Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ethiopian

Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ethopian wani yunkuri ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Habasha da Birtaniya wajen sake kafa ƙasar  Habasha mai cin gashin kanta bayan korar sojojin Italiya da haɗin gwiwar sojojin Birtaniya da Habasha suka yi a shekarar 1941 a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

Akwai wata yarjejeniya ta Anglo-Ethiopian da aka sanya hannu a baya a cikin shekarar 1897. Wannan taron ya shafi Menelik II kuma ya shafi iyakar da ke tsakanin Hararghe (Ethiopia) da British Somaliland.

 A karkashin yarjejeniyar 
Bayan da Sarkin Habasha Haile Selassie ya koma kan ƙaragar mulki, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar wucin gadi ta Anglo-Ethiopia a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 1942 tsakanin gwamnatocin ƙasashen biyu; Manjo Janar Sir Philip Euen Mitchell, babban jami'in siyasa na babban kwamandan sojojin Birtaniya na Gabashin Afirka ya sanya hannu a madadin Burtaniya.Haile Selassie, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress Volume Two: Addis Abebe 1966 E.C. (Chicago: Frontline Distribution, 1999), p. 176  Biritaniya ta aike da masu ba da shawara kan farar hula don su taimaka wa Selassie da ayyukan gudanarwa da kuma samar masa da masu ba shi shawara na soja don kiyaye tsaron cikin gida da inganta da kuma zamanantar da sojojin Habasha. Sharuɗɗan wannan yarjejeniya sun tabbatar da matsayin Habasha a matsayin ƙasa mai yanci, ko da yake yankin Ogaden, yankunan kan iyaka da Faransan Somaliland (wanda aka sani da "Reserved Areas" ko Haud), hanyar jirgin ƙasa na Addis Ababa-Djibouti, da Haud, za su ci gaba da zama na ɗan lokaci a ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniya. Har ila yau Birtaniyya ta ɗauki nauyin kula da kuɗaɗen waje da na waje da kuma shigo da kaya da fitar da su."Ethiopia: Ethiopia in World War II", Library of Congress website (accessed 30 January 2011)  Duk da cewa ta sake tabbatar da wasu batutuwa na Yarjejeniyar Tripartite na shekarar 1906 da Klobukowski Yarjejeniyar 1908, ta kuma ɗauki matakai don juyawa, alal misali, kariyar da yarjejeniyar 1908 ta ba wa duk baƙi daga dokokin Habasha, duk da cewa yayin da ya nuna cewa shari'ar duk wani shari'ar da aka gabatar a kan baƙon ya zama alƙali.  A ƙarshe dai yarjejeniyar ta kunshi wani batu da ya baiwa Habasha damar kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyar ta hanyar ba da sanarwar na tsawon watanni uku.

Ba da daɗewa ba Habashawa suka ga aiwatar da wannan yarjejeniya ba za su iya jurewa ba, ko da yake sun ga an ɗan inganta dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da ita, inda ake ɗaukar Habasha a matsayin ƙasa makiya da take mamaya. Haile Selassie ya bayyana wani bangare na dangantakar da ta gabata, "sun kwashe dukkan kayan aikin soja da aka kama a ƙasarmu... a fili da karfin gwiwa suna cewa bai kamata a bar shi don hidimar baƙar fata ba."Haile Selassie, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress, p. 173  Wani batu na takaddama shi ne ikon da Birtaniya ke da shi na banki da kuɗi na Habasha, wanda ya buƙaci a buɗe duk wasiƙun bashi a Aden kuma ya buƙaci duk abin da aka fitar da shi ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa, yana samar da ribar riba a hukumance na 9-11%; Bugu da ƙari, duk dalolin da aka samu ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa Amurka ana buƙatar a canza su kai tsaye zuwa fam ɗin Sterling.John Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay: A personal account of the Haile Selassie years (Algonac: Reference Publications, 1984), p. 106  Ba da daɗewa ba Sarkin sarakuna da ministocinsa suka fara jagorantar ƙoƙarinsu zuwa wasu takamaiman abubuwa guda uku: sabuwar yarjejeniya don maye gurbin wannan; sabon kuɗin da zai maye gurbin Shilling na gabashin Afirka da aka sanya wa Habasha a wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar; da kuma tushen taimakon soja wanda zai tabbatar da cewa Habasha ba za ta sake dogara ga Birtaniya ba.Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, p. 102; Mauri A., "The re-establishment of the national monetary and banking system in Ethiopia", The South African Journal of Economic History,  Vol. 24, n. 2, p. 91 

Rundunar ‘yan sandan da Birtaniya ta horas da su daga ƙarshe ta maye gurbin tsoffin ‘yan sandan da ke hidimar gwamnonin larduna. An yi tawaye guda biyu a wannan lokaci: Tawayen Woyane a gabashin lardin Tigray, wanda aka danne tare da taimakon tallafin jiragen sama na Birtaniya; da kuma sauran a cikin ƙasar Ogaden da bataliyoyin sojojin Habasha biyu suka kakkaɓe.Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, p. 102; Mauri A., "The re-establishment of the national monetary and banking system in Ethiopia", The South African Journal of Economic History,  Vol. 24, n. 2, p. 91

 British Ogaden 

Mulkin Soja na Burtaniya a Ogaden, ko kuma kawai British Ogaden, shine lokacin mulkin Soja na Burtaniya daga shekarun 1941 zuwa 1955. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun zo ne don su mallaki Ogaden, daga baya kuma Haud ne kawai, bayan yakin Gabashin Afrika a shekarar 1941.Super powers in the Horn of Africa - Page 48, 1987, Madan Sauldie  Manufar Birtaniya ita ce ta haɗa kan Birtaniya da yankin Ogaden da mulkin mallaka a Somaliland da kuma ƙasar da Italiya ta yi wa Somaliland mulkin mallaka, tare da samar da siyasa guda ɗaya. Sakataren harkokin wajen Birtaniya Ernest Bevin ne ya bayyana wannan manufa ta musamman. Duk da haka, a lokacin mulkin Birtaniya Haile Selassie ya gabatar da buƙatun yankuna da dama, kuma yayin da buƙatarsa na haɗewar tsohuwar Somaliland ta Italiya ta kasance wata dabara ce ta ciniki, yana da gaske game da mayar da yankunan Habasha a cikin Ogaden da kuma mamaye Eritrea. Ba a yi watsi da waɗannan buƙatun da Birtaniyya ba, waɗanda suka fifita ƙungiyar Eritrea ta daban, da babbar Somaliya. Koyaya, bayan ci gaba da shawarwarin Habasha da matsin lamba daga Amurka, an yi watsi da wannan manufar.Cahiers d'études africaines - Volume 2 - Page 65Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, p. 142Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: O-X - Page 1026, Siegbert Uhlig - 2010  

Tsarin dawo da illolin da yakin duniya na biyu ya haifar a Habasha bai kai ga ƙarewa ba sai a shekarar 1955, lokacin da aka mayar da Habasha kan iyakokin da kasashen duniya suka amince da ita a shekarar 1935, tun kafin mamayar Italiya. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya sun miƙawa ƙasar Ogaden a shekarar 1948 zuwa ƙasar Habasha, tare da barin sauran ikon da Birtaniyya ke da su a Haud a shekarar 1955.Vaughan, Sarah. "Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Ogaden: Still a Running Sore at the Heart of the Horn of Africa." Secessionism in African Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019. 91-123. Bayan yanke shawarar miƙa yankin Ogaden ga Habasha an yi kira da yawa, da kuma tashe tashen hankula, da nufin sauya wannan shawarar. Yunkurin neman cin gashin kansa daga Addis Ababa ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na 21.Vaughan, Sarah. "Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Ogaden: Still a Running Sore at the Heart of the Horn of Africa." Secessionism in African Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019. 91-123.

 Tattaunawar sabuwar yarjejeniya 
Duk da yadda Habashan ta ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar, da Sarkin sarakuna da gungun ministocinsa na ciki ba su son a zahiri gabatar da sanarwar da ake buƙata don kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyar. An yi watsi da jerin shawarwarin sabuwar yarjejeniya da aka gabatar wa Burtaniya a farkon shekara ta 1944. Kamar yadda John Spencer, wani Ba'amurke mai ba da shawara ga Habasha a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa a wannan lokacin, ya bayyana, "Sun ji tsoron ramuwar gayya ta hanyar sake mamaye lardin Tigré, kudancin Eritriya, da kuma na Sidamo da Gemu Gofa da ke kan iyaka da Kenya, da kuma yiwuwar wasu yankuna a yamma kamar lardunan Wollega da Illubabor sun kasance suna tattaunawa tare da waɗannan batutuwa."Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, p. 143  A ƙarshe, jami'an Habasha sun shawo kan firgicinsu kuma sun ba da sanarwar dakatarwa na watanni uku zuwa ga babban jami'in Birtaniya 25 May 1944 tare da buƙatar gaggawar tattaunawar sabuwar yarjejeniya. Ya zuwa wannan lokaci, Amurka ba kawai ta sake kafa ofishinta na diflomasiyya a Habasha ba, amma ta ayyana ƙasar ta cancanci Lamuni, wanda ya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga jami'an Habasha a tattaunawarsu da Burtaniya.Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, p. 144 

Amsar Ingila ta farko tayi shiru. Sai dai bayan da gwamnatin Habasha ta tunatar da su game da ƙarewar yarjejeniyar a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta da kuma cewa suna sa ran samun mallakar layin dogo da gudanar da yankin Haud da Reserved Area, Birtaniya ta mayar da martani. Da farko dai Birtaniya ta yi yunkurin jinkirta kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniyar, inda ta ce ba za ta iya biyan buƙatun Habasha ba, sannan ta dage tsawaita wa'adin watanni biyu na ranar miƙa kadarorin. Tawagar tattaunawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Earl de la Warr ta isa ranar 26 ga watan Satumba, kuma a cikin watanni masu zuwa, ɓangarorin biyu sun yi gardama har zuwa ranar 19 ga watan Disamba 1944, lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar Anglo da Habasha kuma Birtaniyya ta amince ta yi watsi da damammaki da ta samu a Habasha.Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, pp. 145-153  Musamman Biritaniya za ta kawar da dakarunta, sai dai daga Ogaden; buɗe filayen jiragen sama na Habasha (yanzu an iyakance ga zirga-zirgar Birtaniyya) ga duk jiragen da ke kawance; kuma su daina sarrafa sashin Habasha na layin dogo na Addis Ababa-Djibouti kai tsaye."The Negus Negotiates", Time 1 January 1945 (accessed 14 May 2009)  Sabuwar yarjejeniyar ta kuma soke fifikon Birtaniyya akan sauran wakilan ƙasashen waje.Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia, second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), p. 180  Koyaya, watakila mafi mahimmanci shine amfani da kalmar "aboki" a cikin yarjejeniyar. Ba wai kawai wannan ya kawar da wani dalili na la'akari da "yankin abokan gaba" na Habasha  kamar yadda Janar Mitchell ya yi ikirari  amma kuma ya hana yiwuwar a hana Habasha kujera a taron zaman lafiya na gaba, wanda ya faru a shekarar 1947.Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay, p. 152

 Duba kuma 

 Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Habasha

 Manazarta