Kasa Afrika

Kasa Afirka ko Faɗa kan Afirka (a Turance: Scramble for Africa) yana nufin zamanin da manyan ƙasashen Turai suka mamaye kuma suka raba yankunan nahiyar Afirka tsakaninsu daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20. Wannan lokaci ne da ake kira da Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, inda aka mamaye yawancin Afirka ba tare da la’akari da ra’ayin mutanen yankunan ba. 

An fara wannan rabon nahiyar a hukumance ne bayan taron Taron Berlin na shekarar 1884 zuwa 1885, inda manyan ƙasashen Turai suka amince da ƙa’idojin mamaye yankunan Afirka ba tare da faɗa tsakaninsu ba.  

 Asalin Rabon Afirka 
Kafin ƙarni na 19, ƙasashen Turai suna da 'yan wurare kaɗan a bakin tekun Afirka don ciniki, musamman da bayi, zinariya da kayan lambu. Sai dai daga baya, saboda cigaban fasaha, aikin injiniya, da bukatar sabbin kasuwanni da albarkatu, ƙasashen Turai suka nuna ƙarfi wajen mallakar ƙasashen Afirka.Compare: 

Wani babban abin da ya ƙarfafa wannan rabon shine gasar siyasa da tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen Turai kamar:

 Birtaniya
 Faransa
 Jamus
 Italiya
 Belgium
 Portugal
 Spain

 Taron Berlin (1884–1885) 

Taron Berlin wanda aka gudanar daga 15 Nuwamba 1884 zuwa 26 Fabrairu 1885, ya tattaro wakilan ƙasashen Turai domin su cimma matsaya kan yadda za a raba Afirka ba tare da faɗa ba. Jagoran taron shine Firayim Ministan Jamus Otto von Bismarck.

A wannan taro ne aka kafa ƙa’idoji da suka haɗa da:

 Duk ƙasa da ke son mamaye wani yanki dole ta sanar da sauran ƙasashe
 Dole ne ƙasa ta tabbatar da iko da yankin ta hanyar kafa gwamnati ko sansani
 Kariya ga kasuwanci da hanyoyin ruwa kamar kogin Kongo da Neja

Taron bai haɗa da wani ɗan Afirka ba, kuma bai ɗauki al’adu ko iyakokin ƙabilanci da ke Afirka ba.

 Ƙasashen da suka fi mamaye Afirka 

A ƙarshen rabon, kusan kashi 90 cikin 100 na Afirka ya shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Turai. Wannan tebur ya nuna yadda aka raba nahiyar:Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." English Historical Review (1997) 112#447 pp. 614–42. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html 

 Ƙasa  Yawan ƙasashen da ta mallaka Birtaniya  Najeriya, Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Misira, Afirka ta Kudu, Uganda, da sauransu Faransa  Senegal, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Nijar, Chadi, Algeria, da sauransu Jamus  Togo, Cameroon, Namibia, Tanzaniya (ta baya) Belgium  Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo Portugal  Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau Spain  Equatorial Guinea, Sifaniyar Sahara

 Tasirin Rabon Afirka 
Rabon Afirka ya bar manyan tasiri a siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki har zuwa yau:

 Raba ƙabilu: Iyakokin da Turawa suka zana sun raba ƙabilu ɗaya zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban.
 Gasar iko da yaƙe-yaƙe: Ƙasashen Turai sun fafata domin mallakar yankuna, wanda ya jawo faɗace-faɗace kamar Yaƙin Majinjam, Yaƙin Sudan da sauransu.
 Rashin ci gaba: Albarkatun Afirka sun fi amfanar Turawa fiye da mutanen yankin.
 Tilasta aiki: An tilasta wa Afirka ayyuka kamar aikin noma, hakar ma’adinai da gina hanyoyi.
 Canjin al’adu: Addinin Kiristanci da harshen Turawa sun mamaye wuraren da aka mulka.
 Haskaka wayewar Turawa: A karkashin mission civilisatrice, Turawa sun ɗauka cewa su ke da hakkin wayar da Afirka.

 Ƙin amincewar 'yan Afirka 
Yayinda Turawa ke rabon nahiyar, da yawa daga cikin shugabannin Afirka sun yi ƙoƙarin kare yankunansu. Wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da:

 Sultan Samori Ture (Guinea)
 Oba Ovonramwen na Benin (Najeriya)
 Shugaba Menelik II na Habasha – wanda ya kayar da Italiya a Yaƙin Adwa
 Sarkin Zulu Cetshwayo (Afirka ta Kudu)

Sai dai a ƙarshe yawancin waɗannan suka sha kashi ko aka ci nasara a kansu ta hanyar yaƙi ko dabaru.

 Ƙarshen Rabon Afirka 
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da kuma na biyu, hankalin duniya ya fara sauyawa. An fara samun ƙungiyoyin fafutuka da ke neman 'yancin kai a ƙasashen Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da:

 Ƙungiyoyin ‘yan gwagwarmaya
 Faɗuwar ƙasashen mulkin mallaka daga 1950s zuwa 1970s
 Samun ‘yancin kai na ƙasashe da dama

 Wasu ƙasashen da suka guje wa mulkin mallaka 
 Habasha (Ethiopia) — ta doke Italiya a Yaƙin Adwa (1896)
 Liberia — ƙasar da aka kafa don sabbin ‘yantattu daga Amurka

 Duba kuma 
 Mulkin mallaka a Afirka
 Taron Berlin
 ‘Yancin kai a Afirka
 Tarihin Afirka
 Yaƙin Adwa
 Samori Ture

 Manazarta 
 Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa. London: Abacus, 1991.
 Boahen, A. Adu. African Perspectives on Colonialism. Heinemann, 1987.
 Asiwaju, A. I. Partitioned Africans. Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1985.
 BBC Hausa. “Rabon Afirka: Yadda aka raba nahiyar ba tare da izinin Afirka ba.” 2022.

 Hanyoyin waje 
 BBC Hausa - Tarihin Rabon Afirka
 Encyclopaedia Britannica - Scramble for Africa
 United Nations - Tarihin mulkin mallaka

category:Tarihin Afirka
category:Mulkin Mallaka
category:Afirka
category:Ƙarni na 19
Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka