Qasr Mushatta

Qasr Mushatta ragowar wani fadar hunturu ce ta Umayyad, wadda ake tsammanin Khalifa Al-Walid II ya umarta a lokacin gajeren mulkinsa (743-744). Ragowar suna kusan kilomita 30 kudu da Amman, Jordan, arewa da Filin Jirgin Sama na Duniya na Queen Alia, kuma suna cikin jerin gidaje, fadodi da caravanserais da aka sani a Jordan da kuma yankin Kudancin Levant gaba ɗaya a matsayin Gidajen Hamada (qasr, jam'i qusur). Ko da yake yawancin ragowar har yanzu ana iya samun su a wurin, mafi ban sha'awa na fadar, fuskar ta, an cire ta kuma tana kan nuni a Gidan Tarihi na Pergamon a Berlin. Ba a taɓa kammala ginin ba.

 Gine-gine 
Rushewar Qasr Mushatta ta kunshi murabba'in murabba'i, wanda ke kewaye da bango na waje wanda ya ƙunshi hasumiyoyi 25. An raba sararin ciki zuwa sassan layi guda uku, wanda kawai aka kammala tsakiya har zuwa wani mataki. Wannan tsakiya na tsakiya ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa uku: a gefen kudu shine abin da K. A. C. Creswell ya kira "Gateway Block", sannan babban farfajiyar tsakiya, wanda ke kaiwa arewa zuwa reshen zauren liyafa. Gateway Block yana gabatar da tushe ne kawai na ɗakuna da yawa da aka shirya daidai a kusa da ƙaramin farfajiyar. Daga cikin ɗakunan akwai ƙaramin masallaci, wanda za'a iya gane shi ta hanyar concave mihrab a bangon kudancinsa, yana fuskantar Makka.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span>]

Babban farfajiyar tsakiya tana da tafkin rectangular a tsakiya. Gidan liyafar, wanda Creswell ya kira "Main Building", wanda aka sanya a tsakiyar arewacin yankin, shine kawai ɓangaren da aka gina a fadar. Ya ƙunshi zauren da ke da siffar basilica (wani zauren da aka raba da ginshiƙai uku), wanda ke kaiwa ga ɗakin kursiyin. Gidan kursiyin yana da siffar triconch ("iwan uku"), tare da tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya taɓa ƙunshe da kursiyin, kuma an rufe shi da tubali. An haɗa ɗakunan gefen reshen zauren liyafa zuwa ɗakuna huɗu na zama, wanda ake kira a cikin Larabci buyut, jam'i na Bayt,   ganga-vaulted da iska ta hanyar ɓoyayyen iska.
Mafi shahararren ɓangaren Mshatta shine zane-zane wanda ya yi wa wani sashi na bangon kudancin ado, a bangarorin biyu na ƙofar shiga. Ya kamata a lura cewa ba duk bangon ba ne aka yi wa ado da frieze, amma kawai na uku na tsakiya, wanda ya dace da tsakiya na hadaddun da aka tanada wa Khalifa, kuma shine kawai kusa da kammalawa. Frisis yana da matukar muhimmanci ga malamai saboda asalin haɗinsa na kayan ado na gargajiya da Sasanian, don haka kasancewa misali na farko na haɗin gabas da yamma wanda ya haifar da ci gaban cikakken fasahar Islama. Duk da yake an cire yawancin ɓangaren da aka yi wa ado na bangon, har yanzu ana iya ziyartar sauran tsarin a wurin, kodayake abin da ya kasance mai yiwuwa a taɓa yin amfani da kayan ado.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span>]
Baya ga zane-zane da aka sassaƙa, an dawo da siffofi da yawa daga Mshatta. Ɗaya an sassaƙa shi a cikin siffar zaki mai kwanciyar hankali. Hoton zaki yana da tsayi 72.5cm (kimanin 2.38 ft), 121.5cm (kamanin 3.99 ft), kuma an sassaƙa shi daga dutse. An nuna shi yana kwance a cikin matsayi mai tsauri, kansa yana fuskantar tsaye, mafi yawansu sun ɓace, kuma ƙafafunsa na gaba suna miƙa gaba. Akwai ragowar gashin da aka sassaka a wuyan a cikin tsari mai juyawa, kuma wutsiyarsa tana rufewa a ƙarƙashin jiki kuma tana kwance a kan baya. Wataƙila an halicci zaki ne don ɗakin kursiyin Mshatta . 

Kodayake akwai ɗan rubuce-rubuce a kan wannan siffar zaki musamman, an sami wani ƙafar zaki a cikin ɗakin kursiyin Mshatta. Dabbobi biyu suna nuna alamar sarauta a cikin yanayin Islama kuma sarakunan Islama galibi suna riƙe da wakilcin zakuna kusa da kursiyinsu. Wannan siffar zaki na iya kasancewa a gefe ɗaya na kursiyin Khalifa. Ana nuna zakuna akai-akai a cikin mosaics, kamar su mosaic zaki-gazelle da aka samu a cikin ƙaramin ɗakin masu sauraro na Khirbat al-Mafjar, wanda ke nuna zaman lafiya da ya biyo bayan nasarar Islama. Saboda haka yana yiwuwa zaki na Mshatta yana da irin wannan ma'ana. Ana samun zakuna akai-akai a duk faɗin fasahar Islama kuma ana iya ganinsu suna kai farmaki ga dabbobi masu rauni, suna jaddada alamar sarauta da iko. Sun kuma taka rawar gani a cikin labarun da aka fada kamar na Ibn Hayyān don kwatanta yadda 'Abd al-Rahmān's association with lions ya cika halaye na kyakkyawan mai mulki, kuma ya yi amfani da zakuna masu rai don nuna alamar ikonsa na sarauta.

An kuma gano siffofi biyu na mata daga shafin. Dukkanin gutsuttsarin suna wakiltar ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa da cinya na mata marasa sutura. Kashi na farko, wanda ke auna 70 cm tsawo da 50 cm fadi, a halin yanzu ana gudanar da shi a Gidan Tarihi na Musulunci a Gidan kayan gargajiya na Pergamon a Berlin, Jamus. An yanke adadi sama da yankin pubic da sama da gwiwa. Ba ta da tsirara sai dai cikakkun bayanai a gefen cinyarta ta hagu. Tsuntsaye masu tsayi suna tunawa da masana'anta ko gefen da aka rufe, yana nuna cewa wannan mace an rufe ta ko kuma a cikin aikin cire tufafi. An zana rubutun kufic sosai a cikin cinya ta hagu, wanda zai bayyana sunan mace, kodayake ba a kammala fassarar rubutun ba. Kashi na biyu da aka gudanar a Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na Jordan a Amman, Jordan, ya auna 75 cm da 52 cm. An yanke wannan siffar a wuyan hannu da sama da gwiwa. Drapery yana mannewa a cinya, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar layin da ba su da zurfi. Tufafin ya faɗi a ƙasa da yankin pubic, yana fallasa cikinta da kwatangwalo. Lines masu laushi a kan ciki suna nuna juzu'in kitse. Hannun, wanda aka sassaƙa a cikin sauƙi mai zurfi, yana riƙe da ƙaramin abu, watakila 'ya'yan itace, a kan jiki. Wani siffar oblong yana rataye daga cinyarta ta dama; wannan na iya zama akwati na turare. Wadannan siffofin mata na iya wakiltar masu rawa ko membobin gidan yarima. Wataƙila ba sa wakiltar takamaiman mutane, amma alama ce ta alatu da sarauta ke morewa. 'Ya'yan itace da turare da adadi na biyu ke riƙewa na iya wakiltar kyauta ga yarima.

A lokacin Khalifancin Umayyad (r. 661-750 AZ), fasahar Islama har yanzu tana haɓaka salon ta na musamman. Har sai Islama ta bazu zuwa gabas kuma ta gaji abubuwan fasaha na Tsakiya da Gabashin Asiya, gine-gine da masu zane-zane sun kalli al'adun gani na daular makwabta na baya-bayan nan, wato Sassanians da Byzantines. Damuwa da sarakuna da abubuwan sha'awa na sarauta galibi an gaji shi ne daga Daular Sasanian da ta gabata. An dauki zane-zane a cikin zagaye daga al'adar gargajiya. Wadannan jikin da ke cike da adadi suna haifar da kyawawan kyawawan kyaututtuka na gargajiya, suna nuna cewa masu goyon baya a duniyar Islama sun raba waɗannan kyawawan. Tufafin da ke nuna fiye da yadda yake ɓoyewa shine abin da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wakilcin Aphrodite ko Venus. A cikin siffofi irin su Girkanci Aphrodite na Knidos da waɗanda suka biyo baya, ana amfani da masana'anta don haɓaka lalata ta hanyar ba da shawarar sauyawa tsakanin tufafi da cire tufafi. Wadannan adadi saboda haka ana iya nufin a tuhume su da jima'i. Hoton mutum a cikin zagaye ya zama abin ƙyama a tarihin Islama na baya yayin da dandano ya fara motsawa daga salon gargajiya. Koyaya, ba duk malaman sun yarda cewa waɗannan hotuna suna wakiltar "abin sha'awa na ainihi ba. " Miriam Gelfer-Jørgensen ta yi jayayya cewa wakilcin mata masu rawa sun gaji daga fasahar Sasanian, inda waɗannan adadi galibi suna tare da alamomin bayan rayuwa. Don haka, ta kammala cewa wakilcin masu rawa suna tunatar da masu kallo game da alatu da ke jiran su a aljanna. Wataƙila an gina wannan fadar ne don wannan mai kula da ita kamar yadda fadar hamada ta zamani, Khirbet al-Mafjar: yarima al-Walid II, wanda ya shahara da salon rayuwarsa. Hillenbrand ya kammala cewa yayin da kayan dabba da kayan lambu da aka samu a wasu wurare a cikin fadar na iya tallafawa ka'idar cewa wannan hoton yana wakiltar aljanna, wannan bazai zama yadda aka fara nufin waɗannan abubuwan ba, tunda ba a san al-Walid II da kasancewa mai ibada ba. Maimakon haka, Hillenbrand ya yi jayayya, waɗannan adadi masu ban sha'awa na iya zama an yi niyya ne don nishadantar da baƙi na Khalifa yayin da suke jiran ganin shi.

 Tarihi 
Akwai manyan gidaje da manyan gidaje a Siriya, Jordan, Isra'ila, Yammacin Yammacin Falasdinawa da Lebanon waɗanda suka fito ne daga daular Umayyad, abin da ake kira "Desert Castles". Qasr Al-Mshatta yana daya daga cikin manyan misalai. Suna da alama suna da matsayi da yawa, mai yiwuwa sun haɗa da iko na siyasa da soja na yankin, da jin daɗi ta hanyar farauta.

A shekara ta 1964 an sami tubali a Mshatta tare da rubutun da Sulaiman ibn Kaisan ya rubuta. An san Kaisan da ya rayu tsakanin 730 da 750 AZ wanda ya ba da ƙarin shaida ga ka'idar cewa Khalifa Al-Walid II ya ba da izinin ginin. Shi ne na farko na gajeren sarauta huɗu na Khalifanci tsakanin 743 da 750, bayan haka daular Abbasid ta zo mulki kuma ta ƙaura babban birnin daga Damascus, kusa da fadar, zuwa Bagdhad. Idan ba a riga an watsar da aikin ba, babu shakka a wannan lokacin ne.

 Gidan hotuna 

 Dubi kuma 

 Gidajen hamada
 Tarihin Larabci na zamani da Yammacin Turai
 Fasahar Musulunci
 Gine-gine na Musulunci
 Fasahar Jordan

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Haɗin waje 

 Matsayin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO na Qasr Mushatta
 Shigar da Archnet don Qasr Mushatta tare da hotuna da tsare-tsaren gine-gine 
 Hotuna na Qasr al-Mshatta, Cibiyar Bincike ta Amurka
 Hotuna na Qasr al-Mshatta a gidan adana hotunan Manar al-Athar

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba