Qiyan

Arabic-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Qiyān (Arabic, [qi' guda]; , Larabci, Larabcin: قَينة, Larabanci: [']) sun kasance  mata, waɗanda aka hora su a matsayin masu nishadantarwa, waɗanda suka yadu a duniyar Islama ta zamani. anar An yi amfani da kalmar ga mata waɗanda suke da 'yanci, gami da wasu daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga manyan mutane, da kuma mata marasa' yanci. An ba da shawarar cewa "geisha na Japan shine watakila mafi kyawun nau'in abokantaka da nishaɗi na mata na zamantakewa ga masu tallafawa maza, kodayake, ba shakka, bambance-bambance ma suna da yawa".  

A tarihi,  ya bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin Khalifancin Umayyad, Khalifancin Abbasid, da kuma Al-Andalus.

 Kalmomin 
 is often rendered in English as  or , but these translations do not reflect the fact that  might be of any age, and were skilled entertainers whose training extended well beyond singing, including for example, dancing, composing music and verse, reciting historical or literary anecdotes (), calligraphy, or shadow play. Other translations include ,Matthew S. Gordon, 'Introduction: Producing Songs and Sons', in Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, ed. by Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 1-8 (pp. 5-6); . , or simply .

A wasu tushe,  sun kasance wani ɓangare na  ('maza bayi', ; guda , ), kuma sau da yawa mafi mahimmanci wani ɓangare na  (', ; guda , ). Don haka a wasu lokuta ana kiran  da  ('mawakin bawa', ) ko kuma  ('waƙoƙi', ; ,  guda ɗaya).  Yawancin  mata ne masu 'yanci. Ɗaya daga cikinsu har ma yarima ce ta Abbasid, Ulayya bint al-Mahdi .

Kalmar ta samo asali ne a matsayin nau'in mata na kalmar pre-Islamic  (), wanda ma'anarsa ita ce 'mai baƙar fata, mai sana'a'. Ma'anar  ta kara da ita don haɗawa da ma'aikatan hannu gabaɗaya, sannan kuma ta mai da hankali musamman ga mutanen da aka biya don aikinsu, sannan kuma musamman 'ga duk wanda ke cikin aikin fasaha don lada'. Daga nan, siffarta ta mace ta sami ma'anar mace mai wasan kwaikwayo na zane-zane daban-daban, a cikin takamaiman rawar.

 Halaye da tarihi 
Ibrahim al-Mawsili (742-804 AZ) an ruwaito cewa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mahaifinsa shine na farko da ya horar da 'yan mata masu haske, kyawawan fata kamar , yana ƙara farashin su, yayin da a baya  an samo shi daga cikin' yan mata da aka kalli ba su da kyau, kuma suna da fata mai duhu, kodayake ba a tabbatar da cewa waɗannan da'awar daidai ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin zamantakewar al'umma wanda za'a iya gani a matsayin magajin  shine  na Masar, 'Yan majalisa ko' yan wasan kwaikwayo na mata a Misira ta zamani, waɗanda aka ilimantar da su don raira waƙa da karanta waƙoƙin gargajiya da kuma yin magana da kyau.

Kamar sauran matan bayi a duniyar Islama,  suna da damar yin jima'i ga masu su. Sau da yawa ana danganta su a cikin wallafe-wallafen tare da lalata, kuma jima'i wani muhimmin bangare ne na roƙonsu, amma ba su da alama sun kasance ma'aikatan jima'i., akwai kuma  na yau da kullun waɗanda ke yin wa jama'a a cikin gidajen  na kowa; waɗannan gidajen karuwai ne a wasu lokuta.

Ba a bayyana yadda farkon tsarin  ya fito ba, amma  tabbas ya bunƙasa a lokacin Abbasid. A cewar Matthew S. Gordon, "ba a bayyana har zuwa wane irin yadda masu sauraro suka yi wa kotunan yanki da manyan gidaje a wasu fannoni na tarihin Islama".Matthew S. Gordon, 'Introduction: Producing Songs and Sons', in Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, ed. by Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 1-8 (p. 5); .

Ibrahim al-Mawsili (742-804 AZ) an ruwaito cewa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mahaifinsa shine na farko da ya horar da 'yan mata masu haske, kyawawan fata kamar , yana ƙara farashin su, yayin da a baya  an samo shi daga cikin' yan mata da aka kalli ba su da kyau, kuma suna da fata mai duhu, kodayake kuma ba a tabbatar da cewa waɗannan da'awar daidai ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin zamantakewar al'umma wanda za'a iya gani a matsayin magajin  shine  na Masar, 'Yan majalisa ko' yan wasan kwaikwayo na mata a Misira ta zamani, waɗanda aka ilimantar da su don raira waƙa da karanta waƙoƙin gargajiya da kuma yin magana da kyau.

Saboda shahararsu ta zamantakewa,  ya ƙunshi ɗayan ɓangarorin da aka fi rubuta a cikin al'ummar mata na Islama ta zamani, musamman ma bayi mata, wanda ya sa su da muhimmanci ga Tarihin bautar a duniyar musulmi. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin mawaƙan mata na Larabci na zamani waɗanda ayyukansu suka tsira a yau sune . Ga 'yan , yana yiwuwa a ba da cikakken tarihin rayuwa. Muhimman tushe na zamani na  sun haɗa da rubutun al-Jahiz (776-868/869 AZ), Abu Tayyib al-Washsha's  (كتابوشى 'Littafin Brocaded'), da kuma labarai da aka haɗa a cikin tushe kamar su  ('') da al-Shawāāhā al-Shues ('The Slave Poetess') na Al-Isfahani (897-967 AZ), da Nishāhāhōs of the Accts of the 1445 CE-Shuas'. Yawancin waɗannan tushe sun ba da labarin mayar da martani na sanannen , kodayake akwai alamun cewa  a cikin gidaje marasa arziki masu mallakar su ne suka yi amfani da su don jawo kyaututtuka. A cikin 'Lokacin Abbasid,  galibi ana ilimantar da su a biranen Basra, Ta'if, da Madina.Matthew S. Gordon, 'Introduction: Producing Songs and Sons', in Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History, ed. by Matthew S. Gordon and Kathryn A. Hain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 1-8 (pp. 5-6); doi:10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0001.

 Raguwa 
Kafawar  ta ragu tare da raguwar arziki na Khalifancin Abbasid. Rashin farko na Abbasids bai yi tasiri nan take ba.  ba ta tsaya bangarori a cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa ba. Koyaya, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ya haifar da rashin kula da kasafin kuɗi, kuma a lokacin da Abbasids suka fi girma, ba a kula da kudade ba. Bugu da ƙari, sabon ajin sojojin Turkiyya sun bukaci albashi mafi kyau, wanda ya haifar da zubar da ma'aikatar; sakamakon tsananin yana nufin ba za a iya tallafawa ayyukan fasaha ba, kuma ta haka ne ya bunƙasa, kamar yadda ya kasance a baya. Bugu da kari, sojoji sun karɓi kuɗi daga 'yan ƙasa da aka ɗauka masu arziki, wanda ya sa halayyar nunawa ta zama mai haɗari.

 Al-Andalus 
Da alama a ƙarni na farko ko haka a cikin al-Andalus, an kawo  zuwa yamma bayan an horar da su a Madina ko Bagadaza, ko kuma masu zane-zane daga gabas ne suka horar dasu. Da alama cewa a ƙarni na 11, tare da rushewar Khalifancin Córdoba, ana horar da  a Córdoba maimakon shigo da shi bayan horo. Da alama yayin da mata mawaƙa har yanzu suna nan, ba a sake samun bayi a al-Andalus a karni na 14 AZ ba.

Da farko an shigo da 'yan mata-bauta zuwa al-Andalus daga Madina. An lura da cewa an fara shigo da 'yan matan bayi na Qiyan zuwa al-Andalus a lokacin mulkin al-Hakam I (r. 796-822).  Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba za a fara horar da qiyan a Cordoba kuma daga 1013 a Seville; duk da haka ba a san ko an adana al'adar a Masarautar Granada ba. An zaɓi bayi na Qiyan don a horar da su don wannan aikin a matsayin yara, kuma sun sami horo mai tsawo don dacewa da bukatun. Ba a ware bayi na qiyan daga maza a cikin harem a matsayin mata masu 'yanci ko ƙwaraƙwarai, amma a bambanci an yi su ne ga baƙi maza - wani lokacin daga bayan allo kuma wani lokacin ana iya gani - kuma watakila su ne mafi kyawun rubuce-rubuce daga dukkan bayi mata. Duk da yake horar da bayi na qiyan suna da jima'i ga bawan su, ba a rarraba su ba ko sayar da su a matsayin ƙwaraƙwarai kuma, tare da horar da su, su ne bayi mata masu tsada.

 Shahararrun  

 Atika bint Shuhda ( c. 800) 
 Azza al-Mayla (karni na 7 - 705) 
 Inan bint Abdallah (, ya mutu a shekara ta 841) 
 Djamila ( , an haife ta a shekara ta 720) 
 Abu al-Husn da Bautarsa Tawaddud, wani abin almara a cikin labarin Larabci na zamani
 Dananir al Barmakiyya ( ,  810s) 
 Al-Mahdi" id="mwAVI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ulayya bint al-Mahdi">Ulayya bint al-Mahdi, 'yar Khalifa Al-Mahdi (ya mutu a shekara ta 825) 
 Arib al-Ma'muniyya (, AZ 797-890) 
 Shāriyah (,  ) 
 Farida (mawakin)  (an haife shi a shekara ta ) 
 Fadl al-Sha'irah (prati الشاعرة,  871 AZ) 
 Hababa (حبابة; ya mutu a shekara ta 724) 
 Ubayda (fl. c. 830) 
 Alam al-Malika (ya mutu 1130) 
 Nazhun al-Garnatiya bint al-Qulaiʽiya (fl. karni na 12) 
 Al-Karakiya (fl. ƙarni na 13) 

 manazarta 

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