yakan haifar da rashin kulawa kuma yana buƙatar tallafi mai mahimmanci ga duka zuba jari da aiki. A cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, ruwa da, zuwa ƙarami, kuɗin fito na ruwa, yawanci ana saita su kusa ko a matakin dawo da farashi, wani lokacin har da alawus don riba[ref].

 References 

 OECD:Pricing of Water Services, Paris 1987, p. 23-34
 Ariel Dinar: The Political Economy of Water Pricing Reforms, World Bank, 2000
 Celine Nauges and Dale Whittington. Oct 2016. “Evaluating the Performance of Alternative Municipal Water Tariff Designs: Quantifying the Tradeoffs between Equity, Economic Efficiency, and Cost Recovery” World Development 91, 125–143 [1], accessed on 21 November 2019
 OECD:Managing Water for All:An OECD perspective on pricing and financing, Chapter 3:The Central Role of Tariffs, p. 73-94, 2009
 International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities:[www.ib-net.org], accessed on May 30, 2017

 International Water Association:International Water Association Task Group on Tariffs and Financing, accessed on January 24, 2010
 NUS Consulting, accessed on January 24, 2010
 OECD: The Price of Water: Trends in OECD countries, 1999, accessed on January 21, 2010

 Global Water Intelligence 2012 Water Tariff Survey, September 2012, Global Water Intelligence vol 13 issue 9 pp37-41
 Clovis Hanford Water Rates Will Rise Soon
 Price Survey Table
 OECD/Global Water Intelligence Water Tariff Survey 2007, quoted in:Peter Gleick, The World's Water 2008-2009, p. 321-323
 P. Herrington: Critical Review of Relevant Research Concerning the Effects of Charging and Collection Methods on Water Demand , Different Customer Groups and Debt, UK Water Industry Research, 2006
 OECD:Social issues in the provision and pricing of water services, 2003, accessed on January 21, 2010

 Manazarta.