Shige da fice a cikin Afirka

Afirka ita ce ta hudu mafi yawan bakin haure a duniya. A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 25 sun yi hijira a ciki da wajenta.  Mafi yawan ƙaura a Afirka na faruwa ne a cikin nahiyar yayin da mutane miliyan 19 ke ƙaura tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka. Yunkurin ƙaura daga ƙasashen duniya a Afirka ya samo asali ne daga ƙoƙarin ƙasashen Afirka da cibiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa na haɓaka haɗin gwiwar yanki.  Hakanan ana samun sauƙin ƙaura a yankin Afirka ta hanyar haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa da yaɗa harsuna da al'adun yammaci. 

 Yanayin ƙaura na Afirka 

 Bayanin kididdiga 
Ya zuwa shekarar 2017, an haifi mutane miliyan 38 daga cikin miliyan 258 na bakin haure na duniya a Afirka. Kasashe 48 daga cikin 58 na Afirka suna da aƙalla tushen bayanai guda ɗaya don kididdigar ƙaura; Adadin bakin hauren da ke cikin bayanai daga kidayar jama'a ta 2000 ko kuma daga baya ya kai kusan kashi 79 cikin dari.  Baƙi na ƙasa da ƙasa sun kai kashi biyu ko ƙasa da hakan na yawan al'ummar Afirka tsakanin 2000 da 2017. "Population and Vital Statistics Report, January 2017". Statistical Papers - United Nations (Ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report. 2017-02-27. doi:10.18356/92630ac3-en. ISBN 9789210601078. ISSN 2412-138X. Daga cikin kasashe ashirin mafi girma da bakin haure na kasa da kasa ke zuwa, daya tana nahiyar Afirka. A shekara ta 2000, Cote d'Ivoire ita ce ta farko da bakin haure na duniya ke zuwa amma tun daga nan ta canza zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ta 2017. Agadjanian, Victor (Summer 2008). "Research on International Migration within Sub-Saharan Africa: Foci, Approaches, and Challenges". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (3): 402–421. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00121.x. S2CID 143572914. Adadin bakin haure na kasa da kasa da suka samo asali a Afirka ya karu da kashi 68 cikin dari tun daga shekara ta 2000, wanda shine mafi girman ci gaban yankin na asali a duniya. Birnin New York da sauran Arewacin Amirka sune wuri mafi girma ga bakin haure da aka haifa a Afirka tsakanin 2000 da 2017.  Ga 'yan ci-rani da aka haifa a Turai, daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi samun saurin bunkasuwa ita ce Afirka. Ko da yake ƙanƙanta ne a cikin cikakken adadin bakin haure, wurin da aka fi samun bunƙasa cikin sauri ga bakin haure na ƙasashen duniya da aka haifa a cikin Oceania da Latin America da Caribbean shine Afirka tare da karuwar kashi 7 cikin 100 a kowace shekara (baƙi 15,000 da 22,000, bi da bi). Fiye da rabin (kashi 53) na jimillar bakin haure na Afirka suna zaune a yankin. 

 Abubuwan gabaɗaya 
Hijira a cikin nahiyar Afirka ta kasance mafi girma a cikin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka, ƙasashen Kudancin Afirka da ƙananan ƙasashe (Lesotho da Eritrea). Yanayin ƙaura a cikin nahiyoyi ya yi ƙasa sosai a cikin ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a kamar Najeriya, Masar, da Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma Arewacin Afirka Maghreb, daga yankin da galibi ke ƙaura zuwa Turai . 

 Dalilan hijira 
Abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki sune ke haifar da ƙaura a Afirka yayin da yawancin bakin haure ke tsallaka kan iyaka don samun aikin yi. An kawo dalilai na ilimi da iyali a matsayin dalilai na biyu da na uku. A cikin mata, iyali shine mafi yawan dalilin hijira.  Hijira mai iyaka, yayin da akasari ke haifar da buƙatun tattalin arziƙi na gaggawa, an yi niyya ne na ɗan lokaci. McAuliffe, Marie, and Adrian Kitimbo (7 June 2018). "African Migration: What the Numbers Really Tell Us". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 11 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Duk da haka, yawancin ma'aikatan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙasashen waje suna ƙarewa da kyau fiye da lokacin da aka nufa. Bugu da ari, ana rarraba ma'aikatan bakin haure marasa ƙwararru a matsayin bakin haure na wucin gadi a cikin adabi kan ƙauran Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, maimakon baƙi na dogon lokaci ko na dindindin, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na doka ba. Agadjanian, Victor (Summer 2008). "Research on International Migration within Sub-Saharan Africa: Foci, Approaches, and Challenges". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (3): 402–421. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00121.x. S2CID 143572914.

Wasu daga cikin manyan ɓangarorin ƙaura a Afirka kuma ana samun su ne ta hanyar rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki, rikicin kabilanci, da yakin basasa waɗanda ake kira ƙaura ta tilastawa . Agadjanian, Victor (Summer 2008). "Research on International Migration within Sub-Saharan Africa: Foci, Approaches, and Challenges". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (3): 402–421. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00121.x. S2CID 143572914. Dangane da bayanan hukuma, kusan kashi goma sha huɗu cikin ɗari na ƙaura na ƙasashen duniya a Afirka ana siffanta su a matsayin tilastawa da kuma shigar da mutane cikin yanayi "kamar 'yan gudun hijira". Sabanin abin da aka sani, kusan kashi 86 cikin 100 na ƙauran Afirka ba su da alaƙa da rikici. Flahaux, Marie-Laurence; De Haas, Hein (December 2016). "African migration: trends, patterns, drivers". Comparative Migration Studies. 4 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:2016CmpMS...4....1F. doi:10.1186/s40878-015-0015-6. ISSN 2214-594X. PMC 4909155. PMID 27330929.

 Tsarin ƙaura na ƙasa da ƙasa 

 Tsarin ƙaura na Afirka ta Kudu 
Tsarin Hijira na Afirka ta Kudu yana tsakiyar Afirka ta Kudu kuma an haɓaka shi tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 daidai da bullowar masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta Afirka ta Kudu. An bayyana Tsarin Hijira na Afirka ta Kudu a babban bangare ta hanyar fifikon siyasa da tattalin arziki na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin makoma ga bakin haure a cikin nahiyar. Agadjanian, Victor (Summer 2008). "Research on International Migration within Sub-Saharan Africa: Foci, Approaches, and Challenges". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (3): 402–421. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00121.x. S2CID 143572914.

 Tsarin ƙaura na yammacin Afirka 
Tsarin Hijira na Afirka ta Yamma ya samo asali ne daga gadon mulkin mallaka na Faransa da Birtaniya. Wasu masana na ganin cewa ana danganta yanayin ƙaura a yammacin Afirka ne sakamakon samuwar tattalin arziƙin jari hujja da kuma yaɗuwar tsarin jari hujja zuwa wasu matsugunan birane kuma ƙauyuka na haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin yanki da zamantakewa. Hanyoyin ƙaura a cikin Tsarin Hijira na Afirka ta Yamma sun bambanta fiye da Tsarin Hijira na Afirka ta Kudu saboda rashin ƙarfi guda ɗaya ga bakin haure (kamar Afirka ta Kudu). Baƙi sun kasance kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummar Cote d'Ivoire har zuwa lokacin da yaƙin basasa ya barke tsakanin shekara ta 2002 zuwa 2004 wanda ya durkusar da tattalin arzikinta a baya. Agadjanian, Victor (Summer 2008). "Research on International Migration within Sub-Saharan Africa: Foci, Approaches, and Challenges". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (3): 402–421. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00121.x. S2CID 143572914.

 Matsayin jihohi da cibiyoyin duniya na yanki 
A tarihi, mulkin mallaka da cinikin bayi sun tsara tsarin ƙaura na zamani a ciki da kuma daga nahiyar Afirka. A lokacin 'yantar da 'yan mulkin mallaka, miliyoyin 'yan Afirka sun tsere daga rigingimu da 'yan mulkin mallaka. Kafa kasashe masu cin gashin kansu bai haifar da yanayin zaman lafiya gaba daya ba; dalilai na siyasa da tattalin arziki sakamakon sabbin tashe-tashen hankula sun haifar da rashin tabbas a matsayin abin da zai sa mutum ya bar jiharsa ta asali. Flahaux, Marie-Laurence; De Haas, Hein (December 2016). "African migration: trends, patterns, drivers". Comparative Migration Studies. 4 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:2016CmpMS...4....1F. doi:10.1186/s40878-015-0015-6. ISSN 2214-594X. PMC 4909155. PMID 27330929.

A karkashin gwamnatocin kama-karya, mutane da yawa na iya son yin ƙaura amma ba za su iya ba saboda ƙara son gwamnati na sarrafawa da taƙaita ƙaura. Halayen tsarin kafa jihohi kamar kishin kasa, kyamar mulkin mallaka, kyamar baki da kuma kariyar da gwamnatocin Afirka da dama irinsu Aljeriya, Masar da Cote d'Ivoire ke amfani da su a irin wannan yanayin don hana ƙaura (tsoron hasarar jarin ɗan adam) da kuma hana ƙaura ko baƙi. 

Kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa da dukiyar ƙasa na da tasiri na musamman kan yanayin ƙaura ta yadda daidaikun mutane ba su da yuwuwar yin hijira yayin da suke tunanin makomar ƙasarsu. Wadanda ke da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ilimi da sana'o'i sukan ƙaura zuwa ƙetaren iyakoki don neman ƙarin bambance-bambancen kasuwannin aiki da sarƙaƙƙiya da damar zamantakewa. Flahaux, Marie-Laurence; De Haas, Hein (December 2016). "African migration: trends, patterns, drivers". Comparative Migration Studies. 4 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:2016CmpMS...4....1F. doi:10.1186/s40878-015-0015-6. ISSN 2214-594X. PMC 4909155. PMID 27330929. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan na bayanan hannun jari na bakin haure na duniya ya gano kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin matakin ‘yancin siyasa da ƙaura. 

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, cibiyoyin kasa da kasa na shiyya-shiyya a Afirka sun yi kokarin inganta hadin kan yankin a nahiyar ta hanyar rage shingen shige da fice. McAuliffe, Marie, and Adrian Kitimbo (7 June 2018). "African Migration: What the Numbers Really Tell Us". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 11 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki na yanki irin su Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) da kuma Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC) sun bayyana 'yancin zirga-zirgar jama'a a matsayin babban mai haya a cikin yunƙurinsu na haɓaka haɗin kai. Bugu da ƙari, ECOWAS ta kawar da buƙatun biza ga 'yan ƙasa na ƙasashe don tallafawa zirga-zirgar jama'a, kayayyaki da babban birnin cikin 'yanci a duk yankin. Kungiyar raya kasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) tana kuma aiki don inganta hadin kai da hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe mambobin kungiyar. Bugu da ari, a cikin 2018 Tarayyar Afirka ta amince da wata yarjejeniya mai fa'ida ta nahiyar kan zirga-zirgar 'yanci don haɓaka ƙaura zuwa yankuna. Galibin bakin haure a Afirka sun zabi zama a cikin yankin ne saboda ra'ayin yin kaura a Turai ko Arewacin Amurka yana cike da damuwa da gaskiyar abubuwan da ake bukata na biza mai wahala.  Agadjanian, Victor (Summer 2008). "Research on International Migration within Sub-Saharan Africa: Foci, Approaches, and Challenges". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (3): 402–421. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00121.x. S2CID 143572914.

 Kwarewar bakin haure na Afirka 
Kiyayyar jama'a sau da yawa sifa ce ta gogewar bakin haure a Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara, kamar yadda ake yi a sauran sassan duniya. An ƙarfafa ta da kuma ƙarfafa ƙiyayya a matakin jihohi saboda galibi ana samun rashin isasshen tsarin kariya na doka ga bakin haure. Yawancin bakin haure na zama wadanda ake zalunta da tashe-tashen hankula, musamman a lokutan tabarbarewar tattalin arziki. Agadjanian, Victor (Summer 2008). "Research on International Migration within Sub-Saharan Africa: Foci, Approaches, and Challenges". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (3): 402–421. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00121.x. S2CID 143572914. Alal misali, a Cote d'Ivoire, matsayin ƙaura na gaske ko na zato, haɗe da addini da ƙabilanci, gwamnati ta yi amfani da ita azaman kayan yaƙin siyasa a rikicin cikin gida na baya-bayan nan.  Yayin da tsawaita da matsugunan manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙaura sukan kai ga kafa al'ummomin baƙi, yanki ne da ba a yi karatu ba a Afirka.

 Hijira na mata 
Hijira da ke kan iyaka yana baiwa mata ‘yan kasuwa hanya don ci gaban tattalin arziki. Akwai kwararan shaidu da ke nuna yadda mata ke yin ƙaura a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, amma duk da haka yunƙurin mata na ketare iyakokin ƙasa da ƙasa ya bambanta da na maza. Yayin da maza ke ƙaura zuwa Afirka ta Kudu musamman don aiki, ga mata, dalilan yin ƙaura ba su kai ziyarar iyali ba, sayayya, sayar da kayayyaki, da samun kulawar likita. Mata sukan tsunduma cikin gajeriyar tazara da motsi na ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin da ƙaura na maza ke da'awar yin nisa. Agadjanian, Victor (Summer 2008). "Research on International Migration within Sub-Saharan Africa: Foci, Approaches, and Challenges". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (3): 402–421. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00121.x. S2CID 143572914.

 Nassoshi 

Rukuni:Tarihin Afirka
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba