Shari'ar kisan kai ta Watts da Betchart

Harry Watts, wani mazaunin Turai, yana gudanar da gona a yankin Birtaniya na Gabashin Afirka. A ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1918, ma'aikatan baƙar fata biyu ne suka kira shi wadanda suka kama wani baƙar fata dan Kenya mai suna Mutunga, a bayyane yake yana satar jaka na gari daga gonar. Watts ya doke Mutunga da bulala ta kiboko, ya bar shi da mummunan rauni. Ya umarci manajan gonarsa Cyprian Betchart, wani dan Turai, ya kai Mutunga zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda. Betchart a maimakon haka ya ɗaure shi a gidansa kafin ya dauke shi daga baya a wannan dare kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙone jikinsa. Wani baƙar fata dan Kenya ne ya ga gobarar wanda ya faɗakar da 'yan sanda, wadanda suka kama 'yan Turai biyu kan zargin kisan kai.

Wani likitan 'yan sanda na Asiya ya tabbatar da cewa Mutunga ya ji rauni da yawa amma ya mutu ta hanyar maƙurewa. An yi wa Watts da Betchart shari'a a Babban Kotun a watan Satumba. Lauyan kare su ya yi ƙoƙari ya lalata likitan 'yan sanda da shaidun baƙar fata. Dukkanin juriyar Turai sun dawo da hukunce-hukuncen da ba su da laifi a kan zargin kisan kai kuma sun sami kowane mutum da laifi ne kawai a kan ƙananan zarge-zargen rauni. Mutanen sun sami tarar shillings 1,000. A Burtaniya an dauki hukuncin a matsayin mai laushi, kuma Ofishin mulkin mallaka ya bukaci rahoto daga hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Babban lauyan Gabashin Afirka Jacob William Barth ya yi la'akari da cewa juriya a Kenya sun nuna son kai ga Turawa. Bayan wasu shari'o'i da yawa da ƙarin matsin lamba daga Burtaniya, an sami sauye-sauyen shari'a a ƙarshe a cikin 1930 ta hanyar cire dokokin Dokar Laifin Indiya waɗanda suka ba da izinin juriya su dawo da ƙananan tuhume-tuhume a cikin shari'oʼin kisan kai.

 Tarihi 
An haifi Harry Watts a Landan kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin sajan farrier tare da Sojojin Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu . Ya kasance a Afirka a ƙarshen yaƙin a 1902 kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Gabashin Afirka a shekara ta 1907. Watts ya kula da garken madara kuma ya shuka flax a ƙasa a yankin Molo na Gundumar Nakuru. Wani zamani, Victor Kane, ya kuma yi zargin cewa Watts mai farautar hauren giwa ne kuma ɓarawo wanda ya sace motocin Somaliya da ke jigilar hauren giwu daga Habasha zuwa Nairobi. Kane ya bayyana Watts a matsayin "mai tsananin gaske, mai kauri fiye da lu'u-lu'u, ya sha giya kuma ya sha sigari 'King Stork' duka da yawa". A shekara ta 1918, Watts ya yi amfani da manajan gona, wani dan Turai mai suna Cyprian Betchart (sunan mahaifiyar wani lokaci ana fassara shi da Betschart ko Betschhart).  

 Mutuwar Mutunga 
A daren 2 ga Afrilu 1918, biyu daga cikin ma'aikatan baƙar fata na Watts, Ogola Osewa da Kipkoske arap Juma, sun kama wani baƙar fata mai suna Mutunga, a bayyane yake yana satar jaka na gari daga injin Watts. Sun kira Watts wanda ya ci gaba da tambayar Mutunga kuma ya doke shi da bulala.Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.: Bayan zaman uku na bulala, tare da dunkings a cikin kogi, Mutunga ya ba Watts sunayen wasu maza da ya ce ya sace daga Watts.  : 483 

Mutunga ya ji rauni sosai a wannan lokacin. Watts ya umarci Betchart da ya kai Mutunga ofishin 'yan sanda kuma ya koma gidansa. Betchart ya yanke shawarar cewa jigilar Mutunga na iya jira har zuwa safe kuma ya umarci Ogola da Kipkoske su kai Mutunga zuwa gidan Betchart. A gidan, wani shago mai dakuna biyu wanda Betchart ya raba tare da mai dafa abinci Amino wa Maloa, Mutunga an ɗaure shi a ƙarƙashin gadon Betchart. Da karfe 2 na safe Amino ya farka ya ga Betchart yana ɗauke da Mutunga a waje a kafaɗarsa. Amino ya lura cewa an yanke takalmin Mutunga da wuka kuma Betchart ya koma gidansa bayan rabin sa'a.Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.

Ba a tabbatar da lokacin da Mutunga ya mutu ba. Yana yiwuwa ya mutu a lokacin da aka ɗaure shi a ƙarƙashin gadon Betchart ko ya tsira har sai daga baya. A ranar 10 ga Afrilu Betchart ya dauki Ogola zuwa wani tashar jirgin kasa inda Ogola ya ga cewa an bar jikin Mutunga. Mutanen biyu sun gina wuta daga itace, ciyawa, da man fetur (wanda Betchart ya kawo tare da shi) kuma sun ƙone ga ragowar Mutunga kafin su koma gonar Watts.Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.

 Bincike, kamawa da shari'a 
Kimanin sa'a guda bayan Betchart da Ogola sun bar bakin teku, Kipsony arap Mania, wanda ke tafiya a kan hanyar jirgin kasa, ya hango hayaki daga gobarar.Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.: Kipsony ya gano gawar Mutunga kuma ya faɗakar da 'yan sanda.: 483-484 Ba da daɗewa ba 'yan sanda sun gano gawar kuma sun kama Watts da Betchart. Wani binciken da mataimakin likitan 'yan sanda na Kudancin Asiya Wilayatt Shah ya yi bayan mutuwa ya yanke shawarar cewa maƙurewa shine dalilin mutuwar amma ya lura da raunin da ya haifar da mummunan duka.

Shari'ar, Crown vs 1.  H.E. Watts da 2. C.S.L. Betchart, an yi masa shari'a a Babban Kotun, zaune a Nakuru, tsakanin 4 da 8 Satumba 1918. Ayre, Peter. "BETSCHART, Cyprian Stanislas Leo". Europeans In East Africa. Retrieved 17 September 2022. Alkalin Maxwell ne ya jagoranci shari'ar; juriya ta kunshi 'yan Turai tara, duk mazaunan gundumar.Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.

Watts da Betchart ba su yi ƙoƙari su musanta yawancin shari'ar da ake tuhuma ba, kodayake lauyan su ya yi ƙoƙari ya lalata Shah da kuma amfani da saɓani a cikin shaidun Afirka.Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.: 484-485 Maxwell ya lura da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin taƙaitaccen sa.

A lokacin shari'ar, doka a cikin kariya ita ce ta Dokar Shari'a ta Indiya, wanda ya ba da damar juriya ta dawo da ƙananan zarge-zargen kisan kai, mummunan rauni, ko rauni mai sauƙi a cikin shari'o'in kisan kai. Don a tabbatar da zargin kisan kai, dole ne juriya ta tabbata cewa akwai niyyar kashewa, don haifar da raunin da ya isa ya haifar da mutuwa" ko kuma cewa mutum mai ma'ana zai kammala cewa raunin da aka haifar na iya haifar da mutuwa. Rashin rauni wani abu ne da ya jefa rayuwa cikin haɗari amma ba tare da niyyar kashewa ba. Raunin da ya dace shine haifar da kowane ciwo.:484

Kotun ba ta sami kowanne mutum da laifin kisan kai ba kuma ta mayar da hukunce-hukuncen laifi ne kawai a kan ƙananan zarge-zargen rauni. Maxwell ya ci tarar kowane mutum shillings 1,000 kuma ya ɗaure Betchart na tsawon watanni 12.Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.

 Canjin Shari'a 
An yanke hukunci da hukuncin a lokacin, kuma Ofishin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya bukaci cikakken rahoto daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.: Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta mai kariya ta gudanar da bincike.: Alkalin Maxwell ya bayyana cewa ya yi tunanin cewa juriya za ta iya kaiwa ga hukunce-hukuncen ta hanyar rage shaidar dukkan shaidun baki. Babban lauyan Gabashin Afirka, Jacob William Barth, ya yi la'akari da cewa juriyoyin Turai a cikin mulkin mallaka sun ba da fa'ida mai yawa na shakku ga Turawa a shari'a, ya rubuta wa Babban sakatare mulkin mallaka kuma ya lura cewa "Juri ... yana da saurin gaske a cikin wannan ƙasa ... don ba da amfanin duk wani yiwuwar sabani da za a iya yi ga shaidar shaidun 'yan asalin ƙasar don Crown" : The British Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society ya rubuta wa Ofishin mulkin mallaka kan shari'

Shari'ar Watts da Betchart ta biyo bayan wasu shari'o'in kisan kai irin wannan a yanayi da sakamako, kamar na Langley Hawkins a 1920 da Jasper Abraham a 1923. Wadannan shari'o'in sun haifar da damuwa a Landan game da yaduwar al'ada a cikin mulkin mallaka na Turawa da ke bulala ma'aikatan su baƙar fata. Sakataren Gwamnati na Ƙungiyoyin da suka biyo baya sun rubuta wa gwamnonin Kenya don ƙoƙarin ƙuntata aikin, ba tare da amfani ba yayin da gwamnonin suka kasance tare da mazauna da ke goyon bayan ci gaba.Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.: 492-495 The Devonshire White Paper na 1923 ya ba da umarnin cewa a sanya bukatun baƙar fata na Kenya sama da na mazauna Turai, amma ba su da tasiri sosai.

A ƙarshe an sami sauye-sauyen shari'a tare da ci gaba da matsin lamba daga Ofishin mulkin mallaka. An maye gurbin Dokar Shari'ar Indiya a cikin 1930, kuma an cire maganin da ya dace da kisan kai da cajin batir, yana rage ikon juriya don nuna jinƙai ga mutanen da ake zargi da kisan. Daga baya gyare-gyare a karkashin Gwamna Sir Joseph Byrne, wanda ya sa ya zama wanda ba a yarda da shi a tsakanin mazauna Turai ba, ya rage ikon da alƙalai ke da shi a kan yanke hukunci. Ra'ayin jama'ar Turai a cikin mulkin mallaka ya kasance mai ƙarfi don goyon bayan mummunan bi da baƙar fata na Kenya na tsawon shekaru.Anderson, David M. (September 2011). "Punishment, Race and 'The Raw Native': Settler Society and Kenya's Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (3): 479–497. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.602887. S2CID 143999794.

 Makomar Watts da Betchart 
Betchart daga baya ya yi aiki ga kamfanin kasuwanci na Burtaniya a Kisumu . Ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Yuni 1933 a Kakamega . Ayre, Peter. "BETSCHART, Cyprian Stanislas Leo". Europeans In East Africa. Retrieved 17 September 2022. Marubucin C. S. Nicholls a cikin Red Strangers: the White Tribe of Kenya (2005) ya bayyana cewa Watts yana da hannu a cikin shari'ar ta biyu ta zargin kisan wani baƙar fata, wanda aka wanke shi. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1947, yayin tafiya zuwa Ingila.Ayre, Peter. "Watts, Harry Edward". Europeans In East Africa. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.

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