Judy Goldsmith

Judy Goldsmith (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1938) 'yar asalin Amurka ce, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai fafutuka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa (NOW) daga 1982 zuwa 1985, wanda shine mafi girman ƙungiyar mata a Amurka; kafin wannan ta kasance farfesa a Turanci. Goldsmith kuma tana aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin girmamawa na Veteran Feminists of America, wanda hedkwatar ta ke Phoenix, Arizona.

 Yaron yara da ilimi 
An haifi Judith Ann Becker a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1938, a Manitowoc, Wisconsin . [1][2] Mahaifinta bai ciyar da iyalin ba kuma ya bar mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta biyar don kula da kansu.[2] Bayan iyayenta sun sake aure, mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki a masana'anta na tsawon shekaru ashirin da biyar don tallafawa iyalin, yayin da take da karatun aji na 8.[2] Beckers sun girma matalauta sosai kuma na ɗan lokaci sun zauna a cikin gidan kaji da aka sake canzawa ba tare da ruwa mai gudana ba kuma tsohuwar murhu ta katako.[3] Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 1957, Becker ya sami tallafin karatu wanda ya ba da kudade don halartar Jami'ar Wisconsin-Stevens Point . [3] Becker da farko ta kasance babbar kiɗa da ke raira waƙa da wasa da piano, duk da haka tana da sha'awar wallafe-wallafen da harshe don haka ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a Turanci.[3] Yayinda take daliba a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Judy Becker ta sadu kuma ta auri Dick Goldsmith kuma daga baya ta haifi 'yar mai suna Rachel.[2] Judy Goldsmith ta kuma sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Buffalo . [2]

 Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa 

 Ayyuka 
Lokacin da Judy ta shiga kasuwar aiki a 1950, akwai tallace-tallace da yawa ga maza da ƙananan ga mata, suna sanya mata cikin babbar matsala ga damar aiki. Tallace-tallace, wanda Judy ta bayyana, an tsara su ne ga mata waɗanda suka karanta: "Ana buƙata: kyakkyawa, mace, mai karɓar bakuncin" misali.[1]

Goldsmith ta fara aikinta a matsayin farfesa a fannin Ingilishi a jami'ar Wisconsin sannan ta shiga cikin NOW jim kadan bayan haka. Ita da 'yar'uwarta sun shiga cikin NOW tare a shekara ta 1974, bayan wani aboki ya gayyace su don halarta. Bayan 'yan watanni na kasancewa, an zabi Judy a matsayin shugaban Manitowoc County chapter a Wisconsin, wanda ya ci gaba da zama kungiyar NOW ta farko a jihar. Judy ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban babi na jihar kuma daga baya aka zabe ta a matsayin shugaban babi na jihar. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan haka ta zama shugabar kasa ta NOW kuma ta koma Washington, DC.

A shekara ta 1982, yayin da Goldsmith ke shugaban NOW, kungiyar ta yi nasarar kara yawan mata da ke aiki a majalisun jihohi. Goldsmith ya ba da shawarar wani jagora na jam'iyya ga tsohuwar NOW kuma ya karɓi matsayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi a kan batutuwa kamar Reaganomics. A cikin wannan shekarar, NOW ta amince da Frank Lautenberg, namiji dan majalisa na Democrat wanda ke adawa da 'yar majalisa ta Republican ta New Jersey, Millicent Fenwick, saboda goyon bayan Fenwick ga ajanda na tattalin arziki na Reagan duk da matsayinta na kare hakkin mata. Lautenberg ya ci Fenwick da ƙarancin gefe. Goldsmith ya yi imanin cewa nuna bambanci da yawa yana da tushe a cikin tattalin arziki da matsalolin rayuwa. A lokacin da ta yi aiki tare da Coretta Scott-King a kan Maris na 1983 don tunawa da shekaru 20 na tarihin "Maris a Washington" na Martin Luther King Jr. 

 Smeal da Goldsmith 
Eleanor Smeal ita ce magajin Judy Goldsmith a matsayin shugaban NOW da kuma mai ba da shawara.  Smeal ta goyi bayan Goldsmith a lokacin zaben 1982, wani bangare saboda Smeal ba ta cancanci sake zaben kanta ba. Smeal ya goyi bayan dukkan takardun Goldsmith ba bisa ka'ida ba, burin shi ne ya goyi bayansa kuma da fatan ci gaba da manufofin Smeal. Wani labarin daga 1982 a cikin Washington Post ya yaba da nasarar Goldsmith "a matsayin tabbatar da manufofin da suka gina NOW a cikin babbar muryar kasar kan 'yancin mata, duk da rashin iyawar kungiyar a shekarar da ta gabata (1981) don samun amincewar Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Hakki" a karkashin jagorancin Smeal. An zabi wasu biyu daga Goldsmith, Alice Chapman da Mary Jean Collins, tare da goyon bayan Smeal ba bisa ka'ida ba. Koyaya, sauran mukamai a cikin kungiyar ba duk sun cika da takardar da Goldsmith ke jagoranta ba, wanda hakan ya sa ba a san yadda wakilan masu jefa kuri'a suka ji game da jagorancin Smeal na baya ba, yayin da mataimakin shugaban zartarwa ya ci nasara, lauya Barbara Timmer, wanda ya yi alkawarin fadadawa, mafi gwagwarmaya fiye da Smeal, kuma Kathy Webb, wanda shi ma mai zaman kansa ne ya lashe matsayin sakatare.

Yayin da shugabancin Goldsmith ya ci gaba, goyon bayan asali da take da shi daga Smeal ya bayyana ya ɓace, yayin da jita-jita da hasashe suka bayyana cewa Smeal zai sake tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa. Lokacin da Smeal ta sanar da cewa tana takara a zaben 1985, ta ce saboda imanin cewa Goldsmith ya yi matsakaici sosai   kuma bai mai da hankali kan batutuwan da ke da muhimmanci a kanta ba.  Goldsmith sau da yawa ya sadu da 'yan siyasa, kuma ya ji cewa za a iya samun ci gaba ne kawai lokacin da aka zaba mata a cikin matsayi na siyasa. A kan batutuwan zubar da ciki da daidaito, Goldsmith ya ce, "Yana cikin ajanda amma ba shine mafi kyawun lokacin kawo shi ba. Ba mu da sha'awar motsa jiki a banza. Dole ne mu canza yanayin siyasa kuma mu sami karin mata da aka zaba kafin mu sake gwadawa".   [Wannan magana tana buƙatar ambaton] Smeal, duk da haka, ta ce "akwai sha'awar cewa NOW ta zama mafi bayyane, mai ƙarfi da kuma aiki a bainar jama'a a kan batutuwa da yawa, kuma tana son shirin ƙasa don aiki kai tsaye yanzu.  "Wannan ba zai iya jira wasu shekaru 10 ba", in ji ta. "Ba za mu iya yanke shawarar cewa muna son shi ba sannan mu yi komai".   [Wannan magana tana buƙatar ambaton] Goldsmith ta ce, don kare hanyoyinta, cewa "Loud na iya zama mai kyau, amma ba kawai matakin decibels ba ne ake ji".   [Wannan magana tana buƙatar ambaton] An ga hanyoyin su daban-daban kuma shine abin da ya haifar da gwagwarmaya mai tsanani don shugabancin. Misali, shugabannin biyu sun kusanci ta'addanci na zubar da ciki ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Goldsmith ta aika da sakon waya ga Shugaba Reagan, tana buƙatar bincike, sannan daga baya ta kira Shugaba Reagan. Smeal, duk da haka, ta jagoranci Maris na farko don Rayuwar Mata a 1986, wanda ya jawo mutane sama da 150,000 zuwa Washington da Los Angeles don tallafawa haƙƙin haihuwa na mata. Goldsmith ya yi imani da cimma burin NOW ta hanyar siyasa yayin da Smeal ya ji tarurruka, zanga-zangar, da zanga-zambe sune hanya mafi kyau,  wanda aka kwatanta lokacin da Smeal ta ce "Lokaci ya yi da za a koma kan tituna, ku je makarantun kuma ku nuna cewa mu ne mafi rinjaye" a shekarar 1985.

Zaben 1985 ya kasance mai zafi kuma mai tsanani amma Smeal ya ci Goldsmith. Goldsmith ita ce mai mulki da ke neman wa'adin ta na biyu, kuma shugabannin NOW sun yi aiki na shekaru biyu a jere. Membobin kwamitin kasa na 35 na NOW da masu kula da jihohin sun goyi bayan Goldsmith da 2 zuwa 1, kuma ta bayyana tana da ƙarin magoya baya a zaman taron. SunSentinal ta ruwaito shi a cikin labarin 1985 Smeal Wins Battle For Top NOW Post, "abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga nasarar Mrs. Smeal sune bambance-bambance na mutum tsakanin 'yan takarar biyu, samfurin samfurin kuri'a mara kyau, shawarar da wani jami'in NOW ya yanke na karshe don amincewa da Mrs. Smeel, tsarin yin amfani da kuri'a na shari'a, da kuma jawabin kamfen na karshe na Mrs. Goldsmith". Kafin zaben Goldsmith, an yi imanin cewa yana jagorantar, duk da haka Smeal ya ci Goldsmith da kashi 839 zuwa 703. Maganar kamfen ta karshe ta Goldsmith na iya zama abin da ya kashe kuri'un ta, mutane da yawa sun ce, inda ta "ya kai hari kan abokin hamayyarta a cikin harshe mai tsanani, ta rasa ta wasu kuri'u. Ta zargi Mrs. Smeal da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, 'duplicity, kisan kai da kuma halin siyasa". An kuma ruwaito shi a cikin Smeal Wins Battle For Top NOW Post, cewa Goldsmith kamar tana ƙoƙarin juyar da matsayinta a matsayin shugaban kasa wanda ya fi son gina hadin gwiwa ga wanda zai iya jin daɗi da salon adawar ta. Gabaɗaya zaben 1985 tsakanin Goldsmith da ba kawai wanda ya riga ta ba, amma kuma mai ba da shawara ya zama "ɗaya daga cikin zaɓen shugaban kasa mafi zafi a cikin tarihin shekaru 19 na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa".

 Yin ritaya da gado 
Bayan ta zama Shugabar NOW ta yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban na jagoranci, gami da Dean na Jami'ar Wisconsin-Fond du Lac, ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 2002, kodayake ta ci gaba da aiki. A yau, Jami'ar ta ba da kyautar "Judy Goldsmith Young Woman Leadership Award" don girmama ta. Yayinda take amfani da asalin kiɗa, Judy yanzu tana wasa da piano a gidan tsofaffi a Fond du Lac kuma tana rawa a cikin rawa akai-akai.

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Judy Goldsmith - Abin da Na Koyi daga Yanzu
 Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa, Shafin yanar gizon hukuma 
 Shirin Tarihin Pioneers na VFA: Judy Goldsmith

Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938
Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane