T. Ras Makonnen

T. Ras Makonnen (an haife shi George Thomas N. Griffiths; c. 7 Oktoba 1909 - 18 Disamba 1983) ɗan gwagwarmayar Afirka ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Guyana, ɗan asalin Habasha.

 Rayuwar farko da kuma iyali 
Makonnen was born George Thomas N. Griffiths in Buxton, British Guiana. His paternal grandfather was reputedly born in Tigre, Ethiopia, and was taken to British Guiana by a Scottish miner.Amon Saba Saakana, "Makonnen, Ras", in David Dabydeen, John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (eds), The Oxford Companion to Black British History, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 283. Makonnen completed his secondary school in Guyana, before leaving in 1927 to study mineralogy in the United States."Ras Makonnen: True Pan-Africanist. An Appreciation: The Weekly Review (Nairobi), January 6, 1984", in Prah, K. K. (1998). Beyond the Color Line: Pan-Africanist disputations : selected sketches, letters, papers, and reviews. Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-630-5. Retrieved 7 November 2011. During the Second Italo-Abyssinian War in 1935, Makonnen changed his name to emphasize his African roots. His children are T'Shai R. Makonnen, Desta Makonnen, Lorenzo Makonnen and Sheba Makonnen.Amon Saba Saakana, "Makonnen, Ras", in David Dabydeen, John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (eds), The Oxford Companion to Black British History, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 283..

 Rayuwa a Amurka 
A cikin 1927, Makonnen ya tafi Beaumont, Texas, inda yake son yin nazarin ilimin ma'adinai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa Texas an zana shi cikin ayyukan YMCA wanda ta haka ne ya haɓaka haɗin kai ga al'amuran Afirka tare da kafa harsashin shahararsa a matsayin mai ba da basira. Haɗin kai na ɗan lokaci tare da YMCA ba da daɗewa ba ya zama matsayi na cikakken lokaci, wanda ya haɗa da kafa sabis ga Baƙar fata na garin, gami da sabis ga 'yan kasuwa - har ma da ƙungiyar tagulla don ma'aikatan Baƙar fata 60,000 na Kamfanin Magnolia Petroleum. Wannan ya haifar da yin magana a kusa da Amurka da halartar taron YMCA na duniya. A ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan Griffith ya sadu da Max Yergan, wanda ya kasance “mishan” YMCA a Afirka ta Kudu; Wataƙila wannan taron shine gabatarwar Griffith ga Afirka.

A cikin 1932, Makonnen ya tafi arewa don halartar Jami'ar Cornell, inda ya yi karatun aikin gona na ɗan lokaci kuma ya yi aiki a ɗakin karatu na jami'ar. Kungiyar daliban Cornell ta hada da ‘yan kasar Habasha da dama, wadanda ya tattauna da su game da rikicin Habasha da ke kunno kai; A wannan lokacin ne tsohon Griffith ya canza sunansa zuwa Makonnen. An kashe hutunsa a Harlem, New York City, inda ya shiga cikin tashin hankali game da manyan haya. Makonnen ya kasance abokai da 'yan Indiya ta Yamma da kuma 'yan Afirka irin su shugaban Najeriya Nnamdi Azikiwe na gaba a wannan lokacin, kuma tare da su ne suka kafa Cibiyar Libya, inda 'yan kungiyar suka "karanta takardun ilmantarwa game da al'amuran Afirka"Makonnen, T. Ras (1973). Pan-Africanism from Within. Oxford University Press. p. 93.. Har ila yau, Makonnen ya saurari tituna da kuma a wasu tarurruka ga masu ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma 'yan gurguzu, ciki har da George Padmore, "amma ban taba zama dan jam'iyya ba; [ko da yake] na karbi bashi mai yawa daga gare su" Makonnen (1973). Pan-Africanism from Within. p. 103.. Makonnen ya ba da ƙarfinsa ga Kwalejin Ma'aikata ta Brookwood, yana aiki kan "mafi mahimmanci kan tarihin Amurka da ƙamus na ƙamus masu mahimmanci ga motsin ma'aikata".Makonnen (1973). Pan-Africanism from Within. p. 105..

Karatun Makonnen, don yin hukunci da abubuwan tarihinsa, ya yi yawa; an san, alal misali, shi da Jomo Kenyatta sun ziyarci Theophilus Scholes, haifaffen Jamaica, don yi masa godiya bisa gagarumin kwarin gwiwa da suka samu daga karanta littattafansa, wadanda suka kasance nazarce-nazarce na tarihin Afirka da kuma kasashen waje. Makonnen ya tsunduma cikin muhawara mai zafi na wancan zamanin akan kwatankwacin cancantar ra'ayoyin W.E.B. Du Bois da Marcus Garvey. Haɗin gwiwar Makonnen tare da George Padmore, sannan Malcolm Nurse; dan uwan Henry Sylvester Williams, shi ma ya fito daga wannan lokacin. A Cornell, ya ci gaba da ayyukansa a matsayin mai fafutukar kare al'amuran Baƙar fata. Ya koya daga maza kamar masanin tattalin arziki, Scott-Nearing da masanin ilimin ɗan adam Franz Boas. Takaitacciyar kwarkwasa da Ba’amurke mai tsattsauran ra’ayi da ya bari a wannan lokacin, ya zana a cikin kalamansa, kalaman barkwanci daga Azikiwe da Ernest Kalibala na Uganda, wadanda su ma suna Amurka a wancan lokacin. Yawancin tsararrakinsa sun sami iliminsu na farko na siyasa daga ƙungiyoyi a hagu na bakan siyasa."Ras Makonnen: True Pan-Africanist. An Appreciation: The Weekly Review (Nairobi), January 6, 1984", in Prah, K. K. (1998). Beyond the Color Line: Pan-Africanist disputation : selected sketches, letters, papers, and reviews. Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-630-5. Retrieved 7 November 2011..

 Rayuwa a Turai 

 Kasar Denmark 
A 1935, Makonnen ya koma Turai. A wata ‘yar gajeriyar ziyarar da ya kai birnin Landan, kan hanyarsa ta zuwa kasar Denmark inda ya gana tare da raba wani dandali da C.L.R. James da Jomo Kenyatta a wani taro da aka yi a dandalin Trafalgar kan rikicin kasar Habasha wanda kungiyar International African Friends of Ethiopia (IAFE) ta shirya. A daidai wannan lokaci ne Mussolini ya zayyana dabarunsa kan Habasha, matashin Griffiths ya canza sunansa zuwa Makonnen, lokacin yana cikin tawagar, wanda ya hada da Jomo Kenyatta da ITA Wallace Johnson; don maraba da Haile Selassie zuwa birnin Bath.

Tare da mutane irin su Makonnen Desta, Peter Mbiyu Koinange, Workineh Martin da sauransu, Makonnen sun yi aiki don yada rikicin Habasha. Makonnen ya tafi Royal Agricultural College a Copenhagen, Denmark. Bayan kimanin watanni 18, an kori Makonnen daga Denmark saboda ya ba da shawarar cewa ana amfani da mustard da Denmark ta sayar wa Italiya wajen kera iskar mustard da ake amfani da shi a cikin mamayar da Italiya ta yi wa Habasha.Amon Saba Saakana, "Makonnen, Ras", in David Dabydeen, John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (eds), The Oxford Companion to Black British History, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 283..

 Kasar Ingila 
A cikin jirgin ya sadu da Paul Robeson, wanda ya bar Amurka kuma yana kafa suna a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Unity a London. Daga baya Makonnen ya zauna a Landan a shekara ta 1937. Ya zama memba mai ƙwazo a Hukumar Hidimar Afirka ta Duniya (IASB) wadda ta kafa ƙarƙashin jagorancin George Padmore. Lokacin da yake rubutu game da rawar Makonnen a cikin Ofishin, ɗan tarihi Carol Polsgrove ya gabatar da shi a matsayin manajan kasuwanci na ƙungiyar, yana sayar da mujallarta, Pan Africa, a tarurrukan siyasa da kuma kula da lissafin.Carol Polsgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause (2009), pp. 26, 35–36..

IASB ta kasance tana tuntuɓar ƙungiyoyin mulkin mallaka irin su Gold Coast Aborigines Rights Protection Society, wanda ya nemi goyon bayanta ga kokenta na 1935 game da ikon sarrafa fitar da koko. Ta shirya tarurrukan zanga-zanga daban-daban a dandalin Trafalgar tare da aika masu magana, ciki har da Makonnen, har zuwa Belfast da Scotland. A kan dandamali na Lahadi a Corner na Speakers' a Hyde Park, Makonnen da sauran masu magana da IASB sun jawo taron jama'a ta hanyar amfani da Prince Monolulu - mai ba da tallafi na farko ga IASB - a matsayin mai magana na farko. Monolulu, wanda ya sami rayuwa mai fa'ida lokaci-lokaci a matsayin mai ba da horo na tsere, yana da "irin sautin Rasputin [da] ana siyar da shi cikin rashin hankali na babban tsari". Nkrumah ya kwatanta Makonnen da kansa a matsayin "mai hazaka mai magana". A can, kuma a bangaren hagu da sauran tarurruka, Makonnen ya sayar da jaridar IASB.

Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na biyu Makonnen ya koma Manchester, inda ya karanci tarihi a jami'ar Manchester[1]. Bisa ga ruhinsa na kasuwanci, ya buɗe gidajen cin abinci guda huɗu da wani gidan rawa na musamman, waɗanda duk sun yi kyau kwarai da gaske, musamman bayan isowar sojojin Amurka, musamman Baƙin Amurkawa a yankin a lokacin yaƙin. Ya kuma bude kantin sayar da litattafai da ke kula da dalibai a jami’ar Manchester da ke kusa da shi, kuma a karshe ya mallaki gidaje da dama wadanda ya bar wa Bakaken fata. Ribar da aka samu daga waɗannan kasuwancin ya tafi ga aikinsa na siyasa. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce shi ne Majalisar Pan African Congress ta biyar da kuma littafin haɗin gwiwa na Pan Africa. Dangantakarsa da Kwame Nkrumah, Peter Abrahams, N. A. Fadipe da Du Bois su ma sun bunkasa a wannan lokacin"Ras Makonnen: True Pan-Africanist. An Appreciation: The Weekly Review (Nairobi), January 6, 1984", in Prah, K. K. (1998). Beyond the Color Line: Pan-Africanist disputations : selected sketches, letters, papers, and reviews. Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-630-5. Retrieved 7 November 2011.. A wannan lokacin, Makonnen ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin IASB kuma, tare da George Padmore da Nkrumah, sun taimaka wajen shirya taron Pan-African Congress karo na biyar a 1945. Ya kuma karbi bakuncin baƙi daga Afirka kuma ya bude kantin sayar da littattafai da sabis na odar wasiku. A shekara ta 1947 ya fara wani sabon bugu mai suna Pan-Africa, wanda ya yi fatan zai zama "launi na rayuwar yau da kullum da ayyukan al'ummar Afirka". Ya rarraba ta a duk faɗin Afirka da Amurka, amma yana da wuya a karɓi kuɗi, kuma a wasu wuraren shagunan sayar da littattafai da masu biyan kuɗi sun damu da ganin abin da yake a wancan lokacin, a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, littafin da ke sukar tsarin mulkin ƙasashen Turai. An daina bugawa na lokaci-lokaci shekara bayan ya fara.[7] A cikin shekarun bayan yakin, Makonnen ya yi aiki tare da mambobin kungiyar matasan Somaliya a Birtaniya don inganta dangantakar Somaliya da Habasha. Makonnen na daya daga cikin mutanen karshe da suka ga Kenyatta kafin ya bar Birtaniya ya koma Kenya. Har ila yau, hulɗar siyasa da ayyukan Makonnen sun haɗa da aiki tare da Jam'iyyar Umma ta Sudan da kuma musamman tare da maza kamar Abdalla Khalil Bey da Mohammed Majoub.Amon Saba Saakana, "Makonnen, Ras", in David Dabydeen, John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (eds), The Oxford Companion to Black British History, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 283..

In July 1937, the Bureau had begun to publish a duplicated paper, Africa and the World, whose 14 August 1937 (and apparently final) issue noted that Makonnen had been among the speakers at a Trafalgar Square meeting regarding the situation in the West Indies, where there was widespread agitation for civil and trade union rights. He also spoke to peace groups, on socialist labour platforms, and to the Left Book Club. By 1938 seemingly enough money had been raised not only to publish a printed monthly paper, International African Opinion (IAO) but also a number of pamphlets which were sold in Britain and sent surreptitiously overseas to colleagues in the West Indies and East and West Africa. In its February–March 1939 issue, IAO published an article by Makonnen entitled "A plea for Negro self-government", which analysed the economic systems everywhere and advised "African peoples of the West to aim in political philosophy and corresponding action at the establishment of the complete economic, social and political control of their own destinies". IAO was soon banned in East Africa.Amon Saba Saakana, "Makonnen, Ras", in David Dabydeen, John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (eds), The Oxford Companion to Black British History, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 283

An sake kafa kungiyar Pan-African Federation (PAF) a Manchester a shekara ta 1944 karkashin jagorancin Dokta Peter Milliard, wani likitan siyasa na asali na Birtaniya Guian; Makonnen shine sakatare. PAF ta shirya wani taron koli na Pan-African Congress, wanda aka yi a Manchester a watan Yulin 1945, tare da wakilai da wakilai daga kasashen bakar fata. Babban mai shirya siyasa na Majalisar shine George Padmore, wanda Francis (Kwame) Nkrumah ya zo kwanan nan ya taimaka. Domin ci gaba da ci gaba da Majalisun da suka gabata, W.E.B. DuBois, wanda ya kira hudu daga cikinsu, an gayyace shi ya jagoranci taron Manchester. "Wani abu mai mahimmanci da ya fito daga Majalisa", Makonnen ya yi imani, shine "ba za a sami gwagwarmaya a Turai ba ga yawancin mu. An ajiye tsohon ra'ayin cewa za ku iya yin karin ayyuka don 'yanci a wajen Afirka". (Pan-Africanism from Inin, shafi na 168) Nan da nan Nkrumah da Kenyatta za su koma Afirka. A Majalisa Makonnen ya yi magana game da Habasha, yana goyan bayan da'awar yankinsa akan yankin Tigray.Amon Saba Saakana, "Makonnen, Ras", in David Dabydeen, John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (eds), The Oxford Companion to Black British History, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 283.

A tsakiyar 1946 Makonnen ya fara tallata "Panaf Service" a matsayin "masu shigo da kaya, masu buga littattafai, masu sayar da littattafai, masu bugawa, da wakilan masana'antun", wanda ke zaune a harabarsa da ke 58 Oxford Road, Manchester, wanda kuma shi ne gidan PAF. Ribar da aka samu daga waɗannan sabbin ayyuka sun kasance don ba da kuɗin PAF, wanda ke kula da tsofaffin tuntuɓar juna kuma ya yi sababbi tare da ƙungiyoyin siyasa da masu fafutuka a Afirka da Caribbean waɗanda aka bayyana damuwarsu kuma an taimaka wa wakilansu zuwa Biritaniya idan ya yiwu. PAF ta yi yunƙurin wargaza "ƙabilanci" da rarrabuwar kabilanci a Turai da Afirka, wanda Makonnen ya ji cewa "wasu cikas ne ga al'adun Afirka" (ibid., shafi na 190). Ta kuma shirya tarurrukan siyasa da dama, misali goyon bayan yajin aikin 1945 a Najeriya da kuma bikin cika shekaru dari da samun 'yancin kai na Laberiya. PAF ta kafa kwamitin hadin kan Asiya da Afirka don karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin dukkan "masu magana" tare da yunkurin kafa wani kwamitin Pan-African a birnin Paris.Amon Saba Saakana, "Makonnen, Ras", in David Dabydeen, John Gilmore, Cecily Jones (eds), The Oxford Companion to Black British History, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 283.

 Manazarta 

Category:Mutuwan  1983