Pat Schroeder

Patricia Nell Scott Schroeder (an haife ta a watan Yuli 30, 1940 - Maris 13, 2023) yar siyasar Amurka ce wacce ta wakilci gundumar majalisa ta Colorado ta 1st a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka daga 1973 zuwa 1997. 'Yar jam'iyyar Democrat, Schroeder ita ce mace ta farko da ta wakilci Amurka da aka zaba daga Colorado kuma ta tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a 1988 .

 Shekarun farko 
An haifi Patricia Nell Scott a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli, 1940, a Portland, Oregon, 'yar Bernice (Scott), malamin aji na farko, da Lee Combs Scott, matukin jirgi wanda ya mallaki kamfanin inshora na jirgin sama.  Ta ƙaura zuwa Des Moines, Iowa, tare da danginta tun tana ƙarami, kuma ta sami takardar shaidar jirgin sama lokacin tana ɗan shekara goma sha biyar.  Bayan ta sauke karatu daga Theodore Roosevelt High School a 1958, ta bar Des Moines kuma ta halarci Jami'ar Minnesota, inda ta yi fice a tarihi. Schroeder memba ne na Chi Omega sorority. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a 1961 kuma ta sami Likitan Juris daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard a 1964. 

A ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1962, ta auri Jim Schroeder, abokin karatun lauya na Harvard, kuma ta koma Denver, Colorado, inda Jim ya shiga kamfanin lauya. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Scott William (an haife shi a shekara ta 1966) da Jamie Christine (an haifi 1970).   Schroeder ya yi aiki da Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta Kasa daga 1964 zuwa 1966. Ta yi aiki ga Planned Parenthood a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan doka, kuma ta koyar a makarantun jama'a na Denver. 

 Wakilin Amurka 

 Yakin neman zabe 
A cikin 1970, mijin Schroeder Jim ya yi takara don zama a Majalisar Dokokin Colorado kuma ya yi rashin nasara da kuri'u 42 kawai. A wannan zaben, dan jam'iyyar Democrat mai shekaru 20, Byron Rogers na gundumar majalisa ta farko ta Colorado, mai hedikwata a Denver, ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani ga Craig Barnes mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma dan Republican Mike McKevitt ya lashe babban zaben. Kafin zaben 1972, Jim ya tambayi wani mutum da ya ki tsayawa takarar Majalisa ko matarsa za ta tsaya takara, sai mutumin ya sake tambayarsa: "Naka fa?" Yayin da aka yi niyya a matsayin sharhi maras muhimmanci, ya shawo kan Schroeder ya yi la'akari da aikin siyasa, kuma ta yanke shawarar gudu don zama a kan dandamali na adawa da yakin Vietnam .   

An yi la'akari da dan takara mai tsayi, Schroeder bai sami goyon baya daga kwamitin kasa na Democratic da kungiyoyin mata ba. Duk da haka, tare da cikakken karfin gwiwa McKevitt ya zauna a Washington har zuwa makon da ya gabata na yakin, sakon Schroeder na yaki, muhalli, da kula da yara ya kai ta yin nasara da kuri'u sama da 8,000 kawai a cikin zabtarewar kasa na Richard Nixon a waccan shekarar.  A lokacin da yake da shekaru 32, Schroeder ita ce mace ta biyu mafi ƙanƙanta da aka zaɓa zuwa Majalisa.  McKevitt, a baya Lauyan Gundumar Denver, ya kasance ɗan Republican na farko da ya wakilci gundumar, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafi Dimokuradiyya a cikin Rockies, tun Dean M. Gillespie a cikin 1947. Duk da haka, gundumar ta koma kafa, kuma an sake zaɓe ta sau 11. Ta fuskanci hamayya guda daya ne kawai bayan takara ta farko, lokacin da ta samu kashi 53 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada - shi ne kadai lokacin da ta fadi kasa da kashi 58.

A cikin 1984, an ambaci Schroeder a matsayin mai yiwuwa abokin takarar tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Walter Mondale,  amma nadin ya tafi ga Wakilin Geraldine Ferraro na New York, wanda ke da rabin lokacin Schroeder a cikin House.

Shekaru bayan haka, Schroeder ta gabatar da bukatar Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai ga fayil dinta na FBI kuma ta gano cewa ita da ma'aikatanta suna cikin sa ido a lokacin yakin neman zabenta na farko na majalisa. Ta samu labarin cewa hukumar FBI ta dauki wanzamin mijin nata ne a matsayin mai ba da labari, kuma ta biya wani mutum mai suna Timothy Redfern ya shiga gidanta ya sace “irin wadannan muhimman takardu na sirri kamar bayanan da na biya daga kungiyar mata masu kada kuri’a da kuma daya daga cikin makullan yakin neman zabe na, wanda hakan ke nuna mata “yadda J. Edgar Hoover da hukumarsa suka kasance masu ban tsoro. 

 Lokaci 
Yayin da yake cikin Majalisa, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ayyuka na Majalisar,  inda ta ba da shawarar sarrafa makamai da rage kashe kudaden soja.  Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na ainihin Kwamitin Zaɓar Yara, Matasa, da Iyalai da aka kafa a 1983.  An san Schroeder a lokacin farkon zamanta a Majalisa don daidaita aikinta na majalisa tare da uwa, har ma da kawo diapers a bene na Majalisa.  Shawararta kan lamuran iyali ya jagoranci Schroeder ya zama babban mai motsawa a bayan Dokar Ba da Iyali da Lafiya ta 1993 da Dokar Iyali ta 1985.  Schroeder kuma ya shiga cikin sake fasalin Majalisa da kanta, yana aiki don raunana ikon da aka dade na kwamitocin ta kujerunsu,  sparring tare da Kakakin Carl Albert game da "hideaways" na majalisa,  da kuma tambayar dalilin da ya sa mambobin Majalisar da ke zaune a ofisoshin su ba za a biya haraji don amfanin ba. 

Schroeder ta sanya kanta a matsayin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya". A cikin 1981, ta kada kuri'ar adawa da rage harajin Reagan, saboda ta yi tunanin kasar ba za ta iya ba; ta yi adawa da lissafin sake fasalin haraji na 1986, yana fifita ƙarin ƙimar ci gaba. A cikin 1986 tana da ƙimar kashi 95 cikin ɗari daga Amurkawa Don Ayyukan Demokraɗiyya kuma ita ma Ƙungiyar Masu biyan haraji ta ƙasa ta sanya ta a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya fiye da Jack Kemp . A shekara ta 1989, Schroeder ya kada kuri'ar adawa da gwamnatin George HW Bush fiye da kowane memba na majalisar (kashi 79), kuma sau da yawa ba ya zabe tare da 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat akan kuri'un "haɗin kai".   

Jaridar Washington Post ta yi nuni da cewa Schroeder ta kasance "sananniya ce da taurin kai", kuma yawancin maganganunta da maganganunta an ware su ne don kulawar kafofin watsa labarai yayin aikinta. Hasson, Judi (March 13, 2023). "Patricia Schroeder, congresswoman who wielded barbed wit, dies at 82". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2023. Ta tuna cewa " John Wayne ya ba ni wutar sigari ta azurfa a lokacin yakin Vietnam wanda ya ce 'Fuck Communism' a kai. Ban san yadda zan yi ba. Har yanzu ban sani ba."  Ta kirkiro kalmar "Teflon President" don kwatanta Ronald Reagan da shahararsa ko da a cikin abin kunya; tunanin ya zo mata lokacin da take soya ƙwai a cikin kwanon Teflon .  Mawallafin Rebecca Traister ya tuna cewa Schroeder ya amsa damuwa game da daidaita rayuwar siyasa tare da uwa ta hanyar cewa "Ina da kwakwalwa da mahaifa, kuma dukansu suna aiki."  A cikin musayar 1995, bayan Wakilin Duke Cunningham ya gaya wa Wakilin Bernie Sanders cewa "zauna, ku mai ra'ayin gurguzu", a yayin muhawarar da Sanders da Schroeder suka yi adawa da maganganun luwadi da Cunningham suka yi, Schroeder ya tambayi, "Binciken majalisa, Mr. Shugaba - shin dole ne mu kira Gentle" mutum ɗaya? 
Ta jagoranci yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 1988 na Gary Hart a 1987 har sai da ya janye, a lokacin ta yi la'akari da shiga cikin tseren, kafin ta sanar da cewa ba za ta yi wani taron manema labarai da hawaye ba a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1987.  Halin tunanin Schroeder ya haifar da koma baya daga bangarori daban-daban na siyasa, tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi watsi da halinta, kuma masu sharhi na mata suna ganin hakan ya sa mata 'yan siyasa ba su da mahimmanci.  A shekara ta 2007, shekaru ashirin bayan haka, Schroeder ta ce har yanzu tana samun wasiƙun ƙiyayya game da taron manema labarai, galibi daga mata ne, kuma ta ce hakan ya fallasa ma’auni biyu na maza da mata a siyasa. Ta ce, "Guys sun kasance suna tagewa gaba daya kuma mutane suna tunanin abin mamaki ne", in ji ta, tana ambaton labaran da suka shafi Ronald Reagan ; amma ga mata 'yan takara, ya kasance ba a iyakance ba. 

A cikin 1989, ta rubuta wani littafi mai suna Champion of the Great American Family: Littafin Nasiha da Siyasa wanda ya tattauna labarinta na sirri da kuma ƙoƙarin majalisa don tsara manufofi game da batutuwan iyali kamar izinin iyaye, kula da yara, tattalin arziki na iyali, da tsarin iyali.

 Publishing industry career 
An nada Schroeder a matsayin shugaba kuma Shugaba na Associationungiyar Masu Bugawa ta Amurka a cikin 1997 kuma ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi na shekaru 11.  Ta ba da shawarar samun ƙarin dokokin haƙƙin mallaka, tallafawa gwamnati a cikin Eldred v. Ashcroft, da adawa da shirin Google na ƙididdige littattafai da aika taƙaitaccen abun ciki akan layi.  Ta kuma soki ɗakunan karatu don rarraba abubuwan lantarki ba tare da biyan diyya ga masu wallafa, marubuta, da sauran su a cikin masana'antar wallafe-wallafe ba, ta gaya wa Washington Post, "Ba su da wadata ... suna da jinginar gida."  Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarar Jagoranci ta Ƙasa don Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, tana ƙarfafa masu wallafa su sa littattafai su kasance masu sauƙi ga makafi da mutanen da ke da sauran matsalolin karatu.  Ta kuma zauna a kan kwamitin alkalai don lambar yabo ta PEN / Newman . 

Schroeder ya ba da labarin labarin yara, "Gidan da ya tafi yajin aiki", wanda aka saki azaman aikace-aikacen wayar hannu a cikin 2012. Ta rubuta game da kwarewarta tana ba da labarin kuma ta ba da hangen nesa game da aikace-aikacen littattafan yara a cikin Yuli 24, 2012, shafi a cikin The Huffington Post .  Bugu da ƙari, an nuna Schroeder da littafin a cikin bayanin martaba akan Wired .

 Daga baya rayuwa 
Bayan zamanta a AAP, Schroeder da mijinta sun ƙaura zuwa Celebration, Florida, wani yanki mai tsari wanda Kamfanin Walt Disney ya gina. Ta kasance sanannun tsohon shugaban kamfanin Disney Michael Eisner, wanda ya taimaka wajen sauƙaƙe tafiyar.  A cikin 2010, birnin ya kasance a cikin gundumar majalisa ta 8th na jihar, kuma Schroeder ya amince da dan majalisar wakilai Alan Grayson na jam'iyyar Democrat don sake zabensa zuwa Majalisa, yana mai nuni da matsayinsa kan batutuwan mata.  Grayson ya sha kaye a yakin neman zaben sa. Daga baya ta sake amincewa da shi gabanin zabukan majalisar wakilai na 2012. Grayson ya lashe wannan kamfen na sake zaben.

 Magana 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023
Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba