Taron Yaki da Bauta Brussels 1889-90

An gudanar da taron Brussels Anti-Slavery na 1889-1890 daga 18 ga Nuwamba 1889 zuwa 2 ga Yuli 1890 a Brussels kuma an kammala shi tare da karɓar Dokar Taron Brussels ta 1890 akan haramta cinikin bayi da bautar a Afirka. Taron ya goyi bayan Manufofin mulkin mallaka, wanda aka tabbatar da gardamar adawa da bautar. Wannan taron da asalinsa an tsara su ne da farko ta hanyar sha'awar ƙasa. Gwamnatoci sun biya sabis na baki ga manufofin jin kai don halatta manufofin mulkin mallaka.

 Tarihi 

 Sarki Leopold da Ƙasar Kwango 
Leopold II, Sarkin Belgium mai ƙishirwa  ya yi nadama game da ƙuntatawa na iko da matsayinsa na masarautar tsarin mulki ya ɗora masa.  Don haka ya fara aikin sassaka cikakken mulkin kansa a Afirka, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar Congo Free State .  Leopold ya sami damar kwace yankin ta hanyar shawo kan wasu jihohin Turai a Taron Berlin kan Afirka cewa yana da hannu a aikin jin kai da taimakon jama'a kuma ba zai biya haraji ba. Ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kongo, ya sami damar da'awar mafi yawan Kogin Kongo. Jihar Congo Free ta yi aiki a matsayin wata al'umma daban daga Belgium, a cikin hadin kai tare da Sarkinta. Leopold II ne ke sarrafa shi a matsayin mai zaman kansa, kodayake bai taba ziyartar jihar ba.

 Yakin Lavigerie game da bautar 
A lokacin Scramble for Africa a tsakiyar shekarun 1880, duk da alkawuran jin kai na Taron Kolonial na Berlin, manyan damuwar ikon mulkin mallaka sun kasance yanki da tattalin arziki. Wannan ya canza a cikin 1888. A cikin manyan jawabai a Paris da London, Kadanal Charles Lavigerie, wanda ya Kaddada da yaƙi da Bautar, ya yi tir da mummunar Cinikin bayi na Tekun Indiya, musamman Cinikin bayi na Zanzibar. Ya bukaci a dauki mataki nan take a matsayin 'yan bindiga na kasa da kasa na masu sa kai don yaki da cinikin bayi a Gabashin Afirka.

Leopold II ya bi yawon shakatawa na Lavigerie da hankali. Ya damu musamman game da shirye-shiryen aika da 'yan bindiga masu zaman kansu na duniya. Bayan haka, wannan na iya nufin cin nasarar Congo. Irin wannan rundunar soja, ya ji, za a iya tabbatar da ita ne kawai idan ta kasance a karkashin jagorancin gwamnatin Kongo. Leopold ya kuma ji tsoron cewa Lavigerie, wanda a cikin jawabinsa na baya ya zargi Tippu Tip da cinikin bayi, na iya cutar da manufofin Larabawa na Congo Free State.

Bayan saduwa da Leopold, duk da haka, Lavigerie ya yi watsi da ƙungiyar masu sa kai ta duniya. Wani yunkuri na yaki da bautar yanzu za a shirya shi ta hanyar Ƙungiyar adawa da bautar ƙasa ta musamman tare da tuntuɓar hukumomin mulkin mallaka. A cikin jawabinsa na Brussels, kodayake Lavigerie ya nuna alamar cinikin bayi a cikin Jihar Congo, ya danganta wannan ga rashin albarkatu.

 Gudanar da taron 
Yawon shakatawa na Lavigerie ba wai kawai ya "yi numfashi ga sabuwar rayuwa cikin ƙungiyar adawa da bautar bautar ba", : amma kuma Taron Anti-Slavery ya kasance sakamakon.[e] Mulkin mallaka na Turai na Gabas da Afirka ta Tsakiya ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa, musamman tare da ikon Larabawa-Swahili. Misali mai kyau shine tawaye na Larabawa da Swahili wanda ya haifar da toshe gabashin Afirka ta Jamus da Biritaniya..

Taron Yaki da Bautar Brussels ya kuma taimaka wa kai tsaye a cikin yakin da aka yi na dogon lokaci na Burtaniya game da cinikin bayi da bautar a Daular Ottoman. A cikin tsammanin taron Anti-Slavery na Brussels, wanda ya kamata ya faru a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1889, yakin neman diflomasiyyar Burtaniya a Porte ya sami ci gaba. Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya ya nuna wa Porte cewa Daular Ottoman za a fuskanci zargi saboda rashin aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman ta 1880 a taron da ke zuwa na Brussels Anti-Slavery, sai dai idan sun yi aiki sun dauki mataki kafin haka, amma wannan mummunan aikin adawa da bautar zai lashe Daular Ottom da ra'ayin Turai.Matsi na diflomasiyyar Burtaniya a ƙarshe ya ba da sakamako lokacin da Sultan Abdul Hamid II ya gabatar da Kanunname na 1889 a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1889, dokar doka ta farko (ba kamar dokokin da suka gabata ba) wanda ya haramta cinikin bayi a cikin Daular Ottoman.

 Taron 
Burtaniya, bayan tuntubar gwamnatin Jamus, ta nemi Belgium ta kira taron kasa da kasa kan Cinikin bayi. An zaɓi Belgium musamman don kawar da tuhumar Portuguese da Faransanci. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1889, wakilai daga kasashe 17 sun hadu a Brussels na watanni takwas. Taron taron ya gudana ne a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Belgium. An nada Lambermont a matsayin shugaban taron. Shirye-shiryen Dokar Janar don yaki da cinikin bayi a cikin Afirka a zahiri ya zama shirin don ƙarin mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya dogara ne akan tunanin cewa duk abin da ya ba da gudummawa ga fadada tasirin Turai ya kamata ya iyakance ikon aikin masu cinikin bayi.

 Doka 
Babban Dokar Taron Brussels ta tsara cewa shirya ayyukan shari'a, addini da na soja a cikin yankunan Afirka da masu kariya shine hanya mafi kyau don yaki da Cinikin bayi. Wani muhimmin abu a kan ajanda shi ne kuma tsara shigo da makamai. Cinikin makamai ba wai kawai ya karfafa ikon Larabawa-Swahili ba, amma bindigogi da harsashi sun kasance hanyar musayar da aka saba amfani da ita don samun bayi da kuma akasin haka.

Don yaki da Cinikin bayi a teku, dole ne a sami iko mai yawa na jigilar kaya. Tun da farko a cikin yaki da Cinikin bayi na Trans-Atlantic, Ingila ta kammala yarjejeniyar teku tare da kasashe da yawa. Wannan ya ba da damar rundunar sojan ruwa ta Ingila ta bincika jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje don jigilar bayi. Ingila ta nemi yarjejeniyar duniya a taron da za ta ba da damar yin bincike. Faransa, duk da haka, koyaushe tana adawa da wannan haƙƙin saboda ya sanya babbar rundunar sojan ruwa ta Ingila, Dokar ta wakilci sulhu tsakanin matsayi biyu.

A ƙarshe, cinikin bayi za a iya kawar da shi gaba ɗaya ne kawai idan bukatar sabbin bayi ta ɓace. Don haka, don kawar da Cinikin bayi na Tekun Indiya sau ɗaya, dole ne a kawar da bautar a cikin ƙasashen da aka nufa da kansu. Koyaya, taron bai tafi haka ba: kawai an tattauna shigo da bayi. Taron ya rinjayi, Daular Ottoman ta zartar da sabuwar doka wacce ta haramta shigo da, wucewa da fitar da bayi, amma ta bar tsarin bautar ba tare da taɓa shi ba. Dole ne a ba da wasiƙun saki ga bayi masu gudu da shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba.

 Haraji na shigo da kayayyaki 
Ayyukan shigo da kaya sune babban abin damuwa na Leopold. Dokar Berlin ta haramta karbar harajin shigo da kayayyaki a cikin Kogin Kongo na tsawon shekaru 20. Yanzu yana so ya warware wannan bayan shekaru biyar kawai.

A cikin wata wasika da ta gabata tare da Ingila, Leopold ya nemi duk ƙasashen da suka shafi kudade a yaƙi da cinikin bayi a ba su damar karɓar harajin shigo da kaya; babu wata ƙiyayya ga wannan. Leopold ya so a haɗa wannan a cikin shirin taron, amma Lambermont ya yi imanin cewa ana buƙatar taka tsantsan. A ranar 10 ga Mayu Lambermont ya gabatar da shawarar ga taron. Ya nemi a soke Mataki na 4 na Dokar Berlin kuma ya nemi a ba wa ƙasashen da ke cikin kwandon Kongo na al'ada damar karɓar harajin shigo da kaya har zuwa kashi 10 cikin dari ad valorem, an kuma yi la'akari da haramta ko haraji akan barasa, saboda yana da alaƙa da cinikin bayi.[1] Ci gaban Ayyukan jama'a don tallafawa kasuwanci yana buƙatar sabbin kudaden shiga. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasashen, waɗanda ke kan gaba a kan cinikin bayi, dole ne su ɗan karɓa. Bayan haka, aikin jin kai ya kashe kudi mai yawa.

Da farko, Netherlands da Amurka sun yi adawa da shawarar. amma bayan dogon lokaci mai wahala da kuma babban kwarewar diflomasiyya a bangaren Leopold II, bangarorin biyu sun cimma yarjejeniya, Leopold II ya kai hari gida kuma a ranar 2 ga Yuli, a ƙarshe za a sanya hannu kan babban aiki da sanarwar taron Brussels Anti-Slavery.

 Sakamakon 
A takaice dai, taron ya haifar da tattaunawar yarjejeniyar farko da ta soke Cinikin bayi na Tekun Indiya, Yarjejeniyar Brussels, wacce aka karɓa a 1890 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1892. François-Paul Blanc (2010). "L'esclavage au Maroc au temps du protectorat".

A ranar 10 ga Satumba 1919, Yarjejeniyar Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919 don sake duba Babban Dokar Berlin ta 1885 da Babban Dokar da Sanarwar Brussels ta 1890,  ya tsawaita haramtacciyar ta hanyar tabbatar da "cikakken kawar da bautar a duk siffofinta da cinikin bayi ta ƙasa da teku",  ya shirya hanya ga Yarjejeniyar Bautar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 25 ga Satumba 1926.François-Paul Blanc (2010). "L'esclavage au Maroc au temps du protectorat".

 Masu halarta 
JihaMasu halartaMai Girma Count daga]-linkid="1278" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Friedrich Johann von Alvensleben"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Friedrich Johann von Alvensleben"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Friedrich_Johann_von_Alvensleben?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwARo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Friedrich Johann von Alvensleben" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Friedrich Johann von Alvensleben [de], Ministan Jamus a Brussels. Dokta Arendt, Janar Janar na Jamus a Antwerp.Mai girma Count daga]-linkid="1281" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ill","href":"./Template:Ill"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Johann Carl Khevenhüller"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Johann Carl Khevenhüller"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Johann_Carl_Khevenhüller?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwASI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Johann Carl Khevenhüller" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Johann Carl Khevenhüller [de], Ministan Austro-Hungary a Brussels.M. le Baron Lambermont, Ministan Jiha. Mista Emile Banning, Darakta Janar a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.Mai Girma M. , Ministan Mutanen Espanya a Brussels.[es]Mfg Schack De Brockdorff, Janar Janar na Denmark a Antwerp.Mai Girma Edwin H. Terrell, Ministan Amurka a Brussels.Mai Girma M. Bolrée, Ministan Faransa a Brussels. M.  , Minista Plenipotentiary, Mataimakin Darakta a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a Paris.Mai Girma Ubangiji Vivian, Ministan Burtaniya a Brussels. Sir John Kirk, GCMGMai Girma Baron De Reinzis, Ministan Italiya a Brussels.Babban Baron  [nl], Ministan Dutch a Brussels.Mai Girma M.  [pt], Ministan Portugal a Brussels.Yarima  , Ministan Rasha a Brussels. Mai Girma M. De Martens, memba na dindindin na Majalisar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Rasha.Mai Girma  [sv], Ministan Sweden da Norway a Brussels.Mista Pirmez, Ministan Jiha, Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Jihar Congo mai zaman kanta. Mista Van Eetvelde, Janar Administrator na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Kasar Congo mai zaman kanta.Mai Girma Caratiieodory Efendi, ministan Ottoman a Brussels.Babban Janar Nazare Aga, Ministan Farisa a Brussels.

 Manazarta 

 Mahaɗa 
 Conférence internationale de Bruxelles: 18 novembre 1889-2 juillet 1890, protocoles et acte final/Ministère des affaires étrangères France. Ministère des affaires étrangères (1588-2007). Auteur du texte
 General Act of Brussels (United States government version) on wikisource
Message from the President of the United States, transmitting a General act, signed at Brussels, 2 July 1890.
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