Mary Cover Jones

Mary Cover Jones (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, 1897 - 22 ga Yuli, 1987) ta kasance Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ta Amurka kuma ta fara maganin halayyar mutum, duk da cewa maza ne ke mamaye filin a cikin karni na 20. Joseph Wolpe ya kira ta "mahaifiyar maganin halayyar" saboda sanannen bincikenta na Bitrus da ci gaban rashin jin daɗi.

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
Cover Jones ita ce ta tsakiya cikin uku da aka haifa wa Carrie Louise Higson da Charles Blair Cover. Tana da ɗan'uwa wanda ya girme ta da shekaru biyar da 'yar'uwa wacce ta girme ta shekaru huɗu. Mahaifiyar Jones mai kula da gida ce da ke da hannu a kungiyoyin al'umma da yawa yayin da mahaifinta dan kasuwa ne. Saboda yin nadamar rashin halartar karatun sakandare da kansa, Jones ya ƙarfafa yaransa su halarci jami'a. Ziyarar Cibiyar Chautauqua a Lake Erie, Ohio ta zama tafiyar bazara ta shekara-shekara ga iyalin Cover a lokacin yarantakar Cover Jones.

Bayan an yarda da ita a Kwalejin Vassar, Cover Jones ta zaɓi ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam. Ta dauki kowane darasi na ilimin halayyar dan adam da aka bayar a Kwalejin Vassar sai dai wanda Margaret Floy Washburn ta bayar. Washburn ta ki shigar da ita cikin aji saboda rashin ingancin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin aji na baya. Ta yi hutun bazara, a lokacin da take kwaleji, tana aiki tare da yara matalauta a sansanonin bazara da gidajen zama. name=":6"> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Vassar, a 1919, Cover Jones ya halarci lacca daga sanannen mai halayyar John B. Watson, a Birnin New York. Bayan jin lacca na Watson, Mary ta yi mamakin ko za a iya amfani da yanayin don kawar da tsoro. A 1919, ta fara aikinta na digiri a Jami'ar Columbia, kuma ta kammala digiri na biyu a 1920 da kuma digiri na biyu. Mary Cover ta auri wani dalibi mai digiri, Harold E. Jones, a cikin 1920, kuma a cikin 1927, sun koma Jami'ar California a Berkeley da Cibiyar Ci gaban Dan Adam, wanda aka sani da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Yara.

 Ayyuka 
A cikin 1923, Cover Jones ta zama mataimakin farfesa na Binciken Ilimi a Cibiyar Binciken Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia .  Cover Jones ta gudanar da sanannen binciken da ta yi game da Peter  a lokacin da take aiki a Jami'ar Columbia. name=":1"> Bayan ta buga sakamakon daga binciken Bitrus a 1924, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu game da ci gaban dabi'un halayyar farko a cikin yara ƙanana. Ta ci gaba da aiki tare da jarirai 365 a yankuna daban-daban a Birnin New York kuma ta yi nazarin ci gaban halayyar yara ƙanana. Jones ba ta sami kulawa ga aikinta ba har zuwa shekarun 1960, lokacin da fagen maganin halayyar ya fara haɗuwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Joseph Wolpe.

A lokacin rani na 1927, Cover Jones, mijinta, da 'ya'yansu mata biyu sun koma California. Barbara, an haifi 'yarta ta farko a shekarar 1922. An haifi Lesley, 'yarta ta biyu, bayan shekaru uku a 1925. Daga nan sai ta karɓi matsayi a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Yara a Berkeley inda ta shiga cikin Nazarin Ci gaban Oakland (OGS). An ba da matsayi a matsayin Darakta na Bincike ga Harold, yayin da Cover Jones ya karɓi matsayi a matsayin abokin bincike a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Yara a Jami'ar California, Berkeley a cikin 1952. 

A shekara ta 1952, Cover Jones ta zama Mataimakin Farfesa na Ilimi a Berkeley. Kodayake tana da ƙwarewar da ta dace kuma ta gudanar da bincike, ba a yarda ta zama farfesa na cikakken lokaci ba saboda mijinta yana aiki a jami'ar. Wannan mulkin adawa da rashin amincewa ya zama ruwan dare a wannan zamanin. Jami'ar California, Berkeley daga ƙarshe ta ware wannan doka kuma a 1959 Cover Jones ya zama cikakken farfesa na shekara guda. A wannan lokacin, ita da mijinta Harold sun samar da darasi na farko na talabijin game da ilimin halayyar ci gaba. name=":6">Mussen, Paul; Eichorn, Dorothy (1988). "Mary Cover Jones (1896–1987)". American Psychologist. 43 (10): 818. doi:10.1037/h0091933.

A shekara ta 1960, ta zama shugabar Sashen Ilimin Halitta na Ƙungiyar Ilimin Hutatsa ta Amirka (APA). A cikin wannan shekarar, ita da Harold sun yi ritaya, jim kadan bayan haka ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya. name=":6">Mussen, Paul; Eichorn, Dorothy (1988). "Mary Cover Jones (1896–1987)". American Psychologist. 43 (10): 818. doi:10.1037/h0091933.

A shekara ta 1986, Jones ta sami lambar yabo ta G. Stanley Hall daga APA .  An ba da kyautar G. Stanley Hall don sanin sanannen gudummawa ga ilimin halayyar ci gaba. Wasu daga cikin gudummawar Jones sun haɗa da binciken da ta yi game da Bitrus, wanda ya kafa tushe don maganin halayyar, da ci gabanta na rashin jin daɗi da daidaitawa kai tsaye don shawo kan tsoro. Ba ta da alaƙa da binciken ilimin halayyar mutum, Cover Jones ta yi amfani da lokacinta tana cikin kwamitocin da suka shafi jin daɗin yara kuma ta yi amfani le lokaci mai yawa da ƙoƙari a kan irin waɗannan dalilai.

 Binciken ilimin halayyar dan adam 

 Gwaje-gwaje na "Little Peter" 
Yayinda yake halartar jawabi daga babban masanin halayyar dan adam, John B. Watson, Cover Jones ta zama mai sha'awar shahararren bincikensa, "Jarabawar Little Albert". A cikin wannan gwaji, an tsara jariri don nuna amsa mai ban tsoro lokacin da aka gabatar da fararen bera tare da babbar hayaniya wacce ta girgiza yaron. Cover Jones ya fara mamakin idan za'a iya amfani da dabarun da Watson ya yi amfani da su don sa yara su ji tsoron wani abu mai motsawa, a zahiri suna juyar da bincikensa.

Wadannan tunani sun haifar da aikin da aka fi ambata, binciken cire tsoron zomo ta hanyar kwantar da hankali da aka gudanar a kan wani dan shekara uku mai suna Peter a Jami'ar Columbia. name=":1">Cover Jones, Mary (1924). "A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter". Pedagogical Seminary. 31 (4): 308–315. doi:10.1080/08856559.1924.9944851. Ta bi da tsoron Bitrus game da fararen zomo ta hanyar "tsarin kai tsaye", wanda aka haɗa da motsawa mai kyau (abinci) tare da zomo. name=":3"> Cover Jones ta fara gwajin ta tare da burin neman hanyar da ta fi tasiri don kawar da tsoro mara ma'ana a cikin yara. An zabi Bitrus don binciken saboda a duk sauran fannoni na rayuwar jariri an dauke shi na al'ada sai dai saboda tsoron zomo. Peter ba wai kawai yana jin tsoron zomo ba; Cover Jones ya nuna cewa zai yi kuka lokacin da aka gabatar da wasu irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar fuka-fuki, rigar fata, takalmin fata da auduga. Ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ta ta amfani da magunguna daban-daban don kawar da martani na tsoro a cikin Bitrus. Ta bayyana hanyoyin da ta yi amfani da su a cikin binciken Bitrus a matsayin "mai haƙuri, mai hankali da kuma matakai masu mahimmanci", don fahimtar abin da ke faruwa. Wannan hanya ce da ta koya daga mai ba da shawara Watson.

Ta fara binciken tare da zomo yana da ƙafa 12 daga Bitrus, kuma ta kawo zomo kusa har sai ya ci yatsun Bitrus. Yayin da aka kawo zomo a hankali kusa da Bitrus tare da kasancewar abincin da ya fi so (saki), tsoronsa ya ragu kuma daga ƙarshe ya sami damar taɓa zomo ba tare da kuka ba. Bayan ya warkar da Peter daga Tsoro, Cover Jones ya rubuta kuma ya buga takarda game da gwajin mai taken "A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter (1924) ". name=":1">Cover Jones, Mary (1924). "A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter". Pedagogical Seminary. 31 (4): 308–315. doi:10.1080/08856559.1924.9944851. Kodayake yanzu an dauke shi gwaji ne na juyin juya hali, a lokacin an yi watsi da shi sosai kuma ba a rubuta shi a matsayin rubutun Cover Jones ba.

Wannan binciken da Cover Jones ya yi wasu suna ɗaukarsa alama ce mai mahimmanci a cikin maganin halayyar kuma ya kasance ci gaba a cikin yadda za'a iya nazarin halayyar halayyar da sarrafawa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. name=":3">Logan, D (1980). "Mary Cover Jones: Feminine as Asset". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 5 (1): 103. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1981.tb01037.x. S2CID 220989140. Saboda sake gano wannan binciken a cikin shekarun 1970s, Cover Jones an dauke ta "mahaifiyar maganin halayyar" ta abokinta Wolpe da sauran abokan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, wannan binciken yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban ra'ayin da dabarar desensitization, yanzu ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don warkar da tsoro ta hanyar fallasa mutum mai tsoro ga jerin abubuwan da ke kusa da abin da ake tsoro.

 Nazarin ci gaban Oakland 
Nazarin ci gaban Oakland yana daya daga cikin binciken da Cover Jones ta fi tasiri. Nazarin ci gaban Oakland shine na uku a cikin jerin karatun longitudinal daga Kwalejin Berkeley. Nazarin farko a cikin uku shine Berkeley Growth Study, kallon jarirai (1928), sannan kuma binciken Berkeley Guidance, kallon yara masu zuwa makaranta (1928). Dukkanin karatun an yi su ne ta hanyar kallon yara da ke zaune a Berkeley, California. Nazarin Ci gaban Oakland (OGS) ya jagoranci Cover Jones da mijinta. Nazarin ya fara ne a 1932 a Oakland, California. Nazarin ya biyo bayan dalibai 212 a aji na biyar da na shida waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin shekarun 1920-1921. Ana nazarin mahalarta sau biyu a shekara har sai sun kammala makarantar sakandare. Babban burin binciken shine fahimtar ƙuruciya ta yau da kullun. Sun kalli iyawar jiki, canje-canje na jiki, da alaƙar tsara. An yi musu karatu a lokacin da suka girma a shekaru 38, 48, da 60.Grimm, K. (n.d.). Intergenerational studies. Retrieved from  Nazarin a cikin manya ya kunshi tambayoyi, tambayoyin, lissafin mutum, da kuma kimantawar kiwon lafiya. Tattaunawar karshe ta mahalarta ta faru ne a shekarar 1980, lokacin da Cover Jones ke da shekaru 83.

Sakamakon daga Nazarin Ci gaban Oakland ta ba Cover Jones damar buga takardu 100. Har ila yau, saboda bayanan da aka rubuta da kyau daga wannan binciken, an sake nazarin bayanan kuma an yi amfani da su don wasu bincike a fagen ci gaban yara. Nasarar binciken an dauke ta a wani bangare ne saboda jajircewar Cover Jones ga binciken da kuma ikonta na kula da abota da mahalarta binciken.

Wani muhimmin binciken daga Nazarin Ci gaban Oakland shine tasirin motsin rai da halayyar yara maza da mata waɗanda suka shiga cikin balaga a ƙuruciya ko kuma a tsufa. Ƙarin binciken binciken Oakland Growth shine tasirin ci gaban shan giya a cikin matasa da tasirin matsayin tattalin arziki.

 Bincike tare da yara maza masu girma da wuri 
A cikin fagen ci gaban yara, Jones ta yi imanin cewa akwai wasu shaidu da suka goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa yara matasa da suka fara balaga (sun kai lokacin balaga) a farkon shekarunsu an fahimta kuma an bi da su daban da takwarorinsu da sauran manya. name="Mussen 1957 243–256"> A cikin Ci gaban Yara, babban mujallar kungiyar Bincike da Ci gaban Yara (an buga wasu labaran da Paul Mussen da Mary Cover Jones suka buga (1957, 1958) kuma sun bincika dangantakar da ke tsakanin matsayin balaga na jiki da ra'ayoyin kai a cikin yara maza da mata masu balaga da wuri, bi da bi.

Paul Mussen da Mary Cover Jones (1957) sun gudanar da binciken da ya binciki dangantakar da ke tsakanin matsayi na balaga da wasu fannoni na mutum a lokacin ƙarshen balaga. Mussen da Jones sun yi imanin cewa akwai shaidar da ke goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa a cikin al'adunmu, manya suna bi da yara maza da suka fara balaga a farkon shekarun da suka bambanta da yara maza waɗanda suka fara balagagge a baya saboda matsayinsu na jiki. Nazarin na yanzu ya yi amfani da kayan aiki masu yawa waɗanda ke da niyyar gano fannoni na halin yara maza masu tasowa don ganin idan akwai manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin yara maza.

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa ya haɗa da hotuna na mutane da abubuwa, kuma masu bincike sun nuna kowane yaro, ɗaya bayan ɗaya, hoto kuma sun nemi yaron ya ƙirƙiri labarin game da abin da ke faruwa a cikin hoton, da fatan cewa yaron zai gano wani abu game da kansa ta hanyar hotunan da aka gani. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa daga baya yara maza masu girma sun fi dacewa da yara maza masu tsufa da wuri don fuskantar "yanayin zamantakewa mara kyau" kuma hakan, bi da bi, na iya samun tasirin rayuwa.

 Bincike tare da 'yan mata masu girma da kuma farkon girma 
A shekara mai zuwa, Paul Mussen da Mary Cover Jones (1958) sun sake maimaita binciken ta amfani da 'yan mata matasa da suka manyanta. name="Cover Jones 1958 491–501"> Masu binciken suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban ga 'yan mata fiye da maza. Yanayin zamantakewar al'umma da aka fallasa yara maza don balaga a baya sun bambanta ga 'yan mata masu balaga da wuri. A cikin al'adunmu, manya suna ganin 'yan mata masu girma da wuri fiye da' yan mata masu girma daga baya. name="Cover Jones 1958 491–501" 

Binciken na yanzu ta gwada irin wannan hanyoyin da hanyoyin ga 'yan mata yayin da suka gwada ga yara maza kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa' yan mata masu girma da wuri ba su da wadata har sai' yan mata da suka girma da suka "kama" (sun kai irin wannan matsayi na jiki ga' yan mata marasa girma da wuri), wanda a wannan lokacin, ba su sake ganin wani bambanci ba.

 Mutuwa 
Cover Jones ta mutu a Santa Barbara, California a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1987. Ta bar 'ya'yanta mata biyu - Lesley Alexander, wacce ke zaune a Santa Barbara kuma ta mutu a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2020, da Barbara Coates, wacce a halin yanzu ke zaune a Claremont, California - da jikoki shida. Minti kaɗan kafin ta mutu, Cover Jones ta gaya wa 'yar'uwarta: "Har yanzu ina koyo game da abin da ke da muhimmanci a rayuwa".

 Manazarta 

 Ƙarin karantawa 






 Haɗin waje 

 Tarihin rayuwa
 Works by or about Mary Cover Jonesa cikinTarihin Intanet
 Works by Mary Cover JonesaLibriVox (littafan sauti na yankin jama'a) 
 Harold E. Jones da Mary C. Jones: Abokan hulɗa a cikin Nazarin Longitudinal, Ofishin Tarihin Magana na Yankin, Laburaren Bancroft
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba