Yaƙin Basasar Mozambik

Yaƙin Basasa na Mozambik (Guerra Civil Moçambicana) wani yaƙin basasa ne da aka gwabza a Mozambik daga 1977 zuwa 1992 saboda haɗakar rikicin cikin gida da kuma tasirin siyasar Cold War. Yaƙin ya kasance tsakanin gwamnatin FRELIMO ta Mozambik mai ra'ayin gurguzu, ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye masu adawa da kwaminisanci ta RENAMO, wacce Rhodesia ke marawa baya, da kuma wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar PRM, UNAMO, COREMO, UNIPOMO, da FUMO.

RENAMO ta yi adawa da ƙoƙarin FRELIMO na kafa gwamnatin gurguzu mai jam'iyya daya, kuma gwamnatocin Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu masu adawa da kwaminisanci sun ba ta goyon baya sosai waɗanda suka mara mata baya don raunana goyon bayan FRELIMO ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa masu fafutuka a ƙasashensu. Sama da Mozambik miliyan daya sun mutu a yaƙin ko kuma sun mutu saboda yunwa saboda katsewar samar da abinci; ƙarin miliyan biyar sun rasa matsugunansu a yankin. Yaƙin Basasa na Mozambik ya lalata yawancin muhimman abubuwan more rayuwa na Mozambik a yankunan karkara, ciki har da asibitoci, layukan dogo, tituna, da makarantu. An zargi jami'an tsaron FRELIMO da 'yan tawaye na RENAMO da aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da yawa, ciki har da amfani da sojojin yara da kuma narkar da kaso mai yawa na yankin karkara da nakiyoyi. Kasashe makwabta uku—Zimbabwe, Tanzania, da Malawi—a ƙarshe sun tura sojoji zuwa Mozambik don kare muradun tattalin arzikinsu daga hare-haren RENAMO.

Yaƙin Basasa na Mozambik ya ƙare a 1992, bayan rugujewar goyon baya daga Tarayyar Soviet da Afirka ta Kudu ga FRELIMO da RENAMO, bi da bi. Tattaunawar zaman lafiya kai tsaye ta fara kusan 1990 tare da shiga tsakani na Majalisar Coci ta Mozambik da gwamnatin Italiya; waɗannan sun kai ga Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Rome wacce ta kawo karshen rikicin a hukumance. Sakamakon Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Rome, sassan RENAMO sun rushe ko kuma an haɗa su cikin sojojin Mozambik kuma an kafa Operation Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Mozambik (ONUMOZ) don taimakawa wajen sake ginawa bayan yaƙin. Tashin hankali tsakanin RENAMO da FRELIMO ya sake barkewa tsakanin 2013 da 2018, wanda ya sa ta farko ta sake farfado da tawayenta. Wannan ƙaramin rikici na biyu ya ƙare da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a 2019.

 Tarihi 
 Samun 'Yanci 
Portugal ta yi yakin yaki da tawaye mai tsawo kuma mai zafi a cikin manyan yankunanta uku na Afirka—Angola, Mozambik, da Guinea-Bissau—daga 1960s zuwa tsakiyar 1970s, lokacin da suka samu 'yanci a karshe bayan Juyin Juya Hali na Carnation. A Mozambik, gwagwarmayar makamai da mulkin mallaka ta fara ne daga Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), wanda aka fara kafa shi a gudun hijira amma daga baya ta yi nasarar kwace iko da manyan sassa na kasar daga Portuguese. FRELIMO ta samo tushen goyon bayanta na farko daga ma'aikatan Mozambik masu hijira da masana masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka fuskanci sabon shaharar yakin yaki da mulkin mallaka da kishin kasa a ƙasashen waje, da kuma mutanen Makonde da sauran kabilun arewacin Mozambik, inda tasirin Portuguese ya kasance mafi rauni. Yawancin membobinta an samo su daga ma'aikatan Makonde waɗanda suka shaida zanga-zangar nuna goyon bayan 'yanci a Tanganyika da Birtaniya ke mulki. A watan Satumba 1964, FRELIMO ta fara tawayen makamai a kan Portuguese. Yanke shawararta na ɗaukar makamai ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan cikin gida da na waje da yawa, wato nasarorin da aka samu kwanan nan na ƙungiyoyin yaki da mulkin mallaka na asali a French Indochina da French Algeria, da kuma karfafa gwiwa daga shugabannin Afirka na zamani kamar Ahmed Ben Bella, Gamal Abdel Nasser, da Julius Nyerere. Mayakan FRELIMO sun fara samun horo galibi a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a kasashe kamar Algeria, tare da Tarayyar Soviet da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin suna ba da kayan aikin soja.

Portugal ta mayar da martani ta hanyar gina babban jami'an soja da jami'an tsaro a Mozambik. Har ila yau, ta kafa dangantakar tsaro ta kud da kud da makwabtan Mozambik guda biyu, Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu. A 1970, Portuguese sun ƙaddamar da Operation Gordian Knot, wanda da farko ya yi nasara wajen kawar da yawan mayakan FRELIMO da tushen goyon bayansu a arewacin kasar; duk da haka, sake tura sojojin Portuguese da yawa zuwa arewacin Mozambik ya ba FRELIMO damar tsananta ayyukanta a wani wuri a kasar. A shekara mai zuwa, Portugal ta kafa kawancen soja mara tsari tare da Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka sani da Alcora Exercise. Wakilai daga cibiyoyin tsaro na kasashe uku sun amince da haduwa lokaci-lokaci don raba bayanan sirri da daidaita ayyuka a kan kungiyoyin kishin kasa masu fafutuka a kasashensu. A lokaci guda, FRELIMO kuma ta nemi dangantaka ta kud da kud da ta karshen; misali, a 1971 ta kafa kawance da Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA). An ba da izinin 'yan tawaye na ZANLA su shiga Rhodesia daga yankin da FRELIMO ke rike da shi. A cikin ƙarshen 1960s, Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) kuma ta yi amfani da rugujewar ikon soja na Portuguese a Mozambik don fara kutsawa Afirka ta Kudu daga wannan yankin.

A watan Afrilu 1974, tsarin siyasa na Estado Novo na Portugal ya wargaje sakamakon Juyin Juya Halin Carnation. Juyin Juya Halin ya kuma kawo mulkin soja da aka sani da Armed Forces Movement, wanda ya himmatu wajen kawar da yankunan mulkin mallaka da kawo karshen yaƙe-yaƙe na Afirka masu tsada. Rikicin a babban birnin ya yi daidai da ƙaruwar rashin kwanciyar hankali a Mozambik da kuma ci gaba da raunin ikon Portugal a yankin mulkin mallaka na Gabashin Afirka. Sababbin jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban sun fito a Mozambik, ciki har da wasu ta hanyar rarrabuwar FRELIMO, a cikin watannin da suka biyo baya don shirye-shiryen zaɓe na jam'iyyu da yawa. Duk da haka, FRELIMO ta dage kan a amince da ita a matsayin kawai wakiliyar halaltacciyar ƙasar Mozambik. Ta ki amincewa da shawarwari don zaɓe na jam'iyyu da yawa kuma ta yi amfani da rudanin a cikin tsarin soja na Portuguese don tsananta yakin gwauron gwauron gwauron ta. A farkon watan Satumba 1974, Portugal ta sanar da cewa tana amincewa da buƙatar FRELIMO. Babu zaɓe da za a yi a Mozambik; a maimakon haka, bayan lokacin miƙa mulki na wata tara, za a ba da mukaman gwamnatin gida ga jami'an FRELIMO.

Yanke shawarar Portuguese na miƙa mulki ga FRELIMO, ba tare da zaɓen raba gardama na gida ba, an karbe shi da tsoro mai tsanani daga abokan Cold War na Portugal: Afirka ta Kudu, Rhodesia, da Amurka. Gwamnatin Amurka ta annabta cewa Mozambik mai cin gashin kanta karkashin jagorancin FRELIMO za ta kasance a ƙarƙashin tasirin Soviet bloc. Ƙungiyoyin adawa na baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu sun bayyana cewa za su kawo jami'an FRELIMO don jawabi a tarukan da ake gudanarwa kusa da Durban, Johannesburg, da Jami'ar Arewacin Transvaal. Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu sun hana zanga-zangar, amma masu fafutuka sun ci gaba duk da haka saboda ƙin yarda da 'yan sanda. A karshen shekara, an kama mutane sittin saboda shirya zanga-zangar nuna goyon bayan FRELIMO.

A Mozambik, sanarwar ta haifar da tawaye daga abubuwan da suka dace a cikin fararen fata, tare da tsoffin sojojin mulkin mallaka da wasu Mozambik baƙar fata waɗanda ke fusata da shigar FRELIMO kai tsaye cikin mulki. Masu tawayen sun roƙi Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia don taimakon soja don hana kafa gwamnatin FRELIMO. Duk da haka, firaministan Afirka ta Kudu B. J. Vorster bai so ya shiga tsakani ba, yana jin tsoron hukunci daga ƙasashen duniya saboda duk wani tsoma baki a cikin tsarin decolonization a wata ƙasa makwabta. Firaministan Rhodesia Ian Smith ya fi nuna tausayi ga lamarin masu tawaye amma ya ji cewa ba zai iya yin aiki ba tare da tabbacin goyon bayan Afirka ta Kudu ba. An murkushe tawayen a ƙarshe bayan kwana huɗu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa mara yiwuwa na sojojin Portuguese da FRELIMO.

A ranar 25 ga Yuni 1975 Mozambik ta sami 'yanci daga Portugal a hukumance, tare da Shugaban FRELIMO Samora Machel ya zama Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mozambik.

 Halin Siyasar Kasa 

File:RhodesiaAllies1965.png|thumb|Halin siyasar ƙasa na Rhodesia a 1965. Rhodesia an rina ta kore kuma ƙasashe masu abokantaka ga gwamnati (Afirka ta Kudu da Portugal) an nuna su da shunayya.

File:RhodesiaAllies1975-en.svg|thumb|Halin siyasar ƙasa na Rhodesia bayan samun 'yanci na Angola da Mozambik a 1975. Rhodesia kanta an nuna ta da kore, ƙasashen masu abokantaka ga 'yan gwagwarmayar ƙasa an nuna su da orange, kuma Afirka ta Kudu da yankinta South-West Africa (yanzu Namibia) an rina su da shunayya.

Samun 'yancin kai na Mozambik da Angola a 1975 ya kalubalanci mulkin farar fata a Kudancin Afirka. Na farko, yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yancin kai a Angola da Mozambik sun nuna cewa ko da tare da manyan albarkatun soja kusan ba zai yiwu ba ga ƴan tsirarun fararen fata su tabbatar da tsaron membobinsu, balle su yi iko da jama'ar da aka tattara da kuma masu tashin hankali a waje da manyan cibiyoyin mulki. Rushewar mulkin mallaka na Portuguese ya ba da bege ga gwagwarmayar ƴancin kai na baƙar fata a wancan lokacin a Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia masu nuna wariyar launin fata. Na biyu, a duka ƙasashen motsin gurguzu na juyin juya hali sun sami iko. Waɗannan motsin sun yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin ƴancin kai na baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia, kuma sun ci gaba da goyon bayansu a fili, suna ba su mafaka daga inda za su iya daidaita ayyukansu da horar da sabbin sojoji. Kamar yadda Shugaba Machel ya bayyana a wata jawabi a 1975: "Gwagwarmayar a Zimbabwe ita ce gwagwarmayarmu."

Samun 'yancin kai na Mozambik ya kasance mai matukar lalacewa ga Rhodesia da fararen fata ke mulki ta fuskoki daban-daban. Rundunar sojin Rhodesia ba ta da isasshen ma'aikata don kare iyakar ta mai tsawo da Mozambik daga 'yan tawayen ZANLA masu shigowa. A lokaci guda, gwamnatin wariyar launin fata da mulkin Smith sun rasa Portugal a matsayin abokin tarayya kuma tare da ita dubban sojoji da aka tura a yakin mulkin mallaka na Portuguese. Bugu da ƙari, Rhodesia ta yi amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Mozambik a matsayin babbar hanyar shigo da fitar da kayayyaki, tare da sama da kashi 80% na duk kayan da aka shigo da su ta hanyar Maputo da Beira zuwa ƙasar da aka kakaba takunkumi mai tsanani. Rashin waɗannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa bayan Shugaba Machel ya ayyana takunkumi a kan ƙasar ya ƙara raunana tattalin arzikin Rhodesia da ke rarrafe kuma ya fusata gwamnatin Ian Smith.José Mota Lopes da Mario Borgdeth, "Borders of Blood" Kanemo Production and Communication Ltd.

Don haka tare da raunin da gwamnatocin farar fata na Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia suka samu sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru na 1974/75, duka gwamnatocin sun nemi raunana sabbin ƙasashe masu cin gashin kai da kuma lalata burin FRELIMO na gina jihar gurguzu ta farko, mara bambancin launin fata a Kudancin Afirka.Bob da Amy Coen, "Mozambique: The Struggle for Survival" Video Africa, 1987 Ƙarfin ƙasashe na tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin ƴancin kai na ƙasa ya kuma damu Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia kuma duka ƙasashen sun nemi dabarun kai hari na farko don tinkarar wannan sabuwar barazana. Wannan ya bayyana kansa a cikin kafa RENAMO da Rhodesia ta ɗauki nauyi, sannan ake kira Mozambique National Resistance (MNR), a 1974 da kuma amincewar Afirka ta Kudu ga "Total National Strategy."

 Rikicin Cikin Gida na Mozambik 

 Masu Adawa da FRELIMO 

Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, FRELIMO ta fara canza Mozambik zuwa kasar gurguzu mai jam’iyya daya. Wannan ya biyo bayan murkushe masu adawa da kuma mallakar muhimman wuraren tattalin arziki da Portuguese masu gudu suka bari. Jam’iyyun siyasa da yawa sun fito kusan cikin dare kuma sun yi takara da FRELIMO don mulki. Yawancin waɗannan jam’iyyun kamar COREMO da UNAR sun kunshi masu adawa da FRELIMO kamar Uria Simango da Lazaro Nkavandame. An kama mutanen biyu kuma an yanke musu hukunci a gaban Samora Machel kafin a tura su sansanonin sake ilmantarwa. An ruwaito cewa an kashe Simango ba tare da shari'a baMozambik: hanyar wahala zuwa dimokradiyya na J. Cabrita, Macmillan, 2001. ISBN 9780333920015 yayin da aka ruwaito Nkavandame ya mutu sanadiyar ajali.

Bugu da kari, mallakar yawancin kamfanoni mallakin Portuguese a baya, tsoron ramuwar gayya a kan fararen fata, da kuma wa'adin ko dai a karbi zama dan kasa na Mozambik ko kuma a bar kasar cikin kwanaki 90, ya kori mafi yawan Portuguese Mozambik 370,000 masu fararen fata daga kasar. Yayin da Portuguese ke barin wasu da gangan sun lalata tattalin arzikin, sun sace kudaden shiga daga masana'antu, sun tuka taraktoci cikin teku kuma sun zuba siminti cikin magudanun ruwa. Fitowar Portuguese ta haifar da rikicin tattalin arziki saboda 'yan Afirka kalilan ne suka sami ilimi mafi girma ko ma ilimin firamare a karkashin mulkin Portuguese tare da sama da kashi 95% na yawan jama'a marasa ilimi.Mario Mouzinho Karatun rubutu a Mozambik: kalubalen ilimi ga kowa UNESCO, 2006

 Juya Tsarin Gargajiya da Sansanonin Sake Ilimantarwa 

A matsayin jam'iyyar Marxist mai juyin juya hali, FRELIMO ta fara juyar da tsarin mulki na gargajiya, na kabilanci wanda ya bunƙasa sosai a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Portuguese don magance yanki da kabilanci don gina gida guda ɗaya, asalin ƙasa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan samun 'yancin kai an kori sarakunan gargajiya da yawa daga matsayin mulki kuma an ɗaure yawancin masu adawa a sansanonin sake ilmantarwa.Igreja 2007, p.128. Wani tushen rikici kuma shi ne ci gaba da tsarin aldeamento da Portuguese suka gabatar a matsayin hanyar yin amfani da iko da hana hulɗa tsakanin jama'a da 'yan tawaye. Ya tilasta dubban manoma su koma ƙauyuka na haɗin gwiwa da gonaki na haɗin gwiwa inda aka ba su abinci, ruwa da kiwon lafiya, amma ba su da isasshen kayan aiki da kuɗi don yin noma yadda ya kamata. FRELIMO ta yi fatan cewa wannan tsarin zai ba da damar cika burin ci gaban noma mai girma, amma aiwatar da shi sau da yawa ya raba sassan jama'ar karkara,

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