Sojojin Afirka na Faransa

Sojojin Afirka wani lokaci ne wanda ba na hukuma ba amma ana amfani da shi ga waɗancan sassan Sojojin Faransa da aka jibge a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa ( Maroko, Aljeriya da Tunisiya ) daga 1830 har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Aljeriya a 1962, gami da ƙungiyoyin da suka ƙunshi ƴan asalin ƙasar.

 Abun ciki 
Sojojin Afirka sun haɗa da ƴan sa kai na Larabawa ko Berber ; ( spahis, Goumiers da tirailleurs ); runduna da ta kunshi pied-noir mazauna Faransa da ke aikin soja ( zouaves da chasseurs d'Afrique ); da kuma masu aikin sa kai ba Faransanci ba ( Légion étrangère ). Ƙungiyoyin ba cikakke ba ne kuma (alal misali) masu aikin sa kai ko waɗanda aka yi wa aiki daga ƙasar Faransa za su iya zaɓar yin hidima tare da matsayi na musulmi na spahis da tirailleurs, yayin da masu aikin sa kai na Larabawa za su iya bayyana a cikin sahu na zouaves. Kafin yakin duniya na daya, an dauki bataliyar daya daga cikin rundunonin zouave guda hudu a wancan lokacin, a kasar Faransa.  Ta haka ne waɗannan sansanonin bataliyoyin suka samar da tsarin da za a iya faɗaɗa a yayin taron gama gari, kuma waɗanda ke kusa da barazanar ƙasar Jamus. 

Baya ga gawawwakin da aka jera a sama, Sojojin Afirka sun haɗa da rassa na fasaha da tallafi - musamman ma bindigogi, injiniyoyi da jirgin ƙasa. An kafa su na dindindin a Arewacin Afirka waɗannan sun haɗa da cakuɗaɗɗen ma'aikatan Faransanci da ƴan asalin ƙasar waɗanda suka bambanta bisa ga samuwar daukar ma'aikata. 

A cikin watan Mayun 1913 an yi amfani da ƙayyadaddun nau'i na zaɓe ga al'ummar Musulmi na Aljeriya. A ka’ida, daga wannan zamani, an kira dukkan matasan musulmi maza da su gudanar da aikin soja na tilas na shekara uku bayan sun kai shekara 18. Ko da yake kusan 2,000 ne kawai aka samu a shekara ta wannan hanya, daga cikin kusan 45,000 da za a iya shiga da kuma shigar da musulmi sun kasance na son rai a lokacin zaman lafiya. Ko a lokacin yakin duniya na daya akasarin (89,000 daga cikin 170,000) na sojojin musulmi da suka yi aikin sa kai ne. Kamar yadda a cikin Faransa da kanta, aikin soja wajibi ne na zama ɗan ƙasa kuma duk mazaje masu kyau na asali na Faransanci ana buƙatar su gudanar da hidimar tilas na shekaru biyu (shekaru uku daga 1913).

Jami'ai na dukkan sassan Sojojin Afirka galibi Turawan Faransa ne, duk da cewa an kebe wasu mukamai da aka ba da izini har da matsayin kyaftin ga ma'aikatan musulmi a cikin spahis da tirailleurs. A cikin 1932 an kayyade adadin ƴan asalin ƙasar a tara daga cikin jimillar 67 a cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan tsarin mulki. 

A cikin 1956, a cikin yakin Aljeriya, an ƙaddamar da sabuwar manufar haɗakar da launin fata a cikin ragowar sassan tsohuwar sojojin Afirka. Tsarin tirailleur na Aljeriya ya kasance kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na “Faransa na Arewacin Afirka” (watau Larabawa da Musulman Berber) da kuma adadin masu aikin sa kai na Faransa da masu aikin sa kai, galibi an zabo su daga al'ummar Turawa. A lokaci guda kuma, za a shigar da ƙarin sojojin musulmi cikin runfunan turai a da, kamar zouaves, har sai sun kai kashi 25% na jimillar. Haɓaka tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a yayin da ake ci gaba da yaƙin, tare da barazanar ramuwar gayya ta FLN na 'yan tawaye a kan masu sa kai na musulmi, sun lalata wannan yunƙurin sake fasalin.  A ƙarshen lokacin mulkin Faransanci a cikin 1959 ma'aikata sun rushe wani tsari na al'ada na tirailleurs Algerien ya daidaita a game da 60% masu aikin sa kai na musulmi da na Turai, sun shiga ƙarƙashin kwangila ( ƙulla ); da kashi 20% na Turawa da 20% na musulunta ( appeles ). 

 Matsayi na yau da kullun 
 ya kasance wani ɓangare na sojojin ƙasar Faransa a hukumance wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar sojoji daban. An lura cewa a cikin 1873 an yi amfani da kalmar Armée d'Afrique tare da la'akari da sojojin 19th Army Corps (19e Corps d'Armée).  Yana daya daga cikin gawawwakin sojoji 21 na Rundunar Sojojin da aka kafa a 1870.  Gawawwakin gawawwaki ne kawai wanda gundumar soja ba ta mamaye babban yankin Faransa ba.  Don haka ya bambanta da Sojojin Mulkin Mallaka na Faransa waɗanda suka zo ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ruwa kuma ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Faransanci da na ƴan asalin da ke aiki a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara da sauran wurare a cikin daular Faransa ta mulkin mallaka .

 Sojojin Hasken Afirka 
Bataliyoyin na Infanterie Légère d'Afrique (Bataliyoyin Hasken Afirka) sun kasance ɓangarorin hukunta masu aikata laifukan soji daga dukkan sassan sojojin Faransa, waɗanda suka gama yanke hukuncinsu a gidajen yari na soja amma har yanzu suna da lokacin yin hidima kafin cikar wa'adin aikinsu. Abin da aka fi so shi ne a mayar da su rukuninsu na asali inda za su iya lalata tarbiya ko kuma musgunawa ’yan uwansu sojoji. 

Bataliyoyin farko guda biyu na Infanterie Legere d'Afrique sun tashi a cikin 1832 don hidima a Algeria. Abin ban mamaki da aka sani da les Joyeux ("masu farin ciki") waɗannan rukunin ana amfani da su gabaɗaya don aikin titi da sauran ayyukan gini a ƙarƙashin tsauraran horo. Duk da haka an yi amfani da su don hidimar yaƙi lokacin da yanayi ya buƙaci a Afirka, Indochina da a Faransa kanta a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya . Bataliyoyin soja uku da aka aika zuwa Faransa a lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu don yin aiki a kan garu, an sake shirya su a cikin Afrilu 1940 kuma sun ga hidimar aiki kafin faduwar Faransa .

Jami'an Sojojin Hasken Afirka sun sami goyon baya daga wasu rundunonin sojoji kamar yadda wasu ma'aikatan da ba na so ba. Yawancin NCOs sun kasance tsoffin "Joyeux" waɗanda suka zaɓi su ci gaba da kasancewa tare da waɗannan raka'o'in da ba a saba gani ba da ikon motsa jiki, bayan sun kammala sharuɗɗan sabis na asali. 

 Sojojin hamada 
Raƙumi ya hau Meharistes tare da Kamfanonin Sahariennes (dakaru na hamada da kuma sojojin injiniyoyi) an kiyaye su a cikin Sahara . Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Waje ta ba da guraben alfadari don hidima a kudancin Aljeriya kuma, daga 1940 zuwa 1962, hudu na Compagnies Sahariennes .

Baya ga abin da ke sama, an aika da ƙungiyoyi ko daidaikun mutane daga babban yankin Sojojin Faransa a wasu lokuta don yin hidima a Arewacin Afirka, kamar yadda wasu gungun Gendarmerie da Tirailleurs Senegalais suke.

 Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya 
A lokacin barkewar yaki a watan Agustan 1914, Sojojin Afirka a Aljeriya da Tunusiya sun ƙunshi rukunoni tara na Aljeriya Tirailleurs, hudu na zouaves, shida na chasseurs d'Afrique, hudu na spahis da biyu na Legion na waje. An aike da adadi mai yawa na wadannan dakaru nan take don yin aiki a Faransa, musamman wadanda aka zabo daga sansanin zaman lafiya na Aljeriya da Tunisia. 

A ranar 22 ga Afrilun 1915 aka fara amfani da iskar chlorine na farko da Jamus ta yi a Yammacin Gabar gaba a kan wuraren da ke Ypres da ke karkashin runduna ta 45 (Faransa) ta mamaye, wanda ya kunshi zouaves da tirailleur na Aljeriya. 

A Marokko, bataliyoyin sojoji goma sha tara na tirailleurs da tara na zouaves sun kasance a cikin hidimar aiki, tare da ɓangarorin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Waje da Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Afirka. Rukunin Moroko na ɗaya daga cikin rukunin sojojin Faransa da aka yi wa ado a yakin duniya na ɗaya kuma an bambanta dukkan tsarin mulkin ta ta hanyar jerin abubuwan da aka ambata a cikin aikewa da sojojin a ƙarshen rikicin.  Ƙungiyar Moroccan ita ce ƙungiya ɗaya tilo da ta sami karramawar yaƙi na yin ado da legion d'honneur a duk lokacin yakin duniya na ɗaya . 

A cikin 1914 Musulmai 33,000 Aljeriya sun riga sun kasance suna hidima tare da spahis, tirailleurs da sauran sassan Sojojin Afirka. A yayin yakin kuma wasu 137,000 sun shiga ko dai a matsayin masu aikin sa kai (57,000) ko kuma a matsayin masu aikin sa kai (80,000). Daga cikin jimillar 170,000, an kashe 36,000.

 Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu 
Kamar yadda ya faru a shekara ta 1914, an tura da yawa daga cikin Sojojin Afirka zuwa babban yankin Faransa a lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin watan Mayun 1940 runduna 14 na zouaves, 42 na Aljeriya, Tunisiya da Moroccan tirailleurs, 12 Rejimenti da Demi-Brigades na Sojojin Waje da bataliyoyin 13 na Sojojin Hasken Afirka sun kasance suna hidima ta kowane fanni. Ian Sumner & Francois Vauillier, page 11 The French Army 1939–45 (1), 

Bayan faduwar Faransa, an rage sojojin Afirka zuwa matakin 120,000 karkashin jagorancin Axis. Janar Maxime Weygand duk da haka ya sami damar kula da horar da wasu maza 60,000 a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa waɗanda ke kama da 'yan sanda taimako, " masu aikin wucin gadi" da "ma'aikata marasa makami". Ian Sumner & Francois Vauillier, page 13 The French Army 1939–45 (2), 

Daga karshen shekara ta 1942, rundunar sojojin Afirka ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Janar Henri Giraud na kasar Faransa, inda suka yi yaki a yakin Tunusiya kafin hadewarsu da sojojin Faransa na 'yantar da Janar Charles de Gaulle . Ƙungiyoyin Arewacin Afirka daga baya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen 'yantar da Corsica (Satumba - Oktoba 1943) da Yakin Italiya (1943-44) a cikin Rundunar Baƙi na Faransa . A lokacin kamfen na Faransanci da Jamusanci na 1944-45 an faɗaɗa Sojojin Afirka zuwa maza 260,000 (ciki har da 50% Indigenes da 50% farar fata Faransa mazauna Arewacin Afirka, Pied-Noir ),  gami da 1st Motorized Infantry Division ( Zouaves and Foreign Legion), 1st Arqueured's Legion (Charqueured Legion) 2nd da 4th Moroccan Infantry Divisions (Moroccan Tirailleurs), da 3rd Aljeriyan Infantry Division (Algerian da Tunisiya Tirailleurs). Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyi uku de tabors marocain na Goumiers sun yi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu yayin da bindigogi, injiniya, kwamandoji, bincike (magungunan Spahis na injiniya da na'urori masu lalata tanki an zana su daga Faransanci da 'yan asalin Faransanci na Arewacin Afirka . 

 Yakin Indo-China da Aljeriya 
Yankunan Oran, Algiers da Constantine sun kasance a matsayin rarrabuwa har zuwa aƙalla 1955–57; Janar de division Raymond Delange ( :fr:Raymond Delange ) ya jagoranci sashen Algiers a 1955–57, kuma shi ne mataimakin kwamandan yankin soji na 10.  A lokacin yakin Aljeriya an daukaka su zuwa matsayin corps. 

 Ya ci gaba da samar da wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Sojojin Faransa tsakanin 1945 zuwa 1962. Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Waje da masu sa kai daga ƙungiyoyin tirailleur na Morocco, Aljeriya da Tunisiya sun yi aiki a Yaƙin Indochina tsakanin 1946 zuwa 1954, tare da tabor tara na Goumiers Moroccan. Rukunoni hudu na Morocco da spahi na Aljeriya sun yi yaƙi a matsayin runduna masu sulke ko rabin hanya. 

Tare da 'yancin Moroccan da Tunisiya a cikin 1956, an shigar da ma'aikatan musulmi na tirailleur da na spahi da aka dauka a cikin kasashen biyu cikin sabbin sojojin kasa. Wannan ya rage sojojin Afirka zuwa duk kwararrun Legion na kasashen waje; mai mulkin mallaka (Bafaranshe mazaunin) ya yi rajista da masu ajiyar zouaves da chasseurs d'Afrique; da kuma ma'aikata na yau da kullun da kuma na'urar daukar ma'aikata na sauran rukunin musulmi da aka dauka a Aljeriya. Ya bambanta da yakin Indo-China, yakin Aljeriya na 1954-62 ya kasance mafi yawan sojojin da aka yi wa aikin soja da na Faransa da kanta. 

 Bayan Yakin Aljeriya 
Ban da Rage Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Spahis, duk rundunonin  An watse ko rasa asalinsu na farko tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1965. An kula da ƙaramin rukunin Infanterie Légère d'Afrique a cikin Somaliland ta Faransa har zuwa lokacin da yankin ya sami 'yancin kai a cikin 1977. Duk da haka, an sake kafa tsarin kowane ɗayan Chasseurs d'Afrique, Tirailleurs da artillery ( 68e Régiment d'Artillerie d'Afrique ) don kiyaye al'adun rassan su.  Bugu da kari wasu rukunin injiniyoyi ( 31e régiment du génie ), sigina ( 41e régiment de watsawa ) da sufuri ( 511e régiment du jirgin ƙasa ) an ba su alaƙa na al'ada tare da tsohon  . Waɗannan suna bayyana duk da haka alaƙa ce ta sabani waɗanda basa nuna kowane ci gaba na tsari na gaske.

 Uniform 
Kayan riguna na rassa daban-daban da suka hada da Sojojin Afirka sun fito ne daga ban mamaki "tenue orientale" na spahis, tirailleurs da zouaves zuwa rigar sojan Faransa na yau da kullun na chasseurs d'Afrique, Legion Foreign, Artillerie d'Afrique da Infanterie Légère d'Afrique. Ko da na ƙarshen raka'a duk da haka an bambanta su da cikakkun bayanai kamar sashes, farar murfin kepi da (ga masu chasseurs) fezzes wanda ya sa suka fice daga ragowar Sojojin Faransa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan fasalulluka sun tsira a matsayin rigar fareti har zuwa yau; musamman fararen alkyabba da jajayen riguna waɗanda 1st Spahis ke sawa, da kuma farar kepis, epaulettes masu kaifi da shuɗi na Legion na Ƙasashen waje. Fanfare-nouba (ƙungiyoyin yanki) na 1st Regiment na Tirailleurs har yanzu suna sanye da cikakken al'ada tenue Orientale ; wanda ya ƙunshi farar rawani, Jaket ɗin salon zouave mai haske shuɗi wanda aka yi wa waƙa da rawaya, jajayen riguna da faffadan wando mai launin shuɗi ko fari na Moorish (duba hoton launi na sama). Rikicin rigunan khaki, ba kamar sauran sojojin da suka sanya shudi ba, an yanke shawarar ne a farkon yakin duniya na farko. 

 Manazarta 

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