Harshen Makassarese

Makassarese (  , ), wani lokaci ana kiransa Makasar, Makassar, ko Macassar, harshe ne na mutanen Makassare, da ake magana a kudancin Sulawesi na Indonesia . Memba ne na ƙungiyar Sulawesi ta Kudu na dangin harshen Austronesian, don haka yana da alaƙa da, da sauransu, Buginese, kuma aka sani da Bugis. Yankunan da ake magana da Makassarese sun haɗa da Gowa, Sinjai, Maros, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng, Pangkajene and Islands, Bulukumba, da Selayar Islands Regencies, da Makassar . A cikin dangin Austronesia, Makassarese wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar harshen Sulawesi ta Kudu, kodayake ana ɗaukar ƙamus ɗinsa daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da danginsa na kusa. A cikin 2000, Makassarese yana da kusan masu magana da yare miliyan 2.1.

 Rarraba 
Makassarese yare ne na Austronesian daga reshen Kudancin Sulawesi na dangin Malayo-Polynesian,  musamman ƙungiyar Makassaric, wanda ya haɗa da yarukan Highland da Coastal Konjo da yaren Selayar. [2][3] Ana ɗaukar nau'ikan yaren Konjo da Selayar a wasu lokuta a matsayin yaren Makassarese. A matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin yaren Kudancin Sulawesi, Makassarese yana da alaƙa da yarukan Bugis, Mandar, da Toraja-Saʼdan.[4]

Dangane da ƙamus, ana ɗaukar Makassarese mafi banbanci a cikin yarukan Kudancin Sulawesi. Matsakaicin kashi na kamanceceniya tsakanin Makassarese da sauran yarukan Kudancin Sulawesi shine kawai 43% .[3] Musamman, yaren Gowa ko Lakiung shine mafi banbanci; kamanceceniyar ƙamus na wannan yaren tare da sauran yarukan Sulawesi ta Kudu kusan kashi 5-10 ne idan aka kwatanta da kamanceceniya na ƙamus na Konjo da Selayar tare da sauran harsunan Sulawesi ta Kudancin.[4] Koyaya, nazarin etymostatistical da ƙididdigar functor da masanin harshe Ülo Sirk ya gudanar ya nuna ƙididdigatattun ƙamus (≥ 60%) tsakanin Makassarese da sauran yarukan Kudancin Sulawesi.[5] Wadannan binciken da aka samu suna tallafawa nazarin inganci wanda ya sanya Makassarese a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin yaren Kudancin Sulawesi.

 Harshe 
Hanyoyin harshe a cikin ƙungiyar Makassaric sun samar da ci gaba da yaren. Binciken harshe a Kudancin Sulawesi wanda masana harsuna da masanan ilimin ɗan adam Charles da Barbara Grimes suka gudanar sun raba yarukan Konjo da Selayar daga Makassarese. A halin yanzu, binciken da masanan harsuna Timothy Friberg da Thomas Laskowske suka yi ya raba yaren Konjo zuwa nau'o'i uku: Coastal Konjo, Highland Konjo, da Bentong / Dentong . [6] Koyaya, a cikin wani littafi game da harshen Makassarese wanda Cibiyar Ci gaban Harshe da Al'adu ta buga, masanin harshe na gida Abdul Kadir Manyambeang da tawagarsa sun haɗa da nau'ikan Konjo da Selayar a matsayin yarukan Makassarese.[7]

Baya ga nau'ikan Konjo da Selayar, ana iya raba Makassarese zuwa akalla yare uku: yaren Gowa ko Lakiung, yaren Jeneponto ko Turatea, da yaren Bantaeng.[8][7][9] Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan a cikin ƙungiyar Makassar sun kasance a cikin ƙamus; tsarin su na nahawu gabaɗaya suna da kama da juna.[7][9] Masu magana da yaren Gowa sukan sauya zuwa Indonesian lokacin da suke sadarwa tare da masu magana da yarin Bantaeng ko tare da masu amfani da yaren Konjo da Selayar, da kuma akasin haka. Yaren Gowa gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa nau'ikan Makassarese masu daraja. Kamar yadda yaren da ake magana a yankin tsakiya, masu magana da wasu nau'o'in a cikin ƙungiyar Makassaric suna amfani da yaren Gowa.[10]

 Rarraba 
Dangane da binciken yawan jama'a wanda ya danganci bayanan ƙidayar jama'a na 2010, kimanin 'Yan Indonesiya miliyan 1.87 sama da shekaru biyar suna magana da Makassarese a matsayin yarensu. A cikin ƙasa, Makassarese yana cikin matsayi na 16 a cikin harsuna 20 da suka fi yawan masu magana. Makassar kuma ita ce yaren na biyu da aka fi magana a Sulawesi bayan Bugis, wanda ke da masu magana sama da miliyan 3.5.[11][12]

Mutanen Makassar ne ke magana da harshen Makassar,  kodayake karamin kashi (1.89%) na Mutanen Bugis suna amfani da shi azaman yarensu. [13][14] Masu magana da Makassarese suna mai da hankali ne a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Kudancin Sulawesi, musamman a yankunan bakin teku masu kyau a kusa da Makassar, Gowa Regency, da Takalar Regency. Harshen kuma wasu mazauna Maros Regency da Pangkajene da Islands Regency suna magana da shi a arewa, tare da Bugis. Mazauna Jeneponto da Bantaeng Regencies gabaɗaya suna nuna kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ummar Makassarese, kodayake nau'ikan da suke magana (Jeneponto ko yaren Turatea da yaren Bantaeng) sun bambanta sosai daga yarukan da aka yi amfani da su a Gowa da Takalar. Ana magana da yaren Konjo mai alaƙa da shi a yankunan tsaunuka na Gowa da kuma bakin tekun Bulukumba Regency, yayin da ake magana da yarin Selayar a Tsibirin Selayar, a kudancin tsibirin.

Saboda hulɗar Makassarese da mutanen Aboriginal a Arewacin Ostiraliya, an yi amfani da pidgin na Makassarese a matsayin harshen magana a duk yankin tsakanin kungiyoyin Aboriginal daban-daban, kodayake amfani da shi ya ƙi farawa a farkon karni na 20 saboda ƙuntatawa na Australiya akan masunta Makassarese na yankin kuma Ingilishi ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin harshen gaskiya.

 Matsayi na yanzu 
Makassarese yana daya daga cikin yarukan yanki masu tasowa a Indonesia.[12] Har yanzu ana amfani dashi sosai a yankunan karkara da sassan Makassar. Makassarese kuma ana ɗaukarsa da muhimmanci a matsayin alamar asalin kabilanci. Koyaya, a cikin al'ummomin birane, sauya lambar ko haɗuwa hada lambar tsakanin Makassar da Indonesian ya zama ruwan dare. Wasu mazaunan birane na Makassar, musamman wadanda suka fito daga matsakaicin aji ko kuma wadanda suka fito da kabilanci da yawa, suma suna amfani da Indonesian a matsayin harshen farko a cikin gidajensu.[16] Ethnologue ya rarraba Makassar a matsayin harshe na 6b (Matsananciyar) a kan sikelin EGIDS, yana nuna cewa kodayake har yanzu ana amfani da harshe a cikin tattaunawar fuska da fuska, watsawar halitta ko koyarwar harshe ya fara katsewa.

 Fasahar sauti 
Bayanan da ke biyowa na ilimin sauti na Makassarese ya dogara ne akan Jukes (2005). 

 Sautin sautin 
Makassarese yana da wasula biyar: , , , , .[18] Ana saukar da wasula na tsakiya zuwa  da  a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe kuma a cikin jerin wasula  da  .
+Makassarese vowelsFrontCentralBackCloseMidOpen
Ana iya fahimtar sautin  a matsayin sautin tsakiya mai budewa  lokacin da yake a ƙarshen kalma ko a gaban syllable wanda ke dauke da sauti . Kwatanta, alal misali, furcin  a cikin kalmar   'yanzu' tare da  [ˈma.nn] 'tafi'.[18] Har ila yau, sautin  yana da allophone mai buɗewa [ɔ] lokacin da yake a ƙarshen kalma ko ya riga ya wuce syllable wanda ke dauke da sauti [ɔ], kamar yadda aka gani a cikin kalmar   'babban' (idan aka kwatanta da   'mai nauyi').[19] Ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu a cikin kalma ba, wasu masu magana suna kiran waɗannan wasula guda biyu tare da matsayi mafi girma (mafi kusa), suna sa furcin su ya kusanci na phonemes /i / da /u / .[20]

Vowels can be pronounced nasally when they are around nasal consonants within the same syllable. There are two levels of nasalization intensity for vowels: strong nasalization and weak nasalization. Weak nasalization can be found on vowels before nasal consonants that are not at the end of a word. Strong nasalization can be found on vowels before final nasal consonants or generally after nasal consonants. Nasalization can spread to vowels in syllables after nasal vowels if there are no consonants blocking it. However, the intensity of nasalization in vowels like this is not as strong as in the vowels before them, as in the pronunciation of the word   'there is'.

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Akwai ƙwayoyin 17 a cikin Makassarese, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin tebur mai zuwa.

 Manazarta 

Category:Harsuna 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba