Exarchate na Afirka

Exarchate na Afirka wani bangare ne na Daular Byzantine a kusa da Carthage wanda ya kunshi mallakarta a Yammacin Bahar Rum. An kafa shi ta hanyar exarch (Mataimakin sarki), Emperor Maurice ne a cikin 591 kuma ya tsira har zuwa Nasarar Musulmi a Maghreb a ƙarshen karni na 7. Ya kasance, tare da Exarchate na Ravenna, ɗaya daga cikin exarchates guda biyu da aka kafa bayan sake mamayewa na yamma a ƙarƙashin Sarkin sarakuna Justinian I don gudanar da yankuna yadda ya kamata.

 Tarihi 

 Fage 
A cikin Yaƙin Vandalic na 533, sojojin Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Belisarius sun sake cinye Maghreb tare da Corsica da Sardinia da Tsibirin Balearic. Sarkin sarakuna Justinian I (r. 527-565) ya shirya yankunan da aka dawo dasu a matsayin prefecture na Firayim Minista na Afirka, wanda ya haɗa da larduna Afirka Proconsularis, Byzacena, Tripolitania, Numidia, Mauretania Caesariensis da Mauretania Sitifensis, kuma an kafa shi a Carthage. A cikin 550s, wani balaguron Romawa ya yi nasarar dawo da sassan kudancin Spain, waɗanda aka gudanar a matsayin sabon lardin Spain.

Bayan mutuwar Justinian a cikin 565, Daular Romawa ta Gabas ta ƙara fuskantar hari a duk bangarorin, kuma sarakuna galibi suna barin larduna masu nisa ga kansu don jimrewa da yadda za su iya na dogon lokaci, kodayake jami'an soja, kamar Heraclius the Elder (Exarch  598-610), sun ci gaba da juyawa tsakanin lardunan gabashin da Afirka. A cikin 640s da 650s, Byzantium ya rasa lardin Mesopotamiya ga Musulmai, waɗanda suka kuma kashe abokin hamayyar Byzantines, Daular Sassanian (651). Constantinople ta haka ya rasa muhimmiyar tushe na ƙwararrun jami'ai waɗanda suka shahara ta hanyar yaƙi na kan iyaka tare da Farisa. Daular Heraclian (610-711) ta ci gaba da nada wasu jami'an gabas masu ƙwarewa zuwa mukamai na Afirka, kamar Armenian Narseh, wanda ya umarci Tripoli, da John, dux na Tigisis. Walter Kaegi ya yi hasashen cewa wasu jami'an Armeniya na iya neman komawa gabas don kare gidajensu yayin da Musulmai suka ci gaba zuwa Armenia, amma kafofin sun yi shiru. Duk da haka jami'an da suka ci gaba da zuwa daga gabas bayan asarar Mesopotamiya za su saba da cin nasara kamar Yaƙin Yarmouk (636) fiye da dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a baya a kan Sassanians, kuma sabbin dabaru da dabarun sun bunkasa sannu a hankali.

 Kafawar Exarchate 
Tsarin gudanarwa na Romawa, kamar yadda Diocletian ya kafa, ya samar da bambanci tsakanin ofisoshin farar hula da na soja, da farko don rage yiwuwar tawaye daga gwamnonin larduna masu iko. A karkashin Justinian I, an sake fasalin tsarin ga lardunan da aka yanke musu hukunci sun kasance masu rauni musamman ko kuma cikin rikici na ciki. Da yake amfani da wannan abin da ya gabata kuma ya ci gaba da shi, sarki Maurice wani lokaci tsakanin 585 da 590 ya kirkiro ofishin exarch, wanda ya haɗu da babban ikon farar hula na prefect praetorian da ikon soja na magister militum, kuma ya ji daɗin cin gashin kansa daga Constantinople. An kafa exarchates guda biyu, daya a Italiya, tare da wurin zama a Ravenna (wanda aka sani da Exarchate na Ravenna), kuma daya a Afirka, wanda ke zaune a Carthage kuma ya hada da duk dukiyar mulkin mallaka a yammacin Bahar Rum. Exarch na farko na Afirka shine <i id="mwRg">Patricius</i> Gennadius . 

Daga cikin canje-canjen lardin, an raba Tripolitania daga lardin Afirka kuma an sanya shi a ƙarƙashin lardin Masar, : Mauretania Caesariensis da Mauretania Sitifensis sun haɗu don samar da sabuwar lardin "Mauretania Prima", yayin da Mauretania Tingitana, wanda aka rage shi zuwa birnin Septum (Ceuta), an haɗa shi da biranen bakin tekun Spain (Spania) da Tsibirin Balearic don samar da "Mauretania Secunda". Julien, C.A. (1931). 

Masarautar Visigothic ta kasance barazana ga exarchate. Exarch din Afirka yana da Mauretania II, wanda ya fi karamin sansani a kudancin Spain. Rikicin ya ci gaba har zuwa nasarar karshe na sansanonin Mutanen Espanya a cikin c. 624 da Visigoths. Byzantines sun riƙe sansanin Septum (Ceuta ta zamani), a fadin Strait of Gibraltar.

 Nasarar Musulmi Larabawa 
A cikin 647, tafiye-tafiyen Musulunci na farko sun fara ne da wani shiri daga Masar a karkashin sarkin Amr ibn al-As da dan uwansa Uqba ibn Nafi . Da yake jin raunin Romawa sun ci Barca, a Cyrenaica, sannan suka koma Tripolitania, inda suka gamu da juriya.

Saboda rikice-rikicen da rikice-rikice na tauhidi suka haifar game da Monothelitism da Monoenergism, exarchate a ƙarƙashin Gregory the Patrician ya nisanta kansa daga daular a cikin tawaye. Ambaliyar 'yan gudun hijira daga Misira (musamman Melkites), Falasdinu, da Siriya sun kara tashin hankali na addini a Carthage kuma sun kara fargabar Gregory game da barazanar Larabawa da ke gabatowa.

Da yake jin cewa haɗarin da ya fi dacewa ya fito ne daga sojojin musulmai, Gregory ya tara abokantaka kuma ya fuskanci Musulmai, amma an ci shi a Yaƙin Sufetula, sabon babban birnin exarchate, tunda Gregory ya koma ciki don inganta kariya daga hare-haren Romawa daga teku.

Bayan haka, exarchate ya zama rabin abokin ciniki a ƙarƙashin sabon exarch da ake kira Gennadius . Yunkurin ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Constantinople da Damascus ya lalata albarkatun exarchate kuma ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin jama'a.

Exarchate ya sami babban nasara a kan sojojin Uqba ibn Nafi a Yaƙin Vescera a cikin 682, tare da taimakon Sarkin Berber, Kusaila . Wannan nasarar ta tilasta wa sojojin musulmai su koma Masar, suna ba da izinin shekaru goma. Koyaya, rikice-rikicen da aka maimaita sun shafi raguwa da rarraba albarkatun exarchate.

A cikin 698, kwamandan musulmi Hasan ibn al-Nu'man da rundunar mutane 40,000 sun murkushe Carthage. Da yawa daga cikin masu kare shi Visigoths ne da aka aiko don kare exarchate ta Wittiza, wanda kuma ya ji tsoron fadada musulmi. Visigoths da yawa sun yi yaƙi har zuwa mutuwa; a cikin yaƙin da ya biyo baya Carthage ya sake raguwa zuwa rushewa, kamar yadda ya kasance ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata ta Romawa.

Rashin asalin Afirka ya kasance babbar matsala ga Daular Byzantine a Yammacin Bahar Rum, saboda Carthage da Masar sune manyan hanyoyin Constantinople na ma'aikata da hatsi. Byzantines ba su sake dawo da yankunansu a Afirka ba.

 Sanannun Exarchs na Afirka da waɗanda ake tunanin sun wanzu 

+Sanannun exarchs na Afirka da waɗanda ake tunanin sun wanzu Lokacin Mulki Suna Latin Helenanci Larabci Bayanai 591–598 Gennadius (I) Gennadius (Gennadios) n/a Magister militum per Africam na ƙarshe kuma Exarch na farko, mai nasara akan masarautar Romano-Berber ta Garmul. 598–611 Heraclius Dattijo Heraclius  (Herakleios) n/a Mahaifin Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius611–629 Niketas Nicetas (Nikētas)n/a Ɗan uwan Sarkin sarakuna Heraclius, an kira shi patrikios dangane da Afirka, yana iya kasancewa exarch a zahiri, yana gudanar da ikon gwamnati a cikin 610s da 20s, wataƙila har zuwa 629. 'Yarsa Gregoria an aurar da ita ga ɗan fari na Heraclius. Babban ɗan uwan sarkin sarakuna hypostrategos ne a ƙarƙashin exarch a wannan lokacin, wanda ba a ambaci sunansa a fili ba. Kada a rude shi da Nicetas the Patrician. 629–647 Gregory the Patrician,  (Grēgorios, Flabios Grēgorios), (Ĵarĵīr) Ya jagoranci tawaye ga Sarkin sarakuna Constans II. Shi ɗan uwan Heraclius ne Niketas.Hollingsworth (1991), p. 875 Moore (1999)  647–665 Gennadius (II)Gennadius (Gennádios)n/a Ya kasance mai biyayya ga Constans II, an kifar da shi a tawayen sojoji akan Constans wanda ya ƙare da kisan kai na ƙarshen. 665–695 Eleutherios MatashiEleutherius (Eleuthérios)al-At'riyūn Wataƙila Exarch na Afirka. Kalmar Larabci al-At'riyūn ana yawan karanta ta a matsayin Eleutherios. Ya kifar da Gennadios.695–698 John the PatricianIoannesἸωάννης يوحنا البطريق (Yuhanna Al-Batriq) Exarch na Afirka har zuwa lokacin zuwan Larabawa a 698. 698–709 Julian, Count of Ceuta (? Iulianus) (? Iουλιανός) ,  (Yulyan, Bilyan) "Kwamandan Septem". A cewar wasu masana, wataƙila Exarch na Afirka na ƙarshe. Wasu sun musanta tarihinsa.
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