John Mwakangale

John Mwakangale yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai a Tanganyika (yanzu na Tanzaniya) a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya . Lokacin da ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai, Mwakangale ya shiga majalisar juyan farko na Julius Nyerere, Shugaban farko na. Mwakikagile, Godfrey, The African Liberation Struggle: Reflections, Intercontinental Books (2018), p. 85,  (last retrieved 6 December 2018) Ana kuma ɗaukar Mwakangale a matsayin ɗan Afirka na Afirka kuma ɗan kishin ƙasa na Afirka. Shi ne kuma shugaban farko da Nelson Mandela ya gana da shi a shekarar 1962 lokacin da ya tsere daga gidan yari yana neman taimako daga wasu shugabannin Afirka. Mandela ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wannan haduwar a cikin littafinsa Long Walk to Freedom.  Mandela, Nelson, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, Little, Brown and Co., New York, (1994), p. 538, 

 Ayyuka 
Lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) a Dar es Salaam a watan Yuli 1954 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Julius Nyerere - domin ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai, Mwakangale ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun jagororinta a ƙasar da kuma lardin Kudancin Highland. Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin jagororin ƙungiyar 'yantar da 'yanci ta Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa (PAFMECA) wacce aka kafa a Mwanza, Tanganyika, a watan Satumbann shekarar 1958 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Julius Nyerere. PAFMECA ta tattara tare da dai-daita gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiyar Afirka wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasashe da yawa: Tanganyika, Kenya, Zanzibar, Uganda, Nyasaland (wanda aka sake masa suna Malawi), Arewacin Rhodesia (yanzu Zambia), da Kudancin Rhodesia (wanda aka sake masa suna Zimbabwe). An sauya mata suna zuwa PAFMECSA a matsayin kungiyar 'yanci ta Gabas, Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka (PAFMECSA) bayan da aka fadada ta zuwa kasashen kudancin Afirka ciki har da Afirka ta Kudu ta wariyar launin fata. John Mwakangale ya kasance fitaccen jagora a cikin fafutukar 'yanci.

A shekarar 1958, Mwakangale yana daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin Afirka da aka zaba a majalisar dokoki (LEGCO), majalisar mulkin mallaka wacce turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnan Tanganyika na Burtaniya suka mamaye. Gwamna a lokacin shine Sir Edward Twining. Ya yi gwamna daga 1949 zuwa 1958. Sir Richard Turnbull ya gaje shi a watan Yulin shekara ta 1958. Turnbull shi ne gwamna na ƙarshe kuma ya mika mulki ga Julius Nyerere ranar 9 ga Disamba 1961. Nyerere ya zama firayim minista na farko na sabuwar ƙasar Tanganyika.

Membobin LEGCO an zaɓe su ne bisa tsarin ɓangaranci uku da ke wakiltar ƙabilanci uku: Turawa, waɗanda galibi mazauna Biritaniya ne; 'Yan Asiya, galibinsu Tanganyikan 'yan asalin Indiya da Pakistan, nau'in da ya hada da Larabawa; da kuma 'yan Afirka, ko kuma baƙar fata, waɗanda suka zama mafi yawan al'ummar Tanganyika. Mwakangale ya wakilci lardin Kudancin Highland a majalisar dokokin mulkin mallaka inda tare da takwarorinsa suka ci gaba da yakin neman 'yancin kai.

Lardin Highlands na Kudancin da ya wakilta a LEGCO na ɗaya daga cikin larduna bakwai na Tanganyika na mulkin mallaka. Lardunan sune Lardin Yamma wanda ya kasance mafi girma; Lardin Tafki, Lardin Arewa, Lardin Tsakiya, Lardin Coast, Lardin Kudu, da Lardin Highlands na Kudancin da aka fi sani da Kudancin Highlands. An raba lardunan zuwa ƙananan hukumomin gudanarwa da ake kira yankuna a cikin 1963.

Bayan Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a watan Disamba 1961, Mwakangale ya ci gaba da zama dan majalisa.

An kuma bayyana Mwakangale a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa “mai adawa da farar fata” da kuma “mai adawa da Burtaniya” a gwamnati. Ya kuma kasance mai kare muradun ma'aikatan Afirka. Humphrey Taylor, Bature wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami’in Gundumar (DO) a Tanganyika daga 1959 zuwa 1962, ya rubuta wadannan abubuwa game da John Mwakangale lokacin da yake mamban majalisar ministocin da ke rike da mukamin ministan kwadago a karkashin Firayim Minista Nyerere:

"Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai, kuma kusan ƙarshen lokacina na Hakimin Gundumar a Njombe, na sami kira daga manajan Biritaniya na kamfanin noman wattle da masana'anta mai nisan mil daga ofishin gundumar. Ma'aikatar ta ɗauki bawon da aka cire daga itacen wattle kuma ya yi amfani da shi don yin tannin. Ma'aikatan da ke wurin sun fara yajin aiki don samun ƙarin albashi, a wani ɓangare saboda suna tsammanin ƙasar Burtaniya za ta ƙara samun karin albashi.

Manajan ya kira ni saboda yana tsoron kada gungun masu zanga-zangar da ke kusa da masana’anta su kai hari su lalata ta. Ya nemi kariya ga ‘yan sanda. Na iso daga baya da ’yan sandan Afirka goma ko goma sha biyar. Ba zan iya tunawa ba ko wani abu ne da su ke dauke da makamai in ban da kutuwa. Mai yiyuwa ne su ma sun kawo bindigogi. Duk da haka dai, komai ya wuce lafiya ba tare da wani mummunan lamari ba. Ni da ‘yan sanda muka tsaya na tsawon sa’o’i biyu a tsakanin masu yajin aikin da masana’anta. Nan fa masu yajin suka watse suka tafi. Babu tashin hankali kowane iri.

Sai dai shugaban ƙungiyar na yankin ya aike da sakon wayar tarho mai zafi zuwa ga Ministan Kwadago, John Mwakangale da ke Dar es Salaam, inda ya rubuta cewa an samu rikici mai hatsari tare da tunzura jami’in ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da ‘yan sanda da kuma cewa akwai ‘hadarin zubar da jini.’ An yi imanin Mwakangale shi ne dan adawa mafi tsaurin ra'ayi ko kuma dan Birtaniya a gwamnati. Ya sake buga waya ya ce zai zo Njombe washegari kuma ya aiko mana da sako mai kaifi yana sukar matakin da na ɗauka tare da neman ganawa da mu da zarar ya iso.

A farkon taron ya kasance mai tsananin fushi da ƙiyayya, amma yayin da yake sauraron manaja, 'yan sanda da ni, ya fahimci abin da ya faru, kuma bai faru ba. A ƙarshen taron muka tashi tare da shan giya tare

Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan, na kasance a Dar es Salaam don kama jirgin a hanyara ta gida a ƙarshen ɗan gajeren aikina na mulkin mallaka. Yayin da nake tafiya a kan titi a can na ga wasu ƴan ƴan majalisar ministocin Afirka ciki har da Mwakangale suna tafe da ni a wancan gefen titi. Da ya gan ni, sai ya haye hanya, ya karɓe ni cikin farin ciki, ya kama ni, ya kawo ni don in gana da abokan aikinsa. Ya gaya mani irin nadama da ya ji cewa zan bar Tanganyika." - (Humphrey Taylor, "Danger of Spilling Blood," The British Empire,https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/dangerofspillingblood.htm).

John Mwakangale kuma shi ne shugaban Tanganyika na farko wanda Nelson Mandela ya gana da shi a watan Janairun 1962 lokacin da Mandela ya bar Afirka ta Kudu a asirce don neman taimako daga wasu kasashen Afirka a yakin da ake da ‘yan tsiraru fararen fata a kasarsa ta haihuwa. Tanganyika kuma ita ce kasar Afirka ta farko mai cin gashin kanta Mandela ya kai ziyara bayan ya bar Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko. Ya sadu da Mwakangale a Mbeya, babban birnin lardin Highlands na Kudu. An nada Mwakangale don karbar Mandela a Mbeya a madadin gwamnatin Tanganyika. Bayan ganawa da Mwakangale, Mandela ya tashi zuwa Dar es Salaam washegari inda ya gana da Julius Nyerere. Nyerere shi ne shugaban wata kasa ta Afirka mai cin gashin kanta ta farko da Mandela ya gana. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Long Walk to Freedom, Mandela ya tuna ganawarsa da Mwakangale a garin Mbeya da kuma yadda, a karon farko a rayuwarsa, ya sami 'yanci da alfahari kasancewarsa a wata kasa ta Afirka mai cin gashin kanta:

 "Da sanyin safiya mun tashi (Bechuanaland, yanzu Botswana) zuwa Mbeya, wani gari kusa da Arewacin Rhodesian ....(A Mbeya) mun yi rajista a wani otal na gida kuma muka tarar da taron baƙar fata da fararen fata zaune a kan veranda suna zance cikin ladabi. Ba a taɓa kasancewa a wurin jama'a ko otal inda babu mashaya mai launi, Tankanle na African Union, muna jiran Mr. John Mwa na African Union. Ba mu sani ba ya kira mu yana neman mu. Ya tambaye mu yana nuna mana 'Yi hakuri, yallabai,' ta amsa da 'ya yi amma na manta ban fada musu ba. "Don Allah a yi hankali madam," in ji shi a cikin ladabi amma a hankali 'Waɗannan mutanen baƙonmu ne kuma muna so a ba su kulawar da ta dace.'

 Daga nan na gane cewa ina cikin kasar da ’yan Afirka suke mulka. A karon farko a rayuwata, ni mutum ne mai 'yanci. Ko da yake ni ɗan gudun hijira ne da ake nema a ƙasara, na ji nauyin zalunci ya ɗauke ni daga kafaɗuna. Duk inda na shiga cikin Tanganyika launin fata na ya karɓi kai tsaye maimakon zagi nan take. An fara yi mani hukunci ba da kalar fatar jikina da ma'aunin hankalina da halina ba. Ko da yake ina yawan jin kishin gida a lokacin tafiye-tafiye na, amma duk da haka na ji kamar a karon farko da gaske nake gida....

 Washegari muka isa Dar es Salaam kuma na gana da Julius Nyerere, sabon shugaban kasar na farko. Mun yi magana a gidansa, wanda ko kaɗan ba mai girma ba ne, kuma na tuna cewa ya tuka kansa a cikin wata mota mai sauƙi, ɗan Austin. Wannan ya burge ni, domin ya nuna cewa shi mutum ne na mutane. Class, Nyerere ya dage, ya kasance baƙo ga Afirka; gurguzu na asali."Mandela, Nelson, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, Little, Brown and Co., New York, (1994), p. 538, ISBN 0-316-87496-5

 Ƙasashen waje 
Farfesa John Iliffe a cikin littafinsa A Modern History of Tanganyika ya bayyana John Mwakangale a matsayin “mai rajin kishin kasa,” wani kimantawa da wasu kalaman Mwakangale ya yi a majalisar dokokin kasar suka jaddada. A cewar Farfesa Paul Bjerk a cikin littafinsa Gina Zaman Lafiya: Julius Nyerere and the Establishment of Sovereignty in Tanzania, 1960 - 1964:

 A watan Oktoban 1961, ra'ayin wariyar launin fata ya taso har ma a tsakanin 'yan jam'iyyarsa (Nyerere) lokacin da aka gabatar da wata shawara ta jinkirta zama dan kasa ga wadanda ba Afrika ba har tsawon shekaru biyar bayan samun 'yancin kai. Christopher (Kasanga) Tumbo ya yi kira da a bambanta tsakanin "yan ƙasa" da "jin ƙaura". Wani dan jam’iyyar TANU daga Mbeya, J. B. Mwakangale, ya kai ga yin kira ga ministocin da ba na Afirka ba su yi murabus bayan samun ‘yancin kai. Mwakangale ya yi zargin cewa "Ba mu da wata hujja ta amincin su. Suna zage-zage da yaudararmu."

A martaninsa, Nyerere ya yi barazanar cewa shi da ministocinsa za su yi murabus idan majalisar ba ta goyi bayan manufofin TANU ba. Nyerere ya yi Allah-wadai da munafuncin manufar fifita 'yan Afirka a kasar da ke gab da fitowa daga kasar 'yan mulkin mallaka mai nuna wariyar launin fata. A bayyane ya fusata, ya bayar da hujjar cewa da zarar an gabatar da wariyar launin fata a siyasar Tanganyikan dabarar za ta dauki rayuwar kanta, ta haifar da kyamar kabilanci:

 Watarana za mu ce an halicci kowa da kowa sai Masai, sai Wagogo, sai Waha, sai masu auren mata fiye da daya, sai Musulmi, da sauransu... Kun san abin da zai faru idan mutane suka fara buguwa da mulki suna daukaka jinsinsu, Hitler, abin da suke yi kenan. Kun san inda suke jagorantar jinsin bil'adama, Verwoerd na Afirka ta Kudu, abin da suke yi kenan...

 Zan sake maimaita, kuma in nanata sosai, cewa wannan Gwamnati ta yi watsi da ita, kuma ta yi watsi da duk wani ra'ayi da kasancewar 'yan kasa tare da ayyuka da hakkokin 'yan kasa na kasar, zai dogara ne akan komai sai biyayya ga kasar nan. - (Paul Bjerk, Gina Ƙasa Mai Zaman Lafiya: Julius Nyerere da Ƙaddamar da Mulki a Tanzaniya, 1960 - 1964, Rochester, New York: Jami'ar Rochester Press, 2015, shafi na 72 - 73).

John Mwakangale ya kuma yi kakkausar adawa da daukar ma'aikatan zaman lafiya na Amurka aiki a Tanganyika yana mai cewa suna can ne domin tada zaune tsaye tare da hambarar da gwamnati. "Duk inda suke a kullum sai mun ji ana samun matsala, sai ka ji an ce ana kokarin hambarar da gwamnati, wadannan mutane ba don zaman lafiya suke ba, suna nan ne domin neman tashin hankali, ba ma son a kara zaman lafiya." An nakalto shi a cikin rahoton labarai, "M.P. Attacks American Peace Corps," wanda shine babban labari a farkon shafi na Tanganyika Standard (wanda aka sake masa suna Daily News a 1972), 12 Yuni 1964.

Farfesa Henry Bienen, a cikin littafinsa, Tanzaniya: Canjin Jam'iyya da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki, ya bayyana cewa zama ɗan ƙasa ba tare da kabilanci ba da daidaito ga kowa a cikin sabuwar ƙasar Tanganyika wanda ba da daɗewa ba za ta sami 'yancin kai "ya haifar da kyamar al'umma da wariyar launin fata a tsakanin mambobin TANU a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa. Daya MP (John Mwakangale), wanda zai zama duka biyu sakataren yanki, kuma ya ce majalisa:

"Ina ganin kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar da ba 'yan Afirka ba har yanzu suna daukar dan Afirka a Tanganyika a matsayin dan Adam mai kaskanci. Me yasa haka? Shin saboda yawan fararen fata sun mamaye mu, ta fuskar tattalin arziki da siyasa, kuma makwabtansu, Asiyawa, sun mamaye mu ta fuskar tattalin arziki, mu ’yan Afirka...Shin kuna ganin mutumin Afirka da ya kafa mafi yawan al’ummar zai yarda ya sami daidaito daidai da Turawa da Asiya? Amsa ta a'a...

Duk baki da ke zaune a Tanganyika a yanzu kuma suka aika da kudadensu zuwa kasashensu ko kuma wasu kasashe ya kamata a cikin wannan shekara biyar su dawo da kudadensu. Na sake maimaitawa...dole ne su dawo da shi. Daga yanzu 'yan kasashen waje da suke da arziki...ya kamata su ba mu a kalla kashi 15 cikin 100 na kudadensu, asusun Tanganyika.'

Sauran ‘yan majalisar sun bayyana ra’ayoyinsu makamancin haka...Mambobin majalisar dokokin kasar, Tumbo, Msindai, Mtaki da Wambura sun bayyana ra’ayoyinsu iri daya. Msindai zai zama kwamishinan yanki ne a shekarar 1962. Mtaki da Wambura sun zama kwamishinonin yanki kuma yanzu sun zama kananan ministoci...

Kakakin majalisar ya yanke wannan ra'ayi ne bayan da Mista Mwakangale ya yi ikirarin cewa 'suna bata mu, suna yaudararmu, suna yin abubuwa iri-iri da ke nuna cewa su abokanmu ne --- amma na sani...'

Mista Nyerere ya tashi ya mai da martani ya ce: 'Ba za a sami babban bambanci tsakanin masu magana ba (don wasu sun yi irin wannan layi) da wannan Gwamnati a nan. Wariya da ake yiwa dan Adam saboda kalar su shine abinda muke yakar '...

Tun da farko a watan Oktoban 1961, da yawa daga cikin mazajen da za su yi magana a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa sun kai hari kan matsayin gwamnati da Nyerere a NEC (Kwamitin Zartarwa na kasa, Hukumar koli a TANU - Tanganyika African National Union). Sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare a wani taron NEC na Janairu 1962, inda Nyerere ya yanke shawarar yin murabus. A watan Janairu ya ce ya fara tunanin yin murabus ne a watan Oktoban 1961, bayan muhawarar majalisar dokokin kasar.

A lokacin (Janairu 1962), matsin lamba daga shugabanni masu matsakaicin matsayi - sakatarorin yanki / gundumomi da shugabanni, 'yan majalisa, MNE, sakatarorin gudanarwa a hedikwatar kasa, da shugabannin kungiyoyin kwadago - ya yi yawa sosai. Lokacin da aka gabatar da dokar zama ‘yan kasa ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa a watan Oktoban 1961, Nyerere ya ce zai yi murabus sai dai in ya dauke majalisar tare da shi. A karkashin wannan barazanar, an aiwatar da kudirin sosai, amma ba a kawo karshen rashin amincewa a tsakanin kungiyar ta TANU ba kan batutuwan kabilanci wadanda suka ci gaba da haifar da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki. A cikin watanni biyu na ƙarshe na 1961 tashin hankali ya ci gaba, kuma Asiyawa suna fuskantar barazana lokaci-lokaci a sassa daban-daban na Tanganyika." - Henry Bienen, Tanzaniya: Canjin Jam'iyya da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Princeton, New Jersey, Amurka: Jami'ar Princeton Press, 1967, shafi 162 - 163).

 Bayani da nassoshi 

 Bayanan littattafai 

 Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Nyerere da Afirka: Ƙarshen Zamanin, New Africa Press (2010), Fifth Edition, Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu, shafuffuka 94, 105, 112, 119, 329-330, 492 
 Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, Third Edition, New Africa Press (2010), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, shafi na 149 
 Illife, John, Tarihin zamani na Tanganyika, Cambridge University Press (1979), Cambridge, shafuffuka na 560, 565 
 Aminzade, Ronald, Race, Nation, da Citizenship a cikin Post-Colonial Africa: The Case of Tanzania, New York, Cambridge University Press (2013), shafi na 16 
 Longford, Michael, The Flags Changed at Midnight: Towards the Independence of Tanganyika, Gracwing (2001), Leominster, Herefordshire, UK, shafi na 48. 
 An samo asali ne daga littafin nan, mai suna "An Autobiography", wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Gabashin Afirka. 
 An samo asali ne daga littafin nan, mai suna "Abin da ke cikin littafin nan". 
 Lawrence, David, Tanzania: The Land, Its People and Contemporary Life, New Africa Press (2009), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, shafuffuka 199-200 
 Brennan, James R., Taifa: Yin Nation da Race a cikin Urban Tanzania, Athens, Ohio, Amurka, (2012), shafi na 164. 
 Mandela, Nelson, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, Little, Brown and Co., New York, (1994), shafi na 538,   
 Bjerk, Paul, Gina Al'umma Mai Zaman Lafiya: Julius Nyerere da Kafa Masarauta a Tanzania, 1960 - 1964, Rochester, New York: Jami'ar Rochester Press, (2015), shafuffuka 72 - 73 
 Mwakikagile, Godfrey, The African Liberation Struggle: Reflections, Intercontinental Books (2018), shafi na 85,   (an samo shi na ƙarshe 6 Disamba 2018)  
 Godfrey Mwakikagile: Yammacin Afirka ne?