Harshen Arrernte

Arrernte ko Aranda (/ˈʌrə enfer/;  ko kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa Upper Arrernte (Upper Aranda), gungu ne na yare a cikin rukunin harshen Arandic da ake magana da shi a sassan Arewacin Territory, Ostiraliya, ta mutanen Arrernte. Sauran bambancin rubutun su ne Arunta ko Arrarnta, kuma duk yarukan suna da wasu sunaye masu yawa

Akwai kusan masu magana 1,800 na Gabas/Central Arrernte, suna yin wannan yare ɗaya daga cikin mafi faɗin yare na kowane yare a Ostiraliya, wanda galibi ake kira Arrernte da wanda aka bayyana dalla-dalla a ƙasa. Ana magana da shi a yankin Alice Springs kuma ana koyarwa a makarantu da jami'o'i, ana jin ta ta kafofin watsa labarai kuma ana amfani da ita a cikin ƙananan hukumomi.

Babban yare na biyu a cikin ƙungiyar shine Alyawarre. Wasu daga cikin sauran yarukan mutane kalilan ne ke magana, wanda hakan ya haifar da kokarin farfado da amfani da su; wasu yanzu sun bace gaba daya.

 Harsunan Arrernte / Aranda 
"Aranda" wani abu ne mai sauƙi, kusanci na Turanci na Australiya na furcin gargajiya na sunan Arrernte [ cómo] . 

Glottolog ya bayyana rukunin yarukan Arandic da ya ƙunshi yaruka Aranda (Arrernte) 5, da yaruka daban-daban guda biyu, Kaytetye (Koch, 2004) da Lower Southern (ko ƙananan) Aranda, yare maras kyau. Ethnologue ya bayyana harsuna 8 na Arandic kuma ya rarraba su dan kadan.

Ana magana da yaruka biyu fiye da sauran:

 Yaren Arrernte na Gabas (wanda aka fi sani da Arrernte ta Tsakiya) sun haɗa da Akarre, Antekerrepenh, Ikngerripenhe, Mparntwe Arrernte .  Ana magana a yankin Alice Springs da sauransu, akwai masu magana 1,910 a cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2016,  wanda ya sa ya zama mafi yawan Arrernte, da Aboriginal na Australiya. Wannan shi ne yaren da aka fi sani da "Arrernte" kuma mafi karfi a cikin rukuni. Akwai wani aikin da ke ƙarfafa amfani da shi, Apmere angkentye-kenhe, 
 Mutanen Alyawarra ne ke magana da yaren Alyawarra, a yankunan Sandover da Tennant Creek da Queensland. A cikin 2016 akwai masu magana da yaren 1,550 wanda ya ba shi matsayin "Ci gaba".  Ya yi kama da Yammacin Arrernte .  (Kaytetye yana da alaƙa da wannan yaren, amma an sanya shi a matsayin yare daban.  ) 

Duk sauran yarukan suna fuskantar barazana ko kuma sun ƙare:

 Ana magana da <b id="mwcw">Andegerebinha</b> (ko Antekerrepenhe ko Ayerrerenge) a yankin Hay River (gabas na Alice Springs), amma yanzu ya ƙare. 
 Ayerrerenge, (wanda aka fi sani da Yuruwinga, Bularnu da sauran bambance-bambance) mutanen Yuruwinga / Yaringa ne ke magana da shi  shine memba mafi arewa maso gabashin ƙungiyar yarukan Arrernte, kuma mafi ƙarancin nazarin.  An yi magana a fadin iyakar Queensland a cikin Headingly, Urandangi, Lake Nash, Barkly Downs da Dutsen Isa, da kuma kusa da Dutsen Hogarth, Bathurst, da Argadargada a cikin NT. Yanzu ya ƙare.  Breen (2001) ya ce wasu masu magana sun dauki yaren a matsayin iri ɗaya ko makamancin Andegerebinha / Antekerrepenhe,  kuma Glottolog ya dauke shi a matsayin yaren sa.


 Anmatyerr (kuma ana rubuta shi Anmatyerr da sauran bambance-bambance),  wanda aka raba zuwa Gabas da Yamma, mutanen Anmatyerra (ko Anmatjirra) ne ke magana.  Hanyar Gabas tana da alaƙa da Arrernte na Gabas da Kudancin Alywarre fiye da Yammacin Anmatyerre, wanda ya bambanta da sauran yarukan Arandic. Ana magana da shi a yankunan Dutsen Allan da arewa maso yammacin Alice Springs. Tare da masu magana 640 kawai a cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2016, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin barazana.

 Yammacin Arrarnta (Western Arrernte, Western Aranda, Akara, Southern Aranda, mai yiwuwa sub-dialect Akerre ), ana magana a yammacin Alice Springs, kusan ya ƙare, mutane 440 ne kawai ke magana a cikin 2016.  Sauran kalmomi sune Tyuretye Arrernte da Arrernte Alturlerenj .  Breen ya bambanta Tyurretye Arrernte (wanda da farko ya kira Mbunghara) daga yammacin Arrernte, yana cewa masu magana guda biyu sun fara rubutawa, daga Standley Chasm da Mbunghara, ba a san su ba har zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, kuma yana iya zama "ainihin" Western Arrernte, kafin karshen ya hade tare da Kudancin Arrernte (Permanburg) a Ofishin Jakadancin na Kudancin. Anna Kenny ta lura cewa mutanen Upper Finke River sun fi son yarensu a san su da Western Aranda .  Wannan yaren yana da kamanceceniya da Alyawarre da Kaytetye .

 Harshen kurame 
Har ila yau, akwai yaren kurame na Anmatyerr da ake kira iltyem-iltyem wanda yawancin masu magana da Anmatyerra ke amfani da shi don sadarwa ba tare da magana ba; kalmar malja tana nufin 'hannu, yatsa' kuma kalmar tana fassara 'signa da hannu'. Ana amfani da yaren kurame lokacin da mutanen Anmatyerr ke farauta, lokacin da suke magana da kurma, lokacin da wani ya mutu kuma lokacin da suke tattaunawa da dattawa.

 Amfani da yanzu da karatun 
Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Arewa tana da wani shiri na koyar da al’adu da harsunan ‘yan asalin kasar, wanda wani shiri mai taken Kiyaye Harsuna da Al’adun ‘yan asali – Tsari na Koyar da Harsuna da Al’adun Gargajiya a yankin Arewa tare da mataki na biyu na shirin daga 2018 zuwa 2020.

Cibiyar Harshen Alice Springs tana ba da koyarwar harshe a makarantun firamare, na tsakiya da manyan makarantu, tana ba da Arrernte, Indonesiya, Jafananci, Sifen da Sinanci.

Akwai darussan biyu da ke koyar da Arrernte a matakin sakandare: a Cibiyar Batchelor da Jami'ar Charles Darwin.

Akwai littattafai a cikin yarukan Arandic a cikin Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages . 

Ana gudanar da ayyukan don farfado da yarukan da ke mutuwa na yaren, kamar Southern Arrernte / Pertame.

 Gabas / Tsakiyar Arrernte 
Wannan bayanin yana da alaƙa da Arrernte na Tsakiya ko Gabas.

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Yankin wajeCoronalLaminalAbinda ke da ban sha'awaBiyuwaVelarRashin ƙarfiPalatalDentalAlveolarRetroflexDakatar dap pwpʷk kwkʷc cwcʷt̪ t̪wt̪ʷt biyutʷYa kamata a yi amfani da shiʈʷHancim mwmʷŋwŋʷɲwɲʷn̪wn̪ʷn nwnʷƘarshen ƘarshenɳʷHanci da aka yi amfani da shipm pmwᵖmʷkŋ kŋwᵏŋʷcɲ cɲwᶜɲʷtn̪ tnᵗn̪ʷtn tnwᵗnʷtɳwᵗɳʷTsayar da aka yi amfani da shimb mbwᵐbʷŋɡ ŋɡwᵑɡʷɲɟwᶮɟʷnd̪ nd̪wⁿd̪ʷnd ndwⁿdʷnɖ nɖwⁿɖʷHanyar gefenʎ ʎʎʷl̪ l̪wl̪ʷl lwlʷYa kamata a yi amfani da shiɭʷKusanciβ̞Sanya ~ Sanyaʁ̞j jwjʷYa kamata a yi amfani da shiɻʷTapɾ ɾwɾʷ
Breen & Dobson (2005) da kuma uvular Henderson (2003) sun bayyana shi a matsayin velar.

Tsayawa ba su da iska.[36] Ana yin sautin tasha da ba a kai ba a ko'ina; prestopped hanci ba su da murya a lokacin tasha. Waɗannan sautunan sun taso azaman gungu na baƙar fata na yau da kullun; Ladefoged ya bayyana cewa a yanzu haka suna faruwa ne tun farko, inda aka haramta hada hadaddiyar giyar, saboda asarar wasulan farko a tarihi;  duk da haka, an kuma yi jayayya cewa irin waɗannan kalmomi suna farawa da schwa na sauti, wanda bazai furta shi ba (duba ƙasa).

 Sautin sautin 
A gabaTsakiyaKomawaBabba (i)  (u) TsakaninəƘananana
Dukkanin yaruka suna da aƙalla  .

Tsarin wasali na Gabas/Tsakiya Arrernte abu ne da ba a saba gani ba domin akwai wasu wayoyi guda biyu masu bambanta, /a/ da /ə/. Tsarin wasali biyu ba kasafai ba ne a duk duniya, amma kuma ana samun su a wasu harsunan Arewa maso Yamma na Caucasian. Da alama tsarin wasali ya samo asali ne daga na baya mai yawan sautin wayoyi, amma bayan da aka samar da labilised bak'i a kusa da wasulan zagaye, wasulan sun rasa bambance-bambancen zagaye/baya, sun hade zuwa wayoyi biyu kacal. Akwai ɗan bambancin allophonic a cikin mahallin mabambantan ra'ayi don wasulan. Madadin haka, ana iya gane sautin wayar ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin bambance-bambancen kyauta. Misali, ana iya furta sunan sautin /ə/ [ɪ ~ e ~ ə ~ ʊ] a yawancin mahallin. Koyaya, ana buƙatar zama [ʊ] lokacin jumla-farko kafin baƙon labialized (duba ƙasa).

 Fonotactics 
Tsarin syllable na Gabas / Tsakiyar Arrernte ana jayayya da shi VC (C), tare da codas na tilas kuma babu farawa.[39] Magana ta farko  an fahimta a matsayin sifili, sai dai a gaban ma'anar da aka zagaye inda, ta hanyar tsarin zagaye na amfani gaba ɗaya, an fahimta a cikin . Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ga jimloli su ɗauki ƙarshen  wanda ya dace da wani ɓangaren da ke ƙasa.[40]

Daga cikin shaidun wannan bincike shine cewa wasu suffixes suna da bambance-bambancen bambance-bambancen guda ɗaya da tushe na bisyllabic. Tushen da suka bayyana monosyllabic kuma suna farawa da baƙar fata a zahiri zaɓi bambancin bisyllabic. Damuwa ya fada kan tsakiya na farko da wani baƙo ya rigaye shi, wanda ta wannan bincike za a iya bayyana shi daidai da kalma ta biyu. Kuma akai-akai yana samuwa ta hanyar sake maimaita kalmar VC ta ƙarshe na tushe na fi'ili; bai haɗa da na ƙarshe [ə].

 Rubutun kalmomi 
Tsakiyar / Gabashin Arrernte orthography ba ta rubuta kalma-farko ,da kuma tana ƙara e zuwa ƙarshen kowane kalma.
+Yankin wajeCoronalLaminalAbinda ke da ban sha'awaBiyuwaVelarRashin ƙarfiPalatalDentalAlveolarRetroflexDakatar dap pwk kwtywthwt biyurt rtwHancim mwng ngwnywNF1n nwrn rnwHanci da aka yi amfani da shipm pmwkng kngwtny tnywtnh/thn tnhw/thnwtn tnwrtn rtnwTsayar da aka yi amfani da shimp mpwngk ngkwntynthwntwrnt rntwHanyar gefenly lywlh lhwL lwrl rlwKusanciwhda kuma ywr r r rTap/TrillrrwA gabaTsakiyaKomawaBabba (I/ey)  (mu/mu) Tsakaninda kumaƘananana

 Harshen harshe 
Gabas da Tsakiyar Arrernte yana da tsari na kalma kyauta amma yana karkata zuwa SOV. Gabaɗaya yana da wulakanci, amma yana da zargi a cikin karin magana. Za a iya sanya alamar karin magana ga duality da rukunin fata.
+Suffixes (Eastern /Central Arrernte) ƙayyadaddungloss+ayejaddadawa+eweƘarfafawa+eyeweda gaske karfi jaddada+kedon+lemai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jumla+lekayan aiki+lewurin+le-rashintare, tare da+ngedaga-A bayyane yakesamun-arenyedaga (asalin), haɗin kai- mai zane-zanekamanceceniya-athekezuwa -iperre, -ipenhebayan, daga-kenheya kasance a cikin-ketyesaboda (mummunan sakamako) -kwenyeba tare da samun ba, ba tare da-mpeleta hanyar, ta hanyar-ntyeledaga-wernezuwa+kebaya+Lenatunani+mehalin yanzu+rre/+irremusayar+tyalemummunan mahimmanci+yawar-yawarRashin kyau+tyekemanufar ko niyya+tyenhenan gabaSanyawajibi ne

 Wakilan sunaye 
Sunayen sun ragu tare da mai suna maimakon daidaituwa:
+Wakilan da ba na fata ba (Eastern / Central Arrernte) [43]mutumlambarbatunabudativemallaka1na musamman///biyujam'i2na musammanbiyujam'i3na musammanbiyujam'i
Sassan jiki galibi suna buƙatar sunayen da ba su da alaƙa (mallaka marar iyaka), kodayake matasa masu magana na iya amfani da mallaka a wannan yanayin ma (misali  ko  'kai na').[44]
+Misalan Arrernte na Gabas da Tsakiya  Rashin ƙarfiTuranci G'day, Menene Sabon? 

 Babu wani abu da yawa Shin kun da kyau? 

 Haka ne, ina da kyau Ganin ku daga baya OK, Ganin ku bayan

 OK, Duba ku daga baya

 Bayanan al'adu 

 Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na Peter Sculthorpe Rites of Passage (1972-1973) an rubuta wani ɓangare a cikin Arrernte kuma wani ɓangare a cikin Latin.
 An yi amfani da Yammacin da Kudancin Arrernte a sassan libertto don Andrew Schultz' da Gordon Williams' Journey to Horseshoe Bend, bisa ga labari na Ted Strehlow.

 Bayani 

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba