Kisan kare dangi na Herero da Nama

Kisan kare dangi na Herero da Nama ko na Namibiya,  wanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashi na Herero da Namaqua, wani gangami ne na kawar da ƙabilu da kuma azabtar da jama'ar Herero (Ovaherero) da mutanen Nama a Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (yanzu Namibiya) ta Daular Jamus. Shi ne kisan kare dangi na farko da ya fara a ƙarni na 20,    ya faru tsakanin 1904 da 1908.   A cikin watan Janairun 1904, mutanen Herero, waɗanda Samuel Maharero ke jagoranta da na Nama, waɗanda Kyaftin Hendrik Witbooi ya jagoranta, sun yi tawaye ga mulkin mallaka na Jamus. A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 1904, sun kashe Jamusawa fiye da 100 mazauna yankin Okahandja. 

A watan Agustan 1904, Janar Lothar von Trotha na Jamus ya ci Ovaherero a yakin Waterberg kuma ya koro su cikin jejin Omaheke, inda yawancinsu suka mutu sakamakon rashin ruwa. A watan Oktoba ma al'ummar Nama sun yi wa Jamus tawaye, sai dai suka fuskanci irin wannan halin. An kashe tsakanin 24,000 zuwa 100,000 Hereros da Nama 10,000 a kisan kare dangi.  Kashi na farko na kisan kiyashin dai ya kasance ne sakamakon yawaitar mace-mace sakamakon yunwa da rashin ruwa, sakamakon hana 'yan Herero ficewa daga hamadar Namib da sojojin Jamus suka yi. Da zarar an ci nasara, an ɗaure dubban Hereros da Namas a sansanonin taro, inda yawancin suka mutu saboda cututtuka, da gajiya.  

A cikin shekarar 1985, Rahoton Whitaker na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya rarraba abin da ya biyo baya a matsayin yunƙuri na kawar da mutanen Herero da Nama na Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma, don haka ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin farko na kisan kare dangi a ƙarni na 20. A shekara ta 2004, gwamnatin Jamus ta amince da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin abin da wani ministan Jamus ya cancanta a matsayin "neman afuwa" amma ya yanke hukuncin biyan diyya na kuɗi ga zuriyar waɗanda abin ya shafa.  A watan Yulin 2015, gwamnatin Jamus da kakakin majalisar dokokin Bundestag a hukumance sun kira abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin "kisan kare dangi"; duk da haka, ya ƙi yin la'akari da ramuwa a lokacin.   Duk da wannan, ruƙunin ƙarshe na kokon kai da sauran ragowar ’yan ƙabilar da aka yi wa yankan rago waɗanda aka kai Jamus don inganta fifikon launin fata an mayar da su Namibiya a cikin shekarar 2018, tare da , wani bishop na Furotesta na Jamus, yana kwatanta lamarin a matsayin "kisan kare dangi na farko na ƙarni na 20".  

A watan Mayun 2021, gwamnatin Jamus ta fitar da wata sanarwa a hukumance inda ta ce Jamus"A yau, fiye da shekaru 100 bayan haka, Jamus ta nemi gafarar zunuban kakanninsu. Ba zai yiwu a warware abin da aka yi ba. Amma wahala, rashin tausayi da jin zafi da aka yi wa dubban dubban maza, mata da yara marasa laifi da Jamus ta yi a lokacin yaki a cikin abin da ba dole ba ne a manta da Namia. kisan kare dangi." A wannan shekarar, gwamnatin Jamus ta amince da biyan Yuro biliyan 1.1 a cikin shekaru 30 don gudanar da ayyuka a cikin al'ummomin da kisan kiyashin ya shafa. 

 Tarihi 

Asalin mazauna abin da ake kira yanzu Namibiya sune San da Khoekhoe.

Herero, waɗanda ke magana da yaren Bantu, tun asali rukuni ne na makiyaya waɗanda suka yi hijira zuwa garin da ake kira yanzu Namibiya a tsakiyar ƙarni na 18. Herero sun mallaki manyan sassan filayen da za a iya noma waɗanda suka dace da kiwon shanu. Ayyukan noma, waɗanda ba su da yawa, an ba su ga bayi Khoisan da Bushmen. A cikin sauran ƙarni na 18, Herero a hankali sun kori Khoisan zuwa busassun duwatsu masu tudu zuwa kudu da gabas.

Herero mutane ne makiyaya waɗanda duk rayuwarsu ta shafi shanunsu. Harshen Herero, yayin da yake da iyakacin ƙamus don yawancin yankuna, ya ƙunshi fiye da kalmomi dubu don launuka da alamomin shanu. Herero suna farin ciki da rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali muddin shanunsu suna lafiya kuma suna da kyau, amma sun zama mayaƙa masu ƙarfi lokacin da shanunsu suka fuskanci barazana.

A cewar Robert Gaudi, "Sabbin baƙi, sun fi tsayi kuma sun fi zafin yaƙi fiye da mutanen Khoisan na asali, suna da zafin da ke fitowa daga dogaro da rayuwarsu a kan tushe guda: duk abin da suke daraja, duk dukiya da farin cikin mutum, yana da alaƙa da shanu. Game da kulawa da kare garkensu, Herero sun nuna kansu ba tare da jin kai ba, kuma sun fi 'daji' fiye da yadda Khoisan suka taɓa yi. Saboda halayensu masu rinjaye da kyawunsu, ƴan Turawa da suka haɗu da kabilun Herero a farkon kwanakin sun ɗauke su a matsayin 'masu daraja na halitta' na yankin."

A lokacin rabuwar Afirka, yankin da Herero ke zaune an san shi da Damaraland. Nama makiyaya ne da ƴan kasuwa kuma suna zaune a kudancin Herero.

A shekara ta 1883, Adolf Lüderitz, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Jamus, ya sayi wani yanki na bakin teku kusa da Lüderitz Bay (Angra Pequena) daga babban sarki. Sharuɗɗan sayan sun kasance na zamba, amma gwamnatin Jamus duk da haka ta kafa kariyar a kansa. A wancan lokacin, shine kaɗai yankin Jamus na ketare da aka ɗauka ya dace da mazaunin Turawa.

Babban Sarkin Herero makwabta, Maharero ya hau mulki ta hanyar haɗa dukkan Herero. Ganin hare-hare da Khowesin ke yi akai-akai, wani dangin Khoekhoe a ƙarƙashin Hendrik Witbooi, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kariya a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1885 tare da gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Imperial Jamus Heinrich Ernst Göring (mahaifin Hermann Göring) amma bai miƙa ƙasar Herero ba. An soke wannan yarjejeniyar a 1888 saboda rashin goyon bayan Jamus a kan Witbooi amma an sake dawo da ita a 1890.

Shugabannin Herero sun yi ta korafi akai-akai game da keta wannan yarjejeniyar, saboda Jamusawa suna fyade mata da 'yan mata na Herero, laifin da alƙalai da masu gabatar da ƙara na Jamus suka yi jinkirin hukuntawa.

A shekara ta 1890 ɗan Maharero, Samuel, ya sanya hannu kan wata babbar yarjejeniya ta ƙasa ga Jamusawa don musayar taimakon shi ya hau gadon sarautar Ovaherero, kuma daga baya a kafa shi a matsayin babban sarki. Shigar Jamus a cikin faɗan ƙabilanci ya ƙare da zaman lafiya mai wuya a 1894. A waccan shekarar, Theodor Leutwein ya zama gwamnan yankin, wanda ya fuskanci lokacin ci gaba cikin sauri, yayin da gwamnatin Jamus ta aika da Schutztruppe (sojojin mulkin mallaka na masarautu) don tabbatar da zaman lafiya a yankin.

 Manufofin mulkin mallaka na Jamus 
Dukansu hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Jamus da mazauna Turawa sun yi tunanin "sabon Afirka ta Jamus" mai yawan farare, inda za a sanya ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa kuma a raba musu filayensu tsakanin mazauna da kamfanoni. A ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Jamus, an ƙarfafa masu mulkin mallaka su kwace filaye da shanu daga al'ummomin Herero da Nama na asali kuma su bautar da su a matsayin bayi.

An sami takaici a tsakanin al'ummomin asali game da asarar matsayinsu da kadarorinsu ga makiyaya Jamusawa da ke zuwa Kudu Maso Yammacin Afirka, da kuma rugujewar tsarin siyasa na gargajiya. Kabilun da ke mulki a baya an rage su zuwa matsayi ɗaya da sauran kabilun da suka taɓa mulka da bautarwa. Wannan takaici ya ba da gudummawa ga Yaƙe-yaƙe na Herero waɗanda suka fara a 1904.

Babban Theodor Leutwein, Gwamnan Jamus na Kudu Maso Yammacin Afirka, ya san sosai game da tasirin mulkin mallaka na Jamus akan Herero. Daga baya ya rubuta: "Herero tun daga farkon shekarunsu mutane ne masu son 'yanci, masu jaruntaka da alfahari fiye da ma'auni. A gefe guda, an sami ci gaba da faɗaɗa mulkin Jamus a kansu, kuma a ɗayan wahalarsu tana ƙaruwa daga shekara zuwa shekara."

 Lamarin Dietrich 
A watan Janairu 1903, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Jamus mai suna Dietrich yana tafiya daga gonarsa zuwa garin Omaruru na kusa don sayen sabon doki. Rabin hanya zuwa inda Dietrich ke zuwa, wata keken da ke ɗauke da ɗan babban sarki na Herero, matarsa, da ɗansu sun tsaya. A cikin al'ada ta yau da kullun a Hereroland, ɗan sarkin ya ba Dietrich abin hawa.

Wannan daren, duk da haka, Dietrich ya sha giya sosai kuma bayan kowa ya yi barci, ya yi ƙoƙarin yi wa matar ɗan sarkin fyade. Lokacin da ta yi tsayayya, Dietrich ya harbe ta har lahira. Lokacin da aka yi masa shari'a saboda kisan kai a Windhoek, Dietrich ya musanta ƙoƙarin yi wa wanda ya kashe fyade. Ya yi zargin cewa ya farka yana tunanin cewa sansanin yana fuskantar hari kuma ya harba makafi a cikin duhu. Kisan matar Herero, ya yi iƙirarin, wani hatsari ne mai ban tausayi. Kotun ta wanke shi, tana mai cewa Dietrich yana fama da "zawo na wurare masu zafi" da hauka na ɗan lokaci.

A cewar Leutwein, kisan "ya jawo hankali sosai a Hereroland, musamman tun lokacin da matar da aka kashe ita ce matar ɗan Babban Sarki kuma 'yar wani. Ko'ina an yi tambaya: Shin fararen fata suna da haƙƙin harba mata na asali?"

Gwamna Leutwein ya shiga tsakani. Ya sa mai gabatar da ƙara ya ɗaukaka ƙarar Dietrich, an yi shari'a ta biyu (a gaban kotun koli ta mulkin mallaka), kuma a wannan karon an sami Dietrich da laifin kisan kai kuma an daure shi. Wannan matakin ya jawo zanga-zangar tashin hankali daga mazaunan Jamus waɗanda suka ɗauki Leutwein a matsayin "mai cin amanar launin fata".

 Tashin hankali yana ƙaruwa 
A shekara ta 1903, wasu kabilun Nama sun tashi a cikin tawaye a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hendrik Witbooi. Abubuwa da yawa sun sa Herero suka shiga su a watan Janairu 1904.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan shine haƙƙin ƙasa. A 1903 Herero sun ji labarin shirin raba yankinsu da layin dogo da kuma kafa wuraren ajiyar ƙasa inda za a tattara su. Herero sun riga sun miƙa fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na yankinsu na kilomita murabba'i 130,000 ga mazaunan Jamus a 1903, kafin a kammala layin dogo na Otavi wanda ke gudana daga gabar tekun Afirka zuwa mazaunan Jamus na cikin gida. Kammala wannan layin zai sa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Jamus su zama masu sauƙin isa kuma zai kawo sabon yawaitar Turawa zuwa yankin.

Masanin tarihi Horst Drechsler ya bayyana cewa an tattauna yiwuwar kafa da sanya Herero a cikin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa kuma wannan shine ƙarin hujja na ma'anar mallakar ƙasa ta mazaunan Jamus. Drechsler ya nuna gibin da ke tsakanin haƙƙin Turawa da na Afirka; Reichskolonialbund (Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Jamus) ta riƙe cewa, game da al'amuran shari'a, shaidar Afirka bakwai daidai take da ta mai mulkin mallaka. A cewar Bridgman, akwai tashin hankali na launin fata a ƙarƙashin waɗannan ci gaban; matsakaicin mai mulkin mallaka na Jamus ya ɗauki ƴan asalin Afirka a matsayin tushe mai arha na aiki, kuma wasu sun maraba da halakar su.

Wata sabuwar manufa game da tattara bashi, wacce aka aiwatar a watan Nuwamba 1903, ita ma ta taka rawa a cikin tawayen. Shekaru da yawa, al'ummar Herero sun shiga cikin halin karbar kuɗi daga masu ba da kuɗi na mulkin mallaka a kan adadi mai yawa na riba (duba riba). Dogon lokaci, yawancin wannan bashi bai tattara ba kuma ya tara, saboda yawancin Herero ba su da hanyar biya. Don gyara wannan matsala mai girma, Gwamna Leutwein ya ba da umarni da kyakkyawar niyya cewa duk basussuka da ba a biya ba a cikin shekara mai zuwa za a soke su. Idan babu kuɗi, ƴan kasuwa sukan kwace shanu, ko duk wani abin daraja da za su iya samu, a matsayin jingina. Wannan ya haifar da jin haushin Jamusawa a ɓangaren mutanen Herero, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa rashin bege lokacin da suka ga cewa jami'an Jamus suna tausaya wa masu ba da kuɗi waɗanda ke gab da rasa abin da ake binsu.

Tashin hankali na launin fata shi ma yana nan. Mazaunan Jamus sukan kira bakar fata Afirka da "birai" kuma sukan bi da su da raini.

Wani mai wa'azi ya ruwaito: "Asalin dalilin zafin rai a tsakanin Herero game da Jamusawa ba tare da wani shakka ba shine gaskiyar cewa matsakaicin ɗan Jamus yana kallon ƴan asali a matsayin wani matakin daidai da manyan birai ('biri' shine kalmarsu da aka fi so ga ƴan asali) kuma suna bi da su kamar dabbobi. Mai zama yana riƙe cewa ɗan asali yana da 'yancin wanzuwa ne kawai gwargwadon yadda yake da amfani ga farar fata. Wannan jin kunya ya sa mazauna suka aikata tashin hankali ga Herero."

Raini ya fito fili musamman a cikin saduwar mata na asali. A cikin wata al'ada da ake kira a Südwesterdeutsch a matsayin Verkafferung, mazauna Turawa masu kasuwanci da makiyaya suna ɗaukar mata na asali duka da yardarsu da kuma ta ƙarfi.

 Tawaye 
A shekara ta 1903, Herero sun ga damar yin tawaye. A wancan lokacin, akwai wata ƙabilar Khoisan mai nisa a kudu da ake kira Bondelzwarts, waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da buƙatun Jamusawa don yin rajistar bindigoginsu. Bondelzwarts sun yi musayar wuta da hukumomin Jamus wanda ya kai ga kashe Jamusawa uku kuma na huɗu ya ji rauni. Lamarin ya ƙara tabarbarewa, kuma gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Herero, Manjo Theodor Leutwein, ya tafi kudu don ya jagoranci kansa, inda ya bar kusan babu sojoji a arewa.

Herero sun yi tawaye a farkon 1904, inda suka kashe tsakanin mazauna Jamus 123 zuwa 150, da kuma Boer bakwai da mata uku, a cikin abin da Nils Ole Oermann ya kira "mummunan harin bazata".

Lokacin harin nasu an tsara shi a hankali. Bayan nasarar neman babban dangin Herero su miƙa makamansu, Gwamna Leutwein ya tabbata cewa su da sauran al'ummomin asali sun sami kwanciyar hankali kuma don haka ya janye rabin sojojin Jamus da ke mulkin mallaka. Karkashin jagorancin Babban Samuel Maharero, Herero sun kewaye Okahandja kuma sun yanke hanyoyin dogo da wayoyi zuwa Windhoek, babban birnin mulkin mallaka. Daga nan Maharero ya fitar da sanarwa inda ya haramta wa sojojinsa kashe duk wani ɗan Ingila, Boer, mutanen da ba su da alaƙa, mata da yara gaba ɗaya, ko masu wa'azi na Jamus. Tawayen Herero ya haifar da wani tawaye daban da harin Fort Namutoni a arewacin ƙasar bayan 'yan makonni ta Ondonga.

Wani jarumin Herero da hukumomin Jamus suka yi hira da shi a 1895 ya bayyana hanyar gargajiya ta mutanensa ta magance waɗanda ake zargi da satar shanu, wani magani wanda, a lokacin tawayen, ana yawaita shi ga sojojin Jamus da fararen hula, "Mun ci karo da wasu Khoisan waɗanda ba shakka mun kashe su. Ni da kaina na taimaka wajen kashe ɗaya daga cikinsu. Da farko mun yanke kunnuwansa, muna cewa, 'Ba za ku taɓa jin kukan shanu na Herero ba.' Sannan mun yanke hancinsa, muna cewa, 'Ba za ku taɓa jin ƙamshin shanu na Herero ba.' Sannan kuma mun yanke lebensa, muna cewa, 'Ba za ku taɓa ɗanɗana shanu na Herero ba.' Kuma a ƙarshe mun yanke maƙogwaronsa."

A cewar Robert Gaudi, "Leutwein ya san cewa fushin Daular Jamus yana gab da faɗowa a kansu kuma yana fatan sassauta bugun. Ya aika da saƙonni masu mahimmanci ga Babban Samuel Maherero da fatan sasantawa don kawo ƙarshen yaƙin. A cikin wannan, Leutwein ya yi aiki da kansa, ba tare da kula da halin da ake ciki a Jamus ba, wanda ke kira ga ramuwar gayya mai zubar da jini."

Herero, duk da haka, sun ƙarfafa ta hanyar nasarar su kuma sun fara yarda cewa, "Jamusawa sun fi tsoro don yin yaƙi a fili," kuma sun ƙi tayin zaman lafiya na Leutwein.

Wani mai wa'azi ya rubuta, "Jamusawa cike suke da ƙiyayya mai ban tsoro. Dole ne in kira shi ƙishin jini a kan Herero. Mutum ba ya jin komai sai maganar 'tsabtace,' 'kashe,' 'harbi har mutum na ƙarshe,' 'babu gafara,' da sauransu."

A cewar Robert Gaudi, "Jamusawa sun sha wahala fiye da shan kashi a farkon watanni na 1904; sun sha wulakanci, sojojinsu na zamani masu hazaka ba su iya kayar da 'yan tawaye masu 'rabin tsirara ba.' Kukan a Reichstag, da kuma daga Kaiser da kansa, don kawar da Herero gaba ɗaya ya ƙaru. Lokacin da wani babban memba na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ya nuna cewa Herero mutane ne kamar kowane ɗan Jamus kuma suna da rayuka marasa mutuwa, an yi masa ihu daga dukkan ɓangaren masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na majalisar.

 Manazarta