Alexis Bertrand

Alexis Félicien Bertrand (25 ga Mayu 1870 - 20 ga Satumba 1946) ya kasance sojan Belgium kuma babban mai kula da mulkin mallaka. Ya bar aikin mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1918 bayan ya fadi tare da manyansa, kuma daga baya ya zama sananne a matsayin mai sukar murya game da zalunci na ma'aikatan Kongo.

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Alexis Félicien Bertrand a Uccle a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1870.Iyalinsa sun wadata.Mahaifinsa shi ne Alexis Joseph Bertrand (1840-1923), babban ma'aikacin gwamnati a cikin gwamnatin jirgin kasa ta jihar wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin burgomaster na La Hulpe daga 1912 zuwa 1921.Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Christine Jadot (1841-1911), kawun Jean Jadot, Lambert Jadot da Odon Jadot, kowannensu daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyoyi da 'yan kasuwa na mulkin mallaka.

 Ayyukan soja 
Bertrand ya shiga Makarantar Soja ta Royal a 1888.A matsayinsa na mataimakin, ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka na Congo Free State a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 1897.Ya shafe wa'adinsa na farko a Kongo daga 1897 zuwa 1901, galibi a yankin arewa maso gabas, kuma a cikin Lado Enclave musamman.Ya koma Kongo a cikin 1902-1905, 1906-1909, 1909-1912 da 1913-1917.Ya kasance kwamishinan gundumar a Gundumar Ubangi, sannan a Gunduma ta Équateur da Gundumar Uélé .A shekara ta 1910 ya zama kwamishinan janar, kuma a shekara ta 1913 ya zama mai bincike na dindindin a Uélé.Ya zama mataimakin mataimakin gwamnan lardin Orientale . 

A cikin 1911 Sir Arthur Hardinge ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai sadaukar da kai 'mai jin kai' kuma mai karfi-watakila da karfi-'pro-native'". A watan Janairun shekara ta 1914 Bertrand ya rubuta game da "caravans ... wanda ya kunshi mata, wani lokacin suna ɗauke da yara, waɗanda ke tafiya sama da kilomita 50" don kawo kayan aiki zuwa sansanonin hakar ma'adinai na Kanua na Forminière. Ya ba da rahoton cewa aƙalla rabin albashinsu ya kasance a cikin gishiri ko kayan kasuwanci na ƙimar da ba ta da yawa kuma a farashin kashi ɗaya bisa uku a ƙasa da kuɗin da ke gudana.A cikin 1915-1916 Bertrand ne ke da alhakin kayan aiki ga sojojin Belgium da ke yaƙi da Jamusawa a Gabashin Afirka.Bertrand ya kasance mataimakin gwamnan wucin gadi na lardin Orientale bayan Justin Malfeyt ya bar a watan Yulin 1916, ya mika wuya ga Adolphe de Meulemeester a watan Agustan 1917. 

A cikin wasiƙarsa ta sirri da rahotonsa na hukuma Bertrand ya soki zalunci da aka yi wa ma'aikatan Afirka, sau da yawa ana tilasta su aiki kuma ana wulakanta su sosai a wurare kamar ma'adinan zinare na Kilo-Moto.Ya damu game da ainihin ko yiwuwar raguwar yawan jama'a, kuma ya kai farmaki ga abin da ya gani a matsayin rashin isasshen " manufofin 'yan asalin' na hukumomin mulkin mallaka.Ya fadi tare da gwamnan janar, Eugène Henry, kuma ya bar Kongo a ƙarshen 1917.A ranar 1 ga Maris 1918 ya bar aikin mulkin mallaka. A ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1918 an kara shi zuwa kolonel, kamar yadda ya saba ga jami'in da aka tura zuwa aikin mulkin mallaka.Ya zama mai ritaya na soja a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1919 yana da shekaru 49. 

 Ayyukansa na baya 
A cikin 1920 Bertrand ya fara aiki a kan manufofin ma'aikata ga Forminière, wani kamfani mai iko na mulkin mallaka wanda ke aiki sosai a Yankin Kasaï. Dan uwansa na farko Jean Jadot shine shugaban. Forminière ta kasance sananniya saboda adawa da tilasta daukar ma'aikatan Afirka. A cikin 1921 Bertrand ya zama shugaban Kasaï Labor Exchange, kuma a cikin 1927 ya zama shugaban Katanga Labor Exchange. Wadannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda biyu, wadanda hukumomi suka ba da izini, sun tsara daukar ma'aikatan Kongo ta hanyar ma'aikatan Turai. Betrand ya zama sananne a matsayin gwani a kan Kongo a wasu bangarorin hukuma da siyasa. A shekara ta 1922 Majalisar Wakilai ta zabi Bertrand a matsayin memba na Majalisar Kolonial, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. A shekara ta 1924 ya ba da rahoto game da ma'aikatan Kongo ga Majalisa ta mulkin mallaka ta Belgium . Ya zama memba na Hukumar Nazarin Ma'aikata a Belgian Congo a 1924. Ya zama memba na Royal Belgian Colonial Institute a 1930, kuma cikakken memba a 1931. 

A cikin 1930 an nada kwamishinan aiki a ƙarƙashin Manjo Alphonse Cayen bayan masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun koka game da tasirin ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri a kan al'ummomin Afirka.Hukumar ta yi bincike a cikin 1931-32 kuma ta ba da rahotanni a kan kowane lardin huɗu, da kuma rahoton gaba ɗaya. Bertrand ya rubuta rahoton a kan Lardin Orientale, wanda ya kasance mafi cikakken bayani kuma da alama yana da tasiri sosai a kan shawarwarin gaba ɗaya a cikin rahoton gaba ɗaya. Wani abu mai mahimmanci, kamar yadda yake a wasu rahotanni, shi ne cewa 'yan Afirka hanya ne kamar dabbobi na daji. Dole ne a saita ƙididdigar kuma a tilasta wa 'yan Afirka da yawa za a iya daukar su don a iya kiyaye yawan jama'a a matakin lafiya. Betrand ya rubuta wani rahoto na 1932 wanda ya soki ayyukan da ke cikin ma'adinan zinare na Kilo-Moto, wanda ya haifar da gardama mai zafi tare da Janar Georges Moulaert, shugaban kamfanin kuma mutum mai tasiri a cikin mulkin mallaka. Bertrand ya zama ana kallon shi a matsayin mai banƙyama saboda sukar da ya yi. 

A shekara ta 1939 Bertrand ya auri Jeanne Tercafs, wani matashi mai zane-zane da ya girme shi da shekaru 28, wanda ya sami tallafin fasaha don tafiye-tafiye da yawa zuwa ƙasar Mangbetu a Kongo tsakanin 1935 da 1940. Bertrand kuma yana da sha'awar zane-zane na Afirka, kuma ya kasance memba na kwamiti don kare zane-zane da sana'o'i na asali, wanda aka kirkira a 1935. Ya gabatar da aikin matarsa ta gaba, Jeanne Tercafs, ga Cibiyar Royal Colonial daga 1937. 

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Bertrand yana daga cikin mutanen Belgium waɗanda suka yi la'akari da cewa nasarar Jamus ba za a iya gujewa ba, kuma ya kamata su yi mafi kyawun abin da za su iya game da sabon halin da ake ciki. A sakamakon haka, ya haɗu da kansa tare da shugabannin Kolonialpolitisches Amt, sabis na mulkin mallaka na Jam'iyyar Nazi. Matarsa ta mutu ba tare da lokaci ba a 1944. Bayan 'yancin Belgium an bincika shi sannan aka tuhume shi a watan Yulin 1945, kodayake ba a kama shi ba. Ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa a Cibiyar Kolonial ta Royal . Ya mutu a Uccle a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1946, washegari bayan barin Majalisar Kolonial. 

 Manazarta