Falsafar haƙƙin ɗan adam

Falsafar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙoƙarin bincika tushen tushen manufar haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da duban abubuwan da ke cikinta da kuma hujja. An ɓullo da hanyoyi da dama don bayyana yadda da kuma dalilin da yasa manufar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ci gaba.

Ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin falsafar Yammacin Turai game da yancin ɗan adam shine cewa sun samo asali ne na wata doka ta halitta, wadda ta samo asali daga mabanbantan falsafa ko addini. Wasu ka'idoji sun ɗauka cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam suna tsara ɗabi'a na ɗabi'a wanda shine samfurin zamantakewar ɗan adam wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar tsarin juyin halitta da zamantakewa (wanda ke da alaƙa da Hume). Ana kuma bayyana haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a matsayin tsarin tsarin tsarin zamantakewa (kamar yadda yake cikin ka'idar zamantakewar doka da aikin Weber). Waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da ra'ayi cewa mutane a cikin al'umma suna karɓar dokoki daga ikon doka don musanya tsaro da fa'idar tattalin arziki (kamar yadda yake cikin Rawls) - kwangilar zamantakewa. Tattaunawar zamani game da haƙƙin ɗan adam an tsara su ne da manyan ka'idoji guda biyu: ka'idar sha'awa da ka'idar son rai. Ka’idar sha’awa ta yi nuni da cewa babban aikin ‘yancin dan Adam shi ne karewa da inganta muhimman muradun dan’adam, yayin da ka’idar son rai ta ginu kan tabbatar da hakkin dan’adam kan irin damar da dan’adam ke da shi na ‘yancin kai da ‘yanci.Fagan, Andrew. "Human Rights". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 20 November 2010.

 Hakkokin halitta 
Manyan labarai: Dokokin halitta da haƙƙin halitta

Ka'idojin shari'a na dabi'a sun kafa haƙƙin ɗan adam akan "na halitta" ɗabi'a, addini ko ma tsarin halitta wanda ya zamanto mai cin gashin kansa daga dokokin ɗan adam na wucin gadi ko al'adu.

Socrates da magada falsafansa, Plato da Aristotle, sun bayyana wanzuwar adalci na halitta ko haƙƙin halitta (δίκαιον φυσικόν dikaion physikon; Latin ius naturale). Daga cikin wadannan, ana yawan cewa Aristotle shi ne uban shari’ar halitta,Shellens (1959) ko da yake shaida kan hakan ta samo asali ne daga fassarar ayyukansa da Thomas Aquinas ya yi.Jaffa (1979

Ci gaban wannan al'ada na adalci na halitta zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ka'idodin dabi'a yawanci ana danganta shi ga Stoics.Sills (1968, 1972) Natural Law

Wasu daga cikin Ubannin Ikilisiya na farko sun nemi haɗa ra'ayin maguzawa na ka'idar halitta cikin Kiristanci. Ka'idodin ka'idodin dabi'a sun fito sosai a cikin falsafar Thomas Aquinas, Francisco Suárez, Richard Hooker, Thomas Hobbes, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, da John Locke.

Daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci "Hakkin Dan Adam" shine hakkin rayuwa. Rubuce-rubucen Indiyawa na dā sun nuna cewa Lord Mahavira, wanda ya kafa Jain Sect, shi ma ya kafa wannan Haƙƙin Rayuwa. Koyarwarsa & ka'idodinsa sun mayar da hankali kan koyaswar ko falsafar, "Rayuwa & Bari Rayuwa". Wannan falsafar tana dogara ne akan ka'idar rashin tsaro.

A cikin karni na 16, da sarakunan Spain suka nemi su binciki halaccin iƙirarin ikon mallakar ƙasa ta indios na Latin Amurka, Francisco de Vitoria ya fayyace ka'idar haƙƙin halitta, musamman a cikin sanannen sanannen Reletio de Indis.Williams, Thomas D. "The Pre-Hobbesian Roots of Natural Rights Theory" (PDF). Alpha Omega. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2014.

A cikin karni na 17th Thomas Hobbes ya kafa ka'idar kwangila na positivism na shari'a wanda ya fara daga ka'idar cewa mutum a cikin yanayin yanayi, wanda shine a ce ba tare da "jaha" ba (jiha) yana cikin yanayin yaki na yau da kullum daya da ɗayan kuma don haka yana jin tsoron rayuwarsa da dukiyarsa (babu dukiya ko dama ba tare da wani sarki ya bayyana shi ba). Hobbes ya tabbatar da dokar dabi'a kamar yadda dan Adam mai hankali, mai neman tsira da wadata, zai yi aiki; ka'idar farko ta shari'ar dabi'a ita ce neman zaman lafiya, wanda a cikinta akwai kiyaye kai. Doka ta dabi'a (wanda Hobbes ya yarda da ita kuskure ce, babu wata doka ba tare da mulkin mallaka ba) an gano ta ta hanyar la'akari da muradun 'yan adam, yayin da masana falsafa na baya suka ce an gano haƙƙin halitta ta hanyar la'akari da ka'idar dabi'a. A ra'ayin Hobbes, hanya daya tilo da dokar dabi'a za ta iya samu ita ce 'yan Adam su amince da samar da mulkin gama gari ta hanyar mika wuya ga umarnin wani sarki, ko dai wani mutum ko taron mutane. A cikin haka ne aka kafa tushen ka'idar kwangilar zamantakewa tsakanin masu mulki da gwamna.

Hugo Grotius ya kafa falsafar falsafar dokokin kasa da kasa akan dokar halitta. Ya rubuta cewa "ko da nufin mai iko duka ba zai iya canzawa ko soke" dokar halitta ba, wadda "za ta ci gaba da tabbatar da haƙiƙanta ko da za mu ɗauka abin da ba zai yiwu ba, cewa babu Allah ko kuma ba ya kula da al'amuran mutane." (De iure belli ac pacis, Prolegomeni XI). Wannan ita ce shahararriyar hujjar etiamsi daremus (non esse Deum), wanda ya sa dokar halitta ta daina dogaro da tiyoloji.

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