Harshen Warndarrang

WarndarangƘarshen ƘarshenYadda ake furta shi[Wara'a]]'Yan asalin ƙasar OstiraliyaYankinƘasar Arnhem, Yankin ArewaƘabilarMutanen WarndarangYa ƙare1974, tare da mutuwar Ishaku JoshuaIyalin harsheArnhem? 

 Marran
 WarndarangLambobin harsheISO 639-3wndGlottologwand1263AIATSISN120 Warndarang at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander StudiesN120ELPWarndarrang 
Warndarrang, wanda kuma ake kira warnndarrang  da sauran bambance-bambance wani yaren Aboriginal na kasar  Australiya ne a cikin iyalin Arnhem, wanda Mutanen Warndarrang suka yi magana a kudancin Arnhem Land, tare da Tekun Carpentaria .  Mai magana na karshe shi ne Isaac Joshua, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1974, yayin da yake aiki tare da masanin harshe Jeffrey Heath .

Warndarrang yana da alamar tsarin shari'a mai sauƙin gaske amma tsarin wakilci da na nunawa mai rikitarwa. Harshen farko ne mai gabatar da kalmomi tare da haɗuwa da maganganu masu rikitarwa da kuma daidaitaccen haɗin kai.

Warndarrang yana da alaƙa da Mara, wanda aka saba magana da shi a kudancin Warndarang kuma a yau yana da masu magana da yawa. Harsunan Alawa da Yugul, waɗanda ake magana a yammacin Warndarrang kuma dukansu a bayyane sun ƙare, suma suna da alaƙa.

Harshen Warndarang na Heath ya ƙunshi bayanin ilimin lissafi na shafuka 100, matani kaɗan, da kuma taƙaitaccen jerin kalmomi. An buga labarin Warndarang game da kisan kiyashi na Hodgson Downs daban, kuma duka Margaret Sharpe da Arthur Capell sun tattara kayan a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1940, bi da bi, yawancin su ba a buga su ba amma an haɗa su cikin harshen Heath.

 Harshe da masu magana 
Warndarang memba ne na dangin Gunwinyguan, dangin harshen Australiya na biyu mafi girma bayan Pama-Nyungan .  Warndarang yare ne da ya ƙare - mai magana na ƙarshe ya mutu a shekara ta 1974 - amma ana magana da shi a al'ada a gefen Tekun Carpentaria, a Arnhem Land (Northern Territory, Australia) kusa da bakin kogin Roper, Phelp, da Rose. Kalmar nan ɳu Tree, ma'ana "mutane masu kyau", masu magana da Warndarang sun yi amfani da ita don komawa ga mutanen da ke yankin Kogin Roper, kodayake an yi amfani da waɳu Tree don komawa ga masu magana da warndarang musamman.

A cikin harsunan Gunwinyguan, Warndarang yana da alaƙa da Mara, yaren da mutane kalilan ke magana a yau. Warndarang da Mara, tare da Alawa da Yugul, sun samar da abin da aka fi sani da "Iyalin Mara-Alawic"  kuma a yau ana ɗaukar su a matsayin rukuni na dangin Gunwinyguan.  Ana magana da Mara a al'ada a kudancin Warndarang, tare da bakin teku da Kogin Limmen Bight, yayin da ake magana da Yugul da Alawa a cikin ƙasa, a yammacin Warndalang. Yugul da Alawa dukansu sun ƙare. Yankin Warndarang yana da iyaka a arewacin yarukan Ngandi da Nunggubuyu, wanda Warndarang ke da babbar hulɗa. Ngandi ya ƙare, kodayake yawancin yara na Nunggubuyu masu magana ne.

The Warndarang people classified themselves into four patrilineal semimoieties used in ritual settings: , , , and  ().  and  were considered to be associated, as were  and , enough so that a person of one semimoiety learned and was permitted to sing the traditional songs of the associated semimoiety. Each semimoiety was associated with a particular watering hole and animal totems (for example,  had the totem , "dugong [Dugong dugon]"), though anybody could drink from the watering holes and a person was permitted to consume his or her totem.  This structure is very similar to those of the Mara and Nunggubuyu people.

Masanin harshe Jeffrey Heath ne ya tattara mafi yawan kayan Warndarang a cikin 1973 (kwana biyu) da 1974 (kwana goma sha biyar) daga mai ba da labari guda ɗaya, Isaac Joshua . An haifi Isaac a cikin kimanin shekara ta 1904 a yankin Kogin Phelp, yana motsawa tun yana saurayi don yin aiki a matsayin mai kiwon dabbobi tare da mutanen Mara. Saboda haka, ya yi magana kadan Warndarang a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin zuwan Heath, yana magana a maimakon haka a Mara, Turanci, Kriol, ko Nunggubuyu, amma ya zama mai ba da labari mai kyau, musamman masani game da flora-fauna da mahimman kalmomin addini. Takaitaccen aiki a kan Warndarang ta Margaret Sharpe a cikin shekarun 1960 ya kuma yi amfani da Isaac Joshua a matsayin mai ba da labari, kodayake aikin Arthur Capell a cikin shekarun 1940 ya yi amfani da ɗan'uwan Isaac, Joshua Joshua. Wata tsohuwar mace mai suna Elizabeth Joshua ta tuna da karamin adadin Warndarang, kuma Heath ta bincika wasu maki tare da ita bayan mutuwar Ishaku.

 Harshen harshe 
 (Duk bayanan ilimin lissafi daga Heath 1980  sai dai in ba haka ba an lura.) 

 Phonetics 

 Lissafin ma'ana 
Warndarang yana da kayan aiki masu kama da na harsunan Australiya da yawa. Akwai manyan wurare guda biyar na magana - Bilabal, apico-alveolar, retroflex, lamino-alveolar, da velar - tare da tsayawa da hanci a kowannensu, tare da ƙarin tsayawar interdental da ba a amfani da ita ba. Har ila yau, akwai bangarori biyu, rhotics guda biyu, da kuma sautin biyu. Kasancewar tsayawar ƙwaƙwalwa tana da muhawara; tsayawar ƙwayar da Heath ya ji ba ta da tabbas kuma ta zama zaɓi.

Kamar yadda babu daidaitattun rubutun Warndarang, ana amfani da waɗannan ta hanyar wannan labarin. Alamomin IPA, lokacin da suka bambanta da rubutun da aka gabatar, an haɗa su a cikin ƙuƙwalwa.
Yankin wajeLaminalAbinda ke da ban sha'awaBiyuwaVelarPalatalDentalAlveolarRetroflexBayyanawab [p]g [k]j [c]d̪ [t̪]d [t]SanyaHancimŋɲnƘarshenYankunan gefelSanyaTapr [ɾ]Ƙididdigarwkuma [j]Sanya

 Lissafin wasula 
Warndarang yana da wasula guda uku da aka saba amfani da su: /a/, /i/, da /u/ . Ƙananan kalmomi suna ƙunshe da /e/, kodayake akwai wasu shaidu cewa waɗannan duk kalmomin aro ne.  (Mara kuma tana da ƙananan abubuwa masu ƙamus waɗanda ke ƙunshe da /e/, dukansu suna da alaƙa da ƙamus na kwari.) Bugu da ƙari, wasula /o/ ya bayyana a cikin daidai kalma ɗaya ta Warndarang: interjection , ma'ana "yes, good!" kuma ana samunsa a cikin harsuna da yawa da ke kusa da su da kuma a cikin yaren Ingilishi na gida. Heath bai lura da allophones a cikin wasula biyar ba.

 Fasahar sauti 

 Dokoki don ɗakunan ƙamus 
Kalmomi- ko ƙididdigar ƙarshe a cikin Warndarang an kafa su ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da gefe, rhotic, ko rabin-vowel (l, r, 意, y, ko w) da kuma velar ko lamino-alveolar stop ko nasal (g, ŋ, j, ko ɲ). Magana kawai- ko ƙididdigar farko sune haɗuwa da hanci wanda yawanci ba a furta hanci ba.

Tsakanin (inter-kalma ko inter-tushen) ƙididdigar ƙididdiga biyu sun zama ruwan dare. Nasal + tsaya clusters, duka homorganic (wanda aka kafa tare da phonemes daga wannan wuri na magana) da wadanda ba homorganic ba, suna da yawa, kamar yadda nasal + nasal clusters. Tsayawa + tarin hanci ba su da yawa, amma suna faruwa. Ana iya haɗa ruwa (na gefe ko rhotics) tare da tsayawa ko hanci, kodayake (dakatar ko hanci) + ruwa ba a samu ba. Jiminate clusters (wanda aka maimaita wannan ma'anar sau biyu) ana samun su ne kawai a cikin kalmomin da aka sake maimaitawa kamar , "darter (Anhinga novaehollandiae) . "

Tsakanin ƙwayoyin uku na tsakiya ba su da yawa, kodayake ana ganin su a gefen ko rhotics sannan homorganic (wurin magana) hanci + tsayawa, kamar yadda yake a cikin "ruwa mai datti" (duka /ŋ/ da /g/ suna velar). Ƙananan kalmomi da aka sake maimaitawa suna nuna wasu haɗuwa, kamar  "koel na yau da kullun (Eudynamys orientalis) ".

 Dokoki don tarin wasula 
Lokacin da wasula biyu suka shiga hulɗa a fadin morphemes, ana sauƙaƙa tarin zuwa wasula ɗaya. Gemination, maimaitawa na wasali ɗaya, yana haifar da wannan wasali. Duk wani wasali da /i/ ya biyo baya zai zama /i/. /u/ + /a/ zai zama /u/, kuma /a/ + /u/ zai zama/a/. Heath bai iya samun isasshen bayanai don ƙayyade doka don /i/ + /a/ ko /i/ /u/ ba, kuma kawai jerin sautin sautin sau uku /uai/, wanda ya zama /i/, an lura da shi daga duk yiwuwar haɗuwa da sautin uku.

 Dokokin kalmomin farko 
A farkon kalmomi ko tushe, ba a rarrabe su ba. Lokacin da aka sake maimaita kalmomi ko furta su kai tsaye bayan wasali, duk da , Heath ya sami damar jin ɗan ƙaramin retroflexion, don haka ana nazarin waɗannan kalmomi don farawa da retroflex, ban da /nd/ da /ɳ/, wanda Heath ya sami bambanci, da kuma kalma ɗaya  ma'anar "yar'uwa" wanda ba a taɓa jin shi a matsayin *__hau____hau____hau__ ba.

Kusan dukkanin kalmomin Warndarang suna farawa da consonants; 'yan kaɗan, musamman adverbial, Heath ya sanya su a matsayin tushen farawa tare da semivowel /w / ko /y / .

 Dokokin tsayawa 
Ana yawan yin magana game da tsayawa a duk inda matsayi na ƙarshe, inda ba su da murya, kuma kusan dukkanin tsayawa sune Lens. Tsayar da d̪, duk da haka, wanda ke garkuwa da farko a cikin rance daga Nunggubuyu, ba shi da ƙarfi kuma ba shi da murya ko da wane matsayi. Haɗin tsayawa na hanci na iya faruwa ne kawai a farkon ƙididdigar sunaye, kodayake a cikin sunayen da ba su da prefix kawai ana furta tsayawa, tare da ban da kalmar tsohuwar kalmar magana mai suna  "don yin gida".

Tsayar da ke faruwa a karo na biyu a cikin kalmomi ana yawan yin su: na biyu /b/ ko /g/ zai zama /w/ kuma na biyu /j/ a /y/. Wannan tsari yawanci ana lura da shi a cikin kalmomin da aka sake maimaitawa, kamar yadda a cikin  "jellyfish" ko jaʹi-yaʹi "yi ci gaba". Sai dai - alal misali, babu wani lenition a cikin kalmar  "don fuskantar hukunci ta hanyar mashi" kuma sunan  "hargo" yana da j leniting na farko, ba na biyu ba.

Dakatar da nasalization yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka bi wani tsayawa da wani hanci a fadin wani morpheme iyaka, ko da yake irin wannan nasalization ne zaɓi: duka  (ƙayyadadden tsari) da  su ne karɓa siffofin "su (biyu) tafi. " Dakatar da tsiro a fadin morpheme iyakoki kusan koyaushe yana haifar da sauƙaƙewa zuwa guda ɗaya.

 Maimaitawa 
Ana samun sake Maimaitawa akai-akai a Warndarang. Kalmomin da aka sake maimaitawa yawanci suna nuna cewa ana maimaita aikin, ana yin shi a kai a kai, ko kuma mutane da yawa suna yin shi. Misali,  yana nufin "dukansu suna fada" kuma waʹ-waʹoʹoʹaʹoʹ oʹoʹuʹaʹaʹuʹuʹma yana nufin "na gan shi akai-akai. " A cikin sunaye da adjectives, reduplication sau da yawa amma ba koyaushe yana ɗaukar ma'anar jam'i, sau da yawa tare da mutane ba, kamar a cikin wulu-muna-ɳa-ɲu "fararen mutane" ko wu-o'i"

Reduplication na iya zama cikakke (an maimaita dukan kalmar), monosyllabic (an maimaika syllable ɗaya kawai na kalmar), ko bisyllabic (ana maimaita syllabe biyu na kalmar).

 manazarta 

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