Yarukan Maroko

Larabci, musamman yaren Larabci na Maroko, shine yaren da aka fi magana a Maroko,  amma ana magana da harsunan yanki da na waje da yawa. Harsunan hukuma na Maroko sune Larabci na zamani da Berber na Maroko. Larabci na Maroko (wanda aka sani da Darija) shine ainihin yaren da ake magana da shi da kuma harshen da ake magana, yayin da yarukan Berber ke aiki a matsayin yaren da aka sani ga manyan sassan kasar. Dangane da ƙididdigar Maroko ta 2024, kashi 92.7% na yawan jama'a suna magana da Larabci, yayin da kashi 24.8% ke magana da yarukan Berber.

Harsunan da aka fi sani da su a Maroko sune Larabci a cikin siffofin gargajiya da na zamani kuma wani lokacin Faransanci, wanda na ƙarshe ya zama yare na biyu ga kusan kashi 33% na Maroko. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2024, kashi 99.2% ko kusan daukacin al'ummar Maroko na iya karatu da rubutu da Larabci, yayin da kashi 1.5% na al'ummar kasar ke iya karatu da rubutu a Berber. Idan aka zo ga harsunan waje, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa kashi 57.7 a cikin Faransanci, kashi 20.5 cikin 100 na Ingilishi, da kuma 1.2% a cikin Mutanen Espanya. Kididdiga ta kuma nuna cewa kashi 80.6% na al'ummar Moroko sun dauki Larabci a matsayin yarensu na asali, yayin da kashi 18.9% na daukar duk wani yare na Berber a matsayin yarensu na asali.Gauthier, Christophe. "كلمة افتتاحية للسيد المندوب السامي للتخطيط بمناسبة الندوة الصحفية الخاصة بتقديم معطيات الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى 2024". Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (in French). Retrieved 2024-12-23.
Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

Dangane da binciken 2000-2002 da Moha Ennaji, marubucin Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, da Education a Maroko ya yi, "akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya cewa Standard Arabic, Maroko Arabic, da Berber sune Harsunan ƙasa. "  Ennaji ya kuma kammala "Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa multilingualism a Maroko wani abu ne mai mahimmanci na zamantakewa da harsuna, wanda mutane da yawa ke son shi. "

Akwai kusan masu magana da Berber miliyan 6 a Maroko."2014 General Population and Habitat Census". rgphentableaux.hcp.ma. Retrieved 2019-09-15. Faransanci yana riƙe da babban matsayi a Maroko, kamar yadda ake koyar da shi a duk duniya kuma yana aiki a matsayin harshen farko na Maroko na kasuwanci da tattalin arziki, al'adu, kimiyya da magani; ana kuma amfani dashi sosai a ilimi da gwamnati. Maroko memba ne na Francophonie .  Mutanen Maroko da yawa suna magana da Mutanen Espanya, musamman a yankunan arewacin da ke kusa da Tetouan da Tangier, da kuma a wasu sassan kudu, saboda alaƙar tarihi da hulɗar kasuwanci da Spain.

 Tarihi 
A tarihi, ana magana da harsuna irin su Phoenician,  Punic,  da yarukan Berber a Maroko. Juba II, sarkin Mauretania, ya rubuta a Helenanci da Latin. Ba a san tsawon lokacin da aka yi magana da Romanci na Afirka ba, amma tasirinsa a Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka na Larabci (musamman a cikin harshen arewa maso yammacin Morocco) ya nuna cewa dole ne ya kasance da muhimmiyar kasancewar a farkon shekarun bayan nasarar Larabawa.

Larabci ya zo tare da cin Nasarar Musulmi a Maghreb;  Abdellah Guennoun ya ambaci wa'azin Jumma'a da Tariq Ibn Ziad ya gabatar kafin cin nasarar al-Andalus a cikin 711 a matsayin misali na farko na wallafe-wallafen Maroko a Larabci.  Koyaya, yaren ya bazu sosai a hankali fiye da addini. Da farko, ana amfani da Larabci ne kawai a cikin birane, musamman a birane a arewa, yayin da yankunan karkara suka kasance yankin yarukan Berber.

A karkashin Almohads, dole ne a gabatar da khuṭbas (daga , wa'azin Jumma'a) a cikin Larabci da Berber, ko kuma kamar yadda masanin tarihin Andalusi   ya bayyana shi: "al-lisān al-gharbī" ( 'harshe na yamma').  khaṭīb, ko mai ba da lacca, na Masallacin al-Qarawiyyīn a Fes, Mahdī b. 'Īsā, an maye gurbinsa a ƙarƙashin Almohads da Abū l-Ḥasan b. 'Aṭiyya khaṭīb saboda ƙarshen ya kasance mai sauƙi a cikin Berber. 

Aikin farko da aka rubuta a cikin Darija ko Larabci na Moroko shine waƙar zajal na Al-Kafif az-Zarhuni mai suna "al-Mala'ba," tun daga zamanin Sarkin Marinid Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman. 

A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da 'yan kasuwa a cikin Bahar Rum, ciki har da Barbary Coast, sun haɓaka harshen tuntuɓar da ake kira Bahar Rum Lingua Franca ko sabir. Harsunan Italiya, Catalan, Occitan, Berber, Larabci, Sifen da Fotigal sun rinjaye shi. Amfaninsa ya ragu bayan cin nasarar Turai.

 Manufofin Harshe 
Bayan Morocco ta sami 'yancin kai tare da ƙarshen kariya ta Faransa a 1956, ta fara tsarin Arabisation. Don wannan aikin, an kafa Cibiyar Nazarin da Bincike kan Arabization ta hanyar doka a cikin 1960.  Ba a yi amfani da manufofin Arabization da gaske ba har sai shekaru 17 bayan samun 'yancin kai.> Wani edita a Lamalif a cikin 1973 ya yi jayayya cewa, kodayake Faransanci ya haɗa kan fitattun mutane da manyan sassan tattalin arziki, ana iya samun hadin kan kasa ne kawai bisa ga Larabci - kodayake Lamalif ya yi kira ga sabon jiki na yaren, yana kwatanta Larabci na yau da kullun a matsayin mai ba da izini kuma Larabci (Darija) na Maroko ya zama matalauta don zama cikin kansa harshe na al'adu da ilimi.

A cikin shekara ta 2000, bayan shekaru na watsi da sauran harsunan da ke Maroko, Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Ilimi ta amince da su da kuma bukatar su.

Har ya zuwa lokacin an mayar da harsunan Berber saniyar ware a cikin al'ummar wannan zamani kuma yawan masu magana da harshe daya ya ragu. A ’yan shekarun nan al’adun Berber na samun qarfi kuma wasu abubuwan da suka faru sun yi alkawarin cewa waxannan harsunan ba za su mutu ba (Berber is the generic name for Berber languages). 

Larabci, a daya bangaren, an dauki yare mai daraja a Maroko sama da shekaru dubu. Koyaya, akwai nau'ikan Larabci na musamman da ake amfani da su, ba duka suna da daraja ba, waɗanda sune MSA (Larabci na Zamani), rubutaccen sigar da ake amfani da shi a makarantu da 'Yaren Larabci', sigar magana mara daidaito. Bambanci tsakanin nau'i biyu dangane da nahawu, phonology da ƙamus yana da girma sosai, ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin diglossia. MSA a zahiri baƙon abu ne ga ƴan makarantar Moroccan, kuma wannan yana haifar da matsalolin karatu da rubutu, wanda ke haifar da babban matakin jahilci a Maroko.James Cohen; Kara T. McAlister; Kellie Rolstad; Jeff MacSwan, eds. (2005), "From Monolingualism to Multilingualism: Recent Changes in Moroccan Language Policy" (PDF), ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, pp. 1487–1500, retrieved 30 April 2017

Har ila yau, harshen Faransanci ya mamaye Marokko, musamman a fannin ilimi da gudanarwa, don haka da farko manyan mutane ne suka koye su, daga baya kuma da yawa daga cikin 'yan Moroko suka koyi amfani da su a fannonin kudi, kimiyya, fasaha da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Wato duk da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na aiwatar da manufar yare na yin watsi da Faransanci bayan samun 'yancin kai, domin samar da kasa mai harshe daya.James Cohen; Kara T. McAlister; Kellie Rolstad; Jeff MacSwan, eds. (2005), "From Monolingualism to Multilingualism: Recent Changes in Moroccan Language Policy" (PDF), ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, pp. 1487–1500, retrieved 30 April 2017

Daga 'yancin kai har zuwa shekara ta 2000, Maroko ta zaɓi Arabization a matsayin manufa, a cikin ƙoƙari na maye gurbin Faransanci da Larabci. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s, Larabci shine harshe da ya fi dacewa a ilimi, kodayake har yanzu ana amfani da Faransanci a wurare masu muhimmanci da yawa. Ba a cika burin Arabization ba, a cikin harshe, saboda haka ana buƙatar canji.James Cohen; Kara T. McAlister; Kellie Rolstad; Jeff MacSwan, eds. (2005), "From Monolingualism to Multilingualism: Recent Changes in Moroccan Language Policy" (PDF), ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, pp. 1487–1500, retrieved 30 April 2017 A shekara ta 2020, kasar ta kawo karshen manufofinta na Arabization, tare da sake aiwatar da Faransanci a matsayin matsakaiciyar koyarwa a cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar kimiyya da lissafi.

A cikin 2000 Yarjejeniya ta Gyara Ilimi ta gabatar da gagarumin canji a manufofin harshe. Daga nan ne kasar Maroko ta amince da tsarin koyar da harshen ilimi na dindindin tare da muhimman abubuwa guda uku: ingantawa da karfafa koyar da harshen Larabci, ta yin amfani da harsuna iri-iri, kamar Ingilishi da Faransanci wajen koyar da fasahohin fasaha da kimiyya da karbuwar Berber. Har yanzu dai kasar Maroko tana kallon Larabci (MSA) a matsayin yaren kasarta, amma ta amince cewa ba dukkan 'yan kasar Moroko ne ke jin yaren Larabci ba, kuma Larabawa ba ta yi nasara a fannin kimiyya da fasaha ba. Da alama an cimma manufofin yarjejeniyar da sauri fiye da yadda ake tsammani, mai yiwuwa tun lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar nan da nan. A farkon karni na ashirin da daya an yarda da harsunan tsiraru daban-daban a Maroko duk da cewa Larabci na da rinjaye kuma gwamnati ce ke inganta shi.James Cohen; Kara T. McAlister; Kellie Rolstad; Jeff MacSwan, eds. (2005), "From Monolingualism to Multilingualism: Recent Changes in Moroccan Language Policy" (PDF), ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, pp. 1487–1500, retrieved 30 April 2017

An sanya Berber a matsayin harshen hukuma a cikin shekara ta 2011. A cikin 2019, an kafa doka don aiwatar da canje-canjen kundin tsarin mulki daga 2011.  Gwamnati tana da niyyar fadada ilimin Berber ga dukkan makarantun Maroko. Koyaya, tun daga 2023, kashi 10% ne kawai na ɗaliban Maroko ke karatun Berber. Gwamnati ta hayar da ma'aikatan gwamnati da za su iya magana da manyan yaruka uku (Tachalhit, Tamazight da Tarifet) don taimakawa 'yan ƙasa a kotuna, asibitoci, da sauran ayyukan jama'a. Dangane da binciken da Gwamnatin Spain ta yi a shekarar 2012, kashi 98% na Maroko suna magana da Larabci na Maroko, kashi 63% suna magana da Faransanci, kashi 26% suna magana da Berber, kashi 14% suna magana da Turanci, kuma kashi 10% suna magana da Mutanen Espanya.

 Ilimi 
Dokar Tsarin 17:51 ta ba da izinin koyar da batutuwa na kimiyya a cikin harsunan waje - musamman Faransanci - a makarantun firamare na jama'a.

A cikin 2019, Majalisar ta kada kuri'a don fadada azuzuwan Berber zuwa dukkan makarantun Maroko. A cewar Firayim Minista Aziz Akhannouch, kimanin makarantu 2,000 sun koyar da Amazigh a cikin 2022 kuma gwamnati tana horar da karin malamai don hanzarta fitowar koyarwar Berber. Ya zuwa 2023, wannan sake fasalin har yanzu yana ci gaba.

Manazarta 

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