Augusta Cooper Bristol

Augusta Cooper Bristol (17 ga Afrilu, 1835 - 9 ga Mayu, 1910) mawakiya ce kuma malama ta Amurka. Ta fara koyarwa tana da shekaru goma sha biyar. A shekara ta 1869, ta wallafa tarin waƙoƙi, kuma, a wannan shekarar, ta ba da lacca ta farko ta jama'a. Da farko a 1872, ana kiran ta akai-akai a gaban jama'a a matsayin mai magana.

 Shekaru na farko da ilimi 
An haifi Augusta Cooper a Croydon, New Hampshire, a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1835. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin iyalin 'ya'ya goma na Col. Otis da Hannah (Powers) Cooper .  An rubuta ayoyinta na farko tun tana 'yar shekara takwas, kuma tana da waƙoƙi da aka buga lokacin da take da goma sha biyar. Ta yi fice a lissafi kuma ta nuna a farkon rayuwarta iyawa ga tunani mai ma'ana da falsafa. An sami mafi yawan iliminta a makarantar jama'a, amma kuma ta kasance daliba a Kwalejin Tarayyar Kan'ana da Kwalejin Kimball. 

 Ayyuka 
Bristol ta fara koyarwa tana da shekaru goma sha biyar a lokacin rani da hunturu na tsawon shekaru bakwai. A lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da biyu, ta auri G. H. Kimball, wanda aka sake shi bayan shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 1866, ta auri Louis Bristol, lauya na New Haven, Connecticut, kuma sun koma kudancin Illinois. A shekara ta 1869, ta wallafa tarin Waƙoƙi, wanda, wani bita na The Congregationalist da Boston Recorder suka lura: "A cikin waƙoƙin Augusta Cooper Bristol, mun kasa gane duk wani iko mai ban mamaki na waka. Suna da alama suna da babban umarni na harshe, da wani abu na yanayin waka, tare da kyakkyawan salon yanzu na 'rashin hankali' da 'al' da kuma azabtarwa ba na mutuwa ba, da abubuwa irin wannan.  A cikin wannan shekarar, ta ba da lacca ta farko ta jama'a, wanda ya canza hanyar ilimi na jama'a ta farko, wanda ya zama sanarwa ta farko.

A shekara ta 1872, ta koma Vineland, New Jersey, daga wannan ranar ta bunƙasa kanta a matsayin mai magana da dandamali a gaban jama'a. Shekaru huɗu, ta kasance shugabar ajin kimiyyar zamantakewa mata a Vineland, tana ba da darussan daga Herbert Spencer da Henry Charles Carey kowane wata. A cikin hunturu na 1880, ta ba da darussan laccoci a gaban New York Positivist Society a kan "The Involution of Character," sannan ta biyo bayan wani darussan a karkashin jagorancin Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta Wannan birni. A watan Yuni mai zuwa, abokai ne suka aiko ta a Birnin New York don nazarin daidaitattun ma'aikata da babban birnin a Familistère, a Guise, Faransa, wanda Jean-Baptiste André Godin ya kafa. An kuma ba ta izinin wakiltar New York Positivist Society a wani taron kasa da kasa na masu tunani masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Brussels a watan Satumba. Kasancewa a cikin Familistere na tsawon watanni uku kuma tana ba da lacca a kan "Scientific Basis of Morality" kafin taron Brussels, ta koma gida kuma ta buga "Dokoki da Dokoki" na ƙungiyar a Guise. A shekara ta 1881, an zabe ta malamar jihar ta Patrons of Husbandry a New Jersey . A cikin kaka na shekara mai zuwa, an yi amfani da shi a ofishin lacca na kasa na wannan tsari.  
Bayan rasuwar mijinta a shekara ta 1882, ba ta bayyana a kan dandalin ba, amma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu magana a Majalisar Wakilai ta Duniya a Nunin Columbian na Duniya a Birnin Chicago (1893).  Ta shagala da kula da dukiya da kuma jagorantar bukatun ilimi na ƙaramar 'yarta. Wasu daga cikin laccocin falsafa da kimiyya an fassara su kuma an buga su a kasashen waje. Ta mutu a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1910, a Vineland . 

 Ayyukan da aka zaɓa 

 Waƙoƙi, 1869
 Dangantakar aikin uwa da hikimar mace, 1876
 Jawabi game da kimiyya a matsayin tushen ɗabi'a, 1880
 Yanayin yanzu na ci gaban mace, 1880
 Kimiyya da aka yi la'akari da ita a cikin alakarta da halin ɗan adam, 1882
 Aiki, babban birnin da kamewa, 1885-1890?
 Kalmomi ga ma'aikata masu albashi, 189?
 Yanar gizo na rayuwa, 1895
 Rufewar sararin samaniya, 1904
 Yanayin yanzu na ci gaban mata da sauran adiresoshin, 1916

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 


 Ayyukan da suka shafiMace ta Karni / Augusta Cooper Bristola Wikisource
 Works by or about Augusta Cooper Bristola cikinTarihin Intanet