John Cabess

John Cabess (kuma an rubuta shi da John Kabes ko John Cabes) (c. 1640s - 1722) fitaccen dan kasuwa ne na Afirka a tashar tashar jiragen ruwa na Komenda, wani yanki na Masarautar Eguafo, a Ghana ta zamani. Ya kasance babban abokin tarayya na Burtaniya kuma ya kasance mai sayarwa ga Kamfanin British Royal African Company. A matsayinsa na ɗan kasuwa, ya zama karfi mai karfi na tattalin arziki da siyasa a yankin bakin teku a farkon shekarun 1700, yana taka rawar gani a yakin Komenda, tashin Daular Ashanti, faɗaɗa shigar Birtaniya a yammacin Afirka, da kuma farkon cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Saboda haɗakar karfin tattalin arziki da siyasa, masanin tarihi Kwame Daaku ya naɗa Cabess ɗaya daga cikin "sarakunan 'yan kasuwa" na Gold Coast a shekarun 1700.  Ya mutu a shekara ta 1722, amma magadansa sun ci gaba da yin amfani da karfin tattalin arziki a tashar jiragen ruwa har zuwa karshen ƙarni na 18.

 Tarihi 
An haifi John Cabess wani lokaci a cikin shekarar 1640s ko 1650s. An yi imanin cewa shi ɗan John Cabessa ne, wanda ya kasance fitaccen jami'in Afirka da ke aiki da Burtaniya a Fort Amsterdam a cikin shekarar 1660s.  Tsohon Cabessa ya kasance sananne a cikin rahotannin Birtaniya don kashe kansa maimakon zama fursuna yayin da 'yan Holland ke kai hari a Fort Amsterdam.   Garin Komenda, wani yanki na Masarautar Eguafo, ya zama babbar tashar kasuwanci a cikin ƙarshen ƙarni na 17. Biritaniya da Faransa sun so su sami gindin zama a tashar jiragen ruwa domin su karya kashin kashin da Holland ke yi kan kasuwanci a gabar tekun Gold. Yaren mutanen Holland, akasin haka, kawai suna ganinta a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu don tallafawa sauran ayyukanta a yankin.  A cikin wannan yanayin, Cabess ya koma Komenda a cikin shekarar 1670s don yin aiki tare da ƙoƙarin Birtaniya don kafa dangantakar kasuwanci a tashar jiragen ruwa. Babban ɗan kasuwan Afirka na farko ga Burtaniya a tashar jiragen ruwa shi ne ɗan kasuwa mai suna Captain Bracon a cikin shekarar 1670s; duk da haka, a shekara ta 1686, Cabess ya karɓi wannan matsayi. 

 Prince Merchant a Komenda 
A cikin shekarar 1680s, Cabess ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban ɗan kasuwa a Komenda. Henige ya yi hasashen cewa Cabess ya zo Komenda tsakanin shekarun 1683 da 1685.  Wani ɗan kasuwa na Burtaniya ya jaddada ikonsa kan kasuwanci da dangantaka a tashar ta hanyar cewa in ba tare da Cabess a Komenda "ba za a yi komai ba."  A wannan lokacin, ya ba da harsashi, abinci, da ma'aikata don gina katanga da masana'anta ta Kamfanin Royal African Company a Komenda da sauran wurare a bakin teku. Daga ƙarshe, Cabess ya zama babban mai cinikin bayi daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Komenda yana ba da dubban bayi akai-akai. 

Ƙin yin ciniki tare da  mutanen Holland ya rage karfin ikon su na gina kayan aiki kuma lokacin da Faransa ta yi sha'awar haɓaka masana'anta a Komenda sun ba Cabess babban adadin zinariya don taimaka musu a cikin aikin (yarjejeniyar da ba a kammala ba).  Cabess yana da muhimmiyar damar tattaunawa a cikin dangantakarsa da Burtaniya wanda wani lokaci ya haifar da rashin jituwa. A cikin shekarar 1687, tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Cabess da wakilin Kamfanin Royal African Company a sansanin, William Cross, ya sa aka cire Cross daga muƙamin.  Irin wannan yanayi ya faru a cikin shekarar 1698 da 1714, sau biyu tare da maye gurbin wakilin Burtaniya bisa buƙatar Cabess.

A cikin shekarar 1688, mutanen Holland sun mamaye Cabess, al'adar da ta zama ruwan dare a yankin inda wasu 'yan kasuwa za su kama 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa kuma za a kwashe kayansu. 'Yan kasuwan Burtaniya sun tabbatar da sakin Cabess kuma bisa ga wasu asusun wannan shine abin da ya tunzura harin da ya kai kan masu hakar ma'adinan Dutch a shekarar 1694 wanda ya fara yakin Komenda.   A shekara ta 1690 lokacin yaƙi tsakanin kamfanonin kasuwanci na Holland da Faransa, an kona masana'antar Burtaniya kuma suka bar yankin. Saboda haka Cabess ya fara samar da kayayyaki da ma'aikata ga Dutch. 

A lokacin Yaƙin Komenda (1694-1700), Cabess ya ba da taimako mai mahimmanci ga matsayin Birtaniyya kuma ya goyi bayan komawarsu Komenda.   A cikin shekarar 1694 da 1695, Cabess ya kai hari ga sansanin  mutanen Holland a lokuta da yawa kuma yayin tattaunawar tare da kwamandan Dutch, Willem Bosman, kwamandan Dutch ya yi ƙoƙari ya harbe Cabess amma ya ɓace.  Tare da ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe bayan shekara ta 1700 da haɓakar Daular Ashanti a cikin kasuwanci tare da bakin teku, Cabess ya zama ɗan tsakiya mai mahimmanci a cikin tashar tashar jiragen ruwa.  'Yan kasuwan Burtaniya sun koka da cewa Cabess zai hana 'yan kasuwa shiga Komenda kai tsaye, maimakon haka ya hana su shiga waje da birnin suna sayar da kayansu sannan kuma yana karɓar kuɗi mai yawa ga 'yan Burtaniya, tare da ajiye wasu kayayyaki mafi kyau ga kansa.  Daga nan Cabess ya zama mai kishin kasa kuma mai bin doka da oda wanda ke iya sarrafa lambobin sadarwa tare da masu siye da yawa da masu siye da yawa amma ya hana su tuntuɓar juna kai tsaye don haka ya keɓance siye da siyarwa cikin ikonsa. 

Matsayin tattalin arziki na Cabess ya kawo shi cikin rikici da Birtaniya a farkon shekara ta 1700s tare da shi da kuma kwamandan Birtaniya a sansanin soja, Dalby Thomas, sun zama masu adawa da juna a shekarar 1705.  Duk da haka, ko da yake ya yi ciniki tare da  mutanen Holland, ya kasance babban abokin tarayya na Birtaniya har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma tashin hankali ya ragu da sauri. Wannan matsayi na tattalin arziki kuma ya gabatar da kishiyoyi tare da wasu iko na Afirka: jerin ayyukan gaba tsakanin Twifo da Cabess a shekarar 1714 sun buƙaci yanke hukunci na jami'an diflomasiyyar Ashanti. 

Muhimmancin tattalin arziki da aka fassara zuwa ƙara mahimmancin siyasa kuma Cabess ya zama jagoran kama-da-wane na Komenda, wanda ya fara zama ƙasa da ƙasa ga birnin Eguafo kuma a hankali ya zama daidai.   Bugu da ƙari, Cabess ya fara mallakar filaye mai mahimmanci a kusa da Komenda wanda kai tsaye yake sarrafawa. Asalinsa, yana sarrafa wasu bukkoki a kusa da sansanin Biritaniya, amma a shekara ta 1714 wannan ya haɗa da yanki mai girma.  A lokacin mutuwarsa, ya kasance mai mulkin mallaka a bakin tekun kuma ya zama ma'abucin kujerarsa (alama ta jagoranci a tsakanin mutanen Akan), wanda daga baya za a miƙa shi ga zuriyarsa. 

 Mutuwa 
Cabess ya mutu a watan Yuni 1722 a Komenda. Birtaniya da Dutch sun ji tsoron babban gwagwarmayar magadan Cabess. Ma'aikatan RAC sun aika da wani jami'i don ba da kyaututtuka ga waɗancan membobin da suka fi dacewa su maye gurbin Cabess. An binne gawarsa a sansanin sojan Birtaniya da ke Komenda bayan da jama'a suka duba gawarsa.  Ɗansa Ahenaqua ya ɗauki yawancin kasuwanci da ikon siyasa na Cabess, ba tare da gwagwarmayar da aka yi rikodin rikodi ba, kuma har sai da shugabannin Cape Coast suka zama rinjaye a kan Komenda a tsakiyar shekaru 1700s,  babban jami'in Komenda, Caboceer, yana mulki a kan abin da aka sani da "stool na marigayi John Cabess." 

 Duba kuma 

 Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantic
 Anglo-Ashanti yaƙe-yaƙe
 Tarihin Ghana

 Manazarta