Yarjejeniyar London kan Bashi na waje

Yarjejeniyar London kan Bashi na waje, wanda kuma aka sani da yarjejeniyar bashi na London (Jamus: Londoner Schuldenabkommen), yarjejeniya ce ta yafe basussuka tsakanin Tarayyar Jamus da ƙasashe masu lamuni. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a London a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu shekara ta 1953, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Satumba shekara ta 1953. 

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 
A ranar 24 ga Mayu, shekara ta 1951, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka da Burtaniya, bi da bi, sun sanar da Ƙasashen Ƙwancen da ke da hannu a cikin sulhu, game da wani sabon tsari game da Basusukan Waje na Jamus. Abubuwan da aka aika sun bayyana mahimman batutuwan tattaunawa tun daga farko. Aikon ya ƙunshi rubutu kamar haka. 

A mayar da martani ga Allies, Adenauer ya sanar da su game da sha'awar Jamus ta biya bashin ta. An gudanar da Taron kan Biyan Biyan Jamus (wanda aka fi sani da Taron Biyan London) tsakanin 28 ga Fabrairu da 28 ga Agusta 1952. "One Made it Out of the Debt Trap Lessons from the London Debt Agreement of 1953 for Current Debt Crises" (PDF). An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a taron a London a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu shekara ta 1953.  Amurka, Faransa, da Ingila sun tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar a ranar 16 ga Satumba 1953, a wannan lokacin yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki. Bundestag ne ya fara ki amincewa da Yarjejeniyar sannan aka amince da ita a zaben da ya biyo baya.

 Biyan da Yarjejeniyar ta rufe 
Jam'iyyun da suka shiga baya ga Jamus ta Yamma sun hada da Belgium, Kanada, Ceylon, Denmark, Faransa, Girka, Iran, Jamhuriyar Ireland, Italiya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Norway, Pakistan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu, Ingila ta Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland, Amurka, da Yugoslavia. Jihohin Gabashin Gabas ba su da hannu. : 133–134 : 133–134 

Wasu kudaden da Jamus ke binta sun taso ne daga ƙoƙarin da ta yi na biyan diyya na yaƙi, wasu kuma na da alaƙa da manyan lamuni na Amurka. Gabaɗaya, kashi 80 cikin ɗari na wajibcin waje na Jamus ana bin su ne ga Amurka, Netherlands, United Kingdom, da Switzerland.

Yarjejeniyar ta shafi rancen da aka samu daga hannun jarin waje saboda shirin Dawes, da lamuni daga taimakon tattalin arziki ga Jamus. An bayar da tallafin ne ta manyan shirye-shirye guda biyu, GARIOA da Shirin Marshall.Guinnane, Timothy W. (July 2015). "Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The 1953 London Debt Agreement". Yale University Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper No. 880. SSRN 493802.

An cire basussukan da za a warware ta tsare-tsare daban-daban daga yarjejeniyar London. Ba a haɗa da'awar ƙasashen da Jamus ta lalata a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ba. Basusukan da yarjejeniyar London za ta biya sun hada da; Yarjejeniyar ta dogara ne akan wasu muhimman sharudda guda uku. Da fari dai, jimlar adadin da Jamus ta wajabta biya za a ragu sosai. Ya kamata a tsawaita wa'adin biyan kuɗin da ya dace don taimakawa tattalin arzikin Jamus ya haɓaka. Ƙarshe amma ba kalla ba, jimlar da ya kamata a biya a kowace shekara yana da alaƙa da "ikon canja wurin" Jamus.Guinnane, Timothy W. (July 2015). "Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The 1953 London Debt Agreement". Yale University Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper No. 880. SSRN 493802. Ana iya bayyana shi a matsayin yarjejeniya mai zurfi yayin da ya daidaita kusan kowane irin bashin Jamus da ya taso daga lokacin kafin da bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.

Jimlar da aka tattauna a karkashin tattaunawar ita ce bashin biliyan 16 wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Versailles bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I wanda ba a biya shi ba a cikin shekarun 1930,  amma wanda Jamus ta yanke shawarar biyan don dawo da sunanta. An ba da wannan kuɗin ga gwamnati da bankunan masu zaman kansu a Amurka, Faransa, da Burtaniya. Wani makami biliyan 16 ya wakilci rance bayan yakin da Amurka ta yi. A cewar masu sharhi da yawa, jimlar basussuka da suka taso kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II sun kasance biliyan 16.1, yayin da basussuka bayan Yaƙin an lissafa su zuwa biliyan 16.2. A karkashin Yarjejeniyar London, an rage adadin da za a biya da kashi 50% zuwa kusan dala biliyan 15 kuma ya shimfiɗa sama da shekaru 30, kuma idan aka kwatanta da tattalin arzikin Jamus mai saurin girma ya kasance ƙaramin tasiri.Guinnane, Timothy W. (July 2015). "Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The 1953 London Debt Agreement". Yale University Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper No. 880. SSRN 493802. Wani muhimmin lokaci na yarjejeniyar shi ne cewa biyan kuɗi ya kasance ne kawai yayin da Jamus ta Yamma ta gudanar da cinikayya, kuma biyan kuɗi ya iyakance zuwa 3% na kuɗin fitarwa. Adadin da Yarjejeniyar ta kafa an biya su ne ta hanyar ribar da ta fito daga fitar da kayayyaki na Jamus, ba daga ajiya ko sabbin kudaden rance ba. Wannan ya ba masu ba da bashi na Jamus babbar ƙarfafawa don shigo da kayayyakin Jamus, taimakawa sake ginawa. Bayan sasantawar ta fara aiki, na shekaru biyar masu zuwa, har zuwa 1958, Jamus ta biya bashin da ya taso ne kawai daga riba da ba a biya ba. Wannan wani misali ne na yunkurin da aka yi don taimakawa tattalin arzikin Jamus ya girma kafin ya fara biyan kuɗin da ake bin. Ta wannan hanyar, Abokan hulɗa sun kuma amince da shirye-shiryen Jamus don rama Isra'ila.

Bayan alamar shekaru biyar, Jamus tana ƙarƙashin alhakin biyan ƙayyadadden adadin Marks miliyan 765 a kowace shekara. Yayin da lokaci ya wuce fitar da kayayyaki na Jamus ya karu sosai, yin biyan biyan kuɗi cikin sauƙi da rage mummunan tasirin su ga tattalin arziki. An kusan biya bashin da yarjejeniyar ta kunsa a cikin shekarun 1970s. Jamus ta ci gaba da biyan ƙayyadaddun adadin har sai an kammala biyan na ƙarshe a cikin 1983.

Wani bangare na yarjejeniyar ya shafi basussukan da za a biya bayan sake hadewar Jamus. Shekaru da yawa wannan ya zama kamar ba zai yiwu ba, amma a cikin 1990 Deutsche Mark 239.4 miliyan a cikin sha'awar da aka jinkirta ya zama saboda. An biya waɗannan da'awar ta hanyar "Fundierungsschuldverschreibungen" (Tallafin Bashin Bashi) tare da balaga na shekaru 20. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2010 an biya Euro miliyan 69.9 na ƙarshe akan waɗannan shaidu, biyan kuɗi na ƙarshe da Jamus ta yi kan sanannun basussuka daga yakin duniya biyu. 

 Tattaunawa 
Tattaunawar ta fara ne tare da Allies da suka kirkiro Hukumar. Babban rawar da Hukumar ke takawa ita ce ta tantance nau'ikan basussuka da Yarjejeniyar London za ta magance. A lokacin tsari, bangarorin biyu sun tattauna ka'idodin Yarjejeniyar "kamar yadda suka yi daidai". An gudanar da taron farko a Bonn, a watan Yunin 1951. An gudanar da taron na gaba a London a watan Yulin shekara ta 1951. Guinnane, Timothy W. (July 2015). "Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The 1953 London Debt Agreement". Yale University Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper No. 880. SSRN 493802.

A cikin Fabrairu 1952 wani taro ya faru. Wannan shi ne lokaci mafi mahimmanci na dukkan tsarin shawarwarin. Jimillar adadin basussuka da kuma lokacin biyan diyya sune babban batun tattaunawa. Ƙwarewar tattaunawa ta Jamus ta taka rawa sosai a sakamakon matsugunan.Guinnane, Timothy W. (July 2015). "Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The 1953 London Debt Agreement". Yale University Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper No. 880. SSRN 493802.

A cikin ɓangarorin ƙarshe na shawarwarin, an daidaita wasu “basusukan gwamnatoci” kuma an samar da “cikakken rahoton fasaha” waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin yarjejeniyar London.

 Tasirin 
Yarjejeniyar ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban Tattalin arzikin Jamus bayan yakin da sake fitowar Jamus a matsayin ikon tattalin arzikin duniya. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 a cikin European Review of Economic History ya nuna cewa Yarjejeniyar London "ta bunkasa tattalin arziki ta hanyoyi uku: samar da sararin kasafin kudi don saka hannun jari na jama'a; rage farashin bashi; da kuma daidaita hauhawar farashi. "  Ya baiwa Jamus damar shiga cibiyoyin tattalin arziki na duniya kamar bankin duniya da asusun lamuni na duniya. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa yarjejeniyar London za a iya danganta ta da "tashi a zahiri na kowane mutum kashe kashen zamantakewa a kiwon lafiya, ilimi, gidaje, da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki". Tabbatar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya kasance babbar fa'ida ga tattalin arzikin Jamus. Sabuwar kudin Jamus ta Yamma, Deutsche Mark, ba ta da ƙarfi sosai har zuwa 1953. Bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, ya daidaita saboda yafe bashin. Sauyin Jamus ta Yamma daga mai bin bashi zuwa mai lamuni a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 ya yi tasiri ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Jamus ma. Za'a iya bayyana sakamakon yarjejeniyar a matsayin mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Jamus. Jamus ta sami duk abin da ke sama, duk da cewa an tilasta ta biya jimlar biyan kuɗin yaki (tare da riba) kafin taron London kuma duk da kasancewar kotun Arbitral.

 Dubi kuma 

 Bayar da Jamusanci ya biya a Yaƙin Duniya na II
 Shirin Marshall
 Yaƙin Duniya na I
 Dawes Plan, 1924-29
 Matashi, 1930-32
 Hoover Moratorium ya dakatar da biyan kuɗi a 1931

 Bayanan da aka ambata