Biopitting

Biopitting wani abu ne na ilimin ƙasa wanda ke faruwa lokacin da aka halicci ƙananan ramuka a cikin dutse sakamakon lalacewar halittu da ke haifar da kwayoyin halitta daban-daban da / ko microorganisms (alal misali, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, algae, lichens). Wannan sabon abu yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayoyin suka girma a kan ko kusa da saman duwatsu.

 Magana 
The terms biopit and biopitting were introduced in 1981 to describe biologically induced decay phenomena. The terms have since been adopted by other authors to describe similar occurrences.[]

 Tsarin jiki 
Biopits ana rarraba su bisa ga asalin, siffar (ba daidai ba, zagaye, ovoid), girman farfajiyar (3 mm zuwa 15 mm), da zurfin (range 1 zuwa 5 mm).    

Halitta ta hanyar kwayoyin fungal yana faruwa ta hanyar shiga cikin dutse ba tare da aikin da ya gabata ta wasu kwayoyin ba ko lalacewar physicochemical. Sakamakon tsarin lalacewar halittu yana faruwa a matakai da yawa.Sterflinger, Katja; Krumbein, Wolfgang E. (1997). "Dematiaceous fungi as a major agent for biopitting on Mediterranean marbles and limestones". Geomicrobiology Journal. 14 (3): 219–230. Bibcode:1997GmbJ...14..219S. doi:10.1080/01490459709378045.

 Mataki na Prepenetration - Kwayoyin fungal sun kai ga substratum, inda aka haɓaka appressoria (organs na haɗewa da sha).
 Mataki na shiga - Ƙananan hyphae suna shimfiɗa daga kwayoyin fungal zuwa cikin ɓangaren ciki na dutse.
 Mataki na bayan shiga - Hypha na shiga yana bin fissures da ramuka na dutse don isa ga ramuka da ramuka. A wannan matakin, sabbin yankuna sun fara bunkasa a lokacin da ake kira matakin bayan shiga. Daga baya, yankuna na ciki sun fadada zuwa girma fiye da yankuna masu ganuwa.

Bayan haɗin kai na farko da girma, ƙaruwa da matsin turgor daga fadada hyphae na iya inganta raguwar lu'ulu'u na dutse, wanda a ƙarshe zai faɗi daga babban dutse. Wadannan abubuwan suna faruwa a cikin hanyar ci gaba, suna haifar da ci gaba da sake zagayowar shiga-decohesion-material loss kuma a ƙarshe suna haifar da bayyanar ramuka da yawa a cikin dutse.

Tunda kwayoyin halitta daban-daban suna girma a hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma a cikin nau'ikan alamu na girma, nau'in da siffar biopits da suka haifar sau da yawa sun dace da ƙwayoyin fungal da ke cikin dutse.

 Manazarta