Ƴan Afirka da Indiya

Siddi ( ), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Sheedi, Sidi, ko Siddhi, ƙungiya ce ta kabilanci da ke zaune galibi a Pakistan . Wasu Siddis kuma suna zaune a Indiya . Asalinsu sun fito ne daga al'ummar Bantu da ke gabar tekun Zanj a Afirka ta Kudu maso Gabas, wadanda akasarinsu sun zo yankin Indiya ta hanyar cinikin bayi a tekun Indiya .  Wasu sun zo a matsayin 'yan kasuwa, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, ma'aikatan da ba a san su ba, da kuma 'yan haya. 

 Etymology 
Akwai hasashe masu karo da juna akan asalin sunan Siddi . Wata ka'ida ita ce kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sahibi, kalmar Larabci na girmamawa a Arewacin Afirka, mai kama da kalmar sahib a Indiya da Pakistan na zamani.  Ka’idar ta biyu ita ce, kalmar Siddi ta samo asali ne daga lakabin da shugabannin jiragen ruwa na Larabawa suka yi da su wanda ya fara kawo mazauna Siddi zuwa Indiya; wadannan kaftin din an san su Sayyid .  Wani suna daban-daban da ake amfani da shi ga Siddi lokaci-lokaci shine kalmar "Habshi". Yayin da aka fara amfani da shi musamman ga Abyssinia, kalmar daga baya ta zama mafi yawan amfani da ita don nufin 'yan Afirka na kowace kabila, amma ba lallai ba ne yana nufin Siddi musamman.   Hakazalika, wannan kalmar ta Siddis ana ɗaukarta ta samo asali ne daga sunan gama gari na shugabannin jiragen ruwa na Abyssiniya waɗanda su ma suka fara kai bayin Siddi zuwa ga ƙasa.  Masanin tarihi Richard M. Eaton ya ce Habshis arna ne da farko Kiristocin Habasha suka siyar da su ga ’yan kasuwar Gujarati don sayan kayan Indiya. 

Siddis kuma wani lokaci ana kiransa Afro-Indiyawa.    Larabawa ne ke kiran Siddis da Zanji ; a kasar Sin, an yi amfani da kwafi daban-daban na wannan kalmar Larabci, ciki har da Xinji (辛吉) da Jinzhi (津芝).    

 Tarihi 
Yawan mutanen Siddi sun samo asali ne daga mutanen Bantu na Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka waɗanda aka kawo yankin Indiya a matsayin bayi.  Galibin wadannan bakin hauren sun kasance musulmi ko kuma wasu tsiraru, yayin da wasu tsiraru suka zama Hindu .  Nizam na Hyderabad kuma ya ɗauki masu gadi da sojoji 'yan asalin Afirka aiki.  

Ana tsammanin Siddis na farko ya isa Indiya a cikin 628 AZ a tashar tashar Bharuch . Wasu da dama sun biyo bayan mamayar Larabawa na farko na Islama na yankin a cikin 712 AD. [1] An yi imanin cewa ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe sojoji ne tare da sojojin Larabawa Muhammad bin Qasim, kuma ana kiran su Zanjis .

Wasu Siddis sun tsere daga bauta don kafa al'umma a yankunan dazuzzuka. Siddis kuma an kawo su a matsayin bayi ta Deccan Sultanates . Wadannan Siddis sun rungumi al'adun Musulman Deccani, kuma sun gano tare da ƙungiyar siyasar musulmi ta Indiya ta Deccani a kan 'yan Shi'a na Iran.  Tsofaffin bayi da dama sun samu matsayi mai girma a aikin soja da gudanarwa, wanda ya fi fice a cikinsu shi ne Malik Ambar . 

 Rarraba yanki 

 Indiya 
Harris (1971) ya ba da bincike na tarihi game da tarwatsa bayi daga Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa wurare kamar Indiya.  Hamilton (1990) ya bayar da hujjar cewa Siddis a Indiya, tarihinsu, abubuwan da suka faru, al'adu, da maganganunsu, suna da alaƙa da al'ummar Afirka ta Tsakiya don haka, suna taimakawa da fahimtar yanayin al'ummomin da suka tarwatse. ne, tarihin tarihin su a Indiya fiye da shekaru ɗari biyar, da kuma fahimtar kansu, da kuma yadda mafi girman al'ummar Indiya ke da alaƙa da su, ya sa su zama Bantu / Indiya.  A tarihance, Siddis ba ya wanzu ne kawai a cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa da sojojin daular . Ba wai kawai sun mika wuya ga akidu da tsarin sojojin daular ba, kuma ba kawai sun yi tawaye ga mulkin daular ba.  An san Siddi a matsayin ƙabilar da aka tsara a cikin jihohi 3 da yankin ƙungiyar 1: Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka da Daman da Diu . 

 Hyderabad 
A cikin karni na 18, wata al'ummar Siddi ta zo tare da Balarabe, kuma suka yi aiki akai-akai a matsayin masu gadin doki ga Asif Jahi Nizam na sojojin Hyderabad . Sarakunan Asif Jahi sun ba su kyauta tare da karrama wakokin gargajiya na Marfa kuma za a yi su ne a lokacin bukukuwa da bukukuwa na hukuma.   

 Gujarat 
Ana tsammanin gabatar da shi a matsayin bayi ta hanyar Portuguese ga Yariman gida, Nawab na Junagadh, Siddis kuma suna zaune a kusa da gandun daji na Gir Forest da kuma namun daji.  A kan hanyar zuwa Deva-dungar ƙauyen Sirvan ne, wanda Siddis ke zaune gaba ɗaya. An kawo su shekaru 300 da suka gabata daga yankunan mulkin mallaka na Portugal don Nawab na Junagadh. A yau, kaɗan ne ke bin al'adunsu na asali, tare da wasu kaɗan kamar rawan Dhamal na gargajiya. 

Ko da yake Gujarati Siddis sun karɓi yare da al'adu da yawa na mutanen kewaye, an kiyaye wasu al'adun Bantu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da nau'in kiɗan Goma da raye-raye, wanda a wasu lokuta ake kira Dhamaal (Gujarati: ધમાલ, fun).  An yi imanin cewa kalmar ta samo asali ne daga raye-rayen Ngoma da raye-rayen gargajiya na mutanen Bantu da ke zaune a Tsakiya, Gabas da Kudancin Afirka.  Har ila yau, Goma yana da ma'ana ta ruhaniya kuma, a ƙarshen raye-rayen, wasu masu rawa an yi imanin cewa motocin ne don kasancewar Siddi tsarkaka na baya. 

Waƙar Goma ta fito ne daga kalmar Kiswahili "ngoma", wanda ke nufin ganguna ko ganguna. Hakanan yana nuna duk wani taron rawa inda ake amfani da ganguna na gargajiya musamman.

Yawancin Siddis a Gujarat Musulmai ne (98.7%), kuma kaɗan ne ke bin Hindu (1%). 

 Karnataka 

Siddawan Karnataka (ana kuma rubuta shi da Siddhi) ƙananan kabilu ne da suka fito daga asalin mutanen Bantu waɗanda suka zauna a jihar Karnataka fiye da shekaru 400 da suka wuce. Akwai kimanin Siddhi 50,000 a fadin Indiya, kuma fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin uku suna zaune a Karnataka. A Karnataka, yawancinsu suna zaune a Yellapur, Haliyal, Ankola, Joida, Mundgod da Sirsi a gundumar Uttara Kannada, da kuma a Khanapur cikin Belgaum da Kalaghatagi a gundumar Dharwad. Yawancin mambobin al’ummar Siddis na Karnataka sun ƙaura zuwa Pakistan bayan samun ‘yancin kai kuma yanzu suna zaune a Karachi, Sindh.

Yawancin Siddawan Karnataka suna bin addinin Hindu (41.8%), sai musulunci (30.6%) da kuma Kiristanci (27.4%). Fayil ɗin kididdiga

 Pakistan 
A Pakistan, mutanen yankin da ke da asalin Bantu ana kiransu da "Sheedi" ko "SheediMakrani". Suna zaune a yankin Makran na Balochistan da kuma Kudancin Sindh. Ko da yake yawancin Sheedi na yanzu suna da gaurayen asali kuma wahala ne a tantance yawan su, ana hasashen cewa a shekarar 2018 adadinsu ya kai kusan 250,000.Paracha, Nadeem (26 August 2018), "Smokers' corner: Tushen Afirka na Sindh", Dawn.

Yawanci Sheedi sun riga sun hade da manyan kabilar Baloch, sannan kuma, dangane da harshe, suna magana da nau'o'in daban-daban na Balochi, Sindhi (a Karachi), da kuma harshen Urdu da suka kirkira da kansu mai suna Makrani, wanda ya ƙunshi kalmomin Urdu da aka gauraya da na Balochi da Sindhi da kuma wasu kalmomin Turanci da aka samo daga fina-finan da shirye-shiryen TV na Turanci.

Ko da yake kalmar Sheedi ba ta da ma’ana mai cutarwa, wasu na kauce mata suna amfani da sunan Qambrani a matsayin suna na girmamawa ga Qambar, bawan da Ali ya 'yanta, yayin da wasu kuma ke fi son sunan Bilali, don karrama Bilal, sahabin Annabi Muhammad.

 Sindh 
An tabbatar da kasancewar 'yan Afirka a yankin Sindh tun daga shekara ta 711 A.D. bayan Yaƙin Umayyad na Sindh. Duk da haka, shigowar bayi daga Afirka zuwa Sindh ta fi yawa daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, a lokacin da kasuwancin bayi na Larabawan Oman ya fi karfi. Bayi daga yankin da yanzu ake kira Kenya da Tanzania ne aka kama kuma aka sayar dasu a Zanzibar, sannan aka tura su zuwa Muscat kafin su isa Karachi. Bukatar bayi a Sindh ta ƙaru ne bayan da sarautar Talpur ta bayar da ƙasa ga shugabannin yaƙin Baloch, waɗanda suka buƙaci bayi.

Wasu daga cikin bayi, saboda basira da amana, sun kai matsayi mai tsoka. Hoshu Sheedi yana daga cikin waɗanda suka yi faɗa da sojojin Burtaniya, musamman a Yaƙin Hyderabad na shekarar 1843, inda aka kashe shi. Ana tuna shi a matsayin gwarzo kuma alamomin adawa daga Sindh, inda aka fi saninsa da kirarin: *"Za ku iya ɗaukar kaina, amma ba zan bar Sindh ba."* Bayan da Burtaniya ta kayar da Talpurs, aka haramta bayi da kasuwancin bayi a Sindh, wanda hakan ya kawo 'yancin Sheedi.

Yawancin Sheedi suna zaune a garuruwa da kauyuka na kudancin Sindh. A cikin birnin Karachi, cibiyar Sheedi ita ce unguwar Lyari da wasu yankunan bakin teku. Hanyar Mombasa da ke Lyari an saka mata sunan birnin Mombasa na Kenya. Yara ‘yan haɗin gwiwar aure tsakanin namijin Sindhi da macen Sheedi ana kiran su da Gadra/Gada/Guda.

Yawancin Sheedi a Karachi suna da tarihi da sana’ar kamun kifi — a matsayin masunta, matuka jiragen ruwa da masu kananan jirage. Haka kuma, suna da yawan aiki a Tashar ruwa ta Karachi. Yanzu da dama suna zuwa matakai masu girma a rayuwa. Muhammad Siddique Musafir mashahurin marubuci ne da mawaƙi a harshen Sindhi. A lokacin Mulkin Birtaniya, wasu shugabannin Sheedi sun fito daga tsarin mulkin kai, ciki har da shugaban birnin Karachi Allah Bakhsh Gabol. Ɗansa Abdul Sattar Gabol ya kasance daga cikin masu kafa Pakistan People's Party. A shekarar 2018, Tanzeela Qambrani ta zama mace Sheedi ta farko da aka zaɓa cikin Majalisar Dokokin Sindh.Tanzeela za ta zama mace Sheedi ta farko a majalisar Sindh

 Balochistan 
Zuƙowar 'yan Afirka zuwa gabar Makran ta Balochistan na da alaƙa da irin wannan cinikin bayi da ya kawo Sheedi na Sindh daga Gabashin Afirka. Sai dai tafiyarsu ta kasance mai sarkakiya saboda tsohon tsarin ɗaukar sojoji na Baloch da suka yi wa sarautar Oman aiki, da kuma amfani da bayi na Afirka a matsayin dakarun soja da ma’aikatan gonaki na dabino. Wannan ya haɗa mutanen biyu ta hanyar tarihi.

A shekara ta 1782, sarkin Khanate of Kalat wanda ke da iko da Makran ya mika yankin Gwadar da kewaye ga Oman, lamarin da ya ƙarfafa hulɗa tsakanin mutanen. A cikin ƙarni na 18, Sarki na Oman ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa a gabar Iran, inda ya mallaki wasu tashoshi. Wannan ya bai wa bayi na Afirka damar yin aiki a hanyoyin ruwa har zuwa Gwadar da sauran yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Pakistan.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20, fari da tayar da hankali daga bayi a gabar Iran ya sa da dama suka samu ‘yanci kuma suka koma Gabas, inda da yawa suka zauna a cikin yankin gabashin Makran. Yawanci daga cikinsu daga baya suka koma Lyari a Karachi.

A cikin yankunan cikin gida na gundumar Makran da kusa da Balochistan, inda Sheedi ke aiki da dangogin bayi a gonakin dabino, da dama har yanzu suna cikin matsayin aiki da alaka da basassaƙar bashi. Ko da yake sarkin Kalat ya haramta bayi a shekarar 1914, amfani da bayi a matsayin ma’aikata a gida ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1950s. A yau, wasu attajirai da shugabannin addini suna ci gaba da ɗaukar masu aiki bakake a matsayin masu taimako na gida.

Genetics
Sabbin bincike da aka yi a fannin nazarin kwayoyin halitta sun taimaka wajen fayyace tarihin samuwar kabilar Siddi. Genealogy na kwayoyin halitta, wani sabon fasaha da ke amfani da gado na zamani don gano asalin ƙabila da yanki, ya kara haske wajen bayyana tushen kabilar Siddi na zamani.

Y DNA
Bincike da Shah et al. (2011) suka yi kan kromosom Y ya gwada mutane Siddi a Indiya don gane nasabar mahaifi. Masu binciken sun gano rukunin halitta E1b1a1-M2, wanda aka fi samu a tsakanin mutane Bantu, a kusan 42% da 34% na Siddis daga Karnataka da Gujarat, bi da bi. Kusan 14% na Siddis daga Karnataka da 35% daga Gujarat suma sun kasance cikin B-M60 na yankin Kudu da Sahara. Ragowar Siddis suna da dangantaka da India ko Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da rukunan halitta P, H, R1a-M17, J2 da L-M20.

Thangaraj (2009) shima ya lura da irin wannan nasaba ta mahaifi da aka fi danganta da Bantu a tsakanin Siddi.

Qamar et al. (2002) sun duba Sheedi Makrani a Pakistan inda suka gano cewa yawancinsu na da dangantaka da India ko Gabas ta Tsakiya. Rukunin halitta mafi yawa sun hada da R1a1a-M17 (30.30%), J2 (18.18%) da R2 (18.18%). Kusan 12% kacal na dauke da rukunin halitta daga Afirka, mafi yawa na tsohon haplogroup B-M60, wanda a cikinsu ne aka fi samun wannan rukuni a Pakistan. Underhill et al. (2009) suma sun gano yawan R1a1a-M17 (25%) a Sheedis Makrani.

mtDNA
A cewar wani bincike na mtDNA da Shah et al. (2011) suka gudanar, gado daga bangaren uwa a cikin Siddi na da nasaba da Bantu fiye da ko wace ƙabila, inda kusan babu na India. Wannan yana nuna ƙarancin haɗuwa da mata daga ƙabilun India kusa da su. Kusan 95% na Siddis daga Gujarat da 99% daga Karnataka na cikin subrukunin macro-haplogroup L masu asalinsu daga Bantu. Mafi yawan su sun fito daga L0 da L2a, da ke da alaka da mata Bantu. Ragowar sun kasance na musamman na India daga cikin Eurasian haplogroups M da N, wanda ke nuna sabon haɗin jini da ƙabilun India na asali.

Autosomal DNA
Narang et al. (2011) sun binciki autosomal DNA na Siddis a Indiya. A cewar binciken, kusan 58% na gado na Siddis yana da asalin mutanen Bantu. Sauran kaso na da alaƙa da mutane daga Arewaci da Yammacin Arewa na Indiya, sakamakon sabbin haɗin kwayoyin halitta.

Haka kuma, Shah et al. (2011) sun gano cewa Siddis na Gujarat na da kashi 66.90%–70.50% na gado daga iyayen Bantu, yayin da na Karnataka ke da 64.80%–74.40% irin wannan asalin daga Kudancin Gabashin Afirka. Sauran DNA dinsu na da alaƙa da ƙabilun Kudancin Asiya. Masu binciken sun ce haɗin jini tsakanin Siddi da ƙabilun India ya fi gudana daga Bantu zuwa India. Sun kiyasta wannan haɗin ya faru cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata ko tsawon zuriya takwas.

 Al'adu 

 Tufafi 
A fannin sutura, mata da maza suna saka kayan gargajiya na Kudancin Asiya. Matan Siddi suna saka kayan da suka fi yawa a yankunansu, kamar rigar sari masu launi da ado na bindi a Indiya, ko salwar kameez a Pakistan. Maza kuma suna saka irin kayan da suka dace da al’adunsu.

 Bukukuwa 
Bikin Sheedi Mela da ake yi kowace shekara a Pakistan shine muhimmin taron al’adu na al’ummar Sheedi.Sheedi Mela begins with ritual aplomb, The News International, 7 July 2008. Daga cikin bukukuwan akwai ziyartar kada masu tsarki a Mangopir, kiɗa da rawa. A fili yake cewa kayan kiɗa, waƙoƙi da rawa sun samo asali daga Afirka."Manghopir urs a living tribute to Sheedi culture", Dawn 16 July 2007.

Suna kuma shiga wasannin al’adu da bukukuwa na shekara-shekara kamar bikin Habash, da taimakon kungiyoyin al’umma. A yankin Sindh, mazan Sheedi suna gabatar da wata rawa ta musamman akan "mugarman", kayan kiɗan gargajiya na kakanninsu. Suna sanye da kayan gargajiya da zanen fuska, suna kuma yin wasanni masu haɗari kamar fesa wuta daga baki. Wannan rawa ana kiranta da Sheedi dance.

 Kiɗa 
A farkon farkon farkon wayewar kai na al’adun Baloch a karni na 20, da yawa daga cikin masu fafutukar farfaɗo da al’adun siyasa da gargajiya sun kasance ‘yan asalin Afirka. Daya daga cikinsu shine Bilawal Belgium daga Lyari, wanda ya shahara a ƙasa da waje saboda ƙwarewarsa da banjo a waƙar Sindhi da Balochi a Radio Pakistan da kuma a matsayin memba na kungiyoyin kiɗa na gwamnati da ke zagayawa ƙasashe daban-daban.

 Daidaituwa 
Gabaɗaya, Siddi suna auren 'yan cikin al'ummarsu. Kadan ne daga cikinsu ke auren waje, sai dai a Pakistan, yawancin Sheedi na yin aure tsakanin juna da sauran al’umma domin rage haɗin zuriyarsu da Afirka da rage nuna bambanci da wariyar launin fata.

Ko da yake an rarrabe su a matsayin kabila a hukumance a Indiya, yawancin Siddi suna zaune a karkara inda maza ke aikin noma, yayin da mata ke kula da gida da yara. A wajen al’ummarsu, maza na yin aiki a matsayin ma’aikatan gona, direbobi, ma’aikata da masu tsaron gida.

Siddi sun rungumi abinci kamar yadda ake ci a cikin al’umma. Misalin abincinsu na yau da kullum shine shinkafa mai yawa da miya da kuma kayan yaji.

 Wasanni 
Wasanni na da matuƙar muhimmanci ga al’ummar Siddi, kuma sun kasance hanya ta fitar da matasa daga talauci da wariya. Kwallon kafa da dambe su ne wasannin da suka fi shahara. Wasu daga cikin fitattun 'yan kwallo da 'yan dambe a Pakistan sun fito daga al’ummar Sheedi.
Al’ummar Sheedi sun taka rawar gani a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Pakistan. A farkon shekarunta, ƙwallon ƙafa a Pakistan ya fi shahara a Balochistan da yankin Lyari, inda yawancin ‘yan wasa na ƙungiyar ƙasa ta fito a shekarun 1960, waɗanda ake kiran su da zamanin zinare na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Pakistan. Fitattun ‘yan wasan Sheedi a wannan lokaci sun haɗa da Abdul Ghafoor, wanda ake kira “Pelé na Pakistan” da kuma “Black Pearl of Pakistan”.

 Addini 
Siddawa galibinsu Musulmai ne, ko da yake wasu daga cikinsu Hindu ne, wasu kuma mabiya Cocin Katolika ne. Mafi yawan Sheedi a Pakistan na bin tafarkin Sunni Barelvi. Waliyyi mai tasiri a cikin Sheedi, Pir Mangho, ana girmama shi a matsayin babban Waliyyi, kuma bikin Sheedi Mela wanda ake yi kowace shekara shi ne babban al’amari a cikin al’adun Sheedi.

 Fina-finai da littattafai 
 Daga Afirka... Zuwa Nahiyar Indiya: Kiɗan Sidi a cikin Yaduddukar Indiyawan Tekun Indiya (2003) na Amy Catlin-Jairazbhoy, tare da haɗin kai da Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy da al’ummar Sidi.
 Mon petit diable (Ɗan Shaiɗana na Ƙanana) (1999) wanda Gopi Desai ya shirya. Om Puri, Pooja Batra, Rushabh Patni, Satyajit Sharma.
 Razia Sultan (1983), fim ɗin Urdu daga Indiya wanda Kamal Amrohi ya bada umarni, yana bayani ne akan rayuwar Razia Sultan (wanda Hema Malini ta taka rawarta) (1205–1240), ita ce mace kaɗai da ta zama Sarki a Delhi (1236–1240), da kuma soyayyar da ake zargin ta yi da bawan Habasha, Jamal-ud-Din Yakut (wanda Dharmendra ya taka rawarsa). A cikin fim ɗin an kira shi da habshee.
 Wani Kyan Halitta: Sidi, Indiyawa ‘Yan Asalin Afirka na Ketaki Sheth, Photolink, 2013.
 Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiya, Fayyana Ƙasa: Siyasar Al’adu ta Afirka-Indiyawa a Kudancin Asiya (2007) na Pashington Obeng.
 A Cikin Wani Ƙabilar Afirka da Har Yanzu Ke Rayuwa a Indiya (2018) na Asha Stuart.
 [#unfair] (2019) fim ɗin da Public Service Broadcast Trust ya shirya, wanda Wenceslaus Mendes, Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, Anushka Matthews, da Mohit Bhalla suka jagoranta.

 Fitattun Siddawa 
Malik Ambar, shugaban soja
Hassan Ali Mirza, na farko da ya zama nawab na Murshidabad
Shantaram Siddi, ɗan siyasa; ɗan majalisa na farko daga asalinsu na Afirka a Indiya
Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut, bawa da ya zama ɗan alfarma kuma amintaccen aboki ga sarauniyar Delhi Sultanate Razia Sultana
Zamor, mai juyin juya hali daga Faransa

 Manazarta 

 Mahaɗa 

 "Karnataka's Indian-African Tribe", The Wall Street Journal, 26 March 2012.
 Alice Albinia, Empires of the Indus, W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, 52–78.
 Shanti Sadiq Ali, The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times, Orient Blackswan, 1996.
 Ababu Minda Yimene, An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change, Cuvillier Verlag, 2004, p. 201.
 Omar H. Ali, The African Diaspora in India , Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library.
 Abdulaziz Y. Lodhi, "Bantu origins of the Sidis of India", in Pambazuka News, 29 October 2008.
 "Habshis and Siddis – Africans and African descendants in South Asia", ColorQ World.
 The Global African Community/Great Habshis in Ethiopian/Indian History
 History of the Ethiopian Diaspora
 Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya, "South Asia's Africans: A Forgotten People", History Workshop, 5 February 2011.
 Lord of All He Surveys, The Express Travel
 Willie Molesi, Africans and Indians: The Gulf Between,