Chowanoc

Chowanoc,  suma Chowanoke, ƙabilar Amurka ce ta Algonquian waɗanda a tarihi suka rayu kusa da kogin Chowan a Arewacin Carolina . 

A lokacin da aka fara tuntuɓar Ingilishi a cikin 1580s, ƙabila ce babba kuma mai tasiri kuma ta kasance a cikin tsakiyar karni na 17. 

A cikin 1677, bayan Yaƙin Chowanoc, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila sun ware wuri don ƙabilar da ke kusa da Bennett Creek . Chowanoc ya sha fama da yawan mace-mace saboda cututtuka masu yaduwa, gami da cutar sankarau a cikin 1696.

Zuriyar Chowanoc sun haɗu da Tuscarora a farkon karni na 18. 

 Suna 
An kuma rubuta sunan Chowanoc Chawanook, Chowanock, Chowanoke, da Chawwonock. Ana kuma san su da Chowanoc Confederacy.  Sunan su Algonquian kuma ana fassara su da "su na kudu" ko "masu kudu". 

 Yanki 
Chowanoc yana da ƙauyuka daga arewacin mahaɗin Chowan da Meherrin Rivers zuwa bakin kogin Chowan. Ƙila an gina ƙananan garuruwa tare da Bennett Creek da tributary na Meherrin da Wiccacon Rivers . 

 Archaeology 
Masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun bincika garin na farko wanda ake kira Chowanoc a cikin 1980s kuma sun gano cewa an kafa shi a karni na 10 AZ. 

 Tarihi 

 Karni na 16 
Kimanin 1,200 zuwa 2,500  Chowanoc sun rayu a kusa da kogin Chowan, kusa da kogin Nottoway da Meherrin, lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka isa 1584, kuma sun kasance ƙabila mafi yawan jama'a a yankinsu.   Gwamnan mulkin mallaka Ralph Lane ya ci karo da ƙabilar a lokacin da tsohon Cif Menatonon ya jagorance su (fl. 1580s).  Lane's ya yi garkuwa da ɗan Menatonon Skiko don tilasta wa sarkin ya taimaka wa turawan mulkin mallaka a ƙoƙarinsu na haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka da ƙabilun maƙwabta da kuma tabbatar da goyon bayan Menatonon ga turawan Ingila.   Lokacin da Skiko ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa, Lane ya “dakatar da shi a cikin ƙorafi, yana barazanar yanke kansa.” 

Ƙauyensu sun haɗa da Maraton, Ramushonok, da Obanoak, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da Metocaum da Catoking.  ilmin lissafin Ingilishi kuma masanin zane-zane Thomas Harriot ya rubuta cewa Chowanoc yana da ƙauyuka 18.  Harriot ya kiyasta cewa kabilar za ta iya tattara mayaka 700 ko 800 a yakin.  Lane ya bayyana wannan garin a matsayin babban wanda zai tara mayaka 700 zuwa 800, wanda hakan ke nufin yawan mutanen babban birnin ya zarce 2,100.

Taswirar Theodor de Bry ta 1590 biyar na ƙabilar a kan kogin sunansu.  na 17
A cikin 1607 wani balaguron turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila, a yankin bisa umarnin Kyaftin John Smith na Jamestown, ya gano cewa da kyar an bar wasu mutanen Chowanoc a bakin kogin Chowan.An rage su zuwa ƙauye ɗaya a gundumar Gates a kan Bennett Creek.

A cikin 1607 wani balaguron mulkin mallaka na Ingila, a yankin bisa umarnin Kyaftin John Smith na Jamestown, ya gano cewa 'yan Chowanoc kaɗan ne suka rage a gefen kogin Chowan. An rage su zuwa ƙauye ɗaya a hayin kogin a gundumar Gates a kan Bennett Creek.

Chowanoc ya kiyaye yawan jama'a ta hanyar 1650.  Ƙarin masu mulkin mallaka na Ingilishi sun zauna kusa da Albemarle Sound kuma sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Chowanoc a 1663. Duk da haka, kabilar sun warware zaman lafiya ta hanyar shiga yakin Susquehannah.  Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, a cikin 1644 da Chowanoc War na 1675 zuwa 1677, Chowanoc ya sami isasshen ƙarfi don yin yaƙe-yaƙe biyu a kan mazauna Ingila. Sun hadu da shan kashi kowane lokaci.

Bayan wadannan yaƙe-yaƙe, a cikin 1677, mazauna sun tilasta wa Chowanoc su bar yawancin yankunansu kuma su koma wurin ajiyar Indiya a kan Bennett's Creek.  Ya ƙunshi kadada 11,360. 

Cututtuka masu yaduwa ta hanyar tuntuɓar masu binciken Turai da masu mulkin mallaka, irin su kyanda da ƙanƙara, wataƙila sun haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa kuma sun raunana Chowanoc sosai, kamar yadda ya faru tare da sauran mutanen Carolina Algonquian na bakin teku. Babu wanda ke da rigakafi na dabi'a ga irin waɗannan sabbin cututtuka, waɗanda suka kasance masu yaduwa a tsakanin Turawa tsawon ƙarni.

 Karni na 18 
Chowanocs sun yi yaƙi da turawan Ingila da Tuscarora a Yaƙin Tuscarora daga 1711 zuwa 1713.  Sun yi baƙin ciki, kuma mutanen Ingila sun mamaye ƙasashensu a shekara ta 1718.  Kusan 1723, Chowanoc da Tuscorara da suka tsira sun raba wurin ajiyar 53,000-acre,  dake kan Bennetts da Catherine creeks.  Yawansu ya ragu, kuma waɗanda suka tsira sun haɗu cikin Tuscarora ta 1733. 

 Karni na 19 
Masanin tarihi Joseph Norman Heard ya rubuta, "Sun ƙare a 1820." 

 Ƙungiyar al'adun gargajiya 
A farkon karni na 21, mutanen da suka yi ikirarin zuriyar Chowanoc a yankin Bennett's Creek sun kafa wata kungiya mai suna Chowanoke Indian Nation. Ko da yake suna amfani da al'umma da sunan su, ƙungiyar ba a yarda da ita ta tarayya ba  kuma ba a yarda da jihar  a matsayin 'yan asalin Amirka ba . Delois Chavis na Winton ya kasance shugaban wannan kungiya, wanda ya sayi fili mai girman eka 146 a gundumar Gates. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba