Falsafar Afirka

Falsafar Afirka ita ce magana ta falsafa da aka samar ta amfani da tsarin tunani na asalin Afirka. Ana samun masana falsafar Afirka a fannoni daban-daban na ilimi na falsafar yanzu, kamar su metaphysics, epistemology, Falsafar ɗabi'a, da Falsafar siyasa. Yana tattauna batutuwa masu mahimmanci daga hangen nesa na Afirka. 

Falsafar Afirka kafin ƙarni na 20 an fara gudanar da ita kuma an watsa ta baki a matsayin ra'ayoyin masana falsafa waɗanda sunayensu suka ɓace a tarihi. Duk da yake tarihin ilimi na Afirka na farko ya fi mayar da hankali kan al'adun gargajiya, maganganu masu hikima, da ra'ayoyin addini, ya haɗa da ra'ayi na falsafa, kamar ra'ayin Nguni Bantu na Ubuntu a cikin falsafar ɗabi'a. Ubuntu, sau da yawa ana taƙaita shi da kalmar "Ni ne saboda mu ne, " yana jaddada haɗin kai na mutane a cikin al'umma. Ya bambanta da son kai na Yamma ta hanyar ba da fifiko ga dabi'un al'umma da jin daɗin rukuni a kan mutum, kuma yana tunatar da abin da ya fi girma na Kwaminisanci na Afirka da aka samu a duk faɗin nahiyar.

Falsafar Afirka ta haɗa da amma sau da yawa ta bambanta da falsafar Afirka a cikin wannan falsafar Afirka yawanci tana mai da hankali kan tsarin ilimin asali da al'adun falsafa na asalin nahiyar Afirka. Sabanin haka, falsafar Africana tana magance damuwar falsafa, gogewa, da kuma asalin 'yan Afirka a cikin Diaspora, musamman a yankunan da ke waje da Afirka kamar Amurka da Caribbean.

Ɗaya daga cikin takamaiman batun da masana falsafar Afirka da yawa na zamani suka rubuta game da shi shine batun 'Yanci da abin da yake nufi da kasancewa kyauta ko samun cikakkiyar fahimta.

Falsafa a Afirka tana da tarihi mai arziki da bambanci, wasu daga cikinsu sun ɓace a tsawon lokaci. Wasu daga cikin tsofaffin matani na falsafa a duniya an samar da su a Tsohon Misira, an rubuta su a cikin Hieratic da kuma kan papyrus,  2200-1000 KZ. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun masana falsafar Afirka na farko shine Ptahhotep, masanin falsafar ƙasar Masar na dā.

Hadisin falsafa na ilimin Islama ya fito ne a cikin masarautun Afirka na zamani kamar Mali, Ghana da Songhai .  A cikin karni na goma sha bakwai, wallafe-wallafen falsafa sun bunkasa a Habasha dangane da theodicy, ka'idar ɗabi'a da ilimin halayyar dan adam a ƙarƙashin masanin falsafa Zera Yacob, da na almajirinsa Walda Heywat."

A cikin karni na 21, bincike da Masana kimiyyar Masar suka yi ya nuna cewa kalmar 'masanan falsafa' kanta tana da alama ta samo asali ne daga Misira: "kalmar Helenanci mai suna philosophos, mai son hikima, kanta karɓar kuɗi ne da fassarar ra'ayin Masar mer-rekh (mr-rī) wanda a zahiri yana nufin 'mai son hikima,' ko ilimi".  A farkon da tsakiyar karni na ashirin, ƙungiyoyin adawa da mulkin mallaka suna da babban tasiri a kan ci gaban Falsafar siyasa ta Afirka ta zamani da ke da ke da tasiri a kasashen waje. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misali na ayyukan falsafar tattalin arziki da suka fito daga wannan lokacin shine falsafar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Ujamaa da aka gabatar a Tanzania da sauran sassan Kudu maso gabashin Afirka. Wadannan ci gaban falsafar siyasa da tattalin arziki na Afirka sun kuma yi tasiri sosai a kan ƙungiyoyin adawa da mulkin mallaka na yawancin mutanen da ba na Afirka ba a duniya.

 Ma'anar 
Akwai wasu muhawara wajen bayyana sigogi na Ethnophilosophical na falsafar Afirka da kuma gano abin da ya bambanta shi daga sauran al'adun falsafar. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da ilimin lissafi shine cewa takamaiman al'ada na iya samun falsafar da ba ta dace ba kuma tana samuwa ga dukkan mutane da al'adu a duniya. A cikin jawabi kan falsafar Afirka: Sabon hangen nesa akan Ubuntu da Adalci na Canji a Afirka ta Kudu, Kirista B. N. Gade ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin ilimin lissafi ga falsafar Afirka a matsayin dukiyar rukuni yana da matsala sosai. Binciken da ya yi game da Ubuntu ya gabatar da wani madadin jawabi na hadin gwiwa game da falsafar Afirka wanda ke ɗaukar bambance-bambance, ci gaban tarihi, da mahallin zamantakewa da gaske. A cewar Edwin Etieyibo da Jonathon O. Chimakonam a cikin labarinsu "Falsafar Afirka: Da ta gabata, Yanzu, da Makomar", mahallin tarihi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a falsafar Afirka. Tarihi yana ba da tsarin da za mu iya bincika matsalolin falsafa. Dangane da falsafar Afirka, dole ne mutum ya kalli dukkan hoton ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na tarihin Afirka."Babu gaskiyar ba tare da tarihi ba. "

Ana iya bayyana falsafar Afirka a matsayin tunani mai mahimmanci daga 'yan Afirka game da abubuwan da suka faru na gaskiya. Masanin falsafa na Najeriya K.C. Anyanwu ya bayyana falsafar Afirka a matsayin "abin da ke damuwa da yadda mutanen Afirka na baya da na yanzu ke fahimtar makomarsu da duniyar da suke rayuwa.

Masanin falsafa na Najeriya Joseph I. Omoregbe ya bayyana masanin falsafa a matsayin wanda ke ƙoƙarin fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya, manufar wanzuwar mutum, yanayin duniya, da kuma wurin mutane a wannan duniyar. Wannan nau'in falsafar halitta ana iya gano shi a Afirka har ma kafin a iya rarrabe wasu masana falsafar Afirka a cikin tushe. Kamar Falsafar Yamma, falsafar Afirka tana la'akari da fahimtar lokaci, mutum, sarari da sauran batutuwa.

 Tarihi 
Akwai tarihin tarihi mai arziki da rubuce-rubuce na falsafar Afirka ta dā - misali daga tsohuwar Misira, Habasha, da Mali (Timbuktutu, Djenne). Gabaɗaya, Helenawa na dā sun amince da kakanninsu na Masar,  kuma a ƙarni na biyar KZ, masanin falsafa Isocrates ya bayyana cewa masu tunani na farko na Girka sun yi tafiya zuwa Masar don neman ilimi; ɗaya daga cikinsu Pythagoras na Samos, wanda "ya kasance na farko da ya kawo wa Helenawa duk falsafar".  Idan ya zo ga zamanin zamani da karni na 20, sabon farawa yana da alaƙa da shekarun 1920, lokacin da 'yan Afirka da suka yi karatu a Amurka da Turai ("Western" wurare) suka koma Afirka kuma suka yi tunani game da nuna bambancin launin fata da aka samu a kasashen waje. Zuwan su a Afirka ya haifar da jin onuma, wanda shine fassarar " takaici". An ji onuma ne don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da suka faru na mulkin mallaka a duniya. Sake farfado da falsafar Afirka a karni na 20 yana da mahimmanci saboda onuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga wasu waɗanda suka yi tafiya kuma suka dawo don tsara "farkon tsarin" na falsafar asalin Afirka, sararin mutanen Afirka a tarihi, da gudummawar Afirka ga bil'adama.

 Ka'idoji 
A cewar wasu, ana ɗaukar bangarori biyu masu rikitarwa a matsayin wani aiki don a yi la'akari da falsafar Afirka. Na farko, dole ne yanki ya mai da hankali kan launin fata. Wannan bangare yana da daraja ga kungiyoyin Traditionalist, waɗanda ke da'awar cewa falsafar Afirka ya kamata ta zama furcin duniya da 'yan Afirka suka fuskanta. Dole ne marubutan Afirka su samar da falsafar Afirka. Sabanin haka, kungiyoyin Universalist sun ba da shawarar cewa falsafar Afirka ya kamata ta zama bincike da kuma shiga tsakani tsakanin masu tunani na Afirka. Aiki ne Afirka falsafar da aka kafa a kan wani batu na al'ada. Dole ne falsafar Afirka ta janye daga al'adun Afirka ko hanyoyin tunani, amma ya kamata ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga la'akari da launin fata kuma ya yi amfani da "Afirka" kawai a matsayin lokacin hadin kai.

 Hanyoyi 

 Hanyar Kwaminisanci 
Hanyar al'umma ta falsafar Afirka tana jaddada mutunci a cikin tunani. Masu bincike da ke bin Ubuntu sun fi amfani da shi. Maganar yau da kullun na ubuntu ita ce "mutum mutum ne ta hanyar mutum". Leonhard Praeg, Mogobe Ramose, da Fainos Mangera suna aiwatar da hanyar al'umma.

 Jerin masana falsafa na Afirka 
Wannan jerin sanannun masana falsafa ne waɗanda ke yin la'akari da al'adun Afirka, da kuma masana falsafa daga nahiyar Afirka.

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 Theophilus OkereOkere, Theophilus. African Philosophy: A Historico-Hermeneutical Investigation of the Conditions of its Possibility. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1983.   
Sophie Oluwole

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