Alice Herz

Alice Jeanette Herz (née Strauß, a madadin aka fassara Strauss ; 25 ga Mayu, 1882 - Maris 26, 1965) yar Jamus ce, mai adawa da mulkin farci da mai fafutukar zaman lafiya . Ita ce mutum ta farko a Amurka da aka sani da ta yi lalata da kanta domin nuna adawa da karuwar yakin Vietnam, ta yi koyi da wani malamin addinin Buddah Thích Quảng Đức wanda ya kashe kansa don nuna rashin amincewa da zaluncin da mabiya addinin Buddah suka yi a karkashin gwamnatin shugaban Katolika ta Kudancin Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem . [1] [2]

 Rayuwar farko 
Alice Jeanette Strauß ita ce ɗan fari na Rosalie Kramer (1858–1943) da Moritz Strauß (1850–1920), duka zuriyar Jamusanci-Yahudawa . Ta na da ‘yan’uwa shida, kanne mata biyar da kane, wanda ya rasu yana da shekara biyu. Ta kammala karatun tsaka-tsaki ta yi karatu har ta zama malama, amma matsalar ido ta hana Herz kammala seminar, maimakon haka ta sami aiki a matsayin sakatariyar ofishin lauya. A cikin 1907, Herz ya tuba daga Yahudanci zuwa Furotesta . [1]

 Ayyukan aiki a Jamus 
A farkon shekarun 1900, Herz ya shiga harkar mata kuma ya zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata, musamman don zaɓen duniya da zaman tare . Ta auri Paul Herz, masanin ilmin sinadarai kuma ɗan'uwan Margarete Herz, fitaccen ɗan takara . Ma'auratan sun koma Güstrow a Mecklenburg-Vorpommern kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Helga (1912-2010) da Konrad (1915-1929). An haifi Konrad da raunin jiki kuma ya kusa makanta.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan yakin duniya na ɗaya, an saka mijinta a cikin soja, tare da Herz yana tsammanin nasarar Jamus da dawowar Bulus cikin watanni. A cikin 1918, ba tare da kawo karshen yakin ba, Herz ya fara nuna goyon baya ga dimokuradiyyar Jamus tare da 'yan uwansa masu rajin kare demokradiyya da mata, wadanda suka nemi aiwatar da zaben mata. Ƙungiyar ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi kira ga ministan harkokin waje Hans Sivkovich don "yancin kada kuri'a ta duniya, daidai, asiri da kuma kai tsaye" kuma tare da ƙarshen yakin duniya na daya a watan Nuwamba a wannan shekarar, an sami 'yancin yin zabe tare da kafa Jamhuriyar Weimar . A cikin 1919, dangin Herz sun koma Berlin-Mahlsdorf, inda Bulus ya sami matsayi a masana'antar roba. Yiwuwa sakamakon kamuwa da sinadarai na yau da kullun, Bulus ya mutu sakamakon gazawar koda a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1928, yana da shekaru 45. Dan su Konrad ya rasu makonni kadan bayan fama da matsalolin lafiya. 

A ranar 13 ga Maris, 1933, Herz da 'yarta Helga sun bar Jamus zuwa Switzerland, wani abu da ta yi la'akari da shi a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata saboda damuwa da karuwar kyamar baki da kuma karuwar ikon siyasa na jam'iyyun dama a Jamhuriyar Weimar. Ta tabbatar da shawararta tare da nadin Adolf Hitler a matsayin Reich Chancellor . Herz ya yi annabta daidai cewa Yahudawa da abokan hamayyar siyasa, musamman ma na hagu, za su shiga cikin bincike mai zurfi, musamman bayan gobarar Reichstag . Daga nan Alice da Helga suka ƙaura zuwa Faransa, inda Alice ta koyi Faransanci da Esperanto . Dukansu matan Herz sun ci gaba da yin fafutuka ta siyasa ta hanyar shigarsu cikin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci, tare da Alice ta soki Naziism a cikin takardun da ta ba wa wallafe-wallafen Social Democratic Party of Germany . Bayan rushewar da gwamnatin Nazi ta yi mai karfi a lokacin rani na 1933, ta zama marubuci ga mujallar gurguzu ta Kirista ta Swiss Neue Wege . 

Bayan mamayewar Faransa, Herz da 'yarta sun shafe lokaci a sansanin horo na Gurs kusa da iyakar Spain, Alice da Helga sun zo Amurka a 1942.  

 Rayuwa a Amurka da kokarin yaki da yaki 
Alice da Helga sun zauna a Detroit, Michigan, inda Helga ta zama ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Detroit, kuma Alice ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai koyar da Jamusanci a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne . Ma'auratan sun bukaci, amma an hana su zama 'yan kasar Amurka saboda kin yin alkawarin kare kasar da makamai. Daga baya Helga ta sake neman izinin zama dan kasa a shekara ta 1954, amma ba a bayyana ko Alice ta taba yin hakan ba. Alice da Helga sun shiga Unitarians, kuma dukansu sun shiga cikin ayyukan ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya da yawa. 

Herz ta rubuta budaddiyar wasika, wacce ta rabawa abokai da sauran ‘yan gwagwarmaya kafin rasuwarta. A cikin wasikar tata, ta zargi shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson da yin amfani da karfin sojan sa "don shafe dukkan kasashen da ya zaba". Ta yi kira ga jama'ar Amurka da su " farka su dauki mataki " a kan yaki, kuma ta bayyana kashe kanta a matsayin wani yunƙuri na "ji kaina".  

 Kona kai 
Herz ta cinna wa kanta wuta a kan titi a Detroit a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1965, tana da shekara 82.     Wani mai mota ne da ’ya’yansa maza guda biyu suna wucewa sai suka ga tana konewa suka kashe wutar. Ta rasu sakamakon raunukan da ta samu bayan kwanaki goma.   A cewar Taylor Branch's A Canaan's Edge (2006), jawabin Shugaba Johnson ne ga Majalisa don goyon bayan Dokar 'Yancin Zabe wanda ya sa ta yi imani cewa lokacin yana da kyau don nuna rashin amincewa da yakin Vietnam . 

 Gado 
Da take ba da labarin wata kawarta kafin mutuwarta, Herz ta bayyana cewa ta yi amfani da duk hanyoyin da aka amince da zanga-zangar da masu fafutuka ke da su—ciki har da tafiya, zanga-zanga, da rubuta labarai da wasiƙu marasa adadi—kuma ta yi mamakin me kuma za ta iya yi. Marubuciya kuma masanin Falsafa Shingo Shibata ya kafa Asusun Aminci na Alice Herz jim kadan bayan rasuwarta. An ba wa wani filin wasa a Berlin (Alice-Herz-Platz [ de ]) suna don girmama ta a cikin 2003.  

 Duba kuma 

 Norman Morrison
 Roger Allen LaPorte
 George Winne, Jr.
 Jerin cin zarafi na siyasa

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 


 Speaking Out Against the Vietnam War 
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba