Josephine Roche

Josephine Aspinwall Roche (an haife ta a watan Disamba 2, 1886 - Yuli 1976) yar Amurka ce mai jin kai, ƴan masana'antu, mai fafutukar Ci gaba, kuma 'yar siyasa. A matsayinta na jami'ar New Deal ta taimaka wajen tsara yanayin jin daɗin Amurka na zamani. An shigar da ita cikin Babban Fame na Mata na Colorado a cikin 1986. 

 Fage 

An haifi Josephine Roche a Neligh, Nebraska, kuma ta girma a Omaha, tana halartar makarantun 'yan mata masu zaman kansu a can kafin yin digiri a Kwalejin Vassar a 1904.  A nan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki da na gargajiya, kuma ta shiga wasan ƙwallon kwando da kulab ɗin waƙoƙi . Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1908, Roche ya sami digiri na biyu a aikin zamantakewa a 1910 daga Jami'ar Columbia . 
A cikin 1906, iyayenta, John da Ella Roche, sun ƙaura zuwa Denver, inda yawancin ayyukan rayuwarta za su kasance a tsakiya.  Roche ya ba da kansa don dalilai na zamantakewa a cikin New York City da Denver, ya yi nazarin matsalolin rayuwa,  kuma a cikin 1912 ya koma Denver cikakken lokaci don zama ' yar sanda ta farko ta birni.   Duk da haka, zamanta a can bai daɗe ba, domin yadda ta himmatu wajen gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya da karuwanci ya sa jama’ar gari masu sassaucin ra’ayi suka tilasta mata yin murabus. 

A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, Roche ya gudanar da ayyuka da dama a Denver da Washington, DC, ciki har da yin aiki a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Progressive Party na Colorado da kuma yakin neman aikin yara a masana'antar gwoza sukari . Yayin da yake Washington, ta yi aure a takaice da marubuci Edward Hale Bierstadt, abokin aiki a Sabis na Harshen Waje, wanda ita ce darekta; Auren ya kasance daga 1920 zuwa 1922 kuma ya ƙare a cikin saki.  A cikin 1925, ta koma Colorado saboda rashin lafiyar mahaifinta, kuma a cikin 1927 ta gaji dukiyarsa a cikin Kamfanin Mai na Rocky Mountain Fuel, kamfanin hakar kwal wanda ya kafa.  A shekara ta 1929, ta sayi mafi yawan sha'awar kamfanin kuma ta zama shugaban kasa. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofi iri-iri da suka shafi aiki, ciki har da gayyatar da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai ta Amurka (UMWA) ta koma Colorado tare da haɗa ma'adinan ta, shekaru 15 bayan mahaifinta da sauran masu hakar ma'adinan kwal sun karya ƙungiyoyin bayan kisan kiyashin Ludlow na 1914. 

A cikin 1934, Roche ya bar Rocky Mountain Fuel don tsayawa takarar Gwamnan Colorado . Bayan da Edwin C. Johnson ya sha kaye a jam'iyyar Democrat , shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt ya nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar sakataren baitul mali . Ta rike wannan mukamin daga 1934 zuwa 1937. A cikin 1936, ta sa John L. Lewis, shugaban UMWA da kuma na Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) gana da New Deal masanin shari'a Lee Pressman, daga baya shigar da kwaminisanci da kuma zargin Soviet leken asiri. 

A shekara ta 1937, ta yi murabus don komawa Colorado kuma ta gudanar da aikin Rocky Mountain Fuel bayan mutuwar shugabanta. Duk da haka, kamfanin ya yi tasiri sosai ta hanyar karfin tattalin arziki iri-iri, kuma ya bayyana fatarar kudi a cikin 1944.  Kotun bankado ta umurci kamfanin da ya karkatar da kadarorin kuma duk ma’adinan sun daina aiki amma har yanzu ba a kammala aikin ba. Roche ya ci gaba da kula da rusasshiyar kamfanin da sauran kadarorin kuma ya koma Washington, DC Roche ya zama shugaban Kamfanin Fuel na Rocky Mountain a 1950 kuma ya ci gaba da kula da kadarorin kamfanin har zuwa mutuwarta a 1976. 

Tun daga shekara ta 1948, Roche ya zama ɗaya daga cikin darektoci uku na asusun jin daɗin ma'aikatan ma'adinai da ritaya.  A shekarar 1968, an gurfanar da kungiyar da shugabanninta a gaban kotu kan rashin gudanar da asusun. A ƙarshe dai an tabbatar da tuhumar rashin gudanar da aikin a kotu, wanda ya tilastawa Roche yin murabus a 1971. 

A tsawon rayuwarta, Roche ta sami karramawa da dama na kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, kuma ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Smith, Jami'ar Oglethorpe, Kwalejin Mount Holyoke, da Jami'ar Colorado . 

 Gyaran jindadi 
Roche ya kasance jagora a sake fasalin kiwon lafiya, amma kokarin da aka yi na kaddamar da inshorar kiwon lafiya na kasa ya gaza akai-akai-mafi mahimmanci a 1916, 1938-40, da 1943. Roche ya jagoranci yakin inshora na New Deal a 1938-40, wanda ke da mafi kyawun damar samun nasara. Daga matsayinta na mataimakiyar sakatare na baitulmali na Roosevelt, Roche ta jagoranci ƙungiyar nazarin sassan sassan biyu kuma ta kira taron 1938 don magance lafiyar ƙasa. Duk da haka, bayan taron, Roosevelt ta janye goyon bayansa. Babbar dokar da shugaban masu sassaucin ra'ayi a majalisar dattijai, Robert F. Wagner ya gabatar, ya mutu a shekara ta 1940 a fuskantar adawa daga kawancen Conservative . Hamayya daga kungiyar likitocin Amurka da kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu ya yi tsanani. Masanin tarihi C. Richard Mulcahy ya ce Roche da kanta ce ke da alhakin gazawar 1938-40. Ba ta yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka tushen tallafin ƙasa ba kuma ba ta ba da hujjar kafa kiwon lafiya a matsayin haƙƙin ƙasa ba.

Masu gyara sun yi fatan Roche zata zama mai kula da sabuwar Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya a 1939, amma Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt ya wuce ta. Rashin aikinta na gina tallafi ga inshorar lafiya na ƙasa ya fusata FDR. Tana da abokan hulɗa da yawa amma sun yi aiki a kan giciye kuma babu wata hanyar sadarwa ta mata mai cin gashin kanta da haɗin kai. 

 Yabo 
A Lafayette, Colorado, ana kiran ayyukan gidaje biyu na Boulder County bayan Roche: Josephine Commons araha manyan gidaje, tare da Oktoba 2011 na ƙasa  da mazaunan farko a lokacin rani 2012,    da Ci gaban Aspinwall,  kusa da Josephine Roche Open Space.  Dukkan ayyukan gidaje biyu suna kan ƙasar da Kamfanin Man Fetur na Rocky Mountain ya mallaka a baya.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba