Hukumar sulhu ta kasa

Majalisar Ghana ta kafa kwamitin sulhu na kasa a watan Janairu 2002 . Manufar hukumar ita ce ta kafa "cikakkiyar tarihi, cikakke kuma tarihin cin zarafi da cin zarafin bil'adama da cibiyoyin gwamnati da masu rike da mukaman gwamnati ke yi a lokacin gwamnatin da ta saba wa kundin tsarin mulki."  An kafa hukumar ne bayan wata sabuwar jam'iyyar dimokuradiyya ta lashe zabe a shekarar 2000 . Hukumar ta tabo batun take hakkin dan Adam a Ghana daga 1957 zuwa 1993. Ta yi nazari kan cin zarafin gwamnati da juyin mulkin soja da tsohon shugaban kasar Jerry Rawlings ya yi. Membobin Hukumar sun yi aiki har zuwa karshen 2004.

 Tarihi 
Akwai manyan jam'iyyu biyu a Ghana lokacin da kasar, wacce a lokacin ake kira Gold Coast, ke neman 'yancin kai. Wadannan jam'iyyu su ne: Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party (CPP) wacce jam'iyya ce mai ra'ayin gurguzu wacce ta kasance mai goyon bayan 'yancin kai da kuma National Liberation Movement ( NLM) wadda ta kasance jam'iyyar jari hujja mai adawa da tsarin gwamnati na bai daya da kuma tsattsauran ra'ayi na CPP. United Party (Ghana) reshe ne na NLM kuma sun yi aiki tare. Kwame Nkrumah shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar CPP wadda ta lashe zabukan 1951 da 1954 da 1956 .  Ya zama shugaban Ghana na farko a lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai daga daular Burtaniya a shekarar 1957. A shekarar 1960, Ghana ta zama jamhuriya, bayan shekaru hudu, ta zama kasa mai jam'iyya daya, inda CPP ita kadai ce jam'iyya.  A wani bangare na gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na 1964 Nkrumah ya ayyana Ghana a matsayin kasa jam'iyya daya. Dangane da ra'ayoyin abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa, Nkrumah ya gabatar da dokar hana tsare-tsare (PDA) wacce ta bai wa shugaban kasar ikon kama wadanda abin da suka yi ya bayyana a gare shi da cewa bai dace da zaman lafiya da zaman lafiya ba. An yi amfani da PDA a matsayin kayan aiki don cin zarafi da kuma tsare manyan mutane da shugabannin NLM ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar Baffour Osei Akoto, babban masanin harshe na Asantehene (duba, RE AKOTO &amp; 7 sauran shari'ar Kotun Koli) da Dr. JB Danquah wanda shi ne babban abokin adawar siyasa na Nkrumah a lokacin.

 1966 zuwa 1981 
A shekarar 1966, an hambarar da gwamnatin Nkrumah a wani juyin mulki a lokacin da yake kasar Vietnam. Juyin mulkin dai ya samu gagarumin goyon baya daga mambobin gwamnatin NLM da UP. An gudanar da babban zabe a shekarar 1969 kuma jam'iyyar Progress Party (Ghana) reshen jam'iyyar NLM karkashin jagorancin Kofi Abrefa Busia ne ta lashe zaben. 'Yan adawar ita ce National Alliance of Liberals . 

A cikin 1972, juyin mulkin soja wanda Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ya jagoranta ba tare da jinni ba, yayin da Busia ke Burtaniya, ya hambarar da gwamnatin Busia kuma ya kafa National Redemption Council (NRC), gwamnatin soja. A cikin 1975, gwamnati ta canza daga NRC zuwa Majalisar Koli ta Sojoji (Ghana) wacce har yanzu Acheampong ke jagoranta. A cikin 1978, Fred Akuffo ya maye gurbin Acheampong. Akuffo ya yi alkawarin zai yi aiki don ganin an yi mulkin farar hula a cikin shekara mai zuwa.

A shekara ta 1979, wani yunkurin juyin mulkin soja ya kawo Rawlings da majalisarsa na juyin juya hali na Soja, Ghana . Ya kaddamar da juyin mulkin soji makonni biyu kafin zaben kasar . An gudanar da zaben kuma Rawlings ya sha kaye. An mayar da kasar zuwa jam'iyyar People's National Party (Ghana), jam'iyyar da ta maye gurbin Nkrumah da akidu iri daya.

 1981 zuwa 2000 
A cikin 1981, Rawlings ya yi juyin mulkin soja don sake samun mulki. Gwamnatinsa, Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (PNDC) ta ci gaba da mulki har zuwa 1992. Rawlings ya ayyana "Yaki mai tsarki" da nufin "sake fasalin cibiyoyin siyasa na kasa, kafa dimokiradiyya ta gaskiya bisa manufa da al'adun Ghana, da kuma farfado da tattalin arziki."  Rawlings ya haramta duk wasu jam'iyyun siyasa kuma ya dakatar da tsarin mulki. A shekarar 1991, jam'iyyar PNDC ta kafa taron tuntuba domin tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma maido da sabuwar dimokuradiyyar jam'iyyu da yawa. Shekara guda bayan haka, an amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kuma an hana jam'iyyun siyasa takunkumi. PNDC ta canza zuwa National Democratic Congress (Ghana) . Bayan zabe a 1992, da Commonwealth of Nations suka lura, an sake zabar Rawlings . 

A cikin 1996, an sake zabar Rawlings. 'Yan adawa sun samu isassun kujeru don adawa da sauye-sauyen kundin tsarin mulkin wanda ya kasance mataki na gaskiya a tafarkin dimokuradiyya. A shekara ta 2000, ba a ba Rawlings damar shiga zaben ba saboda kayyade wa'adi biyu na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Jam’iyyarsa ta sha kaye a hannun New Patriotic Party (NPP) sannan John Kufuor ya zama shugaban kasa. Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka yi juyin mulkin demokradiyya cikin lumana cikin sama da shekaru arba'in a Ghana.

 Hukumar 

 Kafa 
A cikin Janairu 2002, Hukumar Sulhunta ta kasa ta fara da gwamnati ta farko bayan mulkin Rawlings. An zabi kwamishinoni tara domin gudanar da aikin. Kwamishinonin sun kunshi maza shida da mata uku, wadanda dukkansu ‘yan kasar Ghana ne. [1] Tsohon Alkalin Alkalai KE Amua-Sekyi ne ya jagoranta. Akwai ma'aikata ɗari da goma sha biyar. [2] Hukumar ta kafa wasu kwamitoci guda shida kamar su kwararrun lauya, kwararru da ba na shari’a ba, kungiyoyin ‘yan jarida da dalibai, jami’an tsaro da kungiyoyin addini da sarakuna. Manufar hukumar ita ce ta kafa sahihin wakilci na take hakin bil Adama tsakanin tsawon shekaru uku sama da shekaru arba'in yayin rikicin siyasa. Hukumar ta samu sama da dala miliyan uku don samar da ita kuma kashi 66% (miliyan biyu) na zuwa ne kai tsaye daga gwamnatin Ghana. Sauran kudaden sun fito ne daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje da gidauniyoyi ta hanyar tallafi da tallafi. [3] An ba shi shekara guda don kammala aikinsa da bincikensa amma ya sami damar tsawaita tsawon watanni shida lokacin da aka kammala sauraron karar a Yuli 2004. [2] Hukumar ta ba da damar gudanar da bincike kan lokacin da kasar ke cikin rikicin siyasa bayan samun 'yancin kai (1966-69, 1972-1979, da 1981-1993) da kuma cin zarafin bil'adama da ke tattare da ita.

 Umarni 
Wa’adin ya baiwa kwamishinonin damar magance kashe-kashe, sace-sace, bacewar jama’a, tsare mutane, azabtarwa da kuma kwace dukiyoyi ba bisa ka’ida ba.   An baiwa kwamishinonin damar duba wasu take hakkin dan adam idan sun gano cewa hakan zai taimaka wajen samun sulhu. An ba su izinin bincika wuraren ba tare da izini ba kuma wadanda suka ki ba da damar an sayo su zuwa kotu. Sun karɓi bayanai sama da 4,200 daga waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu. Hakazalika da Afirka ta Kudu, sun yi taron jin ra'ayoyin jama'a wanda ya kara mai da hankali ga Hukumar. An fara sauraren karar ne a watan Janairun 2003 kuma an watsa ta a talabijin da rediyo. Hukumar ta saurari shaidu sama da dubu biyu daga wadanda abin ya shafa da kuma saba’in da tara da ake zargi da aikata laifin. A cikin rahoton karshe, kwamishinonin sun rubuta cewa "ta yi kokarin yin amfani da ma'anar mai fadi da sassaucin ra'ayi ga kowane nau'i da nau'in cin zarafi a cikin aikinta, kuma sun zana dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, ka'idojin dokokin jin kai da fahimtar dokokin gama gari game da cin zarafi". Misali, suna iya karkasa "kisa-ba'a" a matsayin azabtarwa. 

 Sakamakon bincike 
Rahoton ya kammala da cewa, a cikin wadannan shekaru gwamnati ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga "gadar cin zarafin bil'adama" tare da kammala cewa hukumomin tilasta bin doka da sojoji ne ke da alhakin mafi yawan cin zarafi da take hakin bil'adama.  Abubuwan da suka faru na juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1979 na daya daga cikin sakamakon binciken da suka yi.

 1979 juyin mulkin soja 
A cikin 1979, an kama Rawlings saboda yunkurin juyin mulkin soja a Acheampong. Yayin da yake tsare, ya tsere tare da sojojinsa kuma suka yi juyin mulkin soja na gaske. Sun kashe jami’an soji shida da suka taba yin aikin soja ciki har da Laftanar Janar Akwasi Afrifa, Rear Admiral Joy Amedume, Manjo Janar REA Kotei, Kanar Roger Joseph Felli da kuma wasu shugabannin siyasa biyu: Ignatius Kutu Acheampong da FWK Akuffo. An kashe su ne a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1979. An kashe alkalan kotun koli guda uku a wannan juyin mulkin kuma. Sun daure wasu manyan jami’an soji goma sha biyu da hukuncin daurin shekaru goma sha biyar.  An samu kashe-kashe sama da dari uku da sace-sace da aka yi a lokacin juyin mulkin. Bayan wannan, Rawlings ya karbi mulki.

 Bugawa 
Hukumar ta kawo karshen tattaunawarsu a watan Oktoba 2004, kuma an buga rahotonsu a watan Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa. Sun yi shakkar raba shi ga jama'a saboda yana da tsada sosai wajen bayyana rahoton jama'a. An bayyana karara cewa tauye hakkin dan Adam a Ghana bai kwatanta da tauye hakkin dan Adam a wasu kasashen Afirka ba wanda zai iya zama dalilin da ya sa gwamnati ba ta son buga rahoton.

 Shawarwari 
Rahoton ya zayyana wani cikakken shirin ramawa wanda ya hada da neman afuwa, abubuwan tunawa da kuma biyan diyya, maido da kadarorin da aka sace da kuma kafa wuraren jinya. Hukumar ta ba da shawarar biyan diyya ga kusan mutane 3000 da aka ci zarafin Bil Adama a lokacin mulkin Rawlings.  Matsalolin da aka ba da shawarar sun bambanta tsakanin $120 zuwa $3,500 ya danganta da nau'in gyaran da ake buƙata. Wadanda suka yi hasarar dukiya sun dawo, yayin da kuma an bayar da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Hukumar ta bayar da wadannan kananan kudade ne domin karfafa gwiwar gwamnati wajen kara bayar da diyya. Wannan dabarar ta yi aiki kuma sun ba da dala miliyan 1.5 don gyarawa. Matsalolin sun zo kai tsaye daga shawarwarin hukumar. A watan Yunin 2007, an biya ramukan kuɗi.

 Suka 
An caccaki gwamnati da bayyana cewa ta gaza a lokacin da suke kokarin sasanta kasar. Ayyukan gwamnati sun ci karo da Hukumar da ayyukanta na sasantawa. Chris Dadzie, darektan ilimin jama'a a hukumar kare hakkin dan adam da shari'a ta gwamnati (CHRAJ), ya kammala da cewa "da a ce gwamnati da gangan ta nuna kyakkyawar fuska… "Da ma an yi wa hukumar fiye da haka kuma ta hanyar biyan diyya  an samu korafe-korafe game da kudaden da aka biya ba su isa ba kuma gwamnati ta gane cewa kudaden da aka biya ga wadanda abin ya shafa ba su gamsar da su ba. Akwai wasu gyare-gyaren hukumomi da aka yi amma zaluncin 'yan sanda na karuwa a Ghana kuma tsarin shari'a ba zai iya ci gaba ba. An caccaki hukumar kan yadda ta ke ba wa kudaden fansho muhimmanci fiye da maidowa. 

 Magana 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba