Alice Zimmern

Alice Louisa Theodora Zimmern (22 Satumba 1855 - 22 Maris shekara  ta 1939) marubuciya ce ta Ingilishi, mai fassara kuma mai fafutuka. Littattafanta sun ba da gudummawa sosai wajen muhawara kan ilimi da hakkokin mata.

 Shekarun farko da ilimi 
An haifi Zimmern a Titin Postern, Nottingham, ƙaramar 'ya'ya mata uku na mai sayar da yadin da aka saka Hermann Theodore Zimmern, Baƙin Jamusanci Bayahude, da matarsa Antonia Marie Therese Regina Zimmern, née Leo, 'yar'uwar Carl Leo, wani syndic na Hamburg. [1] [2] Alice ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙanwarta Helen Zimmern a kan juzu'i biyu na fassarar fassarar litattafan Turai (1880 da 1884). Masanin kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Alfred Eckhard Zimmern dan uwanta ne.

Alice Zimmern ta sami ilimi a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta kuma a Kwalejin Bedford, London, kafin ta shiga Kwalejin Girton, Cambridge a 1881 don karanta Classics. Ita da Janet Case sun shirya wata al'umma don wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya wanda ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na 1883 na kwalejin Elektra, "watsewa", kamar yadda Virginia Woolf ya lura, "al'adar da maza kawai suka yi a cikin wasan Girka."  Zimmern ya bar Girton a cikin shekara ta 1885 tare da karramawa a bangarorin biyu na tafiye-tafiye na gargajiya na Cambridge. A cikin shekara ta 1888–1894, ta koyar da Classics a makarantun ƴan mata na Ingilishi, gami da Tunbridge Wells High School (1888–1891).

 Sana'a 
Yayin koyarwa, Zimmern ya samar da bugu na makaranta na Meditations na Marcus Aurelius a 1887, fassarar Hugo Bluemner's The Home Life of the Ancient Helenawa (1893), da fassarar Porphyry: Masanin Falsafa ga matarsa Marcella (1896). Daga baya ta rubuta littattafan yara akan tsohuwar Girka ( History Greek for Young Readers, 1895, Old Tales from Girka, 1897) da Rome ( Tsohon Tales daga Roma, 1906), duk an sake buga su sau da yawa. Har ila yau ana yabon Tarihin Girkanci ga Matasa Masu Karatu a cikin Bitar Iyaye bayan shekaru shida. 

A cikin shekara  ta 1893, ita da wasu mata huɗu an ba su tallafin karatu na Gilchrist don nazarin tsarin ilimin Amurka. Su ne: Miss A. Bramwell, B.Sc. , Malami a Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Cambridge; Miss SA Burstall, BA, Maigida a Makarantar Koleji ta Arewacin London don 'Yan Mata; Miss HM Hughes, Malami kan Ilimi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Cardiff; Miss Mary Hannah Page, Shugabar uwargidan Makarantar Skinners Company's School for Girls, Stamford Hill. Kowace mace ta sami fam 100 don ci gaba da karatu a Amurka na tsawon watanni biyu. 

Wannan ya haifar da littafinta na Hanyar Ilimi a Amurka (1894), wanda a cikinsa ta yaba da zane-zane na daliban Amurka da kuma sha'awarsu ga adabin Turanci na gargajiya, amma ta lura cewa rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen da littattafan karatun su ba su da kyau da kuma koyarwar tarihin Amurka mai kishin kasa. 

Zimmern ya daina koyarwa a makarantu a cikin 1894, amma ya ci gaba da koyar da ɗalibai masu zaman kansu a cikin Classics. Ta kan rubuta labaran mujalla akan ilimin kwatance da ilimin mata. Littafinta na Suffrage na Mata a Ƙasashe da yawa (1909) ya bayyana ya zo daidai da Majalisar Hudu ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Duniya . Wannan littafi da The Renaissance of Girls' Education (1898) sun ba da babbar gudummawa ga muhawara kan ilimi da hakkokin mata a zamanin Zimmern. A cikin na farko ta lura da "kullun ... haɗin kai tsakanin cin zarafi da adalci ga mata." Yayin da galibin hujjojinta masu matsakaicin ra'ayi ne kuma masu fa'ida, ta yarda da dabarun gwagwarmaya na 'yan takarar Biritaniya a matsayin tasiri wajen sanya zaben mata "tambayar ranar". 

Yawancin binciken Zimmern an yi shi ne a cikin ɗakin karatu na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, inda ta haɗu da masu fafutuka da Fabians irin su Edith Bland, Eleanor Marx, da Beatrice Potter .  Sauran ayyukan Zimmern sun haɗa da Buƙatu da Nasara. Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya (1912), fassarar Paul Kajus von Hoesbroech ta Shekara Goma sha huɗu a Jesuit (1911), da Gods and Heroes na Arewa (1907). 

Mazauna a Hampstead a shekarunta na baya, Zimmern yana da iyaka a cikin iyawarta na yin tafiye-tafiye a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na rayuwarta, ko da yake ta ci gaba da sha'awar yancin mata da zaman lafiya, kuma ta ci gaba da karbar baƙi da yawa daga ketare.  Ayyukanta na ƙarshe shine fassarar The Origins of War (1917) ta Take Ionescu . Ba ta yi aure ba kuma ta mutu a gidanta, 45 Clevedon Mansions, Highgate Road, London, akan 22 Maris 1939.  An binne ta a ranar 25 ga Maris a cocin cocin Kentish Town.  Ta bar £150 zuwa Kwalejin Girton don kafa lambar yabo ta Alice Zimmern Memorial Prize a Classics. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haihuwan 1855
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba