Tawayen Abushiri

Tawayen Abushiri, wanda kuma akafi sani da Tawayen Kasuwancin Bayi  amma gabaɗaya masana tarihi na zamani suna kiranta da Tawayen Teku, tawaye ne a shekarar 1888-1889 daga Larabawa, Swahili da al'ummar Afirka na gabar tekun ƙasar Tanzaniya a yanzu. Sultan na Zanzibar ya yi hayar wannan bakin teku, a ƙarƙashin nuna rashin amincewa, ga Jamus a cikin shekarar 1888. Dakarun balaguron na Jamus wanda Hermann Wissmann ya umarta ne ya murkushe tawayen.https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cwy455g5l2po.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17544084298819&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcwy455g5l2po

 Tarihi 
A ƙarshen shekarar 1884, wani balaguro na Society for German Colonization, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Carl Peters, ya isa Zanzibar kuma ya jawo wasu sarakuna a cikin yankin tsakiyar Afirka don sanya hannu kan "kwangilolin kariya" da ke ba da alƙawari ga al'umma. Da zarar ya sami gindin zama, sabon Kamfanin Peters na Jamus na Gabashin Afirka ya sami ƙarin filaye a kan babban yankin har zuwa tsaunin Uluguru da Usambara. Wannan ya gamu da adawa daga Sultan Barghash bin Said na Zanzibar, wanda duk da haka dole ne ya yi nasara bayan Peter ya sami goyon bayan hukuma daga Ofishin Harkokin Waje a Berlin da kuma rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Kaiserliche Marine (Navy) ƙarƙashin Konteradmiral Eduard von Knorr ya bayyana a gabar tekun Zanzibar.

Tattaunawa tsakanin Jamus da Biritaniya a ƙarshen shekarar 1886 sun kafa iyakokin ƙarshe na mulkin mallaka na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka, amma an tanadi wani yanki mai faɗin mil goma, tare da bakin teku a matsayin mallakar Sarkin Zanzibar.John Iliffe, A Modern History of Tanganyika (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p.91. A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun 1888, Sultan Khalifah bin Said ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya, yana ba da hayar bakin tekun ga Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka. 

Tun daga watan Agustan 1888, kamfanin ya yi ƙoƙari ya mallaki garuruwan bakin teku a kan turjiya mai tsanani daga Larabawa, waɗanda ke tsoron cinikin bayi da hauren giwa, da kuma daga Swahili da yawan jama'ar Afirka. Manajan kamfanin, Ernst Vohsen, bai yi yunƙurin sulhunta sabbin batutuwansa ba. Ya ba da umarnin cewa masu mallakar filaye dole ne su yi rajista tare da tabbatar da mallakar mallakarsu, kuma duk sauran filayen za su shiga mallakin kamfanin. An kuma sanya wasu haraji da ka’idoji daban-daban, an kuma kwace tsoffin jami’an Sarkin Musulmi da sojojinsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar kamfanin, a kan karancin albashi.Jonathon Glassman, Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856-1888 (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1995), p.200-1.   Yunkurin girman kai da Emil von Zelewski, jami'in gwamnatin Jamus a Pangani ya yi, na ɗaga tutar kamfanin a garin ya haifar da bore.Glassman, Feasts and Riot, p.214-8.

 Tawaye 
Tawayen da aka yi a Pangani ya kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai gonar Abushiri ibn Salim al-Harthi, wanda ya sami goyon bayan Larabawa na yankin da kuma kabilun Swahili na gida. Mahaifin Abushiri Balarabe ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma 'yar Oromo."East Africa: diplomacy and defiance", Henry Mwanzi, UNESCO Courier, May 1984, page 30  Ba da daɗewa ba kudancin yankin ma ya yi tawaye, inda mayaka Yao daga cikin gida suka ɗauki nauyin jagoranci. An kori Jamusawa daga Lindi da Mikindani, kuma an kashe waɗanda ke Kilwa. Dar es Salaam da Bagamoyo ne kawai suka rage a hannun Jamus.Robert D. Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion of the Tanganyikan Coast, 1888-1891," in Robert I. Rotberg and Ali A. Mazrui (eds), Protest and Power in Black Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p.55-6. 

A cikin watan Janairu 1889, shugaban gwamnatin Jamus Otto von Bismarck ya shiga tsakani kuma ya naɗa Lieutenant Hermann Wissmann a matsayin Reichskommissar na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka. Wissmann ya kirkiro Schutztruppe na jami'an Jamus da sojojin Afirka da ya yi hayarsu a Masar da Mozambique. Sojojin ruwan Jamus da Birtaniyya sun yi haɗin gwiwa wajen kafa shingen shinge a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka, domin hana taimakon kai wa 'yan tawayen. Dakarun Wissmann sun sauka a Bagamoyo a farkon watan Mayun 1889, kuma daga nan ne suka yi gaba da sansanin Abushiri, inda suka kwace tare da hasarar rayuka ga masu tsaron. Abushiri ya yi ritaya zuwa cikin gida, amma Wissmann ya bi shi, ya koma bakin teku, inda aka kama shi aka kashe shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba 1889.Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion," p.67-72. 

Babban jagoran 'yan tawaye a arewacin ƙasar shi ne Bwana Heri, wanda tsohon ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulkin gundumar Saadani. Ya kori sojojin Jamus a watan Disamba 1889, amma ƙarin balaguro a farkon shekara ta 1890 ya sa shi miƙa wuya kuma ya mika wuya ga mulkin Jamus. Daga nan Wissmann ya ɗauki dakarunsa zuwa kudancin ƙasar, inda tare da taimakon sojojin ruwan Jamus bai sha wahala ba wajen kwato garuruwan da ke gabar teku a watan Mayun 1890. Sai dai sarkin Yao, Machemba, daga jajircewarsa a yankin Makonde Plateau, ya samu nasarar fatattakar sojojin da Jamusawa suka aika masa. A ƙarshe ya yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da abokan hamayyarsa a cikin watan Mayu 1891.Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion," p.72-74.

 Sakamakon 
Tawayen ya bayyana cikakken rashin iya mulkin ƙasar da Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka ya nuna. A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1891, gwamnatin daular Jamus ta ɗauki ikon kai tsaye a kan Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, kuma kamfanin ya samu ɗimbin diyya ta kuɗi. Rundunar soja mai tasiri da Hermann Wissmann ya kafa ta koma Kaiserliche Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, rundunar ta ci gaba da kafa ikon Jamus a hanyoyin balaguro zuwa Kilimanjaro da Tafkin Tanganyika, a matsayin mataki na gaba na ƙasancewar yankin cikin mulkin mallaka.Iliffe, Modern History of Tanganyika, shafi na 97-98.

Nasarar Jamusawa ta wulakanta Tawayen Teku na 1888-90 ta hanyar kiran shi da “Tawayen Larabawa,” kamar yadda take a cikin littafin tarihin Rochus Schmidt na yaƙin soja.Rochus Schmidt, Geschichte des Araberaufstandes in Ost-Afrika: seine Entstehung, seine Niederwerfung und seine Folgen (Frankfurt an der Oder: Trowitzsch, 1892). Sai bayan wallafar digir-gir na Jonathan Glassman a shekarar 1995 ne aka fara ganin cikakken hoto na wannan tawaye, tare da fahimta mafi kyau kan dalilan da suka hada ɗaban-ɗaban jama’ar gabar teku, da yadda haɗin gwiwarsu ya haifar da tawayen.Glassman, Feasts and Riot.

Tarihinci Jamusawa, Jörg Haustein, ya bayyana tunanin zamani akan wannan batu da kyau matuƙa:ta hanyar kiran juriya ta soja ta al-Bushiri da suna "Tawayen Larabawa," Jamusawa sun gaza fahimtar ainihin siyasa dake ƙasa da adawar da suka fuskanta. A shekarun kafin shigowar Jamusawa, Tanganyika ta fuskanci ci gaba na tasirin soja da mulki daga Oman, wanda ya canza hanyoyin kasuwanci da dangantakar zamantakewa tsakanin sarakunan Shirazi, 'yan kasuwa Indiyawa da 'yan kasuwa Larabawa daga wurare daban-daban (Hadramaut, Comoro, Zanzibar). Kamar yadda Glassman ya nuna, ana jure wa mulkin mallaka na Jamus matuƙar ana kallon su a matsayin masu ƙalubalantar ikon Oman. Amma da yarjejeniyar 1888, Jamusawa sun fara bayyana a matsayin abokan hulɗar sarki, kuma abokan da suka rigaya suka amince da su sun juya musu baya, suna kalubalantar ikon Jamus da Oman lokaci ɗaya. A takaice, tawayen ya nuna raunin ikon Larabawan Oman, maimakon jagorancin Larabawa gaba ɗaya, kuma tushensa yana cikin rikicin zamantakewa da ya haɗa da bambancin addini da ƙabila... wanda suka yi karo da juna.Jörg Haustein, "Provincializing Representation: East African Islam in the German Colonial Press," a cikin Felicitas Becker, Joel Cabrita da Marie Rodet (masu gyara), Religion, Media and Marginality in Modern Africa (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2018), shafi na 75.

 Manazarta 

 Majiya 
 Rochus Schmidt, Geschichte des Araberaufstandes in Ost-Afrika: seine Entstehung, seine Niederwerfung und seine Folgen (Frankfurt an der Oder: Trowitzsch, 1892). English translation: A History of the Arab Rebellion in East Africa (2021).
 Robert D. Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion of the Tanganyikan Coast, 1888-1891," in Robert I. Rotberg and Ali A. Mazrui (eds), Protest and Power in Black Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 36-79.
 John A. Kieran "Abushiri and the Germans," in Bethwell A. Ogot (ed.), Hadith 2 (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1970), p. 157-201.
 Jonathon Glassman, "Social Rebellion and Swahili Culture: The Response to German Conquest of the Northern Mrima, 1888-1890", PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1988.
 Jonathon Glassman, Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856-1888 (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1995).