Fata (Fata) Booker

Hope (Esperança) Booker (  1675 – bayan 1707) wata ‘yar Gambia ce wadda ta tashi daga bautar yara har ta zama fitacciyar mutum a fannin kasuwanci na Kamfanin Royal African Company.

Booker ta fara rayuwarta tun tana ƙaramar bawa ga John Booker, wanda a lokacin ya kasance wakili na Kamfanin Royal African Company na Ingila (RAC). Lokacin da John Booker ya mutu a watan Yuni 1693, Hope Booker ya zama aikin sa. Ba da daɗewa ba, Booker ya haɗu da wani wakilin RAC mai suna William Heath, kuma sun yi aure a watan Maris 1694 kuma suna da ɗa guda. Bayan haka, lokacin da William Heath ya mutu a watan Disamba, an sami takaddama game da gado, amma auren na biyu ya zama halal.

A cikin 1697, Hope Heath (tsohon Booker) ya koma Gambia. An ambaci ta na ƙarshe a cikin littattafan tarihi tun 1707, don haka ba a san makomarta bayan haka ba. Koyaya, Hope Heath ya bar gado a matsayin mace mai nasara duk da cinikin bayi na Atlantic .

 Tarihin tarihi 
Alamun, ko senhoras, kamar Esperance, mata ne a cikin duniyar Atlantika ta Afirka waɗanda ke zaune tare da gabar tekun Senegambian kuma suna riƙe da iko, matsayi, da wadata a cikin al'ummominsu. Alamun suna riƙe da dukiya mai yawa, duka gidaje da bayi.  Alamomi sun haifar da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da matsayi ta hanyar auratayya masu fa'ida ga 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa na Turai. Auren Wolof ya ba wa mata damar sake yin aure idan mijinsu ya mutu ko kuma ya tashi daga Afirka.  Saboda haka, waɗannan auren sun ba wa mata damar samun matsayi a cikin al'ummominsu. Wataƙila waɗannan haɗin gwiwar sun kasance a matsayin nau'i na rayuwa, ko kuma a matsayin nunin riba da motsin kai saboda karuwar Turawa a cikin nahiyar.

Masu sa hannu na iya samun matsayinsu ta hanyoyi daban-daban banda auren mazajen Turai, kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar Hope Booker. Bege ya zama alama ta hannun John Booker, wanda ta kasance bayi har zuwa mutuwarsa.  Bayan mutuwar Booker, Hope ta gaji dukiya da yawa wanda ya ba ta damar samun rayuwa mai dadi kuma ya kafa ta don auren William Heath da kuma Samuel Meston.  Saboda tafiyarta nan da nan zuwa da kuma tsawaita zama a Ingila, ba ta yi amfani da taken sa hannun nan da nan bayan mutuwar John Booker ba. Amma, bayan ta koma James Island, mutane suna kiranta da Madam Esperance, kuma ta sami motsin jama'a da girmamawa.  Kamar yadda sauran alamun, Hope ya kafa alaƙar zamantakewa kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'umma saboda dukiyarta da haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci.

 Rayuwar farko 
Esperança, ko Hope Booker, an haife shi a kusa da 1675.  Fata ya taso ne a gabar tekun Senegambia a wani lokaci kafin mulkin mallaka na yau da kullun, a lokacin girman cinikin bayin Atlantika .  Matsayin yanki na bakin tekun Senegambian ya haifar da dama ga 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa na Turai don kafa kansu. Kogin Gambiya ya ba da muhimmiyar hanyar tuntuɓar 'yan kasuwa na Turai waɗanda ke son yin kasuwanci a cikin ƙasa, kuma Ingilishi da Faransanci sun kafa tashoshin kasuwanci a bakin tekun Senegambian da koguna.  Fata ta fara rayuwarta da sunan Esperança, tana hidima a matsayin yarinya bawa ga John Booker.  Booker ya sami bege ta hanyar siya ko a matsayin kyauta tare da wani bawa, António Lopez.  A wannan lokacin, Kamfanin Royal African Company (RAC), wanda aka yi hayarsa a Ingila, ya kasance a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kasuwanci daga Afirka.  Yayin da kamfani ke da garu da yawa, James Island yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren kasuwanci. Booker ya yi aiki a matsayin wakili a cikin Kamfanin Royal African na Ingila, kuma a cikin 1680 Booker ya isa tsibirin James a cikin Kogin Gambiya, ko da yake ba a sani ba ko Booker ya sami bege a lokacin.  A wannan lokacin, Booker ya ci riba a asirce daga yunƙurin ciniki na sirri da ke adawa da manufofin kamfani, inda ya tara masa dukiya mai yawa. 

A lokacin da take a James Island, Hope ta yi hidima a matsayin bawan gidan Booker. Wani lokaci a cikin farkon 1680s Booker ya aika da bege zuwa makarantar kwana a Ingila, kodayake ba a san ainihin makarantar ba.  A Ingila, Hope ya koyi karatu da rubutu cikin Ingilishi, wataƙila don amfanin Booker don samun Hope ya zama magatakarda na kansa. A cikin lokacinta a Ingila, Esperança ta sami sunan Hope ta masu magana da Ingilishi tare da Booker a matsayin sunan mahaifinta. 

Booker ya fara aiki a ƙarƙashin Alexander Cleeve a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci a cikin RAC lokacin da ya isa James Island.  A cikin 1688, Cleeve ya tafi London kuma Booker ya gaje shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan wakilan RAC.  A cikin shirye-shiryen sabon matsayinsa, Booker ya tafi London don ƙirƙirar wasiyya. Booker ya nada Humphrey Dyke da 'yar Dyke Elizabeth a matsayin masu aiwatar da wasiyyarsa.  Fata ya kasance goma sha uku lokacin da aka inganta Booker.  Ci gaban Booker ya ba Hope damar shiga asusunsa na sirri da na gida wanda ya ba da damar Hope ya sarrafa nauyin kasuwanci. Farkon bayyanar da bege ga asusun kasuwanci ya ba da damar yin aiki da Hope a farkon aikin ciniki. 

A cikin Yuni 1693, John Booker ya mutu kuma ya lakafta Hope a matsayin mai zartarwa. Bege ya kai kusan shekaru goma sha takwas a lokacin. Booker ya ba da bege da 'yancinta ba tare da wani sharadi ba. Fata ta gaji kayanta na sirri, kayan ado masu mahimmanci, mallakar gidan Booker da bayi na kamfani, da kuma kuɗin rayuwa na £25.  Booker ya bar bayinsa tare da wani ma'aikacin kamfani har sai da Hope ya ba da umarni.  Booker ya yi niyya don a aika da Hope zuwa Ingila da kuma kula da abokan sani a London. 

 Auren farko 
Bayan mutuwar tsohon bawanta, John Booker, Hope Booker ya sadu da wakilin RAC mai suna William Heath.  William Heath da Hope Booker sun yi aiki tare don gudanar da shirye-shiryen jana'izar John Booker.  Wani lokaci tsakanin mutuwar John Booker a watan Yuni na 1693 da Oktoba na 1693, William ya ba da bege.  Su biyun sun yi aure bisa ga al’adar yankin Tekun Senegambia, ko da yake sun amince su sake yin aure a bikin Kirista idan ya yiwu.  An yi bikin aure na Kirista a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1693.  Dukansu Hope da William sun nuna Kiristanci ta wurin ayyana ƙaunarsu a gaban Allah. A lokacin aurenta na farko, takaddun sun yi mata nuni da Hope Heath. 

A cikin Maris na 1694, Hope Heath ya koma London, Ingila ba tare da mijinta ba.  A nan ta haifi 'yarta kuma ta yi baftisma, Elizabeth Heath.  Auren Yuro da Afirka kamar Hope da William sun haifar da rukunin yara masu gauraya, kamar yadda 'yarsu ake kira Metis.  Sun ji daɗin alakar dangi da Turawa da Senegal. Sau da yawa sukan sami ilimi na Yamma da zama ɗan ƙasa biyu, wanda ke nuna haɗakar al'adu yayin aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani a kowane bangare.  William ya yi alkawarin shiga cikin bege a London bayan ya gama aiwatar da wasiyyar John Booker. William ya fara kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Landan amma ya mutu a teku a matakin karshe na tafiyarsa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1694. A lokacin mutuwar mijinta na farko, Hope tana da shekaru kusan 20 kuma 'yarta kwanan nan ta yi bikin cikarta ta farko. 

 Rigimar gado 
A lokacin mutuwar William Heath a 1694, bai rubuta wasiyya ba.  Saboda William ya taimaka wajen gudanar da kadarori na marigayi John Booker, tambayoyin gadon na Heath's da Booker sun taso.  Babban mai aiwatar da wasiyyar Booker, Humphrey Dyke, ya gabatar da Kotun Kotu ta Canterbury tare da kwafin codecil a 1695.  Ɗan’uwan William Heath, Samuel, ya gabatar da ƙara ga kotu wanda ya ba da misali da Hope Heath, Humphrey Dyke, William Collins, da Richard Hutchinson a matsayin masu haɗa baki da ke da hannu wajen zambatar masa haƙƙinsa na mallakar William.  Koken Samuel ya kira Hope a matsayin "Sparnissa" kuma ta ce ta zauna tare da William a matsayin ma'aikacin haya, ba a matsayin matarsa ba.  Humphrey Dyke ya musanta ikirarin Samuel ta hanyar amfani da wasiku tsakanin masu sha'awar. Wasiƙun, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna kiran Bege a matsayin “Mrs. Heath,” sun samo asali ne daga William, dangin William, da Humphrey Dyke. 

Bugu da ƙari, Hope ta rubuta nata shaidar, wanda ba a saba gani ba ga matan Turai-Afrika a lokacin.  A cikin shaidar, Hope ta dage kan yin amfani da sunan aurenta na Ingilishi, Hope Heath.  Hope Heath kuma shine sunan ta na baptisma na 1696. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa auren Hope da William halal ne kuma Elizabeth Heath tana da halayya ta iyaye.  Kotun ta kuma ba Dyke ikon gudanar da kadarori na William.  A watan Mayu na 1697, Hope ya tuntubi wata ƙungiya da suka yi ciniki tare da Booker da Heath, Richard Hutchinson.  Su biyun sun shigar da kara ne ga kotun da ta cire Dyke a matsayin mai kula da kadarori na Heath kamar yadda Hope ke son aiwatar da shi da kanta. Dyke ya yi tsayayya da ƙoƙarin a kotu, amma a ƙarshe, Hope da mijinta na biyu sun warware batun tare da Dyke ba tare da sa hannun doka ba. 

 Koma Gambia 
Bayan bikin aurenta na biyu da Samuel Meston a St James Dukes Place a Landan a 1697, Hope Meston ta koma Gambia .  Ba a san dalilin da ya sa Hope ya bar Landan ba, amma masana sun yi nuni da cewa wani yunƙuri ne na tattara ragowar gadon daga gidajen Booker's da Heath. Madame Esperance, kamar yadda Hope ya bayyana a cikin asusun RAC daga 1698, ta zaɓi bawa namiji da ɗimbin abubuwa na sirri a matsayin tarin gadonta.  Hope ya mallaki gida a Juffure, yana sarrafa bayi, kuma yayi aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa.  A wani asusun, Hope ya haɗa kanta da wani wakilin RAC da ake zargi da almubazzaranci, Chishull. Mai binciken ya yi watsi da binciken saboda kyakkyawar matsayin Madame Esperance tare da kamfanin. 

Ba a san mutuwar Hope Booker ba. An rubuta ambaton Hope na ƙarshe a cikin bayanan Kotun Turanci daga 1707 wanda ya bayyana dalilin da yasa Hope ta koma Gambia da kuma inda ta zauna.  A cikin Gambiya, Hope ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin mace mai mahimmanci, wacce ke da ikon sarrafa kasuwancin cikin gida. Har ila yau, bege ya mallaki dukiya ta azurfa, murjani, siliki, dukiya, da bayi a lokacin da aka rubuta ta na ƙarshe. 

 Gado 
Sunan Hope a matsayin Madam Esperance ya nuna matsayinta na mace mai nasara a harkar kasuwanci a Gambia. Fata na da iko akan aiki na maza da dukiyar kashin kansa wanda ya ba ta damar samun nasarar sanya kanta a cikin manyan al'ummar Gambia. Fata ta ƙware sosai a cikin kasuwancin Guinea inda ta sarrafa bashi da bashi. Weaveer, wakili a cikin kamfanin kasuwanci, yana ganin Bege yana da kyakkyawan matsayi tare da kamfanin.  Matsayin Hope a matsayin Madam Esperance masana da yawa sun lura da su ta taken signare, mace mai ƙarfi wacce ke sarrafa ayyukan kasuwanci a cikin biranen tashar jiragen ruwa. Auren fata da William Heath ya misalta auren al'adu da matan Afirka suka yi tare da 'yan kasuwa na Turai, duk da cewa shirin su na farko shine zama a Ingila. Mutuwar Heath ta baiwa Hope zabin zama a Ingila, duk da cewa ta zabi komawa Gambia da ci gaba da kasuwanci. Bayanai na Bege sun nuna matsayinta da zaɓin rayuwa a cikin al'adun al'adu da yawa waɗanda cinikin Tekun Atlantika ya haɓaka a matsayin mace mai cin gashin kanta. 

 Sunaye 

 Esperanca Booker
 Esperance Booker
 Hope Booker
 Fatan Lafiya
 Hope Meston
 Madam Espernace
 Sparnissa

 Nassoshi 

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