Elina Guimarães

Elina Guimarães (1904-1991) marubuciya ce kuma shugabar mata a Portugal a tsakiyar karni na 20.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Elina Júlia Chaves Pereira Guimarães a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1904 a Lisbon, 'yar Alice Pereira Guemarães da Vitorino Máximo de Carvalho Guimarães ce kawai. Mahaifinta ya kasance a cikin Sojojin Portugal kuma ya rike muhimman mukamai na siyasa a lokacin Jamhuriyar Portugal ta farko, gami da, a takaice a 1925, daidai da Firayim Minista. Ta haka ne ta girma a cikin yanayin da siyasa ta mamaye kuma tun tana ƙarama ta zama mai sha'awar ayyukan siyasa, musamman ma haƙƙin mata. Bayan ta yi karatu a gida, kamar yawancin 'yan mata na manyan bourgeoisie, sannan a makarantun sakandare, ta shiga Faculty of Law na Jami'ar Lisbon, ta kammala a 1926. Ba ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin lauya ba, kodayake ta yi aiki a kotun yara. Koyaya, iliminta game da haƙƙin mata daga ra'ayi na shari'a yana da mahimmanci ga rawar da ta taka na sanar da mata da yawa game da haƙƙoƙinsu.[1]

 Rubuce-rubuce da gwagwarmaya 
A shekara ta 1925, har yanzu dalibi ne a jami'a, ta shiga ƙungiyar mata, ta buga a cikin mujallar Vida Académica ƙalubalen maganganun wulakanci game da mata masu aiki da Júlio Dantas ya yi a cikin O Terceiro Sexo (jima'i na uku), inda ya ce matan da suka yi karatu ko aiki sun daina zama mata kuma sun zama jima'i na Uku. A sakamakon labarinta, Adelaide Cabete ta gayyace ta don shiga cikin Consejo Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas (CNMP - Majalisar Mata ta Portuguese). A shekara ta 1927 ta zama babban sakatare na CNMP . A shekara ta 1928 an zabe ta mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin CNMP kuma ta fara aiki sosai wajen jayayya da 'yancin mata su shiga siyasa da kuma' yancin mata. Labaranta, tare da jigon mata da shari'a, sau da yawa sun bayyana a cikin manema labarai, suna jayayya da haɗin kai, haƙƙin siyasa na mata da kuma samun damar mata ga sana'o'i. Ta kasance edita na mujallar CNMP, Alma feminina, a cikin 1929 da 1930, tana da alhakin "Feminist Page" a cikin mujallar Portugal Feminino, kuma ta rubuta wa jaridu da jaridu da yawa, gami da Diário de Notícias, O Primeiro de Janeiro, da mujallar shari'a Gazeta da Ordem dos Advogados (yanzu Gazeta Jurídica).

A shekara ta 1928 ta auri Adelino da Palma Carlos, lauya kuma farfesa a fannin shari'a wanda zai jagoranci gwamnati ta farko bayan Juyin Juya Halin Carnation a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1974 ya ga juyin mulkin mallaka na Estado Novo. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu. A shekara ta 1931 ta kasance daga cikin masu ilimi da masu fafutuka waɗanda suka yi zanga-zanga ga Ministan Ilimi na Jama'a game da hana haɗin kai a ilimin firamare. Ta kuma jaddada cewa duk 'yan mata ya kamata su sami irin wannan fahimtar Kimiyya, Yanayi da Tarihi kamar yadda aka koya wa yara maza. A shekara ta 1945 ta shiga Movement of Democratic Unity (Portuguese: Movimento de Unidade Democrática ko MUD), wani dandamali na shari'a na kungiyoyin da ke adawa da Estado Novo . A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta mataimakin shugaban babban taron CNMP, lokacin da Maria Lamas ta kasance shugabar, tana rike da mukamin a shekara ta 1947, shekarar da hukumomin gwamnatin Estado Novo suka ba da umarnin rufe ta. Ta kasance fitacciyar memba na kungiyoyi da yawa na kasa da kasa, ciki har da Majalisar Mata ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Zaɓin Mata . "Elina Guimarães" . Movimento democrático de mulheres: Mulheres de Abril. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

Kimanin shekaru biyu bayan juyin juya halin Carnation na 25 ga Afrilu 1974 sabon kundin tsarin mulkin siyasa na Portugal ya fara aiki. Ya kafa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a kowane mataki, gami da cikin iyali. Labaran da ta buga a cikin jaridu na yau da kullun tsakanin 1970 da 1975 an tattara su a cikin littafin Coisas de Mulheres (Matsalar Mata). A shekara ta 1979, Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Mata ta wallafa wani ɗan littafin da ake kira Portuguese Women Past and Present (Mulheres Portuguesas: Ontem e Hoje), wanda Guimarães ya rubuta. A shekara ta 1987, an buga shi a Turanci. A cikin wannan ɗan littafin, ta tattauna taƙaitaccen tarihin mata a Portugal. Da yake nuna rashin daidaito na jima'i a kasar a lokacin, ta lura daga baya cewa, "Na same shi abin kunya ne cewa shekaru masu tsawo na karatu sun zama dole ga mata su sami 'yancin maza waɗanda kawai zasu iya karatu da rubutu". 

Elina Guimarães ta mutu a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1991, a Lisbon. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1985, an sanya ta Jami'in Order of Liberty (Portuguese: Ordem da Liberdade), wani tsari na farar hula na Portugal da aka bayar don hidimomi ga hanyar dimokuradiyya da 'yanci. An kirkiro Order a shekara ta 1976, bayan juyin juya halin Carnation . Elina Guimarães na ɗaya daga cikin mata bakwai da Shugaba Ramalho Eanes da kansa ya zaɓa don yin ado, "don misalinta da aikinta a fannonin sa hannu don nuna aikin mata a cikin al'ummar Portugal".

 Littattafai 
Jerin labaran jarida da mujallar da sauran wallafe-wallafen da Elina Guimarães ya wallafa, wanda ke samuwa a shafin yanar gizon ɗakin karatu na Ƙungiyar Bar ta Portugal, ya kai kusan abubuwa 400. Littattafan da suka fi muhimmanci a ƙasa sun kasance: 

 Laifuka Biyu (1930) 
 Ya Ikon Uwa (1933) 
 Yanayin Mata a Portugal (1938) 
 Yanayin Shari'a na Mata a cikin Dokar Iyali a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (1962) 
 Abubuwan Mata (tattara, 1975) 
 Mata na Fotigal: A yau da kullun (1978) 
 Mata na Portuguese: A baya da yanzu (1987) 
 Shekaru Bakwai na Mata (1991) 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1991
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba