Hu Shih

Hu Shih   an haife (Chinese ; 17 ga Disamba, 189124 Fabrairu 1962) malami ne, marubuci, kuma ɗan siyasa na kasar Sin. Hu ya ba da gudummawa ga 'yancin walwala da gyare-gyaren harshe na kasar Sin, kuma ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara kan yin amfani da rubutaccen harshen Sinanci .  Ya shiga cikin yunkurin juyin juya hali na watan Mayu da sabuwar al'adun kasar Sin . Ya kasance shugaban Jami'ar Peking da Academia Sinica .    

Hu ya kasance editan jaridar Free China Journal, wanda aka rufe saboda sukar Chiang Kai-shek . A cikin 1919, ya kuma soki Li Dazhao . Hu ya ba da shawarar cewa duniya ta rungumi tsarin dimokuradiyya irin na kasashen yamma Bugu da kari, Hu ya soki da'awar Sun Yat-sen na cewa mutane ba za su iya cin gashin kansu ba. Hu ya soki gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa da cin amanar akidar tsarin mulki a cikin tsarin sake gina kasa . [1]

Hu ya rubuta kasidu da dama da suka shafi tsarin gurguzu baki daya, ciki har da halaccin siyasar Mao Zedong da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin. Musamman ma, Hu ya ce, tsarin mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyyar CCP ya sabawa tarihi. A cikin shekarun 1950, Mao da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin sun kaddamar da wani kamfen na sukar tunanin Hu Shih.  Bayan Mao ya wuce, sunan Hu ya sake dawowa. A yanzu an san shi sosai da kyawawan dabi'u da gudummawar da ya ba shi a fagen siyasa da jami'ar kasar Sin.

 Tarihin Rayuwa 

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Hu Shih a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1891, a Shanghai ga Hu Chuan (胡傳), da matarsa ta uku Feng Shundi (馮順弟).  Hu Chuan ɗan kasuwan shayi ne kuma ya zama ma’aikacin gwamnati, yana hidima a Manchuria, Hainan, da Taiwan . A lokacin aurensu, Feng Shun-di ya kasance ƙarami fiye da wasu 'ya'yan Hu Chuan.  Bayan haihuwar Hu Shih, Hu Chuan ya ƙaura zuwa Taiwan don yin aiki a shekara ta 1892, inda matarsa da Hu Shih suka haɗa shi a shekara ta 1893. Jim kadan kafin mutuwar Hu Chuan a shekara ta 1895, daidai bayan barkewar yakin farko na Sin da Japan, matarsa Feng da matashin Hu Shih sun bar Taiwan zuwa gidan kakanninsu a Anhui . 

A cikin Janairu 1904, lokacin da Hu yana da shekaru 11, mahaifiyarsa ta shirya aurensa da Chiang Tung-hsiu (江冬秀).  A wannan shekarar, Hu da wani dattijo sun ƙaura zuwa Shanghai don neman ilimi na "zamani". 

 Aikin ilimi 
Hu ya zama "masanin kasa" ta hanyar kudaden da aka ware daga Shirin Ba da Tallafin Lantarki na Boxer .  A ranar 16 ga Agustan 1910, an tura shi karatun aikin gona a jami'ar Cornell da ke Amurka.  A cikin 1912, ya canza manyansa zuwa falsafa da adabi, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Phi Beta Kappa . Ya kasance memba kuma daga baya shugaban Cosmopolitan Club, kungiyar dalibai ta duniya.  Yayin da yake a Cornell, Hu ya jagoranci wani kamfen don inganta sabbin, masu sauƙin koyon Sinanci da aka rubuta na zamani wanda ya taimaka wajen yaɗa karatu a kasar Sin.  Ya kuma taimaka gano tarin tarin littattafai da kayan Gabashin Asiya na Cornell. 

Bayan ya sami digiri na farko, ya tafi karatun falsafa a Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia, a birnin New York, inda farfesa, John Dewey ya rinjaye shi kuma ya fara gwaje-gwajen adabi.  Hu ya zama mai fassara na Dewey kuma mai ba da shawara ga sauyin juyin halitta na rayuwa, yana taimaka wa Dewey a cikin jerin laccoci na 1919-1921 a kasar Sin. Hu ya koma karatu a jami'ar Peking . A lokacin da yake aiki a can, ya sami goyon baya daga Chen Duxiu, editan jarida mai tasiri na New Youth, da sauri ya sami kulawa da tasiri sosai. Ba da da ewa ba Hu ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masana kuma masu fada a ji a lokacin Harkar Hudu na Mayu daga baya kuma ta sabuwar al'adu .

Hu ya bar Sabuwar Matasa a cikin 1920s kuma ya buga jaridu da mujallu na siyasa da yawa tare da abokansa. Babbar gudunmawar da ya bayar ita ce inganta harshen Sinanci a cikin wallafe-wallafe don maye gurbin Sinanci na gargajiya, wanda aka yi niyya don sauƙaƙa wa talakawa karatu.  Hu Shih ya taba cewa, "Mataccen harshe ba zai taba samar da adabi mai rai ba."  Muhimmancin wannan ga al'adun kasar Sin yana da girmakamar yadda John Fairbank ya sanya shi, "an yi karya azzaluman masu fada aji."  Hu ya ba da himma sosai wajen kafa sauye-sauyen harshe a al'adun gargajiyar kasar Sin maimakon dogaro da kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su kasashen yamma. Kamar yadda marubucin tarihinsa Jerome Grieder ya bayyana, yadda Hu ya bi da "wayewar da ta ke da ita" ta kasar Sin "yana da matukar muhimmanci amma ba ta da hankali."  Alal misali, ya yi nazarin litattafan gargajiya na kasar Sin, musamman ma littafin Dream of the Red Chamber na karni na 18, a matsayin hanyar kafa ƙamus na daidaitaccen harshe na zamani.  Abokin aikinsa na jami'ar Peking Wen Yuan-ning ya yi wa lakabi da Hu a Falsafa saboda muradunsa da kwarewar dan Adam. 

Hu na daga cikin masu kawo sauyi na sabbin al'adu wadanda suka yi maraba da ziyarar Margaret Sanger a shekarar 1922 a kasar Sin. Shi da kansa ya fassara jawabinta da ta gabatar a jami'ar kasa ta birnin Beijing wadda ta jaddada mahimmancin hana haihuwa. Periodicals The Ladies' Journal and The Women's Review buga fassarar Hu. 

An zabe shi zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1932 da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1936.  

 Sabis na jama'a 
Hu ya kasance jakadan kasar Sin a Amurka daga 1938 zuwa 1942.   [ 28 ] An tuna da shi a cikin Satumba 1942 kuma Wei Tao-ming ya maye gurbinsa. Daga nan Hu ya zama shugabar jami'ar Peking, a lokacin da ake kira National Peking University, tsakanin 1946 zuwa 1948. A 1957, ya zama shugaban na uku na Cibiyar Nazarin Sinica a Taipei, mukamin da ya ci gaba har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kuma kasance babban jami'in jaridar Free China Journal, wanda a karshe aka rufe saboda sukar Chiang Kai-shek .

 Mutuwa da gado 
Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a Nankang, Taipei yana da shekaru 70, kuma an binne shi a Hu Shih Park, kusa da harabar Academia Sinica. A wannan Disamba, an kafa zauren tunawa da Hu Shih don tunawa da shi.  Yana da alaƙa na Cibiyar Tarihin Zamani a Cibiyar Nazarin Sinica, kuma ta haɗa da gidan kayan gargajiya, mazauninsa, da wurin shakatawa. Hu Shih Memorial Hall yana ba da jagororin balaguron sauti cikin Sinanci da Ingilishi don baƙi.

Aikin Hu Shih ya zama abin kunya a babban yankin kasar Sin har zuwa wani labarin da Ji Xianlin ya rubuta a shekarar 1986, mai suna "Kadan Kalmomi don Hu Shih" (), ya yarda da kurakuran Hu Shih. Wannan labarin ya gamsar da masana da yawa cewa ya kai ga sake yin nazari kan ci gaban adabin kasar Sin na zamani.  Zabi na 15 na Gwajin Ƙwarewar Putonghua labari ne game da Hu Shih yana muhawara game da cancantar rubutaccen harshen Sinanci fiye da Sinanci na adabi . 

Hu ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Indiya ta ci ƙasar Sin a al'adu tsawon shekaru 2000 ta hanyar addini. A sa'i daya kuma, Mr. 

Ciki har da ilimin kimiyya, yana da sha'awa iri-iri a cikin adabi, falsafa, tarihi, sukar rubutu, da koyarwa. Feng Youlan ya soki Hu da yin amfani da tsarin aikin hajji da kuma yin watsi da dukkan makarantun falsafar kasar Sin kafin zamanin kasashen da ke yaki . Maimakon tsara tarihin falsafar Sinawa kawai, Feng ya yi iƙirarin cewa Hu ya sa mai karatu ya ji kamar "dukkan wayewar kasar Sin gaba ɗaya tana kan hanyar da ba ta dace ba."   Kafin Feng, mai yiwuwa Hu ya kasance farkon wanda ya fara fassara manufar Tao ta hanyar falsafar Yammacin zamani. 

A matsayinsa na "ɗayan manyan tsofaffin ɗaliban Sinawa na Jami'ar Cornell ",  Hu yana da karramawa da yawa a wurin, gami da Farfesa Hu Shih da lacca mai girma na Hu Shih.  Hu Shih Hall, mai faɗin    zauren zama, an sadaukar dashi a Cornell a cikin 2022.  

 Gudunmawa ga falsafa 

 Pragmatism 
A lokacin da yake a Columbia, Hu ya zama mai goyon bayan makarantar Pragmatism . Hu ya fassara "Pragmatism" a matsayin實驗主義(       .  Ɗaukar Hu zuwa ga tunani ya nuna nasa roƙon falsafa. Kafin ya ci karo da ayyukan Dewey, ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinsa cewa, yana cikin binciken "falsafa mai amfani" don rayuwar jama'ar kasar Sin, maimakon tsarin zurfi da duhu. Ya kasance yana sha'awar '    .  Hu ya kalli Pragmatism a matsayin hanyar kimiyya don nazarin falsafar. Ya yaba da kasancewar irin wannan tsarin kimiyya a duniya domin ya yi imanin cewa irin wannan hanya ta wuce iyakokin al'adu don haka ana iya amfani da ita a ko'ina ciki har da kasar Sin a zamaninsa. Hu Shih ba shi da sha'awar abin da ke cikin falsafar Dewey, yana kula da hanya, hali, da ruhin kimiyya. 

Hu ya ga dukkan akidu da ra'ayoyin da ba za a iya fahimta ba ne kawai a matsayin hasashe da ake jira a gwada su. Abin da ke cikin akidu, Hu ya yi imani, an tsara su ne ta asali, yanayin siyasa, har ma da halayen masana. Don haka waɗannan ka'idodin sun kasance a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Hu ya ji cewa hali da ruhin akida ne kawai za a iya amfani da su a duk duniya. Don haka, Hu ya soki duk wani aiki na akida na akida. Bayan Hu ya zama babban edita a sharhin mako-mako () a cikin 1919, ya soki Li Dazhao kuma ya shiga muhawara mai zafi game da akida da matsala (). Hu ya rubuta a cikin "Tattaunawa ta uku na Matsaloli da Isms" ():

A cikin ayyukan wallafe-wallafen da sauran guraben karatu na Hu Shih, kasancewar Pragmatism a matsayin hanya ya zama ruwan dare. Hu Shih ya nisanci amfani da hanyar kimiyya mara kyau. Ya bayyana nasa a matsayin gwaninta, mai haɓakawa, mai tabbatarwa, da juyin halitta. 

Hu ya kawo rabon tunanin Dewey zuwa matakai biyar:

 A ji wahala
 Wurin sa da ma'anarsa
 Shawarwari na yiwuwar mafita
 Ci gaban shawarwari
 Ƙarin dubawa da gwaji yana haifar da karɓa ko ƙi. 

Hu ya ga aikinsa na rayuwarsa a matsayin ingantaccen aiki na aiwatar da ruhun kimiyya na Pragmatism a matsayin salon rayuwa.

 Shakku 
Ga Hu Shih, shakku da fa'ida ba za su iya rabuwa ba. A cikin rubutunsa "Gabatar da Tunanina" () ), ya bayyana cewa Thomas H. Huxley shine mutum ɗaya wanda ya fi rinjaye tunaninsa.  Huxley's agnosticism shine mummunan sharadi ga aiki, warware matsala mai aiki na aikin Dewey's pragmatism. “ Hanyar kwayoyin halitta ” ta Huxley a rubuce-rubucen Hu ta zama “halayen tarihi”, halin da ke tabbatar da ‘yancin kai na tunani wanda kuma ke kai wa mutum ‘yanci da ‘yancin siyasa.
Manazarta
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba