Shaida ta zahiri

'Shaida ta zahiri shaida ce da aka samu ta hanyar gogewar hankali ko hanyar gwaji. Yana da mahimmancin tsakiya ga ilimin kimiyya kuma yana taka rawa a wasu fagage daban-daban, kamar ilimin kimiya da fasaha.

Babu wata yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya kan yadda za a ayyana sharuɗɗan shaida da ƙwararru. Yawancin lokaci filayen daban-daban suna aiki tare da ra'ayoyi daban-daban. A cikin ilimin ilmin halitta, shaida ita ce abin da ke tabbatar da imani ko abin da ke ƙayyade ko riƙe wani imani na da hankali ne. Wannan yana yiwuwa ne kawai idan mutum ya mallaki shaidar, wanda ya sa masana kimiyya daban-daban suyi tunanin shaida a matsayin jihohi masu zaman kansu kamar abubuwan da suka faru ko wasu imani. A falsafar kimiyya, a daya bangaren, ana fahimtar shaida a matsayin abin da ke tabbatarwa ko tabbatar da hasashe na kimiyya da yanke hukunci tsakanin ka'idoji masu gasa. Don wannan rawar, shaida dole ne ta kasance ta jama'a kuma ba ta da gardama, kamar abubuwa na zahiri ko abubuwan da za a iya gani kuma ba kamar jihohi masu zaman kansu ba, domin shaida na iya haɓaka ijma'in kimiyya. Kalmar empirical ta fito daga Girkanci ἐμπειρία empeiría, watau 'kwarewa'. A cikin wannan mahallin, yawanci ana fahimtar shi azaman abin da ake iya gani, ya bambanta da abubuwan da ba a iya gani ko na ka'idar. An yarda gabaɗaya cewa fahimtar da ba a taimaka ba ta zama abin dubawa, amma ana gardama kan yadda abubuwa za su iya isa kawai don taimakawa fahimta, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta da aka gani ta microscope ko positron da aka gano a cikin ɗakin gajimare, yakamata a ɗauke su azaman abin gan.
Fage
Halin doxastic yana da hankali.DiFate, Victor. "Evidence". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.  Kelly, Thomas (2016). "Evidence". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021  Objectivity and Subjectivity in Epistemology: A Defense of the Phenomenal Conception of Evidence Misali, jin warin hayaki yana ba da hujja ko kuma ya sa a yi imani da cewa wani abu yana ƙonewa. Yawancin lokaci ana ɗauka cewa don gaskatawa don yin aiki, shaida dole ne mumini ya mallaki. Hanya mafi madaidaiciyar hanya don yin lissafin wannan nau'in mallakar shaidar ita ce a riƙe cewa shaida ta ƙunshi keɓaɓɓun yanayin tunanin da mumini ya mallaka. Conee, Earl; Feldman, Richard (2008). "Evidence". Epistemology: New Essays. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21. Piazza, Tommaso (2009). "Evidentialism and the Problem of Stored Beliefs". Philosophical Studies. 145 (2): 311–324. doi:10.1007/s11098-008-9233-1. S2CID 56299607. Archived from the original on 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
Wasu masana falsafa suna taƙaita shaida har ma da gaba, alal misali, zuwa ga hankali kawai, ra'ayi ko yanayin tunani.Kelly, Thomas (2016). "Evidence". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.Ƙuntata shaida ga jihohin tunani masu hankali yana da sakamako mara ma'ana cewa yawancin gaskatawar yau da kullun da yawa ba za su zama marasa hujja ba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya zama ruwan dare a ɗauka cewa kowane nau'in yanayi na tunani, gami da adanawa amma a halin yanzu ba a yarda da su ba, na iya zama shaida., Conee, Earl; Feldman, Richard (2008). "Evidence". Epistemology: New Essays. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-21. "Evidentialism and the Problem of Stored Beliefs"

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