Yajima Kajiko

Yajima Kajiko (an haife ta ne a shekara ta 1833 - 16 ga Yuni, 1925) ita ce ta kafa kungiyar mata ta Japan kuma shugabar kungiyar mata ta Kirista. Malami, mai zaman lafiya, kuma mai fafutukar kirista, ta ci gaba da inganta dalilin ilimin mata a Japan. Ana ganin sunanta a matsayin Kaji Yajima a cikin jaridar Amurka ta zamaninta.

Yajima ta yi aiki tare da Sasaki Toyoju, sakataren WCTU na Japan. Tare sun yi ƙoƙari su ba da shawarar sake fasalin al'adun feudalistic wanda ya mamaye Japan ga Yamma da mata ga maza. Yajima musamman ta ba da shawarar tawali'u saboda gajeren aurenta da mashayi. Dukansu sun yi aiki don kawar da Kasuwanci, da kuma kawar da al'adun geisha da ƙwaraƙwalwa. A ƙarshen rayuwa, Yajima ta halarci tarurruka na kasa da kasa kan zaman lafiya da kamewa, kuma ta sadu da masu goyon bayan Amurka.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Yajima a 1833, a Kumamoto, Japan kuma ita ce ta shida kuma 'yar ta biyar a cikin dangin manomi mai tasiri. Yayinda take yarinya maimakon yaro iyayenta ba su da sha'awarta. Elizabeth Dorn Lublin ta rubuta "akidar danson johi (girmama maza da raina mata) wanda ya sanar da wannan liyafar ya kasance babban ƙarfin tsarawa a farkon shekarun Yajima" </ref> Tana da ilimin gargajiya na mata kuma ba har sai da ta kai shekara ashirin da biyar ba sai ta auri samurai mai suna Hayashi Shichiro . Hayashi yana jin daɗin sake kuma zai zama mai cin zarafi lokacin da ya bugu. Yajima daga baya ta bar mijinta kuma ta koma ga iyalinta, ta ki dawowa kuma ta yanke gashin kanta. Daga ƙarshe ta koma Tokyo don kula da ɗan'uwanta. Tun da koyarwa tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ayyukan biyan kuɗi ga mata na lokacinta, ta zama malama ga sabon tsarin makarantar jama'a da aka kafa a Tokyo bayan kisan ta. Daga baya ta koma makarantar mishan ta Presbyterian saboda ta ba ta sau biyu kudin shiga a matsayin matsayinta tare da tsarin makarantar Tokyo. A wannan lokacin ne aka ja ta ga Kristanci kuma daga ƙarshe za ta fara aiki tare da mai wa'azi na Presbyterian mai suna Maria True . 

 Ayyuka 

 Koyarwa 
Kaji Yajima ta kasance shugabar makarantar mishan ta Presbyterian don 'yan mata a Tokyo, na tsawon shekaru arba'in.

 Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Kirista 
A watan Yunin 1886, mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje Mary Clement Leavitt ta zo Japan. Jawabin ta ya kasance tsaye-kamar kawai kuma ya rinjayi Yajima don fara ƙungiyar. A ƙarshen 1886, Yajima ta taimaka wajen kirkirar kungiyar Tokyo Woman's Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU) tare da wasu mata ashirin da takwas kuma an nada ta shugaban kasa tare da Sasaki Toyoju a matsayin sakatare.

Cin zarafin da aka yi wa mijinta da kuma halartar gwagwarmayar dalibai tare da iyayen masu shaye-shaye sun sa Yajima ya nuna rashin son barasa da kuma sha'awar kamewa. Ta tura kalmar temperance (kinshu) ya kamata ta kasance a cikin sunan Tokyo WCTU sakamakon abin da ya gabata. Tarihi daban-daban na sakataren da Yajima shine tushen rikici tsakanin su biyu. Yajima ta fi dacewa da ra'ayinta kuma ta yi imanin cewa kamewa shine babbar matsalar da WCTU ke buƙata don magance ta. Ta ci gaba da cewa membobin ya kamata su "taimaka mazajensu a gida [kuma] taimaka wa maza a cikin al'umma".[and] Sasaki, a gefe guda, ya yi tunanin cewa karuwanci ya kamata ya zama abin da ƙungiyar ke mai da hankali, wanda ya sa su biyun su yi yaƙi don iko maimakon suyi aiki tare.

Yajima ta ci gaba da zama shugaban kasa har sai wani hadari ya tilasta mata ta yi murabus a 1889. Shekaru uku bayan haka ta sami damar sake zabar ta kuma ta koma cikin matsayinta har zuwa 1903 an tilasta mata barin matsayi kuma, a wannan lokacin saboda ba ta sami isasshen kuri'u daga membobin ƙungiyar ba. Wannan ya dauki watanni ne kawai yayin da matar da ta maye gurbin ta ta mutu kuma Yajima ta maye gurbi ta. Ba sai 1921 ba ne Yajima ta bar shugabancin har abada. Lublin, Elizabeth Dorn (2006). "Wearing the White Ribbon of Reform and the Banner of Civic Duty: Yajima Kajiko and the Japan Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the Meiji Period". U.S.-Japan Women's Journal 2006, No. 30/31 (30/31): 60–79. JSTOR 42771944.</ref> Ta shirya jaridar Japan, ta ba da lacca, ta jagoranci zanga-zangar zanga-zanga, ta tara kudade kuma ta wakilci Japan a taron kasa da kasa.

 Bayanan kasa da kasa 
Matsayinta na jagoranci ya kai ta kasashen waje a shekarunta saba'in da tamanin. A cikin 1906, ta yi magana a taron duniya na WCTU a Boston; a wannan tafiya ta kuma ziyarci New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, da San Francisco,  kuma ta tafi Fadar White House tare da wasu masu gwagwarmayar kamewa don saduwa da shugaban kasar Theodore Roosevelt.  A cikin 1920, tare da 'yan uwanta Tsuneko Yamada Gauntlett da Michiko Kawai, ta yi tafiya zuwa London da Geneva don taron kasa da kasa kan kamewa da sufuri, bi da bi. A cikin 1921, Kaji Yajima ta yi tafiya a kan kuɗin kanta  zuwa Washington, DC don Taron Ƙuntata Makamai, tare da mataimakinta Azuma Moriya . Ta sadu da 'yan adawa na Amurka,  da kuma Shugaba Warren G. Harding, wanda ta gabatar masa da takardar neman zaman lafiya mai tsawon mita 300 da matan Japan suka sanya hannu.  Yarima Tokugawa ya gudanar da liyafa don girmama ta a taron. A wannan tafiya, ta ziyarci Birnin New York don yin jawabi ga Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Ƙasashen Waje ta Abokai,  Kwamitin Jakadancin Presbyterian, da Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Matasa. 
alt=Two Japanese women in an oval portrait frame. The standing woman is younger, wearing a Western-style dress and glasses; her hands are on the shoulders of an older woman, wearing a Japanese-style dress.|thumb|Yajima Kajiko tare da sakatariyarta, ma'aikaciyar tsaftacewa Azuma Moriya, daga littafin 1923.
Jaridu da mujallu da yawa na Amurka sun rufe ziyararta ta 1921 zuwa Amurka; ta yi amfani da damar don bayyana burinta na zaman lafiya a duniya: "Lokacin da na tafi, tuna cewa na tsaya a nan ina kallon fuskokinsu yana nuna fatan cewa za ku yi duk abin da ke cikin ikonsu kamar yadda wannan tsohuwar jiki za ta yi, cewa duniya na iya sanin zaman lafiya daga yanzu. Mun zo lokacin da ba kawai muna son zaman lafiya ba, amma mun san cewa dole ne mu sami shi ga "Mutanen Kirista na Amurka, ba su so, gwamnati ba ta kashe kudi ba. "

 Rayuwa da gado 
Yajima ta yi aure ba tare da farin ciki ba kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku; ta bar mijinta mai shaye-shaye tun tana 'yar shekara 40, kuma ta tuba zuwa Kristanci a tsakiyar shekara; an yi mata baftisma a matsayin Presbyterian tana da shekaru 45.  Ta tsira daga girgizar kasa mai girma a Kantō a 1923, kuma ta mutu a 1925, tana da shekaru 93.

While in Tokyo, Yajima had a baby out of wedlock. Instead of marrying the father, she kept the birth a secret, giving the baby to a farming family before adopting the child back later and raising her as an adopted daughter on her own with her own salary. This part of her life was kept a secret until after her death.

Bayan mutuwarta, an sanya sunan ginin da ke da ofisoshin WCTU na Japan don Yajima .  A cikin shekarun 1950, an gabatar da tarihin rayuwarta a cikin wallafe-wallafen Kirista na Amurka a matsayin labarin farawa na biyu, da nasara a kan cikas. Babban jikanta, Yo Yuasa, ya kasance fitaccen likita a cikin maganin kuturta. Jikanta, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi Kubushiro Ochimi, ita ma shugabar WCTU ce ta Japan.

 Manazarta 

 Sauran tushe 

 Yasutake, R. (2004). Yunkurin mata na kasa da kasa: Amurka, Japan, da al'ummomin baƙi na Japan a California, 1859-1920. New York: NYU Press.

 Haɗin waje 

 Hoton Kaji Yajima daga 1921, tare da 'yan mata na Amurka; a cikin tarin Kamfanin Hotuna na Kasa a Laburaren Majalisa.
 Wani hoto na Kaji Yajima daga 1921, tare da 'yan mata na Amurka; a cikin tarin Kamfanin Hotuna na Kasa a Laburaren Majalisa.
Rukuni:Haihuwar 1833
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1925
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba