Sarrafa Ma,adanai

Amfani shine duk wani tsari wanda zai inganta (amfani) darajar tattalin arzikin ma'adinan ta hanyar cire ma'adinan gangue, wanda ke haifar da samfurin mafi girma (ore concentrate) da kuma zubar da ruwa (wutsiya). Akwai nau'o'in fa'ida iri-iri iri-iri, tare da kowane mataki yana haɓaka haɓakar ma'adinai na asali. Maɓalli shine manufar farfadowa, taro (ko daidai da ƙwanƙwasa) juzu'in ma'adinai mai mahimmanci (ko ƙarfe) da aka ciro daga ma'adinan kuma an ɗauka zuwa wurin tattarawa

 Tarihi 
Kafin zuwan injuna masu nauyi, an karye danyen tama ta hanyar amfani da guduma da hannu, tsarin da ake kira “Spalling”. A ƙarshe, an samo hanyoyin injiniya don cimma wannan. Misali, ana amfani da injinan tambari a tsakiyar Asiya a kusa da Samarkand a farkon shekara ta 973. Akwai shaidar da aka yi amfani da tsarin a Farisa a farkon zamanin da. Ya zuwa karni na 11, ana amfani da injinan tambari a ko'ina cikin duniyar Musulunci ta tsakiya, tun daga Musulunci Spain da Arewacin Afirka a yamma zuwa tsakiyar Asiya a gabas.Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1): 1-30 [10-1 & 27] Misali na baya shi ne tambarin Masara, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin guduma na ƙarfe da aka ɗora a cikin firam na tsaye, da kyamarorin da ke ɗagawa a kan madaidaicin ƙafar ruwa kuma suna faɗowa kan ma'adinai ƙarƙashin nauyi.

Amfanin ƙarfe ya bayyana tun daga farkon 800 BC a China tare da amfani da furanni.Wagner, Donald B. (1999). "The Earliest Use of Iron in China". Metals in Antiquity: 1–9 – via Oxford: Archaeopress. Furen fure shine ainihin nau'in narkewa kuma yana bawa mutane damar yin wuta mai zafi wanda zai iya narkar da oxides zuwa wani ruwa da ke rabuwa da ƙarfe. Ko da yake furen ya ƙare da sauri ta hanyar ƙirƙirar tanderun fashewa, har yanzu ana dogaro da shi sosai a Afirka da Turai har zuwa farkon karni na biyu. Tanderun fashewa shine mataki na gaba na narkewar ƙarfe wanda ya samar da ƙarfe na alade.Wagner, Donald B. (2008). "Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11". Ferrous Metallurgy – via Cambridge University Press. Tushen fashewa na farko a Turai ya bayyana a farkon 1200s a kusa da Sweden da Belgium, kuma ba har zuwa ƙarshen 1400s a Ingila. Ƙarfin alade da aka zuba daga tanderun fashewa yana da yawa a cikin carbon wanda ke sa ya zama mai wuya kuma yana raguwa, yana sa ya yi aiki da wuya.A shekara ta 1856 an ƙirƙiro tsarin Bessemer wanda ke mai da ƙarfen alade mai gatsewa zuwa ƙarfe, ƙarfe mai ƙarfi.Wagner, Donald B. (2008). "Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11". Ferrous Metallurgy – via Cambridge University Press. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an ƙirƙira fasahohi daban-daban da yawa don maye gurbin tsarin Bessemer kamar tanderun wutar lantarki, ƙirar ƙarfe na iskar oxygen, da rage ƙarancin ƙarfe kai tsaye (DRI)."Secondary Steelmaking: Principles and Applications". CRC Press. Retrieved 2020-04-08..

Don ma'adinan sulfide, ana ɗaukar tsari daban-daban don fa'ida. Tama yana buƙatar cire sulfur kafin a fara narkewa. Gasasu ita ce hanya ta farko ta rarrabuwa, inda ake sanya itace a kan tulin tama kuma a kunna wuta don taimakawa wajen iskar oxygenGreenwood, Norman N. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Photo History of Sudbury's Stressed Environment". users.vianet.ca. Retrieved 2020-04-08.

2 Cu2S + 3 O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2

Ayyukan farko na gasassun an yi su ne a waje, suna barin manyan gajimare na sulfur dioxide su hura kan ƙasa suna haifar da mummunar illa ga halittun da ke kewaye, na ruwa da na ƙasa. Gizagizai na sulfur dioxide haɗe tare da sare gandun daji na gida don itace da ake buƙata don gasasshen lahani ga muhalli, Greenwood, Norman N. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. kamar yadda aka gani a Sudbury, Ontario da Inco Superstack."Photo History of Sudbury's Stressed Environment". users.vianet.ca. Retrieved 2020-04-08.

 Hanyoyin Rarrabewa 
Rarrabawa

Za a iya fara amfana a cikin ma'adinan kanta. Yawancin mahakar ma'adinai za su sami injin murkushewa a cikin ma'adinan da kanta inda rabuwar ma'adinan tama da gangue ke faruwa kuma a matsayin sakamako na gefe ya zama sauƙin jigilar kaya. Bayan injin daskarewa takin zai bi ta cikin injin niƙa ko injin niƙa don shigar da takin cikin ɓangarorin masu kyau. Ana amfani da rabuwar kafofin watsa labaru mai yawa (DMS) don ƙara raba ma'adinan da ake so daga duwatsu da ma'adinan gangue. Wannan zai ƙulla abin da aka murƙushe ta hanyar yawa don sauƙaƙe rabuwa. Inda DMS ke faruwa a cikin tsari na iya zama mahimmanci, masu niƙa ko injin niƙa za su sarrafa dutsen sharar gida da yawa idan DMS ta faru a gabani. Wannan zai rage lalacewa a kan kayan aiki da kuma farashin aiki tunda akwai ƙaramin ƙarar da ake sakawaHaldar, S.K. (2017). Platinum-Nickel-Chromium Deposits. Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-802041-8..

Rabuwar jiki

Bayan matakin niƙa za a iya ƙara raba tama da dutsen. Hanya ɗaya da za a iya cimma hakan ita ce ta yin amfani da abubuwan da ke tattare da ma'adinai don raba shi da sauran dutsen. Kafin kowane tsari na rabuwa ta jiki, girman nau'in tama yana da mahimmanci don rabuwa mai tasiri. Ana yin haka ta hanyar amfani da ko dai masana'antu Screens ko Classifiers.Wills, Barry A.; Finch, James E. (2016). Wills' mineral processing technology: an introduction to the practical aspects of ore treatment and mineral recovery (Eighth ed.). Amsterdam Boston, Mass Heidelberg: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-097053-0.

 Manazarta