Harshen Malak-Malak

Malak-Malak (wanda kuma ake kira Mullukmulluk, Malagmalag), wanda aka fi sani da Ngolak-Wonga (Nguluwongga), yare ne na asalin Australiya wanda mutanen Mulluk-Mulluk ke magana. Malakmalak kusan ya ƙare, tare da yara da ke girma suna magana da Kriol ko Turanci a maimakon haka. Ana magana da yaren a yankin Daly River a kusa da Woolianna da Nauiyu . Nau'in Kuwema ko Tyaraity (Tyeraty) ya bambanta.

 Rarraba 
Malakmalak an rarraba shi a matsayin memba mai zaman kansa na yarukan Arewacin Daly, amma yanzu an dauke shi a matsayin yare mai zaman kansa. Tare da ƙungiyar "Anson Bay" ta Wagaydy (Patjtjamalh, Wadjiginy, Kandjerramalh) da Giyug wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Green ya kammala cewa Wagaydy da Malakmalak iyalai ne na harsuna biyu daban-daban. Wasu rarrabuwa daga baya sun haɗa su kamar Bowern a shekarar (2011).  Koyaya, mutanen Wagaydy sun zo kwanan nan a yankin, kuma yarensu na iya zama kama da juna ne kawai saboda aro. AIATSIS da Glottolog dukansu suna bi da Wagaydy a matsayin mai warewa kuma Giyug a matsayin wanda ba za a iya rarraba shi ba.

A cikin amfani na zamani, "Northern Daly" (misali Harvey 2003,  Cahir 2006,  Nordlinger 2017 ) galibi yana nufin musamman ga ƙungiyar harsuna waɗanda suka haɗa da Malakmalak da Tyerraty  (wanda aka fi sani da Guwema), iri-iri wanda MalakMalak ya bambanta sosai a cikin ƙamus (65% bisa ga jerin kalmomin Tryon 200), to amma yana kusa da morphologically.

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin sautin 
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 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
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Ana iya jin Plosives /p t c k/ kamar yadda aka furta kamar [b d ɟ ɡ] lokacin da ake magana.

 Rarrabawar nau'o'i 
MalakMalak, yare ne na ergative-absolutive tare da tsari mai mahimmanci wanda kuma aka ƙaddara ta hanyar tsarin bayanai da prosody, amma kyauta. Alamar manyan shari'o'i zaɓi ne. Harshen yafi dogara da alama (1), amma kuma ba shi da alama (2) da alama ta kai (3).


 Abubuwan da ke tattare da maganganu 
Maganar aikatau ta MalakMalak tana amfani da maganganu masu rikitarwa. Wadannan sun ƙunshi kalma mai canzawa wanda ke da kaddarorin mutum, lamba da lokaci. MalakMalak kawai yana da irin waɗannan aikatau shida. A cikin misali (4), yuyu da vida suna canzawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai murfin da ke da kaddarorin aspectual, amma ba su canza don lamba, lokaci ko mutum ba. Suna faruwa ne tare da kalmomin canzawa. Ba su da iyaka a cikin adadi kuma ana ba da sababbin kalmomi a cikin wannan aji. A cikin (4), kubuk-ka, dat-tyed, da ka sune murfin. Hakanan zasu iya samar da kalmomi na jerin (kubuk-karrarr, dat-tyed). 


 Harshe na sararin samaniya 
MalakMalak yana amfani da dukkan nau'ikan "na al'ada" guda uku na Frames of Reference na sararin samaniya: na ainihi, dangi da cikakke. Bugu da ƙari, yaren yana amfani da sunayen wurare da daidaitawar jiki don magana game da sarari. Tsarin intrinsic yana buƙatar wani nau'i na rarraba abu na ƙasa ko alamar a cikin bangarorin da aka ambata wanda za'a iya tsara yankunan bincike. A cikin Turanci wannan zai zama, alal misali, itacen yana gaban mutumin. Kuma a cikin MalakMalak zai zama (5).

Tsarin dangi na Bayani ya haɗa da taswirar daga axes na mai kallo (gaba, baya, hagu, dama) akan abu na ƙasa.[1] Misali na Ingilishi shine kwallon yana dama. A cikin MalakMalak zai kasance (6).

Cikakken Tsarin Bayani yana kuma buƙatar abubuwan da ke cikin al'umma nan take.[1] Misali na Ingilishi shine opera yana yammacin nan. A cikin MalakMalak, ana iya amfani da nau'ikan tsari daban-daban guda uku. Wadanda suka danganci hanyar rana (gabas / yamma) (7a), a kan iskõki masu yawa (arewa maso yamma / kudu maso gabas) (7b), da kuma bangarori biyu na shahararren Kogin Daly (arewa maso gabas / kudu maso yammacin bankin) (7c)


 Kalmomin kalmomi 

 Tryon (1968) 
Abubuwan ƙamus masu zuwa na nau'ikan yaren Daly na Arewa, gami da Malak-Malak (ko Mullukmulluk), sun fito ne daga Tryon a shekarar (1968). 

 Blake (1981) 
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙamus na asali daga Blake (1981). 

 Manazarta 



 Hoffmann, Dorothea. http://drdorotheahoffmann.wordpress.com
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5] "Mutumin sararin samaniya da (ba?) lokaci: Labaran mafarki na Arewacin Australia," Labaran daga Kudancin Pacific: Binciken zamantakewa da al'adu, ed. by F. Gounder. Amsterdam: Kamfanin wallafe-wallafen John Benjamins, 15-35
 [Hotuna a shafi na 9] "Mapping the Language: Yadda harshe mai mutuwa ya rasa matsayinsa a duniya", Kalmomi masu haɗari, Alamun farfadowa, ed. Daga Ghil'ad Zuckermann, J. Miller, da J. Morley, Adelaide: Australex, 1-18

 Haɗin waje 

 MalakMalak a Shafin yanar gizon Dalylanguages.org.

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba