Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Ƴanci da Lafiyar Yara

Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU) ta amince da Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara (wanda kuma ake kira ACRWC ko Yarjejeniya Ta Yara ) a cikin 1990 (a cikin 2001, OAU ta zama Tarayyar Afirka bisa doka) kuma an fara aiki a 1999. Kamar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Yara (CRC), Yarjejeniya ta Yara cikakken kayan aiki ne wanda ke tsara haƙƙoƙi tare da fayyace ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi na duniya game da matsayin yara. ACRWC da CRC sune kawai yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa da na yanki waɗanda suka mamaye dukkan haƙƙoƙin farar hula, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu .

Yana kira da a kafa kwamitin kwararru na Afirka kan hakki da jin dadin yara (Kwamitin kwararru). Manufarta ita ce haɓakawa da kare haƙƙoƙin da ACRWC ta kafa, aiwatar da aiwatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, da fassara ra'ayin ACRWC kamar yadda ake buƙata daga ƙasashen jam'iyya, cibiyoyin Tarayyar Afirka (AU), ko duk wasu cibiyoyi da AU ko wata ƙasa ta amince da su.

 Mai da hankali kan 'yancin yara a Afirka 
Yara a Afirka suna fama da nau'o'in cin zarafi daban-daban, ciki har da cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da jima'i, wariyar jinsi a fannin ilimi da samun lafiya, da kuma shigarsu cikin rikici. Sauran abubuwan da ke shafar yaran Afirka sun haɗa da ƙaura, auren wuri, banbance-banbance tsakanin birane da ƙauyuka, gidajen da yara kanana, yaran kan titi da talauci. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ma'aikatan yara a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara suna da kimanin yara miliyan 80 ko kuma 4 daga cikin 10 na yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14, wanda shine mafi girman yawan aikin yara a duniya.

ACRWC ta ayyana “yaro” a matsayin mutum wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba. Ya fahimci matsayin yaro na musamman da gata a cikin al'ummar Afirka kuma yaran Afirka suna buƙatar kariya da kulawa ta musamman. Har ila yau, ya yarda cewa yara sun cancanci jin daɗin ’yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, tarayya, taro na salama, tunani, addini, da lamiri. Yana da nufin kare rayuwar ɗan yaro ta sirri da kuma tsare yaron daga duk wani nau'i na cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da kuma aiki da ke da haɗari, da ke kawo cikas ga ilimin yaron, ko kuma ya cutar da lafiyarsa ko ta jiki, ta zamantakewa, tunani, ruhaniya, da kuma ci gaban ɗabi'a. Yana kira don kariya daga cin zarafi da mummunan magani, munanan ayyukan zamantakewa da al'adu, kowane nau'i na cin zarafi ko cin zarafin jima'i, gami da cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci, da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Yana da nufin hana sayarwa da fataucin yara, garkuwa da mutane, da barace-barace.

 Yarjejeniya ta Yara da Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara 
Yarjejeniya ta yara ta samo asali ne saboda kasashe mambobin kungiyar AU sun yi imanin cewa CRC ta yi watsi da muhimman al'amuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki musamman ga Afirka. Yana jaddada buƙatar haɗa dabi'un al'adun Afirka da gogewa yayin da ake mu'amala da haƙƙin yara kamar:

 Kalubalanci ra'ayoyin gargajiya na Afirka waɗanda galibi suna cin karo da 'yancin yara kamar auren yara, 'yancin iyaye da wajibcin 'ya'yansu, da yaran da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba.
 A bayyane yake cewa Yarjejeniya ta Yara ta fi kowace al'ada, al'ada, al'ada ko addini da bai dace da hakki, ayyuka da wajibai a cikin Yarjejeniyar ba.
 Yarjejeniya ta Yara tana da ƙarin ma'anar yaro a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba
 Hani kai tsaye kan daukar yara aiki (watau 'yan kasa da shekara 18) a cikin rikici da kuma batun shigar da yara aikin soja.
 Hana aure ko cin amana da ya shafi yara
 Hana amfani da yara a matsayin mabarata
 Baiwa 'yan mata 'yancin komawa makaranta bayan juna biyu
 Ƙaddamar da ƙwaƙƙwaran aiki don ilimin 'ya'ya mata
 Magance takamaiman batutuwan Afirka da suka shafi yara. Misali, ta yi kira da a yi karo da kawar da tsarin wariyar launin fata da makamantansu; kuma ko da yake, a halin yanzu an kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, har yanzu wannan tanadi yana aiki ga yaran da ke zaune a karkashin gwamnatocin da ke nuna kabilanci, addini ko wasu nau'ikan wariya.
 Kare 'ya'yan da ke gudun hijira da kuma 'yan gudun hijira
 Kare iyaye mata masu ciki da uwayen jarirai da yara kanana da ke kurkuku
 Samar da hanyar da yaran da kansu za su kai ƙarar kwamitin ƙwararrun Yarjejeniya ta Yara game da tauye haƙƙinsu.
 Ciki har da magana ta musamman game da kula da yaro ta manyan iyalai
 Ƙarfafa gwiwar jihar don ba da tallafi ga iyaye "a lokutan bukata"
 Kare nakasassu yara.

Babban ƙa'idodin da ke jagorantar aiwatar da waɗannan hakkoki sun haɗa da:

 Rashin nuna bambanci
 Mafi kyawun bukatun yaron
 Rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaban yaro
 Shiga yara
 Samar da nauyin da kowane yaro ke da shi game da su da al'umma, jiha da al'ummomin duniya.

 Amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Yara 
A shekarar 2016, ƙasashe 47 daga cikin 54 na Tarayyar Afirka sun amince da ACRWC, yayinda sauran ƙasashe bakwai suka sanya hannu amma ba su amince ba. Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Saharawi, São Tomé da Príncipe, Somaliya, Kudancin Sudan, da Tunisiya sun sanya hannu amma ba su amince da Yarjejeniya ba. Moroko, wadda ba memba ba ce na AU, ita ma ba ta amince da yarjejeniyar ba.

 Kurakurai da suka fuskanta 
 Ba ya kare yara daga daurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar sako ba  
 Lokacin da ake magance laifuka, babu tanadi na hanyoyin dabam kamar gyaran hali a cikin al'umma  
 Ba a ambaci hakkokin da suka shafi yin shiru, kariya daga dokokin baya, kalubalantar tsarewa ko samun diyya ga kuskuren hukunci ba  
 Mataki na 20 na iya fassaruwa a matsayin na goyon bayan bulalar iyaye saboda rashin bayani a kan "ladabtar da gida"  
 Akwai rudani dangane da Mataki na 31 wanda ke magana da hakkin yara. Ana bukatar yara su mutunta iyaye, manya da dattawa a kowane lokaci, wanda hakan na iya sabawa hakkin yaro na shiga cikin yanke shawarar da ta shafe shi  
 Rashin wani tanadi da zai tilasta kasashe su sadaukar da dukkan albarkatunsu yana nufin cewa Yarjejeniyar Yara ba ta da wata hanya ta tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da hakkokin yara yadda ya kamata  
 Kodayake Yarjejeniyar Yara tana da tanadi na kariya ta musamman ga nakasassu, ba ta fayyace nakasa a matsayin dalilin da ba a yarda a nuna wariya akansa ba  
 Sabanin CRC, wanda ke fayyace hakkin yara daga ƙananan ƙabilu, ba a samu irin wannan tanadi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Afirka ba duk da kasancewar ƙasashen yankin da ke da yawan ƙabilun da ba su da rinjaye da ƙungiyoyin asali

 Kwamitin Kwararru na Hakkoki da Jin Daɗin Yaro 
An kafa kwamitin ne a watan Yuli 2001, shekara guda da rabi bayan Yarjejeniyar Yara ta fara aiki. Ana zabar mambobin ne daga Majalisar Shugabannin Ƙasashe na Tarayyar Afirka. Ka’idojin zabe sun haɗa da:
 Dole ne mambobi su kasance ‘yan ƙasa ne na ƙasar da ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Yara  
 Dole su kasance da nagarta, amana, rashin son kai da ƙwarewa a harkar hakkokin yara  
 Ana ba da sunayensu daga ƙasashen da suka rattaba hannu, sannan Majalisar Shugabanni ke tantance su  
 Ana zaben su na wa'adin shekaru biyar, kuma suna aiki ba tare da albashi ba, a matsayinsu na mutum. Ba za a sake zaben su ba

Kwamitin Kwararrun yana ganawa sau biyu a shekara, a watan Mayu da Nuwamba, a Addis Ababa, Habasha. Lokutan taron na iya sauyawa dangane da shirye-shiryen AU. Kwamitin na da ikon karɓa da nazarin rahotannin ƙasashe kan yadda suka aiwatar da tanadin Yarjejeniyar da kuma ci gaban da aka samu. A ƙarshe, suna da ikon gudanar da bincike a kan duk wani batu da ya shafi Yarjejeniyar, ta kowace hanya da ta dace.
 Mambobin Kwamitin Kwararru na Afirka kan Hakkoki da Jin Daɗin Yara 
Mambobin kwamitin ACERWC na yanzu su ne (suna, ƙasa, matsayi):
 Mai Girma Wilson Almeida Adão, Angola, Shugaban Kwamitin
 Mai Girma Aver Gavar, Najeriya, Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin
 Mai Girma Anne Musiwa, Zimbabwe
 Mai Girma Poloko Nuggert Ntshwarang, Botswana
 Mai Girma Aboubekrine El Jera, Mauritaniya
 Mai Girma Ghislain Roch Etsan, Congo-Brazzaville (RotC)
 Mai Girma Hermine Kembo Takam Gatsing, Kamaru
 Mai Girma Sabrina Gahar, Aljeriya
 Mai Girma Robert Doya Nanima, Uganda
 Mai Girma Karoonawtee Chooramun, Mauritius

 Tsoffin Mambobi 
 Mista Benyam Dawit Mezmur, Habasha, Shugaban Kwamitin
 Hajiya Fatima Delladj-Sebaa, Aljeriya, Mataimakiya ta Farko
 Farfesa Julia Sloth-Nielsen, Afirka ta Kudu, Mataimakiya ta Biyu
 Mista Clement Julius Mashamba, Tanzaniya, Mataimaki na Uku
 Mista Alfas Muvavarigwa Chitakunye, Zimbabwe, Rahotanni
 Mista Cyprien Adébayo, Binin, Mamba (tsohon Mataimaki na Farko 2010-2012)
 Hajiya Agnès Kabore, Burkina Faso, Mamba (tsohuwar Shugabar Kwamitin 2010-2012)
 Mista Andrianirainy Rasamoely, Madagascar, Mamba
 Hajiya Maryam Uwais, Najeriya, Mamba
 Hajiya Amal Muhammad El Henqari, Libiya, Mamba
 Hajiya Félicité Muhimpundu, Ruwanda, Mamba

A watan Oktoba 2008, mambobin kwamitin da aka zaɓa su ne (suna, ƙasa, matsayi):
 Hajiya Seynabou Ndiaye Diakhate, Senegal, Shugabar Kwamitin
 Hajiya Marie Chantal Koffi Appoh, Côte d'Ivoire, Mataimakiya Shugaba
 Hajiya Boipelo Lucia Seitlhamo, Botswana, Rahotanni
 Mai Girma Alkalin Shari'a Martha Koome, Kenya, Mamba
 Hajiya Mamosebi T. Pholo, Lesotho, Mamba
 Mista Moussa Sissoko, Mali, Mamba
 Hajiya Dawlat Ibrahim Hassan, Misira, Mamba
 Mista Cyprien Adébayo, Binin, Mamba
 Hajiya Agnès Kabore, Burkina Faso, Mamba
 Mista Andrianirainy Rasamoely, Madagascar, Mamba
 Hajiya Maryam Uwais, Najeriya, Mamba

 Kalubale da Kwamitin Kwararru ke Fuskanta 
 Sakatariyar da ke aiki: K.F. Malindi Jr, wanda ya kafa The Rights Club kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam da na yara, ya lura cewa har yanzu kwamitin bai kafa cikakkiyar sakatariya mai aiki ba, wanda hakan yana hana shi aiwatar da ayyukansa da karɓar rahotanni daga ƙasashe.
 Halin mambobin ƙasashe: Yawancin ƙasashen membobi ba su da sha'awa sosai game da Yarjejeniyar Yara, kuma galibi ba sa nuna himma wajen tura kwararru masu cancanta su wakilta ƙasashensu. Sau da dama mambobin kwamitin suna ajiye aikinsu kafin lokaci ya cika.
 Rahotannin da ba na gwamnati ba: Nazari kan tarihin rahotannin da ƙasashe ke mikawa kwamitin yana nuna gazawa wajen cika nauyin da ke kansu a yarjejeniyar. Tsarin shiryawa da mika rahoton ƙasa-zuwa-kwamitin yana bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, wanda ke kawo cikas ga kwamitin wajen bibiyar ƙasashen da suka gaza.
 Dokar kasancewar shari'a a wuri ɗaya: Ba za a iya gudanar da shari'a guda a gaban ƙungiyoyi fiye da ɗaya ba a lokaci guda. Idan an gabatar da ƙara gaban kwamitin, dole a jira har a kammala. Matsalar ita ce yana ɗaukar matsakaicin lokaci na shekaru biyu da rabi kafin a yanke hukunci.
 Sauran matsaloli: Cikin matsalolin da aka lura da su akwai rashin lauya na dindindin da ke ba da shawarwari na doka a tarukan kwamitin; rashin haɗin kai tsakanin Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Afirka da Kwamitin; da kuma rashin fifita aikace-aikacen kwamitin daga Tarayyar Afirka, wanda hakan ke janyo jinkiri ko soke zama.

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