Kotun Afirka kan Ƴancin Dan Adam da Jama'a

Kotun Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a, wanda aka fi sani da Kotun Afirka,  Kotun kasa da kasa ce da kasashe membobin Tarayyar Afirka (AU) suka kafa don aiwatar da tanadin Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan' Yancin Dan Adam na Jama'a (wanda aka fi sani le Yarjejeniyar Banjul). Tana zaune a Arusha, Tanzania, ita ce bangaren shari'a na AU kuma ɗaya daga cikin kotuna uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam (tare da Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai da Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka). 

An kirkiro Kotun Afirka ne bisa ga yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Banjul da aka karɓa a 1998 a Burkina Faso ta Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU), wanda ya riga AU. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, bayan tabbatar da kasashe sama da 15. An zabi alƙalai na farko na kotun a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta ba da hukunci na farko a shekara ta 2009. 

Dokar Kotun Afirka ita ce ta cika da karfafa ayyukan Hukumar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke sa ido kan aiwatar da sashin kuma tana ba da shawarar shari'a ga kotun. Yana da iko a kan dukkan shari'o'i da jayayya da aka gabatar a gare shi game da fassarar da aikace-aikacen Yarjejeniyar Banjul, yarjejeniyar zuwa Yarjejeniyar, da duk wani kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kotun na iya bayar da ra'ayoyi masu ba da shawara kan batutuwan shari'a da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in rikici.

Kotun ta kunshi alƙalai goma sha ɗaya waɗanda jihohin membobin AU suka zaba kuma Majalisar Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati ta zaɓa. Alƙalai suna aiki na shekaru shida kuma ana iya sake zabar su sau ɗaya kawai. Shugaban kotun yana zaune kuma yana aiki na cikakken lokaci a Arusha, yayin da sauran alƙalai goma ke aiki na ɗan lokaci. Ayyukan rajista, gudanarwa, da gudanarwa ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar mai rajista.

Kasashe talatin da hudu na Afirka sun tabbatar da yarjejeniyar kafa Kotun Afirka, daga cikinsu tara ne kawai suka yi wata sanarwa ta musamman da ke ba da damar mutane da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu su gabatar da shari'o'i kai tsaye ga kotun: Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Rwanda, Tanzania, Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire, Tunisia, da Gambiya;  in ba haka ba, dole ne a gabatar da shariʼo'i ga Hukumar Afirka, wanda ke tantance ko za a tura shi zuwa kotun.

Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2021, Kotun Afirka ta yanke hukunci 259, ciki har da hukunce-hukunce 131 da umarni 128, kuma tana da shari'o'i 217 da ke jiran.

 Mambobin 
Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2019, jam'iyyun jihohi tara da ke cikin yarjejeniyar sun yi sanarwa da ke nuna ikon Kotun don karɓar shari'o'i daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs) da mutane. Jihohin tara sune Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Gambiya da Tunisia. Gabaɗaya, jihohi 34 sun tabbatar da yarjejeniyar: Aljeriya, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Kamaru, Chadi, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuryar Congo, Gabon, Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Najeriya, Nijar, Rwanda, Sahrawi Jamhuriwar Larabawa ta Kudu, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, da Zambia.

Côte d'Ivoire ta sanar da cewa tana janyewa daga kotun a watan Afrilu na 2020, bayan kotun ta umarci gwamnati da ta dakatar da takardar shaidar kama Guillaume Soro. 

 Aikin 
An kafa Kotun Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a don haɓaka da ƙarfafa ayyukan Hukumar Afirka kan' Yancin Dan Adam le Jama'a (Kwamitin Afirka - sau da yawa ana kiransa Hukumar Banjul), wanda shine kusan kungiya mai shari'a da ke kula da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar.

 Umurni 
Manufar Kotun ita ce inganta aikin kariya na Hukumar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a ta hanyar karfafa tsarin kariya ga' yancin dan adam a Afirka da kuma tabbatar da girmamawa da bin Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan' yancin Dan Adam na Jama'a, da sauran kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, ta hanyar yanke shawara na shari'a.

 Ra'ayi na gani 
Ra'ayin Kotun Afirka ce tare da al'adun haƙƙin ɗan adam.

 Muhimman dabi'u 

 'Yancin kai na shari'a daga kowane bangare, nuna bambanci, tasiri, ko ya fito ne daga Jihohi, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, hukumomin tallafi, ko mutane.
 Amfani mai kyau da rashin son kai da fassarar tanadin Yarjejeniyar Afirka, Yarjejeniyar, Dokoki, da sauran kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.
 Bayyanawa da lissafi na ɗabi'a a cikin ayyukan Kotun.
 Hakki na asali na kowane mutum don jin daɗin haƙƙin farar hula, siyasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu ana kiyaye su.
 Haɗin gwiwa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki masu dacewa don bin manufar Kotun na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na mutane.
 Rashin nuna bambanci da daidaito a cikin aikin Kotun.
 Aminci na Alƙalai da ma'aikatan da ke aiki a Kotun.
 Bayar da daidaitattun dama ga duk masu amfani da Kotun.
 Ku kasance masu amsawa ga bukatun waɗanda ke kusantar Kotun.

 Manufofin dabarun 

 Gudanar da iko a duk lokuta da rikice-rikice da aka kawo a gabansa game da fassarar da aikace-aikacen Yarjejeniyar, yarjejeniya da duk wani kayan aiki mai dacewa da ya shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da jihohin da suka shafi suka tabbatar;
 Haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin shari'a na yanki da na ƙasa don haɓaka kariya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a nahiyar;
 Don inganta sa hannun mutanen Afirka a cikin aikin Kotun;
 Don haɓaka ikon Registry na Kotun don samun damar cika aikinta; da
 Don inganta dangantakar aiki tsakanin Kotun da Hukumar Afirka.

 Zaɓin alƙalai 
A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, Taron Kasuwanci na takwas na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayyar Afirka ya zabi Alƙalai goma sha ɗaya na farko na Kotun Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a.

Ana yawan zabar alƙalai na tsawon shekaru shida kuma ana iya sake zabar su sau ɗaya. Ana zabar Shugaban kasa da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa zuwa wa'adin shekaru biyu kuma ana iya sake zabar su sau ɗaya.

Kotun ta yi zaman farko na yau da kullun daga Yuli 2-5, 2006, a Banjul, Gambiya.

 Wurin da yake 
Tanzania ita ce jihar da ta karbi bakuncin Kotun. Gidan kotun na wucin gadi yana cikin Arusha, Tanzania, a Mataki na II na Cibiyar Kula da Kula da Kulawa ta Mwalimu Julius Nyerere tare da Dodoma Road. Shirye-shiryen da Tanzania ke yi na gina gidaje na dindindin ga Kotun sun sami jinkiri akai-akai, kuma Kotun ta jaddada bukatar gine-ginen da aka gina don ta gudanar da aikinta yadda ya kamata.

 Ikon iko 
'Kotun tana da ikon tantance aikace-aikace game da bangarorin jihohi na Yarjejeniyar Kotun. Ya zuwa yau, jihohi 34 (wanda aka jera a sama) sun tabbatar da yarjejeniyar.

Hukumar Afirka ko kungiyoyin gwamnati ta Afirka na iya yin aikace-aikace a kan wadannan jihohi.

Inda wata jiha ta yi sanarwa da ta yarda da haƙƙin aikace-aikacen mutum a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 34 (6) na Yarjejeniyar Kotun, mutum ko NGO tare da matsayin mai lura a gaban Hukumar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a na iya yin aikace-aikace. Kamar yadda yake, jihohi 9 sun yi sanarwar: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Tanzania, Tunisia, da Gambiya. Rwanda ta yi sanarwa a 2013 amma ta janye shi a 2016, kuma Tanzania ta ba da sanarwa cewa tana janye sanarwa (wanda zai fara aiki bayan shekara guda) a watan Nuwamba 2019. 

 Hukunce-hukunce 
A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 2009, Kotun ta yanke hukunci na farko, inda ta sami aikace-aikacen da aka yi wa Senegal ba za a yarda da shi ba.

An yanke hukunci na farko na kotun game da cancantar shari'ar a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2013, a cikin shari'ar da ta shafi Tanzania. Ya gano cewa Tanzania ta keta haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa don shiga cikin gwamnati kai tsaye ko ta hanyar wakilai ba tare da la'akari da ƙungiyar jam'iyyarsu ba, kuma ta umarci Tanzania da ta ɗauki tsarin mulki, majalisa, da duk sauran matakan da suka dace don magance waɗannan keta doka.

A ranar 28 ga Maris, 2014, kotun ta yanke hukunci a kan Burkina Faso, a cikin wata shari'ar da dangin Norbert Zongo, editan jarida wanda aka kashe a shekarar 1998 suka kawo. Kotun ta gano cewa Burkina Faso ta kasa bincika kisan yadda ya kamata, kuma ta kasa a cikin wajibai na kare 'yan jarida.

A ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2022, kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnatin Kenya ta biya wa Mutanen Okiek da aka kori da kuma wadanda suka yi gudun hijira shillings 157,850,000 don shekarun da suka gabata na lalacewar kayan aiki da na ɗabi'a, su gane asalin su kuma su taimaka musu samun lakabi na hukuma ga ƙasashensu na kakanninsu.

Tsarin
 Suna  Ƙasa  Matsayi  Zaɓe  Ƙarshen wa'adinMai Shari'a Ben Kioko   Mataimakin Shugaba  2012*  2024Mai Shari'a Rafââ Ben Achour   Alƙali  2014*  2026Mai Shari'a Ntyam Mengue   Alƙali  2016*  2028Mai Shari'a Tujilane Chizumila   Alƙali  2017*  2028Mai Shari'a Bensaoula Chafika   Alƙali  2017*  2028Mai Shari'a Blaise Tchikaya   Mataimakin Shugaba  2018  2024Mai Shari'a Stella Isibhakhomen Anukam    Alƙali  2018  2024Mai Shari'a Imani Daud Aboud    Shugaba  2018  2024Mai Shari'a Dumisa NtsebezaAlƙali20212027
* Alamta wanda aka zaɓa karo na biyu.

Tsoffin Alƙalai
 Suna  Ƙasa  Matsayi  Zaɓe  Ƙarshen wa'adi  Mai Shari'a George W. Kanyeihamba   Alƙali  2006  2008Mai Shari'a Jean Emile Somda    Alƙali  2006  2008Mai Shari'a Githu Muigai    Alƙali  2008  2010Mai Shari'a Hamdi Faraj Fannoush    Alƙali  2006  2010Mai Shari'a Kellelo Justina Mafoso-Guni    Alƙali  2006  2010Mai Shari'a Sophia A.B. AkuffoShugaba20122014Mai Shari'a Jean MutsinziShugaba20082010Mai Shari'a Gerard Niyungeko   Shugaba 2006 2012Mai Shari'a Bernard NgoepeAlƙali20062014Mai Shari'a Joseph Nyamihana MulengaAlƙali20082014Mai Shari'a Fatsah Ouguergouz    Alƙali  2006  2016Mai Shari'a Duncan Tambala  Alƙali   2010  2016Mai Shari'a Augustino S. L. Ramadhani     Alƙali  2010  2016Mai Shari'a Elsie Nwanwuri Thompson  Mataimakiyar Shugaba   2010  2016Mai Shari'a El Hadji GuisséAlƙali20122018Mai Shari'a Solome Balungi BossaAlƙali20142020Mai Shari'a Sylvain OreShugaba20142020Mai Shari'a Angelo Vasco MatusseAlƙali20142020Mai Shari'a Marie Thérèse MukamulisaAlƙali20162022

Shirin Hade da Kotun Shari'a ta Afirka  
A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, a taron kolin Tarayyar Afirka da aka gudanar a Sharm El Sheikh, Masar, Shugabannin Kasashe da Gwamnatoci sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniyaYarjejeniya kan Kundin tsarin Kotun Shari’a da Hakkin Dan Adam ta Afirka , 1 Yuli 2008. don hade Kotun AfCHPR da Kotun Shari'a ta Afirka wadda ba a kafa ba har zuwa yanzu, bisa ga wata matsaya da kasashe mambobi suka yanke a taron kolin Tarayyar Afirka na watan Yuni 2004.  
Har zuwa ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2020, ƙasashe takwas ne kacal suka tabbatar da yarjejeniyar daga cikin ƙasashe 15 da ake bukata kafin ta fara aiki.Yarjejeniya kan Kundin Tsarin Kotun Shari’a da Hakkin Dan Adam ta Afirka, Jerin Matsayi  An duba ranar 2019-03-07. Sabuwar kotun za ta kasance da suna Kotun Shari’a da Hakkin Dan Adam ta Afirka.

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba