Henrik Wergeland

Henrik Arnold Thaulow Wergeland (17 Yuni 1808 - 12 Yuli 1845) marubucin Yaren mutanen Norway ne, wanda aka fi yin shagulgula don waƙarsa amma kuma ƙwararren marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, masanin siyasa, ɗan tarihi, da masanin harshe. Sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin babban majagaba a cikin ci gaban ingantaccen al'adun adabin Norwegian da kuma al'adun Norwegian na zamani. [1]

Ko da yake Wergeland ya rayu ne kawai yana da shekaru 37, ayyukansa daban-daban sun shafi wallafe-wallafe, tiyoloji, tarihi, siyasa na zamani, al'amuran zamantakewa, da kimiyya. Ra’ayinsa ya kasance da cece-kuce a lokacinsa, kuma an yi tir da salon adabinsa daban-daban da cewa na zagon kasa ne. [1]

 Rayuwar farko 
Shi ne babban ɗan Nicolai Wergeland (1780-1848), wanda ya kasance memba na majalisar wakilai a Eidsvoll a 1814 . Uban shi kansa fasto na Eidsvold kuma ta haka mawaƙin ya girma a cikin tsarkakakkun wurare masu tsarki na kishin ƙasar Norway. [1] 'Yar'uwar Wergeland ita ce Camilla Collett kuma kanin babban janar Joseph Frantz Oscar Wergeland

Henrik Wergeland ya shiga Jami'ar Royal Frederick a 1825 don yin karatu don coci kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1829. A waccan shekarar, ya zama alamar gwagwarmayar bikin tsarin mulki a ranar 17 ga Mayu, wanda daga baya ya zama ranar al'ummar Norway. Ya zama gwarzon jama'a bayan mummunan " yakin dandalin " a Christiania, wanda ya faru ne saboda dokar sarauta ta haramta duk wani bikin ranar kasa.  Tabbas Wergeland ya kasance a wurin kuma ya yi suna wajen yin adawa da gwamnonin yankin. Daga baya, ya zama na farko da ya ba da jawabi ga jama'a a madadin ranar kuma ta haka ne aka ba shi daraja a matsayin wanda ya "fara ranar". Dalibai da ’yan makaranta ne suke kawata kabarinsa da mutum-mutuminsa duk shekara. Musamman ma, al'ummar Yahudawan Oslo sun gudanar da bikin karrama su a kabarinsa a ranar 17 ga Mayu, don nuna godiya ga nasarar da ya yi na ba Yahudawa damar shiga Norway .

 Wakar farko 
A cikin 1829 ya buga kundin wakoki na kade-kade da kishin kasa, Digte, første Ring (wakoki, da'irar farko), wanda ya jawo hankalin mafi girma ga sunansa. A cikin wannan littafin mun sami kyakkyawar ƙaunarsa, Stella na sama, wanda za a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin Wergeland daidai da Beatrice a cikin waƙar Dante Divina Commedia . A gaskiya Stella ta dogara ne akan 'yan mata hudu, waɗanda Wergeland ta ƙaunace su (biyu daga cikinsu ya so) kuma bai sami kusanci sosai ba. Halin Stella kuma ya ƙarfafa shi don yin ƙoƙari a kan babban almara Skabelsen, Mennesket og Almasihu ( Halitta, Mutum da Almasihu ). An sake gyara shi a cikin 1845 azaman Mennesket (Man). A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, Wergeland ya nuna tarihin Mutum da shirin Allah don ɗan adam. Ayyukan suna a fili na platonic-romantic, kuma sun dogara ne akan manufa daga wayewa da juyin juya halin Faransa . Don haka, yana sukar yadda ake amfani da iko, da kuma mugayen firistoci da yadda suke amfani da tunanin mutane. A ƙarshe, shaidarsa tana tafiya kamar haka:

 Sama ba za ta ƙara tsage
 bayan kwatankwacin bagadai .
 Duniya ba za a ƙara washe da washe
 da sandunan azzalumi .
 Rawanin jini, karfen kisa
 fitilu na tururuwa da pyres na sadaukarwa
 Ba za a ƙara ƙyalli bisa ƙasa ba .
 Ta wurin duhun firistoci, Ta wurin tsawar sarakuna .
 alfijir na 'yanci,
 ranar gaskiya mai haske
 yana haskaka sararin sama, yanzu rufin haikalin.
 kuma ya sauka a cikin ƙasa .
 wanda yanzu ya zama bagade
 domin soyayyar yan'uwa.
 Ruhohin duniya yanzu suna haskakawa
 a cikin sabbin zukata .
 ’Yanci zuciyar ruhi ne, Gaskiya abin sha’awar ruhu .
 ruhohin duniya duka
 ga kasa za ta fadi
 zuwa ga madawwamiyar kira.
 Kowa a kashin kansa yana sanye da kursiyinsa na sama .
 Kowa a cikin zuciyarsa yana sa bagadinsa da kayan hadaya .
 Ubangiji duk suna duniya, firistoci duka na Allah ne .

Yana da shekaru ashirin da ɗaya ya zama mai iko a fannin adabi, kuma wa'azin da ya ɗorawa na koyarwar juyin juya halin Faransa na Yuli na 1830 ya sa ya zama mai ƙarfi.  a cikin siyasa kuma. A halin da ake ciki, ya jajirce wajen kokarin ciyar da kasa gaba. Ya kafa mashahuran dakunan karatu, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin rage yawan talaucin da manoman Norway ke fama da shi. Ya yi wa’azin rayuwa mai sauƙi, ya ɓata abubuwan jin daɗi na ƙetare, kuma ya kafa misali ta wajen saka tufafin gida na Norway.  Ya yi kokari wajen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma fahimtar hakkokin tsarin mulki da aka bai wa mutanensa. Don haka, ya zama sananne a tsakanin talakawa.

A cikin rubutunsa na tarihi Hvi skrider Menneskeheden saa langsomt frem? (Me yasa bil'adama ke ci gaba a hankali), Wergeland ya bayyana yakinin cewa Allah zai jagoranci bil'adama zuwa ci gaba da kuma kwanaki masu haske. 

 Gwagwarmayar sirri da ta siyasa 
Masu suka, musamman Johan Sebastian Welhaven, sun yi iƙirarin ƙoƙarinsa na farko a cikin wallafe-wallafen daji ne kuma maras tsari. Ya kasance cike da hasashe, amma ba tare da dandano ko ilimi ba.  Saboda haka, daga 1830 zuwa 1835 Wergeland an fuskanci munanan hare-hare daga Welhaven da sauransu. Welhaven, kasancewarsa hamshakin gargajiya, bai iya jure wa hanyar rubuta fashewar Wergeland ba, kuma ya buga makala game da salon Wergeland. A matsayin amsa ga wadannan hare-hare, Wergeland ya buga kasidu da dama na wakoki a karkashin sunan "Siful Sifadda". Welhaven bai nuna fahimtar salon waƙar Wergeland ba, ko ma halinsa. A gefe guda, rigimar ta kasance ta sirri, a daya bangaren, al'adu da siyasa. Abin da ya fara a matsayin rigima na izgili a cikin al'ummar Daliban Norwegian ba da daɗewa ba ya barke da ƙima kuma ya zama doguwar takaddamar jarida ta kusan shekaru biyu. Sukar Welhaven, da kuma batancin da abokansa suka yi, ya haifar da kyama ga Wergeland da farkon abubuwan da ya yi.

Kwanan nan, an sake tantance waƙarsa ta farko kuma an fi saninsa sosai. Za a iya ɗaukar waƙar Wergeland a matsayin abin ban mamaki na zamani amma yana ɗauke da abubuwa na ayar Eddic ta Norwegian. A cikin tsarin mawaƙan Norse na ƙarni na 6-11 na gargajiya, kakanninsa masu hankali, rubuce-rubucensa na da ban sha'awa kuma da gangan lulluɓe ne - yana nuna ƙayyadaddun kennings waɗanda ke buƙatar fayyace mahallin mahallin. Tun da wuri, ya rubuta wakoki a cikin salon kyauta, ba tare da waƙa ko mita ba . Amfani da misalan nasa suna da haske, kuma masu rikitarwa, kuma yawancin waqoqinsa sun yi tsayi. Yakan kalubalanci mai karatu da ya rika bibiyar wakokinsa akai-akai, amma haka ma na zamaninsa Byron da Shelley, ko ma Shakespeare . Sigar kyauta da fassarori da yawa sun fusata musamman Welhaven, wanda ya kasance mai kyan gani na waƙar kamar yadda ya dace a kan batu ɗaya lokaci guda.

Wergeland, wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ya rubuta a cikin Danish, ya goyi bayan tunanin wani harshe dabam kuma mai zaman kansa ga Norway. Don haka, ya riga Ivar Aasen shekaru 15. Daga baya, masanin tarihin Norwegian Halvdan Koht zai ce "babu wani dalili na siyasa a Norway wanda Henrik Wergeland bai gani ba kuma ya yi tsammani".

 Halitta 
Wergeland yana da zafin fushi kuma ya yi yaƙi da son rai don adalci na zamantakewa. A lokacin, talauci ya kasance al'ada a yankunan karkara, kuma bautar ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. Ya kasance yana shakkar lauyoyi saboda halin da suke da shi ga manoma, musamman talakawa, kuma sau da yawa yakan yi yaƙi da lauyoyi da malaman fikihu a cikin kotuna, waɗanda za su iya ɗaukar ƙananan gidaje. Wergeland ya yi manyan abokan gaba don wannan, kuma a wani yanayi, matsalar shari'a ta daɗe har tsawon shekaru kuma ta kusan bar shi ya yi fatara. Rigimar ta fara ne a Gardermoen, a lokacin filin atisayen wani sashe na sojojin Norway. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo nasa, za a jefa maƙiyinsa, mai mulki Jens Obel Praëm, a matsayin shaidan da kansa.

Wergeland yana da tsayi, ana lasafta shi da matsakaicin tsayin Norwegian a lokacin. Ya tsaya tsayin daka fiye da yawancin mutanen zamaninsa (kimanin 1m da 80 cm). Sau da yawa, ana iya ganinsa yana kallon sama, musamman idan ya hau dokinsa cikin gari. Doki, Veslebrunen (karamin launin ruwan kasa), ana lasafta shi a matsayin karamin nau'in Norwegian (amma ba pony ). Don haka, lokacin da Wergeland ya hau dokinsa, ƙafafunsa sun bi shi.

 Shiga gasar mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo 
A cikin kaka na 1837, Wergeland ya shiga cikin gasar wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Christiania. Ya zo na biyu, a bayan Andreas Munch . Wergeland ya rubuta wasan kida, Campbellerne (The Campbells) . Wannan wasan ya dogara ne akan waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi na Robert Burns, kuma makircin ya yi sharhi game da mulkin Kamfanin a Indiya da serfdom a Scotland. A lokaci guda, ya bayyana ra'ayoyi da yawa masu mahimmanci game da yanayin zamantakewar al'umma a Norway, ciki har da talauci da lauyoyi masu ban sha'awa. Wasan ya kasance mai faranta ran jama'a kai tsaye, kuma daga baya mutane da yawa sun ɗauka a matsayin babban nasararsa a wasan kwaikwayo.

Amma tarzomar ta fara ne a rana ta biyu na wasan kwaikwayo, 28 ga Janairu 1838. Don wannan wasan kwaikwayon, manyan mutane 26 daga jami'a, kotu da gudanarwa sun tattara don ɗaukar Wergeland gaba ɗaya. Sun sayi wa kansu kujeru mafi kyau a cikin masu sauraro, kuma suna ɗauke da ƙananan ƙaho da bututu, sun fara katse wasan tun daga farko. Hayaniyar ta tashi, kuma shugaban 'yan sandan Christiania bai iya yin komai ba face ihun oda yayin da yake tsalle a kujerarsa. Daga baya, an ce manyan mutanen sun kasance kamar ’yan makaranta, kuma daya daga cikinsu, lauya a babbar kotu, ya kutsa cikin falon Nicolai Wergeland, yana jiyo sautin kunnensa kai tsaye. Mahaifin mawakin ya yi mamakin wannan hali. An ce wanda ya kai harin shi ne Firaministan Norway Frederik Stang daga baya. Daga karshe daya daga cikin jaruman ya kwantar da hankalin masu sauraro, kuma aka fara wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya, bayan wasan, sai matan da ke jere na daya da na biyu suka yi aiki a madadin kungiyar Wergeland, inda suka rika jifan barasasshiyar tumatur a kan masu laifin, sannan kuma fada ya barke, a ciki da wajen ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma titunan da ke kusa. Wai wasun su ne suka yi yunkurin tserewa, inda aka mayar da su wani zagayen duka. Masu laifin sun sha kunya tsawon makonni, kuma ba su nuna kansu ba na ɗan lokaci. Labarin wannan yakin, wanda ake kira "yakin Campbells" (Cambellerslaget), dan majalisar Norway ya shaida kuma ya rubuta shi.

Wani zai iya yanke cewa mabiyan Wergeland sun yi nasara a ranar, amma mutanen da ke kan matsayi sun ɗauki fansa ta hanyar bata sunan Wergeland bayan mutuwarsa.

A watan Fabrairu, an gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon "don amfanin Mista Wergeland", kuma hakan ya ba shi isasshen kuɗi don siyan ƙaramin wurin zama a wajen gari, a Grønlia a ƙarƙashin tudun Ekeberg .

 Aure 
Daga gidansa a Grønlia, Wergeland dole ne ya haye fjord zuwa wani karamin masauki a wurin shakatawa na Christiania. A nan, ya sadu da Amalie Sofie Bekkevold, lokacin 19 shekaru, 'yar mai mallakar. Wergeland da sauri ya faɗi cikin ƙauna, kuma ya ba da shawarar kaka iri ɗaya. Sun yi aure a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1839 a cocin Eidsvoll, tare da mahaifin Wergeland a matsayin firist.

Duk da cewa Amalie ta kasance aji mai aiki, ita ma tana da fara'a, wayo da hazaka, kuma nan da nan ta sami ra'ayin dangin mijinta. Camilla Collett ta zama amintacciyar amininta a duk rayuwarsu. Auren bai haifar da 'ya'ya ba, amma ma'auratan sun ɗauki Olaf, ɗan shege Wergeland ya haifa a 1835, kuma Wergeland ya sami ilimi ga yaron. Olaf Knudsen, kamar yadda ake kiransa, daga baya zai zama wanda ya kafa makarantar noma ta Norway, kuma fitaccen malami.

Amalie ta zama hamshakin sabon littafin wakokin soyayya; wannan littafi ya cika da hotunan furanni, yayin da wakokinsa na soyayya na farko sun cika da hotunan taurari. Bayan mutuwar Wergeland, ta auri firist, Nils Andreas Biørn, wanda ya jagoranci jana'izar sa kuma tsohon abokin koleji ne na Wergeland.  Ta haifi 'ya'ya takwas a wurinsa. Amma a mutuwarta shekaru da yawa bayan haka, yabon ta ya kasance kamar haka: Gwauruwar Wergeland ta mutu a ƙarshe, kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙoƙi kamar babu kowa a cikin adabin Norwegian .

 Aiki 
Wergeland ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami aiki a matsayin limamin coci ko firist na shekaru da yawa har zuwa wannan lokacin. Koyaushe an ƙi shi, galibi saboda masu ɗaukar ma'aikata sun sami hanyar rayuwa "marasa nauyi" da "marasa tsinkaya". Rigimarsa ta shari'a da Praëm ita ma ta kasance cikas. Sashen ya bayyana cewa ba zai iya samun Ikklesiya ba yayin da har yanzu ba a warware wannan lamarin ba. Ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarshe ya ɓace "a kan gajimare-ja-jajayen gajimare" a lokacin hunturu na 1839, saboda wani abin da ya faru a gidan abinci lokacin da ya zana jini ta hanyar buga kansa da farantin karfe bayan an ƙi ci gabansa a kan wani majiɓinci.

A halin yanzu, Wergeland ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu a ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar don ƙaramin albashi, daga Janairu 1836. A cikin lokacin 1835-1837 ya gyara wata jarida mai suna Statsborgeren .  A ƙarshen kaka 1838, Sarki Carl Johan ya ba shi ƙaramin "fensho na sarauta" wanda ya kusan ninka albashinsa. Wergeland ya karɓi wannan a matsayin biyan kuɗin aikinsa na "malamin jama'a". Wannan fensho ya ba Wergeland isasshen kudin shiga don yin aure da zama. Auren da ya yi a lokacin bazara ya sa ya kwantar da hankali, kuma ya sake neman aiki, a wannan karon don neman sabon aiki a matsayin shugaban gidan tarihi na kasa . Aikace-aikacen yana kwanan watan Janairu 1840. A ƙarshe, ya samu, kuma an ɗauke shi aiki daga 4 Janairu 1841 har sai da ya yi ritaya a cikin kaka na 1844.

A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1841, shi da Amalie suka ƙaura zuwa sabon gidansa, Grotten, kusa da sabon gidan sarauta na Norway, kuma a nan ya rayu a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa.

 Gwagwarmayar sirri 
Bayan aikinsa, Wergeland ya zama abokansa na farko a cikin yunkurin jamhuriyar, da cin amanarsa. Shi, a matsayinsa na hagu, bai kamata ya karvi komai daga wurin Sarki ba. Wergeland yana da ra'ayi mara kyau game da Carl Johan. A wani hangen zaman gaba, ya kasance alama ce ta juyin juya halin Faransa, tunatarwa na dabi'u da Wergeland ke sha'awar. A daya bangaren kuma, shi ne sarkin Sweden wanda ya kawo cikas ga ‘yancin kai na kasa. Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kira Wergeland a matsayin mai tawaye, kuma ya kare kansa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Amma a fili yake cewa shi da kansa ya ji kadaici kuma ya ci amana. A wani lokaci, ya kasance a wurin taron dalibai, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya ba da shawara ga tsofaffin furofesoshi, kuma aka katse shi cikin rashin kunya. Bayan an yi yunƙurin ne ya yanke kauna ya karya kwalbar a goshinsa. Mutum daya ne kawai, likita, daga baya ya tuna cewa Wergeland ya yi kuka a daren. Da yammacin wannan rana, daliban suka shirya jerin gwano don girmama jami'ar, suka bar Wergeland. Almajiri daya ne kawai ya ba shi hannu, wannan ya isa ya dawo Wergeland cikin hayyacinsa. Dalibin shine Johan Sverdrup, daga baya mahaifin majalisar dokokin Norway . Don haka, alamomin biyu na motsi na hagu na Norway, tsararraki daban, sun yi tafiya tare.

Amma Wergeland an hana shi yin rubutu a wasu manyan jaridu, don haka ba a ba shi damar kare kansa ba. Jaridar Morgenbladet ba za ta buga amsoshinsa ba, har ma da jawabansa na waka. Daya daga cikin wakokinsa da ya yi fice a wannan lokaci an rubuta shi, martani ne ga furucin da jaridar ta yi cewa Wergeland ya kasance "mai fushi ne kuma a cikin mummunan yanayi". Wergeland ya amsa cikin mita kyauta:

Ina cikin mummunan yanayi, Morgenblad? Ni, ba wani abu da nake buƙata ba face hasashe na rana don fashe da dariya mai ƙarfi, daga farin ciki da na kasa bayyanawa?

An buga waƙar a wata jarida, kuma Morgenbladet ya buga waƙar tare da neman gafara ga Wergeland a cikin bazara na 1846.

A cikin Janairu 1844 kotu ta yanke shawarar yin sulhu a cikin shari'ar Praëm. Wergeland ya yi belin kansa, kuma ya ji wulakanci. An saita jimlar a speciedaler 800, fiye da yadda zai iya. Dole ne ya sayar da gidansa, kuma Grotten ya saya a cikin hunturu mai zuwa ta wurin wani abokinsa nagari, wanda ya fahimci halin da yake ciki.

Matsi na tunani mai yiwuwa ya taimaka wajen rashin lafiyarsa.

 Lokacin rashin lafiya kafin mutuwa 
A cikin bazara na 1844, ya kamu da ciwon huhu kuma ya zauna a gida na mako biyu. Yayin da yake murmurewa, ya dage da halartar bikin kasa a waccan shekarar, kuma 'yar uwarsa Camilla ta sadu da shi, "kodi kamar mutuwa, amma a cikin ruhun 17 ga Mayu" a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa shagulgulan. Ba da daɗewa ba, ciwonsa ya dawo, kuma yanzu yana da alamun cutar tarin fuka . Sai da ya zauna a ciki, kuma ciwon ya zama ajali. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da yanayin rashin lafiyarsa. Akwai wasu da ke da'awar cewa ya kamu da cutar daji ta huhu bayan ya sha taba. A lokacin, yawancin mutane ba su san haɗarin shan taba ba. A wannan shekarar da ta gabata, ya rubuta da sauri daga gadon jinya, wasiƙu, waƙoƙi, maganganun siyasa da wasan kwaikwayo.
Saboda yanayin tattalin arzikinsa, Wergeland ya koma wani ƙaramin gida, Hjerterum, a cikin Afrilu 1845. An sayar da Grotten. Amma sabon gidansa bai riga ya ƙare ba, kuma dole ne ya yi  kwana goma a asibitin ƙasa Rikshospitalet . Anan, ya rubuta wasu fitattun wakokinsa na gadon rashin lafiya. Ya rubuta kusan zuwa ƙarshe. An rubuta waƙar ta ƙarshe ranar 9 ga Yuli, kwanaki uku kafin mutuwarsa.

 Mutuwa 
Henrik Wergeland ya mutu a gidansa da sassafe 12 Yuli 1845. An yi jana'izar sa a ranar 17 ga Yuli, kuma dubban mutane ne suka halarci jana'izar, yawancinsu sun yi balaguro daga gundumomin da ke kewayen Christiania. Firist ɗin ya yi tsammanin ɗaruruwa, amma dole ne ya gyara kansa. Ikilisiya ta ninka adadin sau goma. Daliban kasar Norway ne suka dauki akwatin gawarsa, yayin da keken da aka nada ya shiga gabansu babu kowa. Wai daliban sun dage da daukar akwatin gawar da kansu. An bar kabarin Wergeland a bude da rana, kuma duk ranar, mutane suna girmama shi ta hanyar yada furanni a kan akwatin gawar, har magariba ta zo. Mahaifinsa ya rubuta godiyarsa a kan hakan a Morgenbladet bayan kwana uku (20 ga Yuli), yana mai cewa dansa ya sami daukakarsa a karshe:

Yanzu na ga yadda duk kuka ƙaunace shi, yadda kuka girmama shi ... Allah ya saka da alkhairi ya kuma saka muku da alkairi baki daya! Ɗan'uwan da kuka ɗauka a irin wannan yana da mafari mai haɗari, an daɗe ba a fahimce shi ba kuma ya sha wuya, amma yana da kyakkyawan ƙarshe. Rayuwarsa ba ta cika da wardi ba, amma mutuwarsa da kabarinsa da ƙari - (Nicolai Wergeland).

 Canjin wuri a makabarta 
Wergeland hakika an ajiye shi a wani yanki mai ƙasƙanci na farfajiyar coci, kuma ba da daɗewa ba abokansa suka fara rubutawa a jaridu, suna da'awar wuri mafi kyau a gare shi. Daga karshe an koma kabarinsa na yanzu a 1848. A wannan lokacin ne aka taso akan wani abin tunawa da ya dace da kabarinsa. The abin tunawa a kan kabari da aka bayar da Yaren mutanen Sweden Yahudawa, da kuma bisa hukuma "bude" 17 Yuni 1849, bayan watanni shida na jinkiri.

 Gado 
Mutum-mutumin nasa yana tsakanin fadar sarki da Storting ta babban titin Oslo, bayansa ya juya zuwa Nationalteateret. A Ranar Tsarin Mulkin Yaren mutanen Norway, yana karɓar furanni na shekara-shekara daga ɗalibai a Jami'ar Oslo . An gina wannan abin tunawa a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1881, kuma Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson ne ya ba da jawabi a wannan lokacin.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, 'yan Nazi sun hana duk wani bikin Wergeland.



 Manazarta 

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