Bai Bureh

Bai Bureh (15 ga Fabrairu, 1840- Agusta 24, 1908) ya kasance mai mulkin Saliyo, masanin dabarun soja, kuma malamin addinin Musulunci, wanda ya jagoranci tawayen Temne da Loko don nuna adawa da mulkin Birtaniya a shekarar 1898 a Arewacin Saliyo.

 Rayuwar farko da mulki kafin tawaye 
An haifi Bai Bureh a shekara ta 1840 a Kasseh, wani ƙauye kusa da Port Loko a Arewacin Saliyo. Mahaifin Bai Bureh malamin addinin Musulunci ne kuma babban sarkin Loko kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasuwa ce ta Temne daga Makeni.

Lokacin da Bureh yana matashi mahaifinsa ya tura shi wani ƙaramin ƙauye na Gbendembu a arewacin Saliyo, inda aka horar da shi ya zama jarumi. A lokacin horon da ya yi a ƙauyen, ya nuna cewa shi jarumi ne kuma an ba shi laƙabi na Kebalai, wanda ke fassara a matsayin "wanda ba ya gajiya da yaki." Da Kebalai ya koma ƙauyensa, aka naɗa shi sarautar Kasseh. 

A cikin shekarar 1860s da 1870s, Bureh ya zama babban jarumi na Port Loko da dukan Arewacin Saliyo. Ya yi nasarar yaki tare da cin nasara a yaki da sauran mutanen ƙauye da shugabannin ƙabilu  waɗanda suke adawa da shirinsa na kafa ingantacciyar ɗabi'ar Musulunci da na asali a faɗin Saliyo ta Arewa. A shekara ta 1882, Bureh ya yi yaƙi da mutanen Susu daga Guinee na Faransa (yanzu Guinea) waɗanda suka mamaye Kambia, wani gari a arewacin Saliyo. Mayakan Bai Bureh sun fatattaki Susu, suka mayar da su Guinea Faransa sannan suka mayar da kasar ga mutanen yankin Kambia. Bayan ya ci manyan yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, shahararsa ta bazu. Mutanen arewa sun ji sun sami mayaƙi wanda zai kare ƙasarsu. A cikin 1886, Bai Bureh ya zama sarkin Saliyo ta Arewa.

 Tawaye 
A matsayinsa na mai mulki, Bureh bai taɓa son yin haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da ke zaune a babban birnin Freetown ba. Bai Bureh ya ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Birtaniya ta yi shawarwari da Limba ba tare da halartarsa ba; kuma a wani lokaci mayaƙansa sun kai farmaki kan iyakar Faransa da Guinea .

A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1893, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa harajin bukkoki a Saliyo da kuma dukan ƙasashen Birtaniya a Afirka . Ana iya biyan harajin a cikin kuɗi, hatsi, hannun jari ko aiki. ’Yan Saliyo da yawa sun yi aiki a matsayin ’yan kwadago don biyan haraji. Harajin bukkoki ya baiwa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka damar gina tituna, garuruwa, layin dogo da sauran ababen more rayuwa a Saliyo.

Bai Bureh ya ki amincewa da harajin bukka da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta saka. Bai yi imani cewa al'ummar Saliyo suna da hakki na biyan haraji ga 'yan kasashen waje ba, don haka yana son dukkan 'yan Birtaniyya su koma Biritaniya su bar 'yan Saliyo su warware matsalolinsu. Bayan ya ki biyan haraji a lokuta da dama, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ba da sammacin kama Bureh. Lokacin da Gwamnan Birtaniya a Saliyo, Frederic Cardew, ya ba da fam ɗari a matsayin tukuicin kama shi, Bai Bureh ya mayar da martani ta hanyar ba da mafi girman adadin fam ɗari biyar don kama gwamnan. A shekara ta 1898, Bureh ya shelanta yaki da Birtaniya a Saliyo. Yakin daga baya ya zama sananne da yakin haraji na Hut na 1898 .

Yawancin mayakan Bureh sun fito ne daga kauyukan Temne da Loko da dama da ke karkashinsa, amma sauran mayakan sun fito ne daga kauyukan Limba, Kissi da Kuranko, wadanda aka aike da su domin taimakonsa. Mutanen Bai Bureh ba kawai sun yi fafatawa da sojojin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ba, har ma sun kashe ’yan Creole da dama da ke zaune a Arewacin Saliyo saboda suna tunanin cewa ’yan asalin Saliyo suna goyon bayan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Daya daga cikin fitattun mutanen Creole da mayakan Bai Bureh suka kashe shi ne dan kasuwa John "Johnny" Taylor, wanda aka kashe a gidansa a Arewacin Saliyo.

Bai Bureh ya samu galaba akan dakarun gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na tsawon watanni da dama na yakin. A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun 1898, sojojin Bai Bureh sun yanke layin sadarwa gaba ɗaya tsakanin Freetown da Port Loko. Sun tare hanya da kogin daga Freetown. Duk da umarnin kamasu, sojojin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka sun gaza yin galaba a kan Bureh da magoya bayansa. Rikicin dai ya yi sanadin asarar ɗaruruwan rayuka daga ɓangarorin biyu. 

 Miƙa wuya da gudun hijira 
Daga karshe Bai Bureh ya miƙa wuya a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1898, lokacin da wata ƙaramar kungiyar sintiri ta sabuwar rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Yamma da aka shirya a Port Loko ta binne shi a cikin fadama mai kauri. Mayakansa na Temne da na Loko sun yi yaƙi na ɗan lokaci, amma ba su daɗe da guje wa sojojin ba. An kai Bai Bureh gadi zuwa birnin Freetown, inda jama'a suka taru a makwabcinsa dare da rana don hango shi. An yi wa Bai Bureh zaman fursuna a siyasance kuma an ba shi ‘yanci iyaka. 

Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta aika Bai Bureh gudun hijira zuwa Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana), tare da babban sarkin Sherbro Kpana Lewis da kuma shugaban Mende Nyagua mai iko. Dukansu Kpana Lewis da Nyagua sun mutu a gudun hijira amma Bai Bureh an dawo da shi Saliyo a shekarar 1905 kuma aka maido da shi a matsayin Sarkin Kasseh. Bai Bureh ya mutu a shekara ta 1908.

 Martaba 
Muhimmancin yakin Bai Bureh da Birtaniyya ba wai sakamakonsa ba ne, a'a, kasancewar mutumin da ba shi da horon soji na yau da kullum ya iya yin tir da turawan Ingila na tsawon watanni. Sojojin na Biritaniya sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'an da aka horar da su a manyan makarantun soji, inda ake nazarin yaki kamar yadda ake karatun wani fanni a jami'a. Kasancewar Bai Bureh ba a kashe shi ba bayan kama shi ya jagoranci wasu masana tarihi don da'awar cewa hakan ya samo asali ne saboda sha'awar bajintar sa na abokin gaba ga Birtaniya.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Dabarun da Bai Bureh ya yi amfani da su a lokacin rikicin sun kasance kan gaba wajen dabarun da sojojin daba ke amfani da su a duk duniya.[ <span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2021)">mai ban mamaki</span> – tattauna ] A lokacin waɗannan dabarun juyin juya hali ne, kuma ya “yi nasara” saboda kyakkyawan dalili yana da masaniyar ƙwararrun yanayin da yaƙin ya gudana. Bai Bureh ya bi yakin ba kawai da kwakwalwar soji ba har ma da abin dariya. Lokacin da Gwamna Cardew ya ba da kyautar fam 100 a matsayin tukuicin kama shi, Bai Bureh ya mayar da martani ta hanyar bayar da mafi girman fam 500 don kama gwamnan.

Akwai babban mutum-mutumi na Bai Bureh a tsakiyar Freetown. An zana hotonsa a kan takardun takardar kuɗi na Saliyo. Wani ƙwararrun ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saliyo mai suna Bai Bureh Warriors daga Port Loko an sanya masa suna.

Tsohon mai sa kai na Peace Corps Gary Schulze da abokin aikinsa William Hart sun gano sanannen hoton Bai Bureh na siyarwa akan eBay a watan Agusta 2012. An nuna hoton a gidan tarihi na ƙasar Saliyo a shekarar 2013.

 Manazarta 

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