Rikicin Ovambo

Rikicin Ovambo wani tawaye ne na adawa da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal a yakin duniya na ɗaya, wanda ya gudana daga kimanin ranar 18 ga watan Disamba 1914 zuwa 6 ga watan Fabrairun 1917 tare da mutuwar shugabansu, King Mandume yandemufayo, da sojojin Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Namibiya. An fafata yakin  ne da sojojin Portugal, wanda Janar António Júlio da Costa Pereira de Eça ya jagoranta, da sojojin Ovambo, wanda ya kunshi mayakan ƙabilar Oukwanyama.  

 Tarihi 
Kafin Scramble for Africa, yankin Kudancin Angola mallakar masarautar Kwanyama ne. Yarjejeniyar Berlin a shekara ta 1884 ta raba masarautar da babbar ƙabilar Ovambo gaba ɗaya tsakanin turawan mulkin mallaka guda biyu, ba tare da cewa ko ɗaya daga cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar Angola ba. Duk da haka, babu ɗayan iko biyun da zai yi ƙoƙarin yin aiki ko gudanarwa na aƙalla shekaru ashirin. Duk kokarin da Portugal ta yi don murkushe Ovambo bai yi nasara ba har sai da aka ci Ombandja a shekarar 1907 da Evale a shekarar 1912 a lokacin yakin Portuguese na Ovambo. Dalilin da ya sa Ovambo ya yi wuya a yi nasara shi ne cewa suna da makamai masu kyau kuma suna da karfin gaske don ma kokarin cinye irin wannan yanki na tattalin arziki, musamman kafin shekarar 1907.  

Duk da Dokar Taro na Brussels na shekarar 1890, wanda ya haramta sayar da bindigogi da harsasai ga 'yan Afirka, 'yan kasuwa daga Jamus da Portugal sun ci gaba da yin safarar makamai, barasa, hauren giwa, da shanu zuwa Ovamboland (yankin da ke da 'yan ƙabilar Ovambo). Shugabannin Ovambo sun nemi bindigogi fiye da komai a cikin mu'amalarsu da 'yan kasuwa tunda suna buƙatar su don kai farmaki. Saboda shekaru da dama da aka yi ana sayar da makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba, yawancin masarautun Ovambo sun mallaki bindigogi masu yawan gaske kuma ba za a raina karfinsu na soja ba. Kusan kowane Ovambo ya mallaki bindiga, kuma tawaye ma ya ɓarke a can shekaru goma da suka wuce. Jamusawa da Portuguese sun yi ƙoƙarin hana cinikin makamai amma sun kasa yin hakan. Wannan duk ya canza lokacin da Mandume ya hau mulki a shekarar 1911. Mandume ya kori dukkan ‘yan kasuwa daga masarautarsa saboda kutsen da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi masa wanda ke barazana ga mulkinsa, yayin da sauran masarautu ke maraba da ‘yan kasuwa. 

 Gabatarwa 

 Dangantakar Jamus-kwanyama 
Mandume ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal kuma ya buƙaci su kasance daidai da masu mulkin mallaka a manyan biranensu masu nisa. Mandume ya kuma nemi kusanci da Jamusawa duk da cewa sun mallaki rabin kudancin mulkinsa. Har ma ya kwatanta gwamnan Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka, Theodor Seitz, a matsayin "ɗan'uwansa a Windhuk." 

A cikin watan Agustan 1914, Gwamnan gundumar Outjo Hans Schultze-Jena ya ba da rahoton zargin ƙungiyoyin sojojin Burtaniya ko kuma aƙalla tasirin Birtaniyya a Angola ga Gwamna Seitz ta hanyar wayar tarho. Schultze-Jena ya shaidawa Seitz cewa akwai jita-jita da 'yan Portugal ɗin ke kokarin mayar da Ovambo ga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Duk da tabbatar da waɗannan zarge-zargen, Seitz ya ci gaba da aika wasika zuwa ga mandume, yana mai shaida masa cewa sojojin Jamus za su mara masa baya idan Portuguese ta  kai masa hari. Wasikar ta kuma yi alkawarin ba Mandume bindigogi 100 da alburusai waɗanda ba a taɓa ba su ba. Wata mai zuwa Seitz ya aika da wata wasiƙa tare da tayin iri ɗaya a ciki da ruwan inabi. Wasikar ta kuma yi magana game da manyan nasarorin da Jamus ta samu a Turai, inda ta tabbatar wa Mandume cewa idan ya tsaya “mai aminci ga Jamusawa ba lallai ne ka ji tsoron Fotigal ba, idan suka kawo maka hari, zan aika da sojojin Jamus su kore su. Ba za a kai bindigogi ba sai in Portuguese sun shiga Birtaniya suka mamaye Ovamboland. 

 Manazarta