Tarihin Kamaru

A kan hanyoyin Afirka ta Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya, yankin da ke yanzu Kamaru ya ga mazaunin ɗan adam tun wani lokaci a Tsakiyar Paleolithic, mai yiwuwa ba daga baya ba shekaru 130,000 da suka gabata ba. Shaidar archaeological na farko da aka gano game da mutane ya kasance daga kimanin shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata a Shum Laka. Yankunan Bamenda a yammacin Kamaru kusa da iyakar Najeriya suna daya daga cikin yiwuwar asalin Mutanen Bantu, wanda harshensu da al'adunsu suka mamaye mafi yawan tsakiyar da kudancin Afirka tsakanin 1000 CE" KZ da 1000 AZ.

'Yan kasuwa na Turai sun isa a karni na goma sha biyar kuma Kamaru ita ce sunan da Portuguese suka ba Kogin Wouri, wanda suka kira Rio dos Camarões - "kogin shrimps" ko "koginshrimp", yana nufin shrimp na fatalwa na Kamaru mai yawa a lokacin. Kamaru ta kasance tushen bayi don Cinikin bayi. Yayinda arewacin Kamaru ke ƙarƙashin rinjaye daga masarautun Islama a cikin kwarin Chadi da Sahel, ƙananan sarakuna, sarakuna, da fons ne suka mallaki kudu.

Kamaru a matsayin wata kungiya ta siyasa ta fito ne daga mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Turawa suka yi. Daga 1884, Kamaru ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Jamus, Kamerun na Jamus, tare da iyakokinta da aka zana ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin Jamus, Burtaniya, da Faransanci. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko, Ƙungiyar Al'ummai ta ba da umarnin Faransa ta gudanar da mafi yawan yankin, tare da Ƙasar Ingila da ke gudanar da karamin yanki a yamma. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, magajin League of Nations, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kafa tsarin amintattu, ta bar Faransa da Burtaniya a cikin iko da yankunansu, Kamaru ta Faransa da Kamaru ta Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1960, Kamaru ta sami 'yanci tare da wani ɓangare na Kamaru na Burtaniya da ke jefa kuri'a don shiga tsohuwar Kamaru ta Faransa. Kamaru tana da shugabanni biyu kawai tun lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai kuma yayin da aka halatta jam'iyyun adawa a shekarar 1990 jam'iyya daya ce kawai ta taba mulki. Kamaru ta ci gaba da dangantaka ta kusa da Faransa kuma ta haɗa kai da siyasa da tattalin arziki na Yamma a duk lokacin Yakin Cold da kuma cikin karni na ashirin da daya. Wannan daidaituwa ya ba Kamaru suna a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe masu zaman kansu a yankin. A cikin 2017, tashin hankali tsakanin 'yan Kamaru masu magana da harshen Ingilishi a tsohuwar yankin Burtaniya da gwamnatin da ke da harshen Inganci ta haifar da yakin basasa da ke gudana da ake kira Anglophone Crisis a yammacin kasar, yayin da masu tayar da kayar baya na Islama Boko Haram ke ci gaba da gudanar da hare-haren soja da ta'addanci a arewacin kasar.

A watan Janairun 2024, Kamaru ta ƙaddamar da shirin rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro na yau da kullun na farko a duniya, ta amfani da allurar rigakafin RTS,S da aka amince da ita ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) wanda kamfanin sayar da magunguna na Burtaniya GSK ya kirkira. Shirin yana da niyyar ceton dubban rayukan yara na Afirka a kowace shekara. Duk da wasu shakku, masana kiwon lafiya suna jaddada yaduwar al'umma don yaki da jinkirin rigakafin da kuma jaddada muhimmancin amfani da matakan rigakafin yanzu tare da allurar rigakafi.Lavachery, Philippe (2001) The Holocene Archaeological Sequence of Shum Laka Rock Shelter (Grasslands, Western Cameroon). African Archaeological Review 18(4):213-247.

Cornelissen, Els (2003) On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon). African Archaeological Review 20(1):1-24.

Lavachery, Philippe; MacEachern, Scott; Bouimon, Tchago; Mbida Minzie, Cristophe (2010). Komé - Kribi: Rescue Archaeology Along the Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline, 1999-2004. Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna Verlag. ISBN 978-3937248141.

Hudgens & Trillo (1999), p. 1051.

DeLancey & DeLancey (2000), p. 237.

DeLancey & DeLancey (2000), p. 237; Walker (2011).

Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Background Note: Cameroon". U.S. State Department. May 2002. Archived from the original on June 6, 2002.

Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, Kamerun !, La Découverte, 2019

DeLancey and DeLancey 125.

 Tarihin mulkin mallaka 

 Tarihi na farko 
Binciken archaeological ya kasance mai ƙarancin gaske a Kamaru saboda rashin albarkatu da kayan aikin sufuri. A tarihi, yanayin zafi, mai laushi a sassa da yawa na kasar an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da kyau ga adana ragowar, amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan da gabatar da sabbin dabarun sun kalubalanci wannan zaton. Shaidar daga tonowa a Shum Laka a Yankin Arewa maso Yamma ta nuna aikin ɗan adam wanda ya fara da shekaru 30,000  yayin da yake cikin gandun daji masu yawa na kudu, shaidar da ta fi tsufa ta zama kusan shekaru 7,000.  Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a kudancin Kamaru ya nuna cewa Iron Age na iya fara ne a can tun farkon 1000 KZ kuma tabbas an kafa shi sosai a 100 KZ a baya.

Binciken harshe, wanda bincike na archaeological da kwayoyin halitta ya goyi bayan, ya nuna cewa fadada Bantu, jerin ƙaura da suka yada al'adun Bantu a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu, mai yiwuwa sun samo asali ne a cikin tsaunuka a kan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru a kusa da 1000 KZ. Harsunan Bantu sun bazu tare da waɗannan mutane tare da hanyoyin noma da yiwuwar kayan aikin ƙarfe, da farko gabas sannan kudu, suna samar da ɗayan manyan iyalan harsuna a Afirka. A Kamaru, mutanen Bantu sun fice da Pygmies na Afirka ta Tsakiya kamar Baka, wadanda mafarauta ne kuma yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin ƙananan adadi a cikin gandun daji mai yawa a kudu maso gabas. Duk da cewa Kamaru ita ce asalin asalin mutanen Bantu, manyan masarautun Bantu na zamani sun tashi a wasu wurare, kamar abin da ke yanzu Kenya, Congo, Angola, da Afirka ta Kudu.

 Arewacin Kamaru 
Al'adun da aka fi sani da su da suka bar alamun kasancewarsu a yankin Kamaru na zamani an san su da wayewar Sao. An san su da zane-zane na terracotta da tagulla da zagaye, ƙauyuka masu ganuwa a cikin Tafkin Chadi, ba a san komai ba saboda rashin tarihin tarihi. Wataƙila al'adun sun tashi ne tun farkon ƙarni na huɗu KZ amma tabbas, a ƙarshen ƙarni na farko KZ, kasancewarsu ta kafu sosai a kusa da Tafkin Chadi da kusa da Kogin Chari. Birnin-jihohin Sao sun kai ga mafi girma a wani lokaci tsakanin ƙarni na tara da goma sha biyar AD. An kori Sao ko kuma an daidaita su a karni na sha shida.

Bayan nasarar musulmi a Arewacin Afirka a cikin 709, tasirin Islama ya fara yaduwa kudu tare da ci gaban cinikayya ta Sahara, gami da abin da ke yanzu arewacin Kamaru. Daular Kanem-Bornu ta fara ne a cikin abin da ke yanzu Chadi kuma mai yiwuwa ta shiga rikici da Sao. Daular Kanem ta fara ne a Chadi a karni na takwas kuma a hankali ta fadada tasirin ta zuwa arewa zuwa Libya da kudu zuwa Najeriya da Kamaru. Bayin daga hare-hare a kudu sune babban kasuwancin su tare da gishiri da aka haƙa. Daular musulmi ce daga akalla karni na goma sha ɗaya kuma ta kai matsayi na farko a cikin 13th, tana sarrafa mafi yawan abin da ke yanzu Chadi da ƙananan yankuna a cikin ƙasashe da ke kewaye. Bayan wani lokaci na rashin kwanciyar hankali na ciki, cibiyar iko ta koma Bornu tare da babban birninta a Ngazargamu, a cikin abin da ke yanzu arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, kuma an sake samun yankin a hankali kuma an ci sabon yankin a Nijar na yanzu. Daular ta fara raguwa a karni na goma sha bakwai kodayake ta ci gaba da sarrafa yawancin arewacin Kamaru.

 Yankunan Kudancin 
Daular musulmi ta Sahara da Sahel ba ta kai kudu ba fiye da tsaunuka na Kamaru Line. Daga baya a kudu, akwai ƙananan shaidar archaeological na manyan daular ko mulkoki kuma babu tarihin tarihi saboda rashin rubuce-rubuce a yankin. Lokacin da Portuguese suka isa yankin a karni na goma sha biyar, yawancin sarakuna, sarakuna, da fons sun mallaki kananan yankuna. Yawancin kabilun, musamman masu magana da harsunan Grassfields a yamma, suna da tarihin baki na ƙaura daga kudu da ke tserewa daga mamaye Musulmai, mai yiwuwa yana nufin Yaƙin Fulani da rikice-rikice na gaba a Najeriya da arewacin Kamaru.

Malaria ta hana muhimmiyar matsakaicin Turai ko bincike har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1870, lokacin da manyan kayayyaki na quinine mai hana zazzabin cizon sauro suka zama samuwa. Kasancewar Turai ta farko a Kamaru an sadaukar da ita ne ga cinikin bakin teku da kuma Samun bayi. Yankin bakin tekun Kamaru babban cibiya ne don sayen bayi waɗanda aka kai su fadin Tekun Atlantika zuwa Brazil, Amurka, da Caribbean. A cikin 1807, Birtaniya ta soke bautar a cikin Daular kuma ta fara kokarin soja don murkushe cinikin bayi, musamman a Yammacin Afirka. Haɗe tare da ƙarshen shigo da bayi na doka a Amurka a wannan shekarar, cinikin bayi na duniya a Kamaru ya ragu sosai. Masu wa'azi na Kirista sun kafa kasancewar a ƙarshen karni na sha tara. A wannan lokacin, Ƙungiyar Aro, tana fadada tasirin tattalin arziki da siyasa daga kudu maso gabashin Najeriya zuwa yammacin Kamaru. Koyaya, isowar masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Jamus sun rage ci gabanta da tasirinta.

Kamaru ta sami kulawa ta duniya bayan nasarar da tawagar kwallon kafa ta samu. Kungiyar ta cancanci gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA sau takwas, fiye da kowane ɗayan Afirka. Koyaya, ƙungiyar ta fita daga matakin rukuni sau ɗaya, a cikin 1990, lokacin da suka zama ƙungiyar Afirka ta farko da ta kai kashi huɗu na ƙarshe na Kofin Duniya. Sun kuma lashe Kofin Kasashen Afirka biyar.

 Dubi kuma 

 Ambazonia
 Tarihin Afirka
 Siyasa ta Kamaru
 Jerin shugabannin gwamnatocin Kamaru
 Jerin shugabannin jihohin Kamaru
 Tarihi Douala da jerin lokutajadawalin lokaci
 Tarihi Yaoundé da jerin lokutajadawalin lokaci

 Manazarta 

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