Virginia Axline

Virginia Mae Axline (an haife ta ne a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 1911 - 21 ga Maris, 1988) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka kuma daya daga cikin masu gabatarwa a cikin amfani da maganin wasa. Ta rubuta littafin Dibs in Search of Self . Ita ce kuma marubucin Play Therapy, wanda aka buga a 1947.

Ayyukan maganin wasa har yanzu sun dogara ne akan aikin Axline. A cikin shekarun 1940, ta fara bunkasa maganin wasa mara ma'ana, ka'idodin da suka dogara ne akan sabon tsarin mutum na Carl Rogers. A cikin aikinta na farko da aka buga, ta kafa ka'idoji takwas na maganin wasan da ba a jagoranta ba.

Axline ta haɓaka nata hanyar ba da shawara ga yara wanda ya dogara da ka'idodin mutum-mutumi da Rogers ke amfani da su yayin aiki tare da marasa lafiya masu girma. Hanyar Axline ta zama sananne a matsayin Nondirective Play Therapy, wanda ya kafa tushe ga wani nau'in maganin wasa da aka sani da Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT). A cikin littafinta Play Therapy ta tattauna ka'idarta game da ilimin halayyar yara.

Child-Centered Play Therapy ko CCPT wani nau'in maganin wasa ne wanda ke kallon sadarwa mara magana da ke faruwa ta hanyar wasa. Yana ƙoƙari ya inganta warkarwa, canje-canje na tunani da halayyar yara. Yana daya daga cikin makarantun da aka fi sani da maganin wasa a Amurka.

Har zuwa yau akwai nau'ikan maganin wasa daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da dukkan makarantu na ilimin halayyar dan adam. Misali, maganin CBT-play misali ne na wani nau'in maganin wasan kwaikwayo. 

A shekara ta 1964, Axline ya buga Dibs in Search of Self, wani binciken shari'a na wani mai haƙuri mai shekaru biyar, Dibs, wanda aka janye kuma ba shi da magana. A ƙarshe, maganin wasa ya haifar da ci gaba na motsin rai. Wannan littafin ya bayyana zaman mako-mako wanda ya wuce watanni da yawa na magani. A ƙarshen maganin, an gwada Dibs kuma an gano yana da IQ na 168. Wannan littafin ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin ilimin halayyar asibiti / ci gaba a jami'o'i da yawa. Har yanzu an san shi a matsayin ɗayan littattafai masu tasiri a fagen maganin wasa.

 Tarihin rayuwa 

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Virginia Axline a Fort Wayne, Indiana ga Roy G. Axline da Helen G. Axlin . Ta girma ne a Columbus, Ohio . 

 Ayyukan ilimi 
Bayan koyar da makarantar firamare na shekaru da yawa, Axline ta halarci makarantar digiri a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio inda ta fara aiki tare da Carl Rogers. Ta kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Malamai ta Jami'ar Columbia, kuma ta kammala digirin digirin digirinta a fannin Ilimi a shekarar 1950. Ta koyar kuma ta yi bincike a Jami'ar Chicago na tsawon shekaru uku, sannan a Jami'an Columbia na tsawon shekaru bakwai, kuma ta ci gaba da koyarwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Makarantar Ilimi ta Jami'ar New York kafin ta koma Jami'ar Jihar Ohio.

Da zarar ya dawo Ohio, Axline ya buɗe wani aiki mai zaman kansa.

 Ayyuka 

 Axline's Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) 
Virginia Axline an fi saninta da tasirin da take yi a kan maganin wasan yara (CCPT) wanda, ba kamar yadda ake jiyya da shi a lokacin ba, yana ba wa yaro damar bunkasa kai, girma da hulɗar zamantakewa. Wasu masu warkarwa suna amfani da maganin wasa a matsayin abin hawa don ganewar asali. Za'a iya samun zurfin fahimtar batutuwan yaro ta hanyar kallon wasan yaro. Ana ƙarfafa wasan da aka tsara da wanda ba a tsara shi ba. Wannan yana ba da damar yaro don ci gaban halayyar da fahimta da ci gaba.

Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita a cikin maganin wasa ita ce desensitization. Rashin jin dadi na iya taimaka wa yaro sake tsara halayen rikice-rikice.

 Ka'idoji masu mahimmanci 
Axline ya gano ka'idoji takwas na CCPT:

 Dangantakar warkarwa dole ne ta kasance mai ban sha'awa, mai gayyata, da dumi tun daga farko.
 Dole ne likitan ya yarda da yaron ba tare da wani sharadi ba.
 Yanayin warkarwa dole ne ya kasance gaba ɗaya ba tare da hukunci ba ga yaro ya ji ba tare da hanawa ba kuma yana shirye ya bayyana motsin rai, ji, da halayen.
 Dole ne mai warkarwa ya kasance mai hankali da hankali ga halayen yaro don samar da halayen tunani ga yaro, ta wannan hanyar zai iya haɓaka sanin kansa.
 Dole ne yaron ya sami mafita ga matsalolinsa a duk lokacin da zai yiwu. Ta wannan hanyar yaron ya fahimci cewa su ne kawai ke da alhakin canje-canje a cikin halayyar da bai yi ba.
 Ta hanyar tattaunawa da ayyuka, mai warkarwa yana aiki a matsayin inuwa, yana bawa yaro damar jagorantar hanya ta wannan tafiya ta warkarwa.
 Mai warkarwa ya fahimci cewa tsari yana da daidaituwa kuma ya kamata ya ci gaba da saurin yaro.
 Iyakar iyaka kawai ita ce waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa tsarin warkewa ya kasance na gaskiya kuma yaron ya kasance a cikin gaskiyar, cewa ya san manufar su da rawar da suke takawa a cikin maganin.

Har yanzu ana muhawara game da darajar maganin wasa har zuwa yau. Masana da yawa sun yi imanin cewa ba zai yiwu a yi ingantaccen magani ta hanyar da ba ta da umarni, suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a ba da umarni ga maganin don manufar hanya, iyakoki, da aminci. Wasu suna jayayya cewa wasu magungunan da ke akwai sun fi tasiri ga wasu yara.

 Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa 




 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1911