Ƙungiyar Inganta Negro ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Al'ummomin Afirka

Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Negro ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Al'ummomin Afirka ( UNIA-ACL ) ƙungiya ce ta ƴan'uwa baƙar fata mai kishin ƙasa ta Marcus Garvey, ɗan gudun hijira na Jamaica zuwa Amurka, da matar sa Amy Ashwood Garvey .  Kungiyar 'yan kishin kasa ta Afirka ta sami karfinta mafi girma a cikin 1920s, kuma tana da tasiri kafin a kori Garvey zuwa Jamaica a 1927. Bayan haka martabarta da tasirinsa ya ragu, amma yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a tarihin Afirka da ci gaban Amurka . An ce UNIA ta kasance "babu shakka, kungiyar da ta fi tasiri a kasar Jamaica kafin 1938," a cewar Honor Ford-Smith .

An kafa kungiyar ne don yin aiki don ci gaban mutanen asalin Afirka a duniya. Taken ta shi ne "Ubangiji Daya! Buri Daya, Kaddara Daya!" kuma takenta shine "Afirka ga 'yan Afirka, a gida da waje!" Manyan manufa na Unia-ACL ya haifar da kafa kayan aikin Appilas da yawa, daga cikinsu Lajista na Afirka (unguwar Parasesess kamar su na Black Star Star .

 Suna 
A cikin labarin mai suna "Babban Maƙiyi na Negro",  da aka buga a Tarihin Yanzu (Satumba 1923), Garvey ya bayyana asalin sunan ƙungiyar:Daga ina sunan kungiyar ya fito? A lokacin da nake magana da wani Negro na Yammacin Indiya wanda yake fasinja tare da ni daga Southampton, wanda ke komawa gida zuwa Indiya ta Yamma daga Basutoland tare da matarsa Basuto, na kara samun labarin munin rayuwar asali a Afirka. Ya ba ni labarin tatsuniyoyi masu ban tsoro da ban tausayi har zuciyata ta zubar da jini a cikina. Na yi ritaya daga tattaunawa zuwa gidana, duk rana da dare na yi tunani a kan abin da ke cikin wannan tattaunawar, da tsakar dare, na kwanta a bayana, hangen nesa da tunanin ya zo mini cewa in sa wa kungiyar suna da Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Negro ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Al'ummar Afirka (Imperial). Irin wannan suna na yi tunanin zai rungumi manufar dukan baƙar fata. Don haka a duniya aka haifi suna, aka yi motsi, aka san mutum.

 Tarihin farko 
Asalinsa daga Saint Ann's Bay, Jamaica, Marcus Garvey ya bar yana da shekaru 23 kuma ya zagaya cikin Amurka ta tsakiya kuma ya koma Ingila na ɗan lokaci. A lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa ya gamsu cewa haɗakar da Baƙar fata ita ce kawai hanyar inganta yanayin su. A karshen wannan, ya bar Ingila a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1914, a cikin jirgin SS , ya koma Jamaica a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1914.  Ya kafa UNIA a Kingston daga baya a wannan watan, yana da niyyar hada dukkan kasashen Afirka da sauran kasashen waje cikin kungiyar. Bayan tafiya ta Amurka tun daga Maris 1916, Garvey ya kaddamar da Ƙungiyar New York na UNIA a 1918 tare da mambobi 13. 

An kafa Negro World a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 1918, a matsayin jaridar mako-mako don bayyana ra'ayoyin kungiyar. Garvey ya ba da gudummawar edita a shafi na farko a kowane mako inda ya haɓaka matsayin kungiyar kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi al'ummomin asalin Afirka a duniya baki ɗaya, musamman UNIA. A ƙarshe da ake da'awar rarraba 500,000, an buga jaridar a cikin harsuna da yawa. Ya ƙunshi shafi na musamman ga mata masu karatu, wanda ya rubuta abubuwan da suka faru na duniya da suka shafi mutanen zuriyar Afirka, kuma an rarraba shi a ko'ina cikin ƙasashen Afirka har sai an daina bugawa a 1933. 

A cikin 1919, UNIA ta sayi na farko na abin da zai zama da yawa Zauren 'Yanci . Wurin da ke 114 West 138th Street, a Harlem, Birnin New York, ginin yana da damar zama na 6,000. Zauren mataki ɗaya mai ƙananan rufi ya kasance a baya gida ga Babban Tabarbarewar Baftisma. An keɓe shi a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1919. A yammacin Lahadi, wurin taron UNIA na mako-mako; shi ma gidan cin abinci.  Daga baya waccan shekarar Ƙungiyar ta shirya na farko na kamfanonin jiragen ruwa guda biyu da kuma wani kamfani na kasuwanci daban.

An haɗa shi a cikin Delaware a matsayin kamfani na cikin gida a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1919, Black Star Line, Inc. (BSL) ya sami babban jari a dala miliyan 10. Ya sayar da hannun jari daban-daban da aka kimanta a dala biyar ga membobin UNIA da wadanda ba mamba ba. An yi amfani da abin da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen hannun jari don siyan SS <i id="mwWA">Yarmouth</i> da farko sannan kuma SS <i id="mwWg">Shady Side</i> . Kungiyar ta yi amfani da Side na Shady don balaguron rani da balaguron balaguro, da kuma hayar hayar ga wasu kungiyoyi. Daga baya BSL ta sayi Kanawha a matsayin jirgin ruwa na uku. Wannan ƙaramin jirgin ruwa an yi niyya ne don zirga-zirga tsakanin tsibiri a Yammacin Indiya kuma an sake yin baftisma SS Antonio Maceo .

Har ila yau, an kafa shi a cikin 1919 shine Kamfanin Negro Factories Corporation, tare da babban jari na dala miliyan daya. Ya samar da kudin shiga kuma ya samar da ayyukan yi kusan 700 ta kamfanoni da yawa: shagunan sayar da abinci guda uku, gidajen abinci guda biyu, wanki, shagon tela, kantin sayar da sutura, kantin kayan masarufi, kamfanin bugawa, da masana'antar tsana. Duk da haka, yawancin sun daina kasuwanci ta 1922. 

Tare da haɓakar membobinta daga 1918 zuwa 1924, da kuma samun kuɗin shiga daga masana'antun tattalin arziki daban-daban, UNIA ta sayi ƙarin Zauren 'Yanci a Amurka, Kanada,  Costa Rica, Belize, Panama, Java, da sauran ƙasashe. UNIA ta kuma sayi gonaki a Ohio da sauran jihohi. Ya sayi ƙasa a Claremont, Virginia da niyyar kafa Jami'ar Liberty.

Babban Taro na Farko na Duniya
File:UNIA parade in Harlem, 1920.jpg|thumb|300px|Wani fareti na Universal Negro Improvement Association a Harlem a 1920. Wani allo a kan mota ya ce "Sabon Baƙar Fata Ba Ya Jin Tsoro"
A shekarar 1920 ƙungiyar tana da rassa sama da 1,900 a cikin ƙasashe fiye da 40. Yawancin rassan suna cikin Amurka, wadda ta zama tushen ayyukan UNIA. Akwai, duk da haka, ofisoshi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Caribbean, inda Cuba ke da mafi yawa. Hakanan akwai rassa a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka: Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador, da Venezuela; a Afirka: Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana), Saliyo, Laberiya, Najeriya ta mulkin mallaka, Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (yanzu Namibiya), da Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu; kuma a Indiya da Ostiraliya.

A duk tsawon watan Agusta na 1920, UNIA-ACL ta gudanar da babban taronta na farko na duniya a Madison Square Garden a birnin New York. Membobi 20,000 da suka halarci taron sun fitar da "Sanarwar Haƙƙoƙin Baƙaƙen Fata na Duniya"Wikisource contributors, "The Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World," Wikisource, The Free Library, http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=The_Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Negro_Peoples_of_the_World&oldid=189864 "The Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World". Retrieved October 6, 2007. a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1920, kuma sun zaɓi shugabannin UNIA a matsayin "shugabanni ga baƙaƙen fata na duniya".
Listen|filename=Marcus Garvey, speech, 1921.ogg|title="Bayanin Manufofin Universal Negro Improvement Association"|description=Cikakken jawabin 1921|format=Ogg

Ƙungiyar ta gabatar da wani shiri bisa ga wannan sanarwa, wanda ya nuna juyin halittar ƙungiyar a matsayin mai inganta kishin ƙasa na baƙar fata. Ta nemi ɗaukaka launin baƙar fata kuma ta ƙarfafa dogaro da kai da kuma ikon mallaka. Daga cikin sanarwar akwai wata da ta shelanta jajaye, baƙi da kore a matsayin tutar hukuma ta launin Afirka. (Farawa daga shekarun 1960, masu kishin ƙasa baƙaƙen fata da Pan-Africanists sun karɓi wannan tutar a matsayin Tutar 'Yancin Baƙar Fata.) UNIA-ACL ta ba da izini a hukumance waƙar "Habasha, Ƙasarmu ta Ubanninmu" a matsayin taken hukuma na "Afirka da 'Yan Afirka, a gida da waje".

A ƙarƙashin tanadin kundin tsarin mulkin UNIA, Gabriel Johnson an zaɓe shi Babban Mai Iko; G. O. Marke, Mataimakin Babban Mai Iko; J. W. H. Eason, shugaban "Baƙaƙen fata" miliyan goma sha biyar na Amurka; kuma Henrietta Vinton Davis, Mai Shirya Kasa da Kasa. An zaɓi Garvey a matsayin "Shugaban Afirka na wucin gadi", wani taken da ya fi dacewa da al'ada. George Alexander McGuire, wani firist na Episcopal, an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban limamin farko na UNIA.

McGuire ya rubuta muhimman takardu guda biyu ga ƙungiyar: "Al'adar Baƙar Fata ta Duniya" da "Koyarwar Baƙar Fata ta Duniya". Don waɗannan ya jawo daga sha'awarsa da iliminsa na addini da tarihin launin fata. A Philadelphia, inda ya taɓa zama shugaban Cocin St. Thomas Episcopal, McGuire ya kasance memba na farko na American Negro Historical Society.Tony Martin. https://books.google.com/books?id=NgIYlUbaoAoC McGuire, George Alexander. Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Volume 2. Cary D. Wintz, Paul Finkelman (Eds.). Taylor & Francis, 2004. p.776.

Faretin buɗe taron ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun abubuwan da suka shafi babban taron 1920. Ya fara ne a waje da hedkwatar UNIA a titin West 135th Street, ya tafi sama har zuwa 145th da ƙasa har zuwa 125th Street, wanda ya kai shi fiye da iyakokin mazaunin baƙar fata zuwa yankunan farare. Jami'an 'yan sanda huɗu masu hawa dawakai, da shugabannin Black Star Line da Negro Factories Corporation, sun jagoranci faretin, sai motocin da ke ɗauke da Garvey da Magajin Garin Monrovia, babban birnin Laberiya, da sauran jami'an UNIA, sannan kuma Choir na Black Star Line, a ƙafa, da tawagar daga ko'ina cikin Amurka da Caribbean, Kanada, Najeriya, suna ɗauke da alloli, kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa 12, tare da motoci kusan 500 da ke biye.Stephen Robertson, http://digitalharlemblog.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/parades-in-1920s-harlem/ "Parades in 1920s Harlem", Digital Harlem Blog, February 1, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011. Irin waɗannan fareti masu ban mamaki an nuna su a cikin manyan tarurrukan 1922 da 1924. Hotuna da yawa sun ragu na Faretin Babban Taron 1924, yayin da Garvey ya yi amfani da sanannen mai ɗaukar hoto James Van Der Zee don rubuta taron.

Ko da bayan Garvey ya bar Harlem (an ɗaure shi a 1925 kuma aka kore shi zuwa Jamaica a 1927), UNIA ta yi fareti kowane Agusta a duk tsawon shekarun 1920, tare da ba da fifiko ga hotunan shugabansu da ba ya nan. Taron jama'a sun kasance suna mai da hankali kan abin ban mamaki na membobin UNIA masu riga, musamman Rundunar Afirka da Ma'aikatan Jinya na Black Cross.

Dangane da gabatarwar kundin tsarin mulkin 1929 kamar yadda aka gyara, UNIA wata

wata ƙungiya ce ta jama'a, mai abokantaka, mai taimakon jama'a, mai bayar da agaji, ilimi, cibiyoyi, mai ginawa da faɗaɗa, kuma an kafa ta ne ta mutanen da ke son yin iyakar ƙoƙarinsu don ci gaban mutanen Afirka a duniya. Kuma membobin sun yi alƙawarin yin duk abin da za su iya don kiyaye haƙƙoƙin darajarsu kuma su mutunta haƙƙoƙin dukkanin bil'adama, suna imani koyaushe da 'Yan Uwan Mutane da Uban Allah. Taken ƙungiyar shine 'Allah ɗaya! Manufa ɗaya! Kaddara ɗaya!' Don haka, a yi adalci ga dukkanin bil'adama, da sanin cewa idan mai ƙarfi ya zalunci mai rauni, rudani da rashin jin daɗi za su ci gaba da nuna hanyar mutum amma da soyayya, imani da sadaka ga kowa da kowa mulkin zaman lafiya da wadata za a shelanta shi a duniya kuma zuriyar mutane za a kira su masu albarka.

 Babban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na farko 

Ya zuwa 1920 ƙungiyar tana da ƙungiyoyi sama da adadin 1,900 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 40. Yawancin sassan sun kasance a Amurka, wanda ya zama tushen ayyuka na UNIA. Duk da haka, akwai ofisoshi a cikin ƙasashen Caribbean da yawa, tare da Cuba mafi girma. An kuma sami karkasywa a Amurka ta tsakiya da ta kudu: Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador, da Venezuela ; a Afirka: Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana ), Saliyo, Laberiya, Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (yanzu Namibiya ), da Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu ; kuma a Indiya da Ostiraliya .[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]

Domin dukanin watan Agusta a shekarar 1920, UNIA-ACL ta gudanar da taron kasa da ƙasa na farko a Lambun Madison Square a Birnin New York . Mambobi 20,000 da ke halartar taron sun ba da "Sanarwar Haƙƙin Ƙungiyoyin Negro na Duniya"  a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1920, kuma sun zaɓi shugabannin UNIA a matsayin "shugabannin Negro na duniya".

Kungiyar ta fitar da wani shiri bisa wannan iƙirari, wanda ke nuna juyin halittar motsi a matsayin wanda ke inganta baƙar fata kishin kasa. Ya nemi daukakar launin fata da karfafa dogaro da kai da kasa. Daga cikin sanarwar har da wanda ya shelanta tutar ja, baƙar fata da kore a matsayin tutar a hukumance ta tseren Afirka. (Tun daga shekarun 1960, baƙar fata 'yan kishin ƙasa da Pan-Africanists sun ɗauki tuta iri ɗaya da Tuta ta Baƙar fata 'yanci.) UNIA-ACL a hukumance ta sanya waƙar " Habasha, Ƙasar Ubanninmu" a matsayin waƙar hukuma ta nahiyar "Afirka da 'yan Afirka, a gida da waje".[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]

A karkashin tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulkin UNIA, an zaɓi Gabriel Johnson a matsayin Babban Mai Girma; GO Marke, Mataimakin Koli; JW [H]. Eason, jagoran "Negroes" miliyan goma sha biyar na Amurka; da Henrietta Vinton Davis, Mai Shirye-shiye ta duniya. An zaɓi Garvey "Shugaban wucin gadi na Afirka", taken bikin. George Alexander McGuire, firist na Episcopal, an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban limamin coci na farko na UNIA.[ abubuwan da ake bukata ]

McGuire ya rubuta muhimman takardu guda biyu kuma ya gabatar dasu ga kungiyar: "Universal Negro Ritual" da "Universal Negro Catechism". Don wɗannan ya zana ne daga sha'awarsa da iliminsa na addini da tarihin kabilanci. A Philadelphia, inda a can baya ya kasance shugaban cocin St. Thomas Episcopal, McGuire ya kasance farkon memba na American Negro Historical Society. 

Faretin buɗewan ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki na taron gunduma na 1920. An fara ne a wajen helkwatar UNIA da ke kan titin Yamma 135, ta haura har zuwa 145th da cikin gari har zuwa titin 125th, ta wuce iyakar mazaunin baƙi zuwa wuraren fararen fata. 'Yan sanda huɗu da ke hawa, da shugabannin kamfanin Black Star Line da Negro Factories Corporation ne suka jagoranci faretin, sai kuma motoci ɗauke da Garvey kuma magajin garin Monrovia, babban birnin kasar Laberiya, da sauran jami'an UNIA, sai kuma Black Star Line Choir, a kafa, da tawagarsa daga ko'ina cikin Amurka da Caribbean, Canada, Nigeria, dauke da tutoci, da suka hada da makada 12, dauke da motoci kusan 500.  An aiwatar da irin wannan faretin ban mamaki a taron gunduma na 1922 da 1924. Hotuna da yawa sun tsira daga Parade na 1924, kamar yadda Garvey ya yi aiki da babban mai daukar hoto James Van Der Zee don yin rikodin taron.

Ko da bayan Garvey ya bar Harlem (an ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1925 kuma an tura shi zuwa Jamaica a 1927), UNIA ta yi fareti a kowace Agusta a cikin 1920s, tare da wurin girmamawa da aka ba wa hotunan jagoransu da ba ya nan. Jama'ar sun cika da kalon 'yan UNIA masu sanye da kayan aiki, musamman ma'aikatan jinya na Legion da Black Cross 

Bisa ga gabatarwar kundin tsarin mulki na 1929 da aka yi wa kwaskwarima, UNIA ita ce

zamantakewa, sada zumunci, jin ƙai, sadaka, ilimi, cibiyoyi, ginawa da kuma faɗaɗa al'umma, kuma an kafa ta da mutane da sha'awar yin iyakacin aiki domin gaba ɗaya aukaka mutanen Afirka kakannin duniya na duniya. Kuma ’yan uwa sun yi alƙawarin yin duk abin da za su iya wajen kare haƙƙin ƙabilarsu mai daraja da kuma mutunta hakkin dukkan bil’adama, tare da yin imani da ‘yan’uwantakar Dan Adam a kodayaushe. Taken ƙungiyar shine 'Allah ɗaya ne! Manufa Ɗaya! makoma ɗaya!' Saboda haka, a yi adalci ga dukkan bil'adama, sanin cewa idan mai karfi ya zalunta masu rauni, rudani da rashin gamsuwa za su ta'allaka ne a kan tafarkin mutum amma tare da soyayya, imani da sadaka zuwa ga dukkan mulkin zaman lafiya da yalwa za a yi bushara a cikin duniya kuma za a kira zuriyar mutane masu albarka.