Tarihin Soja na Afirka

Tarihin soja na Afirka na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin tarihin soja a duniya. Afirka nahiya ce da ke da yankuna da yawa da ke da al'umma dabam-dabam masu magana da dubban harsuna daban-daban kuma suna gudanar da al'adu da addinai dabam-dabam . Waɗannan bambance-bambancen kuma sun kasance tushen rikice-rikice na shekaru aru-aru.

Kamar tarihin Afirka, tarihin soja a nahiyar galibi ana raba shi da yanki. Arewacin Afirka wani yanki ne na al'adun Bahar Rum kuma yana da mahimmanci ga tarihin soja na zamanin da, kuma Gabashin Afirka a tarihi yana da jihohi daban-daban waɗanda galibi suna yaƙi da wasu mafi ƙarfi a duniya. Tarihin soja na Afirka ta zamani na iya kasu kashi uku faffadan lokaci: kafin mulkin mallaka, mulkin mallaka, da bayan mulkin mallaka. 

 Dada 

 Tarihin sojan Masar na da da na Nubian 
A cikin 3100 BC, Menes ya haɗu da Upper Egypt da Lower Misira . Ƙarshen Tsohuwar Mulkin Masar ta dā ta haifar da rashin zaman lafiya da ba a daidaita ba har sai da Mentuhotep na biyu ya ƙarfafa mulkinsa a kusan 2055 BC don fara Mulkin Tsakiya . Wannan lokacin ya ƙare da mamayewar Hyksos, waɗanda suka gabatar da karusar yaƙi . Masarawa sun yi amfani da wannan sabuwar fasaha cikin sauri, waɗanda suka yi nasarar korar maharan a farkon sabuwar masarauta a ƙarni na 16 BC.

Masarawan da aka farfaɗowa sun faɗaɗa arewa da gabas zuwa Eurasia zuwa Tekun Aegean da cikin yawancin Levant, har zuwa Kogin Furat . Masar kuma ta koma yamma zuwa Libya da kudu zuwa Sudan .

Rushewar a hankali a cikin daular Ashirin ya ba da damar kafa masarautun Kushite na Nubia, wanda ya shafi Napata . Kush ya kai tsayi a karkashin Piye, wanda ya ci Misira kuma ya kafa daular Ashirin da biyar . Duk da haka, an kori Kushites a hankali zuwa Napata ta hanyar mamayewar Assuriyawa sannan kuma juriyar sarakunan Daular Ashirin da shida .

 Tarihin soja na Aksumite na da 
Masarautar Axum tana da daya daga cikin manyan sojoji a duniya a zamaninta. An kwatanta ta da Roma da kuma sauran manyan duniya na lokacin. Masarautar ta mallaki yankuna masu yawa daga yammacin Yemen a yau, Djibouti, kudu maso yammacin Saudi Arabia, gabashin Sudan, yawancin Eritriya da arewa da tsakiyar Habasha ta yau.

 Tarihin soja na Afirka ta zamani 

 Yaƙe-yaƙe na Adal-Ethiopia 
Yayin da bincike na Turai ya fara da taswirar bakin tekun yamma ta hanyar Portuguese, babban matakin bai faru ba sai daga baya. A lokacin yakin 1529-1543 na Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, wanda ya kawo kashi uku cikin hudu na Kirista Abyssinia (Ethiopia na yau) karkashin ikon Sarkin Musulmi na Adal (Somaliya ta zamani.   Tare da dakaru da akasari ya kunshi Somalia,  wanda aka sanye shi da sojojin daular Ottoman ., hadin gwiwar sojojin Habasha da Portugal (ciki har da 'yan musket na Portugal) sun sami damar kashe Imam Ahmad a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga mutuwar tsohon kwamandan Portugal, Cristovao da Gama tare da kwace yankunan Abyssiniya.

 Yaƙin Ajuran-Portuguese 
Zamanin Turawa na Ganowa ya kawo mafi ƙarfin Turai a lokacin daular Portugal zuwa gabar tekun Gabashin Afirka, wanda a lokacin ya sami bunƙasa kasuwanci da ƙasashen waje. Jihohin Kudu maso Gabas masu arziki na Kilwa, Mombasa, Malindi, Pate da Lamu duk 'yan Portugal ne suka kori su da kuma sace su. Daga nan sai Tristão da Cunha ya zuba idonsa kan yankin Ajuran, inda aka gwabza yakin Barawa . Bayan an dauki lokaci mai tsawo ana takun saka, sojojin Portugal sun kona birnin tare da kwasar ganima. Sai dai tsananin turjiya da jama'ar yankin da sojoji suka yi ya haifar da gazawar turawan Portugal na mamaye birnin na dindindin, kuma mazaunan da suka gudu zuwa cikin gida daga ƙarshe za su dawo su sake gina birnin. Bayan Barawa, Tristão zai tashi zuwa Mogadishu, wanda shine birni mafi arziki a gabar tekun Gabashin Afirka. Amma labari ya bazu kan abin da ya faru a Barawa, kuma an yi taro mai yawa na sojoji. Dawakai da sojoji da mayaƙa da yawa a wuraren tsaro suna gadin birnin. Duk da haka, har ila Tristão ya zaɓi ya kai farmaki da yunƙurin cin nasara a birnin, ko da yake kowane hafsa da sojan da ke cikin sojojinsa sun yi hamayya da hakan, suna tsoron kada a yi nasara idan za su yi yaƙi da abokan hamayyarsu. Tristão ya bi shawararsu kuma ya tashi zuwa Socotra maimakon haka.  Bayan yakin garin Barawa ya farfado cikin gaggawa daga harin. 
A cikin shekaru da dama masu zuwa, tashin hankalin Somaliya da Portuguese zai kasance mai girma kuma karuwar hulɗar tsakanin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Somaliya da Ottoman corsaiers sun damu da Portuguese wanda ya aika da balaguron azabtarwa a Mogadishu a karkashin João de Sepúlveda, wanda bai yi nasara ba.  Hadin gwiwar Ottoman da Somaliya da Portuguese a cikin Tekun Indiya ya kai wani matsayi mai girma a cikin 1580s lokacin da abokan ciniki na Ajuran na garuruwan gabar tekun Somaliya suka fara nuna tausayi ga Larabawa da Swahilis a karkashin mulkin Portuguese kuma suka aika da jakada zuwa ga corsair na Turkiyya Mir Ali Bey don wani balaguron hadin gwiwa a kan Portuguese. Ya amince kuma aka haɗa shi da wani jirgin ruwa na Somaliya, waɗanda suka fara kai hari ga yankunan Portugal da ke Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka . 

Hare-haren na Somaliya da Ottoman sun yi nasarar korar turawan Portugal daga muhimman garuruwa da dama kamar Pate, Mombasa da Kilwa . Duk da haka, gwamnan Portuguese ya aika da wakilai zuwa Portuguese Indiya suna neman babban jirgin ruwa na Portuguese. An amsa wannan bukata ta kuma mayar da farmakin da musulmi suka kai a baya zuwa na kariya. Sojojin kasar Portugal sun yi nasarar sake kwace mafi yawan garuruwan da suka bata tare da fara hukunta shugabanninsu, amma sai suka kaurace wa birnin Mogadishu, inda suka tabbatar da ‘yancin cin gashin kan birnin a tekun Indiya. [1] [2] Sojojin Somaliya na Ajuran za su ci nasara a kan Burtugal. Daular Ottoman kuma za ta kasance abokin tattalin arzikin Somaliyawa. [3] A cikin karni na 16 da 17, Sultanan Somaliya masu ci gaba da yin adawa da mulkin mallaka na tattalin arzikin Portugal a cikin Tekun Indiya ta hanyar amfani da sabon tsabar kudi wanda ya bi tsarin Ottoman, don haka suna shelar halin 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki dangane da Portuguese

Gwagwarmayar 'Yanci
Tun daga shekarun 1950s, kungiyoyin adawa da mulkin mallaka sun fara tashi tsaye suna neman 'yancin kai daga kasashen mulkin mallaka. Wannan gwagwarmaya, tare da tsarin kasa da kasa da ke kara adawa da mulkin mallaka, ya haifar da wani yanayi na batun neman 'yanci wanda a lokuta da dama ya kasance da tashin hankali.

Gwagwarmayar farko ta 'yan bindiga da ta sami nasara a Afirka ita ce Yakin Neman 'Yancin Kai na Tunisiya (1952–1956), amma mafi shahara ita ce Yakin 'Yancin Kan Algeria (1954–1962), duka biyu suka kasance da Faransa.

