Kisan kiyashin na Hola

Kisan kiyashin na Hola a shekara ta 1959 kisan kiyashi ne da sojojin turawan Ingila yan mulkin mallaka suka yi a lokacin tawayen Mau Mau a wani sansanin yan mulkin mallaka dake Hola na ƙasar Kenya.Mark Curtis, Web of Deceit (Vintage, 2003), p. 327. 

 Lamarin 
An kafa sansanin Hola don ɗaukar fursunonin da aka ware a matsayin "hard-core." Ya zuwa watan Janairu 1959 sansanin yana da yawan fursunoni 506, waɗanda 127 daga cikinsu aka tsare a wani keɓewa "rufaffennsansani." Wannan sansani mai nisa an keɓe shi ga waɗanda aka tsare ba su da haɗin kai. Sau da yawa sukan ƙi, ko da an yi barazanar tilastawa, su shiga cikin "tsarin gyarawa" na 'yan mulkin mallaka ko yin aikin hannu ko yin biyayya ga umarnin 'yan mulkin mallaka. Kwamandan sansanin ya bayyana shirin da zai tilastawa 88 daga cikin waɗanda ake tsare da su sunkuyar da kansu. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris, 1959, kwamandan sansanin ya aiwatar da wannan shirin - a sakamakon haka, 11 daga cikin fursunonin, masu gadi suka kwanta da su har lahira.Maloba, Wunyabari O. Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt.(Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN: 1993) p.142-143.  Dukkan fursunonin 77 da suka tsira sun samu munanan raunuka na dindindin.Horrors of Hola detention camp  22 April 2004

 Yunkurin rufewa da jami'an mulkin mallaka suka yi 
Rahoton na farko da ya fito game da wannan lamari ya kasance a cikin ma'auni na Gabashin Afirka. Labarin da ke shafin farko ya ruwaito cewa goma sun mutu a sansanin da ake tsare da su na Hola. Jaridar ta ambaci "bayani na hukuma" daga hukumomin mulkin mallaka: "Mutane kusan 100 ne da ke aikin tono layukan hako, sun mutu ne bayan da suka sha ruwa daga cikin keken ruwa wanda dukkanin mambobin jam'iyyar da masu gadi ke amfani da su."  

An samu ƙarin bayani game da lamarin a cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan rahotannin farko. An gudanar da bincike kan mutanen da suka mutu, inda aka gano cewa fursunonin 11 ba su mutu ne da shan ruwa ba, amma sakamakon tashin hankali.East African Standard, 5 March 1959, p.1. This first report indicates that only 10 detainees died, but as other later reports said it was actually 11 who perished. Likitan  ya ce, "Sun mutu ne daga cunkoson huhu ko firgita da zubar jini sakamakon raunuka da dama da suka samu." Jami’in binciken ya ruwaito cewa, “Raunukan da dama na Mau Maus ya yi daidai da zargin da suke yi na cewa jami’an gadi sun yi wa fursunonin da ba su haɗin kai ba, bisa ga amincewar kwamandan.  Wani rahoto a cikin bugu na Yuni 1959 na mujallar Time mai suna "The Hola Scandal" ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, a ranar 3 ga watan Maris, 1959, fursunoni 85 ne aka fita waje, aka umurce su da su yi aiki amma “da yawa daga cikin fursunonin sun faɗi ƙasa, sun ki yin aiki” kuma masu gadi suka yi musu duka. Lokacin da aka kawo ƙarshen harin, a cewar mujallar, fursunoni 11 suna mutuwa, wasu 23 kuma suna buƙatar kulawa a asibiti. 

Masanin tarihin Amurka Caroline Elkins ya rufe Kisan Kisa a cikin littafinta na 2005 mai suna Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya. A cewar Elkins, yawancin tarihin 'yan mulkin Birtaniya da na mulkin mallaka an rufe su ne a lokacin miƙa mulkin ƙasar Kenya, kuma an lalata wasu takardu da dama da gangan a lokacin miƙa mulki. Elkins, ta hanyar bin diddigin takardu na asali da kuma hirarraki da 'yan Kenya da suka tsira da ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka, ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da wani yanki na kurkukun Hola a matsayin sansanin horo na nesa don 'hard core' 'yan tawayen Mau Mau waɗanda suka ki yin watsi da rantsuwarsu ko alakarsu da yunkurin. An yi amfani da cin zarafi ta jiki da ta hankali don 'karye' fursunonin, don haka za a iya 'gyara' su fita daga bututun sansanin taro a mayar da su wuraren ajiyar Kikuyu. 

Da zarar an bayyana sakamakon binciken a bainar jama'a, 'yan adawa a majalisar sun buƙaci a yi muhawara. Ƙara ƙarar yaɗa labarai da kiraye-kirayen ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan take haƙƙin ɗan adam a sansanonin ya haifar da raguwar tallafin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ke ba wa gwamnatin Kenya ta Mallaka, kuma ya haifar da ƙara kaimi ga 'yancin kai na Kenya. Tun a shekarar 2016, 'yan Kenya na neman gwamnatin Burtaniya ta biya su fansa saboda azabtarwa a lokacin zanga-zangar Mau Mau. 

Bayan kisan kiyashin ne gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta mayar wa garin Hola suna zuwa Galole domin a boye kisan kiyashin da aka yi. A cikin shekarar 1971, a wani yunkuri na farfaɗo da tunawa da kisan kiyashin, shugaba Jomo Kenyatta ya ba da umarnin cewa Galole ya koma ga sunansa na asali. Kenyatta ya ba da wannan umarni ne bayan ya gana da wata babbar tawaga daga kogin Tana. Tun daga nan aka sa masa suna Hola. 

Wasu daga cikin asusun na farko ba su ma ambaci wannan lamarin ba, wani ɓangare saboda yawancin asusun farko ko dai wallafe-wallafen gwamnatin Biritaniya ne- ko wallafe-wallafen mulkin mallaka ko kuma rubutun sakandare. Yawancin matani na biyu da aka buga a cikin shekaru goma na farko ko makamancin haka bayan Gaggawa sun kasance masu tausayi ga ra'ayin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya. 

 Martani da sakamako 
Wannan mummunar tallar ta sanya matsin lamba ga majalisar dokokin Biritaniya da ta ɗauki matakin ceto martabar Burtaniya da ke kara taɓarɓarewa.The Daily Nation (15 April 2004) Kikuyu hammered on the Anvil.  An rufe sansanonin tsare ‘yan mulkin mallaka a duk faɗin Kenya, kuma an sako fursunonin ba da jimawa ba.  Daga nan ne aka yi ƙoƙarin samar da mafita don kiyaye muradun Birtaniyya a Afirka ba tare da amfani da karfin tuwo ba, wanda hakan ya kai ga gaggauta samun ‘yancin kai a duk faɗin ƙasashen Afirka da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka.'Macmillan and the winds of change in Africa, 1957–60', Ritchie Ovendale, Historical Journal 38,2 (1995)  A cikin littafin marubuci ɗan Burtaniya Graham Greene na 1960 A Burnt-Out Case, "Hola Camp" an jera shi tare da Sharpeville da Algiers a matsayin wani shafi wanda ya ba da hujjar 'yan Afirka a cikin "dukkan yiwuwar yarda da zalunci na Turai."

 Bayanan kula 

 Kabukuru, Wanjohi. (1 Disamba 2003) Sabon Afirka, " Kenya: Kisan Hola " Shafi na 34.
 Clayton, Anthony. (1976) Al'amuran Afirka, " Maganar Ta'addanci a Kenya: Nazarin Ayyukan Sojoji a kan Mau Mau. " Masu Bugawa na Transafrica.ISBN Farashin 0-89745-061-2
 Mburu, Stephen. (30 Afrilu 2000) The Daily Nation, " Yadda aka yi amfani da tsare mutane don karya mutane. Archived   "
 Nishimi, Hilda. (Spring 2006) Jaridar Sojoji da Nazarin Dabarun, " Mau Mau da decolonization na Kenya. "Mawallafi: Cibiyar Nazarin Soja da Dabarun, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Kanada & Harkokin Harkokin Waje. Vol. 8, Fitowa ta 3.
 Ojwndo Abuor, C. (1972), White Highlands No More . Nairobi: Pan African Researchers
 Preston, Peter. (16 Janairu 2005) The Observer " Our Guantánamo. "
 Simpson, Brian. (Spring, 2002) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, " Hukumar Devlin (1959): Mulkin mallaka, Gaggawa, da Dokar Shari'a. " Shafi. 17.
 Barbara. (15 Satumba 1999) Hartford Web Publishing Yadda Biritaniya ta murkushe tawayen 'Mau Mau'; Tarihin Sirrin Gidan Talabijin na Hudu—Mau Mau.
 Jaridar Daily Nation (24 Agusta 1971), Galole Ya Koma Hola .
 The Daily Nation (22 Afrilu 2004) " Tsoro na sansanin tsare Hola. "
 Jaridar Daily Nation (8 Afrilu 2004) " Hanyar wankan jini a Hola Camp.  "
 "Macmillan da iskar canji a Afirka, 1957-60", Ritchie Ovendale, Jaridar Tarihi 38, 2 (1995)

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