Rashin amfani da yawa

Mass wasting, also known as mass movement, is a general term for the movement of rock or soil down slopes under the force of gravity. It differs from other processes of erosion in that the debris transported by mass wasting is not entrained in a moving medium, such as water, wind, or ice. Types of mass wasting include creep, solifluction, rockfalls, debris flows, and landslides, each with its own characteristic features, and taking place over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years. Mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has been observed on Earth, Mars, Venus, Jupiter's moon Io, and on many other bodies in the Solar System.

Wani lokaci ana ɗaukar subsidence a matsayin nau'in lalacewar taro. Ana yin bambanci tsakanin lalacewar taro ta hanyar raguwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗan motsi na kwance, da lalacewar yawa ta hanyar motsi na gangara.

Abubuwan da ke lalacewa da sauri, kamar rushewar ƙasa, na iya zama masu kisa da lalata. Ƙarin lalacewar taro a hankali, kamar su ɓarkewar ƙasa, yana haifar da ƙalubale ga aikin injiniya, kamar yadda ɓarkewa na iya lalata hanyoyi da gine-gine da kuma karya bututun mai. Hanyoyin ragewa sun haɗa da daidaitawa na gangara, gina ganuwar, madatsar ruwa, ko wasu gine-gine don ƙunsar dutse ko tarkace, gandun daji, ko ingantaccen magudanar wuraren tushe.

 Nau'o'in 
Mass wasting wani lokaci ne na gaba ɗaya don duk wani tsari na rushewa wanda ke motsawa ta hanyar nauyi kuma wanda ƙasa da dutse da aka ɗauka ba a cikin matsakaici mai motsi ba, kamar ruwa, iska, ko kankara. Kasancewar ruwa yawanci yana taimakawa wajen lalacewa, amma ruwa ba shi da isasshen abin da za a ɗauka a matsayin matsakaiciyar sufuri. Don haka, bambancin tsakanin lalacewar taro da rushewar rafi yana tsakanin laka (rugujewar taro) da rafi mai laka sosai (rugucewar ruwa), ba tare da layin raba kaifi ba. An gane nau'o'i da yawa na lalacewar taro, kowannensu yana da halaye na kansa, kuma yana faruwa a cikin lokutan daga seconds zuwa daruruwan shekaru.

Dangane da yadda ƙasa, regolith ko dutse ke motsawa gaba ɗaya, ana iya rarraba motsi a matsayin ko dai creps ko landslides. Wani lokaci ana ɗaukar subsidence a matsayin nau'in lalacewar taro. Ana yin bambanci tsakanin lalacewar taro ta hanyar raguwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗan motsi na kwance,  da lalacewar yawa ta hanyar motsi na gangara. 

 Girma 
Gudun ƙasa motsi ne mai jinkiri da na dogon lokaci. Haɗin ƙananan motsi na ƙasa ko dutse a wurare daban-daban a tsawon lokaci ana jagorantar shi ta hanyar nauyi a hankali. Yayin da gangaren ya fi tsayi, sai ya fi sauri. Gudun yana sa bishiyoyi da shrubs su yi lankwasa don kula da madaidaiciyarsu, kuma suna iya haifar da rushewar ƙasa idan sun rasa tushen tushen su. Ƙasa ta sama na iya ƙaura a ƙarƙashin tasirin sake zagayowar daskarewa da narkewa, ko yanayin zafi da sanyi, yana motsa hanyarsa zuwa kasan gangaren da ke samar da terracettes. Sau da yawa ana gabatar da rushewar ƙasa tare da raguwar ƙasa - ƙasa mai laushi wanda ke fadowa kuma yana tarawa a gindin sassan da suka fi tsayi.

 Solifluction 

Solifluction wani nau'i ne na halaye na yanayin arctic ko alpine. Yana faruwa ne a cikin ƙasa da aka cika da danshi wanda ke narkewa a lokacin watanni na rani don sauka daga tudu. Yana faruwa ne a kan gangaren matsakaici, ba tare da ciyayi ba, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin permafrost kuma suna karɓar wadataccen sabon tarkace ta hanyar yanayi. Solifluction yana shafar dukan gangaren maimakon a tsare shi a tashoshi kuma yana iya samar da siffofi masu kama da ƙasa ko koguna na dutse.

 Rushewar ƙasa 
Rugujewar ƙasa, wanda kuma ake kira landslip,  wani motsi ne mai saurin gaske na babban taro na ƙasa da duwatsu a kan tudu ko dutse. Za'a iya rarraba rushewar ƙasa ta hanyar muhimmancin ruwa a cikin tsarin lalacewa. A cikin ƙarancin ma'ana, rushewar ƙasa shine saurin motsi na adadi mai yawa na tarkace mai bushewa zuwa matsakaici zuwa gangara. Tare da karuwar abun da ke cikin ruwa, lalacewar taro tana ɗaukar nau'in tarkace, sannan ƙasa tana gudana, sannan laka. Ƙarin ƙaruwa a cikin abun da ke cikin ruwa yana haifar da ambaliyar takarda, wanda shine nau'in lalacewar takarda maimakon lalacewar taro.

 Abubuwan da suka faru 
A Duniya, lalacewar taro yana faruwa a kan gangaren ƙasa da na karkashin ruwa. Rashin lalacewar ruwa na ruwa ya zama ruwan dare a kan iyakar bakin teku inda ake janyewa kuma ana fitar da adadi mai yawa na turɓaya. Slides na karkashin ruwa na iya jigilar manyan nau'ikan turɓaya na daruruwan kilomita a cikin 'yan sa'o'i.

Rashin lalacewa wani abu ne na yau da kullun a duk faɗin tsarin hasken rana, yana faruwa inda kayan da ke canzawa suka ɓace daga regolith. An Turai da irin wannan lalacewar taro a kan Mars, Io, Triton, kuma mai yiwuwa Europa da Ganymede. Har ila yau, lalacewar taro yana faruwa a yankunan equatorial na Mars, inda tsayar da sinadarin sulfate mai laushi ke da ƙarfi ta hanyar rushewar iska. Rashin lalacewa a kan Venus yana da alaƙa da tsaunuka masu tsawo na tesserae. Io ya nuna mummunar lalacewar tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta.

 Abubuwan da aka ajiye da kuma siffofin ƙasa 
Rashin lalacewa yana shafar ilimin ƙasa, galibi a cikin hanyoyi masu mahimmanci, ƙananan hanyoyi, amma wani lokaci mafi ban mamaki.

Yankin ƙasa yana da wuya a bayyana amma yana iya haifar da irin wannan tasirin da ba a fahimta ba kamar ci gaban gandun daji mai laushi da shinge mai laushi. A wasu lokuta yana samar da ƙananan raguwa da raguwa. Solifluction yana samar da lobed ko takarda mai kama da ajiya, tare da iyakance gefuna, wanda clasts (ƙananan duwatsu) ke daidaitawa a tsaye zuwa tsarin ajiyar.

Rockfall na iya samar da gangaren tuddai a gindin dutsen. Wani bayyanar da ta fi ban mamaki na dutse mai laushi shine dutsen kankara, wanda ya samo asali ne daga dutsen da dutsen kanka ya mamaye.

Rugujewar ƙasa na iya samar da tsaunuka da ƙananan matakai. Ba a tsara ajiyar ƙasa sosai ba. Wadanda ke da wadataccen yumɓu na iya nuna yumbu mai laushi (wani abu da ake kira Boudinage) da kuma yankunan da aka mai da hankali.

Abubuwan da aka adana sun ɗauki nau'i mai tsawo, ƙananan waƙoƙi na kayan da ba a tsara su sosai ba. Wadannan na iya samun raƙuman ruwa na halitta a gefen waƙoƙi, kuma wani lokacin sun ƙunshi ruwan tabarau na raguwar dutse da ke canzawa tare da ruwan tabarau mai kyau. Ruwan tarkace sau da yawa yana samar da yawancin gangaren sama na magoya bayan alluvial.

 Dalilan da suka haifar 
Za'a iya raba abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar taro zuwa abubuwan da ba su da amfani da su (farawa). Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun hada da:

 Dutsen dutse da ƙasa. Rashin ƙarfi ko raguwa mai rauni sun fi saukin lalacewa, kamar yadda kayan da ke rasa haɗin kai lokacin da aka yi ruwa.
 Stratigraphy, kamar dutse mai laushi ko gadaje masu sauyawa na rauni da ƙarfi ko impermeable ko permeable dutse lithologies.
 Kuskuren ko wasu tsarin ilimin ƙasa waɗanda ke raunana dutsen.
 Yanayin ƙasa, kamar gangaren da ke da tsaunuka ko tsaunuka.
 Yanayi, tare da babban canjin zafin jiki, daskarewa da narkewa akai-akai, ko ruwan sama mai yawa
 Rashin shuke-shuke

Dalilan kunnawa sun hada da:

 Rage gangaren ta hanyar tonowa ko rushewa
 Ƙarin nauyin da aka yi daga gine-gine
 Ƙarin danshi na ƙasa
 Girgizar ƙasa

 Hadari da ragewa 
Rashin lalacewa yana haifar da matsaloli ga aikin injiniya, musamman gina babbar hanya. Zai iya kawar da hanyoyi, gine-gine, da sauran gine-gine kuma zai iya karya bututun mai. A tarihi, rage haɗarin rushewar ƙasa a kan Gaillard  na Canal na Panama ya kai mita 55,860,400 (73,062,600  yd) na mita 128,648,530 cu yd (168,265,924 cu yd) daga kayan da aka cire yayin tono yankan.

Rockslides ko landslides na iya haifar da mummunar sakamako, nan take da jinkiri. Bala'in Oso na watan Maris na shekara ta 2014 ya kasance rushewar ƙasa wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 43 a Oso, Washington, Amurka. Sakamakon jinkirin rushewar ƙasa na iya tasowa daga kafa madatsar ruwa, kamar a Thistle, Utah, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1983.

Yankunan dutsen wuta na iya zama masu tsayi wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa da lalacewar taro. Wannan yanzu wani bangare ne na ci gaban dukkan tsaunuka masu aiki. Ana ganinsa a kan tsaunuka masu fashewa da ke karkashin ruwa da kuma tsaunuka na sama:  Kama'ehuakanaloa (tsohon Loihi) a cikin jerin tsaunuka da ke cikin Hawaiian-Emperor  da Kick 'em Jenny a cikin Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc  sune tsaunuka biyu masu fashewar fashewa waɗanda aka sani suna fuskantar lalacewa mai yawa. Rashin nasarar gefen arewacin Dutsen St. Helens a cikin 1980 ya nuna yadda saurin dutsen wuta zai iya lalacewa kuma ya kasa.

 Kasuwanci
 Gina shinge, ganuwa, ko ramuka don ƙunshe da dutse
 Gina madatsar ruwa don ƙunshe da tarkace.
 Inganta magudanar ruwa na wuraren tushe 
 Tsayawa da gangara

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba