Ed Westcott

James Edward Westcott (Janairu 20, 1922 - Maris 29, 2019) wani mai ɗaukar hoto ne Ba'amurke wanda aka lura da aikinsa tare da gwamnatin Amurka a Oak Ridge, Tennessee, yayin aikin Manhattan da Yakin Cold .

A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan mutane da aka ba izinin samun kyamara a yankin Oak Ridge yayin aikin Manhattan, ya ƙirƙiri babban rikodin gani na gini da aiki na wuraren samar da Oak Ridge da na rayuwar farar hula a cikin kewayen Oak Ridge. 

 Rayuwar farko da aiki 
An haifi Ed Westcott a ranar 20 ga Janairun shekarar 1922, a Chattanooga, Tennessee, ɗan Jamie da Lucille Westcott, kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Nashville tare da danginsa yana yaro.  Bayan Ed ya nuna sha'awar ɗaukar hoto, mahaifinsa ya ajiye na tsawon shekara guda don saya masa kyamarar Foth Derby da ta kai $25. Kyautar wannan kyamarar a cikin Bacin rai na 1934 ya kuma fara matashi Ed akan hanyar zuwa aikinsa na gaba. A lokacin kuruciyarsa, ya shiga kasuwancin haɓaka fim don abokai da maƙwabta kuma ya yi aiki a ɗakunan hotuna da yawa na Nashville. 

A cikin shekarar 1941, ya shiga Rundunar Injiniya ta Sojojin Amurka,  a matsayin mai daukar hoto a Gundumar Nashville ta Corps. Ayyukansa na Corps ya aika da shi a kusa da yankin don ƙirƙirar takardun hoto na madatsun ruwa da yawa, wani wuri a cikin Tennessee wanda daga baya ya zama sansanin fursuna, da filin jirgin sama da sauran wurare a Fort Campbell a kan iyakar Tennessee- Kentucky .   

 Mai ɗaukar hoto na aikin Manhattan da sakamakonsa 
A cikin Disamban shekarar 1942, Rundunar Sojoji ta tura Westcott mai shekaru 20 zuwa Clinton Engineer Works a wurin sirrin Oak Ridge.  Daga baya ya tuna cewa:

Westcott shine ma'aikaci na 29th da aka hayar don Aikin Manhattan a Oak Ridge,   inda zai yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto na gwamnati daga shekarar 1942 zuwa 1966. A lokacin yawancin yakin duniya na biyu, kamfanin Roane-Anderson ne ya dauke shi aiki, karkashin kwantiragin rundunar soji. Kazalika hotunan gine-gine da aikin injiniya na X-10, K-25, Y-12, da S-50 na samar da kayan aiki, ya dauki hotunan ayyukan farar hula a Oak Ridge don jarida na mako-mako na rundunar soja na al'umma, Jaridar Oak Ridge . Dukkan hotunan lokacin yakin Westcott an samar da su tare da ko dai Hotunan Sauri ko kyamarar kallon Deardorff 8 × 10. 

Wasu daga cikin hotunansa na daga cikin hotunan da aka raba wa kafafen yaɗa labarai tare da sanar da bam na farko da kuma aikin sirrin da ya haifar da shi. Welsh, Teresa Smith. "The Early Photography of Ed Westcott from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War, 1942–1959" (Online exhibit). Knoxville: University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on April 30, 2014.  A cikin makonni kafin tashin bam a Hiroshima da Nagasaki a watan Agustan shekarar 1945, an yi bugu na hotunansa guda 18 a asirce a shirye-shiryen sanar. An rarraba hotunan kuma an rarraba su azaman wani ɓangare na kayan aikin jarida. Ya kuma sarrafa fim ɗin da ƙungiyoyin tantance lalacewa suka ɗauka a cikin dakin gwaje-gwajensa da ke Oak Ridge.  Sai da aka kwashe kwanaki uku ana buga su; masu gadi dauke da makamai sun kare dakin duhun. 

A cikin Yunin shekarar 1945, Westcott ya sake zama ma'aikacin Soja, kuma a cikin shekarun bayan yakin ya koma aiki tare da Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Amurka (AEC) bayan kafuwarta a 1946. Welsh, Teresa Smith. "The Early Photography of Ed Westcott from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War, 1942–1959" (Online exhibit). Knoxville: University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on April 30, 2014. A cikin shekarar 1966 an tura shi hedkwatar AEC da ke kusa da Washington, DC, a Germantown, Maryland, inda ya yi aiki da AEC da hukumomin da suka gaje shi ( Hukumar Bincike da Ci gaban Makamashi da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ) har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1977. Ya dauki hoton tashoshin makamashin nukiliya a duk fadin Amurka.  "Scope and Content of Photographs of Construction, Facilities, and Community Life at Oak Ridge and Other Manhattan Project Sites (1943–1946), Accession Number NN3-434-91-2". National Archives and Records Administration. January 29, 2011.
A lokacin aikin ƙwararrun shekaru 35 na Westcott, ayyukansa sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar takardun hoto na mutane da yawa masu daraja, ciki har da masana kimiyya na Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer, Arthur Compton, Glenn Seaborg, Vannevar Bush, Ernest O. Lawrence, da James Bryant Conant, Janar Janar na Sojojin Amurka Leslie Groves, Adult Hyovers Sakatare Janar na sojojin Amurka, Maxneck Hyover da Keny Taylor, Adult Hyovers da Sakatare Riyal, Adult Hyovers. War Robert P. Patterson, Sanatan Amurka Estes Kefauver da Kenneth McKellar na Tennessee da Robert A. Taft na Ohio, da darektan hukumar kwarin Tennessee kuma shugaban AEC David Lilienthal, da shugabannin Amurka bakwai ko takwas . Welsh, Teresa Smith. "The Early Photography of Ed Westcott from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War, 1942–1959" (Online exhibit). Knoxville: University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on April 30, 2014. "Scope and Content of Photographs of Construction, Facilities, and Community Life at Oak Ridge and Other Manhattan Project Sites (1943–1946), Accession Number NN3-434-91-2". National Archives and Records Administration. January 29, 2011. 

Hoton hoto na Westcott na Fabrairu 1946 na Oppenheimer ana mutunta shi sosai don nuna daraktan kimiyyar aikin Manhattan a matsayin mutumin da ya gaji saboda girman kwarewarsa. Lokacin da ya sadu da Oppenheimer, Westcott ya koyi cewa masanin kimiyyar lissafi yana son taba sigari amma ya rasa canji don siyan wasu. Bayan Westcott ya ba shi kuɗin da yake buƙata, Oppenheimer ya sayi sigari ya kunna ɗaya. Daga nan sai Westcott ya ɗauki hoton masanin kimiyyar da ke zaune kusa da wani murhu a cikin Oak Ridge Guest House rike da sabuwar sigari a hannunsa. 

Duk da rashin sani da sigari ya ba da shawara, farfesa na ɗaukar hoto na Jami'ar Tennessee Baldwin Lee ya nuna cewa an tsara hoton a hankali kuma an nuna shi. A cewar Lee, Westcott ya umurci Oppenheimer da ya zauna "dan tambaya" sannan ya dan karkata gaba kadan, sannan ya dauki hoton daga wani wuri kadan wanda "yana sa mai kallo ya kalli mutumin a zahiri", don haka ya kara fahimtar mahimmancin batun. Har ila yau, sharhin Lee ya lura cewa kallon Oppenheimer ba ya bayyana a ko'ina cikin ɗakin, amma a maimakon haka yana nufin "wani abu mai nisa da wani abu ne kawai zai iya gani." 

 Nuni da wallafe-wallafe 
Yawancin ayyukan daukar hoto na Ed Westcott an rarraba su ne lokacin da aka fara ƙirƙira shi, kuma wasu daga cikinsu an ware su tsawon shekaru da yawa, amma samun damar yin aikin nasa yanzu ba shi da iyaka.  Kimanin ma'auni 5,000 ne National Archives ke ajiyewa a Washington, DC.  An sake buga hotunansa da yawa, sau da yawa ba tare da sunansa a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto ba, a cikin wallafe-wallafe da baje kolin game da aikin Manhattan.   . 

Baje kolin kayan tarihi na farko da aka sadaukar da aikin Westcott an shirya shi ne daga Gidan Tarihi na Yara na Oak Ridge a cikin 1981, mai taken "Oak Ridge Seen 1943-1947: 20 Hotuna na Edward Westcott". A cikin shekarar 2005, Ewing Gallery of Art and Architecture a Jami'ar Tennessee a Knoxville ya sanya baje kolin hotunansa, mai taken "Ta hanyar Lens na Ed Westcott: Tarihin Hoto na Sirrin Yaƙin Duniya na II". Gidan kayan tarihi na Kimiyya da Makamashi na Amurka da Gidan Tarihi na Yara na Oak Ridge duka suna da nunin nunin da aka sadaukar ga Westcott da aikinsa, "AMSE Opens Westcott Photo History Exhibit". American Museum of Science and Energy. July 16, 2009. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2011.  baya ga nuna hotunansa a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin tarihin birnin. Zaɓin ayyuka daga nunin Ewing Gallery yanzu shine nunin kayan tarihi na yawon shakatawa. 

Hoton babban kanti na Oak Ridge wanda Westcott ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1945, "Kasuwar Tulip Town, Cibiyar Grove", National Archives ta nuna shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin shekarar 2005-2006 mai suna "Hanya Muka Aiki".   An buga tarin hotunan Westcott's Oak Ridge a cikin kasidar zuwa nunin Gallery na Ewing (Jami'ar Tennessee, 2005;  ) kuma a cikin littafin Oak Ridge na Ed Westcott ( Arcadia Publishing, 2005;  ,  ). Hoton Westcott na canjin canji a Y-12 yayin aikin Manhattan, wanda aka busa har  ta , an nuna shi a bangon ɗakin cin abinci a Y-12 National Security Complex. 

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Westcott ya zauna a Oak Ridge. Ya auri Esther Seigenthaler Westcott na tsawon shekaru 56 kafin mutuwarta. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar.   Jikansa Phil yana aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto a Alaska don Ma'aikatar Parking ta Kasa, yana rubuta sakamakon dumamar yanayi . A cikin shekarar 2005, Westcott ya yi fama da bugun jini wanda ya raunana jawabinsa.  Cibiyar Kasuwancin Oak Ridge Kroger, wacce aka buɗe a cikin 2014, ana kiranta "Cibiyar Westcott" don girmama shi. 

Westcott ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Maris na shekarar 2019, a Oak Ridge, yana da shekaru 97. 

 Rumbun hotuna 


 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Birnin Sirrin, Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da Makamashi na Amurka akan Flickr.com
 Tarin Billboards, Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da Makamashi na Amurka akan Flickr.com
 Hoton Tarihi na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Oak Ridge: Ayyukan Injiniyan Clinton
 Hoton Tarihi na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Oak Ridge: Sashen Tarin Makamashi
 Hoton Tarihi na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Oak Ridge na kasa: Reactor Graphite
Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019
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