Harshen Kapingamarangi

Kapingamarangi yare ne na Polynesia da ake magana a cikin Tararrayan Micronesia . Tana da masu magana da asali 3,000 a shekarar 1995. Harshen yana da alaƙa da yaren Nukuoro.

 Gabatarwa 

 Tarihi 
Harshen Kapingamarangi yare ne da ake magana a tsibirai a cikin Tekun Pacific da mutane daga Kapingamarange, tsibirin Pohnpei, da kuma ƙauyen Pohnrakied a Pohnpei . Ana kuma samun ƙananan masu magana da Kapingamarangi a wasu tsibirai da ke kusa, ko kuma a cikin al'ummomi a duniya inda suka yi ƙaura. An fara rubuta Kapingamarangi ne a wani balaguro a cikin 1557 ta hanyar mai ba da hanya na Mutanen Espanya Hernando de Grijalva .  Kapingamarangi, wanda aka fi sani da Kirinit, an rarraba shi a cikin dangin yaren Austronesian, tare da sauran harsunan Pacific da yawa. Ana magana da harshen Kapingamarangi ba kawai a tsibirin Kapingamarange ba, har ma a ƙauyen Pohnrakied, wanda ke tsibirin Pohnpei.

 Yawan jama'a 
Kapingamarangi currently has three thousand total speakers: one thousand speakers on the atoll of Kapingamarangi and two thousand speakers in Pohnrakied village on Pohnpei. The people of Kapingamarangi are considered by Lieber and Dikepa to be of Polynesian ethnicity; the other seven states of the Federated States of Micronesia are categorized as being Micronesian. The language status of Kapingamarangi is "educational", which means that the language is in vigorous use, maintaining standardization and literature throughout a widespread system in institutions of education. The language has been developed to a point that it is used and sustained in people's homes and around the community.

 Harshen haruffa 
<WP">M">D="mwNO">G">B id="mwNQ">A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, Ng, O, P, T, U, W

Ana rubuta sautuna masu tsawo tare da sautuna biyu. Har ila yau, ƙamus na Lieber-Dikepa yana amfani da ƙamus biyu don wakiltar ƙamus masu burin a wasu lokuta, wato hanci (inda ninka ng shine nng), w, h, da l.

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Kapingamarangi yana da ƙwayoyi 18: /p/, /ph/, /t/, /th/, /k/, /w/, /wh/, /h/, / hː/, /m/, /mh/, /n/, /nh/, /ŋ/, /hnh/,/, /ñh/, da /iz/.
+Harshen KapingamarangiLabariCoronalDorsal / LaryngealHanci<small id="mweA">fili</small>mnŋ<small id="mwgg">da ake nema</small>mʰnʰŋʰPlosive<small id="mwjg">fili</small>ptk<small id="mwmA">da ake nema</small>pʰtʰkʰFricativegajeren lokacih<small id="mwqw">Tsawon Lokaci</small>hːKusanci / Flap<small id="mwtw">fili</small>wɺ<small id="mwwA">da ake nema</small>wʰɺʰ

 Sautin sautin 
Kapingamarangi yana da wasula goma.
+SautinA gabaTsakiyaKomawaKusai iːu uːTsakaninda kumaːeːo oːBudea aː
Lieber da Dikepa suna rubuta dogon sautunan kamar yadda Shia, Shia, da Shia. Misali,  'tsuntsu'  ya bambanta da  'ƙarami' ko 'ƙarami'. 

Kalmomin wasula na Kapingamarangi suna da diphthongs saboda a cikin harshen Kapingamarange, yana yiwuwa a sami kowane wasula biyu kusa da juna.  [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Misali, kalmar  ''  tana da diphthong tare da haruffa  da  .    [failed verification]

 Tsarin sautin 
tsarin syllable na harshen Kapingamarangi shine VV, VVV, VCV, CVV, CCV, CVCV, da CCVCV. A cikin Kapingamarangi, kamar yawancin harsunan Polynesian, ba zai yiwu kalma ta ƙare a cikin ma'anar ba, amma yana yiwuwa a sami ma'anar biyu tare, muddin yana da harafi ɗaya.  

Misali: Kalmar don gashi mara kyau shine  . A cikin wannan kalmar, biyun (W's) suna tsaye tare a cikin kalmar  .

 Harshen harshe 

 Tsarin kalmomi na asali 
Akwai umarni guda uku a cikin harshen Kapingamarangi. Kalmar tsari na Kapingamarangi shine SVO (subject-verb-object), VSO (Verb Subject Object), ko OSV (Object Verb Subject).  SVO shine tsarin kalma da aka saba amfani dashi, sannan VSO, kuma a ƙarshe OSV shine mafi ƙarancin amfani kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin harshe. Tsarin kalma don tambayoyi iri ɗaya ne da suke don maganganu. A cikin bincike don ƙamus na Kapingamarangi, fassara tunani ko takamaiman amfani don madadin umarnin kalma ba su da tabbas.

Tsohon. Ka yi amfani da shi sosai.Yana zaune a gidan.

 Yanayin Yanayi 
Morphology wani muhimmin abu ne don fahimtar harshe na Kapingamarangi. Morphology shine bayanin bayanin kalmomi. Halin Kapingamarangi yana da yawa sosai.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Kalmomin kalmomi a cikin Kapingamarangi sune sunaye, masu mallaka, masu nunawa, aikatau, sunaye, adverbs, adjectives, negatives, barbashi, conjunctions, da interjections.

Yawancin aikatau na iya ɗaukar prefix, amma har ma da karin aikatau suna ɗaukar suffix. Misali, aikatau na iya samun prefix kamar haka- a gaban kalma, da kuma suffix kamar -ina bayan kalma. Kamar harshen Faransanci, adjectives suna bin sunaye; kuma adverbs suna bin aikatau, adjectives, da / ko nunawa. Negatives a cikin Kapingamarangi nan da nan suna gaba da aikatau ko ƙwayoyin aikatau. Haɗuwa tana nuna alaƙar serial, kuma interjections suna nuna motsin rai.

Wakilan a cikin Kapingamarangi na iya zama biyu (mutane biyu), jam'i (fiye da mutane biyu), hadawa (ciki har da mai karɓa), ko kuma na musamman (ban da mai karɓar). Ana nuna alaƙar da ke tattare da ma'anar mo, wanda ke nufin "kuma". Misali, "David da ni" zai zama, "Kimaua mo David". Wakilan a cikin harshen Kapingamarangi sun bambanta da wakilan a cikin yaren Ingilishi. Wakilan a cikin Kapingamarangi ba takamaiman jinsi ba ne. Misali, Kinae yana nufin "shi ko ita"; saboda haka dole ne a fassara jinsi ta hanyar mahallin jumla ko tattaunawa.

 Maimaitawa 
Reduplication wani ra'ayi ne na yau da kullun wanda ya bayyana a cikin harshen Kapingamarangi, kuma ya dace da fahimtar harshe na Kapingamarange. Reduplication shine maimaita kalmar tushe. Ana iya samun sake maimaitawa na Kapingamarangi a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyu: sake maimaitawar ɓangare da cikakke. Cikakken nau'in sake maimaitawa ana samar da shi ta hanyar maimaita nau'in tushe, yayin da aka samar da raguwa ta hanyar maimaika nau'in tushen. Reduplication yawanci yana nuna ci gaba ko maimaitawa. Misali, tapa shine walƙiya guda ɗaya, yayin da Tapata ke maimaita walƙiya. A cikin Kapingamarangi, ana iya yin reduplication tare da sassan biyu na farko, ko kuma ana iya yin shi da sassan biyun ƙarshe. Akwai kalma ɗaya kawai a cikin ƙamus na Kapingamarangi wanda ke nuna wani nau'i mai sauyawa; kalmar Baba ita ce kawai kalmar da aka sake sauyawa, kuma tana sauyawa zuwa kalmar Babaa.

 Tapa - walƙiya guda ɗaya na walƙiya
 Tapatapa - maimaitawa
 Uii - karɓar 'ya'yan itace
 Uuii - ka zaɓi 'ya'yan itace
 Waa - kururuwa
 Waawaa - maimaita murmushi
 Mahi - ƙarfi, iko, kuzari
 Mahimahi - yana da wuyar fitarwa

 Kayan aiki 
Kapingamarangi has access to many different materials. One of the materials that the Kapingamarangi language has access to is an online talking dictionary. It is a dictionary where one can enter a word in English and it will automatically translate it to Kapingamarangi. Many words in this dictionary also have a vocal response on how to pronounce the word, which is why it is called a talking dictionary. This is a resource because it not only provides visual correlations between the English and Kapinga translation for a word, but it also has vocal responses so that scholars of Kapingamarangi can hear a word and how to correctly pronounce it. A Kapingamarangi lexicon has also been published by Michael D. Lieber and Kalio H. Dikepa.

Kapingamarangi kuma yana da damar yin amfani da littattafai iri-iri, gami da ƙamus, littattafan da ke ƙunshe da bayanan harshe, har ma da littattafai game da tsibirin Kapingamarange. Yawancin masu magana da asali sun shiga cikin aikin fassarar da ya haifar da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kapingamarangi .  Wadannan albarkatu ne saboda suna cike da bayanai kuma abin dogaro ne sosai.   Shafukan yanar gizo kamar Facebook da YouTube suma suna dauke da bayanai game da Kapingamarangi. Shafin Facebook shafin bita ne na Micronesia Language Revitalization kuma yana dauke da bayanai game da bita da aka gudanar a duk Micronesia, gami da Kapingamarangi.  Akwai bidiyon YouTube na hira da mai magana wanda ke da harsuna biyu a cikin Turanci da Kapinga kuma ya bayyana muhimmancin magana da Kapingamarangi da sake farfado da harshe. Har ila yau akwai zaɓin shayari a cikin Kapingamarangi . 

It is likely that Kapingamarangi is being transmitted to children, because attempts to revitalize Kapingamarangi are being carried out, and the number of speakers keeps increasing. Since the language is taught in schools, it can be assumed that language is being passed down to the next generation. Since Kapingamarangi has so many resources for people to go to, children have access to a variety of resources to assist their education of the language. Kapingamarangi is not endangered; however, it is threatened. The language is taught in schools and churches, but is not used in all domains. According to Ethnologue, Kapingamarangi is taught in primary schools. It is also used at home, in the community, and in churches. The language is at a current growing state, and might become a  language in the near future.

 Dubi kuma 

 Harshen Nukuoro
 Yankin Polynesia
 Harsunan Polynesia
 Harshen Tokelauan

 Manazarta 

Category:Harsuna 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba