Johnny Clegg

Jonathan Paul Clegg, (7 Yuni 1953 - 16 Yuli 2019) ya kasance mawaƙi na Afirka ta Kudu, mawaƙi-marubucin waƙa, mai rawa, masanin ilimin ɗan adam kuma Mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata.

Ya fara aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na duo - Johnny & Sipho - tare da Sipho Mchunu wanda ya fitar da sautin farko, Woza Jumma'a a 1976. Daga nan sai su biyu suka ci gaba da kafa ƙungiyar Juluka wacce ta fitar da kundi na farko a shekarar 1979. A shekara ta 1986, Clegg ya kafa ƙungiyar Savuka, kuma an yi rikodin shi a matsayin aikin solo, a wasu lokuta yana haɗuwa da abokan ƙungiyarsa na baya. Wani lokaci ana kiransa Le Zoulou Blanc ( [lə Zulu blɑ̃], don "The White Zulu"), ya kasance muhimmiyar adadi a cikin shahararrun kiɗa na Afirka ta Kudu kuma sanannen farar fata ne a cikin juriya ga wariyar launin fata,  ya zama batun bincike na reshen tsaro na 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudancin.  Waƙoƙinsa sun haɗu da Turanci tare da kalmomin Zulu, kuma sun haɗu le kiɗa na Afirka tare da nau'o'i daban-daban na kiɗa na Yamma.

 Rayuwa ta farko da aiki 
An haifi Clegg a ranar 7 ga Yunin shekarar 1953 a Bacup, Lancashire,  ga mahaifin Ingilishi na zuriyar Scotland, Dennis Clegg, da mahaifiyar Rhodesian, Muriel (Braudo).   Iyalin mahaifiyar Clegg baƙi ne na Yahudawa daga Belarus da Poland kuma Clegg yana da ilimin Yahudawa na duniya, yana koyo game da Dokoki Goma amma ya ƙi samun bar mitzvah - har sai daga baya a rayuwa, lokacin da ya zama uba kuma ya yanke shawarar samun bar mitzavah "biyu" tare da ɗansa Jesse .  Ya koma tare da mahaifiyarsa zuwa Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe) yana da watanni 6, kuma iyayensa sun sake aure ba da daɗewa ba. Lokacin da yake da shekaru shida, ya koma Afirka ta Kudu tare da mahaifiyarsa,  kuma ya kwashe wani ɓangare na shekara guda a Isra'ila a lokacin yaro. 

Ya girma a Yeoville, sannan unguwar da yawancin Yahudawa ke zaune a cikin birnin Johannesburg. Ya haɗu da rabin duniya na kiɗa da rawa na ma'aikatan ƙaura na Zulu na birnin. A karkashin kulawar Charlie Mzila, mai tsabtace rana kuma mai kiɗa da dare, Clegg ya ƙware duka Harshen Zulu da guitar maskandi da salon rawa na isishameni na baƙi. Haɗin Clegg tare da mawaƙa baƙar fata sau da yawa ya haifar da kamawa don shiga cikin dukiyar gwamnati da kuma keta Dokar Yankin Ƙungiya. An fara kama shi ne yana da shekaru 15 saboda keta dokokin zamanin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu da ke hana mutane na kabilu daban-daban taruwa tare bayan sa'o'in hana fita.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, ya sadu da Sipho Mchunu, ma'aikacin ƙaura na Zulu wanda ya fara yin kiɗa tare da shi. Haɗin gwiwar, wanda suka kira Juluka, ya fara ne a shekarar 1969,  kuma an bayyana shi a cikin shirin talabijin na 1970s Beats of the Heart: Rhythm of Resistance . 

Bayan kammala karatunsa tare da BA (Hons)  a cikin Social Anthropology daga Jami'ar Witwatersrand, Clegg ya bi aikin ilimi na tsawon shekaru hudu inda ya ba da lacca kuma ya rubuta takardun ilimi da yawa a kan kiɗa da rawa na Zulu. A farkon matakan aikinsa na kiɗa, Clegg ya haɗu da kiɗansa tare da nazarin ilimin ɗan adam  a Wits, inda aikin David Webster, masanin ilimin ɗan adam na zamantakewa wanda daga baya aka kashe shi a 1989  ya rinjaye shi.

Ya riga kowane waƙa tare da raguwa na al'adun Zulu, bayanai, sharhi, ban dariya da labarai na sirri da suka dace da wannan waƙar,  wani lokaci kuma yana haɗa fannoni na asalin Yahudawa a cikin waƙoƙi kamar "Jericho", "Jarusalem" da "Warsaw 1943".

Juluka
Juluka wata haɗin gwiwar kiɗa ce ta ban mamaki a lokacin a Afirka ta Kudu, inda farar fata (Clegg) da bakar fata (Mchunu) ke rera waƙa tare. Rukunin, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa mutane shida (masu kiɗa fararen fata uku da bakar fata uku) kafin su saki kundin waƙarsu ta farko Universal Men a 1979, ya fuskanci tsangwama da toshewar baka, inda daga baya Clegg ya bayyana cewa yana da "wuya" su rera waƙa a bainar jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu. Rukunin ya kalubalanci dokokin mulkin wariya na lokacin, suna yawon shakatawa da rera waƙa a wurare masu zaman kansu, ciki har da jami’o’i, coci-coci, ɗakunan kwana, da gidaje don jawo hankalin masu saurare, saboda kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa ba su yarda da waƙarsu ba.

Hakazalika, kiɗan rukunin ya haɗa salon Zulu, Celtic, da kuma rock, tare da waƙoƙin da ke da Turanci da Zulu. Waƙoƙin su galibi suna ɗauke da saƙonnin siyasa da suka ɓoye da nuni ga yaki da mulkin wariyar launi, ko da yake Clegg ya jaddada cewa Juluka ba a yi shi da niyyar siyasa ba. "Siyasa ce ta same mu," in ji shi ga The Baltimore Sun a 1996. A cikin wata hira da Sunday Times a 1989, Clegg ya ƙi a kira shi dan gwagwarmayar siyasa. "A wurina, ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa mutum ne da ya ɗaura damarar bin wata manufa. Ni ba na cikin kowace jam'iyyar siyasa. Ina goyon bayan haƙƙin ɗan adam."Allan, Jani. Vive le Zoulou Blanc! Haka ne Faransawa ke yabon Johnny suna ɗora shi saman ginshiƙi. Sunday Times (Afirka ta Kudu). 3 July 1988

Kiɗan Juluka yana da saƙonni na siyasa a bayyane da cikin ɓoye; ba wai kawai nasarar rukunin (wanda ke buɗe girmamawa ga al’adun Afirka a cikin rukunin da ya haɗu launin fata biyu) ta zama kalubale ga tsarin siyasa mai nuna wariya ba, har ila yau sun fitar da waƙoƙin siyasa a fili. Alal misali, kundin waƙa Work for All (wanda ke ɗauke da waƙa mai suna iri ɗaya) ya ɗauki taken ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Afirka ta Kudu a tsakiyar shekarun 1980. Sakamakon waɗannan saƙonni da haɗin kai tsakanin launuka daban-daban, Clegg da sauran mambobin rukunin sun sha kama kuma an ruguza taron su a kai a kai.

Duk da cewa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ba ta kula da su kuma tana tsananta musu, Juluka sun yi nasarar yin rangadi a ƙasashen waje, suna waƙa a Turai, Kanada, da Amurka, kuma sun sami kundin waƙa biyu masu darajar platinum da guda biyar masu zinariya, inda suka zama shahara a duniya. An tarwatsa rukunin a 1985, lokacin da Mchunu ya daina kiɗa ya koma gonar iyalinsa domin komawa rayuwar gargajiya na kiwon shanu. Sun sake haɗuwa da Clegg a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, kuma suka saki kundin waƙarsu ta ƙarshe a 1997 kafin su rabu har abada.

Savuka

Tare da mawaki kuma mai rawa bakar fata Dudu Mntowaziwayo Ndlovu (wanda aka fi sani da Dudu Zulu), Clegg ya kafa rukunsa na biyu da ya hada launuka daban-daban, Savuka, a shekara ta 1986, inda suka ci gaba da hada wakokin Afirka da tasirin Turai.  Kundin waƙarsu na farko, Third World Child, ya karya tarihi ta fuskar siyarwa a ƙasashen Turai da dama, ciki har da Faransa.  Rukunin ya ci gaba da fitar da wasu kundin waƙa, ciki har da Heat, Dust and Dreams, wanda aka nada don samun lambar yabo ta Grammy Award.  Johnny Clegg da Savuka sun yi waƙa a cikin gida da kuma ƙasashen waje, kodayake kin dainawa Clegg daga rawa a lokacin tsarin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar da sabani da ƙungiyoyin yaki da wariyar launi na duniya. Duk da irin shahararsa da kuma haɗarin da ya fuskanta wajen sukar gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu, hakan ya janyo korarsa daga ƙungiyar British Musicians' Union,  kamar yadda wani marubuci ya bayyana a matsayin "hankoron fushi".  A wani lokaci, rukunin ya tara mutane da yawa a Lyon har Michael Jackson ya soke wakarsa a can, yana ƙorafi cewa Clegg da tawagarsa sun “kwashe masa masoya”.  A shekara ta 1993, rukunin ya tarwatse bayan Dudu Zulu ya rasa ransa lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin sasanta rikicin direbobin haya. 

 Juluka 
Juluka wata ƙungiya ce ta kiɗa mai ban mamaki a lokacin a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da fari (Clegg) da baƙar fata (Mchunu) suna yin aiki tare. Kungiyar, wacce ta girma zuwa rukuni na mambobi shida (tare da fararen mawaƙa uku da baƙar fata mawaƙa uku) a lokacin da ta saki kundi na farko na Universal Men a 1979, ta fuskanci tsangwama da tantancewa, tare da Clegg daga baya ta ce "ba zai yiwu ba" a yi a bainar jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu. Kungiyar ta gwada dokokin zamanin wariyar launin fata, yawon shakatawa da yin wasan kwaikwayo a wuraren masu zaman kansu, gami da jami'o'i, majami'u, masauki, har ma da gidaje masu zaman kansu don jawo hankalin masu sauraro, kamar yadda masu watsa shirye-shiryen kasa ba za su buga kiɗan su ba.

Kamar yadda ba a saba gani ba, waƙoƙin ƙungiyar sun haɗu da Zulu, Celtic, da abubuwan dutse, tare da kalmomin Turanci da Zulu. Wadannan kalmomin galibi suna dauke da sakonnin siyasa da nassoshi game da yakin da ake yi da wariyar launin fata,  kodayake Clegg ya ci gaba da cewa ba a yi niyyar Juluka don zama ƙungiyar siyasa ba. "Siyayya ta same mu," ya gaya wa The Baltimore Sun a shekarar 1996. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 1989 tare da jaridar Sunday Times, Clegg ya musanta lakabin "mai fafutukar siyasa". "A gare ni mai fafutukar siyasar wani ne wanda ya sadaukar da kansa ga wani akidar. Ba na cikin wata jam'iyya ce ta siyasa ba. Ina tsayawa ga 'yancin ɗan adam".

Waƙoƙin Juluka sun kasance a bayyane kuma a bayyane na siyasa; ba wai kawai gaskiyar nasarar ƙungiyar ba (wanda a bayyane ya yi bikin al'adun Afirka a cikin ƙungiyar launin fata biyu) ƙaya ce a cikin jiki na tsarin siyasa wanda ya dogara da rarrabe launin fata, ƙungiyar ta kuma samar da wasu waƙoƙin siyasa a bayyane. Misali, kundin Work for All (wanda ya hada da waƙar da ke da taken iri ɗaya) ya ɗauki taken Kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu a tsakiyar shekarun 1980.  A sakamakon sakonnin siyasa da haɗin kai na launin fata, an kama Clegg da sauran mambobin ƙungiyar sau da yawa kuma kide-kide sun rabu.

Duk da cewa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi watsi da shi kuma sau da yawa ta tsananta masa a gida, Juluka sun sami damar yawon shakatawa a duniya, suna wasa a Turai, Kanada, da Amurka, kuma suna da platinum guda biyu da kundin zinariya guda biyar, sun zama nasarar duniya. An rushe kungiyar a shekarar 1985, lokacin da Mchunu ya yi ritaya daga kiɗa kuma ya koma gonar iyalinsa don komawa rayuwar gargajiya ta mutanensa ta kiwon shanu.[3] An sake sake shi a takaice lokacin da Mchunu da Clegg suka sake haɗuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, suka saki kundi na karshe a cikin 1997 kafin su rabu har abada.
Sake Haduwar Juluka da Rayuwar Kanta
A takaice, sun sake haduwa a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, Clegg da Mchunu sun sake kafa Juluka, suka fitar da wani sabon kundin wakoki, kuma suka yi rangadi a fadin duniya a shekarar 1996 tare da King Sunny Adé. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Clegg ya fitar da kundin wakoki da dama na kansa.

A wani kide-kide a shekarar 1999, shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu, Nelson Mandela, ya hau mataki tare da shi, inda ya taka rawa yayin da Johnny Clegg ke rera wakar adawa "Asimbonanga" wadda Savuka ta keɓe wa Mandela. Asimbonanga ta zama taken adawa ga ƙungiyar Mass Democratic Movement, ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar United Democratic Front. Lokacin rashin lafiya da rasuwar Mandela a shekarar 2013, bidiyon kide-kiden ya jawo hankalin kafafen watsa labarai na duniya.

Tsarin rangadinsa ya ragu a 2017 bayan an yi masa tiyata saboda cutar sankarar hanta, kuma Clegg ya gabatar da kide-kidensa na ƙarshe a Harare, Zimbabwe a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2018.thumb|Clegg yana kan mataki a 2013

A cikin al'adu masu shahara
Wakar Clegg "Scatterlings of Africa" ita ce kadai da ta kai matsayin shiga cikin jadawalin UK Singles Chart, inda ta kai lamba ta 44 a watan Fabrairu 1983 tare da Juluka da kuma lamba ta 75 a watan Mayu 1987 a matsayin Johnny Clegg da Savuka. Shekara ta gaba an saka wakar a cikin waƙoƙin fim ɗin da ya ci kyautar Oscar a 1988 mai suna Rain Man.

Wakarsa "Life is a Magic Thing" an saka ta a cikin fim ɗin FernGully: The Last Rainforest.

Wakar Savuka "Dela" ta fito a cikin waƙoƙin fim ɗin 1997 George of the Jungle da kuma ci gaban fim ɗin na 2003, yayin da "Great Heart" ta kasance taken fim ɗin 1986 Jock of the Bushveld da kuma waƙar ƙarshe a fim ɗin 2000 Whispers: An Elephant's Tale. "Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World" ta fito a cikin fim ɗin 1990 Opportunity Knocks da kuma fim ɗin 1991 Career Opportunities.

Jimmy Buffett ya rera "Great Heart" don kundinsa na 1988 mai suna Hot Water.

Rashin lafiya da mutuwa
An gano Johnny Clegg da ciwon daji na pancreatic a shekara ta 2015, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da mutuwarsa a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2019. Ya rasu a gidansa da ke Johannesburg yana kewaye da masoyansa, kuma an binne shi washegari a makabartar Westpark a Johannesburg. Clegg ya bar matar sa, Jenny, da 'ya'yansa biyu, Jesse (wanda shi ma mawaki ne) da Jaron.

A shekarar 2018, yayin da Clegg ke fama da rashin lafiya, fiye da mawakan Afirka ta Kudu 50 sun haɗu don su rera wakar Clegg mai suna "The Crossing" a matsayin girmamawa ga Clegg da gudunmawarsa ga waƙoƙin Afirka ta Kudu. Asalin wakar Clegg ya rubuta ce domin tunawa da abokin aikinsa Dudu Zulu wanda aka kashe a shekara ta 1992, kuma tana nuni da shigowa daga rayuwa zuwa mutuwa.
 Ayyuka 
Wallafe-wallafen kimiyya



 Tarihin Rayuwa 

Discography

Juluka
1979 Universal Men 
1981 African Litany 
1982 Ubuhle Bemvelo 
1982 Scatterlings 
1983 Work For All 
1984 Stand Your Ground (Juluka album)
1984 Musa Ukungilandela 
1984 The International Tracks 
1986 Juluka Live: The Good Hope Concerts
1991 The Best of Juluka
1992 South Africa 9: Johnny Clegg & Sipho Mchunu (Duo Juluka) + Ladysmith Black Mambazo: Cologne Zulu Festival (recorded 1977 & 1981)
1996 Putumayo Presents A Johnny Clegg & Juluka Collection
1997 Crocodile Love (released in South Africa as Ya Vuka Inkunzi)

Savuka
 1986  Johnny Clegg and Savuka EP
1987 Third World Child
1988 Shadow Man
1989 Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World
1993 Heat, Dust and Dreams
2001 Live and Rarities

Solo
1985 Third World Child
2002 New World Survivor
2003 A South African Story - Live at the Nelson Mandela Theatre
2006 One Life
2010 Human
2010 My Favourite Zulu Street Guitar Songs
2014 Best, Live & Unplugged: Clegg at the Baxter Theatre Cape Town
2017 King of Time

Compilation
2008 Power of One: the Songs of Johnny Clegg

DVD
2003 Johnny Clegg Live at the Nelson Mandela Theatre
2004 Live! and more...
2010 Johnny Clegg 30th Anniversary Concert at Emmarentia Dam

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba