Roman Libya

Yankin Arewacin Afirka wanda aka sani da Libya tun daga 1911 ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Roman tsakanin 146 BC da 672 AD (ko da yake Vandals sun karɓi yankin a takaice a cikin 430 AD, sannan Byzantines suka sake dawo da shi).Sunan Latin Libya a lokacin yana nufin nahiyar Afirka gabaɗaya. Tsohon Libya. Abin da ke bakin tekun Libya yanzu an san shi da Tripolitania da Pentapolis, an raba shi tsakanin lardin Afirka a yamma, da tsibirin Crete da Cyrenaica a gabas. A cikin 296 AD, Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian ya raba gwamnatin tsibirin Crete daga Cyrenaica kuma a cikin wannan ya kafa sabbin larduna na "Upper Libya" da "Lower Libya", ta amfani da kalmar Libya a matsayin jihar siyasa a karo na farko a tarihi.

 Tarihi 
Bayan cin nasara na karshe da lalata Carthage a cikin 146 BC, arewa maso yammacin Afirka ya shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa kuma, jim kadan bayan haka, an kafa yankin bakin teku na abin da ke yanzu yammacin Libya a matsayin lardin a ƙarƙashin sunan Tripolitania tare da babban birnin Leptis Magna da babban tashar kasuwanci a yankin.

A cikin 96 BC, Roma ta sami Cyrenaica cikin lumana (wanda sarki Ptolemy Apion ya bar shi) tare da abin da ake kira mai mulki pentapolis, wanda biranen Cyrene (kusa da ƙauyen Shahat na zamani) suka kafa, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Apollonia, Arsinoe (Tocra), Berenice (kusa na Benghazi na zamani) da Barce (Marj), wanda za a canza shi zuwa lardin Roma shekaru da yawa daga baya a cikin 74 BC. Ci gaban Romawa zuwa kudu, duk da haka, Garamantes sun dakatar da shi.

Cyrenaica ta zama wani ɓangare na Masar ta Roma tun daga lokacin Ptolemy I Soter, duk da tawaye da mamayewa akai-akai.

A cikin 74 BC, an kafa sabuwar lardin, wanda wakilin matsayi na praetorian (Legatus pro praetor) ke mulki kuma yana tare da quaestor (quaestor pro praetor), amma a cikin 20 BC Cyrenaica ya haɗu da tsibirin tsibirin Crete a cikin sabon lardin Creta et Cyrenaica, saboda al'adun Girka.

Yankin Cyrenaica ya kasance da bambancin da ke tsakanin garuruwan da ke bakin teku na Pentapolis, waɗanda Helenawa ke zaune, da yankunan da 'Yan Libya ke zaune. Na farko sun adana cibiyoyin su kuma sun shiga cikin wata ƙungiya, yayin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ptolemaic na 248 BC ya amince da 'yancin kansu. A wasu daga cikin wadannan biranen akwai babban 'yan tsiraru na yawan mutanen da aka yi da Ibraniyawa, waɗanda aka tsara su da nasu dokoki. 'Yan asalin Romawa a lardin an shirya su cikin Conventus civium Romanorum. .
Yankin Tripolitania ya kasance da tasirin punic mai ƙarfi a cikin manyan birane uku (Tripolitania na nufin "ƙasar birane uku") na Oea (Tripoli na ainihi), Sabratha da Leptis Magna, amma a ƙarshen lokacin Augustus yankin bakin teku ya kusan zama Roman.

Ƙananan sun kasance hare-haren kabilun makiyaya na hamada a kan biranen lardin aƙalla ƙarni biyu na farko. Mun san cewa a lokacin Sarkin sarakuna Domitian, Nasamones (ƙabilar Libya da ke zaune a kudancin Leptis Magna) sun yi tawaye, sun kawo hallaka da kuma kayar da Legatus legionis na Augusta III Cneo Suelli Flacco, wanda ya tafi ya sadu da su. Amma lokacin da ya dawo daga baya tare da ƙarfafawa, ya murkushe su duka, don Domitian ya iya cewa a gaban Majalisar Dattijan Romawa sanannen: "Na hana Nasamoni wanzuwa".

Maimakon haka, tawaye na Yahudawa ya fi tsanani a lokacin Trajan (a cikin 115-116 AD). A Cyrenaica, wani Lukuas ko Andreas ne ya jagoranci 'yan tawaye, wanda ya kira kansa "Sarki" (bisa ga Eusebius na Kaisariya). Kungiyarsa ta lalata gidajen ibada da Ciyawa, gami da na Hecate, Jupiter, Apollo, Artemis, da Isis, da kuma gine-ginen farar hula waɗanda alamomin Roma ne, gami na Caesareum, Basilica, da thermae (yankin jama'a na Daular). An kashe mutanen Girka da Romawa: masanin tarihin Kirista na ƙarni na 4 Paulus Orosius ya rubuta cewa tashin hankali ya rage yawan jama'a a lardin Cyrenaica har Hadrian ya kafa sabbin yankuna:

Bayan Hadrian, Kiristanci ya fara zama addini mafi muhimmanci a Roman Libya har zuwa zuwan Larabawa.
A lokacin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Septimius Severus (an haife shi a Leptis Magna) yana zaune a kan "Shugaban Bitrus" Paparoma Victor I (181-191), kuma daga Libya Leptis Magda kuma mai yiwuwa bishop dinta. Har zuwa lokacin Victor, Roma ta yi bikin Mass a Helenanci: Paparoma Victor I ya canza harshen zuwa Latin, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a asalinsa Roman Libya. A cewar Jerome, shi ne marubucin Kirista na farko da ya rubuta game da tauhidin Latin.

Bugu da ƙari, Arius, mahalicci a kusa da 310 AD na ridda Arianism, ya fito ne daga Ptolemais. Bayan wasu ƙarni a Cyrenaica, mabiyan Monophysite na Cocin Coptic sun yi maraba da Larabawa Musulmai a matsayin masu 'yantarwa daga zalunci na Byzantine.

 Septimius Severus 
Mafi kyawun lokacin Roman Libya ya kasance a ƙarƙashin sarki Septimius Severus, wanda aka haifa a Leptis Magna . Ya fi son garinsu fiye da sauran biranen lardin, kuma gine-gine da dukiyar da ya wadata a ciki sun sanya Leptis Magna birni na uku mafi muhimmanci a Afirka, yana gasa da Carthage da Alexandria. A cikin 205, shi da dangin sarki sun ziyarci birnin kuma sun sami girmamawa mai girma. Daga cikin canje-canjen da Severus ya gabatar a wannan birni shine ƙirƙirar sabon dandalin tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa.

Ya wadatar da dukan Libya, amma galibi Tripolitania, yana kare shi tare da fadada Limes Tripolitanus a kan Garamantes: wannan ƙabila mai iko ƙasa ce ta abokin ciniki na Daular Roma, amma a matsayin makiyaya koyaushe suna barazana ga yankin mai kyau na Tripolitania na bakin teku.  Lalle ne, an faɗaɗa limes a ƙarƙashin sarakuna Hadrian da Septimius Severus, musamman a ƙarƙashin legatus Quintus Anicius Faustus a cikin 197-201 AD.

An nada Anicius Faustus a matsayin legatus na Legio III Augusta kuma ya gina wasu sansanoni masu kariya na Limes Tripolitanus a Tripolitania, daga cikinsu Garbia  da Golaia (ainihin Bu Ngem) J.S. Wacher, The Roman world, Volume 1, Taylor & Francis, 2002, , pp. 252-3 don kare lardin daga hare-haren kabilun makiyaya. Ya cika aikinsa da sauri kuma cikin nasara.
A sakamakon haka birnin Romawa na Ghirza, wanda ke nesa da bakin teku da kudancin Leptis Magna, ya ci gaba da sauri a cikin yankin noma mai arziki. Ghirza ya zama "birni mai tasowa" bayan 200 AD, lokacin da Septimius Severus ya shirya Limes Tripolitanus.

A ƙarshen 202, Severus ya kaddamar da kamfen a lardin Afirka. Anicius Faustus ya yi yaƙi da Garama tare da Limes Tripolitanus na tsawon shekaru biyar, ya kama ƙauyuka da yawa daga abokan gaba kamar Cydamus, Gholaia, Garbia, da babban birnin su Garama - sama da kilomita 600 kudu da Leptis Magna .  

A shekara ta 203 duk iyakar kudancin Afirka ta Roma an fadada shi sosai kuma an sake ƙarfafa shi. Masu nomad da ke hamada ba za su iya kai hari cikin yankin ba kuma su tsere zuwa cikin Sahara. Har zuwa wani ƙarni, abin da Septimius Severus ya gada ya ba da zaman lafiya da wadata ga Roman Libya.

Tattalin Arziki

A lokacin da Libya ta kasance lardi a karkashin Daular Romawa, ta samu ci gaba mai yawa, inda ta kai wani zamani na zinariya a ƙarni na 2 Miladiyya, lokacin da birnin Leptis Magna ya yi gogayya da biranen Carthage da Alexandria wajen shahara.

Na fiye da shekaru 400, Tripolitania da Cyrenaica sun kasance masu wadata a matsayin lardunan Romawa kuma sassa ne na wata ƙasa da ta kunshi al'ummar da ke da yare guda, tsarin doka guda da kuma kamanceceniya da Daular Romawa.


Guraren tarihi na Romawa, kamar Leptis Magna da Sabratha a cikin kasar Libya ta yau, suna nuna yadda yankin ke da ƙarfi a wancan lokacin, inda birane da ƙananan garuruwa ke amfana da abubuwan more rayuwar birane – dandalin taro, kasuwanni, nishadi na jama'a, da wuraren wanka – da ake samu a kusan kowane yanki na Daular Romawa.Graham, Alexander (1902) Roman Africa: an outline of the history of the Roman occupation of North Africa, based chiefly upon inscriptions and monumental remains in that country Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Google Books, 

'Yan kasuwa da masu sana'o'i daga sassa daban-daban na Daular Romawa sun zauna a gabar teku ta Libya. Sojojin da suka ritaya sun zauna a yankin "Centenaria" na Tripolitania, inda aka raya ƙasar da ba ta da ruwa sosai.Taswirar yankin noma na "Centenaria" An gina dam-dam da rijiyoyin a Wadi Ghirza (wanda a wancan lokaci ba ya bushe kamar yadda yake yanzu) domin sarrafa ruwan ambaliya. Wadannan gine-ginen har yanzu suna nan a bayyane.Ghirza Saboda haka, yankin kudu da Leptis Magna ya zama babbar cibiyar fitar da man zaitun da hatsi zuwa Roma, kuma lardin ya samu tsananin "romanization", kamar yadda Theodore Mommsen ya bayyana.

Matakin wannan romanization yana iya bayyana har ta hanyar tsayayyen wanzuwar yaren African Romance: wani geographer ɗan asalin Larabawa a ƙarni na 12 mai suna Muhammad al-Idrisi ya rubuta cewa mutanen yankin Gafsa (wato "Capsa" a zamanin Romawa, kusa da arewa maso yammacin Tripolitania) suna amfani da yare wanda ya kira *al-latini al-afriqi* ("Latin na Afirka").Capsa (a cikin harshen Italiyanci)

Tripolitania ta kasance babban cibiyar fitar da kayan amfanin gona, haka kuma cibiyar da zinari da bayi daga Garamentes ke zuwa da su zuwa gabar teku, yayin da Cyrenaica ta kasance babbar tushe ta giya, magunguna, da dawakan hawa.Mommsen, Theodore. The Provinces of the Roman Empire Chapter: Africa

Karni na ƙarshe

Bayan Septimius Severus, Libya ta Romawa ta fara raguwa a hankali na tsawon ƙarni guda, kafin a rusa ta da ambaliya sakamakon girgizar ƙasa ta shekara ta 365 AD. Kokarin farfaɗowa ya ci tura, kuma tun kafin zuwan Larabawa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 7, al’adar Helenawa da Romawa ta fara rushewa a yankin, sai dai a garin Oea.

A wani bangare na sake fasalin daular Roma da Diocletian ya yi a shekara ta 296 AD, ya raba harkar mulki tsakanin Crete da Cyrenaica, inda ya ƙirƙiro sabbin yankuna biyu: "Libya ta Sama" da "Libya ta Ƙasa", a karon farko ana amfani da kalmar Libya a matsayin sunan yanki na hukuma. Hakika, gyaran tsarin Tetrarchy na Diocletian ya canza tsarin mulki:


 Cyrenaica ta kasu gida biyu: "Libya ta Sama" wato "Libya Pentapolis", wanda ya ƙunshi Pentapolis tare da Cyrene a matsayin babban birni, da "Libya ta Ƙasa" ko "Libya sicca", wato Marmarica tare da Paraetonium a matsayin birni mafi muhimmanci, kowanne na karkashin wani gwamna mai matsayin praeses. Duka biyun suna karkashin Diocese of Egypt, a cikin Praetorian Prefecture na Oriens.

 Tripolitania, wanda ya fi girma, ya zama wani yanki na Diocese of Africa, karkashin praefectura praetorio Italiae, Illyrici et Africae. Bayan mummunar ambaliya ta 365 AD, an mayar da babban birnin Cyrenaica zuwa Ptolemais. Bayan rabuwar daular Roma dindindin a shekara ta 395 AD, Tripolitania ta koma bangaren daular Yamma, yayin da Cyrenaica ta shiga bangaren Gabas wadda daga bisani aka kira Byzantine. A takaice, ta shiga cikin Vandal Kingdom, kafin Belisarius ya sake kwato ta a 533 AD.

A watan Afrilu 534 AD, an dawo da tsarin mulkin Roman na gargajiya da cikakken tsarin mulki a karkashin wani praetorian prefect. A shekarun da suka biyo baya, ƙarƙashin jarumin janar Solomon wanda ya haɗa ofisoshin magister militum da praetorian prefect na Africa, an ƙarfafa mulkin Roma a Libya (an sake kafa Theodorias – Olbia), amma rikici ya ci gaba da kasancewa da kabilun Berber na ciki.

Solomon ya sami nasarori da dama a kansu, amma aikinsa ya tsaya sakamakon tawaye na soja da ya tashi a shekara ta 536. Daga bisani Germanus, ɗan uwansa Justinian, ya murƙushe tawayen, kuma Solomon ya dawo a 539. Sai dai ya mutu a yaƙin Cillium a shekara ta 544, bayan haɗakar kabilun Berber, kuma Libya ta koma cikin haɗari. Sai a 548 AD ne babban janar John Troglita ya gama karya gwiwar Berber. Waƙar Latin ta ƙarshe daga zamanin da, de Bellis Libycis da Flavius Cresconius Corippus ya rubuta, ta bayyana wannan gwagwarmaya.

Daga nan sai yankin ya shiga wani lokaci na kwanciyar hankali da wadata, inda aka shirya shi a matsayin wani yanki mai cin gashin kai na Exarchate of Africa a shekara ta 584 AD. A ƙarshe, ƙarƙashin Heraclius, Libya da Africa suka ceci Daular Roma ta Gabas, suka kawar da tyrant Phocas kuma suka kori Sassanids da Avars.

Amma wannan shi ne aikin karshe na Roma: a 642 AD Larabawa Musulmi suka fara cin Libya. A 645 AD, Larabawa sun kore Bizantiyawa daga Tripoli na ɗan lokaci, amma ba su kafa mulki mai ɗorewa ba. Ba a sake kai farmaki ba sai a shekara ta 661, lokacin da sabuwar daular Umayyad ƙarƙashin Mu'awiya ta fara sabon salo na faɗaɗa Musulunci. A 663 aka fara shirin cin gaba da arewacin Afirka, kuma Larabawa sun fara mamaye manyan biranen Libya. Tripoli ta faɗi a karo na biyu a shekara ta 666 AD, kuma a wannan karon Musulmi sun tabbatar da nasu mulki ta hanyar kin komawa Masar nan da nan bayan nasara.

A shekara ta 670 AD, dukan Libya ta faɗa hannun Larabawa: mulkin Roma tun ƙarni na 2 kafin haihuwar Almasihu ya zo ƙarshe. Sai a lokacin Benito Mussolini, fiye da shekaru dubu ɗaya daga baya, Libya ta sake zama ƙasa mai cikakken suna a 1934 (ta amfani da sunan da aka samo daga gyare-gyaren Diocletian).

Muhimman birane

Rayuwa a Libya ta Roma ta ta'allaka ne a kusa da wasu garuruwan bakin teku, galibin Girkawa da Phoeniciyawa ne suka kafa su:
Leptis Magna in Tripolitania Images of Leptis MagnaVideo of Leptis Magna
Oea in Tripolitania Oea images
Sabratha in Tripolitania Sabratha imagesVideo of Sabratha
Cyrene (Pentapolis) Video of Cyrene
Apollonia (Pentapolis) Apollonia images
Arsinoe (Pentapolis) 
Berenice (Pentapolis) Berenice/Euesperides
Barce (Pentapolis)Tomb of Menecrate in Barce (in Italian)
Ptolemais in Cyrenaica Photos of PtolemaisVideo of Ptolemais & Apollonia
Paraetonium in Marmarica
 Antipyrgon in Marmarica  
 Ghirza in Tripolitanian Sahara Ruins of Ghirza

 Manazarta 
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