Orange River Colony

Orange River Colony shine mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da aka kirkira bayan Biritaniya ta fara mamaya a shekarar (1900) sannan ta haɗe a (1902) Orange Free State a cikin Yakin Boer na Biyu. Mulkin mallakar ya daina wanzuwa a cikin shekarar 1910, lokacin da aka mamaye shi cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin lardin Orange Free State.

 Tarihin tsarin mulki 
A lokacin yakin Boer na biyu, sojojin Birtaniya sun mamaye Orange Free State, sun mamaye babban birnin ƙasar, Bloemfontein a ranar 13 ga watan Maris 1900. Bayan watanni biyar, a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, 1900, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta ayyana a hukumance na mamaye cikakken yankin Orange Free State, duk da cewa ba su riga sun mamaye yankin ba, kuma ba su ci cikakken yankin ba.

Gwamnatin  Free State ta koma Kroonstad a farkon watanni na yakin kuma sojojinta sun ci gaba da aiki a filin har zuwa ƙarshen yakin. Daga ra'ayi na Orange Free State, da 'yancin kai ba a rasa ba har sai sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Vereeniging a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu 1902.

A ɓangaren Boer, shugaban ƙasar Martinus Theunis Steyn (1857-1916) ya jagoranci gwamnatin har zuwa 30 ga watan Mayu 1902, lokacin da ya tafi hutun jinya kuma Janar Christiaan de Wet ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban riƙo na jihar. A ɓangaren Biritaniya, Sir Alfred Milner an naɗa shi Mai Gudanar da Mulkin Kogin Orange a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu 1901, tare da Hamilton John Goold-Adams a matsayin Laftanar-Gwamna.

Bayan kawo ƙarshen tashe-tashen hankula, Lord Milner ya ziyarci Bloemfontein a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 1902 inda ya kaddamar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, a gaban jami'an soji, da shugabannin ma'aikatun farar hula da wakilan gwamnatin marigayi Boer, ciki har da Janar De Wet.  An rantsar da Milner a matsayin Gwamna da Babban Kwamandan Colony na Orange River a rana guda.

Daga shekarun 1902 zuwa 1910, gwamna ɗaya ne ke mulkin mallaka:

 Alfred Milner, Viscount Milner, a ofishin 23 ga watan Yuni 1902 - 1 Afrilu 1905;
 William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne, a ofishin 2 ga watan Afrilu 1905 - 7 Yuni 1907;
 Sir Hamilton John Goold-Adams, a ofishin 7 ga watan Yuni 1907 - 31 Mayu 1910


 Mulkin kai 
A shekara ta 1904, tunanin ya ƙaru don wani nau'i na mulkin kai. An kafa Orangia Unie (Jam'iyyar Orange Union) a hukumance a watan Mayu 1906, bayan watanni da yawa na shiri. Irin wannan ƙungiya, mai suna Het Volk, Transvaal Boers ce ta kafa a cikin watan Janairu 1905. Dukkan ƙungiyoyin biyu suna da kundin tsarin mulki kusan daidai da na Afrikaner Bond,  tsohon motsi na siyasa na Pan-Afrikaner, kuma manufar su ma sun kasance iri ɗaya  don tabbatar da matsayin Afrikaners a cikin jihohi da al'umma. Shugaban ƙungiyar Orangia Unie Abraham Fischer, babban ɗan siyasa na zamanin yakin Boer kuma babban jami'in diflomasiyya na jamhuriyar Boer a lokacin yakin Boer na biyu. Daga cikin sauran fitattun membobin sun haɗa da JBM Hertzog, Christiaan de Wet da Martinus Theunis Steyn.

Jam'iyyar siyasa ta biyu, Jam'iyyar Tsarin Mulki ta kasance gungun 'yan burger da ke kunshe da mulkin Birtaniya. Shugaban jam'iyyar shine Sir John G. Fraser, kafin yakin Boer na biyu wani shahararren (pro-British) memba na Volksraad na Orange Free State. Jam'iyyar Kundin Tsarin Mulki tana da magoya baya sosai a Bloemfontein, amma ba a wajen babban birnin ƙasar ba. Shirye-shiryen siyasa na jam'iyyun biyu sun yi kama da juna, ainihin bambancin da ke tsakanin su shi ne halin da ake ciki na mamaye Birtaniya da kuma tasirin Afrikaner. 

A cikin shekarar 1905 Lord Selborne, tsohon Lord Admiralty na farko, ya maye gurbin Viscount Milner a matsayin babban kwamishinan Afirka ta Kudu kuma gwamnan yankin Transvaal da Orange River. Selborne ya zo Afirka ta Kudu tare da taƙaitaccen bayani don jagorantar tsohuwar jamhuriyar Boer daga gwamnatin Crown zuwa mulkin kai. Lokacin da jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta shiga ofis a Biritaniya a watan Disamba na 1905, an hanzarta aiwatar da tsarin, tare da yanke shawarar ba da mulkin mallaka na Transvaal da Orange River, ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Selborne ya yarda da yanayin da aka canza, kuma gwajin ya yi nasara. Ya daina zama gwamna na mulkin mallaka na Orange River a lokacin da ya ɗauki mulkin kansa a watan Yuni 1907, amma ya ci gaba da riƙe sauran muƙamansa har zuwa watan Mayu 1910, ya yi ritaya a jajibirin kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu.

A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1907 Selborne ya fitar da sako, wanda aka fi sani da Memorandum Selborne. Ta yi bitar halin da ake ciki a Afirka ta Kudu a dukkan ɓangarorin ta na tattalin arziki da na siyasa, kuma ta kasance cikakkiyar sanarwa game da hatsarori da ke tattare da tsarin siyasar da ake da su da kuma irin fa'idar da ƙungiyar siyasa ta bayar. Takardun ya yi tasiri sosai kan al'amuran da suka faru kuma tare da tsarin sulhu na Selborne ya taimaka wajen sulhunta al'ummomin Dutch da Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu.

Bayan zaɓen shekara ta 1907, mulkin mallaka ya sami mulkin kai a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba 1907. Abraham Fischer ya zama Firayim Minista na farko (kuma kawai) na mulkin mallaka (a ofishin 27 ga watan Nuwamba 1907 - 31 May 1910). Majalisar Dokoki ta farko ta ƙunshi mambobi ashirin da tara na Orangia Unie, masu ra'ayin tsarin mulki biyar da masu zaman kansu huɗu. Majalisar ministocin Fischer ta ƙunshi:

 JBM Hertzog, babban lauya kuma darektan ilimi;
 AEW Ramsbottom, ma'aji;
 Christiaan de Wet, ministan noma;
 Cornelius Hermanus Wessels, ministan ayyuka na jama'a

Fischer, ban da firimiya, ya rike babban sakataren mulkin mallaka. Majalisar Dokoki ta farko ta kirga mambobi biyar daga Orangia Unie, masu kundin tsarin mulki guda biyar, da kuma memba mai zaman kanta ɗaya, wanda ke riƙe da ma'auni.

 Manufofi 
A cikin watan Mayu 1908, Orange River Colony ya shiga cikin taron tsakanin jihohi wanda ya haɗu a Pretoria da Cape Town, kuma ya yanke shawarar sabunta yarjejeniyar kwastam da ake da ita kuma ba za ta yi wani canji a farashin layin dogo ba. Waɗannan shawarwarin dai sun biyo bayan wata yarjejeniya da aka cimma na gabatar da kuduri a gaban majalisar dokokin ƙasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka da nufin kulla alaka tsakanin kasashen Afirka ta Kudu da naɗa wakilan da za su halarci babban taron ƙasa da za su tsara daftarin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. 

A babban taron ƙasa, tsohon shugaban ƙasar MT Steyn ya ɗauki ɓangare na jagoranci da sasantawa, daga bisani majalisar dokokin kogin Orange ta amince da sharuddan da babban taron ya gindaya na haɗewar ƙasashe huɗu masu cin gashin kansu a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙarƙashin dokar daular da aka kafa haɗin kai (31 ga watan Mayu 1910) mulkin mallaka ya shiga Ƙungiyar a ƙarƙashin salon lardin Orange Free State. Fischer da Hertzog sun zama memba na gwamnatin tarayya ta farko, yayin da AEW Ramsbottom ya zama shugaban farko na Orange Free State a matsayin lardin Tarayyar.Smuts I: The Sanguine Years 1870–1919, W.K. Hancock, Cambridge University Press, 1962, pg 219

 Alkaluma 

 Yawan jama'a a ƙidayar shekarar 1904 
Adadin yawan jama'a a ƙidayar shekarar 1904 
Ƙungiyar jama'a Lamba kashi dari (%) Baki 225,101 58.11 Fari 142,679 36.83 Mai launi 19,282 4.97 Asiya 253 0.06 Jimlar 387,315 100.00

 Addini a shekarar 1904 
+ Addinai. Mutane. Namiji. Mace. Kashi Furotesta 251,904 135,933 115971 65.04% Katolika 4,590 3,319 1 271 1.19% Yahudawa 1,616 1176 440 0.42% Mohammedawa 39 26 13 0.01% Sauran mazhabobi 93 75 18 0.02% Babu darika 47 43 4 0.01% Babu addini 127,637 68,536 59,101 32.95% Ba a bayyana ba 853 623 230 0.22% Abin da za a bayyana 536 364 172 0.14% Jimlar 387,315 210,095 177,220 100.0%
Taken 'babu addini' kuma ya ƙunshi addinan gargajiya na Afirka waɗanda ba a ƙidaya su daban ba kuma sun zama mafi girma na mutanen da ke da'awar ba addini ba.

 Addini a shekarar 1904 da ƙabilu 
+ReligionEuropean or White.Aboriginal Natives.Mixed and Other.All Races.Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.Total Population142,67981,57161,108229,149120,064109,08515,4878,4607,027387,315210,095177,220I. - Protestants -Dutch Reformed Church101,07952,75948,32021,27210,59610,6762,5721,3481,224124,92364,70360,220Gereformeerde Kerk5,2852,7592,52619511184271895,5072,8882,619Church of England17,87913,8844,49514,7828,0206,7621,8871,01187634,54822,41512,133Presbyterian3,9422,8841,0581,2607045568949405,2913,6371,654Independents and Congregationalists -Independents and Congregationalists195136591,383962421214164501,7921,262530London Missionary Society88331111Other Independents and CongregationalistsMethodists -Wesleyan Methodists5,1213,0162,10551,57625,65025,9264,1632,1412,02260,86030,80730,053Primitive Methodists5520713281316582533African Methodist Episcopal (Ethiopian)223,7471,8561,8913611811804,1102,0392,071Methodists1248836526276250703931720403317Other Methodists1111Other Protestants -Baptists6644232414732432303821171,175687488Berlin MissionCalvinists431431Disciples of Christ, Church of Christ64218108241410German Evangelical651651Lutheran7004792215,0302,5172,5131,1035015026,7333,4973,236Moravians or United Brethren2011178429171223013496Paris Missionary Society11473,1971,7081,4892751551203,4831,8671,615Plymouth Brethren1812618126Rhenish Mission33853159626179Salvation Army140806018144127517010169Society of Friends, Quakers5555Unitarians272611128271Other Protestants (defined)1207149875433145922113091Other Protestants (undefined)1,2488294195443022429151401,8831,182701Christians211744334918108826121II. - Catholics -Roman Catholics3,2862,5217651,09364045311571444,4943,2321,262Other Catholics948592296879III. - Jews -1,6161,1764401,6161,176440IV. - Mohammedans -5511332013392613V. - Other Sects -106411826814937518VI. - No Denomination -413834421147434VII. - No Religion -1219724123,25865,94757,3114,2582,4921,766127,63768,53659,101VIII. - Unknown and Unspecified -58441117320816444614813853623230IX. - Object to State -3162377919511283251510536264172

 Duba kuma 

 Mulkin Kogin Orange
 Lardin Jiha Kyauta
 Vicariate Apostolic na Orange River don tarihin mishan na Katolika
 Tambayoyi na aikawa da tarihin gidan waya na Jihar Kyauta ta Orange

 Manazarta 

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