Yankin duniya na Tangier

Yankin Kasa da Kasa na Tangier (Larabci: منطقة طنجة الدولية, romanized: Minṭaqat Ṭanja ad-Dawliyya; Faransanci: Zone internationale de Tanger; Spanish: Zona Internacional de Tánger) yanki ne mai nisan kilomita 382 (147 sq mi) yanki ne na kasa da kasa wanda ya kasance daga birnin Tangier na 19 zuwa Maroko. Maroko mai cin gashin kanta a cikin 1956, tare da katsewa a lokacin mamayar Spain na Tangier (1940-1945), da matsayi na musamman na tattalin arziki ya tsawaita har zuwa farkon 1960. Kewaye a gefen ƙasa ta hanyar ma'auni na Spain a Maroko, an gudanar da shi ƙarƙashin wani tsari na musamman da sarƙaƙƙiya wanda ya shafi ƙasashen Turai da dama, Amurka (yafi bayan 1945), da kuma Sultan na Maroko. Saboda matsayinsa na yanki na kasa da kasa, Tangier ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga masu kishin kasar Moroko, wadanda ke son 'yancin kai, don kafa abokan huldar kasa da kasa da daukar abokan aiki tare da shirya taruka da abubuwan da suka faru.Stenner, David (2019). Globalizing Morocco: transnational activism and the post-colonial state. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0900-6.

 Bayan Fage: farkon mulkin kasa da kasa a Tangier 
Kusan ƙarni guda bayan ƙarshen mulkin Ingilishi a cikin 1684, Tangier da farko birni ne na soja, babban sansanin soja a gefen Sultanate Moroccan na Mashigar Gibraltar. Wannan rawar ta samo asali ne bayan da Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah ya ayyana shi a cikin 1777 a matsayin babbar hanyar tuntuɓar masarautan Morocco da muradun kasuwancin Turai, wanda ya kai ga mayar da wasu ofisoshin jakadancin zuwa birnin sannu a hankali ta hanyar manyan ƙasashen Turai.Jordi Mas Garriga (2019), La transformación de la ciudad de Tánger durante el Periodo Diplomático (1777–1912) : Arquitectura y Urbanismo (Ph.D. Thesis), Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tétouan zuwa Tangier a cikin 1770s,Jordi Mas Garriga (30 July 2017). "The English Consulate: A Forgotten Building in Tangier's Medina". Discovering Tangier. da kuma jakadan Faransa ma sun tashi daga Rabat a farkon 1780s.Thierry Lentz (2008), "Les relations franco-marocaines sous le Consulat et l'Empire", Napoleonica, 2008/2, Fondation Napoléon: 28–63 A shekara ta 1830, Denmark, Faransa, Portugal, Sardinia, Spain, Sweden, Tuscany, United Kingdom, da Amurka duk suna da ofisoshin jakadanci a Tangier. doka.Bernabé López García (2015), Jordi Carbonell (ed.), "Del Tánger diplomático a la ciudad internacional", Caminos del Sur. Marruecos y el Orientalismo Peninsular, Barcelona: IEMed: 17

Tun lokacin da tsarin shari'ar Moroko ya yi amfani da shari'ar Musulunci ga Musulmai kawai da dokokin Yahudanci kawai ga Yahudawa, wakilan kasashen waje suna kiyaye su a karkashin wata doka ta wulakantacciya ta yarjejeniyar da aka cimma tare da Makhzen, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu ya kasance yana da dangantaka da Jamhuriyar Pisa a 1358. 1856, da Spain a 1861 a sakamakon yarjejeniyar Wad Ras.L'évolution du statut de Tanger", Chronique de politique étrangère, 10 (3), Brussels: Egmont Institute: 359–384, May 1957, JSTOR 44827959: 361  A cikin 1863, Faransa da Maroko sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ake kira Béclard Convention wanda ya fadada tsarin ba da kariya ga Faransanci, wanda a cikin 1880 aka mika wa wasu kasashe ta hanyar yarjejeniyar doka ta Madrid' 3. Kariya Ƙasar Ingila ta kafa sabis na gidan waya a Tangier a 1857, sai Faransa a 1860, Spain a 1861, da Jamus a 1899; Sarkin Musulmin Moroko ya bi sahun nasa sabis a 1902.Francesco Tamburini (2005), "L'amministrazione della giustizia nella zone internazionale di Tangeri (1923-1957)", Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, 60:3/4 (3/4): 305–339, JSTOR 40761805: 402

Ba da dadewa ba kasashen waje a Tangier sun fara haɓaka ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda suka fara da abubuwan da suka shafi keɓewa da lafiyar jama'a tun a farkon 1792.: 360  A cikin 1840, Dahir (mukaddari) na Sultan Abd al-Rahman ya umarce su da su kafa Majalisar Sanitary (Faransanci: conseil sanitaire) Ƙasashen da aka wakilta bisa ga jujjuyawa da sunan Makhzen.Francesco Tamburini (2006), "Le Istituzioni Italiane di Tangeri (1926-1956)", Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, 61:3/4, Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 396–434, JSTOR 40761867: 360  A farkon shekarun 1860, ƙasashen waje don ƙirƙirar hasumiya ta Cape Spartel [fr], an buɗe ta a cikin 1864.

A cikin 1879, wani Dahir na Sultan Hassan I ya kirkiro Hukumar Tsaftar Tangier (Faransanci: commission d'hygiène), wanda ya kasance tare da Majalisar Sanitary kuma sannu a hankali ya fara zama a cikin 1880s a matsayin majalisar karamar hukuma, tare da membobin da jami'an diflomasiyya na kasashen waje suka nada amma kuma Sarkin Musulmi da fitattun mazauna cikin gida shi ne ya jagoranci hukumar. watanni uku yana juyawa tare da jere bisa tsarin haruffa na ƙasa: 78  Babban jami'in gudanarwa shi ne mataimakin kujera, matsayi da aka gudanar na mafi yawan shekaru goma daga 1888 zuwa 1898 ta likitan Mutanen Espanya Severo Cenarro [es].Silvia Nélida Bossio, ed. (2011), Aproximación a los edificios históricos y patrimoniales de Málaga, Tetuán, Nador, Tánger y Alhucemas / Un Rapprochement entre les édifices historiques et patrimoniaux de Malaga, Tétouan, Nador, Tanger et Al Hoceima (PDF), :  272  A cikin 1887 na Perdic Advantager, wani matsayi na musamman na al'ummar Girka na Irford. Tangier a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na kyauta mai tsaka tsaki a ƙarƙashin ikon haɗin gwiwar manyan iko.Dieter Haller (2021), Tangier/Gibraltar – A Tale of One City: An Ethnography, Transcript Verlag: 110

A cikin 1892, Hukumar Tsabtace ta ɗauki wasu ayyuka na Majalisar Tsabta (wanda duk da haka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a layi daya), kuma an ba shi fom na doka a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1893, : 360  tare da fadada aikinsa kuma aka fadada sunansa zuwa ayyukan hanyoyi (Faransanci: hukumar d'hygiène et de voirie) haraji.Jean-François Clément (1996), "Tanger avant le statut international de 1923", Horizons Maghrébins – le droit à la mémoire, 31–32: 11  A cikin 1904, an zaɓi Tangier a matsayin wurin Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta Moroko da Faransa ke jagoranta. A wannan shekarar, wata yarjejeniya ta asirce tsakanin Faransa da Spain ta amince da matsayin Tangier na musamman don haka ta zama alama ta farko a hukumance na tsare-tsare na kasa da kasa daga baya: 362

Taron Algeciras na 1906 ya kafa Bankin Jiha na Maroko a Tangier, kuma ya ƙirƙiri sabbin hukumomi don gudanar da birnin kamar Ofishin Ayyukan Jama'a wanda a cikin 1909 ya karɓi wani ɓangare na ayyukan da Hukumar Kula da Tsafta ta gudanar. abubuwan da aka gyara,: 236  bi da bi masu kula da odar jama'a a waje da cikin iyakokin birni.Itinéraires touristiques : La médina de Tanger (PDF), 2012, p. 18

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