Istishab

Istiṣḥāb kalma ce ta Musulunci da ake amfani da ita a cikin fikihu don nuna ka’idar zato na ci gaba.  An samo shi daga kalmar larabci suhbah ma’ana rakiya.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idodin cirewar shari'a wanda ke ɗaukan ci gaban gaskiya.  Ya dogara ne akan yuwuwar kuma ana iya amfani dashi idan babu wasu hujjoji.

Istishab, wani shiri na ash-Shafii,  shine ka'idar tunani na cire mafita ta doka wanda ba a la'akari da canje-canje su faru ba har sai alamun waɗannan canje-canje sun bayyana. Yana aiki a matsayin tushen hukunce-hukuncen shari'a da yawa kamar zaton rashin laifi - ana ɗaukar mutumin ba shi da laifi sai dai idan an tabbatar da laifi. Malik ibn Anas da ash-Shafii sun dauki shi a matsayin hujja har sai an saba da shi. Yawancin lauyoyi na gargajiya sun bambanta game da wannan ka'ida tare da wasu lauyoyin Hanafi da suka ki la'akari da shi a matsayin shaida. Yanzu masana na zamani suna amfani da shi sosai.

 Ma'ana 
Ibn al-Qayyim ya bayyana shi a matsayin 

Al-Qarafi ya bayyana shi a matsayin ingancin tsohuwar jihar a cikin kalmomi masu zuwa. 

 Nau'o'in 
Istishab ya kasu kashi da yawa. Yawancin malamai sun yarda da nau'o'i uku.

 Tsinkaya na asali 
Rashin kowane ka'idojin Shari'a ne a kan babban Musulmi, har sai an kafa halattacciyarsu. Misali shine rashin Addu'a ta shida ga Musulmi, zaton mutumin ba shi da laifi, da dai sauransu. Masana tauhidin Islama sun yarda tare da ingancin wannan nau'in.

 Tushen rayuwar yau da kullun shine izini 
Mafi yawan lauyoyi sun yi imanin cewa tushen abubuwa masu amfani na yau da kullun shine izini kuma a cikin abubuwa masu cutarwa shine haramtacciya. Misali, ana ba da izinin wani nau'in abinci har sai an kafa gardamar Shari'a, wanda ke tabbatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciyarsa.

 Tsinkaya na wanzuwar kafin a sami shaidar 
Idan akwai matani na Sharia dangane da kowane al'ada, wanda Istishab ya goyi bayan, to ba za a karɓi maganganu game da kawar da wannan doka ba har sai an goyi bayan su da shaidu. Misali shine ci gaba da mallakar haƙƙin mallaka. Ba za a karɓi aikace-aikacen dakatar da dukiya ba har sai an gabatar da shaidar da ke tallafawa waɗannan maganganun. Wani misali shine ingancin wankewa, wanda ba zai zama mara inganci ba bisa ga shakku kawai.

 Manazarta