Babban Haikali na Aten

Babban Haikali na Aten (ko pr-Jtn, Gidan Aten)Barbara Watterson, Amarna: Ancient Egypt’s Age of Revolution (Charleston, SC: Tempus Publishing, 1999), 69-72. haikali ne da ke cikin birnin el-Amarna (tsohuwar Akhetaten), Masar. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban wurin bautar allahntaka Aten a lokacin mulkin daular 18th pharaoh Akhenaten (c. 1353-1336 KZ).John Baines and Jaromir Malek, Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt, ed. Graham Speake (Oxfordshire: Andromeda, 1980), 36.Kathryn A. Bard, An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008), 221-225 Akhenaton ya shigo da wani lokaci na musamman na tsohon tarihin Masar ta hanyar kafa sabuwar al'adar addini da aka keɓe ga faifan rana Aten, asalin wani bangare na Ra, allahn rana a cikin tsohuwar addinin Masar na gargajiya. Sarkin ya rufe bautar al'ada na wasu alloli kamar Amun-Ra, kuma ya kawo sabon zamani, ko da yake yana ɗan gajeren lokaci, na bayyanar tauhidi inda ake bauta wa Aten a matsayin allahn rana kuma Akhenaten da matarsa, Nefertiti, suna wakiltar ma'aurata na allahntaka waɗanda suka haɗa mutane da allahn. Kodayake ya fara gini a Karnak a lokacin mulkinsa, ƙungiyar da birnin ke da shi tare da wasu alloli sun kori Akhenaten don kafa sabon birni da babban birnin Amarna na Aten. Akhenaten ya gina birnin a gefen gabas na Kogin Nilu, inda ya kafa wuraren bita, manyan fadoji, kewayen birni da gidajen ibada. Babban Haikali na Aten yana arewa da tsakiyar tsakiyar birni kuma, a matsayin babban haikalin da aka keɓe ga Aten, shine inda Akhenaton ya kafa cikakkiyar al'ada da bautar fayafai na rana.Kathryn A. Bard, An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008), 221-225

 Gina 
An gina birnin Akhetaten cikin gaggawa kuma an gina shi ne da tubalin laka. An yi tubalin laka ta bushewa a rana kuma sun auna 33-37 cm x 15-16 cm x 9-10 cm, kodayake tubalin bangon bangon haikalin ya ɗan fi girma, a 38 cm x 16 cm x 16 cm. A lokacin ginin, an ajiye tubalin tare da ɗan ƙaramin turmi tsakanin layuka kuma babu turmi tsakanin tubalin da ke kusa. Babu ruwan sama da zai lalata tubalin amma suna raguwa daga yashi da iska ke yi, don haka don kariya an lulluɓe bangon da laka da za a iya sake shafawa. Yayin da tubalin ya bushe, sau da yawa suna raguwa wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice da matsaloli na tsari, don haka an samar da wata dabara ta jera layuka na bulo ta yadda kowane layi ya kusa zama rami, yana ba da damar iska ta yawo. Duk da yake wannan ya taimaka bango ya kiyaye siffar su, ya kuma yi aiki don raunana ganuwar don haka musamman manyan gine-gine da ke nufin ɗaukar nauyi mai yawa dole ne a yi su daban.[4] Don hasumiyai na pylon da manyan ganuwar da ke kewaye kamar waɗanda suke a Babban Haikali na Aten, an yi amfani da katako don tallafi na tsari kuma gine-ginen jama'a a cikin Haikali suna da ginshiƙan dutse kuma an gina su da wasu duwatsu don ƙarin tallafi. ginshiƙan dutse sun dace da salon da aka saba samu a wani wuri a Masar, suna wakiltar ko dai dabino ko papyrus. Don shimfida abubuwa na tsari kamar bayar da tebura da ramuka akan bene plaster, an yi amfani da kirtani. An fara tsoma igiyar a cikin baƙar fenti kuma an miƙe sosai kuma an bar ta ta taɓa ƙasa, ta bar alama. A wasu lokuta an tura kirtani har cikin bene na filasta, yana barin wani rami mara zurfi. An yi amfani da irin wannan dabara don rarraba saman bango kafin a yi musu ado da taimako.

Ainihin gina haikalin an yi shi cikin jerin matakai. Kafin a gina wani abu, an riga an yi wani bikin sadaukarwa a wurin.[4] Ƙofar biki tare da ɗakunan ajiya na hadayun ruwa ya tsaya a farkon wani shingen titin. Hanyar ta kara gabas kuma an jera shi da sphinxes, amma daga baya aka maye gurbinsu da bishiyoyi (ramukan bishiyoyi, wasu har yanzu suna dauke da tushen bishiyar, an tono su). Hanyar ta kai har zuwa wani ƙaramin ɗakin bautar tubali wanda aka gina shi a cikin babban tsarin ƙirar Haikali.[4] Babban ginin farko da Akhenaten ya yi shi ne ginin katangar temenos, tare da rufe wani katon yanki mai girman mita 229 x 730. Sa'ad da ake gama ginin garun, sai aka gina Wuri Mai Tsarki na dutse a ƙarshen farfajiyar. Wannan Wuri Mai Tsarki kamar yana aiki da kansa na ɗan lokaci har zuwa ƴan shekaru bayan Akhenaten ya ƙara Gem-Aten a gefen yamma na shingen. Tare da wannan ƙari, dole ne a saukar da asalin ƙofar bikin kuma an gina wata hanya mai ɗagawa a kanta. An fara gina Gem-Aten da dutse, amma da alama kamar yadda lokaci ya ci gaba Akhenaton ya yi ƙasa da kayan kuma an gama ƙarshen ɓangaren Gem-Aten da tubalin laka.[4] Ba a san ainihin yadda aka ƙawata ganuwar Haikali ba domin an lalatar da dukan yankin daga baya, amma ɓangarorin da aka gano sun nuna cewa akwai mutum-mutumi da yawa na Akhenaten da iyalinsa da aka kewaye kewaye da Haikali.J.D.S. Pendlebury, Tell el-Amarna (London: Lovat Dickson & Thomson Ltd., 1935), 65-100

 Manazarta