Tarihin kwayoyin halitta na Afirka

Tarihin jinsin Afirka ya taƙaita tsarin halitta da tarihin yawan jama'ar Afirka a Afirka, wanda ya ƙunshi tarihin halittar gabaɗaya, gami da tarihin halittar yanki na Arewacin Afirka, Afirka ta yamma, Gabashin Afirka, Afirka ta Tsakiya, da Kudancin Afirka, da kuma asalin ɗan adam na zamani a Afirka kwanan nan . Sahara ta kasance hanyar wucewa ta yanki da wurin zama ga mutane a Afirka a lokuta daban-daban na danshi    da lokuta a tsawon tarihin Afirka .   Har ila yau, ya kasance wani shingen nazarin halittu wanda ya hana kwararar halittu tsakanin arewaci da tsakiyar Afirka tun bayan hamadar ta, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga bambancin al'umma daban-daban a nahiyar. Duk da haka, hakan bai hana mu'amala tsakanin al'ummomin arewa da kudancin hamadar sahara a wurare daban-daban ba, musamman ma a zamanin da, da yanayin yanayi ya yi zafi. 

 Dubawa 
Al'ummomin Afirka suna da alaƙa da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na yanki da nau'in halitta, dangane da asalin kabilanci-linguistic ainihi, kuma, a wani ɓangare, bayanin "juyin halitta da yawa" na jinsin ɗan adam na zamani a yankuna daban-daban na nahiyar Afirka, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru daga baya, ciki har da ƙaura daga Eurasia, na duka bambance-bambancen Eurasian na yamma da Gabas. 

Kakannin jinsin 'yan Afirka an raba su ne ta hanyar yanayin ƙasa da dangin harshe, tare da yawan jama'ar da ke cikin ƙungiyoyin kabilanci iri ɗaya da ke nuna ɗabi'ar kamanni da haɗin kai. Gudun Gene, wanda ya yi daidai da abubuwan ƙaura na gajere da na dogon zango da ke biye da manyan abubuwan da suka faru da abubuwan da suka faru, sun yi tasiri ga tsarin halittar yanki da tsarin alƙaluman jama'ar Afirka. Faɗawar Bantu na tarihi yana da tasiri mai ɗorewa a kan yanayin al'umma na zamani na Afirka, wanda ya haifar da haɓakar dabi'ar halitta da harshe.   Nazarin kwayoyin halitta, ilmin kayan tarihi, da na harshe sun kara haske kan wannan yunkuri: "Sakamakonmu ya nuna ci gaban kwayoyin halittar masu magana da yawun Nijar-Congo a fadin nahiyar da kuma kara fahimtar da mu a halin yanzu game da hanyoyi, lokaci da iyakar gudun hijirar Bantu." 

Gabaɗaya, al'ummomin Afirka daban-daban suna nuna bambancin jinsin halitta da tsarin ƙasa, amma ana iya haɗa su cikin rukuni daban-daban amma wani ɓangare na rukuni:    Baker JL, Rotimi CN, Shriner D (8 May 2017). "Human ancestry correlates with language and reveals that race is not an objective genomic classifier". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 1572. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.1572B. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01837-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5431528. PMID 28484253.  

 Khoisan ko ' mafarauta na Afirka ta Kudu' daga Kudancin Afirka waɗanda al'ummomin Khoisan ke wakilta; suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambance mai zurfi (shekaru 270,000 da suka wuce) na bambancin jinsin ɗan adam, suna samar da gungu na musamman na nasu. Daga baya suka rikiɗe zuwa ƙungiyar Arewa da Kudancin, c. shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata. 
 'Masu farauta na Afirka ta Tsakiya' ko kuma ' Masu farautar daji ' ( Pygmies ) na Afirka ta Tsakiya, waɗanda Biaka da Mbuti ke wakilta; hade da wani zurfin bambance-bambance (shekaru 220,000 da suka wuce). Daga baya sun rikide zuwa rukunin gabas da yamma, c. shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata. 
 " Eurasian kakanni " suna wakiltar yawan kakannin Eurasian na zamani jim kadan kafin fadada waje na Afirka; ana tunanin sun bambanta da sauran al'ummomin Afirka, mai yiwuwa a wani wuri a arewa maso gabashin Afirka, c. shekaru 70,000 da suka gabata.
 Masu magana da harshen Afroasiatic daban-daban daga Arewacin Afirka da Kahon Afirka, an ba da shawarar cewa sun bambanta da sauran kungiyoyin Afirka c. Shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, amma a halin yanzu rashin isassun bayanai da kwararar halittu daga wasu rukunoni suna rikitar da ingantacciyar ƙididdigewa na ranar bambance-bambancen.  Yawan masu magana da harshen Afroasiatic kuma suna nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Yammacin Asiya (musamman Natufian-kamar, amma kuma Neolithic Anatolian da Iranian ) abubuwan haɓakawa daga ƙungiyoyin Eurasian na baya, tare da ragowar kasancewa da farko daga ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin halittar Afirka masu zaman kansu, masu alaƙa da zuriyar Nilotic-kamar zuriya. Hakanan suna nuna alaƙa ga samfuran Taforalt na Paleolithic na Arewacin Afirka na al'adun Iberomaurusian . 
 ' Mafarauta na Gabashin Afirka ', waɗanda Hadza, Sandawe, masu magana da harshen Omotic, da tsohon samfurin Mota ke wakilta; Dangantakar dabi'ar su da sauran al'ummomi ba ta bayyana ba, amma suna nuna kusanci ga al'ummomin Gabas da Yammacin Afirka na zamani, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa na Khoesan-kamar jigilar halittu tare da layin Arewa maso Gabas zuwa Kudu maso Yamma, da kuma daga baya (West) Eurasian admixtures, amma a ƙasa da yawa fiye da tsakanin masu magana da Afroasiatic. 
 " Tsoffin mutanen Gabashin Afirka " ko " Kakannin Yammacin Afirka / Gabashin Afirka " masu alaƙa da kakannin kakannin Niger-Congo na zamani da Nilo-Saharan -masu magana sun samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 28,000 da suka wuce, watakila a yankin Kogin Nilu . Daga baya sun bambanta a c. Shekaru 18,000 da suka wuce zuwa cikin kakannin Yammacin Afirka ta Yamma da Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiyar Nijar-Congo da masu magana da Bantu, da kuma cikin masu magana da Nilo-Saharan/Nilotic na Gabashin Afirka. Suna wakiltar mafi girma kuma mafi yaɗuwar bangaren kakanni na Afirka ta zamani, kuma suna da alaƙa da faɗaɗa yawan jama'a na baya-bayan nan da ke da alaƙa da noma da salon rayuwar makiyaya. Bayanan kwayoyin halitta sun nuna kusanci ga tsofaffin kungiyoyin mafarauta a Gabashin Afirka, amma ba a san ainihin dangantakarsu ba. Ananyo Choudhury, Shaun Aron, Dhriti Sengupta, Scott Hazelhurst, Michèle Ramsay (1 August 2018). "African genetic diversity provides novel insights into evolutionary history and local adaptations". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 21 October 2022.  Akwai shaidun iyakacin ƙayyadaddun jinsi (9-13%) daga zuriyar fatalwar ɗan adam, wanda ake magana da ita a matsayin 'Masu kiwon Afirka ta Yamma' tare da zurfi ko daidai lokacin rarrabuwar kawuna fiye da 'Khoisan mafarauta', zuwa cikin Afirka ta Yamma na zamani.  
 Mutanen Malagasy da ke magana da Austronesiya a Madagascar sun sami manyan kayan marmari na Gabas/Kudu maso Gabas na Asiya da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar Austronesian, tare da sauran zuriyar suna da alaƙa da farko da sassan Yammacin Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka. Ƙididdiga ta kwanan wata na gudana tsakanin waɗannan kafofin shine c. shekaru 2,200 da suka gabata. 


 'Yan asalin Afirka 
Kalmar ' yan asalin Afirka ' na nufin al'ummomin da ke da asali na asali (wanda ba na Turai ba), wanda ya ƙunshi masu magana da Nijar – Kongo, masu magana da Nilo-Sahara, ƙungiyoyin Khoisan daban-daban da bambance-bambancen, da kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun ƙabilanci da dama (duba harsunan da ba a raba su ba ). Asalin harsunan Afroasiatic har yanzu ana jayayya, tare da wasu suna ba da shawarar asalin Gabas ta Tsakiya, yayin da wasu ke goyan bayan asalin Afirka  tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Eurasian da Afirka. Baker JL, Rotimi CN, Shriner D (8 May 2017). "Human ancestry correlates with language and reveals that race is not an objective genomic classifier". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 1572. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.1572B. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01837-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5431528. PMID 28484253. Harsunan Australiya sun samo asali ne daga Kudancin Gabashin Asiya, kuma daga baya sun faɗaɗa masu fita daga Philippines .
Ƙila harsunan Nijar–Congo sun samo asali ne a kusa da yankin da ake yin waɗannan harsunan kafin faɗaɗa Bantu (watau Yammacin Afirka ko Afirka ta Tsakiya ). Fadada ta na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da faɗaɗa aikin noma, a cikin zamanin Neolithic na Afirka, biyo bayan desiccation na Sahara a c. 3500 KZ. Proto-Niger-Congo mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 10,000 kafin nan a cikin " Koren Sahara " na Afirka (kusan Sahel da kudancin Sahara ), kuma ana iya danganta tarwatsa ta da yaduwar baka da kibiya ta hanyar ƙaura na mafarauta, waɗanda daga baya suka bunkasa noma.   

Duk da sahihancin dangin Nilo-Saharan har yanzu yana da cece-kuce, ana kallon yankin tsakanin Chadi, Sudan, da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin mai yuwuwar yin takara a kasarta kafin watsewarta a kusan 10,000-8,000 KZ. 

Mafarauta na Kudancin Afirka (Khoisan) an ba da shawarar su wakilci yawan mafarauta masu cin gashin kansu na kudancin Afirka, kafin faɗaɗa masu magana da Bantu daga Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya da makiyayan gabashin Afirka. Khoisan yana nuna shaida game da abubuwan da suka shafi Bantu, kama daga kusan ~0% zuwa ~ 87.1%

Shigar Kwayoyin Halitta Tsakanin Al'ummomin Turai-Asiya da Afirka


An gano gagarumin haɗakar kwayoyin halitta na Turai-Asiya a Arewacin Afirka, da kuma tsakanin wasu takamaiman kabilu na Kahon Afirka, Arewacin Sudan, yankin Sahel, da kuma Malagasy na Madagascar. Nazarin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban sun gano shaidar yawancin koma-bayan kaura na kafin tarihi daga al'ummomin Turai-Asiya daban-daban da kuma haɗakar kwayoyin halitta da al'ummomin asali bayan haka. Shigar kwayoyin halitta masu alaƙa da Yammacin Turai-Asiya ta isa Arewacin Afirka a lokacin Zamanin Dutse (shekaru 30,000 zuwa 15,000 da suka wuce), sai kuma sauran abubuwan kaura na kafin Zamanin Dutse da Zamanin Dutse. Bayanan kwayoyin halitta akan samfuran Taforalt "sun nuna cewa Arewacin Afirka ta karɓi gagarumin adadin shigar kwayoyin halitta daga Turai-Asiya kafin zamanin Holocene da ci gaban aikin gona". Abubuwan shigar kwayoyin halitta na zamanin da, kamar faɗaɗar Larabawa, suma sun bar alamomi a cikin al'ummomin Afirka daban-daban. Pickrell et al. (2014) sun nuna cewa asalin Yammacin Turai-Asiya daga ƙarshe ya isa ta Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka (musamman Kahon Afirka) zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka da Kudancin Afirka.

Ramsay et al. (2018) suma sun gano shaidar gagarumin haɗakar kwayoyin halitta na Yammacin Turai-Asiya a sassan Afirka daban-daban, daga kaura na da da na kwanan nan, kasancewar mafi girma a tsakanin al'ummomin Arewacin Afirka, da wasu kungiyoyin Kahon Afirka:

Baya ga bambancin da ke cikin nahiyar saboda tsarin yawan jama'a da rarrabuwa, ƙauran al'ummomin Turai-Asiya zuwa Afirka ya fito a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan ƙaura sun haɗa da shigar al'ummomin Turai-Asiya daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban kuma zuwa sassan Afirka daban-daban. Cikakken bayanin dalla-dalla na waɗannan ƙaura ta hanyar nazarin kwayoyin halitta akan al'ummomin da ke wanzu na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana manyan bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta tsakanin wasu al'ummomin da ke kusa da juna.

Wannan haɗakar kwayoyin halitta ta Turai-Asiya ta musamman ta faru ne aƙalla a lokuta uku tare da haɗakar kwayoyin halitta na da a tsakiyar yammacin Afirka (misali, Yoruba daga Najeriya) wanda ya faru tsakanin ~7.5 da 10.5 kya, tsohuwar haɗakar kwayoyin halitta a gabashin Afirka (misali, Habasha) wanda ya faru tsakanin ~2.4 da 3.2 kya da kuma haɗakar kwayoyin halitta na kwanan nan tsakanin ~0.15 da 1.5 kya a cikin wasu al'ummomin gabashin Afirka (misali, Kenya).

Nazarin da aka yi na baya-bayan nan bisa LD decay da kuma raba haplotypes a cikin manyan jerin al'ummomin Afirka da Turai-Asiya sun tabbatar da kasancewar alamun Turai-Asiya a yammaci, gabas da kudancin Afirka. A yamma, ban da masu magana da yaren Nijar-Kongo daga Gambia da Mali, Mossi daga Burkina Faso sun nuna mafi tsufa haɗakar kwayoyin halitta na Turai-Asiya ~7 kya. A gabas, waɗannan bincike sun gano haɗakar kwayoyin halitta na Turai-Asiya a cikin shekaru 4000 na ƙarshe a Kenya.

An gano asalin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya (Yammacin Turai-Asiya) a cikin yawancin kungiyoyin Afirka.
Babu wata yarjejeniya ta tabbaci game da lokacin ko inda asalin asalin dangin harsunan Afroasiatic yake. Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke da asalin Yammacin Turai-Asiya ne suka yada su a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Zamanin Dutse, zuwa Arewacin Afirka da Kahon Afirka, wanda ya fito daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman daga Levant. Wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa masu magana na farko da Proto-Afroasiatic sun kasance a Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka saboda wannan yankin ya haɗa da mafi yawan bambancin dangin harsunan Afroasiatic kuma yana da kungiyoyi daban-daban masu yawa a kusa da juna, wanda wani lokaci ana ɗauka alama ce mai nuna asalin harshe. Wani ɓangare na al'ummar Proto-Afroasiatic da sun yi kaura zuwa Levant a lokacin ƙarshen Zamanin Dutse, suna haɗuwa da mazaunan Yammacin Turai-Asiya kuma suka haifar da yawan jama'a wanda daga baya zai haifar da al'adun Natufian, wanda ke da alaƙa da farkon ci gaban aikin gona da farkon harsunan Afroasiatic, ko musamman kafin Proto-Semitic. Bugu da kari, Y-haplogroup sub-lineage E-M215 (wanda kuma aka sani da "E1b1b) da kuma wanda aka samo daga gare shi E-M35 suna da yawa a tsakanin masu magana da Afroasiatic, kuma kudu maso yammacin Habasha shine tushen waɗannan haplogroups. A karkashin wannan samfurin Afirka, rukunin harshe da masu ɗaukar wannan layin da sun tashi kuma sun bazu tare daga Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka a cikin Mesolithic, watakila sun riga sun haɓaka tsarin rayuwa na kiwon dabbobi da amfani da tsirrai da tattarawa.

Ka'idar noman Gabas ta Tsakiya ba ta bayyana noman tsirrai na musamman ga Kahon Afirka kamar teff, ensete, da Niger seed ba, haka kuma ba ta bayyana rashin shaidar shigar al'ummomin noma ko noman alkama, sha'ir, ko dawa a wannan yankin kafin 3000 K.Z. ba. A cewar masanin tarihi da harshe Christopher Ehret, nau'in tattara tsirrai mai tsanani da al'ummar Proto-Afroasiatic suka yi a Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka na iya kasancewa farkon sauran ayyukan noma waɗanda daga baya za su ci gaba da kanta a cikin Tsagwaron Alheri da Kahon Afirka.


Kahon Afirka

Yayin da yawancin bincike da aka gudanar akan al'ummomin Kahon Afirka sun kiyasta wani taron haɗakar kwayoyin halitta na Yammacin Turai-Asiya kusan shekaru 3,000 da suka wuce, Hodgson et al. (2014) sun gano wani bangaren asalin Yammacin Turai-Asiya daban a tsakanin kungiyoyin masu magana da Afroasiatic da aka bincika a Kahon Afirka (kuma a wani ɗan ƙarami a Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya), mafi yawa a tsakanin kabilar Somali. Wannan bangaren asalin da aka ba wa suna "Ethio-Somali" yana da alaƙa sosai da bangaren "Maghrebi" (mafi girma a Tunisiya) kuma ana kyautata zaton ya rabu da sauran asalin waɗanda ba na Afirka ba kimanin shekaru 23,000 da suka wuce, kuma ya yi kaura zuwa Afirka kafin ci gaban aikin gona (shekaru 12–23 da suka wuce) daga Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wannan al'ummar da ta haye ta tsibirin Sinai sannan ta rabu kashi biyu, tare da reshe ɗaya yana ci gaba zuwa yamma ta Arewacin Afirka ɗayan kuma yana kudu zuwa Kahon Afirka. Mawallafa sun ba da shawarar cewa bangaren "Ethio-Somali" na iya kasancewa wani muhimmin bangaren asali na al'ummar Proto-Afroasiatic. Daga baya ƙaura daga Larabawa zuwa Kahon Afirka wanda ya fara kimanin shekaru 3 da suka wuce zai bayyana asalin harsunan Ethiosemitic a wannan lokacin. Wani nazarin mtDNA da Gandini et al. (2016) suka yi ya samar da ƙarin shaidar goyon bayan koma-bayan kaura na kafin noma daga Yammacin Turai-Asiya zuwa Kahon Afirka tare da kimanin ranar isowa zuwa Kahon Afirka a farkon Holocene, mai yiwuwa sakamakon hanyoyin musayar obsidian a fadin Tekun Ja. Hodgson et al. suma sun tabbatar da kasancewar wani bangaren asali na asali ga Kahon Afirka - "Ethiopic" ko "Omotic" (Pagani et al.) - wanda ya fi yawa a tsakanin masu magana da reshen Omotic na Afroasiatic a kudu maso yammacin Habasha. Wannan layin yana da alaƙa da na wani burbushin halitta mai shekaru 4,500 (Mota) da aka samu a cikin wani kogo a kudu maso yammacin Habasha, wanda ke da kusancin kwayoyin halitta da kungiyoyin Habasha na zamani, musamman kabilar Ari na Omotic masu sana'ar maƙera. Kamar Mota, maƙeran Aari ba su nuna shaidar haɗakar kwayoyin halitta da Yammacin Turai-Asiya ba, suna nuna wani matsayi na ci gaban yawan jama'a a wannan yankin na aƙalla shekaru 4,500. A cikin nazarin kwatankwacin kwayoyin halittar Mota wanda ke nufin al'ummomin zamani, Gallego et al. (2016) sun kammala cewa rarrabuwar Omotic daga sauran harsunan Afroasiatic na iya haifar da keɓewar masu magana da shi daga kungiyoyin waje.

A cikin nazarin kabilun Habasha 68, Lopez et al. (2021) sun bayyana cewa kungiyoyi da yawa da ke cikin rukunin AA uku na Cushitic, Omotic da Semitic suna nuna babban kamanceceniya ta kwayoyin halitta ga juna a matsakaici. Bugu da ƙari, masu magana da Nilo-Saharan a kudu maso yamma sun raba asali na kwanan nan da Bantu da Nilotics, sabanin masu magana da Afro-Asiatic a arewa maso gabas sun raba asali na kwanan nan da Masarawa da sauran Yammacin Turai-Asiya. Bayanan kuma sun goyi bayan yaduwar haɗakar kwayoyin halitta na kwanan nan tsakanin kabilu daban-daban.

Madagascar

An gano takamaiman asalin da ke da alaƙa da Gabashin Asiya a tsakanin masu magana da Malagasy na Madagascar a matsakaicin mita. Kasancewar wannan asalin da ke da alaƙa da Gabashin Asiya an fi haɗa shi da faɗaɗar mutanen Austronesian daga Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Tarihin Afirka