Vuk Karadžić

Vuk Stefanović Karadžić ( Serbian Cyrillic ,sh ; 6 Nuwamba 1787 (26 Oktoba OS) – 7 ga Fabrairu 1864) masanin ilimin falsafa ɗan Serbia ne, masanin ilimin ɗan adam kuma masanin harshe . Ya kasance daya daga cikin muhimman masu gyara harshen Serbia na zamani . [1] [2] [3] [4] Don tarinsa da adana tatsuniyoyi na Serbia, Encyclopædia Britannica ya lakafta Karadžić "mahaifin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun wallafe-wallafen Serbia ." [5] Shi ne kuma marubucin ƙamus na farko na Serbia a cikin sabon harshe da aka gyara. Ƙari ga haka, ya fassara Sabon Alkawari zuwa hanyar da aka gyara na rubutun Serbia da yare. [6]

He was well known abroad and familiar to Jacob Grimm, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and historian Leopold von Ranke. Karadžić was the primary source for Ranke's Die serbische Revolution ("The Serbian Revolution"), written in 1829.

 Tarihin Rayuwa 

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Karadžić ga iyayen Serbia Stefan da Jegda (née Zrnić ) a ƙauyen Tršić, kusa da Loznica, wanda yake a lokacin a cikin Daular Ottoman . Iyalinsa sun zauna daga Drobnjaci ( Petnjica, Šavnik ), kuma an haifi mahaifiyarsa a Ozrinići, Nikšić (a cikin Montenegro na yau.) Iyalinsa suna da ƙananan yara na rayuwa, don haka ana kiransa Vuk ("wolf") don kada mayu da mugayen ruhohi ba za su cutar da shi ba (sunan da aka ba da al'ada don ƙarfafa bear). 

 Ilimi 
Karadžić ya yi sa'a ya zama dangi na Jevta Savić Čotric, wanda ya iya karatu a yankin a lokacin, wanda ya koya masa yadda ake rubutu da rubutu. Karadžić ya ci gaba da karatunsa a cikin Tronoša Monastery a Loznica. Tun yana yaro ya koyi zane-zane a can, yana amfani da sanda maimakon alkalami da maganin foda don tawada. A madadin takardan rubutu mai kyau, ya yi sa'a idan zai iya samun kayan kwalliyar kwali. A duk faɗin yankin, karatun yau da kullun ba ya yaɗu a lokacin kuma mahaifinsa da farko bai bar shi ya tafi Austria ba. Tun da mafi yawan lokuta, yayin da a cikin gidan sufi Karadžić an tilasta masa kiwo dabbobi maimakon karatu, mahaifinsa ya dawo da shi gida. A halin da ake ciki, tashin hankalin farko na Serbia na neman hambarar da Daular Usmaniyya ya fara ne a shekara ta 1804. Bayan yunƙurin da ba a yi nasara ba don shiga cikin dakin motsa jiki a Sremski Karlovci,  wanda Karadžić mai shekaru 19 ya tsufa sosai,  ya tafi Petrinja inda ya shafe 'yan watanni yana koyon Latin da Jamusanci. Daga baya, ya sadu da masanin da ake girmamawa Dositej Obradović a Belgrade, wanda yanzu yake hannun Serbia Revolutionary Serbia, don neman Obradović don tallafawa karatunsa. Obradović ya kore shi. Abin takaici, Karadžić ya tafi Jadar kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin magatakarda na Jakov Nenadović kuma wani lokaci daga baya ga Jevta Savić Čotrice a matsayin jami'in kwastam a duk lokacin yakin Independence (1804-1813). Bayan kafa Belgrade 's Grande école ( Jami'ar Belgrade ), Karadžić ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa. 

 Daga baya rai da mutuwa 
Ba da daɗewa ba, ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya bar magani a Pest da Novi Sad, amma ya kasa samun magani ga kafarsa. An yi jita-jita cewa Karadžić da gangan ya ƙi yankewa, a maimakon haka ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da pegleg na katako na prosthetic, wanda akwai maganganu masu yawa na sarcastic a cikin wasu ayyukansa. [ <span title="If his leg was not amputated, how could he have a prosthetic one? (November 2015)">bayani da ake buƙata</span> ] Karadžić ya koma Serbia ta 1810, kuma da yake bai dace da aikin soja ba, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren kwamandoji Ćurčija da Hajduk-Veljko . Abubuwan da ya samu daga baya zasu haifar da littattafai guda biyu. Tare da cin nasara da Ottoman da 'yan tawayen Serbia suka yi a 1813, ya tafi Vienna daga bisani ya sadu da Jernej Kopitar, ƙwararren masanin ilimin harshe wanda ke da sha'awar Slavistics na duniya. Tasirin Kopitar ya taimaka wa Karadžić tare da gwagwarmayar sake fasalin harshen Serbian da rubutunsa Wani muhimmin tasiri akan aikinsa na harshe shine Sava Mrkalj . 

A cikin 1814 da 1815, Karadžić ya buga littattafai guda biyu na Waƙoƙin Jama'a na Serbia, wanda daga baya ya ƙaru zuwa huɗu, sannan zuwa shida, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa tomes tara. A cikin manyan bugu, waɗannan waƙoƙin ban sha'awa sun ja hankalin dukan wallafe-wallafen Turai da Amurka. Goethe ya kwatanta wasu daga cikinsu a matsayin "masu kyau kuma sun cancanci kwatanta da Waƙar Waƙoƙin Sulemanu ."

A cikin 1824, ya aika da kwafin tarin waƙoƙinsa zuwa Yakubu Grimm, wanda Ginin Skadar ya burge shi musamman wanda Karadžić ya rubuta daga rera waƙar Tsohon Rashko . Grimm ya fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci kuma an lura da waƙar kuma an sha'awar al'ummomi masu zuwa.  Grimm ya kwatanta su da mafi kyawun furanni na shayari na Homeric, kuma na Ginin Skadar ya ce: " daya daga cikin waƙoƙin da suka fi dacewa da dukan al'ummai da kuma kowane lokaci. " Wadanda suka kafa Makarantar Romantic a Faransa, Charles Nodier, Prosper Mérimée, Lamartine, Gerard de Nerval, da Claude Fauriel Finnish sun fassara, kuma sun jawo hankalin Rashanci na Pukin Pukin . mawaki Johan Ludwig Runeberg, Czech Samuel Roznay, Pole Kazimierz Brodzinski, Turanci marubuta Walter Scott, Owen Meredith, da John Bowring, da sauransu.
Karadžić ya ci gaba da tattara waƙa har cikin 1830s.  Ya isa Montenegro a cikin kaka na 1834. Rashin ƙarfi, ya gangara zuwa Tekun Kotor don hunturu a can, kuma ya dawo a cikin bazara na 1835. A can ne Karadžić ya sadu da Vuk Vrčević, mai sha'awar littérateur, wanda aka haifa a Risan . Tun daga wannan lokacin, Vrčević ya zama mai aminci da aminci na Karadžić wanda ya tattara waƙoƙin jama'a da tatsuniyoyi kuma ya aika su zuwa adireshinsa a Vienna na shekaru masu zuwa.   Wani ma'aikaci mai ƙwazo na Vuk Karadžić wani suna ne daga Boka Kotorska firist Vuk Popović. Dukansu Vrčević da Popović sun kasance a hankali kuma ba tare da son kai ba a cikin tattara abubuwan al'adu, al'adu da ƙamus na Karadžić.  Daga baya, wasu masu haɗin gwiwa sun shiga Karadžić, ciki har da Milan Đ. Milićević .

Yawancin ayyukan Karadžić an dakatar da su daga bugawa a Serbia da Ostiriya a lokacin mulkin Yarima Miloš Obrenović .  Kamar yadda aka gani daga ra'ayi na siyasa, Obrenović ya ga ayyukan Karadžić a matsayin haɗari mai haɗari saboda dalilai masu yawa, daya daga cikinsu shine yiwuwar abubuwan da ke cikin wasu ayyukan, ko da yake kawai mawallafi ne a cikin yanayi, yana iya haifar da wani ma'anar kishin kasa da sha'awar 'yanci da 'yancin kai, wanda mai yiwuwa ya sa jama'a su dauki makamai. Wannan, bi da bi, zai kawo lahani ga siyasar Yarima Miloš ga Daular Ottoman, wanda a kwanan nan ya samar da zaman lafiya maras dadi. A Montenegro, duk da haka, na'urar bugu ta Njegoš tana aiki ba tare da wasiƙar da aka fi sani da " alama mai wuya ". Yarima Miloš zai ji haushin watsin da Njegoš ya yi na alamar tauraro, wanda a wancan lokacin, ana fama da yaƙe-yaƙe na ilimi, tare da manyan majami'u. Ayyukan Karadžić, duk da haka, sun sami babban yabo da karramawa a wani wuri, musamman a cikin Daular Rasha . Bugu da ƙari, an ba Karadžić cikakken fensho daga Sarkin sarakuna na Rasha a 1826.

Ya auri Ana Maria Kraus daga 1818 har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa. Sun haifi ’ya’ya 13 tare, amma biyu ne kawai daga cikinsu suka wuce iyayen. 

Vuk Karadžic ya mutu a shekara ta 1864 a Vienna. Ya rasu da matarsa, da 'yarsa Mina Karadžić, wanda ya kasance mai zane-zane da marubuci, da dansa Dimitrije Karadžić, wani jami'in soja. An mayar da gawarsa zuwa Belgrade a 1897 kuma an binne shi tare da babban girmamawa kusa da kabarin Dositej Obradović, a gaban St. Michael's Cathedral (Belgrade) . 

 Aiki 

 Gyaran harshe 
A lokacin ƙarshen karni na sha takwas da farkon karni na sha tara, yawancin al'ummomi a Yammacin Turai da Gabashin Turai sun sami wani lokaci na gyare-gyaren harshe tare da Jamus Johann Christoph Gottsched da Johann Christoph Adelung, Norway Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, Ivar Aasen, da Knud Knudson, Italiya, Alessandro Cars, Sweden., Andrés Bello na Spain, Adamantios Korais na Girka, Yakov Grot na Rasha da sauransu.

A daidai wannan lokacin, Vuk Karadžić ya gyara yaren adabin Sabiya kuma ya daidaita haruffan Sabiya ta Cyrillic ta hanyar bin ka'idojin sauti mai tsauri akan tsarin Johann Christoph Adelung da haruffan Jan Hus ' Czech . Sauye-sauyen da Karadžić ya yi na yaren adabin Sabiya ya sabunta shi kuma ya nisanta shi daga Slavonic Church na Serbia da Rasha kuma ya kusantar da shi ga maganganun jama'a. Alal misali, Karadžić ya watsar da alamomi da wasiƙu na farko waɗanda ba su da madaidaicin magana ɗaya na Serbia, kuma ya gabatar da haruffa 6 na Cyrillic don yin rubutun Serbian cikin sauƙi.  Karadžić kuma ya fassara Sabon Alkawari zuwa Serbian, wanda aka buga a 1847.

Domin rubutaccen harshen Slavonic-Serbian na farkon karni na 19 ya ƙunshi kalmomi da yawa da ke da alaƙa da cocin Orthodox da adadi mai yawa na lamuni daga Cocin Rasha Slavonic, Karadžić ya ba da shawarar yin watsi da wannan rubutun da aka rubuta kuma ya ƙirƙiri wani sabon, bisa yare na Gabashin Herzegovina wanda ya yi magana. Wasu limaman Serbia da sauran masana harsuna sun yi hamayya da shi, alal misali, limaman Serbian da ke da tushe a yankin da ke kusa da Novi Sad na zamani, wanda ya kalli nahawu da ƙamus na yaren Herzegovin na Gabas a matsayin kusan harshen waje wanda ba a yarda da shi a matsayin tushen harshen zamani.  Amma Karadžić ya yi nasarar nanata cewa matsayinsa na yare ya fi kusa da shahararrun maganganu kuma mutane da yawa za su iya fahimta da rubuta su. Ya kira yarensa Herzegovina domin, kamar yadda ya rubuta, "Ana magana da Sabiya a cikin mafi tsarki kuma mafi daidai hanya a Herzegovina da kuma a Bosnia." Karadžić bai taɓa ziyartar waɗannan ƙasashe ba, amma tushen danginsa da magana sun fito ne daga Herzegovina.  Daga ƙarshe, ra'ayoyin Vuk Karadžić da ma'auni na harshe sun yi nasara a kan malaman addininsa da abokan adawar kimiyya. Karadžić ya kasance, tare da Đuro Daničić, babban dan Serbian da ya rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Adabi ta Vienna na 1850 wanda, wanda hukumomin Ostiriya suka karfafa, ya kafa harsashin harshen Serbo-Croatian ; Karadžić da kansa kawai ya taba kiran harshen a matsayin "Serbian".

Ƙoƙarin Vukovian na daidaita harshe ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙarni. Kafin nan Sabiyawan sun sami cikakkiyar 'yancin kai (1878), da kuma al'adun ƙasa masu bunƙasa a Belgrade da Novi Sad. Duk da yarjejeniyar Vienna, Sabiyawan a wannan lokacin sun haɓaka lafazin Ekavian, wanda shi ne jawabin na asali na manyan al'adunsu guda biyu da kuma mafi yawan al'ummar Serbia. Vuk Karadžić ya yi tasiri sosai ga masana harsunan Kudancin Slavic a kudu maso gabashin Turai. Mujallun Serbian a Ostiryia-Hungary da kuma a cikin Serbia daidai sun fara amfani da mizanin yarensa. A cikin Croatia, masanin ilimin harshe Tomislav Maretić ya yarda da aikin Karadžić a matsayin tushen tushen sa na nahawu na Croatian. 

Karadžić yana da ra'ayin cewa duk Slavs ta Kudu da ke magana da yaren Shtokavian Sabiyawa ne ko kuma na asalin Serbia, kuma ya ɗauki dukansu suna magana da harshen Serbian (saboda sakamakon irin wannan ra'ayin duba Greater Serbia#Vuk Karadžić's Pan-Serbism ), wanda a lokacin kuma har yanzu yana jayayya da masana harsuna da masana tarihi (duba harshen Shrhito ). Shi da kansa ya ɗauki Sabiyawa a matsayin ɗarikai guda uku ( Serbian   ), musamman na Orthodox, Katolika da Mohammedan, suna ambaton kamanceceniya a cikin al'adun gida waɗanda kawai suka bambanta saboda addinin gida kuma, a cikin yanayin Katolika da Islama, tasirin waje.    Duk da haka, Karadžić ya rubuta daga baya cewa ya daina wannan ra'ayi domin ya ga cewa Croat na zamaninsa ba su yarda da shi ba, kuma ya canza zuwa ma'anar al'ummar Serbia bisa ga Orthodoxy da kuma al'ummar Croatia bisa Katolika. 

 Adabi 
Baya ga gyare-gyaren harshe, Karadžić kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga adabin jama'a, yana amfani da al'adun manoma a matsayin tushe. Saboda irin tarbiyyar da ya yi ta balaga, ya sa ya yi cudanya da adabin baka na manoma, inda ya hada su don yin amfani da shi a cikin tarin wakokinsa da tatsuniyoyi da karin magana.  Duk da yake Karadžić da wuya yayi la'akari da rayuwar baƙauye, ya ɗauke shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Serbia. Ya tattara kundin litattafai da yawa na al'adun gargajiya da wakoki, gami da littafin sama da waƙoƙi 100 na kaɗe-kaɗe da almara waɗanda aka koya tun yana yaro kuma an rubuta su daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ya kuma buga ƙamus na farko na harshen Serbian. Don aikinsa ya sami taimakon kuɗi kaɗan, a wasu lokuta yana rayuwa cikin talauci, ko da yake a cikin shekaru 9 na ƙarshe ya sami fensho daga yarima Miloš Obrenović .  A wasu lokuta Karadžić ya ɓoye gaskiyar cewa ba kawai ya tattara waƙoƙin jama'a ta hanyar yin rikodin wallafe-wallafen ba amma ya rubuta su daga littattafan waƙa na wasu masu tarawa daga Syrmia . 

Ayyukansa yana da babban matsayi wajen kafa mahimmancin Ƙimar Kosovo a cikin asalin ƙasar Serbia da tarihin.   Karadžić ya tattara kasidun almara na gargajiya da suka shafi batun yakin Kosovo kuma ya fitar da abin da ake kira "zagayen Kosovo", wanda ya zama sigar karshe na sauya tatsuniya.   Ya fi buga wakokin baka, tare da yin la’akari da irin jaruntakar da yarima Marko ya yi da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi yakin Kosovo, kamar yadda mawakan suka rera ba tare da canji ko kari ba.  Karadžić ya tattara mafi yawan wakokin game da Yarima Lazar kusa da gidajen ibada a kan Fruška Gora, galibi saboda wurin zama na Cocin Orthodox na Serbia ya koma can bayan Babban Hijira na Serbs . 

 Ba aikin falsafa ba 
Bayan babban nasarar da ya samu a fagen adabi, Karadžić ya ba da gudummawarsa ga ilimin halayyar dan adam na Serbia tare da ilimin kabilanci na wancan lokacin. Ya bar bayanin kula akan sassan jiki na jikin ɗan adam tare da bayanin ƙabilar sa. Ya gabatar da kyawawan kalmomi akan sassan jiki (daga kai har zuwa yatsun kafa) cikin harshen adabi. Ya kamata a ambata cewa har yanzu ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomin, duka a cikin kimiyya da maganganun yau da kullun. Ya ba da, a cikin wasu abubuwa, fassarar nasa game da alaƙa tsakanin muhalli da mazauna, tare da sassa game da abinci, yanayin rayuwa, tsabta, cututtuka da al'adun jana'izar. Duk wannan gagarumin gudunmawar Vuk Karadžić ba ta shahara ko karatu ba.

 Ganewa da gado 
Masanin tarihin wallafe-wallafen Jovan Deretić ya taƙaita aikinsa a matsayin "A cikin shekaru hamsin da ya yi na ayyukan da ba ya gajiyawa, ya cim ma kamar dukan makarantar kimiyya." 

An karrama Karadžić a duk faɗin Turai. An zabe shi a matsayin memba na al'ummomin da suka koyi Turai daban-daban, ciki har da Kwalejin Kimiyya na Imperial a Vienna, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Prussian da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha.  Ya sami digirin girmamawa da yawa.  kuma an yi masa ado da sarakunan Rasha da Austro-Hungary, Sarkin Prussian,  Order of Prince Danilo I  da kuma Rasha Academy of Science. UNESCO ta shelanta 1987 shekarar Vuk Karadzić.  An kuma nada Karadžić ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na birnin Zagreb . 

An kafa taron al'adu na Vukov Sabor a Tršić a ranar bude gidan haihuwa na Vuk Karadžić, Satumba 17, 1933. Tun daga wannan lokacin ana gudanar da shi kowace shekara a watan Satumba, tare da baƙi 20-30,000 suna halarta.  A ranar tunawa da 100th na mutuwar Karadžić (a cikin 1964) ɗalibai na aiki brigades a kan aikin matasa "Tršić 64" ya tayar da wani wasan kwaikwayo tare da matakin da ake bukata don shirya Vukov sabor, da dalibai 'Vukov sabor. A cikin 1987 Tršić ya sami cikakkiyar sabuntawa azaman abin tarihi na al'adu. Har ila yau, an gina hanyar daga gidan Karadžić zuwa gidan sufi na Tronoša. An ayyana gidan Haihuwar Karadžić Tunawa da Al'adu na Muhimmanci a cikin 1979, kuma Jamhuriyar Serbia tana kiyaye shi.  Kwanan nan, yawon shakatawa na karkara ya zama sananne a cikin Tršić, tare da iyalai da yawa suna canza gidajensu zuwa gine-ginen da aka tsara don ɗaukar baƙi. An watsa jerin shirye-shiryen TV dangane da rayuwarsa a Gidan Gidan Rediyon Serbia . Ana yawan ganin hotonsa a makarantun Serbia. Tarayyar Yugoslavia da Serbia da Montenegro sun ba da odar Vuk Karadžić na jiha. 

Gidauniyar Vuk tana kula da gadon Vuk Stefanović Karadžić a cikin Sabiya da ƴan ƙasashen waje na Sabiya.   Dalibin firamare (shekaru shida ko bakwai zuwa sha huɗu ko sha biyar) ko sakandare (shekaru goma sha huɗu ko goma sha biyar zuwa sha takwas ko sha tara) makaranta a Serbia, wanda aka ba da mafi kyawun maki ga duk batutuwa a ƙarshen shekara ta makaranta, don kowace shekara bi da bi, ana ba shi a ƙarshen shekararsa ta ƙarshe "Vuk Karadžić diploma", kuma an san shi (a cikin magana mafi girma) na "difloma na rukuni" masu yin dalibai. 

 Ayyuka 

 Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnaric, Vienna, 1814
 Pismenica serbskoga jezika, Vienna, 1814
 Narodna srbska pjesnarica II, Vienna, 1815
 Ya Vidakovićevom romanu, 1817
 Srpski rječnik isstolkovan njemačkim i latinskim riječma (Kamus na Serbia, mai kama da Jamusanci da kalmomin Latin), Vienna, 1818
 O Ljubibraticevim prevodima, 1820
 Narodne srpske pripovjetke, Vienna, 1821, ƙarin bugun, 1853
 Narodne srpske pjesme IV, Vienna da Leipzig, 1823-1864
 Luke Milovanova Opit nastavlenja k Srbskoj sličnorečnosti i slogomjerju ili prosodii, Vienna, 1823
 Mala Srpska Gramatika, Leipzig, 1824
 Žizni i podvigi Knjaza Miloša Obrenovića, Saint Petersburg, 1825
 Žitije Ajduk-Veljka Petrovića, 1826
 Danica IV, Vienna, 1826-1834
 Žitije Đorđa Arsenijevića, Emanuela, Buda, 1827
 Prvi srpski bukvar, 1827
 Miloš Obrenović, knjaz Srbije ili gradja za srpsku istoriju našega vremena, Buda, 1828
 Prva godina srpskog vojevanja na daije, 1828
 Kao srpski Plutarh, ili žitija znatni Srbalja, 1829 
 Druga godina srpskog vojevanja na daije, 1834
 Narodne srpske poslovice i druge različne, kao i one u običaj uzete riječi, Cetinje, 1836
 Montenegro und die Montenegriner: ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der europäischen Türkei und des serbischen Volkes, Stuttgart da Tübingen, 1837 
 Odgovori Jovanu Hadžiću – Milošu Svetiću na njegove Sitnice jezikoslovne (1839) da Utuke (1843, 1847) 
 Odgovor na laži i opadanja u «Srpskom ulaku», 1844
 Pisma Platonu Atanackoviću, Vienna, 1845
 Kovčežić za istoriju, jezik i običaje Srba sva tri zakona (" A Case of History, Language and Traditions of Serbs of all three Creeds "), Vienna, 1849
 Primeri Srpsko-slovenskog jezika, Vienna, 1857
 Praviteljstvujušči sovjet, Vienna, 1860
 Harshen Hercegovine, Vienna, 1866
 Život i običaji naroda srpskog, Vienna, 1867
 Nemačko srpski rečnik, Vienna, 1872
 Sunce se djevojkom ženi

 Kuskure 

Ko da yake ana danganta maganar da ke sama zuwa Vuk Stefanović Karadžić a Sabiya, amma a haƙiƙa ƙa'ida ce ta orthographic wanda masanin ilimin nahawu da ilimin falsafa na Jamus Johann Christoph Adelung ya tsara.  Karadžić yayi amfani da waccan ka'idar kawai don tura ta hanyar gyaran harshe.  Halin da aka ambata zuwa Karadžić kuskure ne na kowa a Serbia, Montenegro da sauran tsohuwar Yugoslavia .Saboda wannan gaskiyar, jarrabawar shiga Jami'ar Belgrade Faculty of Philology lokaci-lokaci yana ƙunshe da tambaya kan marubucin zancen (a matsayin wata tambaya [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">dabara</span> ] .

 Duba kuma 


 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1864
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba