Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe

Ƙungiyar ƙasa ɗaya ce ta ƙungiya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyar siyasa waɗanda aka ba su ikon yin amfani da wasu iko da ayyuka kai tsaye waɗanda aka tanada ga jihohin. Ƙungiyar da ta fi ƙasa ta ƙunshi canja wurin ko iyakance ikon mallakar ƙasa fiye da sauran nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa.

An bayyana Tarayyar Turai (EU) a matsayin misali mai mahimmanci na ƙungiyar ƙasa,  saboda tana da zurfin haɗin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, wanda ya haɗa da kasuwa ɗaya, kula da iyaka na hadin gwiwa, babbar kotun, da zaɓen jama'a na yau da kullun.

Wata hanyar yanke shawara a cikin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa ita ce intergovernmentalism, inda gwamnatocin jihohi ke taka muhimmiyar rawa.

 Asalin a matsayin ra'ayi na doka 
Bayan saukar da bama-bamai na nukiliya a Hiroshima da Nagasaki a watan Agustan 1945, Albert Einstein ya yi magana kuma ya rubuta akai-akai a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 don tallafawa ƙungiyar "mafi girman kai" don sarrafa dukkan sojojin soja sai dai sojojin 'yan sanda na gida, gami da makaman nukiliya. Ya yi tunanin wannan zai iya farawa da Amurka, Ingila, da Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ya girma ya ƙunshi yawancin sauran ƙasashe, yana gabatar da wannan a matsayin hanya ɗaya don kauce wa yakin nukiliya. Ya gabatar da ra'ayin a cikin labaran Nuwamba 1945 da Nuwamba 1947 a cikin The Atlantic Monthly wanda ya bayyana yadda za'a iya rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin irin wannan kungiya. A cikin jawabin Afrilu 1948 a Carnegie Hall, ya sake jaddada cewa: "Akwai daya ɗaya kawai zuwa zaman lafiya da tsaro: hanyar ƙungiya ta ƙasa. "  Godiya ga shahararsa, ra'ayoyin Einstein game da batun sun haifar da tattaunawa da jayayya da yawa, amma shawarar ba ta haifar da goyon baya mai yawa a Yamma ba kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta kalli shi da ƙiyayya.

Tare da kafa Dokar 1949 da Yarjejeniyarta kan ''Yancin ɗan adam da' Yancin Tushen, wanda ya fara aiki a 1953, Majalisar Turai ta kirkiro tsarin da ya dogara da' yancin ɗan adam da mulkin doka. Robert Schuman, ministan harkokin waje na Faransa, ya fara muhawara game da dimokuradiyya a cikin jawabinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,  a lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan Dokokin majalisa da jerin wasu jawabai a duk faɗin Turai da Arewacin Amurka. 

Kalmar "mafi girman kasa" ta faru ne a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa a karo na farko (sau biyu) a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1951. Wannan sabon lokacin shari'a ya bayyana Hanyar al'umma wajen kirkirar Ƙungiyar Karfe da Karfe ta Turai da kuma farkon sake tsara Turai ta dimokuradiyya. Ya bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin Babban Hukumomi ko Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da sauran cibiyoyi huɗu. A cikin yarjejeniyar, yana da alaƙa da sabon ra'ayi na dimokuradiyya da shari'a.

Iyayen da suka kafa Tarayyar Turai da Tarayyar Tarayyar Duniya ta yanzu sun ce tsattsauran ra'ayi shine babban tushe na tsarin gwamnati. An tsarkake wannan a cikin sanarwar Turai da aka yi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1951, a ranar da Iyayen Turai suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Paris.

 Abubuwan da suka bambanta haɗin kai na kasa da kasa 
Ƙungiya ta kasa da kasa ita ce ta kasa da kasa wadda ta ta'allaka ne a wani wuri tsakanin wata ƙungiya ce ta kasashe masu cin gashin kansu da kuma tarayya wadda ta kasance kasa guda mai cin gashin kanta."Toward a Theory of Effective Supranational Adjudication" Wanda ya kafa kungiyar Robert Schuman ya bayyana kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai a matsayin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin tsarin hadin gwiwa da ke amincewa da cikakken 'yancin kai na jihohi a cikin wata kungiya da kuma tsarin tarayya wanda ke neman hada su zuwa kasa mai girmaAlbert Einstein, Ideas and Opinions (New York: Crown/Bonanza, 1954), p. 147 (emphasis in original); cf. pp. 118–61. See also Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), ch. 22, pp.  Tarayyar Turai tana da iyakoki na kasa-da-kasa, amma tana da wadannan iyakoki ne kawai gwargwadon yadda kasashe mambobinta suka ba su (Kompetenz-Kompetenz). "Toward a Theory of Effective Supranational Adjudication" cikin iyakoki na waɗannan iyakoki, ƙungiyar tana aiwatar da ikonta ne ta hanyar da ta dace, tana da hukumominta na dokoki, zartarwa, da na shari'a."Toward a Theory of Effective Supranational Adjudication" Har ila yau, al'ummar ta gaba tana da ɗakin tsararrun ƙungiyoyin jama'a da suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyin yanki

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