Shark Island concentration camp

Tsibirin Shark ko "Tsibirin Mutuwa" na ɗaya daga cikin sansanonin taro guda biyar a Afirka ta Kudu ta Yamma. Ya kasance a tsibirin Shark da ke kusa da Lüderitz, a kudu maso yamma na yankin wanda a yau Namibiya.Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler - p. 48 2011The concentration camp at Shark Island off the coastal city of Lüderitz became, for all practical purposes, a death campThe Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazis - p. 220 Casper Erichsen, David Olusoga - 2010Shark Island was a death camp, perhaps the world's firstGenocide: A Comprehensive Introduction - p. 123Adam Jones - 2010 - It created the German word Konzentrationslager[concentration camp] and the twentieth century's first death camp Daular Jamus ta yi amfani da ita a lokacin kisan kare dangi na Herero da Nama a shekarun 1904–08. Tsakanin 1,032 zuwa 3,000 Herero da Nama maza, mata, da yara sun mutu a sansanin a tsakanin watan Maris 1905 da kuma rufe shi a cikin watan Afrilu 1907.The Nature of Heritage: The New South Africa  By Lynn Meskel p. 1872 " the world's first extermination camp on Shark Island"The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa George Steinmetz University of Chicago Press p. 173 15 Sep 2008Possibly the Shark Island Konzentrationslager was the world's first death camp and largely functioned as an extermination centre Presgrave P. H p. 49">   

Tarihi
A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 1904, mutanen Herero sun yi tawaye ga mulkin mallaka na Jamus a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Samuel Maharero. Asalin tawayen Herero ya samo asali ne tun a shekarun 1890 lokacin da ƙabilun da suka zauna a Namibiya suka fuskanci matsin lamba daga yawan mazauna Jamus da ke son ƙasarsu, da shanu, da kuma aikinsu. Abubuwan da suka haɗa da asarar dukiya, ƙaruwar basussuka a yunkurin sake tsugunar da garken da aka bata, ƙarancin albashi a gonakin fararen fata, da rashin daidaiton ƙabilanci ya kara tsananta kiyayya tsakanin Herero da Jamusawa. 

Lokacin da Herero suka yi tawaye, sun kashe mazauna Jamus sama da 100 a kusa da garin Okahandja. Fiye da sojojin Jamus 15,000 a ƙarƙashin umurnin Lothar Von Trotha sun kayar da sojojin Herero a Kogin Waterberg a watan Agustan 1904.

Bayan watanni biyu ne al'ummar Nama suka yi irin wannan tawaye ga Jamusawa 'yan mulkin mallaka. Rikicin al'ada ya hana Herero da Nama haɗewa wuri guda, amma duk da haka ƙungiyoyin biyu sun ci gaba da Kamfen  da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Jamus.

Bayan watsi da manufar Lothar von Trotha na kakkabe Herero a cikin iyakokin Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka ta hanyar hana su shiga ramukan ruwa, hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun ɗauki manufar share daji daga Herero  da fararen hula da 'yan tawaye  tare da kawar da su, ko dai na son rai ko kuma ta hanyar karfi, zuwa sansanonin tattarawa.

Aiki

Kafawa
Kodayake akwai rubuce-rubuce na fursunonin yaƙi na Herero da aka gudanar a Lüderitz Bay tun farkon 1904, nassoshi na farko ga sansanin a tsibirin Shark da canja wurin adadi mai yawa na fursunoni na Herero daga Keetmanshoop a watan Maris na shekara ta 1905.

Tun daga farko, adadi mai yawa na Herero sun mutu a sansanin, tare da maza 59, mata 59 da yara 73 da aka ruwaito sun mutu a ƙarshen watan Mayu 1905. Duk da wannan babban Dajin mace-mace a tsibirin wanda, tare da yanayin sanyi, bai dace da zama ba, musamman ga mutanen da suka saba da bushe, yanayin busassun daji, hukumomin Jamus sun ci gaba da canja mutane daga ciki zuwa tsibirin, saboda rashin abinci a ciki, ammA kuma saboda suna so su yi amfani da fursunoni a matsayin ma'aikata wajen gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa da ke haɗa Lüderitz da Aus.

Yanayi a sansanin
Magana da sauri ta bazu tsakanin Herero game da yanayin da ke sansanin, tare da fursunoni a wasu sassan Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka da aka ruwaito sun kashe kansu maimakon a kore su zuwa Lüderitz saboda labarun mawuyacin yanayi a can a ƙarshen 1905. Saboda sunan sansanin, ba a gaya wa fursunoni inda ake tura su don rage damar tawaye ko tserewa ba.<ref name="OneLongNight"> Cape Argus, jaridar Afirka ta Kudu, ta kuma buga labaran da ke kwatanta mummunan yanayi a sansanin a ƙarshen Satumba 1905. Wani mahayin sufuri, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin wanda aka yi aiki a sansanin a farkon 1905, an nakalto shi yana cewa:

August Kuhlmann na ɗaya daga cikin farar hula na farko da suka ziyarci sansanin. Abin da ya gani ya girgiza shi kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin watan Satumba 1905:Wata mata da ba ta da ƙarfi don rashin lafiya, ta yi rarrafe zuwa ga wasu daga cikin fursunonin don neman ruwa. Sau biyar ya harba mata bindiga. Harbi biyu ya same ta: ɗaya a cinya, ɗayan kuma ya fasa mata gaba... Da dare ta rasu. An samu labarin fyaɗe  da dama da Jamusawa suka yi wa fursunoni a sansanin.  Duk da cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan shari’o’in sun haifar da nasarar hukunta wanda ya aikata laifin inda wani “fararen zakara” ya ɗauki lamarin wanda aka azabtar, akasarin shari’o’in ba a hukunta su. 

Wasu dalilai kamar ƙarancin abinci, cututtuka marasa tsari, da rashin kulawa sun haifar da yawan mace-mace. Fursunonin yawanci suna karɓar ɗimbin shinkafa da ba a dafa ba. Cututtuka irin su typhoid suna yaɗuwa cikin sauri. Fursunonin sun taru a cikin manya-manyan wuraren zama marasa tsafta tare da ƙarancin kulawar lafiya. Ana yawan dukan tsiya yayin da jami'an Jamus sukan yi amfani da sjambok don tilasta wa fursunoni yin aiki.

 Isowar mutanen Nama 
Yayin da Jamusawa da farko suka bi manufar tura mutane daga kudanci zuwa sansanonin taro a arewa, kuma akasin haka,  ma'ana cewa fursunonin Nama galibi suna zuwa sansanonin fursunoni a kusa da birnin Windhoek, a tsakiyar shekarun 1906 Jamusawa a Windhoek sun ƙara damuwa game da kasancewar fursunoni da yawa a cikin birninsu.

Dangane da wannan damuwa, a cikin watan Agustan 1906 Jamusawa sun fara tura fursunonin Nama zuwa tsibirin Shark, suna aika su da motar shanu zuwa Swakopmund sannan ta teku zuwa Lüderitz.  Shugaban Nama, Samuel Isaak, ya nuna rashin amincewa da hakan, yana mai cewa mayar da su zuwa Lüderitz ba ya cikin yarjejeniyar da suka miƙa wuya ga Jamusawa, amma Jamusawan sun yi biris da waɗannan zanga-zangar.  A ƙarshen shekarar 1906, an tsare Nama 2,000 a matsayin fursunoni a tsibirin.

 Aikin tilastawa 
An yi amfani da fursunonin da aka tsare a tsibirin Shark a matsayin ma'aikata a duk lokacin da sansanin ya kasance. Sojojin Jamus Etappenkommando ne suka samar da wannan aikin don amfani da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a duk yankin Lüderitz, suna aiki a kan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa kamar ginin jirgin ƙasa, gina tashar jiragen ruwa, da kuma shimfiɗa da daidaita tsibirin Shark ta hanyar amfani da fashewa. Wannan aiki mai haɗari da jiki ya haifar da rashin lafiya mai yawa da mutuwa tsakanin fursunoni, tare da wani masanin fasaha na Jamus da ke gunaguni cewa ma'aikatan Nama 1,600 masu ƙarfi sun ragu zuwa ƙarfin 30-40 kawai don aiki saboda mutuwar 7-8 da ke faruwa kowace rana a ƙarshen shekarun 1906. Manufofin tilasta aiki a hukumance sun ƙare lokacin da aka soke matsayin fursunonin yaki ga Herero da Nama a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu 1908, kodayake Herero da nama sun ci gaba da aiki a kan ayyukan mulkin mallaka bayan wannan.

Major Ludwig von Estorff ne ya yanke shawarar rufe sansanin, sabon kwamandan Schutztruppe na Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka wanda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da Witbooi (ƙabilar Nama) ta miƙa wuya ga Jamusawa, bayan ziyarar sansanin a farkon shekara ta 1907. Bayan rufe sansanin, an tura fursunoni zuwa wani wuri mai buɗewa kusa da Radford Bay. Yayinda yawan mace-mace har yanzu suna da yawa da farko a cikin sabon sansanin, daga ƙarshe sun ƙi.

 Yawan mutanen da suka mutu 
Ba a san ainihin adadin waɗanda suka mutu a sansanin ba. Wani rahoto daga Ofishin mulkin mallaka na Jamus ya kiyasta 7,682 Herero da 2,000 Nama sun mutu a duk sansanoni a Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka,  wanda wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci ya mutu a tsibirin Shark. Wani jami'in soja a sansanin ya kiyasta 1,032 daga cikin fursunoni 1,795 da aka tsare a sansanin a watan Satumbar 1906 bayan sun mutu, an kiyasta cewa a ƙarshe 245 ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan fursunoni suka tsira. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1906, matsakaicin fursunoni 8.5 sun mutu kowace rana. Ya zuwa watan Maris 1907, bisa ga bayanan da suka wanzu, fursunonin Nama 1,203 sun mutu a tsibirin. An kiyasta yawan mutanen da suka mutu a sansanin ya kai 3,000. Haɗe da mutuwar tsakanin fursunoni da aka tsare a wasu wurare a Lüderitz bay, jimlar na iya wucewa 4,000.

Yawancin waɗannan fursunoni sun mutu ta hanyar cututtukan da za a iya hanawa kamar typhoid da scurvy da suka ƙara da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan aiki da kuma yanayin rashin tsabta a sansanonin.

 Gwajin likita 
A cikin shekarar 1906, likita Eugen Fischer, daga baya sanannen masanin kimiyya na Nazi, ya gudanar da bincike a kan kwanyar fursunoni da suka mutu  da kuma fursunoni tare da scurvy na Dokta Bofinger. A shekara ta 2001 an dawo da wasu daga cikin waɗannan kawunan daga cibiyoyin Jamus zuwa Namibia. An tilasta wa matan da aka kama su tafasa kawunan fursunonin da suka mutu (wasu daga cikinsu wataƙila danginsu ne ko sanannunsu) kuma su kwashe ragowar fatarsu da idanunsu da gutsuttsarin gilashi, suna shirya su don jarrabawar jami'o'in Jamus. An yi wannan aikin a sansanin a Swakopmund, kuma likitocin Jamus ne suka gudanar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen don haɓaka ka'idodin tseren su game da kusanci na juyin halitta na baƙar fata na Afirka ga birai.

 Dubi kuma 

 Jamusanci ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka
 Yaƙe-yaƙe na Herero
 Kisan kiyashi na Herero da Namaqua
 Kayan Bincike: Max Planck Society Archive

 Manazarta 

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