Wata kwaskwarima mai nasara ita ce Yakin Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal (1961–1974), wanda ya kai ga samun 'yancin kai na Angola, Guinea-Bissau da Mozambique.Crawford Young, "Contextualizing Congo Conflicts: Order and Disorder in Postcolonial Africa" in John F. Clark, ed., The African Stakes of the Congo War, Palgrave MacMillan: New York, 2002, p. 15 Yakin Daji na Rhodesia (1966–1979) bai kasance da cibiyar mulkin mallaka ba, amma ya kasance da gwamnatin farar fata 'yar tsiraru ta Ian Smith.

Wadannan kungiyoyin 'yantarwa na kasa sun samo dabarunsu daga nasarar yaki na dabarun gwagwarmayar 'yan tawaye da aka yi amfani da su a Juyin Juya Halin Kasar Indonesia (1945–1949) da Yakin Indochina na Farko (1946–1954). Manufar 'yan tawaye ba ta kasance ta lashe yakin ba — domin babu wata sojan mulkin mallaka da aka taba doke ta — amma su tabbata sun tsira, ta yadda za a sanya yakin ya gagari mai mulkin mallaka na dogon lokaci.


Rubuce-rubucen Frantz Fanon game da yakin Algeria sun samu gagarumar tasiri a kan rikice-rikicen Afirka na baya. Wadannan rikice-rikicen sun amfana da daidaito na ra'ayi da tsari, goyon bayan diflomasiyya a majami'u na kasa da kasa, taimakon kudi (musamman daga kasashen Nordic) da horarwa da kayan aikin soja daga kasashen hadin gwiwar Soviet.

Akwai gwagwarmaya guda biyu da suka rikide zuwa tashin hankali amma ba su kai ga samun nasara ba — wadanda suka kasa tilasta mika wuya da samun 'yanci — su ne Tashin Hankalin Mau Mau (1952–1960). Rundunonin tsaron mulkin mallaka sun karfafa ne da dakarun doka daga kasar uwa, yayin da 'yan tawaye suka kasance da karancin kayan aiki da horo, da kuma rashin kasa mai makwabtaka da za ta ba da mafaka.

An samu kuma wasu gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci biyu da suka yi karon batta da wata kasa 'yar Afirka dangane da iyakokin da aka zana lokacin mulkin mallaka. Kungiyar Polisario ta fara gwagwarmaya a 1973 don neman 'yancin yankin Sahara ta Yamma daga Spain, sannan daga baya Morocco, lokacin da kasar ta mamaye.

A Eritrea, kungiyar 'Yantar da Eritrea da daga baya Kungiyar Jama'ar 'Yantar da Eritrea sun fafata da Habasha har zuwa samun nasara a 1991.

A wasu misalai guda biyu na musamman, wadanda suka sha bamban da wadannan yakoki masu jini, kungiyar South-West Africa People's Organisation na Namibia (1960s–1990) da ayyukan Umkhonto we Sizwe, reshen soja na African National Congress na Afrika ta Kudu, sun yi amfani da karfin bindiga kaɗan ne a gwagwarmayarsu.

Bayan mulkin mallaka
upright=1.2|thumb|Yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikicen Afirka, 1980–96

Kasashen Afirka sun dauki matakai masu yawa don mutunta iyakokin kasa na kasa da kasa a matsayin wadanda ba za a taɓa ba. Misali, Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasashen Afirka (OAU), wadda aka kafa a 1963 kuma aka maye gurbinta da Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) a 2002, ta sanya girmama cikakken ikon ƙasa na kowace ƙasa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙa’idodinta a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. Hakika, idan aka kwatanta da yadda kasashen Turai suka samo asali, akwai ƙananan rikice-rikicen kasa da kasa a Afirka dangane da canjin iyaka, wanda hakan ya shafi gina ƙasashe a nahiyar kuma ya ba wasu ƙasashe damar rayuwa wadanda da ba haka ba za a iya shafe su gaba ɗaya.

Amma, rikice-rikicen kasa da kasa sun kuma kasance ta hanyar tallafawa mayaƙa ko ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye. Ƙasashe da dama sun sha fama da yakin basasa: ciki har da Rwanda, Sudan, Angola, Sierra Leone, Kongo, Liberia, Habasha da Somaliya.The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 7, "https://www.economist.com/special-report/2020/03/26/parts-of-africa-will-remain-unstable-for-decades"

Yaƙe-yaƙen 'yantar da ƙasa sau da yawa suna da akidar Marxist, Marxist-Leninist, ko Maoist, inda yunkurin samun yancin Afirka ke cikin sharuddan ra'ayin Marxism. Misalai na farko sun hada da gungun mayaƙan Union of the Peoples of Cameroon masu adawa da mulkin mallakan Faransa, wanda ya kasance wani tayin Marxist-Leninist, sannan aka biyo da makamantan su a Kongo (kamar Simba Rebellion). Che Guevara ya shiga cikin wannan na Kongo, kuma a 1967 ya bayyana cewa Afirka ba ta shirya juyin juya hali ba. Duk da haka, a Zanzibar kafin da bayan haɗuwarta da Tanzania, nau’o’in zamantakewar gurguzu sun mamaye. A Sudan ƙarƙashin Gaafar Nimeiry, a Somaliya ƙarƙashin Siad Barre, a Habasha ƙarƙashin Dergue da Mengistu Haile Mariam, a Kongo Brazzaville tun daga 1960s ciki har da mulkin Denis Sassou-Nguesso, a Benin ƙarƙashin Mathieu Kerekou, a Seychelles ƙarƙashin France-Albert René, da kuma a Angola, Mozambique da Guinea-Bissau kafin juyin juya halin Portugal na 1974, ra'ayin Marxist-Leninist ya samu karbuwa. Har bayan 1990, akwai misalan Marxism na soja, kamar rundunar mayaƙa da Ernest Wamba-dia-Wamba ya kafa a Gabashin Kongo a 1990s.Adam Mayer: Military Marxism: Africa's Contribution to Revolutionary Theory, 1957-2023, Lexington Books, Lanham, 2025, shf. 37-90

Iyakar fahimtar yakin basasa a Afirka ta yi rikiɗa, domin da dama daga cikin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙen suna da goyon bayan ƙasashen waje ko kuwa su ma suna halarta kai tsaye. Libya ta shiga Chad da jiragen sama, sai Faransa ta mayar da martani da goyon baya ga ɗayan bangaren. Sudan ta fuskanci dogon yakin basasa wanda ya kaisu ga samun 'yancin South Sudan. Haka kuma, Eritrea ta samu 'yanci daga Habasha. Yakin basasar Congo ya shafi kasashe bakwai ciki har da Zimbabwe, Rwanda da Uganda. Eritrea na fama da takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya saboda zargin shiga cikin rikicin Somaliya. A Sierra Leone, yakin basasa ya kare ne bayan da sojojin Birtaniya da Najeriya suka dawo da gwamnatin farar hula. A Angola, yakin ya shafi goyon bayan Cuba, Amurka da China zuwa ga sassa masu sabani.

Tarihin Soji a Afirka bisa Yankuna
Tarihin Soji na Arewacin Afirka


Arewacin Afirka da Kudancin Turai suna kallon juna daga ɓangarorin daban na Tekun Bahar Rum. Yawancin yankunan kudu na Arewacin Afirka suna kebe da hamadar Sahara wadda ba ta da sauƙin wucewa. Don haka, yankunan gabar tekun na da albarkatu da yawa da za su iya tallafa wa manyan sojoji, kuma yanayin zafi mai sauƙi yana ba da damar motsa dakarun soji cikin sauƙi. Arewacin Afirka ya kasance tushen mu'amala ta al'adu da tattalin arziki da kuma husuma ta soja da suka zama sanannun yaƙe-yaƙe a tarihi.

Masar tana cikin Afirka, kuma Daular Masarawa ta dā ta shahara da amfani da kekunan yaƙi masu jan doki da kuma yaƙi da dauloli da suka mamaye kamar su Babiloniyawa, Assuriyawa da Daular Farisa.

Girkanci da sojojin Alexander the Great (336 KZ–323 KZ) sun mamaye wasu sassa na Arewacin Afirka kuma janar-janar dinsa sun kafa Daular Ptolemaic a Masar. Sojojin Jamhuriyar Rome (509 KZ–31 KZ) da Daular Rome (31 KZ–476 AZ) sun ci gaba da mamaye gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka gaba ɗaya. Mutanen Carthage sun yi dogon yaƙi da Rome a Yaƙe-yaƙen Punic (264 KZ–146 KZ).

Kowane ƙarni yana kawo sabbin mamaye daga mutane da dauloli daban-daban, wanda hakan ke haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice.


Tun daga ƙarni na 7, nasarorin sojojin Umayyawa, Abbasiyawa, Fatimiyawa, Mamlukawa da Ottoman sun tabbatar da ci gaba da ƙarfafa addinin Musulunci a Arewacin Afirka tsawon ƙarnuka.

Harin barayin Barbary, da suka yi sansani a yankunan Arewacin Afirka musamman a Aljeriya, sun sa aka gina Rundunar Ruwa ta Amurka (United States Navy), ciki har da jirgin USS Philadelphia (1799), wanda hakan ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe a gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka daga 1801. Ba a dakatar da biyan haraji ba sai bayan nasarorin sojin ruwa a 1815. Ayyukan United States Marine Corps a waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe ya sa aka saka layin "to the shores of Tripoli" a buɗe waƙar Marine Hymn.

Tarihin Soji na Geffen Afirka (Horn of Africa)


Geffen Afirka na kallon Tekun Bahar Maliya, Tekun Larabawa da kuma Tekun Indiya. Saboda haka, yana da dadadden tarihin mu'amala da yankunan Asiya ta Yamma, musamman yankin Tekun Larabawa, Gabas ta Tsakiya, har ma da ƙasashen ƙetare kamar su nahiyar Indiya. Gabar tekunta ta kewaye da tsaunuka masu tsayi waɗanda ke hana motsi mai sauƙi ga manyan dakaru, amma suna ba da damar kariya ga sojojin ƙasa.

Ƙasashe da yankuna masu dogon tarihi kamar Habasha da Somaliya duk sun samu lokutan da suka kasance da manyan dauloli. Daulolin da suka mamaye yankin Geffen sun haɗa da Daular Axumite (ƙarni na 4 KZ – ƙarni na 10 AZ), Daular Zagwe (ƙarni na 10 – 1270), Daular Solomonic (1270–1974), Daular Adal da Daular Ajuran da kuma Hiraab Imamate.

Sultan-sultan da dama a Somaliya suna da dakaru na dindindin, wanda a lokacin yaƙi ake ƙara yawan su. A farkon ƙarni na 20, Daular Majeerteen, Sultanate na Hobyo, Sultanate na Warsangali da Dervish State sun yi amfani da sojojin dawakai wajen yakar Turawan mulkin mallaka a lokacin "Campaign of the Sultanates".

Sojojin Habasha sun kayar da Italiyawa a Yaƙin Adwa, a lokacin Yaƙin Italiya na Farko da Habasha daga 1889 zuwa 1896. Amma a Yaƙin Italiya na Biyu da Habasha daga 1935 zuwa 1936, Italiya ta ci nasara kuma ta haɗa Habasha da mulkinta na Italian East Africa tare da Eritrea da Somaliya. A cikin karni na 20, Italiya ta yi Yaƙin Gabashin Afirka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, amma kwamandan Italiya Amedeo, Duke na Aosta, ya mika wuya a 1941. Jamus da Italiya duka sun sha kashi daga hannun Burtaniya da abokan hulɗarta, kuma an mayar da mulkin Italian East Africa ƙarƙashin ikon soja na Burtaniya.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an yi yaƙe-yaƙe da dama a yankin, ciki har da Yaƙin Cikin Gida na Habasha (1974–1991), Yaƙin Ogaden (1977–1978), Yaƙin Ƙwatar 'Yancin Eritrea (1961–1991), da Yaƙin Eritrea da Habasha (1998–2000). A lokacin mulkin jamhuriya ta gurguzu, Somaliya ce ke da mafi girman rundunar soja a nahiyar saboda dangantakarta da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma daga baya haɗin gwiwa da Amurka.Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse, Encyclopedia of international peacekeeping operations, (ABC-CLIO: 1999), p.222. Barkewar Yaƙin Cikin Gida na Somaliya a 1991 ya haifar da rushewar Rundunar Sojin Ƙasa ta Somaliya (SNA). Sai dai daga baya aka fara sake gina sojoji a hankali da kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi (Transitional Federal Government) a 2004.