Kungiyar don Tasirin Kaddamar da Cinikin Bauta

The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, kuma aka sani da Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, kuma wani lokacin ana kiranta da Abolition Society ko Anti-Slavery Society, wata ƙungiya ce ta Burtaniya da aka kafa a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1787. An cimma manufar kawar da cinikin bayi a shekara ta 1807. Kawar da bautar da ake yi a dukkan yankunan Birtaniyya ya biyo baya a shekara ta 1833.

Adam Hochschild ya bayyana cewa wannan yunkuri na adawa da bauta shi ne yunkuri na farko na zaman lafiya wanda aka gina dukkanin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na zamani. 

Yawancin wadanda suka kafa sun kasance suna ganawa a George Yard tun 1783, kuma sama da shekaru hudu sun girma da'irar abokansu har zuwa Thomas Clarkson, wanda ba a sani ba a lokacin.

Mutane goma sha biyu ne suka kafa al'umma; ciki har da mutanen da daga baya suka zama fitattun masu fafutuka, irin su Thomas Clarkson da Granville Sharp . A matsayinsu na Anglican sun sami damar zama mafi tasiri a majalisar dokoki fiye da yawancin mambobin Quaker da suka kafa - ba a ba su izini ba su rike mukamai na mulki. Al'umma sun yi aiki don wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin cinikin bayi tare da cimma nasarar kawar da cinikin bayi na kasa da kasa lokacin da majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta zartar da dokar cinikin bayi ta 1807, a lokacin al'umma ta daina ayyukanta. (Amurka kuma ta haramta cinikin bayi na Afirka a wannan shekarar, don fara aiki a cikin 1808.)

A cikin 1823 aka kafa Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery A ko'ina cikin Mulkin Biritaniya (wanda kuma aka sani da Anti-Slavery Society), wanda ya yi aiki don kawar da tsarin bautar a cikin yankunan Burtaniya. Majalisa ta zartar da sokewa a cikin 1833 (sai dai a Indiya, inda ya kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun 'yan asalin ); tare da emancipation kammala ta 1838.

Abin ban mamaki ne da aka manta cewa Quakers da wadanda ba su dace ba, waɗanda suka kafa Societyungiyar, an hana su daidaito har sai da Dokar Emancipation ta Katolika ta 1829, shekaru 22 bayan Dokar Kasuwancin Bawan 1807 ta wuce.

 Tarihin tarihi 
Maganar yaƙi da bauta ta farko ta Dutch da Jamus Quakers ne suka rubuta, waɗanda suka hadu a Germantown, Pennsylvania a 1688. Turanci Quakers sun fara nuna rashin amincewa da cinikin bayi a cikin 1727 kuma suna inganta gyare-gyare. Tun daga shekarun 1750, wasu Quakers da dama a yankunan Amurka na Biritaniya suma sun fara adawa da bautar da kuma kira ga Quakers na Ingila da su dauki mataki tare da majalisa. Sun ƙarfafa 'yan'uwansu, ciki har da masu bautar Quaker, don inganta yanayin bayi, ilmantar da bayinsu a cikin Kiristanci, karatu da rubutu, da kuma 'yantar da su a hankali.

Ƙungiya ta Quakers guda shida sun jagoranci ƙungiyar kawar da Birtaniya a 1783 lokacin da taron shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyoyin Abokai na London ya gabatar da kokenta game da cinikin bayi ga Majalisar, wanda fiye da 300 Quakers suka sanya hannu. Har ila yau, tallatawar da aka yi a wannan shekarar game da kisan kiyashin na Zong ya rinjayi su, yayin da masu jiragen ruwa ke shari'ar da'awar inshora ga asarar da aka kashe fiye da 132 bayi a cikin jirginsu.

 Cibiya 
"A shekara ta 1787, kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na mutanen duniya sun rayu a karkashin wani nau'i na bautar, bautar kasa, bautar bashi ko bautar da ba a so. Babu bayi a cikin ita kanta Biritaniya, amma yawancin mutanenta sun yarda da bautar a cikin British West Indies kamar yadda aka saba." 

Quakers sun yanke shawarar kafa ƴan ƙarami, masu himma, ƙungiyoyin da ba na ɗarika ba don samun babban Cocin Ingila da goyon bayan Majalisa. Sabon, kwamitin da ba na darika ba da aka kafa a 1787 yana da membobin Quaker tara da Anglican uku. Kamar yadda Quakers ba su shirya don karɓar sacrament na Jibin Ubangiji ba bisa ga al'adun Ikilisiyar Ingila, ba a ba su izinin zama ' yan majalisa ba, kasancewa membobin Anglican sun ƙarfafa yiwuwar kwamitin na rinjayar majalisar.  Sabuwar al'ummar ta kasance mai suna Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, daga baya sau da yawa ana kiranta kawai da Abolition Society. 

 Memba 
Tara daga cikin mambobi goma sha biyu da suka kafa kungiyar don yin tasiri ga kawar da cinikin bayi, ko kuma kungiyar don kawar da cinikayya ta bayi, sun kasance Quakers: 

 John Barton (1755-1789);
 William Dillwyn (1743-1824);
 George Harrison (1747-1827);
 Samuel Hoare Jr (1751-1825);
 Joseph Hooper (1732–1789);
 John Lloyd ;
 Joseph Woods Sr (1738-1812);
 James Phillips (1745-1799); kuma
 Richard Phillips 

Biyar daga cikin Quakers sun kasance daga cikin rukuni na shida na Quakers waɗanda suka jagoranci motsi a cikin 1783, lokacin da aka gabatar da koke na farko game da cinikin bayi ga Majalisar.

Anglican uku sun kasance membobi masu kafa:

 Thomas Clarkson, mai fafutuka kuma marubucin wani maƙala mai tasiri akan cinikin bayi;
 Granville Sharp (Lauya - ya dade yana shiga cikin goyon baya da gabatar da kara a madadin 'yan Afirka da aka bautar ); kuma
 Philip Sansom

 manufa da ayyuka 
Al'ummar ba ta nufin kawo karshen bautar gaba daya ba, amma kawai don kawar da shigar Birtaniyya a cikin cinikin bayi na duniya . Za su yi hakan ne ta hanyar gangamin wayar da kan jama’a da ke nuna wasu munanan ayyuka da ke tattare da cinikin. 

Manufar kungiyar da ta kawar da cinikin bayi ita ce sanar da jama’a game da rashin mutuntaka da rashin da’a da ake yi wa ’yan Afirka da ake bautar da sunan bauta, don yin kamfen don amincewa da sabuwar dokar da za ta kawar da cinikin bayi da aiwatar da hakan a duk faɗin daular Biritaniya . Hanyoyin da al'umma ke bi wajen cimma manufofinta sun hada da rubutawa da buga littattafan yaki da bauta, bugu na kawar da kai, fosta da kasidu, da kuma shirya rangadin lacca a garuruwa da biranen Ingila. Maƙalar Clarkson a kan rashin gaskiya na cinikin bayi na Afirka, wanda aka buga a 1788, na ɗaya daga cikin litattafai na farko akan wannan batu. 

An gabatar da korafe-korafe ga House of Commons (fiye da 100 a cikin 1788  ), zanga-zangar adawa da bautar da aka gudanar, da kuma nau'ikan lambobin yabo na yaƙi da bautar, crockery da sifofin tagulla an yi su, musamman tare da goyon bayan maginin Unitarian Josiah Wedgwood wanda samar da tukwane na tukwane a cikin sarkar da ba ta da inganci ba tare da yin aiki da sauƙi ba. yaya?" ya yi tasiri sosai wajen jawo hankalin jama'a don kawar da shi.   Medallion na Wedgwood shine mafi shaharar hoton baƙar fata a duk fasahar ƙarni na 18.  Clarkson ya rubuta; "Ladies sun sa su a cikin mundaye, wasu kuma sun sanya su a cikin kayan ado a matsayin fil don gashin kansu. A tsawon lokaci, dandano don saka su ya zama cikakke, kuma ta haka ne fashion, wanda yawanci yakan sanya kansa ga abubuwa marasa amfani, an gani sau ɗaya a cikin ofishin mai daraja na inganta hanyar adalci, bil'adama da 'yanci ". 

Ta hanyar ilimantar da jama'a, kwamitin da ke kawar da cinikin bayi ya sami mambobi da yawa. A cikin 1787, yawon shakatawa na Clarkson na manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da biranen Ingila ya tayar da sha'awar jama'a. Buga tarihin rayuwar Olaudah Equiano na Afirka ya ƙara wayar da kan jama'a, kamar yadda tsohon bawan ya bayyana wani ƙarar da ba za a iya amsawa ba game da bautar a cikin aikin adabi. A cikin 1789 Clarkson's ya inganta dalilin kwamitin ta hanyar ƙarfafa sayar da memoir na Equiano da kuma gayyatar tsohon bawa zuwa lacca a tashar jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya da ke da alaƙa da cinikin bayi.

William Wilberforce ya gabatar da kudurin doka na farko don kawar da cinikin bayi a shekara ta 1791, wanda aka kayar da shi da kuri'u 163 zuwa 88.  Kamar yadda Wilberforce ya ci gaba da gabatar da batun cinikin bayi a gaban Majalisa, Clarkson da wasu a cikin Kwamitin sun yi balaguro, sun tara kuɗi, sun yi la’akari, da rubuta ayyukan yaƙi da bauta. Sun gudanar da yakin neman zaben majalisar da aka tsawaita, inda Wilberforce ya gabatar da wani kudiri na neman a soke kusan kowace shekara.

 Memba 
Bayan haka, mai ba da taimako na Quaker William Allen, wanda ya yi aiki tare da Wilberforce da sauran membobin Quaker, ya shiga kwamitin. da ƴan'uwan Wilberforce na Clapham Sect sun kasance masu biyan kuɗi ga al'umma kuma.  Darakta na Bankin Ingila da kuma kafa memba na Philanthropic Society a St. George's Fields  Jeremiah Harman kuma ya kasance mai goyon bayan promenade  kuma mai biyan kuɗi  na farkon bugu na Society. 

 Kasancewar mace 
A cewar Claire Midgley (2004), yawan mata masu biyan kuɗi a cikin al'umma sun kasance irin na al'ummomin jin kai na lokacin. A duk faɗin al'umma, mata masu biyan kuɗi sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari na membobin, yayin da a wasu cibiyoyi, musamman Manchester (tare da mata 68, ko kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimlar), kaso mafi girma. Wasu daga cikin matan da aka fi sani da su sun kasance membobin manyan iyalan Quaker, kamar matar William Dillwyn, Sarah; wasu mambobi ne na Clapham Sect da kuma mambobi ne na Cibiyar Afirka, wasu kuma sun kasance membobin iyalai masu arziki na Unitarian a Manchester.  Ya zuwa 1788 akwai mata 206 masu biyan kuɗi.  Wata fitacciyar mace mai biyan kuɗi ita ce marubuciya kuma polymath Elizabeth Carter . 

 Al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa 
Yawancin membobin al'umma kuma sun yi rajista ga Cibiyar Afirka (wanda aka kafa 1807 don ƙirƙirar mafaka mai dacewa, mai wayewa ga 'yantattun bayi a Saliyo  ).  Ƙungiyoyin kawar da ' ya'yan Afirka sun kasance memba na ƴan ƙasar Landan masu ilimi, galibinsu tsoffin bayi na Afirka. Yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da Society for Effective the Abolition of the Slave Trade.

An kai ga kololuwa a cikin 1792, tare da sa hannun 100,000 (Manchester ita kaɗai ta ba da gudummawar 10,639), kuma ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da bautar na yanki sun fara jagoranci, musamman a arewacin Ingila . 

Mata sun ƙara taka rawa sosai a gwagwarmayar yaƙi da bauta  amma ba za su iya taka rawa kai tsaye a majalisar ba . Wani lokaci sukan kafa nasu kungiyoyin yaki da bauta. Mata da yawa sun firgita cewa, a ƙarƙashin bauta, an kwashe mata da yara daga danginsu. A cikin 1824, Elizabeth Heyrick ta buga wata ƙasida mai suna Immediate not Gradual Abolition, inda ta bukaci a gaggauta 'yantar da bayi a cikin yankunan Burtaniya. 

Duk da karancin tasirin da suke da shi, yawancin mata masu kawar da kai sun yi tasiri sosai wajen kawar da cinikin bayi. Muhimmin mai fafutuka shine Anne Knight . An haife ta a cikin dangin Quaker a Essex kuma ta ɗauki matsayi mai ƙarfi a cikin kamfen na yaƙi da bauta. Knight ya kafa Chelmsford Female Anti-Slavery Society. Ta kuma zagaya kasar Faransa, inda ta ba da laccoci kan lalatar bauta.

An kafa Ƙungiyar Ladies Birmingham don Taimakon Negro Slaves a Birmingham, Ingila, ranar 8 Afrilu 1825. 

 1807 rushewa 
A cikin 1807, Majalisar Biritaniya ta kada kuri'a don soke cinikin bayi na kasa da kasa karkashin dokar kawar da cinikin bayi,  kuma ta aiwatar da hakan ta hanyar karfin teku, Rundunar Sojojin ruwa .  Al'umma sun fara aiki bayan an zartar da dokar. 

Amurka kuma ta haramta cinikin bayi na Afirka a cikin wannan shekarar, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1808. 

A cikin 1808 an zartar da wata doka ta daban a Burtaniya don ba da kariya ga Burtaniya ga Freetown a Afirka ta Yamma (yanzu babban birnin Saliyo ), mulkin mallaka da aka kafa a 1788 don sake tsugunar da tsoffin bayi da Baƙar fata daga Landan, da kuma Baƙar fata Loyalists waɗanda aka ƙaura da farko zuwa Nova Scotia bayan yakin juyin juya halin Amurka . Sarkin Timni Nembana ya sayar da fili ga wani jami'in Birtaniya don kafa wannan mulkin mallaka don 'yantattun bayi. Lokacin da sojojin ruwa na Royal suka kama jiragen ruwa na cinikin bayi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ma'aikatanta akai-akai suna sake tsugunar da 'yan Afirka da aka 'yanta a Freetown.

 Sabuwar al'umma 
Daga 1823, Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery A ko'ina cikin Mulkin Biritaniya (wanda kuma aka sani da Anti-Slavery Society) ya zama rukuni na farko da aka tsara wanda ke aiki don doka don kawar da bautar. Ƙungiyar da magoya baya, ciki har da fursunoni da 'yantar da 'yan Afirka, masu mishan da ƙungiyoyin bishara a cikin yankunan, sun yi aiki don cimma matakin farko na 'yanci na doka a cikin yankunan. Har ila yau, ta goyi bayan masu rushewar a Amurka. Yawancin Birtaniyya sun goyi bayan rangadin laccoci na masu ruguzawar Amurkawa a Biritaniya waɗanda ke tara kuɗi don ƙoƙarin a Amurka. Irin waɗannan magoya bayan wasu lokuta suna ba da mafaka ga Amurkawa waɗanda suka tsere daga bauta kuma suka taimaka wajen tara kuɗi don siyan ’yancinsu, amma ga Frederick Douglass.

 Magana 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba