Eritrean Liberation Front

The Eritrean Liberation Front  wadda aka fi sani da Jebha, ita ce babbar ƙungiyar fafutukar samun 'yancin kai a Eritrea wacce ta nemi 'yancin kai daga Habasha a shekarun 1960 da farkon 1970s.

Bayan da Masarautar Habasha ta keta ƙudirin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekarar 1952 wanda ya bai wa Eritrea samun 'yancin daga 'yan mulkin mallaka, an kafa ELF a shekara ta 1960 domin yin gwagwarmayar neman yancin kai. A ƙarƙashin Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie, gwamnatin Habasha ta haramtawa jam'iyyun siyasa na Eritriya, 'yan jaridu da 'yancin yin taro. A lokacin 1961, ELF ta fara Yaƙin Independence na Eritrea.  Idris Muhammad Adam da sauran hazikan 'yan Eritrea ne suka kafa ELF a matsayin kungiyar Pan Arab na farko a birnin Alkahira, amma Hamid Idris Awate ne ya jagoranta na farko na gwagwarmaya da makami. A cikin shekarun 1960s, ELF ta sami damar samun tallafi daga ƙasashen Larabawa kamar Masar da Sudan. Duk da haka, takun-saka tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista a cikin ELF tare da gazawar ELF wajen kawar da kai farmakin da Habasha ta kai a shekarar 1967-1968 ta cikin gida ta raba kan ELF, wanda ya sa ta rabu.

A tsakiyar shekarar 1970s, ELF da EPLF, ƙungiyar  'yantar da 'yancin kai na Maoist, sune manyan ƙungiyoyin 'yanci a Eritrea. A ƙarshe EPLF ta mamaye ELF a matsayin ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Eritrea ta shekarar 1977, sannan ELF ta ci nasara a shekarar 1981.

 Tarihi 

 Asali (1948-1959) 
Bayan da Italiya ta sha kashi a yakin duniya na biyu, makomar Habasha da Eritriya ta kasance ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Kwamitin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekarar 1948 ya kasa cimma matsaya kan ko Eritrea za ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta.  A cikin shekarar 1952, Eritrea ta zama wani yanki na Habasha a hukumance a ƙarƙashin kudurin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai lamba 390 A, wanda aka zartar a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, 1950. Duk da haka, Eritrea za ta ci gaba da kasancewa gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta, ma'ana kasar za ta iya samun tsarin gwamnatinsu, tuta, da harshen hukuma. An kuma haramta wa Habasha shiga tsakani da karfi a cikin al'amuran cikin gida na Eritrea.  
Sai dai wasu 'yan ƙasar Eritriya ba su gamsu da matakin da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ɗauka na sanya Eritrea ƙarƙashin ikon Habasha ba. Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na farko za a iya samo su tun a shekarar 1949, lokacin da wasu Musulmai da ke zaune a Eritriya suka kafa ƙungiyar da za ta girma zuwa Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Eritrea. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarun 1950, wannan rukunin ya kasance mara aiki. 
Rashin gamsuwa da gwamnatin Habasha ya tabbata yayin da Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie ya ɗauki matakin dagula gwamnatin Eritrea mai cin gashin kanta. Yayin da Habasha ta fi Eritiriya mulki, Selassie yana jin cewa ƙarin 'yanci a Eritriya zai kawo cikas ga Habasha. Aremu, Johnson Olaosebikan; Buhari, Lateef Oluwafemi (2018-03-20). "African boundary politics: a case of Ethiopian-Eritrean boundary discord". African Research Review. 12 (1): 120–131. doi:10.4314/afrrev.v12i1.13. ISSN 2070-0083. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-05-07. Sakamakon haka, a shekarar da kudurin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya fara aiki, Selassie ya yi watsi da kundin tsarin mulkin Eritrea. A cikin shekarar 1953, an haramta ƙungiyar kwadago ta Eritrea. A shekara ta 1955, an cire shugaban Eritiriya kuma shekara guda bayan haka, Majalisar ƙasar Eritrea ta daina wanzuwa. Shekarar 1956 ita ma ta zama shekarar da Amharic ya maye gurbin Larabci da Tigrinya a matsayin harshen Iritiriya.  Shekaru masu zuwa kuma an ga murkushe ƙungiyoyin tawaye a kan Habasha, kama editocin jaridu da suka yi magana game da kambin Habasha, kama wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Eritrea, da kuma cire tutar Eritrea. "Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea". OHCHR. Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
Amurka ta ci gaba da kasancewa ba ta aiki duk da keta kamshin ƙudirin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Hakan ya faru ne saboda yarjejeniyar 1953 da Amurka da Habasha suka rattabawa hannu, wadda ta ba da tabbacin shiga gidan rediyon Kagnew a Asmara. Wannan sansanin soja na Red Sea yana da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka tun lokacin da ya inganta hanyoyin sadarwa na ketare. Lobban, Richard (1976). "The Eritrean War: Issues and Implications". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 10 (2): 335–346. doi:10.2307/483836. ISSN 0008-3968. JSTOR 483836. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-05-07. Duk da haka, karuwar rashin aikin yi da haraji ya sa dubun-dubatar 'yan Eritriya yin hijira zuwa Saudi Arabiya da Sudan.  Sojojin Habasha sun yi nasarar murkushe zanga-zangar da ta taso a Eritrea, ciki har da yajin aikin ƙungiyar kwadago a shekarar 1958. Gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai ta rikiɗewa zuwa tashin hankali da wannan yajin aikin inda aka kashe masu zanga-zangar da dama. "Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea". OHCHR. Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2023-04-08.

 Kafawa da ƙin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Eritiriya (1958-1959) 
A cikin shekarar 1958, an kafa ƙungiyar 'yanci ta Eritrea (ELM). Harnet, Mekalh (pseud ) (1983). "Reflections on the Eritrean Revolution". Horn of Africa. 6 (3): 3–15. ELM, wacce ta ƙunshi ɗalibai da ma'aikata, ta mayar da hankali kan shirya zanga-zangar adawa da mamayar Habasha. Wuraren ELM suna cikin tsaunukan tsakiyar birane, inda yawancin kiristoci ke zama. Lobban, Richard (1976). "The Eritrean War: Issues and Implications". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 10 (2): 335–346. doi:10.2307/483836. ISSN 0008-3968. JSTOR 483836. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-05-07. Ta shirya 'yan Eritriya a ɓoye tare da taka rawar gani wajen tada ra'ayin 'yan kishin ƙasa a cikin birane har sai da wani babban jami'in 'yan sanda. Yayin da ELM ta taka rawar gani wajen yin aiki don tabbatar da kai, ƙungiyar ta nuna ba ta da ƙarfin haɓaka zuwa gwagwarmayar makami da Daular Habasha. 

 Manazarta