Richard James Wilkinson

Richard James Wilkinson CMG (an haife 29  gawata Mayu 1867 - 5 Disamba 1941)   ya kasance mai kula da mulkin mallaka na  kasar Burtaniya, masanin Malay, kuma masanin tarihi.  An haifi ɗan wakilin Burtaniya, Richard James Wilkinson a 1867 a Tasalonika (Thessaloniki) a Daular Ottoman .   Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Felsted kuma ya kasance dalibi a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge .  Ya kasance mai magana da harsuna da yawa kuma yana da umurni na Faransanci, Jamusanci, Girkanci, Italiyanci da Mutanen Espanya, kuma daga baya, Malay da Hokkien wanda ya cancanci, a cikin 1889, yayin da yake ɗan ƙarami bayan ya shiga aikin gwamnati na Straits Settlements .  Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Jaridar reshen Malayan na Royal Asiatic Society (JMBRAS).  A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1900 Wilkinson ya gabatar da tarin rubuce-rubucen Malay da littattafan da aka buga ga Jami'ar Cambridge Library. An nada shi CMG a shekarar 1912. 

 Ayyuka 

 Gidajen Straits Ayyukan Jama'a 
Wilkinson ya isa Singapore a 1889 kuma an nada shi Cadet a cikin Straits Settlements Civil Service .  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1895, Wilkinson, wanda a lokacin Jami'in gundumar ne a jihohin Malay kuma a lokacin an dauke shi da masaniya sosai a cikin yaren asali, ya shiga Ofishin Harkokin Waje. Daga nan sai ya koma aikin gwamnati na mulkin mallaka kuma ya kasance mukaddashin mai kula da ilimi a Penang, bayan haka, a ƙarshen Maris 1897, ya zama majistare na 'yan sanda a Singapore. A watan Janairun shekara ta 1899, Wilkinson yana aiki a matsayin mukaddashin mai binciken makarantu. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1907, an saki littafinsa Malay Beliefs. An saki littafinsa An Abridged Malay-English Dictionary (Romanised) a watan Agustan shekara ta 1908.  A wannan lokacin yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mazaunin Perak . A shekara ta 1911 ya kasance Sakataren mulkin mallaka na Straits Settlements kuma memba ne na Majalisar Dokoki. A shekara ta 1912 an nada shi a cikin Hukumar Zaman Lafiya (Singapore). 

31 Maris 1914: A matsayin Sakataren mulkin mallaka na Straits Settlements a Singapore, Wilkinson ya kira wakilin Japan a Singapore, Fujii Minoru ya sanar da shi cewa gwamnati tana fitar da 'yan ƙasa 37 da aka gano a matsayin masu karuwanci daga yankuna.

 Jami'in Gudanar da Gwamnatin SS 
An nada Wilkinson a matsayin Jami'in Gudanar da Gwamnati, da Mataimakin Admiral, a watan Yunin shekara ta 1914 a lokacin da Gwamna Sir Arthur Young ya bar hutu,  kuma ya yi aiki a cikin waɗannan mukamai har sai da Gwamnan ya dawo daga baya a wannan shekarar.  Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko shi ne ya fitar, a watan Agusta, wata sanarwa da ke sanar da 'yan ƙasa na Straits Settlements cewa yaƙi ya "farka tsakanin Mai Girma Sarki George V da Sarkin Austria-Hungary da kuma tsakanin talakawan su".

Gajeren lokacin Wilkinson a matsayin shugaban Gwamnatin Straits ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, kuma ɗayan manyan ƙalubalen da ya fuskanta shine mawuyacin yanayin kudi na Tarayyar Malay.

Akwai rashi na $ 30,000,000, kodayake kadarorinta sun wuce bashin ta. Yawancin kadarorin sun kasance a cikin nau'ikan kadarorin da aka saya waɗanda ba za a iya zubar da su ba. A takaice dai, Tarayyar ta fuskanci matsalar ruwa ko matsalar kudi. Ayyukan da aka kashe da yawa sun haɗa da layin jirgin ƙasa da ke gudana ta Peninsula zuwa Siam (Thailand na yanzu) da kuma gina jirgin yaki na HMS <i id="mwjg">Malaya</i> . Aikace-aikacen da Babban Kwamishinan ya yi wa Sakataren Gwamnati na Koloni ba ya samar da wani sakamako nan take: Sakataren Harkokin Waje ya ba da shawarar jinkirta rancen zuwa 1915 saboda yanayin kasuwar kudi a Turai a wannan lokacin. Kuma tare da yaƙi ya ɓarke, ba zai yiwu Tarayyar ta sami damar samun rance a 1915 ko dai ba.

Jaridu sun lura cewa Wilkinson "mutum ne mai karfin kudi na musamman, kuma a lokacin da yaƙi ya faru a Malaya, bayan ayyanawar yaƙi," ya "bayyana fahimtar kudaden gudanarwa, har ma da rikitarwa na banki, kasuwanci, da musayar da ke mamakin mutanen da aka ba da rayukansu ga irin waɗannan abubuwa".

Da yake ɗaukar alhakin a kafaɗarsa, Wilkinson ya ceci Malaya daga, kamar yadda takardun suka ce, "ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin bala'o'i a tarihinta". Wilkinson ta yanke shawarar cewa Gwamnatin Straits Settlements za ta sayi FMS tin a farashi mai tsayayya, wanda ya daidaita kasuwa, da kuma kudaden Malaya, a lokacin da kasuwar ƙarfe a London ta rufe saboda yaƙin. Kamfanonin narkewa a lokacin sun yarda cewa akwai iyaka ga ikon su na siyan ma'adinai, lokacin da babu wani kasuwa da za a sayar da shi. Har ila yau, Gwamnatin Straits ta yanke shawarar ci gaba ga kamfanoni game da hannun jari, ko wasu tsare-tsare, don kauce wa tsoro da damuwa da ake fuskanta a lokacin. Ya yi amfani da albarkatun Straits Settlements don adana daidaitattun masana'antu na Tarayyar Malay States. Takardun sun bayyana matsayinsa a wannan lokacin a matsayin "daya daga cikin kyawawan halaye da wahala ga gwamna na mukaddashin," kuma sun lura cewa idan bai ɗauki alhakin tabbatar da masana'antar Malayan ba, "da ya kasance bala'i mafi girma fiye da yawancin kulawar jama'a da za su yarda". FMS ta kara kanta, ta himmatu ga manyan ayyukan da yawa ciki har da HMS Malaya da layin jirgin ƙasa zuwa arewa, da gada da ke haɗa da Johore da Singapore, sannan kuma ba za ta iya biyan waɗannan ba. Wilkinson ya sanya matsalarsu, matsalarsa, kuma ya gyara ta.

Duk da haka, ya sami nasarar buga a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1914 tarin Malay pantun (waƙoƙi) wanda ya yi aiki tare da Richard Olaf Winstedt.

 Tafiye daga Singapore 
Wilkinson ya fi son al'ummar musulmi na Singapore, wadanda suka yi masa biki na kwanaki yayin da yake shirin barin Singapore don ɗaukar sabon matsayinsa na Gwamnan Saliyo a watan Janairun 1916. Ƙungiyar Musulmi [ta Singapore] ta jefa abincin dare a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1915, a Victoria Memorial Hall. Jerin baƙi da aka karanta ya wakilci kusan duk wanda ya shafi gudanarwar SS da FM da kasuwanci. Syed Omar Alsagoff ya karbi baƙi, bayan haka Ali Khan Surati ya karanta rubutun Ingilishi na adireshin ƙungiyar ga Mista Wilkinson, yayin da M. A. Patail ya karanta sigar Malay. Adireshin, a cikin silinda na azurfa da aka yi wa ado wanda aka ɗora a kan wani matattarar ebony, daga bisani Alsagoff ya gabatar da shi ga Wilkinson. Alsagoff sa'an nan kuma ya jefa masa wani biki na lambu a gidan Alsagoff a Bukit Tunggal, Thompson Road. An ba da ƙungiyar Sultan na Johore don wannan lokacin. Nishaɗi ya haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na Rangogeng, mak yong, silat, Wayang kulit, da rawa na Indiya, raira waƙa da juggling. Kusan mutane dubu ne suka halarci filin. Syed Mohamed Alsagoff ya karanta adireshin a Turanci. An kuma karanta shi a cikin Malay bayan haka aka gabatar da shi a cikin akwati na azurfa. A wannan lokacin Wilkinson ya riga ya sami adiresoshin da yawa daga al'ummar Musulmi ta Indiya da na wasu ƙasashe a Singapore.

 Gwamnan Saliyo 
A matsayinsa na gwamnan Saliyo, Wilkinson ya nace cewa 'yan Afirka suna karɓar albashi iri ɗaya da na Turawa yayin yin aiki iri ɗaya. Gwamnan mulkin mallaka na baya, Sir Edward Marsh Merewether, ya ba da shawarar a aiwatar da wannan canjin doka kuma Wilkinson ya tilasta shi. Ya kuma fadada sabis na gidan waya a cikin mulkin mallaka kuma ya hayar 'yan Afirka don yin aiki a ciki. Ɗaya daga cikin sakataren Wilkinson mai zaman kansa shine mai mulkin mallaka Paul Shuffrey . 

 Takaitaccen Bayani game da Ayyuka 

 1896-1897: Wakilin Daraktan Ilimi, Penang
 1897-1898: Majalisa 'yan sanda, Singapore
 1898-1900: Wakilin Sufeto Janar na Makarantu a cikin Straits Settlements, Singapore
 1902-1903: An canja shi zuwa Dindings, Perak
 1903-1906: Wakilin Sufeto na Makarantu na Tarayyar Malay
 1906-1910: Sakatare Janar ga Mazaunin Burtaniya (Ernest Woodford Birch) a Perak
 1910-1911: Mazaunin Burtaniya a Negeri Sembilan
 1911-1914: Sakataren mulkin mallaka, Straits Settlements
 1914-1914 Jami'in Gudanar da Gwamnatin Gidajen Straits
 1914-1916: Sakataren mulkin mallaka, Straits Settlements
 1916-1922: Gwamna, Saliyo 9 Maris 1916 - 4 Mayu 1922 

 Kyauta 

 Cibiyoyin 
Ya fara kafa Kwalejin Horar da Malay a Malacca a cikin 1900 wanda daga ƙarshe ya yi nasara a cikin 1922 ta Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Sultan Idris (a halin yanzu da ake kira Jami'ar Ilimi ta Sultan Idris) a Tanjung Malim, Perak . Naoki, Soda (September 2001). "The Malay World in Textbooks: The Transmission of Colonial Knowledge in British Malaya" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies. 39 (2).

A shekara ta 1905 ya kafa Makarantar Mazaunin Malay, daga baya aka sani da Kwalejin Malay a Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) 

 Rubutun Malay 
Wilkinson's A Malay-English Dictionary (1901) ya yi amfani da tsarin rubutun Latin wanda ya kafa tushe na Rubutun Malay na zamani.

 Littattafan da aka rubuta, an gyara su kuma an tattara su 

 manazarta 

Rukuni:Haifaffun 1867
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba