Alkalin shari'ar gudanarwa

Alkalin shari'ar gudanarwa (ALJ) a Amurka Alƙali ne kuma mai gwada gaskiyar wanda ke jagorantar gwaji da yanke hukunci game da da da'awar ko jayayya da ta shafi Dokar gudanarwa, don haka ya haɗa da sassan gudanarwa na reshen zartarwa na gwamnati. ALJs na iya gudanar da rantsuwa, yin shaida, yin mulki a kan tambayoyin shaida, da kuma yin ƙuduri na gaskiya da na shari'a.

A Amurka, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da cewa rawar da alƙalin dokar gudanarwa ta tarayya ke takawa "da za a iya kwatanta" da na Alkalin Mataki na III. Ikon ALJ sau da yawa, idan ba gabaɗaya ba, ana kwatanta shi da na alƙali na shari'a, kamar yadda ALJs na iya ba da takaddama, yin mulki a kan masu gabatar da shaida, tsara hanyar sauraro, da yin ko ba da shawarar yanke shawara.

Dangane da ikon hukumar, shari'o'i na iya samun rikitarwa na jam'iyyun da yawa, kamar yadda lamarin yake tare da Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Tarayya, ko sauƙaƙe da ƙananan hanyoyin, kamar yadda yake tare da Gudanar da Tsaro na Jama'a.

 Ikon da sake dubawa na ALJs na tarayya 
Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da cewa rawar da alƙalin dokar gudanarwa ta tarayya ke takawa "da za a iya kwatanta" da na alƙalin Mataki na III. Ikon ALJ sau da yawa, idan ba gabaɗaya ba, ana iya kwatanta shi da na alƙali na shari'a: ALJ na iya ba da taƙaddama, ya yi mulki a kan masu gabatar da shaida, ya tsara hanyar sauraro, kuma ya yanke shawara ko ya ba da shawarar. ALJs suna da iyaka saboda ba su da ikon ba da izini sai dai idan doka ta ba da irin wannan iko. Maimakon haka, ALJ na iya tura wani al'amari zuwa Kotun Mataki na III don neman tilasta ko takunkumi. A halin yanzu ana tsara tsarin yanke hukunci na hukumar don tabbatar da cewa ALJs suna yin hukunci mai zaman kansa akan shaidar da ke gaban su, ba tare da matsin lamba daga bangarorin ko wasu jami'ai a cikin hukumar ba.

Hanyar sake duba shawarar ALJ ta bambanta dangane da hukumar. Hukumomi gabaɗaya suna da hukumar daukaka kara ta ciki, tare da wasu hukumomin da ke da Sakataren majalisa ministoci suna yanke shawarar roko na ƙarshe na ciki. Bugu da ƙari, bayan da aka gama daukaka kara na hukumar ta ciki, wata jam'iyya na iya samun damar shigar da kara a kotunan jihar ko tarayya. Dokokin da suka dace yawanci suna buƙatar jam'iyya ta gama duk roko na gudanarwa kafin a ba su damar kai karar wata hukuma a kotu.

 Shari'ar shari'a 
.Barnett, Kent (April 2013). "Resolving the ALJ Quandary". Vanderbilt Law Review. 66 (3): 797–865. Retrieved 29 December 2020Tsarin tsarin mulki na amfani da ALJ na hukumomin gudanarwa na reshen zartarwa ya zama batun kalubale akai-akai a kotunan reshen shari'a a farkon karni na 21st. A cikin Lucia v. SEC (2018), Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa ALJs jami'an Amurka ne kuma don haka suna ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki - yana buƙatar nadin su da Shugaban kasa ko wani jami'in da aka ba da izini ya yi - amma ba sa buƙatar tabbatar da Majalisar Dattijai saboda kawai ana la'akari da su "ƙananan" jami'an. Supreme Court sides with 'Buckets of Money' financier". Associated Press. June 21, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018. a cikin 2023, shari'ar SEC v. Jarkesy ta tada batutuwan ko yin amfani da binciken gaskiyar ALJ a matsayin maye gurbin shari'ar juri ya sabawa Kwaskwari na Bakwai da koyarwar rashin wakilci "Supreme Court sides with 'Buckets of Money' financier" watan Yuni 2024, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci da rinjaye 6-3 cewa amfani da SEC na ALJs a cikin shari'ar gudanarwa don cin zarafi mai kama da zamba na tsaro ya saba wa Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta Bakwai saboda akwai 'yancin yin shari'ar juri a ayyukan zamba a cikin doka ta gama gari, sannan ta ki yanke hukunci kan wasu batutuwa.
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