Alicia Moreau de Justo

Alicia Moreau de Justo (Oktoba 11, 1885 - Mayu 12, shekara ta 1986) likitar Argentina ce, 'yar siyasa, mai fafutuka kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ta kasance jigo a fagen mata da zamantakewa a Argentina. Tun farkon karni na 20, ta shiga cikin ikirarin jama'a na bude hakki ga mata. A cikin shekara ta 1902, tare da ƙwararrun 'yan gwagwarmaya, ta kafa Cibiyar Socialist Center na Argentina da Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Mata ta Argentina. 

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi Alicia Moreau de Justo a London, United Kingdom, a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, shekara ta 1885, a matsayin ƙaramar 'yan'uwa mata biyu.  Mahaifinta, Armando Moreau, ya yi yaƙi don Ƙungiyar Paris a 1871.  Bayan shan kashi na Commune, ya koma London, inda ya sadu da matarsa, María Denanpont,  tare da Alicia.  Daga baya, dangin sun koma Argentina kuma Alicia sun yi rajista a Escuela Normal 1 a Buenos Aires.  Ta auri Juan B. Justo a shekara ta 1922. Mijinta ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Janairu, shekara ta 1928, saboda kamawar zuciya. 

Alicia Moreau de Justo yar fafutukar kare hakkin mata ce wadda ta yi aiki a ayyuka daban-daban kamar su malami, likita, da jarida.  Ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta yancin ɗan adam da adalci na mata, tare da mai da hankali ta musamman kan lafiyar haifuwa mata da jefa ƙuri'a.  Bugu da ƙari, ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na likita don samarwa mata ƙarin dama don samun 'yancin kai na jiki.  Ta yi nasarar sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Buenos Aires a shekara ta 1914.  Moreau ta yi amfani da imaninta na siyasa na adalci ga aikinta na likitanci. Bayan kammala karatun ta, ta yi aiki na musamman a asibitocin masu aiki.  Darwiniyanci ya kasance babban tasiri ga Moreau da zabin da ta yi.  Wannan akida ce ta haifar da kafa La Union National Feminista da kuma Kwamitin Suffrage na Mata na Socialist. 

Charles Darwin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin farkon tasirin Moreau. Rubutun Darwin ya zaburar da Moreau zuwa makarantar likitanci.  Darwiniyanci, ya zaburar da aqidar siyasa ta Moreau. Moreau ya yi imani da Juyin Halitta na Ci gaba: ra'ayin cewa al'umma za ta iya canzawa sannu a hankali ta zama mafi daidaito.

Ta shirya tarurruka a cikin Fundación Luz (Haske Foundation), kuma tare da mahaifinta, sun kafa Ateneo Popular (The People's Athenaeum). Ta kasance babban editan mujallar Humanidad Nueva (Sabon Dan Adam),  kuma darektan littafin Nuestra Causa (Dalilinmu). A 1914 ta sauke karatu daga jami'a a matsayin likita, kuma bayan wasu shekaru, ta shiga jam'iyyar Socialist . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ta auri shugaban jam'iyyar Socialist Party ta Argentine, Juan B. Justo, kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku tare.
A shekara ta 1918, ta kafa Unión Feminista Nacional (Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa). Bayan mutuwar mijinta a cikin sbekara ta 1928,  ta ci gaba da aikinta na siyasa na gwagwarmayar yancin mata; ciki har da zaben mata, yancin yin aiki, lafiyar jama'a da ilimin jama'a. A cikin shekara ta 1932, ta tsara wani doka don kafa tsarin zaɓen mata, wanda ba a ba shi izini ba sai 1947 a Argentina. Ta goyi bayan Jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta Biyu a lokacin yakin basasar Sipaniya kuma ta kasance mai sukar Peronism na yau da kullun, wanda take kallo a matsayin antidemokradiyya.  A cikin shekara ta 1958, ta shiga cikin kafa jam'iyyar Socialist Party ta Argentine, ta karɓi matsayin darektan jaridar La Vanguardia har zuwa 1960. Ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa shekarunta na ƙarshe, kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa Majalisar Dindindin don 'Yancin Dan Adam a 1975.

 Rayuwar Siyasar Alicia Moreau de Justo 
Manufofin da ke bayan ayyukan Alicia Moreau de Justo da kuma shirya Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Argentine sun dace da gwamnatin Argentine da ayyukanta. Yanayin siyasar Argentina an tsara shi ta hanyar ra'ayoyin Peronism da Marxism, suna bayyana dabi'un Argentina na al'ada da gwamnatocin gurguzu.  Jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Argentine ta fito a fagen siyasa tana fatan rage wariyar mata da cin zarafi a cikin al'ummar da ta fi karkata ga jari hujja.  Peronism ya amfanar da Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Argentine ta hanyar taimakawa wajen tsara wasu tsare-tsare masu ci gaba da bayar da shawarwari ga 'yancin mata da jam'i. 
Matsayin Justo a cikin jam'iyyar ya haɗu da aurenta da shugaban jam'iyyar Socialist Party ta Argentine.  Moreau ya kasance shugaban masu ra'ayin gurguzu a Argentina. Ta taka rawar gani sosai a jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Argentine, kuma ta ba da shawarwari don dalilai daban-daban, kamar haƙƙin haifuwa, daidaito a wurin aiki, da ilimin mata.

Babban abin da Moreau ya mayar da hankali da damuwarsa ya ta'allaka ne kan ilimin mata da karatunsa.  Hani da yawa daga gwamnati sun iyakance mata a Argentina, kamar Dokar Farar Hula, wacce ta tauye mata da haƙƙoƙinsu a fagage na jama'a da masu zaman kansu.  Saboda shigar Moreau a cikin jam’iyyar, ta mayar da hankali wajen kawo karshen takunkumin dokar farar hula don taimaka wa mata su sami ‘yancin cin gashin kansu da kuma hakki a cikin jama’a. 

 Matsayin Anti-Peronist 
Moreau ya yi adawa da shugaban Argentina Juan Perón . Peron, mai ra'ayin jama'a, ya kasance mai adawa da demokradiyya ta Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Argentina.  A matsayinsa na mai ra'ayin jama'a, wasu ra'ayoyin Peron sun mamaye dalilin gurguzu na Moreau. Wannan karon ya kasance barazana ga harkar gurguzu. Peronism ya yi barazanar raba goyon baya daga masu jefa kuri'a waɗanda ke da tausayi ga Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Argentine.

Moreau ya ɗauki matsaya mai gardama akan Peron game da zaɓen mata. Peron ya goyi bayan zartar da dokar zaɓen mata. Moreau ya goyi bayan zaben mata, duk da haka, Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Argentine ba ta son gwamnatin Peron ta sami yabo don cin nasarar zaben mata. Peron ya shiga cikin juyin mulkin 1943; Moreau ya damu da cewa tsallake zaben mata zai baiwa gwamnatin Peron halaccin da bai cancanta ba. [1]

Matar Juan Perón, Eva Duarte ("Evita"), ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yunkurin shugaban na samun goyon baya daga mata. A cikin shekara ta 1951, Evita ta kafa Jam'iyyar Mata ta Peronist (PPF).  Kamar Moreau, PPF ta ba da shawarar kare haƙƙin mata. Duk da haka, Moreau ya yi adawa da PPF. Moreau ya nuna adawa da duk wani yunƙuri na gwamnatin Peron na ƙarfafa haƙƙinta ta hanyar samun mata masu goyon baya. Bugu da ƙari, Moreau ya yi watsi da ra'ayin cewa kowace matsala ta shafi mata kawai. Moreau ya ce dole ne a kalli fafutukar neman yancin mata a cikin babban mahallin yakin neman daidaito da gurguzu. 

A karshe adawar Moreau ga PPF bai yi nasara ba. A zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 1951, Peron ya sake lashe zaben, inda ya karkata kashi 63% na mata masu kada kuri'a.  Peron ya sami goyon baya daga mata fiye da maza.

 Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Argentina 
Ta kafa kungiyar 'yan mata ta kasa a kasar Argentina, wadda ke da nufin hada kan kungiyoyin mata daban-daban da suka wanzu a kasar Argentina a lokacin.  Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun hada da: Cibiyar 'yan gurguzu ta mata, taron 'yan gurguzu na mata da majalisar mata ta kasa. Matakin siyasa na NFU ya ba da goyon baya mai kima don ƙulla dokoki da yawa waɗanda ke fahimtar yancin mata da kuma kare ayyukan mata. NFU ta kuma taimaka wajen kare mata masu aure. Wannan kungiya ta buga mujallar Nuestra Causa na wata-wata, don tallata ra'ayoyinsu da shirya mata masu fafutuka a lokacin tarukan zabe, da kuma gaggarumin koke-koke ga ikon Majalisu. 

 Manazarta 
(es) An ɗauko wannan labarin gaba ɗaya ko gaba ɗaya daga labaran Wikipedia na Mutanen Espanya, Faransanci da Jamusanci mai suna “ Alicia Moreau de Justo '.

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 


 Alicia Moreau de Justo Foundation (Archived 2009-10-25) (Spanish)
 Profile (Spanish)
 Short Biography at the Konex Foundation (Spanish)
 Obituary at The New York Times
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba