Gwagwarmayar jama’ar Aljeriya kan mamayar Faransawa

Shahararriyar juriyar da Aljeriya ta yi wa mamayar Faransa tana nufin tsayin daka a Aljeriya kan mamayar Faransa, wanda ya fara da mamayar Algiers a shekara ta 1830 kuma ya dade har zuwa 1903.  

 Yaƙin Faransa-Algeriya 1681–88 
Yakin Faransanci-Algeriya (1681-1688) wani bangare ne na yakin da Faransa ta yi da 'yan fashin teku a cikin shekarun 1680. 

 Yunkurin tsayin daka a lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya 
An yi nasarar mamaye Aljeriya tsakanin 1830 zuwa 1903 da Faransa ta mamaye. A cikin 1827, takaddama tsakanin Hussein Dey, mai mulkin Deylik na Algiers, da karamin jakadan Faransa ya rikide zuwa wani shingen shinge na ruwa, bayan haka Faransa ta mamaye Algiers da sauri a 1830, kuma ta kame wasu al'ummomin bakin teku. A cikin rikicin siyasa na cikin gida a Faransa, an sha tsai da shawarar ci gaba da rike ikon yankin, kuma an kawo karin dakarun soji a cikin shekaru masu zuwa domin dakile turjiya a cikin kasar. 

 Mitidja Resistance 
Lokacin da babban birnin Aljeriya ya fada hannun sojojin Faransa a ranar 7 ga watan Yunin 1830, wani sabon salo na tarihin Aljeriya na zamani ya fara, wato lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa. 

Domin kuwa faduwar mulkin Deylical ya haifar da tabarbarewar siyasa a sakamakon haka, shugabannin siyasa da na soji sun bayyana a cikin karkarar yankin Mitidja tare da daukar wa kansu aikin tunkarar mamayar Faransa. 

 Abdelkader Resistance 
Sarki Abdelkader ya kasance wanda ya dace a zaɓe don juriyar Aljeriya da Faransawa. Ya kasance mutum ne mai kishin Shari'a da kuma tafiyar da jihadinsa, ba da dadewa ba a hawansa ya ci gaba da rike madafun iko a matsayinsa na jigon gwagwarmaya sai ya sanya laqabi da Amirul Muminin (Kwamandan Muminai). 

Da farko dai matashin Abdelkader ya karbi ragamar mulki daga hannun mahaifinsa wanda ke jagorantar 'yan adawar Aljeriya kan sabbin sojojin Faransa da suka isa lardin Oran. Jim kadan bayan hawansa mulki, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Desmichels ta 1834 tsakanin Abdelkader da Faransawa mamaya.  Yarjejeniyar ta kunshi bangarori biyu ne; ɗaya shine abun ciki na hukuma wanda ya ƙunshi sharuɗɗan Faransanci, na biyu kuma ya ƙunshi buƙatun Abdelkader daga Faransanci. Sakamakon wannan shine bayar da izini a hukumance da kuma amincewa da Abdelkaders ikon mallakar lardin Oran, a arewa maso yammacin Aljeriya. Hakan ya bai wa Abdelkader kyakkyawan ginshiki na faɗaɗa fagen mulkinsa, domin bin haka ne ya ƙirƙiri ƙasarsa mai adawa da mulkin Faransa.  A cikin wannan sabuwar jiha, Abdelkader shi ne shugaba tilo kuma ya shirya dakaru kusan 2,000.

Yayin da yake kan mulki, Abdelkader ya sanya burinsa na yin yunƙurin yin tir da mamayar Faransa a wasu larduna, kamar Algiers. Duk da haka, Faransawa ba su nuna sha'awar ja da baya daga wannan yakin ba. Abdelkader yana ganin wadannan ayyuka a matsayin sanadin yaki. Saboda haka, a watan Yulin 1839 ya tara manyan sarakunan dukkanin kabilun kasar tare da ayyana jihadi bisa sharadin. Ya zagaya kasar yana kira ga jihadi da kuma ciyar da bukatar shirye-shiryen yaki - ba da umarnin kudi, maza da makamai. A ƙarshen 1839, Abdelkader ya ba da sanarwar jihadi a hukumance. Yakin shekaru takwas ya biyo baya. 

Tsakanin shekara ta 1832 zuwa 1839 Abdelkader ya samu nasarar kafa wata kasa, wacce ta mamaye kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na kasar a kololuwarta, kuma ta takaita yawan mamayar Faransa a yankuna uku na gabar tekun da ke da matukar muhimmanci ga Faransawa da Aljeriya. 

 Ahmed Bey Resistance 
Ahmed Bey, Bey na karshe na Constantine, ya jagoranci al'ummar Aljeriya masu adawa da Faransawa a gabashin Aljeriya tare da taimakon Hussein Pasha . A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya sabunta sojojin da suka taimaka wajen kariyar da ya yi wa Constantine a kan sojojin Faransa. A shekara ta 1837, Faransawa suka kewaye Constantine, wanda ya tilastawa Ahmed Bey gudu zuwa tsaunin Aures inda ya ci gaba da jagorantar gwagwarmaya har zuwa 1848 lokacin da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka kama shi. 

 Mokrani Kabyle Revolt 
Yankin Kabylia ya kasance yana da 'yanci a koyaushe, yana da ikon kula da cibiyoyin su a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman . Sai dai a shekara ta 1830 Faransawa sun yi nasarar kutsawa yankin da al'ummarta, duk da turjiya daga mazauna yankin. Mummunan yanayi da ake fama da shi a yankin, kamar yunwa da Faransawa na cin karo da kabilu daban-daban da juna ta hanyar kyautata wa wasu fiye da wasu, shi ne ya haifar da boren Kabyle. Rikicin ya ci gaba a yankin har zuwa ƙarshen juyin juya halin Mokrani a 1871.

Tawayen Mokrani ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Cheikh Mokrani, wani mai martaba Kabyle. Abin da ya haifar da boren shi ne wani dan kasar Spahi - memba na sojan doki na Aljeriya karkashin mulkin Faransa - a shekara ta 1871, bayan ya ki a kai shi Faransa don yakar Franco-Prussian War .  Har ila yau Mokrani ya so tabbatar da 'yancin kai daga Faransanci kuma ya yanke shawarar tattara majalisar yaki don cimma wannan. Tawayen ya fara ne a cikin Afrilu 1871 tare da kusan 150,000 Kabyles sun shiga cikin tawaye, suna yin barazana ga aikin mulkin mallaka. Ya ƙare a watan Yunin 1872 lokacin da Faransawa suka kama babban jigon tawayen a wancan lokacin, Boumezrag. Tawayen ya mamaye mafi yawan Aljeriya kuma shi ne babban tawaye na karshe kafin fara yakin 'yantar da kasar, wanda ya kai ga samun 'yancin kai. 

 Tsayin Daka na Aljeriya a lokacin Aljeriya ta Faransa 

Aljeriya ta Faransa tana nufin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a kan Aljeriya, wanda ya fara a 1830 tare da mamayar Algiers a 1830 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da Yakin 'Yancin Aljeriya ya ƙare a 1962. Duk da cewa mulkin Aljeriya ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru 132 na mulkin Faransa, yankin bakin teku na Bahar Rum na Aljeriya, wanda ke da yawancin al'ummarta, an gudanar da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Faransa daga 1848 har zuwa samun 'yancin kai.

 Nau'ikan tsayin daka marasa tashin hankali na yau da kullun (1830s-1950s) 
Nau'ikan tsayin daka marasa tashin hankali game da rayuwar yau da kullun sun kasance na dindindin a cikin gwagwarmayar jama'ar Aljeriya a kan mamayar Faransa.

Bayan mamayar Faransa a 1830, wani nau'i na tsayin daka na gama-gari shine ƙauracewar Aljeriya zuwa wasu ƙasashen musulmi. Wannan ƙaura, wanda ke da alaƙa da hijirar Musulunci, an gane shi a fili a matsayin tsayin daka a kan sanya ikon da ba na Musulmi ba, kuma daga baya, na shigar soja.

Adawa da shiga cikin shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da Faransawa suka sanya, ƙin aika yara makarantun Faransa da kauracewa sun kasance daga cikin ayyukan marasa tashin hankali da jama'a suka ɗauka don nuna adawa da mulkin Faransa.

Yayin da a fagen jama'a al'adun Aljeriya ke fuskantar zalunci, gidaje da wuraren ibada sun zama sabbin wuraren tsayin daka a matsayin wuraren da aka kare da kuma ƙarfafa al'adun gargajiya.

 Kishi na Aljeriya 
main|Kishi na Aljeriya
Kishi na Aljeriya an siffanta shi ta hanyar rarrabuwar Faransa da Aljeriya; tashin hankali tsakanin harshen Faransa da na Aljeriya da al'adu. An samu kwarjini daga mutane irin su Ben Badis da Djamila Bouhired, waɗanda su biyu ne daga cikin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Aljeriya.

 Ƙungiyar Nasarar 'Yancin Dimokuraɗiyya 
main|Ƙungiyar Nasarar 'Yancin Dimokuraɗiyya
Lokacin da aka ayyana Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Aljeriya (Parti du Peuple Algerien, PPA) ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan zanga-zangar Sétif, an ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyar Nasarar 'Yancin Dimokuraɗiyya (MTDL) a watan Oktoba 1946 don maye gurbinta. Wannan sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin ƙasa har yanzu tana karkashin jagorancin Messali Hadj, wanda da farko ya nemi a kauracewa zaɓe. Koyaya, bayan an saki Messali Hadj daga kurkuku a 1946, 'yan takarar MTDL sun shiga zaɓukan farko na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa (Faransa) na sabuwar Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Faransa kuma sun sami kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kujeru 15 da aka keɓe ga Aljeriya Musulmi.

Wannan matakin ya fuskanci suka daga mambobin kishin ƙasa kuma a 1947 tare da hukumar MTDL, har yanzu suna dacewa da tsarin siyasar mulkin mallaka, an ƙirƙiri wata ƙungiya ta sirri, Ƙungiyar Musamman (OS), don ci gaba da gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai. Koyaya, rarrabuwar kai da sabani na cikin gida suna fitowa. Matasa da yawa sun shiga OS don yaƙar mulkin mallaka, kuma a lokaci guda ana ƙara tambayar Larabci da jagorancin Messali, musamman daga mambobin Berber.

Wannan ya haifar da rarrabuwa a 1953, tsakanin "Centralists", masu son juyin juya hali, da Messalists, masu ƙin fara aikin makamai a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.

 Ƙungiyar Musamman 
main|Ƙungiyar Musamman (Aljeriya)
Bayan kisan gilla na Sétif da Guelma, Aljeriya da yawa sun gane rashin yiwuwar sauyin zaman lafiya da sauya iko. “Yancin kai” ya zama babban burin kishin ƙasa na Aljeriya, tare da mutane da yawa da ke kira ga arangama da Faransawa, suna gane buƙatar yaƙin 'yan tawaye don samun 'yancin kai. A ƙarshen shekara, jagorancin MTDL ya amince da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Musamman. Ƙungiyar Musamman (Organisation Special, OS) wata ƙungiya ce ta sirri, wanda Mohamed Belouizdad na Ƙungiyar Nasarar 'Yancin Dimokuraɗiyya ya kafa a 1947. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, sun shirya don tawaye da Faransa tare da hare-hare na makamai, kamar wanda aka kai ga Ofishin Gidan Wasiƙu na Oran a 1949, don ba da kuɗin ayyukansu.

 Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa (FLN) 
Main|Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa (Aljeriya)
Tare da Messali yana rasa babban matsayinsa a matsayin shugaban kishin ƙasa na Aljeriya da kuma tashin hankali yana ƙaruwa a cikin Ƙungiyar Nasarar 'Yancin Dimokuraɗiyya (MTDL), ɓangaren "Centralists" na ƙungiyar sun kafa Kwamitin Juyin Juyin Kai da Ayyuka (Comité Révolutionnaire d’Unité et d’Action, CRUA). Daga nan sai ƙungiyar ta zama Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa (Front de Libération Nationale, FLN), wanda ya fara Yaƙin 'Yancin Kai a 1954.

 Juyin Juyin Aljeriya 
main|Yaƙin Aljeriya

Yaƙin Aljeriya an yi shi tsakanin Faransa da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa ta Aljeriya daga 1954 zuwa 1962, wanda ya haifar da Aljeriya ta sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa. Ya kasance muhimmin yaƙin samun 'yancin kai, yaƙi ne mai rikitarwa wanda ke da halin yaƙin 'yan tawaye da kuma amfani da azabtarwa a cikin Yaƙin Aljeriya.

 Tsayin daka na mata 
Main|Mata a Yaƙin Aljeriya
Kimanin mata 11,000 na Aljeriya sun shiga Yaƙin Aljeriya, musamman shiga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa (FNL).

Musamman ma, a lokacin Yaƙin Algiers (1956-1957), mata za su yi ado irin na Turawa kuma su sanya bama-bamai ba tare da wata tangarɗa ba a wuraren da Turawa masu mulkin mallaka ke yawan zuwa. Daya daga cikinsu ita ce Djamila Bouhired (1935- ), wacce ta zama alamar gwagwarmayar Aljeriya na neman 'yanci daga Faransawa lokacin da aka kama ta kuma aka azabtar da ita a kan zargin ta'addanci.

 Manazarta 

Ƙara karatu
 Horne, Alistair. (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962. Viking Press.
 McDougall, James. (2017). A History of Algeria. Cambridge University Press.
 McDougall, James. (2006). History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria. Cambridge University Press.