Yuni Downey

Yuni Etta Downey (Yuli 13, 1875 - Oktoba 11, 1932) Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wanda ta yi nazarin mutum da rubuce-rubuce. An haifi Downey kuma ta girma a Laramie, Wyoming, inda ta sami digiri a Girkanci da Latin daga Jami'ar Wyoming .  name=":4"> A duk rayuwarta Downey ta rubuta littattafai bakwai da labarai sama da saba'in. An haɗa shi a cikin wannan aikin, Downey ya haɓaka gwajin Will-Temperament na Mutum, wanda shine ɗayan gwaje-gwaje na farko don kimanta halayen halayen daban daga ikon ilimi kuma na farko don amfani da hanyoyin tunani don fassara.

Baya ga ayyukanta da yawa da aka buga, Downey ta rike manyan mukamai da yawa. Ta jagoranci Sashen Ilimin Halitta da Falsafa a Jami'ar Wyoming kuma ta hanyar yin hakan ta zama mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin shugaban jami'ar jihar. An nada ta a Majalisar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka kuma ta zama memba na Society of Experimental Psychologists, kuma Fellow na Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya.

 Tarihin rayuwa 

 Rayuwa ta farko 
Yuni Etta Downey an haife ta ne a Laramie, Wyoming, ga Stephen Wheeler Downey da Evangeline (Owen) Downey a matsayin yaro na biyu a cikin iyali na tara. Mahaifinta ya kasance Colonel a cikin Sojojin Tarayyar kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jami'ar Wyoming, kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwanta, Sheridan Downey, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata na Amurka daga California tsakanin 1938 da 1950. Bayan karatun sakandare a makarantun jama'a na Laramie da makarantar shirye-shiryen Jami'ar Wyoming ta shiga jami'ar don manyan a Girkanci da Latin.

 Ayyuka 
Bayan kammala karatunta da digiri na farko a shekara ta 1895, Downey ta koyar a makarantar firamare na shekara guda kafin ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin falsafa da ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Chicago a shekara ta 1898 . 

A cikin 1901, Downey ya sami sha'awar ilimin halayyar gwaji, yayin da yake halartar karatun bazara wanda Edward Bradford Titchener ya koyar a Jami'ar Cornell. Komawa Jami'ar Wyoming, Downey ya koyar da Turanci da ilimin halayyar dan adam yayin da yake gudanar da wasu ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje na 'yan shekaru, a karkashin kulawar James Rowland Angell . 

Downey ta ci gaba da karatunta na ilimin halayyar gwaji a karkashin Edward B. Titchener a Jami'ar Cornell . Ta koma Jami'ar Wyoming a 1905, a matsayin farfesa a fannin falsafa. A shekara ta 1906 ta yi hutu daga aikinta don kammala digirin digirin ta wanda ta gama a shekara ta 1907 kuma ta gabatar da rubutunta a shekara ta 1908, mai taken "Control Processes in Modified Handwriting", a kan batun rubuce-rubuce a matsayin ma'auni na mutum.

Bayan aikinta na digiri, an sanya Downey shugabar sashen ta a 1915; ita ce mace ta farko da aka ba ta irin wannan matsayi a jami'ar jihar. Ta wallafa takardun ilimi da yawa da kuma rubuce-rubuce da kuma buga gajerun labaru, waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo, da shahararrun labarai, gami da kundin shayari mai taken The Heavenly Dykes .  name="smith"> Nazarin Downey ya mayar da hankali kan jigogi na hotuna da kyawawan abubuwa kuma an mayar da hankali a cikin nazarin gwaji maimakon ka'idar. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam na farko da suka yi nazarin mutum a kimiyya kuma ta zama ƙwararre a rubuce-rubuce da hannu.

 Rayuwa ta baya 
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Yayin da Downey ta girma, ta mai da hankali kan koyarwarta. Ta wallafa littafinta na karshe, Creative Imagination, a cikin 1929 tare da haɗa sha'awarta a ilimin halayyar dan adam da zane-zane. Downey ta sami memba a majalisar American Psychological Association tsakanin 1923 da 1925 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na farko da aka shigar da su zama memba a cikin Society of Experimental Psychologists a 1929, tare da Margaret Washburn .  name="portraits"    name="smith">"June Etta Downey (1875–1932)". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved April 20, 2014. Downey bai taba yin aure ba kuma ba shi da yara.

Downey ta mutu a gidan 'yar'uwarta a Trenton, New Jersey, a cikin 1932 bayan ta kamu da cutar kansa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwarta, dangin Downey sun gabatar da ɗakin karatu na sirri ga Jami'ar Wyoming. Jami'ar ta gudanar da hidimar tunawa da ita, kuma a cikin 1999 an kira ta dan wasan karshe na "Wyoming Citizen of the Century". James Rowland Angell, wanda Downey ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashinsa don digirin digirinsa, ya bayyana ta a matsayin "mai faɗakarwa da hankali mai ban mamaki da fahimta kuma tare da yanke hukunci mai ban sha'awa a cikin ɗaliban shekarunta".

 Babban gudummawa 
Downey da farko ya yi bincike kan rubuce-rubuce na hannu, amma ya haɗa da wasu bincike kan hanyoyin motsi kamar motsi na tsoka da alaƙar sa da hankali da mutuntaka. Downey ya yi nazarin aikin Karatun tsoka daga hangen nesa.

A cikin 1919, Downey ya haɓaka gwajin ƙwarewar mutum na Downey . Wannan gwajin yana daya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da ta bayar ga ilimin halayyar mutum kuma yana daya daga cikinsu na farko da aka yi amfani da su. Gwajin ya auna mutum bisa ga rubutun hannu. Ya ƙunshi ƙananan gwaje-gwaje 10 waɗanda idan aka haɗa su za a iya lissafa su cikin jimlar ƙimar da ke wakiltar "ƙwarewar son rai". An shirya gwajin Downey na Mutum don wakiltar nau'ikan mutum uku. Nau'ikan halaye guda uku sune hairtrigger, wanda yake da hanzari da sauri, nau'in mai basira, mai taƙaice da yanke shawara, da kuma ainihin nau'in, wanda yake mai jinkiri da tunani. Koyaya wannan nau'in gwajin yana da rashin amintacce saboda yana da halaye masu kama da juna amma ba su da alaƙa da juna. An kuma gudanar da waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, kuma an yi la'akari da ƙididdigar ra'ayi. Downy ta fahimci cewa wannan ta shirya yin canje-canje kafin lokacin mutuwarta. 

 Sauran abubuwan da suke so 
Kamar William James da sauran fitattun masana halayyar dan adam, Downey yana da sha'awar zane-zane. Ta rubuta waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo, da labaru a duk rayuwarta. Har ma ta rubuta waƙar makaranta, "Alma Mater", don Jami'ar Wyoming . A shekara ta 1911, ta wallafa "The Imaginal Reaction to Poetry", daya daga cikin muhimman gwaje-gwajen da ta shafi zane-zane. Wannan binciken ya bincika hotunan da mutane ke da su don amsa karatun shayari. Ta yi imanin cewa bambancin da ke cikin irin waɗannan hotuna ya nuna bambance-bambance a cikin hali.

 Manyan wallafe-wallafe 

 An buga Gwajin Kiɗa a cikin American Journal of Psychology .  name=":32">
 Ayyukanta na gaba shine rubutun da ake kira Control Process in Modified Handwriting: An Experimental Study . A cikin wannan labarin ta yi nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin rubuce-rubuce da halin mutum.
 Heavenly Dykes da aka buga a 1904 
 Halin tunani ga Waƙoƙin da aka buga a cikin 1911 
 Graphology da Psychology na Handwriting da aka buga a 1919 
 Plots and Personalities da aka buga a 1922  Mai bugawa The Century Company ya bayyana wannan littafin a matsayin "littafin da suka fi dacewa da su". 
 The Will-temperament da gwajin da aka buga a 1923 
 The Kingdom of the Mind da aka buga a 1927 
 Creative Imagination: Nazarin ilimin halayyar wallafe-wallafen da aka buga a 1929 

 Kyauta 
Asusun Etta Downey na Yuni a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam an kafa shi ne ta hanyar dangin dangi don tallafawa farfesa, dawo da Gidan Seminar na Yuni E. Downey, da kuma tallafawa mata a Sashen ilimin halayya a Jami'ar Wyoming . 

Har ila yau, Jami'ar Wyoming ce ta girmama ta, wacce ke da alamar tagulla tare da sunanta a ciki, amfani da "Alma Mater" waƙar da ta rubuta, kuma tana da ginin da aka sanya mata suna.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba