Abenaki

Abenaki ( Abenaki : Wαpánahki ) ’yan asalin yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Woodlands ne na Kanada da Amurka. Mutane ne masu magana da Algonquian kuma wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Wabanaki . Yaren Abenaki na Gabas galibi ana magana da shi a Maine, yayin da ake magana da Yaren Abenaki na Yamma a Quebec, Vermont, da New Hampshire .

Yayin da al'ummar Abenaki suka yi tarayya da halayen al'adu, a tarihi ba su da gwamnatin tsakiya.  Sun taru a matsayin al’umma bayan tuntuɓar juna bayan an lalata musu ƙabilarsu ta asali ta hanyar mulkin mallaka, cututtuka, da yaƙi .

 Sunaye 
Kalmar Abenaki da syncope, Abnaki, dukansu sun samo asali ne daga Wabanaki, ko Wôbanakiak, ma'ana "Mutanen Ƙasar Dawn" a cikin harshen Abenaki .  Yayin da kalmomin biyu sukan rikice sau da yawa, Abenaki na ɗaya daga cikin kabilu da yawa a cikin Ƙungiyar Wabanaki .

Madadin rubutun sun haɗa da : Abnaki , Abinaki, Alnôbak,  ] Abanakee , Abanaqui , Abanaqui , Abanaquois Abenaquis, Abeneaguis, Abenequa, Abenkai, Abenquois, Abernaqui, Abnaqui, Abnaquies, Abnaquois, Abnaquotii, Abasque, Abnekais, Abneki, Abonakies, Abonnekee . 

An samo Wôbanakiak daga wôban ("alfijir" ko "gabas") da aki ("ƙasa")  (kwatanta Proto-Algonquian *wa·pan da *axkyi ) - sunan asalin yankin wanda ya yi daidai da New England da Maritimes . Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi don komawa ga dukan al'ummomin yankin Algonquian -Western Abenaki, Gabashin Abenaki, Wolastoqiyik - Passamaquoddy, da Mi'kmaq - a matsayin ƙungiya ɗaya. 

Mutanen Abenaki kuma suna kiran kansu Alnôbak, ma'ana "Mutane na gaske" (cf, Lenape language : Lenapek ) da kuma Alnanbal mai zaman kansa , ma'ana "maza". Lee Sultzman (July 21, 1997). 

A tarihi, masanan ilimin al'adu sun rarraba Abenaki ta ƙungiyoyin yanki: Western Abenaki da Gabashin Abenaki . A cikin waɗannan rukunin akwai ƙungiyoyin Abenaki:

 Western Abenaki 

 Androscoggin (kuma Arsigantegok Arrasaguntacook, Ersegontegog, Assagunticook, Anasaguntacook ), ya zauna tare da St. Francis River a Quebec. Babban ƙauyen: St. Francis ( Odanak ). Ana kiran mutanen a matsayin "St. Francis River Abenakis", kuma a hankali an yi amfani da wannan kalmar ga dukan Yammacin Abenaki. 
 Cowasuck (kuma Cohass, Cohasiac, Koasek, Koasek, Coos - "Mutanen Pine"), sun rayu a cikin kwarin kogin Connecticut na sama. Babban ƙauyen: Cowass, kusa da Newbury, Vermont .
 Missiquoi (kuma Masipskwoik, Mazipskikskoik, Missique, Misiskuoi, Missisco, Missiassik - "Mutanen Flint"), kuma aka sani da Sokoki. Sun zauna a cikin kwarin Missisquoi, daga tafkin Champlain zuwa bakin ruwa . Babban ƙauyen kusa da Swanton, Vermont . 
 Sokoki (kuma Sokwaki, Squakheag, Socoquis, Sokoquius, Zooquagese, Soquachjck, Onejagese - "Mutanen da Suka Rarraba"), sun zauna a Tsakiyar Tsakiyar da Upper Connecticut Valley Valley. Manyan ƙauyuka: Squakheag, Northfield, Massachusetts, da Fort Hill.
 Pennacook (kuma Penacook, Penikoke, Openango ), ya rayu a cikin Merrimack Valley, saboda haka wani lokacin ana kiransa Merrimack . Babban ƙauyen Penacook, New Hampshire . Pennacook sun kasance babban haɗin gwiwa da suka kasance masu ban sha'awa na siyasa da gasa tare da makwabtan Abenaki na arewa.

 Indiya Joe (  – 1819), ɗan leƙen asirin Mi'kmaq na ƙarni na 18, wanda Abenaki ya karɓa 
 Joseph Laurent (1839-1917), shugaba, marubuci, mai ba da shawara kan harshe, ɗan kasuwa 
 Henry Lorne Masta (1853-1943), shugaba, mai ba da shawarar harshe, kuma marubuci 
 Emma Camp Mead (1866-1934), Oneida herbalist kuma mai kula da otal (mahaifin Abenaki)
 Dark Cloud (Elijah Tahamont) (1855–1918), ɗan wasan fim shiru 

 Sanannen mutanen Abenaki na zamani 

 Jeanne Brink (an haife shi 1944), ɗan wasan kwando 
 Annick Obonsawin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983), 'yar wasan Kanada

 Duba kuma 

 Dutsen Pemigewasset

 Bayanan kafa 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba