Rivières du Sud

Rivières du Sud (Turanci: Southern Rivers ) yanki ne na 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a yammacin Afirka, wanda yayi daidai da sassan bakin teku na yau na Guinea. Yayin da aka yi amfani da naɗi daga ƙarni na 18 zuwa 20, sashin gudanarwa kawai ya wanzu daga shekarun 1882-1891.Jean Suret-Canele. French Colonialism in Tropical Africa 1900-1945. Trans. Pica Press (1971) pp. 87–88.

 Amfani da farko 
Tun daga ƙarni na 18, 'yan kasuwa na Fotigal, Burtaniya da Faransa sun kafa ƙananan tashoshin a baƙin tekun wanda Faransawa suka kira Rivières du Sud. Portuguese suna da tashoshin kasuwanci a Rio Pongo da Rio Nunez, galibi don sayen bayi na Afirka da aka kama a cikin ƙasa kuma aka kawo su bakin teku. Daga baya wasu 'yan kasuwa na Ingila da na Amurka sun zauna a yankin. Tare da kafa Saliyo ta Birtaniya Abolitionists, wannan yanki ya ja hankalin su da na Christian Missionary Society, wanda ya nemi inganta Kiristanci da damar kasuwanci A shekara ta 1820, murkushewar Burtaniya game da cinikin bayi da faɗuwar mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun ga an watsar da waɗannan mukamai, tare da 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya da Faransa suna shiga.Jean Suret-Canele. French Colonialism in Tropical Africa 1900-1945. Trans. Pica Press (1971) pp. 87–88. Admiral na Faransa Bouët-Willaumez ya yi yarjejeniyoyi da yawa tare da al'ummomin bakin teku a yankin (yawanci a ƙarƙashin barazanar karfi), kuma ya tabbatar da gidajen kasuwanci na Marseille na musamman don samun damar cinikin Man dabino a cikin shekarun 1840. An yi amfani da shi don yin sabulu, kasuwancin man dabino yana tare da 'yan kasuwa na Diola waɗanda suka kafa kasuwanni a cikin gida, kuma suka kai shi tashoshin bakin teku.

 Faɗaɗa gudanarwa 
Gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Senegal Louis Faidherbe a cikin shekarar 1850s ya tsara tsarin mulkin mallaka wanda aka yi masa baftisma Rivières du Sud. A cikin shekarar 1854 an sanya tashar jiragen ruwa na Guinea ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin sojan ruwa kuma an raba su daga sabuwar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a Saint-Louis, Senegal a ƙarƙashin sunan Gorée da Dogara. A baya can, sun faɗa ƙarƙashin babban kwamandan sojojin ruwa a Gabon na Establissements francais de la Cote de l'Or et du Gabon.

A shekara ta 1859, yakin Faidherbe na cin nasara a gaɓar kogin kudu da Gorée ya ga yankin ya haɗe da mulkin mallaka, a ƙarƙashin gundumar Gorée. Rivières du Sud yanzu yana magana game da dukan yankin daga Sine-Salmon zuwa iyakar Saliyo na Burtaniya.Suret-Canale, Jean. Guinea in the Colonial System, in Essays on African History. Translated, Hurst (1980) pp 111-147.

A cikin shekarar 1865 an gina katanga a Boké a yankin Rio Nunez, yana faɗaɗa daga babban garin Conakry da Faransa ke iko da shi. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, an ɗauki Bayol a matsayin 'kariya' ma. Yankin Rio Pongo, wanda Jamus ce ke da shi, an sayar da shi zuwa Faransa don 'yancinsu ga Porto-Seguro da Petit Popo a gabar tekun Togo.  Birtaniyya ta amince da ikon Faransa na yankin, kuma an ƙirƙiri sashin gudanarwa da ke tattara waɗannan kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin sunan Rivières du Sud a cikin shekarar 1882.

 Dakatarwa 
Tushen waɗannan dabarun doka da gudanarwa shine taron Berlin na 1884 da "dakatawar da aka ɗora" na faɗaɗa daular Faransa. A cikin gida, wannan ya samo asali ne daga mummunar shan kashi na Faransa a Tonkin da kuma rushewar manufofin mulkin mallaka na ma'aikatar Ferry.Virgil L Matthew, Jr. Joseph Simon Gallieni in L.H. Gann and Peter Duignan, African Proconsuls. European Governors in Africa. Free Press/Collier Macmillan and Hoover Institution (1988).  Kasuwancin dawakin Turai ya biyo bayan taron Berlin, inda ƙasashen ketare suka raba nahiyar Afirka tare da yunkurin dunkule dukiyoyinsu. Rivières du Sud yanki ne na yau da kullum wanda, baya ga bakin teku, ba shi da alaƙa da ainihin mulki har zuwa shekaru goma masu zuwa.

 Juyin Halitta na rarrabawar gudanarwa ta Faransa 
A cikin shekarar 1891, Rivières du Sud an sanya shi a ƙarƙashin Laftanar Gwamna a Dakar, wanda ke da iko a kan yankunan bakin teku na Faransa gabas zuwa Porto-Novo (Benin ta zamani).

Gwamna Janar Gallieni, bayan da ya fuskanci turjiya mai tsanani ga faɗaɗa Faransa a saman Senegal da Niger daga Masarautar Toucouleur, Samori, sa'an nan kuma sojojin Mahmadu Lamine, ya mayar da kallon mulkin mallaka zuwa Rivières du Sud a ƙarshen shekarun 1880s, wanda ke nuna wani sabon lokaci na faɗaɗa Faransa.

Tsakanin shekarun 1889 zuwa 1894, Rivières du Sud, Côte d'Ivoire da Dahomey an raba su a jere zuwa yankuna masu 'yanci', tare da Rivières du Sud da aka sake masa suna 'Colony of French Guinea'. A cikin shekarar 1895 waɗannan yankuna sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnan janar na Faransa na Yammacin Afirka, kuma a cikin shekarar 1904, an ƙirƙira wannan a cikin Afrique Occidentale Française. Faransa Guinea, tare da Senegal, Dahomey, Cote-d'Ivoire da Upper Senegal da Nijar, kowane Laftanar Gwamna ne ya mulki, a ƙarƙashin Gwamna Janar a Dakar.

 Adawa da Futa Jallon 
Yankin Rivières du Sud bai taɓa nisa daga bakin teku ba, saboda Faransawa sun kasa cin nasara kan mutanen tuddan Futa Jallon, wadda ta fara daga kudancin Senegal na zamani duk da cewa cikin Guinea ta zamani.

Imaman Futa Jallon ya kasance a ƙasar Guinea ta yau da kuma wasu sassan Guinea Bissau, Senegal, da Saliyo. Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, ta kawo cikas ga faɗaɗa Faransa har zuwa shekara ta 1896 lokacin da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka fatattaki Almami na ƙarshe, Bokar Biro Barry, ya wargaza ƙasar tare da haɗa ta cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa Guinea.

 Duba kuma 

 Faransa Yammacin Afirka

 Manazarta 

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