Ƙungiyar Pan African

Ƙungiyar Afirka, wadda aka fi sani da Ƙungiyar Pan-African bayan 1900, kungiya ce da shugabannin Afirka suka kafa don "ingantawa da kare muradun dukkan batutuwan da ke da'awar zuriyar Afirka gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare, a cikin yankunan Birtaniya da sauran wurare, musamman Afirka, ta hanyar yada cikakkun bayanai game da duk batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancinsu da gatansu a matsayin batutuwa na Masarautar Birtaniya, ta hanyar yin kira ga hukumomi da ƙananan hukumomi." Henry Sylvester Williams ya qaddamar da kafa }ungiyar Afrika, wadda aka kafa a ranar 14 ga Satumbar 1897, a hedkwatarta da ke Landan, Ingila. Ƙungiyar ta fi shahara da shirya taron farko na Pan-African, wanda ya faru a London a watan Yuli 1900.  

 Manufa 
Da farko Ƙungiyar Afirka ta mayar da hankali kan samar da bayanai game da haƙƙoƙi da gata ga 'yan Afirka waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Daular Burtaniya. Ganin cewa akwai bukatar shigar da daidaikun mutanen Afirka a duniya, kungiyar ta sauya burinta a shekarar 1899, inda ta kafa kanta a matsayin wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa don inganta 'yancin 'yan Afirka a fadin duniya, maimakon daular Burtaniya kawai. Ƙungiyar Afirka ta lissafa manufofinta:

 Haɓaka haɗin kai
 Inganta dangantaka tsakanin 'yan Afirka
 Inganta muradun 'yan Afirka
 Bayar da bayanai don koya wa 'yan Afirka game da haƙƙoƙinsu da gatansu
 Sanar da jama'ar Burtaniya game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a wasu sassan duniya
 Sanar da mutane, da yuwuwar canza dokokin baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu  

 Ci gaba 

 Farkon samuwar 
Shugabannin masu fafutuka da masu fafutuka sun amince da bukatar wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa don hada kan kokarin 'yantar da mulkin mallaka da bakar fata a fadin kasashe.  Don haka, Henry Sylvester Williams, lauyan Trinidadian, ya fahimci bukatar mayar da hankali kan ilmantar da jama'ar Birtaniya. Ya yi imanin cewa al'ummar Birtaniyya ba su da masaniya game da rashin daidaituwar yanayin da mutane masu launin fata suke yi a cikin daular, kuma ya nemi gyara wannan ta hanyar kafa kungiyar.  Williams ya nemi kafa ƙungiyar a London, saboda birnin ya zama wurin ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, gwagwarmaya, da ƙungiya.  Duk da irin ci gaban da babban birnin Landan ke da shi, masu goyon bayan farar fata sun ba da shawara kan kafuwar kungiyar Afirka, suna masu ikirarin cewa bakar fata ba su da ikon kafa kungiyoyin siyasa masu zaman kansu.  Saboda wannan rikici, an iyakance kasancewa memba mai aiki ga baƙar fata amma "fararen fata" na iya zama memba na girmamawa.
Baya ga sha'awar ƙungiyar Afirka gabaɗaya, al'amuran siyasa na yau da kullun sun haifar da ƙirƙira ta. Wadanda suka kafa sun yi jayayya da cewa Gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya suna ƙirƙirar "sabon nau'i na bauta" a Zanzibar da Gabashin Afirka . Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. Wasiƙar daga A. Kinlock, wanda aka buga a cikin Aboki, mujallar Ƙungiyar Abokai, a kan 22 Oktoba 1897, ya nuna cewa ƙungiyar na iya ɗaukar yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu kuma.  

 Ganawar farko 
Ba a san komai ba game da taron jama'a na farko na kungiyar Afirka sai dai takaitaccen bayani kan kafuwarta a jaridu da rahotannin sauran kungiyoyin. An shirya taron wani lokaci tsakanin Satumba da Nuwamba 1897 a Exeter Hall, London. Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. 

Membobin sun fito ne daga yankin Caribbean da yammacin Afirka, kuma sun hada da shugabannin addini, masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, da marubuta. Mata da yawa kuma sun kasance mambobi, kodayake an ba su lakabi a matsayin membobin girmamawa. Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. 

 Ajanda ta siyasa 
An gudanar da taron jama'a karo na biyu na ƙungiyar a ranar 11 ga Janairu 1898, kuma a Exeter Hall. Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. Bayan wannan taron, kungiyar cikin gaggawa ta fara aiki kan manufofinsu na siyasa. A cikin Maris 1898, Williams da Reverend Mason Joseph sun nemi yin hira da Sakatariyar Harkokin Mulki na lokacin, Joseph Chamberlain a Ofishin mulkin mallaka a lokuta biyu daban-daban.  Duk buƙatun sun ƙi. Wani Memorial, wanda aka rubuta bayan kin amincewa da farko, ya ba da shawarar canje-canje ga masana'antar sukari a cikin British West Indies, yana ba da shawara ga ƙananan kamfanoni don "  girbi riba mai girma da kuma amfani da albarkatun ƙasa na Yammacin Indiya Colonies. '   Har ila yau, ta bukaci a dauki tsauraran matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, da tallafa wa ilimi mai inganci, da kuma daukar matakan samar da kudaden tallafin sabbin manoma. Bugu da ƙari, yana da nufin rage farashin canja wurin fili wanda Williams da Joseph suka yi jayayya yana hana mutane samun filin Crown .  ‘Yan mintoci daga majalisar sun nuna cewa an yada wannan taron tunawa da ‘yan majalisar da dama, kamar yadda wasu suka yi wa Chamberlain tambayoyi kan wadannan batutuwa. Duk da haka, babu wani mataki da aka dauka.

Ƙungiyar ta gudanar da babban taronta na shekara-shekara a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1898. A can, Ƙungiyar ta buga rahotonta na farko na shekara kuma ta ɗauki kudurori biyu. Daya ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Birtaniyya da ta “cika bukatu na halin da ake ciki na tsibiran,” da kuma kare ‘yancin ‘yan asalin Afirka da aka kawo karkashin mulkin Birtaniya da kuma kare muradunsu daga rugujewar Kamfanonin Chartered. ” Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. Dayan kuma ya bukaci kafa rassan kungiyar a yankuna daban-daban na daular Burtaniya.

A wani lokaci kuma kungiyar ta dauki nauyin baje kolin 'yan Afirka a wani bangare na nunin . Musamman ma, wata takardar koke ta kai ga Wilhem II, Sarkin Jamus, game da batutuwa iri ɗaya da faɗaɗa shawarar ƙungiyar fiye da Burtaniya. Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. 

A farkon 1900, ƙungiyar ta canza filin ofis daga Grey's Inn zuwa 139 Palace Chambers, 9 Bridge Street, London SW, kuma ta karɓi sabon suna The Pan African Conference Committee (PAC). Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. 

 Jama'a 
A cikin 1898, Williams ya yi balaguro da yawa yana karantarwa, kafa abokan hulɗa, da haɓaka tallafi. Ya sadu da membobin Aborigines Protection Society (APS), Anti-Slavery Society, South Place Ethical Society, Liberal Party, Society of Friends da Unitarians . Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. An fadada jerin sunayen membobin da aka karrama zuwa ga wani dan majalisa, karin shugabannin addini, da mata. Ƙungiyar ta kafa lambar sadarwar Amurka ta farko, D. Augustus Straker .  

Baya ga kungiyoyi da al'ummomi, Williams da ƙungiyar sun ci gaba da tuntuɓar shugabannin baƙar fata da yawa, ciki har da Booker T. Washington . Tare sun halarci ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarurrukan shekara-shekara na APS, inda suka kalubalanci Albert Gray, memba na hukumar British South Africa Company, game da yanayin al'ummar Afirka na asali. Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. Tare da taimakon labaran Washington a jaridu daban-daban, ƙungiyar ta Afirka ta zama sananne sosai.

 Babban taron kasashen Afrika na farko 
Yawancin ayyukan Ƙungiyar da tafiye-tafiye na Williams an sadaukar da su don tallata da shirya taron Farko na Pan-African, wanda ya faru a London a cikin Yuli 1900. A cikin kasidun tallata taron, magoya bayan Ƙungiyar Afirka sun kai 87 a Ingila, 37 a Scotland, da 28 a Dublin. Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. Taron na kasashen Afirka ya nuna mafarin yunkurin siyasar duniya na "Pan-Afrika" da zai bullo.  

Taron farko na kasashen Afirka ya fuskanci matsalolin kudi amma ya samu nasara tare da goyon bayan wasu 'yan kasashe masu hannu da shuni. :67Williams yana tsammanin Washington, ko aƙalla wakilinsa, zai halarci taron. Duk da haka, Washington ba za ta iya halarta ba, wanda Williams, a cikin wasiƙarsa, ya nuna nadama; Duk da haka Washington ta ci gaba da taimakawa Williams wajen tallata taron. Yayin da yake Landan, ya halarci tarurrukan shirye-shirye da dama kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara shirin taron, wanda ya shafi "sharuɗɗan da ake da su, bauta, ci gaba, tarihin Afirka, buƙatun 'kafarar zalunci' Turai' da kuma 'shirya ganima' na Turawa.

 Ƙungiyar Pan-African Association 
A ranar ƙarshe ta taron, 25 Yuli 1900, Ƙungiyar Afirka ta canza suna zuwa Ƙungiyar Pan-African Association (PAA). Hakanan ya canza manufarsa:[Tabbatar] yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa ga 'yan Afirka da zuriyarsu a duk faɗin duniya; don ƙarfafa dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin Caucasian da jinsin Afirka; don ƙarfafa mutanen Afirka a ko'ina cikin harkokin ilimi, masana'antu da kasuwanci; don kusanci Gwamnatoci da tasirin doka a cikin bukatun bakar fata; da kuma daidaita yanayin da ake zalunta a duk sassan duniya. Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. Ofishin dindindin ya canza zuwa Room 416, 61–2 Chancery Lane, a tsakiyar London. Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wani ofishin tattara bayanai, bayanai, da ƙididdiga kan yanayin 'yan Afirka a duniya.  An kafa rassa a Afirka, Indiyawan Yamma, da Amurka, kuma za a shirya babban taro duk bayan shekaru biyu, na farko a Amurka, sannan Haiti.  

An zartar da wasu ƙuduri ban da canjin sunan. Ɗaya ya jaddada wani ɓangare na ayyukan Anti-Slavery Society tare da hangen nesa na PAA. Wani kuma ya gabatar da "godiya mai kyau [don ayyukan] ta Native Races and Liquor Traffic United Committee" a cikin hana zirga-zirgar giya tsakanin 'yan asalin Afirka. An aika da abin tunawa ga Sarauniya Victoria, tana neman matakan "mafi wayewa" game da yanayin zamantakewa ga 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu.Adi, Hakim (2018). Pan-Africanism: A History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-5427-4. OCLC 1078396537.

Wani karamin kwamiti karkashin jagorancin WEB Du Bois ne ya shirya "Adireshin ga Kasashen Duniya", wanda ya yi kira ga shugabannin kasashen Turai da su yi yaki da wariyar launin fata da kuma cin zarafin jama'a da kuma kare 'yancin cin gashin kai ga al'ummar Afirka. Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. Ya soki yanayin da 'yan Afirka suka fuskanta a cikin "Amurka, yankunan da Faransa da Jamus suka yi wa mulkin mallaka, da Jamhuriyar Kwango, da kuma Abyssinia, [Haiti], da Laberiya, da kuma 'ƙabilan Afirka masu zaman kansu. '  Geiss, Imanuel (1974). The Pan African Movement: A History Of Pan Africanism In America, Europe, And Africa. New York: Africana Pub. Co. ISBN 0-8419-0161-9. OCLC 868031. Daftarin ya ƙunshi sanannen layi:Matsalar karni na 20 ita ce matsalar layin launi - tambaya game da yadda bambancin launin fata da ke nuna kansu a cikin launi na fata da nau'in gashi za a yi a nan gaba ginshiƙi na hana sama da rabin duniya haƙƙin raba ga iyakar iyawarsu da dama da gata na wayewar zamani. Sherwood, Marika (2011). Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African Diaspora. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0. OCLC 466361113. 

 liyafa 
Gaba daya taron ya samu karbuwa sosai.  Bishop Walters ya karbi wasiku daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna yaba aikin kungiyar Pan-African Association.: 95. 

An ambaci Ƙungiyar da taron kanta a cikin jaridu da dama.  Duk da haka, jaridun yammacin Indiya galibi sun koka game da rashin amincewa da yanayin da ake ciki a Afirka ta Kudu, ganin cewa "'yan mulkin mallaka ne suka yi shawarwari." 

Jaridu da yawa sun ba da rahoton "Adireshin zuwa ga Ƙasashen Duniya".  Koyaya, sanannen layin an bar shi da gangan da kuma sassan da ke kira ga mulkin kai na Afirka.: 93 

 Bayan 1900 

 Jamaica 
A shekarar 1901, Williams ya yanke shawarar kai ƙoƙarin ƙungiyar PAA kai tsaye ga al'ummar nahiyar Amirka.

Ya isa Jamaica a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1901, inda ya sauka tare da H. R. Cargill, shi kaɗai ne memban ƙungiyar a Jamaica. A cikin wata hira da The Gleaner, Williams ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar PAA za ta wakilci muryar bayin Afirka, kuma PAA "ba ta da wata adawa da gwamnatin Burtaniya. Idan baƙar fata yana samun adalci da ilimi da walwala a ko’ina, zai zama ɗan ƙasa mafi aminci, nagari da kuma ƙima."

Williams ya yi yawon shakatawa a faɗin Jamaica, inda ya kafa rassan ƙungiyar PAA daban-daban a tsibirin, kuma mutane da dama da suka shahara sun halarci tarukan. Duk da haka, rikice-rikice sun taso nan da nan, musamman tsakaninsa da Gwamna mai rikon ƙwarya a lokacin, Sydney Olivier, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa baƙar fata a Jamaica ba su cikin kunci:[Ƙabilar] baƙar fata a Afirka na baya matuƙa a fagen cigaba, kuma suna buƙatar taimako don su kai matakin ‘yan’uwansu masu sa’a da ke West Indies da Amurka waɗanda suka samu ci gaba sosai ta hanyar hulɗa da fararen fata.” Bayan watanni biyu a Jamaica, Williams ya tafi Trinidad.

 Trinidad 
Taron farko na ƙungiyar PAA a Trinidad an shirya shi ne a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1901, kuma an ruwaito cewa "mutane dubu" sun halarta. Edgar Maresse-Smith ne ya jagoranci taron, wanda shi ma babban mai goyon bayan Williams ne, kuma wani lauya na cikin gida mai suna Emmanuel Lazare ne ya gabatar da Williams. A cikin wannan taro, Williams ya bayyana alkawarin Sarauniya da Chamberlain, ya nemi ƙarin abubuwa daga jihohi a madadin PAA, kuma ya nemi a tabbatar da ‘yancin ‘yan Trinidad a matsayin cikakkun ‘yan ƙasa na Burtaniya. Hakanan taron ya soki wariyar launin fata da na aji da ke faruwa, ya kuma buƙaci ‘yan Trinidad su rika faɗar albarkacin bakinsu.

A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1901, reshen PAA na Trinidad ya kaddamar da aikinsa a hukumance. A tsakiyar watan Yuli, Williams ya tafi Amurka, inda duk da yawan baƙar fata, bai samu karɓuwa da ƙungiyarsa kamar yadda ya samu a West Indies ba.

 Rushewa 

A cewar The Pan-African, mujallar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar PAA ta dakatar da aikinta ne saboda matsalolin kuɗi. Sai dai binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa dalilan da suka haddasa rushewar ƙungiyar sun samo asali ne daga matsalolin cikin gida da sabani tsakanin shugabanni. Kamar yadda Gwilym Colenso da Christopher Saunders suka bayyana, Frank Colenso a cikin wata muhawararsa da Walters, ya soki Williams bisa "yin amfani da sunan ƙungiyar da tsarin shugabanci ba bisa ƙa’ida ba."  Colenso bai amince da yadda Williams ke yanke muhimman matsaloli ko yin sauye-sauyen kundin tsarin mulki ba tare da tuntubar sauran membobin kwamiti ko jami’an ƙungiyar ba.

Bugu da ƙari, duk da cewa ƙungiyar na ɗauke da sunan "Pan-African", PAA tana mai da hankali ne kawai kan yanayin rayuwar al’ummar Afirka a cikin yankunan mallakar Burtaniya da na kariya. Musamman, Frank Colenso ya ɗauki aikin Williams a matsayin wanda ke "cikin tsarin da ya fi karkata zuwa Anglo-African fiye da Afro-American",  lamarin da ya sa ya zargi Williams da "ƙin amincewa" da ainihin manufar Pan-Africanism. Wannan sabani tsakanin membobin Amurka da na Burtaniya cikin PAA shi ma ya taka rawa wajen haddasa rushewar ƙungiyar.

Yayin da Williams yake can a nahiyar Amirka, Colenso ya samu damar aiwatar da ayyukansa da kansa, har ma ya karɓe ikon shugabanci daga hannun Williams. Duk da haka, shawarar da ya yanke na rusa PAA ba ita ce kaɗai ba, domin akwai wasu membobi da shugabanni, waɗanda Colenso ya kira "abokan aikina", da suka nuna rashin amincewa.

 Mutane 
+Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Pan-African (1900–1901)MatsayiSunaBayanan BayaniShugabaBishop Alexander Walters Walters an haife shi cikin bauta a Kentucky a shekarar 1858.
 Ya kasance shugaban National Afro-American Council, kuma memba ne na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.Mataimakin ShugabaReverend Henry B. BrownSakataren GabaɗayaHenry Sylvester WilliamsMa'ajin KuɗiFrank Colenso An ambaci cewa ɗan’uwansa Robert Colenso ne Ma’aji, amma masana tarihi na ganin cewa Frank Colenso ne ya riƙe matsayin. (S. O. 150)
 Frank Colenso ya fito ne daga Afirka ta Kudu, ɗan John Colenso da Sarah Frances Bunyon. Ya yi karatu a matsayin lauya a Jami’ar Cambridge kuma ya shiga harkokin ƙungiyar saboda gwagwarmayarsa don kare 'yan Zulu da sauran asalin mutanen Afirka ta Kudu. (Gwilym Colenso)Jakadan Ƙasa don AfirkaBenito Sylvain Sylvain ɗan jarida ne, ɗan diflomasiyya kuma lauya daga ƙasar Haiti.

Membobin Kwamitin Zartarwa:

 John Richard Archer  
 Anna Julia Haywood Cooper  
 Samuel Coleridge-Taylor  
 Henry F. Downing  
 Frederick J. Loudin  
 Mrs. Jane Cobden Unwin
 Gado 

Ƙungiyar Pan-African ta gabatar da ra'ayin "Pan-Africanism" a matsayin wata sabuwar akida da ta bambanta da motsin kawar da bauta a Daular Birtaniya. Taron da ƙungiyar ta shirya da kuma ganawa da 'yan gwagwarmaya sun taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu fafutuka masu asalin Afirka daga ƙasashe daban-daban.

Duk da rushewar PAA, reshenta a Jamaica ya ci gaba da fafutukar cimma irin waɗannan manufofi, kodayake da wani suna daban, har zuwa aƙalla shekarar 1903.

A Trinidad, reshen PAA ya ci gaba da samun goyon baya sosai har jaridun cikin gida suka ci gaba da bada rahoto kan tarurrukanta. Reshen ya ci gaba da aikawa da ƙorafi ga gwamnatin Birtaniya da fatan Sarkin Edward zai faɗaɗa haƙƙin siyasa ga bayin mulkin da ke ƙasashen waje. A wuraren taro da aka shirya domin tara kuɗi, reshen ya nemi ƙarin goyon baya daga sauran ƙasashen yankin Caribbean na Birtaniya. Duk da kusanci tsakanin Williams da wakilin ƙungiyar, Lazare, babu isasshen sha'awa da zai ba da damar ci gaba da ayyukan PAA. Ƙungiyar ta daina aiki a ƙarshen shekarar 1901, lokacin da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan farko suka juya wajen kafa wata sabuwar ƙungiya mai hangen nesa na cikin gida.

"Pan-Africanism" ta maye gurbin "Pan-Negroism" da Du Bois ya gabatar, kuma ta bayyana gwagwarmaya mafi fadi don kare haƙƙin asalin mutanen Afirka da ke cikin mulkin mallaka da 'yan asalin Afirka a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin da ƙungiyar ta gabatar na gudanar da taron shekara-shekara da haɗuwa ya zama tushe wajen kafa Pan-African Congress.

 Manazarta 

 Bibiyar Tarihi

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