Hendrik Witbooi (Shugaban Nama)

Hendrik Witbooi (c.1830 - 29 Oktoba 1905)  ya kasance shugaban mutanen ǀKhowesin, ƙabilar Khoekhoe. Ya jagoranci al'ummar Nama a lokacin da suka yi tawaye ga daular mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Namibiya a yau, dangane da abubuwan da suka faru dangane da kisan kare dangi na Herero da Nama. An kashe shi a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba 1905. Ana kallon Witbooi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jaruman ƙasar  Namibiya, kuma an kwatanta fuskarsa a kan duk wasu takardun kuɗi na N$50, N$100, da N$200 na Dalar Namibiya.

 Sunaye 
Kaptein Hendrik Witbooi (wanda kuma aka rubuta Witboi) an kuma san shi da sunan Nama  da kuma laƙabi Kort (daga Dutch kort = gajere), a cikin Herero Korota ko pejorative Otjikorota."K.F.R. Budack (1972): Die traditionalle politische Struktur der Khoe-khoen in Südwestafrika. PhD thesis, Univ. of Pretoria, p.256 

 Iyali da farkon rayuwa 
Iyalin Hendrik Witbooi sun yi tambarinsu a matsayin muhimman mambobi na ƙabilar Nama. Kakansa, David Witbooi, shi ne Shugaban ƙabilar, wanda ya jagoranci ƙabilar ta haye kogin Orange zuwa Namaland. Mahaifinsa, Moses Witbooi, shi ma shugaban ƙabilar. Kawunsa, Jonker Afrikaner, kuma sanannen Nama Cif ne, kuma abokin adawar Hendrik Witbooi. Jonker Afrikaner shi ne ɗan shahararren Jager Afrikaner. Hendrik Witbooi da kansa yana da 'ya'ya maza bakwai da mata biyar, ciki har da ɗansa Isaak Witbooi.

An haifi Witbooi kusan shekara ta 1830 a Pella, Arewacin Cape, a cikin Cape Colony, wanda a yau yanki ne na Afirka ta Kudu. Wani ɗan ƙasar Jamus Johannes Olp ya koyar da shi a matsayin ɗan Lutheran kuma ya ƙware sosai a cikin yaruka da yawa, har da ɗan ƙasarsa Nama. Ya kasance ɗan ƙabilar Nama, wanda aka fi sani da Khoekhoe."K.F.R. Budack (1972): Die traditionalle politische Struktur der Khoe-khoen in Südwestafrika. PhD thesis, Univ. of Pretoria, p.256

ǀKhowesin Nama da sauran ƙabilun Nama sukan yi faɗa tsakanin juna da kuma ƙabilar Herero. Bayan an kusa kashe shi a rikicin da ya yi da ‘yan ƙabilar Herero, sai ya ga cewa Allah ya zaɓe shi ya shugabanci mutanensa a arewa.

Witbooi ya yi karatu a Makarantar Mishan ta Rhenish da Wesleyan Methodist a Namibiya da kuma Cibiyar Wilberforce da ke Evaton, Afirka ta Kudu. Na farko, ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin malami a shekarar 1856 a Keetmanshoop, canjawa wuri a shekarar 1859 zuwa Maltahöhe, kuma ya dawo a t 1865 zuwa Gibeyon bisa ga buƙatar da al'umma da kuma Church don gina a kan tushen ɗage farawa daga tsohon mahaifinsa.

 Tashi da tasiri 
Witbooi ya koma arewa a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu 1884, tare da wani yanki na ƙabilar ǀKhowesin. Wannan ya saɓa wa burin mahaifinsa, Moses, wanda ya kasance yana adawa da shirye-shiryen Hendrik. Kamar yadda littattafan littattafansa suka tabbatar (waɗanda ke ɗauke da babban kaso na takaddun da suka tsira na Witbooi) har yanzu yana sha'awar mahaifinsa sosai, duk da bambancin siyasa. A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1887, babban abokin hamayyar Moses, babban shugabansa Paul Visser, ya kashe Moses kuma ya tsige shi.

Hendrik Witbooi ya gudanar da shugabanci a Gibeon a shekara ta 1888, bayan mutuwar Jonker Afrikaner a shekara ta 1861 wanda ya haifar da gwagwarmayar mulki tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban don jagoranci mafi girma. Yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa sun haɗa da shugabanni daban-daban sun tabbatar har sai Hendrik ya ci nasara a kan babban abokin hamayyarsa na ƙarshe, Paul Visser, a cikin watan Yuli 1888 kuma ya karɓi jagoranci a Gibeon. Hendrik ya rama a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli 1888, yana harbi Visser. Wannan ya haifar da Hendrik ya zama shugaban mutanen ǀKhowesin. Ya fara haɗa kan sauran ƙabilun Nama da ke ƙarƙashin sa su ma. A shekara ta 1890, Hendrik Witbooi yana sanya hannu kan duk wasiƙunsa, 'Shugaban Babban Namaqualand'.

 Rikicin Jamus 
A safiyar ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun 1893, Jamusawa sun kai wa Khowesin hari a Hornkranz. An kashe da yawa, ko da yake Hendrik ya yi nasarar tserewa tare da yawancin mayakansa.Ya [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">yaƙi</span> ] Jamusawa na tsawon shekaru biyu, har zuwa yarjejeniyar Gurus a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba 1894 inda ya amince da miƙa wuya. Witbooi ya kuma yanke shawarar ba da goyon bayan soji ga Jamusawa kan wasu ƙananan ƙabilu, kamar gabashin Mbanderu Herero, Afrikaners, da Swartbooi. 

Bayan yin aiki a matsayin reshe na sojojin Jamus da ke yaƙi da Herero shekaru uku da suka gabata, Witbooi da Nama sun sake yin tawaye ga mulkin Jamus a Namibiya a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba 1904. A lokacin yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Jamusawa a shekarar 1904-1905, Witbooi ya haɗa mutanensa da tabbacin Allah ya ja-gorance su don yin yaƙi don ’yancinsu daga ’yan mulkin mallaka. An kashe Witbooi a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba 1905, kusa da Vaalgras, kusa da Koichas. Roƙonsa na mutuwa shine: "Ya isa. Ya kamata yara su huta yanzu". An maye gurbinsa da Fransman Nama har sai da Nama ya miƙa wuya a shekarar 1908.

 Karramawa 
Kaptein Hendrik Witbooi na ɗaya daga cikin jaruman ƙasar Namibiya tara da aka gano a wajen bikin kaddamar da Acre na Jaruman ƙasar kusa da Windhoek. Shugaban kafa Sam Nujoma ya bayyana a jawabinsa na rantsar da shi a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 2002 cewa:Kaptein Hendrik Witbooi shi ne shugaban Afirka na farko da ya ɗauki makamai don yakar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Jamus da mamaya na ƙasashen waje domin kare ƙasa da yankinmu. Mu, sabon ƙarni na Ƙasar Jarumi, muna samun wahayi daga matakin juyin juya hali na Kaptein Hendrik Witbooi na yaƙi da Turawan Mulkin Jamus waɗanda suka yi wa al'ummominmu mulkin mallaka da kuma zalunta. Ga ruhinsa na juyin juya hali da tunaninsa na hangen nesa muna ba da girma da girmamawarmu cikin tawali'u. An karrama Witbooi a cikin wani nau'i na dutsen kabari tare da rubuta sunansa da kuma shafa hotonsa a kan katako. Nujoma, Sam (26 August 2002). "Heroes' Acre Namibia Opening Ceremony – inaugural speech". via namibia-1on1.com. An nuna fuskarsa a kan duk wani banki na dalar Namibiya har zuwa ranar 20 ga t Maris 2012 kuma har yanzu yana kan duk N$50, N$100, da N $200. 

Littafin diary na Witbooi da cikakkiyar wasiƙa sun tsira kuma an san su da Takardun Hendrik Witbooi. Ana adana shi a cikin Taskar Bayanai na Namibiya a Windhoek.  A cikin shekarar 2005, UNESCO ta rubuta tarihin a ciki Memory of the World International Register, tare da amincewa da mujallolin Witbooi a matsayin tarihin tarihi na mahimmancin duniya. 

 Bayanan al'adu 
Witbooi batu ne na littafin Conny Braam na 2016 yaren Dutch Ik ben Hendrik Witbooi wanda ke nuna gwagwarmayar sa da 'yan  mulkin mallaka na Jamus.  An nuna Witbooi a cikin shekara ta 1989 na Afirka ta Kudu Boer War miniseries Arende inda shi ne shugaban kungiyar da suka yi wa jarumin kwanton ɓauna, Sloet Steenkamp, jam'iyyar Boer gudun hijira a wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta karshe. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba