Kungiyar Kwastam ta Kudancin Afirka

Kungiyar Kwastam ta Kudancin Afirka ( SACU ) ita ce kungiyar kwastam tsakanin kasashe biyar na Kudancin Afirka: Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibiya da Afirka ta Kudu . Hedkwatarta tana Windhoek babban birnin Namibiya. An kafa shi a cikin shekara  ta 1910.

 Tarihi 
SACU ita ce ƙungiyar kwastan mafi tsufa a duniya. 

An kafa ƙungiyar kwastam ta farko a yankin a cikin shekara ta 1889 tsakanin Burtaniya Cape Colony da Jamhuriyar Boer ta Orange Free State. A cikin shekara  ta 1891 British Bechuanaland da Basutoland sun haɗu, sai Bechuanaland Protectorate a 1893 da Natal a 1899. Daidai da wannan tsari, jamhuriyar Boer ta Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu da Swaziland (a lokacin da ke kare Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu) sun kafa kungiyar kwastam a shekara ta 1894.
Bayan yakin Boer na biyu, da kuma kafa ikon Birtaniyya a kan jamhuriyar Boer, an kafa kungiyar kwastam ta Kudancin Afirka a cikin 1903 tare da sanya hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya kuma ta maye gurbin shirye-shiryen da suka gabata. Ya ƙunshi Cape Colony (wanda Bechuanaland ta Biritaniya ta kasance a cikin 1895), Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, Natal, Orange River Colony (tsohuwar Jihar Orange Free), Transvaal Colony (tsohuwar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu), da Kudancin Rhodesia. Swaziland ta shiga cikin 1904 kuma North-yammacin Rhodesia ta shiga cikin 1905. A cikin 1906 an sanya hannu kan wani babban taro wanda ya maye gurbin yarjejeniyar 1903 kuma ya riƙe duk membobin da suka gabata.   A cikin tsarinta na yanzu an kafa shi a cikin 1910  bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Kwastam tsakanin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu da Babban Hukumar Yankunan Bechuanaland, Basutoland da Swaziland. Kudancin Rhodesia da Arewa maso yammacin Rhodesia (daga baya ya zama Arewacin Rhodesia bayan 1911) ya ƙi shiga yarjejeniyar 1910  amma ya kiyaye jadawalin kuɗin fito na yau da kullun da shirye-shiryen ciniki na kyauta tare da Afirka ta Kudu da Babban Hukumomin Hukumar (tare da wasu bambance-bambance da keɓancewa) daga 1910 har zuwa 1935. An yi ƙoƙari a cikin 1949 don sake kafa ƙungiyar kwastan tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Kudancin Rhodesia, amma abin ya ci tura. 

Da zuwan 'yancin kai ga yankuna na Babban Hukumar, an sabunta yarjejeniyar kuma, a ranar 11 ga Disamba shekara ta 1969, an sake kaddamar da ita a matsayin SACU tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Lesotho da Swaziland . Ƙungiyar da aka sabunta ta fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Maris shekara ta 1970. Bayan Namibiya ta sami 'yancin kai daga Afirka ta Kudu a 1990, ta shiga SACU a matsayin memba ta biyar, kodayake ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar kwastan tun lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ta mamaye ta a 1915  (tare da yanayin da aka tsara a 1921 tare da shirye-shirye tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka ).  Tarihi SACU Afirka ta Kudu ce ke gudanar da shi, ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar 1910 da 1969. Kungiyar kwastam ta tattara haraji kan samar da gida da kuma harajin kwastam kan shigo da membobi daga wajen SACU.

Tun daga 2007, Babban Sakatare na SACU shine Tswelopele C. Moremi. Paulina Mbala Elago, 'yar ƙasar Namibiya, ta zama babbar sakatariyar a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2014 na tsawon shekaru biyar. An nada Thabo David Khasipe a matsayin babban sakatare a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2023.

 Kasashe membobi 
+Filayen saman ƙasa da yawan jama'a  Ƙasa Yanki
(km 2 )  Yawan jama'a 581,730 2,630,296 17,360 1,201,670 30,360 2,305,825 824,290 2,567,012 1,219,090 59,893,885

 Ayyuka da tsari 
Kungiyar ta yi taro duk shekara don tattaunawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi yarjejeniyar. Bugu da kari, kwamitin tuntuɓar fasaha na kwastam, kwamitin hulɗar kasuwanci da masana'antu da kwamitin wucin gadi kan harkokin noma kowanne na yin taro sau uku a shekara.

Manufarta ita ce kiyaye mu'amalar kayayyaki kyauta tsakanin kasashe membobi. Ya samar da kudin fito na waje daya da kudin fito na bai daya ga wannan yanki na kwastam. Duk kwastam da kadarori da aka tara a yankin kwastam na gama gari ana biyansu ne cikin asusun tattara kudaden shiga na Afirka ta Kudu. Ana raba kudaden shiga tsakanin membobin bisa ga tsarin raba kudaden shiga, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin yarjejeniyar. Afirka ta Kudu ce mai kula da wannan tafkin. Hannun jarin BLNS ne kawai ake ƙididdigewa, tare da Afirka ta Kudu ta riƙe ragowar. Kudaden shiga na SACU ya ƙunshi babban kaso na kudaden shiga na jihohi na ƙasashen BLNS.

 Ci gaba da Tsari 

Bayan kafa Gwamnatin Hadin Kan Kasa a Afirka ta Kudu a watan Afrilu na 1994, ƙasashe mambobi sun yarda cewa ya kamata a sake tattauna yarjejeniyar da ake da ita domin samun dimokiraɗiyya a cikin SACU da kuma inganta bukatun mambobin SACU. Saboda haka, Ministocin Harkokin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu daga ƙasashe mambobi biyar sun hadu a Pretoria a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1994 domin tattauna sake fasalin yarjejeniyar 1969. Ministocin sun kafa Tawagar Aiki ta Kwastan (CUTT) domin bayar da shawarwari. CUTT ta gudanar da tarurruka da dama a ƙasashe mambobi, inda suka bayyana cewa an samu ci gaba mai kyau wajen sake tattaunawar.

A taron ministocin kasuwanci da kudi na ƙasashen SACU da aka yi a Centurion, Pretoria a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2000, ministocin sun cimma matsaya game da ƙa'idodin gyara tsarin ƙungiyar. An kafa tsarin gudanarwar tafkin kudaden shiga kamar haka:

Majalisar Ministoci Wacce ke kunshe da minista ɗaya daga kowanne ƙasa mamba, za ta zama babbar hukuma mai yanke shawara ta SACU, kuma za ta rika ganawa a kowane kwata. Shawarwarin za su kasance bisa ga yarda da juna.
Hukumar Gudanarwa Tana kunshe da manyan jami'ai da kuma kwamitocin fasaha guda uku, tare da kwamitin harkokin noma da aka kafa.
Kotun Shar'ar Kwastan Wata hukuma mai zaman kanta wacce ta ƙunshi ƙwararru. Za ta rika kai rahoto kai tsaye ga Majalisar Ministoci. Ita ke da alhakin saita haraji da kuma kula da tsarin dakile farashi mara adalci.
Sakatariya Ita ce ke kula da ayyukan yau da kullum na tafkin. Za a rika biyan kudinta daga tafkin kudaden shiga. Wurin da za a kafa ta zai kasance ne bisa shawarar manyan jami’ai da za su gudanar da wani taro bayan wata guda domin tsara aiwatar da sabon tsarin SACU.

Ministocin SACU sun kuma yarda cewa rabo na kudaden shiga ga kowanne kasa mamba zai kasance ne daga sassa uku masu zuwa:
 Rabo daga tafkin kwastam;
 Rabo daga tafkin harajin kaya;
 Rabo daga bangaren ci gaba.

Kamar yadda aka amince, za a raba waɗannan kamar haka:
 Sashen kwastam zai kasu ne bisa ga kason kowanne ƙasa a cikin cinikayyar cikin SACU, har da sake fitarwa.
 Sashen haraji, bayan cire sashen ci gaba, za a raba bisa la'akari da GDP.
 Sashen ci gaba zai kasance kashi 15% na tafkin haraji gaba ɗaya kuma za a raba shi ga mambobin SACU bisa ga jujjuyawar GDP da yawan jama'a.

Yayin da SACU ta kulla yarjejeniya ta kasuwanci da ƙasashe huɗu na European Free Trade Association a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2006, tattaunawarta da Amurka dangane da yarjejeniyar kasuwanci kyauta sun tsaya cak (har zuwa 8 Janairu 2008).USTR – Southern African Customs Union Free Trade Agreement 

SACU tana cikin tattaunawar yarjejeniya ta kasuwanci – wato Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) – da EU, kuma ƙungiyar ta aike da wasiƙa ga Kwamishinan Harkokin Kasuwanci na EU, Karel De Gucht, tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris 2010, suna roƙon EU da kada su tilasta amincewa da aiwatar da EPAs a zagayen tattaunawa na gaba ba tare da la'akari da damuwar ƙasashen SACU ba. De Gucht ya mayar da martani da cewa yana son "ya gayyaci ƙasashen SADC EPA da abin ya shafa su hanzarta kammala sanya hannu, sanarwa da kuma aiwatar da EPA na wucin gadi" da cewa "a halin yanzu, EU ta shirya sosai wajen warware duk batutuwan da suke jiran bayani." 

 Manazarta