Ben Youssef Madrasa

Ben Youssef madrasa (Arabic; kuma ana fassara shi a matsayin Bin Yusuf ko Ibn Yusuf Madrasa ) madrasa ce ta Musulunci (koleji) a Marrakesh, Morocco . An sanya sunan madrasa ne bayan Masallacin Ben Youssef da ke kusa, kuma sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib ne ya ba da izini a cikin 1564-65 AZ. Yana aiki a yau a matsayin shafin tarihi, Ben Youssef Madrasa shine mafi girman kwalejin Islama a Maghreb a tsayinsa, kuma an san shi sosai a matsayin babban matsayi na gine-ginen Saadian da Maroko.

 Tarihi 
A cewar kafofin tarihi, musamman al-Ifrani, an kafa madrasa ta farko a wannan shafin a lokacin Daular Marinid ta Sultan Abu al-Hasan (r. 1331-1348).  Wannan daular, wacce aka sani da ci gaba da zane-zane da wallafe-wallafen, ta yi mulki daga Fez a cikin ƙarni na 13 zuwa 15 kuma tana da alhakin gina madrasas da yawa a duk faɗin Maroko. A tarihi, madrasas a cikin Maghreb sun yi aiki don horar da ulama (masanan Islama) a cikin dokar Islama ta Maliki, shari'a (fiqh), da kuma bambancin karatu (Qira'at) na Alkur'ani.

Daular Saadian, wacce ke jin daɗin matsayin Sharifs (ya'yan Muhammadu), ba su dogara da gina madrasas don ci gaba da halattacciyarsu da goyon bayan ulama fiye da magabata Marinid. Duk da haka, sun gina sabbin abubuwan tunawa da yawa, gami da madrasas, a babban birnin su na Marrakesh.

The Ben Youssef Madrasa was constructed by the Saadian sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib (r. 1557–1574 CE), a major builder of his period. Its construction probably began soon after he assumed power. It was completed in 1564–1565 CE (972 AH), as recorded by an inscription, following a style established during the earlier Marinid period.hb.[verification needed]

An rufe shi a cikin 1960, an sake gyara ginin kuma an sake buɗe shi ga jama'a a matsayin wurin tarihi a cikin 1982.  Ben Youssef Madrasa a halin yanzu yana jan hankalin dubban masu yawon bude ido a kowace shekara kuma ya kasance ɗayan mahimman gine-ginen tarihi a Marrakech. An sake rufe shi don gyarawa a watan Nuwamba 2018 kuma an sake buɗe shi ga jama'a a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022.

 Gine-gine 
Tsarin bene na madrasa ya mamaye kusan murabba'in sarari wanda ke auna kimanin mita 40 da 43. :  An shigar da ginin daga ƙofar titi guda ɗaya, a gabansa akwai murabba'in murabba'i da aka ƙera da muqarnas. Daga ƙofar, wani karamin gangara yana kaiwa ga ɗakin da ke ba da damar shiga gefe ɗaya zuwa farfajiyar tsakiya. Wannan tsari na shigarwa, kamar yadda yake a yawancin gine-ginen Islama, an tsara shi a hankali don yin wahayi da mamaki a cikin buɗewar sarari ba zato ba tsammani a cikin babban farfajiyar. Tsarin ginin yana kewaye da babban farfajiyar, wanda ke kewaye da tashoshin gabas da yamma da dakunan kwana na ɗalibai a kan matakan sama da na ƙasa. Kamar gine-ginen Musulunci da yawa, farfajiyar kanta tana kewaye da babban tafki mai zurfi, yana auna kimanin mita 3 da 7. A gefen kudu maso gabashin farfajiyar akwai wani babban ɗakin da ya yi aiki a matsayin zauren addu'a, sanye take da mihrab (ƙofar da ke nuna jagorancin addu'a) wanda ke nuna kayan ado masu wadata.

Kamar yadda yake a cikin madrasas na Marinid da aka gina a cikin karni, shimfidar madrassa na Ben Youssef ya ƙunshi ɗakunan kwana na ɗalibai da aka taru a kusa da matakan farko da na biyu na farfajiyar tsakiya. Gidan ɗakin madrasa yana ba da damar shiga wasu ganguna biyu na biyu waɗanda ke kewaye da farfajiyar don ba da damar zuwa dakunan kwana a ƙasa, yayin da matakala biyu daga gangaren ke ba da damar yin amfani da irin waɗannan ganguna a matakin na biyu. Ana kuma shirya ɗakunan kwana a kusa da jerin ƙananan farfajiyoyi shida (uku a cikin reshen arewa maso gabas, uku a cikin reshe na kudu maso yamma) waɗanda ke buɗewa a matakai biyu daga waɗannan ganguna. Tare, madrasa ta kunshi ɗakunan ɗalibai 130 kuma ta ba da ɗalibai 800; ta sa ta zama mafi girma a Maroko.  

A bene na ƙasa, hanyar gabas daga farfajiyar kuma tana ba da damar shiga ɗakin wanka a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin ginin. Gidan yana da tsari na bene mai murabba'i tare da ginshiƙai huɗu na marmara da ke riƙe da arches huɗu a ƙasa da tsakiya na muqarnas (kamar wanda ke gaban ƙofar madrasa). Tsakiyar ɗakin tana cike da kwandon ruwa mai murabba'i, yayin da jerin ɗakunan bayan gida suna samuwa a kusa da ɗakin. Musamman, a cikin wannan ɗakin ne Jean Gallotti (mai binciken zane-zane na tarihi da ke aiki don kare Faransa) ya fara lura da kwandon marmara na karni na 11 daga Cordoba a shekarar 1921. 

 Kayan ado 
Kayan ado na Ben Youssef Madrasa ya samo asali ne daga gine-ginen Maroko da Andalusi na baya, wanda ke amfani da tafkuna, lambuna, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, da wuraren da aka rufe da Zellij (mosaic tilework) da kuma zane-zane da itace. Musamman, tsari na ado ya bi al'adun gine-gine da aka kafa a cikin madrasas na Marinid na baya: ana amfani da tiling na Zellij tare da ƙananan ganuwar, zane-zane na calligraphic gabaɗaya suna nan a matakin ido, kuma tsakiya da na sama na ganuwar an rufe su da kayan ado kafin su shiga cikin abubuwa na katako, gami da kayan ado. Arches na galeries na ƙasa a cikin farfajiyar kuma suna da consoles na stucco da ke tallafawa lintels na katako da aka sassaka wanda ke da nisa tsakanin kowane tashar jiragen ruwa. Babban farfajiyar tsakiya na madrasa yana ba da ƙwarewar gani mai ƙarfi ga baƙi da ɗalibai ta hanyar waɗannan abubuwan ƙawata da tsari na daidaitawa. Ana shigar da wannan farfajiyar daga farfajilar ta hanyar allon katako (mashrabiyya) a ƙarƙashin wata babbar hanyar da aka yi wa ado da kayan ado. Kodayake ɗakunan ɗalibai da ke kewaye da farfajiyar ba su da kayan ado na ciki, ƙananan farfajiyoyin sakandare waɗanda ke ba da damar shiga su suna ɗauke da kayan ado da katako. Abubuwan da aka sassaƙa a cikin itace da stucco sun haɗa da abubuwa na gargajiya kamar su arabesques, sebka (ko duhu wa ktaf), rubutun calligraphic, da muqarnas, da kuma abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da Saadian-era kamar su Pine cones.

Kofar titin makarantar madrasa ne da wani faffadan muqarnai (tsalle ko sassaƙa irin na zuma) a gaban ƙofar, yayin da aka sami wani muqarnas cupola a ɗakin alwala.  Ƙofofin makarantar madrasa an lulluɓe su da tagulla wanda ke samar da tsarin sifofi mai tsaka-tsaki kuma an inganta shi da zane-zanen larabci mai zurfi.[6]  Ƙofar itacen al'ul da ke sama da ƙofofin an zana shi tare da rubutun Larabci a bangon Larabawa.  Rubutun suna da yabon Sultan Abdallah a matsayin wanda ya gina madrasa[6].  Haka kuma ana samun wasu rubuce-rubuce da dama a ko'ina cikin ginin a kan filaye daban-daban, galibi suna kunshe da ayoyin kur'ani.  Babban rubutun Kufiƙi a kusa da baka na mihrabi, alal misali, ya haɗa da basmala da tasliyya da aya ta 36 da kuma farkon aya ta 37 daga cikin suratun nur[6:148]....

 Yankin marmara na Andalusi 
A kan nuni a cikin madrasa a yau akwai wani kwandon marmara da aka sassaƙa sosai daga zamanin Khalifa na Cordoba (a cikin Spain ta yanzu). An yi shi a Madinat al-Zahra tsakanin 1002 da 1007 don aiki a matsayin kwandon wankewa kuma an sadaukar da shi ga 'Abd al-Malik, ɗan al-Mansur, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin jerin. An ajiye shi a baya a Ben Youssef Madrasa na ƙarni da yawa kuma masana ne suka fara lura da shi a 1923.  Masanin kimiyya Mariam Rosser-Owen ya ba da shawarar cewa Ali Ibn Yusuf ne ya shigo da kwandon zuwa Marrakech, wanda ya haɗa da wasu magungunan marmara daga fadar da aka rushe na Cordoba a Masallacin Ben Youssef wanda ya gina a karni na 12. Za a sake amfani da kwandon don Ben Youssef Madrasa, wanda aka gina a wannan yanki daga baya, bayan masallacin ya fada cikin watsi. A cikin karni na 20, an cire kwandon don karatu kuma an ajiye shi har zuwa kwanan nan a Gidan Tarihi na Dar Si Said . : Bayan maido da madrasa a kwanan nan da sake tsara gidan kayan gargajiya na Dar Si Said, an sake motsa kwandon kuma yanzu ana nuna shi a cikin zauren addu'a na madrasa.

 Dubi kuma 

 Bou Inania Madrasa a cikin Fes
 Bou Inania Madrasa (Meknes) 
 Shrub ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa
 Fadar El Badi
 Kabarin Saadian

 Haɗin waje 

 Hotuna a cikin madrasa (Turanci) 
 National Geographic 2016 Hoton shekara, rukunin "Cities"
 Hotuna na Ben Youssef Madrasa a gidan adana hotunan Manar al-Athar

 Manazarta 
Rukuni:Jami'o'i
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba