Mai Kare Haƙƙin Jama'a

Mai Kare Haƙƙin Jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu yana daya daga cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati masu zaman kansu guda shida da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na kasar ya kafa don tallafawa da kare dimokuradiyya.

A cewar Sashe na 181  na Kundin Tsarin Mulki:

 Wadannan cibiyoyin suna da 'yanci, kuma suna ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da doka kawai. Bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki, dole ne su kasance marasa son kai kuma dole ne su yi amfani da ikonsu kuma suyi ayyukansu ba tare da tsoro ba, ni'ima ko nuna bambanci.
 Sauran bangarorin jihar, ta hanyar majalisa da sauran matakan, dole ne su taimaka da kare wadannan cibiyoyin don tabbatar da 'yancin kai, rashin son kai, mutunci da tasirin wadannan cibiyoyi.
 Babu wani mutum ko hukumar gwamnati da zai iya tsoma baki cikin aikin wadannan cibiyoyin.
 Wadannan cibiyoyin suna da alhakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kuma dole ne su bayar da rahoto game da ayyukansu da kuma aiwatar da ayyukonsu ga Majalisar aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara.

 Masu Tsaro na Jama'a 
Mutumin farko da ya rike ofishin shine Selby Baqwa, wanda aka nada a farkon ofishin a shekarar 1995. Lawrence Mushwana ne ya gaje shi a shekara ta 2002, Thuli Madonsela ne ya gaishe shi kuma Busisiwe Mkhwebane ne ya gaze shi a shekara de 2016. Mai kare jama'a na yanzu shine Kholeka Gcaleka, a ofis tun daga 9 ga Yuni 2022 a matsayin mai kare jama'ar bayan dakatar da mai kare jama-a Busisiwe Mkhwebane. Shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa ya nada Gcaleka a hukumance don wa'adin shekaru bakwai a matsayin mai kare jama'a a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2023. 

Ofishin mai kare jama'a ya fuskanci zargi mai tsanani daga majalisa musamman daga jam'iyyar da ta fi rinjaye  don neman karuwar R200m a cikin kasafin kuɗi don ƙarin albarkatu. Tare da shugaban kwamitin fayil ɗin shari'a Mathole Motshekga  yana sukar kasafin kuɗi da gabatarwar dabarun da Adv. Thuli Madonsela ya gabatar.

A lokacin jawabin kasafin kuɗi na 2015 an ba ofishin Mai Tsaro na Jama'a jimlar kasafin kuɗi don 2015/16 na R 246.1 miliyan  karuwar R miliyan 60 kamar yadda aka saba da karuwar R 200 miliyan da aka nema da farko, tare da R miliyan 15 zuwa aikin ƙarin masu bincike da kuma riƙe masu bincike 70 da aka nada a baya akan kwangila.

Ana buƙatar ofishin Mai Tsaro na Jama'a ya bayyana a gaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa aƙalla sau ɗaya a kowace shekara. A lokacin kasafin kudin Adv. Thuli Madonsela da gabatarwar dabarun, an nemi mai ba da shawara ya gabatar da rahotanni na ci gaba a gaban majalisa a kowane kwata.

A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 2022, Shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana dakatar da Busisiwe Mkhwebane daga ayyukanta a matsayin Mai Kare Jama'a dangane da Sashe na 194 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya ba da izinin dakatar da Mai Kare Jamaʼa yayin da ake gudanar da binciken tsigewa. A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2023, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta kada kuri'a don tsige Busisiwe Mkhwebane, tare da 318 a goyon baya, 43 a kan kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka guje; cire ta ya zo wata daya kafin karshen wa'adin shekaru 7 da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba.

A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2023, shugaban kasa ya nada Kholeka Gcaleka a matsayin mai kare jama'a na 5 dangane da Sashe na 193. Ta kasance mai kula da jama'a a baya tun lokacin da aka dakatar da Mkhwebane a watan Yunin 2022.
Sunan (Haihuwar-Mutuwa) HotonYa hau mulkiOfishin haguAn nada shi ta hanyar1Selby Baqwa80x80px1 ga Oktoba 199530 ga Satumba 2002Nelson Mandela2Lawrence Mushwana80x80px1 ga Oktoba 200218 ga Oktoba 2009Thabo Mbeki3Thuli Madonsela80x80px19 ga Oktoba 200914 ga Oktoba 2016Yakubu ZumaBusisiwe Mkhwebane119x119px19 ga Oktoba 20169 Yuni 2022 (an dakatar da shi) 
11 Satumba 2023 (an cire shi) Yakubu Zuma5Kholeka Gcaleka1 ga Nuwamba 2023
 (A baya, yana aiki tun daga 9 Yuni 2022) Mai mulkiCyril Ramaphosa

 Tsarin ƙungiya 
Mai Tsaron Jama'a yana da ofishin zartarwa wanda ke gudanar da manyan shirye-shirye guda uku: 

 Bincike da Bayyanawa
 Gudanar da zartarwa
 Ayyukan Taimako na Kamfanoni

 Umurni 
Mai kare jama'a ya karbi umarninsa daga Dokar Mai Kare Jama'a ta 1994. Mai kare jama'a yana daya daga cikin Cibiyoyin Jiha guda shida da ke tallafawa Dimokuradiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. Wadannan cibiyoyin suna da 'yanci daga gwamnati, suna bin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da doka na Afirka ta Kudu kawai, kuma suna ba da rahoto ga Majalisar a kowace shekara.

Gabatarwar Dokar Mai Kare Jama'a ta ce, a wani bangare:

Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ... ya samar da kafa ofishin Mai Tsaron Jama'a don bincika al'amuran da kuma kare jama'a daga batutuwa kamar rashin kulawa dangane da al'amarin gwamnati, halin da bai dace ba ta mutumin da ke yin aikin jama'a, ayyukan da ba su dace ba game da kuɗin jama'a ba, wadatar da ba daidai ba ko ba bisa ka'ida ba ta mutumin wanda ke yin aikin gwamnati da kuma wani aiki ko watsi da ke haifar da nuna bambanci ga wani mutum.

Duk wani mai shigar da kara da aka yi wa rauni na iya shigar da kara ga ofishin idan ya fada cikin ikon Mai Tsaron Jama'a dangane da dokar Mai Tsaron jama'a ta 23 na 1994. Mai kare jama'a na iya bincika kuma ya ɗauki matakin gyara da ya dace akan bincikensa.

 Tarihi 
Jami'in Kare Jama'a na ɗaya daga cikin Cibiyoyin Jiha guda shida da ke Tallafawa Dimokuradiyya a Afirka ta Kudu.  Waɗannan cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu ne daga gwamnati, suna ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu da doka, kuma suna gabatar da rahoto kowace shekara ga Majalisar.

Ayyukan Mai Kare Jama'a

Ƙarfin iko na Mai Kare Jama'a yana ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa. Ana iya ƙara wasu ƙarin iko ta hanyar dokokin ƙasa. Duk da haka, ba a yarda da ofishin ya binciki hukuncin kotu ba. Yana karɓa tare da bincikar koke-koken da jama'a ke shigarwa game da gwamnati.

Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa sun haɗa da (amma ba su tsaya nan ba): 
 Iko na bincikar duk wata ɗabi'a ko tsarin gwamnati da ake ganin bai dace ba ko yana nuna son kai.
 Babban manufarsu ita ce kare dimokuraɗiyya da 'yan ƙasa. Ana kallonsu a matsayin wata cibiya mai zaman kanta ta gwamnati.
 Suna gabatar da rahoto ga Majalisar Ƙasa (NA) aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara.
 Suna karewa tare da tabbatar da aiwatar da nauyin da kundin tsarin mulki ya ɗora.
 Kowa na da damar kai ƙara ga Mai Kare Jama'a idan akwai gazawa ko cin hanci daga ma'aikatan gwamnati.
 Ba sa karɓar ƙorafe-ƙorafe da suka shafi bangaren shari'a (kotuna).

Nadawa

Ana naɗa Mai Kare Jama'a ne ta hannun shugaban ƙasa, bisa tanadin sashe na 193 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Dole ne wanda aka zaɓa ya zama ɗan ƙasa na Afirka ta Kudu wanda–

 shi ne Alƙalin Babban Kotun Ƙasa; ko
 an amince da shi a matsayin lauyan gaban kotu ko lauya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikinsu na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan amincewar; ko
 ya cancanci a amince da shi a matsayin lauyan gaban kotu ko lauya kuma ya koyar da ilimin shari'a a jami'a na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan samun cancantar; ko
 yana da ƙwarewa ko gogewa na musamman na tsawon shekaru 10 a harkar shari'a, gudanar da mulki ko kuɗin gwamnati; ko
 ya kasance ɗan majalisa na tsawon shekaru 10.

– Sashe na (1A) Dokar 23 ta 1994

Tsawon Lokacin Aiki

A ƙarƙashin babi na tara na kundin tsarin mulki, Mai Kare Jama'a na da damar yin aiki sau ɗaya kawai, na tsawon shekaru bakwai (7), ba tare da sabunta wa'adinsa ba.

Rahotannin Bincike

Dole ne rahotannin da Mai Kare Jama'a ya fitar su kasance a bude ga jama'a kuma kowa na da damar samun su. Duk da haka, ana iya ɓoye wasu rahotanni a lokuta na musamman da suka dace. Reporting Zuwa yanzu, Mai Kare Jama'a ya gudanar da bincike aƙalla a kan shari'u 40,000.http://ewn.co.za/2014/10/24/Is-Public-Protector-taking-on-too-many-investigations Is Public Protector taking on too many investigations

Ɗaya daga cikin shari'u mafi shahara ita ce binciken da aka gudanar dangane da zargin rashin da'a da ɗabi'a maras kyau game da sanya da aiwatar da matakan tsaro da Ma’aikatar Ayyuka ta Jama’a ta yi a gidan shugaban ƙasa Jacob Zuma da ke Nkandla a lardin KwaZulu-Natal.

 Hukunci 
Duk wani lamari da mai kare Jama'a ke da hurumi na iya kai rahoto ga ofishin jami'an tsaro ta kowane mutum.

Dangane da Dokar Kare Jama'a ta 23 na 1994[22] da sauran ayyukan majalisu, mai kare Jama'a na iya yin bincike, bisa koke ko kuma a kan kansa, kowane matakin gwamnati.  Wannan ya hada da na ƙasa, lardi da ƙaramar hukuma, kowane ma'aikacin gwamnati, kowace ma'aikata da kowace majalisa.

Dangantaka da sauran cibiyoyi babi tara

Hakazalika da sauran hukumomin da ke karkashin Babi na Tara a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ofishin kare hakkin jama'a ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga gwamnati kuma dole ne ya kasance mai ban sha'awa kuma dole ne ya yi aiki da ikonsa kuma ya yi aikinsu ba tare da wani tasiri ko son zuciya ba.

Kasafin Kuɗi

A halin yanzu, ofishin Mai Kare Jama'a na kula da kimanin shari'u 40,000 tare da ma’aikata 314.http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015/02/26/public-protector-saved-from-insolvency-with-a-r60-million-budget-lifeline Public Protector saved from insolvency with a R60 million budget lifeline A cikin kasafin kuɗi na shekarar 2013/14, an ware wa ofishin kuɗi na R199.3m, tare da ƙarin R18.3m a shekarar kuɗi ta 2014/15.

A cikin kasafin kuɗi na 2015, an ƙara wa ofishin R60m maimakon R200m da aka nema a farko a gaban kwamitin kula da shari’a. Sakamakon haka, ofishin Mai Kare Jama'a ya tilasta yin gagarumin rage kashe kuɗi.http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015/02/26/public-protector-saved-from-insolvency-with-a-r60-million-budget-lifeline www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2015/02/26/public-protector-saved-from-insolvency-with-a-r60-million-budget-lifeline

Sakamakon matsalolin samun kuɗi, mai magana da yawun ofishin Mai Kare Jama'a ya bayyana cewa za su nemi tallafi daga hukumomi na waje domin samun kuɗaɗen aiki. Shugabannin gudanarwar ofishin sun gudanar da tarurruka da abokan ci gaba daga ƙasashen Jamus, Japan da Belgium.http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2014/11/27/madonsela-seeks-partners-to-help-overcome-funding-difficulties Madonsela seeks partners to help overcome funding difficulties

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