Al-Qa'qa ibn Amr

Al-Qa'qa'u bn Amr bn Malik Al-Tamīmī (larabci: القعقاع بن عمرو بن مالك التميمي الراعي) wani kwamanda ne na musulmai, Balarabe kuma janar a rundunar Rashidun na kabilar Banu Tamim. Shi da kabilarsa sun musulunta a zamanin Ahnaf bn Qais. An san shi a matsayin babban kwamandan soji mai nasara wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakukuwa guda biyu na nasara a yakin Musulunci na farko, yakin Yarmouk da Daular Rumawa (wanda Khalid bn al-Walid ya umarta) da yakin al-Qadisiyyah da Daular Sassaniya wanda Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas ya jagoranta. Halifa Abubakar ya yabe shi a matsayin mutum dubu goma sha daya, don haka ne ma magajin halifa Umar ya aika da Qa’qa’a da wasu tsirarun masu gadi a farkon matakin qarfafawa zuwa ga Alqadisiyyah"الإصابة في تمييز الصحابة - الموسوعة الشاملة". Retrieved 22 April 2015.. Qa’qa’ ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun jaruman soja a zamaninsa.

 Rayuwa 

 Yakin Ridda 
Qa'qa bn Amr At-tamimi ya musulunta tare da kabilarsa, a shekarar wakilai, 631 miladiyya. Amma, na wani dan lokaci kadan, shi da sauran Tamim suka shiga rundunar annabiya karya Sajah bint al-Harith kafin a fatattake ta a yakin Ridda. Daga baya kuma ya ci gaba da gudanar da yakin neman zabe cikin nasara karkashin Khalid bin Walid, inda ya danne wani annabin karya Tulayha a yakin BuzakhaIbn al-Athir, Usd al-Ghaba fī ma'rifat al-Sahaba ("The lions of the forest in the knowledge of the Companions"), 7 vols., Muhammad Ibrahim al-Banna, Muhammad Ahmad 'Ashur, Mahmud al Wahhab Fā'id (edd.), Cairo , Kitab al-Sha'b, 1393/1973, IV, p. 409, n. 4309.. Bayan yakin Ridda ya ci gaba da bin yakin da Khalid ya yi zuwa kasashen Siriya da Iraki.

 Yakin musulmi a Iraqi da Syria 
Qa’qa ya shiga yaqin Sarka, a wani lokaci Qa’qa ya ga Khalid yana fafatawa da zakaran Sassanid Hormuzan, nan take Qa’qa ya garzaya, ganin Hormuz ya aike da sojoji biyar zuwa shida don su taimaka masa, ya yi cirko-cirko a kan Khalid don su katse baragurbin. Daga nan sai Qa’qa da Khalid suka ci nasara kan Hormuzan da masu gadinsa, inda suka kashe duk sojojin Sassanin da suka yi niyyar kashe Khalid a lokacin da ake tsaka da wannan muzaharar, tare da HormuzanTabari, Muhammad Ibn Jarir (2015). The History of Tabari volume 11. SUNY. p. 13. ISBN 9780791496848. Retrieved 14 November 2021Akram, Agha Ibrahim (2008). The Sword of Allah, Khalid Bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. National Publishing House. p. 235. Retrieved 14 November 2021Abdul Hakim, Manshur (2016). Khalid Bin Al-Walid Panglima Yang Tak Terkalahkan. Pustaka al Kautsar. p. 456. ISBN 9789795926870. Retrieved 14 November 2021.. A wannan yakin an ruwaito cewa Qa’qa ya ce: “Mun tattake Hormuz da fushi mai kauye...”Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah, Dar Abi Hayyan, Cairo, 2nt ed. 1416/1996, Vol. 6 P. 425

Bayan haka, yayin da Larabawan kiristoci suka fusata na wannan yanki suka nemi daukar fansa ga shugabansu Aqqa wanda ya fadi a yakin Al-Anbar,Al-Maghlouth 2006, p. 84.Tabari & Blankinship 1993, p. 61-63 suka tuntubi kwamandan Farisa mai suna Bahman wanda shi kuma ya raba sojojin Farisa da Larabawa zuwa runduna biyu ya kore su daga Ctesiphon. Rundunar farko karkashin Ruzbeh ta koma Husaid, dayan kuma a karkashin Zarmahr, ta koma Khanafis.Donner 2014, p. 470 A halin yanzu wadannan runduna guda biyu sun kasance a wurare daban-daban don samun saukin motsi da gudanar da mulki, amma ba za su wuce wadannan wurare ba har sai da Larabawa Kirista suka shirya don yaki.Quraibi 2016, p. 280 Bahman ya shirya tattara dukkan sojojin daular don ko dai a jira harin musulmi ko kuma su yi tattaki zuwa kudu don yakar musulmi a Hira.

Halin da Khalid ya tsinkayi kafin isowarsa Hira daga Dumat Al-Jandal, yayin da ya raba rundunar musulmi ta Hira zuwa gawawwaki biyu, daya ya sanya shi karkashin Qa’a’i, daya kuma karkashin Abu Laila. Khalid ya aika su duka zuwa Ain-ul-Tamr, inda zai tare su bayan an huta da sojojin da suka yi yaki a Dumat Al-Jandal. Sojojin Qa’qa’i sun qunshi sassa biyu na mayaka ‘yan hijira ‘masu qwarai’ masu suna “Masu qwarai” (al-Bararah) da “Mafifici” (al-Khiyarah), yayin da sashin al-Khiyarah ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Ismah bn Abdallah.

Yayin da dakarun Qa’qa’i suka hadu da Zarmahr a yakin Husaid, yayin da Abu Laila ya gamu da Ruzbih a garin Khanafis, nan take Qa’qa’ ya umarci dakarunsa da su yi gaba, kamar yadda Khalid ya umurce su, a duk lokacin da suka hadu da dakarun makiya a cikin tafiyarsu. Nan take Zarmahr ya mayar da martani ya nemi Ruzbih, wanda dakarun Abu Laila suka tare shi, da ya taimaka wa dakarunsa, maimakon ya shiga hannun Abu Laila. Qa’qa’i ya kashe Zarmahr da kansa, yayin da Ismah ya kashe Ruzbih. Daga nan sai musulmi suka caje. Ana ci gaba da gwabzawa, sai Farisawa da kawayensu suka fara fahimtar irin hasarar da suka yi, suka koma Khanafiyya.

Lokacin da sojojin Farisa a Khanafis suka sami labarin cin nasara da Farisa suka yi a Huseid da kuma mutuwar kwamandansu Zarmahr, sai Mabhuzab da dakarunsa suka yi watsi da Khanafis, tare da sojojinsa suka koma Muzayyah da ke gaba da arewa, inda aka samu karin sojoji, kuma tsaro ya fi karfi. Lokacin da dakarun musulmi karkashin Abu Leila suka isa Khanafis, sai suka tarar babu sojojin Farisa da zasu gamu da su.

Daga baya Khalid ya zagaya domin komawa babban hedikwatarsa ​​don yin mu’amala da Qa’qa’u da Abu Laila, ya ci gaba da fatattakar Farisawa da kawayensu Larabawa zuwa Muzayyah. Khalid ya hau kan rakuminsa maimakon dokinsa a lokacin da ya koma Aynul Tamr.

A cikin shahararren yakin Yarmouk a karkashin Khalid, Qa'qa' ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in da ke karkashin Khalid a cikin manyan sojojin dawaki na masu gadi, daga baya ya shiga aikin 'Fire Brigade', yana toshe duk wani rauni ko kuma karfafa layin da aka karya a cikin sahu na musulmi.

Halifa Umar bn Khattab ya aika Al-Qa'qa' bn Amr domin ya halarci yaqin Qadisiyya. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 636, rukuninsa sun isa filin daga da tsakar rana. Kafin isowar Qa'qa'i ya raba dakarunsa zuwa qananan kungiyoyi da dama, ya kuma umurce su da su fito fagen daga daya bayan daya, yana mai nuna cewa akwai manyan dakarun da ke zuwa. Qa'qa'i ya shagaltu da d'an tarbiya da shirya sahabbansa zuwa inda ya rabu da su a jiya. Giwayen sojojin Farisa sun kasance babban cikas ga musulmi. Don magance wannan matsalar, Qa'qa'i ya yi amfani da na'ura na fasaha. Rakuman da ke cikin rundunarsa sun yi kama da kamannin dodanni. Wadannan "dodanni" sun koma gaban Sassanid kuma, da ganinsu, dawakan Sassanid suka juya suka gudu. Tare da rashin tsari na sojan doki na Sassanid, sojojin Farisa na hagu da na tsakiya sun bayyana kuma sun kasance masu rauni. Saad ya ba da umarnin kai wa musulmi hari gaba daya. Bayan an fatattaki sojojin Farisa Qa'qa'u bn Amr ya shiga fafatawa ya kashe Janar Bahman na Farisa wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Sasaniya a yakin gada.

Lokacin da aka koma yakin a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamban 636, al-Qa'qa' ya jagoranci wata runduna ta masu gadi ta mutum dari uku, tare da rakiyar Qays bin Hazim wanda ya jagoranci 'yan kabilar Hashim daga Siriya tare da mayakan kabilar Iraki na gida. A wannan karon sun shiga tsaka mai wuya da gawarwakin giwayen Sassanid. Sojojin dawakan musulmi sun makantar da giwayen tare da yanke gangar jikinsu da mashi da sauran makaman yaki yayin da maharba musulmi suka far ma mahayan giwayen. Al'amarin ya tsananta ga musulmi daga baya a wannan rana, duk kuwa da cewa an riga an shafe giwaye, domin kuwa Sassanid sun fi fafatawa, wanda ya sa aka kashe 'yan uwan ​​Alka'ka, Khalid bin Yamar al-Tamimi a cikin dare. Don haka, al-Qa'qa' ya ba shi alhakin yunƙurin sake ƙarfafa sojojin musulmi.

Da fitowar alfijir na 19 ga Nuwamba 636, yaƙin ya ƙare, amma yaƙin bai ƙare ba. Al-Qa'qa', tare da izinin Saad, yanzu yana aiki a matsayin babban kwamandan sojojin musulmi. An ruwaito ya yi wa mutanensa jawabi kamar haka:

"Idan muka yi yaki na awa daya ko fiye da haka, za a yi galaba a kan makiya, don haka ya ku mayaƙan Bani Tameem, ku ƙara ƙoƙari guda ɗaya kuma nasara ta zama naku."

Cibiyar hagu ta musulmi karkashin jagorancin al-Qa'qa' ta yi gaba ta kai hari a cibiyar dama ta Sassanid, sannan kuma harin gama-gari na gawarwakin musulmi. Sassanid sun yi mamakin sake komawa yaƙin. Sassanid' reshen hagu da na hagu an tura baya. Al-Qa'qa'u ya sake jagorantar wata tawagar Mubarizun a kan cibiyar hagun Sassanid kuma da tsakar rana shi da mutanensa suka sami damar huda ta cibiyar Sassanid.?Abar?; Tabari (January 1992). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 12. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791407332. Retrieved 22 April 2015

A lokacin yakin Jalula Mihran ya shagaltu da dakarunsa a wani fili na yaki, kuma Hashim bn Utbah ya yanke shawarar aiwatar da dabararsa. Ya aike da wata kakkarfar runduna ta dawaki karkashin daya daga cikin fitattun kwamandojin dawakansa, Qa'qa' bn Amr, domin su kamo gadar da ke kan gadar. Gadar ba ta da kariya sosai saboda kusan dukkanin sojojin Farisa da suke da su an yi amfani da su wajen kai hari ga babban sojojin musulmi. Qa'qa'u ya zagaya gefen dama na Farisa, da sauri ya kama gadar da ke bayansu. Labarin wani kakkarfan dakarun dawaki na musulmi a bayansu wani babban koma baya ne ga ruhin Farisa. Hashim ya kaddamar da hari na gaba tare da sojojin sa-kai na musulmi yayin da Qa'qa'i ya buge bayan Farisa da sojojinsa. Don haka sojojin Sassanid suka makale tare da fatattake su a sakamakon haka.

Bayan an gama kamfen a Jalula ya zauna ya rike mukamin soja na wani lokaci a Kufa.

 Tsaron Emesa 
A cikin 638, Emesa aka dage farawa a cikin siege da hadin gwiwa sojojin na Larabawa Kirista kabilu daga Jazira wanda tara da Heraclius a yunƙurin stymie asarar da Byzantine yankuna saboda m fadada na Rashidun caliphate a cikin Levant. Bisa umarnin Umar, nan take Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas ya aika Qa’qa’u da sojoji 4,000 tare da shi domin su taimaka wa masu kare Emesa waxanda tsofaffin manyansa suka jagoranta a lokacin yakin ‘Yarmuk da Abu Ubaydah da Khalid bn Walid. Daga baya da kawancen kasashen Larabawa na Kirista suka yi watsi da wannan kawanya, nan take Khalid da Qa'a'u suka fito daga sansanin don fatattakar abokan gaba, suka yi tafka asara mai yawa ga sojojin hadin gwiwar kiristoci na Larabawa da suka gudu.ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Hibat Allāh ibn `Abd Allāh, Ibn Asakir Ali (1921). "Ibn 'Asākir Tārīkh Dimashq. 8vo. Vol. I, 7 and 479 pp.; Vol. II, 464 and 11 pp.; Vol. III, 463 and 7 pp.; Vol. IV, 464 and 14 pages; Vol. V, 464 and 11 pp. Cairo: Raudat ash-Shām Press, a.h.1329–1332". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 53 (4). Cambridge university: 612–614. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00149494. Retrieved 12 October 2021

 yakin basasar musulunci na farko 
A lokacin boren yaki da mulkin halifa Usman, da sauri Qa'qa' ya murkushe karfin tawaye da Yazid bin Qays al-Arhabi ya zo da shi. Sau da yawa yakan yi amfani da sunansa a matsayin jarumin halifanci, wanda mutanen Kufa suke mutuntawa da jin tsoro, don kwantar da zazzafar yanayi na siyasa kafin da bayan kashe halifa Usmanu da kuma bayansa. Har ma ya yi kokarin sasanta bangaren halifa Ali da A’isha don a yi sulhu cikin lumana, duk da cewa yunkurinsa bai yi nasara ba, amma duk da haka yakin Rakumi ya faru.Anthony, Sean (25 November 2011). The Caliph and the Heretic. BRILL. ISBN 9789004216068. Retrieved 22 April 2015.

Bayan yakin basasa halifa Muawiyah na daya ya kore shi tare da wasu magoya bayan Ali daga Kufa aka kai shi Kudus.Morony, Michael G. (2005). Iraq After the Muslim Conquest. Gorgias Press. ISBN 9781593333157. Retrieved 22 April 2015Gil, Moshe (27 February 1997). A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521599849. Retrieved 22 April 2015.

 Mutuwa 
Duk da gudun hijira daga baya ya koma ya zauna a Kufa, inda ake zargin ya mutu daga baya yana ritaya.

 Manazarta 

Category: Musulmai