Addini a Afirka

Addini a Afirka yana da bangarori da yawa kuma yana da babban tasiri akan fasaha, al'adu da falsafa . A yau, al'ummomi daban-daban na nahiyar da daidaikun jama'a galibi mabiya addinin Kiristanci ne, Musulunci, da ma wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka .  A cikin al'ummomin Kirista ko na Islama, akidar addini suma wani lokaci ana siffanta su da daidaitawa tare da imani da ayyukan addinan gargajiya.   

 Addinan Afirka na gargajiya 
Afirka ta ƙunshi ɗimbin imani na gargajiya iri-iri.  Kodayake al'adun addini a wasu lokuta al'ummomin gida da yawa ne ke raba su, yawanci sun keɓanta ga takamaiman al'umma ko yankuna. Cheikh Anta Diop The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality, Chicago, L.Hill, 1974.  Dukan addinan gargajiya na Afirka suna haɗe-haɗe ta hanyar ɓangarorin raye-raye tare da mahimmanci na musamman ga bautar kakanni . 

A cewar Dokta J Omosade Awolalu, “Tsoffin” a wannan mahallin na nufin ’yan asali ne, abin da ke da tushe, wanda aka yi shi daga tsara zuwa tsara, wanda ake nufin a yi amfani da shi a yau da kuma har abada. Gado daga baya, duk da haka ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin abin da ya gabata ba amma wanda ya haɗa abin da ya gabata da na yanzu da na yanzu tare da dawwama. 

Ko da yake sau da yawa ana magana da shi a cikin kalmomi guda ɗaya, Afirka babbar nahiya ce da ke da al'ummomi da yawa, kowace tana da al'adu masu rikitarwa, harsuna masu yawa, da yaru daban-daban. 

 Afirka ta Yamma 
Asalin wannan mazhabar ya dogara ne akan watsa ta baki; abin da ke rubuce a cikin zukatan mutane, tunaninsu, tarihin baka, al'adu, temples da ayyukan addini.  Ba ta da masu kafa ko shugabanni kamar Gautama Buddha, Jesus, ko Muhammed.  Ba ta da ’yan mishan ko niyyar yaɗawa ko yin wa’azi.  Wasu daga cikin addinan gargajiya na Afirka sune na Serer na Senegal, Yarbawan Najeriya, da Akan na Ghana da Ivory Coast, da Bono na Ghana da Ivory Coast. Garin yamma kuma ya ƙunshi addinin Yarbawa da addinin Anglican na syncretism.  Addinin mutanen Gbe (mafi yawancin Ewe da Fon ) na Benin, Togo da Ghana ana kiransa Vodun kuma shine babban tushen addinai iri daya a cikin kasashen waje, irin su Louisiana Voodoo, Haitian Vodou, Cuban Vodú, Dominican Vudú da kuma Vodum na Brazil .

Wasu bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin yammacin Afirka da Gabas ko addinin kaho sau da yawa sun haɗa da la'akari da allahntaka da na halitta ko na zahiri a matsayin zama ɗaya kuma iri ɗaya, da yin amfani da wannan matsayi don haɗa duban. Limamai daga wannan yanki da tarihi ya ba jama'a ana kiransu waganga . Wani bambanci na Gabashin Afirka da Kaho shine yawaitar annabawa a cikin al'adun baka da sauran nau'ikan yada addinin gargajiya na Afirka. 

Babban abin bautawa na asali a cikin kaho na Cushitic shine Waaq, wanda ke ci gaba da bayyana shi har zuwa wannan zamani tare da addinai irin su Waaqeffanna da Waaqism .  A cewar marubucin Lugira, addinan gargajiya na Afirka su ne kawai addinan "da za su iya cewa sun samo asali ne daga Afirka. Sauran addinan da ake samu a Afirka sun samo asali ne a wasu sassan duniya." Lugira, Aloysius M., African Traditional Religions (New York: Chelsea House, 2009), p. 36 [in] Varghese, Roy Abraham, Christ Connection: How the World Religions Prepared the Way for the Phenomenon of Jesus, Paraclete Press (2011), p. 1935,  (Retrieved 7 May 2019)

 Addinai na Ibrahimiyya 
Yawancin 'yan Afirka mabiya addinin Kiristanci ne ko kuma Musulunci . Jama'ar Afirka sukan haɗa ayyukan aƙidarsu ta al'ada da ayyukan addinan Ibrahim .      Addinai na Ibrahim sun yaɗu a faɗin Afirka. Dukansu sun yada kuma sun maye gurbin addinan Afirka na asali, amma galibi ana daidaita su da yanayin al'adun Afirka da tsarin imani. Littafin Encyclopedia na Duniya ya yi kiyasin cewa a shekara ta 2002 Kiristoci sun kafa kashi 45% na al’ummar nahiyar, inda Musulmi ke da kashi 40%. An kuma yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2002 cewa kiristoci su ne kashi 45% na al’ummar Afirka, inda musulmi ke da kashi 40.6%. 

Kiristanci

Kiristanci yana daga cikin addinai mafi yawan mabiya tare da addinin Musulunci kuma shi ne mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka. Akwai ƙungiyoyi da dama na addinan da suka haɗa dabi'u daban-daban da kuma na annabci, irin su Cocin Baptist na Nazaret a Afirka ta Kudu da cocin Aladura a Najeriya. Haka kuma akwai mabiya da dama na Cocin Adventist na Rana ta Bakwai da na Shaidun Yahaya. Tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin Kirista mafi dadewa a Afirka sun haɗa da Cocin Orthodox na Gabas na Alexandria, Cocin Coptic Orthodox na Alexandria, Cocin Orthodox na Tewahedo na Habasha da Cocin Orthodox na Tewahedo na Eritrea (wanda suka shahara a ƙarni na huɗu bayan Sarki Ezana Babba ya maida Habasha ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Kirista na farko.http://www.kebranegast.com  Kebra Negast)

A farkon ƙarnuka na Kiristanci, Afirka ta samar da fitattun mutane da suka shahara har ma a wajen nahiyar, irin su St Augustine na Hippo, St Maurice, Origen, Tertullian, da Popes guda uku na Cocin Katolika na Roma (Victor I, Miltiades da Gelasius I), da kuma wasu halayen Littafi Mai Tsarki kamar Simon na Cyrene da bawan Habasha da Philip ɗan bishara ya ba da baftisma. Kiristanci ya riga ya kasance a Habasha kafin mulkin Sarki Ezana na Masarautar Axum, amma addinin ya karɓu sosai bayan an ayyana shi a matsayin addinin gwamnati a shekara ta 330 AD, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Kirista na farko.

Mafi tsoho kuma mafi sanannen ambato dangane da isowar Kiristanci a Afirka yana cikin Littafin Ayyukan Manzanni na Littafi Mai Tsarki, inda aka kawo labarin yadda Philip ɗan bishara ya juyo wa wani bako daga Habasha a ƙarni na farko AD. Ko da yake Littafi Mai Tsarki ya kira su da sunan 'yan Habasha, masana sun bayyana cewa kalmar Habasha a wancan lokaci tana nufin yankin da ke kudu da kudu maso gabas da Masar.

Wasu labarai kuma na cewa wannan mutumin da aka juyo ya kasance ɗan asalin Yahudawa wanda ke cikin fadar sarauniyar ƙasar. Duk da haka, duka labaran sun yarda cewa mutumin ya kasance cikin manyan jami’an sarauta, kuma ya samu nasarar juyar da sarauniyar zuwa Kiristanci, lamarin da ya kai ga gina coci a ƙasar. Tyrannius Rufinus, wani mashahurin marubuci na tarihin coci, ya rubuta labari a kai, haka kuma wasu marubutan tarihi na coci kamar Socrates da Sozemius sun ambata.Hansberry, William Leo. Pillars in Ethiopian History; the William Leo Hansberry African History Notebook. Washington: Howard University Press, 1934.

Wasu masana na hasashen cewa cibiyar Kiristanci tana ta komawa daga ƙasashen Turai masu masana’antu zuwa nahiyoyin Afirka da Asiya a wannan zamani. Tarihin Malami Lamin Sanneh na Jami’ar Yale ya bayyana cewa, “Kiristancin Afirka ba kawai wani abu ne na ban mamaki daga wani wuri mai nisa ba, amma Kiristancin Afirka na iya zama siffar abin da ke zuwa nan gaba.”Historian Ahead of His Time, Christianity Today Magazine, February 2007 Kididdiga daga *World Christian Encyclopedia* (David Barrett) sun nuna irin yawaitar masu Kiristanci a nahiyar da kuma hasashen cewa zuwa shekarar 2025 za a samu Kiristoci miliyan 633 a Afirka.World Council of Churches Report, August 2004

Wani bincike na shekarar 2015 ya kiyasta cewa akwai Kiristoci 2,161,000 da suka fito daga asalin Musulunci a Afirka, mafi yawan su daga cikin sassan mabiya addinin Protestant.
Musulunci

Musulunci shi ne ɗayan manyan addinai guda biyu a Afirka tare da Kiristanci,Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003)  p.306 Dangane da Encyclopædia Britannica, a tsakiyar shekara ta 2002, akwai Kiristoci 480,453,000, Musulmai 479,869,000 da mutane 98,734,000 da ke bin addinan gargajiya a Afirka. Ian S. Markham, (A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.) ya bayyana cewa a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 akwai Musulmai 278,250,800 a Afirka, kusan kashi 45%. Wannan kididdiga dai kiyasi ne, kuma ana samun sabani a tsakanin rahotanni daban-daban (duba Amadu Jacky Kaba). Yaduwar Kiristanci da Musulunci a Afirka: bincike da kimanta adadin mabiya. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. inda fiye da kashi 40% na al’umma Musulmai ne, suna wakiltar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na musulman duniya. Tushen addinin yana da tarihi tun zamanin Annabi Muhammad, lokacin da sahabbansa suka yi hijira zuwa Habasha don tsira daga zaluncin Larabawa masu bautar gumaka.

Yaduwar Musulunci a Arewacin Afirka ta faru ne da faɗaɗar Daular Larabawa a ƙarƙashin Halifa Umar ta hanyar Sahulin Sinai. A Yammacin Afirka kuwa, 'Yan kasuwa da masu ruwa da tsaki na Musulunci ne suka yada shi. Har ila yau, addinin ya fara shafar Daular Harla a Gabar Afirka tun da wuri.

Musulunci ne addini mafi rinjaye a Arewacin Afirka da kuma Gabar Afirka. Ya zama mafi rinjaye a Gabar Swahili da kuma bakin teku da wasu yankuna na ciki a Yammacin Afirka. Akwai dauloli da dama na Musulmai a Yammacin Afirka da suka yi tasiri sosai, musamman Daular Mali, wadda ta bunƙasa na ɗaruruwan shekaru, da kuma Daular Songhai, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mansa Musa, Sunni Ali, da Askia Mohammed.

Yawancin Musulmai a Afirka mabiya ne na Sunna. Sai dai akwai ƴan kaɗan daga wasu mazhabobi.Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013Blitt, Robert C. "Springtime for Freedom of Religion or Belief: Will Newly Democratic Arab States Guarantee International Human Rights Norms or Perpetuate Their Violation?." State Responses to Minority Religions. Routledge, 2017. 45-64.

Yahudanci

Masu bin addinin Yahudanci suna zaune a kasashe da dama a nahiyar Afirka; ciki har da Arewacin Afirka, Habasha, Uganda, Kenya, Kamaru, Gabon, Gana, Ivory Coast, Saliyo, Najeriya, Mali, da Kudancin Afirka.

Addinin Baháʼí

Addinin Baháʼí a Afirka yana da tarihi mai bambanci. Ya fi yaduwa sosai a shekarun 1950s wanda ya ci gaba da kara yaduwa a 1960s. Association of Religion Data Archives (wadda ke amfani da bayanan World Christian Encyclopedia) ta lissafa yawan mabiya Baháʼí a Afirka inda Kenya (#3: 512,900), Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango (#5: 282,900), Afirka ta Kudu (#8: 238,500) da Zambiya (#10: 190,400) suka kasance cikin kasashe goma da suka fi yawan Baháʼí a duniya a 2010, yayin da Mauritius (#4: 1.8% na yawan jama'a) ta shiga cikin jerin tare da Zambiya (#3: 1.8%) da Kenya (#10: 1.0%) wajen kaso na yawan mabiya a cikin kasa.

Shugabannin uku na addinin, wato Bahá'u'lláh, `Abdu'l-Bahá, da Shoghi Effendi, sun taba ziyartar Afirka a lokuta daban-daban. A 'yan shekarun nan, kimanin 2000 daga cikin mabiya Baháʼí a Masar sun fuskanci matsaloli dangane da rikicin katin shaida na addini a Masar tun daga 2006 zuwa 2009. Tun daga lokacin, an kona gidajen wasu daga cikinsu kuma an kore wasu daga cikin garuruwansu. A gefe guda kuwa, mabiya Baháʼí sun sami damar gudanar da taruka guda tara a yankuna daban-daban da aka kira su daga Universal House of Justice a ranar 20 Oktoba 2008 domin murnar nasarorin da aka samu a matakin al'umma da kuma tsara matakai na gaba a yankunansu.
Hinduism


Hinduism ya fara bayyana a Afirka ne tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Ana kiyasta cewa akwai mutane kimanin miliyan 2 zuwa 2.5 da ke bin Hinduism a Afirka. Shi ne addini mafi yawa a Mauritius, kuma akwai haikalai na Hindu a wasu ƙasashe.

Hindus sun zo Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ma’aikata da aka ɗauka da kwangila a ƙarni na 19. Matashin M.K. Gandhi ya rayu tare da al’ummar Indiyawa a Afirka ta Kudu tsawon shekaru ashirin kafin ya koma Indiya domin shiga gwagwarmayar ’yancin kai ta Indiya.

Buddhism


Buddhism ƙaramar addini ce a Afirka da ke da mabiya kusan 250,000, kuma idan aka haɗa da Taoism da addinan gargajiya na Sinawa za su kai kusan 400,000 waɗanda yawancinsu sabbin ’yan ci-rani ne daga kasar China (kamar a Mauritius, Réunion, da Afirka ta Kudu).

Kusan rabin Buddhists na Afirka suna zaune a Afirka ta Kudu, yayin da Mauritius ke da mafi yawan kashi bisa dari na Buddhists a nahiyar, tsakanin 1.5% zuwa 2% na yawan jama'ar kasar.

Sauran addinai
Akwai wasu addinai da ake bi a Afirka, kamar su Sikhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism da kuma Rastafari da sauransu.

Marasa addini

Wani binciken Gallup ya gano cewa marasa addini sun kai kashi 20% a Afirka ta Kudu, 16% a Botswana, 13% a Mozambique, 13% a Togo, 12% a Ivory Coast, 10% a Habasha da Angola, 9% a Sudan, Zimbabwe da Algeria, 8% a Namibia da 7% a Madagascar.GALLUP WorldView - data accessed on 14 September 2011
Syncretism
Syncretism na nufin hade mabambantan imani (wanda wasu lokuta sukan saba wa juna), wanda yakan hada da dabi'u daga makarantu daban-daban na tunani. A cikin commonwealth of Africa, ana yin syncretism da imanin gargajiya a ko'ina cikin yankin. Wasu na ganin wannan yana bayyana haƙurin addini tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban. Kwesi Yankah da John Mbiti suna cewa yawancin mutanen Afirka na zamani suna da 'gadon addini gauraye' don su daidaita addinansu na gargajiya da na Ibrahimi.

Jesse Mugambi yana cewa Kiristanci da mishan na Turai suka koyar wa 'yan Afirka yana da tsoron syncretism, kuma hakan ya ci gaba a karkashin shugabannin addinin Kirista na yanzu a Afirka da nufin kare Kiristanci daga gaurayewa. Wasu kuma suna ganin cewa yawan amfani da kalmar syncretism an yi masa yawa, sakamakon rashin fahimtar ikon jama'a na yankin wajen gina akidar addini da kuma rudani tsakanin abin da ake kira al'adu da abin da ake kira addini. Wasu kuma suna ganin cewa kalmar syncretism tana da ma'ana maras tabbas, domin tana iya nufin sauya ko maye gurbin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na Kiristanci ko Musulunci da wasu imani ko dabi'u daga waje.

Sakamakon hakan, a cewar missiologist Keith Ferdinando, yana kawo tabarbarewar gaskiyar addini. Amma kuma, wasu al'ummomi a Afirka (misali Afro-Asiatic) suna da wasu dabi'u gama gari da na addinan Ibrahimi, wanda hakan yasa ba a dauke su a matsayin syncretism ba a bisa wasu ma'anoni.
 Rarrabuwar Addinai a ƙasa ƙasa 
Arewacin Afirka

 Ƙasa Yawan jama'a Kiristoci Musulmai Marasa addini Hindu Budhawa Addinin gargajiya Sauran addinai Yahudawa Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Aljeriya00.0000.0000.00 Masar00.0000.0000.0000.0000.00 Libiya00.0000.0000.0000.00 Maroko00.0000.0000.0000.00 Sudan00.0000.0000.0000.00 Tunisiya00.0000.0000.0000.00

Gabashin Afirka

 Ƙasa Yawan Jama'a Kirista Musulmi Marasa addini Hindu Budda Addinin gargajiya Sauran addinai Yahudu Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Burundi                 Comoros                 Jibuti                 Eritrea                 Habasha                Gabashin Afirka                

Afirka ta Tsakiya

 Ƙasa Yawan jama'a Kiristoci Musulmai Marasa addini Hindu Budhawa Addinin gargajiya Sauran addinai Yahudawa Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Angola   0 0.000 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 Kamaru   0 0.000 0.00  0 0.00 Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya   0 0.000 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 Chadi   0 0.000 0.00  0 0.00 Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo    0 0.00    Jamhuriyar Kongo   0 0.000 0.00  0 0.00 Gini Ta Ikwaita   0 0.000 0.00  0 0.00 Gabon   0 0.000 0.00  0 0.00 Sao Tome da Prinsipe   0 0.000 0.00  0 0.00

Kudancin Afirka

 Ƙasa Yawan jama'a Kiristoci Musulmai Marasa addini Hindu Budhawa Addinin gargajiya Sauran addinai Yahudawa Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Botswana    0 0.00  0 0.00 Eswatini    0 0.00  0 0.00 Lesotho   0 0.000 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 Namibia   0 0.000 0.00 0 0.000 0.00 Saint Helena  0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 Afirka ta Kudu        

Yammacin Afirka

 Ƙasa Yawan jama'a Kiristoci Musulmai Marasa addini Hindu Budhawa Addinin gargajiya Sauran addinai Ba a bayyana ba Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Yawan % Benin00.0000.0000.0000.00 Burkina Faso        00.00 Cape Verde00.0000.0000.00 Gambia00.0000.0000.0000.0000.00 Ghana      Guinea00.0000.0000.0000.00 Guinea Bissau00.0000.0000.0000.00 Ivory Coast     Liberia00.0000.0000.00 Mali00.0000.0000.0000.00 Mauritania0000.0000.000000.0000.00 Nijar00.0000.0000.0000.0000.00 Najeriya00.0000.00 Senegal00.0000.0000.0000.00 Saliyo00.0000.0000.0000.00 Togo00.0000.0000.00

 Manazarta 

Ƙara karatu
 Bongmba, Elias Kifon, ed. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to African Religions (2012) excerpt
 Engel, Elisabeth. Encountering Empire: African American Missionaries in Colonial Africa, 1900–1939 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2015). 303 pp. 
 Mbiti, John S. Introduction to African religion (2nd ed. 1991) excerpt
 Olupona, Jacob K. African Religions: A Very Short Introduction (2014) excerpt
 Parrinder, Geoffrey. African Traditional Religion. (3rd ed. London: Sheldon Press, 1974)  
 Parinder, E. Geoffrey. Africa's Three Religions. (2nd ed. London: Sheldon Press, 1976). The three religions are traditional religions (grouped), Christianity, and Islam. 
 Ray, Benjamin C. African Religions: Symbol, Ritual, and Community (2nd ed. 1999)

Mahaɗa

"African Traditional Religion" in "The Story of Africa" from the BBC World Service
Text of Atoms and Ancestors, considered a classic study
Stanford Page
African Religions at Africa Missions Resource Center
Tutelary deities of the Akan people of West Africa