Zaton rashin laifi

marar laifi har sai an tabbatar da laifinsa. Ƙarƙashin zaton rashin laifi, nauyin hujja na shari'a don haka yana kan masu gabatar da kara, wanda dole ne ya gabatar da hujjoji masu karfi ga mai shari'a (alkali ko alkali). Idan mai gabatar da kara bai tabbatar da zargin gaskiya ba, to an wanke mutumin daga tuhumar. Dole ne mai gabatar da kara a mafi yawan lokuta ya tabbatar da cewa wanda ake tuhuma yana da laifi fiye da shakka. Idan shakku mai ma'ana ya kasance, dole ne a wanke wanda ake tuhuma. Kishiyar tsarin shine zato na laifi.

A cikin ƙasashe da yawa da kuma ƙarƙashin tsarin shari'a da yawa, ciki har da dokokin gama gari da tsarin dokokin jama'a (kada a ruɗe da sauran nau'in dokar farar hula, wanda ke magana da batutuwan shari'a waɗanda ba na laifi ba), ɗaukan rashin laifi haƙƙin doka ne na wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar laifi. Har ila yau, haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na duniya a ƙarƙashin sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, sashi na 11.

 Tarihi 

 Dokar Romawa 
Ƙarni na shida Digest na Justinian (22.3.2) ya ba da, a matsayin ƙa'idar shaida ta gaba ɗaya: Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negatDigesta seu Pandectae 22.3.2". Grenoble: Université Pierre-Mendès-France. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2010-10-13 - "Hujja ta ta'allaka ne a kan wanda ya yi riya, ba ga wanda ya ƙaryata baWatson, Alan, ed. (1998) [1985]. "22.3.2". The Digest of Justinian. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1636-9.. A can ne aka dangana ga masanin shari'a na ƙarni na biyu da na uku Julius Paulus. Sarki Antoninus Pius ne ya gabatar da shi a cikin dokar laifuka ta Romawa.See Bury, p. 527

Tsarin dokar farar hula tsarin shari'a ne na zamani wanda aka samo daga tsohuwar tsarin shari'ar Romawa (saɓanin tsarin dokokin gama gari na Ingilishi). Ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin dokar farar hula sun karɓi maxim da makamancinsa, ciki har da Brazil, China, Faransa, Italiya, Philippines, Poland,  Romania da Spain.

 Dokar Talmudical 
A cewar Talmud, "kowane mutum ba shi da laifi har sai an tabbatar da laifinsa. Saboda haka, dole ne a jinkirta aiwatar da tsauraran matakan da ba a saba gani ba ga wanda ake tuhuma har sai an yi nasarar kalubalanci rashin laifinsa. Don haka, a farkon matakan shari'ar, muhawarar da ake yi a cikin kare shi yana da cikakkun bayanai kamar yadda yake da kowane mutum da ake yi wa shari'a. Sai kawai lokacin da laifinsa ya bayyana a fili ne aka ba da kariya ga wanda aka ba da kariya ga.Aaron Kirschenbaum, Double Jeopardy and Entrapment in Jewish Law, 3 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Rts. 202 (1973), p. 211

 Shari'ar Musulunci 
Zaton barrantacce yana da tushe a shari’ar Musulunci inda aka yi riko da ka’idar cewa aikin hujja a kan mai zargi ko mai da’awa, bisa wani hadisi da Imam Nawawi ya inganta. “Tsoho” kuma yana yin Allah wadai da shi, wannan kuma daga hadisin Imam Nawawi da Imamul Bukhari da Imam Muslim suka ruwaito.

Bayan zamanin Muhammadu, an kuma ruwaito halifa na hudu Ali ibn Abi Talib yana cewa: “Ku tunkude hukuncin da aka shar’anta ta hanyar watsi da hujjojin shakku.Sahih Muslim (English Version), Book 32, Hadith 6214

 Dokar Turai ta Tsakiya 
Bayan rugujewar Daular Rumawa ta Yamma, kasashen Yamma sun fara aiwatar da dokar feudal, wacce ta kunshi wasu bangarori na dokokin Romawa da kuma wasu al'adun Jamus bisa ga sabbin fitattun mutane, ciki har da wadanda ake zaton laifi ne. Misali, wanda ake tuhuma zai iya tabbatar da cewa ba shi da laifi ta wajen sa mutane goma sha biyu su rantse cewa ba zai iya aikata abin da ake tuhumarsa da shi ba. A aikace, wannan ya kasance yana fifita manyan mutane fiye da masu karamin karfi, wadanda shaidunsu suka yi kasadar ganin ba a yarda da su ba.

Gwaje-gwaje ta gwaji sun zama ruwan dare tun daga karni na 6 har zuwa farkon karni na 13, kuma an san cewa yana ci gaba har zuwa karni na 17 ta hanyar farautar mayu. Duk da yake na kowa a farkon dokar Jamus, Paparoma Innocent III ya karɓi lissafin bisa ƙa'ida a Roma a cikin 1215 a Majalisar Lateran ta huɗu kuma an hana gwaji ta wuta da ruwa musamman. Wannan ya kasance a lokacin ci gaban jus commune, dokokin canon na Cocin Katolika ya rinjayi ka'idar gama gari a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai.

A farkon karni na 13, Louis na IX na Faransa ya haramta duk wani gwaji ta hanyar gwaji kuma ya gabatar da tunanin rashin laifi ga hanyoyin aikata laifuka.[21] Wannan bai daɗe ba kuma amfani da cibiyoyi na azabtarwa, wanda ake kira "tambaya mai yiwuwa" kuma aka raba shi zuwa "tambaya ordinaire" ( azabtarwa mai sauƙi) da "tambaya ta ban mamaki" (azaba mai tsanani), wanda aka yi amfani da shi bisa ga ra'ayin alkali a kan mutanen da ake zargi da laifi, ya kasance har zuwa jajibirin juyin juya halin Faransa.Law in the Middle Ages". The Finer Times. 29 May 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2018

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