Intifada ta farko a Sahrawi

Intifada ta farko ta Sahrawi ta kasance wani bangare na fadace -fadace da ke gudana a yammacin Sahara. Ya fara a cikin Shekara ta 1999 kuma ya kasance har zuwa 2004,  yana juyewa zuwa Independence Intifada a 2005.

 Fage 
Yammacin Sahara, wadda a da ta kasance Saharar Sipaniya, Morocco ta mamaye kasar a shekarar ta 1975, yayin da Spain ta fice daga kasar. Wannan ya haifar da yaki da Polisario Front, wanda, a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wakiltar 'yan asalin Sahrawi na asali ; Aljeriya makwabciyarta ce ta mara masa baya . A shekara ta 1976, babbar ƙungiyar Sahrawi, wato Polisario Front, ta ayyana matsayin ƙasar Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) a yankunan da Polisario ke iko da yammacin Sahara. A shekara ta 1991, an amince da tsagaita wuta tsakanin Polisario da Maroko, bisa sharadin gudanar da zaben raba gardama kan 'yancin kai na lardunan Kudu da Moroko ta mamaye (ciki har da zabin 'yancin kai ko hadewa cikin Maroko). Tun shekara ta 1991, sharuɗɗan zaɓen raba gardama ya shafe shekaru ana tafka muhawara a tsakanin bangarorin, ko da yake ana ci gaba da ci gaba da tsagaita wuta duk da sauran tashe-tashen hankula. Kasar Maroko ce ke rike da akasarin yankin, inda dakarun Polisario ke rike da wani kututture. Wata tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, MINURSO, tana sintiri a kan layin da aka kebe.

Ayyukan siyasa na Sahrawi a yankunan yammacin Sahara da Moroko ke iko da su ya kasance cikin tsauraran matakai, kuma hare-haren 'yan sanda da bacewar tilastawa ya kasance mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar fararen hula.  Yanayin siyasa sannu a hankali ya kwanta a cikin 1990s bayan tsagaita wuta, da kuma bin babban sassauci a Maroko daidai.

 Intifada ta farko 

 1999 zanga-zangar 
Tun bayan samun sassaucin ra'ayi na siyasa, an fara zanga-zangar tsaka-tsaki kuma ƙungiyoyin masu goyon bayan Polisario sun ayyana ƙananan "intifadas" a cikin 1999 da 2000, wanda galibi yakan haifar da kama masu zanga-zangar da dama.   Intifada ta farko ta Sahrawi ta fara ne a karshen shekarar 1999 kuma tana da manyan zanga-zanga. Sarki Hassan II, wanda ya yi alkawalin mulkin dimokuradiyya da kawo sauyi, ya rasu ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yuli, wanda ya haifar da wani sabon yanayi na siyasa. "Sahrawis campaign for independence in the second intifada, Western Sahara, 2005-2008 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". 

A farkon watan Satumba na shekarar 1999, daliban Sahrawi sun gudanar da zama a dandalin al-Zamlah da ke al-'Ayun, babban birnin yankin, inda suka bukaci a ba su tallafin karatu da tallafin sufuri zuwa jami'o'in Morocco da ke arewacin Morocco. "Sahrawis campaign for independence in the second intifada, Western Sahara, 2005-2008 | Global Nonviolent Action Database".  Dalibai da dama ne suka zauna a cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana a karkashin tantuna a dandalin, wanda kai tsaye ya fuskanci otal din Najir, inda jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka sauka a lokacin ziyararsu.  Dandalin kuma ya kasance alamar alama saboda tarihin da ya gabata: a cikin 1970, sojojin Spain sun kashe gungun Sahrawis masu zanga-zangar neman 'yancin kai a dandalin. Daliban kuma sun hada da fursunonin siyasa na Sahrawi, inda suka yi muhawarar a biya su diyya da kuma kawo karshen bacewar sauran ‘yan siyasa.  Ba da dadewa ba, ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai na Sahrawi da Sahrawi 'yan kungiyar "National Association of Unemployed University Graduates" da ke Maroko.  Masu zanga-zangar sun mamaye dandalin al-Zamlah na tsawon kwanaki 12 kafin jami’an kasar Morocco su mayar da martani, inda suka aike da ‘yan sanda don tarwatsa zanga-zangar, tare da lakadawa masu zanga-zangar duka, tare da kame da dama; An ce an kori wasu Sahrawi zuwa cikin jeji suka bar wajen. 

Masu fafutuka na Sahrawi sun sake shirya wata zanga-zanga bayan kwanaki biyar inda suka bukaci 'yancin kai da kuma gudanar da zaben raba gardama. "Sahrawis campaign for independence in the second intifada, Western Sahara, 2005-2008 | Global Nonviolent Action Database".  An yi iƙirarin cewa a mayar da martani, jami'an ƙasar Morocco sun ba wa ƴan daba na cikin gida damar yin kaca-kaca da gidaje da kasuwancin Sahrawi. Jami'an tsaron jihar sun kama masu zanga-zanga 150 a lokacin zanga-zangar, tare da tara wasu da dama a farkon watannin 2000.  Ko da yake jami'an tsaro sun saki fursunonin cikin gaggawa, masu fafutuka na Sahrawi sun zargi 'yan sanda da azabtarwa da kuma cin zarafi a lokacin da ake tsare da su. A cikin Intifada ta farko, zanga-zangar Sahrawi ta jawo hankalin sauran mazauna Morocco. Da suka shaida tashin hankali da rashin adalci, da yawa daga cikin Sahrawi na Maroko sun yanke kauna da manufofin gwamnatin Moroko. 

 Tattaunawar Siyasa 
A cikin Nuwamba 1999, 'yan gwagwarmayar siyasa na Sahrawi, wadanda aka daure kuma "batattu", sun kafa dandalin Gaskiya da Adalci, wanda ke neman gwamnati ta magance take hakki da rashin adalci. "Sahrawis campaign for independence in the second intifada, Western Sahara, 2005-2008 | Global Nonviolent Action Database".  An kafa reshen wannan kungiya a al-Ayun, Western Sahara, ta masu fafutukar Sahrawi a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2000.  Gwamnatin Moroko ba ta da hurumi a game da reshen Sahara, inda ta bayyana cewa ta kasance mai fafutukar neman yancin kai, kuma a watan Nuwamba 2002, kotunan Morocco sun kafa doka don haramta kungiyar.  An ci gaba da zanga-zangar a tsawon shekaru 2000 zuwa 2004, amma an sami ƙananan ci gaban zaman lafiya a cikin lokacin (kamar Shirin Baker na 2003, wanda shine shawarar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don ba da shawarar kai ga yankin), wanda ya shafi tunanin masu fafutuka da yanayin zanga-zangar. 

 Ƙoƙarin sulhu 
A cikin Janairun 2004, ƙungiyoyin fafutukar siyasa na Sahrawi sun haɗa kai a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders. Kungiyar ta bukaci a kafa wani kwamitin bincike na kasa da kasa da zai binciki rashin adalcin da ake yi a yankin yammacin Sahara. Aminatou Haidar, shugabar kungiyar da Ali Salem Tamek, mataimakin shugaban kasa, dukkansu su ne suka shirya matsalar Sahrawi. Haka kuma a watan Janairun 2004, Sarkin Moroko Mohammed ya saki tare da yin afuwa ga wasu ’yan gwagwarmayar Sahrawi su goma sha biyu, wadanda wasu daga cikinsu ke da hannu a cikin kungiyar hadin kan gaskiya da adalci ta Sahara. A shekara ta 2005, duk da haka, tattaunawa don tattaunawar zaman lafiya ta tsaya cik. Daga cikin wannan ne wata sabuwar zanga-zanga ta Sahrawi ta barke, wadda ake kira Intifada Sahrawi ta Biyu ko Independence Intifada.

 Bayan haka 
Independence Intifada tana nufin jerin tarzoma, zanga-zanga, da tarzoma da suka barke a watan Mayun 2005 a yankunan Yammacin Saharar Moroko da ke kudancin Sahara da kuma kudancin Maroko. 

 Nassoshi