Tsarin Bouri

Tsarin Bouri jerin abubuwan ajiya ne wanda shine tushen burbushin Australopithecine da Homo (wato, hominin), kayan tarihi, da ƙasusuwan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa tare da alamun yanka daga yanka tare da kayan aiki ta farkon hominins. Tana cikin Kwarin Awash na Tsakiya, a Habasha, Gabashin Afirka, kuma wani bangare ne na Afar Depression wanda ya samar da wuraren burbushin halittu masu arziki kamar Gona da Hadari.

Tsarin Bouri ya shimfiɗa da yawa daga cikin tsawon da faɗin "ƙauyen" Bouri, wanda ke aiki a fadin busassun gado na Afar Depression. Tsarin ya isa ya rushe don fallasa mambobi uku na ilimin ƙasa ko yadudduka: Hatayae, Dakanihylo, da Herto. An gano gawar mutum tare da alamun cewa an shirya su don binnewa a cikin Upper Herto layers.

 Ilimin ƙasa 
"Kudancin tsibirin" wani geological fault-relieved horst wanda ya karkatar da Kogin Awash, ya samar da wani bangare madatsar ruwa kuma ya haifar da Tafkin Yardi; kuma ya ƙunshi Bouri Formation. Yankin yana da nisan kilomita 4 da nisan nisan kilomita 10, kuma yana cikin hanyar NNW-SSE a cikin Yankin rift na Quaternary-period a kudancin yankin Afar Depression (Afar Triangle).  Clark JD, Beyene Y, WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Renne PR, Gilbert H, Defleur A, Suwa G, Katoh S, Ludwig KR, Boisserie JR, Asfaw B, White TD. (2003). Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature. 423(6941):747-52. de Heinzelin J, Clark JD, White T, Hart W, Renne P, WoldeGabriel G, Beyene Y, Vrba E. (1999). Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science. 284(5414):625-9.  Asfaw B, White T, Lovejoy O, Latimer B, Simpson S, Suwa G. (1999). Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science. 284(5414):629-35.  Asfaw B, Gilbert WH, Beyene Y, Hart WK, Renne PR, WoldeGabriel G, Vrba ES, White TD. (2002). Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature. 416(6878):317-20. 

Tsarin Bouri yanki ne mai kauri mai kauri kimanin mita 80 wanda ke shimfiɗa da yawa daga cikin tsawon da numfashi na tsibirin. Halitta ta kunshi raka'a uku na ilimin ƙasa, waɗanda ake kira mambobi, daga abin da aka tono burbushin halittu da kayan tarihi na lokuta daban-daban na juyin halitta na ɗan adam. Su ne: mafi ƙasƙanci, mai suna Hatayae, ko Hata, wanda aka rubuta shekaru miliyan 2.5 da suka gabata (mya) - kuma inda aka sami burbushin Australopithecus garhi; Dakanihylo, ko Daka, memba, mya ɗaya - burbushin Homo erectus an samo su; kuma memba na Herto, Lower Layer a 260 kya, da Upper Layer a 160 zuwa 154 kya - burbushi na Homo sapiens idaltu ne.

Yankin yana da mahimmanci saboda tectonics mai aiki a cikin Afar Depression ya haifar da wurare daban-daban ga hominins na farko a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata da aka sani da Plio-Pleistocene. Wadannan wuraren zama, waɗanda aka shimfiɗa a cikin duwatsu, tun daga lokacin An ɗaga shi, wanda ya ba da damar rushewa su a tsawon lokaci da kuma samun damar su a yau ga masu ilimin ɗan adam. Girgizar dutsen wuta ta bar yadudduka na dutsen wuta wanda ke ba da damar daidaitaccen kwanan wata na ajiyar sedimentary ta hanyar Argon-argon dating.

 Hatayae 
Layer na Hatayae yana da kauri 40 m a tushe kuma ya ƙunshi yumbu mai laushi da paleosols, zeolitic da bentonitic tuffs, carbonates waɗanda ke pedogenic, sandstone tare da Bivalve da gastropod shells, da mudstone. An ajiye shi a cikin ambaliyar ruwa tare da tashoshin delta na kogi da tafkin da ba shi da zurfi wanda aka tsara zuwa kusan 2.5 mya.

A cikin memba na Hatayae an sami ragowar Australopithecus garhi, mafi cikakkiyar samfurin wanda shine BOU-VP-12/130. A cewar Asfaw da White, da sauransu (1999), wannan nau'in ya fito ne daga Australopithecus afarensis kuma kakanninmu ne na Homo na farko. "

Bincike gabaɗaya ya kasa bayyana adadi mai yawa na Kayan aikin dutse. Bayani mai yiwuwa shine rashin albarkatun kasa a gefen tafkin, wanda, bi da bi, mai yiwuwa ne saboda rashin rafi masu ƙarfi don ɗaukar duwatsu masu girman hannu da kuma rashin ɓarkewar basalt da ke kusa.

Duk da ƙarancin, an sami wasu ƙwayoyin da aka ware da kuma warwatse da yawa da kuma flakes na fasahar Mode I. Masu tonowa (de Heinzelin, et al., 2002) sun ba da rahoton: "..bincikenmu da tonowa sun nuna cewa farkon hominids [hominins] suna amfani da kayan aikin dutse a kan shimfidar wuri na Pliocene-Hata"; kuma: "A halin yanzu ba zai yiwu a gano masu kirkirar kayan aikin dutsen farko a nan ko a Gona ba, duk da cewa A. garhi shine kawai sanannen hominid [hominin] taxon a halin yanzu wanda aka dawo da shi daga turɓaya. "

Kasancewar kayan aikin dutse kuma an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ƙasusuwan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa - kamar su alcelaphinae (Wildebeest related bovids) da Hipparion, wani nau'in doki mai yatsun uku - wanda ke nuna alamun yankan nama da hominins suka hada da wadanda aka yi wajen cire harshen dabba. "Waɗannan sune alamun da aka rubuta na farko da hominids [hominins] suka yi, waɗanda ake zaton suna sarrafa waɗannan ƙasusuwa don ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ke ƙunshe"; kuma, "Waɗansu sune alamun yankan da aka rubuta da farko da homnids [homenins] suka kammala. " Kamar yadda masu tonowa suka kammala, shaidar daga shafin ta nuna "..babban aikin kayan aikin da aka sani na farko shine nama da kwakwalwa na manyan gawawwakin. " Wannan tsari ne ya kiyaye shi da kyau.

 Dakanihylo 
Layer na Dakanihylo (Daka) yana da 22 zuwa 45 m kauri kuma ya ƙunshi dutsen pumice wanda aka gicciye; yana cikin rabin kudancin Bouri horst kuma an rubuta shi zuwa 1 mya. Abubuwan da aka samo a cikin Layer sun nuna bude ciyawa - wasu nau'ikan shanu 377 (ciki har da sababbin nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku da sababbin nauʼikan biyu); da wuraren zama na ruwa - nau'ikan Kobus antelope da Hippopotamus mai yawa.An kuma sami kayan aikin dutse na farko na Acheulean kamar su gatari na hannu da cleavers a cikin memba na Daka, da kuma shaidar aikin yanka a kan kasusuwa, bovid da hippo.

Burbushin Homo erectus sun haɗa da samfurin BOU-VP-2/66, ko kwanyar Daka, kwanyar da ba ta cika ba wacce ke da ƙarfin Endocranial na 995 cm3.  Wadannan burbushin (na H. erectus) suna da mahimmanci ga muhawara ta yanzu game da ko Asiya da Afirka H.H. erectus sun kasance nau'ikan mutane daban-daban. Asfaw, et al. (2002) sun ba da rahoton: 1) cewa waɗannan burbushin ba su goyi bayan "..tunanin zurfin cladogenesis tsakanin Afirka da Asiya H. erectus ..."; da 2) "..cewa rarrabawar ƙasa na farkon H.H. erectus zuwa nau'ikan jinsuna daban-daban yana yaudarar halittu, ta hanyar ɗan adam yana haifar da bambancin jinsunan Pleistocene na farko. "  Bugu da ƙari, suna ba da shawarar cewa "..ta hanyar 1 Myr taxon ya mallaki yawancin Tsohon Duniya ba tare da bayyanawa ba.

 Herto 
Yankin Herto ya ƙunshi babban tsari mai kauri 15-20 m wanda aka samo a yankin kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Bouri. Rarraba tsakanin ƙananan da Upper Herto layers an nuna su ta hanyar rushewar da ke cike da duwatsu masu zagaye.

 Ƙananan Herto 
Wannan Layer yana gabatar da lignite, jijiyoyin pink carbonate, da yumbu mai laushi (na mafi yawan asalin tafkin) wanda ke dauke da burbushin gastropod da bivalve; an tsara shi zuwa dubban shekaru 260 da suka gabata (kya). An sami kayan aikin Late Acheulean da ke da alaƙa da ragowar hominin har yanzu ba a rarraba su ba. Mutane a cikin wannan mazaunin suna zaune kusa da tafkin ruwa mai laushi kuma suna kashe manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar Hippopotamids.DeHeinzelin J, Clark J D, Schick KD. Gilbert WH. (2000) The Acheulean and the Plio-Pleistocene Deposits of the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Annales  Sciences géologiques. 104: (whole issue). 

 Upper Herto 
Membin Upper Herto ya canza zuwa dutse mai launin rawaya (daga ajiyar ruwa da tafkin-margin na ƙananan Layer), kuma ya kasance tsakanin 160 da 154 kya. Nan da nan sama da yanayin rushewa wanda ke raba yadudduka biyu jerin sandstone ne na dutse dutse da kuma ajiyar dutse na kauri mai yawa. Yana nuna giciye-bedded sedimentation dauke da pumice duwatsu kuma ya samar da duk mutum burbushin da kayan aiki da aka samu a Upper Layer. Layer na sama yana saman dutsen wuta.[1] Layer biyu na dutsen wuta na toka mai kyau sun faru, daya kawai a ƙasa da burbushin hominin kuma daya kawai a sama; wannan muhimmin fasalin yana ba da damar daidaitaccen lokaci na argon-argon na shimfidar shimfidar wuri da burbushi, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a sama. Wannan yana da mahimmanci "..saboda daidaitattun kwanan wata na faunas da kayan tarihi na shafuka da yawa na wannan zamanin d ̄ a a cikin Afirka ta Pleistocene ya tabbatar da wahala. "[1]

A cikin wannan Layer an sami kayan aikin Middle Stone Age (MSA) da ragowar Homo sapiens idaltu. Yawancin kayan aikin sune scrapers, cleavers, da kuma nau'ikan lithic daban-daban; amma gatari na hannu, picks da blades suna da wuya. Yawancin kayan aikin dutse an yi su ne da basalt mai kyau ban da maki da takalma da aka yi daga obsidian. An yi da yawa tare da fasahar Levallois; waɗannan suna kama da waɗanda aka samu a cikin Garba III a Melka Kunture. Kamar yadda yake a Herto, Garba III ya haɗa da ƙafar hannu ta Acheulean, hanyar Levalloisian ta al'ada, da kayan aiki da yawa a kan flakes (scrapers na gefe da ƙarshen-scrapers, wuƙaƙe masu goyon baya, burins, maki na fuska da fuska biyu). An yi la'akari da taron Garba III a matsayin canji tsakanin Acheulean da MSA.A cikin wannan Layer an sami adadi mai yawa na ƙasusuwan Hippopotamus: "Wani abin da ya faru ya nuna raguwar da yawa na 'yan maraƙin hippo, galibi jarirai zuwa' yan makonni, warwatse tare da manya masu yanka".

 Ayyukan jana'izar 
Daga cikin 15 daga cikin 24 da aka dawo da su na mutane a cikin Upper Herto Layer sun yanke alamomi saboda cire nama mai laushi. Clark, et al., (2003) ya ba da rahoton cewa "Tsarin ƙarshe na gyaran ƙashi kusan ba ya samuwa a cikin hominid [hominin] ko kuma wadanda ba na ɗan adam ba ne ake sarrafawa don amfani, sabili da haka ba zai iya wakiltar shaidar halayyar amfani ko tattalin arziki ba. "A kan wani kwanyar, "..wannan magudi na ɓoyewa dole ne ya faru bayan cirewar mandible. Da gangan da ganganci da ganganci na ƙwayoyin jiki masu laushi kamar yadda aka karye, jijiyoyi da tsokoki masu tsokoki suna kewaye da duk gefen wannan yankin".

Nazarin Ethnographic akan al'adun zamani ya nuna cewa irin wannan magudi na bayan mutuwa na iya zama saboda "..warkarkar da ragowar mutum a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan jana'izar".

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