Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Saliyo

Hakkokin dan Adam a Saliyo ba su da kyau amma sannu a hankali sun inganta tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa a shekara ta 2002. Daga cikin manyan matsalolin kare hakkin bil'adama a Saliyo a yau, bisa ga rahoton ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2011, sun hada da "ci zarafin jami'an tsaro da kuma amfani da karfi fiye da kima tare da fursunoni, ciki har da yara kanana; matsanancin yanayi a gidajen yari da gidajen yari; hukumcin hukumci; kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba; tsawaita tsare, beli mai yawa, da rashin isashen wakilci na shari'a; tsoma baki kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai; wariya da cin zarafin al’umma da ake yi wa mata, nuna wariya kan yanayin jima’i; 

Saliyo ta amince ko ta amince da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR), Yarjejeniyar Yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muggan laifuka, rashin mutuntaka da wulakanci ko azabtarwa, Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, da kuma Yarjejeniya ta Afirka game da 'yancin ɗan adam da jama'a. 

A cikin Satumba shekara ta 2011, Saliyo na farko rahoton UPR ya samu karbuwa daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Human Rights Council (HRC) a Geneva . Daga cikin shawarwarin 129 da kwamitin bita ya bayar a ranar 5 ga Mayu shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Saliyo ta lura cewa ta riga ta aiwatar da 57. 

A watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2012, aka zabi Saliyo a matsayin kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

 Tarihi 
Wani bayyani na 2001 ya nuna cewa an yi “mummunan take haƙƙin ɗan adam” a Saliyo tun lokacin da aka fara yaƙin basasa a 1991. 'Yan tawayen, Revolutionary United Front (RUF), sun yi "mummunan cin zarafi", ciki har da fyade da kuma yanke gabobin jiki. Rahoton ya ce an riga an kashe mutane 25 a Saliyo fiye da wadanda aka kashe a Kosovo a daidai lokacin da kasashen duniya suka yanke shawarar daukar mataki. "Hakika, mutane da yawa sun nuna cewa ta'asar da ake yi a Saliyo ya fi yadda aka gani a Kosovo."

Laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin yakin sun hada da yanke sassan jikinsu, da tilastawa yara shiga kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, da yawaitar fyade da tilastawa mata da 'yan mata a matsayin 'matan daji' na mayaka, kona gidaje, da kashewa da raunata fararen hula. An kiyasta cewa an kashe fiye da mutane 200,000, kuma an kashe daruruwan dubbai a fadin kasar." "Sierra Leone" (PDF). International Centre for Transitional Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2013.

Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na sojojin da ke aiki a cikin sojojin gwamnati a lokacin yakin basasa ba su kai shekaru 18 ba.  "Hanyoyin daukar ma'aikata abu ne mai muni - wani lokaci ana sace yara, wani lokacin kuma a tilasta musu kashe 'yan uwansu don a mayar da su saniyar ware, wani lokaci ana amfani da kwayoyi, wani lokacin kuma a tilasta musu shiga aikin soja ta hanyar yi wa 'yan uwa barazana." Da gangan aka mamaye yara sojoji da tashin hankali "domin a hana su gaba daya da mai da su injinan kashe kashe marasa hankali". 

Yakin basasar Saliyo ya kawo karshe a watan Janairun shekara ta 2002 bayan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa wata babbar rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya da ta taimaka wajen dawo da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali. An kafa hukumar gaskiya da sulhu (TRC), kuma a cikin 2004 ta fitar da rahotonta na ƙarshe, wanda ya haɗa da jerin shawarwari masu tsawo da aka tsara don magance "wasu matsalolin da suka shafi yakin da TRC ta gano a matsayin musabbabin yakin ciki har da batutuwan da suka shafi kare hakkin bil'adama, yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, da bukatar sake fasalin tsarin shari'a da tsaro, da kuma inganta tsarin dimokuradiyya na mata da matasa". 

A shekara ta 2004 dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun mika tsaro ga sojojin kasar Saliyo da 'yan sanda, inda aka maye gurbinsu da tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta MDD mai suna UNIOSIL, wanda a shekara ta 2008 aka maye gurbinsa da ofishin samar da zaman lafiya na MDD a Saliyo (UNIPSIL), wanda ke da alhakin sa ido da kuma kiyaye hakkin dan Adam da bin doka da oda. "2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone". US State Department. Retrieved January 12, 2013.

A cewar Amnesty International, "kwanciyar hankali da tsaro sun karu a Saliyo tun 2002".  Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta hakkin dan Adam ta bangarori daban-daban, da kafa "tsarin daukar nauyin hakkin dan Adam da take hakkin bil'adama da aka yi a lokacin rikici, da inganta tsarin doka da mulkin dimokuradiyya", a cewar rahoton na 2010 na Cibiyar Shari'a ta kasa da kasa. Duk da haka, kasar ta yi kasa a gwiwa sosai ta hanyar mafi yawan matakan kare hakkin bil'adama, kuma ICTJ ta lura cewa duk da "ci gaba kan wajibcinta na samar da adalci ga wadanda aka yi musu munanan take hakkin bil'adama", Saliyo "na bukatar kara himma" wajen aiwatar da shawarwarin TRC. "Sierra Leone - Human Rights" (PDF). International Center for Transitional Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2013.

Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Saliyo tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".  1
Historical ratingsYearPolitical RightsCivil LibertiesStatusPresident197245Partly FreeSiaka Stevens197365Partly FreeSiaka Stevens197465Partly FreeSiaka Stevens197565Partly FreeSiaka Stevens197665Partly FreeSiaka Stevens197755Partly FreeSiaka Stevens197855Partly FreeSiaka Stevens197955Partly FreeSiaka Stevens198055Partly FreeSiaka Stevens198155Partly FreeSiaka Stevens198255Partly FreeSiaka Stevens198355Partly FreeSiaka Stevens198445Partly FreeSiaka Stevens198555Partly FreeSiaka Stevens198655Partly FreeJoseph Saidu Momoh198755Partly FreeJoseph Saidu Momoh198855Partly FreeJoseph Saidu Momoh198965Partly FreeJoseph Saidu Momoh199065Partly FreeJoseph Saidu Momoh199165Partly FreeJoseph Saidu Momoh199276Not FreeJoseph Saidu Momoh199376Not FreeValentine Strasser199476Not FreeValentine Strasser199576Partly FreeValentine Strasser199645Partly FreeValentine Strasser199776Not FreeAhmad Tejan Kabbah199835Partly FreeJohnny Paul Koroma199935Partly FreeAhmad Tejan Kabbah200045Partly FreeAhmad Tejan Kabbah200145Partly FreeAhmad Tejan Kabbah200244Partly FreeAhmad Tejan Kabbah200343Partly FreeAhmad Tejan Kabbah200443Partly FreeAhmad Tejan Kabbah200543Partly FreeAhmad Tejan Kabbah200643Partly FreeAhmad Tejan Kabbah200733Partly FreeAhmad Tejan Kabbah200833Partly FreeErnest Bai Koroma200933Partly FreeErnest Bai Koroma201033Partly FreeErnest Bai Koroma201133Partly FreeErnest Bai Koroma

 Hakkoki na asali 
Ko da yake dokar ta haramta wariya dangane da kabila, kabila, jima'i, da wasu halaye da yawa, son zuciya ya yaɗu kuma dokokin al'ada sun haɗa da nuna wariya iri-iri. Har ila yau, ana hana zama ɗan ƙasa ga mutanen da ba na "zuriyar Negro- Afrika ba".

Ko da yake an ba da yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da na ’yan jarida a hukumance, galibi ana takura su kuma ’yan jarida suna tauye kansu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, 'yan jarida ba su da kwarewa, kayan aiki, da da'a na sana'a. Laifukan cin mutunci ba safai ba ne. gwamnati ta rufe gidajen rediyo mallakar jam'iyyun siyasa bayan tarzoma. Babu wani hani kan shiga Intanet, 'yancin ilimi, al'adu, ko 'yancin yin taro, kodayake 'yan sanda a wasu lokuta suna fasa zanga-zangar. "2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone". US State Department. Retrieved January 12, 2013. A ranar 16-18 ga Afrilu, 2012, alal misali, 'yan sanda sun mayar da martani da karfin tuwo a zanga-zangar da ma'aikatan ma'adinai na Afirka suka yi a garin Bumbuna, inda suka kashe daya tare da jikkata wasu da dama. 

’Yancin yin yawo cikin walwala a cikin qasar nan, fita waje, fita waje, da komawa qasar, an tabbatar da su, duk da cewa ‘yan sanda na neman cin hanci a shingaye. Yayin da aka bude iyakar Laberiya a hukumance, jami’an kan iyaka suna karbar cin hanci daga matafiya. Bugu da kari, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, sojojin Guinea da ke kan iyakar kasar da wannan kasa suna addabar al'ummar Saliyo.

A cikin birane, ana yawan cin zarafin masu bi bashi, da ake zargin barayi, da sauran su. "2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone". US State Department. Retrieved January 12, 2013.

Rahoton na watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 da Amnesty International ta fitar ya bayyana kasar Saliyo a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe uku a duniya da ke zama mafaka ga wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifukan yaki, yana mai cewa yayin da wasu laifuffuka a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa kuma ake bayyana su a matsayin laifuffuka a Saliyo, kasar "ba ta bayyana wadannan laifuffukan ba daidai da tsauraran sharuddan dokokin kasa da kasa". Har ila yau, "mafi yawan laifuffuka a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa ... sun kasance a waje da iyakokin kotunan Saliyo". 

Hakkin Mata
Akwai wariya mai yawa da ake yi wa mata a Saliyo, inda ake hana su damar samun ilimi, kulawar lafiya, aikin yi, da rance. A shekarar 2007, kashi 43 cikin 100 na mata a Saliyo sun auri mazajen da ke da mata fiye da ɗaya.

Mata na fuskantar matsanancin koma baya a ƙarƙashin dokokin kabilanci da ke aiki a ko'ina banda babban birnin. Wadannan dokoki, alal misali, suna hana mata mallakar ƙasa. Sarakunan gargajiya wani lokaci kan tsare mata da yara ko kuma su kore su daga gidajensu tare da haɗin gwiwar mazajensu. Matsayin mata a wasu kabilu yafi muni fiye da wasu, ko da yake gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su matsayin ‘yan biyun ƙasa a tsakanin dukan kabilun. Kungiyoyin asiri na gargajiya a yankunan karkara suna gudanar da tilas na shiga kungiya, wanda ga mata ya haɗa da yankan gindi. Sai dai, ana ganin yawan irin waɗannan tarukan yana raguwa.

Fyade abu ne da aka saba da shi kuma ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin wani abu na al’ada fiye da laifi. Sabuwar dokar Laifukan Jima’i, wadda ta sa shekarar yarda a 18 da kuma haramta fyaden cikin aure ta fara aiki a 2012. Ana ɗan bayar da rahoto kan fyade, kuma ana yawan tilasta wa waɗanda aka yi wa fyade su auri masu fyade. Cin zarafin mata a gida laifi ne a ƙarƙashin dokar Cin Zarafi ta Gida ta 2007, amma ana yawan ƙi gurfanar da masu laifi. Sabuwar dokar Laifukan Jima’i ta haramta cin zarafin jima’i. United States Department of State

Bugun mata ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin wani ɓangare na rayuwa, kuma yawancin mata suna ganin yana da kyau a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka irin su kone abinci ko fita daga gida ba tare da izini ba. Yankan gindi ga mata a Saliyo (FGM), wanda mafi yawanci kungiyoyin asirin mata ke aiwatarwa, yana raguwa saboda ana kallonsa da ƙyama, amma har yanzu matsala ce babba. A cewar rahoton UNICEF na shekarar 2013,UNICEF 2013 , p. 27. kashi 88 cikin 100 na mata a Saliyo sun fuskanci yankan gindi. Duk da haka, ana samun ƙaruwa wajen adawa da wannan al’ada.

"Hawan mace a lokacin haihuwa a Saliyo na ɗaya daga cikin mafi muni a duniya," in ji Amnesty International. A shekarar 2009, wani rahoton kungiyar ya bayyana hawan mace da jarirai a matsayin "gaggawar kare hakkin dan Adam", inda ya lura cewa ɗaya cikin mata takwas na fuskantar haɗarin mutuwa yayin juna biyu ko haihuwa. Rahoton ya jawo hankalin duniya sosai, inda wata makala a jaridar The Guardian ta ce yawancin mata a ƙasar "suna da talauci har ba za su iya biyan kuɗin magani ba... Dubban mata na zubar da jini har su mutu bayan haihuwa. Mafi yawan su na mutuwa a gidajensu. Wasu na mutuwa a hanyarsu ta zuwa asibiti – a cikin taksi, kan babur ko a kafa. Ƙasa da rabin haihuwar na samun kulawa daga ƙwararren jami’in lafiya kuma ƙasa da ɗaya cikin biyar ake yi a cibiyoyin lafiya."

A watan Satumba 2011, Amnesty International ta lura cewa duk da kaddamar da shirin Kula da Lafiya Kyauta a Saliyo shekara guda da ta gabata, wanda ya kamata ya bai wa mata masu juna biyu da masu shayarwa magani kyauta, har yanzu ana "bukatar su biya kudin magani, wanda ba za su iya biya ba". Wani jami’in Amnesty International ya bayyana tsarin lafiya a Saliyo da cewa "yana da matsaloli masu yawa", inda ya ce mata da ‘yan mata masu karamin karfi ba su da cikakken dama wajen samun kulawar lafiya yayin ciki da haihuwa. Haka kuma, babu wani ingantaccen tsarin kai ƙara.

Dokar Cin Zarafi ta Gida ta 2007, Dokar Rabon Gado ta 2007 da kuma Dokar Rajistar Aure da Sakin Aure na Al’ada ta 2009, wanda aka fi sani da "dokokin jinsi", an tsara su ne don ƙarfafa matsayi na doka da na kuɗi na mata, kuma a 2010 Ma’aikatar Jin Dadin Jama’a, Harkokin Mata da Yara ta fara aiwatar da Tsarin Dabarun Jinsi na Ƙasa na tsawon shekaru huɗu tare da taimakon hukumomin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Sai dai, saboda ƙarancin albarkatu da rashin haɗin kai daga wasu hukumomin gwamnati, ƙoƙarin ma’aikatar wajen kare haƙƙin mata bai sami nasara sosai ba.

 Hakkokin yara 

Makarantar firamare kyauta ce amma makarantu suna buƙatar kuɗi kuma suna biyan yunifom da littattafai.  Cin zarafi da yara kanana babban lamari ne kuma yana kara girma, kuma gwamnati ba ta dauki mataki kadan ba.  Saliyo ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da kasa, amma ba yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran farar hula na satar yara na kasa da kasa ba. Tana da Dokar 'Yancin Yara tun 2007, amma dokar ba ta cika aiwatar da ita ba.  Auren ‘yan mata ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 ya sabawa doka, amma auren dole ya zama ruwan dare, inda fiye da rabin mata ke yin aure tun kafin su kai shekara 18. Haka nan karuwancin yara yana karuwa, inda akasarin yaran da ke kan tituna a garuruwan suke yin karuwanci.  Babu wani yunƙuri da gwamnati ke yi na yin wani abu game da wannan hali.

Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Saliyo ta bayyana damuwarta a shekara ta 2011 cewa an cire 'yan mata masu juna biyu daga dakin jarrabawa a lokacin gudanar da wani muhimmin jarrabawa, wato jarrabawar kammala karatun boko, matakin da ta bayyana a matsayin "tauye hakkin ilimi".

 Fataucin Mutane 
Rahoton da Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekarar 2012 kan fataucin bil-Adama ya bayyana kasar Saliyo a matsayin “madogara, hanyar wucewa, da kuma inda maza da mata da yara kanana suka yi aikin tilastawa da safarar jima’i”.  An tilasta wa mutane yin aiki a cikin "karuwanci, bautar gida, da hidimar tilastawa ko aiki a cikin lu'u-lu'u da ma'adinai na granite, cinikin kananan yara, dakon kaya, fasa dutse, laifuffukan titi, da bara", da kuma "a cikin sassan kamun kifi da noma".  Wasu mutane kuma suna yin aikin dole ne sakamakon auren dole.

Rahoton ya kara da cewa, ‘yan kasar Sierra Leone na yin hijira ne da radin kansu zuwa wasu kasashen yammacin Afirka da suka hada da Mauritania da Guinea, da kuma yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai, inda daga baya aka tilasta musu yin karuwanci da karuwanci.

Rahoton na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ya kara da cewa, yayin da gwamnatin Saliyo "ba ta cika ka'idojin kawar da fataucin ba", "tana yin gagarumin kokarin yin hakan", ko da yake kokarinta na aiwatar da dokokin yaki da fataucin mutane ya ragu sosai a shekarar 2011.  shekarar da ta gabata".

 Manazarta