Harshe na Australiya

Austral (Reo Tuha'a pae) yare ne na Polynesian da ke cikin haɗari ko ci gaba da yaren da kusan mutane 8,000 ke magana a cikin 1987 a Tsibirin Austral da tsibirin Society na Polynesia ta Faransa. Harshen kuma ana kiransa Tubuai-Rurutu, Tubuai, Rurutu-Tupuaʻ, ko Tupuaʻ. Yana da alaƙa da sauran yarukan Tahitic, musamman Tahitian da Māori.

 Tarihi 
Waɗanda suka fara magana da Australiya su ne Tubuaians, mutanen Tubuai . An zauna a tsibirin tun aƙalla 1215 CE.

Mutumin Turai na farko da ya ziyarci Tubuai shi ne James Cook a 1777, kodayake bai sauka ba. Mutanen Turai na gaba da suka isa su ne masu tayar da kayar baya na HMS Bounty a cikin shekara ta 1789. Bayan kafa sansani, masu tayar da kayar baya sun lalace zuwa mamaye ƙauyuka na gida don sace mata,  kuma sun bar bayan watanni biyu.  Mutineer James Morrison ya rubuta yawan mutanen Tubuai a matsayin "3000 souls".  Lokacin da masu wa'azi na Kirista suka isa shekaru talatin bayan haka, an rage yawan jama'a zuwa mutane 300 kawai. Wani ministan Furotesta lokacin da ya ziyarci ikilisiya a Tubuai a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1824, ya rubuta cewa mazauna tsibirin da yawa har yanzu suna fama da mummunar cuta. Ya bayyana alamun kuma ya lura cewa daruruwan sun mutu a cikin shekaru hudu da suka gabata. A sakamakon haka, wasu al'adun gargajiya, imani, da harsuna sun ɓace ko kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su tsira. Har yanzu harsunan yankin Austral ba su da sanarwa ta hukuma, tun daga shekarar 2015. 

 Rarraba kwayoyin halitta 
Ostiraliya harshe ne na Australiya,  kamar yadda yawancin sauran harsunan Pacific. A cikin wannan iyali, an rarraba Austral a matsayin wani ɓangare na reshen Tahitic na harsunan Polynesia, yana mai da shi kusanci da Tahitian da Māori . 

 Matsayi 
Harshen Ostiraliya an rarraba shi a matsayin "barazana" a cikin Kasidar Harsunan Ƙarfafa . [1] Tare da ƙasa da kashi 6% na yawan jama'ar Polynesia na Faransa suna magana Austral, matsayinsa na Ethnologue shima ana ɗaukarsa yana "canzawa". Wannan yana nufin cewa harshen yana zama a cikin tsararraki ɗaya kawai ba a koya wa zuriyarsu ba. Wani abin da ya haifar da raguwar yawan masu magana a Ostiraliya shine yadda al'umma ke jujjuya harshe a hankali zuwa yaren Tahiti mafi yaɗuwa (kuma masu alaƙa).

 Yaruka 
Ostiraliya tana da ƙayyadaddun ƙungiyoyin yare guda huɗu: Ra'ivavae, Rimatara, Rurutu, da Tubuai batattu (wanda kuma aka sani da Tupuai). Kowane ɗayan waɗannan ana kiran su kuma ana magana a kan tsibirin da ya dace: Raivavae, Rimatara, Rurutu da Tubuai . Charpentier, Jean-Michel; François, Alexandre (2015). Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française — Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia. Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française. ISBN 978-3-11-026035-9.

 Ilimin sauti 
Sauraron harshe na yarukan Australiya daban-daban sun bambanta sosai. Yarukan Rurutu da Ra'ivavae, alal misali, suna da baƙaƙen wayoyi takwas ne kawai, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi wuyar fahimta har ma ga masu jin Tahitian, wani yaren Polynesia. Har ila yau, yaren Ra'ivavae ba sabon abu ba ne a cikin cewa rhotic consonant ɗinsa ya samo asali zuwa madaidaicin murya mai tsayi, kama da sautin "g" a Turanci. Charpentier, Jean-Michel; François, Alexandre (2015). Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française — Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia. Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française. ISBN 978-3-11-026035-9.
+Consonants in Rurutu  Charpentier, Jean-Michel; François, Alexandre (2015). Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française — Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia. Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française. ISBN 978-3-11-026035-9.Labial Alveolar Glottal Nasal   M    Mai sassautawa   Rhotic 
+Consonants a cikin Ra'ivavae Charpentier, Jean-Michel; François, Alexandre (2015). Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française — Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia. Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française. ISBN 978-3-11-026035-9.Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal Nasal    M     Mai sassautawa  
Duk yaruka suna da wasula guda biyar , tare da dogayen bambance-bambancen karatu kama da a zahiri duk yarukan Polynesia. Charpentier, Jean-Michel; François, Alexandre (2015). Atlas Linguistique de Polynésie Française — Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia. Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie Française. ISBN 978-3-11-026035-9.

 Misalin kalmomi 
+Kalmomin Australiya  Turanci Ostiraliya A ce  Don sani  Don zaɓar  A gani  Don yin tunani  Don aiki 

 Manazarta 

Category:Harsuna