Alex La Guma

Alex La Guma (20 Fabrairu 1924 – 11 Oktoba 1985) marubuci ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne, shugaban ƙungiyar masu launin Afirka ta Kudu (SACPO) kuma wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa , wanda ayyukansa suka taimaka wajen kwatanta motsin da aka yi a zamanin mulkin nuna mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Salon La Guma na fayyace, tattaunawa ta musamman, da kuma yadda ya dace, da nuna juyayi ga kungiyoyin da ake zalunta, sun sanya shi zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarni na 20. An ba La Guma lambar yabo ta 1969 Lotus don adabi. 

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi La Guma a gundumar Shida, Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. Shi ɗan James La Guma ne,"Alex La Guma" , South African History Online.  jigo a ƙungiyar masana'antu da ma'aikatan kasuwanci da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu."James Arnold (Jimmy) La Guma" , South African History Online.

La Guma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Trafalgar a gundumar Shida a Cape Town.Obituary, Sechaba, January 1986. Retrieved 13 August 2014.   Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar fasaha a shekarar 1945, ya kasance memba mai ƙwazo na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Shuka na Kamfanin Akwatin Ƙarfe. An kore shi ne bayan ya shirya yajin aiki, kuma ya shiga harkokin siyasa, inda ya shiga kungiyar matasan gurguzu a shekarar 1947 da jam’iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1948. La Guma ya yi adawa da shugaban ƙungiyar jama'ar Afirka, Dr Abdullah Abdurahman, don neman kujerar majalisar birnin a watan Satumba na shekarar 1939, amma ya doke shi da kuri'u 1083 da 263. Jaridar Standard ta buga labarin cewa: "Dr A. fadama La Guma."Cape Standard, 12 September 1939. 

A cikin shekarar 1956, ya taimaka wajen tsara wakilan Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda suka tsara Yarjejeniya ta 'Yanci, saboda haka yana ɗaya daga cikin 156 da ake tuhuma a Kotunan cin amana a wannan shekarar. Ya buga gajeriyar labarinsa na farko, "Nocturn", a cikin shekarar 1957. A cikin shekarar 1960 ya fara rubutawa don New Age, jarida mai ci gaba, kuma a cikin 1962 an sanya shi a cikin gidan kurkuku. Kafin hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar ya wuce, an zartar da Dokar Ba ta Kotu kuma an saka shi da matarsa a gidan kurkuku. Bayan an sallame su daga gidan yari, sun koma gidan yari. Shi, tare da matarsa Blanche da 'ya'yansu biyu, sun tafi gudun hijira zuwa Burtaniya a cikin shekarar 1966.  La Guma ya yi sauran rayuwarsa a gudun hijira.

A cikin shekarar 1984, Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Faransa ta naɗa shi Jami'in Fasaha da Wasika. Ya kasance babban wakilin Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka a yankin Caribbean a lokacin mutuwarsa daga bugun zuciya a Havana, Cuba, ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba 1985.  

Ko da yake La Guma ya kasance abin zaburarwa kuma ya zaburar da shi daga yadda ake ci gaba da adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, musamman Black Consciousness Movement, dangantakarsa da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kai tsaye ce. 

 Sanannun ayyuka 
Ayyukan La Guma sun haɗa da:

 Tafiya Cikin Dare Da Sauran Labarai (1967), Ibadan, Nigeria: Mbari. Yana nuna: 1) "Tafiya cikin Dare"; 2) "Alamomin Tattoo da Nails"; 3) "A Portagee's"; 4) "The Gladiators"; 5) "Bargo"; 6) "Al'amarin Dandano"; 7) "Gidan Lemun tsami".
 Kuma Igiya Mai Ninki Uku (1964), (Gabas) Berlin, GDR: Mawallafin Tekuna Bakwai.
 Quartet: Sabbin Muryoyi daga Afirka ta Kudu (1963), London: Heinemann. Labarun Alex La Guma, James Matthews, Richard Rive, da Alf Wannenburgh. Yana nunawa: 1) "Daga cikin Duhu"; 2) "Slipper Satin"; 3) "Gilashin ruwan inabi"; 4) "Nocturne" na La Guma.
 Ƙasar Dutse (1967), (Gabas) Berlin, GDR: Mawallafin Tekuna Bakwai.
 Ina the Fog of the Seasons' Ƙarshen (1972), London: Heinemann.
 Tafiya Soviet (1978), Moscow: Masu Buga Ci gaba.
 Lokacin Butcherbird (1979), London: Heinemann.

 Manazarta 

 Kara karantawa 

 Kathleen M. Balutansky. Labarun Alex La Guma: Wakilin Rikicin Siyasa. Labaran Nahiyoyi Uku, 1990.
 Chandramohan, Balasubramanyam, Nazarin Kabilanci a Afirka ta Kudu na Zamani: Rubutun Alex La Guma, 1925-1985 . Lewiston, New York, da Lampeter, Wales: Mellen Research University Press, 1992.
 Roger Field. Alex La Guma: Tarihin Adabi da Siyasa . Woodbridge, Birtaniya: James Currey, 2010.
 Ian Fullerton. Siyasa da Littafin Novel na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin Turanci, cikin Bold, Christine (ed.), Cencrastus No. 3, Summer 1980, shafi. 22 & 23.
 Christopher J. Lee (ed.), Tafiya na Tarayyar Soviet: Mahimman Bayani mai Mahimmanci . Littattafan Lexington, 2017.
 Godiya ga Alex La Guma a Rixaka, mujallar al'adu ta ANC, Lamba 3/86.

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Tarihin Alex La Guma daga Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu akan layi
 "Wasanni na harshe, almara na Alex La Guma, da sabon gaskiyar bayan wariyar launin fata ga marubucin Afirka ta Kudu"  – nazarin gudunmawar La Guma game da wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu
 "Alex La Guma Ya Samu Kyautar Lotus" – labarin labarai daga 1971, tare da hoto
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924