Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Ovamboland

Kungiyar Ovamboland People's Organisation ( OPO ) kungiya ce mai kishin kasa wacce ta wanzu tsakanin 1959 zuwa 1960 a Afirka ta Kudu ta Yamma ( Namibiya a yau). Manufar kungiyar ita ce kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma sanya Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma a karkashin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Andimba Herman Toivo Ya Toivo South African History Online, Accessed: 26 July 2017 Andimba Toivo ya Toivo ya kafa magabacinsa, Ovamboland People's Congress, a 1957 a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu .  A cikin 1959, Sam Nujoma da Jacob Kuhangua sun kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Ovamboland (OPO) a Tsohon Location a Windhoek.THE PERIOD OF SOUTH AFRICAN ADMINISTRATION History of SWAPO  Sam Nujoma ya kasance shugaban kungiyar OPO har zuwa lokacin da ta rikide zuwa kungiyar jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu (SWAPO) bayan shekara guda kuma ya kasance shugaban kasa har zuwa lokacin da Namibiya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990.Denis Herbstein and John Evenson. The Devils Are Among Us, 1989. Page 6.

 Tarihi 
Samuwar OPO ya danganta da kungiyar kwadago ta Kudu (Swallla), wani kwangilar kwangila da ke daukar 'yan Adam da yawa, ta hanyar tsarin kwangilar kwangilar kwangilar kungiyar, ta hanyar tsarin kwangilar kwangila da ke aiki a Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu . Tsarin aikin kwangilar ya fuskanci adawa saboda mugunyar da ake yi masa da kuma take hakkin dan Adam, wanda masu kishin kasa Namibiya suka gabatar a cikin kasar da kuma kasashen waje.

A cikin 1951, Andimba Toivo ya Toivo ya ƙaura zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan sandan jirgin ƙasa a Cape Town. Ya Toivo da wasu da ke da tasiri a siyasar jam'iyyar ANC ta Afirka sun gana sau da dama a wani karamin shagon aski da ke birnin Cape Town inda suka tattauna halin da siyasar Namibiya ke ciki da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin aikin kwangila. A yayin tattaunawa kan ayyukan siyasa, kungiyar ta kafa Ovamboland People's Congress (OPC) a ranar 2 ga Agusta 1957 karkashin jagorancin Ya Toivo.  Daga cikin wadanda suka kafa sun hada da Jacob Kuhangua, Mzee Kaukungwa, Eliaser Tuhadeleni, Peter Mweshihange, Solomon Mifima, Maxton Mutongulume, Jariretundu Kozonguizi, Emil Appolus, Andreas Shipanga, Ottiliè Shimming da Kenneth Abrahams . Burin kungiyar ya nemi kawo karshen tsarin aikin kwangila da manufofin SWANLA. Bayanai game da kafa OPC sun kai ga shugabannin masu kishin kasa a cikin kasar. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Sam Nujoma, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin jigon kungiyar da ke jagorantar reshenta na Windhoek. Nujoma ya zagaya harabar ma'aikatan yana tattaunawa da su game da kafa sabuwar kungiyar. A shekara ta 1958, ƙungiyar tana da dubban membobi da mabiya a cikin mahalli da wurare a duk faɗin Namibiya. 

A cikin 1958, Ya Toivo ya aika da wasiƙa da faifan faifai da ya rubuta zuwa ga Mburumba Kerina da Rev. Michael Scott, waɗanda ke zaune a Amurka, suna tattara bayanan take haƙƙin ɗan adam a Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma. An yi amfani da wannan bayanin don kai ƙarar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A watan Disamba na 1958, an kori Ya Toivo daga Cape Town jim kadan bayan koken ya yi kanun labarai a jaridar New York Times kuma an kore shi tare da Jacob Kuhangua da Jariretundu Kozonguizi da sauransu. Bayan ya shafe kwanaki a Keetmanshoop sannan Windhoek ‘yan sanda sun kuduri aniyar tasa keyar shi zuwa Ovamboland, inda aka tsare shi a gidan kurkukun babban hafsan Ondonga Johannes Kambonde.

A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1959, Jacob Kuhangua, Sam Nujoma, Louis Nelengani, Emil Appolus da Lucas Haleinge Nepela sun kafa kungiyar jama'ar Ovamboland (OPO) a hukumance a matsayin magajin OPC a Old Location a Windhoek.  A taron farko an zabi Nujoma a matsayin shugaban kasa, Nelengani mataimakin shugaban kasa, sakatare janar na Kuhangua da Nepela a matsayin shugaba. Ya Toivo yana tsare a gida a wannan lokacin ya rasa wani matsayi amma an dauke shi shugaban kungiyar a Ovamboland. Daga baya zai zama Sakataren reshenta na Ondangwa inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tara sabbin mambobi da wayar da kan su game da juriyar mulkin mallaka. A wannan lokacin Nujoma da Ya Toivo sun yi magana ta haruffa kawai; Ba su taba haduwa ido-da-ido ba har sai da aka sako Ya Toivo daga tsibirin Robben a shekarar 1984.

A watan Satumba na shekarar 1959, an kaddamar da kungiyar hadin kan kasashen kudu maso yammacin Afirka (SWANU) a hukumance a wani taron jama'a a Windhoek tare da goyon bayan majalisar sarakunan Herero karkashin jagorancin Cif Hosea Kutako . An kafa SWANU a matsayin wata ƙungiya ta ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da mulkin mallaka don faɗaɗa da ƙarfafa tushen kishin ƙasa na wannan motsi. OPO ya zama memba na SWUNI kuma shugabanninta sun kasance mambobin kwamitin zartarwa na WANU. Jariretundu Kozonguizi ya zama shugaban SWANU na farko bayan da ya samu gagarumin goyon baya daga OPO da majalisar sarakunan Herero.Dictionary of African historical biography "Sam Nujoma", Page 280, 1989

Shugabancin OPO da SWANU sun taka rawar gani wajen shirya zanga-zangar Tsohuwar Location bayan da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta tilasta wa mazauna tsohon wurin komawa wani sabon gari, Katutura . A ranar 10 ga Disamba 1959, 'yan sanda sun bude wuta a lokacin zanga-zangar kuma sun kashe masu zanga-zangar 11.  Shugabannin OPO da SWANU sun fuskanci kamasu kuma an yi musu tambayoyi. Bayan wannan taron kungiyoyin biyu sun samu mabambantan ra'ayi kan hanyar da za a bi wanda ya kai ga OPO ta balle daga SWANU don ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makamai. Sam Nujoma ya ci gaba da fuskantar kamawa da barazanar kora zuwa Ovamboland. A ranar 26 ga Fabrairun 1960, bayan samun shawara daga Cif Hosea Kutako ya tsere ya tafi gudun hijira. 

Jim kadan bayan isa kasar Tanzaniya Nujoma ya bar Amurka ya shiga Mburumba Kerina da Jariretundu Kozonguizi don kai karar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A birnin New York, tarurrukan da aka yi tsakanin Nujoma, Kerina da Kozonguizi don hada kan OPO da SWANU domin yakar abokan gaba a matsayin hadin kan jama'a bai yi nasara ba. A maimakon haka, an haifar da ra'ayin canza OPO zuwa ƙungiyar 'yantar da ƙasa baki ɗaya tare da wa'adin haɗin kan dukkan mutanen Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1960, shugabancin OPO a Windhoek ya canza OPO zuwa Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu (SWAPO).  An zabi Nujoma a matsayin shugaban SWAPO a baya, Kuhungua da Nelengani sun ci gaba da rike mukamansu a matsayin babban sakatare da mataimakin shugaban kasa. Bayan sauyin da aka samu a shekarar 1960 da yawa daga cikin shugabannin SWAPO sun isa kasar Tanzaniya domin shirya kaddamar da gwagwarmayar 'yantar da makami. A shekarar 1962, SWAPO ta kafa reshenta na soja mai suna South West Africa Liberation Army (SWALA), wadda daga baya aka canza mata suna zuwa People’s Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). Ya Toivo, Eliaser Tuhadeleni da sauran shugabannin SWAPO sun sami damar sauƙaƙe ayyukan da ya kai ga kafa sansanonin soji a cikin ƙasar.

A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1966, Sojojin Afrika ta Kudu sun kai wa mayakan SWAPO hari a Omugulugwombashe a arewacin Namibiya. Wannan dai shi ne yakin farko da aka yi da makami a yakin neman yancin kai na Namibiya wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1989. Bayan yakin, kimanin mayakan SWAPO 63 da ke cikin kasar da suka hada da Ya Toivo, Eliaser Tuhadeleni, John Otto Nankudhu, Immanuel Shifidi, Nathaniel Maxuilili da Helao Shityuwete an kama su a lokuta daban-daban kuma an dauke su ta jirgin sama zuwa Pretoria don fuskantar shari'a. An yi musu shari'a a karkashin dokar ta'addanci ta 1967 ; akasarinsu an yanke musu hukuncin dauri a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben kuma wasu sun mutu a hannun ‘yan sanda a yayin shari’ar. Namibiya ta sami 'yancin kai a ranar 21 ga Maris 1990, SWAPO ta lashe zaɓen dimokuradiyya na farko kuma an rantsar da Sam Nujoma a matsayin shugaban Namibiya na farko. SWAPO ita ce jam'iyya mai mulki a Namibiya tun bayan samun 'yancin kai.

 Nassoshi