Scotland

Scotland ƙasa ce da ke cikin ƙasar Ingila. Ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasar Burtaniya, wanda ya ƙunshi arewacin tsibirin Burtaniya da tsibirai sama da 790 da ke kusa, galibi a cikin tsibirin Hebrides da Arewacin Isles. A kudu maso gabas, Scotland tana da iyakar ƙasa kawai, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 96 (154) ya raba tare da Ingila; ƙasar tana kewaye da Tekun Atlantika a arewa da yamma, Tekun Arewa zuwa arewa maso gabas da gabas, da Tekun Irish zuwa kudu. Yawan jama'a a shekarar 2022 ya kai 5,439,842. Edinburgh ita ce babban birni kuma Glasgow ita ce mafi yawan jama'a a cikin biranen Scotland.

Masarautar Scotland ta fito ne a matsayin ƙasa mai zaman kanta a karni na 9. A shekara ta 1603, James VI ya gaji kursiyin Ingila da Ireland, ya kafa hadin kai na masarautu uku. A ranar 1 ga Mayu 1707, Scotland da Ingila sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar sabuwar Masarautar Burtaniya, tare da Majalisar Scotland da aka haɗa cikin Majalisar Burtaniya. A shekarar 1999, an sake kafa Majalisar dokokin Scotland, kuma ta ba da iko a kan fannoni da yawa na Manufofin cikin gida. Gwamnatin Scotland ita ce bangaren zartarwa na gwamnatin da aka ba da izini, karkashin jagorancin ministan farko wanda ke jagorantar majalisar ministoci kuma yana da alhakin manufofin gwamnati da haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa. Ana ba da ƙarin iko ga karamar hukuma daga Gwamnatin Scotland zuwa ƙasashe 32 subdivisions (wanda aka sani da "yanki na majalisa").

Kasar tana da tsarin shari'a na musamman, tsarin ilimi da Tarihin addini, waɗanda duk sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da Al'adun Scotland da asalin ƙasa. Turanci na Scotland da Scots sune harsunan da aka fi magana da su a kasar, suna wanzu a kan yaren da ke ci gaba da juna. Ana iya samun masu magana da Gaelic na Scotland a duk faɗin Scotland, duk da haka yawancin al'ummomin da ke cikin Hebrides suna magana da yaren; Masu magana da Gaeic yanzu sun zama ƙasa da 2% na yawan jama'a, kodayake yunkurin farfadowa da jihar ke tallafawa ya haifar da karuwar al'umma na masu magana da harshe na biyu.

Yankin Scotland ya kasu kashi uku: Highlands, yankin tsaunuka a arewa da arewa maso yamma; Lowlands, fili mai laushi a tsakiyar ƙasar; da Southern Uplands, yankin tuddai tare da iyakar kudanci. Highlands sune yankin da ya fi tsaunuka a cikin tsibirin Burtaniya kuma suna dauke da mafi girman tsaunuka, Ben Nevis, a 1,345 metres (4,413 ft).  Yankin kuma ya ƙunshi tabkuna da yawa, waɗanda ake kira lochs; ana amfani da kalmar ga ruwan gishiri da yawa a bakin tekun yammacin ƙasar. Yanayin tsibirai da yawa sun bambanta. Wasu, kamar Mull da Skye, an san su da tsaunuka, yayin da irin su Tiree da Coll sun fi kyau.

Asali
Scotland ta fito ne daga Scoti, sunan Latin na Gaels. Philip Freeman ya yi hasashe game da yiwuwar wani rukuni na masu fashi da suka karɓi suna daga Tushen Indo-Turai, *skot, suna ambaton kwatankwacin a cikin skotos na Girkanci (σκότος), ma'ana "duhu, duhu". An yi amfani da kalmar Late Latin Scotia ("ƙasar Gaels") da farko don komawa Ireland, kuma kamar haka a farkon Tsohon Turanci Scotland an yi amfani da shi don Ireland. A ƙarni na 11 a ƙarshe, ana amfani da Scotia don komawa zuwa (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland arewacin Kogin Forth, tare da Alba ko Albany, dukansu sun samo asali ne daga Gaelic Alba. Amfani da kalmomin Scots da Scotland don ƙunshe da duk abin da ke yanzu Scotland ya zama ruwan dare a Ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya.

Tarihi
Sauye-sauye masu yawa, waɗanda suka rufe dukan ƙasar Scotland ta zamani, sun lalata duk wani alamar mazaunin ɗan adam wanda zai iya kasancewa kafin zamanin Mesolithic. An yi imanin cewa ƙungiyoyin farko na masu farauta sun isa Scotland a kusa da shekaru 12,800 da suka gabata, yayin da kankara ta koma baya bayan glaciation na ƙarshe. A lokacin, Scotland ta cika da gandun daji, tana da ƙarin ƙasa, kuma babban hanyar sufuri ta ruwa ne. Wadannan mazauna sun fara gina gidaje na dindindin na farko da aka sani a ƙasar Scotland kimanin shekaru 9,500 da suka gabata, da ƙauyuka na farko kusan shekaru 6,000 da suka gabata. Garin Skara Brae da aka kiyaye sosai a yankin Orkney ya fito ne daga wannan lokacin. Gidajen Neolithic, binnewa, da wuraren al'ada sun zama ruwan dare kuma an kiyaye su sosai a Arewacin Isles da Yammacin Isles, inda rashin bishiyoyi ya haifar da yawancin gine-ginen da aka gina da dutse na gida. Shaidar tsarin imani na kiristanci na farko an nuna shi ta shafukan yanar gizo kamar Callanish Stones a kan Lewis da Maes Howe a kan Orkney, waɗanda aka gina a cikin karni na uku BC.

Yawancin Scotland na zamani ba a haɗa su cikin Daular Romawa ba, kuma ikon Romawa a kan wasu sassan yankin ya canza a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Farkon mamayewar Romawa zuwa Scotland ya kasance a cikin 79 AD, lokacin da Agricola ya mamaye Scotland; ya ci sojojin Caledonia a Yaƙin Mons Graupius a cikin 83 AD. Bayan nasarar Romawa, an kafa sansanonin Romawa a takaice tare da Gask Ridge kusa da layin Highland, amma da shekaru uku bayan yakin, sojojin Romawa sun janye zuwa Kudancin Uplands. An sami ragowar sansanonin Romawa da aka kafa a ƙarni na 1 har zuwa arewacin Moray Firth. A lokacin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna na Roma Trajan (r. 98-117), ikon Romawa ya ɓace zuwa Burtaniya a kudancin layin tsakanin Kogin Tyne da Solway Firth . [4] Tare da wannan layin, magajin Trajan Hadrian (r. 117-138) ya gina Hadrian's Wall a arewacin Ingila kuma Limes Britannicus ya zama iyakar arewacin Daular Roma.  Tasirin Romawa a kudancin kasar ya kasance mai yawa, kuma sun gabatar da Kiristanci zuwa Scotland.

An gina Ginin Antonine daga 142 a umarnin magajin Hadrian Antoninus Pius (r. 138-161), yana kare ɓangaren Romawa na Scotland daga ɓangaren tsibirin da ba a sarrafa shi ba, arewacin layin tsakanin Firth na Clyde da Firth na Forth. Romawa sun mamaye Caledonia 208-210 ne suka yi nasara a Daular Severan don mayar da martani ga karya yarjejeniyar da Caledonians suka yi a shekara ta 197, amma sojojin Romawa sun hana shi cin nasara na dindindin na dukan Burtaniya da suka shiga cikin azabtar da yakin basasa da mutuwar babban sarki Septimius Severus (r. 193-211) a Eboracum (York) bayan ya kamu da rashin lafiya yayin yakin. Kodayake an sanya sansanonin da Sojojin Romawa suka gina a yakin Severan kusa da waɗanda Agricola ya kafa kuma an taru a bakin glenes a cikin Highlands, Caledonians sun sake tayar da kayar baya a cikin 210-211 kuma an mamaye waɗannan.

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