'Yancin Ci Gaban Greenhouse

Greenhouse Development Rights (GDRs) tsari ne na raba kokarin adalci wanda aka tsara don nuna yadda za'a iya raba farashin daidaita yanayin yanayi da kyau, tsakanin dukkan ƙasashe. Fiye da haka, GDRs suna neman lissafin "kasuwanci mai kyau" na kasa a bayyane a cikin farashin gaggawa na duniya, a hanyar da ke la'akari da gaskiyar cewa, kamar yadda abubuwa ke tsaye yanzu, rayuwar siyasa da tattalin arziki ta duniya ta raba tare da Arewa / Kudu da masu arziki / matalauta.

A takaice dai, GDRs suna kusantar kariya ta yanayi da ci gaban tattalin arziki a matsayin bangarori biyu na tsabar kudi daya. Manufarta ita ce adalci na ci gaba, kamar yadda zai iya kasancewa har ma a cikin duniyar da aka tilasta ta rage saurin fitar da iskar gas zuwa kusan matsakaicin matsakaici. Binciken GDRs ya nuna cewa saurin daidaita yanayin yanayi zai zama ba zai yiwu ba tare da wani karfi mai karfi ba - dama - zuwa matakin girmamawa na ci gaban ɗan adam mai ɗorewa (mutumi). Hakkin rayuwa ba tare da talauci ba.

Hanyar GDR tana gina, a duk lokacin da ya yiwu, a kan fahimtar kimiyya da siyasa. Musamman, a bayyane yake ya tsara kiran tushe na Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi, wanda ke neman "mafi girman hadin gwiwa da dukkan kasashe suka yi da kuma shiga cikin amsa mai tasiri da dacewa na kasa da kasa, daidai da nauyin da suka bambanta da kuma iyawa. "  Dabarun GDR shine a bayyane lissafa alhakin da iyawa ga dukkan kasashe, dangane da bayyane da abubuwan da za a iya yin muhawara, kuma, idan ya cancanta, canzawa. Ta hanyar yin haka, yana neman samar da hanyar da ta dace, a bayyane, da kuma tilasta hanyar lissafi da kwatanta "kasuwanci mai kyau" na kasa - wanda aka bayyana sosai - na farashin sauyin yanayi na duniya.

Manufar kokarin GDR shine tattarawa mai ɗorewa wanda za'a iya karɓa a matsayin mai adalci a duniya. Ana lissafin wajibai na ƙasa a matsayin hannun jari na wajibai na duniya wanda ya haɗa da daidaitawa da kuma ragewa. Hanyar da ke nan ba ta nuna Gaskiyar siyasa ba, domin wannan kalmar ana fahimtar ta gabaɗaya don nuna hanyar da ta fara da abin da ke da ma'anar siyasa a yau. Hanyar GDR, akasin haka, tana neman tsara hanyar da ta dace da bukatun kimiyyar yanayi.

A cikin tsarin GDR, wajibi ne ga kasar ta yi aiki ya dogara ne akan bashin yanayi - alhakinta na ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi - kuma daidai da ikon yin aiki. An bayyana alhakin da iyawa dangane da "ƙofar ci gaba" wanda ke cire nauyin da albarkatun matalauta - albarkatun rayuwa da samun kudin shiga na rayuwa - daga la'akari yayin lissafin wajibai na ƙasa. Don haka, ana iya ganin GDRs a matsayin tsarin tunani wanda aka nufa don tallafawa bayyane, tunani mai amfani game da "kwatanta ƙoƙari," har ma tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa.

A ƙarshe, GDRs ba aikin ilimi ba ne. Tsayawawar yanayi matsala ce ta duniya, wacce aka bayyana ta hanyar matsalar amfani mai kyau. GDRs, ta hanyar lissafin ka'idojin ka'idoji don kare tsarin yanayi na duniya, sun tsara tsarin da za a iya bayyana haƙƙin fitarwa mai kyau, lissafawa, fahimta, muhawara, da kuma tattauna. Saboda haka, yana tsara tsarin da a zahiri yarjejeniyar yanayi da dabarun - har ma da "al'amuran ƙasa" kamar waɗanda Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta maraba - za a iya kimanta su a bayyane kuma a kwatanta su.

 Tarihi 
Paul Baer, Tom Athanasiou na EcoEquity, Sivan Kartha da Eric Kemp-Benedict na Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm ne suka haɓaka tsarin haƙƙin ci gaban Greenhouse. GDRs sun samo asali ne daga tsarin mutum-mutumin da ke tunanin rabawa na duniya dangane da daidaito don fitar da iskar gas. Mafi sanannun waɗannan shine shawarar Anil Agarwal da Sunita Narain (1991),  Kungiyar marubuta ta GDR ta ji cewa tsarin haƙƙin fitarwa na kowane mutum ba shi da tsarin kula da "yanayin ƙasa", kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su warware wannan matsala tare da hanyar "Per-capita Plus". Daga ƙarshe sun kammala cewa, duk da muhimmancin ka'idar mutum-mutum, ba tushe ne mai inganci ba don ingantaccen tsarin yanayi mai kyau, ba, aƙalla, a cikin duniya inda aka riga an cinye mafi yawan "sararin sararin samaniya". An yi watsi da tsarin Per-capita Plus don goyon bayan GDRs (wanda ba ya dogara da haƙƙin kowane mutum ba amma ka'idodin UNFCCC na alhakin da iyawa). GDRs sun fara fitowa a wani taron gefe a Taron Kasuwanci na goma (COP10) a Argentina a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004, tare da takarda da gabatarwa mai taken Cutting the Gordian Knot . An buga na karshe, wanda aka sake yin gyare-gyare na wannan takarda a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2005, a ƙarƙashin taken Cutting the Knot: Climate Protection, Political Realism, and Equity as Requirements of a Post-Kyoto Regime .  An buga bugu na farko na littafin GDR da samfurin a cikin 2007 ta Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll, kuma an gabatar da shi a COP-13 a Bali. An saki Littafin GDR na biyu [maɓallin matattu na dindindin] da samfurin a COP 14 a Poznan. Tsarin GDR ya ci gaba da canzawa. Za'a iya bin diddigin sa a shafin yanar gizon aikin. 

 Ƙofar ci gaba 
A matsayin mataki na farko, GDRs ya tsara haƙƙin ci gaba a matsayin Ƙofar ci gaba − matakin jin daɗi a ƙasa wanda ba a sa ran mutane su raba farashin sauyin yanayi. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan ƙofar ba layin talauci ba ne, wanda yawanci aka bayyana shi a matsayin ƙasa ($ 1 ko $ 2 a rana) don a kira shi da kyau "layin talauci. " Maimakon haka, an saita shi sama da layin talaucin duniya (kimanin $ 16 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana, a cikin sharuddan Sayen Power Parity), kuma don nuna matakin jin daɗi wanda ya wuce buƙatu na asali, amma har yanzu bai da matakan amfani mai wadata ba. and  Pritchett concluded that the use of an elevated poverty line is "justifiable, more consistent with international fairness, and is a better foundation for the World Bank's organizational mission of poverty reduction” and that “If the poverty line were defined as the level of income at which people typically achieve acceptable levels of the Millennium Development Goal indicators (such as universal primary school completion), it would be set at about [$16] a day.” Matakin da za a saita ƙofar ci gaba shine batun muhawara. A cikin yanayin GDRs, an saita shi don zama mai ladabi (25%) sama da layin talauci na duniya, a kusan $ 20 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana ($ 7,500 a kowace shekara). Wannan adadi yana nuna bincike na zahiri game da matakan samun kudin shiga inda annoba ta talauci - rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan mutuwar jarirai, ƙarancin ilimi, babban kuɗin abinci na dangi - ya fara ɓacewa, ko aƙalla ya zama banda ga mulkin. Har ila yau, yana nuna matakin da "tsakiyar tsakiya" ta kudu ta fara fitowa.

Matsala, ba shakka, tana ci gaba da samun kudin shiga sama da $ 7,500 a kowace shekara, kuma ana iya kare ƙofar ci gaba mafi girma (kuma ta haka ne aikin raba ƙoƙari mai ci gaba). Amma, don dalilai na gabatarwa, al'amarin GDR yana ɗaukar mutanen da suke samun kuɗi sama da $ 20 a kowace rana - ko su kasance ƙananan matsakaicin matsayi ko matsakaicin aji ko masu arziki - don su "ci gaba," a cikin ma'anar ma'anar kalmar. Mutanen da suka fi talauci, yayin da suke gwagwarmaya don samun rayuwa mafi kyau, ana ɗaukar su da ƙarancin alhakin matsalar yanayi (kimanin kashi 70 cikin 100 na bil'adama da ke zaune a ƙasa da ƙofar ci gaba suna da alhakin kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 na duk hayaki da aka tara) da kuma ƙarancin damar saka hannun jari wajen warware shi. Ana ɗaukar mutane masu arziki kamar yadda suka fahimci haƙƙinsu na ci gaba kuma suna ɗauke da alhakin kiyaye wannan haƙƙin ga wasu. Yayin da kudaden shiga suka karu, suna ɗaukar babban bangare na farashin hana hayaki da ke da alaƙa da amfani da kansu, da kuma farashin tabbatar da cewa, yayin da waɗanda har yanzu suke zaune a ƙasa da ƙofar suka tashi zuwa kuma sama da shi, suna iya yin hakan tare da hanyoyin da ke da ɗorewa, ƙananan hayaki. Bugu da ƙari, kuma abin takaici, ana ɗaukar waɗannan wajibai na duk waɗanda ke sama da ƙofar ci gaba, ko sun faru suna zaune a Arewa ko a Kudu.

 Hakki da iyawa 
Dangane da ƙofar ci gaban duniya, da tarihin fitar da hayaki na ƙasa da baiyawa rarraba kuɗin shiga, yana yiwuwa a lissafa alhakin kowace ƙasa da ƙarfin.

 An bayyana alhakin al'umma a matsayin gudummawar da ta bayar ga canjin yanayi, kuma an ƙayyade shi a cikin yanayin GDRs kamar yadda yake fitarwa tun daga 1990. An cire fitarwa da ta dace da amfani a ƙasa da ƙofar ci gaba daga lissafin. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tsarin GDR ba ya daidaita shekarar 1990 . Kwanakin da suka gabata ma masu yiwuwa ne, kuma a aikace za a gyara "ranar da aka ba da alhakin" ta hanyar tattaunawa.
 An bayiyawa ikon al'umma a matsayin kudin shiga na kasa wanda ba a buƙata ta rayuwar yau da kullun. Don haka, duk wani kudin shiga sama da ƙofar ci gaba yana samuwa don a "buɗe" don saka hannun jari a cikin sauƙaƙe yanayi da daidaitawa. Ana iya fassara wannan a matsayin cikakkiyar kuɗin shiga, ban da kuɗin shiga a ƙasa da ƙofar ci gaba.

Wadannan matakan alhakin da iyawa za a iya haɗawa (ta hanyar matsakaici, a cikin yanayin GDRs) don ƙayyade wajibin ƙasar don ɗaukar ƙalubalen yanayi, wanda aka wakilta a matsayin Ƙididdigar Hakki da Capacity (RCI). Ana yin wannan lissafi ga dukkan ƙasashe. Sakamakon lambobi daidai ya dogara, ba shakka, akan takamaiman dabi'u da aka zaba don sigogi masu mahimmanci, kamar ƙofar ci gaba da ranar farawa.

A cikin daidaitattun yanayin 2010, Amurka, tare da yawan mutanen da ke da kudaden shiga sama da ƙofar ci gaban $ 7,500 (ƙwarewa) da kuma mafi girman rabon duniya na yawan hayaki tun daga 1990 (hakkin), yana da mafi girman rabawa guda (32 cikin dari) na RCI na duniya. Tarayyar Turai ta biyo baya da kashi 25 cikin 100 na RCI na duniya. Kasar Sin, duk da cewa tana da talauci, tana da yawan mutanen da ke zaune sama da ƙofar ci gaba, kuma tana da kashi 6.6 cikin dari na RCI na duniya, wanda ke sanya shi kusa da Japan tare da kashi 7.4. Indiya ma tana da girma amma mafi talauci, tana sanya shi da nisa da kashi 0.8 cikin dari.

 Hanyoyin rage fitarwa 
GDRs tsari ne na tunani. Babban burinta shine ya nuna rarrabawar adalci na kokarin (ko "nauyi") na sarrafa sauyin yanayi na duniya tsakanin kasashe. A cikin sharuddan ragewa, ana iya bayyana girman wannan ƙoƙari a matsayin karuwa mai faɗi (wanda aka auna a cikin tan) wanda ke bayyana "rashin raguwa" tsakanin hanyar fitar da hayaki ta kasuwanci da "hanyar gaggawa" wanda aka bayyana a cikin sharuddin kimiyya (duba Hanyar Gaggawa ta 2 ° C da aka nuna a Hoto na 2).  

Ana bayyana wajibai na ragewa na ƙasa a kowace shekara a matsayin hannun jari na raguwar duniya, wanda aka rarraba tsakanin ƙasashe daidai da RCI. Amurka, alal misali (duba Hoto na 2) an yi hasashen samun nauyin ragewa na 2020 daidai da 29.1% na kusan Gigatonnes 4 na rage carbon wanda za'a buƙaci. Gabaɗaya, ana ba kowace ƙasa burin fitarwa daidai da hanyar da take magana  ban da rabo na rabon da ya dace na raguwar duniya. Rarraba gibin ragewa na duniya ta wannan hanyar yana samar da wasu sakamako masu ban mamaki. Ga abu daya, a bayyane yake cewa babban sadaukarwa ga hadin gwiwar Arewa da Kudu - gami da canja wurin kudi da fasaha - wani bangare ne da ba za a iya gujewa ba na duk wani tsarin daidaita yanayin duniya. Wannan shi ne saboda wajibai na ragewa na ƙasa na ƙasashe masu girma na RCI na Arewa sun wuce raguwar da za su iya yi a gida. A zahiri, a shekara ta 2030, wajibai na ragewa na arewa yawanci sun wuce ko da jimlar fitar da su na cikin gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kasashe masu arziki da mafi girma za su sami "rashin daidaituwa," kamar yadda ya zama dole don buɗe isasshen sararin samaniya ga kasashe masu tasowa. Irin wannan rabon mara kyau ba zai iya tasowa ba a ƙarƙashin tsarin da ke neman rarraba "yancin fitarwa".

 Tasirin ma'aikata 
A tsarin, akwai hanyoyi da yawa da za a iya aiwatar da tsarin kamar GDRs. Misali, ana iya amfani da asusun kasa da kasa don tallafawa duka ragewa da daidaitawa. A wannan yanayin, RCI zai zama tushen ƙayyade gudummawar kuɗi da kowace ƙasa ke sa ran ga wannan asusun. Gabaɗaya, yana da amfani a yi tunani game da RCI a matsayin, a zahiri, tushen ci gaba na " harajin yanayi" na duniya - ba harajin carbon ba, da kansa (harajin carbon ne, duk sauran suna daidai, masu koma baya) amma alhakin da harajin iyawa. A madadin haka, ana iya aiwatar da GDRs ta hanyar kasuwannin fitarwa na duniya. A wannan yanayin, za a yi amfani da RCIs na ƙasa don lissafin rabon kuɗi, a cikin tan, kuma za a sayar da waɗannan don samar da kudaden kuɗi na duniya da ake buƙata don tallafawa tsarin yanayi na duniya.

Gaskiyar batun a nan shi ne cewa sikelin da yanayin hadin gwiwar kudi da fasaha da rikicin yanayi ya buƙaci ba a taɓa gani ba, kuma ba za a iya gujewa ba zai haɗa da fadadawa da sake fasalin cibiyoyin da ke akwai, da kuma ƙirƙirar sabbin gaba ɗaya. Kowane adadin na'urori na iya zama da amfani: haraji na ci gaba na nau'o'i daban-daban, haraji masu alaƙa da kasuwanci, siyarwa, raguwa, yarjejeniyar bangarori, kudade masu yawa, haƙƙin mallaka na duniya, da sauransu. Bayan wadannan, sabbin tashoshin da ba a san su ba don canja wurin albarkatun kasa da kasa da lissafi za a buƙaci a ɗauka kuma a aiwatar da su, ba tare da gujewa ba suna haifar da ƙalubale masu ban sha'awa: Ta yaya za a haɓaka cikin sauri? Ta yaya za a gina ƙarfin sha da rarrabawa? Ta yaya za a tabbatar da inganci da guje wa sharar gida? Ta yaya za a kafa tsarin mulki mai gaskiya da dimokuradiyya?

 Zuwa ga ka'idojin da aka yi ƙoƙari 
Duk abin da zai iya amfani da tsarin tsarin kamar GDRs, babu tsarin raba kokarin da zai sanya alkawura a kan kasashe masu tasowa da za a iya karɓa a kowane lokaci nan ba da daɗewa ba. Muddin kasashe masu tasowa har yanzu ba su da tabbacin tabbatar da cewa ana iya samun kawar da talauci da ci gaban ɗan adam a lokaci guda tare da decarbonization, alkawura masu ɗaurewa za su bayyana a gare su a matsayin haɗari mai girma.

Canjin zuwa rabawa da ke bisa ka'ida zai buƙaci kasashe masu masana'antu su rungumi jajircewarsu a ƙarƙashin UNFCCC don "sanya kan gaba wajen yaki da canjin yanayi da mummunan tasirinsa", kuma a cikin yin hakan ya nuna cewa akwai wata hanyar ci gaba. Lokacin gina amincewa da haɓaka ƙarfin (na dindindin, a ce, zuwa 2020) lokacin da ƙasashe masu masana'antu suka tabbatar da yiwuwar fasaha da siyasa na ci gaban yanayi zai buɗe yiwuwar tsarin mulki na duniya bisa ga ka'idojin ƙoƙarin raba.

 Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su wajen raba kokarin da aka yi amfani da su 
Duk da yake tsarin GDR yana inganta tsarin rarraba alhakin da iyawa, akwai wasu hanyoyin da ke da niyyar bayyana adalci daban-daban ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban.

 Sauƙin kowane mutum yana ɗaukar matakan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa na iskar gas a matsayin maɓallin ma'auni. Bambanci tsakanin GDRs da hanya Mai sauƙi ga kowane mutum shine cewa ƙarshen ba ya lissafin hayaki na tarihi ko kuma alaƙar da ke da ƙarfi ga ci gaban ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, ƙasashe masu ƙarancin hayaki sune ƙasashe masu arziki tare da ƙarin kayan aikin ci gaba, kuma hanyoyin kowane mutum na iya hana adalci na ci gaba.
 Hanyoyin tarawa na kowane mutum suna bayyana Adalci na yanayi a matsayin haɗuwa da, ba mutum ba, amma maimakon fitarwa na kowane a tsawon lokaci. A cikin, watakila, na dogon lokaci. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin ana ɗaukar su da ma'ana ga masu sharhi da yawa na ƙasashe masu tasowa. Masu sharhi na kasar Sin, musamman, suna ganin su a matsayin martani kai tsaye ga shawarwarin kowane mutum. Irin wannan tsarin yana nunawa a cikin sha'awa da kuma shahararren kwanan nan na tsarin bashin carbon ga adalci na yanayi na duniya.This upsurge of interest in climate debt began in early 2009, accelerated at the Copenhagen Conference of Parties, and became institutionalized as a pillar of climate-movement radicalism at the World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth held in Cochabamba, Bolivia between April 19 and 22, 2010. For more information, see  Manufofin yakin basasar carbon da aikin GDRs suna da alaƙa sosai. Hanyoyin biyu suna da irin wannan ra'ayi na daidaito da raba nauyi, tare da bambance-bambance waɗanda suke da ƙanƙanta, har ma da taimako, idan ya zo ga muhawara mai amfani da ilimin jama'a.

 Manazarta 

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