Yaƙin Barra

Yakin Barra wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Anglo-Niumi ko kuma Yaƙin Biritaniya da Barra, yaƙin soji ne wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1831 zuwa 1832 tsakanin dakarun daular Biritaniya da Masarautar Niumi a ƙasar Gambiya a yanzu .

 Fage 
An sami karuwar tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Burtaniya da Niumi sama da shekaru goma kafin yakin ya barke a shekara ta 1831. Bayan kafa Bathurst a 1816, Alexander Grant ya gaya wa Sarkin Niumi (Niumimansa), Kolimanka Mane, cewa Birtaniya ba su da niyyar "hana shi ko mutanensa wani hakki da gata." Duk da wannan, Grant ya ƙi biyan kuɗin kwastan a kan jiragen ruwa da aka kama wanda Niumimansa ya nema. 

'Yan kasuwan Biritaniya da masu mulkin mallaka suma sun yi yunƙurin kafa tsarin kasuwanci a kan kogin Gambiya . Sun ci gaba da durkusar da kudaden shiga na kwastam na Niumimansa ta hanyar yin shawarwarin rage farashi, tattara kwastan ta hannun jami'an Burtaniya, da kafa mukamai. Wannan yunƙuri ne na janye kasuwanci daga wuraren Faransa kamar Bakel a cikin kogin Senegal na sama, amma kuma ya yanke tsakiyar Niumi. A cikin 1823, Grant ya kafa mazaunin Georgetown a tsibirin MacCarthy, amma Faransanci har yanzu suna gudanar da kasuwancin su a Albreda, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ƙalubalen "mafi girman gaske" ga kasuwancin Burtaniya. Mbaeyi, P. M. (June 1967). "The Barra-British War of 1831: A Reconsideration of its Origins and Importance". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (4): 623–5. JSTOR 41856904.

Sarki Kolimanka Mane ya rasu ne a shekara ta 1823, wanda jama'ar Niumi ke ganin bai da karfi wajen fuskantar matsin lamba daga kasashen Turai. Burungai Sonko ne ya gaje shi. Mbaeyi, P. M. (June 1967). "The Barra-British War of 1831: A Reconsideration of its Origins and Importance". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (4): 623–5. JSTOR 41856904.

A shekara ta 1826, turawan ingila sun yi amfani da diflomasiyyar jirgin ruwa don tilastawa Burungai ya ba da fadin kasa mil mil a arewacin gabar kogin. Birtaniya sun gina Fort Bullen a Barra point a cikin wannan 'Ceded Mile'. 'Yan kasuwa da jami'ai na Biritaniya su ma sun faɗaɗa wani wuri a cikin kogin, kuma a cikin 1831 Burtaniya sun nemi zama a tsibirin Kare na Niumi. Ƙabilun yankin sun ƙi, don haka gwamnan ya dakatar da biyan Niumi duk wata don mallakar Ceded Mile. A watan Agustan 1831, Niuminka ya kori mazauna tsibirin da karfi, kuma Sarki ya hana mutanensa zuwa Bathurst. Mbaeyi, P. M. (June 1967). "The Barra-British War of 1831: A Reconsideration of its Origins and Importance". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (4): 623–5. JSTOR 41856904. 

 Rikici 
Yayin da tashe-tashen hankula ke ci gaba da tashi, Ensign Fearon na Royal African Colonial Corps, tare da rakiyar sojoji 22, da sojoji 50 da aka sallama, da kuma dakarun da aka kafa cikin gaggawa, aka aika zuwa Barra a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 1831, a wani yunƙuri na rage al'amura, amma kasancewarsu ya ƙara dagula al'amura, wanda ya kai ga fada ya barke. Mbaeyi, P. M. (June 1967). "The Barra-British War of 1831: A Reconsideration of its Origins and Importance". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (4): 623–5. JSTOR 41856904.

An tilasta wa Fearon ya janye zuwa Fort Bullen kuma sojojin Niumi sun ci gaba a kan sansanin, sun kewaye shi gaba daya. Washegari, bayan rasa 23 daga cikin sojojinsa, Fearon ya kwashe daga sansanin ya koma haye kogin zuwa Bathurst. Bayan cin kashin da Fearon ya yi, sarakunan makwabta sun aika da dakaru masu yawa don karfafa Niumaninsa. An tattara mutane dubu da yawa dauke da makamai a nisan kilomita 5 (mil 3) daga Bathurst. Laftanar Gwamna ya aika da aikewa da gaggawa zuwa Saliyo don neman taimako, ganin irin hadarin da ke tattare da matsugunan. 

An aika da aika aika ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, kuma a ranar 4 ga Oktoba an aika da wani runduna karkashin Kyaftin Stewart na runduna ta farko ta yammacin Indiya . Rundunar ta ƙunshi runduna ta 1st da 2nd West India Regiments, daga Saliyo Militia, da kuma na Royal African Corps . Sun yi tafiya zuwa Gambiya a cikin HMS Plumper, brig, da kuma jigilar Parmilia . A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba sun isa Gambiya kuma sun sami Fort Bullen har yanzu a hannun 'yan asalin. Sun zaɓi don ƙarfafa maki Barra maimakon ɗaukar Bathurst. 

A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba rundunar Stewart ta sauka a wurin, wanda ya ƙunshi 451 na dukkan mukamai. An tallafa musu da wuta mai nauyi daga Plumper (ƙarƙashin Lieutenant Cresey), Parmilia, da kuma wani ɗan mulkin mallaka na makamai. An kiyasta cewa Mandinkas na da karfi 2500-3000 kuma an kare su daga harbe-harbe ta hanyar shigarsu da matsugunin ciyawa. Sun yi ta harbe-harbe kan dakarun Stewart da ke sauka kai tsaye zuwa gabansu. Dakarun Stewart sun yi nasarar kutsawa, bayan an shafe sa’a guda ana gwabzawa, an fatattake su daga inda suke a bayonet inda suka bi su ta cikin daji. Mbaeyi, P. M. (June 1967). "The Barra-British War of 1831: A Reconsideration of its Origins and Importance". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (4): 623–5. JSTOR 41856904. Baturen ya rasa maza biyu a fada, inda jami'ai uku da wasu mukamai 47 suka samu raunuka. A cikin ƴan kwanaki masu zuwa, Birtaniya ta ƙarfafa Fort Bullen don yanayin tsaro. Da wayewar gari ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, Burtaniya ta yi tattaki don kai wa Esau hari, inda suka bar Fort Bullen mai kula da ma'aikatan jirgin Plumper . 

Lokacin da suke gabatowa garin, Burtaniya ta tura cikin layi, kuma bindigogi daga Plumper suka bude wuta akan hannun jari . An dai ci gaba da yin hakan na tsawon sa'o'i biyar, kuma an mayar da wuta da karfi daga garin da kananan makamai da manyan bindigogi. Birtaniya ta harba rokoki cikin garin, wanda na farko ya kona wani gida, amma sauran ba su da wani tasiri. Da tsakar rana ne wasu daga cikin sojojin Niumi suka bar bayan garin, kuma jim kadan sai ga wata babbar rundunar Mandinka ta fito a gefen dama na Burtaniya. An kuma hangi wata runduna ta biyu ta zagaya da su bangaren hagu, da alama da nufin far musu na baya. Ƙarƙashin harsashi kuma da makamansu da ba su yi wani tasiri a kan haja ba, Birtaniya sun ja da baya. An kashe mutane 11 da raunata 59. Laftanar Leigh na Saliyo, da wasu maza biyar daga baya sun mutu sakamakon raunukan da suka samu. 

A ranar 7 ga Disamba, Laftanar Kanal Hingston na Royal African Corps ya isa tare da ƙarfafawa kuma ya zama kwamandan sojojin Burtaniya. Tare da karuwar ƙarfin Burtaniya, Sarkin Barra ya sanar da su sha'awar bude shawarwari. Sharuɗɗan da aka ba da shawarar waɗanda ya yarda, an tsara yarjejeniya kuma aka sanya hannu a Fort Bullen a ranar 4 ga Janairu 1832, ta kawo ƙarshen yaƙin. 

 Bayan haka 
Sakamakon yakin Barra ikon Niumimansa ya ragu. Sassan Niumi sun watse, kuma Musulunci ya shiga zurfi fiye da da. A lokacin da rikici ya barke tsakanin masu fafutuka na musulmi da na gargajiya na Senegambia, sarkin ya dogara ga Birtaniya don ci gaba da rike matsayinsa, ya mai da Niumi mai karewa . Mbaeyi, P. M. (June 1967). "The Barra-British War of 1831: A Reconsideration of its Origins and Importance". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (4): 623–5. JSTOR 41856904.

 Magana 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba