Kankō Ainu

"Kankō Ainu" (Japanese, "Ainu mai yawon bude ido") shine kalmar Jafananci don Mutanen Ainu waɗanda ake la'akari da rayuwa ko nuna al'adun gargajiya ko al'adun al'adun mutanen Ainu da salon rayuwarsu don kula da masana'antar yawon bude hankali.

Wasu masu fafutuka na  kabilan Ainu sun yi suka da nuna rashin amincewarsu da al'adar nuna al'adun Jafanawa na asali don yawon bude ido,  gami da korafe-korafen cewa wuraren Ainu masu yawon bude ido ba sa wakiltar al'adun Ainu na gaske, sai dai wani ra'ayi na Ainu daga  (yawancin Jafananci) hangen nesa.  Sai dai sauran al’ummar Ainu ba su da ra’ayin cewa wannan al’adar ba ta da kyau, maimakon haka suna ganin cewa yana da kyau a samu damar yin sana’o’in hannu da kuma sayar da sana’o’in Ainu na gargajiya da kuma yin fasahar Ainu na gargajiya ga masu sauraro.  Wannan kalmar ba kallon tarihi bane mai sauƙi. Misali, Kanko Ainu ya faru ne ta hanyar manufofin hadewar da gwamnatin Japan ta yi kuma wannan ita ce gwagwarmayar juriya kuma wannan yana gaya mana al'adun "gaskiya" ko a'a. Wannan ya ƙunshi ƙarin abubuwan banbance-banbance kamar manufofin sarauta, kafa kafofin watsa labaru, da faɗaɗa sadarwar mutane. 

 Fage 

 Kafin Zaman Edo 
Mutanen Ainu suna rayuwa a cikin yanayi kuma suna amfani da kayan halitta. Suna da nasu al'adu wanda ya bambanta a al'adun Japan a halin yanzu. Musamman kabilar Ainu sun mayar da hankali ne kan alakar alloli da ake kira Kamuy (カムイ) masu sarrafa dabi'a da dabbobi kuma sun yi al'ada da rera waka da raye-raye don nuna godiya ga Allah da kuma alaka da su.  Af, masu bincike sun sami takardun da aka rubuta daga baya Heian zuwa farkon Kamakura na Jafananci wanda ya ambaci mutanen Ainu. Waɗannan sun gaya wa mutanen Japan na dā da mutanen Ainu sun san juna kuma suna da alaƙa. 

Hasali ma ’yan Tohoku bushi a zamanin Kamakura sun sha kashi a hannun Minamoto no Yoritomo, Shogun na Kamakura Bakufu a lokacin. Suka gudu suka isa yankin Hokkaido . Wasu daga cikinsu sun haura arewa da nisa don samun wadatattun kayayyakin ruwa da abincin teku. A sakamakon haka, mutanen Japan sun zama al'ummar Jafananci a bakin tekun kudancin Hokkaido a zamanin Muromachi . A cikin karni na 15, al'ummomin Japan sun ba da matsin filayen rayuwa ga al'ummomin Ainu na asali. Bugu da ƙari, rikice-rikice a tsakanin su ya samo asali ne a shekara ta 1536. A shekara ta 1551, Suehiro Kakizaki wanda shi ne shugaban al’ummar Matsumae ya yi sulhu da Ainu kuma ya ba shi ikon tafiyar da harkokin siyasa a yankin. Wannan lamarin ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali a Ainu, amma lamarin ya kuma hada kan al'ummar Ainu. Bayan haka, Kakizaki ya canza sunan zuwa Matsumae, Hideyoshi wanda shi ne Ministan gwamnati a lokacin ya ba Matsumae damar mallakar kasuwanci tsakanin Ainu da Japan a 1950. 

 Zaman Edo 
A karni na 17, dangantakar da ke tsakanin dangin Matsumae da Ainu ta tabarbare saboda dangin Matusmae ne ke iko da yankunan Chishima Hokkaido da Sakhalin .  Sa'an nan, Samkusaynu, shugaban Ainu, sake hada kan mutanen Ainu, kuma ya yi tsayayya da Matsumie motsi na fadada yunkurin da ake kira Samkusaynu' yaki (1669). Da kyau, dangin Matsumae sun ci nasara kan Samkusaynu da Ainu. Matsumae ya ƙarfafa ikonsa na siyasa da tattalin arziki akan Ainu.  Ƙungiyoyin sun yi niyyar amfani da matasan Ainu a matsayin ma'aikata a tashar jiragen ruwa don samun kuɗi da haraji. Ayyukan tilastawa sun haifar da raguwar ma'aikata a cikin al'ummomin Ainu kuma sun sa al'ummar Ainu ta kasance matalauta. A wancan zamani, dangin suna bukatar su kare al'adun Ainu domin dangin suna son “Ainu” ya yi aiki. A wasu kalmomi, ainihi a matsayin Ainu mabuɗin zama mutanen Ainu waɗanda dangi suka yi amfani da su a matsayin ma'aikata. Ba kamar zamanin Meiji ba, gwamnati ta haramta al'adunsu, misali rawa, waƙa, da tattoo, dangin Matsumae ba su ƙyale Ainu ya yi amfani da harshen Jafananci da al'adun Jafananci ba. 
Duk da haka, saboda zuwan Rasha zuwa kudu, Edo Bakufu ya yanke shawarar sarrafa Hokkaido kai tsaye, ya canza ka'idar cewa tana kare al'adar Ainu zuwa tunanin hadewar Ainu. Tunanin zai kasance ginshikin ƙa'ida game da haɗa mutanen Ainu ta gwamnatin Meiji. Tsakanin karni na 17 zuwa farkon karni na 18, Rasha ta tafi kudu. Rasha da Sarkin Rasha sun yi sha'awar Japan ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira daga Japan, haka kuma Rasha na son yin kasuwanci da Japan. Rasha ta aika da mutane zuwa Japan don mayar da masu tuƙi a Japan da kuma samun sharuɗɗan kasuwanci. Duk da haka, Bakufu ya musanta hakan kuma ya ce ya kamata gwamnatin Rasha ta ba masu tuƙi ta hanyar Netherlands saboda Japan tana da manufar keɓancewa. Rasha ba ta son wannan magana, to, tashin hankali yana karuwa tsakanin Japan da Rasha a Okhotsk .  

 Mulkin Mulkin Meiji 
Bayan da Edo Bakufu ya ruguje, an ci gaba da zaman tankiya tsakanin Japan da Rasha. Hokkaido ya zama yanki mafi mahimmanci ga gwamnatin Japan saboda yakin Boshin, yaki tsakanin tsohuwar tsarin Bakufu da sabuwar gwamnati, an bude shi a Hokkaido da Jamhuriyar Ezo, wanda shine gwamnatin da aka kafa tsohuwar 'yan Bakufu. Sabuwar gwamnatin Japan, gwamnatin Meiji, ta fara mulkin mallaka na Ainu don kare Hokkaido daga Rasha da samun albarkatu. Gwamnatin Meiji ta aika mutanen da suka rasa Bushi a tsohon Bakufu don buɗe filayen Hokkaido. Haka kuma gwamnati ta bukaci Ainu ya bunkasa kasar, don haka ta yi kokarin mayar da Ainu manoma da mutane a kasar Japan.  Haɗin kai yana buƙatar mutanen Ainu su ɗauki sunayen Jafananci kuma su daidaita da al'adun Jafananci, kuma sun haramta al'adun Ainu kamar Iomante, ɗayan mahimman al'ada ga Kamuy, da tattoo. 

Babban canji mai mahimmanci shine hana farauta da kama kifi da canza dabi'ar sanya abinci zuwa noma.  Saboda karuwar yawan jama'a a Hokkaido a ƙarshen Edo da dusar ƙanƙara a farkon Meiji, an kashe barewa, bear, da salmon sosai. Sakamakon raguwar adadin su, an sarrafa wuraren farauta da kamun kifi da lokaci.  Bugu da kari, kabilar Ainu sun kasance suna farauta don rayuwa, don haka ba su da ilimin noma, wanda ya haifar da wahalar rayuwa.   Da yake an tilasta musu shiga cikin salon rashin jin daɗi, mutanen Ainu suna da matsalolin jiki, misali sun rasa ƙarfin jiki kuma sun yi rashin lafiya cikin sauƙi. Bugu da kari, adadin mutanen Ainu ya ragu. A Meiji 6th (1873), yawan mutanen Hokkaido ya kasance 111,196, a Meiji 26th (1893), ya kasance 559,959. Koyaya, adadin mutanen Ainu a Meiji 6 ya kasance kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari kuma ya zama kusan kashi 3 cikin ɗari a Meiji 26. Shi ya sa Ainu ya kasa shiga cikin al'ummar Japan. 

 Dokar Kariya 
Gwamnatin Meiji ta ci gaba da yin mulkin mallaka, wanda shine manufar haɗa kai. Bugu da kari, an bukaci daular mulkin mallaka don zamanance. Gwamnatin Japan ta kuma mayar da hankali kan mulkin mallaka da iko don samun matsayi daidai da sauran dauloli, misali Birtaniya, Faransa da sauransu.  Yayin da gwamnatin Meiji ke sarrafa mulkin mallaka, ta buga Hokkaido Tsohon Dokokin Kariya na Aboriginal ko Hokkaido kyu-dojin hogo ho (北海道旧土人保護、1899-1997). Dokar a hukumance tana ƙoƙarin ceton mutanen Ainu daga talaucin da gwamnati ke haifarwa da manufofin faɗaɗawa. Wannan doka ta ce mutanen Ainu su ba da kayan aikin noma, su taimaka wa Ainu da ba shi da aikin hukuma kuma yana fama da rashin lafiya, sannan a kafa abubuwan makarantar firamare irin haka. Sai dai wannan mutum-mutumin bai taimaka wa Ainu ba domin ya tilasta musu yin noma da noma kamar da. Har ila yau, dokar ta yi magana game da haɗa mutanen Ainu zuwa Jafananci. Ya ce gwamnati ba ta ƙyale ilimi da al'adun kabilar Ainu ba maimakon koyar da Jafananci da tilasta yin magana da Jafananci. Abin ban mamaki, dokar kariyar ta ƙunshi bambanci tsakanin salon rayuwa da ya sa ƙabilar Ainu ta zama matalauta da ƙabilanci . 

A kwanakin nan, an soki dokar kariyar saboda masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa manufar ta shiga cikin matsin lamba kuma ta sanya Ainu manoma.  Wannan yana haifar da Ainu ga ƙarin talauci da wariya a matsayinsu na tsiraru a lokacin, suna buƙatar daina raba al'adun Ainu. Dole ne Doka ta yi wa mutanen Ainu rauni don haka waɗannan ginshiƙan suna haifar da al'ada wanda shine mutanen Ainu sun zama waɗanda abin ya shafa saboda sun rasa ainihin su ta hanyar manufofin haɗaka. Bugu da ƙari, babu wani bincike mai yawa game da alakar da ke tsakanin ƙabilarsu da ainihin su.  Koyaya, ƙwararru suna nazari da sake duba ayyukan da Ainu ya yi ga mutanen Japan a wancan lokacin da dangantakarsu da su.  

 Expo na Duniya 
A cikin 1903, an gudanar da baje kolin duniya karo na 5, wanda shi ne alamar mulkin mallaka, a Japan. Wannan nunin ya nuna tsiraru, misali, Ainu, Ryukyu da Sinanci. Ryukyuan ya koka game da wannan saboda ba sa son cewa ba sa cikin Japan. Mutanen Ainu ba su sami matsala ba domin mutanen Ainu ba su da masu suka kuma ra'ayin nuna cin mutuncin su ne a lokacin. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 1890s, sun riga sun yi amfani da al'adunsu don nunawa mutane kafin yawon shakatawa ya zama babban batu. Saboda waɗannan abubuwan da suka haɗa da, Ainu ya fara sanin al'adun su kamar yadda aka nuna. 

 Kanko Ainu 

 Ainu Tourism Industry 
Gwamnatin Meiji ta yi tsammanin ƴan ƙasar Ainu za su canza sunan su zuwa Jafananci don samun ƙabilanci. Don haka, mutanen Ainu sun sha wahala wajen isar da al'adarsu ta musamman ga zuriya ta gaba.  Al'adun Ainu kamar waƙoƙi da raye-raye sun lalace a tsakiyar shekarun 1930. Yayin da suke fama da talauci, wasu mutanen Ainu sun yi ƙoƙarin rayuwa tare da yawon buɗe ido a kan wannan mawuyacin hali. A cikin shekarun 1930, sun gyara raye-rayen al'ada da rera waƙa don jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido da samun kuɗi. 

Mutanen Japan suna kallon mutanen Ainu a matsayin ƴan tsiraru kuma suna sha'awar lura da al'adu na al'adun Ainu na asali. A cikin 1950s, an ƙirƙiri kalmar "Kanko Ainu" (観光アイヌ) don mayar da martani ga faɗaɗa yawon buɗe ido da nuna al'adun Ainu don riba da kuma yaɗawa. Mutanen Ainu da ke aiki galibi a sassan Noma sun soki abin da suke ɗauka "Kanko Ainu", suna ganin cewa Kanko Ainu sun haɗa al'adun Ainu na gargajiya don riba.  Yawon shakatawa na Kanko Ainu ya yi ƙoƙarin tayar da hankalin mutanen Ainu yayin da yake kiyaye al'ada, duk da haka, ya kasance batun cece-kuce a wancan lokacin saboda suka. 

Yawon shakatawa da nunin al'adu a Hokkaido sun kasance a kololuwar su a ƙarshen 1950s zuwa farkon 1970s. An kiyasta adadin masu yawon bude ido kusan 608,219 a 1966 da 2,379,688 a 1974. Ƙara yawan yawon buɗe ido da sukar waɗannan ci gaba da yaɗuwar na iya zama tushen da ya haifar da sabuwar dokar da aka kafa da ake kira "Aiki na inganta al'adun Ainu". Wannan doka a hukumance ta amince da mutanen Ainu a matsayin ƴan asalin dokokin Japan, tare da sanin buƙatar tallafawa masana'antun al'adu da ci gaban tattalin arziki waɗanda ke tallafawa al'ummomin Ainu.  

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