Taron Pan-Afirka

Majalisar Pan-African Congress (PAC) wani taro ne na yau da kullun wanda aka fara gudana a bayan taron kasashen Afirka da aka gudanar a London a shekara ta 1900.https://oceanfdn.org/ha/dorewar-tattalin-arziki-blue/

Majalisar ta Pan-African Congress ta fara samun suna a matsayin mai samar da zaman lafiya don kawar da mulkin mallaka a Afirka da kuma yammacin Indiya, kuma ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci ga manufar Pan-Afrika . Tun farko daya daga cikin manyan bukatun kungiyar shi ne kawo karshen mulkin mallaka da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya bukaci 'yancin ɗan adam da daidaiton damar tattalin arziki. Bayanin da Majalisar Pan-African ta gabatar ya hada da bukatun siyasa da tattalin arziki na majalisar na samar da sabuwar yanayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasa da kasa da kuma bukatar magance matsalolin da nahiyar Afirka ke fuskanta sakamakon mulkin mallaka da Turawa suka yi wa galibin nahiyar.

An gudanar da taro a 1919 a birnin Paris; 1921 a Brussels, London da Paris; 1923 a Lisbon da London; 1927 a Birnin New York; 1945 a Manchester ; 1974 a Dar es Salaam ; 1994 a Kampala ; da kuma 2014 a Johannesburg .

 Fage 
Pan Africanism a matsayin falsafa an ƙirƙira shi a farkon ƙarshen 1700s, wanda aka gani ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin kawar da su a cikin Amurka da Biritaniya.  Marubutan Burtaniya da tsoffin bayi, Ottobah Cugoano da Olaudah Equiano sun kirkiro tushen Pan Africanism a cikin adabin Ingilishi.  Masu magana da Faransanci, kamar Léopold Sédar Senghor, sun haifar da ra'ayin Négritude .  Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun karyata kaskancin mutanen Baƙar fata.  Pan Africanists sun yi imanin cewa duka bautar da mulkin mallaka an gina su ne a kan munanan halaye ga mutanen zuriyar Afirka, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga wariyar launin fata.  Baƙin Amurkawa sun ji takaici musamman saboda jinkirin ci gaban da suke samu na daidaiton launin fata a Amurka. 

Lauyan Trinidadian, Henry Sylvester Williams ya kirkiro Ƙungiyar Afirka a 1897 don ƙarfafa fahimtar haɗin kai na Pan African a cikin Turawan Mulkin Biritaniya . Adejumobi, Saheed (30 July 2008). "The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945". Black Past. Retrieved 4 April 2023.  Ƙungiyar Afirka ta buga wariya da rashin adalci da mutanen da ke zaune a Afirka ke fuskanta .  Ayyukan Ƙungiyar Afirka sun kai ga Babban Taron Afirka na Farko da aka yi a London a 1900.  Taron wanda ya hada mutanen da ke adawa da wariyar launin fata da mulkin mallaka, ya ja hankalin kasashen duniya, duk da cewa bai kai ga daukar matakin siyasa kan wadannan batutuwa ba.   Mahalarta taron na kasashen Afirka sun tattauna kan bukatar kiyaye al'adun bakaken fata da kuma hakkin 'yan asalin kasar da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka amince da su .  WEB Du Bois yana daya daga cikin mahalarta talatin a wannan taro inda ya bayyana " layin launi " a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman batutuwa na karni na 20.   Kasancewar Du Bois a taron na 1900 ya nuna shi a matsayin jagora mai tasowa a cikin tafiyar Pan-African. 

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, sojojin Amirka na Afirka sun yi yaƙi da ƙarfin hali a ƙasashen waje kuma mutane kamar Du Bois sun ji cewa bai kamata su fuskanci tashin hankalin launin fata ba lokacin da suka koma Amurka.  Sojojin bakar fata sun kuma fuskanci wariya a Turai a hannun Sojojin Amurka da ke Turai a lokacin fadan.  Du Bois ya bayyana yakin da Amurkawa bakaken fata suka yi a matsayin "bashi na jini" kuma sun cancanci a biya su diyya kan bauta da cin zarafin jinsi.  Ya kuma yi imanin cewa tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga Afirka zai zama mabuɗin taimaka wa dukkan Baƙar fata a duniya.  Shirin maki goma sha huɗu na Wilson ya ba Du Bois fatan cewa za a sami damammaki masu yawa ga Baƙar fata a siyasance a nan gaba mai alamar demokradiyya da kimar mulkin mallaka .  Bugu da kari, du Bois ya so ya yi adawa da tasirin kungiyar United Negro cigaba (UAIA) da Marcus Garvey akan duk wani batun da zai iya.  Amurka ta ga Garvey da UNIA suna da alaƙa da " Moscow " da kuma baƙar fata da Du Bois sun so su guje wa wannan haɗin.  Daga cikin duk ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙoƙarin samun murya a ƙarshen WWI, Du Bois ya yi imanin zai iya samun "tasirin siyasa mai kyau". 

A cikin Disamba 1918, Du Bois ya tafi Faransa a matsayin wakilin NAACP a daidai lokacin da taron zaman lafiya na Paris ke gudana a ƙarshen WWI. Reft, Ryan (19 February 2019). "African-American History Month: First Pan-African Congress". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 4 April 2023. Yawancin ƙungiyoyi masu rinjaye, ciki har da Baƙar fata a Turai da Afirka, sun ji cewa ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin zai haifar musu da sakamako mai kyau a siyasa da zamantakewa.  Du Bois ya rubuta wa Shugaba Wilson kuma ya nemi ya zama wakilai don taron zaman lafiya don yin magana a madadin Baƙar fata.  Du Bois ya san cewa za a tattauna makomar wasu kasashen Afirka a taron zaman lafiya.  Ya yi fatan samun taron wakilan Bakar fata daga ko'ina cikin duniya za a ji ta hannun manyan kasashen Turai da kuma al'ummar Turai.  Ya so ya jawo hankalin gwamnatocin da ke halartar taron zaman lafiya don tabbatar da kyakkyawar kulawa ga mutane masu launin fata a duniya.  Du Bois ya yi imanin cewa zai iya "ba da wani tasiri mai kyau na siyasa a kan masu mulki da masu yanke shawara yayin taron zaman lafiya na Paris."  Duk da haka, Du Bois ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane da yawa da ke wakiltar wasu ƙungiyoyin shawarwari daban-daban waɗanda kuma suke so su sami murya a taron zaman lafiya.  Tun da ba a ba shi izinin yin magana a taron zaman lafiya ba, ya yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar wani taro na daban wanda zai gudana a lokaci guda. 

A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1919, NAACP ta gudanar da wani taro a birnin New York, game da makomar Afirka.  A wajen taron, an sami goyon baya mai yawa ga Du Bois don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi Pan Afrika a birnin Paris yayin taron zaman lafiya.  Masu magana a taron New York sun hada da William Henry Sheppard, Horace Kallen, da James Weldon Johnson . 

 1919 Paris Congress (Na farko) 

 Tsare-tsare 
A ranar 19 ga Fabrairun 1919, WEB Du Bois, Ida Gibbs Hunt, Edmund Fredericks da Blaise Diagne suka shirya taron farko na Pan-African Congress cikin sauri a Paris.  Reft, Ryan (19 February 2019). "African-American History Month: First Pan-African Congress". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 4 April 2023.  Diagne ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban majalisa tare da Du Bois sakatare da Gibbs mataimakin sakatare.  Du Bois ya kirkiro jerin kungiyoyin da yake son halartar taron da suka hada da kasashen da ke da bakar fata, amma kuma ya bukaci wakilai daga wasu kasashe.  Du Bois ya so ya shigar da kara a taron zaman lafiya na Versailles da aka gudanar a birnin Paris a wancan lokacin don gabatar da shari'ar kasashen Afirka su zama masu cin gashin kansu.   Majalisar Pan-African Congress ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bukaci Jamus ta mayar da mulkin mallaka ga wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa maimakon sauran masu mulkin mallaka.  : 16 Ba kamar Majalisar Mata ta Duniya ba, Majalisar Pan-African Congress ba ta iya tura wakilai zuwa taron zaman lafiya ba, kuma ba a ba wa mambobin damar yin aiki a kwamitocin ba.  Wakilai zuwa Majalisar Pan African ba su da "mukamai na hukuma" a tsakanin gwamnatoci ko kungiyoyi na duniya. 

Diagne ya sami damar samun izini a hukumance don taron Majalisar a Paris ta hanyar shawo kan Firayim Minista Georges Clemenceau game da mahimmancinta.  An sanya ranakun 12 da 13 ga Fabrairu don yin daidai da ranar haihuwar Abraham Lincoln .  Kudade don taron ya fito ne daga NAACP da kungiyoyin 'yan uwantaka na Amurka. Adejumobi, Saheed (30 July 2008). "The Pan-African Congresses, 1900–1945". Black Past. Retrieved 4 April 2023.  Mary White Ovington da James Weldon Johnson sun tara kudi ta hanyar rokon fitattun magoya bayan NAACP.  Duk da kudaden da aka samu, taron ya gudana ne a kan kasafin kudi kadan. 

Da zarar taron ya sami izini, jami'an Amurka a Paris, irin su Tasker H. Bliss da George Louis Beer sun firgita.  Beer, wanda shi ne babban kwararre na mulkin mallaka da ke aiki da Amurka, ya yi imanin cewa baƙar fata ba za su iya mulkin kansu ba.  Wasu jerin telegram da aka bayyana a matsayin "gaggawa" da "asiri" sun fara shiga tsakanin ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka da jami'an Amurka a birnin Paris.  Gwamnatin Faransa ma daga baya ta bayyana cewa Clemenceau bai taba amincewa da Majalisar ba. 

Akwai wakilai 57 da ke wakiltar kasashe 15, adadin da bai kai na farko ba saboda gwamnatocin Biritaniya da Amurka sun ki ba da fasfo ga 'yan kasarsu da suka shirya halarta. An hana wakilan kungiyar kare hakkin daidaito ta kasa da suka hada da Madam CJ Walker da William Monroe Trotter fasfo. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa, gwamnatin Faransa ba ta yi imanin cewa lokaci ya yi da za a gudanar da taron koli na kasashen Afirka ba. Wani marubucin kiran kira na New York ya yi imanin cewa Amurka ta damu cewa za ta ji kunyar tattaunawa game da dangantakar launin fata a Majalisa a Paris. Yawancin wakilan da suka halarta sun yi hakan ne a ɗan gajeren lokaci, ko kuma ta hanyar samun wasu nau'ikan takaddun shaida, kamar su zama 'yan jarida. Wasu, kamar Gibbs, sun riga sun kasance a Turai. Du Bois bai gayyaci masu ra'ayin gurguzu ba ko shugabannin masu aiki zuwa Majalisa ba. 

 Lamarin 

Daga karshe, taron ya gudana tsakanin Fabrairu 19 zuwa 21 a Grand Hotel. 
An sami wakilci mai yawa daga ƙasashen Afirka a Babban Taron Pan-African na Farko fiye da yadda aka samu a Taron Pan-African na 1900. Afirka tana da wakilai goma sha biyu tare da uku daga Laberiya. Akwai wakilai 21 da ke wakiltar ƙasashen Caribbean da wakilai 16 daga Amurka. Wakilai zuwa Majalisar sun kasance masu matsakaicin aji kuma masu matsakaici. Duk da haka, Du Bois ya sami damar ƙirƙirar ra'ayin Pan African Marxism a lokacin taron.

Jawabin farko na Majalisar shi ne na Diagne, wanda ya ce Baƙar fata da aka haɗa daga Amurka, Biritaniya da Faransa "sun fi ci gaba fiye da 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma 'masu rauni' na Afirka. A cikin wannan damar, ya ji cewa ya kamata a canja ƙasashen Afirka da Jamus ke riƙe da su zuwa tsarin da ya yi kama da tsarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Wannan jawabi ya taɓa damuwar da masana ilimin Baƙar fata daga Turai da Amurka suka ji a yayin da ake kwatanta su da ra'ayin mutanen Afirka a matsayin 'yan asali. Har ila yau, ya ba da ƙima mai yawa ga Baƙar fata waɗanda suka kasance "masu wayewa" ta hanyar ikon mallaka. Ga Diagne, Jamus ya kamata ta ba da yankunanta ba don mulkin mallaka yana da muni ba, amma saboda gwamnatin Jamus ba ta da kyau. Bayan jawabin Diagne, wakilin Portuguese Alfredo Andrade, ya yaba da dimokuraɗiyyar Faransa da haɗa Baƙar fata a cikin gwamnati. Sauran wakilai zuwa Taron Pan-African sun kuma yaba wa Faransa saboda samun wakilcin Baƙar fata a siyasa da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Baƙar fata a matsayin shaida. Andrade, Diagne, Gratien Candace, Achille René-Boisneuf, da Joseph Lagrosillière duk sun ji cewa "babu wuri ga wayewar siyasa ta 'yan ci-rani saboda sun ga daular Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Uku a matsayin mafi kyawun damar da ake da ita a halin yanzu don tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin baƙar fata a cikin yankunansu." Yin biyayya ga al'umma "mai jinƙai" an ɗauke shi a matsayin hanya mai amfani don taimakawa inganta rayuwar Baƙar fata da suke wakilta.

Wakilin Laberiya, Charles D. B. King, ya yi magana game da muhimmancin haɓaka ƙasarsa a matsayin ƙasa mai 'yanci, yana jaddada muhimmancin gadon Afirka na haɗin gwiwa. Duk da haka, saboda goyon bayan Amurka, Laberiya ba ta so ta tayar da zaune tsaye a kan Amurka. Helen Noble Curtis ta ba da jawabi mai taken "Amfani da Sojojin Afirka a Turai" wanda ya bayyana yawancin abubuwan wariyar launin fata da sojojin Baƙar fata da ke yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko suka fuskanta a asibitoci da sauran cibiyoyin. Curtis ta roƙi duniya ta gane cewa adalci ba raba ba ne: ya kamata ya zama ɗaya ga dukkan mutane ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba. Addie Waites Hunton ta tunatar da wakilai cewa yana da muhimmanci a haɗa mata a cikin ayyukan Pan-African.

 Sakamako 
Majalisar daga baya ta amince da ƙudura da dama, musamman masu alaƙa da mutanen da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka. Sun ba da shawarar cin gashin kai na mutanen Afirka sai dai inda "ayyukan da ake da su sun saba wa ƙa'idodin wayewa da aka kafa." An ji cewa ya kamata a ba Afirka ikon cin gashin kai kuma ya kamata 'yan Afirka su shiga cikin mulkin ƙasashensu cikin sauri gwargwadon ci gaban su har zuwa wani lokaci da aka kayyade a nan gaba. An aika da ƙudura ga jaridu a Faransa, Biritaniya da Amurka. Majalisar ta ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar wani littafi na duniya mai harsuna da yawa, Black Review. An kuma yi tsammanin cewa wakilai za su shirya don babban taron Pan-African na gaba kuma cewa wannan na iya zama tattaunawa mai ci gaba. Du Bois kuma ya yi fatan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar duniya, Ƙungiyar Pan-African.

An ruwaito cewa an sami ɗan rahoto game da Majalisar a cikin jaridar Faransa, amma wata jarida a Paris ta kira Du Bois "mabiyin Garvey". Yawancin yankunan Afirka ta Yamma a ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya ba su ba da rahoto game da lamarin ba. Duk da haka, jaridun Turai sun yada bayanai game da Majalisar a makonnin kafin lamarin. Baƙar fata a Amurka "gabaɗaya sun amince da ayyukan Du Bois kamar yadda aka ruwaito a jaridu." Paul Otlet, wani mai fafutukar zaman lafiya na Belgium, ya rubuta labarin a cikin La Patrie Belge yana ba da shawarar cewa ƙasashen Turai su mayar da yankunan Jamus ga mutanen Afirka. Lokacin da Du Bois ya rubuta game da Majalisar a cikin Crisis da kuma a cikin rahotanninsa ga NAACP, bai ba da cikakken bayani game da ainihin yanayin jawabai ba kuma ya nuna sukar matsalolin launin fata na Amurka wanda bai faru a taron ba. Madadin haka, ya mai da hankali kan "haɗin kan baƙar fata" fiye da ba da rahoto game da sauran abubuwan da aka tattauna. Wani wanda ya halarci taron, Maurice Delafosse, wani masanin Afirka na Faransa, ya rubuta cewa gwamnatin Faransa ta kasance mai haƙuri da ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a Majalisar. Harry F. Worley, wani farar fata ɗan Virginia da ke aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka a Paris, ya nuna damuwa sosai game da "abin da ake kira Pan-African Congress": ya ruwaito cewa ya ji cewa "jawabai na Baƙar fata na Amurka sun kasance masu tayar da zaune tsaye kuma masu la'antar yanayin zamantakewa a Amurka".

Du Bois ya aika da wasika ga Winston Churchill a 1921, inda ya haɗa ƙudura da aka amince da su a wannan babban taro na farko a 1919. Du Bois kuma ya aika da ƙudura ga Beer da Edward M. House waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin masu ba da shawara ga Shugaba Wilson.
 Wakilai 
Daga cikin wakilan akwai:
 Alfredo Andrade, Portugal.
 John Archer, Biritaniya.
 Matthew Virgil Boutte, Amurka.
 Eliezer Cadet, Haiti
 Gratien Candace.
 Louise Chapoteau, Faransa.
 Anna J. Cooper.
 Helen Noble Curtis, Amurka.
 Blaise Diagne, Senegal, da Kwamishinan Faransa Janar na Ma'aikatar Mulkoki.
 W. E. B. Du Bois, wakilin NAACP.
 Henry Franklin-Bouillon, Faransa.
 M. Edmund Fitzgerald Fredericks, wakilin Ƙungiyar Inganta Baƙar Fata ta Duniya (UNIA).
 Amy Jacques Garvey.
 Tertullien Guilbaud, Ministan Haiti a Faransa.
 John Hope, Amurka.
 Ida Gibbs Hunt, Amurka.
 Addie Hunton, Amurka.
 George Rubin Hutto, Amurka.
 George Jackson, Amurka da Congo.
 William Jernagin, Amurka.
 Charles D. B. King, Laberiya.
 Joseph Lagrosillière, Gaudeloupe.
 Rayford Logan, Amurka.
 Robert Russa Moton, Amurka.
 Sol Plaatje, Afirka ta Kudu. (Mai yiwuwa.)Geiss, The Pan-African Movement, p.238.
 Achille René-Boisneuf, Martinique.
 Charles Edward Russell, Amurka.
 Benjamin F. Seldon, Amurka.
 Roscoe Conklin Simmons, Amurka.
 Joel Elias Spingarn, Amurka.
 Cyrille Van Overbergh, Hukumar Zaman Lafiya ta Belgium.
 William English Walling, Amurka.
 Richard R. Wright

 Majalisar Brussels, London da Paris ta 1921 (Na Biyu) 
File:Deuxième Congrès Panafricain, au Palais Mondial, à Bruxelles en septembre 1921 01.jpg|thumb|right|Zama a cikin Palais Mondial, Brussels, 1921
A cikin 1921, Majalisar Pan-African ta Biyu ta gudanar da zaman da yawa a London, Brussels da Paris, a cikin watannin Agusta (28, 29, da 31) da Satumba (2, 3, 5 da 6). Kamar yadda W. E. B. Du Bois ya ruwaito a cikin The Crisis a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, waɗanda aka wakilta a wannan majalisar su ne "ƙungiyoyi 26 daban-daban na mutanen zuriyar Negro: wato, Nijeriya ta Birtaniya, Gold Coast da Saliyo; Sudan ta Masar, British East Africa, tsohon German East Africa; Faransa Senegal, Faransa Congo da Madagascar; Belgian Congo; Portuguese St. Thomé, Angola da Mozambique; Laberiya; Abyssinia; Haiti; British Jamaica da Grenada; Faransa Martinique da Guadeloupe; British Guiana; Amurka, Negroes mazauna Ingila, Faransa, Belgium da Portugal, da kuma baƙi na zumunci daga Indiya, Morocco, Philippines da Annam." An sami wani ɗan juyin juya hali na Indiya wanda ya shiga, Shapurji Saklatvala, da kuma wani ɗan jarida daga Gold Coast mai suna W. F. Hutchinson wanda ya yi magana. Wannan zaman na Majalisar ya kasance mafi mayar da hankali ga canji a duk tarurrukan da aka gudanar zuwa yanzu. A zaman London, an amince da ƙudura, daga baya Du Bois ya sake bayyana su a cikin "Manifesto ga League of Nations":

Muryoyin da suka yi adawa kawai su ne na Blaise Diagne da Gratien Candace, 'yan siyasar Faransa na asalin Afirka da Guadeloupe, waɗanda suka wakilci Senegal da Guadeloupe a cikin Majalisar Wakilai ta Faransa. Nan da nan sun yi watsi da ra'ayin Pan-Africanism saboda suna goyon bayan daidaito a cikin ɗan ƙasar Faransa kuma sun ɗauka cewa sanarwar Manifesto ta London ta yi tsaurin ra'ayi sosai.

Baƙar fata Ba'amurkiya Helen Noble Curtis ta zama wakiliya ɗaya tilo ga Laberiya a wannan taron.

 Tsari 
A cikin 1920, Du Bois ya sami dala 3,000 daga NAACP don ƙirƙirar " Asusun Pan-African". Ya shirya samun wakilai na Afirka da yawa a wannan taron. Paul Panda Farnana ya gabatar da Du Bois ga shugabannin mulkin mallaka a Brussels. Ƙasashen mulkin mallaka da masu mulkin mallaka suna damuwa game da wakilai na Amurka da ke goyon bayan ra'ayoyin tsattsauran ra'ayi da juyin juya hali.

 Lamarin 
Taron London ya faru a Methodist Central Hall, Westminster kuma taron Paris ya faru a Salles des Ingènieurs. Zaman Brussels an gudanar da su a Palais Mondial. Majalisar ta haɗu a ranar 28 da 29 ga Agusta a Central Hall tare da kimanin mutane 113 da wakilai 41.

 Sakamako 
Jaridar da ke yankin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya na Gold Coast ta yi Allah wadai da dukkanin Majalisar 1921. Jaridar Belgian ta nuna Garvey da alaƙa da UNIA da Majalisar saboda "fargabar rikici a Kongo". Wannan ya haifar da tsoro a tsakanin 'yan kasuwa da gwamnati a Brussels cewa Majalisar za ta zama taron tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda zai ba da shawarar kifar da mulkin mallaka. Panda Farnana har ma ya yi ƙoƙarin kai ƙarar jaridar, L'Avenir Colonial Belge, zuwa kotu don "gurɓata da ɓata sunan Majalisar Pan-African." Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya sa da yawa a Brussels su ga taron a matsayin "taron masu tayar da zaune tsaye waɗanda, kamar shugabansu Marcus Garvey, suna so su 'yantar da Afirka daga mulkin Turai." Duk da haka, Garvey ya ga Majalisar a matsayin wani ɗan wasa kuma ya yi Allah wadai da shi da Du Bois da babbar murya da kuma a bainar jama'a.

 Wakilai 
 Anna J. Cooper.
 Addie E. Dillard.
 Amy Jacques Garvey.
 George Rubin Hutto, Amurka.
 Rayford Logan, Amurka.
 Albert Marryshow, Grenada.

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba