Kullewar carbon

Kulle-ƙulle-ƙulle na carbon yana nufin dawwamar da kai da aka kirkira ta hanyar manyan tsarin makamashin burbushin mai wanda ke hana ƙoƙarin jama'a da masu zaman kansu na gabatar da madadin fasahar makamashi. Dangane da manufar kulle-kulle na fasaha, an fi amfani da manufar dangane da ƙalubalen canza kayan aikin makamashi na yanzu don mayar da martani ga sauyin yanayi a duniya.

Gregory C. Unruh ne ya fara kirkiro wannan ra'ayi da kalmar a cikin makarantar Fletcher ta 1999, karatun digiri na jami'ar Tufts mai taken "Kulle Carbon Lock-In." Tun daga lokacin ta samu karbuwa a tattaunawar manufofin sauyin yanayi, musamman ma wadanda suka mayar da hankali wajen hana dunkulewar iskar Carbon a duniya zuwa kasashe masu saurin masana'antu kamar China da Indiya.

Tushen kulle-kulle carbon-in inertia a cikin tsarin makamashi ya taso ne daga haɗin gwiwar manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na fasaha da cibiyoyin zamantakewa da ayyukan al'adu waɗanda ke tallafawa da fa'ida daga ci gaban tsarin. Ana haɓaka haɓakar tsarin ta hanyar haɓaka dawowa zuwa sikelin.

 Gabatarwa 
A cewar Unruh:

…An kulle tattalin arzikin masana'antu cikin tsarin makamashi mai tushen burbushin mai ta hanyar tsarin fasaha da haɗin gwiwar cibiyoyi wanda ke haifar da karuwar dogaro mai dogaro zuwa ma'auni. An tabbatar da cewa wannan yanayin, wanda ake kira kulle-kulle na carbon, yana haifar da kasuwa mai dorewa da gazawar manufofin da za su iya hana yaduwar fasahohin ceton carbon duk da fa'idodin muhalli da tattalin arzikinsu.

- Gregory C. Unruh, Fahimtar kullewar carbon (2000)

Manufar ta fito ne don mayar da martani ga abin da ake kira "paradox manufofin yanayi," wanda ya gane cewa akwai ra'ayi mai mahimmanci na kimiyya cewa sauyin yanayi barazana ce ta gaske kuma ta yanzu ga mutane da sauran nau'ikan da suka dace da yanayin yanayi na yanzu. Hakazalika akwai shaidar cewa fasahohin sun wanzu waɗanda za su iya rage ƙarfin carbon na ayyukan tattalin arziƙi cikin farashi mai tsada, gami da sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi da kuma wasu aikace-aikacen makamashi mai sabuntawa. Kasancewar waɗannan bayyanannun "nasara-nasara" ba-da-damar damar da al'umma za su yi don magance matsalolin yanayi ya haifar da rikice-rikice. Idan irin waɗannan fasahohin sun wanzu, kuma suna da tsada kuma suna taimakawa rage hayakin da ke tilasta yanayi, me yasa ba sa yaɗuwa cikin sauri? Hasashen ita ce, tattalin arzikin masana'antu ya kulle cikin fasahohin mai ta hanyar saka hannun jari da yanke shawara na baya, da tasirin sakamako mai kyau kan karuwar riba, da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kayayyakin makamashi.

 Tsarin Juyin Juyin Halitta 
Kulle-kulle carbon yana fitowa a cikin lokaci yayin da makamashi da ci gaban tattalin arziki a kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu ke tafiya. Tsarin kulle-kulle carbon yana ginawa cikin tsari daga kayan fasaha na mutum ɗaya, yawanci ƙungiyoyin riba ke kera su, zuwa tsarin fasaha na kayan tarihi masu dogaro da juna. Yayin da waɗannan tsare-tsaren ke girma, sun fara samun mahimmancin abubuwan da ke tattare da al'umma a cikin tsarin gwamnati na ci gaban tsarin da ci gaba. Shigar da gwamnati tare da gudanar da tsarin, ya kasance don aminci, sabis na duniya ko wasu bukatun ƙasa, yana ƙaddamar da tsarin kuma yana nuna alamar fasahar fasaha.

A tsawon lokaci masu amfani da jama'a suna daidaita salon rayuwarsu zuwa iyawar fasahar kuma tsarin ya zama cikin jama'a. Ana iya ganin misalan wannan tsari a cikin haɓakar tsarin sufuri na tushen mota da tsarin makamashi mai ƙarfi da burbushin mai.

Wannan tsarin haɓaka ingantaccen ra'ayi na haɗin gwiwar juyin halitta shine ke haifar da yanayin kulle-kulle da shinge masu alaƙa ga yaduwar madadin fasahohin, har ma waɗanda ke da sanannun halayen aikin muhalli. Rahoton dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na Oak Ridge na 2007 mai taken “Kulle-Kulle Carbon: Matsaloli don Aiwatar da Fasahar Sauye-sauyen Yanayi” (wanda Shirin Fasahar Canjin Canjin Yanayi na Amurka, CCTP ya dauki nauyinsa) ya rarraba manyan nau'ikan shingen kulle-kulle na carbon guda uku: ingancin farashi, shingen kudi/hukunce-hukunce da na fasaha. Tserewa yanayin kullewa yana buƙatar shawo kan waɗannan shingen.Brown, Marilyn C.; Chandlers, Jess; Lapse, Melissa V.; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (January 2008). "Carbon Lock-In: Barriers To Deploying Climate Change Mitigation Technologies" (PDF). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 30 January 2017.

 Ƙaddamar da Ƙunƙwasa Carbon Duniya 
Manufar kulle-kullen carbon ya sami karin kulawa yayin da saurin bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin masana'antu na kasar Sin ya samu ci gaba. Abin damuwa shi ne, idan kasar Sin ta bi tsarin bunkasar tattalin arzikin burbushin man fetur na kananan hukumomin masana'antu da aka kafa, da gina manyan ababen more rayuwa na motoci, da tsarin makamashin da ake amfani da su wajen samar da makamashi, za su ci gaba da dawwama da bunkasa hayaki mai gurbata muhalli nan gaba. Ana iya faɗaɗa muhawara iri ɗaya ga duk ƙasashe masu saurin masana'antu ciki har da Indiya. Wannan damuwa yana tasowa yayin da shaidar kimiyya ke nuna cewa dole ne a dakatar da haɓakar hayaƙi a halin yanzu kuma a rage fitar da hayaƙi a duniya da sama da kashi 60% idan ana son ɗan adam ya hana ɓarkewar yanayin da ba a so.

Nazarin kwanan nan na Steven J. Davis da mawallafa sun ƙididdige hayaki na CO2 na gaba wanda za a iya sa ran za a samar da shi ta hanyar samar da makamashi na yanzu [3] da kuma girman kulle-kulle da ke da alaka da kamfanonin wutar lantarki da ake ginawa kowace shekara a kasar Sin da sauran wurare.Davis, Steven J.; Socolow, Robert H (2014). "Commitment accounting of CO2 emissions" (PDF). Environmental Research Letters. 9 (8): 1104–1114. Bibcode:2014ERL.....9h4018D. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084018Revkin, Andrew C (28 August 2014). "Accounting for the Expanding Carbon Shadow From Coal-Burning Plants". Dot Earth. New York Times. Retrieved 30 January 2017.

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