Tawayen Menalamba

Tawayen Menalamba wani tashin hankali ne a Madagascar da Mutanen Merina suka yi  wanda ya fito a tsakiyar Madagascar don mayar da martani ga mamayar sarauta ta Faransa a babban birnin Antananarivo a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1895.  Ya bazu da sauri a shekara ta 1896, yana barazanar babban birnin, amma sojojin Faransa sun yi nasara wajen tabbatar da mika wuya ga kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da yawa a shekara ta 1877. Abubuwan tawaye sun ci gaba da raguwa har zuwa 1903. 'Yan tawayen Menalamba galibi 'yan fashi ne da ake kira "Fahavalo" karkashin jagorancin Rabozaka da Rabezavana a yankin Anjozorobe tsakanin tafkin Alaotra da kogin Betsiboka da Rainibetsimisaraka a yankin Vakinankaratra.

 Tarihi 
Da'awar diflomasiyya da soja ta Faransa a kan tsibirin Madagascar - wanda ke gudana sama da shekaru arba'in - ya kara tsanantawa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarauniya Ranavalona II da Sarauniya Rinavalona III, sarakunan tsibirin na ƙarshe. Bayan nasarar kamfen a karkashin Janar Jacques Duchesne, Faransa ta mamaye Madagascar a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1896. A wannan watan Agusta, Faransanci sun ayyana Madagascar a matsayin mulkin mallaka kuma sun tura Firayim Minista Rainilaiarivony na Madagascar gudun hijira zuwa Algiers (a Aljeriya) inda ya mutu a shekara mai zuwa. Sarauniya Ranavalona III da yawancin gwamnatinta sun kasance amma ba a ba su ikon siyasa na gaske ba. An nada gwamnan farar hula, Hippolyte Laroche, da farko don gudanar da yankin.

 Yaduwar cutar 
Disamba 1895, watanni biyu bayan kama Faransa Antananarivo, sanannen juriya ga mulkin Faransa ya bayyana a cikin hanyar menalamba ("jal shawl"), wanda akasari talakawa ne suka gudanar da su waɗanda suke sanye da shawl ɗin da aka shafa da ƙasan jajayen ƙasa na tsaunuka.[1] Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe da ake yi da baƙi, Kiristanci, da cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa, cikin sauri ya yaɗu a cikin tsibirin. Tawayen ba ta nemi maido da ikon sarauniyar ba, domin yadda ‘yan tawayen ke daukar musuluntar manyan ‘yan gidan sarauta a matsayin abin da ya haifar da rudani a sararin samaniya. Tawayen dai ya samo asali ne a yankunan da ke nesa da babban birnin kasar, wanda tuni ya kasance wurin zama na 'yan bindiga, bayi da suka gudu da kuma wadanda suka tsere. Daya idan babban dalilinsa shine maido da martabar kakanni na gargajiya[2]. Wani kuma shi ne ƙin yarda da aikin corvee (fanompoana), wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin tsarin siyasar Malagasy wanda cocin ya haɓaka kuma ya dogara da shi.[

 Tsawon tawaye 
A lokacin da tawaye ta yi girma, na iya sarrafa yankin tare da mutane 300,000. 'Yan tawaye sun sami damar sanya toshewa a kan Antananarivo a watan Yuli, Agusta da Satumba 1896, kuma a cikin watan da ya gabata, an ayyana yanayin kewaye a babban birnin.

Akwai imani tsakanin wasu daga cikin 'yan tawaye - musamman Furotesta, cewa Birtaniya za su zo don tallafa musu a kan Faransanci. Koyaya, wannan fatan tallafi bai taɓa faruwa ba kuma a shekara ta 1897 yunwa ta tilasta wa kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye su tattauna don mika wuya. Ɗaya, a arewacin ƙasar, karkashin jagorancin Rabezavana, ya mika wuya ga Hubert Lyautey a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1897. 

 Sakamakon haka 
Gwamnatin Faransa ta yanke shawarar cewa gwamnan farar hula ba zai iya tabbatar da tsari da biyayya ga mutanen Madagascar ba, don haka ya kori sarauniya a shekara ta 1897, ya rushe mulkin mallaka na Merina, kuma ya kafa gwamnatin soja karkashin jagorancin Gallieni. Sarauniya Ranavalona III ta yi gudun hijira zuwa Réunion sannan daga baya zuwa Aljeriya, inda ta mutu a 1917 ba Taron da an ba ta izinin komawa Madagascar ba.Roland, Oliver; Fage, John; Sanderson, G.N. (1985). The Cambridge History of Africa 6. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. .
Manazarta