Inez Milholland

Inez Milholland Boissevain (Agusta 6, 1886 - Nuwamba 25, 1916) babban yar Amurka ce, lauya, kuma mai fafutukar zaman lafiya.

Tun daga kwanakinta na kwaleji a Kwalejin Vassar, ta yi kamfen sosai don yancin mata a matsayin babban batu na ajanda mai fa'ida ta gurguzu. A shekara ta 1913, ta jagoranci rawar gani na mata a kan doki a gaba kafin bikin rantsar da Shugaba Woodrow Wilson a matsayin mai shela na alama. Har ila yau, ta kasance lauya mai aiki kuma mai watsa labarai na yaki, da kuma babbar sabuwar mace ta zamani, tare da salon rayuwarta na avant-garde da imani ga ƙauna mai kyauta. Ta mutu sakamakon cutar anemia a yayin wani balaguron magana, tana tafiya ba tare da shawarar likita ba.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haife ta a Brooklyn, New York, Inez Milholland ya girma a cikin dangi mai arziki. Wanda aka sani da Nan,  ita ce babbar 'yar John Elmer Milholland da Jean Milholland (née Torry). Tana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Vida, da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, John (Jack). Mahaifinta ɗan jarida ne na New York Tribune kuma marubucin edita wanda a ƙarshe ya jagoranci kasuwancin bututun huhu wanda ya baiwa danginsa damar rayuwa a cikin New York da London. A Landan ta sadu kuma ta burge Emmeline Pankhurst Bature. Mahaifin Milholland ya goyi bayan gyare-gyare da yawa, ciki har da zaman lafiyar duniya, 'yancin jama'a, da kuma zaben mata. Mahaifiyarta ta fallasa ’ya’yanta ga al’adu da rugujewar hankali.  Milholland ta yi amfani da lokacin bazara a ƙasar danginta a Lewis, Essex County, New York ; dukiya yanzu Meadowmount School of Music .

 Ilimi 
Inez Milholland ta sami karatun farko a Makarantar Comstock a New York da Makarantar Sakandare ta Kensington a Landan. Bayan kammala makaranta, ta yanke shawarar zuwa Vassar amma lokacin da kwalejin ba ta karɓi takardar shaidar kammala karatunta ba sai ta halarci makarantar Willard don 'yan mata a Berlin. 

A matsayinta na daliba, an san ta a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Yayin halartarta a Kwalejin Vassar, an taba dakatar da ita saboda shirya taron kare hakkin mata. Shugaban Vassar ya haramta tarurrukan zaɓe, amma Milholland da sauran sun gudanar da "azuzuwan" akai-akai kan batun, tare da manyan zanga-zangar da koke. Ta bijirewa haramcin taron zaɓen harabar, ta kira ɗaya a cikin makabarta da ke gefen hanya.  Ta fara yunkurin zaɓe a Vassar, ta shigar da kashi biyu bisa uku na ɗalibai, kuma ta koya musu ƙa'idodin zamantakewa. Milholland ya kasance shugaban cibiyar Intercollegiate Socialist Society, wanda mata suka mamaye a lokacin kuma suna nuna alamun su tare da waɗanda aka zalunta.  Ga Milholland, gurguzanci ya kasance "mahimmancin hanya don gyara mugayen dodo a ƙarƙashin rana."

Tare da ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ta tattara game da ita, ta halarci tarurrukan gurguzu a Poughkeepsie, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin haramtacciyar koyarwa.  Yarinyar 'yar wasa, ita ce kyaftin din kungiyar wasan hockey kuma memba na kungiyar wasan 1909; ta kuma kafa tarihi a wasan kwallon kwando. Har ila yau Milholland ya shiga cikin samar da ɗalibi, Ƙungiyar Taurari na Yanzu, Ƙungiyar Jamusanci, da ƙungiyar muhawara. 

Bayan kammala karatunta daga Vassar a 1909, ta yi ƙoƙarin shiga Jami'ar Yale, Jami'ar Harvard, da Jami'ar Cambridge da nufin karatun shari'a, amma an hana ta saboda jima'i. A ƙarshe Milholland ta sami digiri a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York, daga inda ta ɗauki LL. B. digiri a 1912.  

 Sana'o'i 
[[Fayil:Inez_Milholland_1913.jpg|thumb|270x270px| Inez Milholland, a kan doki, ta jagoranci 3 ga Maris, 1913 Matan Ra'ayin Matasa a Washington, DC An san ta da 'Mafi Kyawun Suffragist'.
Dalilan Milholland sun kai nisa. Ba wai kawai ta yi sha'awar sake fasalin gidan yari ba, har ma ta nemi zaman lafiya a duniya kuma ta yi aiki don daidaitawa ga Amurkawa na Afirka. Milholland ta kasance memba na NAACP, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Mata, Ƙungiyar Daidaitawa ta Taimakawa Mata a New York (Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Mata), Kwamitin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasa, da Ƙungiyar Fabian ta Ingila.  Har ila yau, ta kasance cikin Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Ƙasar Amirka, wadda daga baya ta shiga cikin jam'iyyar mata ta kasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ta zama jagora kuma mashahuran magana a kan yakin neman zabe na NWP, yana aiki tare da Alice Paul da Lucy Burns . 

 Lauya 
Daga baya an shigar da Milholland a mashaya kuma ya shiga kamfanin lauyoyi na New York na Osborne, Lamb, da Garvan, yana kula da laifuka da kisan aure. A ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta na farko, an aika ta don ta bincika yanayin kurkukun Sing Sing . A lokacin, ba a son saduwa da mace da fursunoni maza, amma ta dage da yin magana da kanta da fursunonin don gano mummunan yanayin.  Bugu da ƙari, ta so ta ga yadda take ji kamar ɗaurin kurkuku, don haka ta ɗaure kanta da wani ɗauri. 

 Shawara 
Milholland ta shiga faretin zabenta na farko a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1911. Ta riƙe alamar cewa, "Gaba, daga ɓata, / Bar dare, / Gaba ta cikin duhu, / Gaba zuwa haske!" Milholland da sauri ya zama fuskar motsin zaɓe. Jaridar New York Sun ta bayyana cewa "Babu wani faretin zaben da aka kammala ba tare da Inez Milholland ba." Jagoran zaɓen Harriot Eaton Stanton Blatch ya yi faretin jagorancin Inez  a cikin 1911, 1912, da 1913.  A ranar 3 ga Maris, 1913, kwana daya kafin bikin rantsar da Shugaba Woodrow Wilson, Milholland, mai shekara 26, ta yi bayyanar da ba za a taba mantawa da ita ba, a taron neman 'yancin mata a Washington DC wanda ta taimaka wajen tsarawa. Shugaban masu kada kuri'a Alice Paul ya sanya ta a kan faretin  sanye da kambi da doguwar farar hular da ke kan wani babban farin doki mai suna "Gray Dawn."  Dawakai sun zama wata hanya ta yau da kullun don yada bayanai game da motsin zaɓe da sauran masu zaɓe irin su Claiborne Catlin Elliman sun hau dawakai don wayar da kan motsi. 

Milholland ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata mata su sami 'yancin kada kuri'a saboda halayen da suka kebanta da mata. Ta yi gardama cewa mata za su zama kwatanci su zama "masu tsaftar gida na al'umma." Ta yi imanin cewa kuri'un mata na iya kawar da matsalolin zamantakewa kamar su shagunan gumi, zaman banza, karuwanci, yunwa, talauci, da mace-macen yara . Ta gaya wa maza cewa kada su damu da matan a rayuwarsu saboda suna ba da haƙƙinsu da ayyukansu ga ƙasa baki ɗaya maimakon cikin gida. Ko da ta yi maganar nan sai ta ji takaicin yadda aka fi saninta da kamanni fiye da kwakwalwarta.  

Ƙarshen jawabinta na ƙarshe shine, “Mr. Shugaba, har yaushe mata za su jira 'yanci? " 

 Pacifist 
Milholland ya yi balaguro zuwa ƙasar Italiya a farkon yakin duniya na ɗaya jim kaɗan bayan da jirgin ruwa na Jamus na RMS Lusitania ya kona. Bayan saukar jirgin, kyaftin din ya sanar da Milholland cewa wani jirgin ruwa na Jamus ya bi su a cikin tekun. Da wannan bayanin, ta fara rubutawa jaridar Tribune kuma ta zama wakilin yaki. Milholland ta yi aiki don a ba ta damar ziyartar sahun gaba a yakin yayin da ta ci gaba da rubuta labaran yaki da ya sa gwamnatin Italiya ta yi mata tofin Allah tsine, wanda ya haramta mata shiga kasar. 

Bayan dawowarsa daga Italiya, Milholland ya sha wahala daga baƙin ciki. Ta ji an hana ta gaba don mace ce ba wai mai son zaman lafiya ba. Ji tayi kamar ta koma kasa. 

Har ila yau, ta kasance babban jigo a balaguron jirgin ruwan zaman lafiya na Henry Ford a ƙarshen 1915, yana zazzagewa a cikin Tekun Atlantika tare da ƙungiyar masu fafutukar tabbatar da zaman lafiya waɗanda ke fatan ba da kwarin gwiwa ga sasantawa a yakin duniya na farko. Duk da haka, ta bar jirgin a Stockholm saboda tafiyar ba ta da tsari kuma an sami rashin jituwa tsakanin fasinjoji. 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Inez Milholland ya zama tsohuwar sabuwar mace a farkon karni na 20. Ta ƙaunaci sababbin raye-rayen raye-raye na Turkiyya Trot da Grizzly Bear kuma ta ji daɗin tafiya zuwa Paris da siyan riguna na Parisian. Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayoyinta sun yi kama da na Sabuwar Matar lokacin da ya shafi soyayyar jima'i. 

A cikin faduwar 1909, Inez Milholland da Max Eastman sun zama taurari masu tasowa saboda kyawawan kamannun su. Inez ya san Max ta hanyar 'yar uwarsa, Crystal Eastman, wanda ta sadu da shi a gurguzu da rallies. Inez ya gaya wa Max cewa tana son shi kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta shawo kan shi ya yi magana da ita. Daga karshe ya rama soyayyarta kuma ya amince zai aureta sai dangantakarsu ta wargaje. Dukansu sun gane ba za su iya zama masoya ba, amma sun kasance abokai na kud da kud. 

Kamar yadda ta fara soyayya da Eastman, jim kadan bayan ta fara ganin marubucin John Fox, Jr. Ta gaya masa tana son shi amma bai rama ba nan take. Lokacin da ya gaya mata yana sonta, ta daina sha'awar. 
A cikin Yuli, 1913 yayin da yake tafiya zuwa London, Milholland ya ba da shawara ga Eugen Jan Boissevain, Baturen da ta san kusan wata guda. An yi auren mutanen biyu ne a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli a ofishin rejista na Kensington wanda da zarar sun isa Landan ba tare da tuntubar iyalansu ba. John Milholland yana New York a lokacin kuma ya ji labarin auren daga manema labarai. John ya nace cewa su biyun su sake yin aure a coci, amma Inez ya ƙi.  Wani rikitarwa ya taso lokacin da ma'auratan suka dawo New York daga London. Milholland ba ta kasance ɗan ƙasar Amurka ba saboda dokar ƙaura ta 1907 ta tanadi cewa idan wata Ba’amurke ta auri ba Ba’amurke ba, ta ɗauki ɗan ƙasar mijinta.

Milholland ba ta daina yin kwarkwasa da wasu maza ba bayan aurenta kuma sau da yawa ta rubuta wa Boissevain don ta gaya masa. Kodayake Milholland yana ƙaunar yara, ma'auratan ba su da nasu. 

 Mutuwa 
A cikin 1916, ta tafi yawon shakatawa a Yamma, tana magana game da yancin mata a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa . Ta gudanar da rangadin ne duk da cewa tana fama da matsalar karancin jini, kuma duk da nasihar da danginta suka yi mata, wadanda suka damu da tabarbarewar lafiyarta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1916, ta faɗi a tsakiyar wata magana a Los Angeles, California, a Blanchard Hall kuma an garzaya da ita Asibitin Samariya mai kyau . Duk da ƙarin ƙarin jini da aka yi mata, ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1916. 

 Gado 
Bayan da ta mutu, 'yar'uwarta Vida Milholland ta ba da lokacinta don yin aiki tare da zuwa kurkuku na kwanaki uku a 1917. 

A cikin girmamawa ga Inez Milholland, Dutsen Discovery a cikin Adirondacks an sake mata suna. 

Carl Sandburg ya rubuta waƙa game da Inez Milholland mai suna "Maimaimai," wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundinsa na 1918, Cornhuskers .  Edna St. Vincent Millay, wanda ya auri gwauruwar Milholland Eugen Boissevain a cikin 1923,  ya rubuta waƙar waƙa, "Zuwa Inez Milholland," wanda aka haɗa a cikin tarin ta 1928 The Buck in the Snow .
Julia Ormond ya nuna Inez Milholland a cikin fim din 2004 Iron Jawed Angels .  Phillipa Soo ya zana Inez Milholland a cikin 2022 Off-Broadway m Suffs . Bayan canja wurin Broadway na samarwa, Hannah Cruz ta ɗauki matsayin Milholland.

Inez Milholland Farfesa Farfesa na 'Yancin Jama'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York, wanda Burt Neuborne ya cika, an ba shi suna a cikin girmamawarta.

 Duba kuma 

 Tarihin mata
 Jerin sunayen masu zaɓe da masu zaɓe
 Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata
 Suffragette
 Jadawalin zaben mata
 Kungiyar Mata ta zamantakewa da siyasa
 Zabar mata a Amurka

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Inez Milholland Papers. Archived Laburaren Schlesinger   , Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard.
 Inez Milholland Hoton Maidowa , The Adirondack Almanack, Afrilu 23, 2010.
 Ta Fiye da 'Mafi Kyawun Suffragist', The New York Times, Agusta 19, 2020.
 Sidesaddles da suffragettes - yaƙin hawa da jefa ƙuri'a Archived  , Horsetalk.co.nz.
 Tsaye Tare: Inez Milholland's Gangamin Karshe don Samun Mata ta Jeanine Michna-Bales
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba