Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz (an haife ta a watan Satumba 10, 1938) ɗan tarihi ɗan Amurka ne, marubuci, farfesa, kuma mai fafutuka da ke San Francisco . An haife ta a Texas, ta girma a Oklahoma kuma mai adalci ce ta zamantakewa kuma mai fafutukar mata.  Ta rubuta litattafai da yawa ciki har da Blood on the Border: A Memoir of the Contra Years (2005), Red Dirt: Growing up Okie (1992), da An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (2014). Ita ce farfesa a fannin Nazarin Kabilanci a Jami'ar Jihar California . 

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haife shi a San Antonio, Texas, a cikin 1938  ga dangin Oklahoma, Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz ta girma a tsakiyar Oklahoma . Mahaifinta mai rabo ne na zuriyar Scots-Irish . Dunbar ta rubuta cewa mahaifiyarta ta fito daga zuriyar Cherokee kuma ta ce mahaifiyarta ta musanta zuriyarta bayan ta yi aure a cikin dangin farar fata. Saboda da'awarta daban-daban na samun zuriyar ƴan asalin ƙasar, Dunbar ta yarda cewa "an yi la'antar ta a matsayin zamba da ake yi wai ita 'yar ƙasar Amirka ce."  A cikin 2021, akan C-SPAN2, ta ce: "Ban taɓa samun alaƙa da komai ba. Yana da tabbas cewa tabbas mahaifiyata ba Cherokee ba ce. ... Babu gano shi. ... Tabbas ba zan kira kaina Cherokee ba. ” 

Kakan mahaifin Dunbar ya kasance mazaunin, manomi, likitan dabbobi, mai fafutuka, kuma memba na Socialist Party a Oklahoma da Ma'aikatan Masana'antu na Duniya . Mahaifinta, Moyer Haywood Pettibone Scarberry Dunbar, an kira shi ne bayan shugabannin Ma'aikatan Masana'antu na Duniya, "Big" Bill Haywood . Labarun mahaifinta na kakanta sun zaburar da ita ga fafutukar tabbatar da adalci ta rayuwar rayuwa.  An rubuta asusunta na rayuwa har zuwa barin Oklahoma a cikin littafin Red Dirt: Growing Up Okie .

Sun yi aure a 18, Dunbar-Ortiz da mijinta sun ƙaura zuwa San Francisco bayan shekaru uku, inda ta rayu mafi yawan shekaru tun. Daga baya wannan aure ya ƙare. Tana da ɗiya, Michelle. Daga baya ta auri marubuci Simon J. Ortiz (Acoma Pueblo). 

Dunbar-Ortiz ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Jiha ta San Francisco a 1963, wanda ya fi girma a tarihi. Ta fara karatun digiri na biyu a Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar California, Berkeley amma ta koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles tana kammala digiri na uku a tarihi a can a 1974. Baya ga digirin digirgir, ta kammala Diplôme na Dokokin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam a Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya, Strasbourg, Faransa a 1983 da MFA a cikin rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire a Kwalejin Mills a 1993.

 Ayyukan aiki 
Daga 1967 zuwa 1974, ta kasance mai fafutuka ta cikakken lokaci tana zaune a sassa daban-daban na Amurka, tana balaguro zuwa Turai, Mexico, da Kuba . Haka kuma ta kasance cikin gwagwarmayar 'yantar da mata . Mace Mai Kashewa: Memoir of the War Years ta bayyana wannan lokacin rayuwarta, wanda ya ci gaba da shekarun 1960-1975

A cikin 1968 ta kafa Cell 16, wanda wata kungiya ce ta mata a Amurka da aka sani da shirinta na rashin aure, rabuwa da maza da horar da kai (musamman karate ); An bayyana ta a matsayin kungiya ta farko da ta ci gaba da ra'ayin 'yan awaren mata .   

Ta ba da gudummawar labarin "'Yancin Mata a matsayin tushen juyin juya halin zamantakewa" zuwa 1970 anthology Sisterhood is Powerful: Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan . 

A shekara ta 1974, ta karɓi matsayi a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a cikin sabon shirin Nazarin Ƙasar Amirka da aka kafa a Jami'ar Jihar California a Hayward, inda ta taimaka wajen bunkasa sassan Nazarin Kabilanci da Nazarin Mata . A cikin 1973 da aka raunata Knee Siege, ta zama mai fafutuka a cikin Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Indiyawa (AIM) da Majalisar Yarjejeniyar Indiya ta Duniya, ta fara sadaukar da rayuwar 'yan asalin 'yancin yancin kai da haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya .

Ta shirya littafin The Great Sioux Nation, wanda aka buga a cikin 1977 kuma an gabatar da shi a matsayin babban takarda a taron farko na kasa da kasa kan Indiyawan Amurkawa, wanda aka gudanar a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland. An fitar da littafin a cikin sabon bugu ta Jami'ar Nebraska Press a cikin 2013. Babban Sioux Nation ya biyo bayan wasu littattafai guda biyu: Tushen Resistance: A History of Land Tenure in New Mexico (1980) da Indiyawan Amurka: 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ƙaddamar Kai (1984). Ta kuma shirya litattafai guda biyu kan ci gaban tattalin arzikin Amirkawa yayin da take jagorantar Cibiyar Ci gaban Amirkawa a Jami'ar New Mexico .

A cikin 1981, an nemi Dunbar-Ortiz da ya ziyarci Sandinista Nicaragua don kimanta yanayin mallakar filaye na Indiyawan Miskito a yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar. Ziyarar da ta yi a can wancan shekarar ta zo dai-dai da lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta fara daukar nauyin yakin neman hambarar da 'yan Sandinistas, inda yankin arewa maso gabas da ke kan iyaka da Honduras ya zama yankin yaki da kuma tushen farfagandar da gwamnatin Reagan ta yi kan 'yan Sandinistas. A cikin fiye da ɗari tafiye-tafiye zuwa Nicaragua da Honduras daga 1981 zuwa 1989, ta lura da abin da ake kira Contra War . Ta ba da labarin waɗannan shekarun a cikin Caught in the Crossfire: Indiyawan Miskitu na Nicaragua (1985) da Blood on Border: A Memoir of Contra War (2005).  

A cikin aikinta mai suna An Indigenous People' History of the United States, Dunbar-Ortiz ta yi Allah wadai da Ka'idodin Ganowa da kuma mulkin mallaka na ƙaura wanda ya lalata ƴan asalin Amurkawa a Amurka. Ta kwatanta wannan nau'i na kishin addini da na al-Qaeda na zamani.  Ta bayyana cewa, tun da yawancin ƙasar da ke cikin Amurka an ɗauke ta ta hanyar zalunci da zalunci, "'yan asalin ƙasar suna da ɗimbin iƙirarin ramawa da ramawa," duk da haka "[n] adadin kuɗi zai iya rama filayen da aka kwace ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman waɗancan wurare masu tsarki da suka wajaba don 'yan asalin ƙasar su dawo da haɗin kai.

An nuna ta a cikin fim din tarihin mata ta Kyakkyawar Lokacin da Ta Yi Fushi .  

Ita ce Farfesa Emerita na Nazarin Kabilanci a Jami'ar Jihar California, Hayward . Tun lokacin da ta yi ritaya daga koyarwar jami'a,  tana ba da lacca sosai kuma tana ci gaba da rubutawa.

 Kyauta 
Gidauniyar Lannan ta ba Dunbar-Ortiz lambar yabo ta 'yancin al'adu ta 2017 "saboda nasarorin da ta samu a rayuwarta na ayyukan da ba ta gajiyawa." 

 Ayyukan da aka zaɓa 

 Not "a Nation of Immigrants": Settler Colonialism, White Supremacy, and a History of Erasure and Exclusion. Beacon, 2021. 
 Loaded: A Disarming History of the Second Amendment. City Lights Books, 2018. ISBN 9780872867239, 
 "All the Real Indians Died Off” and 20 Other Myths about Native Americans. Beacon, 2016.
 An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon, 2014. ISBN 9780807057834, 
 The Great Sioux Nation: Sitting in Judgment on America. Random House, 1977, ; University of Nebraska Press, 2013. ISBN 9780803244832, 
 Roots of Resistance: Land Tenure in New Mexico, 1680–1980. University of California, 1980; new edition, University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. ISBN 9780806138336, 
 Red Dirt: Growing Up Okie. Verso, 1997; new edition, University of Oklahoma Press, 2006. ISBN 9780806137759, 
 Blood on the Border: Memoir of the Contra War. South End Press, 2005. ISBN 9780806153841, 
 Outlaw Woman: A Memoir of the War Years, 1960–75. City Light Books, 2002. ISBN 9780806144795, 
 The Miskito Indians of Nicaragua. Minority Rights Group, 1988. ISBN 9780946690596, 
 Indigenous Peoples: A Global Quest for Justice. (ed.) A Report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues, Geneva. Zed Press, 1987.
 La Cuestión Mískita en la Revolución Nicaragüense. Editorial Linea, 1986.
 Indians of the Americas: Human Rights and Self-Determination. Zed Press; Praeger, 1984. ISBN 9780030009143, 
 Native American Energy Resources and Development. (ed.) Albuquerque: Institute for Native American Development (INAD), University of New Mexico, 1980. ISBN 9780934090025, 
 Economic Development in American Indian Reservations. (ed.) INAD, University of New Mexico, 1979.

 Duba kuma 

 Sallama 16

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 



 Appearances on C-SPAN

Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba