Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don 'Yanci na Angola

Ƙungiyar National Front for the Liberation of Angola ( Portuguese   ; FNLA ) jam'iyyar siyasa ce kuma tsohuwar kungiyar 'yan gwagwarmaya da ta yi yakin neman 'yancin Angola daga Portugal a yakin 'yancin kai, karkashin jagorancin Holden Roberto .

An kafa ta a shekara ta 1954 a matsayin kungiyar União dos Povos do Norte de Angola, bayan 1959 an san ta da União dos Povos de Angola ( UPA ) guerrilla, kuma daga 1961 a matsayin kungiyar FNLA.

Gabanin zaɓen jam'iyyu da yawa na farko a 1992, an sake tsara FNLA a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. Jam'iyyar FNLA ta samu kashi 2.4% na kuri'un da aka kada kuma an zabi 'yan majalisa biyar. A zaben 'yan majalisa na 2008, FNLA ta sami kashi 1.11% na kuri'un, inda ta lashe kujeru uku cikin 220

 Tarihi 

 Asalin 
A cikin 1954, an kafa United People of Northern Angola (UPNA) a matsayin ƙungiyar 'yan aware ga kabilar Bakongo da ke son sake kafa daular fiudal na karni na 16 amma kuma ta kasance wani yunkuri na nuna adawa da aikin tilastawa.   Holden Roberto shine zai zama sarkin wannan ƙasa.  

A shekara ta 1958, an canza sunan kungiyar zuwa "União das Populações de Angola" (UPA) karkashin Holden Roberto wanda ya fito daga São Salvador, Bakongo, Arewacin Angola tare da sabuwar kungiyar da aka bayyana a matsayin yunkurin siyasa na kabilanci.  A watan Maris na shekarar 1961, UPA ta fara wani bore a arewa inda ta yi ta kashe dubban fararen fata mazauna kasar da bayinsu, galibin kabilar Bailundo ta kudu, "assimilados", 'yan Katolika na Afirka da 'yan kabilar ban da kabilar Bakongo, maza, mata da yara. Garrett, James; Neto, Agostinho (1976). "The Lessons of Angola: An Eyewitness Report". The Black Scholar. 7 (9): 2–15. doi:10.1080/00064246.1976.11413832. JSTOR 41066044. S2CID 147031567. Stevens, Christopher (April 1976). "The Soviet Union and Angola". African Affairs. 75 (299): 137–151. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096706. JSTOR 721234. Gwamnatin Portugal ta mayar da martani ta hanyar aika sojoji zuwa Angola kuma fiye da mutane 50,000 sun mutu a tashin hankalin a karshen 1961.  An ce sama da 'yan gudun hijira miliyan daya ne suka tsere daga arewacin Angola zuwa Zaire.  

A yunƙurin zama ƙungiyar siyasa ta ƙasa, ta haɗu da "Partido Democratico de Angola" (PDA) don kafa "Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola" (FNLA). Ekaney, Nkwelle (1976). "Angola : Post-Mortem of a Conflict". Présence Africaine. 98 (2): 211–233. doi:10.3917/presa.098.0211. JSTOR 24349794. A watan Fabrairun 1962, FNLA ta hade cikin wata kungiya da ake kira gwamnatin juyin juya hali ta Angolan a gudun hijira (GRAE) tare da Roberto a matsayin shugabanta da Jonas Savimbi a matsayin ministan harkokin waje, mai tushe a Kinshasa, Zaire . Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU) ta amince da ita a matsayin kawai yunkurin 'yanci na Angola har zuwa 1971.  Stevens, Christopher (April 1976). "The Soviet Union and Angola". African Affairs. 75 (299): 137–151. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096706. JSTOR 721234. Babban membobinta su ne 'yan gudun hijirar Angola da ƴan gudun hijira a Zaire.  

 Taimakon kasashen waje 
Gwamnatin Amurka ta fara taimakawa FNLA a cikin 1961 a lokacin gwamnatin Kennedy kuma ta maido da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na taimakon hukuma ga Zaire zuwa ƙungiyoyin FNLA da UNITA .   A cikin shekaru da yawa, gwamnatocin Aljeriya, Tunisiya, Jamus ta Yamma, Ghana, Isra'ila, Faransa, Romania, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka, Zaire, da Laberiya  sun ba da goyon baya da taimakon FNLA. Gwamnatin Faransa ta samar da maza kuma ta ba da rancen fam miliyan daya ba tare da ruwa ba.   Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta ba da taimako ga FNLA tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1969. Holden Roberto ya ziyarci Isra'ila a shekarun 1960, kuma an aika membobin FNLA zuwa Isra'ila don horo. A cikin shekarun 1970s, gwamnatin Isra'ila ta aika da makamai zuwa FNLA ta Zaire .  Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta ba wa FNLA kayan aikin soji da akalla masu ba da shawara na soji 112 a shekarar 1974. 

 Farashin GRAE 
By Yuli 1964, GRAE ta dama a matsayin kawai 'yanci motsi da aka kalubalanci tare da murabus na firaministan Congo Cyrille Adoula, da goyon bayansu, da kuma tafiyar Jonas Savimbi, wanda ya ci gaba da kafa nasa 'yanci motsi UNITA saboda Roberto ta kama-karya jagoranci, rashin yarda da yarda da wadanda ba na yamma goyon bayan shirin siyasa da kuma rashin goyon bayan siyasa. Ekaney, Nkwelle (1976). "Angola : Post-Mortem of a Conflict". Présence Africaine. 98 (2): 211–233. doi:10.3917/presa.098.0211. JSTOR 24349794. Stevens, Christopher (April 1976). "The Soviet Union and Angola". African Affairs. 75 (299): 137–151. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096706. JSTOR 721234. Roberto ya ga juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Yuni 1965 da ministan tsaronsa ya yi kuma a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, surukinsa, Mobutu Sese Seko, ya karbe ikon Kongo (daga baya Zaire) a juyin mulki.  Amma a shekarar 1968, hadin kan GRAE ya fara wargajewa.

 Manufar Nixon zuwa Angola 
A kan Shugaba Richard Nixon, da ya hau kan karagar mulki a 1969, ya ba da umarnin sake duba manufofin Amurka game da Angola da Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia . A watan Janairu na shekarar 1970, an amince da takardar nazari na 39 na Majalisar Tsaron kasa, wanda ya amince da cewa bai kamata gwamnatocin farar fata a wadannan kasashe su zama saniyar ware a siyasance da tattalin arziki ba, kuma shigar da su ita ce hanya mafi dacewa ta samun sauye-sauye a tsarinsu.  Wannan yana nufin rage taimako ga FNLA.  

 Juyin Mulki a Portugal 
A ƙarshen shekarar 1972, FNLA ta kulla yarjejeniyar dakatar da wuta da MPLA, wadda FNLA ke kai wa hari a arewa maso yammacin Angola, yayin da Portugal ke kai wa hari a arewa maso gabas. Daya daga cikin sharuddan yarjejeniyar shi ne cewa suna buƙatar ƙarin makamai saboda ba su da taimakon Amurka sai na kuɗin aljihun CIA da Roberto ke samu, kuma Neto ya nemi taimakon gwamnatin Tanzaniya wadda ta shiga tsakani da gwamnatin kasar China. Bayan dukkan ƙungiyoyin sun gana da 'yan China, FNLA ta samu taimakon soja da horo daga farkon shekarar 1973 har zuwa lokacin faduwar gwamnatin Portugal a shekarar 1974, sannan daga baya taimakon diflomasiyya kaɗai. A watan Afrilu 1974, an yi juyin mulki a Portugal kuma daga baya aka sanar da cewa za a ba sabbin kasashen mallaka 'yanci, wanda hakan ya sanya FNLA, MPLA da UNITA suka fara ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa tasirinsu a fadin Angola, lamarin da ya janyo rikici a tsakaninsu. Gwamnatin Romania ta aika da makamai ga FNLA a watan Agusta 1974. A watan Agusta 1974, gwamnatin Portugal da ke Angola ta gabatar da shirin ba da 'yanci cikin shekaru biyu tare da haɗa dukkan ƙungiyoyin uku da fararen fata wajen kafa gwamnatin haɗaka, amma an ƙi amincewa da hakan. Domin kawo ƙarshen rikicin da ke tsakanin ƙungiyoyin, an shirya yarjejeniyar dakatar da wuta da kowane ƙungiya da Kwamitin Sojin Angola na Portugal, inda FNLA ta sanya hannu a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1974, wanda ya ba ita da sauran jam’iyyun ’yantarwa damar buɗe ofisoshin siyasa a birnin Luanda. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1974, an cimma yarjejeniyar dakatar da wuta tsakanin FNLA da UNITA, sannan da MPLA a ranar 18 ga Disamba.
Rashin gazawar gwamnatin rikon kwarya
A cikin sa'o'i 24 na Yarjejeniyar Alvor, fada ya barke a Luanda tsakanin FNLA da MPLA tare da ƙarin tashin hankali a ranar 23 ga Maris lokacin da MPLAs Lopo do Nascimento ke fuskantar yunƙurin kisa daga FNLA. An kuma ce gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta gaza yin aiki ne sakamakon rashin nuna sha'awar da gwamnatin kasar Portugal ta yi a Angola yayin da take tunkarar juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a Lisbon da Janar Spinola ya yi da kuma rashin amincewar sojojin Portugal na yin aiki a Angola da kuma kawo karshen tashin hankalin da ake yi tsakanin 'yan MPLA da FNLA. Tashin hankali na ƙarshe shine korar da aka yi a watan Agusta na Babban Kwamishinan Portugal Antonio da Silva Cardoso wanda ƙoƙarinsa na yin sarauta a cikin MPLA ya sami goyon bayan FNLA. FNLA ta ga madadinta daya tilo a matsayin soja bayan an kore ta daga Luanda. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1975, Portugal ta dakatar da yarjejeniyar Alvor, in ban da samun 'yancin kai a watan Nuwamba, da kuma janye sojojinta da ke nuni da karuwar tashe-tashen hankula ga mamayar Angola kafin wannan ranar.

 Ƙarin Taimakon Boyayyen Gwamnatin Amurka ga FNLA 
Gwamnatin Amurka ba ta yarda da shirin Portugal ba, kuma tana ganin cewa MPLA za ta karɓi mulki ta kafa gwamnati da Rasha ke mara wa baya. A ƙarshen watan Janairu 1975, kwamitin 40, wani ɓangare na gwamnatin Amurka, ya gana don nazarin tayin CIA na ba FNLA kuɗi dala $300,000 da UNITA $100,000. Kwamitin ya amince da kuɗin FNLA amma ba na UNITA ba. FNLA za ta yi amfani da kuɗin wajen sayen jaridu da tashoshin rediyo. Baya ga kuɗin, Amurka ta samar da makamai ga Zaire wanda daga nan aka mikawa FNLA, kuma ta kuma tura dubban sojoji. Da wannan tallafin, Roberto ya yi imanin cewa duk wani haɗin gwiwa da sauran ƙungiyoyi za a iya watsar da shi, kuma hakan zai sa Tarayyar Soviet ta ƙara taimaka wa MPLA. A watan Yuni 1975, CIA ta buƙaci taro da kwamitin 40 domin bayar da shawarar ƙarin taimako ga FNLA. Ba a yanke hukunci ba har sai bayan wata guda saboda Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Amurka (NSC) da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka sun so su tantance shawarar. Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Waje Nathaniel Davies ya ƙi ƙarin taimako, yana ganin ba zai sa FNLA ta zama ƙarfin soja kamar MPLA ba sai da kuɗi da yawa sosai; zai ƙara shigar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuba cikin rikicin kuma yana tsoron Afirka Ta Kudu za ta tsoma baki wanda hakan zai kawo illa ga martabar Amurka a Afirka, don haka mafita ita ce diflomasiyya. Henry Kissinger ya tabbatar da cewa ra'ayin NSC ya fi tasiri, cewa taimako ba diflomasiyya ba zai hana MPLA cin nasara, don haka an amince da taimakon dala miliyan 14 ga FNLA da UNITA a watan Yuli, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa dala miliyan 25 a watan Agusta, sannan ya kai dala miliyan 32 a watan Satumba. Wannan taimako ya zama sananne da suna Operation IA Feature. Tsarin boyayyen CIA ya fara tura kayayyaki zuwa FNLA ta hanyar Zaire da Zambia, kuma har zuwa watan Nuwamba 1975, an iya tura APC guda 12, SAM guda 50, mortar 1000, bindigogi da mashin-guna 50,000, ƙunƙun wuta 100,000, harsasai miliyan 25, manyan motoci 60, tireloli, ƙanƙanan jiragen ruwa, rediyo, kayan gyara, magunguna da abinci, tare da horo daga tsofaffin jami’an sojin Amurka da jiragen leƙen asiri guda biyar da kuma mayakan haya. CIA ta naɗa John Stockwell don jagorantar rundunar aikin Angola, amma ya gano cewa da dama daga cikin jami’an CIA ba sa ganin FNLA na da ƙarfin doke MPLA, kuma hakan ya tabbata lokacin da ya ziyarci Angola inda ya gano ƙarancin goyon bayan siyasa ga ƙungiyar, da kuma tsoron cewa shigar sojojin Afirka Ta Kudu cikin Angola zai lalata matsayin diflomasiyyar Amurka a Afirka.

 Gazawar Gwamnatin Wucin Gadi 
Cikin sa’o’i 24 bayan yarjejeniyar Alvor, fada ya ɓarke a Luanda tsakanin FNLA da MPLA tare da ƙarin tashin hankali a ranar 23 ga Maris lokacin da Lopo do Nascimento na MPLA ya tsira daga yunƙurin kisa da FNLA ta yi masa. An ce gazawar gwamnatin wucin gadi ta faru ne sakamakon rashin ƙwarin gwiwa daga gwamnatin Portugal a cikin harkokin Angola, yayin da take fuskantar yunƙurin juyin mulki a Lisbon da Janar Spinola ya jagoranta, da kuma rashin niyyar sojojin Portugal na ci gaba da zama a Angola da kawo ƙarshen rikici tsakanin MPLA da FNLA. Abu na ƙarshe da ya haifar da rikici shi ne korar Babban Kwamishinan Portugal Antonio da Silva Cardoso a watan Agusta, wanda yunƙurinsa na hana MPLA faɗa ya samu goyon bayan FNLA. FNLA ta ga cewa mafita ɗaya da ta rage mata ita ce ta soja, bayan da aka kore ta daga Luanda. A ranar 29 ga Agusta 1975, Portugal ta dakatar da yarjejeniyar Alvor sai dai bangaren 'yancin kai a watan Nuwamba da kuma janye dakarunta, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin rikici da neman iko a Angola kafin lokacin.

 Taimakon ɓoye na Amurka ga FNLA ya karu 
Gwamnatin Amurka ba ta yarda cewa shirin Portugal zai yi aiki ba, kuma ta yi imani cewa MPLA za ta kwace mulki tare da kafa gwamnati mai goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet. A ƙarshen watan Janairu 1975, Kwamitin 40, wani ɓangare na bangaren zartarwa na gwamnatin Amurka, ya gana kuma ya duba wata shawara daga CIA don tallafa wa FNLA da dala 300,000 da UNITA da dala 100,000. Kwamitin ya amince da bayar da kuɗin ga FNLA amma ba ga UNITA ba. An tsara amfani da kuɗin ne domin FNLA ta sayi jaridu da gidajen rediyo. Bayan kuɗin, Amurka ta ba Zaire makamai, wadda ita kuma ta mika su ga FNLA, har da dubban sojoji. Tare da wannan tallafi, Roberto ya yi imani cewa za a iya watsar da duk wata haɗin gwiwa a gaba, wanda hakan zai janyo Tarayyar Soviet ta ƙara taimako ga MPLA. A watan Yuni 1975, CIA ta nemi wani zama da Kwamitin 40 don gabatar da ƙarin tayin taimako ga FNLA. Ba a yanke hukunci ba har na tsawon wata guda domin Majalisar Tsaron Kasa ta Amurka (NSC) da Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka suna son su sake duba batun. Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Waje Nathaniel Davies ya ƙi ƙarin taimako, domin yana ganin ba zai sa FNLA ta kai ƙarfinta na soja daidai da MPLA ba sai da kuɗi masu yawa; hakan zai ƙara tsoma bakin Soviet da Cuba, kuma yana tsoron shigowar Afirka ta Kudu cikin rikicin wanda zai kawo illa ga diflomasiyyar Amurka a Afirka, don haka mafita ita ce ta diflomasiyya. Henry Kissinger ya tabbatar da cewa ra’ayin NSC ya yi rinjaye cewa taimako, ba diflomasiyya ba, zai hana MPLA ta yi nasara, don haka a watan Yuli an amince da dala miliyan 14 don FNLA da UNITA, sannan ya karu zuwa dala miliyan 25 a watan Agusta da kuma dala miliyan 32 a watan Satumba. Wannan taimako ya zama sananne da suna "Operation IA Feature". Shirin ɓoye na CIA ya fara aikewa da kayan tallafi ga FNLA ta hanyar Zaire da Zambiya, inda a watan Nuwamba 1975 suka riga sun tura APC guda 12, SAM guda 50, mortar guda 1000, bindigogi da na'ura mai sarrafa kansu guda 50,000, bam-bam 100,000, harsasai miliyan 25, motoci 60, tireloli, ƙananan jiragen ruwa, rediyo, kayan gyara, magunguna da abinci tare da horo daga tsoffin jami'an sojan Amurka da jiragen leƙen asiri guda biyar da maharba na haya. CIA ta nada John Stockwell don shugabantar aikin Angola, amma ya gano cewa da dama daga cikin ma'aikatan CIA ba su yarda da ikon FNLA na doke MPLA ba, kuma hakan ya tabbata lokacin da ya ziyarci Angola ya gano rashin goyon bayan siyasa ga ƙungiyar, tare da fargabar cewa shigowar sojojin Afirka ta Kudu cikin rikicin zai lalata matsayin Amurka a diflomasiyyar Afirka.

Yan Afirka ta Kudu sun shiga yakin basasa 
Dangane da harin da aka kai a kusa da tashar ruwa ta Calueque, sojojin Afirka ta Kudu sun shiga Angola don kare muradunta a cikin ginin kuma wannan aikin ya ci gaba zuwa Operation Savannah don taimakawa FNLA da UNITA don samun iko da kudanci da tsakiyar Angola kafin ranar samun 'yancin kai a watan Nuwamba.  shiga ya zama ilimin jama'a, Amurka ta nisanta kansu. 'Yan Afirka ta Kudu sun ci gaba da zuwa kusa da Luanda daga kudanci yayin da wasu 'yan tsirarun sojojin Afirka ta Kudu da masu ba da shawara suka goyi bayan FNLA a arewa.

 FNLA ta kai hari Luanda 
Ba tare da iko da Luanda a ranar 'yancin kai ba, Roberto ya ga cewa ikon FNLA na kasa da kasa zai kasance cikin shakku. Harin 'dace' kawai a Luanda ya kasance daga arewa ta hanyar Quifangondo.</ref>{rp|13} 1980 da Cuba  Ambrizete daga FNLA sannan ya ci gaba da zuwa hedkwatarsu a São Salvador hanyarta da sojojin hayar kasashen waje ke karewa karkashin Kanar Callan da wasu jiga-jigan FNLA. Tare da Kanar Callan ya aikata munanan laifuka a cikin yakin da ya hada da nasa FNLA.  An kama São Salvador a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1976. 'Yan Afirka ta Kudu sun janye daga Angola a ranar 27 ga Maris 1976 bayan sun sami garanti daga Angola da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan amincin kayan aiki a cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Calueque.  name=George/> Abubuwan FNLA da suka shiga a matsayin Task Force Zulu na Afirka ta Kudu, an sake gyara su zuwa Bataliya 32.

Rushewar soji na FNLA

A ranar 29 ga Fabrairun 1976, shugaban Angola Agostinho Neto da shugaban kasar Zairiya Mobuto Sese Seko sun gana a Brazzaville don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hana cin zarafi da nufin ganin an kawo karshen goyon bayan Angola ga 'yan tawayen Katanga a cikin kasarsu yayin da 'yan Zairian suka yi alkawarin korar FNLA da UNITA daga sansanonin da ke Zaire amma yarjejeniyar ba ta kasance a cikin watan Maris ba.  1977. Mamayewar Shaba II da aka yi wa lardin Shaba na kasar Angola a watan Mayun 1978, da 'yan awaren da ke gabashin Angola suka yi, shi ne farkon karshen kungiyar FNLA da ke da hedkwata a Zaire.<ref name=George|13}Shugaban kasar Zaire  Sese Seko ya sake haduwa a Brazzaville a watan Yunin 1978 inda aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sulhu tsakanin kasashen biyu. Sakamakon wannan yarjejeniya ya sa shugaban kasar Zairi Holden Roberto ya yi gudun hijira zuwa [Gabon] a watan Nuwamba 1979 a lokacin da yake Faransa don neman magani.  book|last=George|first=Edward|title=Shigarwar Cuban a Angola, 1965-1991|shekara=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415350150}}</ref><ref name=Kosnett  Roberto ya bar, yanzu ana kiransa FNLA-COMIRA (Kwamitin Resistance Military na Angola) amma ya daina wanzuwa ta 1983.

 Manazarta 
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