Uwar Sarauniya

Uwar Sarauniya (kuma uwar Sarauniya ) kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don bayyana wasu sarakunan gargajiya mata a al'adun Afirka. Ko da yake babu cikakken bayanin "uwar sarauniya", kamar yadda matsayinsu ya bambanta ta al'umma, yanayin siyasa, da al'adu,  gabaɗaya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙananan hukumomi kuma "suna amfani da ikon zamantakewa da tasiri." 

Don haka sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na cibiyoyin zamantakewa, siyasa, da al'adu a fadin nahiyar Afirka: Akan, alal misali, sun gane su a matsayin masu muhimmanci na siyasa na gida  kuma sau da yawa suna gano gado ta hanyar su a cikin salon matrilineal ;  yayin da a Uganda, ana iya amfani da kalmar don kwatanta matan da suka yi mulki kai tsaye.  Adadin ikon sarauniya uwaye a halin yanzu ya ragu tun lokacin mulkin mallaka,  ko da yake karni na 21 ya ga tasirin su ya girma a wasu yanayi.  Da yawa mambobi ne na kungiyar Queens and Women Cultural Networks, kungiyar sa kai .

 Tarihi 
Iyayen Sarauniya sun kasance manyan ƴan siyasa waɗanda ke ba da umarnin girmamawa kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka. Mistiaen, Veronique (3 December 2015). "Meet the Queen Mothers: 10,000 amazing women taking back power in Africa". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 December 2015. Duk da haka, wakilan matsayi ga waɗannan alkalumman sun bambanta: a wasu lokuta, an ɗauke su a matsayin masu mulki,  a wasu, suna da takamaiman hukunce-hukuncen al'amurran "mata" (ko batutuwan da suka shafi maza da mata tare, kamar fyade, zina da rikice-rikicen aure), Farrar, Tarikhu (1997). "The Queenmother, Matriarchy, and the Question of Female Political Authority in Precolonial West African Monarchy". Journal of Black Studies. 27 (5): 579–597. doi:10.1177/002193479702700501. JSTOR 2784870. S2CID 142351141. a wasu har yanzu, sun kasance kawai uwaye na ainihi na manyan matsayi, kuma suna da damar da za su iya samun duk wani matsayi.

Masu mulkin mallaka daga Turai, saboda jima'i na kansu, sun yi shawarwari kawai tare da maza masu suna a yankunan da suka yi aiki a ciki. Iyayen Sarauniya a Afirka, da gaske, ba a san su da mahimmanci ba kuma galibi ana kiran su a cikin takaddun tarihi na mulkin mallaka/mishan a matsayin “’yan’uwa” na mazan da ke cikin iko. Steegstra, Marijke (2009). "Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana". Africa Today. 55 (3): 105–123. doi:10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104. S2CID 144316421. Retrieved 3 January 2016 – via Project Muse. Ƙin matsayi da waɗannan mata suka fuskanta ya sauƙaƙe asarar ikonsu Mistiaen, Veronique (3 December 2015). "Meet the Queen Mothers: 10,000 amazing women taking back power in Africa". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 December 2015. - don haka, a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, iyayen mata, kamar sauran mata a nahiyar, sun rasa "gata da hakkokin zamantakewa, addini, tsarin mulki, da siyasa." 

Gwamnonin bayan mulkin mallaka "sun ci gaba da manufofin da ke lalata ikon gargajiya na mata": Steegstra, Marijke (2009). "Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana". Africa Today. 55 (3): 105–123. doi:10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104. S2CID 144316421. Retrieved 3 January 2016 – via Project Muse. A cikin 1957, a matsayin misali, shugabannin Ghana na 'yancin kai ba su sanya uwar Sarauniya a cikin al'amuransu ba, maimakon haka su yi aiki tare da sarakuna maza kawai. Mistiaen, Veronique (3 December 2015). "Meet the Queen Mothers: 10,000 amazing women taking back power in Africa". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 December 2015. Rashin mata a cikin harkokin siyasa da, musamman, cibiyoyin gargajiya ya haifar da dagula rarraba madafun iko kuma ya haifar da "damuwa da 'yancin mata" da ba a dace ba. 

A cikin 1988, an kafa Ƙungiyar Uwar Sarauniya Ashanti. Yanzu tana da shugabannin mata kusan arba'in da hudu daga yankin Ashanti a matsayin mambobi. Ƙungiyar tana halartar batutuwan da suka shafi mata.

Kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana na shekarar 1992 ya hada da sashi na 277 wanda ya bayyana sarauta.  Mataki na 277 ya bayyana shugaba a matsayin mutumin da aka nada shi da kyau daga tsatson tsatson da aka nada da kuma "wanda aka nada, a lullube shi ko aka nada shi a matsayin sarki ko uwar Sarauniya bisa ga dokar al'ada da amfani."  A lokacin rani na 2010, Majalisar Sarakunan Kasa a Ghana ta ba da sanarwar hada mata mata 20 na sarauniya.  Ana nada iyaye mata a gidan na tsawon shekaru hudu.

A shekara ta 2006, asusun kula da yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fara aiki tare da matan sarauniya don taimakawa ayyukan jin dadi ga mata da yara a sassa daban-daban na yammacin Afirka. 

A baya-bayan nan, yankuna kamar yankin Upper West na Ghana, inda ba a yi amfani da al'adar samun matan sarauniya ba, an karfafa su da "sake girka" matan Sarauniya ta hanyar masu ba da shawara kan karfafa mata. An saka karin mata a matsayin sarauniya uwa a yankin arewacin kasar Ghana, lamarin da ya daga darajar mata a yankin. 

A cikin 2014, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ghana, Henry Seidu Danaa, ya bayyana cewa shigar Sarauniyar mata a Majalisar Sarakunan ya kasance bisa tsarin mulki. 

 Bayani da ayyuka 
Lakabin uwar sarauniya wata kalma ce ta Ingilishi wacce ake amfani da ita wajen kwatanta mata a matsayin jagoranci na gargajiya na Afirka. Farrar, Tarikhu (1997). "The Queenmother, Matriarchy, and the Question of Female Political Authority in Precolonial West African Monarchy". Journal of Black Studies. 27 (5): 579–597. doi:10.1177/002193479702700501. JSTOR 2784870. S2CID 142351141. Mutanen Akan suna amfani da kalmar ohemmaa, wanda ke nufin "mai mulkin mace".  A al'adar Ga, ana kiran su manye ko "mahaifiyar al'umma". A al'adar Pabir, an san su da maigira, kalmar da ke nufin "sarautar mace."  A al'adar Benin, ana kiran matan Sarauniya da iyobas .  A al'adar kasar Yarbawa, macen da ake saka hannun jari a al'ada ana kiranta da iya oba ko kuma "mahaifiyar sarki".

Ofishin uwar Sarauniya kuma ana kiranta da "stool". Farrar, Tarikhu (1997). "The Queenmother, Matriarchy, and the Question of Female Political Authority in Precolonial West African Monarchy". Journal of Black Studies. 27 (5): 579–597. doi:10.1177/002193479702700501. JSTOR 2784870. S2CID 142351141. A Ghana, ana zabar mata mata daga gidan sarauta na kowane gari da ƙauye.  Shugaban gidan sarauta da kuma dattawa ne suka zaɓi shugaba da uwar sarauniya, ma’auratan da za su kasance da dangantaka da juna. Resource Information Center (18 October 1999). "Ghana: Information on the "Queen Mother" Tradition among the Kwahu People of Ghana". Refworld. United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved 3 January 2016. Iyalan sarauta sun kasance daga farkon mazauna wani yanki. Mistiaen, Veronique (3 December 2015). "Meet the Queen Mothers: 10,000 amazing women taking back power in Africa". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

 Akan al'ada 
A al’adar Akan, matan sarauniya suna mulki tare da sarki ko sarki a yankinsu.  Ana daukar iyaye mata a matsayin shuwagabannin ruhin al'ummarsu da masu kula da ilimin asali .  Suna da veto ikon sarki ko sarki kuma suna iya nada nasu ministoci.  Iyayen Sarauniya kuma suna zabar wadanda za su zama shugaba na gaba idan “stool” na sarki babu kowa. Steegstra, Marijke (2009). "Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana". Africa Today. 55 (3): 105–123. doi:10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104. S2CID 144316421. Retrieved 3 January 2016 – via Project Muse. Matan sarauniya ce ke jagorantar kotuna da ke sauraron kararrakin rigingimun da mata ke kawowa kotu. Obeng, Samuel; Stoeltje, Beverly J. (2002). "Women's Voices in Akan Juridical Discourse". Africa Today. 49 (1): 21–41. doi:10.1353/at.2002.0008. JSTOR 4187478. S2CID 145539094. A cikin ɗakin shari'ar su, Sarauniya iyaye mata da jami'an kotuna "suna da iko akan masu jayayya."  Idan ya cancanta, uwayen sarauniya na iya "ɗaukar da cikakken ikon ikon tsakiya." Farrar, Tarikhu (1997). "The Queenmother, Matriarchy, and the Question of Female Political Authority in Precolonial West African Monarchy". Journal of Black Studies. 27 (5): 579–597. doi:10.1177/002193479702700501. JSTOR 2784870. S2CID 142351141. A wasu lokuta (kamar lokacin sarautar Sarauniya Yaa Asantewa ), sun "yi aiki a matsayin shugabannin yaki." 

 Bini al'ada 
Masarautar Benin ba ta da uwayen sarauniya sai bayan karshen karni na sha biyar lokacin da aka yi rikici kan karagar mulki.  A lokacin rikicin, mata sun sami iko kuma farkon adadin su, Sarauniya Idia, ta zama uwar sarauniya.  Iyayen Sarauniya a cikin al'adar Benin, kamar na sarakunan Yammacin Turai, su ne iyayen sarakuna na zahiri.  Sarauniyar gargajiya ta Benin, wadda aka fi sani da Iyoba, tana da iko sosai kuma ana girmama su a matsayin masu kare sarakuna. Bortolot, Alexander Ives. "Idia: The First Queen Mother of Benin". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 4 January 2016.

 Al'adar Burundi 
A cikin rusasshiyar Masarautar Burundi, an san wata uwar sarauniya da suna Mugabekazi . Wannan mai lakabin ya yi aiki a matsayin jigo mai ƙarfi a zamanin mulkin ɗanta ko kuma - kamar yadda ya faru da Sarauniya Ririkumutima - ɗan ɗa.

 Al'adun Dahomi 
A cikin mutanen Fon na Dahomey, Kpojito tana hidima a matsayin uwar sarauniya. A al'adance, wannan mai take yana da roko na addini, ya zama mai ba da shawara ga sarki, ko Ahosu na Dahomey, kuma ya roke shi a kan manyan shari'o'i. Fitacciyar mai wannan lakabi ita ce Sarauniya Hwanjile .

A yau kpojito har yanzu yana da matsayi na tasiri a cikin babbar majalisar masarautar, sannan kuma yana kula da wani muhimmin bangare na mulkin Dahomey na yau da kullun da kuma ragowar shagulgulan shahararrun rukunin sojojin Dahomey Amazons . Ta raba wannan aikin na ƙarshe tare da Sarauniya Hangbe, shugabar sunan gidan sarautar Hangbe.

 Al'adar Masar 
A zamanin d Misira, ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomi na tarihi, babban ma'aikacin sarki - ko Fir'auna na Masar - an san shi da Babbar Matar Sarauta ; ita ce ta shugabanci haramin mijinta, ta yi hidima iri-iri a cikin masarauta, har ma a wasu lokutan ta kasance magada gadon sarauta a kanta saboda asalinta na gado. Wani muhimmin mai riƙe da taken shine Sarauniya Hatshepsut .

Daga baya, a kasar Masar da ta gaje ta wacce ita kanta daular Muhammad Ali ke mulkinta, sarki - wanda a yanzu ake kira Khedive na Masar - yana da wata mata da aka fi sani da Khanum wacce ayyukanta suka bi ka'idar da sarakuna da sarakunan Turkiya suka kafa, wanda daular Khedivate ta taba kasancewa cikinta. Sarauniya Hoshiyar Qadin za a iya cewa ita ce ta fi fice wajen rike wannan mukami na karshe.

 Al'adar Kongo 
A tsohuwar Masarautar Kongo, ana kiran wata uwar sarauniya da suna Mwene Nzimba Mpungu . Yawanci ita ce kanwar mahaifin sarki mai mulki, kuma ana tsammanin za ta jagoranci mata huɗu waɗanda tsoffin membobin Ne Mbanda Mbanda ne, majalisar sarautar masarautar.

 Al'adar Krobo 
Daga cikin Krobo, akwai "mahaifiyar sarauniya" da kuma "ƙananan" sarauniya uwaye masu mulki a ƙarƙashinta. Steegstra, Marijke (2009). "Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana". Africa Today. 55 (3): 105–123. doi:10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104. S2CID 144316421. Retrieved 3 January 2016 – via Project Muse. Iyayen Sarauniyar Krobo suna da ƙarancin iko fiye da yadda matan Sarauniyar al'adar Akan suke yi.  Ana hasashen al'adar uwar sarauniya ta yiwu an karbe ta daga Akan. 

Krobo ya zaɓi matan sarauniya ta hanyar zaɓen sirri da dattawa suka yi. Steegstra, Marijke (2009). "Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana". Africa Today. 55 (3): 105–123. doi:10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104. S2CID 144316421. Retrieved 3 January 2016 – via Project Muse. Bayan zaɓenta, an sanar da ita sabon matsayinta ta hanyar shafa masa farin yumbu a hannunta.  Ana yin girki na tsafi inda aka koya mata, a yi mata nasiha, a ba ta sabon suna sannan a gabatar da ita ga sarki.  Ana kallon mahaifiyar Krobo a matsayin "mata" na al'ummarsu kuma yayin da ake ba da fifiko kan harkokin mata ga uwar sarauniya, tana taimakawa maza da mata. Drah, Bright B. (1 January 2014). "Queen mothers, NGOs, and orphans: Transformations in traditional women's political organization in an era of HIV and orphanhood in Manya Klo, Ghana". Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography. 68 (1): 10–21. Bibcode:2014NGTid..68...10D. doi:10.1080/00291951.2013.871331. ISSN 0029-1951. S2CID 128426588.

 Al'adar Kushit 
A cikin Masarautar Kush, tsohuwar jihar da ke cikin kasar Sudan a yau, ana kiran wata uwar sarauniya da sunan Kandake . Ta yi mulki tare da ɗanta sarki, ko Qore na Kush, kuma ta haɗu da shi wajen hidima iri-iri na ayyukan firist a cikin mulkinsa. Masu riƙe da lakabin sun shahara sosai har an ambaci su a cikin Alexander Romance da Sabon Alkawari na Littafi Mai Tsarki.

 hadisin Malinke 
A Masarautar Mali, wata shahararriyar daular zamanin da ta kasance a yammacin Afirka, mace mafi muhimmanci a daular ita ce Qasa, babbar matar aure kuma shugabar sarkin da ke mulki, ko Mansa na Mali . Daya daga cikin masu rike da wannan mukami, Empress Kassi, ta kasance ‘yar bangaranci a yunkurin kifar da tsohon mijinta Mansa Sulayman bayan rabuwar su.

 Al'adar Pabir 
Ana sa ran iyayen Pabir Sarauniya za su zama marasa aure . Farrar, Tarikhu (1997). "The Queenmother, Matriarchy, and the Question of Female Political Authority in Precolonial West African Monarchy". Journal of Black Studies. 27 (5): 579–597. doi:10.1177/002193479702700501. JSTOR 2784870. S2CID 142351141. Matsayin uwar sarauniyar Pabir abu ne na bikin, kuma "ikonta na gaskiya yana cikin iyawarta ta haifar da adawa ga sarki." Drah, Bright B. (1 January 2014). "Queen mothers, NGOs, and orphans: Transformations in traditional women's political organization in an era of HIV and orphanhood in Manya Klo, Ghana". Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography. 68 (1): 10–21. Bibcode:2014NGTid..68...10D. doi:10.1080/00291951.2013.871331. ISSN 0029-1951. S2CID 128426588.

 Al'adar Serer 
A cikin masarautun Serer na Senegambia, ana kiran wata uwar sarauniya a matsayin Lingeer . Ita ce uwa ko 'yar'uwar sarki mai mulki, ko Lamane, kuma ta mallaki yankinta a masarautarsa. Kamar yadda yake tare da Akans, gadon sarauta ya kasance ga zuriyarta maimakon na lamane.

 Al'adar Swazi 
A cikin mutanen Swazi na Kudancin Afirka, ana kiran uwar Sarauniya da Ndlovukati . Haɗuwa da ɗanta sarki, ko Ingwenyama na Eswatini, tana mulkin masarautar Eswatini a cikin abin da ke ainihin diarchy . Kodayake yawancin ayyukan gudanarwa na yau da kullun na ingwenyama ne, ndlovukati ta shahara a ruhaniya saboda hidimar da ta yi a lokacin bikin rawa na Reed na shekara-shekara.

 Al'adar Tswana 
A cikin mutanen Tswana, ana kiran uwar Sarauniya da Mohumagadi Mma Kgosi . Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga ɗanta sarki, ko Kgosi, kuma ƴan kabilar da yake mulka suna daraja ta gaba ɗaya. Shahararriyar mai taken ita ce Sarauniya Ruth, Lady Khama .

 Al'adar Yarbawa 
Mata masu shekaru dabam-dabam da kakanni an sanya su a matsayin "mahaifiyar sarakuna" na Yarbawa. Suna kuma da ayyuka daban-daban.

Erelu Kuti na Legas, alal misali, yana matsayi na uku a cikin tsari na gaba. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki a lokacin da "stool" na sarki, ko Oba na Legas, ba kowa. A wani bangare na bikin nadin sarautar sabon Oba, ta kuma yiwa dan takarar albarka a bainar jama'a kafin a nada shi. Saboda wadannan dalilai, ana daukar ta a matsayin uwar sarauniyar daular.

Wani wuri, a Egbaland, Moshade wani misali ne. Wata kotu mai suna a hidimar sarki, ko Alake na Egbaland, ita ce ma'aikaciyar da ke da alhakin nada shi sarauta. Bayan haka, ta kuma gudanar da aikin nada dukkan sarakunan da ke karkashinsa. Saboda wannan, ita ma tana ikirarin uwar sarauniya a matsayin wani bangare na salon bikinta.

Baya ga wadannan da sauran mata a kasar Yarbawa da ke da lakabin "iya oba", akwai kuma ajin matan da ake yi wa lakabi da oba matan ko "sarkin mata". Galibi masu rike da babban taken Iyalode, wadannan alkaluma ne ke kula da harkokin mata a masarautu daban-daban kuma suna wakiltar jinsinsu a majalisar sarakuna.

 Yau 
Iyayen Sarauniya a yau suna ci gaba da daidaitawa da canjin duniya kuma matsayin "ya kasance mai mahimmanci." Steegstra, Marijke (2009). "Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana". Africa Today. 55 (3): 105–123. doi:10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104. S2CID 144316421. Retrieved 3 January 2016 – via Project Muse. Suna shiga cikin kasuwanci  kuma suna gane gudunmawar ungozoma . 

Matan sarauniya sun taimaka wajen wayar da kan cutar sankara a Ghana.  Domin wayar da kan jama'a game da rawar da suke takawa a nahiyar Afirka, wasu matan sarauniya mata hudu daga Ghana sun zagaya kasar Amurka. 

Wasu matan sarauniya sun ce ba a girmama ikonsu kamar na sarakunan maza. Owusu-Kwarteng, Nana K. W. B. (2005). "Asante Traditional Leadership and the Process of Educational Change". OhioLINK. Ohio.gov. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Yayin da yawancin matan sarauniya da sauran mata a matsayin al'ada sun fuskanci cikas don samar da canji mai dorewa ga mata, suna ci gaba da tsarawa don samun wakilci "a cikin tsarin siyasa na yau da kullun."  Suna neman damar ilimi, kamar horar da ilimin shari'a a ɗakunan karatu a Ghana  ko taron bita.   

A kasar Ghana, sarauniya iyaye mata sun kafa kungiyar mata masu suna Manya Krobo Queen Mothers Association (MKQMA) domin taimaka wa yaran da suka zama marayu saboda kamuwa da cutar kanjamau .   Nana Okleyo ne ya fara kungiyar. Drah, Bright B. (1 January 2014). "Queen mothers, NGOs, and orphans: Transformations in traditional women's political organization in an era of HIV and orphanhood in Manya Klo, Ghana". Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography. 68 (1): 10–21. Bibcode:2014NGTid..68...10D. doi:10.1080/00291951.2013.871331. ISSN 0029-1951. S2CID 128426588. Nazarin ayyukan kungiyar a gundumar Manya Krobo, ya nuna cewa wannan kyakkyawan misali ne na yadda za a magance matsalar marayu a yammacin Afirka, ko da yake tana da wasu gazawa.  Akwai kimanin matan sarauniya 370 dake cikin MKQMA. Steegstra, Marijke (2009). "Krobo Queen Mothers: Gender, Power, and Contemporary Female Traditional Authority in Ghana". Africa Today. 55 (3): 105–123. doi:10.2979/aft.2009.55.3.104. S2CID 144316421. Retrieved 3 January 2016 – via Project Muse. Bugu da kari, kungiyar MKQMA karkashin jagorancin Manye Esther, ta bullo da shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar kanjamau da kuma taimakawa marayu fiye da 400. 

 Magana 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba