Hanyar Zube

Hanyar Zubehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway Hanyar zube wani tsari ne da ake amfani da shi don samar da sarrafawar sakin ruwa daga magudanar ruwa ko levee, yawanci cikin kogin da aka datse kansa watau Dam. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila misali, ƙila a san su da tashoshi masu yawa.

Hanyoyin zube suna tabbatar da cewa ruwa baya lalata sassan tsarin da ba a tsara don isar da ruwa ba.

Hanyoyin zube na iya haɗawa da ƙofofin ambaliya da matosai don daidaita kwararar ruwa da matakin tafki. Irin waɗannan fasalulluka suna ba da damar magudanar ruwa don daidaita magudanar ruwa - ta hanyar sakin ruwa a cikin tsari mai sarrafawa kafin tafki ya cika, masu aiki na iya hana babban sakin da ba a yarda da shi ba daga baya.

Sauran abubuwan da ake amfani da kalmar "matsala" sun hada da kewaya madatsun ruwa da magudanar ruwa da ake amfani da su a lokacin babban ruwa, da tashoshi da aka sassaka ta madatsun ruwa na halitta kamar morai.https://web.archive.org/web/20100409004244/http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/dams/spill/s5.htm

Ruwan yana gudana akan magudanar ruwa ne kawai a lokutan ambaliya, lokacin da tafki ya kai ƙarfinsa kuma ruwan ya ci gaba da shiga cikin sauri fiye da yadda ake iya sakinsa. Sabanin haka, hasumiya ta ci wani tsari ne da ake amfani da shi don sarrafa sakin ruwa akai-akai don dalilai kamar samar da ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki.https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf

 Nau'ukan  
Hanyar zube tana saman tafkin tafki. Madatsun ruwa na iya samun maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ƙasa tare da bawuloli ko ƙofofi waɗanda za a iya sarrafa su don sakin kwararar ambaliya, kuma wasu ƴan madatsun ruwa ba su da magudanar ruwa kuma sun dogara kacokan akan hanyoyin ƙasa.Historical Development of Stepped Cascades for the Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy". Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 71 (2): 295–318.

Manyan nau'ikan magudanar ruwa guda biyu ana sarrafa su kuma ba a sarrafa su. Hanyar zubewar da aka sarrafa tana da injina ko ƙofofi don daidaita yawan kwararar. Wannan zane yana ba da damar kusan cikakken tsayin dam ɗin don amfani da ruwa a duk shekara, kuma ana iya sakin ruwan ambaliya kamar yadda ake buƙata ta hanyar buɗe kofa ɗaya ko fiye.

Hanyar zubewar da ba ta da iko, akasin haka, ba ta da kofofi; idan ruwan ya tashi sama da lebe ko magudanar ruwa, sai ya fara fitowa daga tafki. Adadin fitarwa ana sarrafa shi kawai ta tsawon ruwa sama da malalar tafki. Karancin adadin ajiyar ajiya a cikin tafki sama da magudanar ruwa za a iya amfani da shi kawai don ajiyar ruwa na wucin gadi; ba za a iya amfani da shi azaman ajiyar ruwa ba saboda yana zaune sama da yadda dam ɗin zai iya riƙe shi.Non-Aerated Skimming Flow Properties on Stepped Chutes over Small Embankment Dams in Hydraulic Structures: a Challenge to Engineers and Researchers, Proceedings of the International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures

A cikin nau'in tsaka-tsaki, ƙa'idodin matakin al'ada na tafki ana sarrafa shi ta ƙofofin inji. A wannan yanayin, ba a tsara dam ɗin don yin aiki tare da ruwa yana gudana a saman ba idan ya kasance, ko dai saboda kayan da aka yi amfani da su don gina shi ko kuma yanayin kai tsaye. Idan shigar da tafki ya zarce karfin kofa, tashar wucin gadi da ake kira madaidaicin magudanar ruwa ko na gaggawa zai isar da ruwa. Sau da yawa, da gangan ake toshe wannan ta hanyar filogi. Idan akwai, an ƙera fis ɗin fis ɗin don wankewa idan babban ambaliyar ruwa ya fi ƙarfin fitarwa na ƙofofin da ke zubewa. Kodayake ana iya buƙatar watanni da yawa don ma'aikatan gini don dawo da fis ɗin fis da tashoshi bayan irin wannan aikin, jimillar lalacewa da kuɗin da za a gyara ya yi ƙasa da idan manyan gine-ginen ruwa sun wuce gona da iri. Ana amfani da ra'ayi na filogi inda gina hanyar zubewa tare da ƙarfin da ake buƙata zai yi tsada.

 Matakan tsaro 
Ƙofofin zub da jini na iya aiki ba zato ba tsammani ba tare da faɗakarwa ba, ƙarƙashin ikon nesa. Masu wuce gona da iri a cikin hanyar malalar suna cikin haɗarin nutsewa. Hanyoyin zube yawanci suna shinge da sanye take da ƙofofi da aka kulle don hana wuce gona da iri a cikin tsarin. Alamomin faɗakarwa, sirens, da sauran matakan za su iya kasancewa a wurin don faɗakar da masu amfani da yankin ƙasa na sakin ruwa kwatsam. Ka'idojin aiki na iya buƙatar "fatsawa" kofa don sakin ruwa kaɗan don faɗakar da mutane a ƙasa. Rufe kofar da ke zubewa ba zato ba tsammani na iya haifar da kifin kifin, kuma yawanci ana guje wa hakan.
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