Sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi

Gaɓar damar dogaro da kai a cikin mawuyacin yanayin hamada ya tilasta wa 'yan gudun hijirar dogaro da tallafin jin ƙai na ƙasa da ƙasa don tsira. Duk da haka, sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Tindouf sun bambanta da yawancin sauran sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira dangane da yadda suke da tsari daga cikin gida. Yawancin harkokin yau da kullum da tsarin rayuwar sansanin ana tafiyar da su ne ta hannun 'yan gudun hijirar da kansu, tare da ƙarancin tsoma bakin daga waje.

An raba sansanonin zuwa wilayat (gundumomi) guda biyar, kuma sun samo sunayensu daga manyan garuruwa a Yammacin Sahara; El Aaiun, Awserd, Smara, Dakhla, da kuma kwanan nan Cape Bojador (ko daira ta Bojador).

Baya ga waɗannan, akwai wani ƙaramin sansanin da ake kira "Fabrairu 27", wanda ke kewaye da wata makarantar kwana ta mata, sannan akwai wani sansanin gudanarwa da ake kira Rabouni.

An baza sansanonin a faɗin wani babban yanki. Duk da haka, Laayoune, Smara, Awserd, Fabrairu 27 da Rabouni suna cikin tazara ta kimanin awa guda daga garin Tindouf da ke Aljeriya, yayin da sansanin Dakhla ke nisan kusan kilomita 170 (kilomita 110) zuwa kudu maso gabas.

Haka kuma, waɗannan sansanonin su ne suka kasance hedkwatar rundunar soja ta 6 ta Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Saharawi

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 Gudanarwa da cibiyoyin sabis na jama'a 

Kwamitocin gida ne ke raba kayan bukatu na yau da kullum, ruwa da abinci, yayin da hukumomin daïra da wakilan hay suka kafa ke tsara makarantu, ayyukan al’adu da hidimomin lafiya. Wasu na ganin cewa wannan tsarin yana samar da wata hanya ta dimokuraɗiyya a matakin gudanarwar sansani, kuma hakan ya taimaka wajen inganta yadda ake raba tallafi.

Mata kuma suna taka rawa a matakai daban-daban na gudanarwa, kuma Hukumar UNHCR ta yaba da muhimmancinsu a cikin gudanarwar sansani da tsarin zamantakewa

Aljeriya ba ta tsoma baki cikin tsarin gudanarwarsu ba.

Ko da yake sojojin Aljeriya na da gagarumar matsayi a garin Tindouf da ke kusa, Aljeriya na jaddada cewa alhakin kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sansanonin yana hannun Polisario.

Mazaunan sansanonin suna ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da dokokin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Larabawa ta Saharawi (SADR). Polisario ne ke tafiyar da tsarin shari'a na cikin gida, wanda ya haɗa da kotuna da kurkuku. Qadis na gida (wato alƙalan shari'a) suna da ikon yanke hukunci a kan matsayi na mutum da kuma al’amuran da suka shafi dokar

Polisario ya ba da fifiko ga ilimi tun daga farko,  kuma hukumomin yankin sun kafa makarantun sakandare 29, makarantun firamare 31 dasakandare bakwai, cibiyoyin ilimi na '27 Fabrairu' da '12 Oktoba' da kuma cibiyoyin horar da fasaha daban-daban (ba tare da manta da cewa sansanonin Tindouf sun ƙidaya 'yan gudun hijira 90.000 ba).  Duk da yake kayan koyarwa har yanzu ba su da yawa, yawan karatun ya karu daga kusan 5% a lokacin da aka kafa sansanonin zuwa 90% a shekarar 1995. Ilimi na yara wajibi ne,  kuma dubban mutane sun sami ilimin jami'a a Aljeriya, Cuba  da Spain a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin taimako.

Sansanonin suna da asibitoci 27, babban asibiti da asibutoci na yanki guda huɗu.

Maza suna yin aikin soja a cikin sojojin SADR. A lokacin yakin, aƙalla wasu mata sun shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin taimako da ke kula da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira. 

 Yawan jama'a 

Adadin 'yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi a sansanonin Tindouf suna da rikici kuma suna da damuwa a siyasa. Maroko ta yi jayayya cewa Polisario da Aljeriya sun wuce gona da iri don jawo hankalin siyasa da taimakon kasashen waje, yayin da Polisario ya zargi Maroko da ƙoƙarin ƙuntata taimakon ɗan adam a matsayin hanyar matsa lamba ga fararen hula 'yan gudun hijira. Adadin 'yan gudun hijira zai kasance da mahimmanci wajen tantance nauyin siyasa a cikin yiwuwar raba gardama don tantance matsayin Yammacin Sahara na gaba.

Hukumomin Aljeriya sun kiyasta yawan 'yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi a Aljeriya zuwa 165,000. Polisario ta goyi bayan wannan, kodayake motsi ya fahimci cewa wasu 'yan gudun hijira sun koma Mauritania, ƙasar da ke da gidaje kusan' yan gudun hijirar Saharawi 26,000. UNHCR ta yi magana game da adadi na Aljeriya na shekaru da yawa, amma a cikin 2005 damuwa game da kumbura ya jagoranci kungiyar ta rage yawan aikinta zuwa 90,000 bisa ga nazarin hotunan tauraron dan adam. UNHCR tana tattaunawa da Gwamnatin Aljeriya da jagorancin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi, suna neman gudanar da ƙidaya don tantance ainihin adadin' yan gudun hijira a sansanonin.

A cikin 1998, aikin Minurso na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya gano manya masu shekaru 42,378 a cikin sansanonin, tare da ƙidaya waɗanda suka tuntubi ofisoshin rajista na aikin kuma daga baya suka sami damar tabbatar da zuriyarsu daga Yammacin Sahara kafin 1975. Ba a yi ƙoƙari don kimanta yawan jama'a a sansanonin ba.

Gwamnatin Maroko ta yi jayayya cewa jimlar adadin 'yan gudun hijira ya kai kusan 45,000 zuwa 50,000, da kuma cewa Polisario yana ajiye wadannan mutane a sansanonin ba tare da son ransu ba. Koyaya, Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya ta lura cewa akwai kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 100,000 a sansanonin da Aljeriya ke tallafawa kusa da garin Tindouf kadai.

 Yanayin rayuwa 
Yankin Tindouf yana kan hammada, babban filin hamada na Hamada ta Sahara. Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani a wannan ɓangaren hammada, wanda aka fi sani da "The Devil's Garden", sau da yawa yana sama da 50 ° C kuma yawan yashi yana rushe rayuwar al'ada. Akwai ƙananan ko babu ciyayi, kuma dole ne a tattara itace ta mota mai nisan kilomita. Kawai daga cikin sansanonin suna da damar samun ruwa, kuma hanyoyin sha ba su da tsabta ko kuma sun isa ga dukan yawan 'yan gudun hijira. Ba za a iya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin wannan yanayi ba, kuma sansanonin sun dogara ne gaba ɗaya da taimakon kasashen waje.

Abinci, ruwan sha, kayan gini da tufafi ana kawo su ta mota ta hukumomin agaji na duniya. Ana kawo abinci na asali daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Oran zuwa Rabouni ta Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP) tare da hadin gwiwar Aljeriya Red Crescent (ARC) da gwamnatin Aljeriya, yayin da Polisario ta shirya rarraba abinci daga Rabouni tare da hadirarin Western Sahara Red Crescent.  Tare da tasowa na tattalin arzikin kasuwa na asali, wasu 'yan gudun hijira sun sami damar samun shirye-shiryen talabijin da amfani da motoci; daruruwan jita-jita na tauraron dan adam sun fito a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

Jama'ar 'yan gudun hijira suna fama da rashin kayan lambu, abinci mai gina jiki da magunguna. A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Shirin Abinci na Duniya, kashi 40% na yara suna fama da rashin baƙin ƙarfe, kuma kashi 10% na yara da ke ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna fama da matsanancin rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Kashi 32% suna fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Kashi 47% na mata suna fama da rashin ƙarfe.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span>]

Ruwan sama mai yawa da ambaliyar ruwa sun lalata yawancin sansanonin a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, wanda ya haifar da martani na rikicin daga UNHCR da Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP), don maye gurbin gidajen da aka rushe da alfarwa da samar da abinci don rufe ajiyar da ta ɓace.

WFP ta nuna damuwarta akai-akai game da karancin gudummawa, kuma ta yi gargadi game da mummunar sakamakon kiwon lafiya idan ba a cika buƙatu ba. UNHCR ta yi gargadi a farkon 2007 cewa ba a cika buƙatun a sansanonin Sahrawi ba, kuma rashin abinci mai gina jiki yana da tsanani. 'Yan gudun hijira na kasa da kasa sun lura cewa halin da ake ciki yana da matukar damuwa a Dakhla, mafi yawan sansanonin da ba a iya isa ba.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ruwan sama mai yawa ya sake mamaye sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, ya lalata gidaje (wanda aka yi da bulo), alfarwa da kayan abinci. Fiye da iyalai 11,000 ne suka kamu.

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana nufin 'yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi a matsayin "' yan gudun hijira da aka manta".

 Matsayin mata 

Polisario ya yi ƙoƙari ya sabunta al'ummar sansanin, ta hanyar jaddada ilimi, kawar da kabilanci da kuma 'yancin mata.

Matsayin matan Sahrawi ya kasance tsakiya a rayuwar mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka, amma an kara ƙarfafa shi a lokacin shekarun yaƙi (1975-1991), lokacin da matan Sahrawis suka gudanar da mafi yawan gwamnatin sansanonin, yayin da maza ke fada a gaba. Wannan, tare da karatu da rubutu da kuma karatun sana'a, sun samar da manyan ci gaba a matsayin mata a cikin al'ummar Sahrawi. Komawar adadi mai yawa na maza Sahrawi tun lokacin da aka dakatar da wuta a 1991 na iya jinkirta wannan ci gaba a cewar wasu masu kallo, amma mata har yanzu suna gudanar da mafi yawan gwamnatin sansanonin,  kuma ƙungiyar mata ta Sahrawi UNMS tana aiki sosai wajen inganta rawar da suke takawa.

Mata biyu da suka kasance mazaunan sansanonin duk da haka sun yi iƙirarin cewa mata a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira an hana su hakkinsu na asali kuma suna fama da warewa da cin zarafin jima'i.

 Ayyuka da tattalin arziki 
Tattalin arzikin kuɗi mai sauƙi ya fara bunkasa a cikin sansanonin a cikin shekarun 1990, bayan Spain ta yanke shawarar biyan fansho ga Sahrawi waɗanda aka tilasta su a matsayin sojoji a cikin Tropas Nómadas a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Kudi kuma ya fito ne daga Sahrawis da ke aiki a Aljeriya ko kasashen waje, da kuma 'yan gudun hijira waɗanda ke bin salon rayuwar gargajiya na Bedouin da Tuareg, kiwon shanu a Aljariya, Mauritania da yankunan da aka 'yantar da Polisario na Yammacin Sahara. Tattalin arzikin masu zaman kansu duk da haka ya kasance mai iyaka, kuma sansanonin suna ci gaba da rayuwa galibi a kan taimakon kasashen waje da Aljeriya.

 Rarrabawar iyali da haƙƙin ɗan adam 
Tun da yake Polisario Front da Morocco har yanzu suna cikin yaki, ziyara tsakanin sansanonin da yankunan da ke karkashin ikon Maroko na Yammacin Sahara kusan ba zai yiwu ba, tare da Ginin Maroko yana hana motsi ta Yammacin Sahara, kuma iyakar Algeria da Morocco ta rufe ya kara da ƙuntatawar motsi da Polisario ke yi a kan yawan sansanonin. Dubban iyalai sun rabu har zuwa shekaru 30, yanayin da ke da raɗaɗi ga yawan jama'a a Yammacin Sahara da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira. A shekara ta 2004, UNHCR ta gudanar da shirin musayar ziyarar iyali don ziyarar kwana biyar ga iyakantaccen adadin mutane, suna tafiya daga sansanonin zuwa yankunan da ke hannun Maroko da kuma akasin haka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kuma kafa sabis na tarho da wasiku tsakanin sansanonin da Yammacin Sahara na Maroko.

Yayinda Polisario ke gunaguni game da zalunci ga masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Sahrawi a yankunan Yammacin Sahara da ke hannun Maroko; Gwamnatin Maroko, kungiyoyi masu adawa a cikin Polisario, da kuma tsoffin mambobin Polisario, sun yi iƙirarin cewa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a wasu lokuta suna da wurin cin zarafin' 'Yancin ɗan adam a kan yawan' yan gudun hijira ta Polisario.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span>]

A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2011, an sace ma'aikatan agaji guda uku na Turai a Rabuni, cibiyar gudanarwa ta sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira. Wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su uku 'yan kasar Spain ne guda biyu (Enric Gonyalons da Ainhoa Fernández de Rincón) da kuma wata mace ta Italiya (Rossella Urru); dukansu mambobi ne na kungiyoyin agaji. A lokacin satar, Enric Gonyalons da wani jami'in tsaro na Sahrawi sun ji rauni daga maharan, wadanda a cewar majiyoyin POLISARIO sun fito ne daga Mali.

Da farko, Brahim Ghali, jakadan SADR a Algiers, ya ce kungiyar Al-Qaeda a cikin Maghreb na Musulunci (AQMI) ce ke da alhakin wannan lamarin. Mauritanian da Malian kafofin tsaro sun kuma nuna AQMI a matsayin masu aikata satar.

A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, Sojojin Aljeriya sun kashe mambobi hudu na AQMI, wadanda ake zargi da satar mutane.

Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA) ne ya 'yantar da su a Gao, Mali a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2012, an tura su zuwa Burkina Faso kuma daga baya zuwa Spain.

 Hotuna daga sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi a Tindouf da kuma daga "yancin yankuna" a Yammacin Sahara, ta Nacho Hernandez.
 Hoton hoto: Rayuwa a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Tindouf, ta Danielle Van Brunt Smith. 
 Rahoton shaida na ido daga Tindouf Ta hanyar ECHO, reshen taimakon kasashen waje na EU.
 Labari game da bikin cika shekaru 35 da sanarwar SADR, wanda aka gudanar a sansanonin Tindouf da Tifariti
 Taswirar yankin (ba a san shi ba).
 Amurka a kan Aljeriya An adana shi 2004-08-17 a .
 Ra'ayi Editorial na Paul de Bendern, Fabrairu 2004. 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba