Lucía Sánchez Saornil

Lucía Sánchez Saornil (13 Disamba 1895 - 2 Yuni 1970), mawakiyar Sipaniya ce kuma yar gwagwarmayar anarcha-mata, wanda aka fi sani da haɗin gwiwar kafa ƙungiyar Mujeres Libres tare da Mercedes Comaposada da Amparo Poch y Gascón . An haife ta a cikin dangin Madrilean masu aiki, ta koyar da kanta tun tana ƙarama kuma ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi don haɓaka Futurist da ƙungiyoyin Ultraist .

Bayan shelar Jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta biyu a cikin 1931, ta shiga cikin Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) kuma ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar anarchist ta Spain . Da sauri ta karaya saboda halin jima'i na maza a cikin motsi, ta yanke shawarar cewa ya zama dole a kafa takamaiman ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na mata don tsara don ƙarfafa mata . Ta kirkiro wani shiri don irin wannan ƙungiya kuma, tare da Comaposada da Poch y Gascón, sun kafa Mujeres Libres, ƙungiyar 'yan mata na anarchist na kasa baki daya.

A lokacin yakin basasar Spain, ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da Mujeres Libres kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista (SIA), yin tafiye-tafiye akai-akai zuwa fagen fama da yakin neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa ga 'yan Republican . Bayan faduwar Catalonia, ta ɗan gudu zuwa gudun hijira, kafin ta koma cikin ɓoye ga Francoist Spain kuma ta rayu cikin sauran rayuwarta a ɓoye a Valencia .

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi Lucía Sánchez Saornil a Madrid, a cikin dangin matalauta masu aiki. Ta kasance mai koyar da kanta kuma tun tana ƙarama ta haɓaka hazaka a matsayin mawaƙi, ta rubuta wa mujallu na ƙungiyar Futurist . A shekara ta 1916, ta fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin canji, a lokacin da mata suka fara zama babban ma'aikata a fannin. 

 Farkon gwagwarmaya 
Bayan shelar Jamhuriyar Spain ta Biyu a cikin 1931, Sánchez Saornil ya shiga  da Telefónica, wanda ya fara kawo ta cikin Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Nan da nan ta yi la'akari da cewa 'yancin mata, bisa ka'ida da sabuwar jamhuriya ta samu, har yanzu mata ba su isa ba, kuma ta fara ba da shawarar karfafawa mata ta hanyar ilimi .  A matsayinta na mai fafutuka a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Barcelona, Sánchez Saornil ta bijiro da ra'ayin kafa ƙungiyar ilimin mata ga ƙungiyoyin kwadago da yawa, amma kowannensu ya ƙi ta kuma ta yanke shawarar komawa Madrid. 

A can ta hadu da Mercedes Comaposada, dalibar shari'a a Jami'ar Madrid .  A cikin 1933, ma'auratan sun halarci taron CNT. An gayyace su a wurin don yin aiki a matsayin "malamai mata", amma a maimakon haka sun sami kansu sun yi shiru da ƴan uwansu maza, waɗanda har yanzu suna kallon mata.  Da takaici da abin da ya faru, sun bar taron da wuri kuma suka fara tattauna hanyoyin da za a bi a Retiro Park . A lokacin, Sánchez Saornil yana aiki da ƙungiyar jiragen ƙasa kuma ya sayo jerin sunayen kungiyoyin mata na anarcho-syndicaists. Sun rubuta wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, suna gayyatar su don tattauna abubuwan da suka faru da kuma batutuwan da suke fama da su, kuma sun sami amsa daga ko'ina cikin Spain.  A shekara ta 1935, musayar wasiƙu da ya biyo baya tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya kafa tushen haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin mata masu 'yanci na ƙasa. 

Yayin da ayyukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ke ƙaruwa, Sánchez Saornil kuma ya fara ba da gudummawar labarai da dama game da batutuwan mata a cikin shafukan mujallar FAI Tierra y Libertad da jaridar CNT ta Solidaridad Obrera . A karshen, babban sakatare na CNT Mariano R. Vázquez ya buga labarai guda biyu game da mata a cikin CNT . Yayin da yake nuna juyayinsa da gwagwarmayar mata, ya karasa dagewa cewa ya kamata a ajiye ‘yancin mata har sai lokacin da ma’aikata suka samu nasara a rikicin ajin . Sánchez Saornil ta mayar da martani da nata jerin kasidu biyar masu taken " La cuestión femenina ", wadanda suka kafa harsashin kafa kungiyar mata ta 'yanci.  Ta yi kira da a kafa kungiyar ‘yantar da mata da mata. Shirin nata ya ba da shawarar azuzuwa don haɓaka ilimin mata da iliminsu, koyan koyan sana'o'i a sassa daban-daban na masana'antu, da ƙungiyoyi don haɓaka ƙarfafa mata ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a . 

Wadannan tattaunawar sun kafa tushen kafa kungiyar Mujeres Libres,  wanda Sánchez Saornil da Comaposada suka kafa tare da likitan anarchist Amparo Poch y Gascón . [ 9 ] Wannan sabuwar kungiyar 'yan mata ta 'yan anarchist ta sanya kanta manufar cimma 'yantar da mata daga " bautar sau uku" ta hanyar jahilci, jima'i da cin zarafi . [ 10 ]

A cikin kungiyar kuma a matsayin marubuci ga mujallar ta na homonymous, Sánchez Saornil ya ci gaba da suna a matsayin mai kashe gobara, mai kishin tsarawa da kuma mai magana mai karfi, yana tunatar da yawancin mata masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Jarumin Anarchist na Paris Louise Michel .  Sánchez Saornil ya rubuta kasidu da dama ga mujallar Mujeres Libres, gami da kasida kan ma'aikatan aikin gona na Castilian, da nufin ilmantar da masu karatunta a cikin manyan biranen rayuwar karkara. 

 Yakin Basasa 
alt=Photograph of Lucía Sánchez Saornil walking together with Emma Goldman|right|thumb| Lucía Sánchez Saornil (a hagu) tare da Emma Goldman (tsakiya) a cikin 1938
Bayan barkewar yakin basasar Spain, Sánchez Saornil ya shiga cikin tsaron Madrid, yana aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida na gaba da farfaganda ga masu adawa.  Ta fara amfani da waƙoƙinta a matsayin nau'i na agitprop, ta rubuta jerin waƙoƙin da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da al'adun Republican . [ 13 ] Rubuce-rubucenta ya jawo hankalin mai kishin kasa Emma Goldman, wanda ya yi aiki akai-akai tare da Sánchez Saornil, yana ƙarfafa ta don daidaita yakin duniya don tallafawa juyin juya halin Spain. 

Sánchez Saornil ya koma babban birnin Republican na Valencia, inda ta zama edita a cikin latsawar anarchist. Yayin da ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican ke fuskantar matsalar karancin abinci mai muni, wanda ‘yan gudun hijira daga yankin masu kishin kasa da kuma takunkumin da Birtaniya da Faransa suka kakaba mata, ta bayyana halin da ake ciki tare da tara kudade domin jamhuriyar.  Ta zama babban sakatare na Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista (SIA) kuma ta yi tafiye-tafiyen kayayyaki akai-akai zuwa gaba-gaba, [ 16 ] tare da sauran Mujeres Libres da mata na CNT . [ 17 ] Wani bangare na burin Mujeres Libres da ke ziyartan gaba shi ne don ilmantar da mayakan da kuma samar da "karfin mace mai hankali da sanin ya kamata". Sánchez Saornil da kanta ta ce: 

Sánchez Saornil da Comaposada kuma sun nemi amincewar Mujeres Libres daga gwamnatin Francisco Largo Caballero . Sai dai gwamnati ta ki amincewa da hakan, inda ta bayyana cewa kasancewar Mujeres Libres ba kungiya ce ta hukuma da ke da kwamitoci da jami’ai ba, ba za su iya gane ta ba.  Dangane da mayar da martani, a cikin watan Agustan 1937, Mujeres Libres sun gudanar da taron kasa na farko kuma suka sake tsara kanta zuwa tarayya ta kasa, bisa tsarin CNT.  Amma ko da bayan sake tsarawa, Mujeres Libres har yanzu ba su da cikakken goyon baya daga ƙungiyar anarchist. A cikin Disamba 1938, 'yan sanda sun kori Casal de la Dona Treballadora kuma Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta kwace shi, wanda ya mayar da shi ga Bankin Spain . Ko da yake Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) ya amsa buƙatun su na taimako, CNT ta nuna ƙarancin goyon baya ga Mujeres Libres. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga kwamitin kasa na CNT, Sánchez Saornil ya rubuta: 

Sánchez Saornil ya kuma yi watsi da kiraye-kirayen da  don haɗa kai a ƙarƙashin tutar su, [ 22 ] kamar yadda ta yi imani cewa ƙungiyar ta fi ƙarfin ci gaba da aikinta na kai tsaye da kuma wayar da kan jama'a ba tare da buƙatar daidaitawa a cikin tsarin jihar ba.  Ta amince da ka'idar haɗin kai a cikin bambance-bambancen, kamar yadda ta yi imanin cewa kowace ƙungiyar mata ya kamata ta kula da halinta na kowane mutum, yayin da kowace ke aiki don 'yantar da mata. Ta ce: 

 Daga baya rayuwa 
A watan Fabrairun 1939 Catalonia ta fada hannun 'yan kishin kasa, wanda ya tilasta wa Sánchez Saornil tserewa zuwa gudun hijira a Faransa, inda aka tsare ta na dan lokaci a sansanin taro na Argelers . Bayan da aka sake ta, ta shiga aikin tallafawa 'yan gudun hijirar Jamhuriyar Spain, wanda ya sa ta zama manufa bayan faduwar Faransa zuwa Jamus na Nazi . 

An kama ta amma ta sami nasarar tserewa kafin a kai ta sansanin 'yan Nazi . A tsayin daka na danniya na Francoist, ta yanke shawarar komawa Spain a ɓoye . Ta zauna a can cikin kwanciyar hankali amma a ƙarshe ta zauna a ƙarƙashin radar, saboda ba a yi mata hoto a bainar jama'a ba a lokacin yakin basasa kuma yawancin littattafanta an buga su ba tare da suna ba. Wata kawarta ce ta ba ta mafaka, wadda ta ke da kanta a lokacin yaƙi, a Valencia, inda ta sami abin rayuwa ta hanyar aiki mai ƙarfi . Ta yarda da shan kayen da jamhuriyar ta yi, amma ta kiyaye begenta na utopian da rai ta hanyar rubutunta. 

Sánchez Saornil ta shafe yawancin rayuwarta tana kula da 'yar uwarta Conchita, wadda ke da ciwo mai tsanani, kuma ta rayu tsawon shekaru 30 tare da abokiyar zamanta América Barroso . Watanni bayan mutuwar 'yar'uwarta, a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1970, Lucía Sánchez Saornil ta mutu. Barroso ta rubuta layin daya daga cikin wakokinta a kan dutsen kabarinta: "Amma shin da gaske ne bege ya mutu?" 

 Rubutu 
Sánchez Saornil ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan alƙalami na Luciano de San Saor.  Ta rubuta kasidu kamar "Tambayar Mata" da "Tambayoyin Mata a cikin Kafofin watsa labarunmu," sannan kuma "Takaitacce game da Tambayar Mata: Ga Compañero Vázquez," inda ta fara haɓaka dalilinta na haɗin gwiwar Mujeres Libres, duka jarida da kungiyar.  Ɗaya daga cikin kasidunta mai ban haushi, "Bikin Aure ko Ƙaunar Ruhaniya," ta bayyana ra'ayoyinta game da aure a matsayin kwangilar sayarwa. 

 Duba kuma 

 Anarcha-feminism
 Anarchism and issues related to love and sex § Mujeres Libres
 Anarchism a Spain

 Manazarta 

 Littafi Mai Tsarki 


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 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba