Catharine Cox Miles

Catharine Morris Cox Miles (20 ga Mayu, 1890 - 11 ga Oktoba, 1984)  masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda akafi sani da aikinta a kan hankali da basira. An haife ta a San Jose, CA, ga Lydia Shipley Bean da Charles Ellwood Cox . A shekara ta 1927 ta auri masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Walter Richard Miles . 'Yar'uwarta masanin gargajiya ce kuma mai kula da Quaker Anna Cox Brinton . 

Ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yale kuma tana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Harkokin Dan Adam ta Yale. Tun da farko ta yi aiki a Stanford tare da mahaliccin Stanford-Binet Lewis Terman a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi IQ. Har ila yau, an san ta da binciken Tarihi (1926) na ƙididdigar IQ na fitattun mutane ɗari uku waɗanda suka rayu kafin gwajin IQ, aikin da ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin farko na amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya na zamantakewa don nazarin basira da girma.

 Ayyukan ilimi 
Cox ta halarci Jami'ar Stanford inda ta sami digiri na farko a shekarar 1911. Ta sami digiri na Master of Arts a cikin harshen Jamusanci da adabi a shekara ta 1913.  name="Psychology's Feminist Voices">Bayan kammala karatunta, ta koma Berlin, Jamus, inda ta yi shekara guda a Jami'ar Jena da Jami'ar Berlin. Ta koma San Jose, California, inda ta koyar da ilimin jiki da Jamusanci a Kwalejin Pacific . Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I, Herbert Hoover ya kasance mai kula da Hukumar Taimako ta Amurka kuma ya ƙarfafa Quakers na Amurka su je Jamus don taimakawa kasar da ke fama. Cox ya koma Jamus kuma ya shiga Kwamitin Sabis na Abokai na Amurka a kokarinsa na taimakawa wajen samar da abinci ga yara masu fama da yunwa waɗanda Yaƙin Duniya na ya shafa. A shekara ta 1920, Cox yana aiki a matsayin Darakta na Gundumar ga Hukumar Taimako ta Amurka ta Arewa maso Gabashin Jamus. name="Miles Away from Terman"> Ziyararta ta biyu zuwa Jamus an ce ta yi wahayi zuwa ga sha'awar ilimin halayyar dan adam.

Komawa Jami'ar Stanford don neman Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam a karkashin kulawar Lewis Terman, Cox ta fara karatun ta na masu basira. Don aikinta na rubuce-rubuce, ta bincika ayyukan ƙwararrun mutane 301. Yin amfani da tushen tarihin rayuwa, Cox ya yi amfani da Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales don ba da ƙididdigar IQ ga fitattun mutane daga lokacin da suke yara. Ta kammala cewa mafi girman IQ da kuma matsayi suna da alaƙa da waɗanda suka yi aiki a fannonin kimiyya, adabi, da fasaha. Matsayin soja shine kawai filin da ba ta sami dangantaka tsakanin IQ na yara da kuma matsayi ba. name="Catharine Cox Miles"> Cox ta sami Ph.D. a 1925. An buga rubutun ta, Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses, a 1926 a matsayin kundi na biyu a cikin jerin Nazarin Jini na Genius wanda Lewis Terman ya fara.

Bayan kammala karatunta, Cox ta fara aiki na shekara guda tare da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tsakiya a Babban Asibitin Cincinnati, Asibitin Yara, da Cibiyar Diagnostic na Ofishin Tsohon Sojoji a matsayin masanin halayyar dan adam. Daga nan sai ta koma Stanford don ci gaba da aiki tare da Terman. name="Psychology's Feminist Voices"> A cikin 1932, Cox ta karɓi matsayin jagorar likitan halayyar asibiti a Jami'ar Yale inda ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a cikin sashen Psychology da Psychiatry. Ta rike wannan mukamin har sai da ta yi ritaya a 1953.

 Rayuwar iyali 
Bayan shekarar da ta yi a Cincinnati, Cox ta koma Stanford don yin aiki tare da Terman a 1927. Ba da daɗewa ba Cox ya sadu da ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikin Terman, Walter Miles, kuma biyun sun yi aure a wannan shekarar. name="Catharine Cox Miles"> Miles, wanda ya mutu, yana da 'ya'ya matasa uku: Thomas, Caretta, da Kirk, dukansu Cox-Miles ya taimaka wajen tayar da su. name="Miles Away from Terman"> Sun kuma haifi 'ya'ya biyu; yarinya, Anna Mary Miles (Jones) da ɗa, Charles Elwood, wanda ya mutu a lokacin haihuwa.

 Jima'i da Halin 
Cox-Miles da Terman sun buga wani littafi tare mai suna Jima'i da Mutum . An ba da shawarar cewa littafi ne da farko da Terman ya rubuta, amma bisa ga wallafe-wallafen sa mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa aikin Cox-Miles ne tare da wasu kulawa da taimako daga Terman. name="Miles Away from Terman"> Cox-Miles dalibi ne na Termans amma yayin da tsarin rubuce-rubuce na Jima'i da Mutum ya ci gaba, sun zama masu nisa da juna kuma gwagwarmaya ce don a buga shi a cikin lokacin da ake tsammani.<ref> name="Miles Away from Terman" /> Babban batun bincike na wannan littafin shine sikelin namiji-mata. Wanda aka gwada a kan mahalarta da yawa don ganin inda suke a kan bakan dangane da abin da halayensu suke. Tattaunawar da ta fara tsakanin Terman da Cox-Miles ita ce yanke shawara game da abin da za a bayyana kalmomin namiji da mata kamar yadda a cikin binciken da aka buga.

 Bambancin jima'i 
Cox-Miles da Terman sun yi nazarin tunanin mata da maza yayin da suke mai da hankali kan bambance-bambance da abubuwan da kowannensu ya fi so. Sun nuna cewa bambance-bambance na jima'i tsakanin tunanin mata da namiji al'ada ce ke sarrafawa sosai ba tare da ilmin halitta ba. Yayinda suke la'akari da bambancin jinsi, biyun sun sami babban bambanci tsakanin jinsi yayin haɗin kalmomi da ayyukan motsawa. Binciken su ya gano cewa martani na maza sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma suna da ƙarancin mahimmanci yayin da martani na mata ba su da ƙaranci kuma sun fi hadin kai. Cox-Miles da Terman sun kuma haɓaka gwajin Maza-Maza. Gwajin ya kamata ya sanya mutane a kan bakan da ya dace da yadda suke namiji ko mace. Terman da Cox-Miles suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da bambancin jima'i wanda ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa tare da wallafe-wallafen binciken su. Sun fara rashin jituwa, wanda ya haifar da Cox-Miles da aka yi watsi da shi daga ko a haɗa shi cikin wallafe-wallafen. Dukkanin surori da suka danganci aikinta an cire su daga littattafai saboda waɗannan rashin jituwa.

An buga wani labarin mujallar da Cox-Miles da Terman suka rubuta a cikin American Journal of Psychology mai taken "Bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin haɗin ra'ayoyi. " Kungiyar ta rubuta wannan kuma ta yi wannan binciken yayin da take Jami'ar Stanford. Binciken ya kwatanta martani na kalmomi da abubuwan sha'awa, da kuma martani na motsin zuciyarsu ga maza da mata na shekaru daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan binciken ya bayyana cewa babu bambance-bambance tsakanin 'yan mata da maza tare da bambance-mbance na ilimi, amma' yan mata sun nuna ƙarin sha'awar zamantakewa kuma yara maza sun nuna ƙarin son aiki. Binciken ya kammala cewa bambance-bambance galibi suna cikin wani bangare ga bambance-mbance a cikin mutuntaka da halin mutum.

 Ilimi 
Cox-Miles kuma yana da sha'awar saurin tunani a matsayin aikin shekaru. Hanyoyin da ta yi na binciken wannan ta hanyar auna batutuwa Sakamakon saurin hankali yayin amfani da gwajin saurin jarrabawar Otis-S-A. Ta gwada batutuwa tsakanin farkon balaga zuwa ƙarshen balaga. Ta gano cewa akwai mummunan alaƙa tsakanin shekarun tunani da shekarun mutum. Ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai raguwar iyawa tare da shekaru wanda ta yi imanin cewa saboda tasirin saurin gudu ne. Cox-Miles da Terman sun buga bincike kan nasarar da aka samu tare. Sun kalli manya da yawan nasarorin da suka samu a rayuwarsu. Daga nan sai suka ɗauki wannan matakin ma'auni kuma suka kwatanta shi da ƙididdigar IQ na tunanin su don ganin idan akwai alaƙa. Akwai imani mai karfi cewa lafiyar kwakwalwa, lafiyar jiki, da matakan hankali duk zasu sami kyakkyawar alaƙa da juna. Wani binciken Miles ya haɗa da binciken sashi na gargajiya wanda ta yi tare da Walter R. Miles inda suka gwada dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙididdigar hankali da shekaru, musamman daga farkon zuwa ƙarshen balaga. Binciken da suka yi shi ne cewa karuwar shekaru yana da alaƙa da raguwar wasu ƙwarewar ilimi, kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da hanyoyin saurin gudu. A wasu kalmomi, raguwar matsakaicin IQ yana da alaƙa da karuwar shekaru bayan ƙarshen matasa ko ashirin.

 Kyauta 
Cox-Miles na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mata masu ilimin halayyar dan adam na lokacinta. Ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan asibiti, farfesa, da kuma mai bincike; duk ayyukan da ba a saba gani ba ga mata a zamanin yakin duniya na biyu. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan zaluncin mata, rubuce-rubucenta a Jima'i da Mutum suna ɗaukar hanyar da ta fi dacewa da mata. Ta bayyana cewa mata suna da cikakken ikon zama uwaye da masu sana'a amma al'umma ta hana wannan.Hagarty, Peter (2012). "Getting Miles away from Terman: Did the CRPS fund Catharine Cox Miles UnSilenced Psychology of Sex?" (PDF). History of Psychology. 15 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1037/a0025725. PMID 23397910. Cox-Miles kuma yana da ra'ayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi game da jinsi da jima'i wanda ya kasance mai kawo rigima a lokacin.

 Littattafai 

 1926: Nazarin Kwayar halitta na Genius: Hanyoyin Zuciya na Ɗari Uku [1]Nazarin Kwayar halitta na Genius: Hanyoyin Zuciya na Farko na Genius Ɗari Uku 
 1929: "Bambanci tsakanin Jima'i a cikin Ƙungiyar Ra'ayoyi" 
 1931: "Otis S-A a matsayin gwajin hankali na minti goma sha biyar" 
 1932: "Hadin gwiwar ƙididdigar hankali da Zamanin Tarihi daga Farko zuwa Ƙarshe" 
 1935: Jima'i a cikin ilimin halayyar jama'a 
 1936: "Rubuce-rubucen Lafiya na Yara na Tarihi" 
 1936: Jima'i da Mutum 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984