Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka

Sabuwar kawance don ci gaban Afirka ( NEPAD ) shiri ne na bunkasa tattalin arziki na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU). Kungiyar ta AU ta amince da NEPAD a taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci karo na 37 a watan Yulin shekarar 2001 a birnin Lusaka na kasar Zambia . NEPAD na da burin samar da wani gagarumin hangen nesa da tsare-tsare don inganta hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da dunkulewar kasashen Afirka.

 Asalin da aiki 
NEPAD dai ta hade ne na tsare-tsare guda biyu na farfado da tattalin arzikin Afrika: Shirin hadin gwiwa na Millennium Partnership for the African farfadowa da na'ura (MAP), karkashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban kasar Afrika ta Kudu Thabo Mbeki tare da tsohon shugaban kasar Olusegun Obasanjo na Najeriya da kuma shugaban kasar Abdelaziz Bouteflika na Aljeriya ; da shirin OMEGA na Afirka wanda shugaban kasar Senegal Abdoulaye Wade ya kirkiro. A wani taro a Sirte, Libya, Maris 2001, Kungiyar Hadin kan Afirka (OAU) ta amince cewa ya kamata a hade tsare-tsaren MAP da OMEGA. 

Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNECA) ta samar da wani tsari mai taken "Compact for Africa's farfadowa da na'ura" bisa ga wadannan tsare-tsare da kuma kudurori kan Afirka da taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da shi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2000, ta kuma mika daftarin hadewa ga taron ministocin kudi na Afirka da ministocin raya kasa da tsare-tsare a Algiers, Mayu 2001. 

A watan Yulin 2001, taron shugabannin ƙasashe da gwamnatoci na OAU a Lusaka, Zambia, sun amince da wannan takarda da sunan New African Initiative (NAI). Shugabannin kasashen G8 sun amince da shirin a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2001; da sauran abokan ci gaban kasa da kasa, ciki har da Tarayyar Turai, Sin, da Japan su ma sun yi jawabai na nuna goyon bayansu ga shirin. Kwamitin aiwatarwa na shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci (HSGIC ) na aikin ya kammala tsarin manufofin tare da sanya masa suna sabuwar kawance don ci gaban Afirka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2001. NEPAD ta zama shirin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) bayan ta maye gurbin OAU a shekarar 2002, duk da cewa tana da sakatariyarta da ke Afirka ta Kudu don daidaitawa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryenta.

Makasudin farko na NEPAD guda hudu su ne: kawar da talauci, inganta ci gaba mai dorewa da ci gaba, shigar da Afirka cikin tattalin arzikin duniya, da kara karfafa gwiwar mata. Ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin sadaukar da kai ga kyakkyawan shugabanci, dimokuradiyya, 'yancin ɗan adam da warware rikice-rikice; da kuma sanin cewa kiyaye waɗannan ka'idoji yana da mahimmanci ga samar da yanayin da zai dace da saka hannun jari da ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci. NEPAD na kokarin jawo hankalin karuwar zuba jari, jari da kudade, samar da tsarin ci gaba mallakar Afirka a matsayin tushen hadin gwiwa a matakin yanki da na duniya.

A watan Yuli 2002, taron kolin AU na Durban ya kara wa NEPAD da sanarwar dimokuradiyya, siyasa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da harkokin kamfanoni. A cewar sanarwar, jihohin da ke shiga cikin NEPAD sun yi imani da adalci, gaskiya, gaskiya, rikon amana da shiga tsakani da kuma tasiri a rayuwar jama'a. Don haka, suna 'daukar yin aiki tare da sabunta ƙuduri don aiwatarwa', da dai sauransu, bin doka; daidaiton kowane ɗan ƙasa a gaban doka; 'yancin kai da na gamayya; 'yancin shiga cikin harkokin siyasa 'yanci, sahihanci da dimokuradiyya; da kuma riko da raba madafun iko da suka hada da ba da kariya ga ‘yancin kai na bangaren shari’a da kuma tasirin majalisun.

Sanarwar kan Dimokuradiyya, Siyasa, Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwar kamfanoni ta kuma ƙudiri aniyar samar da tsarin bitar ƙwararrun 'yan Afirka (APRM) don haɓaka riko da cika alkawuran da ya ɗauka. Taron kolin Durban na 2002 ya amince da daftarin aiki da ke bayyana matakan bitar takwarorinsu da ka'idojin da APRM ya kamata ta yi aiki da su; An karbo wasu muhimman takardu a wani taro da aka yi a Abuja a watan Maris na 2003, ciki har da yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna da gwamnatocin da ke son gudanar da nazarin takwarorinsu suka sanya wa hannu.

 Halin halin yanzu 
Taron koli na AU da tarukan HSGIC da suka yi nasara sun ba da shawarar shigar da NEPAD cikin tsari da tsarin AU. A cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2007 an yi wani taron "hankali" kan NEPAD da aka gudanar a kasar Aljeriya inda wani kwamitin wucin gadi na shugabannin kasashe ya tattauna kan makomar NEPAD da dangantakarta da AU. Kwamitin ya sake ba da shawarar hadewar NEPAD da AU.  A cikin watan Afrilun 2008, wani taron kolin bita na shugabannin kasashe biyar—Shugaba Mbeki na Afirka ta Kudu, Wade na Senegal, Bouteflika na Algeria, Mubarak na Masar da kuma ‘Yar’aduwa na Najeriya—ya gana a Senegal tare da yin la’akari da ci gaban da aka samu wajen aiwatar da NEPAD tare da gabatar da rahoto ga taron AU na gaba da za a yi a Masar a watan Yulin 2008.  A watan Yulin 2018, Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta amince da sauya hukumar tsare-tsare da daidaitawa ta NEPAD zuwa hukumar raya kasashen Afirka (AUDA-NEPAD), tare da kafa ta a matsayin hukumar fasaha ta AU don aiwatar da ajandar 2063. 

 Tsarin 
Kwamitin HSGIC da sakatariyar NEPAD ke ba da rahoto ya ƙunshi jihohi uku na kowane yanki na Tarayyar Afirka, inda tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria) ya zama shugaban farko, sai kuma shugaban ƙasa Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Algeria) da Abdoulaye Wade (Senegal) a matsayin mataimakan shugabanni na farko. HSGIC tana taro sau da yawa a shekara kuma tana ba da rahoto ga Majalisar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin AU.

Har ila yau, akwai Kwamitin Gudanarwa, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasashe membobin AU 20, don sa ido kan ci gaban manufofi, shirye-shirye da ayyuka - wannan kwamiti yana ba da rahoto ga HSGIC.

Sakatariyar NEPAD, wacce aka canza wa suna Hukumar Tsare-tsare da Tsare-tsare ta NEPAD (NPCA), daga baya aka shigar da ita cikin Hukumar Raya Kasashen Afirka (AUDA-NEPAD) kuma ta ci gaba da zama a Midrand, Afirka ta Kudu. Sakatariyar NEPAD ba ta da alhakin aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ci gaba da kanta, amma tana aiki tare da Ƙungiyoyin Tattalin Arziƙi na Yankin Afirka - tubalan ginin Tarayyar Afirka .  Matsayin Sakatariyar NEPAD na ɗaya ne na haɗin kai da tattara albarkatu.

Yawancin jihohin Afirka guda ɗaya kuma sun kafa tsarin NEPAD na ƙasa da ke da alhakin haɗin gwiwa tare da shirye-shiryen nahiyar kan sake fasalin tattalin arziki da shirye-shiryen ci gaba.

 Manyan Jami'an Gudanarwa 
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 Abokan hulɗa 

 Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNECA)
 Bankin Raya Afirka
 Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu (DBSA)
 Wurin Yanayi na Zuba Jari (ICF)
 Gidauniyar Gina Ƙarfi na Afirka
 Ofishin Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma mai ba da shawara na musamman kan Afirka
 IDC (Kamfanin Ci gaban Masana'antu) - Mai ɗaukar nauyin NEPAD

Shirye-shirye

Manyan fannonin da NEPAD ta mayar da hankali guda takwas su ne: shugabanci na siyasa, tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni; aikin gona; ababen more rayuwa; ilimi; lafiya; kimiyya da fasaha; damar shiga kasuwa da yawon shakatawa; da muhalli.

A cikin shekarun farko na kafuwar NEPAD, babban aikin Sakatariyar NEPAD da manyan masu goyon baya shi ne yaɗa manyan ka'idojinta da kuma haɓaka tsare-tsaren aiki ga kowanne daga cikin wadannan fannonin. NEPAD ta kuma yi aiki wajen kafa haɗin gwiwa da cibiyoyin bayar da tallafin ci gaba na ƙasa da ƙasa—ciki har da Bankin Duniya, G8, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, UNECA da sauransu—da kuma ɓangaren masu zaman kansu.Don tattaunawa kan ƙalubale da nasarorin NEPAD, duba NEPAD: duba shekaru bakwai na nasarori – da ƙalubalen da ke gaba, jawabin Farfesa Wiseman Nkuhlu, tsohon Babban Jami’in NEPAD, da aka gabatar a Jami’ar Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu, da aka wallafa a NEPAD Dialogue (Sakatariyar NEPAD), 25 Janairu 2008.

Bayan wannan mataki na farko, an haɓaka shirye-shirye masu ainihi, waɗanda suka haɗa da:
 Shirin Haɓaka Aikin Gona na Afirka (CAADP), wanda ke nufin taimaka wajen ƙaddamar da “juyin aikin gona” a Afirka, bisa ga imani da muhimmancin aikin gona a ci gaba. Don lura da ci gaban shirin, an ƙirƙiri tsarin Bincike da Tallafin Ilimi na Ƙasa da Ƙasa.
 Shirin Haɓaka Ababen More Rayuwa na Afirka (PIDA), wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka da dama na gina ababen more rayuwa tsakanin ƙasashe a fannoni guda huɗu: sufuri, makamashi, ruwa da fasahar sadarwa, domin ƙarfafa cinikayya tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka da haɗa su.
 Shirin Kimiyya da Fasaha na NEPAD, da ya haɗa da mayar da hankali kan bincike a fannoni kamar kimiyyar ruwa da makamashi.
 “Shirin Makarantun E”, wanda HSGIC ta amince da shi a 2003, da nufin samar wa dukkan makarantun firamare da sakandare guda 600,000 a Afirka da kayan aiki na fasahar sadarwa da kuma samun dama ga intanet kafin shekara ta 2013, tare da haɗin gwiwa da manyan kamfanonin fasaha.
 Kaddamar da Asusun Haɓaka Ababen More Rayuwa na Pan-Afirka (PAIDF) daga Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Jama’a ta Afirka ta Kudu, domin tallafawa manyan ayyukan da suka shafi fiye da ƙasa guda.
 Gina ƙwazon cibiyoyin nahiyar, tare da haɗin gwiwa da Gidauniyar Gina Ƙarfi ta Afirka, Southern Africa Trust, UNECA, Bankin Raya Afirka, da sauran abokan ci gaba. Ɗaya daga cikin fifikon NEPAD shi ne ƙarfafa ƙwazon da haɗin kai tsakanin Kungiyoyin Tattalin Arzikin Yankin Afirka.
 NEPAD ta taka rawa a aikin adana Takardun Timbuktu kodayake ba a san yadda hakan ya kasance da yawa ba.
Suka
NEPAD ta fara fuskantar babban shakku daga yawancin kungiyoyin fararen hula a nahiyar Afirka, wadanda suka dauki cewa tsarin yana biye da tsarin cigaban tattalin arziki na 'Washington Consensus'. A watan Yuli 2002, mambobin wasu kungiyoyi kusan 40 na fararen hula a Afirka, ciki har da kungiyoyin kwadago, matasa da mata, kungiyoyin agaji, kungiyoyin addini da sauransu sun amince da 'Sanarwar Kungiyar Fararen Hula ta Afirka kan NEPAD' African Civil Society Declaration on NEPAD  African Civil Society Declaration on NEPAD. inda suka ki amincewa da NEPAD; masana da masana masu rajin cigaban Afirka suma sun bayyana irin wannan ra’ayi mai zafi a cikin 'Sanarwar Accra kan Kalubalen Cigaban Afirka' ta 2002. Accra Declaration  Declaration on Africa's Development Challenges. Adopted at end of Joint CODESRIA-TWN-AFRICA Conference on Africa's Development Challenges in the Millennium, Accra 23–26 April 2002.

Daya daga cikin matsalolin da suka janyo wannan kin amincewa ita ce yadda aka aiwatar da tsarin NEPAD ba tare da isasshen shiga daga kungiyoyin fararen hula ba—an kusan ware su gaba daya daga tattaunawar da ta kai ga amincewa da tsarin.

A baya-bayan nan, wasu daga cikin wadanda suka mara wa NEPAD baya tun farko sun fara sukar tsarin, ciki har da Shugaban Senegal Abdoulaye Wade, wanda ya zargi NEPAD da asarar daruruwan miliyoyin daloli ba tare da wani abin azo a gani ba.Senegal president slams Nepad IOL June 14, 2007. Kamar yadda sauran hukumomin hadin gwiwa ke fama da su, NEPAD ma tana fama da jinkirin yanke shawara, da kuma tsarin aiwatarwa wanda ba shi da wadatattun albarkatu kuma yana da cike da tangarda. Rashin bayani mai gamsarwa kan ayyukan yau da kullum na ofishin sakatariyar NEPAD—inda shafin yanar gizo ba ya bayar da isasshen bayani—ba ya taimaka mata kwata-kwata.

Sai dai shirin ya fara samun karbuwa daga wasu daga cikin wadanda suka fara sukar sa, kuma gaba daya an fi ganin cewa matsayinsa na cigaba da karbuwa yayin da yake kara kafuwa kuma shirye-shiryensa ke kara samun tabbaci. Manufar karfafa hadin gwiwar yankuna da kasuwanci tsakanin kasashen Afirka tana samun maraba daga da dama, kodayake har yanzu ana ci gaba da muhawara kan manyan ka’idojin tattalin arziki da NEPAD ke mara wa baya.

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba