Houari Boumédiène

Houari Boumédiène  (an haifi Mohammed ben Brahim Boukharouba;  23 Agusta 1932 - 27 Disamba 1978) wani jami'in sojan Aljeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine shugaban ƙasa na biyu na Aljeriya daga shekarun 1965 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1978. Ya riƙe muƙamin shugaban majalisar juyin juya hali ta Aljeriya daga ranar 19 ga watan Yunin 1965 har zuwa ranar 12 ga watan Disamban 1976 sannan kuma ya zama shugaban ƙasar Aljeriya har zuwa rasuwarsa.

An haife shi a Guelma, Mohammed ben Brahmin Boukharouba ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Musulunci da ke Constantine. A cikin shekarar 1955, ya shiga cikin National Liberation Front (FLN) kuma ya karɓi nom de guerre Houari Boumediene. A shekara ta 1960, ya tashi daga matsayin kungiyar ya zama kwamandan reshen soji na FLN.

Bayan nasarar da FLN ta samu kan Faransawa a yakin neman yancin kai a Aljeriya a shekarar 1962, Boumediene ya zama ministan tsaro a sabuwar gwamnatin Aljeriya. Sai dai a watan Yunin 1965 ya hambarar da shugaba Ben Bella a wani juyin mulki ba tare da jinni ba kafin ya ci gaba da soke majalisar dokokin Aljeriya tare da kundin tsarin mulkinta sannan daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaban riko na ƙasar. A cikin shekarar 1970s, Boumediene ya fara maido da 'yan majalisa da cibiyoyin farar hula a hankali a Aljeriya. Wannan tsari ya ƙare tare da amincewa da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 1976. An maido da shugabancin ƙasar, kuma Boumediene ya zama ɗan takara ɗaya tilo a zaɓen da aka gudanar a ƙarshen wannan shekarar, inda ya lashe kashi 99.46 na kuri'un da aka kaɗa. Bayan haka, ya bi manufofin gurguzu na Larabawa da Pan-Arabist. Ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da Isra'ila kuma ya ba da taimakon dabaru ga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da masu fafutukar 'yanci a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa da Afirka.

Daga farkon shekarar 1978 Boumediene ya bayyana ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin jama'a. Ya mutu a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, 1978, bayan rashin nasarar magani don wani nau'i na ciwon daji na jini, Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Jana'izarsa ta samu halartar mutane miliyan biyu.  Chadli Bendjedid ne ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa.

 Rayuwar Farko da Yaƙin 'Yanci 
Ba a san da yawa game da farkon rayuwar Boumédiène ba. Wurin Haihuwarsa daban-daban ya bayyana a matsayin Guelma, ƙauyen Clauzel kusa da Guelma, ko Heliopolis, da ranar haihuwarsa kamar 16 ga watan Agusta 1925, 23 Agusta 1927, ko kuma a yawancin kafofin kamar 1932.  Mahaifinsa ya ce a cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 1965 cewa ranar haihuwarsa ita ce 23 ga watan Agusta 1932.  Sunan haihuwarsa Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba, kuma mahaifinsa manomin alkama ne mara kuɗi kuma Balarabe ne kuma musulmi mai tsauri wanda ba ya jin faransa.   A cewar Encyclopaedia of Islam, danginsa masu jin Larabci ne kuma asalin Berber ne.  Ya yi karatun kur'ani a garin Guelma har ya kai shekaru 14, sannan ya yi makarantar sakandare ta Larabci a cikin Constantine.

A shekara ta 1952, lokacin da Faransa ke ɗaukar 'yan Aljeriya yin yaki a yakin Indochina, Boumédiène ya tafi Alkahira, inda ya yi karatu a jami'ar Azhar. A can ne ya fara haɗuwa da Ahmed Ben Bella.  Ya shiga Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Ƙasa (FLN) a cikin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya a 1955, inda ya ɗauki Houari Boumédiène a matsayin nom-de-guerre (daga Sidi Boumediène, sunan majiɓinci na birnin Tlemcen a yammacin Aljeriya, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a lokacin yakin, da Sidi El Houran na kusa). Ya kai matsayin Kanal, sannan ya zama mafi girma a cikin sojojin FLN, kuma daga shekarun 1960 ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na ALN, reshen soja na FLN.

Ya auri Anissa al-Mansali.

 Bayan 'yancin kai 
A shekara ta 1962, bayan kuri'ar raba gardama, Aljeriya ta ayyana 'yancin kai, matakin da gwamnatin Faransa ta tabbatar. Boumédiène da Ahmed Ben Bella sun hambarar da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Benyoucef Benkhedda tare da goyon bayan ALN a cikin shekarar 1962. Boumédiène ya jagoranci wani ɓangare na soji mai karfi a cikin gwamnati kuma shugaban ƙasar Aljeriya Ahmed Ben Bella ya naɗa shi ministan tsaro, wanda hawansa ƙaragar mulki ya taimaka a matsayin babban hafsan hafsoshi. An kuma naɗa Boumédiène a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Aljeriya a watan Satumba na shekarar 1963.  Ya ƙara rashin aminta da salon mulkin Ben Bella na rashin gaskiya da tsarkakkiyar akida, kuma a cikin watan Yuni na 1965, Boumédiène ya karɓe mulki a juyin mulki ba tare da jini ba.

An soke kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar da cibiyoyin siyasa, kuma ya yi mulki ta hanyar majalisar juyin juya hali na yawancin magoya bayansa na soja. Yawancinsu sun kasance abokansa a shekarun yaki, lokacin da yake zaune a kusa da garin Oujda na kan iyakar Morocco, wanda ya sa manazarta yin magana game da "Ruƙunin Oujda". Wani fitaccen memba na wannan da'irar shine ministan harkokin waje na Boumédiène, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, wanda ya zama shugaban Algeria daga shekarun 1999 zuwa 2019.

Da farko dai ana ganinsa a matsayin shugaba mai rauni, wanda ba shi da wani tushe mai karfi sai a cikin soja, kuma ba a san ko wane irin umarni da ya ba jami’an tsaron ba. Ya kasance shugaban Aljeriya ba tare da jayayya ba har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1978. Babu wani gagarumin ƙalubale na cikin gida da ya kunno kai daga cikin gwamnati bayan yunkurin juyin mulkin 1967. Bayan juyin mulkin, ya ɗage kan mulkin gama gari. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932