Sanarwar Afirka kan 'Yancin Intanet da' Yanci

An ƙirƙiri sanarwar Afirka game da Haƙƙin Intanet da 'Yanci (AfDec)  don haɓaka yanayin Intanet wanda ya dace da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma biyan bukatun ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin Afirka. An dai amince da wannan sanarwar ne a taron kolin kula da harkokin Intanet na Afirka na shekarar 2013 (AfIGF) da aka gudanar a birnin Nairobi na kasar Kenya, kuma an kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2014 a taron kula da harkokin Intanet na duniya a birnin Istanbul na kasar Turkiyya.  Yana ba da wani tsari na yau da kullun wanda aka ba da shawarwarin manufofi da matakai na doka kan haƙƙin intanet, yanci da shugabanci a Afirka. Ana iya amfani da su a matakin ƙasa, yanki da yanki.

 Fage 
An kirkiro AfDec don mayar da martani ga karuwar damar da 'yan Afirka ke samu ta intanet. Yayin da miliyoyin mutane ke shiga yanar gizo kan batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da mulki, yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suna ƙoƙarin sarrafa intanet ta wata hanya. Misali, a cikin 2022, adadin masu amfani da intanet a Afirka ya haura zuwa miliyan 565, wanda ya ninka adadin masu amfani da shi a shekarar 2010 sau shida  Duk da haka, yawancin ƙasashen Afirka sun amince da ƙa'idodi masu matsala daga wasu ƙasashe, waɗanda galibi sukan kasa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam amma suna keta su. A matsayin misali, kasar Sin na kokarin fitar da fasahohinta na Intanet zuwa kasashen Afirka, wanda ya dogara da tsarin gudanar da harkokin sararin samaniyar yanar gizo, a kokarin da take yi na fadada tasirinta a matsayinta na 'mafi karfin sararin samaniya'.  Sakamakon haka, da yawa daga cikin ƙasashen Afirka sun rikiɗe daga ƙanƙanta zuwa yanayin yanar gizo mai tsari, ba wai kawai hana aikata laifuka ba har ma da taƙaita muryoyi masu mahimmanci kamar sukar gwamnatoci. Don haka, AfDec ta yi ƙoƙarin yin bayani dalla-dalla kan ka'idojin da suka wajaba don kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam da na jama'a a Intanet, da haɓaka yanayin Intanet wanda zai fi dacewa da buƙatu da manufofin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin Afirka.  AfDec ya fito ne daga batutuwa daban-daban da abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ƙa'idodin Intanet da haƙƙin Intanet waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin takarda ta baya. 

 Zane da ƙira 
An gina Yarjejeniya ta Afirka ta Haƙƙin Intanet da 'Yanci akan ingantattun takaddun haƙƙin ɗan Adam na Afirka waɗanda suka haɗa da Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'a (1981), sanarwar Windhoek kan haɓaka 'yan jarida mai zaman kanta da jama'a na Afirka (1991), Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Watsa Labarai (2001), Sanarwa na Ka'idoji kan 'Yancin Bayar da Bayani a Afirka (202) Sanarwa (2011). An tsara shirin na AfDec a taron Gudanar da Harkokin Intanet na Afirka na 2013 a Nairobi, Kenya. Bayan haka, an fara aikin tsarawa a wani taro mai zuwa a cikin 2014. Edetaen Ojo (shugaban darakta na Agenda Rights Agenda) ne ya jagoranci ƙungiyar masu rubuta takarda kuma sun haɓaka abubuwan da ke ciki, manufa da rubutu don Sanarwar. Sun sami ra'ayi daga shawarwarin jama'a na kan layi da masu ruwa da tsaki na Afirka da na duniya. 

A farkon tsarin tsarawa, ya bayyana a fili cewa an riga an sami nasarar ayyukan yanki a baya wanda ya ayyana matsayin yanki na 'yancin Intanet. Wadancan yunƙurin sun yi tasiri sosai wajen haɓaka ƙungiyoyi da wayar da kan jama'a kan manyan matakan siyasa. Kalubale mai zuwa shine a haɗa waɗannan ra'ayoyin, haɓakawa da manufofinsu cikin takarda ɗaya wanda aka tsara yin taro a watan Fabrairun 2014. An yi amfani da wannan taro don farawa da gina kamfen ɗin ƙungiyoyin jama'a guda ɗaya da haɓaka dalilai da dabaru don tsara sanarwar Haƙƙin Intanet da 'Yancin Afirka.

An fara daftarin aiki tare da kimanta ka'idoji da Yarjejeniyoyin da ake da su, tare da gano manyan manufofinsu da kuma yin nazari akan ƙarfi da rauninsu. Daga nan aka raba mahalarta gida-gida bisa la’akari da asalin yankinsu kuma an tantance manyan abubuwan da suka fi ba da fifiko ga sanarwar. "Bisa la'akari da abubuwan da aka ba da fifiko a sama, mahalarta sun shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu tasowa. Kowane rukuni ya zaɓi batun fifiko daga jerin abubuwan da aka haɓaka kuma sun bincika ƙalubalen da ke tattare da wannan haƙƙin wanda za a iya magance shi a cikin sanarwar; ka'idojin da ake da su dangane da wannan batu; da kuma irin buƙatun ya kamata a haɗa a cikin kowace sanarwa game da wannan batu." Sakamakon haka, an ƙirƙira jerin sunayen abokan hulɗa, waɗanda yakamata a yi amfani da su don samun tallafi da faɗaɗa isar da sanarwar. Wannan jeri ya haɗa da cibiyoyin sadarwa na Afirka, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci, masu ba da kuɗi da masu ba da tallafi da kuma masu goyon bayan ƙasashen duniya.

A ƙarshen wannan taron tsarawa a cikin Fabrairu 2014 an amince da taken sanarwar kuma an tsara jadawalin aiki na watanni 7-12 masu zuwa. Daftarin ƙarshe ya kasance don jama'a ta bazara kuma ƙaddamar da AfDec da aka sake fasalin ya faru a cikin Satumba 2014. An tsara manufar ci gaba da inganta sanarwar, musamman "a cikin cibiyoyi daban-daban da ke da hannu a fagen gudanar da harkokin intanet da ya tarwatsa, ciki har da Tarayyar Afirka da UNESCO". 

 Abun ciki 
Sanarwar 'Yancin Intanet na Afirka ta bayyana mahimman ka'idoji 13 game da 'Yancin Dan Adam akan Intanet. Sanarwar ta shafi dukkan gwamnatoci, "Hukumomin yanki da na yanki, gwamnatocin kasa, kungiyoyin farar hula, cibiyoyin watsa labarai da kamfanonin Intanet masu dacewa".  Ya ce dole ne gwamnatocin ƙasa su ɗauki matakan "girmama, karewa da kuma tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin da aka zayyana a cikin wannan sanarwar".  Waɗannan sun haɗa da samar da tsare-tsaren doka da ingantattun hanyoyin magance cin zarafi tare da tabbatar da gaskiya, wadatacce, masu mulki masu zaman kansu akan Intanet. A aikace, sanarwar ta ba da sanarwar cewa ya kamata jihohi su aiwatar da ayyuka ko ƙarfafa su kuma su ɗauki mafi kyawun ayyuka daga wasu ƙasashen Afirka.

 Mabudin ka’idoji 
Mahimman ƙa'idodin sun haɗa da:

 Buɗaɗɗen ababen more rayuwa akan Intanet, wanda ke ba da damar rarraba ra'ayoyi da maganganun jama'a ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Ba za a ba da izinin ƙuntatawa ko saurin Intanet ba.
 Samun damar Intanet ga duk mutane a Afirka ba tare da nuna bambanci ba dangane da "kabila, launi, jima'i, harshe, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin ƙasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi  "
 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Duk wani hani dole ne a "bayar da shi ta hanyar doka, bin halaltacciyar manufa kamar yadda aka jera a bayyane a ƙarƙashin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya (wato haƙƙoƙi ko martabar wasu, kare lafiyar ƙasa, ko na zaman jama'a, lafiyar jama'a ko ɗabi'a) kuma suna da mahimmanci kuma daidai da manufa".  Dangane da ka'idar Manila na Alhaki na Matsakaici ya ɗauka cewa marubucin da kansu kawai za a iya ɗaukar alhakin abubuwan da ke ciki ba dandalin da aka buga shi ba.
 Hakkin samun bayanai. Wadannan bayanan da aka samar a kan kudaden jama'a dole ne a ba da damar jama'a bisa ga mafi ƙarancin ma'auni.
 'Yancin yin amfani da Intanet don haɗuwa da haɗin gwiwa. Duk wani hani dole ne a "bayar da shi ta hanyar doka, bin halaltacciyar manufa kamar yadda aka jera a bayyane a ƙarƙashin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya (wato haƙƙoƙi ko martabar wasu, kare lafiyar ƙasa, ko na zaman jama'a, lafiyar jama'a ko ɗabi'a) kuma suna da mahimmanci kuma daidai da manufa". 
 Haƙƙin zaɓar kowane harshe cikin yardar kaina lokacin raba bayanai akan Intanet.
 Damar yin amfani da Intanet don yin amfani da haƙƙin mutum na samun ci gaba mai dorewa .
 Haƙƙin sirri da kariyar bayanai, musamman haƙƙin ɓoye suna. Duk wani hani dole ne a "bayar da shi ta hanyar doka, bin halaltacciyar manufa kamar yadda aka jera a bayyane a ƙarƙashin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya (wato haƙƙoƙi ko martabar wasu, kare lafiyar ƙasa, ko na zaman jama'a, lafiyar jama'a ko ɗabi'a) kuma suna da mahimmanci kuma daidai da manufa". 
 Manufar amintaccen Intanet, tsayayye wanda ya ginu bisa haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki. Ba za a yarda da duk wani sa ido na haram ba.
 Kin nuna wariya da take hakkin dan Adam. Ana buƙatar jihohi su samar da yanayi mai aminci don faɗin albarkacin baki. Wannan ya hada da yanayi a Intanet da dokoki don kare wadanda ke yin magana da jama'a kamar 'yan jarida da mata da masu kare hakkin bil'adama.
 Haƙƙin yin tsari na gaskiya ga kowane mutum game da da'awar doka game da amfani da Intanet. Dole ne jihohi su ba da kariya daidai gwargwado a karkashin doka kuma tsarewa ko hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba don haka ba za a bari ba.
 Haƙƙin kowa ya shiga cikin buɗaɗɗen gudanarwa na Intanet . Ba za a iya amfani da sanarwar don ba da hujjar hana daidaito ba.
 Gane rashin daidaiton jinsi a cikin ilimin da kuma samun damar Intanet. Wannan ganewa shine jigo don samun damar magance su da samun dama daidai.

 Martani da magoya baya 
Tun lokacin da aka kafa sanarwar 'yancin Intanet da 'yancin kai kungiyar ta fara aiki a kafofin sada zumunta a karkashin asusun Twitter @AfricaNetRights, suna tallata wallafe-wallafen su daga sabuntawar gidan yanar gizon da kuma ayyuka daga kungiyoyi da ayyuka irin wannan da suka shafi 'yancin Intanet na Afirka. Ya zuwa tsakiyar watan Yunin 2022, kasashen Afirka 45, kasashe 9 da ba na Afirka ba, kungiyoyi 151, da daidaikun mutane 186 ne suka amince da sanarwar.

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 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Shafin Farko na Sanarwar Haƙƙin Intanet da 'Yancin Afirka