Mutanen Abzinawa

Mutanen Abzinawa

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta
"Tuareg" yana turawa nan. Don wasu amfani, duba Tuareg (rashin fahimta).
Abzinawa
Imuhăɣ/Imašăɣăn/Imajăɣăn
ⵎⵂⵗ/ⵎⵛⵗⵏ

Abzinawa a Algiers, Algeria.
Jimlar yawan jama'a
c. miliyan 4.0
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
 Nijar 2,793,652 (11% na yawan jama'arta)"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 8 October 2016., Niger: 11% of 23.6 million
 Mali 704,814 (1.7% na yawan jama'arta)"Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021., Mali: 1.7% of 20.1 million
 Burkina Faso 406,271 (1.9% na yawan jama'arta)"The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 12 October 2021., Burkina Faso: 1.9% of 21.4 million
 Libya 100,000-250,000 (makiyaya, 1.5% na yawan jama'arta)Adriana Petre; Ewan Gordon (7 June 2016). "Toubou-Tuareg Dynamics within Libya" (PDF). DANU Strategic Forecasting Group. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020."Tuareg and citizenship: 'The last camp of nomadism'". Retrieved 17 September 2023
 Algeria 152,000 (0.34% na jimlar yawanta)Project, Joshua. "Tuareg in Algeria". Retrieved 17 September 2023.Project, Joshua. "Tahaggart Tuareg in Algeria". Retrieved 17 September 2023.
 Mauritania 123,000 (2.6% na yawan jama'arta)"Tamasheq". Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 April 2024
 Najeriya 30,000 (0.015% na yawan jama'arta)Pongou, Roland (30 June 2010). "Nigeria: Multiple Forms of Mobility in Africa's Demographic Giant". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
Harsuna
Harsunan Abzinawa (Tamahaq, Tamasheq/Tafaghist, Tamajeq, Tawellemmet), Larabci Maghrebi, Faransanci (waɗanda ke zaune a Nijar, Mali da Burkina Faso), Larabci Hassaniya (waɗanda ke zaune a Mauritania, Mali, da Nijar), Ingilishi (waɗanda ke zaune a Najeriya), Larabci Saharan Aljeriya (waɗanda ke zaune a Aljeriya da Nijar)
Addini
Mafi rinjayen Ahlus Sunna
Ƙungiyoyin kabilu masu alaƙa
Sauran Berbers, Larabawa-Berbers da Larabawa Berbers, Mutanen Songhay, Hausawa
Al'ummar Abzinawa (/ ˈtwɑːrɛɡ/; kuma sun rubuta Twareg ko Touareg; endonym: Imuhaɣ/Imušaɣ/Imašeɣăn/Imajeɣăn"Anja Fischer / Imuhar (Tuareg) – designation". imuhar.eu. Retrieved 31 December 2020) babban kabila ne na Berber, makiyaya ne na al'ada, waɗanda galibi ke zaune a cikin Sahara a cikin wani yanki mai nisa da ke kudu maso yammacin Algeria, da Mali, da Mali da Fafawa. har zuwa arewacin Najeriya.Shoup III, John A. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 295. ISBN 978-1598843637. Retrieved 7 November 2016"The total Tuareg population is well above one million individuals." Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world, Elsevier, 2008, ISBN 9780080877747, p. 152.

Abzinawa suna magana da harsuna iri ɗaya, wanda kuma aka sani da Tamasheq, waɗanda ke cikin reshen Berber na dangin Afroasiatic."Ethnologue: Languages of the World". Ethnologue

Su mutane ne ƴan ƙabilar makiyaya waɗanda galibi ke yin addinin Musulunci, kuma sun fito ne daga al'ummomin Berber na Arewacin Afirka, waɗanda aka kwatanta zuriyarsu a matsayin mosaic na yankin Arewacin Afirka (Taforalt), Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai (Manoma na Farko), da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, kafin yaƙin musulmi na Maghreb.[14][15]. Wasu masu bincike sun danganta asalin ƙabilar Abzinawa tare da faduwar Garamantes waɗanda suka zauna a Fezzan (Libya) tun daga karni na farko BC zuwa karni na 5 miladiyya.[16][17] An yaba wa Abzinawa da yaɗa addinin Musulunci a Arewacin Afirka da kuma yankin Sahel da ke makwabtaka da shi.[18]

Tsarin zamantakewa na Abzinawa ya kasance a al'ada ya haɗa da membobin dangi, matsayi na zamantakewa da kuma manyan mukamai a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa.[19][20][21] Abzinawa dai sun kula da hanyoyin kasuwanci da dama da suka wuce sahara, kuma sun kasance wani muhimmin bangare na tashe-tashen hankula a yankin sahara a lokacin mulkin mallaka da bayan mulkin mallaka.[19]
Sunaye
An daɗe ana muhawara kan tushen da ma'anar sunan Abzinawa. Da alama Twārəg ya samo asali ne daga rugujewar jam'in Tārgi, sunan da tsohon ma'anarsa shine "mazaunan Targa", sunan Abzinawa na yankin Libya wanda aka fi sani da Fezzan. Targa a Berber yana nufin "tasha (magudanar ruwa)".[22]. Wata ka’idar ita ce Abzinawa ya samo asali ne daga Tuwariq, jam’in exonym na Larabci Tariqi[11].

Kalmar mutumin Abzinawa shine Amajagh (bambance-bambancen: Amashegh, Amahagh), kalmar mace Tamajaq (bambance-bambancen: Tamasheq, Tamahaq, Timajaghen). Rubutun roƙon sun bambanta da yaren Abzinawa. Dukkansu suna nuna tushen harshe iri ɗaya, suna bayyana ra'ayi na "'yantattu". Don haka, endonym yana nufin manyan mutanen Abzinawa ne kawai, ba ƙwararrun abokan ciniki da bayi ba.[23] Wasu nau'ikan Abzinawa guda biyu na kansu su ne Kel Tamasheq, ma'ana "masu magana da Tamasheq", da Kel Tagelmust, ma'ana "mutane masu lullube" a cikin ishara da rigar tagelmus da mazan Abzinawa ke amfani da su a al'adance[11].

Haka nan kalmar “Blue People” ta Ingilishi ta samo asali ne daga launin indigo na mayafin tagelmust da sauran tufafi, wanda wani lokaci yakan sanya fatar jikin ta tabo tana ba ta launin shudi.[24] Wani kalma na Abzinawa shine Imuhagh ko Imushagh, wanda ke da alaƙa da sunan Imazighen na arewacin Berber.[25]
Demography da harsuna

Rarraba al'adun Abzinawa a cikin Sahara[11]
Abzinawa a yau suna zaune a wani yanki mai girman gaske a cikin sahara, wanda ya taso daga kudu maso yammacin Libya zuwa kudancin Aljeriya, Nijar, Mali, Burkina Faso, da kuma arewacin Najeriya mai nisa.[11] Adadin al'ummarsu a wadannan yankuna ya haura miliyan 2.5, inda aka kiyasta yawan jama'a a Nijar kusan miliyan biyu (11% na mazauna) da kuma a Mali wasu miliyan 0.5 (3% na mazauna).[1][26].

Abzinawa dai su ne kabila mafi rinjaye a yankin Kidal da ke arewa maso gabashin Mali.[27]

A al'adance Abzinawa suna magana da harsunan Abzinawa, wanda kuma ake kira Tamasheq, Tamajeq ko Tamahaq, dangane da yare.[28] Waɗannan harsunan suna cikin reshen Berber na dangin Afroasiatic.[13] A cewar Ethnologue, akwai kimanin masu magana da Abzinawa miliyan 1.2. Kusan rabin wannan adadin ya ƙunshi masu magana da yare na gabas (Tamajaq, Tawallammat).[13].

Ba a tabbatar da ainihin adadin masu magana da Abzinawa a kowane yanki ba. Hukumar CIA ta kiyasta cewa al'ummar Abzinawa a Mali sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 0.9% na al'ummar ƙasar (~ 150,000), yayin da kusan kashi 3.5% na mazauna yankin suna magana da Tuareg (Tamasheq) a matsayin harshen farko.[29] Sabanin haka, Imperato (2008) ya kiyasta cewa Abzinawa na wakiltar kusan kashi 3% na al'ummar Mali.[26]

Tarihi
Tarihin farko
Karin bayani: Azawad da Tin Hinan

Wakilin mai fasaha na Tin Hinan, tsohuwar sarauniyar Hoggar

A zamanin da, Abzinawa sun ƙaura zuwa kudu daga yankin Tafilalt zuwa cikin Sahel a ƙarƙashin Sarauniyar Tuareg ta kafa sarauniya Tin Hinan, wadda aka yi imanin ta rayu tsakanin ƙarni na 4 zuwa na 5.[30]. Kabarin Tin Hinan da ya shafe shekaru 1,500 a duniya yana cikin sahara a Abalessa a tsaunin Hoggar na kudancin Aljeriya. An samo kayan rubutu a Tifinagh, rubutun al'adun gargajiya na Abzinawa na Libyco-Berber, a daya daga cikin tsoffin katangar kabarin.[31]

Ana samun bayanan waje na hulɗa da Abzinawa daga aƙalla karni na 10 zuwa gaba. Ibn Hawkal (karni na 10), El-Bekri (karni na 11), Edrisi (karni na 12), Ibn Battutah (karni na 14), da Leo Africanus (karni na 16) duk sun rubuta Abzinawa ta wani salo, yawanci a matsayin Mulatthamin ko “masu lullube”. A cikin malaman tarihi na farko, mai yiwuwa masanin karni na goma sha huɗu Ibn Khaldun ya rubuta wasu filla-filla game da rayuwa da mutanen Sahara, duk da cewa a zahiri bai taɓa haduwa da su ba[32].
Addini
Ƙarin bayani: Tatsuniyar Berber

Abzinawa a cikin addu'a,a shekarar alif 1973
Abzinawa a al'adance suna bin tatsuniyar Berber. Binciken archaeological na kaburbura na zamanin da a cikin Maghreb sun haifar da ragowar kwarangwal waɗanda aka zana da ocher. Ko da yake Iberomaurusians sun san wannan al'ada, amma al'adar a maimakon haka an samo asali ne daga al'adun Capsian da suka biyo baya.[46] An gina kaburburan Megalithic, irin su kaburburan jedar, don ayyukan addini da na jana'iza. A shekara ta alif 1926, an gano irin wannan kabarin a kudancin Casablanca. An zana abin tunawa da rubutun jana'iza a cikin tsohon rubutun Libyco-Berber da ake kira Tifinagh, wanda har yanzu Abzinawa ke amfani da shi.[47]

A lokacin tsakiyar karni Abzinawa sun karbi Musulunci bayan zuwansa da Khalifancin Umayyawa a karni na 7.[18] A karni na 16, karkashin jagorancin El Maghili, [48] Abzinawa sun rungumi mazhabar Malikiyya ta Ahlus Sunna, wadda a yanzu suke bi.[49] Abzinawa sun taimaka wajen yada addinin musulunci zuwa yammacin Sudan.[50] Yayin da Musulunci shi ne addinin Abzinawa na wannan zamani, takardun tarihi sun nuna cewa tun da farko sun bijirewa yunkurin musulunta a tungarsu ta gargajiya.[51][52]
A cewar Susan Rasmussen masanin ilimin ɗan adam, bayan da Abzinawa sun karɓi addinin, an yi imanin cewa sun gaza wajen yin addu'o'i da kuma kiyaye wasu ƙa'idodin musulmi. Wasu daga cikin tsoffin akidarsu har yanzu suna wanzuwa a cikin wayo a cikin al'adarsu da al'adarsu, irin su abubuwan da suka shafi sararin samaniya da al'ada kafin zuwan Musulunci, musamman a tsakanin matan Abzinawa, ko kuma "al'adun matattu" da ya yadu, wanda wani nau'i ne na girmama kakanni. Misali, bukukuwan addini na Abzinawa na kunshe da ishara ga ruhohin matrilineal, da kuma na haihuwa, da jinin haila, da kasa da kakanni[14]. Norris a shekara ta alif (1976) ya yi nuni da cewa wannan dandali na zahiri na iya samo asali ne daga tasirin masu wa'azin Sufaye a kan Abzinawa.[18]

Abzinawa na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun da ke da tasiri wajen yaɗuwar Musulunci da abin da ya bari a arewacin Afirka da maƙwabtan Sahel.[18] Timbuktu, wata muhimmiyar cibiyar Musulunci da ta shahara ga malamanta, Imasheghen Abzinawa ne ya kafa ta a farkon karni na 12[53]. Ya bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin kariya da mulkin ƙungiyar Abzinawa.[54][55] Sai dai masana na wannan zamani suna ganin cewa babu isassun hujjoji da za su nuna ainihin lokacin da aka samo asali da kuma wadanda suka kafa Timbuktu, duk da cewa a kimiyance ya tabbata cewa birnin ya samo asali ne daga kasuwancin gida tsakanin yankin Neja-Delta ta tsakiya, a daya bangaren kuma tsakanin makiyayan Sahara, tun kafin hijira ta farko[56]. Monroe ya tabbatar, bisa ga shaidar archaeological, cewa Timbuktu ya fito ne daga yanayin birane da karkara, wato, da nufin samar da ayyuka ga yankunan karkara na nan take.[57]
A shekara ta  alif 1449, wani gidan sarauta na Abzinawa ya kafa daular Tenere Sultanate of Aïr (Sultanate of Agadez) a birnin Agadez a cikin tsaunukan Aïr.[25]

Daga baya malaman addinin Abzinawa na karni na 18 irin su Jibril ibn Umar sun yi wa'azin kimar jihadin juyin juya hali. Da irin wadannan koyarwar, dalibin Ibn Umar Usman dan Fodio ya jagoranci jihadin Sakkwato, ya kafa Daular Sakkwato.[58]

Al'umma
Al'ummar Abzinawa a al'adance suna nuna kasancewar dangi, matsayin jama'a da matsayi a cikin kowace ƙungiyar siyasa.Elizabeth Heath (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 499–500. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
Manazarta