Yakin Vietnam

Yaƙin Vietnam (1 Nuwamba shekara ta 1955 Richard B. Fitzgibbon ] "Ecocide: From the Vietnam War to International Criminal Jurisdiction? Procedural Issues In-Between Environmental Science, Climate Change, and Law" 30 Afrilu shekara ta 1975) wani rikici ne na makami a Vietnam, Laos, da Cambodia ya yi yaƙi tsakanin Arewacin Vietnam(Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyya ta Vietnam) da Kudancin Vietnam (Jamhuriyar Vietnam) da ƙawancensu. Arewacin Vietnam na samun goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet da China, yayin da Kudancin Vietnam ke samun goyon bayan Amurka da sauran kasashe masu adawa da kwaminisanci. Rikicin shine na biyu na yakin Indochina da kuma yakin cacar baka tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka. Yaƙin Vietnam ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yantar da ƙasa bayan mulkin mallaka, gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Yaƙin Cadi, da yakin basasa, tare da yakin basasa mai ma'anar sifa tun daga farko.,Miller, Edward (2024). "Introduction: Points of Departure – The Global and Local Origins of the Vietnam War". In Miller, Edward (ed.). The Cambridge History of the Vietnam War, Volume I: Origins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–23. doi:10.1017/9781316225240.002. ISBN 9781316225240.higar sojan Amurka kai tsaye ya karu daga shekara ta 1965 har zuwa janyewarta a shekara ta 1973. Yakin ya barke a yakin basasar Laotian da Cambodia, wanda ya ƙare tare da dukan ƙasashe uku sun zama 'yan gurguzu a shekara ta 1975. to this, the Military Assistance Advisory Group, Indochina (with an authorized strength of 128 men) was set up in September 1950 with a mission to oversee the use and distribution of US military equipment by the French and their allies. Falk, Richard A. (1973). "Environmental Warfare and Ecocide — Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals". Bulletin of Peace Proposals. 4 (1): 80–96. doi:10.1177/096701067300400105. JSTOR 44480206. Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experiencev
Westing, Arthur H. (1984). Herbicides in War: The Long-term Ecological and Human Consequences. Taylor & Francis. pp. 5f "It's Called the Vietnam Syndrome, and It's Back" Horne, Alistair (2010). Kissinger's Year: 1973. Phoenix. pp. 370–371. ISBN 978-0-7538-2700-
Sunaye
An yi amfani da sunaye daban-daban kuma an canza su cikin lokaci, kodayake Yaƙin Vietnam shine aka fi amfani da shi cikin Ingilishi. An kira shi Yaƙin Indochina na Biyu tun lokacin da ya bazu zuwa Laos da Cambodia, The National Archives – Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File". 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 8 December Rikicin Vietnam,   National Archives – Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File". 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.  "Research Guides: Vietnam Conflict: Maps" da kuma a baki 'Nam. A Vietnam an san shi da Kháng dục trộng Mỹ (lit. "Yaƙin Resistance da Amurka"). Meaker, Scott S.F. (2015). Unforgettable Vietnam War: The American War in Vietnam – War in the Jungle. ISBN 978-1-312-93158-9.] Gwamnatin Vietnam a hukumance tana kiranta da Yaƙin Juriya da Amurka don Ceci Ƙasa., Robert (27 January 2018). "Grim reminders of a war in Vietnam, a generation later". Concord Monitor. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2019. It's been more than for 40-plus years, the war that Americans simply call Vietnam but the Vietnamese refer to as their Resistance War Against America
,Factasy. "The Vietnam War or Second Indochina War". PRLog. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
Miller, Edward. "Vietnam War perspective: the unreconciled conflict". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.

Fage
Manyan labarai: Indochina na Faransa, kishin ƙasa na Vietnam, da Kwaminisanci a VietnamThe Vietnam War The Definitive Illustrated History
Vietnam ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Indochina na Faransa tun shekarun 1880. Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Vietnamanci, irin su Jam'iyyar Nationalist ta Vietnamese, sun fuskanci danniya duk da karuwar goyon bayan jama'a ga nau'o'in masu neman sauyi da juyin juya halin kishin kasa.[ Tran 2022, pp. 5–19,] Nguyen Sinh Cung ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indochine (ICP) a cikin shekara 1930; Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist ta yi niyyar hambarar da mulkin Faransa da kafa daular gurguzuoscha 2016, pp. 135–136, 170–181, 
Reilly, Brett (2017). Before the First Indochina War: Redefining the Origin of Vietnam's Civil War. Association for Asian Studies, Annual Conference.
Reilly, Brett (31 January 2018). "The True Origin of the Term 'Viet Cong'". The Diplomat
An samu karaya tsakanin 'yan kishin kasa da 'yan gurguzu a cikin shekarun 1920, Before the First Indochina War: Redefining the Origin of Vietnam's Civil War yayin da kungiyoyin biyu suka sha bamban a hangen nesa na Vietnam bayan mulkin mallaka: jamhuriya ga 'yan kishin kasa na juyin juya hali, Tran, Nu-Anh; Vu, Tuong (2022). "Introduction: Rethinking Vietnamese Republicanism". In Tran, Nu-Anh; Vu, Tuong (eds.). Building a Republican Nation in Vietnam, 1920–1963. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 1–25. ISBN 9780824892111. da proletarian kasa da kasa ga 'yangurguzu. Asselin, Pierre (2023). "The Indochinese Communist Party's Unfinished Revolution of 1945 and the Origins of Vietnam's 30-Year Civil War". Journal of Cold War Studies. 25 (1): 4–45. doi:10.1162/jcws_a_01120. yunkurin tsattsauran ra'ayi na 'yan gurguzu na samun iko a tsaka-tsaki ya haifar da tsawaita rikice-rikicen cikin gida wanda ke da alamar murkushe masu adawa da kishin kasa, Thomas, Martin; Asselin, Pierre (2022). "French Decolonisation and Civil War: The Dynamics of Violence in the Early Phases of Anticolonial War in Vietnam and Algeria, 1940–1956". Journal of Modern European History. 20 (4): 513–535. doi:10.1177/16118944221130231. tare da ICP da ke da alhakin fara tashin hankali na Vietnam-kan-Bietnam. Jennings, Eric T. (2024). "Indochina during World War II". In Miller, Edward (ed.). The Cambridge History of the Vietnam War, Volume I: Origins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–105. doi:10.1017/9781316225240.007. ISBN 9781316225240. 515

 mamayar Jafananci
Manyan labarai: Indochina na Faransa a yakin duniya na biyu da 1940–1946 a cikin Indochina na Faransa
Kinzer, Stephen (2013). The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War. Macmillan. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-1-4299
Tutar Viet Minh, wacce daga baya ta zama tutar Arewacin Vietnam, samfurin tutar ƙasa na Vietnam ta zamani.
A cikin 1940, Japan ta mamaye Indochina na Faransa, bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Jamus. A shekara ta 1941, Japan ta sami cikakkiyar damar shiga soja a duk faɗin Indochina kuma ta kafa mulkin mallaka guda biyu wanda ya kiyaye gwamnatin Vichy Faransa yayin da yake sauƙaƙe ayyukan sojan Japan., The Vietnam War The Definitive Illustrated History cung, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Ho Chibsbv  Minh, ya dawo ya kafa ƙungiyar adawa ta Vietnam.The Vietnam War The Definitive Illustrated History Daga shekara ta 1944, Ofishin Ayyuka na Dabarun Amurka (OS) ya ba Viet Minh makamai da horo don yakar Jafananci mamaya.[ "The OSS in Vietnam, 1945: A War of Missed Opportunities by Dixee Bartholomew-Feis"] Shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt ya goyi bayan juriya na Vietnam, kuma ya ba da shawarar a ba da 'yancin kai na Vietnam a ƙarƙashin amintattun ƙasashen duniya bayan yaƙin. "The OSS in Vietnam, 1945: A War of Missed Opportunities by Dixee Bartholomew-Feis" Goscha 2016, pp. 194–197

A cikin Maris a shekara ta 1945, Japan, ta rasa yakin, ta kifar da gwamnatin Faransa a Indochina, ta kafa daular Vietnam, kuma ta rike da sarki Bảo Đại a matsayin babban mutum.Smith, Ralph B. (September 1978). "The Japanese Period in Indochina and the Coup of 9 March 1945". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 9 (2): Jam’iyyun masu kishin kasa sun fadada tasirinsu na siyasa.[82] Bayan mika wuya da kasar Japan ta yi, 'yan Viet Minh sun kaddamar da juyin juya halin watan Agusta, inda suka kifar da gwamnatin da Japan ke marawa baya tare da kwace makamai daga hannun sojojin Japan da suka mika wuya. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, Ho Chi Minh ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Vietnam (DRV). l,Guillemot, François (2019). "The Lessons of Yên Bái, or the "Fascist" Temptation: How the Đại Việt Parties Rethought Anticolonial Nationalist Revolutionary Action, 1932–1945". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 14 (3): 43–78. doi:10.1525/vs.2019.14.3.43 "UQAM | Guerre d'Indochine | 23 SEPTEMBER 1945" Hughes, Geraint (September 2006). "A 'Post-war' War: The British Occupation of French-Indochina, September 1945–March 1946". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 17 (3): 263–286. doi:10.1080/09592310600671596.

Yakin Indochina na Farko
Manyan labarai: Yaƙi a Vietnam (1945–1946) da Yaƙin Indochina na Farko

.[Guillemot, François (2004). "Au coeur de la fracture vietnamienne : l'élimination de l'opposition nationaliste et anticolonialiste dans le Nord du Vietnam (1945–1946)". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945. Paris: Les Indes savantes. pp. 175–216. ISBN 9782846540643.  Kort 2017, pp. 62–63, 81–85  Tran 2022, pp. 24  Marr, David G. (2013). Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520954977. 383-441  A cikin 1946, yerjejeniyar Franco-China da Ho-Sainteny sun sauƙaƙa zaman tare tsakanin DRV da Faransanci wanda ya ƙarfafa Viet Minh tare da lalata masu kishin ƙasaGoscha 2016, pp. 204–208  Holcombe 2020, pp. 35, 38 wannan lokacin rani, Viet Minh ya haɗu da sojojin Faransa don kawar da masu kishin ƙasa, wanda aka yi niyya don tsananin adawa da mulkin mallaka.Kort 2017, pp. 83–84, 
Guillemot, François (2004). "Au coeur de la fracture vietnamienne : l'élimination de l'opposition nationaliste et anticolonialiste dans le Nord du Vietnam (1945–1946)". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945. Paris: Les Indes savantes. pp. 175–216. ISBN 9782846540643. The Origins of the Vietnamese Civil War and the State of Vietnam Tran, Nu-Anh (2023). "Denouncing the 'Việt Cộng': Tales of revolution and betrayal in the Republic of Vietnam". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 53 (4): 686–708. doi:10.1017/S0022463422000790.
Tare da yawanc an in ɓangarorin masu kishin ƙasa,  Kort 2017, p. 85.    daTran 2022 da tattaunawar ta wargaje, tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Viet Minh da hukumomin Faransa sun barke cikin cikakken yaƙi a cikin Disamba 1946,  Asselin 2024, pp. 73–81. wani rikici wanda ya shiga cikin yakin cacar baka. 'Yan adawa masu ra'ayin kishin kasa da ƙungiyoyin siyasa-addini sun haɗu bayan Bảo Đại da aka gudun hijira don sake buɗe tattaunjawa da Faransa don adawa da mulkin gurguzu. Goscha 2016, pp. 238–241 don tsawaita zamansu na mulkin mallaka da kuma karfafa matsayinsu a cikin NATOThe Origins of the Vietnamese Civil War and the State of Vietnam .[Vu, Tuong (2009). "'It's time for the Indochinese Revolution to show its true colours': The radical turn of Vietnamese politics in 1948". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 40 (3): 519–542. doi:10.1017/S0022463409990051.  Hoang, Tuan (2009). "The Early South Vietnamese Critique of Communism". In Vu, Tuong; Wongsurawat, Wasana (eds.). Dynamics of the Cold War in Asia: Ideology, Identity, and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–32. doi:10.1057/9780230101999_2. ISBN 9780230101999. Hoang, Tuan (2009). "The Early South Vietnamese Critique of Communism". In Vu, Tuong; Wongsurawat, Wasana (eds.). Dynamics of the Cold War in Asia: Ideology, Identity, and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–32. doi:10.1057/9780230101999_2. ISBN 9780230101999.
Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8.
Rukunan 'yan gurguzu na Truman, wanda shugaba Harry S. Truman ya fara sanar a cikin Maris 1947, ya yi alƙawarin goyon bayan Amurka ga al'ummomin da ke adawa da "yunƙurin cin nasara da 'yan tsiraru masu dauke da makamai ko kuma matsin lamba daga waje" [.Administration, United States National Archives and Records (4 July 2006). Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-530959-1. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024. Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy : 377-379  Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8.
Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8.
(Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007

Yaƙin Dien Bien Phu
Manyan labarai: Yaƙin Dien Bien Phu da Operation Vulture
A lokacin yakin Dien Bien Phu a shekara ta 1954, jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun yi tafiya zuwa Tekun Tonkin kuma Amurka sun gudanar da jiragen leken asiri. Faransa da Amurka sun tattauna game da amfani da makamin nukiliya na dabara, duk da yadda aka yi la’akari da muhimmancin hakan, da kuma wanda ba a sani ba The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1945–1975 ] The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1945–1975  A cewar mataimakin shugaban kasar na lokacin Richard Nixon, hafsan hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsan hafsoshin tsaron sun tsara shirin amfani da makaman nukiliya don tallafawa Faransawa. The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1945–1975, wanda ake kira "hawk", ya ba da shawarar cewa Amurka za ta iya "sanya samarin Amurkawa" Tucker, Spencer C (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3.  Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya sanya Amurka ta shiga cikin goyon bayan Birtaniyya, amma sun yi adawa da shi. shiga tsakani.Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567 75–76  kiyasin leken asirin Amurka sun kasance suna nuna shakku kan yiwuwar samun nasara a Faransa.The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1. pp. 391–
Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8.
A <cikin Mayu 1954, sojojin Faransa a Dien Bien Phu sun mika wuya. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen sa hannun sojojin Faransa a Indochina. A taron Geneva, sun yi shawarwarin tsagaita wuta tare da Viet Minh, kuma an ba da 'yancin kai ga Cambodia, Laos, da Vietnam.["The Final Declarations of the Geneva Conference July 21, 1954" "Geneva Accords | history of Indochina | Britannica"
,"China Contributed Substantially to Vietnam War Victory, Claims Scholar"

Lokacin canji
Manyan labarai: Taron Geneva na 1954, 1954 a Vietnam, Tsarin Gudanar da Yanci, da sake fasalin ƙasa a Arewacin Vietnam
"China Contributed Substantially to Vietnam War Victory, Claims Scholar"
Tucker, Spencer C (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3
Tucker, Spencer C (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3
Taron Geneva na 1954
A taron Geneva na 1954, an raba Vietnam na ɗan lokaci a layi na 17. Ho Chi Minh ya yi fatan ci gaba da yaki a kudu, amma abokan kasar Sin sun hana shi, wadanda suka tabbatar masa da cewa zai iya yin nasara ta hanyar zabe."China Contributed Substantially to Vietnam War Victory, Claims Scholar" ] Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8. 87-88 wuce gona da iri na katolika a tsakanin Viet Minh da kuma rarraba farfagandar da aka danganta ga Viet Minh da ke barazanar harin Amurka a kan Hanoi tare da bama-bamai na atomic.
Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8. Goscha 2016 Murti, B.S.N. (1964). Vietnam Divided. Asian Publishing House. Karnow 1997
A cikin kwanaki 300, 'yan Arewa kusan miliyan daya, saboda tsoron zalunci daga 'yan gurguzu, suka ƙaura zuwa kudu,  Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8. 96 . Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8.Yan gudun hijirar sun ba wa gwamnatin Ngô Đình Diệm daga baya wani yanki mai adawa da kwainisanci..Kinzer, Stephen (2013). The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War. Macmillan. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-1-4299-5352 98  Viet Minh ya bar kusan 5,000 zuwa 10,000 cadres a kudu a matsayin tushen tayar da tawaye.[ Kinzer, Stephen (2013). The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War. Macmillan. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-1-4299-5352  Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-
,,Hansen, Peter (2009). "Bắc Di Cư: Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam, and Their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954–1959". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 4 (3). Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 173–211. doi:10.1525/vs.2009.4.3.173.
Shaidu na Arewacin Vietnm sun ba da shawarar rabon kisa guda ɗaya ga kowane mazauna ƙauye 160: kimanin kisa ba100,000. Kamar yadda yaƙin neman zaɓe ya fi zama a yankin Red River Delta, malamai sun karɓi kisa 50,000.:Selling "Operation Passage to Freedom": Dr. Thomas Dooley and the Religious Overtones of Early American Involvement in Vietnam 143 [, Gittinger, J. Price (1959). "Communist Land Policy in North Viet Nam". Far Eastern Survey. 28 (8): 113–126. doi:10.2307/3024603. JSTOR 3024603.]: 569 The Black Book of Communism Duk da haka, takardu daga wuraren tarihin Vietnam da na Hungary sun nuna kisa ya ragu sosai, kodayake mai yiwuwa ya fi 1.4,200. A cikin 1956, shugabanni a Hanoi sun yarda cewa sun wuce gona da iri kuma sun mayar da yawancin ƙasar ga masu mallakar asaliHastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8. 99-100 
,Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans. Indiana University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-253-33854-9.
Kudanci, a halin yanzu, ya zama Jihar Vietnam, tare da Bảo Đại a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna, da Ngô Đình Diệm a matsayin Firayim Minista. Babu Amurka, ko Jihar Diệm ta Vietnam, ba su sanya hannu kan komai a taron Geneva ba. Tawagar Vietnam ba ta gurguzu ba ta ki amincewa da duk wani yanki na Vietnam, amma ta rasa lokacin dhaha Faransawa suka yarda da shawarar Viet Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng, , Arthur J. (2001). The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans. Indiana University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-253-33854-9.  134   wanda ya ba da shawarar Vietnam ta haɗu da zaɓe a ƙarƙashin kulawar "kwamitocin gida" na gida ", The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 3. Beacon Press. 1971. Birtaniya. The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 3. Beacon Press. 1971. 140  Ya tanadi zaɓen haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin kulawar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, amma Soviets suka ƙi.The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 3. Beacon Press. 1971.
Eisenhower 1963
"Evolution of the War. Origins of the Insurgency"
Woodruff 2005, p. 6 states: "The elections were not held. South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. In January 1957, the International Control Commission (ICC), comprising observers from India, Poland, and Canada, agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again."

Dokoki

Shugaban Amurka Dwight D. Eisenhower da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka John Foster Dulles suna gaisawa da shugaban Ngô Đình Diệm na Kudancin Vietnam a Washington, Mayu 8, 1957
Mai kishin Katolika, Diệm ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da kwaminisanci, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. "Diệm yana wakiltar ƴan kishin ƙasa ƴan ƙaranci da tsattsauran ra'ayi haɗe da mulkin kama-karya da son zuciya."Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy 200–201  Yawancin Vietnamese mabiya addinin Buddha ne, kuma sun firgita da ayyukan Diệm, kamar sadaukar da ƙasar ga Budurwa Maryamu.

A cikin 1955, "Some Clarifications on Lịch sử Nam bộ kháng chiến | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. 13 January 2025. Retrieved 11 January 2025.Diệm ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na "Lalantar da 'yan gurguzu", lokacin da ake tsare da ƴan gurguzu da sauran masu adawa da gwamnati a kurkuku, azabtarwa, ko kisa. Ya kafa hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 1956 kan ayyukan da ake ganin na gurguzu Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960". The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1. Boston: Beacon Press. 1971. Section 3, pp. 314–346. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2008 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College gwamnatin Vietnam ta Arewa ta yi iƙirarin cewa, a watan Nuwamba 1957, an ɗaure sama da 65,000 a kurkuku kuma an kashe 2,148. Kolko, Gabriel (1985). Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience. Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-394-74761-3 daure fursunonin siyasa 40,000 a shekara ta 1959. Turner, Robert F. (1975). Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development. Hoover Institution Publications. pp. 174–178. ISBN 978-0817964313: 89  A watan Oktoba na shekarar 1956, Diệm ya kaddamar da wani shirin sake fasalin kasa wanda ya takaita girman gonakin shinkafa ga kowane mai shi. Kadada miliyan 1.8 na filin noma ya zama samuwa don siyan mutanen da ba su da ƙasa. A shekara ta 1960, tsarin ya tsaya cik saboda da yawa daga cikin manyan magoya bayan Diem manyan masu mallakar filaye ne. Experience, a Collision of Cultures. Boston Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0939526123.–16 
Turner, Robert F. (1975). Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development. Hoover Institution Publications. pp. 174–178. ISBN 978-0817964313
A cikin Mayu 1957, Diệm ya kai ziyarar kwanaki 10 a Amurka. Eisenhower ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da ba shi goyon baya, kuma an gudanar da fareti don girmama Diệm. Amma Sakataren Gwamnati Dulles a asirce ya yarda cewa dole ne a goyi bayan Diệm saboda ba za su iya samun mafita mafi kyau ba.Karnow 1997

Tawaye a Kudu, 1954–60
Manyan labarai: Vietnam Cong da Yaƙi a Vietnam (1959-1963)
A tsakanin 1954-1957, gwamnatin Diệm ta yi nasarar hana manyan tarzoma a cikin karkara. A cikin watan Afrilun 1957, mahara suka kaddamar da wani kamfen na kisa, wanda ake kira "kawar da maciya amana" McNamera, Robert S.; Blight, James G.; Brigham, Robert K. (1999). Argument Without End. PublicAffairs. p. 35. ISBN 1-891620-22-3.. An kashe mutane 17 a wani kisan gilla a Châu Đốc a mashaya a watan Yuli. "Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960". The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1. Boston: Beacon Press. 1971. Section 3, pp. 314–346. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2008 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College. farkon 1959, Diệm ya ɗauki tashin hankali a matsayin kamfen da aka tsara kuma ya aiwatar da Dokar 10/59, wadda ta sa tashin hankalin siyasa ya zama hukuncin kisa. ]Excerpts from Law 10/59, 6 May 1959". Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. An samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin tsohuwar kasar Viet Minh, wanda babban burinsa shi ne gudanar da zaben da aka yi alkawari a yarjejeniyar Geneva, wanda ya kai ga raba ayyuka da sauran masu rajin gurguzu da masu adawa da GVN (Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Vietnam). Douglas Pike ya yi kiyasin cewa maharan sun yi garkuwa da mutane 2,000, da kuma kashe-kashe 1,700 na jami'ai, sarakunan kauyuka, ma'aikatan asibiti da malamai daga 1957 zuwa 1960. :Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8. ,"Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960"  Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8. , Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1615-9.
Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1615-9.
A cikin watan Satumba na 1960, COSVN, hedkwatar kudancin Vietnam ta Arewa, ya ba da umarnin tayar da rikici a Kudancin Vietnam kuma kashi uku na yawan jama'a ba da daɗewa ba suna zaune a yankunan da ke karkashin ikon gurguzu. An kafa shi a Memot, Cambodia, kuma an ba da umarni ta hanyar COSVN.[104]:  55-58 , .,"Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960". The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1. Boston: Beacon Press. 1971. Section 3, pp. 314–346. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2008 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College. The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990

Shiga Arewacin Vietnam
Duba kuma: mamayewar Arewacin Vietnam na Laos da hanyar Ho Chi Minh
A cikin Maris 1956, shugaban gurguzu na kudancin kudancin Lê Duẩn ya gabatar da wani shiri na farfado da tawaye mai taken "Hanyar Kudu", ga ofishin siyasa a Hanoi. Duk da haka, yayin da China da Soviets suka yi adawa da arangama, an yi watsi da shirinsa: , Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1615-9. 58  Duk da haka, shugabannin Arewacin Vietnam sun amince da matakan da suka dace don farfado da 'yan tawayen kudancin kasar a watan Disamba. Olson & Roberts 2008 sojojin gurguzu sun kasance a karkashin tsari guda daya da aka kafa a shekarar 1958. Military Hist Institute of Vietnam 2002 watan Mayun 1958, sojojin Arewacin Vietnam sun kwace tashar sufuri a Tchepone a Kudancin Laos kusa da yankin da ba a kwance ba, tsakanin Arewa da Kudancin Vietnam.Prados, John (1999). The Blood Road: The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War. Wiley. ISBN 9780471254652. Morrocco, John (1985). Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973. Volume 14 of Vietnam Experience. Boston Publishing Company. ISBN 9780939526147.
Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Arewacin Vietnam ta amince da "yakin mutane" a Kudu a cikin Janairu 1959, : Hastings, Max (2018). Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-240567-8.  119–120  kuma, a watan Mayu, an kafa rukunin 559 don haɓaka hanyar Ho Chi Minh, sannan tafiya ta tsauni na watanni shida ta Laos. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, sojojin Arewacin Vietnam da na Pathet Lao suka mamaye Laos, suna yakar sojojin Royal Lao a kan iyaka.:"The Road South: The Ho Chi Minh Trail" 26  Kimanin 500 daga cikin "masu taro" na 1954 aka tura kudu kan hanya a shekarar farko ta aiki.Morrocco, John (1985). Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973. Volume 14 of Vietnam Experience. Boston Publishing Company. ISBN 9780939526147. An kammala isar da makamai na farko a watan Agustan 1959. ]Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1615-9. A cikin Afrilu 1960, Arewacin Vietnam ya sanya wa maza shiga aikin soja. Kimanin sojojin kwaminisanci 40,000 ne suka kutsa kai cikin kudu tsakanin 1961-63. Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1615-

karin kaimi na keneddi 
Manyan labarai: Yaƙi a Vietnam (1959–1963) da Shirin Hamlet Dabarun

Taron labarai na Shugaba Kennedy na Maris 23, 1961
A cikin 1960s Karnow 1997, p. 264.

Kennedy ya ci gaba da jajircewa kan manufofin kasashen waje na yakin cacar baka da aka gada daga gwamnatocin Truman da Eisenhower. A cikin 1961, Amurka tana da dakaru 50,000 da ke da sansani a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma Kennedy ya fuskanci yanayi na rikici guda hudu: gazawar mamayewar Bay of Pigs da ya amince da shi a watan Afrilu,Karnow 1997 sasantawa tsakanin gwamnatin Laos da ke goyon bayan kungiyar kwaminisanci ta Pathet Lao a watan Mayu, It's Time to Stop Saying that JFK Inherited the Bay of Pigs Operation from Ike". History News Network. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023.gina katangar Berlin a watan Agusta, da kuma gina katangar Berlin a watan Agusta. Kennedy ya yi imanin wata gazawar dakatar da faɗaɗa kwaminisanci zai lalata amincin Amurka ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Ya kuduri aniyar "zana layi a cikin yashi" kuma ya hana cin nasarar gurguzu a Vietnam. Karnow 1997 Bostdorff, Denise M.; Goldzwig, Steven R. (1994). "Idealism and Pragmatism in American Foreign Policy Rhetoric: The Case of John F. Kennedy and Vietnam". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 24 (3): 515–530. JSTOR 27551281. ProQuest 215692085.

Manufar Kennedy game da Kudancin Vietnam ya ɗauka cewa Diệm da dakarunsa sun yi nasara da kansu. Ya yi adawa da tura sojojin Amurka na yaki kuma ya lura "gabatar da sojojin Amurka da yawa a can a yau, yayin da zai iya samun tasiri na soja na farko, zai iya haifar da mummunar siyasa kuma, a cikin dogon lokaci, mummunan sakamakon soja."Mann, Robert (2001). A Grand Delusion: America's Descent Into Vietnam. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04369-9.[page needed] Ingancin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam, duk da haka, ya kasance matalauta. Rashin shugabanci, cin hanci da rashawa, da ci gaban siyasa sun raunana ARVN.  Vietnam Task Force (1969). "IV. B. Evolution of the War 4. Phased Withdrawal of U.S. Forces in Vietnam, 1962–64". Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015.: 36

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