Al-Fath ibn Khaqan

Al-Fatḥ ibn Khāqān ( ) (kimanin 817/8 – 11 Disamba 861) ya kasance jami'in Abbasid kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a kotun Khalifa al-Mutawakkil ( ). Ɗan wani janar na Turkawa na Khalifa al-Mu'tasim, al-Fath ya tashi a fadar khalifa tare da wanda zai zama al-Mutawakkil kuma al-Mu'tasim ya ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗa yana da shekaru bakwai. Da al-Mutawakkil ya hau karagar mulki, ya riƙe jerin mukaman hukuma, ciki har da gwamnan Misira da lardunan Siriya, amma ikonsa ya samo asali ne daga dangantaka mai ƙarfi da al-Mutawakkil, wanda ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara da amintaccen sa. Mutum ne mai ilimi sosai kuma mai sha'awar littattafai, al-Fath kansa marubuci ne kuma mai tallafawa marubuta, kuma ya tara babban ɗakin karatu a fadar sa a Samarra. An kashe shi ta hanyar garkuwan Turkawa tare da al-Mutawakkil.
 Asalin da farkon rayuwa 
Al-Fath ɗan Khaqan ibn Urtuj ne, shugaban Turkic wanda ke da alaƙa da dangin Ferghana mai mulki. Da yake fitowa daga ƙasarsa a Asiya ta Tsakiya don yin aiki a cikin sojojin Khalifa, Urtuj ya tashi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwamandoji - tare da Ashinas, Wasif al-Turki, da al-Afshin - na tsaron Turkiyya wanda Khalifa al-Mu'tasim (r. 833-842) ya kafa. An haifi Al-Fath a kusa da 817/8, saboda yana iya tsufa tare da al-Mutawakkil na gaba, tare da wanda aka girma da ilimi tun yana jariri, kuma wanda ya zama aboki mafi kusa da amintacce. A lokacin da yake da shekaru bakwai, al-Mu'tasim ya karɓi al-Fath. Lalle ne, kamar yadda masanin tarihi Matthew Gordon ya yi sharhi, "wani nau'i na shaidu sun nuna cewa al-Fath da al-Mutawakkil ba za a iya raba su ba".  Daga cikin 'yan uwansa, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne Muzahim, wanda ya zama jami'in soja kuma ya ƙare a matsayin gwamnan Masar, inda dansa Ahmad ya gaje shi.

 Matsayi a cikin gwamnati 
Despite his prominence, few biographical details are known about al-Fath. Yaqut al-Hamawi reports that his career in government began under al-Mu'tasim and al-Wathiq (), but mentions no specific position. After the accession of al-Mutawakkil, al-Fath played a major role in the government, more by his status as the Caliph's chief adviser than by virtue of any official posts he held. Yaqut reports that he served as personal secretary to the Caliph, and was in charge of his official seal. Ibn Taghribirdi claims that he was in charge of the dīwān al-kharāj in 847/8, while both he and al-Kutubi report that he was also vizier. The latter is unlikely, since the position was occupied for most of al-Mutawakkil's reign by Ubayd Allah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan (no relation). In  al-Fath served as al-Mutawakkil's chief of intelligence in Samarra, while in 856/7 and again in 860/1 he was appointed temporarily as governor of Egypt; on the latter occasion he may have acted as an envoy rather than governor, since al-Kindi categorically states that the governors of Egypt at the time represented the prince al-Muntasir, who was the nominal governor of the province. In 858, following al-Mutawakkil's short-lived attempt to transfer his capital to Damascus, al-Fath was also appointed governor of Syria. Here too his activity in that capacity is obscure, but there is some evidence that points to him taking an active role in the affairs of the province.

 Rikici da kisan kai 
Al-Mutawakkil ya nada ɗansa na fari, al-Muntasir, a matsayin magajinsa a cikin 849/50, amma a hankali ya sauya ni'imarsa ga ɗansa na biyu, al-Mu'tazz. Al-Fath da vizier Ubayd Allah sun karfafa Khalifa a cikin niyyarsa na maye gurbin al-Muntasir, kuma ya bayyana cewa masu goyon bayan gargajiya na Abbasid sun goyi bayan su. Sabanin haka, sojojin Turkic da Maghariba sun goyi bayan al-Muntasir.

A ƙarshen kaka na shekara ta 861, al'amuran sun kai ga kai: a watan Oktoba, al-Mutawakkil ya ba da umarnin a kwace dukiyar Janar Wasif na Turkic kuma a mika ta ga al-Fath. Da yake jin cewa an mayar da shi cikin kusurwa, jagorancin Turkiyya ya fara makirci don kashe Khalifa. Ba da daɗewa ba suka haɗu, ko kuma aƙalla suna da amincewar al-Mustansir, wanda ya yi basira daga jerin wulakanci: a ranar 5 ga Disamba, bisa ga shawarar al-Fath da Ubayd Allah, an wuce shi don goyon bayan al-Mu'tazz don jagorantar Addu'ar Jumma'a a ƙarshen Ramadan, yayin da kwana uku bayan haka, al-Mutawak yana jin rashin lafiya kuma ya zaɓi al-Mustaansir don wakiltar shi a cikin addu'a, kuma UbaydAllah ya shawo. Har ma mafi muni, a cewar al-Tabari, washegari al-Mutawakkil ya sauya shi kuma ya yi barazanar kashe ɗansa na fari, har ma ya buge shi a fuska. Tare da jita-jita da ke yawo cewa Wasif da sauran shugabannin Turkiyya za a tara su kuma a kashe su a ranar 12 ga Disamba, masu makircin sun yanke shawarar yin aiki.

A cewar al-Tabari, wani labari daga baya ya bazu cewa wata mace ta Turkiyya ta yi gargadi game da makircin, amma ta yi watsi da shi, da tabbacin cewa babu wanda zai yi ƙarfin hali ya aiwatar da shi. A daren 10/11 Disamba, kimanin sa'a daya bayan tsakar dare, Turks sun fashe a cikin ɗakin inda Khalifa da al-Fath ke cin abincin dare. An kashe Al-Fath a kokarin kare Khalifa, wanda aka kashe a gaba. Al-Muntasir, wanda yanzu ya ɗauki Khalifanci, da farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa al-Fath ya kashe mahaifinsa, kuma an kashe shi bayan haka; a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka, labarin hukuma ya canza zuwa al-Mutawakkil ya maƙure a kan ruwan inabi. Kisan al-Mutawakkil ya fara lokacin rikici da aka sani da "Anarchy a Samarra", wanda ya kasance har zuwa 870 kuma ya kawo Khalifancin Abbasid zuwa gefen rushewa.

 Ayyukan al'adu 
An daidaita shi sosai a cikin al'adun Larabci, tare da " umarni mai ban sha'awa na Larabci", al-Fath ya kasance fitaccen memba na ƙungiyar wallafe-wallafen Samarra, kuma sananne ne a matsayin mai kula da marubuta da mawaƙa da yawa, kamar marubucin al-Buhturi, ko masanin tarihi al-Tha'labi. Wataƙila sanannen mai kula da shi shine Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Jahiz, wanda ya keɓe aikinsa Fi manaqib al-Turk ("A kan Albarkatun Turks") ga mai ba da gudummawa. Al-Fath kansa marubuci ne, amma daga cikin ayyukansa kawai sunayen littattafai uku, kuma ayoyi 13 sun tsira. Ya kuma tara babban ɗakin karatu, wanda ya ƙunshi ayyukan falsafa da yawa, kuma wanda masana da yawa na lokacin suka saba zuwa;  masanin tarihi Hugh Kennedy ya kira shi "mafi girman masanin littattafai na zamaninsa".  Gidansa a Samarra, wanda mahaifinsa ya gina, daga baya ya zama gidan Khalifa, wanda aka fi sani da Jawsaq al-Khaqani .  

 Iyali 
'Yarsa Fatimah ta auri al-Mu'tazz, ɗan al-Mutawakkil . 

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