Alexander Crummell

Alexander Crummell (Maris 3, 1819 - Satumba 10, 1898) minista ne kuma ilimi na Amurka. An nada Crummell a matsayin limamin Episcopal a Amurka, ya tafi Ingila a ƙarshen 1840s don tara kuɗi don cocinsa ta hanyar yin lacca game da bautar Amurka. Abolitionists sun goyi bayan karatun shekaru uku na karatunsa a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda Crummell ya haɓaka ra'ayoyin Afirka kuma shine ɗalibin Baƙar fata na farko da aka rubuta a makarantar kuma ya kammala karatunsa.

A cikin 1853, Crummell ya koma Laberiya, inda ya yi aiki don maida 'yan Afirka zuwa Kiristanci da ilmantar da su, da kuma shawo kan 'yan mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu game da ra'ayoyinsa. Ya so jawo hankalin Baƙar fata Amirkawa zuwa Afirka a kan wata manufa ta wayewa. Crummell ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 20 a Laberiya kuma ya yi kira ga Bakar fata na Amurka da su shiga shi, amma bai tattara babban goyon baya ga ra'ayinsa ba.

Bayan ya koma Amurka a 1872, an kira Crummell zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin St. Mary's Episcopal a Washington, DC. A cikin 1875, shi da ikilisiyarsa sun kafa Cocin Episcopal St. Luke, Ikilisiyar Baƙar fata ta Episcopal ta farko a cikin birni. Crummell ya yi aiki a matsayin rector a can har ya yi ritaya a 1894.

 Rayuwar baya da karatu 
An haifi Crummell a cikin 1819 a Birnin New York zuwa Charity Hicks, mace mai 'yanci, da Boston Crummell, tsohuwar bawa. A cewar labarin Crummell, kakan mahaifinsa dan kabilar Temne ne, haifaffen kasar Saliyo a yanzu; an kama shi aka sayar da shi bauta a lokacin yana dan shekara 13.Moses (1988), p. 11 Dukan iyayen Crummell sun kasance masu kawar da kai. An yi amfani da gidansu don buga jarida ta farko ta Ba'amurke, Freedom's Journal. Boston Crummell ya cusa wa ɗansa fahimtar haɗin kai da 'yan Afirka mazauna Afirka. Tasirin iyayensa da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na farko a cikin ƙungiyoyin abolitionist sun tsara dabi'u, imani, da ayyukan Crummell a duk tsawon rayuwarsa. Ko da yana yaro a New York, Crummell ya yi aiki da Ƙungiyar Anti-Slavery Society.

Crummell ya fara karatunsa na farko a Makarantar Kyauta ta Afirka ta 2 kuma a gida tare da malamai masu zaman kansu. Sauran mazan Ba-Amurke waɗanda suka zama masu ƙwazo a cikin ƙungiyoyin kawar da kai, irin su James McCune Smith (likita na farko) da Henry Highland Garnet, suma sun kammala karatunsu daga wannan makaranta. Crummell ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Canal Street. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Crummell da abokinsa Garnet sun halarci sabuwar makarantar Noyes a New Hampshire. Sai dai wasu gungun 'yan adawa da Bakar fata sun kai hari tare da lalata makarantar. Crummell na gaba ya shiga cikin Cibiyar Oneida da ke tsakiyar New York, matattarar kawar da kai. Yayin da yake can, Crummell ya yanke shawarar zama firist na Episcopal. Shaharar da ya yi a matsayinsa na matashi mai hankali ya ba shi matsayi a matsayin babban mai magana a taron yaki da bauta a New York State Convention of Negroes lokacin da ya hadu a Albany a 1840.Thompson, Stephen, "Alexander Crummell", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).

An ƙi shiga Babban Makarantar Tauhidi a Birnin New York saboda tserensa,Hunter, Carol (2013). To Set the Captives Free. Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the struggle for freedom in central New York, 1835-1872 (2nd ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1484007945.:  58  Crummell ya ci gaba da karatu a Yale daga 1840 zuwa 1841.Honoring the Rev. James W. C. Pennington and the Rev. Alexander Crummell". Office of the President. 2023-04-22. Retrieved 2023-05-17 A cikin 1842, ya karɓi umarni mai tsarki na Episcopal kuma an nada shi a Massachusetts. Duk da haka, "ba da daɗewa ba ya gano cewa akwai ɗan ƙarami ga limaman Baƙar fata." Stockton, C. R. (1977). "The Integration of Cambridge: Alexander Crummell as Undergraduate, 1849–1853". Equity & Excellence in Education. 15 (2): 15–19 Yayin da yake kokawa da rashin fahimta da rashin halartar coci a cocinsa a Providence, Rhode Island, Crummell ya yi tafiya zuwa Philadelphia don neman bishop na yankin don babban taro. Philadelphia tana da babbar al'ummar Baƙar fata kyauta. Bishop Onderdonk ya amsa, "Zan karbe ku cikin wannan diocese a kan sharadi ɗaya: Ba wani limamin Negro da zai iya zama a taron cocina kuma babu wata majami'a da za ta nemi wakilci a wurin." An ce Crummell ya ɗan dakata na ɗan lokaci, sannan ya ce: “Ba zan taɓa shiga cikin diocese ɗin ku ba da irin waɗannan sharuddan.Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk, Modern Library Edition: New York/Toronto p. 226

 Sana'a 
Karatu da laccoci a Ingila

Crummell yayi karatu a Kwalejin Queens, Cambridge.

A cikin 1847, Crummell ya tafi Ingila don tara kuɗi don ikilisiyarsa a Cocin Almasihu. Yayin da yake wurin, Crummell ya yi wa’azi, ya yi magana game da kawar da kai a Amurka, kuma ya tara kusan dala 2,000. Daga 1849 zuwa 1853, Crummell ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Queens, Cambridge, wanda Benjamin Brodie, William Wilberforce, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, James Anthony Froude, da Thomas Babington Macaulay suka dauki nauyinsa.Crummell, Alexander (CRML849A)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of CambridgeTwigg, John, A History of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1448-1986 (1987), pp. 268-71. Duk da cewa Crummell dole ne ya dauki wasan karshe sau biyu don samun digirinsa, ya zama dalibin Bakar fata na farko a hukumance da ya kammala digiri daga Jami'ar Cambridge. Duk da yake yana da alama ba shi ne ɗalibin Baƙar fata na farko a Cambridge ba, shi ne farkon wanda bayanan hukuma ke wanzuwa.Bates, Stephen (October 19, 2011). "Alexander Crummell, Cambridge's first Black graduate". The Guardian. Retrieved December 20, 2012.

A lokacin kammala karatunsa Crummell ya jimre na ɗan lokaci na nuna wariyar launin fata har sai da wani ɗalibi, E.W. Benson, ya nuna rashin jin daɗi a cikin tsaronsa:

Wata slim slim undergraduate [...] ta yi ihu a cikin wata murya wadda ta sake maimaita ta cikin ginin, "Kunya, kunya! Uku na nishi gare ku, Sir!" kuma nan da nan bayan haka, "Fara uku don Crummell!" An ɗauke wannan ta ko'ina [...] kuma dole ne mai laifin na asali ya durƙusa don ɓoye kansa daga guguwar nishi da huci da suka barke kewaye da shi.Cambridge University's 'first' Black student pioneer". BBC News. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2022

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