Gidan ibada na Asterius

Cocin Asterius (Faransanci: Chapelle d'Astérius) ƙaramin gini ne na Kirista na karkashin kasa wanda ya kasance daga ƙarni na 5th-7th, yanzu yana cikin wurin shakatawa na Baths na Antoninus a cikin shafin binciken archaeological na Carthage, Tunisia .

Ginin - wanda ba a san aikinsa ba, kodayake masana sun yi imanin cewa dole ne ya kasance yana da aikin liturgical da jana'izar - a baya yana kan tsaunin Sayda, wanda aka fi sani da "dutse na sainte-Monique". Abin tunawa ya kasance a tsakiyar wani yanki wanda ya samar da marigayi necropolis da gine-ginen addini. Yana ba da shaida ga lokacin da ya dace tsakanin mulkin Vandal da sake mamayewar Byzantine na Tunisia ta yanzu.

A lokacin tonowa a cikin shekarun 1950, an yanke shawarar motsa shi zuwa wurin shakatawa na Baths na Antoninus, saboda yanayin adanawa, don kada a rasa kayan ado na mosaic sakamakon ci gaban birane a yankin.

 Wurin da yake 
alt=City map with location of archaeological sites|left|thumb|Babban taswirar shafin binciken archaeological na Carthage, ɗakin sujada yanzu yana tsakanin No. 14 (Punic necropolis) da No. 15 (Antonine baths).
Cocin Asterius yana cikin wurin shakatawa na Baths na Antoninus, amma ya fito ne daga wani tono a cikin gundumar Lyceum na Carthage, arewa maso gabashin birnin, a kan tudun . 

 Tarihi 

 Tarihin Dā 

 Tarihin yankin birni na dā 
Ginin birni na yankin ya kasance "karshen amma na yau da kullun". 

Yankin da aka samo ɗakin sujada yana a gefen tsohon birni, kamar gine-ginen Kirista da yawa. An gano ɗakin sujada a cikin wani necropolis na Byzantine, wanda zai iya haɗawa da coci. 

Kabarin da aka yi a cikin necropolis sun kasance ramuka da aka rufe da dutse. An kewaye necropolis da bango mai kewaye, wanda aka gano wani ɓangare na shi. An tono kaburbura da yawa, gami da wani zane-zane da kuma wani tare da sarcophagus na marmara wanda ke dauke da akwatin gubar. Wani masallacin jana'izar, wanda aka sani da Chapel of Redemptus, ya auna 4 m da 6.50 m kuma an yi masa ado sosai. Sarcophagus yana ɗauke da sunan mai ɗakin sujada. 

 Kusa da wani addini 
alt=Mosaic on a wall with four figures in the corners and a large cross in the middle|thumb|Mosaic na masu bishara huɗu, wanda aka samo a cikin gida a cikin vicus castrorum .
Kusa da ɗakin sujada akwai wani tsari na addini, an tono ɗakuna huɗu, gami da ɗakin karkashin kasa. An tsara hadaddun zuwa rabi na biyu na karni na 5 bisa ga tsabar kudi. An yi baftisma, kuma ɗayan ɗakunan suna nuna zane-zane na tsarkaka. An kuma sami rubutun Kirista. 

Daga baya aka sake gyara sararin samaniya tare da kayan ado masu kyau, wanda ke nuna mosaics na ƙasa da stucco ko zane-zane a bangon, kuma wani lokacin marmara. Gidajen da ke sama da ƙasa tun daga ƙarni na farko. 

Baftisma, wanda aka ciyar da shi ta rijiyar, shine "mafi kyawun ɓangaren hadaddun":  mai lobes huɗu a siffar, tare da samun dama ta hanyar matakai a gefen arewa maso yamma. An rufe sel ɗin da mosaic, kuma an rufe ƙasan tukunyar da marmara. Wani ciborium da Baldachin sun rufe wurin baftisma. Wani majami'a ya ware yankin daga sauran dakin. Yankin baftisma ya nuna siffofi da aka fentin tare da halo, daya daga cikinsu an gano shi a matsayin Saturus, ɗaya daga cikin abokan Perpetua da Felicity. An sadaukar da Basilica Majorum ga waɗannan shahidai, kuma wannan zai iya zama gaskiya game da wannan ginin. 

Ɗaya daga cikin mazauna a yankin, vicus castrorum, ba da nisa da Kobba Bent el Rey ba, ya ba da mosaic da aka sani da Bishara huɗu, yayin da wani ya ba da Mosaic da aka fi sani da Lady of Carthage. 

 Tarihin ginin 
Ginin yana da irin wannan tsari kamar yadda yake a cikin birane na gari. Wataƙila an sake amfani da rami, kuma an gina rufin kafin kayan aiki na ciki. An kara apse daga baya. Ginin yana da lokuta biyu a cikin tarihinsa kuma ana amfani dashi na dogon lokaci. 

Sunan Asterius  ya bayyana a kan rubutun da aka sake amfani da shi a kan wani mataki. Asterius ba sunan marigayin da ya zauna a kabarin ba ne. An gano kwanyar a ƙarƙashin hanyar mosaic. An gina kabarin bayan wannan mosaic. Dangane da binciken paleographic na rubutun da aka sake amfani da su, ba a gina ginin ba kafin karni na 5. 

A lokacin tonowa, masu binciken tarihi sun sami tsabar kudi uku na Maurice Tiberius a ƙarƙashin mosaic, wanda ya kasance daga jihar ta biyu ta ginin. Wurin binne Asterius, wanda aka keta  a lokacin da ba a tantance shi ba, ya samar da kwanyar. A cewar Liliane Ennabli, ginin ya kasance kwanan wata 586-587. 

An gyara abin tunawa har zuwa mulkin Heraclius . A cewar Noël Duval, baftisma da shigarwar karkashin kasa na iya danganta da zama a lokacin Vandal, lokacin da Arians suka mallaki gine-ginen. Da an canza shafin kuma an yi masa ado sosai a wani lokaci daga baya. 

 Tarihin zamani da sake gano shafin 
alt=Large white building with brightly coloured arcade system|thumb|Makarantar Carthage
An gano ɗakin sujada a watan Disamba na 1950,[G 1] tare da sauran jana'izar Palaeochristian, yayin aiki don gina wani gida a kan gidan gidaje tsakanin Carthage Lyceum da Fontaine aux mille amphores (Fountain of a Thousand Amphorae). [H 1]Ginin da ake tambaya shine mafi girman binciken da aka yi a lokacin, kuma yana cikin "yanayin adanawa na musamman". [E 1]A cewar François Baratte, shafin na iya zama na Lyceum. [C 1]

Binciken ya kasance ne kawai a bangare, kamar yadda aka gano kaburbura huɗu, epitaphs da wani yanki na shinge. Ɗaya daga cikin kaburbura yana da kayan ado wanda kusan ya ɓace, wani yana da sarcophagus na marmara wanda ke dauke da akwatin gawa, kuma an sami masallatai biyu na jana'izar karkashin kasa tare da irin wannan tsari. 

Baya ga ɗakin sujada na Asterius, an tono abin da ake kira ɗakin sujada ya Redemptus a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1955. Rédemptus, bursar na "yanki na biyar na Carthage", ya mutu a rabi na biyu na karni na biyu. 

Cocin Asterius, wanda aka adana mafi kyau amma an hukunta shi da lalacewa don gina Lyceum, an sake komawa; an maye gurbin abubuwan ado daidai a cikin ginin irin wannan shirin da aka gina a wurin shakatawa na Antonin. An sake gina ginin a cikin wurin shakatawa a farkon 1951 ta sashen gine-gine na Hukumar Tunisiya ta Tsohon Tarihi da Fasaha, a karkashin jagorancin Alexandre Lézine. 

An tono hadadden addini a cikin 1955-1956, duk da lalacewar da ta faru kafin binciken archaeological. Abubuwan karkashin kasa da aka gina a cikin tuff har yanzu suna nan. Wadannan abubuwa wani lokacin sukan sake amfani da gine-ginen da suka riga sun kasance kamar tankuna. 

 Bayani game da ginin da sauran abubuwa na yanzu 
Ginin shine ɗakin sujada na jana'izar Kirista na farko. Girman abin tunawa ya dace da ƙafafun Romawa. 

 Gine-gine 

 Abubuwa na gaba ɗaya 
Ginin yana da "siffar coci a raguwa". Gidan binnewa yana da tsawo 2 m kuma yana da siffar trapezoidal, yana auna 2.92 m-3.96 m da 2.42 m-2.46 m.
alt=Exterior view of access to an underground building with the beginning of a staircase|left|thumb|Panorama na ɗakin sujada (bayyanar waje).
An sassaƙa ɗakin sujada daga dutse na tuff, tare da ƙarin masonry da rufin dutse. Matakala mai kusurwa ta ba da damar zuwa ginin da ke karkashin kasa, 1.50 m a ƙasa. Matakala ta kasance masonry. 
alt=layout of a building|thumb|Tsarin ɗakin sujada
Cocin ya ƙunshi ɗaki mai rufi da kuma ɗakin da ke fuskantar kudu maso gabas,  16 cm sama da sauran ɗakin. Yana da karami, yana auna 4.20 m da 2.45 m don jimlar girman 6.60 m da 3 m, tare da extrados na rufin da ke tashi zuwa 2 m. Hanyar tana auna 1.04 m kuma ɗakin yana da siffar trapezoidal. Ganuwar tana da mita 1.36 da mita 1.66 a tsawo. Ganuwar arewa maso gabas na babban zauren tana da tsawo 3.06 m, yayin da bangon kudu maso yamma yana da tsawo 2.92 m. Sauran bangarorin suna da 2.42 m da 2.46 m tsawo. 
alt=General view of a building interior|thumb|Nave da apse a ƙarshen.
Abinda ke fuskantar kudu maso gabas  yana da ƙuƙwalwa. An tsara shi kamar "rabi-ellipse", yana auna 1.23 m da 1.17 m tare da mataki na marmara. Apse yana da bagade a saman wani abin tunawa, kuma an adana shi, wanda ya raba quadratum populi da presbyterium, kamar yadda wurin tushen bagaden yake. An gano abin da ke dauke da abin tunawa babu komai, kuma ginshiƙan da ke tallafawa bagaden suna auna kusan 15 cm a diamita. 

Gidan apse, wanda ke da kusan daidaitawa iri ɗaya da decumani na tsohuwar birni, kusan 0.17 m ne sama da nave kuma rufin yana da matsakaicin 1.73 m tsawo. 

Wani majami'a da aka saita a cikin bene ta hanyar sakonni biyu ya raba babban dakin zuwa sassa biyu. Ana adana alamun inlay a cikin mosaic. Gidan sarauta ya zama iyaka tsakanin mosaics guda biyu. 

 Kabari 

 Kayan Kwalliya: mosaics da tayal na terracotta 

 Halayen Gabaɗaya 
An kawata ɗakin sujada da kyau, inda aka zana hotuna da mosaics da ke nuna tsuntsaye cikin madauwari a cikin launuka marasa ƙayatarwa da siffofin rhombus. An kawata bangon da stucco da kuma zanen fenti.

 Mosaics 
alt=Detail view of a mosaic with birds and geometric motifs|thumb|Cikakken bayani na mosaic a babban ɗaki.
Babban mosaic ɗin yana da abubuwa masu siffar madauwari da diamita na 0.35 m da tayal masu girman 0.25 m zuwa 0.30 m. Akwai kuma siffofin huɗu. Tsuntsaye, kamar tsuntsayen ruwan gabar teku ko kaza, ko kuma ƙawatawa irin na “diamond” suna kewaye da madauwarin. Tayal ɗin na da Solomon’s knot. Iyakokin suna da siffar fararen da baƙi masu jere kamar dambun allo. Mosaic ɗin ya lalace sakamakon saka kabari a ciki, kuma an shimfiɗa shi ne a kan kankare na lime. An gano sassan mosaic na geometric yayin bincike, kuma hakan na iya nuna farkon tsarin zanen da ke bangon. Mosaic ɗin da ke akwai yanzu na iya kasancewa ba daga lokacin da aka gina ginin ba; mosaic na ƙarshe an tantance shi da tsabar kuɗin Sarkin Maurice: ranar ƙarshe ta daidaita da siffofi, kayan aiki da launuka, masu kama da abubuwan Byzantine da aka gano a wurin wanka na Antonin. Wata farar dutse na iya nuna kabari, kamar yadda aka gani a ɗakin sujada na Redemptus. Wani rubutu da aka samo a lokacin bincike na iya kasancewa daga wannan dutsen, yana nuna alamar lokaci na Byzantine.

An samo ƙugiya a bango domin rataye fitilu.

Ɗakin shigowa yana da mosaic na teku mai kifaye a kan farin bango wanda ke nuna, da sauransu, "kifi dolphin, mullet, ƙwarya, torpedo da saura daga jellyfish", yayin da babban ɗaki ke dauke da siffofin tsuntsaye da geometric.
alt=Mosaic with two peacocks facing each other on both sides of a large vase|thumb|Mosaic ɗin da ke nuna tauraron tsuntsaye biyu suna kallon juna.
Bayan ɗakin sujada akwai wuri mai girman 1.84 m da 0.42 m da aka kawata da "ƙawatawar gama-gari [...]". Wata mosaic tana nuna tsuntsaye peacocks biyu a gefen krater. Ƙawatawar na ɗauke da furanni masu ƙyalli da furanni masu salo.

Matakan zuwa wurin sujada sun samu marmara da rubuce-rubuce a kansu. An sake amfani da sassan marmara: guda biyu daga saman ƙofa da guda biyu daga dutsen kabari. Ɗakin sujada ya ƙunshi mosaic a kan farin bango tare da medallion da ke dauke da giciye Maltese, kuma an sami wuraren da za a saka ƙaramin ginshiƙi don ɗaukar teburin bagade, guda biyu aka gano a yayin binciken archaeologi. An gano reliquary a cikin rami da aka buɗe a wani lokaci da ba a san shi ba. An kuma gano tsohon shimfiɗar marmara.

 Fentin Plasta 
Rufin ɗakin yana da ragowar fentin plasta, tare da bango mai shuɗi da zanen ja. Bangon ma an shafa shi da plasta. An shafa plasta sau biyu: na farko mai shuɗi da siffar marmara sannan na biyu da tushe ja.

Ɗakin sujada bai da fentin kwalliya a bango.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba