Dokar Rosetta Stone

Dokar Rosetta Stone, ko Dokar Memphis, dokar Ptolemaic ce da ta fi shahara saboda yanayin harshe biyu da nassi uku, wanda ya ba da damar tantance hiroglyphs na Masar . Majalisar firistoci ta bayar da ta tabbatar da ibadar sarauta ta Ptolemy V a cikin 196 BC a Memphis, an rubuta ta cikin hiroglyphs na Masar, Demotic Misira da Girkanci na dā . Ya ambaci tawayen Masar ga masu mulkin Girka, in ba haka ba an san shi ta hanyar tushen Girkanci kawai da ragowar rubutun rubutu. 

 Magana 
Al'ummar kasar Masar na asali a gida ana kula da su a matsayin 'yan kasa na biyu ta hanyar sarakunan Girka da masu mulkin mallaka, yayin da tattalin arzikin ya sha wahala saboda yaƙe-yaƙe.  Seleucids, alal misali, sun yi nasara a kan yankin Coele-Syria da Ptolemaic ke mulkin mallaka, ciki har da Yahudiya, bayan yakin Panium (198 BC), yayin da aka raba wasu yankuna tsakanin Antiochus III the Great da Philip V na Macedon, wanda ya kwace tsibirai da birane da yawa a Caria da Thrace . A lokacin mulkin Ptolemy IV,  an yi boren da aka daɗe a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Horwennefer da magajinsa Ankhwennefer, wanda ya fara a kudancin Masar.  Waɗannan har yanzu suna ci gaba lokacin da matashin Ptolemy An nada V bisa hukuma a Memphis yana da shekaru 12 (shekaru bakwai bayan fara mulkinsa).  Biranen Masar da suka shiga cikin 'yan tawayen sun fuskanci illar tattalin arziki da siyasa kamar rufe tashoshin jiragen ruwa. 

Ptolemy V Epiphanes ya yi sarauta daga 204 zuwa 181 BC, ɗan Ptolemy IV Philopator da matarsa da 'yar'uwarsa Arsinoe. Ya zama sarki yana ɗan shekara biyar bayan mutuwar iyayensa ba zato ba tsammani, waɗanda aka kashe a wata makarkashiyar da ta shafi Ptolemy. IV ta farka Agathoclea, bisa ga zamani kafofin. Maƙarƙashiyar sun yi mulkin Masar yadda ya kamata a matsayin Ptolemy Ma'aikatan V   har sai da tawaye ya barke bayan shekaru biyu a karkashin Janar Tlepolemus, lokacin da Agathoclea da danginta suka kashe a hannun gungun mutane a Alexandria. Tlepolemus, bi da bi, an maye gurbinsa a matsayin mai kulawa a cikin 201 BC ta Aristomenes na Alizia, wanda shine babban minista a lokacin dokar Memphis. 

An naɗa Ptolemy V. sarauta a Memphis a shekara ta bayan rinjayensa, sa'ad da firistocin Masar suka taru a can suka zartar da doka. 

 Rubutu 
Rubutun kamar yadda aka rubuta a kan Dutsen Rosetta ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi cikar duk wani abu mai rai, kamar yadda yake adana rubutun a cikin rubutun uku da harsuna biyu.  Rubutun farko shine hiroglyphs na Masar, na biyu shine Demotic, na uku kuma shine babban birnin Girka. Sai kawai sassan layi goma sha huɗu na ƙarshe na hieroglyphs sun rage; waɗannan sun yi daidai da layi na ashirin da takwas na ƙarshe na rubutun Greek wanda kuma ya lalace. Sashin Demotic shine layi talatin da biyu wanda farkon goma sha hudu ya lalace (karanta dama zuwa hagu). Layuka hamsin da huɗu na Girkanci suna nan, ashirin da shida daga cikinsu sun lalace a ƙarshensu.  Ana iya dawo da yawancin ɓangarori da suka ɓace da ɓarna na ɓangaren rubutun rubutun ta amfani da kwafin doka daga Damanhur ( Hermopolis Magna ) wanda aka gano a cikin 1896. Yana bayan kwanan watan Rosetta Stone da shekaru goma sha huɗu kuma don haka yana da ɗanɗano abun ciki daban-daban, yana barin cikakkun bayanai waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci. 

Mai yiyuwa ne Demotic shine daftarin yaren dokar, bisa yadda aka fassara sashin da ke kwatanta wurin bautar mutum-mutumin sarki. Kalmomin suna yin mafi ma'ana a cikin Demotic, tare da sigar Girkanci ba ta da ma'ana sosai, kuma sigar hieroglyphic ba ta da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ma'anar.  Duk da haka, rubutun haɗe ne, tare da sassan da aka zana akan al'adun Girkanci ko na Fir'auna fiye da sauran. 

Rubutun yana buɗewa tare da ranar da aka zartar:[Shekara ta 9, Xandikos, rana] 4 wanda ya yi daidai da watan biyu na Masarawa, Winter, ranar 18 (ƙarƙashin) Fir'auna... Wannan kwanan wata yayi daidai da 27 Maris 196 BC  Bai rubuta ranar da aka ba da dokar ba, amma ranar da firistoci suka taru a matsayin wani ɓangare na bukukuwan ƙasa. A kan Dutsen Rosetta, wannan shine nadin sarauta na sarki, yayin da a wasu stelae bikin shine girka dabba mai tsarki. 

Rubutun ya rubuta cewa Ptolemy ya rage ko soke haraji ga sojoji da yawan jama'a:Daga cikin haraji da haraji da ake samu a Masar wasu ya yanke wasu kuma ya soke su gaba daya domin ya sa sojoji da sauran mutane su yi farin ciki a zamaninsa na [Fir'auna]. Harajin da ake karbowa a haikali da kadarorinsu kuma an sassautawa, tare da ba da odar cewa "kudaden da Allah ke samu na alloli da azurfa da hatsi waɗanda ake ba su a matsayin syntaxis ga [haikalinsu] kowace shekara da rabon da ake samu ga gumakan daga gonakin inabi da lambuna da sauran dukiyoyin da suke da hakki a ƙarƙashin ubansa, cewa su kasance a cikin mallakarsu, an ba su haraji kamar yadda firist ya ba su umarni ...  "Kada su biya harajinsu don yin hidima a matsayin firist fiye da adadin da suka biya har shekara ɗaya daga mahaifinsa. Ya sauƙaƙa wa mutanen [da ke cikin] ofisoshin haikalin jirgin ruwa da suke yi zuwa Alexandria kowace shekara..." 

An kuma yaba wa karimcin sarki, bayan da ya yi wa fursunonin afuwa, da kuma haramta ta’addanci . An sadaukar da sarari da yawa don ba da cikakken bayani game da azurfa da hatsin da aka ba wa haikali, musamman waɗanda ke kan al'adun dabbobi tare da Ptolemy yana yin "albarka da yawa ga Apis da Mnevis da sauran dabbobin da suke tsarkaka a Masar ... zuciyarsa tana damuwa da al'amuransu a kowane lokaci, yana ba da duk abin da ake so don kabarinsu mai girma da girmamawa da ɗaukar abin da ya faru a gabansu da ƙonawa a gabansu da ƙonawa. sauran abubuwan da ya dace a yi." [1] Ƙari ga haka, an yi gyare-gyare da sake gina haikali a cikin ƙasar Masar.

Tun da farko kwafin rubutun ya ba da labarin nasarar da sarki ya samu a kewayen Shekan ( Lycopolis ), wanda "makiya suka karfafa da kowace na'ura."  Yana yin afuwa ga “mazajen da suka kasance a wancan gefe a cikin tawayen da ya faru a Masar, domin a bar su [komawa] gidajensu kuma dukiyoyinsu nasu ne (sake).  Ba a nuna irin wannan jinƙai ga shugabannin tawayen, waɗanda aka "kashe a kan gungumen azaba" a Memphis a matsayin wani ɓangare na bukukuwan da ke kewaye da hawan Ptolemy.  Daga baya juzu'ai daga Upper Egypt suna nufin cin nasarar Thebes bayan tawaye. 

An kafa al'adun sarki, tare da haikali a duk faɗin ƙasar Masar da aka ba da umarnin "...ka kafa wani mutum-mutumi na Fir'auna Ptolemy... a cikin (mafi yawan) wuri a cikin Haikali..."  Za a yi mutum-mutumin a cikin salon Masarawa, kuma firistoci za su halarci sau uku a kowace rana, suna ba da hoton irin ayyukan da za su yi wa wasu alloli.  Ana ba firistoci na dukan haikali a ƙasar Masar laƙabi “firistoci na Allah wanda ya bayyana, waɗanda nagartansu cikakke ne” ban da laƙabin da suke da shi.  An yi bayani dalla-dalla dalla-dalla irin kamannin wurin ibadar da za a ajiye mutum-mutumin sarki, tare da rawanin sarauta wanda ya maye gurbin uraeus frieze na gargajiya a saman wurin ibadar; Babban rawanin tsakiya shine ya zama Crown Biyu . Papyrus da sedge za su bayyana a sasanninta, suna goyan bayan uraeus da ke zaune a kan kwandon, "yana nufin Fir'auna wanda ke haskaka Sama da Ƙasar Masar."  shi ne ya kasance "...ka sanya shi a cikin harami tare da sauran wuraren bauta na zinariya."  Ana sanya ranaku na idi na sarki kamar yadda ake yi da "ranar ƙarshe ta wata na huɗu na bazara" wanda ake yi a matsayin ranar haihuwar Fir'auna; "ranar goma sha bakwai ga wata na biyu na lokacin sanyi" za a yi shi ne a matsayin ranar tunawa da hawansa.  Waɗannan ranaku biyun “...a yi su ne a matsayin idi kowane wata a cikin Haikalin Masar...”  Ƙari ga haka, “za su yi biki da jerin gwano a cikin haikalin, da dukan Masar domin Fir’auna Talomi. kowace shekara a ranar farko ga watan farko na Inundation na kwana biyar...  Kuma an shardanta cewa mutum-mutumin sarki ya kasance a cikin manyan bukukuwan wasu gumaka, kuma a rika sarrafa gunkinsa da su. 

Haka nan ana mika ibadar sarki ga sauran jama’a, tare da “jama’a na yau da kullun da suke so” su kasance a cikin gidajensu wani wurin bauta na zinari irin wanda aka samu a cikin haikalin da ke dauke da mutum-mutumin sarki “da kuma gudanar da bukukuwa da jerin gwano da aka kwatanta a sama kowace shekara...” 

Rubutun ya ƙare da koyarwa cewa haikali a duk faɗin Masar za su kafa tatala mai ɗauke da kwafin dokar da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun uku da harsuna biyu. 

 Kwafi 
Sakamakon umarnin kafa kwafi na dokar a cikin haikali a duk faɗin Masar, kwafi goma na dokar sun tsira. Dutsen Rosetta ya adana farkon kuma mafi cikakken kwafin dokar, daga shekara ta 9 na mulkin Ptolemy V. An rubuta kwafi biyu na rubutun a bangon haikalin Philae ; daya, wanda aka fi sani da Philensis II, ya zo shekara ta 19, yayin da na biyu, Philensis I, ya zo shekara ta 21. Sabon rubutun kwanan wata shine shekara 23 stela daga Asphynis. Kwafi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna wanzu, tare da kwafi uku na rubutun Rosetta Stone da aka sani daga Naucratis, Elephantine, da Noub Taha; ƙarin kwafin kowanne an san shi da rubutun Philensis da Asphynis. Akwai ƙarin kwafi guda uku masu ɓarna amma ba a cika kwanan watan mulkin Ptolemy ba. 

Abubuwan da ke cikin rubutun iri ɗaya ne a cikin kwafi daban-daban, tare da tsallake sigar baya ko ƙara cikakkun bayanai kamar yadda ya dace. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙara matar Ptolemy, Cleopatra I, zuwa ƙungiyar sarauta bayan aurensu, da rikodin balaguron soja. Takamaiman bayanai kuma sun bambanta dangane da wurin stele; kwafi daga Upper Egypt sun rubuta sake cin nasarar Thebes a cikin shekara ta 19 maimakon kewaye da Lycopolis. 

 Manazarta 

Majiya











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