Waje (kaura)

Externalization yana bayyana ƙoƙarin masu hannu da shuni, ƙasashe masu tasowa don hana masu neman mafaka da sauran bakin haure isa iyakokinsu, galibi ta hanyar shigar da ƙasashe na uku ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu,Ganty, Sarah; Ancite-Jepifánova, Aleksandra; Kochenov, Dimitry V. (1 December 2024). "EU Lawlessness Law at the EU-Belarusian Border: Torture and Dehumanisation Excused by 'Instrumentalisation'". Hague Journal on the Rule of Law. 16 (3): 739–774. doi:10.1007/s40803-024-00237-0. ISSN 1876-4053. gami da ƙungiyoyin masu laifi. Ostiraliya, Kanada, Amurka, Tarayyar Turai da Burtaniya ke amfani da waje. Ko da yake ba a iya gani fiye da shinge na zahiri a kan iyakokin kasa da kasa, keɓancewa na waje yana sarrafawa ko ƙuntata motsi ta hanyoyin da ba a gani ba kuma nesa da kan iyakar ƙasar. Misalai sun haɗa da ƙuntatawa na biza, takunkumi ga dillalai masu jigilar masu neman mafaka, da yarjejeniya tare da tushe da ƙasashe masu wucewa. Sakamakon sau da yawa ya haɗa da karuwar ƙaura ba bisa ka'ida ba, fasa-kwaurin mutane, da mutuwar kan iyaka.Raphael, Therese (20 April 2022). "Boris Johnson Won't Find Refuge in Rwanda". Bloomberg UK. Retrieved 12 May 2022

 Tarihi 
A cewar masanin zamantakewa David Scott FitzGerald, "Matakan hana mutane isa ga Wuri Mai Tsarki sun tsufa kamar yadda al'adar mafaka kanta kanta." Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kasashe da dama sun ji kunyar gazawar da suka yi wajen kare ‘yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa, kuma sun amince da ka’idar hana tarwatsewa, wanda hakan ya hana kin amincewa da ‘yan gudun hijira zuwa kasashen da za su fuskanci tsanantawaFitzGerald 2019, p. 17.. Tun daga 1994, adadin 'yan gudun hijirar da aka sake tsugunarwa ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 1 cikin ɗari na waɗanda suka cancanta. Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira na iya fatan samun mafaka a wata ƙasa ta Arewa ta Duniya ta hanyar tafiya ta jiki da neman mafaka. FitzGerald yayi jayayya cewa duk wani tsarin yanki na mafaka yana haifar da abin ƙarfafawa don rage yawan masu da'awar ta hanyar waje. Ayyukan jahohi na fitar da ƙasashen waje na ƙasashen da suka ci gaba sun yaɗu a cikin shekarun 1980, 1990, da 2000.FitzGerald 2019, p. 12

 Ƙarfafawa 
FitzGerald ya bayar da hujjar cewa "kayyade 'yan gudun hijira daga nesa wani shiri ne na hulda da jama'a don mayar da su ganuwa ta yadda za a iya yin watsi da halin da suke ciki", da kuma dabarar kaucewa wajibcin hakkokin bil'adama bisa doka. Manufofin ficewa galibi ana “tsara su musamman don guje wa duk wata hanyar haɗin kai kai tsaye zuwa jihar da ke ba da tallafi, wanda a kan aiwatar da umarninta”. A cewar masanin shari'a Ioannis Kalpouzos, sha'awar guje wa ƙaura da lissafin shari'a ya haifar "ya haifar da wani tsari mai zurfi na ayyuka wanda manufarsa ita ce kaucewa, fitar da kaya, da alhakin nesa, da lissafi, da kuma abin alhaki". A cewar wani kiyasi, an rage da'awar neman mafaka a kasashe goma sha tara da kashi 17 bisa 100 saboda bazuwar waje.FitzGerald 2019, p. 255 A wasu ƙasashe, keɓantawar waje tare da keɓance yanki na iya rage masu shigowa ba tare da izini ba zuwa kusan sifili, amma waɗannan manufofin ba su da tasiri sosai a Turai saboda tsayin kan iyaka da kusanci da Turkiyya da Arewacin Afirka. Malaman shari'a Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen da Nikolas Tan suna jayayya cewa hana masu neman mafaka "ba ta dawwama a cikin dogon lokaci, ko ma watakila a cikin matsakaicin lokaci" saboda karuwar kudaden kuɗi, rashin tasiri, da kalubale na shari'a.Kalpouzos 2020, The Developing Practice of Distance.

 Tasiri 
A cewar The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law, "Karfin ƙaura daga waje yana wakiltar babban ƙalubale ga ikon 'yan gudun hijira na samun mafaka". FitzGerald ya bayyana lamarin Alan Kurdi, wani matashi dan gudun hijirar Syria wanda ya nutse a ruwa yayin da yake kokarin isa Turai, a matsayin wani lamari na tsarin fitar da kasashen waje "yana aiki kamar yadda aka tsara". Maimakon kalmar gama-gari na yau da kullun, wasu kafofin suna amfani da kalmar ƙaura ba bisa ƙa'ida ba don nuna sakamakon manufofin jihohi da ke hana wasu nau'ikan shigarwa. Farfesa Thomas Spijkerboer [Wikidata] ya bayar da hujjar cewa ƙin samun damar yin amfani da ababen more rayuwa na motsi na duniya ya haifar da bullar kayan aikin motsa jiki. "Idan muka dauki mutuwar iyakoki a matsayin ma'auni na abin da ya faru na dogara ga wannan inuwa motsi kayayyakin more rayuwa, da ƙarshe zai zama cewa mutane muggling ya karu akai-akai tare da ƙara iko a kan samun damar yin amfani da duniya motsi kayayyakin more rayuwa." Da dama karatu sun gano cewa "watakila mabuɗin guda daya kayyade na fasa kwauri a cikin teku, da kuma mutuwar da sakamakon daga cikin hatsarin da zažužžukan na Turai, da kuma hadarin da za a iya samu a cikin teku, musamman a kan hanyar tafiya zuwa Turai, musamman ma hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita ta hanyar doka. da kuma hana biza.Hintjens & Bilgic 2019, p. 98

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