Yaƙin Zaian

Yakin Zaian (ko Zayan ) an yi shi ne tsakanin Faransa da Gamayyar ƙabilun Berber na Zaian a Maroko tsakanin shekarun 1914 zuwa 1921 lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Maroko. Ƙasar Maroko ta zama ƙasar Faransa a shekarar 1912, kuma shugaban ƙasar  Louis-Hubert Lyautey ya nemi faɗaɗa tasirin Faransa zuwa gabas ta tsaunukan Atlas na tsakiya zuwa ƙasar Aljeriya. Wannan ya samu adawa da Zaiyan, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mouha ou Hammou Zayani. Yaƙin ya fara da kyau ga Faransawa, waɗanda suka ɗauki manyan garuruwan Taza da Khénifra da sauri. Duk da asarar tushen su a Khénifra, Zaians sun yi hasara mai yawa a kan Faransa, wanda ya amsa ta hanyar kafa ƙungiyoyin wayar hannu, haɗa nau'o'in makaman da suka haɗu da na yau da kullum da na yau da kullum, mayaƙan doki da bindigogi a cikin karfi guda.

Ɓarkewar yakin duniya na farko ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci, tare da janye sojojin da aka yi don hidima a Faransa tare da asarar fiye da Faransawa 600 da aka kashe a yakin El Herri. Lyautey ya sake tsara rundunan da yake da su zuwa wani “shinge mai rai”, wanda ya kunshi sansanonin da sojojinsa mafi kyawu ke kula da su da ke kare kewayen ƙasar Faransa tare da dakaru masu ƙaramin karfi da ke riƙe da mukaman gadin baya. A cikin shekaru huɗu masu zuwa Faransawa sun ci gaba da riƙe mafi yawan yankunansu duk da bayanan sirri da tallafin kudi da gwamnatin tsakiya ta baiwa kungiyar ta Zaian da ci gaba da kai hare-hare da faɗace-faɗac na rage ƙarancin ma'aikatan Faransa.

Bayan rattaba hannu kan Sojan Sama da Jamus a watan Nuwamba 1918, manyan dakarun kabilu sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Faransa. Faransawa sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankin Khénifra a cikin t 1920, inda suka kafa jerin gidaje don iyakance 'yancin walwala na Zaiians. Sun buɗe tattaunawa da ’ya’yan Hammou, inda suka shawo kan uku daga cikinsu, tare da da yawa daga cikin mabiyansu, su miƙa wuya ga mulkin Faransa. Rarraba a cikin kungiyar ta Zaian tsakanin waɗanda suka goyi bayan mika wuya da waɗanda har yanzu suke adawa da shi ya haifar da faɗace-faɗace da kuma mutuwar Hammou a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1921. Faransawa sun mayar da martani da kakkausan kai hari mai matakai uku a cikin tsakiyar Atlas wanda ya ɗaiɗaita yankin. Wasu 'yan ƙabilar, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Moha ou Said, sun gudu zuwa High Atlas kuma suka ci gaba da yakin basasa da Faransa a cikin shekarar 1930s.

 Asali 
alt=A photograph of General Mangin entering Marrakesh through a large gate at the head of a column of French horsemen|thumb| Janar Mangin ya shiga Marrakesh a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1912
Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Fez a cikin shekarar 1912 ya kafa kariyar Faransa a kan Maroko. . Rikicin Agadir na shekarar 1911 ne ya haifar da wannan yarjejeniya, inda aka tura sojojin Faransa da Spain zuwa Maroko don kawar da tawaye ga Sultan Abdelhafid. Wani babban mazaunin ƙasar, Louis-Hubert Lyautey ne ya jagoranci sabuwar kariyar Faransa, kuma ta ɗauki hanyar gargajiya ta Moroccan na gudanar da mulki ta tsarin ƙabilanci.  Bayan ya ɗauki muƙaminsa Lyautey ya maye gurbin Abdelhafid da ɗan'uwansa, Yusef. . Ƙabilun sun yi fushi da wannan, inda suka kafa Sultan nasu, Ahmed al-Hiba, a Marrakesh kuma suka kama turawa takwas.  Lyautey ya yi gaggawar nuna adawa da tawayen, inda ya aika Janar Charles Mangin da sojoji 5,000 domin su kwato garin. Mutanen Mangin sun yi nasara sosai, inda suka kuɓutar da mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su tare da yi musu mummunar btarna a kan alkaluman ƙabilu masu tarin yawa saboda asarar mutane 2 da aka kashe da 23 suka jikkata.  Al-Hiba ya tsere zuwa tsaunukan Atlas tare da wasu tsirarun mabiyansa kuma suna adawa da mulkin Faransa har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1919. .
alt=A portrait of General Lyautey in military uniform, seated at a small table|left|thumb| Louis-Hubert Lyautey c. 1908
Shahararriyar ra'ayi tsakanin jama'a a Faransa shi ne mallakar wani yanki mai nisa daga Tunis zuwa Tekun Atlantika, gami da fadada hanyar " Taza corridor" a cikin cikin Moroccan. . Lyautey ya goyi bayan wannan kuma ya ba da shawarar mamaye tsaunukan Atlas na tsakiya kusa da Taza, ta hanyar lumana inda zai yiwu. . Wannan faɗaɗa Faransa zuwa tsakiyar Atlas ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da "mafi karfi na Berber Trinity" na Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, shugaban kungiyar Zaian; Moha ou Said, shugaban kungiyar Aït Ouirra; da Ali Amhaouch, shugaban addini na Darqawa bambancin Musulunci da ke da yawa a yankin. . .

Hammou ya ba da umarni tsakanin tantuna 4,000 zuwa 4,200  na mutane kuma ya jagoranci Zaians tun a shekarar 1877, yana adawa da Faransawa tun farkon shigarsu a Maroko. . Wani makiyin Faransawa bayan hambarar da Sultan Abdelhafid, wanda ya auri 'yar Hammou, ya shelanta yaki mai tsarki a kansu, ya kuma tsananta hare-haren ƙabilar sa a kan ƙabilu masu goyon bayan Faransa (ko "masu mika wuya") da ayarin sojoji.  . Said wani dattijo ne, wanda ’yan ƙabilar da ke faɗin wannan yanki suka riƙe shi da kyau, kuma a da ya kasance caïd (gwamnan ƙaramar hukuma da ke da cikakken iko) ga gwamnatin Moroko, har ma ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Sultan Abdelaziz a kan wani mai fafutuka a Taza a shekarar 1902. . . . Duk da cewa da farko ya kasance a shirye don tattaunawa da Faransa, matsin lamba daga shugabannin da ke goyon bayan yakin da kuma tsoron ba'a daga 'yan ƙabilar sa ya sa ya yanke shawara.  . . Amhaouch mutum ne mai karfi kuma mai tasiri, wanda jami'in Faransa kuma mai bincike René de Segonzac ya bayyana a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "manyan jagororin ruhaniya na Maroko" kuma "mafi girman halayen addini na kudu maso gabas". . Faransawa sun yi ƙoƙari su shawo kan Zaians su mika wuya tun a shekarar 1913 ba tare da nasara ba; yawancin ƙabilun da ke cikin tarayyar sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin Faransa. .

Shirye-shiryen Lyautey na ɗaukar Taza kuma ya ƙara zuwa kama Khénifra, hedkwatar Hammou. Jami’in siyasarsa, Maurice Le Glay, ya ba shi shawarar cewa yin hakan zai “kare shi da gaske” kuma ya yanke Za’awa daga goyon bayan wasu ƙabilu. . Kwanan nan Said ya kai wa sansanin Faransa hari a Kasbah Tadla, kuma tattaunawar zaman lafiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban leken asirin Lyautey, Kanar Henri Simon, bai cimma komai ba. . Sakamakon haka, an ba Mangin izinin jagorantar harin ramuwar gayya zuwa sansanin Said da ke El Ksiba amma, duk da cewa ya yi munanan raunuka, an tilasta masa janyewa tare da asarar rayuka 60, 150 da suka samu raunuka, an kuma yi watsi da kayan aiki da yawa.  Bayan da ya ƙasa yin wani ra'ayi a kan Zaians ta hanyar yin shawarwari a watan Mayu 1914, Lyautey ya ba Janar Paul Prosper Henrys izini ya jagoranci dukan sojojin Faransa a yankin da kuma kaddamar da hari a Taza da Khénifra. . . Henrys ya kama Taza a cikin 'yan kwanaki ta hanyar amfani da sassan da aka zana daga garrisons a Fez, Meknes, Rabat da Marrakesh sannan ya mai da hankalinsa ga Khénifra. . .

 Manazarta 

 Kamfen na Khénifra 

Henrys ya shirya hari akan Khénifra a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1914 tare da aika ginshiƙan sojoji guda uku, jimlar dakaru 14,000 sanye take da rediyo mara waya da goyan bayan jirgin sama . . Daya daga cikin ginshiƙin dakarun Meknes a karkashin jagorancin Laftanar-Kanar Henri Claudel, wani daga Rabat karkashin Laftanar-Kanar Gaston Cros da na uku daga Kasbah Tadla a karkashin Kanar Noël Garnier-Duplessix . . Henrys ya samu damar jagoranci don bada umarni, yana jagorantar sojojin daga motar sulke a cikin ginshiƙin Claudel.  Da sanin cewa kadan daga cikin ƙasa ko kuma yarda da ƙabilun gida Henrys ya ba da ƙayyadaddun sharuddan karimci ga 'yan kabilar da suka mika wuya ga mulkin Faransa: dole ne su mika wuya kawai bindigoginsu na harbe-harbe da duk wani kayan Faransa da aka kama, kuma su biya wani karamin haraji don kariya.  Ya kuma ware makudan kuɗaɗe domin baiwa masu yaɗa labarai da shugabannin ƙabilu cin hanci. 

Duk da cewa an ɗauki waɗannan matakan, ginshiƙin Claudel ya fuskanci harin kafin ma ya bar Meknes, ko da yake shi ne mafi girma kuma an yi niyya a matsayin karkatarwa. . Dakarun Hammou sun kai hari sansanin nasu ne a cikin kwanaki uku, inda suka yi sanadin asarar akalla jami'i guda ɗaya da wasu mutane hudu tare da raunata goma sha tara, amma sauran ginshikan biyun ba a samu hatsaniya ba.  Claudel ya ƙaddamar da farmaki a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni yayin da Hammou ke shirin kai hari na hudu, inda ya kori 'yan Zaian da makamai tare da tabbatar da turjiya kadan ga tattakinsa zuwa Khénifra a washegari.  Bayan sun dake da dogewa a wasu hare-haren sari-ka-nokƙe a Teguet, sojojin dawakan Claudel sun tsallaka Oum er Rbia a el Bordj suka wuce zuwa wajen Khénifra.  Sauran ginshiƙan sun haɗu da su a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, suna yaƙi da kare dukkan  hare-haren da Zaian ke kai musu a hanya tare da haɗuwa da sauran ginshiƙai biyu, sun gano garin ba kowa da kowa tare da daga tutar Faransa.  Rukunin ya rasa mutane biyu da aka kashe a halin tafiya. 

alt=Rolling hills with mountains in the background, a road and electricity pylons cross the image from left to right.  The ground is stony with some browned grass, a few bushes and scattered trees.  A small farm is in the right mid-ground with some fields used for hay and grazing of sheep.|left|thumb|Hoton zamani yana nuna shimfiɗar wuri kusa da Khénifra
ginshikan sunyi fama da hare-hare mai tsanani daga 'yan kabilar Zaian a wannan rana, wadanda suka fatattake su da yammacin rana a kan kashe mutane biyar da jikkata mutum goma sha tara. . An sake dakile hare-haren da aka kai a daren 14 da 15 ga watan Yuni ta hanyar harbin bindigu da bindigu, wanda mayaƙan bincike suka jagoranta. . Daga nan sai Henrys ya aika da ginshiƙai biyu a kudu zuwa sansanin Adersan na Zaian don kona gidaje, yana tabbatar da kwarewarsa na soja amma bai haifar da mummunar arangama ga kabilun ba, waɗanda suka koma dabarun yaƙin tawaye.  A martanin da aka mayar da dukkan kasuwannin da Faransa ke iko da su, an rufe su ga 'yan Zayyan kuma an dakatar da ayarin motocinsu na kasuwanci. 

Henrys ya fahimci kasancewar Zaian a el Bordj kuma ya aika da wata ginshiƙin soji don kai musu hari a ranar 31 ga Yuni. Kudancin el Bordj Faransawa sun fuskanci mummunar martanai daga 'yan kabilar da ke dauke da bindigu na zamani kuma suka kai karar bayonet don share hanya. . Ganawar ita ce babbar haɗin gwiwa ta farko da Henrys ya yi tare da Zaians kuma asararsa ta yi yawa, an kashe jami'in 1 da maza 16 sannan wasu jami'ai 2 da mutane 75 suka jikkata. . Asarar Zaian ta fi girmama: Faransawa sun ƙidaya aƙalla matattu 140 da suka rage a fagen fama, kuma sun ɗauki yaƙin a matsayin nasara.  Henrys ya yi tsammanin za a dakata a cikin ayyukan yayin da yan Zaians suka murmure, amma a maimakon haka Hammou ya kara kai hari kan Faransawa.  Kwanaki hudu kacal bayan gabatar da harin da wasu kabilu 500 suka kai kan ayarin motocin Faransa, an dakile harin bayan wasu sa'o'i da dama da ake zargin bayonet.  Faransa ta sake yin yawa tare da kashe jami'ai guda da maza goma da kuma raunata mutane talatin. 

 Wayoyin hannu 
alt=A painting of a column of black soldiers and porters accompanied by a white French officer|thumb|Hoton da ke sama na nuna atisaye da tattakin sojojin Senegal a kan hanyar zuwa Maroko
Dangane da karuwar hare-hare a yankin Khénifra Henrys ya kafa wayoyin hannu guda uku, wadanda suka kunshi dakarun sojoji akasari daga Sojojin Afirka . . Kowane rukuni an tsara shi don zama mai cikin cikakken tsaro kuma yawanci ya ƙunshi bataliyoyin sojoji na yau da kullun ( Tirailleurs na Algeria da Senegal ko sojojin Faransa na Faransa ), ƙungiyar mayaƙan doki (Algerian Spahis ), ƴan batura na manyan bindigogi ( filin ko dutse ), wani sashe na Hotchkiss bindigogin injuna da kuma jirgin alfadari na kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin babban jami'in Faransa. . . Bugu da kari kowane rukuni na Dakaru zai sami goums ɗaya ko biyu (ƙungiyoyin da ba na yau da kullun na kusan maza 200) na goumiers, ƙabilun ƙabilanci ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in leken asirin Faransa. . An yi amfani da goum ɗin don ayyukan tattara bayanan sirri da kuma wuraren da ke da wahalan shaani. 

An kafa rukunin Dakaru mai ƙarfi na battalion huɗu a Khénifra, ƙarƙashin Laftanar-Karnar René Laverdure ; daya dogara zuwa yamma karkashin Claudel daya kuma zuwa gabas karkashin Garnier-Duplessix. . Bugu da kari an kafa sansanonin goumier a M'Rirt da Sidi Lamine tare da yankunan da ke tsakanin jami'an goumiers na sintiri don kare ayarin motocin da kuma mika kabilanci daga harin. . Hare-haren da ake kaiwa Khénifra a cikin watan Yuli, wanda aka mayar da su kawai ta hanyar amfani da manyan bindigu da harbe-harbe, ya sa Henrys ya damu da cewa haɗin gwiwar 'yan kabilar na iya barazana ga garin da kuma kabilun da aka sallamar. . Wannan bangaren na fargabar cewa an kawar da shi ta hanyar cin nasara daban-daban na Hammou da Amhaouch da kungiyoyin wayar hannu na Claudel da Garnier-Duplessix suka yi da kuma ta hanyar karuwar adadin masu taimaka wa sabbin kabilun da aka mika ta hanyar tsarin haraji . 

Claudel da Garnier-Duplessix an umurce su da su yi sintiri a bankin Faransa na Oum er Rbia da yunƙurin raba Zaians daga Chleuh zuwa kudu yayin da Henrys ya shirya ci gaba ta Tsakiyar Atlas zuwa kogin Guigou . . An dakatar da waɗannan ayyuka ne saboda raguwar dakarun sojojin dake ƙarƙashin kulawarsa sakamakon aukuwar yakin duniya na farko a Turai.