Emily Shirreff

Emily Anne Eliza Shirreff (3 ga Nuwamba 1814 - 20 ga Maris 1897) ta kasance majagaba a cikin motsi don ilimi mafi girma na mata da ci gaban ka'idodin Froebelian a Ingila.

 Tarihin rayuwa 

 Iyali 
An haife ta ne a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1814, ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu da' ya'ya maza biyu da aka haifa wa Rear-Admiral William Henry Shirreff (1785-1847) da Elizabeth Anne Shirreff .  Tana kusa da 'yar'uwarta Maria Shirreff (daga baya Grey) , tare da ita ta yi aiki tare a kan ayyukan ilimi da rubuce-rubuce.

 Ilimi 
Emily da 'yan uwanta mata sun sami ilimi tun suna ƙanana daga wata mai kula da Faransa mai suna Adele Piqet, wacce ke da iyakantaccen ilimi.[1] A cikin shekarun 1820 dangin sun zauna a Faransa inda mahaifin ya kasance.[2] Emily ta kasance malami mai basira tun tana ƙarama amma bayan ta sha wahala daga mummunar rashin lafiya tana da shekaru bakwai dole ne ta sake koyon haruffa. Emily ta sha wahala daga rashin lafiya har tsawon rayuwarta.[3]

A lokacin da take da shekaru 14 an tura ta makarantar kwana a birnin Paris amma mummunan yanayi a makarantar ya shafi rashin lafiyar Emily kuma an cire ta shekara guda bayan haka. A shekara ta 1829, mahaifinta ya ɗauki kwamandan HMS <i id="mwKw">Warspite</i> kuma ya ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Avranche a Lower Normandy .  A shekara ta 1831 an nada mahaifinta zuwa Gibraltar kuma bai yi tunanin cewa 'ya'yansa mata suna buƙatar wata mai kula da su ba, wanda ya kawo karshen iliminsu.

Maria da Emily sun ci gaba da inganta iliminsu ta hanyar ' inganta kansu' ta hanyar tafiya sosai zuwa Faransa, Spain da Italiya, suna karatu a cikin babban ɗakin karatu na mahaifinsu, kuma sun saba da masu ilimi da yawa na zamanin ta hanyar lambobin mahaifinsu.

 Rubuce-rubucen farko 
Emily da Maria sun fara rubutu tare lokacin da Mrs Shirreff ta dawo da 'ya'yanta mata zuwa Ingila a 1834. An buga littafin su na farko, Letters from Spain and Barbary, a cikin 1835.  Kodayake Maria ta yi aure a 1841, 'yan'uwa mata biyu sun ci gaba da rubutu tare kuma ba tare da sunayensu ba sun buga wani labari na soyayya, Passion and Principle . A cikin 1850, sun buga Thoughts on Self-Culture Addressed to Women, inda suka ƙi ilimin gargajiya na 'yan mata wanda kawai ya horar da mata su dogara da maza kuma kada su koya musu suyi tunani da kansu. A shekara ta 1858, Shirreff ta buga babban aikinta na farko na solo Ilimi na Ilimi da Tasirinta akan Halin da Farin Ciki na Mata, wanda ya kara nuna imanin Emily cewa bai kamata a ilimantar da mata a matsayin 'mazaunin mutum' ba.

 Ayyukan ilimi 
A cikin shekarun 1870, 'yan'uwa mata sun mayar da hankali ga inganta ilimi. Emily ta taimaka wajen tara kudade ga Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London kuma ta ci gaba da rubuta takardu kan ilimin mata. Ita ce uwargidan Girton College, Cambridge  wanda ya gaji Charlotte Manning wanda ya yi aiki na wa'adi daya kawai.  Shirreff ta ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da kwalejin har zuwa mutuwarta. Emily na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Froebel Society kuma ta kasance shugabarta daga 1876 har zuwa mutuwarta. Ta kuma rubuta labarai da litattafai da yawa game da ilimin makarantar sakandare. Emily ta kuma kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar iyaye ta kasa.

A shekara ta 1871, tare da 'yar'uwarta, Mary Gurney, Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley na Alderley, da kuma goyon bayan HRH Princess Louise, Emily ta kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Inganta Ilimi na Mata na Dukkanin Classes, (wanda aka fi sani da Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Mata).  Emily ta shiga cikin aikin kungiyar a matsayin sakataren girmamawa da kuma co-editor na mujallarta, Jaridar Kungiyar Ilimi ta Mata . Har ila yau, kungiyar ta sami Kamfanin Makarantar Ranar Jama'a ta 'Yan Mata a 1872, wanda ya buɗe makarantun sakandare ga' yan mata waɗanda ke ba da damar ilimi iri ɗaya kamar makarantun yara maza, kuma har yanzu suna aiki a yau a matsayin Girls' Day School Trust. Ta kasance mai aiki sosai a Majalisar kamfanin kuma an sanya ta mataimakin shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1896. Emily ta kuma shiga cikin kafa kwalejin maraice na Union don mata da kuma horar da malamai da kuma rajista.

 Sauran abubuwan da suke so 
Emily kuma tana da sha'awar wasu fannoni na bincike kuma tana tallafawa 'yancin mata. An nuna adawar da ta yi game da ci gaba da amfani da bayi a kudancin Amurka a cikin takarda ta 1864, The Chivalry of the South . A shekara ta 1874 ta shiga kungiyar Mata ta Zaman Lafiya da Arbitration Auxiliary, (daga baya kungiyar London Peace Society). Ta kuma rubuta wani zane-zane na Henry Thomas Buckle, wanda ya kasance babban aboki, don fitowar ayyukansa a 1872. 

 Rayuwa ta baya 
Emily ta sha wahala daga rashin lafiya duk rayuwarta kuma ta zama mara aiki zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta Ta mutu a London a ranar 20 ga Maris 1897 kuma an binne ta a makabartar Brompton.

 Littattafai 

 Shirreff, Maria Georgina; Shirreff, Emily (1841), Passion da Principal. Kyaftin Schmier ne ya shirya shi. London.
 Grey, Maria Georgina; Shirreff, Emily (1850), Tunanin Al'adun Kai da aka Yi wa Mata. Landan
 Sabbin bugu 1862 da 1863. 




 Shirreff, Emily (1870). "Ilimi na Kwalejin Mata," Binciken zamani.












 Mabel 




 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Shirreff, Emily Anne Eliza (1814-1897) ". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Jami'ar Oxford Press. [Hotuna a shafi na 10] An samo shi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2007. Ana samun bugu na farko na wannan rubutun a Wikisource: "Shirreff, Emily Anne Eliza". Ƙididdigar Tarihin Kasa. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885-1900.  


 Dubi kuma 

 Haɗin waje 

 Tarihin Emily Shirreff daga shafin yanar gizon Froebel
 Philippa Levine, 'Shirreff, Emily Anne Eliza (1814-1897) ", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Satumba 2004; online edn, Oktoba 2005 Samun dama 27 Nuwamba 2007. shigar da lissafi.
 Girton College past mistresses index
Rukuni:Haihuwar 1814
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1897