Garin Ma'aikata, Amarna

Garin Ma'aikata, wanda ke cikin hamada mai nisan kilomita 1.2 (0.75  a gabashin tsohon garin Akhenaton (Amarna na zamani), an gina shi ne a lokacin mulkin Fir'auna Akhenaten na Daular goma sha takwas. Ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan da suka gina da kuma yin ado da kaburbura na fitattun mutanen garin, yana mai da shi kwatankwacin ƙauyen ma'aikatan Theban na Deir el-Medina. Kodayake wani bangare ne mai zaman kansa na Amarna, ƙauyen ma'aikata yana ba da kayan tarihi da gine-gine da yawa da aka adana da kyau wanda ke ba masu binciken tarihi damar tattara bayanai da yawa game da yadda al'umma ke aiki.

 Tarihin tonowa 
An san ƙauyen ma'aikata tun bayan binciken masanin kimiyyar Masar na Burtaniya Flinders Petrie a cikin shekarun 1890,  amma an fara tono shi a cikin 1921 ta hanyar Masanin Bincike na Masar. A wannan lokacin an san shi da ƙauyen Gabas. T. Eric Peet da Leonard Woolley ne suka gudanar da lokutan tonowa guda biyu; kakar wasa ta farko ta tono gidaje huɗu a matsayin gwajin shafin kuma kakar wasa ta biyu ta tono kusan rabin ƙauyen. An kuma tono wasu masallatai na kabarin da ke kewaye da ƙauyen. Kungiyar Bincike ta Masar ta ci gaba da tonowa a 1979 karkashin jagorancin Barry Kemp kuma ta kammala a 1986. Wadannan tono sun mayar da hankali kan yankunan da ke kewaye da ƙauyen da aka ganuwa.

 Ƙauyen da aka yi garkuwa da shi 
Ƙauyen yana kan bene na kwarin Y-shaped. Kabarin Kudancin, wanda ke cikin sauƙi mai sauƙi, shine kawai ɓangaren birnin da ake gani kai tsaye daga wannan wuri mai nisa. Garin da aka ganuwar da aka samo sunansa daga inda ya mamaye yanki na kimanin murabba'in mita 70 kuma an kewaye shi da bango na waje mai kauri 75-80 centimeters (30-31 in). Yana da ƙofar guda ɗaya a gefen kudu kuma an raba shi zuwa rabi biyu marasa daidaituwa ta bangon ciki mai kauri; wannan bangon na ciki shine tsohuwar bangon waje kamar yadda ɓangaren yammacin ƙauyen fadada ne. Ana samun gidaje saba'in da biyu masu girman iri ɗaya a cikin wannan yanki, tare da babban gida ɗaya tare da lambunsa wanda mai yiwuwa na mai kula da hukuma ne;   an sami wani babban gida a sashin yamma. Kowane gida yana da mita 5 (16  a fadin da mita 10 (33  a tsawon, kuma an gina shi da Mudbrick tare da wasu dutse da aka yi amfani da su a kusa da tushe na ganuwar. Sau da yawa ana yin ƙofofi da dutse amma ba a sami ganuwar dutse ba. An raba ciki zuwa manyan ɗakuna huɗu: "gidan shiga", "gidan zama", "gida", da kuma "kicin". Matakala, wanda ke gaba ko baya na gidan, ya kai hawa hawa na biyu. A wasu gidaje an adana ganuwar zuwa tsawo na mita 1.8 (5.9 . Ba a adana windows ba amma mai yiwuwa sun kasance ƙananan kuma suna da tsawo don barin haske amma rage ƙura. An yi ado da ciki amma kaɗan ne suka tsira. An gano bangarorin launi don farawa kusan 20 centimeters (7.9 in) daga bene a wasu gidaje. Mafi kyawun kayan ado da aka adana yana nuna siffofin rawa na Bes tare da allahiya Taweret, kuma a cikin wani gida daban wani yanayi na mata da 'yan mata waɗanda zasu iya zama mawaƙa ko masu rawa. Abubuwan da aka gano daga cikin gidaje sun dace da rayuwar yau da kullun: amulet, beads, raguwa na matting, spindle whorls, zobe, headrests, da tukwane.

Misali na farko na kwari na mutum ya fito ne daga ƙauyen ma'aikata. An haɗu da manyan mitar kwari da kwari a gado wanda ke nuna cewa matakan ectoparasite suna da yawa a cikin yawan jama'a, tare da yanayin ƙauyen da ke aiki a matsayin yiwuwar wurin haifuwa don cuta.

Garin ba shi da rijiyar don haka ruwa tare da kayan abinci da abincin dabbobi dole ne a kawo su daga birnin. Wataƙila wurin rarraba yana kusa da ginin da ke gefen garin wanda mai yiwuwa ya zama wurin dubawa. Akwai shaidar cewa an ajiye dabbobi a ciki da kuma nan da nan a waje da ƙauyen. Wannan shaidar ta zo ne a cikin nau'ikan alkalami na dabbobi a yankin kudu maso yammacin ƙauyen da kuma cin abinci a cikin babban titi,  da kuma gine-gine kai tsaye a gaban ƙauyen kuma zuwa gabas. An gano ragowar saniya, alade, da awaki a cikin shara. Ƙayyadadden kewayon ƙasusuwan shanu da aka dawo da su ya nuna cewa haɗin naman sa na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na abincin kuma ba a tashe su a wurin ba. Aladu, an ciyar da hatsi, an haife su a cikin allunan da aka rufe, kuma awaki, an ciyar le kayan lambu, an haifi su a yankuna daban-daban da ke kewaye da ƙauyen. Mazauna sun kuma yi ƙoƙari su yi lambu a yankunan da ke ƙasa da kuma tsakanin masallatai a waje da ƙauyen. Gaskiyar cewa mazauna ƙauyen suna yin irin wannan ƙoƙari don ƙoƙarin samun wadataccen kansu ya nuna cewa jihar tana da takaitaccen rawar da za ta taka wajen samar da bukatun mutane. Ana iya cewa mazauna ƙauyen sun yi amfani da dabbobin da suka kiwon su don biyan ƙarin ruwa da hatsi da ake buƙata ga dabbobi.

 Ma'anar addini 
A lokacin mulkin AkhenAten, an ɗaukaka allahn Aten fiye da sauran. An dakatar da bautar wasu alloli kuma an rufe haikalin su; Amun ya sami mummunar kulawa, tare da an cire sunansa daga inda ya faru. Addinin Akhenaten ga Aten ya ƙare tare da sauye-sauyen addinin Masar a cikin bautar dangin sarauta waɗanda su ne kawai matsakaici tsakanin jama'a da Aten da kuma kafa birnin Akhetaten. Ya bayyana cewa yawan jama'a sun ci gaba da bautarsu ta gargajiya ga alloli na gida kamar Bes da Taweret, tare da amulet na duka biyu da kuma stele na Taweret da aka samu a cikin birni kanta. Don wannan dalili yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa sunan Amun ya bayyana a cikin raguwa da aka fentin daga Main Chapel da kuma wani, Chapel 529. Fursunoni daga Babban Cocin suna cikin tsarin <i id="mw7g">"Htp-di-nswt"</i> kuma suna kiran Amun "mai mulki mai kyau har abada, ubangijin sama, wanda ya sanya duniya baki daya. "  Bugu da ƙari, an sami saman katako don ma'aunin soja wanda ke nuna Wepwawet a cikin wuri mai tsarki. 

A cikin Chapel 525 an sami stelae guda biyu. Mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin biyun yana nuna allahn Shed, wanda ake kira "babban allah, Ubangiji na ƙasashe Biyu", yayin da mafi girma ke yin addu'o'in jana'iza ga Shed da allahiyar Isis ban da Aten. Wannan dutse mafi girma an rubuta shi ne don wani mutum mai suna Ptah-may, wanda shine "wanda aka yaba da shi daga cikin Rayayyen Aten", da iyalinsa. Peet da Woolley sun ba da shawarar cewa bautar alloli na gargajiya ta ci gaba a duk lokacin mulkin Akhenaten, kuma cewa nisan da ke raba ƙauyen ma'aikata daga babban birni ya ba shi ƙarin 'yanci a wannan batun. Sun kuma fassara kasancewar sunan Amun a matsayin alamar cewa kayan ado sun kasance a farkon mulkin Tutankhamun, lokacin da orthodoxy ke dawowa. Kwanan nan, Weatherhead da Kemp sun ba da shawarar cewa amfani da salon fasaha na gargajiya maimakon salon kotu a cikin kayan ado na masallatai yana nuna rabuwa tsakanin rayuwar jama'a, tare da nuna aminci ga sarki, da rayuwar sirri, inda maganganun baƙin ciki da tunawa sun kasance ba su canza ba kuma na gargajiya. An dauki wannan don nuna cewa addinin Aten da hoton hotuna suna da iyakantaccen shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a.

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