Tsayar da Biafra

Toshewar kasar Biafra da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta yi a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya (1967-1970) ya haifar da yunwa wadda a karshe ta yi sanadin asarar rayuka akalla miliyan daya sannan ta kawo karshen mulkin ballewar kasar Biafra .

Toshewar da rikicin jin kai da ya biyo baya ya haifar da tarurruka a duniya da kuma muhawara mai yawa game da batun kisan kiyashi . Har ila yau, ya jawo cece-kuce game da ko ya dace a kwatanta abubuwan da suka faru a Biafra a matsayin kisan kare dangi. A ƙarshe, ta ba da gudummawa ga yin gyare-gyare a cikin dokar toshewa don kare fararen hula da kuma hana yunwa a matsayin hanyar yaƙi a cikin 1977 gyare-gyare ga Yarjejeniyar Geneva .

 Fage 
Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a Najeriya a shekarar 1966, an yi zanga-zangar kyamar kabilar Igbo a arewacin Najeriya, inda aka kashe dubban 'yan kabilar Igbo . Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu ya ayyana ‘yancin kasar Biafra a yankunan da ‘yan kabilar Igbo ke da rinjaye a Najeriya a shekarar 1967, kuma gwamnatin tarayya karkashin jagorancin Yakubu Gowon ta kaddamar da yakin basasa kan ‘yan awaren. 

 Katange 
A makonnin farko na yakin gwamnatin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar sanya wa kasar Biafra katanga . Shiga jamhuriya mai ballewa ta hanyar hada-hadar kudaden waje, wasiku da sadarwa, da dukkan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da filayen saukar jiragen sama. Da farko ba a sani ba ko toshewar  bakin tekun zai yi tasiri tare da jiragen ruwa da ake da su ga sojojin ruwan Najeriya, da kuma ko sojojin saman Najeriya za su iya dakile hanyoyin jiragen. Duk da haka, katangar ta yi tasiri kuma an kiyaye ta tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi masu zuwa. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta dogara da dokokin kasa da kasa don aiwatar da katange,  tun a lokacin ba a haramta yunwa a matsayin makamin yaki ba  kuma duk kasashe masu tsaka-tsaki sun wajaba su bi katangar da aka sanar. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi barazanar mayar da martani kan kasashen da suka yi watsi da batun killace kasar tare da kulla yarjejeniya da Kamaru domin dakile iyakokin kasar Biafra.  Wasu masu fasa kwauri sun yi yunkurin tarewa da gudu amma jiragen ruwa biyu sun lalata su a hannun sojojin ruwan Najeriya. 

Katangar ta hana abinci, magunguna, da sauran kayayyakin da fararen hula ke bukata. Shugabannin Tarayyar Najeriya sun hana zirga-zirgar kayayyakin agaji, inda suka bayyana cewa yunwa wata dabara ce ta yaki da gangan, duk da cewa sun yi watsi da rahotannin yunwa a matsayin farfagandar Biafra . Nweke, Obinna Chukwunenye (2023). "Hunger as a weapon of war: Biafra, social media and the politics of famine remembrance". Third World Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1080/01436597.2023.2182283. ISSN 0143-6597.

Gwamnatin Biafra ta yi watsi da jigilar kayan agaji na rana da wata hanyar bayar da agaji. Shugabanta Ojukwu ya ce wadannan hanyoyin za su baiwa gwamnatin Najeriya damar kashe masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra da kuma ba da damar tayar da bam a kasar Biafra. To sai dai kuma wani dalili na daban shi ne kiyaye hanyoyin sirrin da Biafra ke ci gaba da shigo da makamai da alburusai.  An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan daya  ko fiye sun mutu sakamakon katangar.    Yawancin wadanda aka kashe a yakin fararen hula ne  musamman yara, wadanda suka fi fuskantar matsalar rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Nweke, Obinna Chukwunenye (2023). "Hunger as a weapon of war: Biafra, social media and the politics of famine remembrance". Third World Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1080/01436597.2023.2182283. ISSN 0143-6597. 

Wani abin da ya haifar da wannan katangar shi ne yawaitar munanan laifuka a kasar Biafra, musamman yadda sojojin da ba su ciyar da kasar Biafra ke ci gaba da fitar da abinci daga fararen hula.

 Halin kasa da kasa 
Biafra ta ja hankalin duniya da dama daga tsakiyar shekarar 1968, lokacin da hotunan yaran Biafra da ke fama da yunwa suka fara fitowa a jaridun duniya.   Farfagandar Biafra ta kwatanta Igbo da Yahudawa da kuma toshewar Biafra da kisan kiyashi . Da farko dai ra'ayoyin al'ummar duniya sun ji tausayin ikirari na Biafra, amma sai bayan da Birtaniya ta aike da wata tawagar bincike a Najeriya da ta bayar da rahoton cewa ba a yi kisan kare dangi ba.  Wasu malaman da tun farko sun yi imanin cewa an yi kisan kare dangi a Biafra, irin su Robert Melson, sun canza ra’ayinsu bayan da suka fahimci cewa gwamnatin Najeriya ba ta shirya kashe daukacin ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba, saboda dalilan kashe su na siyasa ne maimakon kabilanci. 

Babbar kungiyar da ta kafa a Amurka dangane da yakin Biafra, ita ce kwamitin Amurka na Ci gaba da Rayar da Biafra . McNeil, Brian (2014). "'And starvation is the grim reaper': the American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive and the genocide question during the Nigerian civil war, 1968–70". Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (2–3): 317–336. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936723. S2CID 70911056. A Jamus ta Yamma yaƙin ya haifar da wani taro da ba a taɓa gani ba kuma adadin kuɗin da aka tara, maki miliyan 70, ya zarce wanda aka tara a baya don duk wani aikin jin kai.  Wasu ƙungiyoyin agaji, gami da ICRC, suna aiki ne kawai tare da izinin duka maharan, suna iyakance ƙoƙarin agaji. Desgrandchamps, Marie-Luce (2012). "'Organising the unpredictable': the Nigeria–Biafra war and its impact on the ICRC". International Review of the Red Cross. 94 (888): 1409–1432. doi:10.1017/S1816383113000428. S2CID 146648472.

An katse ayyukan agaji a watan Yunin 1969 lokacin da sojojin gwamnatin Najeriya suka harbo wani jirgin saman Red Cross na kasar Sweden .  

 Gado 
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan yaƙin basasa ya ƙare a 1970, an manta da shi sosai a wajen Najeriya kuma ba a ambata da yawa a fagen nazarin kisan kare dangi ba .  ICRC ta fahimci cewa gazawar ayyukan agajin nata ya samo asali ne saboda dokar katange da kasashen Yamma suka amince da ita, kuma ta kara yunƙurin tabbatar da tsaro mai ƙarfi ga fararen hula.  Bisa ga yarjejeniya ta 1977 ta II, "abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci ga rayuwar farar hula" ana kiyaye su kuma an haramta kai hare-hare a kansu. 

A Najeriya, an yi watsi da wannan katanga da aka yi da kuma irin hasarar da aka yi mata a cikin bukukuwan tunawa da hukuma da kuma manhajoji na makarantu. A shekarar 2021, Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya yi wasu sakonni a shafinsa na Tuwita da ke nuni da yakin da aka goge saboda tada hankali; daga baya, an dakatar da Twitter a Najeriya

Nazarin ƙungiyar sun nuna cewa yunwar ta yi tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam na dogon lokaci ga waɗanda suka tsira.  

 Magana 

Majiya

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba