Yaduwar Bantu

1 = 4,000–3,500BP: origin
2 = 3,500BP: initial expansion  
"early split": 2.a = Eastern,  2.b = Western
3 = 2,000–1,500BP: Urewe nucleus of Eastern Bantu
4–7: southward advance
9 = 2,500BP: Congo nucleus
10 = 2,000–1,000BP: last phase
Yaduwar Bantu   ya kasance babban jerin ƙaura na asalin rukuni Proto-Bantu,  wanda ya bazu daga asalin asalin asalin Afirka ta Yamma a fadin Afirka ta Tsakiya, Gabashin Afirka, da Kudancin Afirka. cikin tsari, mazauna masu magana da Proto-Bantu sun ƙaura, sun maye gurbin, ko kuma sun shawo kan ƙungiyoyin mafarauta da makiyaya da suka haɗu da su.

Akwai shaidar harshe game da wannan fadada - yawancin harsunan da ake magana a duk faɗin Afirka ta kusa da Equatorial suna da kama da juna, suna ba da shawarar asalin al'adun gargajiya na asali na masu magana da su. Babban harshe na harsunan Bantu, wanda ya zama reshe na dangin yaren Atlantic-Congo, yana cikin yankunan kudancin Kamaru. Shaidar kwayar halitta ta kuma nuna cewa akwai babban ƙaura na ɗan adam daga tsakiyar Afirka, tare da matakai daban-daban na haɗuwa da yawan jama'a.Fortes-Lima, Cesar A.; et al. (5 April 2023). "The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa". Nature. 625 (7995): 540–547. Bibcode:2024Natur.625..540F. bioRxiv 10.1101/2023.04.03.535432. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6. hdl:1854/LU-01GYSSJZXPWXA5Z7DVSNTP0DQA. PMC 10794141. PMID 38030719. S2CID 258009425.

An yi imanin fadadawar ta faru ne a kalla a cikin raƙuman ruwa guda biyu, tsakanin kimanin shekaru 4,000 da 2,000 da suka gabata (kimanin 2,000 KZ zuwa 1 AZ). Binciken harshe ya nuna cewa fadada ta ci gaba a hanyoyi biyu: na farko ya ratsa ko tare da iyakar Arewacin yankin gandun daji na Kongo (zuwa Gabashin Afirka),  kuma na biyu - kuma mai yiwuwa wasu - sun tafi kudu tare da gabar tekun Atlantika na Afirka zuwa abin da ke yanzu Jamhuriyar Kongo, Gabon, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, da Angola, ko kuma cikin gida tare da koguna da yawa da ke gudana daga kudu zuwa arewacin Kogin Kongo. Yaduwar ta kai Afirka ta Kudu, mai yiwuwa tun farkon 300 AZ    

 Ka'idoji game da fadada 
Bantuists sun yi imanin cewa fadada Bantu mai yiwuwa ya fara ne a tsaunuka tsakanin Kamaru da Najeriya. Yankin Mambilla mai girman kilomita 60,000 da ke kan iyaka a nan an gano shi yana dauke da ragowar "Bantu da suka zauna a gida" yayin da yawancin masu magana da Bantu suka ƙaura daga yankin. Shaidar archaeological daga ayyukan daban-daban na Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 da 1988) da Rigobert Tueché (2000) a yankin ya nuna ci gaba da al'adu daga 3000 KZ har zuwa yau. Yawancin kungiyoyin tsaunuka na Bamenda (wanda aka mamaye shekaru 2000 har zuwa yau), dan kadan a kudu kuma yana kusa da yankin Mambilla, suna da tsohuwar tarihin zuriya daga arewa zuwa yankin Mambella.

Da farko, masu binciken tarihi sun yi imanin cewa za su iya samun kamanceceniyar archaeological a cikin al'adun tsohuwar yankin da aka ɗauka cewa masu magana da Bantu sun ratsa. Masana ilimin harsuna, suna rarraba harsuna da ƙirƙirar teburin asali na dangantaka, sun yi imanin cewa za su iya sake gina abubuwan al'adu. Sun yi imanin cewa fadada ta samo asali ne daga ci gaban noma, yin yumbu, da kuma amfani da baƙin ƙarfe, wanda ya ba da izinin amfani da sabbin yankuna na muhalli. A cikin 1966, Roland Oliver ya buga wata kasida da ke gabatar da waɗannan alaƙa a matsayin ra'ayi mai ma'ana.
Yaduwar Bantu da aka yi la'akari da ita ta fitar da ita ko kuma ta karɓi mafarauci-mai cin abinci proto-Khoisan, wanda a baya ya zauna a Kudancin Afirka. A Gabas da Kudancin Afirka, masu magana da Bantu na iya karɓar kiwon dabbobi daga wasu mutanen da ba su da alaƙa da Cushitic-da Nilotic da suka haɗu. Ayyukan kiwo sun kai kudu da yawa ƙarni da yawa kafin baƙi masu magana da Bantu suka yi. Shaidar Archaeological, harshe, kwayar halitta, da muhalli duk suna goyon bayan ƙaddamar da cewa fadada Bantu ya kasance ƙaura mai mahimmanci na ɗan adam. Gabaɗaya, ƙungiyoyin mutanen da ke magana da yaren Bantu daga yankin iyakar Kamaru / Najeriya a ko'ina cikin yawancin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara sun sake fasalin tsarin kwayar halitta na nahiyar kuma sun haifar da haɗuwa mai yawa tsakanin baƙi da mutanen yankin.Bird, Nancy; et al. (2023). "Dense sampling of ethnic groups within African countries reveals fine-scale genetic structure and extensive historical admixture". Science Advances. 9 (13): eabq2616. Bibcode:2023SciA....9.2616B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq2616. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10058250. PMID 36989356. Binciken kwayar halitta na 2023 na masu magana da Bantu 1,487 da aka samo daga mutane 143 a fadin kasashe 14 na Afirka ya nuna cewa fadada ta faru ~ shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata a Yammacin Afirka. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa masu magana da Bantu sun sami ƙwayoyin halitta masu mahimmanci daga kungiyoyin gida a yankunan da suka fadada.Fortes-Lima, Cesar A.; et al. (5 April 2023). "The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa". Nature. 625 (7995): 540–547. Bibcode:2024Natur.625..540F. bioRxiv 10.1101/2023.04.03.535432. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6. hdl:1854/LU-01GYSSJZXPWXA5Z7DVSNTP0DQA. PMC 10794141. PMID 38030719. S2CID 258009425.

Dangane da shaidar hakora, Irish (2016) ya kammala cewa kakanninmu na Afirka ta Yamma da mutanen Proto-Bantu na iya samo asali ne a yankin yammacin Sahara, a tsakiyar lokacin Kiffian a Gobero, kuma suna iya ƙaura zuwa kudu, daga Sahara zuwa sassa daban-daban na Afirka ta Kudu (misali, Benin, Kamaru, Ghana, Najeriya, Togo), sakamakon hamada na Green Sahara a cikin 7000 KZ. Daga Najeriya da Kamaru, mutanen Proto-Bantu na noma sun fara ƙaura, kuma a cikin ƙaura, sun rabu zuwa mutanen Bantu na Gabas (misali, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) da mutanen Bantu na Yamma (misali., Kongo, Gabon) tsakanin 2500 KZ da 1200 KZ. Ya ba da shawarar cewa Mutanen Igbo da Mutanen Yoruba na iya samun cakuda daga mutanen Bantu da suka yi ƙaura.

 Yawan jama'a kafin fadadawa 
Kafin faɗaɗa manoman Bantu, da alama masu kiwon Pygmies Kongo sun kasance suna zaune a Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka, [[ harsunan Khoisan - masu farautar masu farauta, harsunan Nilo-Saharan - makiyaya masu magana, da kuma makiyayan Cushitic.

Tsakiyar Afrika
Ana tunanin cewa Pygmies na Afirka ta Tsakiya da Bantus sun samo asali ne daga yawan kakanni guda shekaru 70,000 da suka gabata. Ƙungiyoyin mutanen Batwa da yawa suna magana da harsunan Bantu;  duk da haka, babban ɓangaren ƙamus ɗinsu ba asalin Bantu bane.  Mafi yawan wannan ƙamus na botanical ne, yana magana ne game da tattara zuma, ko kuma an ƙware shi don gandun daji kuma ana rabawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Batwa na yamma. An ba da shawarar cewa wannan shi ne ragowar harshen Batwa na yamma mai zaman kansa (harshen Mbenga ko "Baaka").

Kudu Maso Gabashin Afrika
Kafin zuwan Bantus a kudu maso gabashin Afirka, al'ummomin Cushitic -masu magana sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin daga Habashida Highlands da sauran yankunan arewa.  Taguwar ruwa ta farko ta ƙunshi masu magana da harshen Kushitic na Kudu, waɗanda suka zauna a kusa da [Lake Turkana] da wasu sassan Tanzaniya tun kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.  Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, kusan 1000 CE, wasu masu magana da harshen Kushitic na Gabas suma sun zauna a arewa da bakin teku Kenya.

Harshen Khoisan - masu magana da mafarauta suma sun zauna a Afirka ta Kudu maso Gabas kafin fadada Bantu..

Nilo-Saharan-masu magana yawan makiyayan sun ƙunshi rukuni na uku na mazauna yankin kafin Bantu.

Afirka ta Kudu
Kafin fadada Bantu, Harshen Khoisan al'ummomi sun zauna a Kudancin Afirka.  Zuriyarsu sun yi cuɗanya da wasu al’ummai kuma sun ɗauki wasu harsuna.  Wasu kaɗan har yanzu suna rayuwa ta hanyar kiwo, galibi ana samun su ta hanyar yin aiki ga maƙwabtan manoma a yankunan da ke kusa da hamada Kalahari, yayin da yawancin [[[Nama | Nama]] ke ci gaba da rayuwa ta al'ada ta hanyar kiwon dabbobi a Namibiya da kusa da Afirka ta Kudu.
Tarihi da Ci gaba

 Masu Magana da Proto-Bantu 
Tukwane mafi tsoho da aka samo a wani yanki da mutanen da ke magana da Bantu ke zaune (Shum Laka a arewacin Kamaru) yana da tarihin kimanin shekara ta 5000 KZ. Masu magana da Proto-Bantu sun zauna a ƙauyuka inda suke noma man kwakwa, gyada, hatsi da kuma watakila doya. Suna amfani da kayan aikin dutse, suna kiwon awaki da fararen kaza, kuma suna gina jiragen ruwa don kamun kifi.

 Yaɗuwa 
Duk da bincike mai zurfi, ba a daidaita ba game da musabbabin yaɗuwar mutanen Bantu da kuma hanyoyin da suka bi, hakan ya sa wasu masana suka yi imanin cewa yaɗuwar ta faru ne da bazata. Duk da haka, akwai ra'ayin gama gari cewa akwai lokuta da dama da aka tashi zuwa wurare daban-daban.

 Kimanin 5000 KZ zuwa kimanin 500 AZ 
Ana ganin cewa yaɗuwar mutanen da ke magana da harshen Bantu daga asalin yankinsu a Yammacin Afirka ya fara kusan shekara ta 4000–3500 KZ. Ba a san ko farkon wannan yaɗuwar ya kasance hijira ɗaya ce ko ƙanana masu yawa da suka faru a lokuta daban-daban ba. Ko da yake wasu tsofaffin ra'ayoyi sun bayyana cewa mutanen farko masu amfani da Bantu suna da fasahar ƙarfe da noma, ba a samu shaidar kayan tarihi da ke nuna amfani da ƙarfe ba sai kusan shekara ta 400 KZ, duk da cewa suna noma. Mutanen da ke magana da Bantu sun kasu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu masu faɗaɗa a hanyoyi daban-daban, wato "Gabar Yamma" da "Gabar Gabas".

 Gabar Yamma 
Gidajen tarihi da ke kudu da Shum Laka (a kudu na Kamaru da Gabon) sun nuna cewa Gabar Yamma ta fara ne tsakanin 5000 da 3000 KZ. Farkon yaɗuwar ta kasance da jinkiri, inda aka kai tsakiyar Kamaru ne kusan 1500 KZ. Wannan jinkiri ya biyo bayan rashin kayan aikin ƙarfe da zai taimaka wajen sare dazuka cikin sauƙi. Gabar Yamma mai yiyuwa ta bi gabar teku da manyan koguna na tsarin Kongo zuwa kudu. Watakila sun yi amfani da teku don kai ƙarshen dajin.  Ana ganin cewa raguwar dajin Afrika ta Tsakiya sakamakon sauyin yanayi tsakanin 2000 KZ da 500 KZ ya taimaka wajen yaɗuwar. Sun kai tsakiyar Angola zuwa shekara ta 500 KZ.

 Gabar Gabas 
Gabar Gabas, wanda ake ganin ta fara bayan Gabar Yamma, ta bazu zuwa gabas, watakila ta gefen arewa na dajin ko ta kogin Ubangi. Tukwanen Urewe ya nuna cewa sun isa yammacin tafkin Victoria zuwa shekara ta 500 KZ. Wannan yanki na daga cikin tsoffin cibiyoyin narke ƙarfe a Afrika. Zuwa ƙarni na farko KZ, al'ummomin da ke magana da Bantu a yankin Manyan Tafkuna sun haɓaka dabarar sarrafa ƙarfe har zuwa samar da ƙarfen carbon.

Yaɗuwa daga yankin Manyan Tafkuna ya faru ne cikin ƙarin rukuni biyu. Daya ya tafi yamma ya haɗu da Gabar Yamma a Kongo da Angola, ɗayan kuma ya tafi kudu ya bazu a Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka. Kayan tarihi sun nuna cewa daga shekara ta 100 KZ zuwa 300 AZ, al’ummomin Bantu sun kasance a gabar ruwa na Misasa a Tanzaniya da Kwale a Kenya. Waɗannan al’umma sun haɗu kuma sun yi aure da al’ummomin da suka riga suke zaune a yankin. Daga shekara ta 300 AZ, ta hanyar shiga harkar ciniki ta teku da ta daɗe tana gudana, sun kafa alaƙa da ’yan kasuwa na Larabawa da Indiya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ci gaban al’adar Swahili. Wasu kuma sun isa yankin KwaZulu-Natal a Afirka ta Kudu zuwa shekara ta 300 AZ ta hanyar gabar teku, da kuma yankin Limpopo zuwa shekara ta 500 AZ.

 Mu’amala Tsakanin Masu Bantu da Masunta da Masu Taruwa 

Suka

Manfred K. H. Eggert ya bayyana cewa "bayanan aikin haƙar ƙasa na yanzu a dajin damina na Afirka ta Tsakiya suna da rauni ƙwarai, kuma saboda haka ba su da ƙarfi da za su zama hujja ta shigowar masu magana da harsunan Bantu a hankali cikin dajin, balle a ce wani babban motsi ne." 

Seidensticker (2024) ya nuna cewa ra'ayin da ya fi karbuwa game da faɗaɗar Bantu yana da alaƙa ta dole tsakanin tukwane na Afirka ta Tsakiya da harsunan Afirka ta Tsakiya, inda ake ɗaukar wuraren da ake magana da harsunan Bantu daidai da inda aka samo ragowar tukwane; shahararren tsarin haɗa sabunta harshen da bayanan aikin haƙar ƙasa ya haifar da yaɗuwar kuskuren ra'ayi da kuma zagaye a tunani, inda ake ɗaukar ƙirƙirar tukwane mafi tsawo a wani yanki a matsayin shaida ta farkon zuwan masu magana da harsunan Bantu.  A cikin muhawarar da ke tsakanin masana harshe kan kalmar "Bantu", Seidensticker (2024) ya nuna cewa an samu "babban sauyi na fahimta inda wani kalma na fasaha kawai ba tare da wani alaƙa da al'adu ba, ya rikide zuwa wani suna da ke nufin harshe, al'ada, al'umma, da jinsi ba tare da bambanci ba." 
 Manazarta