Bauta a Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Amurka

Bauta a Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Amurka tana nufin yadda aka kafa kuma aka gudanar da tsarin bautar bayi a cikin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a nahiyar Arewacin Amurka kafin kafuwar ƙasar Amurka a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta. Wannan tsarin ya fara ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 17, inda aka fara shigo da bayi bakar fata daga Afirka domin yin aiki a gonaki, gidaje da masana'antu.James A. Cox, "Bilboes, Brands, and Branks: Colonial Crimes and Punishments", Colonial Williamsburg Journal, Spring 2003.E.g., Alisha Ebrahimji, "Slavery as a punishment for crimes is in the books in Ohio and lawmakers have been trying to change that for years", CNN, June 24, 2020; accessed 2021.10.18.Oxford Journals 

 Asalin Shigowar Bayi 

A shekarar 1619, wani jirgin ruwa na kasuwanci daga Portugal ya kawo kusan mutane 20 bakar fata zuwa koloni na Virginia daga Angola, inda 'yan kasuwar Dutch suka kwace jirgin. Wannan shi ne farkon rajista na zuwan bayi Afirka a yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Arewacin Amurka. A farkon, wasu daga cikin su ana daukar su ne a matsayin masu aikin tilas na wani lokaci, amma daga baya an fara daukar su a matsayin bayi na dindindin.

 Kafa Tsarin Bauta 

A cikin ƙarni na 17, wasu dokoki da al'adu sun fara tabbatar da bambanci tsakanin fararen fata da bakar fata, inda bakar fata suka fara shiga tsarin bauta na dindindin. Misali, a 1641, Massachusetts ta zama yankin farko da ya halasta bauta a hukumance. A Virginia, an kafa dokokin da suka tabbatar da cewa 'ya'yan mata bayi su ma za su kasance bayi, abin da ya jaddada tsawon rayuwa a matsayin bayi ga bakar fata.

 Bambanci Tsakanin Yankuna 

Bauta ta bambanta dangane da yankuna:

 Yankunan Arewa (New England) – An fi amfani da bayi a matsayin ma'aikata a gida, kananan masana'antu da gonaki. A wasu lokuta, an soke bauta a wadannan yankuna cikin ƙarni na 18.
 Yankunan Tsakiya – A nan, an haɗa amfani da bayi da masu aikin tilas. An shigo da bayi musamman don yin aiki a gonaki da gidaje.
 Yankunan Kudu – A wadannan yankuna, kamar su Virginia, South Carolina da Georgia, bauta ta zama tushen tattalin arziki. An fi amfani da bayi a gonakin shinkafa, auduga da taba.

 Kasuwancin Bayi 

Bautar bayi ta dogara da kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika. Ana kama mutane a Afirka, musamman daga Yammacin Afirka, sannan a shigo da su cikin jiragen ruwa zuwa koloni na Amurka. A can, ana sayar da su kamar kaya, kuma yawanci ana dinga jefa su cikin yanayi mai wuya da cin zarafi.

 Dokoki Masu Tsauri 

Yankunan mulkin mallaka sun kafa dokoki da suka tabbatar da cewa bayi ba su da 'yanci ko kariya ta doka. A karkashin dokokin da ake kira "slave codes", bayi ba su da damar kai kara, ko mallakar dukiya, kuma ana iya hukunta su ba tare da shari'a ba. Haka kuma, an haramta wa bayi su koya karatu ko rubutu a wasu yankuna, don hana su samun 'yancin kai.

 Rayuwar Bayi 

Rayuwar bayi a lokacin mulkin mallaka ta kasance cike da ƙalubale. Suna aiki tuƙuru a gonaki, gidaje, ko cikin masana'antu. Suna rayuwa a cikin talauci da rashin 'yanci. Wasu bayi sun yi ƙoƙari su tsere, wasu kuma sun shirya tawaye ko su shiga coci domin samun sauƙi da fata na 'yanci.

 Bambancin Jinsi da Bauta 

A lokacin mulkin mallaka, an kafa tsarin da ya bambanta jinsi bisa launin fata. Bakar fata aka fi bauta da su, kuma an kafa al'adu da dokoki da suka ƙarfafa wannan bambanci. Fararen fata, ko da matalauta ne, sun fi bayi matsayin doka da zamantakewa. Wannan bambanci ya samar da ginshiƙin tsari mai cike da wariya da aka ci gaba da gani har bayan samun 'yancin kai.

 Kallo Daga Mahangar Addini 

Wasu coci da malaman addini sun goyi bayan bauta, suna cewa yana cikin tsarin Allah, musamman bisa wasu nassosi. Amma kuma wasu, musamman Quakers da wasu Kiristoci na yankin Arewa, sun fara sukar bauta tun kafin karni na 18, suna kallon ta a matsayin zunubi da zalunci.

 Shiri da Gwagwarmaya Don 'Yanci 

Tun kafin juyin juya halin Amurka (American Revolution), wasu mutane da kungiyoyi sun fara fafutukar kawo karshen bauta. Wasu daga cikinsu sun taimaka wa bayi su tsere zuwa yankunan da ba su yarda da bauta ba. Wannan ya samar da tushe ga gwagwarmayar 'yancin bayi da ta ƙara ƙarfi a ƙarni na 19.

 Tasiri da Gado 

Bauta a lokacin mulkin mallaka ta kafa tubalin wariyar launin fata a Amurka. Tasirin tsarin bauta ya kasance a cikin al'adu, zamantakewa, da tsarin tattalin arziki. Yau da kullum, ana ci gaba da fuskantar illolinta ta fuskar rashin daidaito da tsarin mulki da zamantakewa.

 Kammalawa 

Bauta a tarihin mulkin mallaka na Amurka ta kasance muhimmin abu da ya tasiri rayuwar mutane da ci gaban ƙasar. Wannan tarihi yana da muhimmanci wajen fahimtar tushen wariya da matsalolin da ake fuskanta a yau a fannin 'yancin ɗan Adam da adalci a Amurka da ma duniya baki ɗaya.

 Manazarta 

 Mahaɗa




Category:Tarihin Amurka
Category:Bauta
Category:Tarihin Bakar Fata
Category:Birtaniya a Amurka
Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka