1890 Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Burtaniya

Ultimatum na Biritaniya na 1890 wa'adi ne da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da ranar 11 ga Janairu 1890 zuwa Masarautar Portugal . Portugal ta yi yunƙurin neman wani yanki mai girma tsakanin ƙasashen Mozambique da Angola da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka da suka haɗa da mafi yawan ƙasashen Zimbabwe da Zambiya a yau da kuma wani yanki mai girma na Malawi, wanda aka haɗa cikin taswirar " Taswirar Launin Rose " ta Portugal.  Ƙaddamarwar ta kai ga janye sojojin Portugal daga yankunan da Portugal ta yi iƙirari a kan binciken da Portugal ta yi a yankin, amma Birtaniya ta yi iƙirarin bisa ga uti possidetis .

Wani lokaci ana ikirarin cewa adawar gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta taso ne saboda ikirarin Portugal din ya ci karo da burinsu na samar da layin dogo na Cape zuwa Alkahira, wanda ke danganta yankunan da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka daga kudancin Afirka da na arewa. Wannan da alama ba zai yuwu ba, domin a cikin 1890 Jamus ta riga ta mallaki Jamus Gabashin Afirka, yanzu Tanzaniya, kuma Sudan ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin Muhammad Ahmad . Maimakon haka, an matsa wa gwamnatin Biritaniya don ɗaukar mataki ta hanyar Cecil Rhodes, wanda Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu ya kafa a 1888 a kudancin Zambezi da Kamfanin Lakes na Afirka da kuma mishan na Burtaniya a arewa. M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, p. 341. .

 Fage 
A farkon karni na 19, kasancewar Portuguese a Afirka kudu da equator ya iyakance a Angola zuwa Luanda da Benguela da kuma wasu 'yan majami'u, mafi yawan arewacin su shine Ambriz da kuma a Mozambique zuwa tsibirin Mozambique, da dama sauran wuraren kasuwanci na bakin teku har zuwa kudu har zuwa Delagoa Bay da kuma yankunan Prazo mai zaman kanta a cikin kwarin ƙwarin R Oliver and A Atmore (1986). The African Middle Ages, 1400–1800, Cambridge University Press pp. 163–164, 191, 195. . da'awar Jamhuriyar Portugal ta farko ta zo daga Jamhuriyar Zambezi . wanda a cikin 1868 ya yi iƙirarin fita zuwa Tekun Indiya a Delagoa Bay. Ko da yake a cikin 1869, Portugal da Transvaal sun cimma yarjejeniya a kan iyakar da dukkanin Delagoa Bay ya zama Portuguese, Birtaniya ta gabatar da wata takaddama, tana da'awar kudancin wannan garu. An yi watsi da wannan da'awar ne bayan da shugaba MacMahon na Faransa ya shiga tsakani . Kyautar da ya bayar a 1875 ta tabbatar da iyakar da aka amince a 1869. Kalubale na biyu ya fito ne daga kafuwar mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Angra Pequena, wanda yanzu ake kira Lüderitz a Namibiya a cikin 1883. Kodayake babu kasancewar Portugal a wurin, Portugal ta yi iƙirarin hakan bisa ga ganowa. 

Wani rikici mai tsanani ya taso a yankin kwarin Zambezi da tafkin Nyasa . Kasar Portugal ta mamaye gabar tekun Mozambik tun daga karni na 16, kuma daga shekara ta 1853 gwamnatin kasar Portugal ta fara yakin soji domin mayar da kwarin Zambezi karkashin ingantacciyar ikonsa. M Newitt (1969). "The Portuguese on the Zambezi: An Historical Interpretation of the Prazo system", Journal of African History Vol. X, No. 1 pp. 67–68, 80–82. . A cikin shekarun 1850, yankunan kudancin tafkin Nyasa (a yanzu tafkin Malawi ) da yammacin tafkin David Livingstone ya bincika kuma an kafa wasu Cocin Ingila da Presbyterian da yawa a cikin Shire Highlands a cikin 1860s da 1870s. A cikin 1878, ƴan kasuwa ne suka kafa Kamfanin Tafkunan Afirka waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ayyukan Presbyterian. Manufarsu ita ce kafa wani kamfani na kasuwanci wanda zai yi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da manufa don yaƙar cinikin bayi ta hanyar bullo da ingantaccen ciniki da haɓaka tasirin Turai a yankin. An kafa ƙaramin manufa da sasantawar ciniki a Blantyre a cikin 1876. 

Portugal ta yi yunƙurin tabbatar da iƙirarin yankin Afirka ta hanyar balaguro guda uku da Alexandre de Serpa Pinto ya jagoranta, na farko daga Mozambique zuwa gabashin Zambezi a 1869, sannan zuwa Kongo da Zambezi na sama daga Angola a 1876 sannan ta tsallaka Afirka daga Angola a 1877-1879. An gudanar da wannan balaguron ne da nufin neman yankin da ke tsakanin Mozambique da Angola. C E Nowell (March 1947). "Portugal and the Partition of Africa", The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 6–8. . Bayan binciken Serpa Pinto, gwamnatin Portuguese a cikin 1879 ta yi da'awar yankin kudu da gabas na Kogin Ruo ( iyakar kudu maso gabas na Malawi yanzu ) kuma, a cikin 1882, ta mamaye kwarin kogin Shire har zuwa Ruo. Daga nan sai Turawan Portugal suka nemi gwamnatin Biritaniya da ta amince da wannan da'awar na yankin, amma bude taron Berlin na 1884-85 ya kawo karshen tattaunawar. J McCracken (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, Woodbridge, James Currey, p. 51. . Yunkurin da Portugal ta yi na kafa wannan mashigar tasiri tsakanin Angola da Mozambique ya samu cikas da daya daga cikin kasidu a cikin Babban Dokar taron Berlin wanda ya bukaci uti possidetis na yankunan da ake da'awa maimakon iƙirari na tarihi bisa ga ganowa ko waɗanda suka dogara da bincike, kamar yadda Portugal ta yi amfani da su. 

Don tabbatar da da'awar Portuguese, an nada Serpa Pinto a matsayin karamin jakadanta a Zanzibar a cikin 1884 kuma an ba da aikin binciken yankin tsakanin tafkin Nyasa da bakin teku daga Zambezi zuwa kogin Rovuma da kuma tabbatar da amincewar manyan sarakuna a yankin. [1] Ziyarar tasa ta kai tafkin Nyasa da kuma tsaunukan Shire amma ya kasa yin wata yarjejeniya ta kariya da sarakunan yankunan yammacin tafkin. [2] A ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin tafkin Nyasa da ke kusa da Karonga, Kamfanin Tafkunan Afirka sun yi, ko kuma sun yi iƙirarin yin yarjejeniya da sarakunan yankin tsakanin 1884 zuwa 1886. Burinsa shi ne ya zama kamfani na haya da sarrafa hanyar daga tafkin da ke gabar kogin Shire.

Duk da sakamakon taron Berlin, ba a yi watsi da ra'ayin yankin Portuguese na Afirka ba; Don taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ta, Portugal ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin Faransa da Jamus a cikin 1886. Yarjejeniyar Jamus ta yi la'akari da iƙirarin ƙasar Portugal na mallakar yankin Zambezi da ke haɗa Angola da Mozambique. Bayan yarjejeniyar, ministan harkokin wajen Portugal ya shirya abin da aka sani da Taswirar Launi na Rose, wanda ke wakiltar da'awar da ta tashi daga Atlantic zuwa Tekun Indiya.  Arewacin Zambezi, waɗannan ikirari na Portuguese sun yi adawa da kamfanin tafkin Afirka da masu mishan. Babban adawa ga da'awar Portuguese a kudu ya fito ne daga Cecil Rhodes, wanda Kamfanin British South Africa aka kafa a 1888.  A ƙarshen 1888, Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya ya ƙi ba da kariya ga ƙananan ƙauyuka na Birtaniyya a cikin Tsibirin Shire. Duk da haka, ba ta yarda da fadada tasirin Portuguese a can ba, kuma a cikin 1889, ta nada Henry Hamilton Johnston a matsayin jakadan Birtaniya a Mozambique da cikin gida, kuma ta umarce shi da ya ba da rahoto game da girman mulkin Portuguese a yankunan Zambezi da Shire. Ya kuma yi yerjejeniya ta sharadi tare da sarakunan cikin gida a wajen ikon Portuguese. Yarjejeniyoyi masu ka'ida ba su kafa kariyar Burtaniya ba amma sun hana masu mulki karbar kariya daga wata jiha.

Ultimatum

A shekarar 1888, gwamnatin Portugal ta umurci wakilanta a Mozambique da su kulla yarjejeniyar kariya da sarakunan Yao da ke kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Nyasa da kuma a tsaunukan Shire. An shirya balaguro guda biyu: daya karkashin Antonio Cardoso, tsohon gwamnan Quelimane, wanda ya tashi a watan Nuwamba 1888 zuwa Tafkin Nyasa; balaguron na biyu karkashin Serpa Pinto (wanda yanzu shi ne gwamnan Mozambique) ya hau kwarin Shire. Wadannan balaguro biyu sun kulla fiye da yarjejeniyoyi 20 da sarakuna a yankin da yanzu ake kira Malawi.J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, shf. 52-3. Serpa Pinto ya hadu da Johnston a watan Agusta 1889 gabashin Ruo, lokacin da Johnston ya shawarce shi kada ya ketare kogin zuwa tsaunukan Shire.J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, shf. 85-6. Ko da yake Serpa Pinto ya kasance mai taka-tsantsan a baya, ya ketare Ruo zuwa Chiromo, yanzu a Malawi, a watan Satumba 1889.J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, shf. 53, 55.

Wannan kutsen ya haifar da rikici tsakanin sojojin Portugal karkashin Serpa Pinto da Makololo a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1889 kusa da kogin Shire.Teresa Pinto Coelho, (2006). Lord Salisbury's 1890 Ultimatum to Portugal and Anglo-Portuguese Relations, shf. 3. http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/files/windsor/6_pintocoelho.pdf

Bayan wannan karamin rikici, mataimakin jakadan Johnston, John Buchanan, ya zargi Portugal da watsi da muradun Birtaniya a wannan yanki, kuma ya ayyana kariyar Birtaniya a kan tsaunukan Shire a watan Disamba 1889 duk da umarnin da ya saba da hakan.M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, shf. 346. Jim kadan bayan haka, Johnston da kansa ya ayyana wata kariya a yankin yammacin Tafkin Nyasa (duk da cewa hakan ma ya saba da umarninsa), kodayake daga baya Ofishin Harkokin Waje ya amince da duka kariyoyin.R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, Cambridge (Mass), Harvard University Press, shf. 15.

Wadannan matakai ne suka haifar da rikicin Anglo-Portugal inda kin amincewar Birtaniya da sasanci ya biyo bayan Ultimatum na Birtaniya na 1890.F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press, shf. 233-6.

Ultimatum din wata takarda ce da Lord Salisbury ya aika wa Gwamnatin Portugal a ranar 11 ga Janairu 1890 inda ya bukaci janye sojojin Portugal daga Mashonaland da Matabeleland (yanzu Zimbabwe) da yankin Shire-Nyasa (yanzu Malawi), inda muradun Portugal da Birtaniya suka yi karo a Afirka. Wannan na nufin cewa Birtaniya tana ikirarin ikon mallaka a kan wasu yankuna da Portugal ta dade tana ikirari.Teresa Pinto Coelho, (2006). Lord Salisbury's 1890 Ultimatum to Portugal and Anglo-Portuguese Relations, shf. 1. http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/files/windsor/6_pintocoelho.pdf

Abin da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba ke bukata kuma take dagewa a kai shi ne: a aika da umarnin gaggawa ta waya ga gwamnan Mozambique cewa dukkan sojojin Portugal da ke a Shire ko a Makololo ko a yankin Mashona su janye nan da nan. Gwamnatin Mai Martaba tana ganin cewa ba tare da wannan ba, alkawuran da Gwamnatin Portugal ta bayar ba su da tushe.

Mr. Petre yana da umarni da ya bar Lisbon nan da nan tare da dukkan mambobin ofishinsa sai dai idan ya samu amsa mai gamsarwa ga wannan sanarwa kafin karshen wannan yamma, kuma jirgin ruwan Mai Martaba Enchantress yana jiran umarninsa a Vigo.Teresa Pinto Coelho, (2006). Lord Salisbury's 1890 Ultimatum to Portugal and Anglo-Portuguese Relations, shf. 1. http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/files/windsor/6_pintocoelho.pdf

Mr. Petre da aka ambata shi ne Ministan Birtaniya a Lisbon.

Bayanin Bayanai

Ko da yake umarnin ya buƙaci Portugal ta daina ayyukanta a yankunan da ake jayayya, babu wata irin takura kan ƙoƙarin Birtaniya na ci gaba da mamaye wuraren. Wakilan Rhodes sun kasance masu aiki a Mashonaland da Manicaland da kuma a yankin gabashin Zambiya na yau, kuma John Buchanan ya tabbatar da ikon mulkin Birtaniya a wasu sassa na Shire Highlands. An yi arangama tsakanin sojojin Portugal da ke mamaye Manicaland da mutanen Rhodes da suka iso a shekarun 1890 da 1891, wanda ya daina ne kawai bayan wasu yankunan da aka ware wa Portugal a cikin yarjejeniyar 1890 da ba a amince da ita ba aka mika su ga Kamfanin British South Africa na Rhodes a cikin yarjejeniyar 1891, inda Portugal ta samu ƙarin ƙasa a kwarin Zambezi a matsayin diyya.M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, shf. 353-4.

Sauƙin yadda gwamnatin Portugal ta amince da buƙatun Birtaniya ya zama abin kunya ga ƙasa a idanun mutane da dama a Portugal, ciki har da masu adawa da sarauta na Republican. Fushin da mutanen Portugal suka nuna game da wannan umarni ya haifar da rushewar gwamnatin Firayim Minista José Luciano de Castro kuma aka maye gurbinta da gwamnatin António de Serpa Pimentel. Hakan ya haɗu da wasu dalilai da dama, kamar kuɗaɗen rayuwar iyalan sarauta na Portugal, kisan gilla na Lisbon, rashin daidaiton siyasa da sauyin ra’ayoyi na addini da zamantakewa a Portugal, wanda ya haifar da juyin juya hali na 5 ga Oktoba 1910, wanda ya kifar da mulkin mallaka a Portugal.João Ferreira Duarte, The Politics of Non-Translation: A Case Study in Anglo-Portuguese Relations Dalilin da ya sa Lord Salisbury da gwamnatin Birtaniyya mai zaman kanta ta yi amfani da dabaru da za su iya haddasa yaƙi, wasu na ganin hakan saboda fargabar mamayar Portugal a Manicaland da Shire Highlands, wanda zai hana cimma muradun Birtaniya.M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, shf. 347.

A ƙoƙari na cimma matsaya kan iyakokin Portugal a Afirka, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar London a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1890 don fayyace ƙayyadadden iyaka tsakanin Angola da Mozambique, wanda Portugal da Birtaniya suka rattaba hannu. An wallafa yarjejeniyar a cikin Diário do Governo (Jaridar Gwamnati ta Portugal) a ranar 30 ga Agusta, kuma aka gabatar da ita a majalisa a wannan rana, wanda ya haddasa sabbin zanga-zanga da faduwarta gwamnati. Ba wai kawai ba a amince da ita ba a majalisar Portugal; amma Cecil Rhodes, wanda wannan yarjejeniya ta shafi shirinsa na faɗaɗa, ya ƙi amincewa da ita. An cimma sabuwar yarjejeniya wadda ta bai wa Portugal ƙarin ƙasa a kwarin Zambezi fiye da yarjejeniyar 1890, amma yankin Manicaland na yanzu a Zimbabwe ya wuce daga ikon Portugal zuwa na Birtaniya. An sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya a Lisbon a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1891, kuma ban da ƙayyade iyaka, ta bai wa kowa 'yancin zirga-zirga a kogunan Zambezi da Shire da damar haya wajen gina mashigar ruwa a Chinde, bakin kogin Zambezi.Teresa Pinto Coelho, (2006). Lord Salisbury's 1890 Ultimatum to Portugal and Anglo-Portuguese Relations, shf. 6-7. http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/files/windsor/6_pintocoelho.pdf

Umarnin 1890 ya ɓata dangantakar Portugal da Birtaniya har na wani lokaci, ko da yake daga ƙarshen shekarun 1890, Portugal ta shiga cikin matsin tattalin arziki mai tsanani, kuma gwamnatinta ta nema aron kuɗi daga Birtaniya. Duk da haka, da farkon yaƙin Boer, Birtaniya ta nemi goyon bayan Portugal kuma aka sanya hannu kan sanarwar haɗin gwiwa ta Anglo-Portuguese a ranar 14 Oktoba 1899. Sabuwar yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da tsoffin yarjejeniyoyin haɗin gwiwa da kuma ɗora wa Birtaniya nauyin kare kayan mulkin Portugal daga maƙiya. A maimakon haka, Portugal ta amince da dakatar da jigilar makamai zuwa Transvaal ta hanyar Lourenço Marques kuma ta ayyana kanta a matsayin mai zaman kanta a cikin rikicin.Teresa Pinto Coelho, (2006). Lord Salisbury's 1890 Ultimatum to Portugal and Anglo-Portuguese Relations, shf. 6-7. http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/files/windsor/6_pintocoelho.pdf

Ko da yake an gyara dangantakar da hukumomi, ana ɗaukar umarnin 1890 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka haifar da juyin 31 ga Janairu 1891 da ya ci tura daga ‘yan Republican a Porto, da kuma juyin juya halin da ya yi nasara na 5 ga Oktoba 1910, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin sarauta a Portugal shekaru 20 daga baya, kusan shekaru uku bayan kisan gilla da aka yi wa sarkin Portugal (Carlos I na Portugal) da ɗan sarautarsa a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1908.

Ƙara karatu
 Charles E. Nowell, The Rose-Colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean.  Lisbon, Portugal: Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar, 1982.

 Manazarta