FRELIMO

FRELIMO ( ; daga Portuguese Frente de Libertação de Moçambique, transl. Mozambique Liberation Front  jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta gurguzu ta dimokuraɗiyya  a Mozambique. Tana mulkin ƙasar tun bayan da ta samu 'yancin kai daga Portugal a shekarar 1975.

An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1962, FRELIMO ya fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa da ke fafutukar neman yancin kai da 'yancin kai na Mozambique daga mulkin mallaka na Portugal. A lokacin gwagwarmayar 'yan mulkin mallaka, FRELIMO ta ci gaba da kulla dangantakar abokantaka da Tarayyar Soviet da Sin, kuma ta samu taimakon soja da na tattalin arziki daga dukkansu.Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, 2007. p. 226 An samu 'yancin kai a watan Yunin 1975 bayan juyin juya halin Carnation a Lisbon a shekarar da ta gabata.Frontiersmen: Warfare In Africa Since 1950, 2002. p. 49. FRELIMO a hukumance ta zama jam'iyyar siyasa a yayin taronta na Jam'iyyar ta 3 a cikin watan Fabrairu 1977, kuma ta karɓi Marxism-Leninism a matsayin akidar hukuma da Jam'iyyar FRELIMO () a matsayin sunansa na hukuma.Mozambique in the twentieth century: from colonialism to independence, 1979. p. 271A History of FRELIMO, 1982. p. 13Encyclopedia Americana: Sumatra to Trampoline, 2005. p. 275

FRELIMO ita ce jam'iyya mai mulki a Mozambik tun daga lokacin, tun da farko a matsayin jam'iyyar shari'a ɗaya tilo a tsarin jam'iyya ɗaya, daga baya kuma ta zama zaɓaɓɓiyar gwamnatin dimokuraɗiyya a tsarin jam'iyya mai rinjaye. FRELIMO ta yi yakin basasa da aka daɗe  daga shekarun 1976 zuwa 1992 a kan 'yan gurguzu na Mozambik National Resistance ko RENAMO. RENAMO ta samu goyon baya daga gwamnatocin ƙananan ƙabilu na Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu. FRELIMO ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa a shekarar 1990, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin jam’iyya ɗaya da kafa tsarin jam’iyyu da yawa. Tun daga lokacin ne FRELIMO ta zama jam'iyyar da ke da rinjaye a Mozambique kuma ta samu rinjayen kujeru a majalisar dokokin ƙasar  a kowane zaɓe tun bayan zaɓen jam'iyyu da yawa na farko a kasar a shekarar 1994.

 Tarihi 

 Yaƙin neman 'Yanci kai (1964-1974) 
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, yayin da yawancin ƙasashen Turai ke ba da 'yancin kai ga yankunansu, Portugal, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Estado Novo, ta ci gaba da cewa Mozambique da sauran kayan Portuguese sun kasance yankunan ketare na babban birni (ƙasar uwa). Hijira zuwa yankunan ya ƙaru. Kiraye-kirayen neman 'yancin kai na Mozambique ya ci gaba cikin sauri, kuma a cikin shekarar 1962 da dama ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu adawa da mulkin mallaka suka kafa FRELIMO. A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1964, ta ƙaddamar da kamfen na yaƙi da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Portugal ta yi mulkin Mozambique fiye da shekaru ɗari huɗu; Ba dukan 'yan Mozambique ne ke son 'yancin kai ba, kuma kaɗan ne ke neman sauyi ta hanyar juyin-juya hali.

An kafa FRELIMO a Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika, a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1962, lokacin da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa guda uku masu tushe: Mozambican African National Union (MANU), National Democratic Union of Mozambique (UDENAMO), National African Union of Independent Mozambique (UNAMI) a haɗe zuwa wani faffaɗan fafutukar fafutuka. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Eduardo Mondlane, wanda aka zaɓa shugaban sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka kafa, FRELIMO ta zauna a hedkwatarta a shekarar 1963 a Dar es Salaam.  Uria Simango ita ce mataimakin shugabanta na farko.

A lokacin ba za a iya kafa wannan yunkuri a Mozambik ba yayin da 'yan Portugal ɗin ke adawa da yunkurin 'yan kishin ƙasa kuma 'yan sanda ne ke iko da yankin. (Kungiyoyin da suka kafa uku kuma sun yi gudun hijira.) Tanzaniya da shugabanta, Julius Nyerere, sun nuna tausayi ga ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Mozambique. Tabbatar da abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan, irin su kisan kiyashin Mueda, cewa tashin hankali ba zai haifar da 'yancin kai ba, FRELIMO ya yi la'akari da yiwuwar gwagwarmayar makamai tun daga farko. Ta kaddamar da farmakinta na farko a watan Satumban 1964.

A lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai da ya biyo baya, FRELIMO ta samu tallafi daga Tarayyar Soviet,  ,  asashen Scandinavia, da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Yamma. Tattaunawar kowa, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, ya sa aka fara shigar da mata cikin yakin.  Da farko an yi amfani da mata don jigilar kayayyaki daga Tanzaniya, amma bayan lokaci an ba su aikin "yin tuntuɓar farko da jama'a a wani sabon yanki."  Ana son mata su yi hulɗa da jama'ar gari su sanya su siyasa. Wannan jawabin ya taimaka wajen halatta ƴan mata a matsayin masu neman sauyi na gaske.

Frelimo ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Tsaro, a matsayin wata hanya ta ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin mata da kuma faɗaɗa goyon bayan Frelimo.  Mata masu fafutuka sun kawo "sabon ƙarfi mai mahimmanci ga gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali." 

Farkon aikin soja na Frelimo ya kasance a Arewacin ƙasar; A ƙarshen 1960s ta kafa "yankunan da aka 'yanta" a Arewacin Mozambique wanda, maimakon Portuguese, ya zama ikon farar hula. A wajen gudanar da waɗannan yankuna, FRELIMO ta yi aiki don inganta yawan manoma don samun tallafinsu. Yayin da yankunan da aka 'yantar suka girma, an maye gurbin tsarin mulkin mulkin mallaka, kamar yadda masu fafutuka na Frelimo da shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi suka ɗauki nauyin iko. Shugabannin al'adun gargajiya sun saba da sarrafa "ƙarfin haɓaka da haɓakar mata."  Sun "ki amincewa da 'yancin mata na shiga gwagwarmayar makamai kuma sun kare tsarin farashin amarya, auren yara da auren mata fiye da ɗaya."  Waɗannan al'adun gargajiya "an duba su a matsayin wanda bai dace da ka'idodin al'ummar juyin juya hali ba."Cabrita, Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 116.  A tsawon lokaci, an ba da izini ga tsarin iko na gargajiya ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da mulkin mallaka na Portuguese da rashin iya ɗaukar mahimman sassa na akidar juyin juya hali.  Frelimo ya ƙarfafa ƙirƙira ƙungiyoyin jama'a da haɓaka damar samun ilimi da kiwon lafiya sosai. Sau da yawa ana tura sojojin FRELIMO zuwa ayyukan taimakon likita.

Abubuwan da mambobinta suka samu a cikin yankunan da aka 'yantar sun haifar da jagorancin FRELIMO yana ci gaba da tafiya zuwa manufofin Markisanci. FRELIMO ya yi la'akari da cin gajiyar tattalin arzikin da babban birnin Yamma ke yi a matsayin babban abokin gaba na al'ummar Mozambik, ba 'yan Portugal ba, kuma ba Turawa gaba ɗaya ba. Ko da yake jam'iyyar kishin ƙasa ce ta Afirka, amma ta dauki matakin da ba na ƙabilanci ba. Fararen fata da yawa sun kasance mambobi.

Ana kallon yakin 'yantar da shi a matsayin kin amincewa da "ayyukan masu kawo cikas, al'ada-feudal da na jari hujja."  Sauyin "dangantakar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga mata.  'Yancin mata "ba aikin agaji ba ne," a'a, "wani muhimmin abu ne ga juyin juya hali, tabbacin ci gaba da shi da kuma sharadi na nasararsa."  Wannan hangen nesa ya gane babban ƙarfin aiki da mata suka kafa. Frelimo ta yarda cewa shigar mata cikin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun zai haifar da ingantaccen tattalin arzikin Mozambique. An ƙarfafa jama'a su kalli 'yantar da mata a matsayin mahimmanci don inganta rayuwar al'ummar Mozambique.

Shekarun farko na jam'iyyar, a lokacin da tafarkin Markisanci ya samo asali, lokaci ne na rikice-rikice na cikin gida. Mondlane, tare da Marcelino dos Santos, Samora Machel, Joaquim Chissano da kuma yawancin kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar sun inganta gwagwarmaya ba kawai don 'yancin kai ba amma don samar da al'ummar gurguzu. Babban taron jam'iyya na 2, wanda aka gudanar a watan Yulin 1968, ya amince da manufofin gurguzu. An sake zaɓen Mondlane a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar sannan kuma aka sake zaɓen Uria Simango a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa.

Bayan kashe Mondlane a watan Fabrairun 1969, Uria Simango ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin, amma an samu saɓani a kan shugabancinsa. A cikin watan Afrilu 1969, mai nasara ya ɗauki jagoranci, tare da Machel da Marcelino dos Santos sun kara da Simango. Bayan wasu watanni, a watan Nuwamba 1969, Machel da dos Santos sun kori Simango daga FRELIMO. Simango ya bar FRELIMO ya shiga cikin ƙaramin kwamitin juyin juya hali na Mozambik (COREMO).

FRELIMO ta kafa wasu yankuna na ''yantattu'' (yankin karkara tare da mazauna karkara da ke karkashin ikon FRELIMO guerrillas) a Arewacin Mozambique. Yunkurin ya girma cikin ƙarfi a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Yayin da yakin siyasa na FRELIMO ya samu daidaito, dakarunsa sun ci gaba da samun karfin soji, inda suka mamaye kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin Mozambique a shekara ta 1969, galibi a lardunan arewa da tsakiyar ƙasar. Ba ta iya samun iko da garuruwan da ke cikin yankunan "yantattu" ba amma ta kafa kanta a yankunan karkara.

A cikin shekarar 1970 ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta yi asara mai yawa yayin da ƙasar Portugal ta ƙaddamar da gagarumin aikinta na Gordian Knot Operation (Operação Nó Górdio), wanda Janar Kaúlza de Arriaga na Sojan Portugal ya shirya. A farkon shekarun 1970, dakarun FRELIMO mai dakaru 7,000 sun buɗe sabbin fagage a tsakiya da arewacin Mozambique.

Juyin Juyin Halitta na watan Afrilu 1974 a Portugal ya hambarar da gwamnatin Portugal Estado Novo, kuma kasar ta juya baya ga goyon bayan dogon yakin mulkin mallaka a Mozambique, Angola da Guinea-Bissau. Portugal da FRELIMO sun yi shawarwari don samun 'yancin kai na Mozambique, wanda ya haifar da gwamnatin rikon kwarya har zuwa 'yancin kai a hukumance daga Portugal a watan Yunin 1975.

FRELIMO ta kafa ƙasa mai jam'iyya ɗaya  bisa ka'idojin gurguzu, inda aka sake zaɓen Samora Machel a matsayin shugaban FRELIMO sannan kuma shugaban farko na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mozambique. Sabuwar gwamnatin ta fara samun karɓuwa ta diflomasiyya, tallafin tattalin arziki da na soja daga Cuba da kuma ƙasashen kungiyar Socialist. Marcelino dos Santos ya zama mataimakin shugaban FRELIMO kuma an faɗaɗa kwamitin tsakiya. 

A lokaci guda FRELIMO ya yi mu'amala da ƙananan jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban da suka taso kuma a yanzu suke fafutukar neman mulkin ƙasar Mozambique tare da FRELIMO tare da martanin fararen fata. Ƙungiyoyin da suka shahara sun haɗa da FICO ("Na tsaya" a cikin Fotigal) da "Dragons of Death" wanda ya yi karo da FRELIMO kai tsaye.Unknown Author, "Mozambique Radio Seized by Ex‐Portuguese Soldiers", The New York Times, 7 September 1974  Sojojin gwamnati sun shiga cikin sauri kuma suka farfasa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin tare da kama masu adawa da FRELIMO daban-daban da masu haɗin gwiwa na Portugal waɗanda ke da hannu a FICO, Dragons da sauran ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda suka haɗa kai ko haɗa kai ga FRELIMO. Waɗannan sun hada da fitattun ‘yan adawa irin su Uria Simango, matarsa Celina, Paulo Gumane, Lazaro Nkavandame da Adelino Gwambe.

 Manazarta 

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