Rugujewar halittu

Bioerosion describes the breakdown of hard ocean substrates – and less often terrestrial substrates – by living organisms. Marine bioerosion can be caused by mollusks, polychaete worms, phoronids, sponges, crustaceans, echinoids, and fish; it can occur on coastlines, on coral reefs, and on ships; its mechanisms include biotic boring, drilling, rasping, and scraping. On dry land, bioerosion is typically performed by pioneer plants or plant-like organisms such as lichen, and mostly chemical (e.g. by acidic secretions on limestone) or mechanical (e.g. by roots growing into cracks) in nature.[]

Bioerosion of coral reefs generates the fine and white coral sand characteristic of tropical islands. The coral is converted to sand by internal bioeroders such as algae, fungi, bacteria (microborers) and sponges (Clionaidae), bivalves (including Lithophaga), sipunculans, polychaetes, acrothoracican barnacles and phoronids, generating extremely fine sediment with diameters of 10 to 100 micrometres. External bioeroders include sea urchins (such as Diadema) and chitons. These forces in concert produce a great deal of erosion. Sea urchin erosion of calcium carbonate has been reported in some reefs at annual rates exceeding 20 kg/m2.[]

Kifi kuma yana lalata murjani yayin cin algae. Parrotfish yana haifar da yaduwar halittu ta amfani da tsokoki masu tasowa, ƙuƙwalwar hakora, da kuma ma'adinin pharyngeal, don niƙa kayan da aka cinye a cikin ƙwayoyin yashi. A cikin wani binciken, an kiyasta cewa lalacewar coral reef 3" href="./Aragonite" id="mwQg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aragonite">Aragonite ta wani kifi na parrotfish ya faru a cikin adadin 1017.7±186.3 kg / shekara (0.41±0.07 m3/ shekara) don Chlorurus gibbus da 23.6±3.4 kg / shekara (9.7*10−3.3*10− 3 m3/ shekara).   Bellwood, D. R. (1995). "Direct estimate of bioerosion by two parrotfish species, Chlorurus gibbus and C. sordidus, on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia". Marine Biology. 121 (3): 419–429. Bibcode:1995MarBi.121..419B. doi:10.1007/BF00349451. S2CID 85045930.

Bioerosion kuma sananne ne a cikin burbushin burbushin halittu a kan harsashi da hardgrounds, tare da alamun wannan aikin da ke komawa cikin Precambrian. Macrobioerosion, wanda ke samar da burin da ake gani da ido, yana nuna radiation biyu na juyin halitta. Ɗaya ya kasance a cikin Ordovician na Tsakiya (Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution ) ɗayan kuma a cikin Jurassic.Taylor, P. D.; Wilson, M. A. (2003). "Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 62 (1–2): 1–103. Bibcode:2003ESRv...62....1T. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00131-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25. Microbioerosion kuma yana da dogon burbushin burbushin halittu da nasa radiation.Glaub, I.; Vogel, K. (2004). "The stratigraphic record of microborings". Fossils & Strata. 51: 126–135. doi:10.18261/9781405169851-2004-08. ISBN 9781405169851. ISSN 0300-9491.Glaub, I.; Golubic, S.; Gektidis, M.; Radtke, G.; Vogel, K. (2007). "Microborings and microbial endoliths: geological implications". In Miller III, W (ed.). Trace fossils: concepts, problems, prospects. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 368–381. ISBN 978-0-444-52949-7.

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