Kayan kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa

Kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya sune Yarjejeniyoyi da sauran matani na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin tushen doka don dokar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa ta duniya da kuma kare haƙƙin ɗanɗano gabaɗaya. Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban da yawa, amma mafi yawansu ana iya rarraba su cikin manyan rukunoni guda biyu: sanarwa, waɗanda hukumomi kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa, waɗanda ke da yanayi na bayyanawa, don haka ba a ɗaure su bisa doka ba ko da yake suna iya zama masu iko a siyasa kuma ana girmama su sosai; kuma sau da yawa suna bayyana ka'idojin jagora; da kuma tarurruka waɗanda aka tsara su zama masu ɗaurewa bisa doka, yawanci sun haɗa da takamaiman harshe, kuma yawanci ana kammala su ta hanyar dogon lokaci wanda ke buƙatar tabbatarwa ta kowace majalisa. Ƙananan sanannun wasu "samarwa" waɗanda suke kama da tarurruka a cikin yarjejeniya ta bangarori da yawa, duk da haka ba za a iya tabbatar da su ba, kuma suna aiki don saita ƙa'idodin gama gari. Hakanan akwai jagororin gudanarwa waɗanda jihohi suka amince da su, da kuma ka'idojin kotuna ko wasu cibiyoyi. Wani takamaiman takardar magani ko ka'ida daga kowane ɗayan waɗannan kayan aiki na duniya na iya, a tsawon lokaci, samun matsayin dokar al'ada ta duniya ko wata jiha ta karɓa ko a'a, kawai saboda an san shi sosai kuma an bi shi tsawon lokaci.

Za'a iya raba kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa zuwa kayan aikin duniya, wanda kowace jiha a duniya za ta iya zama jam'iyya, da kayan aikin yanki, waɗanda aka ƙuntata ga jihohi a wani yanki na duniya.

Yawancin tarurruka da shawarwari (amma ƙananan sanarwa) sun kafa hanyoyin saka idanu da kafa hukumomi don kula da aiwatarwa. A wasu lokuta waɗannan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ƙila suna da ƙarancin ikon siyasa ko hanyoyin shari'a, kuma jihohin membobin na iya watsi da su; a wasu lokuta waɗannan hanyoyin suna da ƙungiyoyi masu iko mai girma na siyasa kuma kusan koyaushe ana aiwatar da yanke shawara. Misali mai kyau na wannan shine Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai.

Hanyoyin saka idanu sun bambanta game da matakin samun dama ga mutum don fallasa shari'o'in cin zarafi da rokon magunguna. A karkashin wasu tarurruka ko shawarwari - misali Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam - ana ba da izini ga mutane ko jihohi, dangane da wasu sharuɗɗa, don ɗaukar shari'o'i na mutum zuwa kotun da ta dace a matakin duniya. Wani lokaci, ana iya yin wannan a kotunan kasa saboda ikon duniya.

Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Alkawari ta Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, da Alkawari na Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu tare da sauran kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa ana kiransu "Bill na' Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya". OHCHR  ce ta gano kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa kuma mafi yawansu ana ambaton su a shafin yanar gizon OHCHR.

 Bayyanawa 

 Duniya 

 Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara 1923
 Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UN, 1948) 
 Sanarwar 'Yancin nakasassu (UN, 1975) 
 Sanarwar kan 'Yancin Ci Gaban (bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka buga a 1979; Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkinobho da aka ayyana a 1986) 
 Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki (Taron Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, 1993) 
 Sanarwar Beijing da Platform for Action (Taron Duniya na huɗu kan Mata, 1995) 
 Sanarwar Ayyuka da Hakki na Dan Adam (UNESCO, 1998) 
 Sanarwar Duniya kan Bambancin Al'adu (UNESCO, 2001) 
 Sanarwar kan 'Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar (UN, 2007) 
 Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da yanayin jima'i da jinsi (UN, 2008) 

 Yankin: Amurka 

 Sanarwar Amurka game da 'Yancin da Ayyukan Mutum (OAS, 1948) 
 Sanarwar Amurka kan 'Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar (OAS, 2016) 

 Yankin: Asiya 

 Sanarwar Ayyuka na asali na Mutanen ASEAN da Gwamnatoci (Kwamitin Yankin kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya, 1983) 
 ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration" id="mwXw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="ASEAN Human Rights Declaration">Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN (ASEAN, 2009) 

 Yankin: Gabas ta Tsakiya 

 Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin Islama (OIC,1990) 

 Taron da aka yi 

 Duniya 
A cewar OHCHR, akwai manyan kayan aikin core hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa 9 da kuma wasu ka'idojin zaɓaɓɓu.

 Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci na launin fata (ICERD, 21 ga Disamba 1965) 
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR, 16 ga Disamba 1966) 
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a, da Al'adu (ICESCR, 16 Disamba 1966) 
 Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW, 18 ga Disamba 1979) 
 Yarjejeniyar da ke adawa da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci (CAT, 10 Disamba 1984) 
 Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara (CRC, 20 Nuwamba 1989) 
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da ke ƙaura da membobin Iyalai (ICMW, 18 Disamba 1990) 
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kare Dukkanin Mutane daga Kashewa (CPED, 20 Disamba 2006) 
 Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa (CRPD, 13 Disamba 2006) 

Akwai wasu kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa. Wasu misalai:

 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kaddamarwa da Hukuncin Laifin wariyar launin fata (ICSPCA) 
 Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da ke ƙaura da membobin Iyalai
 Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar Da ta shafi Matsayi na'Yan Gudun Gudun HijiriYarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira
 Yarjejeniyar kan Rage Rashin Kasuwanci
 Yarjejeniyar kan Rigakafi da Hukuncin Laifin Kisan kare dangi
 Yarjejeniyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da kabilanci, 1989 (ILO 169) 
 Taron HURIDOCS na farko (HURIDO CS, 24 ga Yuli 1982) 
 Yarjejeniyar SOS-Torture (OMCT, 14 ga Afrilu 1983) 

 Yankin: Afirka 

 Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a (Yuni, 1981) 
 Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin da Lafiyar Yara (1990) 
 Yarjejeniyar Maputo (11 ga Yuli 2003) 
 Yarjejeniyar Matasan Afirka (30 ga Yuni, 2006) 
 Yarjejeniyar nakasassu ta Afirka (Yuni 30,2019) 
 Yarjejeniyar Jima'i ta SADC (wanda aka sake fasalin ya fara aiki a shekarar 2018) 

 Yankin: Amurka 

 Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam
 Yarjejeniyar Amurka don hanawa da azabtarwa
 Yarjejeniyar Amurka game da bacewar mutane
 Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan Rigakafi, Hukunce-hukunce, da Ƙaddamar da Cin zarafin Mata
 Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke da nakasa

 Yankin: Turai 

 Yarjejeniyar Hakki na Musamman na Tarayyar Turai
 Yarjejeniyar kan Aiki game da Cin Hanci da Mutane
 Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Kasar
 Yarjejeniyar Turai don Yankin ko Harsunan Ƙananan (ECRML) 
 Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (ECHR) 
 Yarjejeniyar Turai don Rigakafin azabtarwa da Rashin Halitta ko Rashin Hukunci (CPT) 
 Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Turai (ESC), da kuma Yarjejeniyar Harkokin Jama'a da aka sake fasalin
 Yarjejeniyar Tsarin don Kare Ƙananan Ƙasa (FCNM) 

 Yankin: Gabas ta Tsakiya 

 Yarjejeniyar Larabawa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (ACHR) (22 ga Mayu 2004)

 Manazarta 

Mahaɗa
International Human Rights Instruments - U.N. list
International Justice Resource Center News and resources for international human rights law