Fincha Habera, Habasha

Fincha Habera wani shafin binciken archaeological ne na Zamanin Tsakiya wanda ke cikin Dutsen Bale a kudancin Habasha . Ginin dutse yana cikin mafi girman yanayin halittu a Afirka kuma yana da mashahuriyar tsayi na mafaka da kuma wurin binciken archaeological, yana kwance kusan mita 4,000 sama da matakin teku, tsakanin Harcha da Wasama Valleys. A lokacin Late Pleistocene, mafakar dutse ta Fincha Habera ta mamaye mafaka-masu tarawa kuma shafin yanzu yana ba da shaida ga ɗayan tsofaffin mazaunan ɗan adam a tsaunuka masu tsawo. Yanayin da ke kewaye da shi ya samar da yanayin ruwa mai laushi, ciyayi, da abinci wanda ya haifar da yanayi na musamman wanda ya ba waɗannan mafarauta damar samun zama mai tsawo a wannan mafaka. 

 Tasirin muhalli na Paleo 

 Lokacin ƙanƙara 
Dutsen Bale sun fuskanci dogon lokaci na glaciation, suna haifar da yanayin Afro-alpine da yanayin halittu. An rarraba lokutan glaciation ta matakan Glacial I, II, da III a duk MSA. Mataki na farko na glacial, kusan ya faru tsakanin shekaru 48,000 da 42,000 da suka gabata, ya faru ne a lokacin rigar da sanyi a Gabashin Afirka wanda ya biyo bayan yanayin halittu mai bushe. Ci gaban kankara na kwarin a lokacin wannan matakin, wanda aka tabbatar da takamaiman yanayi, ya haifar da wani labari inda kankara ke ci gaba a ko'ina cikin kwarin ya haifar da kwararar kankara da yawa. Wadannan tashoshin daga baya sun yi aiki a matsayin tushen ruwa mai kyau ga masu farauta na MSA a Fincha Habera bayan kankara ta narke a cikin wurare masu zafi kuma an zubar da ita a duk faɗin Web Valley da ke kusa. Matakan glacial na biyu da na uku sun ci gaba da wannan yanayin kuma sun haifar da yanayi mai ɗorewa ga ƙauyen Fincha Habera wanda aka rarraba ta hanyar sanyi, yanayin halittu mai laushi.

Kodayake kankara sun ci gaba kuma sun kewaye yankin da ke kusa da Fincha Habera, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ba su taɓa yin hulɗa da ƙauyen ba. Ginin dutse ya kasance kusan mita 500 zuwa 700 a ƙasa inda aka sami kankara. Don haka, yanayin da ya fi dacewa ya ba da damar Fincha Habera ya dace da zama ta masu tarawa sau da yawa a cikin MSA kuma ya ba da mafaka daga yanayin busasshiyar yanayi a cikin ƙasashe.

 Lokacin bayan ƙanƙara 
An gano tsarin ruwa da ya wuce matakin glacial na uku, yana ba da shawarar yanayi ko tsarin halittu wanda ya gudanar da adana ruwa mai kyau bayan buƙatar narkewar kankara. Kasancewar nau'in kwari na ƙasa da aka samo a shafin kuma an tsara shi sosai bayan ƙarshen matakin glacial na III ya kuma nuna kasancewar yanayin ƙasa mai laushi, mai wadataccen kwayoyin halitta wanda ya tabbatar da wadatar ruwa mai laushi ga masu cin abinci a Fincha Habera . 

Nazarin karuwar Podocarpus da Ericaceae pollen a cikin ajiyar dung a shafin Fincha Habera ya nuna bayyanar belin ciyayi tare da Dutsen Bale. Wannan yana nuna cewa gandun daji na gallery sun bayyana a kusa da Fincha Habera a cikin lokutan bushewa na MSA, haɗuwa da lokacin glacial na uku wanda ya haifar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai laushi da tsarin magudanar ruwa, gami da samar da wurin zama ga ganima na mafarauta-masu tarawa da ke zaune a mafaka.

 Tarihin Shafin 

 Ginin wurin 
Abubuwan da aka ajiye daga dutsen da aka kafa tsakanin kwararar dutsen basalt sun taimaka wajen samar da ainihin dutsen dutse. Dukkanin wuta sun kasance kuma an sanya tarin dutse a ƙofar wurin binciken archaeological wanda aka fassara don kare dabbobi an gano su a wuraren binciken archaeology. Sauran fasalulluka na sulhu sun haɗa da hanyoyin adanawa da zubar da albarkatun kwayoyin halitta da sharar gida, da kuma ramukan wuta da wuraren shirya abinci.

 Gidajen da suka gabata 
Abubuwan da aka adana daga shafin binciken archaeological sun nuna cewa mafarauta-masu tarawa sun mamaye mafaka a lokacin Late Pleistocene, mai yiwuwa tsakanin shekaru 47,000 da 31,000 da suka gabata, ta amfani da fasahar da aka danganta ga Zamanin Dutsen Tsakiya. Kodayake aikin ya kasance a babban tsawo, yanayin halittu na alpine a cikin Dutsen Bale ya ba da damar mazaunan Fincha Habera su sami damar samun abinci mai ɗorewa da albarkatun rayuwa ba tare da buƙatar nauyin jiki ba. Saboda wadannan dalilai, ƙauyen dutse mai yiwuwa ya kasance gida ga zama na dogon lokaci, yana ba da hanyoyin rayuwa ga mazauna duk shekara. Koyaya, yayin da ƙauyuka na dogon lokaci sun faru a Fincha Habera, har yanzu ba a tantance shi ba idan mazaunin dindindin ya faru kuma ba a gano ƙarin wuraren zama na ɗan adam na wannan shekarun a kusa da ƙauyen ba. Masu farauta da masu tarawa na Fincha Habera sun kuma yi amfani da wuta a duk lokacin zama da kuma wuraren dabbobin da ke cikin lokaci na baya.

 Kasuwancin Fincha Habera 

 Hanyoyin rayuwa 
Abinci na masu farauta-tattara a Fincha Habera ya dogara sosai da manyan beraye da aka samo a cikin yanayin halittu na Afro-alpine. Wadannan kwayoyin-tsuntsaye sun cika da mutane a kusa da mafakar dutse, tare da kusan mutane 29 da ke bayyana a kowace hekta a yankin da ke kewaye da su kuma sun kasance 93.5% na fauna na yankin. Saboda haka, mazaunan Fincha Habera sun farautar su sosai.Ossendorf, Götz; Groos, Alexander R.; Bromm, Tobias; Tekelemariam, Minassie Girma; Glaser, Bruno; Lesur, Joséphine; Schmidt, Joachim; Akçar, Naki; Bekele, Tamrat; Beldados, Alemseged; Demissew, Sebsebe (2019-08-09). "Middle Stone Age foragers resided in high elevations of the glaciated Bale Mountains, Ethiopia". Science. 365 (6453): 583–587. doi:10.1126/science.aaw8942. ISSN 0036-8075. A ko'ina cikin shafin binciken archaeological, shaidar alamun konewa da ƙasusuwan ƙonewa na waɗannan ƙwayoyin a farkon ajiyar MSA sun nuna cewa hanyar shirya abinci tana gasawa, amma a ƙananan zafi."Supplementary Materials". Science. 2021-03-29. ISSN 0036-8075. Duk da sunan giant mole rat, ganima mai yiwuwa karami ne. Ƙananan sikelin waɗannan dabbobi suna taimakawa wajen bayyana rashin alamun yankan da mafarauta suka yi a kan ƙasusuwan da suka rage a shafin, tunda ba a buƙatar yanka mai tsanani don shirya beraye don amfani. Maimakon haka, mazauna na iya amfani da hayaki don tura waɗannan dabbobi a waje da ramin su don farautar su.

Irin wannan hanyar shiri da farauta da aka samu a shafin ba lamari ne na mutum ba - a zahiri, wannan tsari na farauta da cinye dabbobi an rubuta shi a kusa da wuraren wurare masu zafi a duniya."Supplementary Materials". Science. 2021-03-29. ISSN 0036-8075. Hanyar amfani da ƙananan dabbobi ma yayi kama da salon rayuwa na mafarauta da ke Kudancin Afirka a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Stone da Late Stone Age. Ɗaya daga cikin yanayin da ya yi kama da ƙarancin zafi da kuma preaparation shine na amfani da tsuntsaye na MSA a shafin binciken archaeological Sibudu Cave . 

Sauran fauna da ke bayyane a Fincha Habera, kuma watakila an haɗa su cikin abincin mazauna prehistoric a can, sun haɗa da dutsen Nyala (wani dabba mai kama da Afro-alpines), baboons, da ƙananan masu cin nama kamar foxes. Hyenas kuma sun kasance a kusa da mafakar dutse a lokacin MSA kuma sun yi gasa tare da mafarauta-masu tarawa don manyan beraye a matsayin tushen abinci.Ossendorf, Götz; Groos, Alexander R.; Bromm, Tobias; Tekelemariam, Minassie Girma; Glaser, Bruno; Lesur, Joséphine; Schmidt, Joachim; Akçar, Naki; Bekele, Tamrat; Beldados, Alemseged; Demissew, Sebsebe (2019-08-09). "Middle Stone Age foragers resided in high elevations of the glaciated Bale Mountains, Ethiopia". Science. 365 (6453): 583–587. doi:10.1126/science.aaw8942. ISSN 0036-8075.

 Kayan aiki na Obsidian 
Kayan aiki da mazaunan Fincha Habera suka yi an yi su ne da obsidian. An samo asali biyar na obsidian a kusan mita 4200 sama da matakin teku a cikin tsaunuka na Habasha da Dutsen Bale. Wadannan outcrops sun kasance shafukan yanar gizo na yawan mutane na obsidian don albarkatu da albarkatun kasa. Saboda haka, obsidian shine ainihin albarkatun da suka hada da kusan dukkanin kayan aikin lithic da aka samu a gidan dutse na Fincha Habera.

Taron kayan aikin dutse na MSA a Fincha Habera ya haɗa da kayan aiki na musamman tare da maki da takalma. Halitta irin waɗannan kayan aikin mai yiwuwa sun haɗa da jerin raguwa waɗanda suka yi amfani da dandamali biyu na tsaye don ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin guda ɗaya."Supplementary Materials". Science. 2021-03-29. ISSN 0036-8075. Bugu da ƙari, gyare-gyare na kayan aikin lithic a shafin sun haɗa da raguwar basal da sakewa, dukansu biyu sun kasance na kowa ga kayan aikin dutse na MSA a lokacin. An kuma yi amfani da scrapers da maki. A ko'ina cikin shafin, an sami adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin da ba a yi aiki ba ko ƙarancin aiki don ƙwayoyin - irin wannan ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin gwajin ƙwayoyin suna nuna tsinkaye na hanya, musamman tare da obsidian.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

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