Paul Cuffe

Paul Cuffee (Janairu 17, 1759 - Satumba 7, 1817) ɗan Ba'amurke ne kuma ɗan kasuwa na Wampanoag, mai kifaye kuma mai kashewa. An haife shi kyauta a cikin dangi da yawa a tsibirin Cuttyhunk, Massachusetts, Cuffe ya zama ɗan kasuwa mai nasara kuma kyaftin na teku. Mahaifiyarsa, Ruth Musa, Wampanoag ce daga Harwich, Cape Cod da mahaifinsa Ashanti da aka kama yana yaro a Afirka ta Yamma kuma aka sayar da shi cikin bauta a Newport game da 1720. A tsakiyar 1740s, mahaifinsa ya kama mahaifinsa ta hanyar Quaker, John Slocum. Iyayensa sun yi aure a shekara ta 1747 a Dartmouth.Paulcuffe.org

Bayan mahaifin Cuffe ya mutu lokacin matashi yana da shekaru goma sha uku, shi da ɗan'uwansa, John, sun gaji gonar iyali (mahaifiyarsu tana da 'yancin rayuwa). Nan suka zauna tare da mahaifiyarsu da kannensu mata uku. A shekara mai zuwa Cuffe ya rattaba hannu kan farkon balaguron balaguro guda uku zuwa yammacin Indies. A lokacin yakin juyin juya hali, Cuffe ya ba da kayayyaki zuwa Nantucket ta hanyar zamewa ta hanyar shingen Birtaniya a kan karamin jirgin ruwa. Bayan yakin, ya gina kasuwancin jigilar kayayyaki masu riba a gabar Tekun Atlantika da sauran sassan duniya. Ya kuma gina nasa jiragen ruwa a filin jirgin ruwa a Kogin Westport. A Westport, Massachusetts, ya kafa makarantar farko da ta haɗa launin fata a Amurka.

Quaker mai ibada, Cuffe ya shiga taron abokantaka na Westport a cikin 1808. Ya sau da yawa ya yi magana a hidimar Lahadi a Gidan Taro na Westport da kuma a wasu tarurrukan Quaker a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Abigail Mott, Biographical sketches and interesting anecdotes of persons of color (printed and sold by W. Alexander & Son; sold also by Harvey and Darton, W. Phillips, E. Fry, and W. Darton, London; R. Peart, Birmingham; D. F. Gardiner, Dublin, 1826), pp. 31–43 (accessed on Google Books A 1813, ya ba da rabin kuɗin don sabon gidan taro a Westport, kuma ya kula da ginin. Har yanzu ginin yana nan. Kadan daga cikin Amurkawa masu launi ne aka shigar da su zuwa taron abokai a wancan lokacin.

Cuffe ya shiga cikin kokarin da Birtaniyya ke yi na samun wani yanki a Saliyo, inda Turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi jigilar tsofaffin bayi fiye da 1,000 daga Amurka. Wasu 'yan kishin Amurka sun bautar da su kuma sun nemi mafaka da 'yanci a bayan layin Burtaniya a lokacin yakin. Bayan da aka ci Birtaniyya, sai suka fara kai waɗancan tsoffin bayin zuwa Nova Scotia da London. Masu goyon bayan Baƙar fata irin su Thomas Peters, wanda ya kosa don komawa Afirka, Birtaniya a shekara ta 1792 sun ba wa Nova Scotia damar kafa wani yanki na kansu a Saliyo, inda suka sake zama.

A 1810, a cikin 1810, Cuffe ya tashi zuwa Saliyo don sanin yanayin mazaunan da kuma ko zai iya taimaka musu. A karshe ya kara da cewa ya kamata a yi kokarin kara samar da kayayyakin da za a iya fitar da su a cikin gida tare da bunkasa hanyoyin jigilar kayayyaki maimakon ci gaba da fitar da bayi da aka 'yanta zuwa kasashen waje. Cuffe ya tashi zuwa Ingila don ganawa da mambobin Cibiyar Afirka, wadanda kuma ke jagorantar masu rushewa. Ya ba da shawararsa don inganta rayuwar dukan jama'ar Saliyo. Shawarwarinsa sun sami karbuwa sosai a London kuma daga baya ya sake yin balaguro biyu zuwa Saliyo don ƙoƙarin aiwatar da su.

A tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe a cikin 1815–16, ya ɗauki iyalai tara na baƙaƙen yanci daga Massachusetts zuwa Saliyo don taimakawa da aiki tare da tsoffin bayi da sauran mazauna wurin don haɓaka tattalin arzikinsu. Wasu masana tarihi sun danganta aikin Cuffe ga motsin "Back to Africa" ​​wanda sabuwar kungiyar mulkin mallaka ta Amurka (ACS) ke ciyarwa. Kungiyar da ta kunshi ’yan Arewa da ’yan Kudu, ta mayar da hankali ne wajen sake tsugunar da bakar fata daga Amurka zuwa Afirka – wanda a karshe ya haifar da ci gaban Laberiya. Shugabannin ACS sun nemi shawarar Paul Cuffe da goyan bayan ƙoƙarinsu. Bayan wasu jinkiri, kuma an ba da ƙin yarda da baƙar fata masu kyauta a Philadelphia da New York City zuwa shawarar ACS, Cuffe ya zaɓi kada ya goyi bayan ACS. Ya yi imanin kokarin da ya yi wajen samar da horo da injina da jiragen ruwa ga al'ummar Afirka zai ba su damar inganta rayuwarsu da kuma tasowa a duniya.Thomas, Lamont D. Paul Cuffe: Black Entrepreneur and Pan-Africanist (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 4–5

 Tarihin Rayuwa 

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Paul Cuffe a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1759, a tsibirin Cuttyhunk, Massachusetts. Shi ne ɗan auta na Coffe (Kofi) Slocum da matarsa ​​Ruth Musa. Kofi bawan Ashanti ne na gadon Akan.Thomas, Lamont D. Paul Cuffe: Black Entrepreneur and Pan-Africanist (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), p. 3 Tsarin bautar Ashanti ya bambanta da bautar da ake yi a Amurka, ta hanyoyi da dama. Ashanti bayi suna da haƙƙin doka, suna iya mallakar dukiya, su gaji dukiya da aure.

Kofi yana da shekaru kusan 10 ko dai an kama shi ko kuma aka sayar da shi ga 'yan tsakiyar Fanti, matakin farko a cinikin bayi na Atlantic. A gabar tekun Afirka ta yamma an yi ciniki da shi ga wakilan Kamfanin Royal African kuma aka tura shi zuwa Newport, Rhode Island, inda Ebenezer Slocum, mai gonar Quaker a Dartmouth, Massachusetts ya siya shi.Thomas, Lamont D. Paul Cuffe: Black Entrepreneur and Pan-Africanist (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 3–4 A cikin 1742, Slocum ya sayar da Kofi ga ɗan'uwansa, John Slocum, akan fam 150. Da alama John ya yi niyyar 'yantar da Kofi bayan ya sami farashin sayan sa a cikin aiki, kuma ya kashe shi a kusan 1745.

Kofi ya dauki sunan karshe na Slocum, tsohon mai shi. A shekara ta 1746, ya auri Ruth Musa.[4] Ta kasance memba na Wampanoag Nation, kuma an haife ta kuma ta girma a Cape Cod.Thomas, Lamont D. Paul Cuffe: Black Entrepreneur and Pan-Africanist (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 4–5.

A wancan lokacin Kofi yana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci mai biyan kuɗi na Holder Slocum, ɗan Peleg Slocum, wanda ke da babbar gona a Dartmouth kuma ya mallaki tsibirin Elizabeth na yamma, kusa da gabar kudu maso yammacin Massachusetts. Holder Slocum da maƙwabtansa sun yi jigilar tumaki zuwa waɗannan tsibiran don kiwo a cikin watannin bazara. Ya ɗauki Kofi Slocum ya yi kiwon tumakin; a cikin kimanin 1750 Kofi ya ƙaura tare da iyalinsa zuwa tsibirin da ke yammacin yammacin, wanda aka sani da Cuttyhunk.

A nan ya gina gida kuma ya zauna tare da iyalinsa har tsawon shekaru 15 na gaba. An haifi 'ya'ya takwas na Coffe da Ruth a kan Cuttyhunk, ciki har da Paul, ɗan 7th kuma ƙarami na maza hudu. Suna da gida guda ɗaya kuma wataƙila su ne kawai mazaunan cikakken lokaci akan Cuttyhunk. Membobin kabilar Wampanoag suna iya rayuwa, aƙalla lokaci-lokaci, a tsibiran da ke kusa a cikin sarkar Elizabeth da kuma a gonar inabin Martha. A cikin 1766 Coffe da Ruth sun sayi gona mai girman eka 116 (0.47 km2) a Dartmouth kusa, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa babban ƙasa tare da yaransu goma a cikin bazara na 1767.

Coffe Slocum ya mutu a shekara ta 1772, sa’ad da Bulus yake ɗan shekara 13. Da yake ’yan’uwansu biyu a lokacin suna da iyalai na wasu wurare, Bulus da ɗan’uwansa John suka ɗauki aikin gona na mahaifinsu. Sun kuma tallafa wa mahaifiyarsu da ’yan’uwa mata da yawa.

Kusan 1777–1778, sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 19, ɗan’uwan Bulus John ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da sigar sunan mahaifinsa na farko, Coffe, a matsayin sunansa na ƙarshe. Da yawa daga cikin ‘yan’uwansa sun yi haka, amma ba duka ba.Sherwood, Henry Noble, Journal of Negro History, vol. 8, no. 2 (April 1923), p. 155. Daga baya Bulus ya sanya hannu kan sunansa akan wasiƙa, ayyuka, da wasiyyarsa ta rubuta 'Coffe', da 'u' maimakon 'o'.Wiggins, throughout A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 1790, 1800 da 1810 an rubuta sunansa na ƙarshe a matsayin "Cuff"; Masu ƙidayar jama'a wani lokaci suna rubuta kawai yadda sunaye ke sauti kuma ba a buƙatar saduwa da mutanen da suke rikodin sunayensu. Mahaifiyar Bulus, Ruth Musa, ta rasu a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1787.Harris, Sheldon. Paul Cuffee: Black America and the African Return (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972), p. 17.

 Lokaci a matsayin marine 
A shekara ta 1773, shekara bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa kuma a shekara ta 1775, Paul Cuffe ya tashi a kan jiragen ruwa na whaling, yana samun damar koyon kewayawa. A cikin mujallarsa, ya bayyana a matsayin marineer (mariner). A shekara ta 1776 bayan yakin juyin juya halin Musulunci ya yi tafiya a cikin wani jirgin ruwa na whaler amma turawan Ingila suka kama shi. An tsare shi da sauran ma'aikatan a matsayin fursunonin yaki na tsawon watanni uku a birnin New York kafin a sake su. Cuffe ya koma ga danginsa a yanzu Westport, Massachusetts. A shekara ta 1779, shi da ɗan’uwansa Dauda sun ari ƙaramin kwalekwale na ruwa don isa tsibirin da ke kusa.Thomas, p. 9. Ko da yake ɗan'uwansa yana jin tsoron tafiya a cikin teku masu haɗari, Cuffe ya tashi, mai yiwuwa tare da abokinsa a matsayin ma'aikata a 1779 don kai kaya zuwa Nantucket. 'Yan fashin sun yi masa kawanya a kan wannan da tafiye-tafiye da dama da suka biyo baya. A ƙarshe, ya yi tafiya zuwa Nantucket wanda ya zama riba.Thomas, p. 9 An ba da rahoton cewa ya ci gaba da yin waɗannan tafiye-tafiye zuwa Nantucket a duk lokacin yaƙin.

A cikin 1780, yana da shekaru 21, Paul da ɗan'uwansa John Cuffe sun ƙi biyan haraji saboda baƙar fata ba su da 'yancin yin zabe a Massachusetts. A cikin 1780, sun kai ƙarar majalisar Bristol County, Massachusetts, don kawo karshen irin wannan haraji ba tare da wakilci ba, wanda ya kasance batun 'yan mulkin mallaka wanda ya jagoranci mutane da yawa zuwa juyin juya halin. An ki amincewa da koken, amma karar tasa ta ba da gudummawa ga shawarar da majalisar dokokin jihar ta yanke a shekarar 1783 na ba da ‘yancin kada kuri’a ga duk ‘yan kasa maza na jihar.

Bayan yakin ya ƙare, Cuffe ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da surukinsa, Michael Wainer, don gina jiragen ruwa da kuma kafa kasuwancin jigilar kayayyaki tare da Tekun Atlantika. A hankali ya gina jari kuma ya faɗaɗa zuwa tarin jiragen ruwa. Bayan ya yi amfani da buɗaɗɗen kwale-kwale, ya ba da umarni na Akwatin ƙarfe na rufaffiyar bene mai nauyin ton 14 ko 15, sannan ya ba da schoon mai nauyin tan 18 zuwa 20. A cikin 1789 shi da Wainer sun kafa nasu filin jirgin ruwa a gabar gabas na Kogin Acoaxet, a cikin sabon garin Westport wanda aka sassaka daga Old Dartmouth. Ya ci gaba da kera jiragen ruwa har tsawon shekaru 25 masu zuwa.Biography". Paul Cuffe. Retrieved 2022-03-06

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