Margarethe Selenka

Margarethe Lenore Selenka ( née Heinemann ; 7 Oktoba 1860, Hamburg – 16 Disamba 1922, Munich), wanda kuma aka sani da Margarethe Zelenka, [1] masanin dabbobin Jamus ne, masanin ilimin ɗan adam, ɗan mata kuma mai fafutuka . [2] Ta yi bincike kan birai kuma ta jagoranci balaguron kimiyya zuwa ƙasashen Gabashin Dutch .

 Rayuwar farko 
Margarethe Lenore Heinemann 'yar wani ɗan kasuwa ce. A shekara ta 1886, ta auri marubuci Ferdinand Neubürger, amma auren ya ƙare a cikin saki bayan 'yan shekaru. A cikin 1893, ta sake yin aure, ga Emil Selenka, farfesa a fannin dabbobi a Jami'ar Erlangen, wanda ya kasance matar 'yar'uwarta.

Karkashin tasirin Selenka, ta fara karatun palaeontology, anthropology da zoology kuma ta zama mataimakiyarsa. A cikin 1892 ta halarci balaguron kimiyya zuwa Ceylon, Japan, China da Indies Gabas ta Holland karkashin jagorancin mijinta. Sa’ad da Emil Selenka ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani a lokacin da suka yi zamansu a Gabashin Indiyawan Holland kuma suka koma Jamus, ta ci gaba da aikin, ta yi wasu watanni tana binciken daji na Borneo don yin nazarin birai. A baya a Jamus ma'auratan sun rubuta rahoto kan tafiye-tafiyensu mai suna Sonnige Welten: Ostasiatische Reiseskizzen ("Duniya Sunny: Zane-zanen Balaguro na Gabashin Asiya").

 Ƙaunar mata 
Selenkas ya koma Munich a 1895. Anan, daga ƙarshe za ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Ludwig Maximilian . Ta yi abota da masu ra'ayin mata Anita Augspurg da Lida Gustava Heymann kuma ta shiga cikin kungiyar 'yan rajin kare hakkin mata da zaman lafiya ta Jamus, wadda ke da alaka da cin zarafin mata a cikin gida da dabi'ar shiga yaki. 

Tare da Augspurg, wacce ita ce ƙwararriyar lauya mace ta farko a Jamus, Selenka ta yi yaƙin neman zaɓen mata da daidaiton jinsi a cikin daular Jamus. Ta zama memba na Verband fortschrittlicher Frauenvereine (VfFV), ƙungiyar mata ta Jamus wacce ake ɗaukar tsattsauran ra'ayi a lokacin. Selenka ya kasance mai son zaman lafiya, wanda ya yi imanin cewa za a iya hana yaƙe-yaƙe na gaba ta hanyar tattaunawa da kafa dokokin duniya. A cikin 1899, ita ce babbar mai shirya zanga-zangar lumana ta duniya. Kätzel, Ute (2001). "A Radical Women's Rights and Peace Activist: Margarethe Lenore Selenka, Initiator of the First Worldwide Women's Peace Demonstration in 1899". Journal of Women's History. 13 (3): 46–69. doi:10.1353/jowh.2001.0067. PMID 18335621. S2CID 28403147. 

 Aikin ɗan adam 

A halin yanzu, aikin kimiyya na Selenkas ya ci gaba. Gano Eugène Dubois na burbushin Java Man ( Homo erectus ) a Trinil a 1891 ya burge su. Dubois ya yi iƙirarin ya gano “haɗin da ya ɓace” na juyin halitta tsakanin birai da mutane. Duk da haka, ba duka masana kimiyya suka yarda ba kuma muhawarar ta kasance mai wahala saboda Dubois ya ƙi nuna wa wasu burbushinsa. Emil Selenka ya yanke shawarar shirya balaguro zuwa Java don neman ƙarin shaida. Duk da haka, ya mutu a 1902, ya bar aikin ga matarsa. Margarethe Selenka ta ci gaba da aikin kuma balaguron ya faru a cikin 1907-08.   Ba a yi nasara ba wajen gano ƙarin burbushin ɗan adam na Java a Trinil, amma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga tsarin yanki kuma an sami burbushin halittu masu shayarwa na Pleistocene . Selenka da masanin ilimin kasa Max Blanckenhorn ne suka kula da rahoton kuma an yaba da sahihancin sa a duniya baki daya. Yawancin halayen da suka dace sun fito ne daga masu adawa da ra'ayoyin Dubois, kamar dan Birtaniya Arthur Keith, wanda ya ga rahoton ya tabbatar da Dubois.

A ƙarshen karni na 20, masana halitta sun yi nuni da rahoton domin ya bayyana cewa an sami gunguwar ɗan adam yayin da ake tonowa a Trinil. Masana halitta suna ganin wannan a matsayin hujja cewa mutanen zamani sun rayu a lokaci guda da mutanen Java, don haka ban da yuwuwar cewa mutumin Java zai iya zama kakannin mutane kai tsaye. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga rashin fahimta tun da Homo erectus ya kasance a yau da masana ilimin ɗan adam ke gani a matsayin ɗan adam.

 Taron kasa da kasa 
A cikin 1904, Selenka ya wakilci VfFV a taron zaman lafiya na duniya a Boston . Bayan jayayya da Augspurg da Heymann ta bar VfFV kuma ta shiga abokin hamayyar Bund für Mutterschutz und Sexualreform (BfMS), wanda abokinta Helene Stöcker ya kafa.  A cikin 1915 ta halarci taron zaman lafiya na kasa da kasa a Hague, wanda sarki Nicholas II ya kaddamar a kokarin dakatar da yakin duniya na farko .  Kamar sauran masu fafutukar tabbatar da zaman lafiya, gwamnatin Jamus ta sanya Selenka a gidan kaso .  A shekara ta 1917, ta yi tafiya zuwa New York don halartar taron ashen Amurkawa don ci gaban ilimin kimiyya, da kuma magana kan kimiyya a matsayin karfi don zaman lafiya. 

 Duba kuma 

 Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

 Ayyuka 



 Manazarta 

 Kara karantawa 


 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Wasika daga Margaret Selenka zuwa May Wright Sewall (3 Afrilu 1903)
 Wasika daga Margaret Selenka zuwa May Wright Sewall (28 Oktoba 1910)
Rukuni:Haihuwar 1860
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1922
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba