John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes Cairncross, Alec. "Keynes, John Maynard, Baron Keynes (1883–1946)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34310. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) CB, FBA (/keɪnz/ KAYNZ; 5 Yuni 1883 - 21 Afrilu 1946), masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma ɗan falsafa ɗan Ingilishi wanda ra'ayoyinsa sun canza ainihin ka'idar da aiwatar da macroeconomics da manufofin tattalin arziki na gwamnatoci. Asalinsa ya sami horo a fannin lissafi, ya gina kuma ya inganta aikin da ya gabata a kan abubuwan da ke haifar da zagayowar kasuwanci.Cohn, Steven Mark (2015). Reintroducing Macroeconomics: A Critical Approach. Taylor & Francis. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-317-46120-3. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017. Yergin & Stanislaw 2002, pp. 39–</ref> daya daga cikin manyan masana tattalin arziki na karni na 20,  Sloman, John (22 October 2008). "How to kick-start a faltering economy the Keynes way". BBC News magazine. Archived from the original on 4 April 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2008.  Cohn, Steven Mark (2015). Reintroducing Macroeconomics: A Critical Approach. Taylor & Francis. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-317-46120-3. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.  Klein, Daniel B. (May 2011). "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs" (PDF). Econ Journal Watch. 8 (2): 126–146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2017. samar da rubuce-rubucen da suka kasancebsvg
tushen mazhabar da aka fi sani da tattalin arziki na Keynesian, da mabanbantan sa.Skidelsky, Robert (26 October 2010). Keynes: The Return of the Master. Cambridge: Public affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-897-0. Ra'ayoyinsa, waɗanda aka sake fasalin su azaman Sabon Keynesianism, suna da mahimmanci ga macroeconomics na yau da kullun. An san shi da “mahaifin macroeconomics”,, Martin (23 December 2008). "Keynes offers us the best way to think about the financial crisis". Financial Times. (Columnist opinion)
"J. M. Keynes, le libre-échange et le protectionnisme" [18]
A lokacin babban mawuyacin hali na shekarun 1930, Keynes ya jagoranci juyin juya hali a cikin tunanin tattalin arziki, yana kalubalantar ra'ayoyin tattalin arziki na zamani wanda ke da'awar cewa kasuwanni masu 'yanci, a cikin gajeren lokaci zuwa matsakaicin lokaci, za su samar da cikakken aiki kai tsaye, muddin ma'aikata sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi game da bukatun albashi. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa jimillar bukatu (jimlar kashe kudi a cikin tattalin arzikin kasa) ya tabbatar da yawan ayyukan tattalin arziki, kuma rashin isassun bukatu na iya haifar da tsawan lokaci na rashin aikin yi, kuma tunda albashi da tsadar ma’aikata sun yi kasa da kasa tattalin arzikin ba zai dawo da cikakken aiki kai tsaye ba., John Maynard (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2021 – via The University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection.
Les fondements non neoclassiques du protectionnisme Keynes, John Maynard (June 1933). "National Self-Sufficiency". The Yale Review. 22 (4): 755–769. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2021. Keynes, John Maynard (June 1933). "National Self-Sufficiency". The Yale Review. 22 (4): 755–769. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2021. Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations Chris Giles; Ralph Atkins; Krishna Guha. "The undeniable shift to Keynes". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2009. Reich, Robert Archived Maynard Keynes". The Bloomsbury Group. 22 August 2007. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi

Kwalejin King, Cambridge. Kakar Keynes ta rubuta masa cewa, tun da aka haife shi a Cambridge, mutane za su sa ran zai yi wayo.
John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman
Aschheim, J.; Tavlas, G. S.; Heinsohn, G.; Steiger, O. (1994). "The Monetary Thought-Ideology Nexus: Simons verses Keynes; Marx and Keynes – Private Property and Money". In Wood, John Cunningham (ed.). John Maynard Keynes: Critical Assessments. Second. pp. 101–120, 135. ISBN 978-0-415-11415-8. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Bisa ga tunanin ɗan'uwansa Geoffrey, iyayensu suna da ƙauna da kulawa. Sun halarci Cocin IkilisiyaKeynes, Geoffrey (1975). "The Early Years". In Milo Keynes (ed.). Essays on John Maynard Keynes. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–35. ISBN 978-0-521-20534-4. John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman 14  kuma sun kasance a gida ɗaya a duk rayuwarsu, inda koyaushe ana maraba da yaran su dawo. Keynes ya sami goyon baya mai yawa daga mahaifinsa, ciki har da kwararre ".John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman14 John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman

A cikin Janairu 1889, yana da shekaru biyar da rabi, Keynes ya fara a kindergarten na Perse School for Girls na safe biyar a mako. Nan da nan ya nuna gwanintar ilimin lissafi, amma lafiyarsa ba ta da kyau wanda ya haifar da rashin lafiya da yawa. shi John Maynard Keynes: A Personal Biography of the Man Who Revolutionized Capitalism

A cikin .John Maynard Keynes: A Personal Biography of the Man Who Revolutionized Capitalism 27  Duk da kasancewarsa a aji na tsakiya, Keynes yana gauraya cikin sauki tare da manyan daliban aji.Thorpe, D. R. (2011). Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan. London: Pimlico; Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-1-84413-541-7.

A cikin 1902, Keynes ya bar Eton zuwa Kwalejin King, Cambridge, bayan ya sami gurbin karatu don wannan ma, don karanta lissafi. Alfred Marshall ya roki Keynes ya zama masanin tattalin arziki, McGee, Matt (2005). Economics – In terms of The Good, The Bad and The Economist. S.l.: IBID Press. p. 354. ISBN 1-876659-10-6. OCLC 163584293. duk da cewa son zuciyar Keynes ya jawo shi zuwa ga falsafa, musamman tsarin da'a na G. E. Moore. An zaɓi Keynes a Jami'ar Pitt Club  Moggridge, Donald Edward (1992). Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 9780415051415. p. 395: I again fell very much in   kuma ya kasance memba mai ƙwazo a cikin rukunin sirri na Cambridge Messengers, ƙungiyar muhawara da aka keɓe don .,Robinson, Austin (1975). "A Personal View". In Milo Keynes (ed.). Essays on John Maynard Keynes. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–35. ISBN 978-0-521-20534-4. See p.11 Humanism: A Beginner's Guide  Gowland. "Biography of Baron John Maynard Keynes". LiberalHistory.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2009.

Sana'a
A cikin Oktoba 1906 Keynes ya fara aikinsa na Ma'aikata a matsayin magatakarda a Ofishin Indiya.The London Gazette ] Ya ji daɗin aikinsa da farko, amma a 1908 ya zama gundura kuma ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa don komawa Cambridge kuma ya yi aiki a kan ka'idar yiwuwar, ta hanyar lacca a fannin tattalin arziki da farko da masana tattalin arziki Alfred Marshall da Arthur Pigou suka ba da kansu; Ya zama ɗan'uwa a Kwalejin King a 1909.Skidelsky 1983

A shekara ta 1909 Keynes kuma ya buga labarinsa na farko na fannin tattalin arziki a cikin Jaridar Tattalin Arziki, game da tasirin koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya kwanan nan ga Indiya. Hyman Minsky (16 April 2008). "Chapter 1". John Maynard Keynes. and McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-159301-4. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2020. kafa 

A cikin 1911 Keynes ya zama editan Jaridar Tattalin Arziki. A shekara ta 1913 ya buga littafinsa na farko, Kuɗin Indiya da Kuɗi.[ Indian Currency and Finance Daga nan aka nada shi ga Hukumar Sarauta kan Kudi da Kuɗi ta Indiya . 28711". The London Gazette. 18 April 1913. p. 2809. batu guda ɗaya da littafinsa - inda Keynes ya nuna."Niall Ferguson is wrong: writing on Lopokova, Keynes' wife, I found evidence of a warm and loving relationship in which both wanted children"

Yaƙin Duniya na Farko
The 
John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman
A cikin Janairu 1915 Keynes ya ɗauki matsayin gwamnati a baitul mali. Daga cikin nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansa akwai tsara sharuddan lamuni tsakanin Biritaniya da kawayenta na nahiyar a lokacin yakin da kuma samun karancin kudade. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert 
Sakataren Baitulmali ya yi farin ciki da jin Keynes ya tara abin da ya dace don samar da mafita na wucin gadi ga Gwamnatin Burtaniya. Amma Keynes bai ba da pesetas ɗin ba, maimakon haka ya zaɓi ya sayar da su duka don ya karya kasuwa rfin halinsa ya biya, domin pesetas ɗin ya ragu sosai da tsada.Spiegel, Henry William (1991). The Growth of Economic Thought. Durham, UK: Duke University Press. p. 602. ISBN 0-8223-0973-4. Keynes, John Maynard (December 1919). "V. Reparation"; "VII. Remedies". The Economic Consequences of the Peace (First ed.). Macmillan & Co. Ch. V: pp. 103–210; Ch. VII: pp. 236–279.
The Journal of Modern History
cikin 1920s 
Keynes ya kammala A Treatise on Probability kafin yakin amma ya buga shi a cikin 1921. Skidelsky, Robert (2003). John Maynard Keynes, 283  Aikin ya kasance sanannen gudummawa ga ilimin falsafa da ilimin lissafi na ka'idar yiwuwa, yana mai da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci cewa yiwuwar ba su wuce ko ƙasa da ƙimar gaskiya tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin gaskiya da karya ba. Keynes ya haɓaka tsarin tazara mai yiwuwa na farko na sama-ƙananan  don yuwuwa a cikin " The London Gazette Paley Marshall ta kasance "shiga" ta wurin tunawa, yayin da Lytton Strachey ya sanya shi a matsayin ɗayan "mafi kyawun ayyuka" na Keynes.Henig, Ruth (1995). Versailles and After, 1919–1933 (second ed.). Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-134-79873-5. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
Schuker, Stephen A. (July 1988). American 'Reparations' to Germany, 1919–33: Implications for the Third-World Debt Crisis. Princeton Studies in International Finance. International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University. p. 119. ISBN 0881652334.
A cikin 1922 Keynes ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar rage ramukan Jamusanci tare da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar. rage daraja. Biritaniya ta sha fama da rashin aikin yi a mafi yawan shekarun 1920, wanda hakan ya sa Keynes ya ba da shawarar rage darajar siti don haɓaka ayyukan yi ta hanyar sanya kayan da Birtaniyya ke fitarwa cikin araha. Daga 1924 kuma yana ba da shawarar mayar da martani ga kasafin kuɗi, inda gwamnati za ta iya samar da ayyukan yi ta hanyar kashe kuɗi akan ayyukan jama'a.: Skidelsky, Robert (2003). John Maynard Keynes,  A cikin 1920s Keynes's pro-stimulus views yana da iyakanceccen tasiri ga masu tsara manufofi da ra'ayin ilimi na al'ada - bisa ga Hyman Minsky dalili daya shine cewa a wannan lokacin shine "[ore]". John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman Schumpeter, Joseph (2003). Ten Great Economists. Simon Publications. p. 271. ISBN 1-932512-09-8

A lokacin Babban Bacin rai
Hazlitt, Henry (1995) [1960]. The critics of Keynesian Economics. Irvington-on-Hudson, New York: Foundation for Economic Education. ISBN 978-1-57246-013-3. Harris, Seymour E. (2005). The New Economics: Keynes's Influence on Theory and Public Policy. Kessinger Publishing. p.  , Gordon A. (1989). Keynesian Revolution and Its Critics: Issues of Theory and Policy for the Monetary Production Economy (second ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. xix–xxi, 88, 189–191, 234–238, 256–261. ISBN 978-1-349-20108-2. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2017.[page range too broad]  Minsky (16 April 2008). "Chapter 1". John Maynard Keynes. and McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-159301-4. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
Babban mawuyacin hali da lokacinsa na matsalolin tattalin arziki na duniya shine tushen da juyin juya halin Keynesian ya faru akai. Wannan hoton Uwar Migrant ce, wacce mai daukar hoto Dorothea Lange ta dauka a cikin Maris 1936., (10 October 2011). "The Demand Doctor". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018
John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman
Wikiquote yana da maganganu masu alaƙa da Babban Ka'idar Aiki, Sha'awa da Kuɗi.
Keynes ya fara aiki na ka'ida don bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin rashin aikin yi, kuɗi da farashi a cikin 1920s. Pressman, Steven (1999). Fifty Major Economists. Routledge. pp. 99–104. ISBN 978-1-134-78082-2. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2017. buga aikin, Treatise on Money, a cikin 1930 a cikin littattafai biyu. Babban ra'ayi na a<ikin shine idan adadin kuɗin da aka ajiye ya wuce adadin da ake sakawa - wanda zai iya faruwa idan yawan kuɗin ruwa ya yi yawa - to rashin aikin yi zai tashi. Wannan wani bangare ne na rashin son kashe wani kaso mai tsoka na abin da masu daukar ma’aikata ke biya, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wahala, a dunkule, ga masu daukar ma’aikata su samu riba. Wani mahimmin jigo na littafin shine rashin dogaron fihirisar kuɗi don wakiltar ingantaccen - ko ma'ana mai ma'ana - nunin sauye-sauye na gaba ɗaya a cikin ikon siyan kuɗi na tsawon lokaci. Musamman ma, ya soki hujjar komawar Biritaniya zuwa matsayin zinare a shekarar 1925 a kimar yakin kafin yakin ta hanyar la’akari da kididdigar farashin kaya. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa fihirisar ta yi watsi da tasirin canje-canje a farashin ayyuka da aiki.Employment, Interest, and Money (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2021 – via The University 978-0-07-159301-4  Keith (1997). Economic Careers: Economics and Economists in Britain, 1930–1970. London: Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 0-415-14708-5.
, Elfriede (January 2015). "How the Macroeconomic Theories of Keynes influenced the Development of Government Economic 
Finance Policy after the Great Depression of the 1930's: Using Australia as the Εxample". Athens Journal of Law. 1 (1): 34. doi:10.30958/ajl.1.1.3 , Richard (1999). "The Science of Monetary Policy: a New Keynesian Perspective". Journal of Economic Literature. 37 (4): 1661–1707. doi:10.1257/jel.37.4.1661. hdl:10230/360. S2CID 55045787. 980872123
page range too broad

Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu

Keynes (dama) da wakilin Amurka Harry Dexter White a taron farko na Hukumar Kula da Lamuni ta Duniya a Savannah, Georgia a 1946
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Keynes ya yi jayayya a cikin Yadda za a Biyan Yakin, wanda aka buga a 1940, cewa yakin ya kamata ya kasance mafi yawan kudade ta hanyar haraji mafi girma kuma musamman ta hanyar ceton wajibi (musamman ma'aikata suna ba da kuɗi ga gwamnati), maimakon kashe kuɗi, don kauce wa hauhawar farashin kaya. Ajiye tilas zai yi aiki don rage buƙatun cikin gida, yan ,Griffin, G. Edward (2004). The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve. American Media. pp. 85–106. ISBN 0-912986
Keynes, John Maynard (1980). "Speech by Lord Keynes in Moving to Accept the Final Act at the Closing Plenary Session, Bretton Woods, 22 July 1944". In Moggridge, Donald (ed.). Activities 1941–1946: Shaping the post war world. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes. Vol. 26. London: Macmillan. p. 103. ISBN 0-333-10736-5
a taimakawa wajen isar da ƙarin fitarwa zuwa yaƙi.Gazettes:
"No. 35279". The London Gazette. 19 September 1941. p. 5489.
"No. 35511". The London Gazette. 3 April 1942. p. 1540. A cikin watan Yuni 1942, Keynes ya salada saboda hidimarsa tare da gada a cikin girmama ranar haihuwar Sarki. 35586". The London Gazette. 5 June 1942. p. 2475.  35623". The London Gazette. 7 July 1942. p. 2987.
Archived
Yayin da nasarar da Allied ta samu ta fara ganin tabbas, Keynes ya taka rawa sosai, a matsayinsa na jagoran tawagar Birtaniyya kuma shugaban hukumar bankin duniya, a tattaunawar tsakiyar 1944 da ta kafa tsarin Bretton Woods. Shirin Keynes, game da ƙungiyar share fage na ƙasa da ƙasa, ya yi jayayya da tsarin tsattsauran ra'ayi don sarrafa kuɗaɗe. Ya ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar gama gari ta duniya, bancor da sabbin cibiyoyi na duniya - babban bankin duniya da ƙungiyar share fage ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Keynes ya yi hasashen waɗannan cibiyoyi a matsayin gudanar da tsarin ciniki na ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin biyan kuɗi tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙarfafawa ga ƙasashe don guje wa gibin ciniki ko ragi mai yawa, M. C. "Taking Back Globalization: A China-United States Counterfactual Using Keynes's 1941 International Clearing Union". Review of Radical Political Economics. 45 (4): 508–516. doi:10.1177/0486613412475191. ISSN 0486-6134. S2CID 154224790. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2018. Daidai da abubuwan da suka faru."Review of Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937–1946"
Richard (1976). The Bank of England, 1891–1944. Vol. 1. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-21067-6. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020. Timeline". John Maynard Keynes. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
§"After the War: The World Bank, the IMF, and the End – 1945 to 1946" "John Maynard Keynes – Career Timeline". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2010.

Bayan yakin
Bayan yakin, Keynes ya ci gaba da wakiltar Burtaniya a tattaunawar kasa da kasa duk da tabarbarewar lafiyarsa. Ya yi nasarar samun sharuɗɗan fifiko daga Amurka don sabbin basussuka don sauƙaƙe sake gina tattalin arzikin Birtaniyya. Timeline". John Maynard Keynes. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
§"After the War: The World Bank, the IMF, and the End – 1945 to 1946" "John Maynard Keynes – Career Timeline". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2010. §1945 zuwa 1946 

Kafin mutuwarsa a 1946, Keynes ya gaya wa Henry Clay, farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki kuma mai ba da shawara ga Bankin Ingila, "After the War: The World Bank, the IMF, and the End – 1945 to 1946" "John Maynard Keynes – Career Timeline". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2010. na fatansa cewa "hannun da ba a iya gani" na Adam Smith zai iya taimakawa Birtaniya daga cikin ramin tattalin arziki da ta kasance: "Na sami kaina da kuma dogara ga warware matsalolinmu a hannun marar ganuwa wanda na yi ƙoƙari na fitar da shi daga tunanin tattalin arziki shekaru ashirin da tara." 1946 

Ra'ayin tattalin arziki
, Joseph (5 May 2010). "Reform the euro or bin it". [Opinion]. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
A farkon aikinsa, Keynes masanin tattalin arziki ne na kusa da Alfred Marshall, mai matukar gamsuwa da fa'idar ciniki cikin 'yanci. Tun daga rikicin shekarar 1929 zuwa gaba, lura da jajircewar hukumomin Biritaniya na kare daidaiton zinare na fam din Ingila da kuma tsaurin ra'ayi na albashi, a hankali ya bi matakan kariya."J. M. Keynes, le libre-échange et le protectionnisme"
,Les fondements non neoclassiques du protectionnisme
Ra'ayoyi kan rashin daidaituwar ciniki
Keynes shine babban marubucin shawara - abin da ake kira Keynes Plan - don Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya. Ka'idojin gudanarwa guda biyu na shirin su ne cewa ya kamata a magance matsalar daidaita ma'auni ta hanyar "ƙirƙirar" ƙarin "kuɗin duniya", kuma mai bi bashi da mai lamuni ya kamata a kula da su kusan iri ɗaya a matsayin masu dagula daidaito. A cikin taron, ko da yake, an ƙi tsare-tsaren, a wani ɓangare saboda "ra'ayin Amurka a zahiri ya ƙi yarda da ƙa'idar daidaiton magani don haka labari a cikin dangantakar masu bashi da bashi"Les fondements non neoclassiques du protectionnisme  326-329 

Ba a kafa sabon tsarin akan ciniki na 'yanci ba ('yanci "What Is Deregulation?". Investopedia. 25 June 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019. Deregulation is the reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted kasuwancin waje "What Is Trade Liberalization". Investopedia. 18 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019. Trade liberalization is the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods between amma s."Current Global Imbalances and the Keynes Plan (PDF)" Ya ba da shawarar wani banki na duniya wanda zai fitar da kudadensa - Bancor - wanda za'a iya yin musanya da kudaden kasa bisa ƙayyadaddun farashin musaya kuma zai zama sashin asusun ajiyar kuɗi tsakanin ƙasashe, wanda ke nufin za a yi amfani da shi don auna gibin ciniki ko rarar kasuwanci. Kowace ƙasa za ta sami kayan aikin wuce gona da iri a cikin asusunta na bancor a Ƙungiyar Ƙaddamarwa ta Duniya. Ya yi nuni da cewa ragi na haifar da raunin jimillar buqatar duniya – }asashen da ke gudanar da rarar ku]a]en ragi, suna aiwatar da “bangaren waje” a kan abokan ciniki, da kuma zama, fiye da waxanda ke da gibi, barazana ga ci gaban duniya.[71] Isar da Kai", eynes, John Maynard (June 1933). "National Self-Sufficiency". The Yale Review. 22 (4): 755–769. Archived from the "Current Global Imbalances and the Kbaeynes Plan (PDF)" daidai yake kusa da daidaito, sannan babu wani tsarin tsare-tsare na kudi wanda zai iya kubutar da duniya daga mummunan sakamakon hargitsi."Crowther, Geoffrey (1948). An Outline Of Money (Revised ed.). Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. : 336Krugman, P; Wells, R (2006). Economics. Worth Publishers.
, R (2005). The Dollar Crisis: Causes, Consequences, Cures. Wiley. ISBN 9780470821701. Monbiot, George (18 November 2008). "Clearing Up This Mess". George Monbiot Website. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2019.

Ra'ayi kan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki
Keynes an siffanta shi da cewa ba shi da sha'awa ko ma tabbatacce game da hauhawar farashi mai sauƙi.[ Keynes, John Maynard (December 1919). "V. Reparation"; "VII. Remedies". The Economic Consequences of the Peace (First ed.). Macmillan & Co. Ch. V: pp. 103–210; Ch. VII: pp. 236–279 220-232   Ya bayyana fifikon hauhawar farashin kaya akan deflation, yana mai cewa idan mutum ya zabi tsakanin mugayen abubuwa guda biyu, yana da kyau a bata mai hayar gida rai fiye da sanya ciwo ga iyalai masu aiki. Tabb, William K. (2002). Reconstructing Political Economy: The Great Divide in Economic Thought. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 9780203049310. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. kuma yana sane da haɗarin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.Fletcher, Gordon A. (1989). Keynesian Revolution and Its Critics: Issues of Theory and Policy for the Monetary Poduction Economy (second ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. xix–xxi, 88, 189–191, 234–238, 256–261. ISBN 978-1-349-20108-2. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2017.[page range too broad shafi ya yi faɗi sosai] A cikin Sakamakon Tattalin Arziki na Zaman Lafiya, ya rubuta:  Keynes, John Maynard (December 1919). "V. Reparation"; "VII. Remedies". The Economic Consequences of the Peace (First ed.). Macmillan & Co. Ch. V: pp. 103–210; Ch. VII: pp. 236–279, Kishtainy, Niall (2025). A Little History of Economics. Yale University Press. pp. 104–108. ISBN 9780300283242.
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Neo-Keynesian tattalin arziki
Babban labarin: Neo-Keynesian tattalin arziki,Prospect. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2011. Reviewing Capital Rules: The Construction of Global Finance, by Rawi Abdelal, Harvard University Press, and The Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing From Crisis to Sustainability, by James Gustave Speth, Yale University
 Minsky (16 April 2008). "Chapter 1". John Maynard Keynes. and McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-159301-4. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
Ana amfani da samfurin Neo-Keynesian IS–LM don tantance tasirin girgizar buƙatu akan tattalin arzikinvsgaggagshSashe na jerin kan Peter Pugh & Chris Garratt (1993). Keynes for Beginners. Icon. p. 155. ISBN 1-874166 Oxford University Press
Jari-hujja
Madrick, Jeff (8 April 2008). "The End of the Age of Milton Friedman". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
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A ciki Wright, A. Ll. (1956). "The Genesis of the Multiplier Theory". Oxford Economic Papers. 8 (2): 181–193. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a042261. ISSN 0030-7653. JSTOR 2661731. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
writers; producer) (2002). "Episode One: The Battle of Ideas; Ch. 6: Worldwide War". Commanding Heights (TV documentary series). PBS. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. ([Transcript at 7:00]: Onscreen title: "World War II, 1941"). Retrieved 28 978-0-275-95869-5 978-0-307-26677-4
A cikin shekarun 1950, kusan dukkanin kasashen duniya da suka ci gaba sun amince da manufofin Keynesian kuma kasashe masu tasowa da yawa sun yi amfani da irin wannan matakan na tattalin arziki gauraye. A lokacin, ra'ayin Keynes game da tattalin arziki ya zama ruwan dare a cikin jami'o'in duniya. A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, tattalin arzikin jari-hujja masu tasowa da masu tasowa sun sami ci gaba na musamman da ƙarancin rashin aikin yi.[Davidson, Paul (2009). "Reforming the world's international money". In Edward Fullbrook (ed.). Crash: Why it happened and what to do about it (PDF). Vol. 1. Real-world Economics Review. pp. 115–128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2010. FarfesaDavidson, Paul (2009). The Keynes Solution: The Path to Global Economic Prosperity. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-230-10101-2. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2017 Gordon Fletcher ya rubuta cewa shekarun 1950 da 1960, lokacin da tasirin Keynes ya kai kololuwa, ya bayyana a baya a matsayin zamanin mulkin jari-hujja.Keynesian Revolution and Its Critics: Issues of Theory and Policy for the Monetary Production Economy ([Transcript at 7:00]: Onscreen title: "World War II, 1941")
Kahn, R. F. (1931). "The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment". The Economic Journal. 41 (162): 173–198. doi:10.2307/2223697. ISSN 0013-0133. JSTOR 2223697. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021. Fernando; Boyle, Michael J. "What Does 'Investment Multiplier' Mean?". Investopedia. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021. ([Transcript at 7:00]: Onscreen title: "World War II, 1941")
A ƙarshen 1965 mujallar Time ta gudanar da labarin rufe tare da sharhin take daga Milton Friedman (wanda shugaban Amurka Richard Nixon ya yi daga baya), "Dukkanmu Keynesians ne yanzu". Labarin ya bayyana yanayin tattalin arziƙin da ya fi dacewa a wancan lokacin kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa "Masu kula da tattalin arzikin Washington sun haɓaka wannan matsayi ta hanyar bin jigon Keynes na tsakiya: tattalin arzikin jari-hujja na zamani ba ya aiki kai tsaye a mafi inganci, "We Are All Keynesians Now". Time. 31 December 1965. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2008.  Hayek. "interview: Friedrich Hayek on John Maynard Keynes – Part II". hayekcenter. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2009. Friedman, Milton (March 1968). "The Role of Monetary Policy". American Economic Review

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