Terqa

Terqa wani tsohon birni ne da aka gano a shafin Tell Ashara a bakin tekun tsakiyar Yufiretis a cikin Gwamnatin Deir ez-Zor, Siriya, kimanin kilomita 80 (50  daga iyakar zamani da Iraki da kilomita 64 (40  arewacin tsohuwar shafin Mari, Siriya. Sunansa ya zama Sirqu a zamanin Neo-Assyrian.

 Wurin da yake 
Terqa tana kusa da bakin kogin Khabur, don haka ita ce cibiyar kasuwanci a kan kogin Yufiretis da Khabur. A kudu akwai Mari. A arewa akwai Tuttul (Tell Bi'a) kusa da bakin kogin Balikh . Terqa ya mallaki babban yankin. Terqa koyaushe na biyu ne ga Mari, saboda kwarin zai iya riƙe babban cibiyar siyasa guda ɗaya kawai. Yankin ya mamaye busasshiyar ƙasa / ba a iya ban ruwa ba, tare da alaƙa ta musamman da albarkatun ruwa da amfani da ƙasa.

Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilar Amorite sun haɗa da Khaeans da Suteans a kudancin Mari.

Terqa za ta taka rawa a siyasa a matsayin ƙaramar cibiyar lardin tare da gwamna ko ƙaramar masarautar gida.

 Tarihi 
Har yanzu ba a san komai game da tarihin farko na Terqa ba, kodayake ya kasance babban abu har ma a farkon zamanin Daular. Babban allahn Terqa shine Dagan .

 Farko na tagulla 
A cikin Farkon Bronze IIIB, Ebla da Mari sun yi gasa don rinjaye a yankin Yufiretis kuma Terqa ya zama gari mai hamayya.

A cikin EB IVA, Daular Akkadian ta karɓi iko.

Terqa cibiyar birni ce tare da babban bango na tsaro, amma birni ne na lardin a ƙarƙashin ikon siyasa na Mari . 

A farkon Bronze IVB, Daular Ur III tana da gwamnoni a Mari, wanda zai iya haɗawa da Terqa.

 Bronze na Tsakiya 

 Tsakiyar Bronze IIA 
Mai mulkin Amorite Yahdun-Lim na Mari ne ke sarrafa shi wanda ke tunawa da shi a cikin shekara guda: "Shekarar da Yahdun-Rim ya gina ganuwar birnin Mari da Terqa".
Ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Shamshi-Adad (c. 1808-1776 BC) na Masarautar Amorite ta Upper Mesopotamia .

Gudanar da Mari ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin Zimri-Lim (c. 1775 zuwa 1761 BC). Shekara guda sunan Zimri-Lim shine "Shekarar da Zimri-Rim ya miƙa babban kursiyin ga Dagan na Terqa".

Lokacin da sarki bai mallake shi ba, Terqa birni ne mai mulkin mallaka wanda gwamnan da ke ƙarƙashin Mari ke mulki. Kibri-Dagan, gwamnan Terqa, a karkashin Zimri-Lim . 

A cikin Wasikar Mari ARM 13.110 ya shafi Haikali na Dagan. Wasika daga Kibri-Dagan gwamnan Terqa zuwa ga sarki: "Ubangijina ya rubuta mini game da ma'adanai 10 na azurfa da masu laifi suka zauna a gare ni: Wannan azurfa ne dole ne ya zo da sauri don a sarrafa shi don ayyukan a kan kursiyin Dagan. 

Mari / Terka sun yi hulɗa a kan tsaunuka masu faɗi a Siriya tare da makiyaya da ke hulɗa da makiyaya daga Qatna,  ta hanyar Palmyra.

A cikin babban canji na abubuwan da suka faru, 'Fall of Mari' ya zo ne lokacin da Hammurabi na Babila (r. 1792-1750 BC) ya kai hari ga tsohon abokinsa, Zimri-Lim na Mari (r. 1775 zuwa 1761 BC). Tare da Mari ya lalata iko a tsakiyar Yufiretis ya koma Terqa.

Terqa ya zama babban birni na Masarautar Khana bayan faduwar Babila.
Mai mulkiSarautar da aka tsaraBayaniYapah-Sumua kusa da shekara ta 1700Isi-Sumu-AbuYadikh-AbuSamsu-iluna na zamani na Babila, sunayen shekaru 7 da aka saniKastiliyasuSunayen shekaru 4 da aka saniSunuhru-AmmuSunayen shekaru 4 da aka saniAmmi-MadarKarni na 16Sunan shekara 1 da aka sani... wasu sarakuna da yawa sun watsar ... 

 Ƙarshen tagulla 
A tsakiyar karni na 15 BC, Terqa ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin Mitanni. Sarakuna Sinia da Qiš-Addu sun yi mulki a lokacin sarakunan Mitanni Sausadatra, Sa'itarna da Parattarna .
Mai mulkiSarautar da aka tsaraBayaniSinia (Qiš-Addu ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamna) Qiš-Addu (a karkashin Parattarna na Mitanni) tsakiyar karni na 15Iddin-Kakkaƙarshen ƙarni na 15Isar-Limƙarshen ƙarni na 15Sunan shekara 1 da aka saniYaggid-Lim (Iggid-Lim, ɗan Isar-Lim) Isih-DaganSunan shekara 1 da aka saniHammurapihSunayen shekaru 3 da aka saniParshatatarSarkin Mitanni
A cewar Podany (2014),

 "Sarakunan da suka kira kansu "sarkin ƙasar Hana" kuma wadanda ba a haɗa su da sunayen sarakunan Mittanian ba (watau, waɗanda ba Sinia da Qiš-Addu [duka a tsakiyar karni na 15) sun yi mulki aƙalla ƙarni bakwai kuma watakila kusan ƙarni takwas. Hudu na farko sun wuce kursiyin daga uba zuwa ɗa: Iddin-Kakka [karshen karni na 15) → Išar-Lim → Iggid-Lim - Isih-Dagan [farkon karni na 14].

 Zamanin ƙarfe 
Daga baya, ya fada cikin yankin Daular Kassite na Babila kuma a ƙarshe Daular Neo-Assyrian. An gano wani sanannen dutse na Sarkin Assuriya Tukulti-Ninurta II (890 zuwa 884 BC) kusa da Terqa .

 Archaeology 
Babban shafin yana kusa da kadada 20 (ha 8.1) a girman kuma yana da tsawo na ƙafa 60 (18 . Kashi biyu bisa uku na ragowar Terqa an rufe su da garin Ashara na zamani, wanda ke iyakance yiwuwar tonowa. An kiyasta cewa kusan rabin asalin shafin ya lalace ta kogin Yufiretis yayin da yake canzawa a hankali.

Ernst Herzfeld ne ya tono shafin a takaice a cikin 1910.  A cikin 1923, François Thureau-Dangin da P. Dhorrne sun gudanar da bincike na kwanaki 5.

Daga 1974 zuwa 1986, an tono Terqa na tsawon shekaru 10 ta hanyar ƙungiyar daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yankin Mesopotamiya ta Duniya ciki har da Cibiyar Archaeology a Jami'ar California a Los Angeles, Jami'ar Jihar California a Лос Angeles, Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, Jami'an Arizona da Jami'ar Poitiers a Faransa. Giorgio Buccellati da Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati ne suka jagoranci tawagar. Giorgio Buccellati, Terqa Preliminary Reports 10: The Fourth Season: Introduction and Stratigraphic Record, Undena, 1979,  Rahotanni na ƙarshe daga waɗannan binciken an sake su a tsawon lokaci. Har ila yau, wannan ƙungiyar ta tono kusa da (kilomita 5 a arewa) shafin Millennium na 4 na Tell Qraya wanda suka kalli a matsayin tushen yiwuwar zama na Terqa. Bayan 1987, ƙungiyar Faransa karkashin jagorancin Olivier Rouault na Jami'ar Lyon ta ɗauki nauyin tonowa kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a can har sai yanayin yankin ya lalace a kusa da shekara ta 2010.  

Akwai allunan cuneiform 550 daga Terqa da aka gudanar a Gidan Tarihi na Deir ez-Zor . 

Abubuwan da aka sani da aka samu a Terqa sun hada da

 Ganuwar birni, wanda ya kunshi ganuwar masonry guda uku,   tsawo da   a faɗin, a gaban wani 60 feet-wide (18  rami. Ganuwar ta ƙunshi jimlar yanki na kusan kadada 60 (24  tare da kewayon kusan mita 1800. Bisa ga yumbu da radiocarbon kwanan wata an gina bango na ciki c. 2900 BC, bango na tsakiya c. 2800 BC da bango na waje c. 2700 BC kuma ana amfani da garu har zuwa akalla 2000 BC.
 Haikali ga Ninkarrak wanda ya kasance aƙalla kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin karni na uku. Abubuwan da aka gano a haikalin sun hada da scarabs na Masar.
 Gidan Puzurum, inda aka sami babban kuma muhimmin tarihin allunan zamanin Khana, galibi kwangila don sayen ƙasa da gidaje a yankin Terqa. Wurin ya samar da hatimi da yawa (a kan allunan, alamomi, da bullae). Yawancin allunan sun kasance a lokacin mai mulki Yadib-Abu. An sami wasu hatimi na Mari Period a wasu wurare a shafin.

 Haikali zuwa Ninkarrak 
Ninkarrak ita ce tsohuwar allahiyar warkarwa. An gano haikalin ta ne bisa ga allon da ke da jerin hadayu wanda ya fara da sunanta, kuma ta hanyar hatimi ya ambaci allahiya. An sami dubban beads da aka yi da kayan daraja kamar Agate, Carnelian, da lapis lazuli a nan.

Masu binciken tarihi sun kuma sami wasu ƙananan siffofin tagulla na karnuka a cikin haikalin. Karnuka sune dabbobi masu tsarki ga Ninkarrak. p. 14

An kuma sami gatari na bikin da scimitar tare da rubutun ibada da ke ambaton Ninkarrak, duka tagulla.

An fara zama a farkon tsarin ne a kusan daidai lokacin da sarakuna uku na Terqa suka yi. Na farko daga cikinsu shine Yadikh-abu, zamani na Samsuiluna na Babila, wanda ƙarshen ya ci nasara a cikin 1721 KZ. p.23 Kashtiliash, da Shunuhru-ammu suma sun yi mulki a wannan lokacin. An sake gina haikalin sau da yawa.

Scarabs na Masar da aka samo a cikin haikalin Ninkarrak suna wakiltar misali mafi sanannun gabas na irin waɗannan abubuwa a cikin ajiyar da aka rufe wanda aka rubuta a zamanin Tsohon Babila. p. 431. An danganta su a kusa da 1650-1640 BC, ko Daular goma sha biyar ta Masar. Jeroglyphs da aka rubuta a kansu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin "marasa kisa kuma wani lokacin ba a fahimta ba, " yana nuna Levantine, maimakon asalin Masar. Hakanan an san irin wannan scarabs daga Byblos, Sidon da Ugarit. p. 435.

 Haikali zuwa Lagamal 
Lagamal wani allahn Mesopotamiya ne wanda ake bauta masa musamman a Dilbat, amma ya kasance sananne a Terqa, da kuma Susa. Wannan allah ne da ke da alaƙa da duniyar ƙasa.

A cikin mafi yawan sanannun kafofin Lagamal allahn namiji ne, amma an dauke shi a matsayin allahiya maimakon allah a Terqa . 

 Gidan kankara 
Gidan kankara mafi tsufa da aka tabbatar (ginawa) a duniya na iya kasancewa a Terqa. An rubuta shi a cikin allon cuneiform daga c. 1780 BC cewa Zimri-Lim, Sarkin Mari ya ba da umarnin irin wannan gini a Terqa, "wanda ba a taɓa gina sarki ba" 

 Kasuwanci 
An sami shaidar hulɗar kasuwanci tare da Kwarin Indus a nan. Masanin ilimin kimiyyar Giorgio Buccellati ya sami cloves, wani muhimmin kayan yaji, a cikin gidan da aka ƙone wanda aka rubuta a 1720 BC.

 "A cikin ɗakin ajiya na wani mutum mai suna Puzurum, wanda aka rubuta ta allunan zuwa c. 1700 KZ ko dan kadan bayan haka, an sami 'ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa ... an kiyaye su sosai a cikin kwalba mai matsakaici". 

Tun da yake an bayyana wannan gidan a matsayin matsakaici, da alama, a wannan lokacin, cloves sun riga sun kasance masu sauƙi ga talakawa na Terqa.

Cloves 'yan asalin su ne a Tsibirin Molucca a bakin tekun Indonesia, kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a tsohuwar Indiya. Wannan ita ce shaidar farko da aka yi amfani da cloves a yamma kafin zamanin Roman. An fara bayar da rahoton binciken ne a shekarar 1978.  

 Halitta 
Tsohon DNA na mitochondrial daga sabbin ragowar (hannuwa) na mutane 4 da aka ajiye a cikin ƙasa mai zurfi na tsohuwar Terqa da Tell Masaikh (tsohuwar Kar-Assurnasirpal, wanda ke kan Yufiretis kilomita 5 (5,000  daga sama daga Terqa) an bincika shi a cikin 2013. An tsara shi zuwa lokacin tsakanin 2.5 Kyrs BC da 0.5 Kyrs AD mutanen da aka yi nazari sun ɗauki haplotypes na mtDNA wanda ya dace da haplogroup M4b1, M49 da M61, waɗanda aka yi imanin sun tashi a yankin yankin Indiya a lokacin Upper Paleolithic kuma ba su nan a cikin mutanen da ke zaune a yau a Siriya. Koyaya, suna cikin mutanen da ke zaune a Indiya ta yau, Pakistan, Tibet da Himalayas.Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014 wanda ya fadada a kan binciken 2013 kuma ya dogara da nazarin samfurori 15751 na DNA ya zo a ƙarshe, cewa "M65a, M49 da / ko M61 haplogroups dauke da tsoffin Mesopotamians na iya kasancewa 'yan kasuwa daga Indiya".

 Dubi kuma 

 Bayani 

 Manazarta 

 G. Buccellati, The Kingdom and Period of Khana, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 270, pp. 43–61, 1977
 Giorgio Buccellati, "Terqa Preliminary Report 2: A Cuneiform Tablet of the Early Second Millennium B.C", Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 1, pp. 135–142, 1977
M. Chavalas, Terqa and the Kingdom of Khana, Biblical Archaeology, vol. 59, pp. 90–103, 1996
A. H. Podany, A Middle Babylonian Date for the Hana Kingdom, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 43/45, pp. 53–62, (1991–1993)
J. N. Tubb, A Reconsideration of the Date of the Second Millennium Pottery From the Recent Excavations at Terqa, Levant, vol. 12, pp. 61–68, 1980
A. Soltysiak, Human Remains from Tell Ashara - Terqa. Seasons 1999-2001. A Preliminary Report, Athenaeum, 90, no. 2, pp. 591–594 2002
J Tomczyk, A Sołtysiak, Preliminary report on human remains from Tell Ashara/Terqa. Season 2005, Athenaeum. Studi di Letteratura e Storia dell’Antichità, vol. 95 (1), pp. 439–441, soo7

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