Gyaran yanayi

Gyaran yanayi wani nau'i ne na asarar da ake nema da biyan bashin lalacewa don lalacewa da lahani da Canjin yanayi ya haifar, wanda zai iya haɗawa da soke bashin. Kalmar gyaran yanayi ta bambanta da "asarar da lalacewa" mai sauƙi saboda ya dogara ne akan manufar gyaran kuɗi, cewa diyya tana riƙe da ƙasashe da ke da alhakin hayaki na tarihi, kuma wajibi ne na ɗabi'a da ɗabi'ar ɗabi'aa.

"Ra'ayin da ke tattare da kiraye-kirayen asara da kuma lalata kudade shi ne, kasashen da suka yi kokari wajen gurbata yanayi, kuma suka yi arziki wajen yin haka, su biya diyya," a cewar The New Republic. 

A taro na 42 na Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam a shekarar 2019, Babbar Jami’ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da kare hakkin bil’adama, Michelle Bachelet, ta yi gargadin cewa matakan da ake hasashen za a yi na dumamar yanayi na haifar da hadari ga ‘yancin dan Adam. Ta kuma jaddada cewa sauyin yanayi na kawo cikas ga jin dadin wasu hakkoki daban-daban da suka hada da ‘yancin rayuwa, samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, abinci, kiwon lafiya, gidaje, dogaro da kai, al’adu, da ci gaba. Bugu da kari babban kwamishinan ya bayyana cewa; wajibcin haƙƙin ɗan adam na buƙatar jihohi su haɗa kai tare don haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, a duniya baki ɗaya, gami da isassun kuɗaɗe daga waɗanda za su iya samun su. Wannan yana buƙatar rage sauyin yanayi, daidaitawa, da gyara lalacewa.

Dole ne a yi la'akari da batun ramawa, tare da daidaito, don zama cibiyar amsawar duniya. Wannan yana nufin cewa kananan hukumomin da suka haifar da matsalar muhalli ba ta dace ba, dole ne su kara kaimi don rama barnar da aka yi, gami da mutunta kasashe masu rauni. Gabaɗaya, ramawa ƙoƙari ne na gyara ɓarna a cikin al'umma ta hanyar amincewa da kuskure da hanyoyin kuɗi. Yarda da alhaki, tare da ayyukan da za su magance gyara rashin adalci ga al'umma da kuma cutar da jama'a sune mahimman ka'idodin adalci.Chapman, Audrey (December 23, 2021). "Climate Justice, Human Rights, and the Case for Reparations". Health and Human Rights. 23 (2): 81–94. PMC 8694300. PMID 34966227.

A cikin yanayin sauyin yanayi, yana buƙatar gano takamaiman jihohin da suka ba da gudummawar mafi girman yawan iskar gas dangane da ka'idojin da ake fitarwa.Manufar ita ce ƙarfafa yin lissafi da yin rangwame ga ayyuka masu ɗorewa don gyara mummunar barnar da aka yi ba daidai ba ga ƙasashe masu karamin karfi. Chapman, Audrey (December 23, 2021). "Climate Justice, Human Rights, and the Case for Reparations". Health and Human Rights. 23 (2): 81–94. PMC 8694300. PMID 34966227.

 Kokarin yanzu 
Ana tattauna batun gyaran yanayi dangane da ambaliyar ruwa ta 2022 a Pakistan. Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2022, Gwamnatin Scotland tana kira ga asarar kuɗi da lalacewa a matsayin alhakin ɗabi'a."'A moral responsibility': Scotland calls for climate reparations ahead of COP27". MSN. Retrieved 2022-10-18.

An tattauna asarar da lalacewa a COP26. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ɗaukar hoto na COP26, Mujallar New York ta nuna labarin David Wallace-Wells game da gyaran yanayi a kan murfinta. Wani mai ba da shawara na Bangladesh ya yi tsokaci a COP26, "Maganar 'hasara da lalacewa' kalma ce ga kalmomin da ba a yarda mu yi amfani da su ba, waɗanda suke da 'alhakin da diyya' ... 'Gara' ya fi muni".

