Kamerun

Kamerun ya kasance wani mulkin mallaka na Afirka na Daular Jamus daga shekarun 1884 zuwa 1916 a yankin Jamhuriyar Kamaru a yau. Kamerun ya kuma haɗa da arewacin Gabon da Kongo tare da yammacin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, yankin kudu maso yammacin Chadi da kuma arewa maso gabashin Najeriya mai nisa.

 Tarihi 

 Shekaru kafin mulkin mallaka (1868-1883) 
Kamfanin kasuwanci na farko na Jamus a yankin Duala  a kan kogin Kamerun delta  an kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1868 ta kamfanin kasuwanci na Hamburg . Wakilin farko na kamfanin a Gabon, Johannes Thormählen, ya faɗaɗa ayyukan zuwa kogin Kamerun. A cikin shekarar 1874, tare da wakilin Woermann a Laberiya, Wilhelm Jantzen, 'yan kasuwa biyu sun kafa nasu kamfani, Jantzen da Thormählen a can.Washausen, Helmut (1968). Hamburg und die Kolonialpolitik des Deutschen Reiches 1880 bis 1890 ['Hamburg and Colonial Politics of the German Empire']. p. 66. Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag. .

Duk waɗannan gidaje biyu na Yammacin Afirka sun faɗaɗa zuwa jigilar kaya tare da nasu jiragen ruwa da masu tuƙi tare da ƙaddamar da jigilar fasinja da jigilar kaya tsakanin Hamburg da Duala.   Waɗannan kamfanoni da sauransu sun sami fa'ida mai yawa daga sarakunan cikin gida kuma sun fara ayyukan noman noma, gami da ayaba. Yankin Kamaru ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon daular Biritaniya na yau da kullum a cikin shekarun da suka gabata 1884, tare da manyan ayyukan kasuwancin Burtaniya. 

A ƙarshe, waɗannan kamfanoni za su fara tayar da hankali don kare sarauta. A shekara ta 1884, Adolph Woermann, a matsayin mai magana da yawun dukkan kamfanonin yammacin Afirka, ya nemi ofishin daular waje don "kariya" daga Daular Jamus.  Wannan, a cikin wasu dalilai masu yawa, ya haifar da shugaban gwamnatin Imperial Otto von Bismarck ya amince da kafa mulkin mallaka.

 Manufar mulkin mallaka da kwadaitarwa 
Shekaru da yawa kafin shekarun 1880, Bismarck ya yi turjiya da ra'ayin 'yan mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Hakan ya samo asali ne saboda yadda Bismarck ya mayar da hankali kan karfafa muradun Jamus a Turai ita kanta, musamman ganin rashin kayayyakin aikin soja da zai iya kare muradun mulkin mallaka. Bugu da ƙari, Jamus ba ta da buƙatar albarkatun da mulkin mallaka zai iya samar da shi, kasancewa mai wadatar kanta, don haka mulkin mallaka zai yi aiki ne kawai a matsayin magudanar tattalin arziki. Wannan hangen nesa zai canza a farkon shekarun 1880, saboda matsi iri-iri na ciki.

Muhimman abubuwa guda biyu da suka tunzura wannan sauyi su ne matsin lamba daga muradun tattalin arziki a Jamus, da kuma damuwa game da rasa abin da daga baya za a kira Scramble for Africa. A ɓangaren siyasa, mulkin mallaka ya zama abin alfahari a cikin ƙasa, yayin da Jamusawa ke ganin cewa sauran al'ummomi suna da mallaka, kuma suna tunanin ya kamata su ma a matsayin wani lamari na kima na kasa. Jami'an gwamnati da dama sun ɗauki wannan matsayi, kuma da alama suna samun goyon bayan jama'a su ma. A ɓangaren kasuwanci, kamfanonin da suka riga sun yi aiki a Kamaru (waɗanda irin su Adolph Woermann ke wakilta) suna son kariya da goyan bayan da gwamnatin Jamus za ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, kuma yawancin masu kira na Jamus sun nemi sabbin kasuwanni don wuce gona da iri.

Waɗannan matsin lamba za su ƙare a cikin Bismarck don ba da izinin kafa mulkin mallaka na Kamaru, da sauransu.

 Mulkin mallaka na farko (1884-1889/90) 
A ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1884 aka fara aikin "Kare Kameru" na Jamus  Gustav Nachtigal ya isa Duala a watan Yuli kuma ya yi shawarwari tare da wasu sarakunan yankin da ke kusa da Duala, a wancan lokacin cibiyar kasuwancin Jamus. Daga nan ne zai zarce zuwa wasu sassan ƙasar Kamaru, inda zai ci gaba da kulla yarjejeniya da wasu ƙabilun yankunan da ke kusa da kogunan, inda aka riga aka kafa kasuwanci sosai. Wannan zai kafa yanayin amfani da yarjejeniyoyin a matsayin hanya ɗaya ta faɗaɗa ikon Jamus. 

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka sa turawan mulkin mallaka shine kamfanonin Jamus da ke neman faɗaɗa muradunsu na tattalin arziki a Kamaru. Bismarck, da yake sanin wannan gaskiyar kuma ya damu da ɗimbin kuɗaɗen mulkin mallaka, ya zaɓi maimakon baiwa kamfanonin da ke da hannu a cikin Kamaru matsayin "Chartered". Ardener, Edwin (1962). "The Political History of Cameroon". The World Today. 18 (8): 341–350. ISSN 0043-9134. JSTOR 40393427. Kamar haka, gwamnatin farko ta faɗi ga manyan kamfanoni na kasuwanci na Jamus da kamfanoni masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suka riga sun kafa kansu a cikin mulkin mallaka. 

Daga karshe dai an bayyana cewa kamfanonin ba sa gudanar da ayyukansu yadda ya kamata. Abubuwa iri-iri ne suka haifar da gazawarsu, amma daga cikin su akwai rigingimun da ‘yan kasuwar ke ci gaba da yi da ‘yan kasuwan a lokacin da ‘yan kasuwar suka fara zarcewa cikin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi muni da ya sa gwamnatin Jamus ta shiga cikinta da kuma karɓar ragamar mulki a hukumance. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba