Federica Montseny

Frederica Montseny da Mañé ( []; 1905-1994) ya kasance ɗan Spain ne kuma mai ilimi wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Lafiya da Taimako na Jama'a a cikin gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Spain ta Biyu a lokacin Yaƙin basasa . An san ta da kasancewa mace ta farko a tarihin Mutanen Espanya da ta zama ministan ministoci kuma ɗaya daga cikin ministocin mata na farko a Yammacin Turai.

An kuma san ta da marubuciya da marubuciya. Ta wallafa kimanin gajerun litattafai hamsin tare da asalin soyayya da zamantakewa wanda aka tsara musamman ga mata na ajin proletarian, da kuma siyasa, ɗabi'a, tarihin rayuwa da rubuce-rubuce na rayuwa (duba "García Guirao, Pedro (1988).) " a cikin "Ƙarin karatu" a ƙasa. ) 

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Frederica Montseny i Mañé a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 1905 a Madrid, Spain.  Ita ce kadai yar Joan Montseny da Teresa Mañé, malamai da masu tawaye na Catalan. Sun zauna a Madrid saboda fashewar bam na Barcelona Corpus Christi na 1896 ya haifar da ɗaure mahaifinta sannan aka tura shi gudun hijira. Ma'auratan sun koma Spain a asirce kuma sun zauna a babban birnin. Daga shekara ta 1898, iyayenta sun hada kai wajen shirya mujallar mako biyu La Revista Blanca, daya daga cikin manyan wallafe-wallafen anarchist na lokacin. Iyalin sun sanya ajiyar su a cikin wani gida a wajen Madrid. Mai haɓaka wanda ya gina gidan ya yi barazanar kai karar mahaifinta lokacin da ya zarge shi da sata daga matalauta ta hanyar karɓar kuɗi don gidajen da ba a taɓa gina su ba. Wannan ya tilasta wa iyalin su bar kuma su ciyar da shekaru masu zuwa suna motsawa akai-akai kuma suna tsira da rubuce-rubuce da noma a wasu lokuta. A lokacin yarinta Montseny, jami'an tsaron gari sukan ziyarci gidan dangin akai-akai suna neman mahaifinta. Za ta bar su su su shiga sannu a hankali don ba shi lokaci don ɓoyewa.[2]

Montseny ta sami ilimi a gida daga iyayenta. Bayan da Montseny ta sami ƙwarewar karatu da rubutu, mahaifiyarta ta yi amfani da hanyoyin koyarwa masu ci gaba don inganta sha'awar Montseny, ta ba ta kayan karatu masu yawa don ƙarfafa ta ta bi abubuwan da take so. Montseny ya saba da wallafe-wallafen da ka'idar zamantakewa da siyasa. Ta kuma yaba da yanayin karkara da ta girma a ciki tare da tsara ci gaban hankalinta. A duk rayuwarta, za ta koma yanayi lokacin da take fama da tambayoyin zamantakewa.[3]

 Yaƙin basasar Spain da Ministan Lafiya 
Bayan Juyin mulkin Spain na Yuli 1936, Montseny ya yanke shawarar tallafawa ƙungiyar jamhuriya a kan 'Yan kasa, yana la'akari da haɗin kai na masu adawa da Fascists don ci gaban anarchism a Spain. Duk da goyon bayanta ga 'yan Jamhuriyar Republican, da sauri ta ƙi tashin hankali a yankin da ke hannun Jamhuriwar Republican, wanda ta bayyana a matsayin "sha'awar jini da ba za a iya tunaninsa ba a cikin mutum mai gaskiya a baya".

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1936, Francisco Largo Caballero ya gayyaci 'yan tawaye su shiga Gwamnatin Spain, saboda su ne mafi girma daga cikin kungiyoyin masu adawa da fascist kuma sauran jam'iyyun Popular Front suna so su kawar da adawarsu. A wata hira da Burnett Bolloten, Montseny ya bayyana cewa babban abin da ya sa masu tawaye su shiga gwamnati shine damuwarsu game da hauhawar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci zuwa mulki, wanda suka kalli barazana ga Juyin Juya Halin. Duk da shakkun da take da shi game da shiga gwamnati, an nada Montseny a matsayin Ministan Lafiya da Taimako na Jama'a, ta zama mace ta farko a tarihin Mutanen Espanya da ta zama ministan ministoci.[8]
Daga mukamin minista, Montseny ta kula da wuraren kiwon lafiya na kasar, wanda yanayin yaƙin ya mamaye shi gaba ɗaya, yana buƙatar gina Gidajen marayu da samar da taimako ga 'yan gudun hijira.[9] Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Mujeres Libres a ci gaban 'Yancin mata, ta aiwatar da jerin sauye-sauye masu yaƙi ciki har da:  gabatar da kula da yara ga mata a cikin ma'aikata da' yan bindiga; samar da ilimin mata da kiwon lafiya; da kuma yaki da karuwanci a Spain.[10]

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Montseny ya hau mulki, a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, gwamnatin jamhuriya ta koma Valencia, tana tsoron cewa Madrid za ta fada cikin hare-haren kasa. Montseny ya shawo kan shugaban 'yan bindiga mai suna Buenaventura Durruti ya sauya daga gaban Aragon kuma ya kare babban birnin, inda ya yi yaƙi kuma ya mutu a Yaƙin Ciudad Universitaria . Lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Barcelona suka tayar da kayar baya a lokacin Ranar Mayu, Montseny ya yi kira a madadin gwamnati don' yan bindiga su ajiye makamai.[14] Amma lokacin da ba ta yi nasara ba, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar tilasta wa 'yan tawaye, a cikin abin da Montseny ya bayyana a matsayin "kwanaki mafi muni da zafi na rayuwata". A lokacin da Juan Negrin ya karfafa iko, Montseny ya yi la'akari da yakin da ya riga ya ɓace, kuma ya yi tunanin cewa aikin da ya rage zai kasance don ceton rayuka da yawa yadda zai yiwu. Montseny daga baya ta bar majalisa kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta ci gaba da ƙoƙarin ta na haɗa kan sojojin jamhuriya, amma a shekara ta 1938, lalacewar jam'iyyar jamhuriya ta tilasta mata ta ƙara mai da hankali kan ciyar da iyalinta.

 Fitarwa 
A watan Fabrairun 1939, an tilasta Montseny da iyalinta su gudu zuwa gudun hijira ta hanyar kai farmaki na kasa zuwa Catalonia.[17] Mahaifiyarta ta mutu a Perpignan, yayin da aka tsare mahaifinta kuma aka tsare mijinta a sansanin fursunoni. Daga baya ta rubuta a cikin littafinta Pasión y Muerte de los Españoles refugiados en Francia, cewa an tsara ka'idojin da ke cikin kungiyoyi irin su Kamfanonin Ma'aikata don kayar da ruhun 'yan gudun hijirar Jamhuriyar Republican da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar bayi masu biyayya. Montseny da farko ta koma Paris, inda ta taimaka wajen sake dawo da 'yan gudun hijirar Mutanen Espanya, duk da gwagwarmayarta don samun iyaka.

A lokacin da Nazi suka mamaye Faransa, Montseny ta gudu zuwa ɓoye a Occitania, inda hukumomin Jihar Faransa suka tsare ta. Kodayake hukumomin Faransa suna da umarni su mika ta zuwa Spain, daga ƙarshe sun saki Montseny, saboda tana da ciki da ƙaramar ɗanta.[20]
A cikin 1942, Montseny da iyalinta sun yi ƙoƙari su koma Mexico, amma yakin da aka yaƙi a Arewacin Afirka ya toshe hanyarsu, yayin da duka Allies da Axis suka hana duk wani ci gaba da ƙaura na 'yan gudun hijirar Mutanen Espanya daga Faransa, ya tilasta musu su zauna a Toulouse. Bayan 'yancin Faransa, Montseny ya shiga cikin sake tsara Confederación Nacional del Trabajo a gudun hijira kuma ya shirya jaridar mako-mako ta kungiyar. Fata Toulouse, ta kuma rubuta wani shafi na mako-mako a cikin jaridar anarchist ta Harshen Faransanci Espoir kuma ta shirya mujallar Cenit. Ta koma Spain a takaice a lokacin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya, a lokacin da aka sake buga ayyukanta. Bayan mutuwar 'yarta mafi ƙanƙanta a 1977 da mijinta a 1981, Montseny ta rubuta tarihin rayuwa, wanda aka buga a 1987.

Frederica Montseny i Mañé ta mutu a Toulouse a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 1994, tana da shekaru 88. 

 Rayuwa ta mutum 
A cikin 1930, Montseny ya fara dangantaka ta soyayya kyauta tare da Germinal Esgleas. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya uku tare:  an haifi 'yarta ta fari Vida a 1933; an haifi ɗanta Germinal a watan Yunin 1938; kuma an haifi ƙaramar 'yarta Blanca a shekara ta 1941.[24] Ta yi ƙoƙari ta haifi 'ya'yanta mata su zama "mata masu 'yanci" kuma ɗanta ya girmama mata, amma lokacin da aka yi hira game da wannan ta ce ba ta yi nasara ba, saboda ƙarfin riƙewar da matsayin jinsi na gargajiya ke da shi.

 Kyauta 
An sanya wa tituna da yawa, wuraren shakatawa da makarantu suna cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta a Spain, musamman a Catalonia, da kuma birane kamar Paris.

 Ayyuka 


 Dubi kuma 

 Anarchism a Spain
 Ana Sigüenza, wani memba na CNT wanda a shekara ta 2000 shine mace ta farko da ta zama babban sakatare na cibiyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa a Spain.

 manazarta 

 Bayanan littattafai 


 Ƙarin karantawa 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba