Yaren Mekéns

Akwai rukuni uku na masu magana da Mekens:

Mekéns (Mekem), ko Amniapé, Wanda Hanke, Morris Swadesh, & Aryon Rodrigues, ca. 1950 [2011], Notas de fonologia Mekéns yaren Tupian ne da ke kusa da bacewa na jihar Rondônia, a yankin Amazon na Brazil

There are three groups of Mekens speakers:

 Sakirabiát (Sakirabiá, Sakiráp)
 Koaratira (Guaratira, aka Kanoé – ba iri ɗaya da yaren Kanoé ba)
 Koarategayat (Guaratégaya, Guarategaja, Warategáya)

 Fage 
Harshen Mekéns harshe ne na ƴan asalin ƙasar Brazil da ke cikin hatsarin gaske wanda ke cikin gangar jikin yaren Tupi, kuma an rarraba shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin harsuna biyar da suka tsira na dangin Tupari (Galucio: 2001, 2). Kimanin mutane 25 (ibid) ne ke magana da yaren a cikin jihar Rondônia, a yankin Amazon na arewa maso yammacin Brazil, da ke kan iyaka da makwabciyarta Bolivia. A zamanin yau, yawancin masu magana da yaren Mekéns suna zaune ne a cikin wurin ajiyar ƴan asalin tarayya Rio Mequens, wanda ke cikin gundumar Cerejeira, a kusa da kogin Mequens. Mazaunan ajiyar suna kiran yarensu da kabilansu a matsayin Sakurabiat (ko Sakirabiat), a zahiri suna fassara a matsayin “Spider-Monkey” (Galucio: 2001, 3). Yaren mutanen wannan ƙabila ne ke magana da shi, waɗanda ke da jimillar mutane 66 (ya zuwa 2003), waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ajiyar (PIB Sociambiental). A cikin ajiyar akwai ƙungiyoyi huɗu daban-daban, da aka rubuta, wato Sakirabiat, Guarategayet, Guaratira, da ƙungiyoyin Siwkweriat. Ko da yake a farko kalmar ƙungiyar yare ɗaya ce kawai, kalmar Sakirabiyat yanzu ta zama suna ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi duka ƙungiyoyin. Ana iya danganta wannan ga raguwar yawan jama'arsu a cikin karni na 20 (Galucio: 2001, 3).

A cikin ajiyar Rio Mequens a yau, kowa da kowa da ke zaune a cikin iyakoki yana magana da Portuguese, kuma ya zama harshen farko na yawancin mazauna. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin jama'a suna da yare ɗaya kuma ba sa iya magana da Mekéns sosai. Kimanin mutane 23 ne kawai a cikin ajiyar ke da ƙwarewa, tare da yawancin waɗannan mutane dattawa ne; duk da haka yawancin mazauna sun saba da kalmomin yau da kullun na yaren, gami da sunayen dabbobi da tsire-tsire na yau da kullun, kalmomin dangi, abubuwa masu ƙerawa, da kayan gida (PIB Socioambiental). Yara a cikin ajiyar ba sa koyon Mekéns, ma'ana ba a watsa harshen yadda ya kamata daga ƙarni ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Wannan alama ce ta babban matakin haɗarin harshe.

A cewar majiyoyin tarihi, kogin Guaporé ya kasance wurin da aka rubuta wurin membobin dangin harshe da aka sani da dangin Tupi-Tupani. (Galucio: 2001, 8) Alamar farko da Turawa suka yi da ’yan asalin da ke zaune a gefen dama na kogin Guaporé ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 17. (Galucio: 2001, 10). A cikin karnin da ya biyo baya, yankin Rondônia na yau ya kasance mazaunan Portugal da na Sipaniya sun mamaye sosai, waɗanda ke jayayya kan iyakokin maƙwabtansu. A ƙarshen karni na 18, mazauna yankin sun yi watsi da wannan yanki ba zato ba tsammani, yayin da yankunan ke tafiya zuwa ga 'yancin kai kuma sha'awar aiwatar da iyakokin mulkin mallaka ya ragu sosai. Yankin ya kasance babu kowa har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19 lokacin da bukatar roba ya kori masu amfani da roba zuwa yankin tare da dawo da mamayar yankin. Ko da yake sun sha asara mai yawa a cikin yawan jama'arsu, mutanen Sakurabiat sun tsira daga waɗannan lokutan mamayar, sakamakon da aka danganta da keɓe ƙauyukan da ke gefen dama na kogin Guaporé. Wurin da suke cikin mashigar ruwan kogin Guaporé na yamma ya sa su yi wahalar shiga, kuma da alama sun ceci ƙungiyar daga bacewa. (Galucio: 2001, 10)

Bisa kididdigar da wasu 'yan kabilar Guaratira suka yi, tun a farkon shekarun 1930 ne mutanen Sakurabiat suka yi mu'amalar farko da 'yan kasashen waje, lokacin da Turawa da Bolivia suka bi kogin Mequens a sama, suka isa kauyukansu. Barkewar yakin duniya na biyu ya kara yawan bukatar roba tare da haifar da rikici tsakanin masu amfani da roba da kuma 'yan asalin kasar. An mamaye filayensu na gargajiya kuma an tilasta musu ba da kansu ga masana'antar buga roba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, cututtukan da suka haɗa da kyanda da mura, waɗanda waɗannan mutanen waje ke kawowa sun yaɗu sosai, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa da raguwar adadin da yawansu ya kai dubbai (a farkon shekarun 1930 da 1940) zuwa mutane 64 a 1994. (Galucio: 2001, 11)

Manazarta

Category:Harsuna