Kasuwancin bayi na Genoa

Kasuwancin bayi na Genoa yana nufin cinikin bayi da Jamhuriyar Genoa ke gudanarwa, wanda shine babban kasuwanci a farkon zamanai.

A cikin ƙarni na 13, Genoese sun kafa yankuna a cikin Crimea, kuma sun sami bayi na addinai daban-daban don sayar da su zuwa Kudancin Turai ta hanyar Crete da Balearic Islands, ko kuma zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya kai tsaye ta hanyar Bahar Maliya. Genoese sun gamu da gasa a cinikin bayi na Venice na Jamhuriyar Venice.

An rufe cinikin bayi daga tekun Black Sea daga birnin Genoa saboda mamayar daular Ottoman a ƙarni na 15 da kuma shiga cikin cinikin bayi na Ottoman musamman ta hanyar cinikin bayi. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen tsoffin hanyoyin shigo da bayi zuwa Turai, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika don samarwa Turawan mulkin mallaka a Amurka aikin bauta.

Bayan kawo karshen cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya, Genoa ma ta shiga cikin cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika.

 Tarihi 
A lokacin Tsakiyar zamanai, an kafa yankunan bayi na yau da kullun tare da iyakokin addini. Kiristoci da Musulmai duka sun haramta bautar da mutane na imaninsu, amma duk sun amince da bautar da mutane masu imani daban.Slavery in the Black Sea Region, C.900–1900: Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. (2021). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 5 

Ta haka aka shirya cinikin bayi tare da ƙa’idodin addini. Yayin da Kiristoci ba su bautar da Kiristanci ba, Musulmi kuma ba su bautar da Musulmi ba, dukansu biyu suna kallon bautar da mutanen da suke ganin su ‘yan bidi’a ne ko kuma ‘yan ta’adda a matsayin halal, wanda ya bai wa Kiristocin Katolika damar bautar da Kiristocin Orthodox, su kuma Musulmi ‘yan Sunna su bautar da Musulmi Shi’a.Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. 242 

Har yanzu akwai kasuwa don bauta a Turai na tsakiyar zamanai a farkon zamanai na tsakiya, amma sannu a hankali ya fara kawar da shi don neman son kai. Sai dai akwai wata babbar kasuwa ta bauta a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma ana kiran bayin Turawa a duniyar musulmi da sunan saqaliba. Jamhuriyar Venice na ɗaya daga cikin farkon masu samar da bayi saqaliba ga duniyar musulmi, wanda ya shirya a cinikin bayi na Balkan, kuma Genoa za ta zama babbar abokiyar hamayyarta.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 19

Bauta ta mutu a Yammacin Turai bayan ƙarni na 12, amma buƙatar ma'aikata bayan Mutuwar Baƙar fata ya haifar da farfaɗo da bautar a Kudancin Turai a Italiya da Spain, da kuma karuwar bukatar fursunoni zuwa bauta a Masar.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 19

 Kasuwancin bayi na Bahar Maliya 
'Yan kasuwan Italiya, musamman 'yan Genoese da Venetian, waɗanda ke da manyan abokan hulɗa a matsayin 'yan kasuwa a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin cinikin bayi na Bahar Black. Da farko sun yi haka a matsayin ƴan kasuwa masu balaguro, amma daga ƙarshe sun sami nasarar samun nasu yankunan kasuwanci a yankin Crimea.Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200-1860. (2016). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p 153

A cikin ƙarni na 13, ikon Byzantine a Crimea ya raunana saboda faɗuwar Constantinople 1204, kuma yankunan kasuwancin Italiya sun mamaye cinikin bayi na Bahar Black, tare da Jamhuriyar Venice ta kafa a Sudak a cikin Crimea a shekarar 1206 kuma daga baya a Tana, da Jamhuriyar Genoa a Caffa a shekarar 1266.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p.24-25

Yawancin bayin da ke cinikin bayi a Tekun Baƙin Italiya sun zo ne ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi guda uku; a matsayin fursunonin yaƙi a lokacin yaƙi,Korpela, Jukka Jari (2018). Slaves from the North – Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Studies in Global Slavery, Band: 5. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 132 kamar mamayewar Mongol, yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Golden Horde da Ilkhanate, da cin nasarar Timur Lenk; ta hanyar hare-haren bayi; ko kuma ta hanyar iyaye suna sayar da 'ya'yansu ko 'yan uwansu ga bauta, wanda ya faru ne saboda talauci kuma ya kasance abin da ya faru na yau da kullum musamman bayan mutuwar Baƙar fata, lokacin da ake buƙatar bayi a kudancin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. 

Abubuwan da aka saba yi wa bauta su ne arna Finno-Ugric da mutanen Turkiyya. 

A daidai lokacin da aka kafa yankunan kasar Italiya a yankin Crimea, daular Mongol ta mamaye kasar Rasha, sannan cinikin bayin da ake yi a tekun Bahar Rum ya fadada daidai da yakin Mongol, inda Mongols ke karfafa cinikin, inda suka yi amfani da shi wajen jefar da bayi musamman na Rasha; har zuwa tashin hankalin Rasha na 1262, alal misali, Mongols sun sayar da manoma na Rasha waɗanda ba su iya ba da kyauta ga 'yan kasuwa na Italiyanci a Crimea.Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200-1860. (2016). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p 151-152 

 Kasuwar bayi 
An raba kasuwar bayi gida biyu. Kudancin Turai an ba da bayi maza don yin aiki tuƙuru ko bayi mata don aikin gida a matsayin bayin bayi. Kasuwar Musulunci ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta nemi bayi mata a matsayin bayin gida ko kuma bautar zina a matsayin kuyangi; jefa bayi maza ga eunuchs ko m maza bayi ga soja bauta a matsayin bawa soja.

Kasuwancin bayi na Bahar Maliya ya kasance, tare da cinikin bayi na Balkan, ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samar da bayi na sojojin Mamluk na gaba zuwa bauta a Masarautar Mamluk Sultanate a Masar.  An sayar da ƙananan bayi a Italiya da Spain a matsayin bayin gida, wanda ake kira .

Kasuwancin bayi na Italiya yana da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu; daga Crimea zuwa Constantinople na Byzantine, da kuma ta Crete da Balearic Islands zuwa Italiya da Spain; ko kuma zuwa Masarautar Mamluk Sultanate, wacce ta karbi mafi yawan bayi.The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–120

Daga akalla shekara ta 1382 zuwa gaba, yawancin Mamluks na Masarautar Mamluk Sultanate da asalin bayi sun fito ne daga cinikin bayi na Bahar Black; Kimanin mazan Circassian ɗari da aka yi nufin Mamluks ana fataucin su ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Bahar Black har zuwa ƙarni na sha tara.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 35-36 

Galibin bayin da aka yi safararsu zuwa Kudancin Turai (Italiya da Spain) ‘yan mata ne, tun da an yi nufin su zama bayin ‘yan mata,Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200-1860. (2016). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p. 9 yayin da akasarin bayin, wajen 2,000 a duk shekara, ana safarar su zuwa Masarautar Mamluk Sultanate, a haka yawancinsu maza ne, tunda Mamluk Sultanate na bukatar sojojin bayi.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill. p. 32-33

 Ƙarshen cinikin bayi 
Bayan faɗuwar Konstantinoful a shekara ta 1453, Daular Usmaniyya ta rufe kasuwancin da ke tsakanin Crimea da Yamma.  Kasuwancin bayi ya ragu sannu a hankali, kuma a cikin 1472, bayi 300 ne kawai aka yiwa rajistar cinikin bayi daga Caffa. The slave trade gradually diminished, and in 1472, only 300 slaves are registered to have been trafficked from Caffa.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 27-28

Daga shekarar 1440s, Spain da Portugal sun fara shigo da bayinsu daga farko tsibirin Canary, sannan daga Afirka; da farko ta hanyar cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara daga Libiya, sannan ta hanyar fara cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 29-31 

Daular Ottoman da Krimiya Khanate sun mamaye garuruwan Italiya a yankin Crimea a shekara ta 1475, sannan musulmi masu fataucin bayi suka mamaye cinikin bayi.Davies, Brian (2014). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-55283-2. p. 7

 Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantic 
Bayan ƙarshen cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya, Genoa ta shiga cikin kasuwancin bayi da ke tasowa a Atlantic. Daga kimanin 1520, Genoese suna sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa na Spain na Panama, tashar jiragen ruwa na farko a kan Pacific, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar cin nasara na Amurka. Genoese sun sami rangwame don amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa musamman don cinikin bayi na sabuwar duniya a kan tekun Pacific, wanda ya kasance har sai da aka kori da lalata asalin birnin a 1671.  

Har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, Mexico ita ce kasuwa mafi girma ga bayi a Amurka ta Sifen.  Yayin da Portuguese ke da hannu kai tsaye a cikin cinikin bayi da mutanen Brazil, daular Sipaniya ta dogara ga tsarin Asiento de Negros, suna ba da (Katolika) 'yan kasuwa na Genoese masu banki lasisi don cinikin bayi daga Afirka zuwa yankunansu a cikin Mutanen Espanya Amurka. Cartagena, Veracruz, Buenos Aires, da Hispaniola sun sami mafi yawan bayin da suka shigo, musamman daga Angola.  

 Duba kuma 

 Bauta a Masar
 Kasuwancin bayi na Venetian
 Bautar da Halifancin Abbasiyawa

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba