Martha E. Bernal

Martha E. Bernal (an haife ta ne a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, 1931 - 28 ga Satumba, Shekara ta 2001) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka. Ta sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington a shekarar ta 1962. Ita ce mace ta farko ta Hispanic da ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Amurka. Kodayake aikin asibiti na Bernal ya mayar da hankali kan kimantawa da kuma kula da yara masu matsalolin halayyar, ta kuma haɓaka ƙungiyoyi tare da mai da hankali sosai ga kabilun 'yan tsiraru.

 Yaronta 
An haife shi ga baƙi na Mexico a San Antonio, Texas a cikin 1931, Bernal ya girma a cikin al'adun Mexico yayin da yake fuskantar rayuwa a matsayin Ba'amurke na Mexico. Da farko mahaifinta, Enrique de Bernal, bai so ta ci gaba da karatun ta ba, amma tare da goyon bayan 'yar'uwarta, Cristina, da mahaifiyarta, Alicia, mahaifinta ya sauƙaƙa.

 Ilimi 
Bernal ta fara makaranta a shekara ta 1937 a lokacin da aka hana dalibai a makarantar ta yin magana da Mutanen Espanya. Bugu da ƙari, an hana ita da 'yan uwanta mata daga yin darussan ilimi.   Bernal ta tuna da wannan yanayin kamar yadda ya kai ta ga jin kunya game da kabilinta da yaren asali.

A shekara ta 1952, Bernal ta sami digiri na farko daga Kwalejin Yammacin Texas, wanda yanzu shine Jami'ar Texas a El Paso . Daga baya, ta halarci Jami'ar Syracuse kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na Master of Arts a shekarar 1955. Ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Indiana, ta yi gwagwarmaya da nuna bambancin jinsi. Duk da yake ana maraba da fararen maza don gudanar da bincike mai kula da ma'aikata, an hana mata irin wannan damar kuma galibi suna fuskantar ci gaban jima'i daga farfesa. Bernal ta kasance a shirye ta bar Jami'ar Indiana har sai daya daga cikin malamanta, Harry Yamaguchi, ya shawo kanta ta kammala digirin digirin ta. Daga bisani ta sami digirin digirinta a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam tare da ƙarin goyon bayan wasu mambobin ƙungiyar Roland C. Davis, Arnold Binder, da Leon. Bernal ta sami digiri a lokacin da kasa da kashi 2% na digiri na digiri na biyu ke samun su daga mutanen Hispanic. 

 Ayyuka 
Bayan ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Indiana a 1962, Bernal ta nemi ayyuka daban-daban. Ba ta iya samun matsayi na baiwa ba, ta sami lambar yabo ta US Public Health Service Postdoctoral Fellowship a UCLA kuma ta gudanar da bincike na tsawon shekaru biyu. Daga bisani, ta zama memba a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona inda za ta yi nazarin ci gaban kabilanci tsakanin yara na Amurka. A wannan lokacin ta haɓaka sha'awar ƙa'idodin halayyar da hanyoyin da za a kula da ilimin halayyar yara, galibi yara da ke fama da rikice-rikice na halayyar,  da kuma hanyoyin da aka haɓaka waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don auna asalin kabilanci da ci gaban asalin kabilun tsakanin yara na Amurka. Daga bisani ta zama sananniya a cikin ƙasa don nuna yadda sa hannun halayyar yara ke aiki da kuma ikon sa hannun halayen don aiki a tsawon lokaci, da kuma bunkasa Tambayar Kasuwanci. Bernal da abokan aikinta sun daidaita Tambayar Kasuwanci don auna ci gaban kabilanci tsakanin yara na Amurka na Mexico. Ta yi aiki daga 1964 zuwa 1971 a Cibiyar Neuropsychiatric ta UCLA tana haɓaka sa hannun halayyar sannan ta ci gaba da aikinta a Jami'ar Denver daga 1971 zuwa 1986.  Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da horar da iyaye ta hanyar ba su darasi don taimakawa tare da matsalolin halayyar yaransu.

 Kyauta 
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta fara bincike kan lafiyar kwakwalwa ta 'yan tsiraru, Bernal ta zama jagorar mai bincike kan batun horar da masu ilimin halayyar dan tsiraru. A matsayinta na mai karɓar lambar yabo ta NIMH National Research Service a 1979, Bernal ta buga bincikenta a cikin American Psychologist  da The Counseling Psychologist wanda ke nuna ƙarancin darussan a cikin kiwon lafiya na al'adu da yawa da kuma ƙarancin ɗalibai da ƙwarewa a duk shirye-shiryen ilimin halayyar asibiti a Amurka. Bernal ya ba da shawarar shirya kwararru na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa don samar da sabis ga ci gaban kabilanci a Amurka. Bernal ta yi magana dalla-dalla game da bukatar daukar ma'aikata da horar da karin kabilun kabilanci a fagen ilimin halayyar dan adam, kuma ya yi aiki don haɗa takamaiman kungiyoyi a cikin APA wanda ke mai da hankali kan batutuwan kabilanci. Binciken da ta yi ya shawo kan mutane da yawa a cikin APA don kafa Hukumar Harkokin Ƙananan Ƙasa (BEMA). 

Bernal ta ba da gudummawa da yawa ga fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda ci gabanta a fannin ilimin ilimin halayya na yara da kuma lafiyar kwakwalwa ta 'yan tsiraru. An sanar da ita ta hanyar abubuwan da ta samu game da nuna bambanci na tsari da zamantakewa, Bernal ta taimaka wajen fadada damar samun kulawa ga kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru da kuma kara daukar ma'aikatan Hispanics a fagen ilimin halayyar Amurka. Daga cikin kyaututtuka, Bernal ta sami lambar yabo ta Distinguished Life Achievement Award daga APA's Division 45, da kuma APA'n Distinguished Contribution to Psychology in the Public Interest Award a shekara ta 2001. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ga kafa Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halitta ta Hispanic, wanda yanzu aka sani da Ƙungiyar Nazaren Halitta na Latino, inda ta zama shugaban kasa na biyu kuma a ƙarshe mai ba da kuɗi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Bernal ya samu shine ilimi da kuma jagorantar dalibai da yawa. Ta taimaka wa ɗalibanta suyi la'akari da batutuwan da ita kanta ta yi gwagwarmaya da su a duk rayuwarta da aikinta na ilimi. A yau, an kirkiro tallafin karatu da yawa a cikin sunanta don biyan kuɗin ilimi mafi girma ga ɗaliban 'yan tsiraru, tare da mai da hankali kan mata. Ta so ta taimaka wa dalibai su sami daidaitattun dama don ci gaba a ilimin halayyar dan adam. Ta sami yabo mai yawa daga mutanen da ta yi hulɗa da su, ta zama wahayi ga yawancin mabiyanta da takwarorinta.

A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2024, an aika da Google Doodle don bikin " ranar haihuwar 93 ta masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Mexico, Dokta Martha Bernal".

 Mutuwa 
A shekarunta na baya, Bernal ta yi yaƙi da ciwon daji kuma daga ƙarshe an tilasta mata dakatar da aikinta saboda rashin lafiya. Koyaya, ta ci gaba da kasancewa jagora mai tasiri ta hanyar aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Ƙananan Ƙasa a fannonin daukar ma'aikata, riƙewa, da horo, ta kasance memba mai aiki har zuwa mutuwarta. Bayan ta warke daga ciwon daji sau uku, an gano ta da ciwon daji na huhu kuma ta mutu tana da shekaru 70 a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2001. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931