Ricinodendron

Ricinodendron Beentje, H.J., Gereau, R.E., Hilton-Taylor, C., Howard, G., Kindeketa, W., Luke, W.R.Q., Maunder, M., Mwachala, G., Mwangoka, M., Ndangalasi, H., Njau, E.-F., Schatz, G.E., Siro Masinde, P. & Wilkins, V.L. (2020). Ricinodendron heudelotii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T62459A149002362. . Downloaded on 27 March 2021.wani nau'in shuka ne a cikin dangin Euphorbiaceae da aka fara bayyanawa a matsayin nau'in a shekarar 1864.The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-178842 (accessed 22 September 2017). Müller Argoviensis, Johannes. 1864. Flora; oder, (allgemeine) botanische Zeitung 47: 533-534 in LatinTropicos, Ricinodendron J. Mueller-Arg. Ya haɗa da nau'in da aka sani guda ɗaya, Ricinodendron heudelotii, asalin Afirka mai zafi daga Senegal + Laberiya gabas zuwa Sudan da Tanzania da kudu zuwa Mozambique da Angola. Yana samar da nau'i mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki. An san itacen da sunan ভগella (Angola), njangsa (Cameroon), bofeko (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo), wama (Ghana), okhuen (Nigeria), kishongo (Uganda), akpi (Ivory Coast), djansang,(Yoruba), essang, ezezang da nJasang. An gane nau'ikan nau'ikan itace guda biyu R. heudelotii var. heudelotii a Ghana da R.R. heudelotii var. Africanum a Najeriya da yamma.

 Tarihin lissafi 
An yi la'akari da 'ya'yan itace (Schinziophyton rautanenii) a baya a matsayin memba na wannan nau'in amma tun daga lokacin an sanya shi cikin nau'in kansa.

 Ƙananan nau'o'i da iri-iri

 Ricinodendron heudelotii subsp. africanum (Müll.Arg.) J.Léonard - Afirka mai zafi daga Najeriya zuwa gabas zuwa Sudan da Tanzania da kudu zuwa Mozambique da Angola
 Ricinodendron heudelotii var. tomentellum (Hutch. & E.A.Bruce) Radcl. (Hutch. & E.A.Bruce) Radcl.Rashin bayani.-Sm. - Kenya, Tanzania

ya koma Shinziophyton

 Bayyanawa 
Itacen yana girma da sauri kuma yana kaiwa tsawo tsakanin 20 zuwa 50 m tare da akwati madaidaiciya wanda zai iya samun diamita har zuwa 2.7 m. Gidansa yana da faɗi kuma tushen suna da girma.   Yankin yana da santsi tare da launin toka. A ciki, bark yana da ja lokacin da aka yanke.

Njangsa shuka ce mai tsayi. Furen suna da launin rawaya, 5 mm tsawo kuma suna samar da tsayi mai tsawo wanda ke auna tsakanin 15 da 40 cm.   Lokacin fure yana tsakanin Afrilu da Mayu. Fure-fure na namiji sun fi girma kuma sun fi tsayi fiye da furanni na mace.

Bishiyoyin Njangsa suna samar da 'ya'yan itace waɗanda yawanci suna da lobed biyu kuma suna dauke da sel biyu inda tsaba ke kwance. Wadannan tsaba suna da launin ruwan kasa zuwa baƙar fata, zagaye kuma wasu 1 cm a diamita.  Tsuntsaye suna da mai a cikin sashi kuma ana iya siyan su ko dai ba a dafa su ba ko kuma a bushe su. Suna da ƙanshin da ya yi kama da cakulan mai, amma dandano na musamman ne: mai ƙanshi mai ƙanshi tare da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano. Lokacin da ya girma (Agusta - Satumba) 'ya'yan itace suna da ƙanshi kamar apples da suka manyanta.

 Rarraba 
Njangsa ya zama ruwan dare a wurare masu zafi na Afirka. Yanayin asalin njangsa ya kai daga Senegal a Yammacin Afirka zuwa Sudan, Uganda, da Tanzania, kuma daga Sudan zuwa yammacin gabar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Angola. Ana kuma samun itacen a Madagascar.

Njangsa yana girma gabaɗaya a cikin gandun daji kuma yana da kyau ga gandun daji na biyu. Wannan itacen nau'in da ke buƙatar haske ne. Sabili da haka, ana iya samun sa a cikin gandun daji, gefen gandun daji na biyu da bishiyoyi a cikin savannahs masu bushewa. Ana lura da itacen a cikin gonakin amfanin gona, gonakin koko da sauran tsarin agroforestry, inda za'a iya dasa bishiyoyi da gangan.

 Amfani da fa'idodi 

 Darajar Abinci 
Sassan da za a iya cinyewa na shuka sune abubuwan gina jiki masu yawa na ƙwayoyin. Ana amfani da ƙwayoyin da aka bushe da kuma ƙasa a matsayin wakili mai ɗanɗano a wasu jita-jita a Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka. Ana amfani da sinadarin ƙwayoyin ƙasa don yin kauri da soya. Ana iya samun mai daga ƙwayoyin. Ana fitar da ƙananan man fetur na iri. Man yana da launi mai launin rawaya kuma yana da ɗanɗano kamar man zaitun. Saboda babban abun ciki na γ-tocopherol, mai yana da kwanciyar hankali sosai kuma ya zama mai tsami ne kawai a hankali. Wannan man yana da ban sha'awa kamar man dafa abinci da margarine.
Tsarin MulkiAdadin (%) Ruwa3.1 +/- 0.8Fatty acid47.4-55.30Ruwan furotin24.3-65.2Jimlar carbohydrates5.6-9.3Carbohydrates masu narkewa5.6-9.3Fiber mai laushi8.9-9.3Ash10.5-17.8Nitrogen8.6 +/- 0.9Abubuwan da aka cire su97.8pH7.84Darajar makamashi495 kcal/100g
Masu jefa kuri'a na tsaba

Ana yawan bushe tsaba don amfani da su azaman wakili mai ɗanɗano a cikin abincin abinci na Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka. Ana buga dukkan tsaba a cikin pestle da mortar kuma ana ƙara gurasar tsaba a matsayin mai kauri don miya da stews, ko kuma a rushe shi a kan shinkafa a matsayin ɗanɗano. Ana kuma sayar da kayan yaji daga iri a kasuwannin Afirka, an mirgine su cikin siffofin sausage.

 Amfanin magani 
Likitocin gargajiya suna amfani da cirewa daga jikin itacen a matsayin maganin maganin guba saboda an ce cirewar tana dauke da lupeol. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don warkar da cututtuka daban-daban kamar tari, zazzabin cizon sauro, zazzabi mai launin rawaya, ciwon ciki, rheumatism da sauransu. Sauran halaye sune aphrodisiac da anti-inflammatory properties. Ana amfani da husk na tsaba da latex, decoction na ganye da sap don magance cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.

 Amfanin muhalli 
Kasancewar njangsa yana taimakawa wajen inganta Ingancin ƙasa saboda tushen yana ƙarƙashin mallaka ta hanyar mycorrhizae kuma saboda ganyen ganye na halitta. Kwayoyin ƙonewa da aka ƙone suna ba da toka mai cike da potassium kuma kek ɗin da ya rage bayan cire mai daga tsaba yana da babban abun ciki na nitrogen. Ana iya amfani da samfuran biyu a matsayin taki. Njangsa tana ba da inuwa ga mutane, dabbobi da amfanin gona. Ana iya amfani da ganye a matsayin abinci ga dabbobi a lokacin fari.

 Amfani da masana'antu 
Ana iya amfani da man fetur da aka samu daga busassun ƙwayoyin cuta da toka don samar da sabulu da varnish.

 Tasirin zamantakewa da tarihi 
A kudancin Kamaru, ana amfani da tsaba da aka bushe don oware, Wasan mancala na gargajiya da ake kira songho[wannan harshe ne wannan?] a cikin Cameron; a cikin harshen Ibo na Najeriya, duka wasan da itacen suna tafiya da sunan okwe . A Saliyo ana amfani da tsaba don yin rawar bundu [wannan harshe ne?] rawa. [wannan harshe ne wannan?]

 Yankin noma 
Babban yankin samar da njangsa shine yankin gandun daji mai laushi na Kamaru .  Itacen yana daya daga cikin tsiro na yau da kullun da aka gani a cikin sassan da suka fi budewa na gandun daji. Sakamakon haka, nau'in yana da yawa a cikin sabbin wuraren noma. A lokacin wadannan tsaunuka, manoma sun ajiye bishiyoyi daga wannan nau'in.

 Sakamakon 
Kwayar ita ce mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren itacen a tattalin arziki. Ana tattara su daga ƙasa tsakanin Satumba da Oktoba. Bishiyoyin Njangsa yawanci suna samar da 'ya'yan itace a kowace shekara biyu zuwa uku, duk da haka wasu bishiyoyi suna samar da su a kasa da shekara guda. Kowane girbi yana ba da 'ya'yan itace 900 da matsakaicin 72 kg na ƙwayoyin. 

 Shuke-shuke 
Njangsa sabon amfanin gona ne kuma ana amfani da shi ne kawai tun 1995. Ilimi game da bambancin kwayoyin halitta saboda haka yana da iyaka. A yau, bayanan da ake samu game da albarkatun kwayar halitta ba su da yawa cewa yawancin ci gaba suna faruwa ta hanyar shuka shuke-shuke.

 Yanayi da buƙatun ƙasa 
Yanayin yanayiMafi ƙarancinMafi GirmaTsayi (m) 1001250Ruwan sama (mm) 1000<3000Yanayin zafi (°C) 1832
Bukatar yanayi
HalayeGida mai kyauNau'in ƙasa (tsarin) Matsakaicin ma'auni na ultisols da oxisolsYanayin ƙasaƘananan ƙasasheTushen zurfiRashin ruwa kyautapH na ƙasaAcid, pH 5-6
Bukatar ƙasa

Za'a iya lura da nasarar tsiro mafi kyau a kan cakuda yashi na kogi da ƙasa ta daji tare da rabo na 1:3.

 Shuka na fasaha 

 Yaduwa 
Yaduwar njangsa yana yiwuwa ta hanyar tsaba, ta hanyar yaduwar kayan lambu, ko ta hanyar shuka.Amfanin yaduwar tsaba shine cewa itacen yana da tushe mai ƙarfi. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga kwanciyar hankali na itacen da kuma babban yankin bincike don ruwa da sinadarin abinci. Saboda njangsa yana da dioecious, yana da wahala a gano bishiyoyi maza da mata kafin lokacin haihuwa. Saboda babban bambancin kwayar halitta, tsaba na iya samun halaye daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da shuka iyaye.Yaduwar shuke-shuke yana ba da damar haihuwar bishiyoyi tare da halaye iri ɗaya kamar itacen da aka zaɓa. Hakanan ana iya yaduwar Njangsa ta hanyar dasa shi. An haɗa harbi ko bud (scion) tare da tushen da aka riga aka kafa.

 Kafa filin 
Ya kamata a share shafin, musamman idan bishiyoyi suna da alaƙa da sauran amfanin gona. Sa'an nan kuma za a iya dasa ƙananan shuke-shuke a cikin ramukan shuka da aka raba da 10 m daga juna.  Kafin dasa shuke-shuke, suna buƙatar yin akalla watanni shida a ƙarƙashin inuwa kuma suna buƙatar ƙaramin girman 20-30 cm.  Bayan dasa, ya kamata a kafa shinge mai tsawo 1 m na ganyen dabino don inuwa a cikin makonni biyu na farko. 

 Gudanar da shuke-shuke 
Ruwa: Ana buƙatar shuke-shuke da yawa bayan an dasa su don shuke-huke su iya daidaitawa da sabon yanayi. Don kauce wa asarar ruwa mai yawa ta hanyar narkewa, wani nau'i na mulch na iya kiyaye danshi na ƙasa.

Fertilizer: Ana iya inganta kafawa da ci gaban wannan itace mai saurin girma ta hanyar samar da isasshen abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar taki na ma'adinai.

Kiwon kiwo: Muddin shuka tana da ƙuruciya, ciyawa tana da mahimmanci don rage gasa don ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki, don haka ci gaba da sauri yana yiwuwa.

Kula da cututtuka da cututtaka:  Babu wata babbar cuta da aka lura da ita. Amma masu cin ganyayyaki na iya kai wa njangsa hari a matsayin caterpillars (Lobobunaea phaedusa, Imbrasia petiveri, Imbrasie obscura, Imbrasia melanops). Wadannan caterpillars suna cinyewa kuma saboda haka ba a kula da su da sunadarai amma ana tattara su azaman tushen furotin abinci. Aphids na iya mamaye shuke-shuke a wuraren kula da yara. Suna da sauƙin ganowa saboda ganyayyaki suna karkata sakamakon hari. Ana iya sarrafa waɗannan aphids tare da maganin kashe kwari na tsarin. Da zarar bishiyoyi sun kasance a cikin filin sama da shekaru biyu, magani ba ya buƙatar saboda ƙarfin shuka.

 Girbi da maganin bayan girbi 
Girbi na farko yana faruwa bayan shekaru 6 zuwa 7 a cikin gandun daji ko bayan shekaru 3 zuwa 4 a cikin shuke-shuke masu sarrafawa. Ana karɓar 'ya'yan itace da hannu daga ƙasa da zarar sun nuna sosai don su faɗi daga itacen (Satumba da Oktoba). Don sauƙaƙe girbi, ya kamata a share ƙasa a ƙarƙashin itacen. Da zarar an girbe su, ana sanya 'ya'yan itace a kan tarin makonni biyu zuwa uku don kwayar ta lalace da sauri kuma ana iya cire tsaba cikin sauƙi.

Cire kwayar daga kwayar halitta tsari ne mai cin lokaci saboda siffarsu mai wuya. Bayan tafasa su cikin ruwa, da kuma sanyaya su, ana cire ƙwayoyin ɗaya bayan ɗaya tare da wuka ko ƙusa. Sa'an nan kuma ƙwayoyin sun bushe daga rana ko wuta. Ana adana Njangsa a matsayin iri ko kuma a matsayin kwai. Idan an bushe su sosai, ana iya adana su har zuwa shekaru biyu a wuri mai bushe.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba