James Baldwin

Bayanan Baldwin ya haifar da tambayoyi na sirri da kuma rashin daidaituwa game da matsin lamba na zamantakewa da tunani. Jigogi na Markiyanci, jima'i, jima'i, da aji hanzari don ƙirƙirar labarun kare hakkin jama'a waɗanda suka rinjayi duka harkar kare hakkin jama'a da gay 'yanci a tsakiyar karni na 20 Amurka. Masugidan sa suna yawanci amma ba na musamman ba ne na Afirka; Gay da BISEQUE MAI GISE SOUMLE A CIKIN Aikinsa (Kamar yadda a cikin dakinsa na 1956 notoon namu). A haruffansa yawanci fuskantar cikas da na waje a cikin binciken su na waje a cikin binciken su na waje da yarda da kai.Gounardoo, Jean-François; Rodgers, Joseph J. (1992). The Racial Problem in the Works of Richard Wright and James Baldwin. Greenwood Press. pp. 158, 148–200.

Ayyukan Baldwin na ci gaba da yin tasiri ga masu fasaha da marubuta. Rubutun da bai ƙare ba ya tuna da wannan gidan a matsayin fim ɗin Tarihin 2016 ni ba Negro ba, lashe kyautar Bafrin Bafta don mafi kyawun shirin. A 1974 Noko idan Titin Beale na iya magana a cikin fim na 2018 na wannan sunan, wanda ya sami yabon yabon.

 Rayuwar farko 

 Haihuwa da dangi 
An haifi Baldwin kamar yadda James Arthur Jones zuwa Emma Bordis Jones a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1924, a asibiti na Harlem a New York City.Als, Hilton (February 9, 1998). "The Enemy Within". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 16, 2022. An haife shi a tsibirin Tsibirin, Maryland, a 1903,Tubbs 2021, p. 122 Emma Jones yana daya daga cikin mutane da nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin kudu a lokacin babban hiport. Ta isa Harlem, New York, lokacin da take dan shekara 19.Campbell 2021, p. 3. Baldwin da aka haihuwar ne daga wurin da ake da aure a can. Kada ku manta da mahaifiyarsa mahaifinsa.

Jones asalinsa ya fara kula da ɗanta a matsayin uwa guda.In his early writing, Baldwin said his father left the South because he reviled the crude vaudeville culture in New Orleans and found it difficult to express his inner strivings. However, Baldwin later said his father departed because "lynching had become a national sport."[11] Koyaya, a cikin 1927, Jones aure David Baldwin, wani ma'aikaci mai wa'azi.Tubbs 2021, pp. 243–244 Davidal Baldwin ya haifi Budcie, Louisiana, da wa'azin a cikin New Ormapoographere, 'yar emma da kuma yadda yahelan''uwar mutumin ne ya gabatar da shi.Tubbs 2021, p. 248 Emma Baldwin kuma David Baldwin yana da 'ya'ya takwas a shekara goma sha shida-George, Barbara, da Wilometh, da David Jr.Leeming 1994, p. 20 James ya dauki sunansa na ƙarshe.Leeming 1994 Yaro da wuya Yakubu ya rubuta ko ya yi magana game da mahaifiyarsa. Lokacin da ya yi, sai ya bayyana a sarari cewa yana yaba da ƙaunace ta, sau da yawa ta hanyar murmushin ƙauna.Campbell 2021, pp. 5–6. Kullum a cikin Harlem. A lokacin, Harlem ya kasance har yanzu wani yanki mai hadewar birni a cikin kwanakin nan na babban ƙaura.Campbell 2021, p. 6

James Baldwin bai san daidai ba nawa Ubansa ya kasance, amma a bayyane yake cewa ya girmi Emma; Tabbas, ana iya haihuwarsa kafin evencation a 1863.Campbell 2021, p. 19; Leeming 1994, p. 23 Mahaifiyar Dauda, ​​Barbara, an haife shi ba fuskantar wa'azin kuma ya rayu tare da Baldwins a New York a gaban mutuwarta lokacin mutuwarta lokacin da James ke da shekara bakwai.Campbell 2021, p. 5. David kuma yana da launin fata-da aka haifi Barbara Kuma wata mata mai suna Barbara, wanda Yakubu da wasu a cikin iyali da ake kira "Tuba Aka haifi mahaifin Dauda bawa.Leeming 1994 Da Dawuda ya yiuri a baya, yana da 'ya mace, da aƙalla' ya'yan Emma guda biyu da Dawuda, wanda ya mutu alhali majibinci. Sam ya zauna tare da Baldwins na lokaci kuma da zarar ajiyayyu Yakubu daga nutsar da nutsuwa.Baldwin learned that he was not his father's biological son through overhearing a comment to that effect during one of his parents' conversations late in 1940.[19] He tearfully recounted this fact to Emile Capouya, with whom he went to school.[19]

James Baldwin ya yi magana da mahaifiyarsa a matsayin "Uba" a rayuwarsa, saboda yana son fina-finai na yau da kullun, saboda cewa "ceton James".Campbell 2021, p. 8.  A cewar mai bita, Davidal Baldwin shima ya ƙi fararen fararen mutane da kuma "ibada da Allah ya gauraya da shi a kan masana'antar kabad. Kamar yadda fushinsa da ƙiyayya a ƙarshe suka karkatar da wa'azinsa, ba shi da bukatar mai wa'azi. Dauda wani lokaci sai Dauda ya fitar da fushinsa a kan iyalinsa da yaran suna tsoron sa, ko da yake cewa duk wani matakin da aka baiwa wasu matakan da aka baiwa su ta hanyar mahaifiyarsu sun yi daidai da su ta mahaifiyarsu.It is in describing his father's searing hatred of white people that comes one of Baldwin's most noted quotes: "Hatred, which could destroy so much, never failed to destroy the man who hated and this was an immutable law."[22]Tubbs 2021, pp. 351–356

David Baldwin ya girma paranoid kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarsa.Campbell 2021, p. 7. Ya himmatu ga mafaka mai tunani a shekarar 1943 kuma ya mutu da tarin fuka a ranar 29 na wannan shekarar, wannan ranar Emma ta da karshe, Paula.Leeming 1994, pp. 19, 51 Yakubu, a kira mahaifiyarsa, ya ziyarci Matarsa ​​Ayuba A wannan rana kafinTubbs 2021, pp. 457–458Kenan 1994, pp. 27–28. kuma ya zama wani abu na sulhu tare da shi a cikin "Notes na ɗansa". A cikin rubutun, ya rubuta: "A cikin tsananin bukatarsa ​​da kuma kariya da ya fi sonsa kamar haihuwar James, a lokaci guda cewa hargitsi mai karni ya fara.

 Manazarta 

Category:Mutuwan 1987