Kiɗa a cikin yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata

Tsarin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu ya fara ne a 1948 kuma ya kasance har zuwa 1994. Ya haɗa da tsarin rarrabe launin fata da fararen fata, kuma ya sanya duk ikon siyasa a hannun fararen fata. Hamayya da wariyar launin fata ta bayyana ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da kauracewa, zanga-zangar da ba ta da ƙarfi, da juriya mai makamai. Kiɗa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata a cikin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma adawa da kasa da kasa ga wariyar launinariya.   Tasirin waƙoƙin da ke adawa da wariyar launin fata sun haɗa da wayar da kan jama'a, samar da tallafi ga motsi da ke ada da wariyar jinsi, gina hadin kai a cikin wannan motsi, da kuma "bayar da madadin hangen nesa na al'adu a Afirka ta Kudu ta gaba".

Abubuwan da ke cikin waƙoƙin da sautin wannan kiɗa sun nuna yanayin da aka tsara shi. Waƙoƙin zanga-zangar na shekarun 1950, ba da daɗewa ba bayan wariyar launin fata ya fara, a bayyane ya magance korafin mutane game da dokokin wucewa da kuma tilasta ƙaura. Bayan Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville a cikin 1960 da kuma kamawa ko gudun hijira na shugabannin da yawa, waƙoƙi sun zama mafi ƙasƙanci, yayin da karuwar tantancewa ta tilasta musu yin amfani da ma'anoni masu ɓoye da ɓoye. Waƙoƙi da wasan kwaikwayon sun kuma ba mutane damar kauce wa ƙuntatawa mafi tsauri akan wasu nau'ikan magana. A lokaci guda, waƙoƙi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juriya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya fara a cikin shekarun 1960. Tashin hankali na Soweto a shekara ta 1976 ya haifar da sake farfadowa, tare da waƙoƙi kamar "Soweto Blues" da ke ƙarfafa ƙalubalen kai tsaye ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. Wannan yanayin ya kara karfi a cikin shekarun 1980, tare da ƙungiyoyin haɗin launin fata da ke gwada dokokin wariyar launin fata, kafin a rushe su tare da sakin Nelson Mandela a cikin 1990 da kuma maido da mulkin mafi rinjaye a cikin 1994. Ta hanyar tarihinta, kiɗa na adawa da wariyar launin fata a cikin Afirka ta Kudu ya fuskanci babban tantancewa daga gwamnati, kai tsaye da kuma ta hanyar Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Afirka ta Kudu; Bugu da ƙari, mawaƙa da ke adawa da gwamnati sun fuskanci barazana, tsangwama, da kamawa.

Masu kiɗa daga wasu ƙasashe suma sun shiga cikin juriya ga wariyar launin fata, ta hanyar sakin kiɗa mai sukar gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma shiga cikin kauracewa al'adun Afirka ta Kudu daga 1980 zuwa gaba. Misalan sun hada da "Biko" na Peter Gabriel, "Sun City" na Artists United Against Apartheid da kuma kide-kide don girmama ranar haihuwar Nelson Mandela ta 70. Shahararrun mawaƙa na Afirka ta Kudu kamar Miriam Makeba da Hugh Masekela, waɗanda aka tilasta musu zuwa gudun hijira, sun kuma saki kiɗa mai sukar wariyar launin fata, kuma wannan kiɗa yana da tasiri sosai ga al'adun gargajiya na Yamma, yana ba da gudummawa ga "furin ɗabi'a" game da wariyar launinariya. Masana sun bayyana cewa kiɗa na adawa da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kodayake ya sami karamin kulawa a duk duniya, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen matsawa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu.

 Tarihi da asalinsa 
Rarraba launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu ya fara ne tare da isowar masu mulkin mallaka na Dutch a Afirka ta kudu a cikin 1652, kuma ya ci gaba da ƙarni na mulkin Burtaniya daga baya. Rarraba launin fata ya karu sosai bayan da Burtaniya ta karɓi cikakken iko a kan Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, kuma ta zartar da dokoki da yawa a farkon shekarun 1900 don raba kabilanci. Dokar 'yan asalin ƙasar (Urban Areas) ta 1923 ta tilasta wa' yan Afirka ta Kudu su bar birane sai dai idan sun kasance don yin aiki ga fararen mutane, kuma sun cire su daga kowane matsayi a cikin gwamnati. Jam'iyyar Afrikaner National Party (NP) ce ta aiwatar da tsarin wariyar launin fata bayan an zabe su zuwa mulki a 1948, kuma sun kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 46. Fararen 'yan tsiraru sun rike dukkan ikon siyasa a wannan lokacin.Grundlingh, Albert (2004). ""Rocking the boat"? The "Voëlvry" music movement in South Africa: Anatomy of Afrikaans anti-apartheid social protest in the eighties" (PDF). The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 37 (3): 483–514. doi:10.2307/4129042. JSTOR 4129042. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2014.Vershbow, Michela E. (2010). "The Sounds of Resistance: The Role of Music in South Africa's Anti-Apartheid Movement". Inquiries Journal. 2 (6). Retrieved 26 October 2016. "Apartheid" yana nufin "rabuwa" a cikin harshen Afrikaans, kuma ya haɗa da tsarin zalunci na wariyar launin fata. An tilasta wa 'yan Afirka ta Kudu su zauna a cikin ƙauyuka matalauta, kuma an hana su haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali,  bisa ga ra'ayin cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance na fararen mutane.  Wani shahararren mutum a aiwatar da dokokin wariyar launin fata shine Hendrik Verwoerd, wanda ya kasance Ministan farko na Harkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma daga baya Firayim Minista a gwamnatin NP.

Akwai gagarumin juriya ga wannan tsarin, a ciki da waje da Afirka ta Kudu. Hamayya a waje da kasar sau da yawa ta ɗauki nau'in kauracewa Afirka ta Kudu.Vershbow, Michela E. (2010). "The Sounds of Resistance: The Role of Music in South Africa's Anti-Apartheid Movement". Inquiries Journal. 2 (6). Retrieved 26 October 2016. A cikin ƙasar, juriya ta kasance daga ƙungiyoyi masu rarrabewa zuwa waɗanda ke da ƙarfi sosai, kuma daga zanga-zangar da ba ta da ƙarfi zuwa adawa da makamai daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka. Ta hanyar wannan tsari, kiɗa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juriya.Jolaosho, Tayo. "Anti-Apartheid Freedom Songs Then and Now". Folkways Magazine. Smithsonian. Retrieved 24 October 2016. An yi amfani da kiɗa a Afirka ta Kudu don nuna rashin amincewa da wariyar launin fata kafin wariyar launin fatar ta fara a shekarar 1948. An kafa ANC a cikin 1912, kuma za ta fara kuma ta kawo karshen tarurrukanta tare da taken ta "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika", misali na farko na kiɗa a cikin juriya ga wariyar launin fata. Wani irin wannan misali shine "ILand Act" na R. T. Caluza, wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Ƙasar, kuma ANC ta karbe shi a matsayin taken. Mai sharhi Michela Vershbow ya rubuta cewa kiɗa na motsi game da wariyar launin fata da rarrabe launin fata "ya nuna bambancin da ke fadada" tsakanin kungiyoyin launin fata daban-daban kuma ya kasance ƙoƙari "don sadarwa a fadinsa".[the] Kiɗa a Afirka ta Kudu ya fara samun ma'anar siyasa a bayyane a cikin shekarun 1930, yayin da mawaƙa suka yi ƙoƙari su haɗa abubuwa na Afirka a cikin rikodin su da wasan kwaikwayon don yin maganganun siyasa. A cikin shekarun 1940, masu zane-zane sun fara amfani da kiɗa don sukar jihar, ba kai tsaye ba don mayar da martani ga wariyar launin fata, amma a matsayin martani ga tsanantawar masu zane-gine. Masu zane-zane ba su ga kiɗan su kai tsaye ne na siyasa ba: Miriam Makeba za ta ce "mutane suna raira siyasa, amma abin da nake raira ba siyasa ba ne, gaskiya ne".

 Wakar Afirka ta Kudu 

 Shekarun 1950: Dokokin izini da kwashe mutane 
Yayin da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ke kara samun karfi a cikin shekarun 1950, mawaka sun fara fahimtar wakokinsu a matsayin makamin siyasa, wanda aka fara ne da yakin neman karbuwa daga jam’iyyar African National Congress (ANC). Dan gwagwarmaya na ANC da ma’aikaci Vuyisile Mini yana daga cikin wadanda suka fara amfani da waka wajen adawa da wariyar launin fata. Ya rubuta “Ndodemnyama we Verwoerd” (“Ka Kiyayi Verwoerd”) cikin harshen Xhosa. Mawakin Jeremy Cronin ya bayyana Mini a matsayin misalin karfin da wakoki ke da shi wajen gina motsi na adawa. An kama Mini a 1963 bisa laifukan siyasa kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa; abokan kurkukunsa sun ce yana rera “Ndodemnyama” yayin da ake kai shi rataya. Wannan waka ta shahara matuka, kuma ana ci gaba da rerata bayan rushewar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata, ta hannun mawaka kamar Makeba da Afrika Bambaataa.

Wakokin adawa sun zama ruwan dare cikin shekarun 1950, yayin da mawaka da dama suka fara bayyana kin amincewarsu da wariyar launin fata. Wakar “uDr. Malan Unomthetho Onzima” ta Dorothy Masuka ta yi fice, haka kuma wakokin wasu mata mawaka da suka rubuta a wani yunkuri na adawa da dokokin izini, wanda ke bukatar baki su rika dauke da takardar da ke nuna jinsinsu da asalinsu a koda yaushe.

A shekara ta 1954, gwamnatin National Party ta zartar da Dokar Kwace Gidaje na Bantu (Bantu Resettlement Act), tare da Dokar Raba Yankuna ta 1950 (Group Areas Act), wadanda suka tilasta wa mutane miliyoyi barin gidajensu zuwa sabbin unguwanni da aka raba bisa launin fata. Wannan yana daga cikin shirin raba kasar zuwa kananan yankuna ciki har da bantustans masu talauci, inda baki za su zauna. A 1955, an rusa garin Sophiatown, inda aka kwashe mutane 60,000 zuwa wani yanki da ake kira Meadowlands. Sophiatown ya kasance cibiyar wakar jazz kafin rushewar. Wannan tafiya ta haifar da wakar “Meadowlands” da Strike Vilakezi ya rubuta. Kamar sauran wakokin lokacin, Makeba ce ta yada wakar a ciki da wajen kasar. Wakar Makeba “Sophiatown is Gone” da kuma “Bye Bye Sophiatown” na Sun Valley Sisters duk sun ambaci rushewar Sophiatown.

Wakokin da ba na siyasa ba ma an rika amfani da su: Jam’iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu na amfani da su wajen tarurrukan kudi, yayin da ake rera “Udumo Lwamaphoyisa” (Ƙarfin Rundunar ‘Yan Sanda) a matsayin gargadi idan ‘yan sanda na kusa da ke kai hari.

 Shekarun 1960: Kisan Sharpeville da daukar makami 

Kisan gillar na Sharpeville ya faru a ranar 21 Maris 1960, kuma bayan haka aka kara tsaurara dokokin wariyar launin fata. An haramta jam’iyyun ANC da Pan Africanist Congress, sannan aka gurfanar da shugabanni 169 na baki da zargin cin amanar kasa. Mawaka da dama irin su Makeba, Hugh Masekela, Abdullah Ibrahim, Jonas Gwangwa, Chris McGregor da Kippie Moeketsie sun yi hijira.

Wasu daga cikinsu sun yi amfani da wakoki wajen wayar da kai kan wariyar launin fata. Wadanda suka rage a cikin kasa sun fuskanci takurawa. Sabbin unguwannin da aka mayar da bakake ba su da wuraren shakatawa, kuma an haramta taro. Gidan rediyon SABC ya kakabawa waƙoƙi sharudda masu tsauri. Wani rikodin da Masuka ta yi game da kisan Patrice Lumumba ya sa aka kai samame a ofishinta, aka ayyana ta wadda ake nema har tsawon shekaru 30.
Unguwannin da aka tilastawa baki zuwa, duk da rashin jin dadinsu, sun kasance tushen wakokin siyasa. Wakar “In Soweto” na The Minerals an bayyana ta a matsayin “murna da karfin gwiwa” na zaman unguwar. Wakarsa Winston “Mankunku” Ngozi mai suna “Yakhal' Inkhomo” ta zama wakar jazz da ke nuna kuzarin siyasa. Wasan kwaikwayo masu dauke da waka ma sun mamaye, suna kaucewa takunkumi. Rashin cudanya da duniya da wariyar launin fata ta janyo ya sa mawaka suka kirkiri salo na gida ciki har da wakokin rock, soul da jazz.

Yayin da gwamnati ke kara tsananta martani, adawa ta fara daukar makami. Nelson Mandela da wasu shugabannin ANC sun kafa uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), wani bangare na soja na ANC, wanda ya fara daukar matakan ta’addanci. A wannan lokaci, ana kiran waka “makamin gwagwarmaya.” Wakar “Sobashiy’abazali” (Za Mu Bar Iyaye) ta shahara a sansanonin horaswa. Har ila yau, wakar Toyi-toyi ta zama ruwan dare wajen kara kwarin gwiwa a gaban jami’an tsaro.

 Shekarun 1970: Kungiyoyin al’adu na ANC da tashi tsaye a Soweto 

A farkon shekarun 1970, ANC na ganin cewa siyasa ita ce gaba da komai, kuma al’adu na biyayya ne kawai. Wannan ra’ayi ya fara sauyawa bayan kafuwar Mayibuye Cultural Ensemble a 1975, da kuma Amandla Cultural Ensemble daga bisani.

 Shekarun 1970: Kungiyoyin al’adu na ANC da tashi tsaye a Soweto (ci gaba) 
Mayibuye ta samo asali ne daga yawan ‘yan ANC da suka ce wajibi ne a hada al’adu da siyasa, domin amfani da su wajen wayar da kai da kuma karfafa gwagwarmaya. ANC ta kafa kungiyar ne ta hannun Barry Feinberg da Ronnie Kasrils, wadanda suka sa mata suna daga taken “Mayibuye iAfrika” (Bari Afirka ta dawo). Kungiyar na dauke da mawaka da ‘yan wasan kwaikwayo, inda suke hada waka, baitin waƙa da labarai wajen bayyana rayuwar ‘yan Afirka a karkashin wariyar launin fata. Wakokin sukan kasance cikin murya mai yawa. Sun yi fice a Turai fiye da sau 200, suna wakiltar bangaren al’adu na ANC. Amma sun fuskanci matsaloli har suka rabu a 1980.

A 1976, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar amfani da harshen Afrikaans a dukkan makarantun kasar. Daliban makaranta suka fara zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Tashin Hankali na Soweto (Soweto Uprising). Dalibai 15,000 zuwa 20,000 suka shiga; ‘yan sanda ba su shirya ba suka bude wuta. Kimanin mutane 700 aka kashe, fiye da dubu daya suka jikkata. Wannan al’amari ya tayar da hankula, ya kuma karfafa motsin adawa da wariyar.

A Wajen Afirka ta Kudu

Mawaka daga wasu ƙasashe ma sun shiga cikin gwagwarmaya da tsarin wariyar launin fata. Wasu mawaka daga Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun ƙi yin kide-kide a Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata: waɗanda suka haɗa da The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, da Walker Brothers. Bayan harbe-harben Sharpeville a 1960, Ƙungiyar Mawaka ta Burtaniya ta sanar da yajin aikin gwamnatin. Ɗan gwagwarmaya na farko daga Afirka ta Kudu da ya jawo hankalin duniya shi ne Steve Biko lokacin da ya mutu a hannun ‘yan sanda a 1977. Mutuwarsa ta wahad da mawaka da dama daga wajen ƙasar su rubuta waƙoƙi game da shi, ciki har da Tom Paxton da Peter Hammill. Mafi shahara cikin waƙoƙin shi ne "Biko" na Peter Gabriel. Jagoran U2, Bono, ya bayyana cewa wannan waƙar ce ta ba shi kwarin guiwa. Mawaka daga wasu sassan Afirka ma sun rubuta waƙoƙi don tallafa wa gwagwarmayar; Sonny Okosun daga Najeriya ya fitar da waƙoƙi kamar "Fire in Soweto", wadda Los Angeles Times ta bayyana a matsayin "rigimar reggae mai ƙona zuciya".

Yajin Aikin Al'adu
An fara shawarar yin yajin aikin al'adu akan gwamnatin wariyar launin fata tun 1954 daga Bishop Trevor Huddleston na cocin Anglican daga Ingila. A shekarar 1968 Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta fitar da kudiri da ke bukatar mambobi su dakatar da duk wata mu'amala ta al'adu, ilimi, da wasanni da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata, domin matsa lamba akan mawaka da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da su guji ziyartar Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarar 1980, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da wannan yajin aikin al'adu. Kudirin ya ambaci Nelson Mandela, kuma sunansa ya ƙara fitowa fili bayan ANC ta zaɓi mayar da hankali a kansa a yakin neman 'yanci a 1982, shekaru 20 bayan da aka kama shi. A 1983, Special AKA suka saki waƙar "Free Nelson Mandela", waƙar karshe mai ɗauke da farin ciki a cikin kundin su na farko da gaba ɗaya ke da yanayi na baƙin ciki. Waƙar ta samu shiryawa daga Elvis Costello, tare da goyon baya daga mambobin Specials da The Beat, wanda hakan ya haifar da yanayin "murnar haɗin kai". Jerry Dammers ne ya rubuta baitin waƙar. Dammers ya kafa reshen Birtaniya na ƙungiyar Artists United Against Apartheid. Waƙar ta zama abin karɓa cikin gaggawa a wajen masu adawa da wariyar launin fata. MDD da ANC suka yi amfani da ita, kuma masu zanga-zanga sun riƙa raira ta a lokutan jerin gwano. Bayanin waƙar ya kasance mai sauƙin haddacewa. Dammers ya yi amfani da haɗin waƙar da gwagwarmayar daidaita wariya wajen yaɗa saƙon waƙar, inda ya saka hoton Mandela a jikin murfin faifan, da kuma bayanai akan gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a bayan murfin.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Paul Simon ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce lokacin da ya zaɓi yin rikodin kundinsa Graceland a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da wasu mawaka bakar fata. Ya fuskanci suka mai ƙarfi saboda karya yajin aikin al'adu. A 1987 ya ce ya samu yardar ANC: amma Dali Tambo, ɗan shugaban ANC Oliver Tambo kuma mai kafa Artists United Against Apartheid, ya musanta hakan. Hugh Masekela, wanda ya dade da sanin Simon, ya ba da shawarar gudanar da waƙoƙin hadin gwiwa, wanda ya haɗa waƙoƙi daga Graceland da kuma daga mawaka baƙi na Afirka ta Kudu. Miriam Makeba na daga cikin mawakan da suka halarci Graceland Tour. Masekela ya kare ziyarar da cewa yajin aikin al'adu ya hana ci gaban waƙoƙin Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da haka, lokacin da ƙungiyar ta yi kide-kide a Royal Albert Hall a Birtaniya, an gudanar da zanga-zanga a wajen, inda Dammers ya shiga tare da Billy Bragg da Paul Weller. Daga cikin waƙoƙin da aka yi a ziyarar har da "Soweto Blues" na Makeba da sauran waƙoƙin adawa da wariyar launin fata.

Sun City da Bayaninta

A daidai lokacin da ake cece-kuce akan "Graceland", Steven van Zandt, wanda ya fusata da yadda mawaka daga Turai da Arewacin Amurka ke yin kide-kide a Sun City, wani wurin shakatawa na fararen fata kawai a ƙasar Bophutatswana, ya shawo kan mawaka kamar Bono, Bruce Springsteen da Miles Davis, domin su haɗu su yi rikodin waƙar "Sun City" wadda aka fitar a 1985. Waƙar ta cimma burinta na sanya laifi ga wurin shakatawar. An bayyana faifan a matsayin "matsakaicin siyasa cikin faifan sadaqa na shekarun 1980s". "Sun City" ta soki siyasar ketare na Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan, tana zargin cewa bai ɗauki mataki kan wariyar launin fata ba. Saboda haka, rabin gidajen rediyo a Amurka kadai ne suka kunna waƙar "Sun City". A gefe guda, waƙar ta samu karɓuwa sosai a ƙasashe da ba su da wata matsala da sakon waƙar, inda ta shiga jerin waƙoƙin sama a Ostiraliya, Kanada da Burtaniya.

An saki waƙoƙin adawa da wariyar launin fata da dama a shekarun da suka biyo baya. Stevie Wonder ya fitar da "It's Wrong", sannan aka kama shi yayin da yake zanga-zanga a gaban ofishin jakadancin Afirka ta Kudu a Washington, D.C. Waƙar da matasa suka fi so ita ce "I've Never Met a Nice South African" na Spitting Image, wadda aka fitar a matsayin b-side ga waƙar su ta "The Chicken Song". Eddy Grant, mawaki mai asalin Guyana amma yana Birtaniya, ya saki "Gimme Hope Jo'anna" (Jo'Anna na nufin Johannesburg). Wasu mawaka kuma sun saki waƙoƙi da ke ambato Steve Biko. "Something Inside (So Strong)" na Labi Siffre, wanda ya kai saman jerin waƙoƙin Burtaniya a 1987, ya zama waƙar adawa da wariyar launin fata.

A 1988, Dammers da Jim Kerr, mawakin Simple Minds, suka shirya wani kide-kide don tunawa da cikar Nelson Mandela shekara 70. An gudanar da taron a filin Wembley, inda aka ƙare da waƙoƙin "Biko," "Sun City", da "Bring Him Back Home". Dammers da Simple Minds sun kuma yi waƙoƙinsu na adawa da wariya: "Free Nelson Mandela" da "Mandela Day". Sauran da suka halarta sun haɗa da Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, Sting, Salt-N-Pepa, Dire Straits da Eurythmics. An nuna taron a talabijin ga mutane miliyan 600. A Amurka, tashar Fox ta canza sunan taron zuwa "Freedomfest", inda aka sare ɓangaren siyasa. Amfani da waƙoƙi wajen ƙarfafa fahimta akan wariya ya yi tasiri: bayan taron, bincike ya nuna cewa daga cikin matasa masu shekaru 16 zuwa 24, kashi uku cikin huɗu sun san Nelson Mandela kuma suna goyon bayan a sako shi daga kurkuku. Ko da yake yajin aikin al'adu ya taimaka wajen ware gwamnatin wariya, ya shafi mawaka da ke adawa da wariya daga cikin ƙasar; don haka an hana Johnny Clegg da Savuka yin waƙa a wannan taron.

Jigon Wakoki da Sauti

Wakokin adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata sun yi amfani da kalmomin da ke ɓoye saƙonni masu ƙarfi domin kauce wa tsauraran matakan gwamnati. Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1980, yadda gwamnati ta ƙara ƙyama ya sa mawaka suka ƙara buya da saƙonninsu. Wasu wakoki sun fito karara suna suka, kamar yadda Mini ya wa Verwoerd gargaɗi cikin wakarsa, da kuma wakar da aka yi wa Strydom game da dokar shaidar izinin wucewa.

Bayan harin Sharpeville, wasu wakoki sun juya zuwa masu bayyana baƙin ciki da jimami. Mawaka sun kuma canza wakokin al'ada ta hanyar canja baitoci don kauce wa masu tsananta bincike. Bayan fitowar Lucy da irin sa a shekarun 1980, kalaman suka ƙara ƙarfin gwiwa da kira kai tsaye ga gwagwarmaya.

Wakokin 'yanci sun samo asali daga salon wakokin coci da kuma kiɗan gargajiya na Afirka. Suna amfani da tsarin kira-da-amsa kuma galibi cikin harsunan Xhosa, Zulu da Ingilishi. Wakokin sun jaddada alamu na al'adu da aka mayar don su zama wakilan adawa da wariyar launin fata.

Wasu mawaka irin su Vusi Mahlasela da Miriam Makeba sun tabbatar cewa soyayya da rayuwar yau da kullum ma wani ɓangare ne na siyasa. Wannan ya nuna cewa ba'a iya raba kiɗan juyin-juya hali da na soyayya saboda rayuwa a karkashin danniya kanta wata gwagwarmaya ce.

Wakoki kamar "Bring Him Back Home" da "Soweto Blues" sun sha bamban da juna wajen sauti da yanayi: ɗaya yana faranta rai yayin da ɗaya ke bayyana zafin abin da ya faru da yaran makaranta a lokacin tarzomar Soweto.
Takura da Gwagwarmaya

Gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta rage 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki sosai, ta hanyar takura, rage 'yancin tattalin arziki, da rage 'yancin motsi ga baƙar fata. Sai dai, ba ta da isassun kayan aiki da albarkatu da za su aiwatar da cikakken takura akan littattafai da waƙoƙi. Gwamnatin ta kafa Hukumar Wallafe-Wallafe a 1974 ta hanyar dokar wallafe-wallafe, amma wannan hukuma tana amsa ƙorafe-ƙorafe ne kawai, tana yanke hukunci akan haramta abubuwan da aka gabatar mata. Ƙasa da waƙoƙi 100 ne aka haramta a hukumance daga wannan hukuma a cikin shekarun 1980. Saboda haka, waƙa da wasan kwaikwayo suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada saƙonni masu kalubalantar gwamnati.

Sai dai gwamnatin ta yi amfani da ikon da take da shi akan Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Afirka ta Kudu (SABC) don hana kunna waƙoƙi "marasa dacewa" (ciki har da waƙoƙin siyasa ko masu tayar da hankali, da waɗanda ke ɗauke da kalmomin batsa ko jima'i), da kuma tilasta ra'ayin ware al'adu tsakanin kabilu, baya ga ware su ta jiki da aka riga aka yi. Shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin sun kasance na yankuna daban-daban ne, domin kowane rukuni na kabila ya sami shirye-shirye daban. Zaɓin waƙoƙi ya kasance ne da la'akari da manufofin gwamnati. Waƙoƙin da suka haɗa harsuna fiye da ɗaya ko kuma waɗanda ke da kalmomin harsunan unguwa sun fuskanci takura. Ana buƙatar mawaka su mika baitocin waƙoƙinsu da waƙar gaba ɗaya ga kwamitin SABC domin a tantance, wanda ya haramta dubbannin waƙoƙi. Misali, Shifty Records daga lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1982 zuwa ƙarshen 1980s, an haramta faifai 25 da waƙoƙi guda 7 daga gare ta saboda abun da ke ƙunshe da saƙon siyasa, da ƙari 16 saboda laifukan addini da ɓatanci.

Sakamakon irin wannan matsin lamba daga SABC, kamfanonin rikodi suka fara matsawa mawaka lamba su guji waƙoƙin da ke ƙunshe da muhawara, kuma akasari sukan sauya abun da ke cikin waƙar kafin fitarwa. Ana tsammanin mutane su ware waƙoƙin da suke saurare bisa jinsi; wasu ƙungiyoyin haɗin jinsi sukan tilasta wasu mambobi su raira waƙa a bayan labule, kuma mutanen da ke sauraron waƙar wani jinsi daban suna fuskantar shakku daga gwamnati. Yawancin mawaka baƙar fata sun sha wahala daga ‘yan sanda; Jonas Gwangwa ya ce ana tsayawa masu kida akai-akai a yankunan fararen fata domin su bayyana me ya kawo su. An hana baƙar fata yin waƙa a wuraren da ake sha, sannan ana buƙatar su mallaki "lasisin dare" na musamman domin su yi aiki da dare. Gwamnati kuma na ƙara ƙuntatawa duk lokacin da aka ayyana dokar ta-baci, sannan ana amfani da dokokin tsaron cikin gida wajen haramta wasu abubuwa. Waƙoƙin daga mawaka na ƙasashen waje ma sun fuskanci takura; duk waƙoƙin The Beatles an haramta su a shekarun 1960, kuma waƙoƙin Stevie Wonder an haramta su a 1985, bayan ya keɓe kyautar Oscar ɗinsa ga Mandela. Gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu guda biyu, Capital Radio da Radio 702 sun fara aiki a 1979 da 1980, a jihoshin da aka ware na Transkei da Bophutatswana, don haka a zahiri ba su ƙarƙashin dokokin gwamnati. Ko da yake su ma sun kasance suna bin shawarar hukumar wallafe-wallafe, sun rika kunna waƙoƙin da SABC ba ta yarda da su ba, kamar na Juluka. Amma ko ɗaya daga cikinsu bai kunna "Sun City" lokacin da aka saki ta a 1985 ba, saboda masu mallakar Sun City resort suna da hannun jari a gidajen rediyon.

Mawaka da dama da suka haɗa da Masekela da Makeba, da kuma Abdullah Ibrahim, sun gudu zuwa gudun hijira saboda tsarin wariya. Waƙoƙin da suka rubuta an haramta su daga watsa, haka kuma duk waƙar da ke adawa da gwamnatin wariya an hana ta. Mafi yawan waƙoƙin adawa da wariya na lokacin an tsangwame su ta hanyar takura. Waƙar "Bring Him Back Home" an hana ta a Afirka ta Kudu daga fitarwa. Duk da haka, ta zama muhimmiya a cikin jerin waƙoƙin da ke adawa da tsarin wariya, kuma ta zama muhimmiya ga gwagwarmayar adawa da wariyar launin fata a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mai tsabta" bayan an saki Mandela daga gidan yari a 1990.

Wasu mawaka a cikin ƙasar sun fara amfani da baituka na dabara domin kaucewa censors. Waƙar "Weeping", wadda ƙungiyar Bright Blue ta raira kuma Dan Heymann ya rubuta, ya yi amfani da "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika", taken ANC da aka haramta, a matsayin kayan amsa ga baituka masu alama akan rayuwa cikin tsoro a karkashin zalunci. Censors ba su fahimta ba, kuma waƙar ta zama shahara matuƙa, har ta kai matsayi na ɗaya a rediyon gwamnati. Haka nan, mawakan jazz sukan haɗa sautukan waƙoƙin 'yanci cikin kwaikwayon su. Yvonne Chaka Chaka ta yi amfani da jumlar "Winning my dear love" maimakon "Winnie Mandela", yayin da wata kaset ɗin haɗin waƙoƙi daga Shifty Records aka kira ta "A Naartjie in Our Sosatie", wadda a zahiri ke nufin "tangerine a kebab ɗinmu", amma tana wakiltar "Anarchy in our Society", wata dabara da censors ba su gane ba. Keith Berelowitz daga bisani ya bayyana cewa yana mika baituka na bogi, inda ya maye gurbin kalmomin da ke da saƙon ɓoyayye da waɗanda ba su da hatsari. Wasu mawaka kuwa, sun guji waƙoƙin siyasa gaba ɗaya: masanin Michael Drewett ya rubuta cewa ko da mawaka sun guji siyasa, samun nasarar kuɗi "duk da rashin ilimi, talauci, da wahalhalun gari" ya kasance nasara, kuma wannan kansa wani ɓangare ne na gwagwarmayar rayuwa ƙarƙashin wariya.

Wasu ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa sun yi amfani da baituka masu kai tsaye, kuma suka fuskanci takura da tsangwama sakamakon haka. Savuka, ƙungiyar haɗin jinsi, ana kama su akai-akai ko kuma a tarwatsa kide-kiden su saboda waƙar "Asimbonanga", wadda aka keɓe ga Biko, Mandela da sauran jaruman gwagwarmaya. Yawon kide-kide da Voëlvry suka shirya ya fuskanci matuƙar adawa daga gwamnati. Ƙwazon leƙen asiri da barazanar ‘yan sanda ya jawo matsaloli tun farko, har sai da suka tilasta mawaƙan yin wasa a cikin gine-ginen da aka bari. Bayan Roger Lucey ya rubuta waƙa mai sukar ‘yan sanda na ɓoye, sai suka fara kai masa hari da daddare, har suka fesa masa hayakin hawaye cikin na’urar sanyaya iska a wani kide-kide. Masu shirya masa waƙoƙi sun fuskanci barazana daga jami’an tsaro, kuma an kwace rikodin sa: daga bisani ya daina harkar waƙa. Waƙar an haramta ta, kuma mutum na iya shiga gidan yari har tsawon shekara biyar idan yana da kwafinta. Mawaki kuma mai jawabi Mzwakhe Mbuli ya fuskanci mummunan farmaki: an harbe shi, an jefa masa nakiya a gida. Bayan saki kundin waƙarsa na farko "Change is Pain" a 1986, an kama shi kuma aka azabtar da shi: aka haramta waƙar. Ana tarwatsa kide-kiden Juluka akai-akai, kuma mawaƙa na fuskantar kama bisa dokokin “lasisin wucewa” na gwamnatin wariya. Lokacin da aka tsayar da su, ana bukatar mawaka baƙar fata su raira waƙa a gaban ‘yan sanda domin tabbatar da cewa su mawaƙa ne gaske.

Bincike
Masu sharhi sun bayyana cewa kamar yadda lamarin yake a cikin yawancin motsin jama'a, kiɗa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙoƙarin yaki da wariyar launin fata. Michela Vershbow, wata kwararriya a mujallar Inquiries Journal, ta bayyana cewa ko da yake kiɗan motsin adawa da wariyar launin fata ba zai iya janyo sauyin zamantakewa shi kaɗai ba, amma ya kasance wata hanyar haɗin kai, wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da wariyar launin fata, kuma ya ba da damar haɗuwa tsakanin mutane daga al'adu daban-daban. Waƙoƙin zanga-zanga sun kasance wata hanya ce da motsin adawa da wariya ke amfani da ita don gina haɗin kai da kuma ba da kwarin gwiwa ga mabiya. A cewar Vershbow, "Mallakar waƙoƙin 'yanci ta hanyar jama'a, da kuma iya ɗaukar saƙon su cikin motsi daban-daban, yana basu damar ƙarfafa, motsawa, da haɗa al'umma." Kiɗa da wasannin al'adu sun kasance da amfani da yawa ga 'yan gudun hijira na Afirka ta Kudu, kamar ƙungiyoyin kiɗan ANC, Mayibuye da Amandla. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da wasannin su don wayar da kan duniya game da wariyar launin fata (wani lokaci ana kiransa da "ƙara wayewa"), da kuma don neman goyon baya da tara kuɗi ga ANC. Haka kuma, suna ɗaukar nauyin gabatar da wani hangen nesa na al'adu a sabuwar Afirka ta Kudu mai dimokuraɗiyya.

Masani a fannin kiɗa Anne Schumann ta rubuta cewa kiɗan da ke adawa da wariyar launin fata ya shiga cikin al’adun yammacin duniya, kuma "fushin ɗabi'a" da ake da shi a yammacin duniya dangane da wariya, ya samu tasiri daga wannan kiɗan. Haramcin al’adu da kuma sukar da Paul Simon ya fuskanta saboda karya wannan haramci, sun zama wani misali na yadda kiɗa ya kusanci harkokin siyasa dangane da wariyar launin fata.

Lokaci zuwa lokaci akwai rashin jituwa tsakanin mawakan da suka yi hijira (wato suka fita ƙasar), waɗanda hakan ya ba su damar yin nuni ga manyan taruka da wayar da kai, da kuma mawakan da suka zauna a Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan rukuni na biyu bai samu kulawa sosai daga jama’a ba, duk da cewa Vershbow ta bayyana cewa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a motsin, kuma Schumann ta ce sun yi tasiri sosai wajen matsa lamba ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. A cikin fim ɗin da aka fitar a 2002 mai suna Amandla!: A Revolution in Four-Part Harmony, an binciko yadda kiɗa ya taka rawa a cikin canjin zamantakewa a Afirka ta Kudu. Fim ɗin ya mai da hankali musamman ga ‘waƙoƙin 'yanci’ na yaki da mulkin fararen fata.

Masana ilimi sun bayyana cewa al’adar baka gaba ɗaya, da waka musamman, suna da damar taka rawa a cikin adawa da wariyar launin fata. Kiɗa da waƙoƙin baka sun fi sauƙin karɓuwa ga mutane da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu fiye da rubutaccen abu (sakamakon takunkumin da wariyar ta dora akan rubuce-rubuce). Kiɗa, waƙoƙi, da ba da labari suna cikin rayuwar yau da kullum ta 'yan Afirka ta Kudu da dama, kuma waƙoƙin zanga-zanga sun samo asali daga waɗannan al’adu. Haka kuma, waƙa a al’adar wasu 'yan Afirka ta Kudu na da matsayin wata hanya ta yin suka ga masu mulki, domin waka tana ba mawaka 'yanci su fadi abubuwa da ba za a amince da su cikin yanayi na yau da kullum ba.

Misalai Masu Fice
Wannan jerin waƙoƙi ne, waɗanda masana da masu sharhi suka bayyana a matsayin muhimmanci a cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da wariyar launin fata, bisa jerin lokaci.

"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika", 1897, Enoch Sontonga.
"iLand Act", shekarar ba a sani ba, R. T. Caluza.
"Ndodemnyama we Verwoerd", shekarar ba a sani ba, Vuyisile Mini.
"Senzeni Na?", shekarar ba a sani ba, marubuci ba a sani ba.
"Thina Sizwe", shekarar ba a sani ba, marubuci ba a sani ba.
"Meadowlands", 1955, Strike Vilakazi.
"uDr. Malan Unomthetho Onzima", shekarar ba a sani ba, Dorothy Masuka.
"Sophiatown is Gone", shekarar ba a sani ba, Miriam Makeba.
"Bye Bye Sophiatown", shekarar ba a sani ba, Sun Valley Sisters.
"Mannenberg", 1974, Abdullah Ibrahim.
"Johannesburg", 1975, Gil-Scott Heron.
"In Soweto", 1975, The Minerals.
"Soweto Blues", 1977, Hugh Masekela/Miriam Makeba.
"Fire in Soweto", 1978, Sonny Okosun.
"Afrikaans", 1979, Resurrection Band.
"Biko", 1980, Peter Gabriel.
"Longile Tabalaza", shekarar ba a sani ba, Roger Lucey.
"Free Nelson Mandela", 1984, The Special AKA.
"It's Wrong (Apartheid)", 1985, Stevie Wonder.
"Sun City" (ko "I Ain't Gonna Play Sun City"), 1985, Steven Van Zandt/Artists United Against Apartheid.
"Nelson Mandela", 1986, Youssou N'Dour.
"(Waiting For) The Ghost Train", 1986, Madness.
"I've Never Met a Nice South African", 1986, Spitting Image.
"Bring Him Back Home", 1987, Hugh Masekela.
"Asimbonanga", 1987, Johnny Clegg/Savuka.
"(Something Inside) So Strong", 1987, Labi Siffre.
"Weeping", 1987, Dan Heymann/Bright Blue.
"Mandela Day", 1988, Simple Minds.
"The End is Near", 1988, The Malopoets.
"Gimme Hope Jo'anna", 1988, Eddy Grant.
"My Black President", 1989, Brenda Fassie.
"Nelson Mandela", 1994, Sipho Mabuse.

 Manazarta 

 Majiya