Muraheleen

A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, Muraheleen ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin dabarun yaki da ta'addanci na gwamnati, yana amfana daga tallafin jihar ta hanyar makamai, harsashi, da taimakon dabaru. Ayyukansu sun kasance da mummunar cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam, gami da amfani da dabarun ƙonewa na ƙasa, Kisan kiyashi da Tsabtace kabilanci.

Matsayinsu ya ragu bayan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta 2005, wanda ke da niyyar kawo karshen yakin basasa.

 Magana 
Asalin kalmar Muraheleen an danganta shi ne ga Ƙabilar Messiria waɗanda suka yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana "matafiya".

A tarihi, aikin farko na Muraheleen shine jagorantar garken shanu a gaban kabilarsu a lokacin ƙaura na yanayi. Za su hau dawakai, su ɗauki makamai don kare kansu, kuma su kare garken su daga masu cin nama da ɓarayi. A yankin kudancin Darfur, Ƙabilar Rizeigat tana da irin wannan rukuni da aka sani da fursan, kalmar Larabci da ke nufin mahayan dawakai ko mahayan da suka yi.

Rikici na kan iyaka tsakanin Malual Dinka daga arewacin Bahr el Ghazal (a yau a Sudan ta Kudu) da Larabawa Baggara daga kudancin Darfur da kudancin Kordofan sun samo asali ne a tsakiyar karni na 19. Bayan tashi daga Sudan a 1956, Birtaniya ta tabbatar da cewa Dinka da Baggara sun bi yarjejeniyar kan iyaka da ka'idodin doka.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, hukumomin arewacin Sudan sun koma kan alkawarinsu na kula da iyakokin mulkin mallaka tsakanin Bahr el Ghazal, Darfur, da Kordofan. Sun ba da shawarar haɗakar yankunan kiwo da kamun kifi na Mulual Dinka da Baggara don hanzarta hadin kan kabilun biyu. Wannan hadin gwiwar da aka shirya ya sake haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin makiyaya Dinka da Baggara.

 Tarihi 
An sake gabatar da manufar jihadi a kasar a 1983 lokacin da Shugaba Gaafar Nimeiry ya ayyana Dokokin Satumba 1983. Muraheleen,  ƙungiyoyin Baggara masu goyon bayan jihar, sun fito a kan iyakar Malual Dinka-Baggara kuma daga baya aka canza su zuwa sojojin gwamnati a kudancin Darfur da kudancin Kordofan don jihadi da cin nasara.  Wannan ya haifar da kisan gillar 'yan gudun hijirar Malual Dinka 1,500 a cikin kisan kiyashi na Dhein na 1987.

Bugu da kari, Nimeiry ya yi amfani da 'yan bindiga a kan' yan tawaye na kudanci. Sojojin da ke dauke da makamai na Rizeigat da Messiria Humr,  wadanda ke sanye da fararen riguna,  sun kasance a matsayin hanya mai tsada don raunana abokan gaba na gwamnatin Sudan a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu,  gami da 'yan tawayen Sudan People's Liberation Movement / Army (SPLM / A), wanda ke da tushe na tallafi tsakanin (Ngok da Titweng)  Dinka na kudancin Sudan. Bayan juyin mulkin Sudan na 1985 da kuma korar Nimeiry, Firayim Minista Sadiq al-Mahdi ya yi amfani da Muraheleen  da magajinsa na soja kusan kusan shekaru ashirin a matsayin dakarun yaki da 'yan tawaye na kudanci, SPLM / A . [1]

Sojojin Muraheleen galibi suna lalata ƙauyukan Kirista, suna kashe dukkan mazajen da suka girma sannan su dauki mata da yara a matsayin bayi. Harin bawa na farko a kan Dinka ya faru ne a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1986. : 25 An kama mata da yara dubu biyu. A wani hari na biyu, a watan Fabrairun 1987, an kama mata da yara dubu daya. Da zarar maharan sun sami isasshen ganimar za su rarraba fursunoni tsakanin kansu da iyalansu. An ci gaba da kai hare-hare a kowace shekara bayan haka.

Tun daga shekara ta 1989, muhimmiyar alhakin Muraheleen ita ce ta raka jirgin kasa na kayan soja zuwa Wau. Suna ɗora dawakai a kan jirgin ƙasa, wanda aka sauke su lokacin da suka isa Bahr el Ghazal don a yi amfani da su a rikice-rikice da ƙauyukan Dinka.

Bayan juyin mulkin Sudan na 1989, gwamnatin Omar al-Bashir ta sanya Muraheleen a cikin 'yan bindiga na gwamnati da sojoji ke sarrafawa kuma ta ci gaba da samun tallafin gwamnati don kai hari kan fararen hula na Dinka da Nuer, wadanda mutanensu suka shiga kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta kudancin SPLA.

Har ila yau, an tura 'yan bindiga a kan Mutanen Nuba, don murkushe tawaye a Dutsen Nuba (Kudancin Kordofan da Blue Nile jihohin).  A shekara ta 2004, masana na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun zargi wannan 'yan bindiga da shiga cikin Kisan kare dangi na Darfur ta hanyar kaiwa ga mutanen Masalit, Daju, Tunjur, da Zaghawa.

 Kisan kiyashi na Dhein a shekara ta 1987 
Kisan kiyashi na Dhein na 1987 ya faru ne a garin Dhein, wanda ke Kudancin Darfur . Fiye da kwanaki biyu, 27-28 Maris, an kashe yawancin yara, mata, da maza na Dinka, an ƙone su har suka mutu, kuma an kwace su a matsayin ganima ko Ghana. Wasu mambobin Larabawa na Rizeigat, da wasu a garin, gami da wasu 'yan kasuwa a Dhein, wadanda dukansu suna cikin Muraheleen, sun gudanar da kisan kiyashi.

 Yunwa ta 1988 da 1988 
Muraheleen sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yunwa ta 1988 da 1998 a Bahr el Ghazal . A lokacin yunwa ta 1988, wanda kimanin mutane 250,000 suka mutu, Muraheleen - tun daga shekara ta 1986  - gwamnati ta ba da izini don gudanar da fashi, kai hari, korar mutane, kashewa, da kuma sace mutanen Dinka, wanda ya haifar da babban canja wurin dukiyar shanu na Dinka zuwa Baggara,   da kuma tilasta korar kusan 100,000  zuwa fararen hula 200,000. 

Yunwa ta 1998 a Bahr El Ghazal, wanda ya shafi mutane miliyan 2.6,  ya haifar da haɗuwa da yanayin halitta, kamar fari na shekaru biyu wanda El Niño-Southern Oscillation ya haifar, da ayyukan ɗan adam. Hare-haren da gwamnati ta tallafa wa Muraheleen a kan mutanen Dinka ya haifar da ƙaura kuma ya hana noma. Har ila yau, hare-haren sun haɗa da satar shanu, satar hatsi, ƙone amfanin gona da gidaje, da kuma kwace mata da yara a matsayin ganima, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da yunwa.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba