Yaƙin Amba Aradam

Yakin Amba Aradam (wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin EndertaDavid Nicholle. The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935–36, p. 9  ) an yi shi ne a gaɓar arewa wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Italo da Abyssiniya na Biyu. Wannan yakin ya kunshi hare-hare da kai hare-hare da dakarun Italiya ƙarƙashin Marshal na Italiya Pietro Badoglio da sojojin Habasha ƙarƙashin  [ nb 1 ] Mulugeta Yeggazu. An yi wannan yakin ne a yankin da ke kusa da Amba Aradam wanda ya haɗa da mafi yawan lardin Enderta.

 Tarihi 
A ranar 3 ga watan Oktoban 1935, Janar Emilio De Bono ya shiga Habasha daga Eritrea ba tare da ayyana yaki ba. De Bono yana da dakaru kusan 100,000 na Italiya, da kuma sojojin Eritrea 25,000 don ci gaba zuwa Addis Ababa. A watan Disamba, bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na rashin aiki da ƙananan koma baya ga Italiya, De Bono ya maye gurbinsa da Badoglio. 

Haile Selassie ya kaddamar da harin Kirsimeti a ƙarshen shekara don gwada Badoglio. A tsakiyar watan Janairu 1936, Badoglio ya shirya don sabunta ci gaban Italiya a babban birnin Habasha. Daga ƙarshe Badoglio ya mamaye rundunonin mayaƙan Habasha marasa lafiya marasa ƙarfi da iskar gas ɗin mustard, tankokin yaƙi da manyan bindigogi.John Laffin. Brassey's Dictionary of Battles, p. 28

 Gabatarwa 
A farkon watan Janairun 1936, sojojin Habasha suna cikin tsaunuka suna kallon wuraren Italiya suna kai musu hari akai-akai. Ɗan mulkin kama-karya na Italiya Benito Mussolini bai hakura ba don harin Italiyan da ya fara kai wa da kuma kwace Habashawa daga filin yaƙi.Barker, A. J., Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 59 

Habashawa da ke fuskantar Italiya sun kasance ruƙuni uku. A tsakiyar, kusa da Abbi Addi da gefen kogin Beles a cikin Tembien, akwai Ras Kassa Haile Darge tare da mutane kusan 40,000 da Ras Seyoum Mangasha tare da mazaje kusan 30,000. A gefen dama na Habasha Ras Mulugeta ne da sojojinsa kusan 80,000 da ke da matsayi a saman Amba Aradam. Ras Imru Haile Selassie tare da mazaje kusan 40,000 suna gefen hagu na Habasha a yankin Seleh Leha a lardin Shire.Barker, A. J., Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 55 

Badoglio yana da gawawwakin sojoji biyar a hannunsa. A gefen damansa, yana da Rundunar Soja ta IV da Rundunar Soja ta II suna fuskantar Ras Imru a cikin Shire. A tsakiyar Italiya akwai Rundunar Eritrea da ke fuskantar Ras Kassa da Ras Seyoum a Tembien. Da yake fuskantar Ras Mulugeta a saman Amba Aradam shi ne rundunar soja ta I da kuma ta uku. 

Da farko Badoglio ya ga halakar sojojin Ras Mulugeta a matsayin fifikonsa na farko. Dole ne a kori rundunar Mulugeta daga kakkarfan matsugunin da ke kan Amba Aradam domin Italiya ta ci gaba da tunkarar Addis Ababa. Amma Ras Kassa da Ras Seyoum suna matsin lamba daga Tembien har Badoglio ya yanke shawarar cewa sai ya fara tuntuɓar su. Idan cibiyar Habasha ta yi nasara, I Army Corps da III Army Corps da ke fuskantar Mulugeta za a katse daga ƙarfafawa da sake kawowa. 

Daga ranakun 20 zuwa 24 ga watan Janairu, an yi yaƙin farko na Tembien. Sakamakon wannan yakin bai kai ga cimma ruwa ba, amma an kawar da barazanar da Ras Kassa ya yi wa dakarun soji na I da na uku. 

A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu, Marshal Badoglio ya gudanar da taron manema labarai a hedkwatarsa kuma ya ba da sanarwar cewa babban cikas da ya toshe hanyar zuwa Addis Ababa na gab da wargajewa.Barker, A. J., Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 77 Badoglio yana magana ba shakka game da Ras Mulugeta da sojojinsa da aka haƙa a saman Amba Aradam.  Dutsen ya kasance kashi biyu ne. Akwai wani tudu da Italiyawa suka sani da "The Herringbone" kuma, a gefen dama, wani kololuwa mai lebur da ake kira "Hat ɗin Firist." An san ƙasar da ke kusa da gindin dutsen da sunan Enderta. Wani labarin da aka buga a mujallar Time da ake bugawa a wancan lokacin ya nuna cewa an ba wa masu aiko da rahotannin na ƙasar Italiya wani na'urar hangen nesa mai ƙarfi don kallon yadda yaƙin ke gudana.Time, 24 February 1936 

Yayin da sojojinsu suka yi kusan daidai, Badoglio ya sami gagarumin fa'ida akan Mulugeta. Sojojin Italiya da suka kai wa Amba Aradam hari suna da bindigogi sama da 5,000, manyan bindigogi 280, da jiragen sama 170. Sabanin haka, ‘yan Habashan na da bindigogi kusan 400, da tsofaffin filaye guda 18 masu matsakaicin matsayi, da ƙananan bindigogin kakkabo jiragen sama, babu jirage. Fa'idar Mulugeta ɗaya ita ce gangaren gangaren Amba Aradam.Barker, A. J., Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 78

 Yaƙi 
Karfe 8:00 A ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu, Badoglio ya kaddamar da yakin Amba Aradam. Sojojin Italiya na Royal da Blackshirts sun jagoranci ci gaban Italiya.Time, 24 February 1936 The Italian I Army Corps and III Army Corps advanced across the Kalamino Plain. By nightfall, both corps were established on the banks of the May Gabat River.Barker, A. J., Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 80 Asalin Askaris, wanda De Bono ya dogara sosai, ya kafa ajiyar.  Sojojin Italiya na I Army Corps da na III Army Corps sun ci gaba a fadin Kalamino Plain. Da dare, an kafa gawarwakin biyu a gabar kogin May Gabat. 

Badoglio ya kasance mai harbin bindiga na farko da na ƙarshe. A sakamakon haka, ya yi yaƙin mai bindiga. Hedkwatarsa ita ce wurin lura da manyan bindigogin Italiya kuma kusan kowane minti biyar jiragen saman Regia Aeronautica suna fita don kewaya gaba. Jiragen saman sun gano wuraren da sojojin Habasha suke da 'yan bindigar Italiya. Amma Habashawan da ke yakar Ras Mulugeta, an yi ta tona su akai-akai da sojoji sanye da riga. Suna da manyan bindigogi kuma sun san yadda ake amfani da su. 

Hakazalika jiragen leken asiri na ƙasar Italiya sun zana taswirar yankin Amba Aradam inda suka gano rauni a tsaron Ras Mulugeta. Hotunan jiragen sama sun nuna cewa harin da aka kai daga Filin Hintalo zuwa kudancin Amba Aradam bai dace ba. Sakamakon binciken da aka yi, Badoglio ya shirya ya kewaye Amba Aradam tare da kai wa Mulugeta hari daga baya bayan da dakarunsa suka hade a Hintalo.Barker, A. J., Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 79 

A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, 4th CC. NN. Division "3 Gennaio" da kuma runduna ta 5 mai suna "Pusteria" ta runduna ta I Army Corps ta ci gaba daga May Gabat suna tafiya da kewayen yammacin Amba Aradam. A lokaci guda kuma rundunar sojojin ta III ta zarce zuwa da kewayen gabashin Amba Aradam. Marigayi Ras Mulugeta ya fahimci shirin Italiya na kewaye da mukamansa. 

Da yammacin ranar 12 ga watan watan Fabrairu, wani babban sojojin Habasha ya kutsa kai cikin yammacin gangaren Amba Aradam inda suka kai hari a 3rd CC. NN. Division "21 Afrilu". An rike Blackshirts, amma Pusteria Division ya ci gaba da gaba zuwa Hintalo. Kusan ci gaba da ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta sama da na atilari da aka yi a wuraren Habasha ya sa Habashan da yawa daga cikin burinsu na yin tirjiya. 

Da yammacin ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu, ’yan sandan Italiya sun kusa rufewa. Yayin da dakarun da ke kewaye suka kai ga takamaiman wurare, sai suka kafa, suka sake haduwa, suka ajiye makamansu domin kai hari na karshe.Barker, A. J., Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 81 

Da safiyar ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu, a ƙarƙashin duhu da gajimare, Italiyawa sun kammala zagayen Amba Aradam. Sa’ad da rana ta yi kuma gajimaren ya ɗaga, Habashawa sun sake samun ƙarfi saboda ganin halin da suke ciki. Suka yi tattaki zuwa gangaren yammacin Amba Aradam zuwa Addi Kolo. Sojojin Habasha sun kai wa Italiya hari a yammacin sansanin Amba Aradam. Amma sojojin Italiya da makami mai linzami sun yi watsi da fushin harin Habasha. Da duhu, kusan an gama yaƙin. 

Ras Mulugeta ya yi hasashen cewa Italiya za ta ɗauki Amba Aradam ta hanyar fara kai wa "Khulun Firist hari". Ya tsinkayi kuskure. Italiya sun kai hari tare da tsare wuraren Habasha masu sauƙi a kan "The Herringbone" wanda ya sa kare "Hat ɗin Firist" ba zai yiwu ba.  Don dalilai na siyasa, 1st CC. NN. Division "23 Marzo" an ba da lambar yabo ta daga tutar Italiya a saman Amba Aradam. 

Habashawa sun yi nasarar haifar da hutu a layin Italiya da ke kusa da Addi Kolo. A cikin wannan hutu ne sojojin Ras Mulugeta suka tsere yayin da suka koma Amba Alagi da Sokota.  Mulugeta ya shirya sake hada dakarunsa a kusa da Amba Alagi.

 Bayan haka 
Badoglio ya kaddamar da cikakken ikon sojojin saman Italiya a kan sojojin Ras Mulugeta da ke tserewa. Kwanaki huɗu a jere, tan arba'in na iskar mustard aka jibga wa ’yan gudun hijirar da ba su ji daɗi ba. Ban da wannan kuma, 'yan ƙasar Italiya sun ba wa 'yar ƙasar Azebu Galla cin hanci don kai wa 'yan iskan Habasha hari.Barker, A. J., Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 82 

Tadessa Mulugeta, ɗan Ras Mulugeta, shi ne <i id="mw1Q">asmach</i> [ nb 2 ] a kan Amba Aradam. An kashe shi ne a wani mataki da suka yi wa wata ƙungiya ta Galla, kuma su ne suka yanke gawarsa. Lokacin da Ras Mulugeta ya samu labarin wannan bacin rai, sai ya juya baya, aka kashe shi da wani jirgin sama mai dakon kaya. An kai hari daga sama da kasa, abin da ya rage na sojojin Ras Mulugeta ya wargaje.Barker, A. J., Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 83 

Badoglio yanzu ya juya hankalinsa daga Habasha dama ya koma tsakiyar Habasha da Ras Kassa da Ras Seyoum. Lokaci ya yi da za a gama abin da aka fara a Yaƙin Farko na Tembien. Sakamakon ya kasance yakin Tembien na biyu.Barker, A. J., Rape of Ethiopia 1936, p. 83

 A cikin shahararrun al'adu 
Lalacewar sigar ambaraddan ta shiga harshen Italiyanci tare da ma'anar 'rikitacciyar yanayi'. 

 Duba kuma 

 Umurnin Habasha na Yaƙin Italo-Abyssiniya na Biyu
 Sojojin Daular Habasha
 Jerin makaman yakin Italo-Ethiopia na biyu na Habasha
 Umarnin Italiya na Yaƙin Italo-Abyssiniya na Biyu
 Royal Italian Army
 Jerin kayan aikin sojan Italiya a yakin Italo da Habasha na biyu

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