Semolina

Semolina ita ce tsarkakewa na alkama mai wuya, kamar durum .  Babban furotin da abun ciki na gluten ya sa ya dace da pasta.

 Magana 
Kalmar "semolina," da aka tabbatar tun daga 1790-1800, an samo ta ne daga kalmar Italiyanci , canji na  ('ƙasa hatsi', daga Latin , 'mai kyau gari') tare da ƙaramin ma'anar . Kalmar Latin tana da asalin Semitic, tare da ma'anar asali na 'don niƙa cikin groats'; cf. Larabci  (, '') da Aramaic  (, 'mai kyau gari').

 Fitarwa 
Yin amfani da alkama na zamani a cikin gari tsari ne wanda ke amfani da rollers na ƙarfe. Ana daidaita rollers don sararin da ke tsakanin su ya ɗan ƙanƙanta fiye da faɗin ƙwayoyin alkama. Yayin da ake ciyar da alkama a cikin niƙa, rollers suna faduwa daga Bran kuma suna ƙwayoyin yayin da starch (ko endosperm) ke fashewa cikin ɓangarori masu laushi a cikin tsari. Ta hanyar sifting, waɗannan ƙwayoyin endosperm, semolina, an raba su daga bran. Sa'an nan kuma ana niƙa semolina a cikin gari. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa tsarin raba endosperm daga bran da germ, tare da ba da damar raba endosparm zuwa maki daban-daban saboda ɓangaren ciki na endosperme yana raguwa zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori fiye da ɓangaren waje. Ana iya samar da nau'o'i daban-daban na gari.

 Nau'o'in 
Semolina da aka yi daga alkama mai wuya (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) yana da launin rawaya. Ana iya niƙa shi ko dai mai laushi ko mai kyau, kuma ana amfani da su duka biyu a cikin nau'ikan kayan abinci masu dadi da masu ɗanɗano, gami da nau'ikan Pasta da yawa.
alt=Two piles of semolina grains plain (left) and toasted (right)|right|thumb|Semolina ƙasa, fili (hagu) da toasted (dama) 
Semolina da aka yi daga alkama na yau da kullun (Triticum aestivum) yana da launi mai launi. A Amurka, ana kiranta gari (kada a rikita shi da garin Italiyanci, wanda shine garin alkama na yau da kullun), kuma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don kayan zaki fiye da abinci mai ɗanɗano. A cikin Yankin Indiya, ana iya niƙa semolina na alkama na yau da kullun ko mai laushi ko mai kyau, kuma ana amfani da su duka biyu a cikin nau'ikan abinci masu dadi da masu ɗanɗano. Sunayen da aka saba amfani da su a wasu harsuna sun hada da:

 Italiyanci: semola di grano duro; coarse (ba mai bayyanawa ba), kyakkyawan Rimacinata
 Girkanci: simigdáli σιμιγδάλι; mai laushi chondró χονδρό, mai kyau psiló ψιλό
 Larabci: samīd سميد; mai laushi ♡, mai kyau nāʿim ناعم
 Turkiyya: Irmik; mai laushi iri, mai kyauYa kasance mai ban sha'awa
 Urdu: sooji سوجی
 Hindustani: baṃsī ravā, ƙasashen rava =9) kuma (an shuka shi ne kawai mai laushi, ba mai kyau ba) 
 Assamese: sūjī চুজি
 Bangla: śūjī সুজি
 Gujarati: sōjī__ilo____ilo____ilo__
 dawa-linkid="352" href="./Hindustani_language" id="mwjQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hindustani language">Hindu: sūjī__wol____wol____wol__ / Sussji, ko ravā kuma; coarse moṭī sha, fine bariki
 Rava-linkid="354" href="./Kannada" id="mwkw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kannada">Kannada: Rave
 ṟava-linkid="356" href="./Malayalam" id="mwlg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Malayalam">Malayalam: Tsuntsu
 dawa: Rabawa
 dawa-linkid="360" href="./Marathi_language" id="mwnA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Marathi language">Marathi: da kuma
 Nepali: 
 Punjabi: sutura ta kasa
 Sinanci: rulang da ke cikin duniya
 Tamil: Ravai
 Telugu: Rava

A Amurka, abincin da aka samar daga hatsi ban da alkama ana iya kiransa semolina, misali, shinkafa semolina da masara semolina. Ana kiran semolina na masara a Amurka.

 Abincin 

 Savory 
A cikin Jamus, Austria, Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovenia, Romania, Slovakia da Croatia, (durum) semolina an san shi da  (Hartweizen-) Grieß (kalma da ke da alaƙa da "kiran") kuma an gauraya shi da kwai don yin Grießknödel, wanda za'a iya ƙara shi zuwa miya. Barbashi suna da tsayi sosai, tsakanin 0.25 da 0.75 millimeters a diamita. Hakanan ana dafa shi a cikin madara kuma a yayyafa shi da cakulan don a ci shi azaman karin kumallo.

A Italiya, ana amfani da semolina (durum) don yin nau'in miya ta hanyar tafasa semolina mai kyau kai tsaye a cikin kayan lambu ko naman kaza. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Semolina don yin nau'in gnocchi da ake kira gnocchi alla romana, inda aka gauraya semolina da madara, cuku da man shanu don samar da katako, sannan a yanke shi a cikin diski kuma a dafa shi da cuku da bechamel.
Semolina abinci ne na yau da kullun a Yammacin Afirka, musamman tsakanin 'Yan Najeriya. Ana cinye shi azaman abincin rana ko abincin dare tare da stew ko miya. Ana shirya shi kamar eba (gurasar cassava) ko fufu tare da ruwa kuma an tafasa shi na minti 5 zuwa 10.

A yawancin Arewacin Afirka, an sanya durum semolina a cikin couscous da nau'ikan gurasa daban-daban kamar m'semen, kesra, khobz da sauransu.

A Pakistan da Arewacin Indiya ana kiran semolina sooji, kuma a Kudancin Indiya, rava . Ana amfani da Semolina don yin abinci mai dadi na Kudancin Indiya, kamar rava dosa, Rava idli, rava kitchri da upma. Ana amfani da shi don rufe yankan kifi kafin a dafa shi cikin mai. Hakanan ana iya yin Rotis daga semolina.

 Mai daɗi 
Ana samun abincin da aka dafa wanda ke dauke da semolina da ake kira Migliaccio a cikin al'adar Neapolitan a Italiya. Migliaccio cakuda ne na ricotta, vanilla da citrus peel, kama da cikawa a sfogliatelle, tare da ƙara garin semolina don samun sauki, mai ƙarfi.

A Slovakia, Sweden, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Belarus, Isra'ila, da Rasha, ana cinye shi azaman abincin safe, wani lokacin ana gauraya shi da 'Ya'yan inabi kuma ana ba da shi da madara. A cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden, an san shi da , ko kuma an dafa shi tare da blueberries, kamar  . A Sweden, Estonia, Finland, da Latvia, ana tafasa semolina tare da ruwan 'ya'yan itace sannan a yi amfani da shi cikin haske, iska don ƙirƙirar  (sunan Sweden), wanda aka fi sani da  (sunan Finnish) ko  (sunan Estonia) ko  (sunan Latvia). Sau da yawa ana cin wannan abincin a lokacin rani.

A Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, basbousa (wanda ake kira harisa a wasu nau'ikan Larabci) cake ne mai zaki da aka tsoma a cikin syrup mai ƙanshi kuma sau da yawa ana rufe shi da kwayoyi. A Arewacin Afirka, ana amfani da shi don yin harcha, wani nau'in kek da ake yawan cinyewa don karin kumallo, yawanci tare da jam ko zuma. Baghrir, pancake na Arewacin Afirka, ana yin sa da semolina ko gari wanda ake ba da shi don karin kumallo.

A cikin yankin Indiya, ana amfani da semolina (wanda ake kira Rava, suji ko shuji) don irin waɗannan kayan zaki kamar halwa da rava kesari . Ana kuma amfani da Semolina vermicelli don yin pudding da ake kira seviyan . A Nepal, ana kiran semolina suji kuma ana amfani dashi don shirya abinci mai dadi kamar haluwa ko puwa . A Myanmar (Burma), ana amfani da semolina (wanda ake kira shwegyi) a cikin wani sanannen kayan zaki da ake kira sanwin makin . A Sri Lanka ana kiran semolina rulan kuma ana amfani dashi don yin burodi mai laushi da kayan zaki mai laushi wanda ake kira "rulan aluwa".

Halwa wani lokacin ana yin shi da semolina da aka dafa tare da sukari, man shanu, madara, ko kwai. Yana da mashahuriyar abinci a Turkiyya ('Khalva'), Girka, ([./<i id= halawa]" Cyprus (halvas)), Bulgaria (halva), Iran (halva)), Pakistan (halva). A Turkiyya, ana yin kayan abinci masu daɗi da ake kira revani, şekerpare da şambali tare da semolina.A Girka, ana yin kayan zaki na galaktoboureko ta hanyar yin custard daga semolina sannan a rufe shi a cikin takalma na phyllo. A Cyprus, ana iya haɗa semolina tare da almond cordial don ƙirƙirar haske, ruwa mai tushe.

 A cikin yin burodi 
A matsayin madadin abinci na masara, ana iya amfani da semolina don yin gari a wurin yin burodi don hana mannewa. A cikin yin burodi, karamin rabo na durum semolina da aka kara a cikin cakuda na gari an ce yana samar da ɓawon burodi mai ɗanɗano.

 Duba sauran bayani 

 Guriev porridge
 Bombay rava

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba