Yaƙin Adwa

Yaƙin Adwa  shi ne (Amharic: የዐድዋ ጦርነት; Tigrinya: ውግእ ዓድዋ; Italiyanci: battaglia di Adua, ana kuma rubuta shi Adowa) shine na farko daga cikin jerin yaƙunan Italo-Ethiopia. Sojojin Habasha sun fatattaki sojojin Italiya da Eritiriya da suka mamaye ƙarƙashin jagorancin Oreste Baratieri a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, 1896, kusa da garin Adwa. Nasarar, ya samu ne tare da taimakon ɗimbin mutane, ta kawo cikas ga yunƙurin da Masarautar Italiya na faɗaɗa daular mulkin mallakarta a Kahon Afirka.  Sakamakon haka, ya zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Habasha ita ce ƙasa ɗaya tilo da ta rage mai cin gashin kanta a Afirka, wadda ƙasashen Turai suka sassaka bayan taron Berlin.  Adwa ya zama wata alama ta farko ta kishin Afirka da kuma tabbatar da mulkin Habasha har zuwa yakin Italo da Habasha na biyu bayan shekaru arba'in. 

 Tarihi 
A cikin shekarar 1889, Italiya ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Wuchale da Sarki Menelik na Shewa. Yarjejeniyar, wacce aka sanya wa hannu bayan mamayar da Italiya ta yi wa Eritrea, ta amince da ikirarin da Italiya ke yi kan yankin gabar teku. A cikinta, Italiya ta kuma yi alkawarin ba da taimakon kuɗi da kayayyakin soji. Daga baya an samu saɓani game da fassarar nau'ikan takardun guda biyu. Sashe na 17 na yarjejeniyar cikin harshen Italiyanci ya bayyana cewa wajibi ne Sarkin Habasha ya gudanar da dukkan harkokin ƙasashen waje ta hanyar hukumomin Italiya, wanda hakan ya sa Habasha ta kasance mai karewa ga Masarautar Italiya. Harshen Amharic na labarin, ya bayyana cewa Sarkin sarakuna zai iya amfani da kyawawan ofisoshin Masarautar Italiya a cikin dangantakarsa da ƙasashen waje idan ya so. Duk da haka, jami'an diflomasiyyar Italiya sun yi iƙirarin cewa ainihin rubutun Amharic ya haɗa da sashe kuma da sanin Menelik na II ya sa hannu a wani kwafin yarjejeniyar da aka gyara. 

Gwamnatin Italiya ta yanke shawarar samar da mafita ta soja don tilastawa Habasha yin biyayya ga tsarin Italiya na yarjejeniyar. Sakamakon haka, Italiya da Habasha sun yi arangama, a wani abin da daga baya aka fi sani da Yaƙin Italo da Habasha na Farko. A cikin watan Disamba 1894, Bahta Hagos ya jagoranci tawaye ga Italiya a Akele Guzai, a lokacin da Italiya ke iko da Eritrea. Rukunin sojojin Janar Oreste Baratieri ƙarƙashin Manjo Pietro Toselli sun murkushe tawaye suka kashe Bahta. A cikin watan Janairu 1895, sojojin Baratieri sun ci gaba da fatattakar Ras Mengesha Yohannes a yakin Coatit, wanda ya tilasta Mengesha ya koma kudu.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1895, sojojin Italiya sun yi zurfi zuwa cikin ƙasar Habasha kuma sun mamaye yawancin Tigray. A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 1895, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, Fitawrari Gebeyehu da Ras Mengesha Yohannes da ke jagorantar wata babbar ƙungiyar Habasha ta dakarun Menelik sun halaka wata ƙaramar ƙungiyar Italiya a yakin Amba Alagi. Daga nan ne aka tilastawa Italiyan janyewa zuwa wasu wurare masu tsaro a lardin Tigray, inda manyan sojojin biyu suka fuskanci juna. A ƙarshen watan Fabrairu 1896, kayayyaki a ɓangarorin biyu sun yi ƙasa. Janar Oreste Baratieri, kwamandan sojojin Italiya, ya san cewa sojojin Habasha suna zaune a cikin ƙasa, kuma da zarar kayan amfanin gonakin yankin ya ƙare, sojojin Emperor Menelik na biyu za su fara narkewa. Duk da haka, gwamnatin Italiya ta dage cewa Janar Baratieri ya yi aiki.
A yammacin ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairu, Baratieri, wanda ke shirin maye gurbinsa da sabon gwamna, Janar Baldissera, ya gana da Janar Matteo Albertone, Giuseppe Arimondi, Vittorio Dabormida, da Giuseppe Ellena, game da matakan da zasu biyo baya.Harold G. Marcus, The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913, 1975 (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 170 Ya buɗe taron ne bisa rashin fahimta, inda ya bayyana wa ‘yan sandansa cewa, ƙasa da kwanaki biyar za a gaji da samar da abinci, ya kuma ba da shawarar a koma, watakila har zuwa Asmara. Waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin sa sun yi gardama da karfi don kai hari, inda suka dage cewa ja da baya a wannan lokacin ba abin da zai kara ta'azzara ƙarara.  Dabormida ya ce, "Italiya ta gwammace asarar mazaje dubu biyu ko uku da ja da baya mara mutunci." Baratieri ya jinkirta yanke shawara na wasu 'yan sa'o'i, yana mai cewa yana buƙatar ya jira wasu bayanan sirri na ƙarshe, amma a ƙarshe ya sanar da cewa za a fara harin da safiyar gobe da karfe 9:00 na safe. David Levering Lewis, The Race for Fashoda (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987), p. 116.  Dakarunsa sun fara tattaki zuwa wuraren da suka fara ne jim kaɗan bayan tsakar dare.

 Tsarin yaƙi 

 Sojojin Habasha 

 Shewa; Negus Negasti Menelik II: bindigogi 25,000 /dawakai 3,000/bindigogi 32
 Semien; Itaghiè Taytu: bindigogi 3,000 / dawakai 600 / bindigogi 4 
 Gojjam; Negus Tekle Haymanot: Bindigogi 5,000 
 Harar ; Ras Makonnen: Bindigogi 15,000 
 Tigray; Ras Mengesha Yohannes da <i id="mwog">Ras</i> Alula: bindigogi 12,000 / bindigu 6 
 Wollo; Ras Mikael: bindigogi 6,000 / dawakai 5,000 
 Gonder; Ras Olié: bindigogi 8,000 
 Lasta; Wagshum Guangul: Bindigogi 6,000 
 Bugu da ƙari akwai ~20,000 mashi da takubba da kuma wasu manoma da ba a san adadinsu ba. 

Kiyasin da aka yi wa sojojin Habasha a ƙarƙashin Menelik ya kai daga ƙasa da 73,000 zuwa sama da 100,000 wanda ya zarce na Italiya da kimanin sau biyar.   An raba sojojin ne tsakanin Emperor Menelik, Empress Taytu Betul, Ras Welle Betul, Ras Mengesha Atikem, Ras Mengesha Yohannes, Ras Alula Engida (Abba Nega), Ras Mikael na Wollo, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, Gushumma Tebeyot Geyman Gebeyot da Nebeyt. Pétridès (kazalika Pankhurst, tare da ƴan bambance-bambancen) sun karya lambobi (fiye da 100,000 bisa ƙididdige su) kamar haka: 35,000 na ƙafa (masu bindiga 25,000 da mashin 10,000) da kuma 8,000 na doki karkashin Emperor Menelik; Sojoji 5,000 ƙarƙashin Sarauniya Taytu; Sojoji 8,000 ('yan bindiga 6,000 da masu mashi 2,000) ƙarƙashin Ras Wale; Sojoji 8,000 (masu bindiga 5,000 da mashin 3,000) a ƙarƙashin Ras Mengesha Atikem, ’yan bindiga 12,000, masu mashi 5,000, da mahaya 3,000 ƙarƙashin Ras Mengesha Yohannes da Ras Alula Engida; ’yan bindiga 6,000, da mashi 5,000, da mahaya 5,000 na Oromo da ke ƙarƙashin Ras Mikael na Wollo; 'Yan bindiga 15,000 ƙarƙashin Ras Makonnen; Sojoji 8,000 ƙarƙashin Fitawrari Gebeyehu Gora; ’yan bindiga 5,000, mashi 5,000, da mahaya 3,000 a karkashin Negus Tekle Haymanot na Gojjam.von Uhlig, Encyclopedia, p. 109. Bugu da ƙari, sojojin sun biyo bayan irin wannan adadi na mabiya sansanin da suke ba da sojoji, kamar yadda aka yi shekaru aru-aru.  Yawancin sojojin sun ƙunshi ƴan bindiga ne, waɗanda kaso mafi yawa daga cikinsu suna wurin ajiyar Menelik; duk da haka, akwai kuma adadi mai yawa na mayaƙan dawakai da mayaƙa waɗanda kawai ke ɗauke da maɗaukaki (wadanda ke da mashinan ana kiransu da “masu hidimar lancer”). 

 Manazarta