Yaƙe-yaƙe na Soninke da Marabout

Yakin Soninke-Marabout wani jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne na ƙarni na 19 a kudancin Senegambia wanda ya ɓarke da sarakunan gargajiya na jihohi daban-daban, galibinsu masu ra'ayin kiyayya ko kuma kawai musulmi, a kan masu neman sauyi na Musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancin masu fafutuka. Dakarun Faransa da na Biritaniya sukan shiga cikin waɗannan rikice-rikicen, inda suka ba su damar faɗaɗa ikon mulkin mallaka zuwa cikin ƙasa.

 Suna 
A cikin ƙarni na 19 Senegambia, kalmar 'Soninke' ta ayyana mai ra'ayin mayaka na gargajiya na musulmi masu mulki. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin galibinsu Mandinka ne maimakon Soninke na ƙabila. Sauran sharuɗɗa na ajin mulkin ƙin jinin gargajiya sun haɗa da ceddo da Nyancho.

 Tarihi 
Wasu muhimman abubuwa guda biyu sun kafa tushen ɓarkewar tashin hankali a Senegambia a ƙarni na 19. Na farko shi ne yadda musulmi ke kara ɗaukaka a jihohin da ba na Musulunci ba. Tun a ƙarni na 17, yanayin damina ke kara ingiza fula makiyaya gaba da gaba zuwa kudu suna neman kiwo domin kiwo.  Daga cikinsu akwai 'yan gudun hijirar Torodbe da yawa daga Futa Toro waɗanda suka ci gaba da samun iko da tasiri a yankin.  A sakamakon haka, Jihadin Fula a faɗin Afirka ta Yamma sun kafa tsarin mulki a Boundou, Futa Toro, da Futa Jallon. Al'ummar Fulani na Jihohin Mandinka kamar su Kaabu, Kombo, Niumi, Wuli da sauransu sun ƙaru. Sarakunan gargajiya ne suka yi mulkin waɗannan jahohin waɗanda haƙƙinsu ya samo asali ne bisa al'adun raye-raye na gargajiya, kuma, a yawancin lokuta, Musulunci da aka daidaita. Marabouts musulmi sun kasance a cikin tsararraki masu mahimmanci na zamantakewar al'umma, amma sun kasance masu dogaro a siyasance ga masu mulki.   Burin Marabout na neman mulkin daular Musulunci kai tsaye ya sa su yi tawaye ga sarakunan gargajiya. 

Muhimmin abu na biyu shi ne cinikin bayi da kayayyaki iri-iri na Atlantic. Bukatar bayi da Turawa suka yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da al'adar kai hare-haren bayi da bauta a cikin al'ummomin Afirka, wanda ya ci gaba bayan kawar da cinikin a hankali a farkon ƙarni na 19. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali ya ba wa masu faɗa-a-ji na gida karfi. musulmi da masu kishin addini, tare da haifar da tsangwama a kansu.   Waɗannan shugabannin sun sayar da bayi don sayen bindigogi. Sa’ad da buƙatar bautar Turawa ta kafe, sai suka koma noman gyaɗa don su ci gaba da ba da sojojinsu. Brooks, George (2009). "The "Battle of Kansala" (c.1864-1867". Mande Studies. 9. Bugu da ƙari, tsoma bakin Turawa a wasu lokuta kan harkokin siyasar Afirka na kawo cikas ga halascin sarakunan gargajiya. 

 Yaƙe-yaƙe 
A shekara ta 1818, Jihohin Musulunci na Futa Toro, Futa Jallon da Boundou da Fula ke jagoranta sun kafa 'ƙawance mai tsarki' a kan maƙwabtansu masu son rai. Brooks, George (2009). "The "Battle of Kansala" (c.1864-1867". Mande Studies. 9. A cikin shekarar 1830s tawayen musulmi a kan sarakunan Soninke ya bazu ko'ina a kudancin Senegambia. 

 Kombo 
A cikin  shekarar 1850 al'ummomin musulmi a Kombo, a kusa da Banjul, sun shiga cikin tawaye ga Sarkin Soninke Suling Jatta. Ba da daɗewa ba Birtaniya suka shiga cikin rikicin, suna amfani da shi a matsayin damar da za su ƙara wani yanki a cikin mulkin mallaka. Sun kai hari kan shingen Marabout a Sabbajee, amma sun kasa kwantar da tarzoma. Bayan shekaru na ƙananan rikici, haɗin gwiwar sojojin Birtaniya da na Faransa sun sake kai hari kan Sabbajee. Wannan alkawari bai kawo karshen yakin Kombo ba, amma bayan shekara guda ɓangarorin sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin sake samar da zaman lafiya. 

 Kaabu 
Kaabu, tarayya ce ta masarautun Mandinka a faɗin ƙasar da ta ke a yanzu Gambia, Casamance, Guinea, da Guinea-Bissau, ita ce babbar karfin tattalin arziki da soja na kudancin Senegambia, kuma babbar manufar kawancen Musulunci. Imaman Futa Jallon ya fara ɗaukar manyan garuruwan kasuwanci tare da tilastawa jama'a su canza a cikin shekarar 1805. A cikin shekarar 1840s, Musulmai Madinka na gida sun kai hari Sedhiou. A cikin shekarar 1850, babban sansanin Berekolon ya faɗa hannun sojojin Futa Jallon, kuma a cikin shekarar 1862 babban yanki na Jimara ya biyo baya. Yaƙin ya ƙare a yakin Kansala na 1864, inda aka lalata babban birnin Kaabu da babban birni na ƙarshe. Brooks, George (2009). "The "Battle of Kansala" (c.1864-1867". Mande Studies. 9.

 Maba Diakhou Ba 
Maba Diakhou Ba wani fitaccen ɗan wasan marabo ne a masarautar Badibou (wanda aka fi sani da Rip), a arewacin gaɓar kogin Gambia. Bayan ramuwar gayya kan harin ceddo, yakin basasa ya ɓarke tsakanin Maba da mabiyansa da Mansa Jeriba. Nasarar da ya samu ta jawo ƙarin magoya baya, kuma ya kaddamar da jihadinsa zuwa yankin Serer.  A yakin Nandjigui a shekarar 1859 Marabouts sun kashe Maad Saloum Kumba Ndama Mbodj.  A shekara ta 1861 Maba ya mallaki mafi yawan Saloum da ɓangaren Niumi.  Bayan da aka yi ta arangama da sojojin turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa, daga ƙarshe an yi nasara a kansa tare da kashe shi a lokacin wani hari da Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof ya yi wa Masarautar Sine a yakin Fandane-Thiuthioune.Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968), Klein, pp 74–75,  Diagne, Pathé, Pouvoir politique traditionnel en Afrique occidentale: essais sur les institutions politiques précoloniales. Présence africaine (1967), p. 94.

 Mahmud Lamine Drame 
A cikin shekarun 1860, an rage daular Soninke ta Wuli zuwa yankin Boundu ta hanyar ci gaba da kai hare-hare.  Iyalin mulkin Wuli, duk da haka, sun kasance masu kishi. Don haka an yi wa wulimansa hari tare da kashe shi ta hanyar Sarakholle marabout Mahmadu Lamine Drame a shekarar 1887. Daga nan ya kafa sansani a Toubakouta da ke masarautar Niani, wanda ya lalata tattalin arzikin yankin, har sai da sojojin Faransa suka fatattake su.  

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