Yawan ruwa

Yawan ruwa
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta
Farashin kuɗin ruwa (wanda aka fi sani da yawan ruwa a Amurka da Kanada) farashi ne da aka keɓe ga ruwa wanda ma'aikacin jama'a ke bayarwa ta hanyar sadarwar bututu ga abokan cinikinsa. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar akan kuɗin fito na ruwa. Ba a cajin kuɗin ruwa da ruwan datti don ruwa da kansa, amma don dawo da kuɗaɗen kula da ruwa, ajiyar ruwa, jigilar shi ga kwastomomi, tattarawa da kula da ruwa, da kuma lissafin kuɗi da tarawa. Farashin da ake biya na ruwa da kansa ya sha bamban da kudin ruwa. Suna wanzu a cikin ƴan ƙasashe kuma ana kiran su cajin abstraction na ruwa ko kudade. Ba a rufe cajin abstraction a cikin wannan labarin, amma a cikin labarin akan farashin ruwa). Farashin kuɗin ruwa ya bambanta sosai a tsarinsu da matakinsu tsakanin ƙasashe, birane da wasu lokuta tsakanin nau'ikan masu amfani (na zama, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko gine-ginen jama'a). Hanyoyin daidaita jadawalin kuɗin fito suma sun bambanta sosai.
Yawancin abubuwan amfani da ruwa a duniya mallakar jama'a ne, amma wasu na sirri ne ko kuma ana sarrafa su (duba siyar da ruwa). Utilities masana'antu ne na cibiyar sadarwa da na halitta monopolies. Ka'idar tattalin arziki ta yi hasashen cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ba tare da kayyade ba suna saita farashin samfuran su a matakin da zai ba da damar fitar da ribar da ta ke da ita. Koyaya, a zahiri ana tsara jadawalin kuɗin fito da kayan aiki. Ana iya saita su ƙasa da farashi, a matakin dawo da farashi ba tare da dawo da babban jari ba, ko kuma a matakin dawo da farashi gami da ƙayyadaddun adadin dawowa akan babban birnin. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa an saita jadawalin kuɗin fito ƙasa da matakin dawo da farashi, ko da ba tare da la'akari da ƙimar riba ba [ref]. Wannan yakan haifar da rashin kulawa kuma yana buƙatar tallafi mai mahimmanci ga duka zuba jari da aiki. A cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, ruwa da, zuwa ƙarami, harajin ruwa na shara, yawanci ana saita su kusa ko a matakin dawo da farashi, wani lokacin har da alawus don riba[ref].
Ma'auni don saita jadawalin kuɗin fito
An saita jadawalin kuɗin ruwa bisa wasu ka'idoji na yau da kullun da doka ta ayyana, da kuma ka'idoji na yau da kullun.OECD:Pricing of Water Services, Paris 1987, p. 23-34 Sharuɗɗa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da:
ma'auni na kudi (farfadowa farashin),
Ma'auni na tattalin arziki (farashin inganci dangane da farashi mai ƙima) da kuma wani lokacin
ka'idojin muhalli (ƙarfafawa don kiyaye ruwa).
La'akarin zamantakewa da siyasa galibi suna da mahimmanci wajen saita jadawalin kuɗin fito. Tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito da matakan suna tasiri a wasu lokuta ta hanyar sha'awar guje wa babban nauyi ga matalauta masu amfani. La’akarin siyasa a farashin ruwa yakan haifar da tsaiko wajen amincewa da karin kudin fito a lokacin zabe.Ariel Dinar: The Political Economy of Water Pricing Reforms, World Bank, 2000Wani ma'auni don saita jadawalin kuɗin fito shine cewa farashin ruwa ya zama mai sauƙin fahimta ga masu amfani. Wannan ba koyaushe yake faruwa ba ga mafi sarƙaƙƙiya nau'ikan jadawalin kuɗin fito, kamar haɓaka-tariffs da jadawalin kuɗin fito waɗanda ke bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan masu amfani daban-daban.
Tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito
Akwai tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito daban-daban da yawa. Yawansu ya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe, kamar yadda binciken kuɗin fito na ƙasa da ƙasa ya nuna.
Nau'in tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito
Farashin ruwa da ruwan sha sun haɗa da aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke biyowa:
farashi mai girma, inda ake amfani da ma'aunin ruwa, da
m kudi, inda ba a yi amfani da ruwa metering.
Yawancin abubuwan amfani suna amfani da jadawalin kuɗin fito na kashi biyu inda aka haɗa jadawalin kuɗin fito tare da ƙayyadaddun caji. Ƙarshen na iya haɗawa da ƙarancin amfani ko a'a. Matsayin ƙayyadadden cajin sau da yawa ya dogara da diamita na haɗin haɗin.
Ƙimar ƙaranci na iya
zama daidai gwargwado da amfani (daidaitacce jadawalin kuɗin fito),
karuwa tare da amfani (ƙara-tushe haraji, IBT), ko
ragewa tare da amfani (raguwar-tariffs, DBT).
Ana saita jadawalin kuɗin fito na katanga na farko akan IBT akan farashi mai rahusa tare da manufar kare matalauta gidaje waɗanda ake zaton ba za su cinye ruwa kaɗan ba fiye da na gidaje marasa talauci. Girman katangar farko na iya bambanta daga mita cubic 5 zuwa mita cubic 50 a kowane gida da wata. A Afirka ta Kudu, katangar farko na cin mita 6 a kowane gida da wata ana ba da ita kyauta (ruwa na asali kyauta). Matsakaicin amfani da ruwa na wata-wata ya bambanta dangane da girman iyali da halayen amfani tsakanin kusan mita 4 na gida ɗaya a cikin yanayi mai zafi (misali a Jamus) ba tare da amfani da ruwa na waje ba kuma kusan mita cubic 50 ga gidan mutum huɗu a cikin yanayi mai dumi (misali Amurka ko a Kudancin.
Duk da haka, ba koyaushe ba a sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin matakin samun kuɗin gida da yawan ruwa[3].
Matakan jadawalin kuɗin fito
Akwai hanyoyi masu inganci daban-daban don kwatanta matakan kuɗin kuɗin ruwa. Bisa ga wata hanya, ana samun kuɗin ruwa mafi girma da ruwa a duniya a Bermudas, daidai da dalar Amurka 7.45 a kowace m3 a cikin 2017 (cinyewar 15 m3 a kowane wata). Ana samun mafi ƙarancin kuɗin ruwa a duniya a cikin Turkmenistan da Tsibirin Cook, inda ake samar da ruwan zama kyauta, sannan Uzbekistan tare da kuɗin ruwa daidai da dalar Amurka 0.01 a kowace m3 kuma babu kuɗin fito na ruwa[10]
Rate daidaita tafiyar matakai
Tsarin daidaita farashin ruwa ya bambanta sosai daga wannan wuri zuwa wani. A cikin manyan ƙasashe da yawa (China, Faransa, Jamus, Indiya, Mexico, Afirka ta Kudu da Amurka) tsarin daidaita farashin yana faruwa a matakin birni. Dokokin daidaita farashin sun bambanta sosai. Game da samar da sabis na jama'a, yawanci ana daidaita jadawalin kuɗin fito ta hanyar yanke shawara daga majalisar karamar hukuma bayan buƙatar da ma'aikatan birni suka nema. Wasu ƙasashe, kamar Jamus, sun ƙayyade doka cewa duk farashin kuɗi na samar da sabis dole ne a dawo da su ta hanyar kudaden shiga. Wasu ƙasashe suna bayyana dawo da farashi a matsayin makasudin dogon lokaci, kamar a Mexico. A cikin yanayin masu ba da sabis masu zaman kansu ana tsara ƙa'idodin daidaita jadawalin kuɗin fito a cikin rangwame ko kwangilar haya, galibi suna ba da ƙididdigewa ga hauhawar farashin kaya.
A wasu kasashe masu tasowa, an kayyade kudin ruwa a matakin kasa. Ana ɗaukar karin kuɗin fito a matsayin wani batu mai mahimmanci na siyasa kuma dole ne Majalisar Ministoci ko Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ƙasa ta yanke shawara. Haka lamarin yake a kasashe da dama na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (Masar, Jordan, Lebanon, Maroko, Siriya, Tunisiya), da kuma a kasashe da dama na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, babu ma'auni na haƙiƙa don daidaita jadawalin kuɗin fito. gyare-gyare ba su da yawa kuma sau da yawa suna komawa bayan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki don dawo da farashi ya kasance mai wahala.

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