Josephine Beall Willson Bruce

Josephine Beall Willson Bruce (an haife ta ne a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba, na shekara ta 1853 - 15 ga Fabrairu, 1923) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata a ƙarshen shekarar 1890 da farkon shekarar 1900. Ta yi amfani da mafi yawan lokacinta tana aiki ga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Amirka. Ta kasance fitacciyar mace a Washington, DC, a cikin mafi yawan rayuwarta inda ta zauna tare da mijinta, Sanata Blanche Bruce na Amurka. Baya ga waɗannan nasarorin, ita ce malamin Black na farko a tsarin makarantar jama'a a Cleveland, kuma daga ƙarshe ta zama malami mai daraja a Jami'ar Tuskegee da ke Alabama.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Josephine Beall Willson a Philadelphia a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba, na shekara ta 1853, ga Dokta Joseph Willson da Elizabeth Harnett Willson, na farko cikin yara biyar ga ma'aurata. name=":0"> Iyalinta ba su wuce shekara guda ba a Philadelphia, sun koma Cleveland a 1854. Iyalin sun ba da fifiko ga ilimi kuma sun tura Josephine zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Cleveland, inda ta kammala a 1871. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta dauki darussan koyarwa da yawa wanda ta ba ta damar koyarwa a makarantar Mayflower, wadda ta sa ta zama malamar baki ta farko a tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Cleveland.name=":1">

 Rayuwa ta mutum 
A shekara ta 1878 ta auri Sanata Blanche Bruce, tare da ita ta yi hutun amarya a Turai na watanni huɗu. Bayan dawowarsu Amurka, sun zauna a Washington, DC Bruce ta haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Roscoe Conkling Bruce, a shekara ta 1879. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Sanata na Jamhuriyar Republican Roscoe Conkling . Ta jinkirta baftisma na ɗanta har sai an kai shi Cleveland, don haka wannan shugaban da ya yi aurenta zai iya baftisma da ɗanta.

Bruce ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Amirka (NACW), tana takarar mataimakin shugabancin kungiyar a shekara ta 1896. A shekara ta 1898 mijinta, Blanche K. Bruce, ya mutu,  bayan haka ta gudanar da kuɗin iyali da ƙasa da kanta.  name=":7"> A gayyatar Booker T. Washington, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Jami'ar Tuskegee daga 1899 zuwa 1902. Wannan matsayi ya ba ta damar horar da wasu malamai, saboda cibiyar kanta ta kasance mai sana'a. Canjin da ta yi zuwa Tuskegee ya zama da wahala saboda asalin karkara na yawancin ɗalibai a can, ya bambanta da abubuwan da ta samu a fannin koyarwa a Arewacin duniya. Wasu sun soki Bruce a matsayin mace mai arziki da ke daukar aiki wanda wata mace mai ƙarancin dama da ta fi jin tausayi ga bukatun ɗaliban Tuskegee ta cika.

Dan Bruce Roscoe ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard a 1902, daga baya ya zama shugaban sashen ilimi a Jami'ar Tuskegee .  Josephine Bruce daga nan ta koma Mississippi na ɗan gajeren lokaci don zama tare da iyalinta, sai kawai ta koma Washington, DC, don yin takarar shugabancin NACW a cikin 1906. Ta mutu daga ciwon zuciya a cikin barcinta a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1923, a Kimball, West Virginia.

 Rayuwar jama'a 
Bruce ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin baki da kuma zamantakewa, musamman a lokacin shekarun mijinta yana aiki a Majalisar Dattijai.Jaridar Afirka ta Amurka Washington Bee ta lura cewa Bruce "yana biyan kuɗi kuma yana karɓar kira daga waɗanda aka zaɓa tare da la'akari da ɗabi'a".An ce tana da kyau kuma kyakkyawa ce mai kyau. Jaridu sun ba da fifiko sosai ga jikinta, suna mai cewa ba ta tabbatar da al'adun Afirka ba kuma fatarta tana da kyau sosai har ta iya zama mace ta Mutanen EspanyaWani labarin ya ce tana da gashi mai launin shudi da idanu masu launin shudi.

Bruce da mijinta galibi mambobin baƙar fata ne ke sukar su, wadanda suka yi iƙirarin Bruces sun kwashe lokaci mai yawa tare da fararen fata fiye da baƙar fata. Har ila yau, Whites sun yi watsi da Bruce da mijinta, sun cire su daga abubuwan da suka faru na zamantakewa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da matsayin Blanche Bruce a Majalisar Dattijai.'Yan Democrat da matansu sun ki ziyartar Bruce, suna kallon ta saboda al'adun launin fata. Bayan aikin mijinta na majalisar dattijai ya ƙare, ƙin Bruce ta jama'a ta fararen fata ya zama mafi yawa.

 Yunkurin fafutuka 
Cire mata 'yan Afirka na Amurka daga kungiyoyin fararen fata ya sa' yan mata na Afirka su kafa nasu ƙungiya ta ƙasa, suna ba Josephine Bruce damar taka rawar jagoranci daban-daban. Ta kasance tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Amirka (NACW), tana takarar mataimakin shugabancin kungiyar a shekara ta 1896. Duk da aikinta ga kungiyar, ta rasa zaben, watakila saboda kyanta. Ta taimaka wajen karfafa aikin Mary Church Terrell ta hanyar gayyatar yarinyar ta zauna tare da ita a Washington. 
Bruce ya kuma yi aiki tare da malamai mata baƙar fata don ƙarfafa sabuwar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP).  Bruce ta kuma shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Tsarkakewa ta Duniya  da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Mata. Dineen-Wimberly, Ingrid (September 2009). "Mixed-Race Leadership in African America: The Regalia of Race and National Identity in the U.S., 1862-1916". ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. ProQuest 304855729. Baya ga gwagwarmayarta, ta yi tafiya sosai tare da mijinta lokacin da ya ba da lacca a da'ira a matsayin Sanata. Ta zama edita na NACW's National Notes, rubuce-rubucenta wanda ya tattauna bukatar inganta ilimi ga mata masu launin fata.

Duk da rawar da Bruce ya taka tare da NACW, mambobin NACW sun zargi Mary Church Terrell, abokiyar Bruce kuma shugaban NACW.

Bruce kuma ta kasance mai karfi mai goyon bayan 'yancin zabe, ta daidaita burinta da na NACW. 

Bruce ta ci gaba da zama a Washington, DC, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa a matsayin mai zaman kanta, kuma daga ƙarshe ta koma West Virginia, inda ta zauna har zuwa mutuwarta. Mutane da yawa suna girmama ta, kodayake launin fatarta mai haske, wanda ya ware mata baƙar fata, da kuma al'adun Afirka, wanda ya rabu da mata masu fata, ya sanya ta baƙo ga kungiyoyin biyu.

 Tasirin Class 
Josephine Bruce da mijinta sun kasance wani ɓangare na sabuwar ƙungiyar ƙwararrun 'yan Afirka ta Amirka waɗanda suka ga kansu a matsayin masu rabuwa da kuma ba su damu da babbar al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka ba. Membobin wannan ƙwararrun masu son "sun kare rubutun cewa daidaito na zamantakewar dukan Negroes ra'ayi ne mai lalata ci gaban launin fata".Kwararrun maza kamar malamai da masu rike da mukamai, duk da cikas, sun zama kamar fararen al'umma. 

Yawancin 'yan Afirka na Amurka sun yi tunanin Bruces "ba su da kyau ga fararen fata kuma suna da kyau ga nasu tseren"  Yawancin fararen fata a 1883 sun yi tunanin cewa wadata, ilmantarwa, da kuma wurin hukuma ba su ba iyalan Afirka na Amurka ba, kamar Bruces, damar shiga fararen al'umma. A sakamakon haka, Bruces sun sami cikakkiyar karɓa daga fararen fata ko 'yan Afirka na Afirka.

 Rubuce-rubuce da Magana 
Bruce ya rubuta labarai da jawabai da yawa game da ilimi da gwagwarmaya, gami da labarai biyu don The Voice of the Negro, labarin daya don The Crisis, da kuma jawabin da aka rubuta a cikin Philadelphia Times.      

Majalisa ta sami Babban Nasara

A shekara ta 1879, bayan da Majalisar Mata Masu Launi ta Kasa ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Launi ta Kasa, Bruce ya ba da jawabi don tunawa da ƙungiyar. Ta yi kira ga 'yancin mata kuma ta yi bikin dalilin da ya hada mata na Afirka da Amurka. Ta kuma amince da matsayin mata baƙar fata na musamman don ba da shawara kan haƙƙin mata.   

Abin da Ilimi Ya Yi Ga Mata Masu Launi
A cikin mujallar wallafe-wallafen Afirka ta Amirka The Voice of the Negro a cikin 1904, Bruce ya bambanta abubuwan da 'yan Afirka na Afirka a Virginia, Louisiana, da Ohio suka samu don kwatanta muhimmancin ilimi, ko sakaci, yana danganta "yanayin tausayi" na' yan Afirka na Afirka na Calumet, Louisiana, alal misali, ga rashin ilimi, yayin da yake danganta kirkirar aji na sama a Xenia, Ohio da matakan ilimi mafi girma na mazauna.

Bayan Hasken Yarjejeniyar Mata
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1904, Josephine ya rubuta wa The Voice of the Negro game da sakamakon taron NACW. 

Kungiyoyin Mata Masu Launi

An buga wannan labarin a watan Agustan 1915 a cikin The Crisis, mujallar hukuma ta National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . A rubuce a matsayin Mrs. B. K. Bruce, Josephine ta gano asalin ƙungiyar kulob din ƙasa tsakanin mata masu launin fata zuwa kiran Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin don ganawa tsakanin mata masu rinjaye. Taron da ya biyo baya bayan hakan ya jagoranci Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Launi ta Kasa da Ƙungiyar Mata masu Launi ta Ƙasa don haɗuwa, suna kafa Ƙungiyar Mata Mai Launi ta ƙasa. Ta kira kungiyar "hidimar zamantakewa ba kawai ga masu launin fata ba amma ga bil'adama". Fiye da wakilai 400 sun halarci waɗannan tarurruka, in ji ta, suna fitowa daga "daga Gabas da Yamma, Arewa da Kudu".

 Manazarta 

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