Tsarin imani na ƙofar

Tsarin imani na ƙofar (GBM) yana nuna cewa fahimtar jama'a game da matakin ƙwararru ko yarjejeniyar kimiyya akan batun yana aiki azaman abin da ake kira "ƙofar" fahimta. An ba da shawarar fahimtar yarjejeniyar kimiyya ta zama muhimmiyar mataki don karɓar imani masu alaƙa. Ƙara ra'ayi cewa akwai yarjejeniya ta al'ada a cikin al'ummar kimiyya na iya ƙara goyon bayan mutum don batun. Ra'ayi na rashin jituwa na iya rage goyon baya ga batun.

Binciken ra'ayi na jama'a ya nuna "rashin amincewa" tsakanin imanin jama'a da al'ummar kimiyya a kan batutuwa da yawa ciki har da Canjin yanayi, allurar rigakafi, juyin halitta, kula da bindiga, da GMO. Ana zaton jama'a gaba ɗaya sun raina matakin yarjejeniya tsakanin masana kimiyya kan abubuwan da aka kafa game da waɗannan batutuwan.Gundersen, Torbjørn; Alinejad, Donya; Branch, T.Y.; Duffy, Bobby; Hewlett, Kirstie; Holst, Cathrine; Owens, Susan; Panizza, Folco; Tellmann, Silje Maria; van Dijck, José; Baghramian, Maria (17 October 2022). "A New Dark Age? Truth, Trust, and Environmental Science". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47 (1): 5–29. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-015909. hdl:10852/99734. ISSN 1543-5938. S2CID 250659393.

Dangane da tsarin imani na ƙofar, ra'ayoyi na iya rinjayar su ta hanyar gabatar da bayanai game da yarjejeniyar kimiyya akan batun. Sadar da cikakken bayani game da yarjejeniyar kimiyya a kan batun yana rage ra'ayi cewa akwai rashin jituwa a cikin al'ummar kimiyya. Wasu binciken sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin canje-canje a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka fahimta da kuma halayen da suka biyo baya akan batutuwa.Gundersen, Torbjørn; Alinejad, Donya; Branch, T.Y.; Duffy, Bobby; Hewlett, Kirstie; Holst, Cathrine; Owens, Susan; Panizza, Folco; Tellmann, Silje Maria; van Dijck, José; Baghramian, Maria (17 October 2022). "A New Dark Age? Truth, Trust, and Environmental Science". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47 (1): 5–29. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-015909. hdl:10852/99734. ISSN 1543-5938. S2CID 250659393. Game da Canjin yanayi, ana ɗaukar ra'ayoyin yarjejeniyar ƙwararru a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga imani mai alaƙa game da ko kuma dalilin da ya sa canjin yanayi ke faruwa. : A game da COVID-19, fahimtar yarjejeniyar kimiyya ta yi hasashen halayen mutum da goyon baya ga manufofin ragewa.

Tsarin imani na ƙofar kuma yana nuna cewa kamfen ɗin da aka shirya na iya lalata goyon bayan jama'a da gangan ga batun ta hanyar ba da shawarar rashin yarjejeniyar kimiyya ko haɓaka ra'ayoyin da ba su yarda da yarjejeniyar kimiyya ba. Rashin amincewar kimiyya shine sabili da haka dabarar ɓoye-ɓoye akai-akai.

 Tarihi 

 Tushen ka'idoji 
Tsarin imani na ƙofar shine ka'idar tsari biyu a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum da kimiyyar sadarwa. Musamman, GBM tana nuna tsarin sauya ra'ayi na matakai biyu, inda (kuskuren) ra'ayoyin yarjejeniyar ka'ida ke tasiri ga "maɓallin" imanin mutum da mutane ke da shi game da batun (mataki na 1), wanda hakan ke tsara halayen jama'a da tallafi (mataki 2).  Kodayake ana iya kallon tsarin asali na yanke hukunci a matsayin nau'in karancin ilimi, ci gaban tsarin imani na ƙofar ya dogara ne akan bincike a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum da zamantakewa, galibi yana amfani da ka'idojin sarrafa bayanai, ka'idoji na zamantakewa, yanke shawara, da kuma fahimta mai motsawa.

 Yarjejeniya-haɗi 
A fuskar rashin tabbas, mutane galibi suna neman wasu don jagora, gami da masana.van der Linden, Sander; Lewandowsky, Stephan (2015). "How to Combat Distrust of Science: The Surprising Power of the Psychology of Consensus". Scientific American Mind. Binciken da ya gabata ya nuna cewa mutane sun dogara da ma'anar yarjejeniya ba tare da motsawa ba don yin bayani dalla-dalla,  saboda yarjejeniya yawanci tana nuna daidaito. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa mutane suna so su bi yarjejeniyar kwararru  kuma gabaɗaya sun fi son dogaro da hukunci na kwararru da yawa maimakon ra'ayoyin kwararru.  Dogaro da ma'anar yarjejeniya galibi ana ɗaukarsa mai daidaitawa ga al'umma saboda yana amfani da hikimar tasirin taron.Maibach, Ed; van der Linden, Sander (2016). "The importance of assessing and communicating scientific consensus". Environmental Research Letters. 11 (9): 0913003. Bibcode:2016ERL....11i1003M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/091003. Saboda haka yarjejeniya misali ne na ka'idar bayyanawa, watau, hukunci na rukuni na rukuni, kamar masana.

Binciken ra'ayi na jama'a ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin jama'a galibi sun bambanta sosai daga masana kan wasu muhimman batutuwan al'umma, musamman a Amurka. Wannan an san shi da "rashin amincewa". Babban jigon tsarin imani na ƙofar shi ne cewa ana iya rage wannan rata ta hanyar haskakawa ko sadarwa da ainihin matakin zamantakewa ko yarjejeniyar kimiyya akan batun.Maibach, Ed; van der Linden, Sander (2016). "The importance of assessing and communicating scientific consensus". Environmental Research Letters. 11 (9): 0913003. Bibcode:2016ERL....11i1003M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/091003.

 Ra'ayi na al'ada a matsayin abin hawa don canjin zamantakewa 
Hanyar asali na tsarin imani na ƙofar ya haɗa da sake daidaita ra'ayi na mutane (kuskuren) game da matakin yarjejeniyar rukuni tare da matakin gaskiya na yarjejeniya. Wannan ya yi daidai da bincike a cikin ilimin halayyar jama'a kan yin amfani da fahimtar al'ada a matsayin abin hawa don canjin zamantakewa.

Misali, bincike na farko  ya nuna cewa ɗaliban koleji galibi ba su fahimci yarjejeniyar zamantakewa a kan shan giya a harabar. Ta hanyar hanyar da aka sani da "ƙididdiga da bayyanawa", masu ilimin halayyar jama'a sun yi ƙoƙari su bayyana bambancin da ke tsakanin ra'ayoyin ɗalibai game da tsarin shan giya tsakanin takwarorinsu da ainihin tsarin (wanda yawanci ya fi ƙasa). Kamfen ɗin sadarwa na al'ada na zamantakewa hakika ya tabbatar da cewa karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da ainihin al'adar shan giya yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan halayen ɗalibai da halayensu game da shan giya.

Duk da yake shan giya mai yawa sau da yawa yana da lahani ga mutum, kuskuren al'umma na yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da Matsalolin zamantakewa kamar Canjin yanayi ko allurar rigakafi na iya zama haɗari gaba ɗaya. Lokacin da yarjejeniyar shiga tsakani ta shafi masana maimakon takwarorinsu, ana kiran tsarin Tasirin zamantakewa da biyayya.Tom, J (2017). "Social Origins of Scientific Deviance: Examining Creationism and Global Warming Skepticism". Sociological Perspectives. 61 (3): 341–360. doi:10.1177/0731121417710459. S2CID 148764740.

 Matsayin bayanan ƙarya 
Yanayin "mai mannewa" na tatsuniyoyi da yaduwar bayanan da ba daidai ba galibi ana ambaton su a matsayin babban dalilin rikicewar jama'a game da yanayin yarjejeniyar kimiyya. Manyan misalai sun haɗa da rikice-rikice na allurar rigakafi,  hanyar da ke tsakanin shan sigari da ciwon huhu  da kuma rawar da hayakin carbon dioxide ke takawa wajen haifar da dumamar duniya.  

Ra'ayin mutane game da yarjejeniyar kwararru gabaɗaya ya nuna cewa yana da hankali ga shaidar labarai da bayanan da ba daidai ba. Koehler, D (2016). "Can journalistic "false balance" distort public perception of consensus in expert opinion?". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 22 (1): 24–38. doi:10.1037/xap0000073. PMID 26752513. van der Linden, Sander; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Rosenthal, Seth; Maibach, Ed (2017). "Inoculating the Public Against Misinformation About Climate Change". Global Challenges. 1 (2): 1600008. Bibcode:2017GloCh...100008V. doi:10.1002/gch2.201600008. PMC 6607159. PMID 31565263. Kungiyoyin masu sha'awa, wani lokacin ana kiransu "masu ciniki na shakku",  da gangan suna ƙoƙari su lalata fahimtar jama'a game da yarjejeniyar kimiyya a kan waɗannan batutuwa ta hanyar kamfen ɗin da aka shirya.  Lewandowsky, Stephan (1 April 2021). "Climate Change Disinformation and How to Combat It". Annual Review of Public Health. 42 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102409. hdl:1983/c6a6a1f8-6ba4-4a12-9829-67c14c8ae2e5. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 33355475. S2CID 229691604.

 Abubuwan da suka danganci 
Sauran ra'ayoyin da suka danganci sun haɗa da tasirin yarjejeniyar ƙarya da jahilci da yawa.

 Sauran ra'ayoyi 
Rubutun "al'adun al'adu na yarjejeniyar kimiyya"  wanda Dan Kahan ya ba da shawara ya bambanta da tsarin imani na ƙofar (GBM)  amma ba a goyi bayan shi da sakamakon kwarewa ba.  Rubutun ilimin al'adu ya nuna cewa mutane za su yaba ko kuma su watsar da shaidar da ta dace ko ta sabawa dabi'un al'adu ko siyasa, tsarin da aka sani da "magana mai kariya".Rosenberg, Paul (19 April 2014). "Why climate deniers are winning: The twisted psychology that overwhelms scientific consensus". Salon. Saboda mutane sun himmatu ga nau'ikan imani waɗanda ke bayyana dangantakarsu ta zamantakewa da siyasa ta yau da kullun, rubutun ilimin al'adu ya annabta cewa fallasa mutane ga bayanan yarjejeniya game da batutuwan da ake jayayya zai kara yawan halin da ake ciki.

Sakamakon da aka samu na tsarin imani na ƙofar ya sabawa tsinkaya na "haɗin al'adu na yarjejeniyar kimiyya". van der Linden, S; Leiserowitz, A; Maibach, E (2017). "Scientific agreement can neutralize politicization of facts". Nature Human Behaviour. 2 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0259-2. PMID 30980051. S2CID 3287707.   Musamman, jaddada yarjejeniyar kimiyya ba ta haifar da baya ba, kuma tana iya rage ko hana rabuwa da imani tsakanin kungiyoyi (na siyasa).van der Linden, Sander; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Feinberg, Geoffrey; Maibach, Edward (2015). "The Scientific Consensus on Human-Caused Climate Change as a Gateway Belief: Experimental Evidence". PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0118489. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118489. PMC 4340922. PMID 25714347.van der Linden, Sander; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Rosenthal, Seth; Maibach, Ed (2017). "Inoculating the Public Against Misinformation About Climate Change". Global Challenges. 1 (2): 1600008. Bibcode:2017GloCh...100008V. doi:10.1002/gch2.201600008. PMC 6607159. PMID 31565263.Cook, J; Lewandowsky, S; Ecker, U (2017). "Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence". PLOS ONE. 12 (5): e0175799. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1275799C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175799. PMC 5419564. PMID 28475576. Bincike mai alaƙa ya kuma nuna cewa isar da yarjejeniyar kimiyya na iya rage tunanin da aka motsa,   kodayake wasu bincike a kan wannan batun sun bayyana ƙarin sakamako masu rikitarwa.  

Ɗaya daga cikin bayani game da waɗannan binciken shine cewa canza imani game da abin da wasu kungiyoyi ke tunani (wanda ake kira "meta-beliefs") ba ya buƙatar cikakken gyare-gyare na ra'ayin duniya. Saboda haka ana iya ganin yarjejeniyar da aka fahimta a matsayin "ba ta da barazana ga ainihi",  musamman ma lokacin da aka bayyana al'ada tsakanin ƙungiyar masu tsaka-tsaki (masana kimiyya). van der Linden, S; Leiserowitz, A; Maibach, E (2017). "Scientific agreement can neutralize politicization of facts". Nature Human Behaviour. 2 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0259-2. PMID 30980051. S2CID 3287707. Kahan yana da sanannen muhawara mai ci gaba a cikin wallafe-wallafen tare da van der Linden da Lewandowsky game da rawar da aka fahimta da kuma fahimtar al'adu.Rosenberg, Paul (19 April 2014). "Why climate deniers are winning: The twisted psychology that overwhelms scientific consensus". Salon.Mooney, Chris. "How to Convince a Republican: Use a Pie Chart!". Mother Jones.

 Manazarta 

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