Rundunar Sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

Rundunar Sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FIB) ƙungiya ce ta soja wacce ta zama wani ɓangare na Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkinobho a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (MONUSCO). Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da izini a ranar 28 ga Maris 2013 ta hanyar Resolution 2098.  Kodayake ba shine farkon yanayin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da izinin amfani da karfi ba, Brigade na Tsaro na Sojoji shine aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya na farko na Majalisar Dinkinobho wanda aka ba shi aiki musamman don aiwatar da ayyukan kai farmaki don "kusawa da kuma kawar da makamai" kungiyoyin da aka dauka barazana ga ikon jihar da tsaron farar hula. A wannan yanayin, babban burin shine ƙungiyar 'yan bindiga ta M23, da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na Kongo da na kasashen waje. Duk da yake irin waɗannan ayyukan ba sa buƙatar goyon bayan Sojojin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (FARDC), Brigade na Intervention na Sojoji sau da yawa yana aiki tare da FARDC don kawar da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye.

 Tarihi 

 Rikicin a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo 
Asalin rikici a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (wanda aka sani da Zaire har zuwa 1997) ana iya gano shi zuwa Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda na 1994, lokacin da miliyoyin Tutsi da Hutu Rwandan suka gudu zuwa gabashin Kongo a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙididdigar da Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 7% na Hutus da suka tsere zuwa Kongo mambobi ne na Sojojin Democrat don 'Yanci na Rwanda (FDLR), ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye da ke da alhakin kisan kare dangi. Lokacin da aka kafa sabuwar gwamnatin Tutsi bayan kisan kare dangi, an kafa kawance tsakanin sojojin 'yan tawaye na Rwanda da Uganda don mamaye gabashin Kongo don kama 'yan ta'adda na FDLR, fara Yaƙin Kongo na farko (1996-97).  Wannan ya haifar da rushewar mulkin Mobutu Sese Seko wanda ke mulki tun 1965.

Rikicin da ya haifar da kasancewar wannan hadin gwiwa ba tare da izini ba ya karu lokacin da Laurent-Désiré Kabila ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. A shekara ta 1998, ya haɗa kan Kongo da Angola, Zimbabwe da sauran ƙasashe don tilasta sojojin Rwanda da Uganda. Shafin yanar gizo na kawance da yawan mutuwar da suka shafi rikici, wanda aka kiyasta kusan miliyan shida, ya ba da sakamakon Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu (1998-2003) sanannen ma'anar "Yaƙin Duniya na Afirka. "  Yana ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikicen da suka fi muni a tarihin baya-bayan nan, tare da yawancin waɗannan mutuwar sun kasance fararen hula. Kimanin daga Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya sun zama sojoji ne da aka kashe a cikin yaƙi kai tsaye.  Rikicin ya kasance a ko'ina bayan 2003, tare da yawa da yawa da ya shafi irin wannan tashin hankali na fararen hula da kuma yaƙi na duniya.

 MONUC da MONUSCO 
Don yaki da wannan rikicin jin kai a Kongo, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da MONUC, wanda ya riga ya kasance aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya na yanzu, ta hanyar ƙuduri 1279 (1999) da Ƙuduri na 1291 (2000). Wannan manufa, tare da kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara sama da dala biliyan daya a kowace shekara, ya zama mafi tsada da kuma aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya har zuwa yau. Abin takaici, yayin da aikin ya ci nasara a wasu batutuwa, ya sami zargi mai yawa saboda gazawarsa ta dauki mataki kai tsaye a kan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da aka dauka suna da alhakin yaki da tashin hankali. Misali, tun daga ranar 14 ga Mayu 2002, ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Congo Rally for Democracy (RCD) da ke goyon bayan Rwanda ta shiga cikin "kisan kai, kashe-kashen taƙaitaccen kisa, fyade, da fashi" a garin Kisangani na arewa. A shekara ta 2003, irin wannan taron ya faru a Icari a gabashin Kongo. A lokuta biyu, jami'an MONUC sun ki ba da izinin amfani da karfi a kan 'yan tawaye, suna kiyaye cewa an ba da izini ne kawai don kare kansu a karkashin Babi na VI na umarnin MONUC.

Dangane da zargi game da gazawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yin aiki a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan, Majalisar Dinkinobho ta kara da "tsayawa" ga umarnin MONUC, don haka ta sake kafa aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya a matsayin MONUSCO a cikin 2010. Duk da haka, an soki MONUSCO saboda gazawarta na daukar mataki kai tsaye ta hanyar amfani da karfi a kan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye. Lokacin da MONUSCO ta kasa yin aiki bayan mamayewar 'yan tawaye na M23 da kuma kama Goma a Arewacin Kivu, al'ummomin duniya sun yi kira ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta sake la'akari da tsarin MONUSCO game da rikici. Wannan roƙon ya bayyana kansa a cikin amincewar Brigade na Force Intervention a cikin 2013. 

 Farkon Brigade na Sojoji 
A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013, an kafa "Tsarin Zaman Lafiya, Tsaro da Haɗin Kai ga DRC da Yankin" don yaki da tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da rikici da kuma karfafa rarraba, sake fasalin bangaren tsaro da karfafa ikon jihar. An fara gabatar da manufar Brigade na Intervention na Force a Taron Kasa da Kasa a Yankin Great Lakes (ICGLR), a lokacin da aka nuna gazawar MONUSCO don kawo karshen tashin hankali a gabashin Kongo kuma aka magance su. An nuna damuwa cewa wannan rashin kwanciyar hankali ma barazana ce ga kwanciyar hankali na yanki.

Dangane da waɗannan damuwa, Uganda, tare da goyon bayan Afirka ta Kudu, ta ba da shawarar kafa Brigade na Neutral Intervention, ƙaramin rundunar da ta ƙunshi sojoji daga ƙasashe a yankin. Abin takaici, saboda rashin gogewar sojoji da kudade don kammala kimanin dala miliyan 100 na tura wadannan dakarun, ba za a iya kammala kokarin a matakin yanki ba. A sakamakon haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓi ra'ayin kuma ta zama ƙoƙari na duniya a ƙarƙashin aikin MONUSCO. Daga ƙarshe an ba da izini bayan shekaru 14 na kasancewar MONUSCO a Kongo, an rungumi Brigade na Intervention Force a matsayin canji mai ban mamaki a kokarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na "ƙetare ci gaba da tashin hankali a DRC," kuma a matsayin canjin daga kiyaye zaman lafiya na gargajiya da zuwa tilasta zaman lafiya.

 Samun izini 
Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2098 (2013), wanda ta hanyar da aka fara ba da izini ga Brigade Intervention Force, ya bayyana cewa Brigade ya kamata:"... Don tallafawa hukumomin DRC, bisa ga tattara bayanai da bincike, da kuma cikakken la'akari da bukatar kare fararen hula da rage haɗari kafin, a lokacin da kuma bayan kowane aikin soja, aiwatar da ayyukan kai farmaki ta hanyar Brigade Intervention... ko dai suna ba da gudummawa ko tare da FARDC, a cikin tsari mai ƙarfi, mai sauyawa sosai da gabas kuma a cikin tsananin bin doka ta duniya da kuma tare da manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam na haƙƙin ɗanɗano a kan sojojin da ba na UN ba (HRDDP), don tabbatar da su da ke da ikon tsayayya su don hana su don kawar da dukkan kungiyoyin farar da makamai na Amurka don kawar da makamai ga duk kungiyoyin da makamai.An ba da izinin Brigade na Intervention Force na shekara guda wanda ya fara a watan Maris na shekara ta 2013 a karkashin umarnin MONUSCO. Koyaya, tun lokacin da aka amince da shi na farko, an sake ba da izini ga Brigade na Intervention Force a kowace shekara ta hanyar Resolution 2211 (2015), wanda ya tsawaita umarnin MONUSCO zuwa 31 Maris 2016, da Resolution 2277 (2016),  wanda ya tsawo umarnin zuwa 31 Maris 2017. Kwanan nan, ta hanyar Resolution 2348 (2017), an sake tsawaita umarnin MONUSCO, kuma ta haka ne Brigade na Intervention Force, har zuwa Maris 2018.

 Wurin rikici 
Rikicin da aka yi a Kongo ya fi yawa a gabashin kasar, musamman a yankunan Arewa da Kivu ta Kudu. Kodayake akwai lokuta na tashin hankali da ya shafi rikici a duk faɗin ƙasar, kasancewar 'yan tawaye a gabas ya fi yawa, musamman saboda kusanci da iyakar Rwanda. Wadannan yankuna galibi suna da yanayin tsaunuka wanda ke da wuyar sarrafawa da kewayawa. Rahotanni da yawa sun nuna cewa waɗannan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye suna tallafawa ayyukansu ta hanyar amfani da ƙasar da ke da ma'adinai a gabashin Kongo da kuma shiga cikin kasuwancin smuggling.
Ƙungiya
Kafa
Dangane da umarnin rundunar Force Intervention Brigade na shekarar 2013, rundunar ta kunshi bataliyoyin sojojin ƙasa guda uku, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu harba bindiga (artillery), da kuma kamfanin musamman na ƙwararru da masu bincike. A lokacin da aka fara tura su, Force Intervention Brigade ta ƙunshi dakarun soji 3,069, inda na farko 2,550 suka fito daidai daga Tanzaniya, Malawi da Afirka ta Kudu. Masu harba bindiga, ƙwararrun sojoji da masu bincike su ne suka cika sauran guraben da ke cikin wannan rukuni.

Adadin sojoji da aka amince da su tun da farko bisa umarnin shekarar 2013 ya kasance 19,815. Amma daga baya an rage wannan adadi a wani bangare na shirin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na ficewa daga Kongo. A cewar Resolution 2348 (2017), an rage yawan dakarun MONUSCO zuwa 16,215, wanda ke nuna ragin sojoji 2,600. Duk da cewa wasu wakilan MDD sun nuna goyon bayan rage yawan sojoji a cikin wannan sabuwar shawara, wasu kuma sun nuna ƙin amincewa da hakan. Wakilin Tarayyar Rasha ya bayyana cewa halin da ake ciki a Kongo yana da rikitarwa kuma gaggawa, don haka rage yawan dakarun ba abu ne mai yiwuwa ba.

Rukuni
Rukunin Harba Bindiga 
 Babu cikakken bayani akan wannan rundunar daga Tanzaniya.

Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru da Masu Bincike
 Babu cikakken bayani.

Bataliyoyin sojojin ƙasa na Afirka ta Kudu 








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