Arbegnoch

Arbegnoch (Amharik; ዐርበኞች ārbenyoch) sojojin ƙasar Habasha ne masu adawa da fasci da suka fafata a yaƙin adawa da mamayar Habasha da Italiya ta fasci ta yi daga 1936 har zuwa 1941 a yankin Gabashin Afirka da Italiya ta mamaye.

Yunkurin Patriot ya samo asali ne a yankunan karkara na Shewa, Gondar da Gojjam, kodayake ya sami goyon baya daga duk faɗin Habasha da aka mamaye. Daruruwan Eritrea ma sun halarci. Ƙananan sel suna aiki a Addis Ababa da sauran garuruwa, waɗanda aka sani da Wust Arbagna (Insider Patriots).  Black Lions sun shiga cikin motsi. A cikin 1937/1938, akwai kimanin Patriots 25,000 masu aiki a Habasha. An kiyasta matsakaicin ƙungiyar mayakan juriya a cikin 1938 don sun haɗa da mambobi 400 zuwa 500, dangane da lokacin noma. Arbegnoch ko Patriots an kira su Shifta daga Italiyanci. Patriots suna da kusan cikakken goyon baya daga Cocin Orthodox na Habasha Tewahedo .  Yawancin mahalarta sun kasance Krista masu tsaunuka. Musulmai na Habasha ba su da hannu a rikicin Italiya da Habasha.

 Tarihi 

 Harin Italiya 
Watanni biyu a cikin Yaƙin Italiya da Habasha na Biyu a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1935, Ministan Yakin Habasha Mulugeta Yeggazu ya umarci dukkan shugabannin da ke arewa su gudanar da "tsayayya da kishin kasa a kan Italiya don karɓar 'yancin Habasha". Yunkurin Patriot ya fito ne kawai a cikin bazara na 1936 bayan Yaƙin Maychew a Yankin Tigray yayin da dakarun da suka warwatse na Sojojin Daular Habasha suka koma ga dabarun 'yan tawaye a kan sojojin da ke mamayewa. Fararen hula na yankin sun shiga kuma suna aiki da kansu kusa da gidajensu. Ayyuka na farko sun haɗa da satar kayan yaƙi, juyawa daga dutsen da ke wucewa, satar manzanni, yanke layin tarho, ƙone ofisoshin gudanarwa da man fetur da kuma Wutar da makamai da kashe masu haɗin gwiwa.
Yayin da rushewar ta karu, an tilasta wa Italiyanci su tura karin sojoji zuwa Tigray, daga yakin da ke kudu. Italiyanci sun fara magana game da Patriots a matsayin shifta, wanda kusan ya fassara daga Amharic zuwa Turanci a matsayin "yan fashi"; kalmar kuma tana da ma'anar "wanda ya yi tawaye da ikon da ba daidai ba" kuma yawancin mayakan 'yanci sun dawo da lakabin kuma sun yi alfahari da amfani da shi. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, 'yan Patriots karkashin jagorancin Haile Mariam Mammo sun yi kwanton bauna a wani shafi na Italiyanci a Chacha, kusa da Debre Berhan kuma sun kashe kimanin 170 Askari kuma sun kama Italiyanci hudu, wadanda daga baya aka sake su. Addis Ababa ta fada hannun Italiyanci masu ci gaba a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1936 kuma Habashawa sun janye zuwa yankunan da ke kusa don sake haɗuwa; Abebe Aregai ya tafi Ankober, Balcha Safo ya tafi Gurage, Zewdu Asfaw zuwa Mulo, Blatta Takale Wolde Hawariat zuwa Limmu kuma 'yan uwan Kassa (Aberra, Wondosson, da Asfawossen) zuwa Selale. Haile Mariam ta gudanar da hare-hare a kusa da babban birnin. Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie ya tsere daga kasar tare da akwatuna 117 na zinariya waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa kotu a gudun hijira da ayyukan Patriots.

Sarkin ya bar sojoji 10,000 a karkashin umurnin Aberra Kassa tare da umarni don ci gaba da juriya. A ranar 21 ga Yuni, Kassa ya gudanar da taro tare da Bishop Abune Petros da wasu shugabannin Patriot da yawa a Debre Lebanon, kimanin kilomita  (43  arewacin Addis Ababa. An yi shirye-shirye don mamaye babban birnin da aka mamaye amma rashin kayan sufuri da rediyo ya sa ba zai yiwu a kai hari ba. Gwamnatin da aka tsige a Gore ba ta iya samar da wani jagora mai ma'ana ga Patriots ko sauran rundunonin soja ba amma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi tsayayya da juna a kusa da babban birnin.

 Farawar yakin basasa 
Yanayin da ke Addis Ababa a cikin makonni na farko bayan cin nasarar ya kasance da wahala ga Italiyanci; sadarwa ta yiwu ne kawai ta hanyar dogon hanya daga Eritrea, tashin hankali da rikici sun bazu a cikin birni, yayin da Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, da farko yana da sojoji 9,000 kawai, ya ji tsoron harin da 'yan tawayen Habasha suka kai musu rahoton "duk a kusa da Addis Ababa"; akwai jita-jita cewa dubban Arnoch sun fara kai hari. Yanayin Italiyanci ya inganta a tsakiyar watan Yuli tare da isowar ƙarfafawa mai yawa wanda ya kara garuruwan zuwa maza 35,000; Bugu da ƙari, sabbin gargadi suna zuwa daga Roma ga gwamnan don fadada aikin da kuma "yi tsauri, ba tare da tausayi ba tare da dukkan Abyssinians", Mussolini ya yi kira ga "tsarin tsoratar da kai".

Arbegnoch na Shewa sun ƙaddara su kai hari Addis Ababa, a wani taro a Debre Lebanon, tare da kasancewar Aberra Kassa, Abune Petros da sauran shugabannin, an yanke shawarar shirin gaggawa don kai hari kan babban birnin tare da ginshiƙai daban-daban guda biyar, suna dogaro da yin amfani da tashin hankali na yawan jama'a. Harin ya fara ne a ranar 28 ga watan Yulin 1936 a safiyar hazo amma, duk da wasu nasarori, 'yan tawaye sun kasa daidaita hare-haren su; yayin da mutanen Aberra Kassa suka zo da mamaki ba tare da fuskantar juriya ba har zuwa tsakiyar Addis Ababa inda suka haifar da tsoro, Fikre Mariam ya dakatar da shi ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa sannan kuma ya katange shi da ƙungiyoyin Italiya masu ƙarfafawa. A halin yanzu, Arbegnoch na Abebe Aregai da farko ya ci gaba kusan zuwa gidan Graziani amma daga bisani 'yan Eritrea suka kai musu hari, ginshiƙai biyu na ƙarshe na Habasha sun kasa a rana ta farko har ma sun shiga cikin birnin saboda ambaliyar da ke kusa. Yakin da aka yi a Addis Ababa ya ci gaba har zuwa 30 ga Yulin 1936, Arbegnoch na 'yan uwan Kassa da ƙarfin zuciya sun riƙe matsayinsu duk da hare-haren da sojojin Italiya da Eritrea suka yi karkashin jagorancin Janar Italo Gariboldi da Sebastiano Gallina, a ƙarshe 'yan tawaye sun gudu daga birnin, saboda hare-harun da sojojin sama suka kai. Daya daga cikin shugabannin Arbegnoch, Abune Petros ya kama shi kuma nan da nan 'yan Italiya suka kashe shi.
Yayinda a Shewa 'yan tawaye suka mamaye karkara, yunkurin shirya yunkurin juriya mai ƙarfi a yammacin yankin Abyssinian bai yi nasara ba saboda adawar shugabannin mutanen Oromo, waɗanda suka kasance masu adawa da mulkin Amhara. Marshal Graziani, wanda Mussolini ya bukaci, ya yanke shawarar shiga tsakani nan da nan a yammacin Habasha ta hanyar aika da karamin jirgin sama zuwa Nekme. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1936 jirgin saman Italiya ya sauka a Nekame don saduwa da shugabannin Oromo na gida waɗanda Nake so su miƙa wuya ga mulkin Italiya. Kashegari da daddare wani rukuni na 'yan tawaye karkashin jagorancin Kefle Nasibu da Belai Haile sun kai hari kan Italiyanci da suka sansanin kuma suka kashe su. An kashe 'yan Italiya 12 kuma duk jiragensu sun lalace, daga cikin wadanda suka mutu akwai' yan jirgin saman Italiya Vincenzo Magliocco da Antonio Locatelli.[1] Duk da wannan nasarar, Italiyanci sun sami nasarar tayar da babban tawaye na kabilun Oromo kuma a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1936 sun koma Nekemte inda suka yi maraba da mika wuya ga manyan shugabannin yankin.

 Ayyukan yakar 'yan tawaye na shekarar 1936 
A ranar 11 Oktoba 1936, Ministan Mulkin Mallaka Alessandro Lessona ya isa Addis Ababa don ganawa da Marshal Graziani game da dabarun da za a bi don murkushe adawar Habasha da tabbatar da cikakken mulki a yankin. Bayan duba yadda yaƙi ke gudana tsakanin 'yan tawaye da sojojin Italiya, ministan ya samu sabani da Graziani da janar-janar da aka zarge su da gazawa wajen kawar da adawa. Gwamnan ya bayar da sabbin umarni masu tsauri yana mai cewa lokaci ya yi da za a kawo ƙarshen rauni, sannan ya nemi a dinga sanar da shi yawan mutanen da suka ɗauki makami. Lessona ya bar Addis Ababa a ranar 21 Oktoba yayin da Marshal Graziani ya fara wani gagarumin farmaki a lokacin damina kan 'yan tawaye na Shewa.

A ranar 27 Oktoba 1936, sojojin Italiya sun kai hari kan 'yan tawaye kusa da garin Ejere. Sojojin Eritrea askaris sun ci galaba a sansanonin 'yan tawaye, inda suka kashe da dama cikinsu, har da jagoran masu adawa Fikre Mariam. A cikin makonni masu zuwa, sojojin Italiya sun kai hari kan 'yan tawaye na Shewa a Kwarin Awash. Bayan gwabzar fada, Arbegnoch sun bar yankunan da ke kusa da babban birnin. 'Yan tawaye na Gurage a kudancin Shewa karkashin jagorancin Balcha Safo sun fuskanci hari a ranar 6 Nuwamba 1936 daga rundunar Italiya mai motocin yaki karkashin Colonel Princivalle. Bayan juriya mai ƙarfi, an ci su da yaki kuma Balcha Safo ya mutu.

Imru Haile Selassie wanda har yanzu yake ƙoƙarin adawa da Italiya, ya tilasta masa janyewa zuwa kudu bayan Welega Oromo sun miƙa wuya ga Italiya. Sojojin Italiya sun bi sawunsa har zuwa bakin kogin Gojeb, inda ya miƙa wuya a ranar 19 Disamba 1936 tare da shugabannin Keflè Nasibù da Belai Haile da wani rukunin 'yan matasa daga Habasha.Mockler, Haile Selassie, pp. 163–168 A wannan lokaci, Marshal Graziani ya yanke shawarar barin rayuwar shugaban Habasha, bayan tattaunawa da Roma, aka ayyana shi a matsayin fursunan yaki sannan aka tura shi zuwa Italiya.

Bayan faduwar harin da aka kai Addis Ababa, Wondosson Kassa ya yanke shawarar tserewa tare da mutanensa zuwa kusa da Dutsen Abuna Yosef kafin ya ci gaba da yakin tawayen a watan Satumba 1936 kusa da garin Lalibela. Marshal Graziani ya dauki matakan tashin hankali kan wannan kungiyar, inda aka yi amfani da sinadarin guba mustard kamar yadda Minista Lessona ya umarta, a kauyuka tsakanin Lalibela da Bilbola Ghiorghis. Wondosson Kassa an kama shi tare da mutanensa kusa da tushen kogin Tekezé kuma a ranar 10 Disamba 1936 aka cafke shi ta hannun hadin gwiwar Wollo Oromo, sannan aka kashe shi a ranar nan. Yayansa biyu Aberra da Asfawossen Kassa sun tsere zuwa Fiche, yawancin mutanensu sun haɗa kai da shugaban adawa Abebe Aregai. Sun amince su miƙa wuya ga Italiya a ranar 21 Disamba 1936. Wadannan shugabannin biyu na Habasha an kashe su a karfe 18:35 ranar nan.

Bayan mutuwar 'yan'uwan Kassa da kamun Ras Imru, a ƙarshen shekarar 1936, Desta Damtew ne kawai ya rage yana da ƙarfi bayan ya koma Sidamo tare da kusan mutane 2,000. A cikin watan Nuwamba ya kai hare-hare sau da dama kan sojojin Janar Carlo Geloso kafin ya koma yankin tuddai na Arbegona. Tare da Dejazmach Gabremariam, Dejazmach Beyene Merid (Shum na yankin Bale), da ƙaramin rukunin sojoji, Desta ya kaucewa kamun Italiya har zuwa lokacin da aka cafke su kusa da Tafkin Shala a Yaƙin Gogetti aka hallaka su. Duk da rauni, Desta ya tsere, amma aka cafke shi kuma aka rataye shi ta hannun sojojin Italiya a ranar 24 Fabrairu 1937.Mockler, p. 172f Jikinsa ya ci gaba da rataye har na tsawon kwanaki, yayin da hukuma da jaridun yaɗa labarai na Italiya suka ɗaukaka nasarar da kuma kisan a matsayin alamar cin nasarar ƙarshe ta fasciyya.
 Hari kan Graziani da ramuwar gayya 

A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1937 – Yekatit 12 a kalandar Ge'ez – an yi yunkurin kashe Marshal Graziani ta hannun 'yan tawaye na Eritrea su Abraham Deboch da Mogos Asgedom a Addis Ababa. Italiyawa sun yi martani cikin gaggawa. A cewar Mockler, "Carabinieri na Italia sun harbe cikin taron matalauta da marasa galihu da suka taru domin karɓar sadaka; kuma ana cewa Sakatare na Tarayya, Guido Cortese, ma ya harbe da bindigarsa cikin gungun manyan jami'an Habasha da ke kusa da shi." Sa’o’i kadan bayan haka, Cortese ya bayar da umarni na kisa:

Har zuwa ƙarshen wannan rana, har zuwa Asabar da Lahadi, 'yan Italia sun kashe 'yan Habasha da wuƙa da sanduna suna ihu "Duce! Duce!" da "Civiltà Italiana!" Sun zuba fetur kan gidajen 'yan asali suka ƙona su. Sun kutsa gidajen 'yan Girka da 'yan Armenia, suka rataye bayin su. Wasu ma sun ɗauki hoto a kan gawarwakin waɗanda suka kashe.

A cikin kwana uku kacal, 'yan Italia sun kashe tsakanin 1,400 zuwa 30,000 na 'yan Habasha a cikin Addis Ababa.

Yunkurin kashewa ya ba wa 'yan Italia dalilin aiwatar da umarnin Mussolini, wanda aka bayar tun ranar 3 ga Mayu 1936, na kashe gaggawa da aka yi wa "Matasa 'yan Habasha" – ƙananan rukuni na masu ilimi da suka halarci makarantun gaba da sakandare a Amurka da Turai. Ranar da aka yi yunkurin kashewa, an kafa kotun soja, kuma zuwa dare, an yi wa 'yan Habasha 62 shari'a kuma aka harbe su a kurkukun Alem Bekagn a Addis Ababa. "Kisan Graziani ya nuna ƙarshen kusan dukkanin ɓangaren masu ilimi a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙin Mulkin Mallaka," in ji Bahru Zewde.

Dubban 'yan Habasha daga kowane mataki na rayuwa an tura su zuwa sansanonin tsarewa a Danan a cikin Ogaden da Nokra a Tsibirin Dahlak. Yanayi a Danan ba shi da kyau, kuma Graziani ya bayar da umarni cewa a ba wa fursunoni abinci da ruwa da suka fi ƙaranci. A cewar Sbacchi, "Mummunan yanayi, ciki har da bayin bahaya, yanayi mai ɗumi, zazzabin cizon sauro, ciwon ciki, da cututtukan jima’i sun hallaka da dama, musamman waɗanda aka tilasta su yin aiki kan magudanar ruwa da gonakin ayaba da rake." Tsakanin kashi goma cikin ɗari zuwa rabin fursunonin sun mutu a Danan.

Yanayi a Nokra ya fi muni fiye da Danan, a cewar Sbacchi. Fursunonin da aka tura can sun haɗu da fursunoni 500 da ke da hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai kan manyan laifukan siyasa, yana ƙara adadin zuwa 1,500. Fursunonin sun fama da rashin ruwa mai tsafta, bugun rana, zazzabin kwari, da amai da gudawa.

Kolon tashin hankali ya kai matsayinsa a watan Mayu 1937 da abin bakin ciki na kisan gilla na Debre Libanos. Masu bincike sun gano cewa Abraha da Mogus sun zauna a Debre Libanos, kuma akwai wata shaida ta kai tsaye da ke nuna cewa ɗaliban addini sun san da shirinsu. Marshal Graziani ya yanke shawarar yin ramuwa ta hanyar kai hari ga wannan wuri mai tsarki na Debre Libanos. Da safe a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1937, askarawa Musulmai na Libya da Somali (Bataliya ta 45 ta Colonial Muslim) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Pietro Maletti sun kashe ɗaliban addini 297 da masu hidima 23. Bayan kwana uku, sun kashe masu ibada 129, don haka adadin waɗanda aka kashe ya kai 449. Maletti ya aika da saƙon waya ga Graziani da ke ɗauke da rubutun "Liquidation cikakke", a matsayin shaida na kisan, kuma Graziani ya sanar da Roma adadin sabbin wadanda aka kashe.

Sai dai tashin hankali da yin ramuwar gayya da nasarorin da ake ganin "yan sanda na mulkin mallaka" sun samu, ba su tabbatar da mulkin Italia a Habasha ta hanyar da ta dace ba. Akasin haka, ƙarar tashin hankali ya ƙara fusata jama’a kuma ya ƙarfafa rashin jin daɗi da kiyayya ga 'yan Italia.