Rikicin Constantine na 1934

Rikicin Constantine na 1934 wani lamari ne na tashin hankali na adawa da Yahudawa  a birnin Aljeriya na Constantine, wanda aka yi niyya ga yawan Yahudawa na yankin. Wani taron jama'a na kimanin 'yan Aljeriya 300  sun kai hari kan yankin Yahudawa kuma sun yi niyya ga kasuwancin Yahudawa da gidaje a tsawon sa'o'i da yawa, tare da tashin hankali da ke yaduwa zuwa garuruwan da ke kusa. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa ba su yi komai ba don sarrafa tashin hankali.

Ba a tabbatar da ainihin dalilin tashin hankali ba, amma rahotanni daban-daban sun nuna cewa tashin hankali ya haifar da rikici tsakanin wani Bayahude da wasu Musulmai a Masallacin Sidi Lakhdar a Constantine. Tushen da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa Yahudawa 25 da Musulmai 3 sun mutu a cikin rikici na kwana uku, kuma an sace cibiyoyin Yahudawa da yawa.   An bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin kisan gilla.

 Tarihi 
Rikicin Constantine na 1934 za a iya daidaita shi ta hanyar karuwar adawa da Yahudawa a Aljeriya ta Faransa. Ɗaya daga cikin tushen tashin hankali shine Dokar Crémieux, wanda aka aiwatar a watan Oktoba 1870 kuma ya ba Yahudawa na Aljeriya 'yan asalin Faransa. Ga gwamnatin Faransa, an dauki dokar a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da ake kira "aikin wayewa" a Arewacin Afirka.

Jam'iyyun Faransa da mutane daban-daban sun yi adawa da shawarar, kuma yawancin dalilan sun samo asali ne daga adawa da Yahudawa ko xenophobia gabaɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa Faransanci su yi tsayayya da dokar shi ne cewa sun yi imanin cewa Yahudawa sun fi dacewa da ayyukan kasuwanci, kuma suna jin tsoron cewa zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa zai ba da damar ƙarin Yahudawa shiga cikin sojojin Faransa. Yawancin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Faransa sun yarda da da'awar Charles du Bouzet cewa Yahudawa na Aljeriya ba su dace da wayewar Yamma ba. Du Bouzet, tsohon prefect na Oran kuma kwamishinan na musamman a Aljeriya, ya lura cewa "al'a, harshe da tufafi" na Yahudawa na Aljeriya ne suka sanya su Larabawa, saboda haka ya bambanta da Faransanci. Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Faransa sun ga sannu a hankali da kuma daidaitawa da Yahudawa na Aljeriya cikin al'ummar Faransa a matsayin barazana ga al'ummar "na asali" Faransa.

Akwai ƙarancin adawa da Yahudawa a Aljeriya a farkon karni na 20. Misali, Dokta Jules Molle, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Union Latines masu adawa da Yahudawa, ya zama magajin garin Oran a 1925 kuma ya zama mataimakin birnin a 1928. Abbé Gabriel Lambert, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa hagu na siyasa ya inganta "masu mulkin mallaka na Yahudawa", ya zama magajin garin Oran a 1934. Jaridu na cikin gida a duka Oran da Constantine, Le Petit Oranais da La Tribune, bi da bi, a kai a kai suna yada sakonnin adawa da Yahudawa

Shaidu sun nuna cewa yawan mutanen da ke adawa da Yahudawa na Faransa sun yi ƙoƙari su sanya ra'ayoyin adawa da Bayuda a cikin yawan Musulmai na Aljeriya kuma su haifar da rikice-rikice tsakanin Musulmai da Yahudawa na Constantine. Dangane da rahotanni na 'yan jarida da' yan sanda na zamani, babu wata shaida cewa 'yan siyasa ko malamai Musulmai na yankin sun yada sakonnin adawa da Yahudawa a cikin 1920s da 1930s. Har ila yau, akwai imani mai yawa cewa Nazis sun haifar da tashin hankali.

 Jerin lokaci 
An yi muhawara game da dalilin kisan kiyashi na Constantine na ɗan lokaci. Babban yarjejeniya shi ne cewa dalilin farko na rikici shine abin da Bensoussan ya kira "ƙaramin rikici"  tsakanin Eliahou Khalifa, Bayahude Zouave, da masu bautar Musulmi a Masallacin Sidi Lakhdar a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 1934. Musulmai sun ce Khalifa ya bugu kuma ya zagi Islama. Wani rahoto daga hukumomin Yahudawa ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai bugu ba, kuma bayan ya shiga gardama tare da su, Musulmai sun la'anta bangaskiyar Khalifa kuma ya la'anta su da bangaskiyarsu. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa kawai sun ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru na Musulmi, wanda yawancin malamai suka yi imanin ya haifar da kisan gilla. Sauran asusun sun bayyana cewa Khalifa ya yi fitsari a waje a bangon masallacin, wanda zai haifar da tashin hankali. A yammacin ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, an harbe wani musulmi a cikin ciki a lokacin zanga-zangar tashin hankali da ta biyo baya a gidan Khalifa.Cole, Joshua (2012). "Constantine before the riots of August 1934: civil status, anti-Semitism, and the politics of assimilation in interwar French Algeria". The Journal of North African Studies. 17 (5): 839–861. doi:10.1080/13629387.2012.723432. S2CID 143595241. An aika da jimlar sojoji 148 na Faransa da jami'an 'yan sanda 52 don hana tashin hankali a cikin birni.

A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, tashin hankali ya ci gaba yayin da shugabannin yankin da wakilan al'ummomin Musulmi da Yahudawa suka taru tare da 'yan sanda da wakilan soja don neman kawo karshen tashin hankali cikin lumana.Cole, Joshua (2012). "Constantine before the riots of August 1934: civil status, anti-Semitism, and the politics of assimilation in interwar French Algeria". The Journal of North African Studies. 17 (5): 839–861. doi:10.1080/13629387.2012.723432. S2CID 143595241.

A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, tashin hankali ya sake tashi bayan jita-jita game da kisan kai ga wani dan siyasa musulmi na gida, Mohamed Salah Bendjelloul, ya bazu. Koyaya, jita-jita sun zama ƙarya.Cole, Joshua (2012). "Constantine before the riots of August 1934: civil status, anti-Semitism, and the politics of assimilation in interwar French Algeria". The Journal of North African Studies. 17 (5): 839–861. doi:10.1080/13629387.2012.723432. S2CID 143595241. Rikicin ya dauki sa'o'i da yawa kuma ya bazu zuwa garuruwan da ke kusa da Constantine. Rukunin Constantine na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Yaki da wariyar launin fata da Anti-Semitism (LICRA) sun rataye hotuna, a cikin Larabci da Faransanci, suna kira ga zaman lafiya da kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali.

Rikicin ya haifar da mutuwar Yahudawa 25 da Musulmai 3, kimanin mutane 200 sun ji rauni kuma an lalata ko kuma an sace kasuwancin Yahudawa da yawa.Cole, Joshua (2012). "Constantine before the riots of August 1934: civil status, anti-Semitism, and the politics of assimilation in interwar French Algeria". The Journal of North African Studies. 17 (5): 839–861. doi:10.1080/13629387.2012.723432. S2CID 143595241.Boum, Aomar (2014). "Partners against Anti-Semitism: Muslims and Jews respond to Nazism in French North African colonies, 1936–1940". The Journal of North African Studies. 19 (4): 557. doi:10.1080/13629387.2014.950175. S2CID 144799112.

 Rahoton zamani 
JTA ta ruwaito a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1934:

 Dubi kuma 

 1934 Kisan kiyashi na Thrace
 Tarihin Yahudawa a Aljeriya
 Rashin jinin Yahudawa a Faransa
 Rashin jinin Yahudawa a duniyar Larabawa

 Manazarta