Margaret Cousins

Margaret Elizabeth Cousins (née Gillespie, wanda aka fi sani da Gretta Cousins; 7 ga Nuwamba 1878 - 11 ga Maris 1954) ta kasance malamar Irish-Indiya, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da Theosophist, wacce ta kafa All India Women's Conference (AIWC) a 1927.  Ita ce matar mawaki kuma mai sukar adabi James Cousins, tare da ita ta koma Indiya a 1915. An yaba mata da adana sautin waƙar Indiya Jana Gana Mana bisa ga bayanan da Tagore da kansa ya bayar a watan Fabrairun 1919, yayin ziyarar Rabindranath Tagore zuwa Kwalejin Madanapalle. Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Gabatar da Flag wanda ya gabatar da Flag na Kasa ga Majalisar Dokoki a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1947. 

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
Margaret Gillespie, daga dangin Furotesta na Irish,  an haife ta ne a Boyle, County Roscommon,  kuma ta yi karatu a cikin gida da kuma Derry.  Ta yi karatun kiɗa a Jami'ar Royal ta Ireland a Dublin, ta kammala a 1902, kuma ta zama malama. Yayinda take daliba ta sadu da mawaki kuma mai sukar adabi James Cousins, kuma ta auri shi a 1903. Ma'aurata sun binciki zamantakewar al'umma, cin ganyayyaki, da bincike na tunani tare.

 Yunkurin fafutuka 
A cikin 1906, bayan halartar taron Taron Mata na Kasa a Manchester, Cousins ta shiga reshen Irish na NCW. A shekara ta 1907 ita da mijinta sun halarci taron London na Theosophical Society, kuma ta yi hulɗa da suffragettes, masu cin ganyayyaki, masu adawa da vivisection, da masu sihiri a London.[1]

Cousins ya kasance mai cin ganyayyaki kuma ya kasance mai magana ga kungiyar Vegetarian Society a cikin 1907. Ta kuma shiga cikin kungiyar Irish Vegetarian Society .  Cousins sun kafa kungiyar Irish Women's Franchise League tare da Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington a cikin 1908, suna aiki a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi na farko. A shekara ta 1910 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata shida na Dublin da suka halarci Majalisar Mata, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tafiya zuwa House of Commons don ba da ƙuduri ga Firayim Minista. Bayan an kama mata 119 da ke tafiya zuwa House of Commons, 50 suna buƙatar magani, matan sun yanke shawarar karya windows na gidajen Ministocin majalisar. An kama 'yan uwan kuma an yanke masa hukuncin wata daya a gidan yarin Holloway . 

Lokacin da suke hutu tare da W. B. Yeats a cikin 1912, Cousins da mijinta sun ji Yeats suna karanta fassarorin waƙoƙin Rabindranath Tagore. A cikin 1913, ta karya windows na Dublin Castle a kan karatun Dokar Gudanar da Gida ta Biyu, an kama Cousins da sauran masu goyon bayan mata Mabel Purser, Barbara Hoskins da Meg Connery kuma an yanke musu hukuncin wata daya a Kurkukun Tullamore.  Matan sun bukaci a bi da su a matsayin fursunonin siyasa, kuma sun shiga yajin aikin yunwa don samun saki.

A shekara ta 1913, ita da mijinta suka koma Liverpool, inda James Cousins ya yi aiki a masana'antar abinci mai cin ganyayyaki. A shekara ta 1915 sun koma Indiya.

 Indiya 
James Cousins da farko ya yi aiki a New India, jaridar da Annie Besant ta kafa; bayan da aka tilasta wa Besant ya kore shi don wani labarin da ke yabon Easter Uprising, ta nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban sabuwar Kwalejin Madanapalle, inda Margaret ta koyar da Turanci.

A shekara ta 1916, ta zama memba na farko wanda ba Indiya ba ne na Jami'ar Mata ta Indiya a Poona .  A cikin 1917 Cousins sun kafa Kungiyar Mata ta Indiya tare da Annie Besant da Dorothy Jinarajadasa . Ta shirya mujallar WIA, Stri Dharma .  A cikin 1919-20 Cousins ita ce shugabar farko ta Makarantar 'yan mata ta kasa a Mangalore . A shekara ta 1922, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama majistare a Indiya. A shekara ta 1927, ta kafa Taron Mata na Indiya, ta zama shugabarta a shekara ta 1936. 

A shekara ta 1932, an kama ta kuma an daure ta saboda yin magana game da Matakan Gaggawa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1930 ta ji cewa tana da masaniya game da bukatar ba da hanya ga 'yan asalin Indiya:

Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Gabatar da Flag, wanda kwamitin mata 74 ne na Indiya karkashin jagorancin Hansa Mehta a Majalisar Dokoki. Kwamitin ya gabatar da tutar kasa ta Indiya a madadin mata na Indiya ga majalisar a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1947. 

Wani bugun jini ya bar Cousins ya gurgunta daga 1943 zuwa gaba. Ta sami tallafin kuɗi daga gwamnatin Madras, kuma daga baya Jawaharlal Nehru, don nuna godiya ga ayyukanta ga Indiya.

Ta mutu a shekara ta 1954. An warwatsa rubuce-rubucen ta a cikin tarin daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya.

 Ayyuka 

 Farkawar Mata na Asiya, 1922
 Waƙoƙin Gabas da Yamma; rubutun zuwa fahimtar juna, 1935
 Mata na Indiya a yau, 1941
 (tare da James Cousins) Mu Biyu Tare, Madras: Ganesh, 1950

 Dubi kuma 

 Jerin masu goyon bayan mata da mata
 Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata
 Tsarin lokaci na haƙƙin mata (ban da jefa kuri'a) 
 Jerin lokaci na zaɓen mata
 Kungiyoyin mata masu ba da izini

 Manazarta 

 Ƙarin karantawa 














Rukuni:Mutuwar 1954
Rukuni:Haihuwar 1878
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba