Gonvillefrench-Beytagh

The Very Revd Gonville Aubiefrfrench-Beytagh (26 ga Janairun 1913 - 10 ga Mayu 1991) ya kasance firist na Anglican wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Dean na Johannesburg . Ya kuma kasance mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata kuma an tsare shi a kurkuku kafin ya je shari'a saboda fafutukarsa.

 Yaronta 
An haifi Gonvillefrfrench-Beytagh a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 1912 a Shanghai, kasar Sin, ɗan fari na Leo Michaelfrfrenc-Beyitagh, babban jami'in kamfanin auduga na Irish kuma Edith McIlraith née Watson, wata mace ta Ingila da aka haifa a Yokohama .  Mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa sun rabu lokacin da Gonville yake ƙarami kuma mahaifiyarsa ta tafi Afirka ta Kudu. Mahaifinsa ya ba da kula da Gonville, tare da ƙanensa Michael da ƙanwarsa Patricia, ga Miss Esylt Newbery, wata budurwa malama wacce iyalin suka sadu da ita a Shanghai. Ba ta da alaƙa ta iyali da iyali kuma ta sami mai riƙewa kowane wata na shekaru da yawa. Ta dauki yaran zuwa Ingila don samun ilimi. Gonville ya halarci Makarantar Monkton Combe kusa da Bath daga 1926 zuwa 1927 sannan kuma Bristol Grammar School daga 1927 zuwa 1928.  Kwarewarsa na ɗakin sujada na makaranta, makarantar Lahadi, azuzuwan tabbatarwa da sansanonin bazara ya sa ya yanke shawarar kada ya sake halartar coci. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 ya bar Ingila zuwa New Zealand don koyon aikin gona a Makarantar Sakandare ta Waitaki Boys. An kore shi daga Waitaki saboda mummunar hali.  Bayan wani lokaci a cikin aiki na yau da kullun, haɗuwa da dangi mai nisa ya rinjaye shi ya yi tafiya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a 1932, inda mahaifiyarsa ke zaune yanzu.

 Afirka ta Kudu 
A Afirka ta Kudu ya ɗauki ayyuka masu ban mamaki ciki har da aikin ofis tare da Toc H a Johannesburg. Har yanzu ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, amma a Toc H nan da nan ya zama abokantaka da Jonathan Graham, ɗan'uwa mai addini a cikin Community of the Resurrection, Bishop Geoffrey Clayton na Johannesburg daga baya Archbishop na Cape Town, da Alan Paton, marubucin Cry the Beloved Country . Bayan kwantar da shi a asibiti lokacin da Alan Paton ya ziyarce shi sai ya sami juyin juya halin addini a ranar Kirsimeti a cikin Cathedral na St Mary, Johannesburg, inda dean ya kulle kofar don kiyaye masu shan giya daga Mass na Tsakar dare:

A shekara ta 1936, yana da shekaru 24 da shekara guda bayan kwarewarsa ta tuba, Bishop Clayton ya tura Ffrench-Beytagh zuwa Kwalejin tauhidin St Paul, Grahamstown Daga baya ya tuna:

Clayton ya bukaci shi ya dage, kuma ya sanya shi dikon a 1938 kuma ya naɗa shi firist a 1939.

 Ma'aikata 
Ya yi aiki a majami'u da yawa a Lardin Transvaal na lokacin, gami da Springs da St Boniface Church Germiston . A shekara ta 1952, an sanya shi Canon na St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg, kuma an nada shi firist mai kula da Ofishin Jakadancin St Alban ga mutane masu launi a kusa da Johannesburg. A farkon matakin hidimarsa bai bunkasa ilimin siyasa ba. A Saint Alban's, tare da lambobin sadarwa na farko na gaskiya a waje da fararen al'umma, "cikakken rashin ma'ana na nuna bambancin launin fata ya buge ni da gaske. "Ya kara yin takaici da ɓoye-ɓoye na wariyar launin fata. A shekara ta 1953, ya yi murabus daga fasfo dinsa na Afirka ta Kudu don nuna rashin amincewa da wucewar Dokar Ilimi ta Bantu.

Daga 1954 zuwa 1964 ya kasance Dean na Cathedral na St Mary da All Saints a Salisbury (yanzu Harare) a Kudancin Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe). Ya kawo ginin babban cocin kusa da kammalawa, amma sunansa a matsayin mai wa'azi mai gaskiya kuma mai adawa da wariyar launin fata yana tarawa, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi rikitarwa a cikin Rhodesia na Ian Smith a cikin lokacin da ya gabata kafin sanarwar Independence (UDI).

Ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a 1965 a matsayin Dean na St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg, da Archdeacon na Johannesburg Central. A can ya sami Alan Paton yana da fasfo, kuma yawancin fararen da ya sani kuma ya amince da su an ɗaure su ko kuma an tura su gudun hijira saboda yin magana don 'yanci. Da sauri ya zama fitaccen abokin adawar wariyar launin fata, yana Allah wadai da shi a matsayin "mai cin zarafi ga Allah da mutum. "frfrench-Beytagh ya yi yaƙi da ci gaba da kama Helen Joseph, memba na ikilisiyar babban coci, ya fara saduwa da Winnie Mandela, kuma ya buɗe ƙofofin babban coci ga masu zanga-zangar baƙar fata da suka bi su da matakai na babban coci ta hanyar 'yan sanda suna doke su da sjamboks, karnukan' yan sanda da ke tsalle a kan su.

 Yaki da wariyar launin fata 

A shekarar 1970, yayin da yake hutu a birnin Landan, ya shirya tare da Canon John Collins na St Paul's Cathedral, wanda shi ne shugaban International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (IDAF) kuma fitaccen jagora a ƙungiyar Yaki da Wariyar Launin Fata, cewa IDAF za ta tura tallafi ta hanyar Alison Norman, abokiyar su duka da ffrench-Beytagh ya hadu da ita a Harare, zuwa wani asusun jin ƙai da ffrench-Beytagh ke kula da shi a matsayin limamin cocin Johannesburg domin tallafawa iyalan baƙi da ke zaune a gundumomin Johannesburg. Kuɗin za su sayi abinci da tufafin yara, su biya kudin haya da kudin makaranta, har ma su taimaka wajen biyan kuɗin ziyartar fursunoni, musamman tafiye-tafiye masu nisa zuwa wurare kamar Robben Island.

 Kama da shari'a 

An dinga sanya ido sosai a kansa daga Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha (BOSS). An kama shi a ranar 20 ga Janairu 1971 kuma an tsare shi shi kadai tare da tsananta masa bincike.

Da farko, an zarge shi da tallafa wa haramtattun ayyuka na African National Congress (ANC) da kuma Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rike takardunsu. An ambaci Alison Norman a matsayin mai hadin baki. Yayin da ake tsare da shi, an gudanar da zanga-zanga da addu’o’i a fadin Afirka ta Kudu, kuma kararrawar cocin cathedral da na wasu coci-coci a unguwanni suna kadawa a kullum don nuna rashin jin daɗi.

A ranar 2 ga Agusta 1971, shari'ar Reverend Gonville Aubie ffrench-Beytagh ta fara a Kotun Koli ta Pretoria a gaban Alkalin Justice P. M. Cillié, inda lauya Sydney Kentridge ya wakilce shi. Babban shaidar masu kara shi ne Kenneth Jordaan, wanda BOSS ta shigar a matsayin mai hidima a bagon cocin da kuma amini. Jordaan ya ce ya ji dean yana kiran Black Sash da su aikata tashin hankali a kan gwamnati, kuma ya zarge shi da hannu cikin makircin kifar da gwamnati ta hanyar tashin hankali, yana mai cewa juyin juya hali yana da tushe a wasu lokuta.

A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1971, an same shi da laifi a kan tuhume-tuhume goma na yin ayyukan tayar da hankali a kan gwamnati.

A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1972, kotun daukaka kara ta amince da korafin ffrench-Beytagh na rashin jin dadin hukuncin da aka yanke masa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci, a cikin Kotun Koli ta Afirka ta Kudu da ke Bloemfontein. Nan da nan Dean ya bar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa birnin London a rana guda.

 Shekarun ƙarshe 

Ya sha wahala wajen samun cocin da zai yi hidima a Ingila; duk da haka, ya karɓi matsayin mataimaki a St Matthew's, Westminster. A shekarar 1974, ya koma ya zama limamin St. Vedast-alias-Foster. Wannan coci da ke cikin Birnin London ba ta da mazauna a matsayin mambobin cocin, wanda ya ba ffrench-Beytagh damar mai da hankali kan rubuce-rubuce da jagoranci na ruhaniya. Ya yi ritaya daga St Vedast a lokacin Kirsimeti na shekara ta 1986, ya koma zaune tare da abokai, ciki har da Alison Norman, a wata ƙungiya marar tsari da ke Tower Hamlets. Ya rasu a Asibitin London da ke Mile End a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1991, kusan shekaru ashirin bayan tilasta masa barin Afirka ta Kudu.

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Rukuni:Mutuwan 1991
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912