Darrell Tryon

Darrell T. Tryon ( an haife shie 20 ga  watan Yulin 1942 - 15 ga Mayu 2013) ya kasance masanin harshe ne na New Zealand, masanin kimiyya, kuma kwararre a cikin Harsunan Austronesian . Musamman, Tryon ya ƙware a cikin nazarin harsunan Tsibirin Pacific, musamman Vanuatu, Tsibirin Solomon, da Pacific mai magana da Faransanci.

Daga 1970 zuwa 1971, Tryon ya kammala nazarin tsarin farko na Harsuna Vanuatu, wanda aka sani a lokacin da ake kira New Hebrides .  Nazarinsa, wanda ya tattara jerin kalmomin ƙamus daga al'ummomi a ko'ina cikin tsibirai, ya tabbatar da cewa akwai harsuna daban-daban sama da ɗari a Vanuatu. Tryon ya ƙaddara cewa harsunan zamani, na asali na Vanuatu suna daga cikin dangin yaren Austronesian.

Tryon ya fara nazarin Harsunan Tsibirin Solomon a shekarar 1978.  Ya kuma rubuta ayyukan a kan yarukan pidgin da creole na Tsibirin Pacific, gami da Pijin na Tsibirin Solomon da Bislama na Vanuatu . 

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Tryon a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1942, a New Zealand .  Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Canterbury, inda ya kammala rubutun kan harsunan asali na tsibirin Loyalty, tsibirin New Caledonia. Ya sami ƙwarewa a Faransanci a matsayin dalibi kuma ya ci gaba da sha'awar al'adu da tarihin yankunan Faransanci na Kudancin Pacific.

Ya koma Ostiraliya a tsakiyar shekarun 1960, inda ya koyar a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia . 

 Vanuatu 
Yawancin binciken Tryon ya mayar da hankali kan New Hebrides, sunan mulkin mallaka na Vanuatu. Ya kasance kwararre a kan Vanuatu da bambancin harsuna. Tryon ya fara aikinsa a can a shekarar 1969. Daga 1970 zuwa 1971, Tryon ya gudanar da binciken farko na tsarin fiye da harsuna 100 na Vanuatu. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan harshe, Tryon ya tattara jerin kalmomin ƙamus daga harsuna a ko'ina cikin tsibirai don ƙayyade alaƙar da ke tsakanin harsuna.

Nazarinsa na 1970-1971 ya tabbatar da kasancewar harsuna 117 da ake magana a Vanuatu a farkon shekarun 1970. An gano harsunan tsibirin membobin dangin yaren Austronesian ne. Ya yi amfani da yankewa na 81% da aka raba don rarrabe yaren daban daga yare. Wasu daga cikin harsunan da Tryon ya yi nazari tun daga lokacin sun ƙare. Misali, yaren Sowa, wanda mutane 20 kawai ke magana a ƙauye daya kusa da Ranwadi a tsibirin Pentecostes a lokacin, ya ƙare lokacin da mai magana na ƙarshe ya mutu a shekara ta 2000.

A shekara ta 1972, ya buga kundin Pacific Linguistics (C-50), wanda ya ƙunshi bincikensa, bincike da jerin kalmomi 292 da aka tattara daga al'ummomin Ni-Vanuatu 179 .  Littafin ya kuma ƙunshi taswira, yana nuna inda ake magana da yaren a kowane tsibirin. Tryon ya gabatar da bincikensa a Taron Kasa da Kasa na Farko kan Harshe na Austronesian, wanda aka gudanar a Honolulu, Hawaii, a shekara ta 1974.  An buga binciken karshe na Tryon game da harsuna 117 na Vanuatu a shekara ta 1976.  

Binciken Tryon ya yi la'akari da zama mahimmanci ga kowane mai bincike da ke nazarin yarukan Vanuatu. Har yanzu suna samar da tushen yawancin ilimin yanzu game da al'adun harshe na Vanuatu, a cewar John Lynch, farfesa mai daraja a ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific . 

Tryon ya jagoranci Shirin Ma'aikatan Filin Vanuatu daga farkon shekarun 1980 har zuwa 2009. Shirin Ma'aikatan Filin Vanuatu ya gayyaci maza daga ƙauyuka a duk faɗin ƙasar zuwa taro a Port Vila sau ɗaya a shekara. Kowane taron shekara-shekara ya bincika takamaiman batun al'adu. Wadanda suka halarci taron, wadanda daga karshe suka hada da mutane sama da hamsin, sun yi rikodin sauti na al'adun al'adunsu da al'adun gargajiya. Masu bincike da maza sun rubuta kayan a Bislama. Dukkanin rikodin da sauran rikodin daga Shirin Ma'aikacin Filin Vanuatu an adana su a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Vanuatu da ke Port Vila . 

Yawancin binciken Tryon daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 2010 sun ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan Vanuatu. Ya wallafa tarin takardu da sauran bincike na ilimi game da kasar da harshenta.

 Tsibirin Solomon 
Ya kuma gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan Harsunan Tsibirin Solomon, tun daga shekarar 1978.  Tryon da abokin bincikensa, Brian Hackman, sun yi tafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, suna gudanar da nazarin tsarin harsunan ƙasar. Ayyukansu sun haifar da buga wani girma a kan harsunan Solomon Islands, wanda aka buga a 1983. 

 Ayyukan da suka biyo baya 
A cikin 1995, Tryon ya fitar da Comparative Austronesian Dictionary, wani kundin biyar da Mouton de Gruyter ya buga. Aikin ya kasance sakamakon shekaru na bincike. Tryon ya rubuta labaran gabatarwa don saitin. Dictionary ya ƙunshi jerin kalmomi masu mahimmanci don ma'anoni 1310, wanda ya shirya yankin semantic daga harsunan Austronesian 80, daga Madagascar zuwa Pacific, gami da harsuna 40 daga yankin Oceania. Kowane jerin, wanda kwararre ya tattara a wannan harshe, ya haɗa da rubuce-rubuce gabatarwa ga harshen ta kwararre.

Shi da Jean-Michel Charpentier sun hada hannu da littafin 2004, Pacific pidgin and Creoles, wanda ya binciki tarihin yarukan pidgin da creole a tsibirin Pacific.

Tryon ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan Makarantar Bincike ta Pacific da Nazarin Asiya a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a wasu sassan shekarun 1990 da 2000. Ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin zamantakewa da gwamnatocin kasashe da yankuna daban-daban na Kudancin Pacific a lokacin, wanda aka nuna a cikin bincikensa. Tryon ya kuma zama mai ba da shawara kan kundin tsarin mulki ga Gwamnatin Vanuatu . 

Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Legion of Honour don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga Al'adun Faransa da harshe a cikin Pacific da kuma jajircewarsa ga dangantakar Australia da Faransa.

 manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba