Marta Matamoros

Marta Matamoros (1909-2005) na ɗaya daga cikin Shugabannin ma'aikata na Panama . A cikin tarihin Panama, an san ta da mai yin takalma, mai saƙa, mai sana'a, kwaminisanci da shugaban kasa kuma "ma'ana ce da aikin da aka tsara" a cikin tunanin Panama. An san ta da jagorantar yajin aiki a cikin shekarun 1940 wanda ya haifar da ma'aikata da ke samun hutun haihuwa tare da albashi da tsaro yayin da suke hutu. A shekara ta 1951, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama babban sakatare na Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Panama . "The Hunger and Desperation March" Matamoros ya jagoranci a shekarar 1959, ya haifar da dokar mafi karancin albashi ta farko a Panama. Bayan ta shiga ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Panama, ta zama batun bincike, kodayake hakan bai hana ta yin zanga-zanga game da shigar Amurka cikin al'amuran Panama ba. A shekara ta 1994, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Grand Cross of the Order of Omar Torrijos Herrera kuma a shekara ta 2006, an ba ta suna mai daraja don girmama ta, Order of Marta Matamoros don sanin wadanda suka inganta daidaiton jinsi a Panama.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
An haifi Marta Matamoros Figueroa a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1909 a unguwar Santa Ana ta Panama City, Panama  ga Josefa FigueroA da Gonzálo Matamoros.  Mahaifinta ƙwararren mawaƙi ne kuma ya zo ya yi wasa a Panama City tare da Banda de Batallón Colombia .  Iyayenta biyu sun fito ne daga yankin iyaka tsakanin Costa Rica da Panama, wanda aka sani da [Yankin Coto]. Saboda ba a san a wannan lokacin ko yankin na Costa Rica ne ko Panama ba,  lokacin da Coto War ya ɓarke, an tilasta wa iyalin su gudu zuwa Panama City. Ƙaunar ƙasa da jin kai na mahaifinta sun zama ruhohin jagora ga rayuwar Matamoros.

 Ayyuka 
An tilasta masa ya dakatar da makarantar sakandare saboda rashin kudade, Matamoros ya fara aiki a matsayin mai yin takalma sannan ya zama mai yin sutura. A shekara ta 1941, ta fara aiki a masana'antar El Corte Inglés kuma ta shiga cikin mawuyacin hali wanda ma'aikata ke aiki. Kashi saba'in cikin dari na ma'aikatan masana'antun masana'antu mata ne, suna juyawa a cikin ƙananan ɗakuna. Matan sun yi aiki na awanni 12 zuwa 13 a kowace rana kuma ana biyan su tsakanin $ 5 zuwa $ 7 a kowane mako. Idan aka kwatanta, ana biyan maza $ 15 zuwa $ 20 a kowane mako. Babu wani nau'in izinin haihuwa, don haka idan ma'aikaci ya yi ciki, dole ne su yi aiki har zuwa haihuwarsu kuma su dawo da sauri, ko kuma su fuskanci rasa aikinsu.

A shekara ta 1945, Matamoros ta shiga kungiyar Union of Tailors and Allied Workers of Panama (Spanish) kuma da sauri ta yi aiki ta hanyar shiga cikin matsayi don zama sakatariyar kudi ga kungiyar. A shekara ta 1946, da yake sane da ci gaban ma'aikata a yankin, Matamoros ya jagoranci yajin aiki ga masu yin tufafi na Bazar Francés. Kodayake yajin aikin ya dauki kwanaki 38 kawai, an ayyana shi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an kori ma'aikata, gami da Matamoros, matan sun yi nasarar jawo hankali ga bukatar su na samun albashi mafi kyau da yanayin aiki. Esther Neira de Calvo da Gumercinda Páez, mata biyu na farko da suka yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, sun amince da ɗaukar batun. Yajin aikin Matamoro ya haifar da ma'aikata da ke samun hutun haihuwa tare da albashi da tsaro yayin da suke hutu. Har ila yau, ya tabbatar da cewa suna da tsaro na aiki na shekara guda bayan haihuwar ɗansu,  lokacin da aka canza Dokar Aiki a 1947. 

Daga baya a wannan shekarar Matamoros ya jagoranci kungiyoyi a cikin zanga-zangar  [es],  wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya faɗaɗa izinin Yaƙin Duniya na II ga sansanonin Sojojin Amurka a Panama zuwa matsayi na dindindin.  A shekara ta 1951, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama babban sakatare na Tarayyar Ma'aikata ta Panama (Spanish: Federación Sindical de Trabajadores de Panamá)  kuma ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da Kamfanin United Fruit, wanda ya yi kira ga inganta yanayin aiki da albashi.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Tarayyar a Majalisar Tarayyar Kwadago ta Duniya (WFTU) da aka gudanar a Vienna a 1953.  A cikin shekarun 1950, Matamoros ya fara nazarin ayyukan Marx da Lenin, yana tafiya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet don ganin nasarorin da ma'aikata suka samu a can. Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Panama  kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin tsakiya.  An kama ta a shekara ta 1951 kuma ta kwashe kwanaki 99 a gidan yarin Modelo don tallafawa yajin aikin direbobin bas daga Río Abajo, wadanda ke neman albashi da sake fasalin inshorar zamantakewa.

McCarthyism wanda ya wanzu a cikin shekarun 1950, ya haifar da rashin tsaro ga Matamoros kuma dole ne ta bar aikinta na masana'anta. Maimakon haka ta mayar da hankali ga aiki da kanta da ƙungiyar kwadago. A shekara ta 1959, Matamoros ya jagoranci yajin aikin da ake kira "The Hunger and Desperation March" (Spanish: Marcha del Hambre y la Desesperación),   inda masu zanga-zangar suka yi tafiya daga Colón zuwa Panama City don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin aikin yi da hauhawar farashi. Wannan tafiyar ta yi nasara wajen kafa dokar mafi karancin albashi ta farko a kasar da kuma sabuwar dokar mai haya. Ta jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da shigar Sojojin Amurka cikin rikice-rikicen 9 ga Janairun 1964 da zanga-zambe a 1967 game da Yarjejeniyar Robles-Johnson,  wanda zai dawo da ikon mallaka Yankin Canal na Panama zuwa Panama amma ya ba da damar sojojin Amurka su kasance har abada. 

Matamoros ba ta taɓa yin aure ba ko kuma tana da 'ya'ya saboda ta fahimci cewa aure zai buƙaci ta ba da ikon cin gashin kanta da ikon yin haɗari. Ta kafa kungiyoyi da yawa don taimakawa mata, gami da Alliance of Panamanian Women (Spanish: Alianza de Mujeres Panameñas), Vanguard of Women (Spanic: Vanguardia de Mujeras), Hukumar Mata don Tsaron 'Yancin Mata da Yara (Spanish: Comisión Femenina por Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer y el Niño) da kuma  (Spanisi: Unión Nacional de Mujeros Panameñas). Spanish-language_text" id="mwsg" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>Spanish-language_text" id="mwtA" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>

 Mutuwa da gado 
Matamoros ta mutu a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005  a cikin gidanta a Santa Ana  kuma ta zama, tare da Domingo Barría da Angel Gómez, "ma'anar aiki mai tsari" a cikin tunanin Panama. A shekara ta 1994, an ba ta kyautar Grand Cross na Order of Omar Torrijos Herrera .   Jami'ar Panama ta girmama ta a matsayin daya daga cikin mata 100 masu daraja na Panama a lokacin bikin cika shekaru dari na Panama kuma an sanya wa Cibiyar Mata ta jami'ar suna don girmama ta. Laburaren Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Kasa ta Panama yana ɗauke da sunanta, kamar yadda ɗakin taro a Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Ci gaban Ma'aikata. A shekara ta 2006, wani umurni na zartarwa ya kirkiro Order of Marta Matamoros don girmama mata waɗanda suka kasance abin koyi kuma suka ƙarfafa al'ummar ta hanyar aiki don manufar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, siyasa ko al'adu don inganta daidaiton jinsi na al'umma.

 Manazarta 

 Bayani 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba