Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi

Makarantun Tarihi na Bakar Fata a Amurka (HBCUs) su ne cibiyoyin ilimi na gaba da sakandare da aka kafa a Amurka kafin shekarar 1964, da nufin samar da ilimi ga 'yan asalin Afirka-Amurka. An kafa yawancin su a yankin kudancin Amurka, musamman bayan yakin basasa na Amurka da kuma lokacin gyaran kasa (Reconstruction Era) tsakanin 1865 zuwa 1877. A wancan lokacin, yawancin jami'o'i da kwalejoji ba sa karɓar ɗaliban bakar fata, don haka aka buƙaci kafa HBCUs don cike wannan gibi.20 U.S. Code sec.1061,  https://USCode.house.gov  For a compact overview of HBCU history, see Walter R. Allen, Joseph O. Jewell, Kimberly A. Griffin, & De'Sha S. Wolf, Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Honoring the Past, Engaging the Present, Touching the Future, 76 Journal of Negro Education, pp. 263–280 (2007).

 Tarihi 

 Kafuwa da Manufa 

Makarantar farko da aka kafa don bakar fata ita ce Cheyney University of Pennsylvania a shekarar 1837. Daga baya, aka kafa makarantu kamar Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) da Wilberforce University a Ohio. A lokacin gyaran kasa, ƙungiyoyin addini na Protestant sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa HBCUs, suna ba da horo ga malamai da masu sana'o'i.

A shekarar 1890, dokar Morrill Act ta biyu ta tilasta wa jihohin kudancin Amurka da ke da tsarin wariyar launin fata su samar da makarantu na gaba da sakandare ga bakar fata domin su ci gajiyar tallafin gwamnati. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin HBCUs da aka kafa a matsayin jami'o'in gwamnati.

 Matsaloli da Nasarori 

A tsawon karni guda bayan soke bautar bayi a 1865, yawancin jami'o'i a kudancin Amurka sun hana bakar fata shiga saboda dokokin Jim Crow. A wasu sassan ƙasar, an yi amfani da ƙa'idodin shigar da ɗalibai masu iyaka don hana yawan bakar fata. HBCUs sun zama mafita ga bakar fata wajen samun ilimi mai zurfi, kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina matsakaicin aji na bakar fata a Amurka.

 Muhimmancin HBCUs 

A yau, akwai HBCUs 101 a Amurka, daga cikin 121 da suka wanzu a shekarun 1930. Wannan ya haɗa da jami'o'in gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Daga cikin su:

 27 na bayar da digirin digirgir (doctoral programs)
 52 na bayar da digirin digiri na biyu (master's programs)
 83 na bayar da digirin farko (bachelor's programs)
 38 na bayar da digirin haɗin gwiwa (associate degrees)

HBCUs suna samar da kusan kashi 20% na dukkan masu digiri bakar fata a Amurka, da kuma kashi 25% na masu digiri a fannin kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi (STEM). Manyan shugabanni da suka yi karatu a HBCUs sun haɗa da:

 Martin Luther King Jr.
 Thurgood Marshall
 Kamala Harris
Shahararrun Tsoffin Daliban Makarantun HBCU

Makarantun HBCU suna da tarihin kafa shugabanni da dama a fannoni kamar kasuwanci, doka, kimiyya, ilimi, soja, nishadi, fasaha da kuma wasanni.

 Ralph Abernathy, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, malami – Clark Atlanta University, Alabama State University  
 Ed Bradley, bakar fata na farko da ya zama wakilin gidan gwamnatin White House a CBS News – Cheyney University of Pennsylvania  
 Toni Braxton, mawakiyar R&B da ta lashe kyautar Grammy tare da fiye da miliyan 70 na kundin waka da aka sayar – Bowie State  
 Edward Brooke, bakar fata na farko da aka zaba zuwa Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka ta hanyar kuri'a kuma ya zama babban Lauyan jihar Massachusetts – Howard University  
 Roscoe Lee Browne, jarumi kuma darakta – Lincoln University  
 James Clyburn, dan majalisar wakilai daga yankin 6 na South Carolina kuma babban jagora a majalisa ta 116 – South Carolina State University  
 Medgar Wiley Evers, shugaban fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam – Alcorn State University  
 Katherine Johnson, mai lissafi a NASA – West Virginia State University  
 Althea Gibson, bakar fata ta farko da ta lashe kofin Grand Slam a wasan tanis – Florida A&M University  
 Nikki Giovanni, marubuciya – Fisk University  
 Alcee Hastings, dan majalisar wakilai daga yanki na 20 na Florida – Fisk University, Howard University, Florida A&M University  
 Randy Jackson, daya daga cikin alkalai na farko a American Idol – Southern University  
 Lonnie Johnson, mai ƙirƙira, injiniya a NASA – Tuskegee University  
 Tom Joyner, bakar fata na farko da aka karɓa a National Radio Hall of Fame – Tuskegee University  
 Reginald Lewis, bakar fata na farko da ya kafa kamfani mai darajar biliyan daya – Virginia State  
 Claude McKay, marubuci – Tuskegee University  
 Ronald McNair, dan sama jannati – North Carolina A&T State University  
 Rod Paige, bakar fata na farko da ya shugabanci ma’aikatar ilimi ta Amurka – Jackson State University  
 Walter Payton, daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafiya ƙwazo a tarihin NFL – Jackson State University  
 Anika Noni Rose, muryar farko ta yarinya bakar fata a fina-finan Disney (Tiana) – Florida A&M University  
 Jerry Rice, ana ganin shi a matsayin mafi kyau a matsayi na wide receiver a tarihin NFL – Mississippi Valley State  
 Stephen A. Smith, sanannen dan jarida da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen wasanni – Winston-Salem State University  
 Megan Thee Stallion, mawakiya kuma jaruma da ta lashe Grammy – Texas Southern University  
 Leon H. Sullivan, wanda ya kirkiro da dokokin Sullivan don kawo karshen wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu – West Virginia State University  
 Wanda Sykes, mai ban dariya, marubuciya, kuma jaruma – Hampton University  
 André Leon Talley, bakar fata na farko da ya zama editan manyan labarai na mujallar Vogue – Virginia State  
 Tuskegee Airmen, sojojin sama na farko na bakar fata sun yi karatu a Tuskegee University  
 Alice Walker, marubuciya da mawakiyar shahararra – Spelman College  
 Ben Wallace, tsohon dan wasan NBA da ya halarci All-Star sau 4 – Virginia Union University  
 Doug Williams, bakar fata na farko da ya zama quarterback a gasar Super Bowl – Grambling State  
 Tramell Tillman, jarumi – Xavier University of Louisiana  

 Makarantu Masu Fice 

Wasu daga cikin HBCUs da suka shahara sun haɗa da:

 Howard University – An kafa ta a 1867 a Washington, D.C., tana daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'in bincike na bakar fata.
 Morehouse College – Kwalejin maza da aka kafa a 1867 a Atlanta, Georgia, wacce ta samar da shugabanni da dama.
 Spelman College – Kwalejin mata da aka kafa a 1881 a Atlanta, Georgia.
 Tuskegee University – An kafa ta a 1881 a Alabama, ta shahara wajen horar da malamai da injiniyoyi.
 North Carolina A&T State University – Ita ce HBCU mafi girma a Amurka, tana da ƙwararru a fannin injiniya da noma.

 Kalubale da Ci gaba 

Duk da nasarorin da HBCUs suka samu, suna fuskantar kalubale kamar ƙarancin tallafin kuɗi da kuma ƙarancin kayan aiki. Duk da haka, suna ci gaba da taka rawa wajen ba da ilimi ga bakar fata da kuma rage gibin da ke tsakanin launin fata a fannin ilimi da tattalin arziki.

A shekarar 2020, Virginia Union University ta kafa cibiyar bincike ta farko da ke mai da hankali kan HBCUs, wato Center for the Study of HBCUs, domin ƙarfafa bincike da ci gaba a fannin.

 Kammalawa 

HBCUs sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da damar ilimi ga bakar fata a Amurka, musamman a lokacin da aka hana su shiga jami'o'i na gargajiya. Duk da kalubalen da suke fuskanta, suna ci gaba da zama ginshiƙi wajen haɓaka ilimi, shugabanci da ci gaban al'umma.

 Manazarta 





Category:Jami'o'i a Amurka
Category:Tarihin Bakar Fata a Amurka
Category:Ilmi a Amurka
Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka