Cyrene, Libya

Cyrene, kuma wani lokacin ana kiranta Kyrene, tsohuwar 'yar mulkin mallaka ce ta Girka da birnin Roman kusa da Shahhat na yanzu a arewa maso gabashin Libya a Arewacin Afirka. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Pentapolis, wani muhimmin ruƙuni na birane biyar a yankin, kuma ya ba yankin sunan gargajiya da na zamani na Cyrenaica.

Cyrene yana kwance a kan tudun Jebel Akhdar. Ragowar kayan tarihi ya ƙunshi kaɗaɗa da yawa kuma sun haɗa da manyan haikali da yawa, stoas, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, gidajen wanka, majami'u, da wuraren zama na palatial. Birnin yana kewaye da Necropolis na Cyrene. Tun daga shekarar 1982, ya kasance Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO.  Tashar ruwan birnin ita ce Apollonia (Marsa Sousa), mai tazarar  zuwa arewa.

An danganta birnin ga Apollo da almara etymon Cyrene ta Helenawa da kansu amma tabbas mazauna Thera (Santorini na zamani) ne suka mamaye shi a ƙarshen karni na bakwai BC. Da farko dai wata daular sarakuna ce da ake kira Battiads ce ta yi mulkinta, waɗanda suka yi arziki da ƙarfi a sakamakon rigingimun ƙaura da kuma fitar da dawakai da silfium, shukar magani. A ƙarni na biyar BC, sun faɗaɗa ikonsu a kan sauran garuruwan Cyrenaica. Ya zama wurin zama na Cyrenaics, makarantar falsafa a ƙarni na huɗu BC, wanda Aristippus, almajirin Socrates ya kafa. A zamanin Hellenistic, birnin ya canza tsakanin zama na Ptolemaic Masar da kuma babban birnin wata masarauta mai cin gashin kanta. Ita ma babbar cibiyar Yahudawa ce. A cikin 96 BC, ta wuce zuwa Jamhuriyar Roman kuma ta zama wani yanki na lardin Crete da Cyrenaica. Mayakan Yahudawa ne suka lalata birnin a AD 115 a lokacin tawaye na ƴan ƙasashen waje, kuma a hankali aka sake gina shi a cikin ƙarni na gaba. Girgizar ƙasa a shekara ta 262 da 365 ta lalata birnin, amma wasu wuraren sun ci gaba da zama tun farkon zamanin Rumawa da kuma mamayar da musulmi suka yi a Magrib a shekara ta 642, bayan haka kuma aka yi watsi da wurin har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa sansanin sojan Italiya a wurin a shekarar 1913. Tun a wancan lokacin ake ci gaba da aikin tonon sililin.

 Suna 
 shine nau'in Latin na sunan Helenanci  () na asalin da ba a sani ba. Helenawa da kansu sun danganta sunan ga yarima mai suna Cyrene wanda ake zaton ya kafa birnin tare da taimakon allahn rana Apollo. Wasu malaman zamani wani lokacin suna danganta sunan ga maɓuɓɓugar Cyra (, ), wanda mazaunan Girka da Romawa na birnin suka ɗauka mai tsarki ga Apollo. Labarin Thessalian Cyrene da alama ya riga ya wuce shaidar bazara, duk da haka, kuma Janko a maimakon haka ya nuna cewa farkon mazauna Theran sun karɓi labarin da sunan da ke akwai don wannan takamaiman wuri bayan wasu sunan yankin da ba a tabbatar da su ba amma irin wannan sunan a cikin harshen Libu ko Garamantian.. Kodayake duka nau'ikan Girkanci da Latin na sunan an furta su wani abu kamar /kuˈreɪneɪ/ koo-RAY-nay,  ana karanta su sau da yawa a Turanci kamar /kaɪˈriːni/ ky-REE-nee ko, a cikin Latin, /saɪˈri:ni/ sy-REE-ne.. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

 Tarihi 
Mutane sun zauna a Cyrenaica tun daga Palaeolithic. Akwai wasu shaidu don sasantawa a cikin kogon da ke ƙasa da Acropolis wanda zai iya riga ya rigaya ya daidaita Girka. Yana yiwuwa Minoans da Mycenaeans sun ziyarci Cyrene a zamanin Bronze, tun da yake a kan hanya mafi sauƙi daga teku daga Aegean zuwa Masar, amma kawai shaidar archaeological don wannan shine daban-daban na wani ƙaramin bagaden Minoan da hatimin Minoan, wanda mai yiwuwa an kawo shi a kwanan wata.  

 Tushe 
Wata tatsuniya na Girka da Pindar ya fara rubutawa a farkon ƙarni na biyar BC ya ba da rahoton cewa allahn Apollo ya ƙaunaci maharbi Cyrene kuma ya kawo ta Libya, inda ta haifi ɗa Aristaeus.  Hadisai na tarihi na Girka, da aka ruwaito a cikin Tarihin Herodotus da kuma a cikin rubutun ƙarni na huɗu BC da aka samu a Cyrene, sun ce ƙungiyar Helenawa ta Cretan, waɗanda aka kora daga Sparta kuma suka zauna a tsibirin Thera, sun kafa Cyrene a 631 BC, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Battus I, a lokacin da Oracle na Delphi ya jagoranci Oracle na Delphi.   Wasu hadisai sun ce mazauna garin sun bar Thera saboda yunwa, wasu kuma saboda yakin basasa. Yawancin sun ce ’yan mulkin mallaka sun fara zama a wani tsibiri a Aziris (gabashin Derna) kafin su ƙaura zuwa Sairina.  Tarihin waɗannan labarun ba shi da tabbas, musamman ma ra'ayin cewa Thera ita ce kawai "birnin uwar" Cyrene. Dangantaka da wasu garuruwa, irin su Sparta  da Samos,  da aka ambata a cikin labarun tushe, ba su da tabbas. 

Shaidar archaeological daga wurin, musamman ma yumbura, sun tabbatar da cewa matsugunan Girka sun fara ne a tsakiyar karni na bakwai BC. Wannan tukwane na farko ya samo asali ne daga Thera, Sparta, da Samos, amma kuma Rhodes.  Yankin farko na mazaunin shi ne tudu da ke shinfiɗe a gabas daga Acropolis zuwa Agora, amma garin ya faɗaɗa cikin hanzari zuwa gabas.  Wuri Mai Tsarki na Apollo a arewacin Acropolis, na Demeter a kudu, da na Zeus a gabas duk sun koma ƙarni na bakwai ko na shida BC. Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa wasu wurare da dama a Cyrenaica, irin su Apollonia, Euesperides, da Taucheira (Benghazi na zamani da Tocra) sun zauna a lokaci guda tare da Cyrene. 

 Manazarta