Tarihin Rwanda

An fara zama a Rwanda jim kadan bayan zamanin kankara na ƙarshe. A ƙarni na 11,  mazauna sun shirya cikin mulkoki da yawa. A cikin karni na 19, Mwami (sarki) Rwabugiri na Masarautar Rwanda ya gudanar da tsari na tsawon shekaru da yawa na cin nasarar soja da karfafawa wanda ya haifar da mulkin ya mallaki mafi yawan abin da ke yanzu Rwanda. Ƙarfin mulkin mallaka, Jamus da Belgium, sun haɗa kai da kotun Rwanda.

Haɗuwa da adawa da mulkin mallaka, da kuma adawa da Tutsi ya haifar da Belgium ta ba da 'yancin kai na ƙasa a shekarar 1962. Zaben kai tsaye ya haifar da gwamnatin wakilai da yawancin Hutu suka mamaye a karkashin Shugaba Grégoire Kayibanda . Rikicin kabilanci da siyasa da ba a warware su ba ya kara tsanantawa lokacin da Juvénal Habyarimana, wanda shi ma Hutu ne, ya kwace mulki a 1973. A cikin 1990, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye da ta kunshi' yan gudun hijirar Tutsi 10,000 daga shekarun da suka gabata na tashin hankali, sun mamaye ƙasar, sun fara Yaƙin basasar Rwanda. Yaƙin ya ci gaba, ya kara tashin hankali na kabilanci, yayin da Hutu suka ji tsoron rasa nasarorin da suka samu.

kisan Habyarimana shine abin da ya haifar da fashewar Kisan kare dangi na 1994, inda aka kashe daruruwan dubban Tutsis da wasu Hutus masu matsakaici, gami da Firayim Minista Agathe Uwilingiyimana . Tutsi RPF ta ci Rwanda, kuma an daure dubban Hutu har sai an kafa kotunan Gacaca. Miliyoyin Hutu sun gudu a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira, suna ba da gudummawa ga manyan sansanonin 'yan gudun gudun hijira na Hutu a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da ke makwabtaka, inda tuni akwai' yan gudun hijira daga wasu ƙasashe. Wadannan an rushe su ne ta hanyar mamayewar da RPF ke tallafawa a 1996 wanda ya maye gurbin sabon shugaban Kongo sakamakon Yaƙin Kongo na farko. Wani hari na biyu don maye gurbin sabon shugaban Kongo ya fara Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu, yakin da ya fi muni tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma wanda ya shafi kasashe da yawa na Afirka ciki har da Rwanda na shekaru da yawa masu zuwa.

 Neolithic zuwa Tsakiyar Tsakiya 
Yankin Rwanda na yanzu ya kasance kore kuma yana da kyau dubban shekaru, har ma a lokacin zamanin kankara na ƙarshe, lokacin da wani ɓangare na gandun daji na Nyungwe ya ciyar da shi ta hanyar kankara na Rwenzoris. Ba a san lokacin da aka fara zama a kasar ba, amma ana tunanin cewa mutane sun koma yankin jim kadan bayan wannan zamanin kankara, ko dai a zamanin Neolithic, kimanin shekaru dubu goma da suka gabata, ko kuma a cikin dogon lokacin zafi wanda ya biyo baya, har zuwa kusan 3000 BC. Mazaunan farko na yankin galibi ana zaton su ne Twa, ƙungiyar mafarauta da masu tarawa na gandun daji na Pygmy, waɗanda zuriyarsu har yanzu suna zaune a Rwanda a yau.

Binciken Archaeological da aka gudanar daga shekarun 1950 zuwa gaba sun bayyana shaidar ƙarancin ƙauyuka ta hanyar mafarauta masu tarawa a ƙarshen Stone Age, sannan ya biyo bayan yawancin mazauna Iron Age. Wadannan kungiyoyi daga baya an gano cewa suna da kayan tarihi, gami da nau'in tukwane, kayan aikin ƙarfe da kayan aiki.

 Zamanin Tsakiya 
A karni na 15, yawancin masu magana da Bantu, gami da Hutu da Tutsi, sun shirya kansu cikin kananan jihohi. A cewar Bethwell Allan Ogot, Falola, Toyin and Atieno Odhiambo, E. S. (eds.) (2002) The challenges of history and leadership in Africa: the essays of Bethwell Allan Ogot Africa World Press, Trenton, New Jersey, p. 84,  waɗannan sun haɗa da akalla uku. Jiha mafi tsufa, wacce ba ta da suna, mai yiwuwa an kafa ta ne ta hanyar zuriyar Renge na dangin Singa kuma ta rufe mafi yawan Rwanda ta zamani, ban da yankin arewa. Jihar Mubari ta dangin Zigaba (Abazigaba) ta rufe yanki mai yawa. Jihar Gisaka a kudu maso gabashin Rwanda tana da iko, tana riƙe da 'yancin kanta har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19. Koyaya, jihohin biyu na ƙarshe ba a ambaci su ba a tattaunawar zamani game da wayewar Rwanda.

 Sarautar Rwabugiri (karni na 19) 
A cikin karni na 19, jihar ta zama mafi tsakiya, kuma tarihin ya fi dacewa. An ci gaba da fadadawa, ya kai gabar Tafkin Kivu. Wannan fadada ba ta da yawa game da cin nasarar soja kuma ta fi game da yawan mutanen da ke ƙaura da ke yada dabarun noma na Rwanda, ƙungiyar zamantakewa, da faɗaɗa ikon siyasa na Mwami. Da zarar an kafa sansanonin mayaƙa a kan iyakoki masu rauni don hana hare-hare. Sai kawai a kan wasu jihohin da suka ci gaba kamar Gisaka, Bugesera, da Burundi ne fadadawa da aka yi da farko ta hanyar makamai.

A karkashin mulkin mallaka rashin daidaituwa na tattalin arziki tsakanin Hutus da Tutsis ya zama mai rikitarwa, kuma rashin daidaituwa ta siyasa ta fito yayin da Tutses suka zama matsayi wanda Mwami ko 'sarki' ya mamaye. An bi da Sarki a matsayin allahntaka, wanda ke da alhakin yin kasar ta bunƙasa. Alamar Sarki ita ce Kalinga, drum mai tsarki.

 Ruwanda na mulkin mallaka 
Ba kamar yawancin Afirka ba, Rwanda da yankin Great Lakes ba a raba su da Taron Berlin na 1884. Wannan ya bayyana Rwanda da Burundi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Daular Jamus a matsayin yankunan mulkin mallaka na sha'awa don musayar duk da'awar da aka yi a kan Uganda. Taswirar Turai da aka ambata a cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi sun bar Belgium tare da da'awar rabin yammacin ƙasar; bayan rikice-rikicen kan iyaka da yawa ba a kafa iyakokin ƙarshe na mulkin mallaka ba har zuwa 1900. Wadannan iyakoki sun ƙunshi Masarautar Rwanda da kuma rukuni na ƙananan mulkoki a bakin Tekun Victoria.

A shekara ta 1894 Rutarindwa ya gaji mulkin daga mahaifinsa Rwabugiri IV, amma mutane da yawa a majalisar sarki ba su da farin ciki. An yi tawaye kuma an kashe iyalin. Yuhi Musinga ya gaji kursiyin ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa da kawunsa, amma har yanzu akwai rashin amincewa.

 Jamus Gabashin Afirka (1885-1919) 
Turai na farko da ya ziyarci ko bincika Rwanda ɗan Jamus ne, Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen, wanda daga 1893 zuwa 1894 ya jagoranci balaguro don da'awar yankin Tanganyika. Götzen ya shiga Rwanda a Rusumo Falls, sannan ya yi tafiya ta Rwanda, ya ziyarci kotun Rwabugiri a 1894, a fadarsa a Nyanza, kuma daga ƙarshe ya isa Tafkin Kivu, gefen yammacin masarautar. A shekara mai zuwa sarki ya mutu. Tare da Rwanda a cikin rikici game da maye gurbin, Jamusawa sun koma (a cikin 1897, daga Tanzania) don da'awar yankin ga Kaiser. Tare da sojoji 2,500 kawai a Gabashin Afirka, Jamus da wuya ta canza tsarin zamantakewa a yawancin yankin, musamman a Rwanda.

 Dubi kuma 

 Tarihin Afirka
 Tarihin Burundi
 Jerin sarakunan Rwanda
 Jerin sarakunan Rwanda
 Jerin shugabannin Rwanda
 Siyasa ta Rwanda
 Firayim Minista na Rwanda
 Ruanda-Urundi
 Rwanda
 Tarihi Kigali da jerin lokutajadawalin lokaci

 Manazarta 

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