Yajin aiki na Durban 1973

Yunkurin yajin aiki na Durban na 1973 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Durban Moment, jerin rikice-rikicen ma'aikata ne da zanga-zangar da aka gudanar a Durban a 1973.  Ma'aikatan Afirka a bangarori daban-daban da gangan sun hana aikinsu a cikin ƙoƙari na neman karin albashi da kuma ingantaccen yanayin aiki. Da farko a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 1973, yajin aiki ya ɓarke a Durban kuma ya ci gaba har tsawon watanni uku har zuwa ƙarshen Maris.  Yajin aikin ya shafi kusan ma'aikatan Afirka 60,000 kuma ya shafi kamfanoni sama da 100. Mafi yawan yajin aiki ya faru ne a gefen Durban a cikin masana'antu, ƙarfe da sinadarai. Kodayake yawan yajin aiki ya ragu bayan Maris, an ruwaito ma'aikatan Afirka da Indiya 100,000 sun ɗauki wani nau'i na aikin masana'antu a ƙarshen 1973.

An ga yajin aikin Durban na 1973 a matsayin wani nau'i na "rashin biyayya ga jama'a" saboda ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga 'yan Afirka ba, a karkashin Dokar Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act, 1953 don yajin aiki a Afirka ta Kudu a wannan lokacin.Johann, M (1985). "The emergence, struggles and achievements of black trade unions in South Africa from 1973 to 1984". Labour, Capital and Society. 18 (2): 278–303.Lichtenstein, A (2017). "'We do not think that the Bantu is ready for labour unions': Remaking South Africa's apartheid workplace in the 1970s". South African Historical Journal. 69 (2): 215–235. doi:10.1080/02582473.2017.1293718. S2CID 151505111. Yajin aikin Durban na 1973 ya kasance mai mahimmanci yayin da suka ba da gudummawa ga kafa Tarayyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu a 1979  sannan kuma Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) a 1985 da kuma ci gaban ƙungiyar kwadago ta Afirka da ke adawa da wariyar launin fata  wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya ta al'umma.Lichtenstein, A (2015). "'A measure of democracy': Works committees, black workers, and industrial citizenship in South Africa". South African Historical Journal. 67 (2): 113–138. doi:10.1080/02582473.2015.1040061. S2CID 142537667.

 Tarihi 

 Albashi da yanayin aiki (farkon shekarun 1970s) 
A cikin 1970, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na ayyukan da ke cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Afirka ta Kudu sun biya ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi a ƙasa da layin talauci wanda aka saita a R18 a kowane mako a Durban.Lichtenstein, A (2017). "'We do not think that the Bantu is ready for labour unions': Remaking South Africa's apartheid workplace in the 1970s". South African Historical Journal. 69 (2): 215–235. doi:10.1080/02582473.2017.1293718. S2CID 151505111.Lichtenstein, A (2015). "'A measure of democracy': Works committees, black workers, and industrial citizenship in South Africa". South African Historical Journal. 67 (2): 113–138. doi:10.1080/02582473.2015.1040061. S2CID 142537667. Wannan, haɗe da hauhawar matsin lamba, ya sa ya zama da wahala ga ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi su sami kuɗin shiga.  Johann, M (1985). "The emergence, struggles and achievements of black trade unions in South Africa from 1973 to 1984". Labour, Capital and Society. 18 (2): 278–303. Yarjejeniyar da aka saba da ita tsakanin jami'an jihar, ma'aikata da Asusun Ci Gaban da Gudanarwa na Kasa (NDMF) ita ce ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi suna buƙatar haɓaka yawan aiki kafin a ba su albashi mafi girma.

 Tsarin alaƙar masana'antu na Afirka ta Kudu (farkon shekarun 1970s) 
Ba kamar Whites, Coloureds da Indiyawa waɗanda Dokar sulhu ta masana'antu ta 1956 ke jagoranta ba, tsarin alaƙar masana'antu na Afirka ta Kudu bai amince da ma'aikatan Afirka baƙar fata a matsayin 'ma'aikata' a farkon shekarun 1970s.Johann, M (1985). "The emergence, struggles and achievements of black trade unions in South Africa from 1973 to 1984". Labour, Capital and Society. 18 (2): 278–303.Lichtenstein, A (2017). "'We do not think that the Bantu is ready for labour unions': Remaking South Africa's apartheid workplace in the 1970s". South African Historical Journal. 69 (2): 215–235. doi:10.1080/02582473.2017.1293718. S2CID 151505111. Dokar 'yan asalin ƙasar 1953 (Settlement of Disputes) ta hana ma'aikatan Afirka baƙar fata shiga ƙungiyoyin kwadago masu rajista (ciki har da ƙungiyoyin kabilanci).  Lichtenstein, A (2015). "'A measure of democracy': Works committees, black workers, and industrial citizenship in South Africa". South African Historical Journal. 67 (2): 113–138. doi:10.1080/02582473.2015.1040061. S2CID 142537667. Ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da irin hanyoyin shari'a da aka ba White, Coloureds da Indiyawa ba, ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi suna da iyakantaccen damar shiga cikin ciniki tare da ma'aikatansu.  Buhlungu, S; Moccio, F; Kaminski, M (2009). "The rise and decline of the democratic organisational culture in the South African labour movement". Labor Studies Journal. 34 (1): 91–111. doi:10.1177/0160449X07308522. S2CID 144709273. Maimakon kungiyoyin kwadago, an ƙuntata ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi ga kwamitocin aiki na shuka waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta Tsakiya ke kula da su.   An tsara kwamitocin aiki don ba da korafe-korafe a wurin aiki da ma'aikatan Afirka suka bayyana ga ma'aikata ko Jami'an Kwadago na asali. Marais Viljoen, Ministan Kwadago, ya sanar a majalisa cewa kafawa da tasirin kwamitocin aiki zai haifar da ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi da suka rasa sha'awar kungiyoyin kwadago. A watan Janairun 1973, an ruwaito cewa Durban tana da kwamitocin aiki guda biyu kawai. Dokar 'yan asalin ƙasar (Settlement of Disputes) ta kuma sanya shi ba bisa ka'ida ba ga ma'aikatan Afirka su yi yajin aiki. Sakamakon yin hakan ya haɗa da kamawa, ɗaurin kurkuku da haɗarin ma'aikatan baƙar fata na Afirka da ake fitar da su zuwa wuraren ajiya.

Kodayake gwamnati ta yi tasiri sosai wajen murkushe kungiyoyin kwadago a cikin Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, masanin ilimin zamantakewar ma'aikata Sakhela Buhlungu ya yi la'akari da cewa yajin aikin Durban na 1973 ba na kai tsaye ba ne, amma yana da kashin baya na ƙungiyoyi bisa ga ƙungiyoyin taimakon juna da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar da aka raba da korafe-korafe na ma'aikatan Afirka.

 Yajin aiki (Janairu-Maris 1973) 

 Janairu 
Coronation Tile and Brick, wani kamfanin tubali, shi ne na farko da yajin aikin ya shafa. Da karfe 3 na safe a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 1973, wani rukuni na abokan aiki sun farka da ma'aikatan baƙi na Afirka a masana'antar Number One kuma sun gaya musu su hadu a filin wasanni na gida maimakon su je aiki.  An sanar da ma'aikatan baƙar fata na Afirka daga wuraren ajiya da ke kewaye da su ta hanyar baki kuma an rinjaye su shiga. Ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi 1500 sun yi tafiya zuwa filin wasanni, suna ɗauke da sanduna kuma suna rerawa: "Mutum ya mutu amma ruhunsa har yanzu yana da rai" a cikin Zulu. Yajin aikin, mafi yawansu suna samun R8.97 a kowane mako, sun bukaci a biya su R20, dan kadan sama da layin talauci wanda aka saita a R18 a kowane mako a Durban.   Ci gaba da kwanaki biyu, an ruwaito cewa masu yajin aiki sun koma aiki bayan Goodwill Zwelethini, Sarkin Zulu, ya gabatar da jawabi yana roƙon su yi hakan kuma ya yi alkawarin yin shawarwari a madadin su. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, gudanarwa ta amsa ta hanyar kara albashi zuwa R11.50 a kowane mako.

Nan da nan bayan haka, a ranar 10 ga Janairu, ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi 70 a AJ Keeler, kamfanin sufuri, sun daina aiki na minti 45 kuma sun bukaci karin albashi na R2. Gudanarwa ta ki amincewa da wannan a kan dalilin da ya sa ma'aikata sun riga sun karɓi sama da mafi ƙarancin albashi na doka.

Bayan wannan, a ranar 11 ga Janairu, T.W. Becket & Co ita ce kamfani na gaba da yajin aikin ya shafa. Ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi 150 sun daina aiki don karuwar albashi na R3 a kowane mako. Kamfanin ya ki kuma ya yi barazanar korar wadanda suka ci gaba da yajin aiki, ya nemi 'yan sanda da Ma'aikatar Kwadago don ƙarin tallafi. Duk da barazanar gudanarwa, ma'aikata 100 sun ki komawa aiki kuma sun ci gaba da yajin aiki. Ba har sai da aka ki amincewa da tayin gudanarwa na dawo da ma'aikata ba tare da wani canji a albashi ba a ranar 25 ga Janairu cewa kamfanin ya amince da karuwar albashi na R3.

Yajin aikin ya kai kamfanoni shida a cikin makon farko na Janairu. Manyan kamfanonin da za a shafa sune wadanda ke cikin jiragen ruwa da bangarorin sufuri. A ƙarshen watan Janairu, yawan kamfanonin da yajin aikin ya shafa sun kai 29.SAHO. "Timeline of the 1973 Durban strikes". South African History Online. Retrieved 28 May 2021. Daga cikin wadannan, Frame Group, wanda ke da masana'antun masana'antu da yawa a duk fadin Durban, sun sami yajin aiki mafi girma. Farawa a ranar Alhamis, ma'aikatan 25 ga Janairu a masana'antar Frametex a New Germany (waɗanda ake zargin ana biyan su tsakanin R5 da R9 a kowane mako) sun shiga yajin aiki don buƙatar R20 a kowane mako.  Kashegari, yajin aikin ya bazu zuwa wasu masana'antun masana'antu guda huɗu mallakar Frame Group.   Yajin aikin ya ci gaba na kwanaki biyu kuma ya shafi tsakanin ma'aikatan Afirka da Indiya 6000 da 7,000.   Masu yajin aiki sun koma aiki bayan gudanarwa sun amince da kara albashi ta hanyar R1.75 da R3 a kowane mako.   A ƙarshen watan Janairu, kowane masana'antar masana'antu na Frame Group a Natal ya shafi yajin aikin, wanda ya kawo samarwa zuwa cikakkiyar tsayawa.  

 Fabrairu 
A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, ma'aikatan birni na Afirka 3000, ciki har da masu tsabtace titi da masu karɓar shara, sun shiga yajin aiki kuma sun bukaci karin albashi har zuwa R10 a kowane mako, wanda ya kawo muhimman ayyukan Durban zuwa tsayawa. Kashegari, yawan masu yajin aiki ya karu zuwa 13 000. Gudanarwa ta amsa ta hanyar ba da gudummawa don ƙara albashi daga R13 zuwa R15 a kowane mako. Ma'aikata sun ki amincewa da wannan. Yajin aikin ya karu yayin da ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi daga wasu masana'antu da yankunan Natal, kamar Pietermaritzburg da Port Shepstone, suka shiga ma'aikatan birni. Mutane 30,000 ne aka yi zargin sun shiga cikin yajin aikin. Ma'aikatan birni na Afirka sun koma aiki a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu.  SAHO. "Timeline of the 1973 Durban strikes". South African History Online. Retrieved 28 May 2021.

 Maris 
Kodayake yajin aiki na baƙar fata na Afirka ya faru a watan Maris, an ruwaito cewa yajin aikin ya mutu bayan karshen watan Fabrairu.Horn, P (2003). "The 1973 strikes: How far have we come?". Economic Monitor. 20 (1): 41–46. Yajin aikin farko na 1973 sun kasance kadan.Lichtenstein, A (2015). "'A measure of democracy': Works committees, black workers, and industrial citizenship in South Africa". South African Historical Journal. 67 (2): 113–138. doi:10.1080/02582473.2015.1040061. S2CID 142537667.Lichtenstein, A (2017). "'We do not think that the Bantu is ready for labour unions': Remaking South Africa's apartheid workplace in the 1970s". South African Historical Journal. 69 (2): 215–235. doi:10.1080/02582473.2017.1293718. S2CID 151505111. Duk da haka, suna da tasiri kuma Cibiyar Ilimi (IIE) ta bayyana su a matsayin "jerin ayyukan da ma'aikata suka yi, wanda ya bazu ta hanyar kwaikwayon. "    Yawancin yajin aikin sun kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci, tare da ƙasa da rabin su suna ci gaba da fiye da kwana biyu.Johann, M (1985). "The emergence, struggles and achievements of black trade unions in South Africa from 1973 to 1984". Labour, Capital and Society. 18 (2): 278–303. A ƙarshen watan Maris, kusan ma'aikatan Afirka baƙi 60,000 sun shiga cikin yajin aikin, wanda ya shafi kamfanoni sama da 146.
 Martani da Amsoshi 
 Martanin Ma'aikata 
Akwai nau’o’in martani daban-daban daga bangaren ma’aikata. Wasu kamfanoni sun nemi warware matsalar nan da nan domin kwantar da hankalin masu yajin aiki, yayin da wasu suka ki amincewa. Wasu kamfanoni sun kara albashi kafin ma'aikata su dauki matakin yajin aiki don hana irin wannan abin sake faruwa. Kamfanonin da yajin aikin ya shafa an ba su shawarar tuntubar Ma’aikatar Kwadago da ‘yan sanda (idan aka samu tashin hankali) daga Durban Chamber of Commerce. Ma’aikatar Kwadago ta ba da shawarar kada a shiga tattaunawa da masu yajin aiki, kada a mayar da martani har sai sun dawo bakin aiki, kuma a ki biyan diyya ga lokacin da ba a yi aiki ba. Yawancin kamfanonin da yajin aikin ya shafa sun amsa ta hanyar kara albashi. Ko da yake da dama daga cikinsu sun yi barazanar kora ma’aikata, hakan bai yawaita faruwa ba. Rashin sadarwa tsakanin ma'aikata da shugabanninsu an dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan dalilan yajin aikin a cewar kamfanoni.

 Martanin ‘Yan Sanda 
‘Yan sanda sun kasance a wurin duk tsawon lokacin yajin aikin. Duk da haka, ba su yawaita shiga tsakani ba kuma rahotanni sun bayyana cewa an umurce su da su yi amfani da karfi kadan ne kawai idan akwai bukata. A mafi yawancin lokuta, an bayyana masu yajin aikin a matsayin "masu halin kirki gaba ɗaya" kuma ba masu tayar da hankali ba ne. Duk da cewa dokar 1973 Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) ta haramta wa bakaken fata yin yajin aiki, an yi kama da mutane 353 kawai har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 1973. Masana tarihi sun nuna cewa da ace ‘yan sanda sun shiga tsakani, lamarin zai iya kara muni da hadari. Ma'aikata da 'yan majalisa sun dage cewa "masu hura wuta" ne suka haddasa yajin aikin. Marais Viljoen, Ministan Kwadago, ya zargi National Union of South African Students (NUSAS), Black Workers' Project (BWP) da Trade Union Council of South Africa da haddasa rikicin kwadago, tare da cewa wasu daga cikinsu na shirin kifar da gwamnati. Duk da haka, 'yan sanda sun ce "ba su da wata shaida da ke nuna cewa wata kungiya ce ke bayan yajin aikin."

 Martanin Jama'a da Kafofin Watsa Labarai 

Yajin aikin Durban na 1973 ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da dama. Wasu daga cikin rahotannin jaridu na gari da gwamnati, ciki har da na Rapport da SABC, sun nuna goyon baya ga ma’aikatan bakaken fata kuma sun dora alhakin rashin isasshen albashi a kan shugabannin kamfanoni. A ranar 30 ga Janairu 1973, jaridar Johannesburg Star ta wallafa wata makala da ke cewa, "Idan ana son dawo da zaman lafiya a wajen aiki...ma’aikata za su bukaci daukar mataki na kara albashi zuwa matakin da za a iya rayuwa da shi, kuma R5 a mako ba zai wadatar ba." Philip Frame, mai kamfanin Frame Group, da Ministan Kwadago sun fuskanci suka daga kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin yajin aikin saboda dora laifi kan masu hura wuta.

 Gado da abin da ya biyo baya 
 Abin da ya biyo bayan nan da nan 
A shekarar 1973, Ministan Kwadago, Marais Viljoen, ya sauya dokar Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) ta 1953 zuwa Bantu Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act. Sauye-sauyen sun ba da damar yajin aikin ma'aikatan bakar fata na Afirka a karon farko cikin shekaru talatin. Amma dai an ci gaba da hana amincewa da ƙungiyoyin kwadago na bakar fata.

Bayan yajin-aikin, kamfanoni da jami’an gwamnati da dama sun ƙarfafa fadada kwamitocin ‘aikin masana’antu’ da na ‘sadarwa’ don kyautata hulɗar ma’aikata da shugabanni da kuma sarrafa harkokin masana’antu. A cikin waɗannan kwamitoci na sadarwa, rabin mambobi na iya fitowa daga ɓangaren ma'aikata. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun kasance abin ƙi ga ma'aikatan bakar fata da masu fafutukar kwadago, domin suna ganin hakan yunkuri ne na hana su kafa ƙungiyoyi da kuma ci gaba da mulkin masu aiki.

 Ayyukan ƙungiyar kwadago 
Tashin hankalin yajin-aikin na shekarar 1973 ya haddasa dawo da ayyukan ƙungiyoyin kwadago a Afirka ta Kudu, yayin da ma'aikatan bakar fata suka shiga cikin sabbin ƙungiyoyi da ba su da rajista. A shekarar 1975, an ruwaito cewa akwai ƙungiyoyin bakar fata guda biyar da suka haɗa da ma'aikata kusan 11,000. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun yi aiki tare da kwamitocin masana’antu na cikin ginin masana’anta, kuma sun sami nasarar sanya wakilan su cikin kwamitocin sadarwa, wanda hakan ya sa ya fi wahala ga shugabanni watsi da bukatun ma'aikatan bakar fata.

A ranar 1 ga Mayu 1979, an yi gyare-gyare a dokar Labour Relations Act, wanda aka fi sani da Wiehahn Commission. Wannan kwamitin Wiehahn ya bai wa ƙungiyoyin kwadago na bakar fata damar samun takaitaccen amincewa daga gwamnati. Yajin-aikin Durban na 1973 yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwa da masana suka fi ambato a matsayin juyin juya hali a tsarin kwadago na Afirka ta Kudu, domin ya haifar da motsin ƙungiyoyin kwadago na bakar fata kuma mataki ne mai muhimmanci a cikin gwagwarmayar kafa ‘yancin dimokuraɗiyya da ya zama ginshiƙi a fafutukar rushe tsarin wariya.

 Manazarta