Patrick Duncan (mai adawa da wariyar launin fata)

Patrick Baker Duncan (1918 – 1967) ɗan siyasa ne kuma mai fafutuka, wanda littattafansa uku suka inganta yancin ɗan adam a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya nuna damuwa game da dangantakar ɗan adam da Duniya . Wani mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata, Duncan ya kasance mai goyon bayan zaben duniya wanda gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta tursasa shi da kuma daure shi saboda ayyukansa na 'yan adawa.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haife shi a shekara ta 1918 a Johannesburg, ɗan Sir Patrick Duncan ne . Duncan ya fara karatu a Afirka ta Kudu sannan kuma a Ingila, a Kwalejin Winchester da Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford. A cikin 1938 abokantakarsa tare da ɗan'uwan Balliol, Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, ya jagoranci gayyatar zama tare da iyalin von Moltke a Jamus: don haka ya sadu da ƙungiyar adawa ta Nazi, Kreisau Circle, kuma ya shafe makonni uku a sansanin aiki na son rai na Arbeitsdienst . Duk abubuwan biyun sun yi tasiri sosai a kansa. A watan Oktoba 1939, bayan ya koma Afirka ta Kudu, ya sake komawa Ingila yana fatan shiga aikin soja, amma an ƙi shi saboda dalilai na likita, domin tun yana ɗan shekara 11, ya kasance gurgu, tare da gwiwa ba zai iya tanƙwara ba saboda rauni daga ƙwallon cricket wanda ya haifar da osteomyelitis . 

Ya ci gaba da shiga hidimar diflomasiyya ta HM a Basutoland a cikin 1941 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Hakimin gundumar kafin ya zama Sakatare mai zaman kansa ga Babban Kwamishina, Sir Evelyn Baring, a Cape Town a 1946. A cikin 1947 ya koma Lesotho a matsayin Mataimakin Hakimin gundumar kuma ya zama Kwamishinan Shari'a a 1951. Littafinsa, Sotho Laws and Customs, Littafin Jagoran da ya danganci yanke hukunci a Basutoland tare da Dokokin Lerotholi, an buga shi a Cape Town ta Jami'ar Oxford a 1960, kuma an sake buga shi a 2006.

Mataimakinsa, Cif Leabua Jonathan, a shekarun baya ya zama Firayim Minista na Lesotho. Hanyar Duncan na ci gaba a Afirka ta kasance mai faɗi kuma tana da asali: ya yi imanin cewa zaizayar ƙasa babban al'amari ne na sarrafa ƙasa kuma ya buga ƙasida a kan wannan batu, mai suna "Maƙiyi", a cikin 1943 (Morija: Lesotho), a ƙarƙashin sunan 'Melanchthon', Girkanci don 'baƙar fata'. 

 Sana'ar siyasa 

 A Afirka ta Kudu 
Bayan da Jam'iyyar National Party ta lashe babban zabe na 1948 a Afirka ta Kudu, Duncan ya yanke shawarar shigar da kansa kai tsaye a cikin siyasar Afirka ta Kudu. Abubuwa hudu sun kasance masu mahimmanci musamman wajen tasiri wannan shawarar. Na farko, ya ɓullo da mugun tsoro na wariyar launin fata. Abu na biyu, tunanin Mahatma Gandhi ya rinjayi shi sosai, musamman ma ra'ayin satyagraha . Na uku, a lokacin ya gane cewa ga yawancin Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu siyasar tsarin mulki na lokacin ba ta da ma'ana kuma ba ta da fata. Na hudu, ko da yaushe ya kasance yana jin kaddarar kaddara, wani bangare na sakamakon aikin mahaifinsa, wanda ya kai ga zama Gwamna-Janar na Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu. 

Bayan ya yi murabus daga Sabis ɗin Mulki a 1952, Duncan da iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa wata gona a cikin Orange Free State a kan iyaka da Basutoland. A cikin Nuwamba 1952 ANC da Majalisar Indiya ta Afirka ta Kudu sun amince ya shiga yakin neman zabensu . Tare da Manilal, ɗan Mahatma, Duncan ya jagoranci jerin gwano zuwa wurin Afirka a Germiston, inda aka kama su da wasu. An yanke wa Duncan hukuncin daurin watanni uku a gidan yari tare da aiki tukuru, saboda karya dokar da ta bukaci turawa su mallaki izini kafin ya ziyarci wani wuri; ya yi sati biyu kacal, saboda rashin lafiya ta tilasta masa biyan tara a maimakon sauran hukuncin da aka yanke masa. A wannan lokacin yana aiki kafada da kafada da kungiyar Congress, amma nan da nan sai aka samu rashin yarda da juna a sakamakon zarginsa da ake yi cewa mambobin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu na yin amfani da jam'iyyar ANC, wadda aka sake farfado da ita a 1953 a asirce.

A cikin 1955 Duncan ya shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu, wanda a cikinta zai zama mai tasiri mai ban sha'awa, sau da yawa yana haifar da kyama daga shugabanninta masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin National Organizer na Jam'iyyar Liberal a cikin 1956-57, ko da yake ya kasance yana da kusanci da ƙungiyoyi masu tasowa a Basutoland kuma, musamman, tare da Cif Leabua Jonathan, wanda BNP ya taimaka ya samo a ƙarshen 1957 da farkon 1958.

A cikin 1958, Duncans sun ƙaura zuwa Cape Town inda Patrick ya fara jaridar Contact, wanda aka ba da umarni ga masu karatu marasa launin fata. Tuntuɓi, tabloid na mako biyu, ya zama abin hawa don tsattsauran ra'ayinsa da ƙiyayyarsa ga kwaminisanci. Jaridar ta tayar da bacin rai saboda matsayar da ta dauka kan batutuwa daban-daban: alal misali, ta kai hari kan Albert Luthuli, shugaban jam'iyyar ANC (saboda zargin da ya bari ANC ta mamaye 'yan gurguzu); Har ila yau, ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da ikon amfani da sunan balagaggu na duniya kai tsaye (wanda ya firgita mafi yawan 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Party). Ko da yake, idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin matalautan masu karatun sa, Tuntuɓi bai taɓa samun tallace-tallace mai yawa ba, duk da haka yana da tasiri mai yawa, wanda aka samu a wani ɓangare ta hanyar gano ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. Duncan ya wakilci jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi a taron jama'ar Afirka na All-African a Accra a 1958.

A cikin 1959 ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Liberal Party a gundumar Sea Point na Cape Town don zaben majalisar lardin Cape : a cikin yakin neman zabe, lokacin da aka tambaye shi ko 'Yan Asalin da Launuka' ya kamata a bar su su yi iyo a cikin shahararrun wuraren shakatawa na Sea Point, ya amsa da "Ee". Sakamakon zaben 'swimming pool' ya kasance nasara ta dan takarar Jam'iyyar United da kuri'u 4476, a kan Duncan's 1505. 

Tausayinsa ga kishin kasa, da kuma yadda yake ji game da gurguzu, ya jagoranci Duncan don tallafawa yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda ƙungiyar Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) ta jagoranta a 1960. Musamman ma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a birnin Cape Town yayin tattaunawa tsakanin PAC da 'yan sanda bayan tattakin da bakar fata 30,000 da suka fito daga garuruwan zuwa tsakiyar birnin. Rashin nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe da kuma haramta ƙungiyoyin siyasar Afirka sun taimaka wajen ƙara ɓacin ran Duncan tare da adawa da wariyar launin fata kawai.  

A cikin gudun hijira
A watan Maris 1961, Duncan ya karɓi umarnin hana shi shiga harkokin siyasa na farko, wanda ya ƙoƙarta takaita ayyukansa na siyasa da motsinsa a ƙasar. A cikin 1960 da 1961, rahotanni a cikin Contact game da Jam’iyyar Kwaminis ta jawo hankalin ’yan sanda na tsaro fiye da yadda aka saba, kuma a 1961 an kama Duncan aka tsare shi a kurkukun Roeland Street. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi ya bayyana tushen bayanansa game da haramtacciyar jam’iyyar Kwaminis, ya ƙi. Bayan makonni uku yana ƙin bayyana su, an sake shi amma aka tuhume shi da wallafa 'littattafan tayar da hankali'; Duncan ya ƙi yin kariya ta lauya, ya rubuta jawabinsa na kare kansa, wanda daga baya aka wallafa a cikin tarin Blom-Cooper, The Law as Literature (London: Bodley Head 1961). A watan Maris 1962, an sake ba shi wani sabon umarnin hana shi shiga harkokin siyasa wanda ya takaita shi zuwa yankin shari’a na Cape Town. Duncan ya karya wannan umarni, ya tuka mota da daddare zuwa Free State da lambar mota ƙarya, sannan aka boye shi a cikin but ɗin motar abokinsa har suka ketare iyaka zuwa Basutoland, inda ya kafa kasuwanci a shaguna biyu masu nisa a gundumar Quthing, yana shirin amfani da su a matsayin tushe don ci gaba da ayyukan siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu.

A farkon 1963, ya yi murabus daga Jam’iyyar Liberal kuma ya shiga PAC, shi ne farar fata na farko da aka karɓa a cikinta. Bayan ya yi mu’amala da Robert F. Kennedy, Duncan ya ziyarci Amurka a matsayin wakilin PAC don ƙoƙarin shafar manufofin Amurka kan Afirka ta Kudu; a wannan lokaci har yanzu yana da ra’ayin goyon bayan Amurka, kuma ya samu ɗan ƙarfafawa daga wasu mambobin gwamnatin Kennedy. A watan Yuli 1963, ya yi jawabi a gaban Kwamitin Musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Apartheid. Duk da haka, yayin da Duncan da iyalinsa ke ziyara a Ingila, Kwamishinan Basutoland ya ayyana shi a matsayin baƙon da ba a so a ƙasar. Duncan ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin PAC kuma, a 1964, an tura shi don bincika almundahanar kuɗi a ofishin PAC na Dar es Salaam.

A cikin wannan shekarar, ya wallafa South Africa’s Rule of Violence, wani bincike kan yadda ake danne zanga-zangar siyasa da tashin hankali a ƙasar. An naɗa shi wakilin PAC don ƙasashen Arewacin Afirka, yana zaune a Aljeriya, inda ake ba da horon soja ga sabbin mambobin PAC: iya yin Faransanci ya taimaka masa sosai. Duk da haka, a 1965 an kore shi daga mukaminsa: dalilan sun haɗa da cewa ya aike da wasiƙar taya murna ta kashin kansa ga tsohon abokinsa, Cif Leabua Jonathan, bisa nasarar lashe zaɓen gama gari na Lesotho (PAC na goyon bayan abokan hamayyar Leabua, BCP); da kuma cewa, ba tare da jiran amincewar Hedikwata ba, ya amince da sabon Gwamnatin Aljeriya da Houari Boumedienne ya kafa bayan juyin mulkin 1965. Duk da haka, Duncan ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba na PAC, kuma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a Aljeriya, inda ya samu aiki a wata ƙungiyar agaji, Comité Chrétien de Service en Algerie, wani ɓangare na Majalisar Majami’u ta Duniya.

A cikin shekarun 1964-7, ya zurfafa ra’ayoyinsa da ya fara bayyana a cikin The Enemy a 1943 game da tasirin ɗan adam kan abin da ake kira 'biodiversity' yanzu, kuma ya rubuta Man and the Earth (wanda aka wallafa bayan rasuwarsa a 1975). Wannan bincike kan yadda mutane ke cin moriyar duniya yana da faɗi sosai a lokacin, kuma ya haɗa da batutuwa dalla-dalla a fannin siyasa, tarihi da kimiyya. Ya gabatar da tsarin ɗabi’a da ya kira 'Geism', 'sabuwar ɗabi’a bisa ga dukan duniyar'. Ko da yake irin waɗannan ra’ayoyi kan abin da ake kira ci gaba mai ɗorewa sun fara zama sananne a matakin ƙasa (duba misali ra’ayin ‘hima’ a Arabiya), gudummawar musamman ta Duncan ita ce kiran da ya yi na martani, a matakin duniya, ga ƙalubalen muhalli, a cikin faffadan hangen nesa na ɗabi’a, falsafa da ruhi. Wannan aikin ilimi abin mamaki ne domin yana ba da wata hanya ta magance ƙalubale a wani lokaci mai nisa (tsakiyar shekarun 1960), kuma a lokacin da Duncan zai iya kasancewa cikin damuwa da gwagwarmayar gaggawa da wariyar launin fata.
Rayuwar mutum
Ya auri Cynthia Ashley Cooper (daga baya Lady Bryan) a cikin 1947, wanda yake da 'ya'ya maza biyu da mata biyu.   Ya kuma haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu tare da Gerda Joeckel.

Yayin da yake aiki da ƙungiyar agaji a Aljeriya, Duncan ya kamu da cutar jini, aplastic anemia kuma ya mutu a London, a shekara ta 1967.Patrick Duncan, Apartheid Foe, 48; Son of Ex-British Governor in South Africa Dies, The New York Times, 6 June 1967
Bayanai da mazanarta


 1964. London: Methuen, 169 pp.



Rukuni:Haifaffun 1918