Yaƙin Kamaru

Yaƙin Kamaru (wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin da aka ɓoye,  ko Yakin Independence na Kamaru) ya kasance rikici a Kamaru tsakanin 1955 da 1964, da farko a matsayin gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai da Mulkin mallaka na Faransa, wanda Kungiyar Jama'ar Kamaru (UPC) ta jagoranta, sannan, bayan samun' yancin Kamaru a 1960, a matsayin yakin basasa tsakanin gwamnatin Kamaru da 'yan tawaye na UPC.

Rikicin ya fara ne da tashin hankali a kan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a 1955 kafin ya zama tawaye. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, Shugaban Kamaru na farko, Ahmadou Ahidjo ya nemi ci gaba da taimakon soja na Faransa don yaki da 'yan tawayen UPC. Sojojin Kamaru, tare da taimakon Sojojin Faransa, sun fi kayar da tawaye a shekarar 1964 duk da cewa rikice-rikice sun ci gaba har zuwa 1971.

An kashe mutane da yawa a cikin rikici, galibi bayan samun ƴancin kai a lokacin yakin basasa da kuma Yankin Bamileke. Yawancin kimantawa sun sanya adadin wadanda suka mutu a cikin dubban dubbai,    duk da haka wasu kimantawa suka kai daruruwan dubbai.  An bayyana shi a matsayin yaƙin da aka manta da shi saboda ya faru ne a lokacin da babbar gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai ta Faransa ta fi girma, Yaƙin Aljeriya . Rikicin ya ci gaba da tsara siyasar zamani a Kamaru.

 Dalilan yaƙi 
Yunkurin Kamaru ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1950, bayan kafa kungiyar 'yan kasar Kamaru (UPC), jam'iyyar farko kuma mafi shahara ta Kamaru. Jam'iyyar ta kasance a kusa da manyan manufofi guda biyu: rabuwa da Faransa da kafa tattalin arzikin gurguzu.   Ruben Um Nyobe da abokin aikinsa, Felix-Roland Moumie ne suka kafa jam'iyyar a shekarar 1948.

Yunkurin kishin kasa mai tasowa ya sadu da kalubalen gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da ke son kawar da shi. A cikin wata wasika da aka rubuta wa babban kwamishinan mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1954, Um Nyobe ya rubuta:"Shekaru shida, Union of Cameroonian People ta yi tsayayya kuma za ta ci gaba da tsayayya da tashin hankali daga hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Dole ne mutum ya rubuta littafi don rufe lissafin dakarun da tsarin iko da aka yi amfani da su don yaki da kungiyarmu. "Kalmomin Um Nyobe suna nuni da tashin hankali da ke tsakanin ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Kokarin hana yunkurin kishin kasa ba na musamman ba ne ga Kamaru, amma a maimakon haka fadada siyasar Mulkin mallaka na Faransa a lokacin. Kokarin Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa don murkushe UPC ya haifar da mummunan yakin basasa.

 Manyan mutane da yaƙi 
Ga yawancin 'yan kasar Kamaru, shiga cikin yaki ba wani abu ne na gaggawa ba. A zahiri, mutane da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari su ba da hadin kai da shiga cikin tsarin siyasa na mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan 'yan Kamaru ne wadanda suka fahimci dokar Faransanci, yare, da al'adu kuma ana kiransu Evolue. Sun yi sha'awar salon rayuwar Faransanci kuma sun raina dabi'un yankin. Duk da haka, wasu daga cikin masu juyin juya halin Kamaru na farko za su cancanci zama masu tasowa.

Hakazalika, 'Yan takarar gudanarwa sun kasance' yan takarar da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suka fi so. An fara gabatar da wannan aikin ne a Kamaru a 1945 lokacin da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ke neman ƙirƙirar aji na kariya. A lokacin zaben wucin gadi, sun sanya Cif Andre Fouda a kan sanannen mai adawa da mulkin mallaka Douala Manga Bell. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta fi son Fouda kuma ta yi aiki don tabbatar da nasararsa.

 Jagorancin Um Nyobe 
Ko da membobin UPC sun yi ƙoƙari su shiga cikin tsarin siyasar Faransa da farko. A lokacin zaben majalisa a watan Yunin 1951, Ruben Um Nyobe ya gabatar da kansa ga masu jefa kuri'a. Don hana damar Um Nyobe, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta jira har zuwa minti na ƙarshe don karɓar takarar Nyobe. Har ila yau, gwamnatin ta yi amfani da hanyoyin hana masu jefa kuri'a. Yankunan da Nyobe ya shahara sosai, suna da ofisoshin jefa kuri'a kaɗan. Wannan ya tilasta wa magoya bayan Nyobe su yi tafiya mai nisa kawai don jefa kuri'un su. Nyobe ya ƙare ya rasa zaben, ya lashe kuri'u 3,100 kawai.

Da yake ya yi takaici da sakamakon zaben da sauran rashin adalci da ke addabar kasar, Nyobe ya kai matakin kasa da kasa. Ya kare sau uku (1952, 1953, da 1954) dalilin Kamaru mai zaman kanta a gaban Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  A cikin jawabinsa, Nyobe ya yi tir da mulkin mallaka na Faransa kuma ya yi kira ga hadin kan Kamaru na Burtaniya da Faransa.

Yunkurin UPC ya zama barazana ga Faransanci, kuma ya bar latitude ga wasu rikice-rikice.

 Tarihin Yaƙi 
A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1955, UPC ta buga "Proclamation Commune," wanda a lokacin, an dauke shi a matsayin wata sanarwa ta 'yancin kai. Koyaya, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kalli shi a matsayin ƙiyayya mara amfani.

A hankali, Faransanci sun fara mayar da hankali ga kuzari don murkushe ƙungiyar UPC, ta hanyar hana shugabanninta da magoya bayansu. A watan Mayu 1955, Um Nyobe da takwarorinsa sun shiga ɓoye.

A ranar 22 ga Mayu 1955, tashin hankali na neman 'yancin kai ya barke a manyan biranen Kamaru, Douala da Yaounde. Wadannan tashin hankali za su ci gaba har zuwa 30 ga Mayu 1955, lokacin da sabon Babban Kwamishinan mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Roland Pre ya rufe su. Bayan tashin hankali, a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1955, hukumomin Faransa sun haramta UPC a hukumance. A cikin Sanaga-Maritime, yankin ƙasar da ke ƙunshe da manyan biranen ƙasar Douala da Yaounde, Gwamnatin Faransa ta murkushe waɗannan tashin hankali.

A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1956, UPC ta fara kauracewa zaben majalisar dokoki. Sun kafa "yanki na kiyaye tsari" a Sanaga-Maritime don murkushe tashin hankali na kasa. Wannan sunan ya ba Faransanci ikon yin amfani da duk wani karfi na soja a kan Kamaru da ke zaune a Sanaga-Maritime. A matsayin fansa, UPC ta kafa wani reshe mai dauke da makamai na jam'iyyarsu da ake kira Kwamitin Kasa na Ƙungiya (CNO).  Tun daga wannan lokacin, yaƙin ya fara a hukumance.

Yayin da tashin hankali ya karu, Faransanci da sauri sun yi ƙoƙari su riƙe tsari a yankin. Sun kawo wani janar, Jean Lamberton, daga Indochine na Faransa don jagorantar waɗannan ƙoƙarin. Daga 9 ga Disamba 1957, har zuwa 1958, Lamberton ya kafa abin da aka sani shine Yankin Zaman Lafiya na Kamaru (ZoPac). [1] A cikin wannan yanki, an sanya mazauna cikin sansanoni kuma sojojin mulkin mallaka sun sa ido. Ƙarshen wannan shirin na zaman lafiya shine kisan Um Nyobe a watan Satumbar 1958.

Daga 18 ga Janairu 1957, zuwa 25 ga Mayu 1959, hukumomin Faransa sun shigar da irin wannan yankin yaƙi a yankunan yammacin Kamaru. Wannan yankin na kasar gida ne ga manyan kabilun kasar, Bamileke da Bassa.Young, Robert J. C. (1 March 2005). "Fanon and the turn to armed struggle in Africa". Wasafiri. 20 (44): 33–41. doi:10.1080/02690050508589949. ISSN 0269-0055. S2CID 162308297. Samun rikici a cikin yankin Bamileke ya kuma taimaka wajen murkushe ikon manyan mutanen Bamileke. Koyaya, sojojin Bamileke da Bassa sun ci gaba da kalubalantar mulkin Faransa.

A watan Janairun 1959, Sojojin 'Yanci na Kamaru sun fara fada don Kamaru ta zama ƙasa mai zaman kanta. Tun daga wannan lokacin, 'yan Kamaru da Faransanci sun shiga cikin yakin basasa.

A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1960, Kamaru ta sami 'yancin kai, kuma Ahmadou Ahidjo ya zama shugaban kasar na farko. 

 Laifukan Yaƙi 
Dukkan bangarorin – 'yan tawaye, sojojin Kamaru da kuma sojojin Faransa – sun aikata laifukan yaƙi yayin rikicin. Sojojin Faransa "sau da yawa suna ƙone ko kuma lalata cikakkun garuruwa da ake zargin 'yan ta'adda na zaune a ciki, wanda hakan ya haifar da kashe yawan fararen hula da ba su da alaƙa da ta'addanci".Teretta, Meredith. "Nation of Outlaws, State of Violence: Nationalism, Grassfields Tradition, and State Building in Cameroon". Athens OH: Ohio University Press. Shafi na 178.

Bayan samun ‘yancin kai a shekara ta 1960, shugaban kasa Ahidjo ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar taimakon soja tare da Faransa. Tare da taimakon Faransa, sojojin Kamaru sun dakile tashe-tashen hankula na Bamileke da suka bazu ko’ina, ciki har da aikata munanan laifuka kamar kisan ƙare dangi da kuma rushe daruruwan kauyuka. Sojojin sun yi amfani da manyan makamai da kuma napalm wajen rushe garuruwa. Sojojin Faransa sun sare kawunan mutanen Bamileke da suka kashe, sannan suka nuna su a bainar jama’a, duba da imanin Bamileke cewa kai na ɗauke da rai kuma yakamata a binne shi yadda ya dace kuma a kula da shi ta hannun kakanni.

 Asarar Rayuka 
Wasu kimantawa na zamani suna cewa daruruwan dubban mutane ko har ma da miliyan guda sun mutu a lokacin rikicin, amma a cewar tarihinshiyar Kanada Meredith Terretta, waɗannan ba a ɗauke su a matsayin sahihai ba. Yawancin kimantawa sun sanya adadin mace-macen tsakanin dubban mutane. Babu ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatin Faransa ko gwamnatin Kamaru da ta riƙe ingantattun bayanai game da adadin waɗanda suka mutu.

A shekara ta 1964, ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya da ke Kamaru ya yi kimanta cewa mutane tsakanin 61,300 zuwa 76,300 fararen hula sun mutu a rikicin, kashi 80% daga yankin Bamileke. Janar Max Briand, kwamandan rundunar Faransa da ta shiga Kamaru, ya ba da rahoto ga shugabanninsa cewa mutane 20,000 sun mutu a shekara ta 1960 kawai.

Tarihinshiyan Faransa Bernard Droz ya rubuta cewa kusan mutane 10,000 ne suka mutu a lokacin kafin samun ‘yancin kai daga 1955 zuwa 1959. A cewar tarihinshiyan Faransa Marc Michel, akwai yiwuwar daruruwan dubban mutane ne suka mutu, mafi yawansu a lokacin yakin basasa bayan samun ‘yancin kai. A cewar lauya daga Kamaru Julie Owono, tsakanin 100,000 zuwa 400,000 ne suka mutu daga 1959 zuwa 1964.

 Tunawa 

A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2025, an gabatar da rahoton da masu bincike na Kamaru da Faransa suka shirya game da mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Kamaru ga shugaban Faransa [Emmanuel Macron], da kuma [Paul Biya], Shugaban Kamaru, a ranar 28 ga Janairu.

 Manazarta 

Ƙara karatu

 Karine Ramondy (dir.) ; Lancelot Arzel ; Alvine Assembe Ndi ; Marine Bellot-Gurlet ; Françoise Blum ; Willibroad Dze Ngwa ; Anthony Guyon ; Vincent Hiribarren ; Cyril Kenfack Nanfack ; Jean Koufan Menkene ; Laure Nadeige Ngo Nlend ; Patrick Junior Ngouné ; Maginot Noumbissie Tchouake ; Fabien Sacriste. 2025. La France au Cameroun (1945-1971): Rapport du volet "Recherche" de la Commission franco-camerounaise.

 Ayyukan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba