Al-Zarqali

Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī al-Tujibi wanda aka fi sani da Al-Zarkali ko Ibn Zarqala (1029–1100), ya kasance wani Ba'arabe mai kera kayan aikin ilimin taurari da kuma mai ilimin taurari daga yammacin sashen duniya ta Musulunci.

Kodayake ana ba da sunansa a matsayin al-Zarqālī, mai yiwuwa ne cewa ainihin nau'in shi ne al-Zirqālluh .  A cikin Latin ana kiransa Arzachel ko Arsechiles, wani nau'i na Arzachel, ma'ana 'mai zane'. Ya zauna a Toledo, Al-Andalus kafin ya koma Córdoba daga baya a rayuwarsa. Ayyukansa sun yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙarni na masanan taurari na Islama a Al-Andalus, kuma daga baya, bayan an fassara su, sun kasance masu tasiri sosai a Turai. Abubuwan da ya kirkira na Safaea (cikakken astrolabe) ya zama sananne sosai kuma masu ba da hanya sun yi amfani da shi sosai har zuwa karni na 16.: A number of these scholars sought to simplify the astrolabe, and finally al-Zarqālī (Azarquiel; died 1100) achieved success by inventing the apparatus called the azafea (Arabic: al-ṣafīḥah), which was widely used by navigators until the 16th century.

Crater Arzachel a kan Wata an sanya masa suna.

 Rayuwa 
Al-Zarqālī, na asalin Larabawa,    an haife shi ne a wani ƙauye kusa da kewayen Toledo, babban birnin sabuwar Taifa na Toledo. Ya fara aiki bayan 1048 a karkashin Said al-Andalusi ga Sarkin Al-Mamun na Toledo da kuma karkashin Al-Mu'tamid na Taifa na Seville . Da yake ɗaukar matsayi na farko a ƙarƙashin Said, Al-Zarqālī ya gudanar da binciken hasken rana na tsawon shekaru 25 daga 1050 . 
An horar da shi a matsayin ma'aikacin ƙarfe kuma saboda ƙwarewarsa an ba shi lakabi da Al-Nekkach "mai zane-zane na ƙarfe". Sunansa na Latinized, 'Arzachel' an kafa shi ne daga Larabci al-Zarqali al-Naqqash, ma'ana 'mai zane'. 

Ya kasance mai basira musamman a cikin lissafi da ilimin taurari. An san shi da koyarwa da ziyartar Córdoba a lokuta daban-daban, kuma kwarewarsa da iliminsa sun sanya shi babban masanin taurari na lokacinsa. Al-Zarqālī shi ma mai kirkiro ne, kuma ayyukansa sun taimaka wajen sanya Toledo a cibiyar ilimi ta Al-Andalus. An kuma ambaci shi a cikin ayyukan Chaucer, a matsayin 'Arsechieles'. 

A cikin shekara ta 1085, Sarkin Kirista na Castile Alfonso VI ya kwace Toledo. Al-Zarqālī da abokan aikinsa, kamar Al-Waqqashi (1017-1095) sun gudu. Ba a san ko tsohuwar Al-Zarqālī ta gudu zuwa Cordoba ko ta mutu a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Moor ba.

Ayyukansa sun rinjayi Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), Ibn Rushd (Averroës), Ibn al-Kammad, Ibn al-Haim al-Ishbili da Nur ad-Din al-Betrugi (Alpetragius).

In the 12th century, Gerard of Cremona translated al-Zarqali's works into Latin. He referred to Al-Zarqali as an astronomer and magician.  wrote a book in the 15th century on the advantages of the Sahifah al-Zarqalia. In 1530, the German scholar Jacob Ziegler wrote a commentary on one of al-Zarqali's works. In his "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium", in the year 1530, Nicolaus Copernicus quotes the works of al-Zarqali and Al-Battani.

 Kimiyya 
Al-Zarqālī ya rubuta ayyuka biyu game da gina kayan aiki (ma'aunin ma'auni) don lissafin matsayin taurari ta amfani da zane-zane na samfurin Ptolemaic. Wadannan ayyukan an fassara su cikin Mutanen Espanya a cikin karni na 13 ta hanyar umarnin Sarki Alfonso X a cikin wani sashi na Libros del Saber de Astronomia mai taken "Libros de las laminas de los vii planetas".

Ya kuma kirkiro wani nau'in astrolabe da aka sani da "taburaren al-Zarqālī" (al-ṣafīḥā al-zarqāliyya), wanda ya shahara a Turai a ƙarƙashin sunan Safaea . 

.Akwai wani tarihin al-Zarqālī wanda ya gina agogon ruwa, wanda zai iya tantance awannin rana da dare kuma yana nuna ranakun watannin wata. A cewar wani rahoto da aka samo a cikin Kitāb al-Juʿrāfīyya na al-Zuhrī, sunansa an bayar da shi a matsayin Abū al-Qāsim bin ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, wanda aka fi sani da al-Zarqālī, wanda ya sa wasu masana tarihin suka yi tunanin cewa wannan wani daban ne.

Al-Zarqali ya gyara bayanan ƙasa daga Ptolemy da Al-Khwarizmi . Musamman, ya gyara kimantawar Ptolemy game da faɗin Bahar Rum daga digiri 62 zuwa daidai darajar digiri 42. A cikin littafinsa game da shekara ta hasken rana, wanda ya tsira ne kawai a cikin fassarar Ibrananci, shi ne na farko da ya nuna motsi na hasken rana dangane da tsayayyen asalin taurari. Ya auna yawan motsi a matsayin 12.04 arcseconds a kowace shekara, wanda yake kusa da lissafin zamani na 11.77 arcsecondes. Misali na Al-Zarqālī don motsi na Sun, wanda cibiyar mai bin Sun ta motsa a kan karamin, sannu a hankali mai juyawa don sake haifar da motsi da aka lura da hasken rana, Bernard na Verdun ya tattauna shi a karni na goma sha uku  kuma a karni na sha biyar ta Regiomontanus da Peurbach. A cikin karni na goma sha shida Copernicus ya yi amfani da wannan samfurin, wanda aka gyara zuwa nau'in heliocentric, a cikin De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium . 

 Tebur na Toledo 
Al-Zarqālī ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga sanannen Tables of Toledo, daidaitawa da bayanan astronomical na baya ta Al-Khwarizmi da Al-Battani, don gano ma'aunin Toledo. Gerard na Cremona ya fassara zij da almanac dinsa zuwa Latin a cikin karni na 12, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sake haihuwar ilimin lissafi a cikin Turai ta Kirista kuma daga baya aka haɗa su cikin Tables na Toledo a cikin karni ya 12 da kuma Alfonsine tables a cikin karni nke 13.

Ya shahara kuma saboda littafinsa na Tables, wanda aka tattara da yawa daga cikinsu. almanac na Al-Zarqālī ya ƙunshi teburin da ya ba mutum damar samun kwanakin da watanni na Coptic, Roman, lunar, da Farisa suka fara, wasu teburin waɗanda ke ba da matsayin taurari a kowane lokaci, har yanzu wasu suna sauƙaƙa tsinkaya na hasken rana da hasken wata. Wannan almanac da ya tattara kai tsaye ya ba da "matsayi na jikin sama kuma ba ya buƙatar ƙarin lissafi", yana ƙara sauƙaƙa tsawon ta amfani da sake zagayowar duniya na kowace duniyar. Aikin ya samar da matsayi na yau da kullun na rana na shekaru hudu na Julian daga 1088 zuwa 1092, matsayi na gaskiya na taurari biyar kowane kwanaki 5 ko 10 a cikin shekaru 8 ga Venus, shekaru 79 ga Mars, da sauransu, da sauran teburin da suka danganci.

A cikin tsara kayan aiki don magance tsarin Ptolemy mai rikitarwa don duniyar Mercury, inda cibiyar mai ba da shawara ke motsawa a kan wani sashi na biyu, al-Zarqālī ya lura cewa hanyar tsakiyar sashi na farko ba zagaye ba ce, kamar yadda yake ga sauran taurari. Maimakon haka yana da kusan Oval kuma yayi kama da siffar pignon (ko pine nut).  Wasu marubutan sun yi kuskuren fassarar al-Zarqālī game da hanyar da ke tsakiya a duniya don tsakiyar duniyar duniyar a matsayin tsammanin Hanyoyin elliptical na Johannes Kepler don taurari. Kodayake wannan na iya zama shawarar farko cewa sashi na conic na iya taka rawa a cikin ilimin taurari, al-Zarqālī bai yi amfani da ellipse ga ka'idar astronomical ba kuma shi ko Iberian ko Maghrebi na zamani sun yi amfani da mai ba da shawara a cikin lissafin astronomical.

 Ayyuka 
Manyan ayyuka da wallafe-wallafe:

 Al Amal bi Assahifa Az-Zijia
 Attadbir
 Al Madkhal fi Ilm Annoujoum
 Rissalat fi Tarikat Istikhdam as-Safiha al-Moushtarakah li Jamiâ al-ouroud
 Almanac Arzarchel

 Dubi kuma 

 Ilimin taurari na Musulunci
 Masanan Islama
 Jerin masana kimiyya da malamai na Larabawa

 Bayani 

 Ƙarin karantawa 

  (Fassarar PDF)  

 E. S. Kennedy. Binciken Tables na Astronomical na Musulunci, (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 46, 2.) Philadelphia, 1956.

 Haɗin waje 

 Masana kimiyya Musulmi Kafin Renaissance: Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)  An adana shi 2013-11-11 a 
 'Yar da ilimin taurari na Musulmi zuwa Turai'
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