Yarjejeniyar cooliate

A ranar 22 ga Agustan 1914, lokacin yakin Charleroi a farkon yakin duniya na ɗaya, Janar Janar Max von Bahrfeldt na Jamus, kwamandan runduna ta 19, ya kafa wa kansa manufar daukar gadoji a kan Sambre da ke Charleroi da Couillet kuma sojojin Faransa 3rd da 10th Corps suka rike. Yayin da suke wucewa cikin garin, ba kasafai sojojin Faransa suka yi wa sojojin Jamus hari ba. Da yake da tabbacin akwai maharba, Jamusawan sun yi garkuwa da fararen hula tare da kona gidaje.

A ranar 23 ga Agusta, saboda tsoron cewa za a lalata garin gaba daya, gungun manyan mashahuran Carolorégian, gami da burgomaster Émile Devreux, sun je ganawa da janar don tattaunawa. Ya zargi fararen hula da harbin sojojinsa. A ƙarƙashin barazanar harbe-harbe, ya tilasta wa mambobin tawagar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar "Couillet", wadda ta tanadi biyan bashin yaki mai yawa na kudi da sauran kadarori, da za a daidaita da karfe 6 na yamma. a wannan ranar.fr) Jean-Louis Delaet, "L'âge d'or industriel du pays de Charleroi.", on Charleroi 1911-2011: L'industrie s'associe à la culture, 2011, 563 p. (ISBN 978-2-87522-075-2), p. 215

An kashe fararen hula 41 tare da kona gidaje 159 na Jamus a Charleroi da kansa. An kashe kusan fararen hula 250 sannan an lalata gine-gine 1,300 a duk fadin yankin Charleroi.

Farawarchaeleroi a karni na 19

Yankin Charleroi a farkon karni na 20
Bayan bakin ciki na kwata na karshe na karni na 19, shekaru ashirin ko fiye da haka kafin yakin duniya na farko ya ga yawan samar da Belgian ya tashi sama da kashi 3% a shekara.fr) Jean-Louis Delaet, "L'âge d'or industriel du pays de Charleroi.", on Charleroi 1911-2011: L'industrie s'associe à la culture, 2011, 563 p. (ISBN 978-2-87522-075-2), p. 215

Ganin cewa kwal shi ne babban tushen makamashi a lokacin, kuma yankin da ke karkashin kasa yana kunshe da halaye daban-daban na wannan man fetur, Charleroi ya ga bullar masana'antu masu yawa da ke da alaƙa da samar da kwal. Wannan ci gaban kuma yana da alaƙa da fasahar fasaha na ƴan kasuwa na gida da na waje, da tallafin ƙungiyoyin kuɗi, da kuma cin gajiyar ma'aikata,  fr) Jean-Louis Delaet, "L'âge d'or industriel du pays de Charleroi.", on Charleroi 1911-2011: L'industrie s'associe à la culture, 2011, 563 p. (ISBN 978-2-87522-075-2), p. 215 wanda a cikin 1914 yana da ɗayan mafi ƙanƙanci na haɗin kai a Turai.Francine Bolle, "Les effets de la Première Guerre mondiale sur le mouvement syndical en Belgique", on La bataille de Charleroi, 100 ans après (Actes de colloque, Charleroi, 22 et 23 août 2014), Académie Royale de Belgique, coll. "Mémoires de la Classe des Lettres - Collection in-8° / IV-VII" (no 2097), 2014, 320 p. (ISBN 978-2-8031-0449-9)

Nunin Charleroi na 1911 shine zamanin zinare na yankin Charleroi. Ga birnin, shekara ce ta kololuwar yawan jama'a, tare da mazaunan 32,553, rikodin bai sake zuwa ba har sai an haɗa haɗin gwiwar a cikin 1977. An daidaita kasafin kuɗi a ƙasa da 2,400,000 na Belgian francs. [nb 1] Gustave Viseur, "L'administration de la ville depuis l'indépendance nationale", on Caroloregium valde concelebratur 1666-1966, Charleroi, 1966, p. 157

Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da mamayewar Belgium

Abin tunawa da aka sadaukar don 1st da 4th Regiments of Foot Chasseurs, a Charleroi's Parc Reine Astrid.
Tashin hankalin da yanayin kasa da kasa ya haifar a cikin bazara na 1914, da kisan gillar Archduke François-Ferdinand na Austria a ranar 28 ga Yuni da kuma sakamakonsa, ya jagoranci Sarki Albert I don yanke shawara game da taron jama'a a kan 31 Yuli 1914. Jamus ta bukaci izinin izinin sojojinta ta hanyar yankin Belgian a ranar 2 ga Agusta kuma ta aika da iyakacin iyaka ga gwamnati.
the front approached, several mayors decided to disband the Civic Guards so that the enemy would not see them as franc-tireurs (Sudden chaos, section 3a
A rana mai zuwa, 3 ga Agusta, an ƙi wannan wa'adin. A wannan rana, runduna ta 1 ta Foot Chasseurs ta bar Charleroi zuwa Liège don yabon taron. Wasu ‘yan tarzoma sun yi awon gaba da kamfanin giya na “Aux caves de Munich” da ke Rue du Comptoir.
Lemaire Lemaire and Nonclercq

"Aux caves de Munich" brasserie.
Jamusawa sun shiga Belgium kusa da Aachen a ranar 4 ga Agusta. Sarkin ya roki Faransa da Ingila. A Charleroi, 'yan zanga-zangar sun kai hari kan karamin ofishin jakadancin Jamus, inda suka dauke tutarta da rigar makamai. Sai dai kuma ta tsallake rijiya da baya da kamfanin giya ya sha a ranar da ta gabataDelaet Washegari, an tattara Garde Civique.
Lemaire
A ranar 16 ga Agusta, kagara na ƙarshe a Liège ya mika wuya. Manema labarai sun fara ba da rahoton ta'asar Jamus da suka hada da kisan gillar da aka yi wa fararen hula da kona gidaje. Daga nan ne hukumomin kasar suka ba da jerin umarni na kwantar da hankula ga jama'a don hana duk wani abu da ka iya haifar da ramuwar gayya. A cikin Charleroi, motocin daukar marasa lafiya guda bakwai [nb 2] da likitocin sa kai ke kula da su sun shirya don yin aiki.[nb 3] A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa, dubban mutane, galibi iyalan masana'antu da masu shaguna, sun bar Charleroi ta jirgin kasa zuwa wasu garuruwan Belgium ko Faransa.Delaet ] A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, gawawwaki na 3 da na 10 na sojojin Faransa na 5 karkashin jagorancin Janar Lanrezac sun isa garin, inda jama'a suka tarbe su cikin farin ciki da murna1,588 / 5,000
A ranar 21 ga Agusta, yakin Charleroi ya fara, wanda ya shafi kama gadoji a kan Sambre. Daga waɗanda suke a Tamines, Auvelais, da Arsimont, akan ƙananan Sambre, zuwa waɗanda ke Lobbes da Thuin, akan Sambre na sama.Conraads and NahoéA cikin kwanaki ukun da aka kwashe ana gwabzawa, an kashe fararen hula a fakaice amma kuma an kai musu hari. Sojojin daular Jamus sun yi kisan kiyashi da dama kan fararen hula.Baldin and Saint-Fuscien Jamusawa sun yi imanin cewa akwai haɗin kai, ciki har da haɗin kai da makamai, tsakanin sojojin Faransa da fararen hula na Belgium.Baldin and Saint-Fuscien

Tun lokacin yakin Franco-Prussian na 1870, jami'an Sojan Jamus na Imperial sun damu sosai game da yadda za a magance masu cin kasuwa na franc-tireur. Sun tabbata cewa za su fuskanci su a rikicin gaba da Faransa. Wannan tsoro na gama-gari, haɗe da wasu abubuwa kamar su barasa, rashin ƙwarewa, gajiyawar jiki da ta jijiyoyi da kuma tada hankalin da fada a cikin birni ke haifarwa, Steg, p. 49-50 na nufin suna ganin birnin a matsayin "gidan masu tayar da kayar baya", Baldin and Saint-Fuscien tare da maharba suna fitowa a ko'ina.Steg

Akwai kuma tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini. Sojojin Jamus na Furotesta da ke wurin suna jin cewa limaman Katolika suna zuga garken tumakinsu zuwa yaƙin da suka shahara. Delaet tayar da ma'aikata ya fi rauni.Delaet Duk da haka, a cikin 1906, wani labari mai suna 1906: Der Zusammenbruch der alten Welt (1906: Fall of the Old World). An ce ya sayar da kasa da kwafi 150,000. Yana nuna yakin da aka yi tsakanin Jamus da Birtaniya, lokacin da "tashin gurguzu da ma'aikatan Charleroi suka yi ya mayar da martani ga mamayar da Jamus ta yi wa Belgium"Horne and Kramer

Agusta 1914

Taswirar Topographical na Charleroi a farkon yakin duniya na daya, yana nuna hanyar da sojojin Jamus suka bi da kuma manyan wurare.
A ranar 22 ga Agusta, sojojin Jamus na 2 sun yi ƙoƙari su ɗauki gadoji a kan Sambre daga arewa kuma suka kafa kansu a bankin dama. Da misalin karfe 6:30 na safe, sojoji daga Runduna ta 19 ta Janar Max von Bahrfeldt, wani bangare na Sojoji na 2, sun fito ne daga Gosselies tare da Chaussée de Bruxelles. Makasudin su shine gadoji na Charleroi da Couillet. A gabanin farar hula ‘yan Belgium da aka yi garkuwa da su, sojojin Faransa da suka makale a La Planche da ke Dampremy sun yi musu luguden wuta. Bayan wannan hatsaniya ne sojojin Jamus suka juya baya suka hau kan titin Bon-Air da ke Lodelinsart, inda suka ce an ga fararen hula a kusa da shingayen, suka yi awon gaba da kone gidaje. Tun daga tsayin Jumet, manyan bindigogin Jamus sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a filin kwari da Charleroi.Delaet, p. 61
A Bon-Air, Janar von Bahrfeldt ya raba sojojinsa zuwa ginshiƙai biyu. Ɗayan ya nufi Montignies-sur-Sambre da Couillet don ɗaukar gadar Écluse akan Sambre. SauranHorne and Kramer ] shi ne kama daga baya sojojin Faransa da suka jibge a La Planche, wadanda suka kaura daga yankin a cikin wucin gadi. Ta nufi Dampremy ta hanyar Warchat da Deschassis slag heap kuma daga ƙarshe ta isa, har yanzu farar hula da ake amfani da su azaman garkuwar ɗan adam sun rigaye, a wani wuri da ake kira Viaducs ta hanyar rue de Heigne. ]Delaet, p. 61

Daga nan Jamusawan suka nufi gadar Kurkuku ta hanyar Rue du Grand Central. Daga gadar, Faransawa, waɗanda kawai manufarsu ita ce ta dakatar da kutse na sojojin dawakan Jamus Delaet sun yi ta harbi, suna kashewa, da raunata sojoji da waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su. Sojojin Jamus sun yanke ramuka a cikin kofofi da tagogi don fesa pellet ɗin wuta a cikin gidaje. Dukan Rue du Grand Central da Digue Square sun tashi da wuta. Kimanin masu garkuwa da mutane ashirin ne aka kashe ko kuma suka jikkata.Delaet

Daga baya a wannan safiya, Jamusawa, waɗanda har yanzu suna tare da waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su, sun wuce Boulevard Audent. A karkashin ra'ayin yiwuwar maharba, sojoji sun yi amfani da su wajen cinna wa gidajen bourgeois wuta a kan Boulevard Audent, amma kuma a cikin Boulevard Defontaine da rue d'Orléans. Palais de Justice kawai, cocin Furotesta, da ƴan gidaje da ke kusa da kwalejin Jesuit, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin asibitin motar asibiti, an tsira. Jamusawan sun isa titi du Pont Neuf a mararraba tare da Café du Luxembourg, inda suka yi ta harbi a kan shingen da Faransawa suka kafa a gaban gadar.Delaet

Da yake Faransawa sun riga sun fice daga yankin, jami'an na Jamus sun yi tunanin zai yi wuya su ɗauki Ville Basse da gadoji a kan Sambre kafin ƙarshen rana, don haka suka juya gabas zuwa Montignies-sur-Sambre.Delaet, p. 63.

Da ƙarfe tara na yamma, gidajen da ke kan tudu, tituna da filaye da ke gefen gabas da yamma suna ci gaba da konewa.
Dermine and Grandchamps
"Rue de la Montagne, Rue Charles II, Rue du Grand Central, Place de la Digue. Duk wannan ya haifar da wata babbar wuta inda dogon harshen wuta ke karkatar zuwa hauka, inda fantastic sprays na tartsatsin tartsatsi harbe a cikin rashin daidaituwa manyan jiragen sama. duk duniya tana girgiza kuma zafi ba ya iya jurewa.

Mazauna garin sun yi mamakin manufar Jamusawa. Shin za su ci gaba da cinna wa garin wuta da bama-bamai? 'Yan gudun hijira daga Couillet sun yi iƙirarin cewa an nuna igwa a Charleroi. Léon Henvaux, sakataren Cibiyar Kasuwanci, ya ba da wannan bayanin ga magajin gari, Émile Devreux.Delaet, p. 71.

23 ga Agusta, 1914
A ranar Lahadi 23 ga watan Agusta da misalin karfe 5 na safe ne wata tawaga ta tashi domin neman babban hafsan sojin Jamus, dauke da takardar shedar kyakkyawan aiki da karamin jakadan Jamus ya bayar kafin tafiyar tasa. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi Émile Devreux, magajin gari, Émile Buisset, mai kula da harkokin kuɗi, Albert Dulait, lauya, wanda ɗansa Paul ne ya tuka motarsa, da Louis Smeysters, wani mai fitar da kayayyaki da Jamusanci mai kyau, wanda ya yarda ya zama mai fassara. Na karshen yana dauke da farar tuta.

Kungiyar ta nufi Montignies-sur-Sambre. A dandalin, an zargi Caroloregians da harbin sojojin Jamus. Bayan nuna takardar da aka samu daga ofishin jakadanci na Jamus, ƙungiyar, yanzu tare da Laftanar Hermann von Hanneken, an gayyace su zuwa Couillet, inda za su gana da Janar von Bahrfeldt a Château de Parentville.

Janar von Bahrfeldt ya yi kira ga magajin garin, yana mai nuni da cewa fararen hula sun yi harbi kan sojojinsa. Ya bukaci a biya ladan yaki. An fara saita wannan a kan 50 miliyan Belgium francs. Sa'an nan kuma, a fuskantar rashin amincewa daga tawagar, an rage zuwa miliyan 10.  Conraads and Nahoé Emile Buisset ya yi bayanin halin kuɗaɗen birnin. Janar din ya tsaya kan miliyan goma amma ya bari a biya kudaden a kaso kadan. Sai a biya na farko kafin karfe 6 na yamma. Baya ga miliyan goma, Janar din ya sanya bukatu da yawa na hatsi, gari, hatsi, da sauran kayan abinci. Lokacin da Burgomaster Devreux ya nuna wa Janar cewa waɗannan kayayyaki ba su wanzu a Charleroi, Janar ya amsa cewa dole ne ya yi shiri tare da burgomasters kewaye da kuma samar da kayan kafin karfe 6 na yamma, in ba haka ba, Charleroi zai zama toka. Tawagar, in ban da Louis Smeysters, wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi, sun dauki hutun Janar din, suka tafi zauren garin Charleroi tare da rakiyar Laftanar von Hanneken. ]Lemaire, p. 42- .Lemaire and Nonclercq
Baya ga Émile Devreux da kansa, Louis Lalieu, babban limamin Charleroi, da Vital Françoisse, darektan ACEC, an yi garkuwa da su a ofishin magajin gari. Magajin garin ya yi kira ga wakilan bankunan da suka ba da izini: Banque de Charleroi, Banque Centrale de la Sambre, Union du Crédit, Banque Charles Bivort, Banque Félix Pierlot et Cie da Crédit Général Liégeois, waɗanda suka saki duk kadarorin da suke da su kuma sun ba da tabbacin ƙarin gudummawar kuɗi daga masu hannu da shuni, ciki har da ɗan kasuwa Paul Dewandre. Wannan yunƙurin ya tara jimlar Yuro miliyan biyu.Lemaire, p. 42-47 Lemaire and Nonclercq Conraads and Nahoé, Ma’aikatan banki da dama da masu unguwanni ashirin ma sun yi alkawarin biyan kudin fansa.Pironchamps

Kayayyakin abincin da Jamusawa suka nema, waɗanda suka yi yawa ga albarkatun da ake da su a yankin masana'antu, Alderman Édouard Falony ne ya tattara ba cikakke ba tare da taimakon gundumomi da ke kewaye.Delaet

Tawagar ta gabatar da kanta a hedkwatar Jamus da karfe 6 na yammacin wannan rana. Buromaster duk da haka ya sami yabo ga amincin da ya aiwatar da bukatun da aka gindaya masa. An 'yantar da wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su na karshe kuma Charleroi ya tsira daga halaka.Conraads and Nahoé

Sakamakon da sakamakon

Tunawa da Jamusanci "Den Kameraden" da aka kaddamar a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 1915 don tunawa da yakin Charleroi a watan Agusta 1914.Delaet, p. 75 Lemaire and Nonclercq
A Charleroi, an kashe fararen hula 41 tare da lalata gine-gine 159.Delaet  A Lodelinsart, an kona gidaje 93 tare da kashe farar hula 16, a Dampremy an kashe farar hula 11, an kona gidaje 134, a Montignies-sur-Sambre an kashe fararen hula 37, a Jumet, an lalata gidaje 86 da kashe fararen hula 10, a Monceau-sur-Sambre, an lalata gidaje 251, an kashe farar hula 6, da gidaje 6 na Cocillet 1. sun mutu. Lemaire, p. 160-161 Lemaire and Nonclercq  Gabaɗaya, an kashe fararen hula 250 tare da kona gidaje 1,300 a yankin Charleroi, in ba a ma maganar gine-ginen da aka wawashe da ɗaruruwan mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su aLemaire na zagi da zagiDelaet
Officially entitled Die völkerrechtswidrige Führing des belgischen Volkskriegs, which can be translated as Human Rights Violations in the Conduct of the Belgian People's War (Horne and
Washegarin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, sai aka shiga tattaunawa tsakanin wakilan da suka rattaba hannu kan kason nasu. Horne and Kramer ƙarshe, masu unguwanni sun amince da haɗin gwiwa tare da juna da kuma Paul Dewandre bashin kuɗi na francs miliyan goma, wanda za a biya bayan shekara guda bayan yarjejeniyar, daidai da adadin mazaunan Soudain le chaos Ma'auni na miliyan takwas har yanzu da ake bin Jamus ba zai yi da'awar a ƙarshe ba, amma za a haɗa shi cikin gudunmawar yaƙi da aka sanya wa Belgium.Delaet

Ga yawan jama'a, shi ne farkon shekaru huɗu na sana'ar da ke nuna rashi da mutuwar 'yan uwa.Delaet
A cikin White Paper na Jamus, Officially entitled Die völkerrechtswidrige Führing des belgischen Volkskriegs, which can be translated as Human Rights Violations in the Conduct of the Belgian People's War (Horne and, wani aiki wanda "nufinsa a bayyane yake don ba da shaida don tallafawa zarge-zargen Volkskrieg na Belgium",  Horne and Kramer yakin da ke tsakiyar garin Charleroi ya mamaye sarari kaɗan. Wani sojan da ke cikin runduna ta 78 ta rejista ya shaida cewar ya ga wani Dragoon na Jamus wanda fararen hula ‘yan kasar Beljiyam suka fidda idanunsa, wanda aka shafa masa wani ruwa mai kama da wuta, kuma ya kone da ransa. Ba a ambaci wannan a wani wuri ba, duk da haka, ko da a cikin zargin da Janar von Bahrfeldt ya yi.Lemaire, p. 319-323 Lemaire and Nonclercq
Delaet, p. 76- Delaet
(de) Andreas Toppe, Militär und Kriegsvölkerrecht : Rechtsnorm, Fachdiskurs und Kriegspraxis in Deutschland 1899–1940, Munich, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2008, 467 p. (ISBN 978-3-486-58206-2, read online archive]), p. 136-138 (free translation).

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