Yankunan Turai a Arewacin Afirka kafin 1830

Yankunan Turai a Arewacin Afirka (a zahiri 'semi-enclaves') sun kasance garuruwa, da suke da wuraren kasuwanci a bakin tekun Bahar Rum da Atlantic na yammacin Arewacin Afirka, wanda wasu lokuta ake kira "Maghreb"), wanda wasu iko na Turai suka samu a cikin lokacin kafin su sami ikon soja don mamaye ciki (watau kafin nasarar Faransa ta Aljeriya a cikin 1830). An kafa yankuna na farko na zamani a cikin karni na 11 AZ ta Masarautar Italiya ta Sicily da Jamhuriyar Maritime; Spain da Portugal sune manyan ikon Turai da ke da hannu; duka Faransa da, a takaice, Ingila suma suna da kasancewar. Yawancin waɗannan yankuna an kwashe su a ƙarshen karni na 18, kuma a yau kawai mallakar Mutanen Espanya na Ceuta, Melilla, da Plazas de soberanía sun kasance.

 Abubuwan Italiya da Sicilian 
A kusa da shekara ta 1000, ƙananan yankuna na 'yan kasuwa sun fara bayyana a Arewacin Afirka daga Jamhuriyar Amalfi da Jamhuriyar Pisa. A cikin 1133, Pisa ta tattauna yarjejeniyar kasuwanci tare da Almoravids, kamar yadda Genoa ya yi kimanin shekaru biyar bayan haka. Yayin da ikon Almoravid ya raunana, Jamhuriyar Maritime ta kara ƙarfin zuciya kuma Pisa ta yi ƙoƙari ta kwace tsibirin Balearic a cikin 1114  A cikin 1134, shekara guda kawai bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci tare da Bejaia, Genoa ta kai hari kan birnin kafin ta aika da rundunar jiragen ruwa tare da Pisa don kwace Annaba a cikin 1136.Silvia Orvietani Busch (2001), Medieval Mediterranean Ports: The Catalan and Tuscan Coasts, 1100 to 1235 (BRILL, ), pp.207–211 Pisans da kansu sun kai hari Tabarka a cikin 1140. Wadannan shirye-shiryen Italiyanci sun mayar da hankali musamman kan samun iko da cinikin murjani mai riba. Akwai rubuce-rubuce na yankin bakin teku na Marsacares (a yau El Kala)  yana ƙarƙashin ikon, a lokuta daban-daban, na Pisa  kuma daga baya, Genoa.

Zuwan Norman a Italiya ya haifar da sake mamaye Sicily (1061-1091).  Roger II na Sicily ya fadada yankunansa ta hanyar karbar Djerba a cikin 1135. An biyo bayan kwace wasu biranen bakin teku na Tunisia, wanda ya haifar da kafa wani ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda wani lokacin ake kira Masarautar Norman ta Afirka.

Bayan kwashewar Mahdia a cikin 1160, Norman sun daina sarrafa duk wani wuri a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka. A cikin 1284 sabon mai mulkin Aragon na Sicily, Frederick III, ya sake mamaye Djerba kuma ya riƙe shi har zuwa 1333 .  Manfredi Chiaramonte ne ya sake dawo da shi zuwa Sicily, wanda ya zama ubangijin tsibirin, kuma ya kwace Tsibirin Kerkennah. Sojojin Sicilian sun bar tsibirin a cikin 1392, shekara bayan Chiaramonte ya mutu.

Bayan wannan, mallakar Italiya kawai a Arewacin Afirka ta kasance ta Genoa, wanda ke riƙe da Jijel (Algeria) da Tabarka (Tunisia), yana riƙe da ƙarshen daga 1540 zuwa 1742. 

Daga Yamma zuwa Gabas:

 Jijel (Djidjelli) (a lokaci-lokaci kafin 1514) 
 Mers el-Kharez (Marsacares) a yau El Kala (karni na 11 zuwa 12) 
 Tabarka (Tabarca) (1540-1742) 
 Masarautar Norman ta Afirka (1148-1160) 
 Djerba (Gerba) (1135-1158, 1284-1333, 1389-1392) 

 Abubuwan Portuguese 
Kasancewar Portuguese a Arewacin Afirka ya samo asali ne daga mulkin Sarki João I wanda ya jagoranci cin nasarar Ceuta a cikin 1415.  kuma ya ci gaba har sai an watsar da El Jadida a shekara ta 1769. Yankunan, galibi a bakin tekun Atlantika na Maroko, an san su a Portugal da "Algarve-Beyond-the-Sea" ('Algarve de Além-Mar'), ko Algarve na Afirka,  ya bambanta da "Algarve na Turai".

Paparoma Martin V ya amince da karbar Ceuta a matsayin yaƙi. Kasancewar birnin bai kawo fa'idodi na tattalin arziki ga Portugal ba duk da haka, yayin da kasuwanci kawai ya koma wasu biranen yankin. Dangane da haka, magajin João Sarki Duarte ya yi ƙoƙari ya karɓi Tangier a cikin 1437, amma bai iya yin hakan ba. Ba har sai mulkin ɗan Duarte Afonso V ba ne Portugal ta sami damar fadada dukiyarta a Arewacin Afirka, ta ɗauki Ksar es-Seghir a cikin 1458 da Arcila a cikin 1471. Ya kuma sake karbar Tangier, amma bai iya riƙe shi ba.[18] An san Afonso da sunan o Africano (Afirka) saboda nasarorin da ya samu, kuma shi ne mai mulkin Portugal na farko da ya dauki taken 'Sarkin Portugal da Algarves a wannan gefen da kuma bayan teku a Afirka'. A cikin 1486 magajinsa Joao II ya kwace kuma ya karfafa El Jadida (Mazagan) yayin da Portuguese suka ci gaba da tafiyarsu ta kudu zuwa Guinea. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya yarda da mika wuya ga gwamnan Safi.

Sauran nasarorin Portuguese a Maroko sun sami nasarar sarki Manuel I - Agadir, Essaouira da Azemmour.[23] An sake dawo da El Jadida bayan asarar da ta gabata, kuma a cikin 1508 an kafa mulkin kai tsaye a kan Safi. An kama Mehdya a shekara ta 1515, kodayake an rasa shi ba da daɗewa ba a shekara ta 1541. Tsohon sansanin 'yan fashi a Anfa, wanda Portuguese suka lalata a 1468, kafin su sake zama da kuma karfafa shi a 1515, ya zama sananne da "Casa Branca", saboda haka, a ƙarshe, Casablanca.

A lokacin Joao III, daular Portugal ta fadada a duniya. A cikin wannan mahallin, riƙewa ko watakila fadada dukiya a Maroko ba ta da jan hankali na tattalin arziki kuma tana da alama ba za a iya jurewa ba a cikin sharuddan soja. A shekara ta 1541 Agadir ya fada hannun Yarima Saadi Moulay Muhammad, kuma a wannan shekarar, Portugal ta rasa Safi da Azamor. A shekara ta 1550, sun ci gaba da rasa Ksar es-Seghir da Arcila.[34]

A shekara ta 1577 Sebastian I na Portugal ya sami damar sake mamaye Arcila, kodayake Mai mulkin Saadi Almanzor ya karbe shi a shekara ta 1589. Duk da haka bala'in Sebastian a Maroko ya kashe shi kuma ya kawo karshen zamanin fadada Portuguese. Lalle ne, ya haifar da lalacewar jihar Portuguese mai zaman kanta tsakanin 1580 da 1640. 

A shekara ta 1640 Portugal ta sake samun 'yancin kanta, amma Ceuta ta zaɓi ta kasance tare da Spain, yanayin da aka amince da shi a hukumance a Yarjejeniyar Lisbon (1668) . Bayan wannan Portugal ta riƙe yankuna uku kawai a Arewacin Afirka - Tangier, Casablanca da El Jadida . An ba da Tangier ga Ingila a cikin 1661 a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Aure a matsayin wani ɓangare na sadaki na Catherine na Braganza, kuma an watsar da Casablanca bayan girgizar ƙasar Lisbon ta 1755. A karkashin kewaye da Muhammad III, an kwashe El Jadida a ranar 10 ga Maris 1769, wanda ya kawo karshen kasancewar Portuguese a Arewacin Afirka. 

Daga Yamma zuwa Gabas:

 Agadir (Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué) (1505-1541) 
 Essaouira (Mogador) (1506-1525) 
 Souira Guedima (Aguz) (1506-1525) 
 Safi (Safim) (1488-1541) 
 Jadida (Mazagão) (1486-1769) 
 Azemmour (Azamor) (1513-1541) 
 Casablanca (Anfa / Casa Branca) (1515-1755) 
 Asilah (Arzila) (1471-1550 da 1577-1589) 
 Tangier (Tànger) (1471-1661) 
 Ksar es-Seghir (Alcácer-Ceguer) (1458-1550) 
 Ceuta (1415-1640) 

 Abubuwan Mutanen Espanya 
Bayan sun kama Granada a cikin 1492, Sarakunan Katolika na Spain sun so su faɗaɗa Reconquista a fadin Straits na Gibraltar . 
Bayan sun sami Tsibirin Canary daga bakin tekun Maroko a cikin 1496, sun ɗauki manyan gadaje da yawa a kan ƙasar Afirka, na farko Melilla (1497), sannan Cazaza da Mers El Kébir (1505). Tsakanin 1508 da 1510 sun faɗaɗa yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsu a ko'ina, suna ɗaukar Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508), sannan kuma manyan biranen bakin teku - Oran (1509), Algiers (1510), Bejaia (1510) da Tripoli (1510) da kewayenta a bakin tekun Libya. Spain duk da haka ba ta da hanyar soja don fadada yankin mulkinta. Wannan iyakantaccen nasara ya sa sarakunan musulmai na yankin a Arewacin Afirka su ƙarfafa Oruç Reis ya kai hari kan matsayin Mutanen Espanya da kuma kai hare-hare a kan Andalucia, Valencia da Alicante. A shekara ta 1516, shekarar da Sarki Ferdinand ya mutu, Oruç ya kama Algiers kuma ya kori Mutanen Espanya.

Wanda ya gaji Ferdinand Sarkin sarakuna Charles V ya yi niyyar sake dawo da Algiers kuma ya kawo karshen barazanar fashi da Oruç ta kawo. Charles ya sauka a Oran, kuma sojojin Spain sun kashe Oruç a Tlemcen a shekara ta 1518.  Koyaya Charles bai iya riƙe iko da yankunan da ya karbe ba, kuma ɗan'uwan Oruç Hayreddin Barbarossa ya sami kariya daga Daular Ottoman ta hanyar sanya Algiers a ƙarƙashinsa.

A lokacin da Philip II na Spain ya hau gadon sarauta na Portugal a cikin 1580 da kuma na Spain, duk mallakar Mutanen Espanya a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka sun riga sun ɓace, ban da Melilla, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, da Oran-Mers El Kébir (Mazalquivir)  yayin da Ceuta, Tangier, Arcila da El Jadida ne kawai suka rage daga yankunan Portuguese. Kodayake Philip III na Spain ya sami Larache (1610) da La Mamora (1614) a Maroko, tasowa na Daular Alaouite ya haifar da asarar tsoffin dukiya da yawa ga mulkin musulmi. Bayan mutuwar Moulay Ismail (1672-1727), yankunan da suka rage a Spain sune Ceuta (wanda aka samu daga Portugal a 1640), Melilla, Tsibirin Alhucemas (wanda aka mamaye a 1673) da Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera .
Mai mulkin Bourbon na farko na Spain Philip V ya so ya sake kafa ikon Mutanen Espanya a bakin tekun Aljeriya, kuma a cikin 1732 ya aika da balaguro wanda ya sake karbar Oran da Mers El Kebir. Biranen sun kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mutanen Espanya har sai girgizar ƙasa ta lalata su duka a cikin 1790.  Mutanen Espanya sun kwashe shi a farkon shekara ta 1792 kuma ya sake zama ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman.

 Daha-linkid="215" href="./Dakhla,_Western_Sahara" id="mwAaQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dakhla, Western Sahara">Dakhla (Dajla, tsohon Villa Cisneros) (1502) 
 Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (daga baya Puerto Cansado) (1510-1644) 
 Mehdya (La Mamora) (1614-1681) 
 Larache (1610-1689) da Asilah (, c. 1604-1691) (duka kuma suna cikin ɓangaren kariya na Mutanen Espanya na Maroko 1912-1956) 
 Ceuta (tun daga shekara ta 1640) 
 Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508-1522; tun 1564) 
 Tsibirin Alhucemas (tun daga shekara ta 1559) 
 Cazaza (1505-1533) 
 Melilla (tun daga shekara ta 1497) 
 Honaine (Hunaín) (1531-1535) 
 Tekun El Kébir (Mazalquivir) (1505-1708, 1732-1792) 
 Oran (1509-1708, 1732-1791) 
 Peñón na Algiers (1510-1529) 
 Algiers (Algiers) (1510-1516) 
 Bejaia (Bugia) (1510-1555) 
 Annaba (Bona) (1535-1540) 
 Bizerte (Bizerta) (1535-1573) 
 La Goleta (1535-1574) 
 Tunis (Túnez) (1573-1574) (mai kariya ta Spain daga 1535 zuwa 1569 bayan yakin 1535) 
 Sousse (Susa) (1537-1574) 
 Masallaci (1550-1554) 
 Mahdiya (1550-1553) 
 Djerba (Yerba) (1521-1524 da 1559-1560) 
 Tripoli (1510-1530; sannan aka ba da shi ga Knights Hospitaller, a ƙarshe ya ɓace a 1551) 

 Abubuwan Faransanci 
Haɗin gwiwar Franco-Ottoman na 1536 ya kafa yanayin ga mallakar Faransa ta farko a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka. A cikin 1550 Dey na Algiers, Turgut Reis, ya ba da damar kamun kifi a bakin tekun Massacares, kusa da Annaba, ga Tomasino Lenche (c.1510-1568), ɗan kasuwa na Marseille. A shekara mai zuwa, Henry II na Faransa ya ba shi irin wannan iko (wanda Charles IX ya sabunta a 1560). Sultan Selim II ya ba Faransa izinin kasuwanci a kan tashar jiragen ruwa na Malfacarel, la Calla (El Kala), Collo, Cap Rose (Cap Rosa) da Bone (Annaba). A shekara ta 1552 an ba Lenche izini don gina kasancewar Faransanci na farko a bakin tekun, sansanin da aka sani da 'Bastion de France'. 

Tomasino Lenche ya kammala ginin Bastion de France a cikin 1560 kuma ya kafa Kamfanin Magnificent Coral (la Magnifique Compagnie du Corail) don cinikin albarkatun bakin teku.[1] Daga wannan tushe, ba da daɗewa ba Tomasino ya bambanta zuwa sayar da bindigogi, foda da sauran makamai ga Dey. Duk da haka, arzikin Lenches ya jawo hankalin Algiers, wanda ya kwace Bastion a shekara ta 1564. Lenche ya sami damar sake kafa kansa a can bayan wani lokaci, amma a watan Yunin 1604, sojoji daga Annaba sun rushe Bastion de France tare da taimakon jiragen ruwa daga Algiers da raïs Mourad ya aiko.[2] Daga bisani aka mayar da sansanin ga Lenches bayan shigar da Henry IV na Faransa. An sake kai wani hari na Aljeriya a shekara ta 1615, amma a shekara mai zuwa kyaftin din Jacques Vinciguerra ya sake tabbatar da ikon Lenche. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1619, Tomaso II Lenche ya sayar da haƙƙinsa ga bastion ga Charles, Duke na Guise.
Bayan kusan shekaru goma, a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1628,  , magajin Lenche, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci tare da Algiers kuma ya farfado da wuraren kasuwanci a Annaba, La Calle da Bastion de France.[it] Kazalika da girbi murjani, ya kuma bude wani wurin kasuwanci da ke sayar da alkama a Cap Rosa .  A shekara ta 1631 Louis XIII ya nada Napollon gwamna na Bastion, ya sa daga baya ya zama mallakar kambi maimakon na Duke na Guise. Koyaya an kashe Napollon a lokacin wani hari na Genoese a cikin 1633, kuma a cikin 1637 wani jirgin ruwa na Aljeriya a ƙarƙashin Ali Bitchin ya kwace kuma ya lalata duk wuraren kasuwanci na Faransa da na bakin teku.

A shekara ta 1664, Louis na sha huɗu ya kafa balaguro (wanda aka sani da balaguron Djidjelli) don karɓar birnin Jijel kuma ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushe game da fashi. An kama birnin, amma bayan da suka rike shi na watanni uku kawai, Faransanci sun janye, sun watsar da shi. A cikin 1682 kuma a cikin 1683 Admiral Duquesne ya jefa bam a Algiers a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin Faransa game da fashi, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1684 Dey na Algiers ya sanya hannu kan sabon yarjejeniya tare da de Tourville . An tabbatar da mallakar Faransanci na Bastion de France na tsawon shekaru 100, kuma an dawo da haƙƙoƙin da suka gabata a La Calle, Cap Rose, Annaba, da Béjaïa.

Yarjejeniyar 1684 ta kuma sauya waɗannan haƙƙoƙin daga Napollon zuwa M. Denis Dussault, kafin, a ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a cikin 1690, an ba da duk haƙƙoƙi a cikin waɗannan izini ga Kamfanin Afirka na Faransa.[1] Kamfanin Afirka na Faransa nan da nan ya watsar da Bastion kuma ya kafa kasuwancinsa a la Calle, inda ya ci gaba da aiki har sai an rufe shi a cikin shekara ta 1799. A cikin 1807 Dey na Algiers ya ba da duk tsoffin haƙƙin Faransa don wuraren kasuwanci da tushe ga Ƙasar Ingila, kuma ba a mayar da su ga Faransa ba har sai Majalisa ta Vienna. A lokacin rikicin diflomasiyya na 1827 tsakanin Algiers da Faransa, Faransanci sun watsar da la Calle, kuma Aljeriyawa sun lalata shi da sauri. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance farkon nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya a cikin 1830

 Abubuwan Ingilishi 
Portugal ta ba da Tangier (1661-1684) ga Ingila a matsayin wani ɓangare na sadaki ga Catherine na Braganza lokacin da ta auri Charles II na Ingila. Koyaya ƙauyen yana da tsada don karewa da ƙarfafawa daga hare-haren Moulay Ismail kuma bai ba da fa'idar kasuwanci ko soja ga Ingila ba. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1684 an kai sojojin Ingila gida, an rushe ganuwar, kuma an lalata kwayar da ke cikin tashar jiragen ruwa.

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