Ellen Robbins

Ellen Robbins (1828 - 1905) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Amurka na ƙarni na 19 wanda aka sani da zane-zane da furanni na daji da ganye na kaka.Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da gudummawa ga baje kolin shekara-shekara na farko na American Watercolor Society a 1867/1868. 

 Rayuwar farko 
An haife ta a shekara ta 1828 a Watertown, Massachusetts, Ellen Robbins ita ce ƙarama ga mai mallakar masana'anta wanda ya mutu lokacin da take yarinya. Masana'antarsa daga baya ta kone, kuma haɗuwa da abubuwan da suka faru sun bar iyalin cikin mawuyacin hali.Valauskas, Edward J. "Ellen Robbins, New England's extraordinary watercolorist and floral artist" . Chicago Botanic Garden website, October 2012. Robbins ya fara ƙoƙarin taimakawa kuɗin iyali ta hanyar samun aiki yayin da yake ƙarami. Bayan ta gwada zane-zane daban-daban na cikin gida, ta juya zuwa zane-zane na ruwa. Kodayake ta sami horo daga wani mai zane mai suna Stephen Salisbury Tuckerman, ta fi koyar da kanta.

 Ayyuka 
A shekarunta na ashirin, Robbins ta fara samar da littattafan zane-zanen furanni da sayar da su don adadin $ 25 kowannensu. Nasararta tare da waɗannan ya kai ta ga fadada daga furanni zuwa ganye na kaka. An san ta da aiki mai ma'ana wanda, kamar yadda wani zamani ya rubuta, ƙudan zuma na iya haskakawa a kan furanni. Hakazalika, zane-zanen ganye har yanzu ana kuskuren su ne a wasu lokuta ga ganye na ainihi ta masu kallo. Masanin tarihin fasaha Samuel Benjamin ya dauke ta "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu zane-zane a Amurka. "Southgate, M. Therese. The Art of JAMA: Covers and Essays from The Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press, 2011.Curry, David Park. Childe Hassam: An Island Garden Revisited. Denver Art Museum, 1990. Wani masanin tarihin fasaha, duk da haka, ya kwatanta "ƙananan gefuna da launi na gida"  na zane-zanen furanni na Robbins ba tare da jin daɗin aikin Childe Hassam ba, duk da cewa waɗannan su ne ainihin halaye da magoya bayanta ke sha'awar.Avery, Kevin J. American Drawings and Watercolors in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, vol. 1. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Baya ga buga littattafai, Robbins ya sayar da zane-zane na asali ta hanyar shago a Boston. Ayyukanta sun zama masu kyau a Amurka da Ingila, kuma ta fara zanen zane-zane a kan china har ma da kayan aiki ga abokan cinikinta.Bland, Bartholomew F., Laura L. Vookles,  William H. Gerdts, and Michael Botwinick. Paintbox Leaves: Autumnal Inspiration from Cole to Wyeth. Hudson River Museum, 2010. A cikin shekarun 1840, ta fara kirkirar kayayyaki na masana'antu, da kuma kayayyaki don tayal da zane-zane. A cikin shekarun 1840, ta fara koyar da zane-zane na ruwa.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, bayan gabatarwar chromolithography, mai rubutun lithography Louis Prang ya hayar da ita don ƙirƙirar jerin furanni da ganyen kaka musamman don a sayar da su azaman bugawa.  Ta hanyar hulɗa tsakanin fitattun 'yan Boston kamar Henry Ward Beecher, an gayyace ta don ƙirƙirar frieze (tun lokacin da aka lalata) a Kwalejin Wellesley a wajen Boston.

Tare da karuwar nasara, Robbins ta sami damar tafiya zuwa kasashen waje kuma ta dauki hutu a lokacin rani, lokacin da take yawan kasancewa a Maine tare da marubuciya Celia Thaxter . Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin na farko na jerin fitattun masu zane-zane waɗanda suka zauna a otal din Thaxter's Appledore House, inda ta zana furanni a cikin sanannen lambunta.

Wani rubutu a daya daga cikin zane-zanen ta ya nuna cewa ta yi aure a 1858, amma ba a rubuta sunan mijinta ba.

A shekara ta 1896, ta wallafa jerin labaran a cikin New England Magazine da ke tunani game da rayuwarta, mai taken "Reminiscences of a Flower Painter".

 Littattafai 

 Autumnal Leaves (1868, 18 watercolors) 

 Gidan wasan kwaikwayo 

 Manazarta 

Benjamin, Samuel Greene Wheeler. Art in America: A Critical and Historical Sketch. Harper & Brothers, 1880.