'Yanci na fahimta

'Yanci na fahimta, ko kuma "dama ga Ƙaddamar da kai na tunani", shine' yancin mutum don sarrafa hanyoyin tunani, fahimta, da sani. An yi jayayya cewa duka tsawo ne na, da kuma ka'idar da ke tattare da shi, haƙƙin 'yancin tunani. Kodayake an bayyana ra'ayi ne kwanan nan, yawancin masu ilimin kimiyya suna ganin 'yancin fahimta yana da mahimmanci yayin da ci gaban fasaha a cikin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ke ba da damar haɓaka ikon yin tasiri kai tsaye ga sani. 'Yanci na fahimta ba haƙƙin da aka amince da shi ba ne a cikin kowane yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, amma ya sami ƙayyadadden matakin karɓa a Amurka, kuma ana jayayya da shi shine ƙa'idar da ke haifar da haƙƙin da ake amincewa da shi.

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 
Kalmar nan "yancin fahimta" ta samo asali ne daga Masanin ilimin kwakwalwa Wrye Sententia da masanin ilimin shari'a da lauya Richard Glen Boire, wadanda suka kafa da daraktocin Cibiyar ba da riba ta Cognitive Liberty and Ethics (CCLE).  Sententia da Boire sun bayyana 'yancin fahimta a matsayin "dama na kowane mutum don yin tunani da kansa kuma da kansa, don amfani da cikakken ikon tunaninsa, da kuma shiga cikin hanyoyi da yawa na tunani".

CCLE cibiyar sadarwa ce ta malamai da aka sadaukar don kare 'yancin tunani a duniyar zamani ta hanzarta fasahar kwakwalwa. Suna neman bunkasa manufofin jama'a waɗanda za su adana da haɓaka 'yancin tunani, da kuma ba da jagora game da ci gaban da suka dace a cikin neurotechnology, psychopharmacology, kimiyyar fahimta da doka.

Sententia da Boire sun yi tunanin manufar 'yancin fahimta a matsayin martani ga karuwar ikon fasaha don saka idanu da sarrafa aikin fahimta, da kuma karuwar da ta dace da bukatar tabbatar da ikon cin gashin kai da sirri. Sententia ya raba aikace-aikacen 'yancin fahimta zuwa ka'idoji biyu:

 Muddin halayensu ba su jefa wasu cikin haɗari ba, bai kamata a tilasta wa mutane ba tare da son rai ba su yi amfani da fasahar da ke hulɗa kai tsaye da kwakwalwa ko kuma a tilasta su shan wasu magungunan psychoactive.
 Muddin ba su shiga cikin halayyar da ke cutar da wasu ba, bai kamata a hana mutane daga, ko kuma a aikata su laifi ba, ta amfani da sabbin magunguna da fasahohi masu inganta tunani.

Wadannan bangarori biyu na 'yanci na fahimta suna tunatar da "Dokoki Biyu na Timothy Leary don Zamanin Molecular", daga littafinsa na 1968 The Politics of Ecstasy:Masu goyon bayan 'yancin fahimta saboda haka suna neman tilasta wa jihohi mummunan aiki da kuma kyakkyawan aiki: don kauce wa tsoma baki ba tare da yardar rai ba tare da tsarin fahimta na mutum, da kuma ba da damar mutane su ƙaddara kansu "duniya ta ciki" kuma su sarrafa ayyukansu na tunani.

 'Yanci daga tsoma baki 
Wannan wajibi na farko, don kauce wa tsoma baki ba tare da yardar rai ba tare da tsarin fahimta na mutum, yana neman kare mutane daga canza tsarin tunanin su ko saka idanu ba tare da izinin su ko iliminsu ba, "kafa bango na karewa daga abubuwan da ba a so". Ci gaba da ci gaba ga fasahar neurotechnologies, kamar Motsawar magnetic ta transcranial da electroencephalography (ko "ƙididdigar yatsa na kwakwalwa"), da kuma ilimin kimiyyar magunguna, a cikin nau'ikan masu hana sake dawo da serotonin (SSRIs), nootropics, modafinil da sauran Magunguna masu amfani da hankali, suna ci gaba da kara ikon saka idanu da tasiri kai tsaye ga fahimtar ɗan adam. A sakamakon haka, yawancin masu ilimin kimiyya sun jaddada muhimmancin fahimtar 'yancin fahimta don kare mutane daga jihar ta amfani da irin waɗannan fasahohi don canza hanyoyin tunanin mutanen: "dole ne a hana jihohi mamayewa cikin mutane, daga samun damar tunaninsu, canza motsin zuciyarsu ko sarrafa abubuwan da suka fi so".  Wadannan takamaiman damuwa game da amfani da fasahar kimiyyar kwakwalwa don tsoma baki ko mamaye kwakwalwa sun samar da fannonin Neuroethics da neuropcy.

Wannan bangare na 'yancin fahimta an tashe shi dangane da wasu matakan da aka ba da izini ga jihohi a cikin fahimtar mutum, daga 'magani' na tilas na 'yan luwadi a Amurka kafin shekarun 1970, zuwa gudanar da magungunan da ba a yarda da su ba ga' yan asalin Amurka marasa sani a lokacin CIA Project MKUltra, zuwa tilasta gudanar da magunguna masu canza tunani a kan mutane don sanya su iya tsayawa.Boire, Richard Glen, (2002). Brief Amicus Curiae Of The Center For Cognitive Liberty & Ethics In Support Of The Petition , in the case of Sell v United States Futurist kuma bioethicist George Dvorsky, shugaban kwamitin Cibiyar Da'a da Fasahar Fasaha ta Fasaha ya gano wannan bangare na 'yancin fahimta kamar yadda yake da dacewa ga muhawara game da warkar da yanayin autism. Farfesa Nita A. Farahany ya kuma ba da shawarar kariya ta doka game da 'yancin fahimta a matsayin hanyar kare kariya daga cin zarafin kai da aka samu a cikin Kwaskwarima ta Biyar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, a cikin hasken karuwar ikon samun damar ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam. Littafinta 'The Battle for Your Brain: Defending the Right to Think Freely in the Age of Neurotechnology' ya Tattaunawa batun dalla-dalla.

Kodayake wannan ɓangaren 'yancin fahimta galibi ana bayyana shi azaman' yancin mutum daga tsangwama na jihar tare da fahimtar ɗan adam, Jan Christoph Bublitz da Reinhard Merkel da sauransu sun ba da shawarar cewa' yancin fahimta ya kamata ya hana wasu, ƙungiyoyin da ba na jihar ba daga tsoma baki tare da tunanin mutum "duniya ta ciki".   Bublitz da Merkel sun ba da shawarar gabatar da sabon laifi wanda ke azabtar da "matsalolin da ke tsoma baki sosai tare da amincin tunanin wani ta hanyar lalata kula da hankali ko amfani da raunin da ya riga ya kasance".  Matakan kai tsaye wanda ke rage ko lalata ikon fahimta kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, mai da hankali, da ƙarfin niyya; canza abubuwan da ba su dace ba; ko raunin da ba za a iya ganewa a asibiti ba zai zama abin da ba za'a iya yarda da shi ba kuma ya shafi gurfanar da laifi. Sententia da Boire sun kuma nuna damuwa cewa kamfanoni da sauran hukumomin da ba na gwamnati ba na iya amfani da fasahar kwakwalwa mai tasowa don canza hanyoyin tunanin mutane ba tare da yardarsu ba. 

 'Yanci na ƙaddara 
Inda wajibi na farko ke neman kare mutane daga tsangwama tare da hanyoyin fahimta ta jihar, kamfanoni ko wasu mutane, wannan wajibi na biyu yana neman tabbatar da cewa mutane suna da 'yancin canzawa ko inganta nasu sani. Mutumin da ke jin daɗin wannan bangare na 'yancin fahimta yana da' yancin canza hanyoyin tunanin su ta kowace hanya da suke so, ko ta hanyar hanyoyin da ba su kai tsaye ba kamar tunani, yoga ko Addu'a, ko ta shiga tsakani kai tsaye ta hanyar magungunan psychoactive ko neurotechnology.

Kamar yadda magungunan psychotropic hanya ce mai karfi na canza aikin fahimta, yawancin masu ba da shawara game da 'yancin fahimta suma masu ba da shawarar sake fasalin dokar miyagun ƙwayoyi ne, suna da'awar cewa "yaƙin kan kwayoyi" a zahiri "yaƙin akan yanayin tunani ne". CCLE, da sauran kungiyoyin kare 'yanci na fahimta kamar su Cognitive Liberty UK, sun yi kira ga sake dubawa da sake fasalin dokar haramtacciyar miyagun ƙwayoyi; daya daga cikin manyan ka'idojin jagora na CCLE shine cewa "gwamnati bai kamata su haramta inganta hankali ba ko kwarewar kowane yanayin tunani". Kira don sake fasalin ƙuntatawa akan amfani da magungunan inganta hankali (wanda ake kira magungunan wayo ko nootropics) kamar su Prozac, Ritalin da Adderall an kuma yi su ne a kan tushen 'yancin fahimta.

 Ilimin Artificial 
A cikin wata kasida ta 2025 da aka buga a cikin The Humanist, masanin Magda Romanska ya binciki yadda tsarin AI mai tasowa, musamman wadanda ke shafar lissafin motsin rai da yanke shawara, na iya kalubalantar ikon cin gashin kai da sirri na mutane. Labarin ya yi jayayya cewa yayin da AI ya fara fassara, hangowa, ko sarrafa motsin zuciyar ɗan adam, yana haifar da sabbin damuwa game da 'yancin fahimta - musamman game da wanda ke da damar samun bayanai na motsin rai da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi a cikin zamantakewa, doka, ko saitunan hukuma.

 Dangantaka da haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka sani 
A halin yanzu ba a san 'yancin fahimta a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta kowane yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa ba. Duk da yake 'yancin tunani an amince da shi ta hanyar Mataki na 18 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), ana iya rarrabe' yancin tunani daga' yancin fahimta saboda tsohon ya damu da kare' yancin mutum na yin tunani duk abin da suke so, yayin da' yancin hankali ya damu da kiyaye' yancin mutumin yin tunani duk yadda suke so. 'Yanci na fahimta yana neman kare haƙƙin mutum don ƙayyade yanayin tunaninsu kuma ya kasance' yanci daga ikon waje akan yanayin tunanensu, maimakon kawai kare abubuwan da ke cikin tunanin mutum. An ba da shawarar cewa rashin kariya ga 'yancin fahimta a cikin kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na baya ya kasance saboda rashin fasaha wanda zai iya tsoma baki kai tsaye tare da ikon cin gashin kai a lokacin da aka kirkiro manyan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Kamar yadda aka yi la'akari da tunanin ɗan adam wanda ba zai iya shiga cikin sarrafawa kai tsaye ba, sarrafawa ko canji, an yi la'adi ba dole ba ne a bayyana shi don kare mutane daga tsangwama ta hankali. Tare da ci gaban zamani a cikin kimiyyar kwakwalwa da kuma tsammanin ci gabanta na gaba duk da haka, ana jayayya cewa irin wannan kariya ta bayyana tana ƙara zama dole 

 Sanarwar doka 

 A Amurka 

Richard Glen Boire na Cibiyar Fata da Da'a ta Zuciya ya gabatar da taƙaitaccen amicus tare da Kotun Koli ta Amurka a cikin shari'ar Sell v. Amurka, inda Kotun Kofi ta bincika ko kotun tana da ikon yin umarni don tilasta ba da maganin maganin rigakafi ga mutumin da ya ki amincewa da irin wannan magani, don kawai ya sa su iya tsayawa. 


 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba