Kishin al'adu

Tsarin tarayya na kabilanci, tarayya mai yawan kabilu ko na kasa da kasa, "Ethnofederalism: The Worst form of institutional arrangement...?" wani nau'i ne na tsarin tarayya wanda a cikinsa ake ayyana sassan yanki ko jihohi ta hanyar kabilanci. An samar da tsarin tarayya na kabilanci a yunƙurin biyan buƙatun neman yancin cin gashin kan ƙabilanci da kuma tafiyar da rikicin ƙabilanci a cikin wata jiha. Ba koyaushe suke samun nasara a wannan ba: matsalolin da ke tattare da ginin tarayya da kuma kula da kabilanci sun haifar da wasu jihohi ko ɓangarorin jaha ko dai su wargaje, ko dai su koma ga mulkin kama-karya, ko kuma su koma ga kabilanci, wariyar kabilanci, canjin jama’a, ƙauracewa cikin gida, kawar da ƙabilanci, da/ko ma hare-hare da kabilanci.
"Ethiopia: Understanding Oromia's mayhem after Hachalu's murder"
An aiwatar da wannan nau'in tarayya daga 1994 zuwa 2018 ta Meles Zenawi a Habasha. Meles Zenawi da gwamnatinsa sun amince da tsarin tarayya na kabilanci da nufin tabbatar da daidaiton dukkanin kabilun kasar Habasha."Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia: Background, Present Conditions and Future Prospects" Hakanan an nuna fasalin tsarin tarayya na kabilanci a wasu ƙasashe, ciki har da Indiya, Nepal, Pakistan, Sudan ta Kudu, Yugoslavia, da Afirka ta Kudu na zamanin wariyar launin fata (duba Bantustans).
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Gabaɗaya mahanga
Ma'anarsa
A cikin tarayya ta kabilanci an gina wasu ko dukkan sassan tarayya gwargwadon iko don bin iyakoki na kabilanci, don samar wa al'ummomin kabilanci ma'aunin cin gashin kai."Federalism, the subnational constitutional framework and local government: Accommodating minorities within minorities"Domin tarayyar ta kasance jiha daya, an bambanta wannan da rabuwar kai tsaye. Ana iya la'akari da irin wannan tsarin a cikin al'ummomi inda kabilu suka fi mayar da hankali a cikin yankunan yanki. Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversity 15.

A cikin tarayyar kabilanci - "samfurin sasantawa" - mafi girman kabila ya kasu kashi fiye da ɗaya. Misalai sun haɗa da Kanada, Indiya da Spain.Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversity 164  Wannan nau'in tsarin yana iya dacewa da al'ummomin da ke ɗauke da rukuni ɗaya.Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversity 275.

Ƙarfafawa
Daya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa aka bullo da tsarin tarayya na kabilanci shi ne rage rikici tsakanin kungiyoyin da ke cikin jihar, ta hanyar ba kowace kungiya ta kananan hukumomi da tabbatar da wakilci a cibiyar.Ethnic and fiscal federalism in Nepal Don haka tsarin tarayya na kabilanci na iya samun kira na musamman inda ake fargabar mummunan rikici ko ya riga ya faru. Wannan manufar ita ce "kariya" kuma ta yarda da wanzuwar kabilanci daban-daban a cikin jihar.Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversity : 14-15

Tsarin tarayya ya ba wa ƙungiyoyin kabilanci damar samun yancin cin gashin kai, wanda kundin tsarin mulki ya kayyade ikon gwamnatin tsakiya dangane da na tarayya. Yayin da aka kebe sassan ta yadda kowace kabila ta zama mafi rinjaye a cikin daya ko fiye da haka, ana fatan rage fargabar rashin daidaito ko zalunci daga gwamnatin jihar, Ethnic Federalism in Nepal: A Remedy for a Stagnating Peace Process or an Obstacle to Peace and Stability? 6  tare da baiwa kowace kungiya damar bayyanawa da bunkasa al'adunta a cikin kasarta.Ethnic and fiscal federalism in Nepal

Tsarin tarayya na kabilanci a takamaiman ƙasashe
Habasha
Ƙarin bayani: Gwamnatin Tarayya a Habasha da Firayim Minista na Meles Zenawi § Tarayya na kabilanci
Federal Solutions to Ethnic Problems: Accommodating Diversity Ethnic and fiscal federalism in Nepal
Taswirar yankuna da shiyyoyin Habasha
Habasha tana da ƙungiyoyin kabilanci sama da 80 kuma tana da tarihin rikicin ƙabilanci. Bayan shekaru 17 na gwagwarmayar makami, a shekarar 1991 jam'iyyar Meles Zenawi ta maye gurbin Dergi ( mulkin kama-karya na soja karkashin jagorancin Mengistu Haile Mariam a Habasha). Zenawi, har ya zuwa lokacin shugaban jam'iyyar Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) da na Habasha People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), ya yi fatan kawo karshen abin da ya yi tunanin cewa shi ne mamayar 'yan kabilar Amhara na Shewa.A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975-1991): Revolt, Ideology and Mobilisation in Ethiopia An gabatar da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki a cikin 1994, wanda ya raba Habasha bisa kabilanci zuwa jihohi tara na yanki da kuma "gwamnoni masu sha'anin mulki" biyu masu yawa (Addis Ababa da Dire Dawa)."Opinion | The Trouble With Ethiopia's Ethnic Federalism" ƙungiyoyin da za a wakilta a cibiyoyin tsakiya. An baiwa kungiyoyin kabilanci ‘yancin ballewa ba tare da wani sharadi ba,Ethnic Federalism: Its Promise and Pitfalls for Africa, 55  ko da yake ana shakkun ko wata kungiya za ta iya cimma hakan."Federalism in Africa: The Case of Ethnic-Based Federalism in Ethiopia" Cohen, John M. (1995). ""Ethnic Federalism" in Ethiopia". Northeast African Studies. 2 (2): 157–188. doi:10.1353/nas.1995.0016. ISSN 1535-6574. S2CID  The Politics of Ethnicity in Ethiopia: Actors, Power and Mobilisation Under Ethnic Federalism

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