Pragmatics

A cikin ilimin harshe da fagage masu alaƙa, pragmatics shine nazarin yadda mahallin ke ba da gudummawa ga ma'ana.  Fannin nazari yana kimanta yadda ake amfani da harshen ɗan adam wajen yin hulɗar zamantakewa, da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin mai fassara da wanda aka fassara[1]Mey, Jacob L. (2006). "Pragmatics: Overview". In Brown, E. K.; Anderson, Anne (eds.). Encyclopedia of language & linguistics (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 51–62. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00306-0. ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1..  Masanan ilimin harsuna waɗanda suka ƙware a cikin aikin koyarwa ana kiran su pragmaticians.  Ƙungiyar Pragmatics ta Duniya (IPrA) ta wakilci filin tun 1986.

Pragmatics ya ƙunshi abubuwan al'ajabi da suka haɗa da tasiri, ayyukan magana, dacewa da tattaunawa, [2]Mey, Jacob L. (1993) Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001). da kuma sadarwa mara faɗi.  Theories na pragmatics suna tafiya kafada-da-kafada tare da ka'idodin ilimin tauhidi, waɗanda ke nazarin fannonin ma'ana, da ma'ana, waɗanda ke nazarin tsarin jumla, ƙa'idodi, da alaƙa.  Ƙarfin fahimtar ma'anar wani mai magana da ake nufi da shi ana kiransa ƙwarewar aiki.[4]Takimoto, Masahiro (2008). "The Effects of Deductive and Inductive Instruction on the Development of Language Learners' Pragmatic Competence". The Modern Language Journal. 92 (3): 369–386. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00752.x. JSTOR 25173064.[5]Koike, Dale April (1989). "Pragmatic Competence and Adult L2 Acquisition: Speech Acts in Interlanguage". The Modern Language Journal. 73 (3): 279–289. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1989.tb06364.x. JSTOR 327002.[3]Kim, Daejin; Hall, Joan Kelly (2002). "The Role of an Interactive Book Reading Program in the Development of Second Language Pragmatic Competence". The Modern Language Journal. 86 (3): 332–348. doi:10.1111/1540-4781.00153. JSTOR 1192847. A cikin 1938, Charles Morris ya fara bambanta pragmatics a matsayin filin ƙasa mai zaman kansa a cikin semiotics, tare da syntax da ilimin tauhidi.[6]Israel, Michael (2011). The grammar of polarity: Pragmatics, sensitivity, and the logic of scales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 10.Pragmatics ya fito a matsayin nasa filin wasa a cikin 1950s bayan aikin majagaba na JL Austin da Paul Grice.[8]Coppock, Elizabeth; Champollion, Lucas (2019). Invitation to formal semantics (PDF) (2019 ed.). p. 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-07. Retrieved 2020-01-01.[verification needed][7]Kroeger, Paul R. (2019-01-12). Analyzing meaning: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics (2nd ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 12, 141. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.2538330. ISBN 978-3-96110-136-8. 

 Asalinsa 

Pragmatics wani martani ne ga ƙwararrun harshe kamar yadda Ferdinand de Saussure ya zayyana.  A yawancin lokuta, ya faɗaɗa a kan ra'ayinsa cewa harshe yana da tsarin da za a iya tantancewa, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa waɗanda za a iya siffanta su dangane da wasu.  Pragmatics sun fara tsunduma ne kawai a cikin nazarin daidaitawa, sabanin nazarin ci gaban tarihi na harshe.  Duk da haka, ya ƙi ra'ayin cewa duk ma'anar ta fito ne daga alamun da ke wanzu kawai a cikin sararin sarari na harshe.  A halin yanzu, abubuwan tarihi na tarihi ma sun kasance.  Filin bai sami hankalin masana ilimin harshe ba sai a shekarun 1970, lokacin da makarantu daban-daban guda biyu suka bullo: tunanin Ingilishi da Amurka da kuma tunanin pragmatic na nahiyar Turai (wanda ake kira hangen nesa).[9]Jucker, Andreas H. (2012-01-12). "Pragmatics in the history of linguistic thought" (PDF). In Allan, Keith; Jaszczolt, Kasia M. (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Pragmatics. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 495–512. doi:10.5167/UZH-57900. ISBN 978-0-521-19207-1.

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