Kungiyar Afirka ta Kenya

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kenya (KAU) kungiya ce ta siyasa a mulkin mallaka na Kenya, wacce aka kafa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1944 kafin a nada dan Afirka na farko da ya zauna a Majalisar Dokoki. A shekara ta 1960 ta zama Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kenya (KANU) ta yanzu.

 Kafawa 
An kafa KAU a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1944, tare da tsohon shugaban siyasa Harry Thuku a matsayin shugabanta. Francis Joseph Khamisi ya zama sakatarensa yayin da Albert Owino ya zama mai ba da kuɗi. Tana da Kwamitin Wakilai na bakwai wanda ya hada da John K. Kebaso (Kudancin Nyanza), James Samuel Gichuru (Tsakiya), Jimmy Jeremiah (Coast), Simeon Mulandi (Ukambani), Harry L. Nangurai (Maasai) da S.B. Jakeyo (Tsakiya Nyanza).Kwanaki tara bayan haka, a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1944, Gwamna Sir Philip Mitchell ya nada Eliud Mathu ya zama dan Afirka na farko da ya zauna a Majalisar Dokokin Kenya. Wannan nadin ya nuna muhimmiyar canji a ci gaban siyasa na 'yan Afirka. A watan da ya biyo baya a watan Nuwamba 1944, a kan dagewar Gwamna, an kara sunan 'Study' zuwa sunan ya zama Kenya African Study Union. Gwamnan ya bayyana cewa sunan 'Study' an yi shi ne don sanya shi "kungiyar mulkin mallaka ta Afirka don samar da wata kungiya inda za a iya ba da ra'ayoyin masu ilimi na Afirka. "  An yi niyyar kungiyar ne don 'yi nazarin' matsalolin ko korafe-korafe na 'yan Afirka kuma don haka ya ba da shawara ga Eliud Mathu a Majalisar Dokoki.Okoth, Assa, A History of Africa: African Nationalism and the de-colonization process, East Africa Education Publishers, Nairobi, p. 74 Don canza sunan zuwa Kenya African Union, Mathu ya yi kira ga taro a shagon Harry Thuku a Nairobi, kuma masu halarta sun kasance Gichuru, Joseph D. Otiende, Jonathan Njoroge, Henry Mwaniki, Francis Khamisi, Kamau Njoroge. Albert Awino, Ambrose Ofafa, Mucohi Gikonyo da Simeon Mulandi.

 Manufofin KAU 
A farkon, manufofin jam'iyyar sun hada da inganta bukatun Afirka, sauye-sauyen kundin tsarin mulki, da gwagwarmaya don ingantaccen rayuwa da yanayin aiki ga 'yan Afirka. KAU kuma ta taimaka wajen daidaita ayyukan kishin kasa da kuma hada kan 'yan Afirka na Kenya zuwa ga wani dalili na kowa. Da farko, KAU ta ji daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka amma sai dangantakar ta zama mai zaki, musamman tare da ficewar Harry Thuku wanda aka dauka a matsayin mai matsakaici. Har ila yau, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta haifar da mummunan yanayi wanda ya sa cimma burin KAU ya zama da wahala. Ba da daɗewa ba, bambance-bambance na akida a cikin sahunta, musamman tsakanin masu matsakaici da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, sun yi barazanar ragargaza masana'antar da ta riƙe shi tare. Rashin sanin siyasa tsakanin 'yan Afirka tare da yaduwar rashin amincewar kabilanci tsakanin' yan Afirka sun kuma rage sabon jam'iyyar. Har ila yau, ba su da isasshen kuɗi don aiki kuma na dogon lokaci ba su da adireshin da aka ɗora.

 Gichuru ya karbe mulki 
A watan Janairun 1945, Thuku ya yi murabus, kuma a taron wakilai na farko da aka gudanar a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1945, James Gichuru, malamin da aka horar da Makerere wanda ya yi murna daga matsayinsa na koyarwa a makarantar sakandare ta Alliance ya karbe matsayinsa. An dauki Thuku a matsayin mai matsakaici bayan ya dawo daga tsare-tsaren shekaru goma saboda tashin hankali na siyasa. James Gichuru da sauri ya sake tsara jam'iyyar kuma ya fadada wakilan. Ya ƙaddamar da jaridar "Sauti ya Mwafrika" (Muryar Afirka) wanda Francis Khamisi ya shirya. Takardar ta bayyana korafin 'yan Afirka. A taron wakilai na gaba a watan Fabrairun 1946, an bar sunan 'Study' kuma jam'iyyar ta koma tsohon sunanta KAU. A wannan lokacin, mutane da yawa sun dauki KAU a matsayin sake haihuwar Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) wanda aka dakatar a 1939.A zahiri, ɗaya daga cikin membobin kwamitin Simeon Mulandi, ya kasance shugaban Kungiyar membobin Ukamba wanda aka dakatar da shi tare da KCA.A karkashin Gichuru, jam'iyyar ta ɗauki hanyar kishin ƙasa. A lokacin Taron Wakilan na Biyu, an zabi Joseph D. Otiende daga Arewacin Nyanza (yanzu Yammacin Kenya), a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar, wanda ya ba jam'iyyar hangen nesa na kasa. Kamar Gichuru, Otiende ya yi karatu a Makerere kuma ya koyar a Alliance High School. Sun shiga Makerere a wannan shekarar (1933) kuma sun kasance dalibai a Alliance High School kafin hakan.KAU ta bukaci a kawo karshen 'tsarin Kipande', tsarin tantancewa wanda 'yan Afirka suka ƙi sosai. Eliud Mathu ya sami nasarar soke shi a cikin abin da ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da 'yan Afirka suka samu. Sauran bukatun da KAU ta yi sun haɗa da kawar da harajin da aka tsara kawai ga 'yan Afirka, dawo da ƙasar da aka ware, daidaitaccen albashi don aiki daidai, da haɓaka wakilcin Afirka a Majalisar Dokoki. 

 Nasarorin KAU 
A watan Janairun 1946, Gwamna Mitchell ya nada Fanwell Walter Odede ya zauna a Majalisar Dokoki don maye gurbin Rev. Leonard J. Beecher a matsayin mai aiki. Odede ya kasance a Majalisar Dokoki har zuwa 1947 lokacin da Beecher ya yanke shawarar yin murabus daga Majalisar Dokoki gaba ɗaya. Amma maimakon nada Odede sosai, Gwamna Mitchell, ya yanke shawarar nada Benaiah Apolo Ohanga don maye gurbin Beecher kuma ya soke nadin Odede. Don haka a hukumance, Ohanga ya zama dan Afirka na biyu da aka nada a Majalisar Dokoki.

 Kenyatta ya karbe mulki 
A watan Satumbar 1946, Jomo Kenyatta ya koma Kenya kuma a watan Yunin 1947, James Gichuru ya sauka a matsayin Shugaban KAU don goyon bayan Jomo Keny atta . Bayan ya kwashe shekaru da yawa a Ingila yana wakiltar korafin 'yan Afirka, Kenyatta ya kama tunanin' yan Kenya da yawa kuma ya zama babban mutum na kasa. An dauke shi jagora na halitta a cikin neman 'yancin kai kuma saboda haka ya jagoranci KAU zuwa ga tsarin kishin kasa tare da samun' yancin kai a zuciya. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1948, Gwamna Mitchell ya nada John Kipsugut araap Chemallan, mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na farko ga Majalisar Dokoki don wakiltar lardunan Arewa da Rift Valley da Maasai. Eliud Mathu yanzu an sanya shi a matsayin wakilin lardin tsakiya. Ohanga yanzu tana wakiltar Nyanza yayin da James Jeremiah ke wakiltar Coast. An zabi su a hukumance a matsayin mambobin majalisar dokoki marasa izini don wakiltar 'amfanin al'ummar Afirka'. "A karkashin Jomo Kenyatta, KAU ta matsa zuwa matsayi mafi girma tana buƙatar kawar da haraji, ilimi na kyauta da na tilas ga 'yan Afirka, fadada wakilci a Majalisar Dokoki, mafi kyawun albashi da inganta yanayin aiki, dawo da ƙasashe masu nisa bayar da ayyukan mallaka ga' yan Afirka, girmama al'adun Afirka, biyan diyya ga tsoffin sojojin Afirka, ƙarshen nuna bambancin launin fata da sakin fursunonin siyasa. Jam'iyyar ta fara daukar mambobi a duk fadin kasar.

 Bukatar 'yancin kai 
A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1951, KAU ta bukaci kawo karshen mulkin mallaka da Independence a cikin shekaru uku. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1951, KAU ta aika da wakilai zuwa taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Paris inda suka gabatar da takarda mai taken "Ƙasar Yunwa a Kenya" wanda ya yi kira ga mafita ta gaggawa ga batun Land a Kenya game da 'yan Afirka.A wannan shekarar, mambobin KAU masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a reshen Nairobi sun kafa 'Kwamitin Tsakiya' da aka sani da "Muhimu" (Kiswahili don 'Mai mahimmanci") wanda ya fara tsara hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don samun 'yancin kai. Sun fara rantsuwa da mambobi a cikin wata kungiya ta sirri da ake kira Mau Mau . "Muhimu" karkashin jagorancin Eliud Mutonyi (Shugaba), Isaac Gathanju (Sakatare), Bildad Kaggia, Paul Ngei, da Fred Kubai a matsayin mambobi, sun daidaita ayyukan Mau Mau da gudanar da rantsuwa. Rantsarwar ta fara ne a cikin unguwanni na Nairobi kuma nan da nan ta zama rantsuwa mai aiki a Kiambu, Fort Hall (a halin yanzu Murang'a County), da Nyeri.

 An haramta KAU 
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarsa don ɗaukar gwamna, Sir Evelyn Baring ya yi ɗan gajeren yawon shakatawa a Tsakiyar Kenya don ya saba da halin da ake ciki. Ya sadu da shugabannin, sarakuna, firistoci, mazauna da sauran masu tasiri na al'umma, kuma nan da nan ya kammala cewa akwai halin da ake ciki na rikici wanda kusan tabbas zai zama wanda ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba a lokacin da ya dace. Ya koma Nairobi kuma a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1952, ya aika da Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Koloni Oliver Lyttelton yana neman izini don ayyana yanayin gaggawa a cikin mulkin mallaka.

Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1952, Lyttelton ya amsa cewa, "Na amince da shawarar ku na ayyana yanayin gaggawa a karkashin Dokar Kula da Gaggawa a Majalisar, 1939, da kuma daukar mataki a kan Kenyatta da magoya bayansa. Zan ba ku cikakken goyon baya don kiyaye doka da tsari. "  Kwanaki biyar bayan haka, Gwamna Baring ya ayyana yanayin Gaggawa a Kenya.

Kashegari a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1952, an kama shugabannin KAU Jomo Kenyatta da wasu shugabannin da yawa a karkashin Operation Jock Scott . Wannan ya biyo bayan sanarwar gaggawa ta sabon gwamna SirEvelyn Baring. 

A watan Nuwamba 1952, wakilai na shugabannin KAU wadanda suka hada da Walter Odede, Wycliffe W.W. Awori da Joseph Murumbi, sun yi kokarin saduwa da Lyttelton wanda ya zo don kula da ayyukan da aka yi wa Mau Mau. Sun so su tattauna da shi game da halin da ake ciki. Ta hanyar Gwamna Baring, sun nemi kuma an ba su masu sauraro tare da Lyttelton a Gidan Gwamnati. Amma lokacin da suka isa, Lyttelton ya ki ya gaishe su da kunya sosai Gwamna Baring wanda ya shirya taron.

Da yake magana da su daban, Baring ya nemi su rabu da kansu da Kenyatta da shugabannin KAU da aka kama. Sun yi ƙoƙari amma ba su iya shawo kan Gwamna ba cewa KAU ba ta da magoya bayan Mau Mau a cikin sahunta, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su wanke Kenyatta daga duk wata alaƙa da Mau Mau.

A lokacin taron, wakilin KAU ya gabatar da takarda ga Gwamna yana neman sauye-sauye da yawa ciki har da kawar da nuna bambancin launin fata ta hanyar doka, fadada wuraren ilimi ga 'yan Afirka, zaɓen membobin Afirka da haɓaka wakilcin Afirka a Majalisar Dokoki. Sun kuma bukaci a yi amfani da takaddama na kowa ga dukkan kabilu uku tare da kujeru iri daya ga 'yan Afirka da wadanda ba 'yan Afirka ba. Sun kuma bukaci matsayi na kwamishinan ga 'yan Afirka a cikin Sojojin Sojoji da manyan mukamai na gwamnati; taimako a ci gaban aikin gona; daidaitaccen albashi don daidaito da aiki da' yancin magana da taro.

Gaggawa ta yi mummunar rauni ga KAU kuma yawancin shugabannin ta, musamman wadanda ke tsakiyar Kenya, an kama su ko kuma sun gudu don kauce wa kama su. Odede ya ɗauki shugabancin KAU a matsayin mai yin aiki amma an kama shi ma a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1953, kuma a kan zargin jin tausayi ga Mau Mau.An dakatar da KAU a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1953, watanni takwas cikin gaggawa.Harin ya yi daidai da isowar sojojin Burtaniya don bunkasa kokarin da aka yi wa Mau Mau. Kafin kama Odede, Luo Union a karkashin Ker Oginga Odinga, ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke goyon bayan KAU  kuma wannan ya haifar da tsoro cewa tasirin Mau Mau zai bazu zuwa Nyanza. Bayan kama Odede, wani shugaban Nyanza mai tasiri Wycliffe Works Wasya Awori an ci gaba da tsananta masa duk da cewa ya bukaci a ba wa MLCs na Afirka damar gudanar da tarurruka kamar yadda suke so.

 KAU da Mau Mau 
A cikin gabatarwar da ya yi wa Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Koloni da ke neman ayyana yanayin gaggawa, Gwamna Baring ya yi jayayya cewa shugabannin KAU, musamman Jomo Kenyatta, suna bayan Mau Mau kuma a bayan tashin hankali. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta gamsu ba tare da wata shakka ba cewa KAU tana bayan ƙungiyar Mau Mau. A lokuta da yawa, Jomo Kenyatta ya yi tir da Mau Mau a wani taron jama'a a watan Fabrairun 1951 da kuma taron jama'ar a filin wasa na Kirigiti a Kiambu a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 1952. Taron, wanda dukkan manyan mutanen Kikuyu suka halarta, an kira su ne don nuna rashin amincewa da Mau Mau. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi jawabi a taron shine Babban Cif Waruhiu Kungu . Mutuwar Babban Cif Waruhiu Kungu ce a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1952, wanda ya shawo kan Gwamna Baring cewa dole ne a yi wani abu. An harbe Cif Waruhiu a Gachie, kimanin kilomita bakwai a wajen Nairobi yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta komawa gida. Wani ya toshe motarsa kuma wani dan bindiga ya fito ya harbe shi. An zargi aikin ne a kan Mau Mau kuma sanarwar gaggawa ta biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba.Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta aika da sojoji don karfafa kokarin yaki da Mau Mau. Janar Sir George Erskine an nada shi Babban Kwamandan Kwamandan Gabashin Afirka wanda aka nufa ya magance Mau Mau sosai. Bayan isowa, Janar Sir George Erskine ya yi jawabi ga manema labarai yana cewa: "...babu wata shakka cewa akwai mambobin Kungiyar Afirka ta Kenya da ba su da alaƙa da motsi na tashin hankali. Amma an dauki matakin ne saboda gwamnati ta gamsar da kanta cewa akwai isasshen shaida don nuna cewa kungiyar ta'addanci ta Mau Mu ta yi amfani da Kungiyar Afirka a matsayin murfin kuma cewa kafin da bayan da aka ayyana gaggawa, akwai alaƙa tsakanin mambobin Kudancin Afirka da yawa na Mau Mau. "

"A matsayin misali na alaƙar yawancin mambobin KAU tare da tashin hankali na Mau Mau, biyu daga cikin 'yan ta'adda da aka fi nema a Kenya, Dedan Kimathi da Stanley Mathenge duka mambobi ne na KAU, Kimathi ya kasance Sakataren Rumuruti-Thompson's Falls Branch da Mathenge memba na Nyerich. Mau Mau ya samo asali ne daga Kiku Central Association wanda aka haramta a 1939. Dukansu al'ummomin sun dogara da irin wannan rantsuwa-taking don fara sabbin mambobinta na Tsakiya a cikin shekara ta 1947.

A lokacin daya daga cikin adiresoshin rediyo, mukaddashin Babban Kwamishinan Kasa Sir Edward H. Windley ya bayyana cewa:

"Kenya African Union ya ƙare. Ya kasance kamar mummunan gida da aka lalata saboda ya kamu da cuta, kuma ba za mu iya amfani da tubalin iri ɗaya don sake ginawa ba. "Ga dukkanku 'yan Afirka masu hankali da ma'ana waɗanda suka yi imani da gwamnati mai kyau su taru kuma su yi aiki a gare ta don amfanin mutanensu, kuma suyi tunanin yanzu yadda za mu iya cimma shi a nan gaba. "

 Kafa KANU 
A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1960, mambobin Majalisar Dokoki na Afirka waɗanda suka haɗu a kusa da wata ƙungiya ta siyasa da aka sani da Kenya Independence Movement (KIM), sun haɗu a filin wasa na Kirigiti a Kiambu don tattauna yadda aka kafa jam'iyyar siyasa ta ƙasa. Wakilan daga ƙungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar sun halarci taron. Watanni da suka gabata, a watan Agustan 1959, takwas daga cikin 'yan Afirka 14 da aka zaba sun sanar da kafa jam'iyyar Kenya National Party (KNP). Wanda MLC ke jagoranta don Nyanza North Masinde Muliro, sabuwar jam'iyyar ta karɓi wariyar launin fata da yawa har ma da haɗa 'yan Turai a cikin matsayinta daga cikinsu S.V. Cooke MLC na Turai daga Mombasa. Sun kuma jawo hankalin 'yan Asiya da Larabawa da yawa. Don magance wannan yunkuri, Tom Mboya da wasu 'yan MLC guda biyar na Afirka sun ba da sanarwar kafa kungiyar 'yancin kai ta Kenya (KIM) ta Afirka, suna bayyana cewa 'za a samun' yancin Afirka ne kawai ta hanyar kishin kasa na Afirka.'  A lokacin taron Maris 1960 a Kirigiti a Kiambu, an kafa kwamitin don kafa wata babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta 'Uhuru'.  Wannan kwamitin, wanda James Gichuru da Dokta Njoroge Mungai suka jagoranta a matsayin sakatare, suna da Oginga Odinga, Dokta Gikonyo Kiano da Tom Mboya daga cikin mambobinta. An ba su aikin tsara kundin tsarin mulki don sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa. Sun zauna a kan sunan KANU .  A ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1960, an gudanar da taro na biyu a Kirigiti kuma wakilai sun tabbatar da kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa mai suna Kenya African National Union .  Sun gabatar da takardun rajistar su ga mai rejista na al'ummomi David John Coward . Sun sami takardun rajista a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1960 tare da James Gichuru a matsayin shugaban kasa, Oginga Odinga a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da Tom Mboya a matsayin Sakatare Janar. Sun riƙe tsohuwar tutar KAU cikakke tare da launuka kuma sun karɓi zakara a matsayin alama. Lalle ne tsohuwar KAU ta dawo rayuwa. 

 Ƙarshen 
A hanyoyi da yawa, haramtawar KAU a watan Yunin 1953, bai kawar da tasirin ta a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa ba. A cikin gaggawa, ayyukan siyasa na Afirka sun kasance a karkashin kulawa, amma gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi hankali kada ta tura 'yan Afirka da nisa. Sun kafa sauye-sauye da nufin magance halin da ake ciki wanda ya haifar da barkewar tawaye na Mau Mau da farko. An aiwatar da wasu shawarwarin KAU ciki har da fadada wakilcin Afirka a duka Majalisar Dokoki da Majalisar Zartarwa. A shekara ta 1954, an nada memba na KAU Benaiah Ohanga a cikin majalisar zartarwa ta zama ministan Afirka na farko. An nada karin 'yan Afirka zuwa Majalisar Dokoki. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1957, 'yan Afirka sun sami damar zabar wakilan su ta hanyar zabe don sabbin kujeru 8 da aka kirkira ga' yan Afirka. Ƙarin matsin lamba daga 'yan Afirka ya ga kujerun sun fadada zuwa 14 kuma an gudanar da zabe a 1958 don kara yawan mambobi. Daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ta samu, KAU ta taimaka wajen hada kan al'ummomi daban-daban a Kenya a karkashin tutar hadin kan kasa. Luo da Kikuyu sun yi kama da kusanci sosai a siyasa kuma a ƙarshe za su haɗu da akidar siyasa daban-daban a cikin wata jam'iyya ta ƙasa mai suna Kenya African National Union (KANU). Sabuwar jam'iyyar, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1960 a karkashin tsohon shugaban KAU James Gichuru, daga karshe ta haifar da samun ikon cin gashin kanta a watan Yunin 1963 bayan da ta mamaye kuri'un da aka yi a kan abokin hamayyarta mafi matsakaici Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU). An sami 'yancin kai a karkashin gwamnatin KANU a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1964.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

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