Picul

picul /ˈpɪkəl/,  dan  ko tam,  wani nau'i  sanda ne  na gargajiya na Asiya, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "kamar yadda mutum zai iya ɗauka a kan kafada". A tarihi, an bayyana shi daidai da 100 ko 120 catties, dangane da lokaci da yankin. Ana amfani da picul a kudancin China da Maritime Southeast Asia.

 Tarihi 
Rukunin ya samo asali ne a kasar Sin a lokacin Daular Qin (221-206 BC), inda aka san shi da shi (石 "dutse"). A lokacin Daular Han, dutse ɗaya ya yi daidai da catties 120. An biya jami'an gwamnati da hatsi, an ƙidaya su da duwatsu, tare da biyan manyan ministocin da aka biya 2000 duwatsu.

A matsayin ma'auni, ana iya kiran kalmar shi (石) dan. Don kauce wa rikicewa, ana canza halayen zuwa 擔 (dàn), ma'ana "nauyi" ko "nauyi". Hakazalika, a cikin Cantonese ana kiran kalmar sek (石) ko daam (擔), kuma a cikin Hakka ana kiran ta tam (擔).

Kalmar picul ta bayyana tun farkon tsakiyar karni na 9 a cikin Javanese. A cikin Malay na zamani, pikul kuma kalma ce da ke nufin 'don ɗaukar kafada'.

In the early days of Hong Kong as a British colony, the stone (石, with a Cantonese pronunciation given as shik) was used as a measurement of weight equal to 120 catties or , alongside the picul of 100 catties. It was made obsolete by subsequent overriding legislation in 1885, which included the picul but not the stone, to avoid confusion with European-origin measures that are similarly called stone.

Bayan Mutanen Espanya, Portuguese, Birtaniya kuma musamman Kasuwancin teku na mulkin mallaka na Dutch, kalmar picul ta kasance mai dacewa, da kuma ɗayan harshen da wasu Austronesians suka fahimta kuma suka yi amfani da shi (a Malaysia da Philippines na zamani) da kuma dangantakar kasuwancin su da suka gabata tare da Indiyawa, Sinanci da Larabawa. Ya kasance mai dacewa ga yawancin mujallu na kasuwanci a karni na 19. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine Hunts Merchant Magazine na 1859 wanda ke ba da cikakken teburin farashin da ake tsammani na kayayyaki daban-daban, kamar kofi, misali ana iya sa ran sayen kofi na Javanese daga dala 8 zuwa 8.50 na Mutanen Espanya a Batavia da Singapore.

 Ma'anar 
Amma ga kowane ma'auni na gargajiya, ainihin ma'anar picul ya bambanta a tarihi da yanki.A cikin daular kasar Sin da kuma daga baya, an yi amfani da naúrar don ma'auni daidai da catties 100.

A cikin 1831, hukumomin Dutch East Indies sun amince da bambance-bambance na gida a cikin ma'anar pikul.Abdul Rasyid Asba. Kopra Makassar: perebutan pusat dan daerah : kajian sejarah ekonomi politik regional di Indonesia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2007. .
318 pages quoting Algemen Verslag Resdientie Banoemas 1831: ANRIJ and ANRIJ Makassar 291/18: Chinne Verslag van de HavenmeesterA Hong Kong, an bayyana picul ɗaya a cikin Dokar No. 22 na 1844 a matsayin 133+1⁄3 avoirdupois pounds.  Ma'anar zamani daidai ne 60.478982 kilo."Weights and Measures Ordinance". The Law of Hong Kong.An yi amfani da ma'auni kuma ya kasance a wasu lokuta a Taiwan inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin 60 kg.  na ƙarshe, ma'auni na shinkafa, ya kasance 20 picul, ko 1,200 kg.  

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