Makhanda

Makhanda, wanda kuma ya rubuta Makana kuma aka sani da Nxele ("Hagu na hagu"), (  – 25 Disamba 1820    ) likita ne dan asalin Xhosa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba Cif Ndlambe shawara. A lokacin yakin Xhosa, a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1819, ya fara kai farmaki kan garin da aka fi sani da Grahamstown, a lokacin da ake kira Cape Colony.

An daure shi a tsibirin Robben. A ranar 25 ga Disamba 1820, Makhanda ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa tare da wasu fursunoni talatin, amma ya nutse. Hudu ne kawai daga cikin wadanda suka tsere suka tsira da rayukansu.

 Rayuwa 
An haifi Makhanda a kusa da bakin teku a kusa da 1780 a yankin Uitenhage . Mahaifinsa dan kabilar Xhosa ne mai suna Gwala na kabilar Cwerha kuma mahaifiyarsa Khoikhoi ce ta kabilar Gqunukhwebe . Bayan mahaifin Makhanda ya rasu yana yaro karami, mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi da al'adun Khoi na kauyensu. Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance mai duba ta ruhaniya kuma macen magani. Daga baya an gane Makhanda a matsayin ''inyanga'' wanda kamar ya samo asali ne a farkon jagorar mahaifiyarsa da al'adunta. Xhosa ya kuma ɗauki jagororin ruhaniya na Khoikhoi da San da daraja sosai. Mahaifiyarsa ta kai shi da 'yan uwansa zuwa Babban Kwarin Kifi, inda suka zauna tare da mahaifinsa Balala.

Ba a san lokacin da Makhanda ya ci karo da Kiristanci ba. Mishan Dr James van der Kemp ya kafa tashar mishan a Bethelsdorp a cikin 1799, kuma wataƙila Makhanda ya sadu da shi. Makhanda ya ba da shawarar zaman lafiya kuma ya yi tir da amfani da sihiri bayan ya koma Kiristanci. 

A lokacin da yake mai wa’azi mai yawo, wasu gungun masu zagi sun kai masa hari. Qalanga, kansila na Cif Ndlambe ne ya ceto shi.  Qalanga ya gabatar da Makhanda ga sarkin masarautar Rharhabe. Around 1812 Cif Ndlambe ya nada Makhanda a matsayin mai ba da shawara da likitan soja. A matsayinsa na mai nadin sarauta, Makhanda ya tattauna da Rev. Vanderlingen, limamin coci a Grahamstown, da kuma John Reader mai mishan, game da tiyoloji da ilmin sararin samaniya. A wannan lokacin, Makhanda ya ƙara yawan mabiyansa a hankali a cikin Xhosa. Har zuwa 1816, ya ɗauki ’yan mishan a matsayin abokan aiki a cikin wannan dalili. Mishan Read ya kwatanta Makhanda a matsayin “kyakkyawan mutum kuma kyakkyawa, wanda yake ba da umurni ga mutuntawa.” 

A shekara ta 1816, halin Makhanda game da masu mishan ya canza. Bayan ya girma a yankunan da manoma Afrikaner, ya san da kansa game da zaluncin da suke yi wa mutanen khoikhoi. Ga Makhanda, Kiristanci yana wakiltar al'adun Turai. Makhanda da dukkan amaXhosa sun yi adawa da cin zarafi na Turawa mazauna yankin, wanda ya fara ne lokacin da Afrikaner trekboers daga Cape Colony suka fara ƙaura zuwa ƙasashensu, kuma ya kai ga korar Xhosa 20,000 daga Zuurveld a 1812.  Makhanda ya kalli rikicin da ke kunno kai tsakanin ra'ayoyin duniya na Turai da Afirka a matsayin hamayya tsakanin Thixo, allahn farar fata, da Mdalidiphu (mai yin zurfafa), allahn Xhosas. Ya soma wa’azi gamayyar waɗannan addinai don ya sulhunta su, yana mai da hankali ga imanin Xhosa. 

 Yaƙin Grahamstown 
A shekara ta 1818 a yakin Amalinde, Makhanda ya yi yaki tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin Xhosa da Cif Ngqika, wanda ake ganin yana sayar da jama'arsa ne don neman wata riba ta kashin kansa a matsayin abokin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya.

A lokacin da rundunar sojojin Birtaniya karkashin jagorancin Kanar Thomas Brereton suka kwace shanu 23,000 na sata daga mutanen Ndlambe, Makhanda ya bukaci daukacin Xhosa da su hada kai don kokarin korar sojojin Birtaniya daga kasar gaba daya. Makhanda ya shawarci Ndlambe cewa alloli za su kasance a gefensu idan suka zaɓi kai hari ga sojojin Birtaniyya a yankin Grahamstown, kuma ya yi alkawarin cewa "harsashin Birtaniyya za su koma ruwa". 

Ndlambe ya dauki shawarar Makana, kuma a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1819 Makana ya jagoranci wani hari a Grahamstown da rana tsaka tare da dakaru kimanin mutane 6,000 (wasu majiyoyin sun ce maza 10,000), duk a karkashin jagorancin dan Ndlambe Mdushane . Sun kasance tare da mata da yara, suna shirye su mamaye Grahamstown bayan yakin. Sojojin Biritaniya na kusan sojoji 350, tare da kungiyar Khoikhoi karkashin jagorancin Jan Boesak  sun sami nasarar dakile harin.

 Mutuwa da gado 
An ci nasara da babban ƙarfin wuta na Birtaniyya da kuma dabara mara kyau ta jagorancin amaNdlambe, Makhanda ya mika wuya. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta ɗaure shi a tsibirin Robben, amma ta girmama shi, ta ba shi masauki na sirri, abinci da kayan daki.

A ranar 25 ga Disamba 1820, Makhanda ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa tare da wasu fursunoni talatin, amma ya nutse. Hudu ne kawai daga cikin wadanda suka tsere suka tsira da rayukansu.  Tun da ya yi wa mutanensa alkawarin ba zai taba yashe su ba, sun ci gaba da begen dawowarsa har tsawon shekaru 50 kafin a yi jana’izar.

Ana ɗaukar Makhanda a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Afirka na farko da suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗa al'adun Afirka da na Turai.  Dawn, jaridar uMkhonto we Sizwe na wata-wata, ya yaba da ayyukansa da suka yi ta zaburar da al'adu da yawa na jam'iyyar ANC a lokacin kafuwarta.  Fursunonin siyasa masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da aka daure a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, ciki har da Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, daga baya sun nemi a sauya sunan tsibirin da sunan Makana.

 An sanya wa Karamar Hukumar Makana sunan sa. 
 Makhanda, Eastern Cape, wanda aka fi sani da Grahamstown, an sanya masa suna a cikin 2018. 
 Makana FA, kungiyar wasanni da fursunonin siyasa suka kafa a tsibirin Robben lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, an sanya masa suna. 
 Littafin novel na 1834 wanda ba a san sunansa ba Makanna ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. 

 Jirgin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu 

 An sanya wa SAS Makhanda sunan sa.

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Karamar Hukumar Makana
 Sauran Nelson Mandela na shekaru 200 da suka wuce- Makana
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba