Kasuwancin bayi na Venetian

Kasuwancin bayi na Venetian yana nufin cinikin bayi da Jamhuriyar Venice ke gudanarwa, tun daga farkon tsakiyar zamanai har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai. Cinikin bayi ya taimaka wajen samun wadata na farko na matashiyar Jumhuriyar Venice a matsayin babbar daular ciniki a Tekun Bahar Rum.

An raba cinikin bayi na Venetian zuwa hanyoyin ciniki daban-daban. A cikin cinikin bayi na Balkan, ’yan kasuwa na Venetian sun sayi fursunoni na yaƙi na Maguzawa, sannan suka sayar da su zuwa Kudancin Turai ko Gabas ta Tsakiya ta tsibirin Aegean. A cikin cinikin bayi na Bahar Black daga baya, 'yan Venetian sun kafa yankuna a cikin Crimea, kuma sun sami bayi na addinai daban-daban don sayar da su zuwa Kudancin Turai ta Crete da Balearic Islands, ko kuma zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya kai tsaye ta Bahar Black. 'Yan Venetia sun gamu da gasa a cinikin bayi ta Jamhuriyar Genoa.

Dukansu hanyoyin bayi sun kasance a rufe zuwa Venice saboda cin nasarar daular Ottoman a ƙarni na 15 kuma sun shiga cikin cinikin bayi na Ottoman. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen tsoffin hanyoyin shigo da bayi zuwa Turai, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika don samarwa Turawan mulkin mallaka a Amurka aikin bayi.

 Tarihi 
A lokacin Tsakiyar zamanai, an kafa yankunan bayi na yau da kullun tare da iyakokin addini. Kiristoci da Musulmai duka sun haramta bautar da mutane na imaninsu, amma duk sun amince da bautar da mutane masu imani daban.Slavery in the Black Sea Region, C.900–1900: Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. (2021). Nederländerna: Brill. 5 

Ta haka aka shirya cinikin bayi tare da ƙa’idodin addini. Yayin da Kiristoci ba su bautar da Kiristanci ba, Musulmi kuma ba su bautar da Musulmi ba, duka biyun sun ba da damar bautar da mutanen da suke ganin ‘yan bidi’a ne, wanda hakan ya bai wa Kiristocin Katolika damar bautar da Kiristocin Orthodox, Musulmin Sunni kuma su bautar da Musulmi Shi’a.Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. 242 

Har yanzu akwai kasuwa don Bautar a Turai ta zamani a farkon Zamanin Tsakiya, amma sannu a hankali an fara fitar da shi don neman bautar. Koyaya, akwai babbar kasuwa don bautar a Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Musulmi, kuma ana kiran bayi na Turai a duniyar Musulmi da saqaliba. Jamhuriyar Venice tana ɗaya daga cikin masu samar da bayi na saqaliba ga duniyar musulmi. A ƙarni na 9, Jamhuriyar Venice tana bunƙasa daga cinikin bayi tare da duniyar musulmi.Phillips, W. D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Storbritannien: Manchester University Press. 

Bauta ta mutu a Yammacin Turai bayan ƙarni na 12, amma buƙatar ma'aikata bayan mutuwar Baƙar fata ya haifar da farfadowar bautar a Kudancin Turai a Italiya da Spain, da kuma karuwar buƙatar fursunoni zuwa bauta a Masarautar Mamluk.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 19 

 wadata 
A haƙiƙa an raba cinikin bayi a Jamhuriyar Venice zuwa hanyoyin cinikin bayi daban-daban. Dukansu hanyoyin Balkan da Bahar Maliya sun samar da bayin arna na farko zuwa Kudancin Turai da kuma, mafi girma, duniyar musulmi.

 Balkan 
Kasuwancin bayi na Balkan ya bi ta hanya daga yankin Balkan ta hanyar dillalan bayi na Venetian a ketaren Adriatic da Tekun Aegean zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiyar Musulunci, tun daga ƙarni na 7 har zuwa lokacin da Ottoman suka mamaye Balkan a ƙarni na 15.

Har zuwa ƙarni na 6 da 7, Balkans na daular Byzantine ne, amma an raba su ta hanyar mamayewar Avars, ƙabilun Slavic, da sauran mutane. Sabbin al'ummomin da ke zama a yankin Balkan ba su fara haifar da wata ƙasa mai zaman kanta ba, wanda ya haifar da yanayi na rashin zaman lafiya na dindindin a yankin Balkan. Kabilun daban-daban sun gudanar da yakin da suke yi da juna inda suka yi garkuwa da su. Saboda rashin samun wata kasa ta tsakiya don yin shawarwari don neman kudin fansa, al'adar da aka samu a cikinta ana sayar da wadanda aka kama daga yakin kabilanci a yankin Balkan ga 'yan kasuwa daga Jamhuriyar Venice a gabar tekun Adriatic. Wannan ya ci gaba da zama babbar cinikin bayi inda ’yan Venetian suka sayo fursunoni daga yankin Balkan da suka sayar wa daular Rumawa da kuma yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Musulunci, wanda ya taimaka wajen bunkasar Venice a matsayin babbar daular kasuwanci a karni na 11.The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. 117-120 

'Yan kasar Venetia sun sayi bayi a Dalmatiya daga hannun 'yan kasuwa a gefen kogin Narenta, sannan kuma sun kai farmaki kan bayi don kama bayi a Dalmatia.Phillips, W. D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Storbritannien: Manchester University Press. p63 

Bawan da Venetian suka saya a gabar tekun Adriatic, 'yan Venetia ne suka kai su kasuwar bayi a tsibirin Aegean inda akasari suka ci gaba da zuwa Masar. 

 Tsibirin Italiya 
A cikin shekarar 748, an lura da masu cinikin bayi na Venetian don siyan bayi a Roma.  Kasuwancin bayi na Kirista daga Yammacin Turai duk da haka cocin Katolika bai so sosai kuma an dakatar da shi da wuri. A cikin shekarar 840, Venice ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da wasu biranen Italiya don mayar da bayi da suka tsere, kuma kada su kama Kiristoci da za a sayar da su a matsayin bayi.Phillips, W. D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Storbritannien: Manchester University Press. p63 

 Prague da Tsakiyar Turai 
A tsakiyar zamanai na farko, Venice kuma ta ba da bayi daga tsakiyar Turai ta hanyar Prague, wanda a cikin ƙarni na 10 ya kasance cibiyar cinikin bayi a Turai, yana hulɗa da arna Gabas Slavs.

Masu cinikin bayi na Venetian sun shiga cinikin bayi na Prague, suna siyan bayi da ƙarfe ta gabas ta tsaunukan Alps.  Maguzawan Slavic Maguzawa sun kasance irin na Maguzawan Balkan kuma ana sayar da su ga al’ummar Musulmi a matsayin bayin saqaliba.Phillips, W. D. (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Storbritannien: Manchester University Press. p63

Kasuwancin bayi na Prague ya mutu a cikin ƙarni na 11 tun da ba za a iya ba da shi ta hanyar doka ba lokacin da Slavs ta Gabas suka koma Katolika.

 Yankin Bahar Maliya 
'Yan kasuwan Italiya, musamman 'yan Genoese da Venetian, waɗanda ke da manyan abokan hulɗa a matsayin 'yan kasuwa a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, da farko sun kafa kansu a cikin cinikin bayi na Bahar Black. Da farko sun yi haka a matsayin ƴan kasuwa masu balaguro, amma daga ƙarshe sun sami nasarar samun nasu yankunan kasuwanci a yankin Crimea.

A cikin ƙarni na 13, ikon Byzantine a cikin Crimea ya raunana da buhu na Constantinople a shekarar 1204, kuma yankunan kasuwancin Italiya sun mamaye cinikin bayi na Bahar Black, tare da Jamhuriyar Venice ta kafa a Sudak a cikin Crimea a shekarar 1206 kuma daga baya a Tana, da Jamhuriyar Genoa a Caffa a 

Yawancin bayin da ke cinikin bayi a Tekun Baƙar fata Italiya sun zo ne ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi guda uku; a matsayin fursunonin yaƙi a lokacin yaƙi, irin su mamayewar Mongol, yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Golden Horde da Ilkhanate, da cin nasarar Timur; ta hanyar hare-haren bayi; ko kuma ta hanyar iyaye suna sayar da 'ya'yansu ko 'yan uwansu ga bauta, wanda ya faru ne saboda talauci kuma ya kasance abin da ya faru na yau da kullum musamman bayan mutuwar Baƙar fata, lokacin da ake buƙatar bayi a kudancin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p.24-25 

Abubuwan da aka saba yi wa bauta su ne arna Finno-Ugric da mutanen Turkiyya. 

A daidai lokacin da aka kafa yankunan kasar Italiya a yankin Crimea, daular Mongol ta mamaye kasar Rasha, sannan cinikin bayin da ake yi a tekun Bahar Rum ya fadada daidai da yakin Mongol, inda Mongols ke karfafa cinikin, inda suka yi amfani da shi wajen jefar da bayi musamman na Rasha; har zuwa tashin hankalin Rasha na 1262, alal misali, Mongols sun sayar da manoma na Rasha waɗanda ba su iya ba da kyauta ga 'yan kasuwa na Italiyanci a Crimea.Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200-1860. (2016). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p 151-152 

 Kasuwar bayi 
An raba kasuwannin bayi gida biyu. An ba da bayin da ke Kudancin Turai don yin aiki tuƙuru ko bayi mata don aikin gida a matsayin bayin bayi. Kasuwar Musulunci ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta nemi bayi mata a matsayin bayin gida ko kuma bautar zina a matsayin kuyangi; jefa bayi maza ga eunuchs ko m maza bayi ga soja bauta a matsayin bawa soja.

 Masar da Gabas ta Tsakiya 
Kasuwancin bayi na Balkan ya kasance, tare da cinikin bayi na Bahar Black, ɗaya daga cikin manyan bayin da ke samar da hanyoyin samar da sojojin Mamluk na gaba zuwa bauta a Masarautar Mamluk Sultanate a Masar.The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–120  An sayar da ƙaramin adadin bayi a Italiya da Spain a matsayin bayin gida, wanda ake kira .

Kasuwancin bayi na Italiya yana da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu; daga Crimea zuwa Constantinople na Byzantine, da kuma ta Crete da Balearic Islands zuwa Italiya da Spain; ko kuma zuwa Masarautar Mamluk Sultanate, wacce ta karbi mafi yawan bayi. 

Daga aƙalla 1382 zuwa gaba, yawancin mamluk na Masarautar Mamluk sultanate masu asalin bayi sun fito ne daga cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya; Kimanin mazan Circassian ɗari da aka yi nufin Mamluks ana fataucinsu ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Bahar Black har zuwa ƙarni na 19.Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200-1860. (2016). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p. 9 

 Kudancin Turai 
Yawancin bayi da aka yi safarar su zuwa Kudancin Turai (Italiya da Spain) 'yan mata ne, tun da an yi nufin su zama 'yan mata ('yan mata na cikin gida), yayin da yawancin bayi, kusan 2,000 a kowace shekara, ana safarar su zuwa Masarautar Mamluk Sultanate, a cikin wannan yanayin mafi yawansu yara maza, tun da Mamluk Sultanate na bukatar sojojin bayi.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill. p. 32-33

Daga cikin bayin akwai Maddalena, mahaifiyar Carlo de 'Medici (1428-1492), wanda aka lura cewa ya kasance bawan Circassian da aka saya a Venice a matsayin "budurwa da aka tabbatar"Cleugh, J. (1990). The Medici: A Tale of Fifteen Generations. Storbritannien: Dorset Press. p93  a cikin 1427. Akwai kuma ra'ayoyin cewa mahaifiyar Leonardo da Vinci Caterina bawa ne.Hooper, John (12 April 2008). "Da Vinci's mother was a slave, Italian study claims". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2015 

 Ƙarshen cinikin bayi 
Kasuwancin bayi na Venetian daga yankin Balkan a hankali ya ƙare daidai da yaƙin da Ottoman ya yi wa Balkan a ƙarni na 15. An kawo karshen cinikin bayi daga kasashen Balkan a matsayin cinikin bayi na daban kuma daular Ottoman suka mamaye su kuma aka shigar da su cikin cinikin bayi na Ottoman,  wanda a yankin Balkan yana da alaƙa da cinikin bayi na Crimea.The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. 117-120

Bayan faduwar Konstantinoful a shekara ta 1453, Daular Usmaniyya ta rufe kasuwancin da ke tsakanin Crimea da Yamma.  Kasuwancin bayi ya ragu sannu a hankali, kuma a cikin shekarar 1472, bayi 300 ne kawai aka yiwa rajistar cinikin bayi daga Caffa.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 27-28 

Daga shekarar 1440s, Spain da Portugal sun fara shigo da bayinsu daga farko tsibirin Canary, sannan daga Afirka; da farko ta hanyar cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara daga Libiya, sannan ta hanyar fara cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika.Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 29-31 

Daular Uthmaniyya da kuma Kirimiya sun mamaye garuruwan ƙasar Italiya a yankin Crimea a shekara ta 1475, sannan musulmi ‘yan kasuwan bayi suka mamaye cinikin bayi.Davies, Brian (2014). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-55283-2. p. 7 

Dillalan bayi na Venetian ba su sami damar yin gasa da gasar Ottoman-Crimean ba. Bayan haka, sun sami ƙaramin adadin bayi daga dillalan bayin Ottoman ta hanyar cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara . Kasuwancin bayi na Venetian duk da haka nan da nan ya maye gurbinsa a Turai ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Atlantic na karni na 16.

 Duba kuma 

 Bauta a Masar
 Kasuwancin bayi na Genoese
 Bautar da Halifancin Abbasiyawa

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba