Harshen Kurame na Quebec

Harshen kurame na QuebecFaransanci: Langue des signes québécoise ko du Québec, LSQ) shine mafi yawan yaren kurame da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin harshen Faransanci na Kanada, da farko a Quebec. Kodayake ana kiranta alamar Quebec, ana iya samun LSQ a cikin al'ummomi a Ontario da New Brunswick da kuma wasu yankuna a fadin Kanada. Da yake memba ne na dangin Harshen Kurame na Faransanci, yana da alaƙa da Harshen Kurama na Faransashi (LSF), kasancewar sakamakon haɗuwa tsakanin Harshen Kurkuku na Amurka (ASL) da LSF. Kamar yadda LSQ za'a iya samunsa a kusa da kuma cikin al'ummomin francophone, akwai babban matakin aro na kalmomi da jimloli daga Faransanci, amma yana da nisa daga ƙirƙirar harshen creole. Koyaya, tare da LSQ, sanya hannu Faransanci da Pidgin LSQ Faransanci sun wanzu, inda duka sun haɗu da LSQ da Faransanci sosai zuwa digiri daban-daban

LSQ an haɓaka ta ne a kusa da 1850 [1] ta wasu al'ummomin addini don taimakawa koyar da yara da matasa a Quebec daga yanayin hulɗar harshe. Tun daga wannan lokacin, bayan wani lokaci na tilasta magana, LSQ ya zama yare mai ƙarfi tsakanin al'ummomin kurame a cikin Quebec da kuma fadin Kanada. Koyaya, saboda gloss na LSQ a cikin Faransanci da rashin tsarin karatu a cikin ilimin firamare da sakandare na ji, har yanzu akwai manyan kuskuren ra'ayoyi tsakanin al'ummomin ji game da yanayin LSQ da yarukan kurame gaba ɗaya, wanda ke da mummunar tasiri ga manufofin da aka yi a kan sikelin mafi girma.

 Tarihi 
A tsakiyar shekarun 1800, firistocin Katolika sun ɗauki LSF da ASL na yanzu kuma sun haɗa su biyu don inganta ilimin yara kurame da matasa. Shekaru da yawa daga baya, a ƙarƙashin tasirin tunanin Yamma, oralism ya zama ainihin hanyar koyarwa a Quebec da sauran Arewacin Amurka. A can, ɗalibai sun kasance ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya hana kuma sau da yawa ya haramta amfani da LSQ, a maimakon haka yana inganta amfani da duk wani sauraron da ɗalibin yake da shi idan akwai. Irin wannan tsarin yana da tasiri daban-daban inda sauraro ke haifar da ƙarancin ƙwarewa da ƙaranci na samun harshe da aka gani a cikin yara da aka aika zuwa makarantun zama tun suna ƙanana.

A cikin shekarun 1960, an kafa makarantu da yawa don kurame a Montreal don mayar da martani ga ilimin da ya gaza: Cibiyar Montreal don Kurame da Mute, Cibiyar Sourdes-Muettes, Cibiyar Surd de Charlesbourg, babu wani daga cikinsu da ya wanzu. Koyaya, Makarantar MacKay don Kurame ta wanzu tun 1869 tana ba da sabis ga al'ummomin Ingilishi da ASL a Montreal. Tun daga shekarun 1960, akwai karuwar yawan masu magana da LSQ a Quebec da kuma yadawa a fadin Kanada. Saboda kusanci na Faransanci da LSQ, Kurame membobin al'ummomin francophone suna koyon LSQ duk da cewa ASL tana da rinjaye a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi. A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ontario ta zartar da doka wanda ya sa shi kadai yanki ne a Kanada wanda ya amince da LSQ a kowane hali, yana mai lura da cewa "Gwamnatin Ontario za ta tabbatar da cewa [ASL, LSQ da Harshen Kurame na Kasashen Farko] za a iya amfani da su a kotuna, a ilimi da kuma Majalisar Dokoki".  A cikin 2019, Kanada ta wuce majalisar dokoki ta tarayya wacce ta amince da ASL, LSQ, da yarukan kurame na asali a matsayin harsuna na farko don sadarwa ta kurame a Kanada."Wannan sabuwar majalisa ta kafa abin da ake buƙata na duk bayanan tarayya da ayyuka don samun su a cikin waɗannan harsuna.

An yi kira don canza Yarjejeniyar Quebec ta Harshen Faransanci don haɗawa da tanadi don LSQ. Koyaya, an ƙi duk takardun kuɗi saboda wani dalili ko wani suna barin matsayin LSQ a cikin iska ga Quebec da sauran Kanada.

 Matsayi na hukuma 
LSQ an san shi a matsayin harshen hukuma a Ontario kawai a fannonin ilimi, dokoki da ayyukan shari'a bayan wucewar Bill 213 a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Ontario. A duk faɗin Kanada, babu kariya ko kulawa ga yaren kamar yadda gwamnatocin tarayya, larduna ko yankuna ba su yarda da LSQ a matsayin yare ba tare da Ontario ba.

A Quebec a shekara ta 2002 bayan wucewar Bill 104, an ki amincewa da shawarwarin da aka gabatar ga Hukumar Janar-Janar. A cikin 2013, Kungiyar Al'adu ta Quebec don Kurame ta gabatar da ƙarin shawarwari yayin tattaunawa game da sabunta Bill 14 wanda zai canza Yarjejeniyar Harshen Faransanci. An ba da shawarwari uku don canza Yarjejeniyar ta yadda aka gane LSQ tare da layin da aka yi don harshe da al'adun mutanen Aboriginal na Arewacin Amurka da Inuit na Quebec. Na farko ya lura cewa LSQ shine harshen farko na sadarwa ga Kurame Quebecois, na biyu cewa za a koyar da matasa kurame a cikin harsuna biyu (Faransanci / LSQ) a duk bangarorin ilimi kuma na uku cewa Faransanci za a ba da damar ga duk mutanen d / Duck a cikin lardin. Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ba ta kada kuri'a ta 14 ba saboda jam'iyyar 'yan tsiraru ba ta iya samun isasshen goyon baya daga wasu jam'iyyun ba.

 Yawan jama'a 
Yawan mutanen da ke magana da yaren kurame yana da wuyar tantancewa saboda dalilai da yawa, wato bayanan ƙididdigar da ba daidai ba da rashin haɗin kai da al'ummomin da kansu. Haka kuma gaskiya ne a Kanada tare da masu magana da LSQ inda bayanan ƙidaya ta hanyar StatsCan ke kama bayanai na asali wanda ke sa fahimtar halin da ake ciki ya zama da wahala kamar yadda lambobin ba su nuna yawan harshe daidai ba. StatsCan ya ba da rahoton zuwa 2011 kawai masu magana da LSQ 455, duk da haka an kiyasta cewa 2.6% (ko mutane 5,030) na yawan mutanen Quebec suna da ƙarancin ji.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span>]

 Yankin da aka rarraba 
Ana amfani da LSQ da farko a cikin Quebec. A waje, manyan al'ummomin masu amfani da LSQ suna cikin Sudbury, Ottawa da Toronto tare da ƙananan sanannun al'ummomi a wasu sassan New Brunswick. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun LSQ a cikin al'ummomin da ke magana da harshen Faransanci a duk faɗin ƙasar, amma ba a tattara ainihin bayanai a kan lambobi masu wuya ba.

A Montreal, LSQ an tura shi a wasu yankuna ta hanyar ASL inda yake zaune tare. Gabaɗaya, ana iya samun ASL a cikin al'ummomin Ingilishi, duk da haka ba sabon abu ba ne don saduwa da mutanen da ke magana da harsuna biyu a cikin ASL da LSQ a cikin hanyar da mutum zai sadu da mutum mai magana da Ingilishi da Faransanci. Yayinda ASL ke girma a cikin Montreal, LSQ har yanzu yare ne mai ƙarfi a cikin birni, wanda masu magana daga ko'ina cikin lardin ke tallafawa.

 Dubi kuma 

 Sa hannu Faransanci

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba