Henry McNeal Turner

Henry McNeal Turner (Fabrairu 1, 1834 - Mayu 8, 1915) minista ne na Amurka, ɗan siyasa, kuma 12th zaba da keɓe bishop na Cocin Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). Bayan yakin basasar Amurka, ya yi aiki don kafa sabuwar A.M.E. ikilisiyoyin da ke tsakanin Amirkawa na Afirka a Georgia.Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Turner, Henry McNeal" . Encyclopedia Americana. An haife shi kyauta a South Carolina, Turner ya koyi karatu da rubutu kuma ya zama mai wa'azin Methodist. Ya shiga Cocin AME a St. Louis, Missouri, a cikin 1858, inda ya zama mai hidima. Baƙar fata masu 'yanci ne suka kafa a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a farkon ƙarni na 19, A.M.E. Coci ita ce ƙungiyar baƙar fata ta farko mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Amurka. Daga baya Turner yana da makiyaya a Baltimore, Maryland, da Washington, DC.

A cikin 1863 lokacin yakin basasar Amurka, Sojojin Amurka sun nada Turner a matsayin limamin Ba-Amurke na farko a cikin Sojojin Launi na Amurka. Bayan yakin, an nada shi ofishin 'Yanci da ke Jojiya. Ya zauna a Macon kuma an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar dokoki a 1868 a lokacin sake ginawa. A.M.E. mishan, ya kuma dasa majami'u AME da yawa a Jojiya bayan yaƙin. A cikin 1880 an zabe shi a matsayin bishop na farko na Kudancin Amurka na cocin AME, bayan yakin da aka yi a cikin darikar saboda tushen Arewa.

Da yake fusata da dawowar 'yan jam'iyyar Democrats da kafa dokokin Jim Crow a karshen karni na sha tara ta Kudu, Turner ya fara tallafawa bakaken fata kishin kasa da hijirar bakaken fata zuwa nahiyar Afirka. Wannan yunkuri ya faro ne tun kafin yakin basasa a karkashin kungiyar 'yan mulkin mallaka ta Amurka. Turner shine babban mutum a ƙarshen karni na sha tara don tallafawa irin wannan ƙaura zuwa Laberiya; galibin shugabannin Amurkawa Ba-Afurka na lokacin sun yi ta neman yancinsu a Amurka.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Henry McNeal Turner kyauta a shekara ta 1834 a Newberry, South Carolina, ga Sarah Greer da Hardy Turner, wadanda dukansu suka kasance daga zuriyar Afirka da Turai. Wasu majiyoyi sun ce an haife shi a Abbeville, South Carolina.Courtney Vien, "Henry McNeal Turner", page includes links to his writings, Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina, accessed 14 May 2012 Kakanninsa na uba farar fata ce mai shuka shuki kuma mutumin Afirka. A cewar dokar bawa a mulkin mallaka, 'ya'yan farar fata na jinsin 'ya'yanta sun kasance 'yantacce, domin ita farar fata ce kuma 'yantacce.

Bisa al'adar baka ta iyali, kakansa na uwa ya kasance bayi a nahiyar Afirka kuma an shigo da shi zuwa South Carolina, inda aka sake masa suna David Greer. ’Yan kasuwan bayi sun lura cewa yana da alamomin kabilar Mandingo na sarauta, kuma suka ‘yantar da shi daga bauta. Dangane da labarin dangi guda, Greer ya fara aiki ga dangin Quaker a Kudancin Carolina.Stephen Ward Angell, "Henry McNeal Turner" Archived 2008-03-08 at the Wayback Machine, New Georgia Encyclopedia, accessed 13 May 2012 Greer ya auri 'yar Afirka 'yar Afirka. Henry Turner ya girma tare da mahaifiyarsa Sarah (Greer) Turner da kakar uwa.Margaret Ripley Wolfe, "Bishop Henry McNeal Turner and African-American Religion in the South" Archived 2016-02-01 at the Wayback Machine, Review of Stephen W. Angell's Henry McNeal Turner, The Mississippi Quarterly, 22 December 1993, carried at The Free Library, accessed 14 May 2012

A lokacin, dokar South Carolina ta hana koyawa 'yan Afirka karatu da rubutu. Lokacin da aka koyi Turner yin aiki a gonakin auduga tare da ’yan Afirka da aka kama, ya gudu zuwa Abbeville.Smith, John David, African Soldiers in Blue: African Troops in the Civil War Era, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002, pp. 336-339 Ya sami aiki a matsayin mai kula da kamfanin lauyoyi a Abbeville.Culp, Daniel Wallace (1902). Twentieth Century Negro literature; or, A cyclopedia of thought on the vital topics relating to the American Negro. Atlanta: J.L. Nichols & Co. p. 42.

 Farkon aiki 
Lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, Turner ya sami wahayi ta hanyar farfaɗowar Methodist kuma ya yi rantsuwa ya zama fasto. Ya karbi lasisin wa'azinsa yana da shekaru 19 daga Cocin Methodist ta Kudu a 1853 (ikklisiya ta kasa ta rabu zuwa Arewa da Kudu a cikin 1844 akan bauta da sauran batutuwa). Turner ya bi ta Kudu na ƴan shekaru a matsayin mai bishara da gargaɗi, matsayin da aka keɓe don samari, maza marasa aure.

A cikin 1858 ya ƙaura tare da danginsa matasa (ya yi aure shekaru biyu baya) zuwa Saint Louis, Missouri. Bukatar bayi a Kudu ya sanya shi fargabar kada a yi garkuwa da wasu danginsa a sayar da su a bauta, kamar yadda aka rubuta na daruruwan bakar fata. Dokar Bawan Fugitive na 1850 ta ƙara ƙarfafawa don kama 'yan gudun hijirar bayi kuma ta ba da kariya kaɗan ga baƙar fata kyauta daga kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Yana buƙatar ƴan takardu daga ƴan kasuwan bayi ko mutanen da aka yi hayar bayi don samar da matsayin bawa.

A St. Louis, Turner ya zama minista a Cocin Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), wanda aka kafa a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania a matsayin ƙungiyar baƙar fata ta farko a Amurka. Ya karanta litattafai, Ibrananci da allahntaka a Kwalejin Triniti.

Turner ya yi aiki a fastoci a Baltimore, Maryland, da Washington, DC, inda ya sadu da 'yan Republican masu tasiri a farkon shekarun 1860.

Lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke, Turner yana horo a Baltimore. A cikin Afrilu 1862 an tura shi zuwa Cocin Bethel na Isra'ila a Dutsen Capitol; ita ce coci mafi girma na AME a Washington, D.C. Ya kasance kusa da zuciyar gwamnati da yakin Virginia. ’Yan majalisa da hafsoshin soji sun ziyarci don jin wa’azin Turner.

 Aure da iyali 
A cikin 1856, Turner ya auri Eliza Peacher, 'yar wani ɗan kwangilar baƙar fata mai arziki a Columbia, South Carolina. Sun haifi ‘ya’ya 14 baki daya, hudu daga cikinsu sun yi girma. Eliza ya mutu a shekara ta 1889.

Mai takaba Turner ya auri Martha Elizabeth DeWitt a shekara ta 1893. Bayan ta rasu, ya auri Harriet A. Wayman a shekara ta 1900. Ta kuma rasu bayan ƴan shekaru. Ya auri Laura Pearl Lemon a 1907, kuma ya bar uku daga cikin matansa hudu.

 Yakin Basasa 
A lokacin yakin basasar Amurka, Turner ya shirya daya daga cikin rundunonin sojan bakar fata na farko (Kamfanin B na Sojojin Amurka na Farko), kuma an nada shi a matsayin babban malaminsa. Turner ya bukaci duka bakar fata da aka haifa masu 'yanci da kuma "masu haram" da su shiga. (Kalmar ta ƙarshe tana nufin bayi waɗanda suka tsere daga bauta kuma aka sanya matsayinsu a matsayin "marasa dawowa" saboda tsoffin iyayengiji sun shiga yaƙi da gwamnatin Amurka). Turner yana yi wa maza wa’azi a kai a kai sa’ad da suke horarwa kuma ya tuna musu cewa “makomar jinsinsu ya dangana ga amincinsu da gaba gaɗi.” Rundunar ta kan yi tattaki zuwa cocin Turner domin jin jawaban sa na kishin kasa. A watan Yulin 1863, rundunar ta kammala kafuwarta kuma tana shirin barin yaki. A cikin Nuwamba na waccan shekarar, an ba da Turner a matsayin limamin coci, ya zama baƙar fata tilo a cikin 1st USCT.

Turner ya gano cewa ba a fayyace ayyukan limamin rundunar soja a yakin basasa ba. Kafin yakin, limamai suna koyarwa a makaranta a ofisoshin sojoji. A lokacin yakin, ayyukan da aka fadada sun hada da gudanar da ayyukan ibada da tarukan addu'o'i, ziyartar marasa lafiya da wadanda suka jikkata a asibitoci, da kuma binne wadanda suka mutu. Dole ne kowane limami ya aiwatar da aikin sa a cikin tsarin mulkinsa, bisa la'akari da tsammanin mutanen da ke cikin kulawa da kuma basirarsa. Ga Turner, wannan nadin ya ba shi damar yin tasiri a tsakanin Amirkawa na Afirka.

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