Sadarwar a Kwamfuta (Computer Networking)

Sadarwar kwamfuta tarin kwamfutoci ne da wasu na'urori kamar firintoci da wayoyin salula masu hankali (smartphones) da ke sadarwa da juna. A zamanin yau, kusan dukkan kwamfutoci suna da alaƙa da wani nau’in sadarwar kwamfuta ko dai ta hanyar Intanet ta duniya, ko kuma ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa da ke cikin wasu na’urori kamar motoci na zamani. Aikace-aikace da dama ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata sai an haɗa su da sadarwar kwamfuta. A farkon zuwan kwamfuta, haɗin kai tsakanin na’urori ya kasance ƙalilan. Amma wataƙila tarihin sadarwar kwamfuta ya fara ne tun shekarar 1940, lokacin da George Stibitz ya haɗa wani na’ura (terminal) a jami’ar Dartmouth da na’urar lissafi ta Complex Number Calculator da ke Bell Labs a birnin New York.
Domin na’urori da kwamfutoci su iya sadarwa da juna, dole ne a haɗa su ta hanyar wani abu na zahiri da ke iya watsar da bayani. An kirkiro fasahohi daban-daban don wannan hanya, ciki har da igiyoyin ƙarfe (copper cables) da zaren haske (optical fiber) da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa mara igiya kamar siginar rediyo (radio-frequency). Kwamfutoci na iya haɗuwa da wannan hanyar sadarwa ta siffofi daban-daban da ake kira tsarin sadarwa (network topology).

Don cimma sadarwa tsakanin kwamfutoci a kan hanyar sadarwa, sai an yi amfani da wasu ƙa’idoji da aka yarda da su wato dokokin sadarwa (communication protocols), komai irin hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita.

Cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta na iya ƙunsar Kwamfuta ta kai (personal computer), Saba, kayan aikin sadarwa (networking hardware) ko wasu na’urori na musamman ko na gama-gari da ake kira masu masaukin sadarwa (hosts). Ana gane waɗannan na’urori ta amfani da adireshin cibiyar sadarwa (network address), kuma wasu na’urar na iya samun sunan masauki (hostname). Wannan suna yana aiki a matsayin suna mai sauƙin tunawa ga kowanne ƙwaya (node) a cibiyar sadarwa, kuma sau da yawa ba a canza shi bayan an fara amfani da shi.
Adireshin cibiyar sadarwa na da matukar muhimmanci wajen gano da gano matsuguni na kowanne ƙwaya a cikin sadarwar, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa’idojin sadarwa irin su Ka’idojin Intanet (Internet Protocol).

Ana iya rarraba cibiyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta bisa wasu ƙa’idoji da dama, ciki har da irin hanyar watsar da sigina (transmission medium) da aka yi amfani da ita, iyakar bayanin da take iya ɗauka (bandwidth), dokokin sadarwa (communication protocols) da ke tsara zirga-zirgar bayanai (network traffic), girman cibiyar sadarwar, tsarin haɗin ta (topology), hanyoyin ƙuntata zirga-zirga (traffic control mechanisms), da kuma manufar ƙungiyar da ta kafa cibiyar sadarwar.
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