Tsaro na Gabashin Afirka

Gabashin Afirka Protectorate (wanda aka fi sani da Birtaniya Gabashin Afirka) ya kasance mai karewa na Burtaniya a cikin Great Lakes na Afirka, yana zaune kusan daidai da yankin Kenya na yanzu, daga cikin Tekun Indiya zuwa iyakar da Uganda a yamma. Ƙasar Ingila ce ke sarrafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 19, ya fito ne daga bukatun kasuwanci na Burtaniya a yankin a cikin shekarun 1880 kuma ya kasance mai kariya har zuwa 1920 lokacin da ya zama mulkin mallaka na Kenya, sai dai ga wani yanki mai zaman kansa mai nisan kilomita 16 (10  wanda ya zama Kenya Protectorate. 

 Gudanarwa 
Masu wa'azi na Kirista na Turai sun fara zama a yankin daga Mombasa zuwa Dutsen Kilimanjaro a cikin shekarun 1840, a ƙarƙashin kariya na Sultanate na Zanzibar. A shekara ta 1886, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta karfafa William Mackinnon, wanda ya riga ya sami yarjejeniya tare da Sultan kuma kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki ya yi ciniki sosai a cikin Great Lakes na Afirka, don kafa tasirin Burtaniya a yankin. Ya kafa kungiyar Birtaniya ta Gabashin Afirka wanda ya haifar da Kamfanin Imperial British East Africa Company da aka hayar a 1888 kuma ya ba da tallafin asali don gudanar da dogaro. Ya gudanar da kimanin kilomita 240 (150  na bakin teku wanda ya shimfiɗa daga Kogin Jubba ta hanyar Mombasa zuwa Jamus Gabashin Afirka wanda aka hayar daga Sultan. "Yankin tasiri" na Burtaniya, wanda aka amince da shi a Taron Berlin na 1885, ya faɗaɗa zuwa gabar teku da cikin ƙasa a duk faɗin Kenya ta gaba. Mombasa ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa a wannan lokacin.

Koyaya, kamfanin ya fara kasawa, kuma a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1895, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ayyana mai kariya, ana canja gwamnatin zuwa Ofishin Harkokin Waje. A cikin 1902, an sake canja gwamnatin zuwa Ofishin mulkin mallaka. A shekara ta 1897 Hugh Cholmondeley, wanda ya fara zama fararen fata, ya isa tsaunuka na Kenya, wanda a lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Protectorate. Ubangiji Delamere ya burge shi da damar noma na yankin. A cikin 1902, an tsawaita iyakokin kariya don haɗawa da abin da ke Lardin Gabashin Uganda a baya. Har ila yau, a cikin 1902, Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta sami tallafin  kilomita 1,300 (500 sq  don inganta fararen mazaunin a cikin Highlands. Lord Delamere yanzu ya fara aiki mai yawa na noma, kuma a cikin 1905, lokacin da yawancin sabbin mazauna suka zo daga Ingila da Afirka ta Kudu, an sauya Protectorate daga ikon Ofishin Harkokin Waje zuwa na Ofishin Kolonial. An sauya babban birnin daga Mombasa zuwa Nairobi a cikin 1905. An kafa gwamnati da majalisa na yau da kullun ta hanyar Order in Council a cikin 1906. Wannan ya zama mai gudanarwa, wanda aka sani da gwamna, kuma ya samar da majalisun majalisa da zartarwa. Lieutenant Colonel J. Hayes Sadler shine gwamnan farko da kwamandan babban. Akwai matsaloli na lokaci-lokaci tare da kabilun yankin, amma gwamnati da masu mulkin mallaka sun buɗe ƙasar tare da zubar da jini kaɗan. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko, ƙarin manoma sun zo daga Ingila da Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a shekara ta 1919 an kiyasta yawan mutanen Turai a 9,000.

A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin 1920, an haɗa yankunan cikin gida na mai kariya a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ta hanyar Order in Council . [1] Wannan bangare na tsohon mai kariya an kafa shi a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Kenya. Sauran rairayin bakin teku mai faɗin kilomita 16 (10 (ban da Witu), ya kasance mai kariya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniya tare da Sultan na Zanzibar . [2] Wannan bakin teku, wanda ya kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon Sultan na Zanzibar, an kafa shi a matsayin Protectorate na Kenya a cikin 1920 .[3][4] Yankin Gabashin Afirka ya kasance a arewacin Daular Habasha da Huwan, wata ƙasa mai zaman kanta ta Daular Habasiya; a gabas da Geledi na Italiya, a kudu da Jamus ta Gabas ta Afirka; a yamma da Uganda Protectorate

 Ci gaba 
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1902, aikace-aikacen farko na ƙasa a Gabashin Afirka ya yi ta hanyar Gabashin Afirka - kamfani wanda masu ba da kuɗi na Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu ke da sha'awar - wanda ya nemi tallafin  kilomita 1,300 (500 sq , kuma wannan ya biyo bayan wasu aikace-aikace don manyan yankuna, da yawa daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga masu zama a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin 1903, Joseph Chamberlain, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Koloni, ya ba da  kilomita 13,000 (5,000 sq  a Uasin Gishu a Gabashin Afirka ta Burtaniya ga mazauna Zionist a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Uganda. Koyaya, adawa da makircin a Majalisa ta Si'a ta shida ta haifar da shirin ya fadi kuma Chamberlain da sauri ya janye tayin. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1903, Manjo Frederick Russell Burnham, ɗan leƙen asiri na Amurka wanda ke aiki a matsayin darektan Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka, ya aika da balaguro wanda ya kunshi John Weston Brooke, John Charles Blick, Mista Bittlebank da Mista Brown, don tantance arzikin ma'adinai na yankin. Jam'iyyar, wacce aka fi sani da "Four B.'s", ta yi tafiya daga Nairobi ta hanyar Dutsen Elgon zuwa arewa zuwa gabar yammacin Tafkin Rudolf, tana fuskantar karancin ruwa, da kuma haɗari daga haɗuwa da Maasai. Tare da isowa a cikin 1903 na daruruwan masu zama, musamman daga Afirka ta Kudu, an gabatar da tambayoyi game da kiyayewa ga Maasai na haƙƙoƙin makiyaya, kuma an yanke shawarar ba za a sake ba da ƙarin aikace-aikace ga manyan yankuna na ƙasa ba.

A cikin aiwatar da wannan manufofin mulkin mallaka an yi jayayya tsakanin Sir Charles Eliot, Kwamishinan Gabashin Afirka ta Burtaniya, da Lord Lansdowne, Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya. Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka ta nemi kuma an yi alkawarin hayar  kilomita 1,300 (500 sq  na ƙasa. Lansdowne, ya yi imanin cewa ya ɗaure shi da alkawuran, ya yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a amince da aikace-aikacen. A wani al'amari daban, masu neman Afirka ta Kudu guda biyu wadanda kowannensu ke ƙoƙarin hayar  kilomita 130 (50 sq  Lansdowne ya ki amincewa da su, kuma ya ki amincewar Eliot don kammala ma'amaloli. Saboda wannan Eliot ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa, ya ba da dalilinsa a cikin sakon waya ga Firayim Minista, mai kwanan wata Mombasa, 21 ga Yuni 1904, yana mai cewa: Ubangiji Lansdowne ya umarce ni da in ƙi ba da tallafin ƙasa ga wasu mutane masu zaman kansu yayin da yake ba da ikon mallakar ƙasa a kan sharuddan da ba su da kyau ga Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka.  Na ki aiwatar da waɗannan umarni, waɗanda na ɗauka ba daidai ba ne kuma ba na siyasa ba.Cana, Frank Richardson (1911).  Sir Donald William Stewart, babban kwamishinan Ashanti (Ghana), an sanar da shi a matsayin magajin Sir Charles a ranar da aka aika sakon.

 Shari'a 
A shekara ta 1914, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta haramta wiwi ("bhang") a cikin Protectorate.

 Stamps da tarihin gidan waya na Burtaniya ta Gabashin Afirka 
Tsaro a lokacin da ya zama mallakar kai tsaye na Daular Burtaniya a cikin 1895 ya buga hatimi na gidan waya daga Indiya da tsohon Kamfanin Burtaniya na Gabashin Afirka da aka bayar. Tare da wannan an haɗa yankin cikin Ƙungiyar Wasiku ta Duniya. A shekara ta 1896, an bayar da layin farko na hatimi na hukuma, kodayake sabis na gidan waya na mai kariya ba shi da tsawo kamar yadda a cikin 1901 an haɗa shi da sabis na gidan wasiku na Protectorate na Uganda ya zama masu kariya na Gabashin Afirka da Uganda suna ba da hatimi na farko a cikin 1904.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Ƙara karatu 
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 Furley, O. W. "Education and the Chiefs in East Africa in the inter-war period." Transafrican Journal of History 1.1 (1971): 60–83.
 John S. Galbraith,  Mackinnon and East Africa 1878–1895 (Cambridge 1972)
 Gregory, John Walter. The Foundation of British East Africa (London: H. Marshall, 1901) online.
 Aim25.ac.uk: Sir William Mackinnon 
 Savage, Donald C., and J. Forbes Munro. "Carrier Corps Recruitment in the British East Africa Protectorate 1914–1918." Journal of African History 7.2 (1966): 313–342.
 Whitehead, Clive. "The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part II: Africa and the rest of the colonial empire." History of Education 34.4 (2005): 441–454.