Noam Chomsky

Avram Noam Chomsky [lower-alpha 1] (an haife shi a watan Disamba 7, 1928) farfesa ne Ba'amurke kuma haziƙin jama'a wanda aka sani da aikinsa a fannin ilimin harshe, gwagwarmayar siyasa, da sukar zamantakewa . Wani lokaci ana kiransa "uban ilimin harshe na zamani", [ b ] Chomsky kuma babban jigo ne a falsafar nazari kuma daya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa fannin kimiyyar fahimi . Shi malami ne wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Arizona kuma ƙwararren malami ne a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT). Daga cikin mafi yawan marubuta masu rai, Chomsky ya rubuta littattafai fiye da 150 a kan batutuwa kamar ilimin harshe, yaki, da siyasa. Baya ga aikinsa a cikin ilimin harshe, tun daga shekarar 1960s Chomsky ya kasance mai tasiri a cikin Amurka hagu a matsayin mai sukar manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka, jari-hujja na yau da kullum, da kuma tasiri na kamfanoni a kan cibiyoyin siyasa da kafofin watsa labaru.

An haife shi ga baƙi Yahudawa na Ashkenazi a Philadelphia, Chomsky ya fara sha'awar anarchism daga madadin kantin sayar da littattafai a birnin New York. Ya yi karatu a University of Pennsylvania . A lokacin aikinsa na digiri na biyu a Harvard Society of Fellows, Chomsky ya haɓaka ka'idar nahawu na canji wanda ya sami digiri na uku a shekarar 1955. A waccan shekarar ya fara koyarwa a MIT, kuma a cikin 1957 ya fito a matsayin babban jigo a fannin ilimin harshe tare da aikin sa na tarihi na Syntactic Structures, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake fasalin nazarin harshe. Daga 1958 zuwa 1959 Chomsky ya kasance ɗan'uwan Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta ƙasa a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba . Ya ƙirƙira ko ya haɗa ka'idar nahawu na duniya, ka'idar nahawu na haɓakawa, matsayi na Chomsky, da ƙaramin shirin . Chomsky kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen raguwar halayyar harshe, kuma ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga aikin BF Skinner .

Wani babban mai adawa da shigar Amurka a yakin Vietnam, wanda ya gani a matsayin wani aiki na mulkin mallaka na Amurka, a cikin shekarar 1967 Chomsky ya tashi da hankalin al'ummar ƙasa saboda rubutunsa na yaƙi da yaƙi " Hakin masu hankali ". Kasancewa yana da alaƙa da Sabon Hagu, an kama shi sau da yawa saboda gwagwarmayarsa kuma aka sanya shi cikin jerin abokan adawar siyasa na Shugaba Richard Nixon . Yayin da yake fadada aikinsa a fannin ilimin harshe a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya kuma shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na harshe . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Edward S. Herman, daga baya Chomsky ya bayyana tsarin farfaganda na sukar kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Yarjejeniyar Masana'antu, kuma ya yi aiki don fallasa mamayar Indonesiya na Gabashin Timor . Kare shi na ' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, gami da ƙaryar Holocaust, ya haifar da babbar gardama a cikin al'amarin Faurisson na 1980s. Sharhin Chomsky kan kisan kiyashin Cambodia da kisan kiyashin Bosniya shima ya haifar da cece-kuce. Tun da ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa mai aiki a MIT, ya ci gaba da fafutukar siyasar sa, gami da adawa da mamayewar Iraki na 2003 da kuma tallafawa motsin Occupy . Wani mai adawa da sahyoniya, Chomsky yana ganin yadda Isra'ila ke yiwa Falasdinawa muni fiye da salon wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu,  kuma ya soki goyon bayan Amurka ga Isra'ila.

Chomsky an san shi sosai a matsayin wanda ya taimaka wajen haifar da juyin juya hali a cikin ilimin kimiyyar ɗan adam, yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka sabon tsarin fahimi don nazarin harshe da tunani. Chomsky ya kasance babban mai sukar manufofin ketare na Amurka, tsarin jari hujja na zamani, shigar Amurka da rawar da Isra'ila ke takawa a rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, da kafofin watsa labarai . Chomsky da ra'ayoyinsa sun kasance suna da tasiri sosai a cikin ƙungiyoyin adawa da jari hujja da na mulkin mallaka . Tun daga 2017, ya kasance Shugaban Agnese Nelms Haury a cikin Shirin Agnese Nelms Haury a cikin Muhalli da Adalci na Jama'a a Jami'ar Arizona .

 Rayuwa 

 Yaranta: 1928-1945 
An haifi Chomsky a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1928, a yankin Gabashin Oak Lane na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. [ 20 ] Iyayensa, William Chomsky da Elsie Simonofsky, sun kasance baƙi Yahudawa. [ 21 ] William ya gudu daga Daular Rasha a 1913 don tserewa shiga aikin soja kuma ya yi aiki a wuraren shakatawa na Baltimore da makarantun firamare na Ibrananci kafin ya halarci jami'a.  Bayan ya koma Philadelphia, William ya zama shugaban makarantar addini ta Ikilisiya Mikveh Isra'ila kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Gratz . Ya ba da muhimmanci sosai kan ilimantar da mutane ta yadda za su kasance "su kasance masu haɗin kai da kyau, masu 'yanci da zaman kansu cikin tunaninsu, da damuwa game da ingantawa da haɓaka duniya, da kuma ɗokin shiga cikin samar da rayuwa mai ma'ana da kuma amfani ga kowa", manufa da ta tsara kuma daga baya ɗansa ya karɓe shi.  Elsie, wadda ita ma ta koyar a Mikveh Isra'ila, ta raba siyasarta ta hagu da kuma kula da al'amuran zamantakewa da 'ya'yanta. 

Ɗan'uwan Noam kaɗai, David Eli Chomsky (1934–2021), an haife shi shekaru biyar bayan haka, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan zuciya a Philadelphia.   ’Yan’uwan sun kasance na kusa, ko da yake Dauda ya kasance da sauƙin kai yayin da Noam zai iya yin gasa sosai. An tashe su Yahudawa, ana koyar da su Ibrananci kuma suna shiga cikin tattaunawa akai-akai tare da tattauna ra'ayoyin siyasa na Sihiyoniya ; Iyalin sun sami tasiri musamman daga rubuce-rubucen sahyoniyawan Hagu na Ahad Ha'am .  Ya fuskanci kyamar baki tun yana yaro, musamman daga al'ummar Irish na Philadelphia da Jamusawa. 

Chomsky ya halarci makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta, Deweyite Oak Lane Country Day School [ 27 ] da Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsakiya ta Philadelphia, inda ya yi fice a fannin ilimi kuma ya shiga kungiyoyi da al'ummomi daban-daban, amma tsarin koyarwa na makarantar ya damu da shi. [ 28 ] Ya kuma halarci makarantar sakandare ta Hebrew a Kwalejin Gratz, inda mahaifinsa ya koyar. [ 29 ]

Chomsky ya bayyana iyayensa a matsayin " Roosevelt Democrats na al'ada" masu siyasar tsakiya, amma dangin da ke da hannu a kungiyar ma'aikatan tufafin mata ta duniya sun fallasa shi ga tsarin gurguzu da siyasa mai nisa . [ 30 ] Kawun nasa da Yahudawan hagu da suka halarci jaridarsa ta New York sun yi tasiri sosai a kan al'amuran yau da kullun. [ 31 ] Chomsky da kansa yakan ziyarci hannun hagu da kantin sayar da littattafai lokacin da ya ziyarci kawun nasa a cikin birni, yana karanta littattafan siyasa.  Ya shiga cikin labarin faduwar 1939 na Barcelona da kuma kawar da motsin anarchosynicalist na Mutanen Espanya, yana rubuta labarinsa na farko game da batun yana da shekaru 10. [ 33 ] Cewa ya fara gane da anarchism maimakon wani motsi na hagu, ya bayyana a matsayin "hadari mai sa'a".  Chomsky ya kasance da ƙarfi anti-Bolshevik a farkon shekarunsa. 

 Jami'a: 1945-1955 
A cikin 1945, yana da shekaru 16, Chomsky ya fara babban shirin karatu a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda ya bincika falsafar, dabaru, da harsuna kuma ya haɓaka sha'awar koyon Larabci . [ 36 ] Yana zaune a gida, ya ba da kuɗin karatun digirinsa ta hanyar koyar da Ibrananci.  Cikin takaici da abubuwan da ya faru a jami'a, ya yi la'akari da ficewa da tafiya zuwa kibbutz a Falasdinu Tilas,  amma an sake farfado da sha'awar iliminsa ta hanyar tattaunawa da masanin harshe Zellig Harris, wanda ya fara saduwa da shi a cikin da'irar siyasa a 1947. Harris ya gabatar da Chomsky a fagen ilimin harshe na ka'idar kuma ya gamsar da shi ya zama babba a cikin batun. [ 39 ] Chomsky's BA yana girmama kasida, "Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew", amfani da hanyoyin Harris zuwa harshen. [ 40 ] Chomsky ya sake duba wannan kasida ga MA, wanda ya samu daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1951; daga baya aka buga shi a matsayin littafi. [ 41 ] Ya kuma ci gaba da sha'awar falsafa yayin da yake jami'a, musamman a karkashin kulawar Nelson Goodman . 

Daga 1951 zuwa 1955, Chomsky ya kasance memba na Society of Fellows a Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya gudanar da bincike a kan abin da ya zama digirinsa na digiri. [ 43 ] Bayan da Goodman ya ƙarfafa shi ya yi amfani da shi,  Chomsky ya jawo hankalin Harvard a wani ɓangare saboda masanin falsafa Willard Van Orman Quine ya dogara ne a can. Dukansu Quine da masanin falsafa mai ziyara, JL Austin na Jami'ar Oxford, sun yi tasiri sosai ga Chomsky.  A cikin 1952, Chomsky ya buga labarinsa na farko na ilimi a cikin Journal of Symbolic Logic .  Yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga kafuwar halin ɗabi'a a cikin ilimin harshe, a cikin 1954, ya gabatar da ra'ayoyinsa a laccoci a Jami'ar Chicago da Jami'ar Yale .  Ba a yi masa rajista a matsayin ɗalibi a Pennsylvania na tsawon shekaru huɗu ba, amma a cikin 1955 ya ƙaddamar da kasida ta bayyana ra'ayoyinsa game da nahawu na canji ; an ba shi digiri na Doctor na Falsafa don shi, kuma an rarraba shi a asirce tsakanin ƙwararrun masana kan microfilm kafin a buga shi a cikin 1975 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin Mahimmanci na Ka'idar Harshe . [ 47 ] Farfesan Harvard , George Armitage Miller ya ji daɗin kasida ta Chomsky kuma ya yi aiki tare da shi a kan takaddun fasaha da yawa a cikin ilimin harshe .  Chomsky na digirin digirgir ya keɓe shi daga aikin soja na tilas, wanda in ba haka ba zai fara a 1955. 

A cikin 1947, Chomsky ya fara dangantaka ta soyayya tare da Carol Doris Schatz, wanda ya sani tun lokacin yaro. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1949. [ 50 ] Bayan Chomsky ya zama Fellow a Harvard, ma'auratan sun koma yankin Allston na Boston kuma sun kasance a can har zuwa 1965, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa unguwar Lexington .  Ma'auratan sun ɗauki kyautar balaguron balaguron Harvard zuwa Turai a cikin 1953.  Ya ji daɗin zama a Hashomer Hatzair 's HaZore'a kibbutz yayin da yake Isra'ila, amma ya firgita da mu'amalarsa da kishin Yahudawa, wariyar launin fata na Larabawa da, a cikin al'ummar kibbutz na hagu, Stalinism . [ 53 ] A ziyarar zuwa birnin New York, Chomsky ya ci gaba da zama ofishin jaridar anarchist na Yiddish Fraye Arbeter Shtime kuma ya ji daɗin ra'ayoyin Rudolf Rocker, mai ba da gudummawa wanda aikinsa ya gabatar da Chomsky zuwa haɗin kai tsakanin anarchism da sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya . [ 54 ] Chomsky kuma ya karanta wasu masu tunani na siyasa: masu ra'ayin rikau Mikhail Bakunin da Diego Abad de Santillán, 'yan gurguzu na dimokuradiyya George Orwell, Bertrand Russell, da Dwight Macdonald, da Marxists Karl Liebknecht, Karl Korsch, da Rosa Luxemburg .  An sake tabbatar da siyasarsa ta hanyar hoton Orwell na ƙungiyar anarchist na Barcelona a cikin Homage to Catalonia (1938).  Chomsky ya karanta mujallar siyasa ta hagu, wanda ya ƙara sha'awar anarchism,  da majalisar gurguzu mai rayayyun Marxism na lokaci-lokaci, kodayake ya ƙi ka'idar Markisanci na editan sa, Paul Mattick . 

 Farkon aiki: 1955-1966 
Chomsky ya yi abokantaka da masana harsuna biyu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) - Morris Halle da Roman Jakobson - wanda na karshen ya ba shi mukamin mataimakin farfesa a 1955. A MIT, Chomsky ya kashe rabin lokacinsa akan aikin fassarar injina da rabi yana koyar da kwas kan ilimin harshe da falsafa. [ 59 ] Ya bayyana MIT a matsayin bude don gwaji inda ya sami 'yanci don biyan bukatun sa na ban mamaki.  MIT ta ba shi mukamin mataimakin farfesa a 1957, kuma a shekara ta gaba shi ma malami ne mai ziyara a Jami'ar Columbia . [ 61 ] Chomskys sun haifi ɗansu na farko, Aviva, a wannan shekarar. [ 62 ] Har ila yau, ya buga littafinsa na farko a kan ilimin harshe, Tsarin Tsare-tsare, aikin da ya yi tsayayya da rinjaye na Harris- Bloomfield a cikin filin. [ 63 ] Amsoshi ga ra'ayoyin Chomsky sun kasance daga rashin damuwa ga ƙiyayya, kuma aikinsa ya nuna rarrabuwar kawuna kuma ya haifar da "gagarumin tashin hankali" a cikin horo.  Masanin ilimin harshe John Lyons daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa Tsarukan Syntactic "sun kawo sauyi ga binciken kimiyya na harshe".  Daga 1958 zuwa 1959 Chomsky ɗan'uwan Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta ƙasa ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Princeton, New Jersey . [ 66 ]
Manazarta
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