Cibiyar Zaɓuɓɓukan Dimokuradiyya a Afirka ta Kudu

Cibiyar Cibiyoyin Demokradiyya a Afirka ta Kudu (IDASA) daga baya da aka sani da Cibiyar Demokradiyyar a Afirka ta Kudancin kungiya ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce Frederik van Zyl Slabbert da Alex Boraine suka kafa a shekarar 1986. Da farko ya mayar da hankali daga 1987 shine ya haifar da yanayi ga fararen 'yan Afirka ta Kudu don yin magana da haramtacciyar' yanci a gudun hijira, African National Congress (ANC) kafin a dakatar da shi a 1990 da Shugaba F. W. de Klerk. Bayan zaben Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1994, ya mayar da hankali kan kafa cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya a kasar, nuna gaskiya ga siyasa da kyakkyawan shugabanci. An kama shi a cikin rikicin kudi bayan Babban Mawuyacin tattalin arziki, an rufe shi a cikin 2013.

An fi saninsa da Taron Dakar (wanda aka fi sani da Tattaunawar Dakar ko Dakar Initiative), taron tarihi tsakanin mambobin IDASA da ANC. An gudanar da shi a Dakar, Senegal, tsakanin 9 da 12 ga Yuli 1987. Taron ya tattauna batutuwa kamar dabarun kawo canji na asali a Afirka ta Kudu, hadin kan kasa, tsarin gwamnati da makomar tattalin arziki a Afirka ta kudu mai 'yanci. Wakilan IDASA daga Afirka ta Kudu sun halarci taron a cikin ikon kansu kuma daga baya gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu za ta yi Allah wadai da su saboda ganawa da kungiyar da aka haramta.

 Tarihi 
Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, memba na 'yan adawa ya yi murabus daga Jam'iyyar Tarayyar Progressive da majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a watan Janairun 1986, yana bayyana shi a matsayin mara amfani kuma zai bincika wasu hanyoyin tattaunawa tsakanin fararen fata da baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu.  Dokta Alex Boraine ma ya tafi tare da shi.

Van Zyl Slabbert da Boraine sun kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Jam'iyyar Democrat a Afirka ta Kudu (IDASA), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke da niyyar inganta dimokuradiyya a Afirka ta hanyar magana da mutane na dukkan kabilu a ciki da waje. Manufarta ta biyu ita ce ta sami hanyoyin da ba na launin fata ba da kuma dimokuradiyya ga tsarin wariyar launin fata na yanzu a Afirka ta Kudu. Ya fara ne da 'yan tsare-tsare da kuma kuɗi kaɗan.

Kamar yadda canjin siyasa ya faru a cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu, don haka IDASA ta daidaita aikinta da mayar da hankali tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. Wadannan an bayyana su a matsayin matakai shida: 

 Gina yanayi don dimokuradiyya (1986-1990) 
 Abokin hulɗa mai mahimmanci don sauyawa (1990-93) 
 Goyon bayan zaben tushe (1993-95) 
 Gina cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya (1995-98) 
 Karfafawa 'yan ƙasa (1998-2000) 
 Inganta amfani da dabarun da ke akwai a duk duniya

 Matsayin da ya taka kafin karshen wariyar launin fata 
Kafin taron tarihi da ya faru a 1987 a Dakar, taron farko na IDASA ya faru a Port Elizabeth a ranar 8-9 ga Mayu 1987, lokacin da wakilai 400 suka hadu don tattauna dimokuradiyya da alakarsa da gwamnati, aiki, ilimin kasuwanci, doka, kafofin watsa labarai da addini.  Amma taron Dakar ya samo asali ne aƙalla shekara guda da ta gabata. Slabbert, a cikin sadarwa tare da Thabo Mbeki, memba na Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta ANC, ya tattauna canjin halin da wasu daga cikin 'yan Afrikaner suka yi game da Afrikaner Nationalism da Apartheid. Daga cikin waɗannan tattaunawar da tarurruka, an samar da ra'ayi don yiwuwar ganawa tsakanin su da ANC. Wannan zai zama canji daga manufofin 'yan adawa na yanzu na White liberal na ƙoƙarin tilasta canjin siyasa daga cikin tsarin majalisa, zuwa ga ƙwararrun Afrikaner da ke daukar mataki kai tsaye wajen tsara makomar shugabancin Afirka ta Kudu.

Daga baya a 1986, Slabbert da Breyten Breytenbach sun hadu a Tsibirin Gorée na Dakar a Senegal kuma sun yanke shawarar cewa birnin ya zama wurin taron. Daga nan sai su biyun suka kusanci George Soros don taimakawa wajen tallafawa taron, wanda zai yi, amma yana da shakku cewa taron zai cimma wani abu ga Afirka ta Kudu. Taron da ya faru a watan Yulin 1987 daga baya za a san shi da Taron Dakar amma kuma an san shi da Tattaunawar Dakar ko Dakar Initiative. Ba zai sami zaman lafiya a Afirka ta Kudu ba ko kuma sulhu mara launin fata, amma yana iya ba da izini ga Afrikaners suyi magana da ANC.: 73 Shugaba PW Botha ya yi fushi da IDASA da wakilansa kuma ya ba da shawarar kwace fasfo ɗinsu kuma ya gabatar da dokar da ta kai matakin lissafin don hana kungiyar da sauransu amma bayan da IDADASA ta matsa wa jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje a Afirka ta Kudu, wannan matsin ya tilasta gwamnati ta sake duba lissafin kuma ba a taɓa hana shi ba.

Kudi zai fara gudana cikin asusun IDASA, kuma don kula da 'yancin kai, akwai rashin amincewa da karɓar kuɗi daga kamfanonin Afirka ta Kudu kamar yadda wannan zai iya haifar da fahimtar rikici na sha'awa kamar yadda fararen masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka tara kuɗi daga kasuwancin Ingila.: 23 Mai ba da gudummawa na farko zai zama ofishin jakadancin Norway kuma nan da nan wasu masu ba da gud gudummawa za su biyo baya kamar Joseph Rowntree Trust, Cadbury Trust da Gidauniyar Ford da Rockefeller.: 23 Gidauniyar Ford za ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 1.165 a cikin 1996, tushe wanda a al'ada ya ba da guddina ga $ 50,000 zuwa $ 200,000 ga kungiyoyin Afirka masu cancanta.: A cikin 1996, USAID za ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 1 a cikin shekaru biyu.: An kuma sami kudade masu yawa daga National Endowment for Democracy.

An kira taron ne a ranar 15-16 ga Yuli 1988, mai taken The Freedom Charter and the Future .  Wakilan taron za su tattauna Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci, wata yarjejeniya da aka kirkira a shekarar 1955, suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar muhimmancinta ga jam'iyyun adawa da baƙar fata a gudun hijira. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1988, IDASA za ta shirya taro a Leverkusen, Jamus. Zai haɗu da tawagar ANC wacce ta haɗa da Joe Slovo, shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACP) da tawagar Soviet ta malaman kimiyya. Manufar IDASA ita ce tattauna manufofin tattalin arziki na gaba don sabon rarraba Afirka ta Kudu. Wasu masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa wannan manufofin nan gaba ya ɗauki nau'in tattalin arziki na Neo-liberal.

IDASA za ta kuma shirya taro a Lusaka, Zambia, a watan Mayu 1990. : Zai haɗu da membobin Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu (SADF) da reshen soja na ANC, Umkhonto mu Sizwe (MK) don tattaunawa game da tsaro na gaba a sabuwar Afirka ta Kudu da kuma siffar sojojin tsaro na gaba.: Shugaba FW na Klerk bai riga ya ayyana afuwa ga membobin MK ba don haka Zambia dole ne ta zama wurin kuma SADF ba za ta iya amincewa da taron ba amma a hankali ta ƙarfafa manyan mambobi da mambobin da suka gabata su karɓi gayyatar.: 23 Taron kwana biyar zai kai ga yarjejeniya game da bukatar bangarorin biyu su ci gaba da dakatar da tashin hankali, kawo karshen aikin soja da kuma hadewar SADF, MK, sauran sojojin 'yanci da sojojin kare gida a cikin sabuwar kungiyar soja ba ta launin fata ba, ba ta siyasa ba.: 26 Wadannan ra'ayoyin za su zama tushen sabon Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu (SANDF).

A shekara ta 1992, IDASA ta kafa Cibiyar Horar da Dimokuradiyya a Johannesburg .  Ya yi niyyar inganta ra'ayoyin dimokuradiyya a cikin shugabannin al'ummomin Afirka ta Kudu tare da horo a falsafar dimokuradiya, tarihi da matakai.Har ila yau, a cikin 1992, an gudanar da wani taron da ake kira Policing in South Africa a cikin 1990s. A nan 'Yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu sun sadu da shugabannin siyasa da masana'antun' yan sanda don tattauna aikin 'yan sanda a cikin sabon tsarin siyasa na Afirka ta kudu, dawo da amincewa da girmamawa ga jama'a bayan shekaru da yawa da ake amfani da' yan sanda wajen aiwatar da dokoki da dokoki.

IDASA ta kuma shirya Safaris na Tsarin Mulki guda biyar daga 1992 zuwa 1994 inda mambobin jam'iyyun siyasa na gaba da ke tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Afirka ta Kudu suka sami damar ziyartar manyan jam'iyyu na siyasa a Turai, Arewacin Amurka da Ostiraliya don nazarin mafi kyawun aikin dimokuradiyya. Don shiga bangaren dama a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin Afirka ta Kudu ta dimokuradiyya ta gaba, IDASA ta kirkiro wani shirin da ake kira Dialogue with Conservatives kuma ta nemi shiga bangaren fararen dama kuma a ƙarshe za ta kawo Freedom Front zuwa ganawa da Nelson Mandela da ANC kuma ta tabbatar da shiga cikin Zaben Afirka ta Kudu na 1994 da rage barazanar masu nisa. 

 Matsayi Bayan Zaɓen 1994 

A shekarar 1994, IDASA ta sake suna zuwa Cibiyar Dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu domin nuna yanayin zaɓen 1994 da kuma sauyin tsarin mulki zuwa na dimokuraɗiyya. Wannan sauyi ya sa an canja manufa IDASA kuma a 1995, aka kafa Cibiyar Bayani ga Jama'a (PIC) don lura da yadda sabuwar gwamnati ke aiki da gaskiya da rikon amana ga al'umma, cikin matsayin aboki mai sukar gaskiya da kuma tasiri ga manufofin gwamnati. Har ila yau, an kafa Sabis na Bayani da Kula (PIMS) domin tallafa wa dimokuraɗiyya da ayyukan da suka dace da ƙa'ida cikin gwamnati ta hanyar shirye-shiryen horo kan dimokuraɗiyya da kuma miƙa ra'ayoyi zuwa kwamitocin majalisa.

A shekarar 1998, IDASA ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin shiri domin wayar da kan masu kada ƙuri’a game da zaɓen da ke tafe a 1999 ta hanyar horar da jami’an wayar da kan masu zaɓe da raba takardun ilimi kan kada ƙuri’a.

IDASA daga ƙarshe ta zama cibiya mai ɓangarori tara masu zaman kansu:
 All Media Group
 Budget Information Service
 Centre for Governance in Africa
 Community and Citizen Empowerment Programme
 Governance and Aids Programme
 Local Government Centre
 Peace Building and Conflict Resolution
 Right to Know Programme
 Southern African Migration Project

A shekarar 2005, IDASA ta nemi hukuncin kotu domin tilasta jam’iyyu su bayyana asalin kudaden tallafin siyasa. Wannan ƙalubalen na doka an yi shi ne domin gwada dokar Promotion of Access to Information Act, inda aka ambaci jam’iyyun ANC, Democratic Alliance, Inkatha Freedom Party da New National Party a cikin ƙarar. IDASA ta nemi jam’iyyun su bayyana sunayen masu ba su gudummawa, yawan kuɗin da aka bayar da kuma sharuddan da ke tattare da hakan, domin jama’a su tantance ko hakan na iya rinjayar yanke shawarar jam’iyyun. Wani alkalin babban kotu a Cape ya yanke hukunci kan IDASA, yana karɓar hujjar ANC cewa hanya ta doka ya kamata a bi da farko, kuma IDASA bata ɗaukaka ƙara ba.

A kokarin yada dimokuraɗiyya a sauran ƙasashen Afirka, IDASA ta buɗe ofisoshi a Najeriya, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo da Zimbabwe, tare da aiwatar da ayyuka a Uganda, Zambiya, Angola, Lesotho, Malawi, Tanzaniya, Mozambique da Swaziland domin karfafa dimokuraɗiyya a ƙasashen.

Rikicewa
Bayan Girgizar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya, tallafin kuɗi daga duniya da ke tallafa wa kasafin kuɗi da shirye-shiryen IDASA sun fara raguwa ko kuma an sare su sosai, musamman ga ƙasashen da ake ganin sun tsayu da dimokiraɗiyya. IDASA ta faɗaɗa zuwa sauran nahiyar Afirka ta hanyar sake bayar da tallafi ga kungiyoyin da suka cancanta, amma hakan ya kasance mai rikitarwa, kuma saboda matsalolin kasafi an rasa ma'aikata masu kyau. Saboda rashin falsafar kyautatawa a cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu, tallafi ya kasance ƙalilan koda kuwa akwai ƙorafe-ƙorafe game da yanayin siyasa da matsayin dimokiraɗiyya a ƙasar. Amma bai zama matsala ba ga tallafin jam’iyyun siyasa, kuma kungiya ta rufe a ranar 26 Maris 2013 bayan sanarwar manema labarai daga Paul Graham, daraktan gudanarwa na Cibiyar Dimokiraɗiyya a Afirka.

Goyon baya da suka

Wasu masu suka daga ɓangaren hagu sun yi zargin cewa IDASA, tare da tallafi daga United States Agency for International Development da National Endowment for Democracy, "ta tura wani tsarin ra'ayin Neo-liberal" da ya fi mai da hankali kan nau'ikan wakilci na dimokiraɗiyya da ke ƙuntata yanke hukunci na tattalin arziƙi a ƙarƙashin ikon dimokiraɗiyya.Robinson, William I. (1996). Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba