Shaidar sharia

Dokar shaida, wacce aka fi sani da ka'idojin shaida, ta ƙunshi dokoki da ka'idodin shari'a waɗanda ke jagorantar tabbatar da gaskiya a cikin shari'a. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun ƙayyade abin da shaida dole ne ko kuma dole ne a yi la'akari da shi ta wurin mai gwada gaskiya wajen cimma shawararsa. Mai gwada gaskiya shi ne alkali a shari’ar benci, ko kuma alkali a duk wani lamari da ya shafi jur Trier of Fact". Merriam Webster Legal Dictionary. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.. Har ila yau, dokar shaida ta shafi adadi (adadi), inganci, da nau'in shaidar da ake buƙata don yin nasara a cikin ƙarar. Dokokin sun bambanta dangane da ko wurin taron kotun laifuka ne, kotun farar hula, ko kotun iyali, kuma sun bambanta bisa ga hukumci.

Adadin shaida shine adadin shaidar da ake buƙata; ingancin hujja shine yadda ya kamata a yi la'akari da irin wannan abin dogara. Muhimman dokoki waɗanda ke tafiyar da yarda sun shafi maganganun ji, tabbatarwa, dacewa, gata, shaidu, ra'ayoyi, shaidar ƙwararru, ganowa da ƙa'idodin shaidar zahiri. Akwai ma'auni daban-daban na shaida, ma'auni da ke nuna ƙarfin shaida dole ne su kasance don saduwa da nauyin shari'a na hujja a cikin wani yanayi, kama daga zato mai ma'ana zuwa gaba da shaida, tabbataccen shaida mai gamsarwa, ko kuma bayan wani shakku mai ma'ana.

Akwai nau'ikan shaida da yawa, dangane da tsari ko tushe. Shaida tana sarrafa amfani da shaida (misali, maganganun baka ko rubuce-rubuce, kamar takardar shaida), nuni (misali

Tarihi
Doka ta da da na da
Code Hammurabi yana da wasu shaidun da ke buƙatar rantsuwa da shaida. Duba musamman dokoki 10, 11, da 12. "The Avalon Project : Code of Hammurabi"

Tsohon Alkawari ya bukaci aƙalla shaidu biyu don yanke hukunci kan wani laifi.[Deuteronomy Finkelstein, Sheldon M. (October 2009). "A tale of two witnesses: The Constitution's two-witness rule and the Talmud Sanhedrin". Litigation. 36 (4): 13. Retrieved 29 June 2021.

Dokokin Romawa na dā sun ba da ’yancin yin hukunci don tantance shaida, amma ta dage cewa “hujja ta hau kan ƙungiyar da ta tabbatar da gaskiya, ba ga wanda ya ƙaryata ba” kuma “babu wanda zaa yanke masa hukunci bisa zato”The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal Dokar Romawa ta Tsakiya ta haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙididdigewa na digiri na shaida. Gina kan ka'idar shedu biyu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ya kammala cewa shaida guda ɗaya, ko takaddun sirri, na iya zama shaidar rabin hujja, wanda ko da yake rashin isa ga hukunci zai iya ba da hujjar azabtarwa don fitar da ƙarin shaida.

Anglophone (Na kowa) doka
Wani fasali na musamman na dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi a tarihi shine rawar alkalai a matsayin mai gano gaskiya, sabanin matsayin alkali a matsayin mai samar da doka The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal gwaje-gwajen juri na zamani a ƙarni na 16 da 17 ya wajabta ƙa'idodin shaida don tsara abin da za a iya gabatar da shaida da sauran shaidu a gaban alkaliLangbein, John (1996-01-01). "The Historical Foundations of the Law of Evidence: A View from the Ryder Sources". Faculty Scholarship Series. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved  ]. Duk da yake yawancin ka'idojin shaidar gama gari na farko sun fito ne daga hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, Majalisar Ingila kuma ta taka rawa. A shekara ta 1677, Majalisa da Crown sun kafa dokar ta'addanci da karya, suna hana masu kara daga zargin wasu laifukan kwangila ga juri sai dai in tare da sa hannu, rubutaccen kayan aiki. Wani ka'idar shaidar farko ita ce haramcin ji, shigar da wata sanarwa daga kotu don tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da aka tabbatar. A farkon karni na 19, babban alkalin kotun Lord Mansfield na Kotun Kotu ya ce:Reports of Cases Determined at Nisi Prius: In the Courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas, and on the Home Circuit, from the Sittings After Michaelmas Term 48 Geo. III. 1807, to the Sittings After [Hilary Term, 56 Geo. III. 1816] Both Inclusive

Dace da manufofin zamantakewa
Babban labarin: dacewa (doka)

Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin bayani don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2011) (Koyi yadda da kuma lokacin da ake cire wannan saƙon)
A cikin kowane hukunce-hukuncen da ya danganci al'adar ka'idar gama gari ta Ingilishi, dole ne shaida ta dace da adadin dokoki da hane-hane don karɓuwa. Shaidu dole ne su kasance masu dacewa - wato, dole ne a ba da izini ga tabbatarwa ko karyata wani yanki na doka.

Koyaya, mahimmancin shaida galibi sharadi ne na dole amma ba isasshen sharadi ba don yarda da shaida. Misali, ana iya cire shaidar da ta dace idan rashin adalci ne na son zuciya, rudani, ko dacewa ko rashin dacewar shaidar ba za a iya tantance ta ta hanyar bincike na hankali ba. Hakanan akwai yarjejeniya gabaɗaya wanda kimanta dacewa ko rashin dacewa ya ƙunshi ko buƙatar yanke hukunci game da yiwuwar ko rashin tabbas. Bayan haka, akwai 'yar yarjejeniya. Yawancin masana shari'a da alkalai sun yarda cewa tunani na yau da kullun, ko fahimtar hankali, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Akwai ƙarancin yarjejeniya game da ko hukunce-hukuncen da suka dace ko rashin dacewa suna da kariya ne kawai idan an gabatar da hujjar da ke goyan bayan irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen a sarari.
"Federal Rules of Evidence". homepages.law.asu.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-10-26. Retrieved 2016-07-06

manazarta