Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk

Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk (23 ga Fabrairu 1824 - 17 ga Agusta 1894) ya kasance mai fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki kuma masanin harshe wanda ya ƙware a cikin harsunan Dutch East Indies .

 Shekaru na farko da karatu 
An haifi Van der Tuuk a Malacca (wani ɓangare na Dutch East Indies a wannan lokacin), inda mahaifinsa, lauyan Dutch, ya zauna kuma ya auri rabin Jamus da rabin matar Eurasian mai suna Louisa . Sunan mahaifiyarta shine Neubronner, an kara shi a matsayin sunan tsakiya ga "Herman". A cikin 1825, Yarjejeniyar London (1824) ta fara aiki, kuma Malacca ta zama Burtaniya don musayar Bengkulu (yanki a Sumatra). A sakamakon haka, dangin Van der Tuuk sun koma Surabaya a tsibirin Java.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyu, an tura Van der Tuuk zuwa Netherlands, inda ya halarci makarantar sakandare kuma a 1840, yana da shekaru gomashekara, ya ɗauki jarrabawar shiga Jami'ar Groningen. Ya karanta doka, amma sha'awarsa ta kasance a fagen ilimin harshe, kuma a cikin 1845 ya koma Jami'ar Leiden don karanta Larabci da Farisa tare da Th.A cikin wannan talifin,W. Juynboll, sanannen masanin ilimin Larabci. Van der Tuuk ya kuma karanta Sanskrit kuma ya sami cikakken tushe a cikin Malay.

 Harshen harshe da siyasar harshe a Gabashin Indiya 
Ayyukan harshe a cikin Dutch East Indies sun motsa ta ayyukan mishan har zuwa ƙarni na sha tara. An dauki karatun harshe tare da ra'ayi don fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa yarukan Indonesiya, kuma Malay da Javanese sun zama wuraren farawa. A tsakiyar karni na sha tara, masu ilimin harsuna na addini sun kasance a shirye su juya zuwa bincike a wasu harsuna da kuma fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikinsu.

Ɗaya daga cikin harsuna na farko (ko kuma, kungiyoyi harsuna) da aka zaɓa don wannan dalili shine Batak . Zaɓin ya samo asali ne daga dalilai na siyasa da na addini. Masu wa'azi na Roman Katolika, waɗanda aka hana su gudanar da ayyukansu, an sake shigar da su cikin mulkin mallaka daga 1807, kuma a cikin karni na sha tara suna cikin gasa mai tsanani tare da lambobin Furotesta. Wani dalili kuma shine sha'awar ci gaba da bin addinin Musulunci. Jama'ar Malay na Gabashin Sumatra da yankunan bakin teku sun zama Musulmi a wannan lokacin, amma ba a canza kabilun da ke cikin ciki ba, kuma sun kasance, kamar yadda kalmomin zamani ke da shi, har yanzu " arna". An ɗauka cewa za su kasance masu karɓar juyowa fiye da waɗanda suka riga sun zama Musulunci. Daga cikin wadannan kabilun cikin gida akwai Batak. Ofishin Jakadancin Furotesta daga Netherlands yana hannun Nederlands Bijbel Genootschap ("Society for the Translation of the Bible", NBG).

 Masanin harshe 
A cikin duka sai dai sunan, Van der Tuuk har yanzu yana karatun doka, amma ya zama sananne saboda iyawarsa mai ban mamaki wajen nazarin harsuna, kuma bisa ga wannan suna, NBG ta yanke shawarar aika shi zuwa yankunan Batak don nazarin yarensu. Wadannan yankuna na ciki na Sumatra har yanzu ba a san su ba ga mutanen yamma a wannan lokacin, don haka an bar Van der Tuuk don yanke shawarar wane yaren Batak zai bincika tare da la'akari da fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki a ciki. A ƙarshe, ya zaɓi Toba Batak .

Van der Tuuk ya isa Java a 1849. Nan da nan ya yi rashin lafiya sosai, kuma hakika ya kasance yana fama da cututtuka daban-daban da kuma baƙin ciki har tsawon rayuwarsa. Maganin da aka zaba a cikin shari'arsa shine maganin sulphur, wanda ya bayyana kawai ya kara tsananta yanayinsa, kuma a cikin wasiƙu da ke ba da shaida game da rikice-rikice, Van der Tuuk ya nemi NBG ta sauƙaƙe shi daga ayyukansa. Sun ƙi, dalilin mai yiwuwa shine cewa sun koyi game da yanayinsa.

In 1851, he had recovered sufficiently to be able to depart for the Batak regions. By way of Padang, he reached the coastal village of Siboga (alternatively known as Sibolga), where, however, conditions were not conducive to success. Many inhabitants were coastal Malays, and for closer contact with Batak, he had to travel into the interior. He did not succeed before 1852, when he traveled inland some sixty miles. Later, he was to make another trip inland, becoming the first European to set eyes on Lake Toba. By that time he had settled in the more northern coastal town of Baroes (alternatively known as Barus), where Batak influence was still strong.

Ayyukansa suna da bangare na harshe (rubuce ƙamus da ƙamus na yaren da aka yi nazari) da kuma mai amfani (fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa wannan harshe). A shekara ta 1854, duk da haka, ya sake yin rashin lafiya, kuma a bayyane yake ya sha wahala daga korafin hanta da sabuntawa. A sakamakon haka, dole ne ya koma Netherlands don warkewa a 1856. Ya kasance a Turai har zuwa 1868, yana fassara littattafan Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa Batak (1859), yana buga Dictionary of Batak (1861), yana tsara dokokinsa na harshe, kuma yana karɓar digiri na likita daga Jami'ar Utrecht a 1861.

A cikin 1862, NBG ta yanke hukunci cewa Van der Tuuk ya sake iya tashi zuwa Dutch East Indies. Yanzu an ji bukatar fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa Bali, kuma Van der Tuuk zai kasance a tsibirin Bali. Van der Tuuk bai yarda waɗannan la'akari da shi ya shafi kansa ba. Ya kasance a cikin Netherlands, yana aiki a kan kundin Batak guda biyu, wanda aka buga a 1864 da 1867. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya ɗauki nazarin wasu harsuna, daga cikinsu Balinese da Tsohon Javanese ko Kawi, kuma ya buga shi sosai a kan harshen Malay.

A shekara ta 1868 ya zama wakilin Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences  kuma ya koma Dutch East-Indies, ya fara tafiya zuwa yankin Lampung na Kudancin Sumatra don rubuta ƙamus na yarensa. Har ila yau ya sake kamuwa da rashin lafiya, kuma ya koma Java a 1869, yayin da yake wucewa yana yin nazarin harshen Sundanese (West Javanese), kuma a 1870 ya tafi Bali.

On that island, he set to work on a dictionary of Balinese, only to find that this necessitated a study of Kawi (Old Javanese). This led him to the conclusion that he had better write a trilingual dictionary: of Kawi, Balinese and Dutch. However, NBG was primarily interested in Bible translation, and rather jibed at Van der Tuuk's plans. He therefore decided to resign and became a civil servant in 1873.

A wannan matsayin, ya yi aiki a kan ƙamus na harsuna uku har tsawon rayuwarsa, kuma wannan magnum opus ba zai bayyana ba kafin mutuwarsa. A halin yanzu, ya kuma kasance mai aiki a wasu ayyukan harshe, kamar sake yin ƙamus na Malay da ƙamus na Kawi da Javanese na zamani. Ya mutu, yana da shekaru 70, a Surabaya.

Van der Tuuk ya ba da dukan tarin rubuce-rubucensa, bayanan ilimi, zane-zane, hotuna da littattafai ga Laburaren Jami'ar Leiden.

 Umurnin harshe 
Baya ga nazarin harsuna daban-daban na Indonesiya, yana da iko mai yawa na wasu harsuna, kamar Larabci, Tamil, Sanskrit da harsuna daga wasu sassan Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. An yi jita-jita cewa ya sami damar koyon ƙamus da zuciya a cikin 'yan kwanaki, da kuma koyon yare a cikin 'ya'yan watanni.

Hanyar Van der Tuuk ta ninki biyu. A gefe guda, ya nemi ƙungiyar masu magana da asali, kuma saboda wannan dalili ya guje wa Siboga tare da tasirin Malay mai ƙarfi lokacin da yake so ya yi nazarin yarukan Batak a maimakon haka. Saboda irin wannan dalili, lokacin da yake Bali, ya zauna a wani kauye tsakanin mazauna asali. A lokuta biyu, to, yana so ya kasance cikin ainihin jama'a. Sau da yawa yakan yi amfani da ayyukan mai ba da labari na asali, yana riƙe da kamfaninsa, yana raba abinci, don haka yana samun duk wani bayanin harshe da zai iya. Ya ɗauki bayanan da yawa, yana rubuta su da maraice.

A gefe guda, ya jaddada muhimmancin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban a matsayin tushen bayanai. Wannan ya yi daidai da ra'ayinsa cewa akwai wani abu kamar "amfani mai tsabta". Ya kuma yi imanin cewa kowane harshe tsarin ne mai raguwa, wanda za'a iya gano shi ne kawai ta hanyar sake ginawa.

A lokaci guda, Balinese sun girmama shi sosai. Ya yi nazari sosai game da al'adunsu da halaye cewa daya daga cikin dattawan su ya lura cewa "idan muna fuskantar matsala, muna tuntuɓar Tuan Dertik [Mista Van der Tuuk]".

 1861 — Bataksch-Nederduitsch woordenboek; Amsterdam, Muller (“A Batak-Dutch Dictionary”).
 1864 — Tobasche spraakkunst, eerste stuk; Amsterdam, Muller (“A Toba-Batak Grammar, Part 1”).
 1866 — Hikajat Pandja-tandaran; Tamilsche omwerking van het Indische fabelboek: de Pantja-Tantra, vermaleischt door Abdullah ben Abdilquadir bijgenaamd 'de Munsji' (de Tolk). Uitgegeven en met aanteekeningen voorzien door H.N. van der Tuuk; Leiden, Brill (an edition of the Malay version Sanskrit Panchatantra stories translated into Tamil).
 1864 — Tobasche spraakkunst, tweede stuk; Amsterdam, Nederlandsch Bijbelgenootschap (“A Toba-Batak Grammar, Part 2”).
 1897-1912 — Kawi-Balineesch-Nederlandsch woordenboek; Batavia, Landsdrukkerij, 4 dln (in 1971 uitgebracht in Engelse vertaling, red. A. Teeuw en R. Roolvink) (“A Kawi-Balinese-Dutch Dictionary”; English reprint  in 1971).
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