SWANU

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (SWANU) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Namibiya da aka kafa a shekarar 1959. Yawancin mambobinta sun fito ne daga Mutanen Herero, yayin da 'yancin kai na SWAPO galibi jam'iyyar Ovambo ce. 

 Tsarin da jagoranci 
SWANU tana da shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban kasa, da kuma babban sakatare. Kamar sauran jam'iyyun gurguzu da yawa, tana da Politburo na mambobi 26, da Kwamitin Tsakiya na 52. 

Shugaban farko na SWANU shine Fanuel Kozonguizi, wanda ya jagoranci daga kafa ta a 1959 har zuwa 1966. Rihupisa Justus Kandando ya kasance shugaban daga 1998,  sannan Usutuaije Maamberua ya biyo bayan  Tangeni Iijambo.

 Tarihi 
SWANU ta samo asali ne daga Ofishin Dalibai na Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (SWASB), ƙungiyar ɗaliban Namibiya da ke karatu a jami'o'in Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1950.  Dalibai sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hanyar nuna bambancin launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma juriya ga wannan tsarin ta African National Congress (ANC).  A shekara ta 1955, SWASB ta zama jam'iyyar siyasa a kanta a shekara ta 1955, lokacin da mambobinta suka sake masa suna Kungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (SWAPA) kuma suka nada Uatja Kaukuetu a matsayin shugabanta na farko.

SWAPA ba ta da goyon baya a waje da ilimi, duk da haka, kuma a cikin ƙoƙari na fadada tushen goyon bayanta ta haɗu da Majalisar Jama'ar Ovamboland (daga baya Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Ovamboland, ko OPO), wanda ke wakiltar ma'aikatan ƙaura na Ovambo a Cape Town, don kafa Kungiyar Ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (SWANU) a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1959. Koyaya, jagorancin SWANU da ajanda sun kasance sun mamaye tsoffin mambobin SWAPA, kuma OPO ta riƙe ikon cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwa. An nada Fanuel Jariretundu Kozonguizi a matsayin shugaban farko na SWANU, tare da Kaukuetu, shugaban SWAPA, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Jam'iyyar ta zo ne a karkashin tallafin kai tsaye na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a sakamakon haka. A ƙarshen 1959, SWANU da Majalisar Shugabannin Herero sun shirya takunkumin bas a Tsohon wuri Windhoek, don mayar da martani ga tilasta fitar da 'Yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu. 'Yan sanda sun bude wuta a kan masu zanga-zangar, inda suka kashe ko suka ji rauni har zuwa sittin.

Harin tsohuwar wuri shine na farko daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa da yawa wanda ya haifar da lokacin raguwa ga SWANU. A cikin gardamar da ta kewaye da lamarin, Majalisar Shugabannin Herero ta musanta SWANU kuma ta musanta shiga cikin zanga-zangar Tsohon Wurin. A watan Yulin 1960, OPO ta rushe alakar ta da SWANU kuma ta ba da kundin tsarin mulkin jam'iyyarta. Har ila yau, ta sake sanya kanta a matsayin Kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (SWAPO) kuma ta buɗe matsayinta ga Namibians na dukkan kabilun. Shirin SWAPO ya kusan yi daidai da na SWANU: dukansu sun yi kira ga kawo karshen mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka, sun inganta manufofin Afirka, kuma sun yi kira da ci gaban tattalin arziki, al'adu, da zamantakewa na mutanen Namibiya. Koyaya, SWANU ta ba da fifiko sosai ga dogaro da kai, yayin da SWAPO ta amince da muhimmancin 'yan wasan waje da rawar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke takawa wajen tabbatar da' yancin Namibia daga Afirka ta Kudu.

Dukkanin kungiyoyin sun yi gasa don karɓar karɓa da tallafi na duniya, kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin SWAPO da jagorancin SWANU ta kara tsanantawa. SWANU ita ce kawai daya daga cikin jam'iyyun biyu da aka wakilta a hukumance a taron jama'ar Afirka, kungiyar hadin kan jama'ar Afro-Asian, da kuma Anti-Apartheid Movement .  Ya kafa hedkwatar siyasa a Dar es Salaam da ofisoshin siyasa a Accra da Alkahira.

Dukansu SWANU da SWAPO sun sami amincewa daga Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) a 1963. Sun kuma yi nasarar kafa dangantakar kasashen biyu da Tarayyar Soviet da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.  Girman tsananin rabuwa na Sino-Soviet ya haifar da rikici tsakanin jam'iyyun biyu, duk da haka, tare da SWANU ta zama mafi rinjaye a akidar da siyasa daga China, da SWAPO daga Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekara ta 1966, OAU ta tara £ 20,000 a cikin gudummawar tilas daga kasashe membobin OAU don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasa a Namibia.[1] Kozonguizi da farko ya amince da cewa za a ba da kuɗin ga SWANU saboda shahararsa ta duniya da kuma gaskiyar cewa yawancin mambobinta sun sami ilimi a manyan cibiyoyin, wato a Amurka da Yammacin Turai.[2] Koyaya, manufofin hukuma na OAU shine ya kafa goyon bayanta ga ƙungiyoyin adawa da mulkin mallaka akan shirye-shiryen su na amfani da karfi idan ya cancanta.[2] An ba da kuɗin ga SWANU da SWAPO don dalilai na musamman na yin gwagwarmaya da makamai da mulkin Afirka ta Kudu. [1] Kozonguizi ya ki yin alkawarin gwagwarmayar makamai; ko wannan ya kasance ne saboda son kansa na juriya ko kuma yana da shakku game da hikimar ɗaukar makamai a kan dakarun tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu da ke da kayan aiki. Ana jayayya.[2] Sakamakon shawarar da ya yanke ya kasance bala'i na siyasa ga SWANU.[1] SWAPO ta sami damar jayayya cewa shirye-shiryen ta na fara gwagwarmayar makamai ya ba ta halatta a idanun mutanen Namibiya da SWANU ba ta da.[2] OAU nan da nan ta janye amincewa daga SWANU kuma ta ba da kyautar £ 20,000 ga SWAPO.[1] Har ila yau, ta amince da SWAPO a matsayin wakilin gaske na mutanen Namibiya.[3] Wannan ya lalata duk wani damar da SWANU ta gudanar don karɓar taimako daga OAU ko duk wani gwamnatin Afirka baƙar fata

A shekara mai zuwa, an kori SWANU daga Taron Jama'ar Afirka da Asiya.  Ci gaba da alakarsa da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ya sa ba a yarda da shi ba, yayin da kasashen Yamma da Soviet suka zo su dauke shi a matsayin wakilin kasar Sin. Hukumomin Tanzania sun rufe hedkwatar SWANU a Dar es Salaam kuma sun umarci jam'iyyar da ta bar Tanzania. Zambia, wata ƙasa da ta fara jin tausayi ga SWANU, ta fara ƙin karɓar 'yan gudun hijirar Namibiya waɗanda membobin wannan jam'iyyar ne. Tare da 'yan gudun hijira na SWANU da aka yi la'akari da haramtacciyar baƙi a Zambia da Tanzania, an tilasta musu su zauna kusan kawai a Botswana. Botswana ta yarda da 'yan gudun hijirar Namibiya, amma ta hana su shiga siyasa.

Daga 1968 zuwa gaba jam'iyyar ta ƙi shiga cikin rikice-rikice na siyasa kuma ba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin 'yancin kai na Namibia ba. SWANU ta yi ƙoƙari ta tada rundunar 'yan tawaye, wacce ba a kafa ta ba har sai 1975. OAU ba ta da sha'awarta kuma ta bayyana cewa za ta ba da izini ga rundunar 'yan tawaye guda ɗaya a Namibia. Ya bukaci 'yan tawaye na SWANU da su shiga rundunar 'yanci ta Namibia (PLAN), reshen makamai na SWAPO, a maimakon haka. Baya ga China da farko, Misira, babu wata ƙasa da ke shirye ta ba da horo ko makamai ga SWANU. An ki amincewa da buƙatun SWANU na taimakon soja daga jihohi daban-daban na gurguzu a cikin Soviet kamar Nicaragua da Vietnam. Yawancin waɗannan jihohin sun riga sun ba da tallafi ga PLAN, kuma misalai marasa kyau na Angola da Zimbabwe, inda sojojin 'yan tawaye masu adawa suka yi yaƙi da juna, ana yawan ambaton su a matsayin hujja don ƙin taimako ga SWANU. SWANU ta kafa sansanin horar da 'yan tawaye a Botswana a Dukwe, inda ta yi nasarar safarar wasu makamai. Koyaya, yawancin shirye-shiryen da take yi don gwagwarmayar makamai sun kasance kawai a cikin yanayi kuma saboda ƙin Botswana ta amince da sansanonin 'yan tawaye a ƙasa, dole ne a gudanar da dukkan horo a ɓoye. A lokacin Yakin Yankin Afirka ta Kudu, an tsare masu tayar da kayar baya na SWANU a sansanin Dukwe kuma ba su shiga cikin tashin hankali ba.

 Siyasa 
SWANU jam'iyya ce ta dimokuradiyya da ta kasa.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, SWANU ta yi Allah wadai da Isra'ila saboda ayyukansu a lokacin Rikicin Isra'ila da Gaza na 2008-2009. Da yake kira ga tsagaita wuta nan da nan da kuma janyewa daga Yankunan Palasdinawa, jam'iyyar ta yi kira ga yanke kasuwancin Namibiya da dangantakar diflomasiyya da Isra'ila.

A kan batun sake fasalin ƙasa, SWANU ta ba da shawarar shiga tsakani na jihar don kawo sauye-sauye da sauri. Har ila yau, ta soki Ma'aikatar Lands da Resettlement saboda zargin sake kafa 'yan siyasa a ƙasar da aka samu don sake rarraba maimakon "mafi talauci daga cikin matalauta". Har ila yau, ya yi kira ga mafi girman niyyar siyasa don sake fasalin ƙasa.

 Sakamakon zaben 
A Zaben 1999 ya kafa "Socialist Alliance" tare da Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Halin Ma'aikata kuma ya sami 0.35% na kuri'un. A cikin Zaben 2004 ya gama na ƙarshe tare da kuri'u 3,610 da 0.44% na kuri'un.

 Zaben shugaban kasa 
ZaɓuɓɓukaMai neman takaraZaɓuɓɓuka%Sakamakon2009Usutuaije Maamberua2,9680.37%Ya ɓace 20145,0280.56%Ya ɓace 2019Tangeni Iiyambo5,9590.70%Ya ɓace 2024Evilastus Kaaronda7,9910.73%Ya ɓace 

 Zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa 
ZaɓuɓɓukaShugaban jam'iyyarZaɓuɓɓuka%Kujerun zama+/-MatsayiSakamakon19942,5980.53%Sabon19991,8850.34%020043,6100.44%02009Usutuaije Maamberua4,9890.62%120146,3540.71%02019Tangeni Iiyambo5,3300.65%02024Evilastus Kaaronda11,4841.05%0

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

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