Josie Mpama

Josie Mpama (21 Maris 1903 - 3 Disamba 1979), an haife ta Josephine Palmer, 'yar gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata ce kuma 'yar Afirka ta Kudu.

Mace mai karfi mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata da neman aiki da 'yancin mata, ana yi mata kallon baƙar fata ta farko da ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Josephine Palmer a shekara ta 1903 a Potchefstroom a lokacin da ake kira Transvaal Colony, yanzu lardin Arewa maso Yamma na Afirka ta Kudu.  

Iyayenta sune Georgina Garson da Stephen Bonny Mpama, mai fassara na gwamnati.  Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai kala; mahaifinta shi ɗan ƙabilar Zulu ne, ko da yake danginsa sun bar al'ummarsu sun koma Kiristanci, kuma mahaifiyarta ita ce Mfengu, Afrikaner, da moSotho.   

An san ta da wani yanki na rayuwarta kamar Josie Palmer, ta yin amfani da sigar Anglicized na sunan mahaifinta na Zulu. Ta fara amfani da sunan Mpama daga baya, kan ƙaura zuwa ƙauyen baƙar fata, amma ta yi amfani da sunaye biyu a duk rayuwarta, ya danganta da wani ɓangare na inda take zaune.  

An girma Mpama a Sophiatown, wajen Johannesburg, kafin ta koma Potchefstroom a shekarar 1921. Iyayenta sun rabu sa’ad da take ’yar shekara bakwai, kuma daga baya ta yi wa kanta da mahaifiyarta hidima ta yin hidima ga iyalai farare.  

 Gwagwarmaya 
A ƙarshen 1920s, Mpama ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙar fata na farko da suka shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu, wacce ta riga ta kasance jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan shiga, ta zama sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci na Potchefstroom.  

A cikin shekarar 1928, ta jagoranci wani kamfen baƙi mazauna yankin Potchefstroom don samun izinin masauki ga duk wanda ke zama a gidajensu, gami da nasu manya. Ta ci gaba da kamfen na yaƙi da wariyar launin fata da dama da hana tafiye-tafiye.   Mpama kuma tana da hannu a Beer Hall Riots ta shekarar 1929. 

A shekarun farko na aikinta na siyasa, ta yi wa iyalai farare wanki don samun abin dogaro da kai. 

An tilasta mata da mijinta barin Potchefstroom a shekarar 1931, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Johannesburg.  Ta shiga Ofishin Siyasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a shekarar 1937 sannan ta shiga kwamitin tsakiya. Ta kuma zama mamba a kwamitin jam'iyyar Johannesburg a shekarun 1940 kuma ta kasance jagora a ɓangaren mata na jam'iyyar.  

Mpama ya rubuta wa Umsebenzi, ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, a cikin shekarar 1920s da 30s, tana nuna gwagwarmayar ma'aikata baƙar fata. Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin kasuwanci kuma ta yi gwagwarmayar neman ƙarin albashi ga malamai.   

A shekarar 1935, ta yi tafiya zuwa Moscow don halartar taron duniya na bakwai na kwaminisanci na ƙasa da ƙasa  da kuma karatu a Jami'ar Kwaminisanci na Toilers na Gabas.  

Ayyukan Mpama kuma sun haɗa da yaƙin ƴancin mata. A cikin shekarar 1947, ta taimaka ta sami Transvaal All Women's Union, ta zama sakatariya na farko na kungiyar. Daga nan ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Matan Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1954, daga ƙarshe ta jagoranci reshenta na Transvaal. 

 Bayan shekaru 
Mpama ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga hukumomi, ciki har da dokar hana fita a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 da kamawa a shekarar 1960. A ƙarshe dai an tilasta mata janyewa daga harkokin siyasa saboda dokar hana fita da kuma matsalolin lafiya. Ta yi shekarunta na ƙarshe tana shirya ƙungiyoyin mata a cocinta.  

Mpama ta mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 1979, bayan wata mota ta same ta a lokacin da take jiran karɓar fanshonta.  

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Mpama ta auri Thabo Edwin Mofutsanyana, shugaban jam'iyyar National Congress na Afirka ta Kudu da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin shekarar 1920s.     Domin an ware Mofutsanyana a matsayin Afirka a ƙarƙashin dokokin wariyar launin fata yayin da aka ware Mpama a matsayin masu launi, a bisa doka haɗin gwiwarsu ya saba wa dokokin wariyar launin fata.  Ma'auratan sun rabu a ƙarshen shekarar 1930s. 

Ta haifi 'yarta ta farko, Carol, tare da wani mutum mai launi a Doornfontein a cikin shekarar 1920. Sannan ta haifi 'yarta ta biyu, Francis, tare da wani mutum a shekarar 1926. 

Tare da Mofutsanyana, ta haifi wata ɗiya, Hilda, a cikin shekarar 1928.  Daga baya ta haifi ɗa, Dennis, watakila samfurin wani al'amari tare da Musa Kotane. 

Mpama 'yar Anglican ce, kuma ta yi magana a kan imaninta cewa babu wani saɓani tsakanin addininta na Kirista da sadaukarwarta ga kwaminisanci. 

 Karramawa 
A cikin shekarar 2004, ta karɓi odar Luthuli a cikin Azurfa bayan mutuwarta saboda gwagwarmayarta na yaki da wariyar launin fata da kuma goyon bayan haƙƙin ma'aikata.  

Ana wakilta ta da wani sassaka a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa a cikin Groenkloof Nature Reserve. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba