The Inland Whale

The Inland Whale littafi ne na 1959 na Theodora Kroeber . Yana da sake ba da labari na guda tara na Al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka, tare da sharhin marubuci. Kroeber ta sami yabo, kodayake wani mai bita ya lura cewa ta dauki wasu 'yanci tare da labarun. An bayyana littafin a matsayin aikin wallafe-wallafen kwatankwacin, wanda ya nemi ya nuna darajar wallafe-wal'adun gargajiya na asali.  

 Abinda ke ciki 
Inland Whale ya ƙunshi guda tara na Al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka, da kuma babban ɓangaren sharhi daga marubucin. Tushen labarun sun haɗa da tatsuniyoyi biyu da ba a buga su ba daga mutanen Yurok da Karok waɗanda aka ba da labari ga Theodora Kroeber da mijinta Alfred, da kuma kayan da ke cikin tarin da ke akwai daga kungiyoyin Wintu, Yana, Maidu, Yokuts, da Mohave. Yankunan suna da taken jarumi. Ɗaya waka ce, kuma wani sashi ne daga wani aiki mai tsawo. Kroeber ne ya fassara ɓangarorin, wanda kuma ya gyara su don ya sa su sami damar ga mutanen Yamma ba tare da sanin kabilanci ba. Kroeber a wasu lokuta ya haɗu da labaran daga kungiyoyi daban-daban. Sashe na sharhi ya ƙunshi nassoshi ga asalin wallafe-wallafen dukkan sassan. Har ila yau, yana rufe tarihin da rarraba kowane yanki. Gabatarwar littafin ta hanyar masanin ilimin ɗan adam Oliver La Farge ne.

 Karɓuwa 
Masanin kimiyya David French, yana nazarin littafin don The Journal of American Folklore, ya kwatanta shi da kyau ga sauran sake ba da labari na labarun 'yan asalin Amurka, kuma ya rubuta cewa yana da amfani ga malamai da talakawa. A cewar Faransanci, an shirya labarun a cikin hanyar "mai hankali da alhakin", kuma littafin "ya nuna cewa tsarin kulawa ga wallafe-wallafen baki na Indiya ba dole ba ne". Ya kara da cewa ga babban mai karatu labaran sun kasance "mai sha'awa", kuma suna iya "[tushen] jin daɗi, tausayi, har ma da tsoro". Butler Waugh, a rubuce a cikin Midwest Folklore, ya ce duk da cewa an rubuta shi don shahararrun masu sauraro, littafin "mai kyau ne ga masu ilimin gargajiya", kuma ya kara da cewa bayanan Kroeber sun sanya shi "ya cancanci farashi da ƙari". Masanin kimiyya Walter Goldschmidt ya rubuta a cikin American Anthropologist cewa Kroeber ta "gina mafi kyau fiye da yadda ta fahimta", kuma ta yaba da ita "mai hankali, kusan lyrical". Koyaya, Goldschmidt ta ce labaran suna da "da yawa daga kanta", kuma Kroeber mai yiwuwa ta ɗauki 'yanci da yawa tare da labarun asali. Masanin tarihin James Tidwell ya soki gyaran Kroeber na salon labari a cikin labarin "Dance Mad", amma in ba haka ba ya kira littafin "mai kyau".

 Bincike 
An bayyana Inland Whale a matsayin aikin wallafe-wallafen kwatankwacin. Goldschmidt ya rubuta cewa aikin Kroeber yana cikin doguwar al'ada na sake ba da labari game da labarun gargajiya, kamar na Hans Christian Andersen, Brothers Grimm, da Joel Chandler Harris, wanda Kroeber ya faɗaɗa ta hanyar nazarin al'adar baki. Faransanci ya lura cewa malaman 'yan asalin Amurka sun yi watsi da su akai-akai, yayin da aka watsa su ta baki; Kroeber ta nemi a cikin littafinta don nuna cancantar su a matsayin adabi. Kroeber ta bincika "mahimmancin wallafe-wallafen" na labarun a cikin sharhin da ta yi a ƙarshen littafin. Labaran sun yi kama da nau'o'i daban-daban na rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban:  Waugh don haka yayi jayayya cewa labaran sun nuna "bambance-bambance na jinsi" a cikin al'adun baki.  Charles S. Bryant, yana nazarin sake bugawa a shekarar 1965, ya yi sharhi cewa darajar littafin mafi girma na iya kasancewa a cikin sadarwa da darajar al'adun baki ga masu sauraro. Masanin kimiyya Donald C. Cutter ya rubuta cewa littafin ya nuna bambancin al'adu a cikin 'yan asalin California, kuma a ciki yana da darasi mai mahimmanci ga masana tarihi waɗanda suka gan su a matsayin mutane masu zaman kansu.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba