Mauretania

Mauretania (/ ˌmɒrɪˈteɪniə, ˌmɔːrɪ-/; Latin na gargajiya: [mau̯.reːˈt̪aː.ni.a]) sunan Latin ne ga yanki a tsohuwar Maghreb. Ya tashi daga tsakiyar Aljeriya na yau zuwa Tekun Atlantika,Phillip C. Naylor (7 May 2015). Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-8108-7919-5. ya mamaye arewacin Maroko na yanzu, kuma daga Bahar Rum a arewa zuwa tsaunin Atlas. Mazaunanta na asali, na zuriyar Berber, Romawa sun san su da Mauri da Masaesyli.

A shekara ta 25 BC, sarakunan Mauretania sun zama sarakunan Romawa har zuwa shekara ta 44 AD, lokacin da aka hade yankin zuwa Roma aka raba shi zuwa larduna biyu: Mauretania Tingitana da Mauretania Caesariensis. Kiristanci ya bazu a wurin tun daga karni na 3 zuwa gaba. Bayan da Larabawa musulmi suka mamaye yankin a karni na 7, Musulunci ya zama babban addini.Early Christianity in Contexts: An Exploration across Cultures and Continents

 Masarautar Moorish 
Mauretania ta kasance a matsayin masarautar ƙabila ta mutanen Berber Mauri. A farkon karni na 1 Strabo ya rubuta Maûroi (Μαῦροι a cikin Hellenanci) a matsayin sunan asalin jama'ar da ke gaban yankin Iberian Peninsula. An karɓi wannan roƙon zuwa Latin, yayin da sunan Girkanci na kabilar shine Mauroúsii (Μαυρούσιοι). Tekun Bahar Rum na Mauretania yana da tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci don kasuwanci tare da Carthage tun kafin karni na 4 BC, amma kabilun Berber ne ke iko da ciki, waɗanda suka kafa kansu a yankin ta zamanin Iron Age.

Sarki Atlas babban sarki ne na Mauretania wanda aka lasafta shi da ƙirƙirar duniyar sama. Sanannen sarkin tarihi na farko na Mauri, Baga, ya yi mulki a lokacin Yaƙin Punic na biyu na 218-201 BC. Mauri sun kasance suna hulɗa da Numidia. Bocchus I ([fl.] 110 BC) suruki ne ga sarkin Numiyan Jugurtha mai jan hankali.Lewis and Short, Latin Dictionary, 1879, s.v. "Mauri".

Bayan mutuwar sarki Bocchus na biyu a shekara ta 33 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Roma ta jagoranci yankin kai tsaye daga 33 BC zuwa 25 BC. A ƙarshe Mauretania ta zama masarautar abokin ciniki ta Daular Roma a cikin 25 BC lokacin da Romawa suka kafa Juba II na Numidia a matsayin sarkin abokin ciniki. A mutuwarsa a shekara ta 23 AD, ɗansa Ptolemy na Mauretania wanda ya yi karatu a Roma ya gaje shi. Sarki Caligula ya sa aka kashe Ptolemy a shekara ta 40 AD.Anthony A. Barrett, Caligula: The Corruption of Power (Routledge, 1989), pp. 116–117 Sarkin Roma Claudius ya mamaye Mauretania kai tsaye a matsayin lardin Romawa a AD 44, yana mai da shi ƙarƙashin gwamna mai mulki (ko dai mai fafutuka Augusti, ko legatus Augusti pro praetore).

 Lardin Praetorian na Afirka 
Babban labarin: Yankin Praetorian na Afirka

A cikin 533, sojojin Roma a ƙarƙashin Belisarius sun ci Vandals. A cikin Afrilu 534, Justinian ya buga wata doka game da ƙungiyar gudanarwa na sabbin yankuna da aka samu. Duk da haka, Justinian ya maido da tsohuwar sashin gudanarwa, amma ya ɗaga gwamna gaba ɗaya a Carthage zuwa babban matsayi na gudanarwa na prefect, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen al'adun gargajiya na Diocese na Afirka ga Prefecture na Italiya (sannan har yanzu a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ostrogoth)

 Exarchate na Afirka 
Sarki Maurice a wani lokaci tsakanin 585 zuwa 590 AD ya kirkiro ofishin "Exarch", wanda ya haɗu da babban ikon farar hula na prefect da kuma ikon soja na magister militum, kuma ya sami 'yancin kai daga Konstantinoful. An kafa exarchates guda biyu, ɗaya a Italiya, tare da wurin zama a Ravenna (don haka aka sani da Exarchate na Ravenna), kuma ɗaya a Afirka, wanda ke da tushe a Carthage kuma ya haɗa da duk abubuwan mallaka a Yammacin Bahar Rum. Na farko a Afirka exarch shi ne patricius Gennadius.Julien (1931, v.1, p.273)

 Manazarta