I. C. Meer

Ismail Chota Meer  (5 Satumba 1918 - 1 ga Mayu 2000), wani lokacin ana rubuta Ismael Meer, lauya ne, marubuci, kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata. Ya kasance sakataren jam'iyyar Transvaal Indian Congress a lokacin shugaban ƙasa Yusuf Dadoo, sannan ya riƙe muƙaman jagoranci a jam'iyyar Natal Indian Congress da African Indian Congress. Bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, ya wakilci jam'iyyar African National Congress a majalisar dokokin KwaZulu-Natal daga watan Mayu 1994 har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Mayun 2000.

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Meer a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba 1918 a Waschbank, wani ƙaramin gari a arewacin lardin Natal (yanzu KwaZulu-Natal).  Mahaifinsa, Chota Meer, ya yi hijira daga Surat, Indiya zuwa Natal a shekarar 1893, ya buɗe babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki mai suna CA Meer a Dundee kusa.  Yana matashi lokacin da kasuwancin mahaifinsa ya ruguje a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, kuma ya koma tsakiyar birnin Durban don neman aiki. Ya yi karatun digiri a cikin shekarar 1939 a Kwalejin Sastri a Berea, Durban.

Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Meer ya kammala digiri na BA a Jami'ar Natal, inda ya kasance shugaban majalisar wakilai na ɗalibai.  Daga nan sai ya koma Johannesburg don yin karatun lauya a Jami'ar Witwatersrand. Ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1946 kuma ya ci gaba da zama lauya; shekaru da yawa daga shekarun 1951, ya gudanar da aikin shari'a a Verulam, Natal.

 Gwagwarmayar siyasa 
Bayan shiga ƙungiyar  Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Turai a makarantar sakandare, Meer ya ƙara shiga siyasa a matsayin ɗalibin jami'a. Yayin da yake Jami'ar Natal, ya kasance yana da hannu musamman a ƙungiyar ƙwadago, ya zama mai haɗin gwiwa kuma sakatare na ƙungiyar malamai ta Natal yayin da yake ɗalibi. A Johannesburg, ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Liberal na hagu, da Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC).  Gidan sa na Johannesburg, Flat 13 a Khholvad House a Titin Kasuwa, ya zama wurin taro ga abokan karatunsa masu fafutuka a siyasance;  Daga baya Nelson Mandela ya bayyana a matsayin "wani irin hedikwatar matasa masu fafutukar 'yanci".  A cikin shekarar Flat 13 ya kuma zama mashawarcin siyasa ga Ahmed Kathrada, wanda ya ce a cikin tarihinsa cewa Meer ya kasance, "fiye da mutum - shi ma'aikata ne".  Tasirin siyasarsa ya haɗa da Jawaharlal Nehru da Clements Kadalie . 

A cikin shekarar 1946, an zaɓi Meer ya zama sakataren TIC, yana aiki ƙarƙashin sabon zaɓaɓɓen shugaban TIC Yusuf Dadoo.  Karkashin jagorancin Dadoo, TIC ta kaddamar da yakinta na kin amincewa da dokar Ghetto, da kuma rungumarta a hankali ga jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) da sauran kungiyoyin siyasa wadanda ba na Indiya ba; An ɗauki Meer a matsayin jigon kayan aiki a ɓangarorin biyu.  Har ila yau, ya ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen ci gaba daban-daban - ciki har da ta hanyar wani shafi na yau da kullum mai suna I Tuna a cikin jaridar Jagora - kuma shi ne editan Passive Resister, wani littafi na Johannesburg wanda ya ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin yakin Ghetto na tsawon shekaru biyu. 

A cikin shekarar 1950s, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin lauya a Verulam, Meer ya ci gaba da yin siyasa a cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da wariyar launin fata. A cikin shekarar 1952, ya kasance a cikin kwamitin zartarwa na Kamfen na Dindindin, kuma a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba a waccan shekarar ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan rashin biyayya na yakin neman zaɓe; an kama shi aka ɗaure shi na wata guda da wahala.  Ya ci gaba da zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Natal Indian Congress kuma shugaban reshen Natal na kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Shi da matarsa dukkansu sun fuskanci hukuncin haramtawa a cikin shekarar 1954, kuma - bayan an kama shi yayin da yake murmurewa daga tiyata  yana cikin masu fafutuka 156 da aka tuhume su da cin amanar ƙasa a cikin shekarar 1956 Trial Trial. Ko da yake an wanke shi daga laifin cin amanar ƙasa, an sake tsare shi a lokacin dokar ta-ɓaci ta shekarar 1960. Sakamakon hana oda na jihohi, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a faɗi ko buga kalmomin Meer tsakanin shekarun 1952 zuwa 1990, kodayake ya ci gaba da rubutawa a ƙarƙashin sunan sa.

 Aikin siyasa bayan wariyar launin fata 
A shekarar 1990 ne aka haramta wa ANC takunkumi a tattaunawar kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, kuma an zaɓi Meer a matsayin shugaban reshen jam'iyyar a Durban West.  Ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar ANC a zaɓen farko bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata a watan Afrilun 1994 kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin KwaZulu-Natal. Ya ci gaba da zama bayan zaɓen gama gari na watan Yuni 1999.  A wannan lokacin, ya kuma kafa Gidauniyar Tarihin 'Yanci, wacce ta haɓaka bincike da ilimi na tarihi game da abubuwan da aka yi watsi da su na gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. 

Yayin da yake aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisa, Meer ya mutu a cikin barcinsa a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu 2000 a gidansa a Clare Estate, Durban.  A cikin watan Afrilu 2011,  Shugaba Jacob Zuma shigar da shi posthumously ga Order of Luthuli, ba shi da lambar yabo na azurfa domin  gudunmuwar da ya ba ƙabilanci  da dimokuraɗiyya Afirka ta Kudu, gwagwarmayar 'yanci, ma'aikata yancin da kuma ga samuwar Natal Teachers' Union."

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
A cikin watan Maris 1951,  ya auri Fatima Meer, wacce ita ce kakanin mahaifinsa.  Ɗansu, Rashid, ya rasu a wani hatsarin mota a shekarar 1995. Sun kuma haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Shamim da Shehnaz.  Meer ya kasance musulmi; ya yawaita gabatar da khutbah jumu'ah kuma yana karantar da tafsiri a masallacinsa, kuma ya yi aikin hajji tare da matarsa a shekarar 1984. 

Bayan mutuwar Meer, iyalinsa sun gyara tare da buga tarihin rayuwarsa, A Sa'a Mutum, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2002 da kalmar farko ta Nelson Mandela. 

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Na Tuna - ginshiƙan da Meer ya tattara (1924-1958)
 Hira ta farko da Don Pinnock (1990)
 Hira ta biyu da Don Pinnock (1990)
Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1918
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba