Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda  (an haife shi Eliezer Yitzhak Perlman ;  7  ga watan  Janairu shekara ta  1858 - 16 Disamba 1922)  masanin harshe ne na Yahudanci da Rashanci, mai kamus, kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Urushalima a 1881, lokacin da Daular Ottoman ke mulki.   Ya shahara a matsayin mawallafin ƙamus na farko na ƙamus na Ibrananci kuma kuma a matsayin editan HaZvi na Urushalima, ɗaya daga cikin jaridun Ibrananci na farko da aka buga a ƙasar Isra'ila . Ben-Yehuda shi ne babban abin da ya motsa a bayan farfaɗo da harshen Ibrananci .

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
Eliezer Yitzhak Perlman (daga baya Eliezer Ben-Yehuda) an haife shi a Luzhki a cikin gundumar Vilna na Daular Rasha (yanzu Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus ) zuwa Yehuda Leib da Tzipora Perlman, waɗanda Chabad hasidim ne.  Yarensa na asali shine Yiddish .  Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Yahudawa (a cheder ) inda ya yi karatun Ibrananci da Ibrananci tun yana ɗan shekara uku, kamar yadda aka saba a tsakanin Yahudawan Gabashin Turai. A lokacin yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu, ya karanta manyan sassa na Attaura, Mishna, da Talmud . Mahaifiyarsa da kawunsa sun yi fatan zai zama rabbi, suka aika da shi wurin yeshiva . A wurin an fallasa shi ga Ibrananci na Haskakawa na Yahudawa, wanda ya haɗa da wasu rubuce-rubuce na duniya.  Daga baya, ya koyi Faransanci, Jamusanci, da Rashanci, kuma aka tura shi Dünaburg don ƙarin ilimi. Da yake karanta jaridar HaShahar ta yaren Ibrananci, ya san farkon yunkurin sahyoniyanci .

Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1877, Ben-Yehuda ya tafi Paris na shekaru hudu. Sa’ad da yake wurin, ya yi nazarin darussa dabam-dabam a Jami’ar Sorbonne —har da tarihi da siyasar Gabas ta Tsakiya . A cikin Paris ne ya sadu da wani Bayahude daga Urushalima, wanda ya yi magana da Ibrananci. Wannan tattaunawar ce ta tabbatar masa da cewa farfaɗowar Ibrananci a matsayin harshen al’umma yana yiwuwa. 

 Hijira zuwa Ƙasar Isra'ila 
A cikin 1881 Ben-Yehuda ya shiga Aliyah na farko kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Mutasarrifate na Jerusalem, sannan daular Ottoman ta mulki, ya zauna a Urushalima . Ya sami aikin koyarwa a makarantar Alliance Israélite Universelle .  Ƙunƙarar ƙa’idodin da ke kewaye da su na gyarawa da ƙin salon rayuwar ’yan gudun hijira, Ben-Yehuda ya yunƙura don haɓaka sabon harshe da zai maye gurbin Yadish da sauran yarukan yanki a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta yau da kullun tsakanin Yahudawa da suka ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Isra’ila daga yankuna daban-daban na duniya. Ben-Yehuda ya ɗauki Ibrananci da Sihiyonanci a matsayin alama, yana rubuta cewa, " harshen Ibrananci zai iya rayuwa kawai idan muka rayar da al'ummar kuma muka mayar da ita ga ƙasar uba ." 

 Farfado da harshen Ibrananci 
Don cim ma aikin, Ben-Yehuda ya nace da Kwamitin Harshen Ibrananci cewa, don faɗar bayanan kwamitin, "Don ƙara ƙarancin harshen Ibrananci, Kwamitin tsabar kudi kalmomi bisa ga ka'idodin nahawu da kwatankwacin harshe daga tushen Semitic: Aramaic kuma musamman daga tushen Larabci." 

A cikin 1903 Ben-Yehuda, tare da mambobi da yawa na Aliyah na Biyu, sun goyi bayan tsarin Tsarin Uganda na Theodor Herzl . 

Ben-Yehuda ya rene ɗansa, Ben-Zion (ma'ana "ɗan Sihiyona"), gaba ɗaya a cikin Ibrananci. Bai yarda dansa ya shiga cikin wasu yarukan ba a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, har ma ya zagi matarsa don ta rera waƙar Rasha. Ɗansa ya zama ɗan asalin Ibrananci na farko a zamaninmu . Daga baya Ben-Yehuda ya rene ’yarsa, Dola, gaba ɗaya cikin harshen Ibrananci kuma.

 Lexicography 
Ben-Yehuda ya kasance babban jigo a kafa Kwamitin Harshen Ibrananci (Va'ad HaLashon), daga baya Cibiyar Nazarin Harshen Ibrananci, ƙungiyar da ke wanzuwa a yau. Shi ne ya fara ƙamus na Ibrananci na zamani na farko da ake kira Ben-Yehuda Dictionary kuma an san shi da “reviver” (המחיה) na yaren Ibrananci, duk da hamayya da wasu kalmomin da ya ƙira.  Yawancin waɗannan kalmomi sun zama wani ɓangare na harshe amma wasu ba a taɓa kama su ba. 

Harsuna na da da Larabci na zamani sune manyan tushen Ben-Yehuda da Kwamitin. A cewar Joshua Blau, yana ambaton ka’idojin da Ben-Yehuda ya nanata: “Domin a ƙara ƙarancin harshen Ibrananci, kwamitin ya saɓa wa kalmomi bisa ga ka’idodin nahawu da kwatancin harshe daga tushen Semitic: Aramaic, Kan’aniyawa, Masarawa [sic] kuma musamman daga tushen Larabci. Game da Larabci, Ben-Yehuda ya kiyaye, ba daidai ba bisa ga Blau, cewa tushen Larabci "namu ne": "tushen Larabci ya kasance wani ɓangare na harshen Ibrananci ... batattu, kuma yanzu mun sake samun su!" 

 Adawa daga Yahudawa Orthodox 
Ben-Yehuda shi ne editan jaridu da yawa na yaren Ibrananci: HaZvi da Hashkafa . An rufe HaZvi na tsawon shekara guda saboda hamayya daga al’ummar Urushalima masu tsattsauran ra’ayi, waɗanda suka ƙi yin amfani da yaren Ibrananci, harshensu mai tsarki, don tattaunawa ta yau da kullun.  A cikin 1908, sunanta ya canza zuwa HaOr, kuma gwamnatin Ottoman ta rufe shi a lokacin yakin duniya na daya saboda goyon bayan da ta samu ga mahaifar Yahudawa a ƙasar Isra'ila / Falasdinu .

Yawancin Yahudawa masu ƙwazo a lokacin ba su yaba ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen da Ben-Yehuda ya yi na ta da yaren Ibrananci daga matattu . Sun gaskata cewa Ibrananci, wanda suka koya a matsayin harshen Littafi Mai-Tsarki, bai kamata a yi amfani da su don tattauna abubuwan da ba na al'ada da marasa tsarki ba. Wasu sun yi tunanin ɗansa zai girma ya zama "wawa maras lafiya", har ma Theodor Herzl ya bayyana, bayan ganawa da Ben-Yehuda, cewa tunanin Ibrananci ya zama harshen Yahudawa na zamani abin dariya ne. 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1893, hukumomin Ottoman sun tsare Ben-Yehuda da surukinsa a Urushalima bayan zargin da Yahudawa suka yi cewa suna tayar da gwamnati tawaye. 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Ben-Yehuda ya yi aure sau biyu, ga ’yan’uwa mata biyu.  [ <span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2019)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span>da ake bukata</span> ] Matarsa ta farko, Devora (née Jonas), ta mutu a cikin 1891 na tarin fuka, ya bar shi da kananan yara biyar.  Burinta na ƙarshe  shine Eliezer ya auri kanwarsa, Paula Beila. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar matarsa Devora, 'ya'yansa uku sun mutu a cikin diphtheria a cikin kwanaki 10. Bayan watanni shida, ya auri Paula,  wanda ya ɗauki sunan Ibrananci "Hemda". 

Hemda Ben-Yehuda ta zama ƙwararriyar 'yar jarida kuma marubuci a kanta, ta tabbatar da kammala ƙamus na Ibrananci a cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan mutuwar Eliezer, tare da tattara kudade da kuma daidaita kwamitocin masana a cikin Isra'ila da kuma ƙasashen waje.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

 Mutuwa da gado 
A cikin Disamba 1922, Ben-Yehuda, 64, ya mutu da tarin fuka, wanda ya sha wahala mafi yawan rayuwarsa. An binne shi a kan Dutsen Zaitun a Urushalima .  Mutane 30,000 ne suka halarci jana'izarsa. 

Ben-Yehuda ya gina wa iyalinsa gida a unguwar Talpiot ta Urushalima, amma ya mutu wata uku kafin a gama ginin.  Matarsa Hemda ta zauna a wurin kusan shekaru talatin. Shekaru goma bayan mutuwarta, ɗanta Ehud ya mayar da sarautar gidan zuwa gundumar Urushalima don ƙirƙirar gidan tarihi da cibiyar karatu. A ƙarshe an ba da hayar ga ƙungiyar coci daga Jamus waɗanda suka kafa wata cibiya a wurin don matasa Jamusawa masu aikin sa kai.  Gidan yanzu shine cibiyar taro da gidan baƙi wanda ƙungiyar Jamusanci Action Reconciliation Service for Peace (ARSP) ke gudanarwa, wanda ke shirya tarurrukan bita, taron karawa juna sani da shirye-shiryen harshen Ibrananci. 

Wani ɗan tarihi Jack Fellman ya ɗauko Cecil Roth cewa ya taƙaita gudummawar Ben-Yehuda ga yaren Ibrananci: “Kafin Ben-Yehuda, Yahudawa suna iya jin Ibrananci; bayansa, sun yi.”   Wannan sharhi yana nuna gaskiyar cewa babu wasu misalan harshe na halitta ba tare da wasu masu magana ba daga baya sun sami harsuna miliyan da yawa, kuma babu wasu misalai na harshe mai tsarki ya zama harshen ƙasa mai miliyoyin "harshen farko" masu magana. 

 Duba kuma 

 Gidan Eliyezer Ben Juda
 David Yudilovitz ne adam wata

 Bayanan kula 

 manazarta 

 Kara karantawa 


 Fellman, Jack (1973). The Revival of a Classical Tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language.  The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton. 1973.  ISBN 90-279-2495-3

 Lang, Yosef . The Life of Eliezer Ben Yehuda. Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi, 2 volumes, (Hebrew).
 Ilan Stavans, Resurrecting Hebrew. (2008).
 Elyada, Ouzi . Hebrew Popular Journalism : Birth and Development in Ottoman Palestine, London and N.Y, Routledge, 2019 (History of Ben-Yehuda's Press)


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