A COP27, gyaran yanayi, a cikin hanyar asarar da lalacewar kudade ga kasashe masu tasowa, suna "mafi girman ajanda", a cewar Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya. Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada sun ba da sanarwar tallafi don tattaunawar "hasara da lalacewa," kuma Amurka ta ba da sanar da tallafi ga "tallace-tallace na al'ada game da yiwuwar gyaran yanayi". 

Kwanaki biyu kafin tattaunawar COP27 ta fara, an cimma matsaya, "cewa tattaunawar za ta mayar da hankali kan 'haɗin kai da sauƙaƙe' ba 'hakki ko diyya ba.'"

Matsayin farawa na Vanuatu don biyan kuɗin yanayi a COP27 shine dala miliyan 117.

A taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi, ana ci gaba da adawa da ramukan yanayi daga kasashe masu arziki da masu karfi. Waɗannan al'ummomi guda ɗaya sun amfana daga hayaƙin carbon na yanzu da kuma yin amfani da wuce gona da iri na kasafin kuɗin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, wannan yana buƙatar sake rarraba albarkatun daga ƙasashe masu arziki zuwa yankunan da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka a fadin duniya.

 Tunanin aiwatarwa 
Wani bincike na 2023 da aka buga a One Earth ya kiyasta cewa manyan kamfanonin mai na 21 za su ci bashin dala tiriliyan 5.4 na sauyin yanayi a cikin lokacin 2025-2050. 

An bayyana gyaran yanayi a matsayin "ƙalubalen haƙƙin ɗan adam". 

"Tsarin adalci mai gyara" na iya dogara ne akan gwamnatocin da ke karɓar alhakin ɗabi'a don lalacewar yanayi. A cikin wannan samfurin, ƙasashen da suka fi alhakin suna ba da kuɗi ga ƙasashen da abin ya shafa, ƙasashe mafi talauci, wanda ya yi ɗan lalacewar yanayi. Za a iya rarraba kudade ta hanyar "kwamitin diyya na kasa da kasa", wanda ke yanke hukunci da'awar da kasashen da abin ya shafa suka yi.Bhadani, Anita (2021-11-29). "A Guide to Climate Reparations". YES! Magazine. Retrieved 2022-11-04.

Wata hanyar kuma za ta kasance ƙararraki ga kamfanonin da ke da alhakin hayaƙin carbon ko lalata yanayi, inda kotuna za su tantance kudaden da za a raba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa.Bhadani, Anita (2021-11-29). "A Guide to Climate Reparations". YES! Magazine. Retrieved 2022-11-04.

Za a iya raba ramuwa bisa ka'idar "Polluter Pays", ma'ana "cewa baya ga biyan kudin gyara, mai gurbata muhalli kuma ya biya don biyan diyya ga wadanda suka fuskanci illar muhalli sakamakon halinsu."

Hanyoyin rarraba kudade na iya haɗawa da gafarar bashi da tallafi kai tsaye don daidaita yanayin yanayi da ƙoƙarin ragewa. Bhadani, Anita (2021-11-29). "A Guide to Climate Reparations". YES! Magazine. Retrieved 2022-11-04.

Kalubale don aiwatarwa sun haɗa da lissafi da kimantawa don tabbatar da cewa kudade ba su ɓace ba saboda cin hanci da rashawa.Bhadani, Anita (2021-11-29). "A Guide to Climate Reparations". YES! Magazine. Retrieved 2022-11-04. Kodayake IPCC tana da rundunar aiki kan auna hayaki, har yanzu ba ta da rundunar da za ta iya kafa ma'auni don rage tasirin yanayi.

 Bangaranshi 
Wasu ‘yan adawa sun ce bai kamata a dauki al’ummomin da ke yanzu su ke da alhakin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli na kakanninsu ba. Tun kafin shekarar 1990 ba a fahimce shi sosai cewa hayakin da ake fitarwa zai zama matsala ba, wasu ‘yan adawa na cewa bai kamata a yi la’akari da hayakin da ake fitarwa kafin shekarar 1990 ba. 

Wani bincike na 2013 na Richard Heede, wanda ya kafa kuma darekta na Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni na Yanayi, ya haifar da bincike na gaba daga Heede da abokan aikinsa. Binciken da suka gudanar ya nuna cewa kamfanonin mai 90 ne ke da alhakin kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na hauhawar yanayin zafi a duniya. Wadannan binciken sun kammala da cewa wasu ƙananan kamfanoni da sane suke da alhakin yawan ɓarnar da hayaƙin hayaki na tsawon shekaru arba'in, kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa jama'ar da aka yaudare da gangan ta kamfen ɗin hulɗar jama'a bai kamata a sa ran za su biya waɗannan diyya ba.

Bambance-bambancen da ke tattare da iyakokin ayyukan gyara, tare da yuwuwar bukatu na cikakken tsare-tsare na ramuwa, ya hana kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu yadda ya kamata su amince da alhakinsu. Idan aka yi la'akari da babban haɗarin da ke tattare da amincewa da kuskure, yawanci, shugabannin yammacin Turai sun ɗauki matsayi na shakku da kuma musantawa ta hanyar ƙin yarda da shaidar kimiyya game da sauyin yanayi da ɗan adam ke haifarwa gaba ɗaya.

 Masu ba da shawara 
Vanuatu, wata karamar tsibirin tsibirin da ke fama da hauhawar matakin teku, ta yi la'akari da kai karar don biyan bashin yanayi.

Pakistan da sauran kasashe daga Kudancin Duniya za su matsawa don biyan bashin yanayi a COP27 . Yousaf, Kamrani (2022-11-01). "Pakistan to push for climate reparations at COP27". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 2022-11-03.  [sabuntawa da buƙatu]

Kungiyoyin da ke tallafawa soke bashin a matsayin hanyar hada-hadar kudi ta yanayi sun hada da African Forum da Network on Debt and Development, CARICOM Reparations Committee, Transnational Accountability & Justice Initiative, Jumma'a don Bangladesh ta gaba, da Jubilee Debt Campaign .  Masu fafutukar yanayin yanayi sun kiyasta cewa Kasashe na G20 suna da alhakin kusan 80% na hayakin gas, kuma wasu suna da'awar cewa sa ran kasashe mafi talauci su dauki nauyin tasirin yanayi shine ainihin ci gaba da gado na mulkin mallaka da zalunci da ke da alaƙa da masana'antu masu fitarwa."'A form of colonialism': Activists demand climate reparations". Al Jazeera. 2022-09-25. Retrieved 2022-11-04.

Jumma'a don yajin aiki na gaba "don biyan kuɗi na yanayi da adalci" ya faru a kusan wurare 450 a watan Satumbar 2022, gami da Berlin, Kinshasa, Bengalauru, Indiya, New Zealand, da Japan.

Wani yanki na ra'ayi a cikin Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ya ba da shawarar cewa "maimakon a kulle iyakoki a matsayin martani ga ƙaurawar yanayi, yana da mahimmanci a amince da "matsugunin yanayi a matsayin wani abu da tsarin rayuwar mu na burbushin halittu ke tafiyar da shi a Arewacin Duniya," da kuma "mai da hankali kan batun alhakin da ramuwa, a cikin ɗabi'a, doka, da tsarin kuɗi a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa."Drollette, Dan (2020-11-06). "The case for climate reparations". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 2022-11-04.

Hukumar CARICOM Reparations ta yi karin haske: "Ko dai mu kyale 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi su shiga ciki, ko kuma mu biya wa wadannan 'yan gudun hijira diyya da kudi saboda barnar da hayakin da muke fitarwa ya haifar."

 Abubuwan da suka gabata 
Ka'idar asarar da lalacewa ta bayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015 a matsayin hanyar samar da kudaden yanayi.

 Dubi kuma 

 Kudin yanayi
 Gyara (adalci na canji)
 Ka'idojin yanayi
 Rage canjin yanayi
 Canjin yanayi

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba