Harshen Kwoma

Kwoma yare ne da ake magana da shie a   Papua New Guinea wanda aka fi sani da Washkuk . Kalmar 'Kwoma' tana nufin "mutane na tudun" (daga Kwow, ma'ana tudun, + ma, ma'anar mutane ko mutum). Washkuk sunan gwamnati ne ga mutanen Kwoma . Masana ilimin harshe suna da sunan 'Kwoma' a matsayin sunan farko na yaren, amma 'Nukuma' shine takamaiman sunan yaren Arewa. Nukuma (Nu-top, Kuma-mutane) yana nufin mutanen da ke zaune a saman Kogin Sanchi. Masu magana da Kwoma suna cikin Gundumar Ambunti na yankin Kogin Sepik. Akwai yaruka biyu da aka sani da Kwoma (Washkuk) da Nukuma . Yaren Kwoma ko "mutane na tuddai" yana cikin tsaunukan Washkuk wanda ke da tsaunuka a arewacin Sepik. Yaren Nukuma ko "mutane na ruwa" suna zaune a arewa da yammacin yankin Washkuk tare da Kogin Sepik. Kwoma an dauke shi harshe ne mai haɗari tare da kimanin Masu magana da asali 2,925 a duk duniya.

 Yawan jama'a 
Mutanen Kwoma suna zaune a cikin Gundumar Ƙididdigar Washkuk Hills, yanki na mil 301.  Adadin masu magana da Kwoma a cikin Dutsen Washkuk kusan 2,000 ne.  Ganin cewa, yawan masu magana da Nukuma kusan mutane 1,200 ne.  Ya zuwa 2011, unguwar Washkuk (Waskuk) (4°13′59′′S 142°24′28′′E / 4.233099°S 142.407645°E / -4.233099; 142.40 7645 (Waskut)) tana cikin Ambunti Rural LLG, Lardin Sepik na Gabas.

Akwai kabilun Kwoma guda huɗu waɗanda suka ƙunshi kabilun daban-daban a cikin ƙauyuka masu zuwa na Ambunti Rural LLG: United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.

 Ƙabilar Hogwama a cikin ƙauyukan Washkuk (4°11′14′′S 142°45′26′′E / 4.187114°S 142.757332°E / -4.187114; 142.753332 (Waskuk)), Bangwis (4°10′58′′S 142 °47′01′′E / 2.182776°S 143.783513°E / .182776; 142.783513 (Bangus)), da Melawei (4°15′54′′S 142′08°E / 142°22222222 Mariwai).
 Ƙabilar Kowariyasi a cikin ƙauyukan Meno (4°10′03′′S 142°41′10′′E / 4.167451°S 142.68621°E / -4.167451; 142.68521 (Mino/Beglamgurkalat)) da Beglam (4°11′36′′S 142 °41′35′′E / .193369°S 142.56064°E / .
 Ƙabilar Wurubaj a cikin Urumbaj (4°07′58′′S 142°42′28′′E / 4.132689°S 142.707665°E / -4.132689; 142.70 7665 (Urambanj)) 
 Ƙabilar Tokogwiyishebi a cikin Tongwinjamb (4°07′35′′S 142°42′20′′E / 4.126457°S 142.705615°E / -4.126457; 142.70 5615 (Tongujamb 1)) 

A cikin harshe, Kwoma yana da alaƙa da yaren Kwanga da yawancin jama'a ke magana a cikin Dutsen Torricelli. An yi hasashen cewa mutanen Kwoma sun yi ƙaura daga wannan yankin zuwa yankin su na yanzu. A rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun, mutane suna magana da Kwoma ga juna da kuma New Guinea pidgin tare da baƙi. Mutane kalilan ne ke magana da Turanci. Kwoma da Nukuma suna magana ne game da maƙwabtansu a kan Sepik a matsayin 'Kwayama', wanda a zahiri ke nufin "mutane masu tsintsiya". An samo wannan sunan ne saboda mata a cikin ƙauyukan kogi a al'adance suna sa takalma na ciyawa ba kamar mata da maza na Kwoma ba, waɗanda suka kewaye gaba ɗaya tsirara. Kwoma kuma ana magana da shi a matsayin yare na biyu ta yawancin kungiyoyin makwabta misali, yawancin mambobin ƙauyukan Manambu guda uku da ke Sepik suna magana da yaren Kwoma, da kuma yawancin mambobin kauyukan Yesan, Maio, da Nayiwori, ƙauyen Yelogu. Ana magana da Kwoma a matsayin yare na biyu a cikin waɗannan ƙauyuka makwabta saboda kusanci na zamantakewa wanda ya wanzu na tsararraki da yawa saboda waɗannan ƙauyukan daban-daban suna kasuwanci da juna.

 Haɗin Harshe 
Kwoma na daga cikin harsuna 90 daban-daban na Papua wadanda ba na Austronesian ba waɗanda suka hada da Nukuma Language Family .  Kwoma suna da al'ada mai yawa na waƙoƙin da aka rubuta a baya daga kabilun da kabilun daban-daban. Suna yin waɗannan waƙoƙin a kowace rana, kamar lokacin da suke rufin sabon gida da kuma lokacin bukukuwan sihiri. Waƙoƙin an haɗa su ne a cikin cakuda maganganun yau da kullun da kuma ƙamus na tarihi, wanda yawancin ƙanana Kwoma ba su fahimta ko amfani da su a matsayin kalmomin Kwoma ba. Harsunan Kwoma guda biyu sun bambanta a ƙananan hanyoyi kawai kuma masu magana da yaruka biyu suna fahimtar kowane ɗayan yarukan. Wasu kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su a Kwoma sun haɗa da wayaga yichar eem, ma'ana wurin kakanninmu. Mashi Nobe yana nufin aikin kakanninmu. Wayaga tar agama na nufin ƙauyen kakanninmu. Yimowurek eek tar wayaga na nufin kakanninmu. Ga batun bikin, Mayira na nufin abu na bikin. Sukwiya sayawa nedii na nufin bikin. Akwai maganganu daban-daban na 'hannu' ciki har da tapa, tapa jumu . Ha paya na nufin hannu a fadin. Akwai kalmomi daban-daban don 'kisan kai' ciki har da apo eyi, apokwashi ya, aposhebu sapi, botiika, diigii, hapa pika, hapa pika ya, pay, pika, tay, da poyi.

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Abubuwan da ke tattare da Kwoma suna da matsakaici a fannoni da yawa, ba tare da ƙididdigar da ba a saba gani ba kuma ba tare da rashin ƙididdigari na yau da kullun ba. Babu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, na gefen, ko na uvular a cikin Kwoma. Matsi yana faruwa a kan sashi na farko na kalmomi. Da ke ƙasa akwai jadawalin ƙwayoyin Kwoma.

 Sautin sautin 
Akwai akalla halaye bakwai na wasali a Kwoma: /i ɨ u e o ε ɑ/ . Ƙarin wasali /ɔ/ an jera shi a cikin rubuce-rubucen harshe amma ba a ba da misalai ba. Babu bambanci na Tsawon wasula.

 Dubi kuma 

 Haɗin waje 

 Akwai tarin abubuwa da yawa a cikin Paradisec tare da kayan Kwoma, musamman tarin damar Renée Lambert-Brétière (RLB1, RLB2) 

 Manazarta 

Category:Harsuna