Bauta a Misira

An yi bauta a Masar har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20. Ya bambanta da bautar da aka yi a zamanin d Misira, ana gudanar da shi bisa tsarin shari'ar Musulunci tun daga mamayar halifanci a ƙarni na 7 har zuwa lokacin da wannan al'adar ta tsaya a farkon karni na 20, wanda a hankali aka kau a lokacin da aka hana cinikin bayi a karshen karni na 19.

A tarihin Musulunci na ƙasar Masar, bayi sun kasu kashi uku ne: bayi maza da ake amfani da su wajen aikin soja da masu rike da mukamai, da kuyangi mata da ake amfani da su wajen yin zina a matsayin kuyangi, da kuyangi da labbai da ake amfani da su wajen hidimar gida a cikin gidajen barayi da masu zaman kansu. A ƙarshen zamani, an sami karuwar bautar noma. Mutanen da aka yi bauta a Masar a lokacin Islama galibi sun fito ne daga Turai da Kaucasus (wadanda ake kira "fararen fata"), ko kuma daga Sudan da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara (wadanda ake kira "baƙar fata"). Matsin lamba na Burtaniya ya haifar da kawar da cinikin bayi tsakanin 1877 da 1884. Ba a daina bautar da kanta ba, amma sannu a hankali ta mutu bayan an daina cinikin bayi, tun da ba za a iya samun sabbin bayi a bisa doka ba, kuma an ba bayin da ke da ’yancin neman ’yanci. Har yanzu ana riƙe mutane a matsayin bayi a ƙarshen 1930s.

Har wala yau, Masar ta kasance tushe, hanyar wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da ake zuwa don fataucin mutane, musamman ma aikin tilastawa da karuwanci (cf. fataucin mutane a Masar ), kodayake gwamnati ta ɗauki matakai don murkushe irin waɗannan ayyuka a ƙarni na 21st.

 Abbasid Misra: 750-935 
Masar ta kasance karkashin Khalifancin Abbasiyawa a 750-935. Don haka cibiyar bautar ta bi tsarin bautar da aka yi a khalifancin Abbasiyawa, duk da cewa tana da nata halin gida.

 cinikin bayi 
Wata hanyar bawa ta fito ne daga mutanen da Masar ta yi yarjejeniya da su. Masar da Nubia sun ci gaba da zaman lafiya bisa shahararriyar yarjejeniyar Baqṭ, wadda Nubia ke ba da bayi ga Masar kowace shekara, da Masarautar Masarautar Nubia. [1] Baqt din bai ba da damar kai hare-haren bayi zuwa Nubia ba, duk da haka Masar ta sayi bayin Nubian da kabilun Buja da ke zaune a Hamada ta Gabas ta Nubia suka kama, da kuma bayin Buja da Nubian suka kama; Masar ta kuma kai hare-haren bayi zuwa Nubia ko Buja a duk lokacin da suka karya sharuddan yarjejeniyar. Masu fataucin bayi na Masar masu zaman kansu sun kuma kai farmakin bayi daga yankin Afirka ta Masar ta hanyar amfani da keta yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya na cikin gida a matsayin hujja. [1] Masu fataucin bayi na Masar sau da yawa suna ba da asalin kamammu a kasuwar bayi, wanda hakan ya sa ba za a iya sanin ko an ƙwace bayin daga mutanen da Masar ta yi yarjejeniya da su ba. [1]

Hanya ta biyu kuma ta fito ne daga yankunan da Masar ba ta da wata yarjejeniya da su, wanda a cikin shari'ar Musulunci ya halatta hare-haren bayi. Masu fataucin bayi kuma suna cinikin mutanen da aka kama daga al'ummomin da hukumomin musulmi ba su da wata yarjejeniya ta zaman lafiya da su. Tarihin Magabata ya yi nuni da cewa, an kai hare-haren bayi a gabar tekun Rumawa na Asiya Ƙarama da Turai, a lokacin da "Musulmai suka kwashe Rumawa daga ƙasashensu suka kawo da yawa daga cikinsu zuwa Masar (ko Fusṭāṭ [Miṣr])".  Hudud al-ʿālam na ƙarni na 10 ya yi iƙirarin cewa ’yan kasuwa Masar sun sace yara daga “Baƙaƙe” a kudancin Nubia, inda suka jefa yaran kafin su yi safarar su zuwa Masar. 

Hanya ta uku ita ce lokacin da dillalan bayi suka kama wasu Masarawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda doka ta haramta. Masarawan da aka kama galibi ko dai Masarawa ba musulmi ba ne, irin su Kiristocin Koftik, ko kuma ’ya’yan baƙar fata tsoffin bayi. 

 Kasuwar bayi 
A cikin wannan lokacin, watakila mafi mahimmancin wurin kasuwar bayi a Masar shine Fusṭāṭ . Masu fataucin bayi daga Gabas Kusa da Byzantium da Turai da Arewacin Afirka da kuma tsibiran Bahar Rum sun yi fatauci da sayar da bayi a Masar, inda a cewar masanin fikihu Aṣbagh b. al-Faraj (d. 839) "mutane suna sha'awar sama da duk bayin da aka shigo da su",  kuma daga cikin bayin da aka yi fataucin akwai bayin Slavic, Bature ko Anatoliya, Berber, da asalin Afirka Sudan.  ’Yan kasuwa sun sayar da eunuch da “matan bayi ( jawārī ) da bayi mata (waṣāʾif)”, kuma an ambaci bayi a matsayin masu yin ayyuka na gida, gudanar da ayyuka, isar da sako ko tattara saƙo ko kaya, suna taimaka wa iyayengijinsu a tafiye-tafiyen kasuwanci ko harkokin gudanarwa a lokacin da iyayengijinsu ba su nan, kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin bayi (ƙuragizai). 

A cikin wannan zamani, an haifi bayi a Masar a cikin bauta, ko kuma fursunonin bayi da suka shigo da su daga wajen daular Musulunci, kuma takardun da aka adana sun nuna cewa bayi ne da suka mamaye kasuwar bayi ta Masar.  Ƙarfafawa da Musulunci ya yi game da cin zarafin bayi, da kuma matsayin 'yantacce da aka bai wa ƴaƴa bawa da ubangiji (haɗe da kasancewar yawancin ƴaƴan da aka haifa ga bayi suna da ubanni 'yantacce), yana nuni da cewa ƙasar Masar ta dogara ne akan ci gaba da kwararar sabbin bayi don riƙon yawan bayi, tun da ƴan bayin da aka haifa ga bayi sun zama bayi da kansu  sai dai idan an haife su ga bayi biyu maimakon mace da bawa.

 Khalifan Fatimid: 909–1171 
A lokacin Khalifancin Fatimid (909-1171) an yi safarar bayi zuwa Masar ta hanyoyi da dama daga kasashen da ba na Musulunci ba a Kudu, Arewa, Yamma da Gabas. Tsarin bautar soja ya faɗaɗa a wannan lokacin, wanda ya haifar da babbar buƙata ga bayi maza don amfani da bautar soja. An yi amfani da bayi mata don bautar jima'i a matsayin ƙwaraƙwara ko kuma a matsayin bayin gida.

 cinikin bayi 
An ci gaba da cinikin bayi a yankin Sahara a lokacin daular Mamluk Sultanate. An azurta Masar da Bakar fata Bakar fata daga Sudan ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Baqt da suka yi shekaru aru-aru har zuwa karni na 14. Mafi kusancin dangantaka ta kasance a zamanin Fatimid a Masar. 'Yan Shi'a Fatimidawa suna da 'yan kawaye a duniyar Islama wadda galibinsu 'yan Sunna ne, kuma Nubia babbar abokiyar kawance ce. Bayin da aka aiko daga Nubia sun kasance kashin bayan sojojin Fatimid.

An ba wa Turawa saqaliba bayi zuwa Masar ta hanyoyi da dama. Kasuwancin bayi na Venetian Balkan ya faɗaɗa sosai a wannan lokacin. Har ila yau , cinikin bayi na Andalus ya ba da bayi na Turai, waɗanda aka samo asali ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Prague .

 Kasuwar bayi 

 Bayi mata 
An yi amfani da bayi mata da farko a matsayin bayin gida, ko kuma ƙwaraƙwara (bayin jima'i) .

Kasuwar bayi ta rarraba bawa bisa ga ra’ayin kabilanci; Ana ganin matan bayi na Berber a matsayin manufa don aikin gida, hidimar jima'i da haihuwa; baƙar fata bayi mata a matsayin docile, robust da kyau kwarai rigar ma'aikatan jinya ; Byzantine (Girkanci) a matsayin bayi waɗanda za a iya ba da amana da kayayyaki masu daraja; Matan Farisa a matsayin masu kula da yara nagari; Matan bayi Larabawa a matsayin ƙwararrun mawaƙa, yayin da 'yan matan Indiya da Armeniya ana ganin suna da wuyar sarrafawa da sarrafawa; 'yan matan, mafi kyawun kasuwa. 

 Bayi Maza 
An yi amfani da bayi maza duka biyu don aiki tuƙuru, hidimar eunuch, da bautar soja. Tsarin bautar soja ya girma cikin mahimmanci a wannan lokacin.

A cikin khalifancin Isma'ili Fatimid (909-1171 CE), eunuchs sun taka rawa sosai a siyasar kotun khalifanci a cikin cibiyar bauta a cikin khalifancin Fatimid . An saba siyan waɗannan eunuchs daga gwanjon bayi kuma galibi sun fito ne daga kabilu marasa rinjaye na Larabawa da waɗanda ba Larabawa ba. A wasu lokuta, an sayo su daga iyalai masu daraja daban-daban na daular, wanda hakan zai hada wadannan iyalai da halifa. Gabaɗaya, ko da yake, an fi son bayi na kasashen waje, wanda aka kwatanta da "masu hidima na kwarai". 

Da zarar an bautar da eunuch sau da yawa ana sanya su cikin matsayi mai mahimmanci a ɗaya daga cikin fagage huɗu: hidimar membobin kotuna; hidimar Fatimid harem, ko kuma mata na kotu; mukaman gudanarwa da na malamai; da aikin soja.  Misali, a lokacin mamayar Fatimid na Alkahira, eunuchs na Masar sun mallaki garrison soja ( shurta ) da kasuwanni ( Hisba ), mukamai biyu a karkashin alkalin alkalai kawai. Sai dai kuma fasihin Fatimid da suka fi yin tasiri su ne waxanda suka yi wa halifa da gidan sarauta hidima kai tsaye a matsayin ‘yan majalisa, ma’aji, hakimai da hakimai.  Kusancinsu kai tsaye da halifa da iyalansa ya ba su damammakin siyasa. Wani bābā, Jawdhar, ya zama hujja ga Imam-Khalifa al-Qa'im, matsayi mai tsarki a cikin Shi'a Islama da aka damƙa wa liman ya zaɓi wanda zai gaje shi bayan mutuwarsa. 

Akwai wasu manyan labbai da yawa a tarihin Fatimid, musamman Abu'l-Fadi Rifq al-Khadim da Abu'l-Futuh Barjawan al-Ustadh .  Rifq wani eunuch janar ne na Afirka wanda ya zama gwamnan Damascus har zuwa lokacin da ya jagoranci sojoji 30,000 a yakin neman fadada ikon Fatimid a arewa maso gabas zuwa birnin Aleppo na kasar Syria. An lura da shi don samun damar haɗa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na Afirka, Larabawa, Badawiyya, Berbers, da Turkawa cikin runduna guda ɗaya wacce ta sami nasarar yaƙi da Mirdasids, Badawiyya, da Rumawa.

Barjawan bature ne a zamanin marigayi Fatimidu wanda ya samu mulki ta hanyar soja da basirar siyasa wanda ya kawo zaman lafiya a tsakanin su da daular Rumawa. Haka kuma, ya murkushe tawaye a Libiya da Levant. Bisa la'akari da kimarsa da karfinsa a kotu da soja sai ya karbe ragamar halifancin daga hannun dalibinsa na lokacin al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ; sannan yayi mulki a matsayin de facto Regent 997 CE. Kwace mulki daga hannun halifa ya haifar da kashe shi a shekara 1000 Miladiyya bisa umarnin al-Hakim.

Haremin Fatimid
Daular Fatimiyya (909–1171) ta gina tsarin haremi bisa tsarin da Daular Abbasiyawa ta kafa tun farko.  
Tsarin haremin Abbasiyawa ya zama abin koyi ga haremin sauran shugabannin Musulmi da suka zo daga baya, kuma irin wannan tsari ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wasu daulolin Musulunci na zamanin Tsakiya, ciki har da haremin Daular Fatimid a Masar. Haremin Fatimid ya yi kama da na Abbasiyawa, inda mahaifiyar halifa ke daukar matsayi mafi girma, sai kuma bayi mata da suka haifi 'ya'ya (wanda ke basu matsayin umm walad); bayi mata masu nishadantarwa Jawaris, bayi mata masu kula da gida da ake kira qahramanas, da kuma kwarararrun bayi maza (eunuchs).El-Azhari, Taef. *Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257.* Edinburgh University Press, 2019. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvnjbg3q. Accessed 27 Mar. 2021.

Mace mafi girma a haremin Fatimid galibi ita ce mahaifiyar Halifa, ko kuma mahaifiyar magajin gado ko wata danginsa ta jini, wacce ake kira da sayyida ko al-sayyida al-malika ("Sarauniya").Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 75  
Mata na musamman ga Halifa asali bayi ne mata da Halifa zai iya aurewa ko amfani da su a matsayin matan gado; a kowane hali, ana kiranta da jiha ko al-jiha al-aliya ("Mai Girma").  
Galibin matan gado na Halifan Fatimid sun kasance asalin Kiristoci ne, ana bayyana su a matsayin kyawawan mawaka, masu rawa da masu kida; ana yawan rubuta wakokin soyayya a kansu, amma kuma sukan fuskanci zargin shawo kan halifa.Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 76  
Mataki na uku a haremin mata shi ne bayi mata da aka horas da su wajen waka, rawa da kiɗa domin su nishadantar da sarauta; wasu daga cikinsu ana bayar da su a matsayin kyauta tsakanin masu mulki.  
Mafi ƙasƙancin mataki a cikin haremin mata sun kasance bayi mata da aka tanada don aikin gida daban-daban a cikin harem da fadar sarauta; waɗannan mata ana kiran su da shadadat kuma suna da damar hulɗa da waje, domin su ke safarar kaya daga waje zuwa harem ta cikin ramin ƙasa da ake kira saradib.Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 82

Dukkan mata (bayi) da ke aiki a fada ana kiran su da *mustakhdimat* ko *qusuriyyat*; wadanda ke aiki a cikin gidan sarauta ana kiran su *muqimat* yayin da wadanda ke aiki a cikin taraktocin sana’a a Fustat ko Qarafa ake kiran su *munqaqitat*.Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 80  
Bayi mata suna aiki a taraktocin sarauta, *arbab al-san'i min al-qusuriyyat*, inda ake sarrafa tufafi da abinci; wadanda ke aiki a taraktocin jama'a ana kiran su *zahir* kuma wadanda ke aiki don kayan da ake tanada don fadar sarauta kawai ana kiran su *khassa*.  
Akwai kusan mata bayi talatin a kowace taraktoci, karkashin jagorancin wata bayi mace mai suna *zayn al-khuzzan*, matsayi da galibi ake ba bayi mace daga Girka.Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 81

Bayin kwararrun maza (eunuchs) su ke kula da haremin mata, suna tsare su, sanar da su, kawo rahoto game da su ga Halifa, kuma su ne hanyarsu ta tuntuba da waje.Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). *Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam.* Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. shafi na 80

Haremin Halifa da kuma na sauran mazajen manyan sarakuna na iya kunshe da dubban bayi: misali, vizier Ibn yana da matan gado har 800 da kuma masu tsaro maza 4,000.

Sarkin Ayyubid: 1171–1250

Sarkin Ayyubid (1171–1250) ya haɗa da Masar da Siriya, don haka tsarin bauta a waɗannan yankuna yana da tarihin da ya haɗu a lokacin Daular Ayyubid.

Kasuwancin bayi
Bayin Afirka ana jigilar su zuwa Masar ta hanyar kasuwancin bayi daga Sudan. Yarjejeniyar baqt tana ci gaba da aiki a wannan lokaci. Duk da haka, dangantaka ta kara tabarbarewa a karkashin mulkin Ayyubids, wanda hakan ya shafi aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Baqt.

Kasuwancin bayi ta hamadar Sahara ya kawo bayin Afirka daga yammacin Afirka.

Kasuwancin bayi ta Tekun Ja ya samar da bayi zuwa gabar gabas ta Masar. Wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance Afirkawa, amma akwai bayanai da ke nuna cewa an kawo wasu Indiyawa zuwa Masar ta wannan hanya.

Kasuwancin bayi na Venice ya fitar da bayi zuwa Masar ta hanyar da yanzu ake kira kasuwancin bayi na Balkan a wannan zamani.

Bayin Turawa da na Asiya an fitar da su daga Asiya ta Tsakiya zuwa Masar ta hanyar kasuwancin bayi na Bukhara. Maza Turawa sun fi samun daraja a matsayin sojojin bayi.

Fursunonin yaƙi

Fursunonin Kirista daga kasar Salibiyawa an san an mai da su bayi a cikin shekaru biyu na mulkin Salibiyawa. Wannan ya haɗa da sojoji maza da kuma fararen hula kamar mata da yara.

Wani shahararren lamari shine Kame Urushalima (1187). Daga cikin mutanen da ba su iya biyan fansa ba, 15,000 an sayar da su a matsayin bayi. A cewar Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, 7,000 daga cikinsu maza ne kuma 8,000 mata da yara.

Madan da Musulmai na lokacin sun bayyana yi wa mata da 'yan mata na ƙasashen da ba Musulmi ba fyade da kuma bautar jima'i bayan faduwar birnin Urushalima:  

Kasuwar bayi

Mata bayi sun fi yawa fiye da maza bayi a Masar.Hagedorn, J. H. (2019). Slavery in Syria and Egypt, 1200–1500. Tyskland: Bonn University Press.30

Mata bayi galibi ana amfani da su a matsayin mata aikatau ko kuma ƙonƙubina (mata bayi masu jima'i). Shajar al-Durr ta zama daya daga cikin fitattun mata bayi ƙonƙubina na fadar Ayyubid.

Babban kasuwa ga bayin maza a Masar shine tsarin sojojin bayi mamluki, wanda ke da matuƙar muhimmanci a zamanin mulkin Ayyubid. Yawancin sojojin bayi sun fito ne daga asalin Turkiyya ko Sifaniya (Circassia).

Harami na Ayyubid
Harami na sarakunan Daular Ayyubid a Masar da Sham (1171–1250) yana kama da wanda ya gabata a zamanin Fatimid.

Mata, uwa da 'yan uwan matan sarakunan Ayyubid ba a san su da yawa ba a tarihin. A wasu lokuta, sarakunan Ayyubid suna auren 'yantattu mata Musulmi: Sarki Salahuddin ya auri mata da dama, wanda aka fi sani da su su ne Ismat ad-Din Khatun, da kuma Sitti Sawda. Amma galibi, sarakunan sun fi son amfani da ƙonƙubina mata bayi don haihuwa.

Mata bayi wadanda ba Musulmi ba ana shigo da su a matsayin kafirai daga dar al-harb (ƙasashen da ba Musulmi ba) kuma ana tilasta musu su karɓi addinin Musulunci da zarar sun iso.Ruggles, D. Fairchild. "The Geographic and Social Mobility of Slaves: The Rise of Shajar Al-Durr, a Slave-Concubine in Thirteenth-Century Egypt." The Medieval Globe, vol. 2 no. 1, 2016, p. 41–55. Project MUSE, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758524.  
A cikin harami, mata bayi suna aiki a matsayin aikatau ko kuma ana zaɓe su don bautar jima'i a matsayin ƙonƙubina. Wasu matan bayi suna samun horo a fannoni daban-daban na fasaha don yin nishaɗi a matsayin qiyan-masu nishaɗi, kuma wasu daga cikin ƙonƙubina mafi soyuwa a fadar Ayyubid sun kasance qiyan, irin su Surur (qiyan)Yasemin Gökpinar: Der ṭarab der Sängersklavinnen: Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār von Ibn Faḍlallāh al-ʿUmarī (gest. 749/1349): Textkritische Edition des 10. Kapitels Ahl ʿilm al-mūsīqī mit kommentierter Übersetzung, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden 2021, S. 260–263. da Adschība (qiyan).Yasemin Gökpinar: Der ṭarab der Sängersklavinnen: Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār von Ibn Faḍlallāh al-ʿUmarī (gest. 749/1349): Textkritische Edition des 10. Kapitels Ahl ʿilm al-mūsīqī mit kommentierter Übersetzung, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden 2021, S. 268–277.

Sarki bai tilasta masa yin aure ba, kuma wasu daga cikinsu ba su taɓa aure ba. Maimakon haka, suna haihuwa ne ta hanyar ƙonƙubina. Idan ƙonƙubina ta haifi ɗa kuma Sarki ya amince da ɗan a matsayin nasa, ana ɗaukarta matsayin Umm Walad, kuma a matsayin uwa ga ɗan sarki, ana ɗaukarta cikakkiyar memba ta gidan sarauta.

Sarki na iya ‘yantar da ƙonƙubina sannan ya aure ta, amma ba lallai bane, domin a cikin dokar Musulunci, ɗan da ƙonƙubina ta haifa yana da dukkan haƙƙin shari’a idan mahaifinsa ya amince da shi. Fitacciyar memba a cikin haramin Ayyubid ita ce Shajar al-Durr, wadda ta shigo a matsayin ƙonƙubina, aka ‘yantar da ita bayan haihuwar ɗa, sannan a wani lokaci na musamman, ta hau karagar mulki bayan mutuwar wanda ya mallake ta.

Matar ko ƙonƙubinar da ta haifi magajin sarauta, ita ce mafi daraja a cikin harami. Baya ga matan bayi, matan harami suna samun taimako daga khawaji (bayin eunuƙ).
Masarautar Ayyubiyya: 1171–1250

Masarautar Ayyubiyya (1171–1250) ta haɗa da Masar da Siriya, don haka tsarin bauta a waɗannan yankuna yana da tarihin da ya haɗu a lokacin diyar Ayyubiyya.

Kasuwar bayi
An kawar da bayi daga Afirka zuwa Masar ta hanyar cinikin bayi daga Sudan. Yarjejeniyar baqt har yanzu tana aiki a wannan lokacin, duk da cewa dangantaka ta tsananta a ƙarƙashin Ayyubiyya wanda hakan ya shafi yadda ake aiwatar da baqt ɗin.

Cinikin bayi na Trans-Saharan yana kawo bayi daga yammacin Afirka.

Cinikin bayi ta Tekun Ja yana kawo bayi zuwa gabar gabas ta Masar. Waɗannan yawanci 'yan Afirka ne, sai dai an ambaci cewa wasu Indiyawa ma sun shiga cikin wannan ciniki zuwa Masar.

Cinikin bayi na Venice yana fitar da bayi zuwa Masar ta hanyar da yanzu ake kira Cinikin bayi na Balkan a wannan zamani.

Bayi Turawa da daga Asiya suna zuwa daga Tsakiyar Asiya zuwa Masar ta hanyar Cinikin bayi na Bukhara. Bayin Turawa maza sun fi daraja a matsayin sojojin bayi.

Fursunonin yaƙi

An sani cewa an yi bautar Kiristoci daga Ƙasashen yaƙin Salibi a cikin shekaru biyu na mulkin Kiristoci. Wannan bai haɗa da maza sojoji kaɗai ba har da fararen hula mata da yara.

Shahararren abin da ya faru shi ne Sallar Urushalima (1187). Mutane 15,000 da ba su iya biyan fansa ba an sayar da su a matsayin bayi. A cewar Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, 7,000 daga cikinsu maza ne, 8,000 kuma mata da yara ne.

Tarihin Musulunci na wannan lokaci ya bayyana fyade da bautar mata ba Musulmi ba bayan faduwar Urushalima:  

Kasuwar bayi
Akwai rinjaye a yawan bayin mata akan bayin maza da aka kawo Masar.Hagedorn, J. H. (2019). Slavery in Syria and Egypt, 1200–1500. Bonn University Press. shafi 30

Bayin mata ana amfani da su ne musamman a matsayin yan aiki a gida ko kuma surukai (bayin jima'i). Shajar al-Durr ta shahara a matsayin tsohuwar baiwar da ta kasance surukiya a haram din sarakunan Ayyubiyya.

Kasuwar bayi maza a Masar ita ce ta tsarin sojojin bayi na mamluki, wanda ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare a mulkin Ayyubiyya. Yawancin waɗannan sojojin bayi sun fito ne daga Turkiyya ko Circassia.

Haram din Ayyubiyya
Haram ɗin sarakunan diyar Ayyubiyya na Masar da Levant (1171–1250) yana kama da na gabansa, wato haram ɗin Fatimiyya.

Mata da 'yan uwa mata na sarakunan Ayyubiyya ba su da cikakken bayani. A wasu lokuta, sarakunan Ayyubiyya sun auri mata Musulmai 'yantattu: Sultan Saladin ya auri mata da dama, shahararriya daga cikinsu ita ce Ismat ad-Din Khatun, sannan wani sarki ya auri Sitti Sawda. Duk da haka, mafi yawan lokaci, sarakuna sun fi son amfani da bayin surukai wajen samun zuri'a.

Bayin mata ba Musulmai an shigo da su daga dar al-harb (kasashen ba Musulmai) a matsayin kafirai, kuma dole sai an musuluntar da su da zarar sun isa.

A cikin haram, bayin mata suna yi wa sarakuna hidima a matsayin 'yan aiki ko kuma a zabesu a matsayin surukai. Wasu daga cikin bayin mata ana koyar da su fasahohi irin na kiɗa da waka don su zama qiyan masu nishaɗantarwa. Daga cikin shahararrun bayin surukai masu fasaha a haram ɗin Ayyubiyya akwai Surur (qiyan)Yasemin Gökpinar: Der ṭarab der Sängersklavinnen: Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār von Ibn Faḍlallāh al-ʿUmarī (gest. 749/1349): Textkritische Edition des 10. Kapitels Ahl ʿilm al-mūsīqī mit kommentierter Übersetzung, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden 2021, S. 260–263. da Adschība (qiyan).Yasemin Gökpinar: Der ṭarab der Sängersklavinnen: Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār von Ibn Faḍlallāh al-ʿUmarī (gest. 749/1349): Textkritische Edition des 10. Kapitels Ahl ʿilm al-mūsīqī mit kommentierter Übersetzung, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden 2021, S. 268–277.

Sarki ba lallai ne ya yi aure ba, kuma wasu ba su yi ba. Maimakon haka, suna haifar da 'ya'ya ta hanyar surukai. Idan surukiya ta haifi ɗa kuma sarki ya amince da mahaifancinsa, to tana samu matsayin Umm Walad, kuma a matsayin mahaifiyar ɗan sarki, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin cikakkiyar mamba a gidan sarauta.

Sarkin zai iya 'yantar da surukiyarsa ya auri ta, amma babu buƙatar sai ya yi hakan, domin a shari’ar Musulunci, ɗan da surukiya ta haifa ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin haramun muddin mahaifi ya amince da shi. Shahararriyar baiwar da ta fi kowa fice a haram ɗin Ayyubiyya ita ce Shajar al-Durr, wadda ta shigo a matsayin surukiya, aka 'yantar da ita bayan ta haifi ɗa da aka amince da shi, sannan a cikin wani lamari na musamman ta hau karagar mulki bayan mutuwar wanda ya mallake ta.

Matar ko surukiyar da ta haifi magajin gado, ita ce ke da mafi girman matsayi a haram. Baya ga bayin mata, akwai kuma bayi 'yan daudu da ke hidima a cikin haram.

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