Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13

Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13 (Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) wani gagarumin gyara ne da aka yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka a shekarar 1865 wanda ya kawo ƙarshen bautar bayi da aikin dole a ƙasar Amurka. Wannan gyaran ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarori na gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam, kuma yana da tarihi mai zurfi da tasiri sosai a tarihin Amurka.

 Asalin Gyaran 
Bautar bayi ta kasance wani ɓangare na rayuwa da tattalin arziki a sassan kudanci na Amurka tun ƙarni na 17. Mutane da dama daga Afirka an tilasta musu zuwa Amurka ta hanyar cinikin bayi, inda suka yi aiki a gonaki da wuraren noma musamman a jihohin Kudu. Cinikin bayi da bautar bayi sun ɗauki daruruwan shekaru kafin a fara samun tasiri daga ƙungiyoyi masu fafutuka da shugabanni da ke neman kawo ƙarshensa.

Daga cikin manyan mutane da suka taka rawa a wannan yunkuri akwai:

 Frederick Douglass – tsohon bawan da ya zama ɗan gwagwarmaya mai tasiri.
 William Lloyd Garrison – ɗan jarida da mai fafutuka.
 Harriet Tubman – mace da ta taimaka wa bayi da dama su tsere zuwa 'yanci.
 Abraham Lincoln – shugaban ƙasa wanda ya jagoranci Amurka a lokacin yakin basasa.

 Yakin Basasa da Muhimmancin Gyaran 
A lokacin Yakin Basasa na Amurka (1861–1865), batun bauta ya kasance babban dalili na rikici tsakanin jihohin Arewa da Kudu. Jihohin Arewa sun fi son kawo ƙarshen bauta yayin da jihohin Kudu ke son ci gaba da ita saboda bukatun tattalin arzikinsu.

A lokacin yakin, shugaban ƙasa Abraham Lincoln ya fitar da **Emancipation Proclamation** a 1863, wadda ta 'yantar da bayi a jihohin da ke rikici da gwamnatin tarayya. Amma wannan umarni bai kasance cikakke ba — bai haramta bauta gaba ɗaya ba. Don haka, sai aka gabatar da gyaran tsarin mulki domin tabbatar da haramta bauta a matakin ƙasa.

 Gabatarwa da Amincewa 
An gabatar da gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na 13 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka (House of Representatives) da Majalisar Dattijai (Senate) a shekarar 1864. A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1865, majalisar ta amince da gyaran. Bayan haka, sai aka tura shi zuwa ga jihohi domin amincewa da shi kamar yadda tsarin mulki ya tanada.

Gyaran ya samu amincewa daga adadin jihohi da ake bukata (ratification) a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1865, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama doka a hukumance.

 Abun Da Gyaran Ya Ƙunsa 
Gyaran ya ƙunshi sassa biyu:

Sashe na 1:  
“Bauta ko aiki da tilas, banda azaba a matsayin hukunci ga wanda aka same shi da laifi, ba za a yarda da su a Amurka ko wani yanki da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka ba.”

Sashe na 2:  
“Majalisar Dokokin Amurka za ta da ikon zartar da dokoki da suka dace domin tabbatar da aiwatar da wannan gyara.”

 Tasiri da Sakamakon Gyaran 
Gyaran ya kawo sauyi mai girma:

 Sakin Bayi: Miliyoyin bayi baki a Kudancin Amurka sun samu 'yanci daga bautar da suka sha shekaru.
 Sabbin Dokoki: Gwamnati ta samu ikon zartar da dokoki domin hana duk wata sabuwar hanyar bauta.
 Tarihin Amurka: Wannan gyaran ya zama harsashi na sabbin gyare-gyare na kare hakkin ɗan Adam kamar gyaran 14 da 15.

 Ƙalubale Bayan Gyaran 
Duk da cewa gyaran ya kawo haramta bauta, akwai wasu matsaloli da suka biyo baya:

 Black Codes: Jihohin Kudancin Amurka sun kafa dokoki da ke takura wa sabbin 'yantattu, suna hana su mallaka ko 'yancin zama.
 Jim Crow Laws: Daga baya aka kafa dokokin wariyar launin fata da suka hana bakake damar cin moriyar cikakken 'yanci.
 Aikin Dole a Harshe: Akwai amfani da gyaran a matsayin hanyar ci gaba da amfani da aiki na dole ga masu laifi, musamman ta hanyar tsarin kurkuku.

 Gwagwarmayar Kare Hakki da Cika Alkawari 
Bayan gyaran, an ci gaba da fafutuka daga kungiyoyi da mutane da dama domin ganin an cika alkawarin da gyaran ya ƙunsa. Wannan ya haɗa da:

 Kungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bakake kamar NAACP.
 Shari'o'in kotu kamar Plessy v. Ferguson da Brown v. Board of Education.
 Gwagwarmayar haƙƙin ɗan adam a shekarun 1950s da 1960s a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Martin Luther King Jr. da sauransu.

 Duba Kuma 
 Abraham Lincoln

 Manazarta 

 Mahaɗa
 Foner, Eric. The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. W. W. Norton & Company, 2010.
 McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom. Oxford University Press, 1988.
 National Archives. “The 13th Amendment.” https://www.archives.gov
 Library of Congress. “Primary Documents in American History: 13th Amendment.”

 Hanyoyin Waje 
 Gyaran na 13 a National Archives
 Interactive Constitution – Amendment XIII
 Turanci: Thirteenth Amendment

category:Tarihin Amurka
category:Gyaran kundin tsarin mulki
category:Bautar bayi
category:1865
category:'Yancin ɗan adam
category:Abraham Lincoln