Isabel de Villena

Isabel de Villena (c.1430- Valencia, Crown na Aragon, 1490) itace yar shege wurin Enrique de Villena da wata mace mai daraja da ba a san ta ba wacce ta tashi ta zama maƙwabciyar Real Monasterio de la Trinidad na Valencia. A matsayinta na babbar mace ta farko da ta rubuta aikin da aka yi a cikin harshen Catalan, ta tsara yarjejeniyoyin addini da yawa. Babban aikinta shine Vita Christi (Rayuwar Almasihu). Har ila yau, ta kasance mai bin diddigin mata da ta yi ƙoƙari ta canza mummunan yanayin mata a lokacin ta hanyar rubutunta.

 Rayuwa 
An haife shi Elionor de Villena a cikin 1430 [1] Isabel shine ɗan shege na Enrique de Villena, aristocrat kuma marubuci wanda ke da alaƙa da layin sarauta na Castile da Aragon, [2] da kuma wata mace mai daraja da ba a sani ba. [3] Sarauniya Maria na Castile ta Valencia ta rene ta tun tana shekara hudu. Ta zauna a kotun Alfonso V na Aragon (Magani) kuma ta sami ilimi a can har zuwa 1445 lokacin da ta zama Nun a cikin sufi na Trinidad. Tana da shekara goma sha biyar. [4] Sarauniya Maria de Luna ce ta kafa wannan gidan sufi, La Trinitat, wanda kuma shine babban mai ba da taimako. [5] An zabi Isabel abbess na gidan zuhudu a shekara ta 1462 kuma ta dauki nauyin a 1463. [6] A cewar Rosanna Cantavella, wata ƙwararriya wadda ta yi nazari sosai kan Sor Isabel, akwai jita-jita cewa sai da Allah ya sa baki daga Mala’iku Mika’ilu wanda ya ba wa Isabel damar zaɓen abbess, don kawai zai yi wuya a zaɓe ta da kanta domin ita shege ce. [7] Yara shege ba su cancanci samun irin waɗannan mukamai ba, amma an zaɓi Isabel ko ta yaya.

Sor Isabel ta kasance ƙwararriyar abbess wacce ta aiwatar da manufofin tattalin arziki don inganta gidan zuhudu da take shugabanta.  Sor Isabel ta sadaukar da rayuwarta gaba ɗaya ga gidan zuhudu da kuma rubuce-rubucenta kafin ta mutu a 1490 tana da shekaru 60. An yi imanin cewa ta mutu ne a lokacin barkewar annoba. 

 Rubutu 
Sor Isabel ya yi aiki ba kawai a matsayin abbess ba har ma a matsayin marubuci. Babban aikinta shine Vita Christi . An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin martani ga littafin misogynistic Spill o Llibre de les dones ("The Mirror or Book of Women") na Jaume Roig (link!) a cikin 1459, Vita Christi ta ƙunshi aƙidar mata ta Sor Isabel.  Jaume Roig likita ne ga Sarauniya Maria da La Trinitat. Wataƙila shi da Isabel sun san juna.  Littafin Sor Isabel mai yiwuwa ya nuna rashin gamsuwarta game da siffar mata da mazan zamaninta suka ƙirƙira kuma suka ƙarfafa su a cikin aikinsu. 

Vita Christi, wanda aka fassara a matsayin “Rayuwar Kiristi,” aiki ne na wallafe-wallafen sadaukarwa da ke mai da hankali kan jawo masu karatu su gane abubuwan da Kristi ya fuskanta da wahala. Irin wannan adabi ya shahara tun daga karni na sha uku zuwa na sha shida a yammacin Turai.  Yayin da aka rubuta su da farko a cikin Latin, akwai kuma adadin da aka watsa a cikin yare—harshen gida—wanda shine zaɓi da Isabel ta yanke shawarar amfani da shi. Ta rubuta a cikin Valencian da Catalan . Sor Isabel ta yanke shawarar rubuta sigar rayuwar Kristi a cikin yare ga matan zuhudu.  An buga shi bayan mutuwarta a cikin 1490 kuma an buga shi a cikin 1497 ta 'yar wanta, Sarauniya Isabella I na Castile . 

Wani ɓangare na Vita Christi na Isabel de Villena wanda ya bambanta da sauran Vitae Christi da aka rubuta a lokaci guda shi ne cewa ya mayar da hankali daidai-idan ba haka ba - a kan mata a cikin rayuwar Almasihu, ciki har da mahaifiyarsa Maryamu da Maryamu Magadaliya. Vita Christi yana buɗewa da haihuwar Maryamu  kuma ta ƙare da zatonta .  Ziyarar da mala'iku suka yi wa Budurwa Maryamu da 'yar'uwarta Alisabatu an fadada shi a cikin aikin Isabel, wanda ya bambanta shi da sauran marubutan maza waɗanda suka rubuta ayyuka akan rayuwar Kristi. Har ila yau, Maryamu tana tattaunawa tare da misalai na Ƙullanci da Sadaka, suna sake maimaita maganganun falsafancin marubuta irin su Boethius a cikin Consolation na Falsafa .  Yesu ne kawai abin da aka mayar da hankali ga kusan layi 4,000 daga cikin 37,500, inda ayyukan matan da ke kewaye da shi, da farko mahaifiyarsa Maryamu, suka cika da yawa.  Isabel tana sanya haruffan mata a matsayi mafi mahimmanci fiye da yadda ta yi da Kristi da kansa.

Lesley K. Twomey, wani masani da ya yi nazari sosai kan Isabel de Villena, ya lura da yadda, ba kamar sauran marubuta mata na lokacin ba, Sor Isabel ba ta ƙaskantar da kanta ba ko kuma ta yi nuni da rashin cancantarta. Maimakon haka, sautin nata ya kasance mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin gwiwa.  Wannan wata alama ce ta akidar mata ta Sor Isabel ta gudanar kuma ta bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucenta. Ba kamar mazajen marubuta a zamaninta ba, tana girmama mata sosai. Kamar yadda Montserrat Piera, duk da haka wani masani a kan Sor Isabel ya lura, an bayyana wannan imani a cikin rubuce-rubucen Sor Isabel ta hanyar kunci na gabaɗaya ɓatanci mace haruffa Hauwa'u da Maryamu Magadaliya, da kuma ta wurin halin Yesu da kansa. Masana na ganin wannan a matsayin martani kai tsaye ga rubutun Jaume Roig ta bakin Yesu Kiristi. 

 Sha'awar Zamani 
Rubuce-rubucen Isabel de Villena ya kasance a ɓoye har zuwa kwanan nan, musamman saboda yaren da aka rubuta shi da jinsinta.  Sor Isabel ya rubuta a cikin Valencian, wanda malaman Hispanic ba su yi nazari sosai ba a shekarun baya. Duk da haka, saboda karuwar karatun mata, an sake gano aikinta kuma an yi nazari sosai.  Yanzu, shahararren aikinta, Vita Christi, ana la'akari da shi daya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen mata na farko na ban mamaki.  An kwatanta ta da wani marubucin proto-feminist na farkon zamani na zamani, Christine de Pizan .  Ta hanyar nazarin marubuta mata irin su Isabel de Villena da Christine de Pizan, masana sun cimma matsayar cewa rubutu wata hanya ce da mata za su yi watsi da shirun da maza suka yi musu, duk da cewa an yi sanyin gwiwa sosai. 

A halin yanzu ana ci gaba da yin ƙarin bincike kan sauran rubuce-rubucen Sor Isabel, waɗanda ba su daɗe a cikin ƙarni shida da suka gabata.

 Bayanan kula 

 Manazarta 

 Barnett, David. "Muryar Budurwa: Ikon Samun Dama a cikin Shirin Ziyara na Vita Christi na Isabel De Villena." La corónica 35.1 (2006): 23-45.
 Cantavella, Rosanna. "Mai hankali, Mai tunani, Mai Gudanarwa: Isabel De Villena da Vindication na Mata." Abokiyar Nazarin Matan Mutanen Espanya. By Xon De. Ros da Geraldine Hazbun. Woodbridge, Suffolk, Birtaniya: Tamesis, 2011. 97-107.
 Hauf, Albert G. D'Eiximenis a sor Isabel de Villena . Barcelona/Valencia. IIFV / PAM. 1990. S. 323-397. 
 Piera, Montserrat. "Rubuta, Auctoritas da Canon Formation a cikin Sor Isabel De Villena's Vita Christi." La Corónica 32.1 (2003): 105-18.
 Twomey, Lesley K. "Sor Isabel De Villena, Her Vita Christi da Misalin Rubutun Rubuce-rubucen Zuciya a Karni na Sha Biyar." La Corónica 32.1 (2003): 89-103.
 Twomey, Lesley K. Fabric na Devotion na Marian a cikin Vita Christi na Isabel De Villena. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Tamesis, 2013.

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Shafin yanar gizon da aka keɓe ga Isabel de Villena a LletrA (UOC), Catalan Literature Online 
 Sigar kan layi na kwafin Vita Christi da aka buga 
Rukuni:Haihuwar 1430
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1499
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba