Shetani

Shetani (kalmar guda ɗaya ce da jam'i a Turanci, jam'i a cikin Swahili mashetani ) ruhohi ne na tatsuniyoyi na Gabashin Afirka da kuma sanannen imani . Galibi na mazaje, kuma ana samun su a cikin nau'i daban-daban da nau'o'i daban-daban masu iko daban-daban, shetani sanannen batu ne na zane-zane, musamman na mutanen Makonde na Tanzaniya, Mozambique, da Kenya . A zahiri, shetani iri-iri daban-daban suna bayyana a matsayin karkatattun siffofi na mutum da na dabba.

Akwai wata kungiyar shetaniya ta Gabashin Afirka ta zamani, kuma rahotannin ganin shetanin mutum guda yana da zagaye,"Today the cult of the shetani (meaning a spirit or spirits, the word is singular or plural) is still going strong in Zanzibar and Pemba – a dark undercurrent unseen and unknown by the majority of visitors." Zanzibar: The Bradt Travel Guide, fifth edition, 2006  "The Shetani Of Zanzibar" Gemma Pitcher http://www.zanzibar-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1847 inda Popo Bawa ya firgita a 1995 a Zanzibar  da 2007 a Dar es Salaam. 

Fitaccen mai zanen Makonde George Lilanga (1934–2005) ya sami shahara a duniya tare da sassakaki da zanen shetani. Samaki Likankoa, gwanin sassaƙa a Tanzaniya shi ne farkon wanda ya kafa salon shetani a farkon shekarun 1950. Mohamed Peera, masanin fasahar Indiya ya kasance babban majiɓinci da tasiri ga masu sassaƙa makonde da yawa kamar Samaki, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yunkurin shetani makonde daga farkon 1950s zuwa 1970s.

 Bayanin suna 
Kalmar Swahili da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ƙasashe dabam-dabam na Gabashin Afirka don nuni ga galibin ruhohin Musulunci na asali na mazaje, shetani (pl. Mashetani ), aro ce daga Larabci, Shaidan, ma'ana shaidan, ko kuma, musamman ma, abokin gaba . Kalmar tana da alaƙa da kalmar Ingilishi ta Shaiɗan wacce ta fito daga ƙarshe daga tushen Semitic iri ɗaya.A host of devils: the history and context of the making of Makonde spirit sculpture, Zachary Kingdon, p 118.

 Yanayi da iri 
Akwai nau'o'in shetani da yawa, masu sifofi iri-iri, kuma suna da siffofi da yawa; m, dabba, anthropomorphic da haɗuwa da su. Ko ƙafa ɗaya ko mai hannu ɗaya, cyclopic ko tare da ƙari da ƙari da ƙari, ainihin yanayin shetani shine gurɓataccen mutum, siffar ɗan adam mai asymmetrical, nau'in nau'in halitta na duniya na kowa,  Wani sassaka na yau da kullun, wanda aka yi a cikin ebony ko blackwood na Afirka, yana iya samun "ido ɗaya, marar haƙori, buɗe baki da baya wanda ke fuskantar da ba daidai ba."A host of devils: the history and context of the making of Makonde spirit sculpture, Zachary Kingdon, p 132.A host of devils: the history and context of the making of Makonde spirit sculpture, Zachary Kingdon, p 133.

Akwai nau'ikan shetani iri-iri. Misalai sun haɗa da ukunduka mai haɗari, wanda ke ciyarwa ta hanyar jima'i, da kuma hawainiya shetani,Indian Ocean newsletter, volumes 5-8, University of Western Australia, Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies, p. 4. mai cin nama mai wuce gona da iri na kadangaru, ko kuma shuluwele na magani mara lahani wanda ke tara ganya ga masu sihiri.

Wasu ruhohi, kamar "mugunta na musamman"  Popo Bawa ('bat-wing'), hade da "datti da tashin hankali ludayi " da kuma ƙanshin sulfur mai ƙonewa,Wind, Life, Health: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives, Elisabeth Hsu, Chris Low, p. 44. </ref> mutane ne masu ban tsoro.  A cewar BBC a shekara ta 2001, "Da yawa daga cikin 'yan Zanzibari yanzu sun ƙi yin kwana a gidajensu saboda sun yi imanin cewa farauta ce kawai ga mutane a cikin kwanciyar hankali na gadonsu."Sex-mad 'ghost' scares Zanzibaris", Ally Saleh, Thursday, 19 July 2001, 12:32 GMT 13:32 UK, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1446733.stm

 Shetani ibada 
Imani da shetani ci gaba ne na imani jahiliyya. Baya ga Makonde da ke gudanar da al'adar sassaka, wasu al'ummomi, irin su Segeju na Tanzaniya, waɗanda suka gane kabilu takwas ko goma na ruhohi, tare da kowane mutum yana da sunansa da halayensa, suna ci gaba da imani da mallakar Shetani da fitar da su daga waje. 

A cewar Zanzibar Bradt Guide Guide, "Babu wata hanya ta gaske, in ji mazauna gida, don kare kanka daga yiwuwar samun hari ko hari da shetani. Abu mafi kyau shine kawai don kauce wa hanyarsu kuma kokarin tabbatar da cewa sun kasance daga naka - alal misali ta hanyar rataye takarda, wanda aka rubuta da ayoyin Larabci na musamman, daga rufin gida, ko kantin sayar da kaya a kusan kowane gida mai launin ruwan kasa na Zanzi. manne da katakon rufin da auduga." 

 Art da mashahurin al'adu 
Hoton shetani ya ci gaba da bunƙasa a cikin kasuwancin sassaken Makonde mai bunƙasa, ya bambanta daga "fasahar filin jirgin sama"  zuwa fasaha mai kyau da aka samu a wurare kamar Tarin Hamburg Mawingu. 

 George Lilanga 
George Lilanga (1934-2005) ɗan ƙasar Tanzaniya ne mai sassaƙa kuma mai zane na kabilar Makonde wanda ya zauna a Dar es Salaam . An baje kolin aikinsa a baje-kolin duniya na zamani na Afirka ciki har da Africa Remix a Düsseldorf, Paris, London da Tokyo.

A cikin shekarun 1970, Lilanga ya halarci wani taron baje koli na mawakan Afirka a Washington DC Daga cikin ayyuka 280 da aka gabatar, kusan 100 ne Lilanga ya gabatar. A wannan lokacin ne aka kwatanta shi da Jean Dubuffet . An yi la'akari da cewa Lilanga ya yi tasiri a kan matasan Amurka masu zane-zane; Keith Haring ya fada a wata hira cewa fasahar Lilanga ta shafe shi. Lilanga ya fara dogon jerin nune-nune. Ayyukansa sun sami karuwar nasara a Afirka, Turai, Amurka, Indiya da Japan. A cikin 1980s, ya sadaukar da kansa kusan kawai don yin zane. An wakilta shetaninsa mai girma biyu akan Masonite kuma, daga baya, akan Faesite.

Tarin Mawingu na Hamburg ya buga cikakken jerin ayyukan Lilanga cikin tsari da tsari, kuma aikinsa ya zama kashin bayan tarin su.

 A cikin Out Of 
A cikin littafin Alan Dean Foster na 1986 labari mai ban tsoro/fantasy, Cikin Wuta, dattawan mutanen Maasai sun fahimci cewa daga kudancin su a cikin jejin Ruaha na Tanzaniya rikicin duniya yana gabatowa. Shetani malevolent, wanda ya samo asali daga madaidaitan tashar da aka sani da Maasai a matsayin "Fita daga" (saboda duk abubuwa, kamar mutane, dabbobi da tsirrai, sun fito daga cikinta tun asali), suna neman hanyarsu ta zuwa wannan duniyar. Baya ga zagon kasa gaba daya, Shetani na haifar da rikici tsakanin manyan kasashe, da nufin tada yaki. Idan ba a kiyaye shi ba, shingen da ke tsakanin bangarorin biyu za su karya har abada kuma gungun shetanin da ba za a iya kirguwa ba za su mamaye duniya, suna bautar da ’yan Adam da ba su kawar da su ba.

 Magana 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Hamburg Mawingu Collection
 HMC: Tarin George Lilanga
 Tarin masu zaman kansu na sassakaki da zane-zane na Lilanga
 George Lilanga gidan yanar gizo na intanet 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba