Yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique

Yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique(, 'War of Independence of Mozambique')  ya kasance rikici ne na makamai tsakanin dakarun 'yan tawaye na Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) da Portugal. Yaƙin a hukumance ya fara ne a ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar 1964, kuma ya ƙare da tsagaita wuta a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba 1974, wanda ya haifar da shawarwarin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1975.

Yakin Portugal da mayakan sa-kai masu neman 'yancin kai a yankunanta na Afirka da suka shafe shekaru 400 sun fara a shekarar 1961 da Angola. A Mozambik, rikicin ya ɓarke ne a shekara ta 1964 sakamakon tashe tashen hankula da takaici a tsakanin al'ummar ƙasar Mozambique da dama, waɗanda suka ɗauki mulkin ƙasashen waje a matsayin cin zarafi da cin zarafi, wanda bai yi amfani ba kawai ga ci gaban moriyar tattalin arzikin ƙasar Portugal a yankin. 'Yan Mozambique da yawa kuma sun ji haushin manufofin Portugal game da 'yan asalin ƙasar, wanda ya haifar da wariya da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi irin na Portuguese da ƙwararrun aikin yi.

Yayin da nasarar cin gashin kanta ta bazu a duk faɗin Afirka bayan yakin duniya na biyu, yawancin 'yan Mozambique sun ci gaba da zama masu kishin ƙasa a ra'ayi, kuma suna ƙara takaici saboda ci gaba da yin biyayya ga mulkin ƙasashen waje. A gefe guda kuma, yawancin ƴan asalin Afirka da suka haɗa kai cikin ƙungiyar zamantakewar Mozambique ta Fotigal, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga cikin birane, sun amsa da'awar 'yancin kai tare da cakuɗa rashin jin daɗi da zato. Kabilar Portuguese na yankin, wanda ya haɗa da yawancin hukumomin da ke mulki, sun mayar da martani tare da ƙara yawan sojojin da ayyukan ci gaba cikin sauri.

Yawan gudun hijirar da ’yan siyasar Mozambik suka yi zuwa ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita, ya samar da mafakar da ‘yan Mozambique masu tsattsauran ra’ayi za su iya tsara ayyuka da kuma haddasa tarzomar siyasa a ƙasarsu ta haihuwa. Samuwar FRELIMO da goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet, Romania, China, Cuba, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Tanzania, Zambia, Masar, Aljeriya, Gwamnatin Gaddafi a Libya da Brazil ta hanyar makamai da masu ba da shawara, ya haifar da ɓarkewar tashin hankalin da ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru goma.

Ta fuskar soji, sojojin Portugal na yau da kullun sun kasance da hannu a rikicin da ake yi da dakarun FRELIMO. Duk da haka, Mozambik ta yi nasarar samun 'yancin kai a ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 1975, bayan wata gwagwarmaya ta farar hula da aka fi sani da juyin juya halin Carnation da wasu sassa na soji a Portugal suka kifar da gwamnatin Salazar, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na Portugal shekaru 470 a yankin gabashin Afirka. A cewar masana tarihi na juyin juya hali, juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a Portugal a wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar nuna adawa da yadda sojojin Portugal suka yi mu'amala da wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar Mozambik.George Wright, The Destruction of a Nation, 1996Phil Mailer, Portugal – The Impossible Revolution?, 1977   Ƙaruwar tasirin gurguzu a cikin gungun 'yan tawayen Portugal waɗanda suka jagoranci juyin mulkin soja da matsin lambar ƙasashen duniya dangane da yakin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal su ne musabbabin farko na sakamakon.Stewart Lloyd-Jones, ISCTE (Lisbon), Portugal's history since 1974, "The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP–Partido Comunista Português), which had courted and infiltrated the MFA from the very first days of the revolution, decided that the time was now right for it to seize the initiative. Much of the radical fervour that was unleashed following Spínola's coup attempt was encouraged by the PCP as part of their own agenda to infiltrate the MFA and steer the revolution in their direction.", Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, University of Coimbra 

 Fage 

 Mulkin  mallaka na Portugal 
San mafarauci da tara, kakannin al'ummar Khoisani, su ne mutanen farko da aka sani a yankin da a yanzu ya zama Mozambique, a cikin ƙarni na 1 da na 4 na mutanen Bantu da suka yi ƙaura zuwa can ƙetare kogin Zambezi. A cikin shekarar 1498, masu binciken Portuguese sun sauka a bakin tekun Mozambique.  Tasirin Portugal a Gabashin Afirka ya karu a cikin ƙarni na 16; ta kafa yankuna da yawa da aka sani gaba ɗaya kamar Portuguese Gabashin Afirka. Bauta da zinariya sun zama riba ga Turawa; An yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar ɗaiɗaikun mazauna kuma babu wata gwamnati ta tsakiya.T. H. Henriksen, Remarks on Mozambique, 1975, p. 11 
A ƙarni na 19, yawancin ƙasashen Afirka sun faɗa ƙarƙashin turawan mulkin mallaka. Bayan sun rasa iko da babban yankin Brazil da ke Kudancin Amirka, Portuguese sun fara mayar da hankali kan faɗaɗa yankunan da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka na Afirka. Wannan ya kawo su cikin rikici kai tsaye da turawan Ingila.  Tun da David Livingstone ya koma yankin a shekarar 1858 a yunƙurin haɓaka hanyoyin kasuwanci, sha'awar Birtaniyya a Mozambique ta tashi, wanda ya firgita gwamnatin Portugal. A cikin ƙarni na 19, yawancin Gabashin Afirka har yanzu ana ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniyya, kuma don sauƙaƙe wannan, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta buƙaci izini da yawa daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal.Malyn D. D. Newitt, Mozambique   , Encarta. Retrieved on 10 March 2007. Archived 1 November 2009. 

Sakamakon haka, a ƙoƙari na guje wa rikici na ruwa tare da manyan sojojin ruwa na Royal, Portugal ta daidaita iyakokin 'yan mulkin mallaka kuma an kafa iyakokin zamani na Mozambique a watan Mayu 1881.  An bar ikon mulkin Mozambique ga kungiyoyi daban-daban irin su Kamfanin Mozambique, Kamfanin Zambezi da Kamfanin Niassa waɗanda masu zuba jari na Birtaniya suka ba da kuɗaɗen kuɗi tare da ba da arha daga bakin haure daga Birtaniya ta Gabashin Afirka don yin aikin ma'adinai da gina hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa.

Masarautar Gaza, tarin ƙabilun ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a yankin da yanzu ya zama Mozambique da Zimbabwe, Turawan Portugal sun ci nasara a shekarar 1895,  kuma sauran ƙabilu na cikin gida sun ci nasara a shekarar 1902; A wannan shekarar, Portugal ta kafa Lourenço Marques a matsayin babban birnin ƙasar. and the remaining inland tribes were eventually defeated by 1902; in that same year, Portugal established Lourenço Marques as the capital.Malyn Newitt, A History of Mozambique, 1995 p. 382  A cikin shekarar 1926, rikicin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Portugal ya haifar da kafuwar Jamhuriya ta biyu (daga baya ta zama Estado Novo), da farfaɗo da sha'awar ƙasashen Afirka. Kiraye-kirayen neman yancin kai a Mozambik ya taso ne jim kaɗan bayan yakin duniya na biyu, bisa la’akari da ‘yancin kai da aka bai wa wasu ƙasashen duniya da dama a cikin babban guguwar neman mulkin mallaka.Malyn D. D. Newitt, Mozambique   , Encarta. Retrieved on 10 March 2007. Archived 1 November 2009.

 Tashin FRELIMO 
Portugal ta sanya Mozambique a matsayin wani yanki na ketare a cikin shekarar 1951 don nunawa duniya cewa mulkin mallaka yana da 'yancin cin gashin kai. An kira shi Lardin Ketare na Mozambique ( Província Ultramarina de Moçambique). Duk da haka, Portugal har yanzu tana da iko mai ƙarfi akan mulkin mallaka. Ƙara yawan sababbin ƙasashen Afirka masu cin gashin kansu bayan yakin duniya na biyu,  tare da ci gaba da cin zarafi na ƴan asalin ƙasar, sun ƙarfafa haɓakar ra'ayin kishin ƙasa a cikin Mozambique.Allen and Barbara Isaacman, Mozambique – From Colonialism to Revolution, Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1983, p. 58  In the rural areas, Portuguese controlled the trading stores with which African peasants interacted.M. Bowen,  The State Against the Peasantry: Rural Struggles in Colonial and Postcolonial Mozambique University Press of Virginia: Charlottesville, 2000   
Mozambik ta sami babban rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin attajiran Portugal da na ƙauye na Afirka. An bai wa talakawa fararen fata, gami da jahilai marasa ilimi, fifiko a cikin ƙananan ayyuka na birni, inda tsarin ajiyar aiki ya kasance.  A yankunan karkara, Portuguese ne ke kula da shagunan kasuwanci da manoman Afirka ke hulɗa da su.  Kasancewar yawancin jahilai da kiyaye al'adunsu da tsarin rayuwarsu, ƙwararrun guraben aikin yi da ayyukan gudanarwa da gwamnati ba su da yawa ga waɗannan ƙabilu masu yawa, wanda ya bar su kaɗan ko ba su da wata dama a rayuwar zamani ta birni. Yawancin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun ga al'adunsu da al'adun su sun mamaye baƙon al'adun Portugal.  Wani ƙaramin ajin Afirka mai ilimi ya fito, amma ya fuskanci wariya sosai.J.M. Penvenne, Joao Dos Santos Albasini (1876–1922): The Contradictions of Politics and Identity in Colonial Mozambique, Journal of African History, 1996, No. 37 

Masu adawa da siyasa masu adawa da mulkin Portuguese da kuma da'awar 'yancin kai an tilasta musu su yi gudun hijira. Tun daga tsakiyar 1920s zuwa gaba, ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin adawa na hagu an danne su a cikin Portugal da yankunanta ta hanyar mulkin Estado Novo.B. Munslow, editor, Samora Machel, an African Revolutionary: Selected Speeches and Writings, London: Zed Books, 1985   Gwamnatin ƙasar Portugal ta tilastawa manoma bakar fata 'yan ƙasar Mozambique noman shinkafa ko auduga don fitar da su zuwa ƙasashen waje, lamarin da ya sa manoman su samu abin dogaro da kansu. Wasu ma'aikata da yawa - sama da 250,000 zuwa 1960 - an matsa musu lamba don yin aiki a kan ma'adinan ma'adinan gwal a yankuna makwabta, musamman a Afirka ta Kudu, inda suka ƙunshi sama da kashi 30% na masu hakar ma'adinai na ƙasa.     A shekara ta 1950, 'yan Mozambique 4,353 ne kawai daga cikin 5,733,000 suka samu damar kada kuri'a daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Portugal.  An kwatanta ɓaraka tsakanin mazauna Portuguese da mazauna ƙasar Mozambique ta hanya ɗaya ta hanyar ƴan tsirarun mutanen da ke da gaurayawar al'adun Portuguese da na Mozambique (mestiço), waɗanda adadinsu ya kai 31,465 kawai a cikin mutane miliyan 8-10 a 1960 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar.Malyn Newitt, A History of Mozambique, 1995, p. 541 

The Mozambique Liberation Front, ko FRELIMO, a matsayin Marxist-Leninist tun daga 1977 amma tana bin irin wannan matsayi tun daga ƙarshen 1960,  an kafa shi a Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1962, ƙarƙashin jagorancin masanin ilimin zamantakewa Eduardo Mondlane. An ƙirƙira shi ne a lokacin taron ƴan siyasa waɗanda aka tilastawa gudun hijira,  ta hanyar haɗakar ƙungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Mozambique, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Mozambique mai zaman kanta da Ƙungiyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Mozambique wadda aka kafa shekaru biyu a baya. A cikin gudun hijira ne irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin siyasa za su iya tasowa, saboda ƙarfin da Portugal ke da shi kan ayyukan 'yan adawa a cikin Mozambique kanta.Miguel Cardina: The Portuguese Colonial War and the African Liberation Struggles: Memory, Politics and Uses of the Past, Taylor & Francis, 2023, p. 166. "Besides cooperation from Guinea-Conakry and Senegal, the movement [PAIGC] also received military and technical assistance, primarily from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, China and Cuba. 

Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kuma matsa lamba ga ƙasar Portugal da ta matsawa ƙasar ta don mayar da mulkin mallaka. Portugal ta yi barazanar ficewa daga kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, wadda ta dakatar da matsin lamba daga cikin ƙungiyar ta NATO, kuma an tilastawa kungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa a Mozambique komawa ga kungiyar Tarayyar Soviet don neman agaji.

 Manazarta 

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