Tarihin Masar a ƙarƙashin Burtaniya

Tarihin Masar ƙarƙashin turawan ingila ya daɗe daga shekarar 1882, lokacin da sojojin Britaniya suka mamaye ta a lokacin yakin Anglo-Egypt, har zuwa ranar 18 ga watan Yunin 1956, lokacin da sojojin Britaniya na ƙarshe suka janye bisa yarjejeniyar ficewa daga Anglo-Masar na 1954. Lokacin farko na mulkin Birtaniyya (1882-1914) ana kiransa da sunan "rufin kariya". A wannan lokacin Khedivate na Masar ya kasance lardin daular Usmaniyya mai cin gashin kanta, kuma mamayar Birtaniyya ba ta da tushe na shari'a amma ya zama mai kare ƙasar. Don haka Masar ba ta cikin daular Burtaniya. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1914 lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta shiga yakin duniya na ɗaya  a ɓangaren masu karfi na tsakiya sannan Biritaniya ta ayyana ƙasa da ƙasa  a Masar. An hambarar da khedive mai mulki, Abbas II, kuma magajinsa, Hussein Kamel, ya tilasta wa ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Musulmi daga Daular Usmaniyya a watan Disamba 1914.Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak.

Rundunar tsaro ta Masar ta zarce yakin na ɗan gajeren lokaci. An kawo ƙarshen lokacin da gwamnatin Biritaniya ta ba da sanarwar ƴancin ƙasar Masar a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun 1922. Ba da daɗewa ba, Sultan Fuad na I ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Masar, amma mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya ci gaba, bisa ga wasu sharuɗɗan tanadi na ayyana 'yancin kai. An dai daidaita lamarin a cikin yarjejeniyar Anglo-Masar ta 1936, wacce ta bai wa Biritaniya ikon jibge sojoji a Masar don kare mashigar Suez Canal, alakar ta da Indiya. Har ila yau Biritaniya ta ci gaba da kula da horar da sojojin Masar. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945), Masar ta fuskanci hari daga Italiya Libya saboda kasancewar Birtaniyya a wurin, ko da yake Masar da kanta ba ta kasance cikin tsaka mai wuya ba har zuwa ƙarshen yakin.Marlowe, John (1965). A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800–1956. Archon Books.

Bayan yakin, Masar ta nemi a gyara yarjejeniyar, amma wata gwamnati mai adawa da Birtaniyya ta soke ta baki ɗaya a watan Oktoban 1951. Bayan juyin juya halin ƙasar Masar a shekara ta 1952, an hambarar da Sarki Farouk, kuma bayan ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci da aka yi wa jariri ɗan sa Fuad II, aka kawar da sarautar ta maye gurbinsa da Jamhuriyar Masar, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gamal Nasser da Muhammad Naguib. Birtaniya sun amince da Nasser su janye sojojinsu, kuma a watan Yuni 1956 sun yi haka. Birtaniya ta je yaki da Masar kan mashigin Suez a ƙarshen 1956, tare da Faransa da Isra'ila, amma tare da rashin isasshen goyon bayan ƙasa da ƙasa ya tilasta ja da baya.Marlowe, John (1965). A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800–1956. Archon Books. 

 Tarihi 
Bayan shekara ta 1837, balaguron balaguro daga Biritaniya zuwa Indiya ta Burtaniya ya shahara, tare da tsayawa a Masar yana samun karɓuwa.  Bayan shekara ta 1840, an yi amfani da jiragen ruwa na tururi don sauƙaƙe tafiya a ɓangarorin biyu na Masar, kuma daga shekarun 1850, an gina hanyoyin jiragen ƙasa a kan hanya; An baje kolin amfanin wannan sabuwar hanya a lokacin Tawayen Indiya na 1857, tare da sojojin Birtaniya 5,000 sun isa ta Masar.  1869 kammalawar Suez Canal, wanda ya ba da damar tafiya cikin sauri ta ruwa tsakanin Biritaniya da Indiya, shine babban ci gaba na gaba a samun damar Burtaniya-Indiya. 

 Tsaro mai rufewa (1882-1913) 
A cikin ƙarni na 19, daular da ke mulkin Masar ta yi rance tare da kashe makudan kuɗaɗe a kan abin jin daɗin kanta da kuma ci gaban ababen more rayuwa na Masar. Ci gaban tattalin arzikin daular ya kusan karkata zuwa ga burin amfani da sojoji biyu. Sakamakon haka, duk da ɗimbin  babban birnin Turai, ainihin samar da tattalin arziƙin da aka samu da kuɗaɗen shiga ba su isa ba don biyan lamunin. A ƙarshe, ƙasar ta shiga cikin rugujewar tattalin arziƙi da kuma ɓata lokaci. A nasu ɓangaren kuma, kwamitin turai ƙarƙashin jagorancin Britaniya da Faransa ya karɓe ikon baitul malin Masar, ya yafe basussuka na karɓar iko da mashigin Suez, ya kuma maido da ci gaban tattalin arziki wajen samun riba.

A shekara ta 1882, adawar Islama da Larabawa masu kishin ƙasa ga tasirin Turawa ya haifar da tashin hankali a tsakanin fitattun 'yan ƙasar, musamman a Masar wacce a lokacin ita ce mafi karfi, yawan jama'a, da tasiri na ƙasashen Larabawa.  Haƙiƙa mafi haɗari a wannan lokacin ta fito ne daga sojojin Masar, waɗanda ke kallon sake fasalin ci gaban tattalin arziki daga ikonsu a matsayin barazana ga gatansu.

Tawayen Urabi, babbar zanga-zangar soji a watan Satumba 1881, ya tilasta Khedive Tewfiq ya kori Firayim Ministansa kuma ya yi mulki ta hanyar doka. Yawancin Turawa sun ja da baya zuwa guraren da aka kera na musamman da suka dace da tsaro ko kuma manyan biranen Turai irin su Iskandariya.
Saboda haka, a cikin watan Afrilu 1882, Faransa da Birtaniya sun aika da jiragen ruwa na yaki zuwa Alexandria don ƙarfafa Khedive a cikin yanayi mai rikici da kuma kare rayuka da dukiyoyin Turai. A nasu ɓangaren, masu kishin ƙasar Masar sun yaɗa fargabar mamaye ƙasar a duk faɗin ƙasar domin karfafa yunkurin juyin juya halin Musulunci da na Larabawa. Tawfiq ya koma Alexandria saboda tsoron kare kansa yayin da hafsoshin sojojin ƙarƙashin Ahmed Urabi suka fara mamaye gwamnati. A watan Yuni, Masar ta kasance a hannun 'yan kishin kasa sabanin yadda Turawa suka mamaye ƙasar kuma sabuwar gwamnatin juyin juya hali ta fara mayar da duk wata kadarorin da ke Masar ɗin.

Rikicin adawa da Turai ya ɓarke a Alexandria, lamarin da ya sa sojojin ruwan Birtaniyya suka yi ruwan bama-bamai a birnin. Tsoron tsoma bakin wasu ƙasashen waje ko kwace magudanar ruwa da Masarawa suka yi, tare da juyin juya halin Musulunci a cikin Daular Indiya, Burtaniya ta jagoranci rundunar balaguro ta Anglo-Indiya a dukkan iyakar Suez Canal a watan Agustan 1882. A lokaci guda, sojojin Faransa sun sauka a Alexandria da arewacin ƙarshen magudanar ruwa. Dukansu biyu suka shiga, suka yi motsi don su gana da sojojin Masar. Dakarun ƙasashen Anglo-Faransa-Indiya sun haɗa kai cikin sauki sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Masar a Tel El Kebir a cikin watan Satumba tare da kwace iko da ƙasar tare da mayar da Tawfiq iko.
Manufar mamayewar ita ce dawo da kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa a Masar a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Khedive da kuma ikon ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aiki don daidaita kuɗaɗen Masarawa tun 1876. Yana da wuya cewa Birtaniyya ta yi tsammanin samun dogon lokaci daga farko; duk da haka, Lord Cromer, babban wakilin Burtaniya a Masar a lokacin, ya kalli sauye-sauyen harkokin kuɗi na Masar a matsayin wani ɓangare na dogon lokaci. Cromer ya ɗauki ra'ayin cewa kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa tana buƙatar kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi kuma ya fara shirin saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci a hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga na Masar, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu shine auduga. Don cim ma wannan, Cromer ya yi aiki don inganta tsarin ban ruwa na Nilu ta hanyar manyan ayyuka da yawa, kamar gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, Kogin Nilu, da karuwar magudanan ruwa da ake samu ga filayen noma.Cleveland (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Westview Press. 

Babban Dokar Masar ta 1882, kundin tsarin mulki, ya biyo bayan yunƙurin ƙaddamar da kundin tsarin mulki a 1879. Takardar ta iyakance iyaka kuma ta fi dacewa fiye da ka'idar kwayoyin halitta na Majalisar Tuntuba ga khedive fiye da ainihin tsarin mulki. Aslı Ü. Bâli and Hanna Lerner. Constitution Writing, Religion and Democracy. Cambridge University Press, 2017. p. 293. 
A cikin shekarar 1906, lamarin Denshawai ya haifar da tambaya game da mulkin Birtaniya a Masar. Daular Jamus ta yi amfani da wannan bi da bi wanda ya fara sake tsarawa, ba da kuɗi, da faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na adawa da Burtaniya. A cikin rubu'in farko na ƙarni na 20, babban burin Birtaniyya a Masar shi ne kutsawa cikin waɗannan kungiyoyi, da kawar da su, da yunkurin kafa wasu kungiyoyin 'yan kishin ƙasa na Burtaniya waɗanda za su miƙa ragamar iko da su. Koyaya, bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya sun yi ƙoƙarin halatta abokan adawar su masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ciki har da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Versailles. Don haka, an gayyaci jam'iyyar Wafd tare da yi musu alkawarin cikakken 'yancin kai a shekaru masu zuwa. Mamaya na Birtaniyya ya ƙare da sunan hukuma tare da ayyana 'yancin kai na Masar a shekarar 1922 da Burtaniya ta yi, amma mamayar sojojin Birtaniyya a Masar ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1936. 

A lokacin mamayar Birtaniyya da kuma iko daga baya, Masar ta ci gaba zuwa yankin kasuwanci da ciniki. 'Yan kasuwa da suka haɗa da Girkawa, Yahudawa, da Armeniya sun fara kwarara cikin Masar. Yawan baki a ƙasar ya tashi daga 10,000 a cikin 1840s zuwa kusan 90,000 a cikin 1880s, kuma fiye da miliyan 1.5 a cikin shekarar 1930s.

 Manazarta 

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