Mata a Sudan

Sudan kasa ce mai tasowa da ke fuskantar kalubale da dama dangane da rashin daidaiton jinsi. Freedom House ya baiwa Sudan matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a tsakanin gwamnatocin danniya a cikin 2012. Sudan ta Kudu ta sami wani matsayi mafi girma amma kuma an yi mata kima a matsayin "ba kyauta ba""Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance" (PDF). Freedom House. p. 17. Retrieved April 13, 2013. . A cikin rahoton 2013 na bayanan 2012, Sudan tana matsayi na 171 a cikin ƙasashe 186 a kan ƙimar ci gaban ɗan adam (HDI).MDG, Report (2009). "Assessing Progress in Africa toward the Millennium Development Goals". Economic Commission for Africa.  Kasar Sudan kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashe kalilan da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ba (CEDAW).CEDAW. "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination". United Nations.

Duk da haka, an sami sauye-sauye masu kyau dangane da daidaiton jinsi a Sudan. Ya zuwa 2012, mata sun ƙunshi kashi 24.1% na Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Sudan. Human Development Report (2012). "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World". United Nations Development Programme. Matan Sudan sun fi yawan kaso mafi yawa na majalisar dokokin kasar fiye da yawancin kasashen yammacin duniya. Har ila yau, rashin daidaiton jinsi a Sudan, musamman dangane da kaciyar mata da kuma bambancin mata da maza a kasuwannin kwadago, ya fuskanci damuwa a kasashen duniya. Bayan juyin juya halin Sudan na shekarar 2018/2019, inda mata suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adawa da tsohuwar gwamnatin kasar, an sauya dokoki da dama tare da nada mata a matsayin manyan mukamai a gwamnatin rikon kwarya.

 Tarihi 
Saboda yanayin da take ciki, al'ummar Sudan duka "Larabawa" da "Afrika" ne, masu sarkakiya da suka shafi kabilanci da siyasar asali. Gwamnatoci iri-iri sun yi mulki a cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata: gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka irin su Ottoman da Anglo-Masar, daular Musulunci (Funj da Mahdist), tsarin dimokuradiyya na majalisa (1956-1989), da mulkin soja har zuwa 2019.Hale, Sondra (1996). Gender Politics in Sudan: Islamism, Socialism, and the State. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813324319.

 Karni na 19 
Duk da cewa akwai karancin bayanai kan alakar jinsi kafin da kuma lokacin shirye-shiryen da Mahdiyya, wasu majiyoyi sun ce mata sun kasance ‘yan aikewa ne a bangaren adawa da gwamnatin Ottoman. Haka kuma, sun kula da mutanen da suka ji rauni, suna ba da labari game da ƙungiyoyin makiya a matsayin masu leƙen asiri ga 'yan adawar Sudan, kuma sun iza maza su yi jajircewa.In western and southern Sudan, some women are encouraging or vilifying men up to the present in their role as so called hakamāt. See for example the corresponding paragraph in Music of Sudan.  

A zamanin Mahdiyya, ayyukan jama’a da harkokin tattalin arzikin mata sun kasance sun takaita ne a yankunan karkara, inda aka baiwa mata damar zamantakewa fiye da na garuruwa. A cikin birane, yawancin mata sun kasance a cikin wuraren zama da aka keɓe don mata da yara, kuma da wuya su sami damar samun ilimi. Bayan fassarori na addini na Mahdist, dole ne mata su rufe kawunansu kuma su guji cudanya da mazan da ba na iyali ba. Sannan kuma an umurci maza da mata da su guji irin tufafin Turawa.Delong-Bas, Natana J. (2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199764464.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-976446-4. Retrieved 2021-05-31.

A zamanin Mahdiyya, ayyukan jama’a da harkokin tattalin arzikin mata sun kasance sun takaita ne kawai a yankunan karkara, inda ake baiwa mata ayyukan zamantakewa fiye da na garuruwa. A cikin birane, yawancin mata sun kasance a cikin wuraren zama da aka keɓe don mata da yara, kuma da wuya su sami damar samun ilimi. Bayan fassarori na addini na Mahdist, dole ne mata su rufe kawunansu kuma su guji cudanya da mazan da ba na iyali ba. Sannan kuma an umurci maza da mata da su guji irin tufafin Turawa.[8]

 Karni na 21 
Rikici da cin zarafi masu nasaba da jinsi sun faru a Darfur ko da bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Darfur ta 2006 (DPA).[9] Kafin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da 'yan bindiga a Darfur sun kashe tare da sace fararen hula, ma'aikatan jin kai, da ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - Ofishin Jakadancin Afirka a Darfur (UNAMID).

Wani kwamitin kwararru a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya gano, a shekara ta 2005, cewa cin zarafi da jima'i da ya danganci jinsi ya faru a duk fadin Darfur. A wannan lokacin, akwai kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da suka yi aiki don dakatar da wannan cin zarafi na jinsi. Duk da haka, gwamnati ta kori kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda goma sha uku wadanda suka haifar da rufe yawancin shirye-shiryen cin zarafin mata.[9] Kafin samun 'yancin kai na Sudan ta Kudu a shekara ta 2011, kundin tsarin mulkin kasa na wucin gadi a yankin Darfur ya haramta wariya a kan jinsi. Duk da haka, bisa ga Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na 2009 da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta buga, gwamnatin Sudan ba ta aiwatar da wannan tanadi yadda ya kamata ba.[9] 

A cewar wani rahoto na mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tun lokacin da aka fara rikicin kasar Sudan a shekarar 2023, yawan mata da kananan yara da sauran kungiyoyi masu rauni ne ke fama da su ta hanyar tilasta musu hijira, jima'i da sauran nau'ikan tashe-tashen hankula. A sa'i daya kuma, matan Sudan sun dauki nauyin gudanar da ayyukan jin kai da inganta kawo karshen rikici.[10] 

 'Yancin Sudan ta Kudu 
Kafin ballewar Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan ta kasance kasa mafi girma a Afirka ta fuskar kasa kuma mai hako danyen mai.[11] A ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2011, al'ummar jihohin kudancin Sudan suka kada kuri'ar samun 'yancin kai daga Arewa.[11] Kashi 98% na masu jefa ƙuri'a kusan miliyan takwas sun zaɓi su zama masu zaman kansu.[11]

Wannan rarrabuwar ta samo asali ne sakamakon gazawar da Sudan ta yi wajen tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da kuma rashin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2005 (CPA).[11] Wannan yarjejeniya ta kawo karshen rikicin cikin gida mafi dadewa a nahiyar. Tun daga lokacin da Sudan ta balle a shekarun 1950, “mafi rinjayen bakar fata da kirista ko masu ra’ayin kishin kudu sun nemi ko dai ‘yancin cin gashin kai ko kuma ‘yancin kai daga yankin Arewa masu jin harshen Larabci, Musulmi”.[11]. Neman arzikin man fetur kuma shi ne sanadin rikicin Sudan. Ba a taba baiwa dimokuradiyya damar yin nasara ba, domin babu zaben jam’iyyu da yawa da ya samar da ingantacciyar gwamnati kuma zababbun gwamnatoci uku da sojoji suka hambarar da su.[11] 

 Nazarin jinsi da tsare-tsaren ƙananan bashi 
Nazarin rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Sudan ya wuce matakai biyu na asali, a cewar Seteny Shami.[12] Matakin farko, wanda ke nuna rashin kula da mata a matsayin fifikon bincike, na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin ci gaba a lokacin bayan samun yancin kai, daga 1956 har zuwa 1970s. Ba kasafai ake baiwa al'amuran da suka shafi mata kulawar bincike ba, kuma idan aka yi nazari a kai, an magance su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba wacce ta yi watsi da wasu muhimman abubuwansu.

Mataki na biyu ya fara ne da ayyana shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da mata a 1975. Wannan yana da alaƙa da jujjuyawar yanayin farkon matakin da sabon sha'awar bincike kan mata. Sai dai wannan bincike na da nufin yin amfani da kudaden da ake samu daga hukumomin kasa da kasa wajen kafa ‘ayyukan mata’ maimakon neman kyautata jin dadin matan ta hanyar da ta dace.[12]

Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan da ke da tasiri sosai ana kiransa sandug (Larabci don akwati ko ƙirji), ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin bashi.[12]. Sandugs sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mata, waɗanda suka amince da juna kuma suna da alhakin cancantar juna. Wannan wani nau'i ne na farko na ƙananan bashi ga matan da suke buƙatar kuɗi don kashe kuɗi na bazata ko don dalilai na kasuwanci. Sandug a Sudan ya bambanta da adadin mambobi, adadin gudummawar, nau'in gudummawar, da tsawon lokacin lamuni.[12]

Tun a shekarar 1983, kungiyar matan Sudan ta taka rawar gani wajen kafa kungiyar matan aure. Daga cikin wasu manufofin, wannan kungiya ta yi ƙoƙari don sauƙaƙe samun damar yin amfani da kayan masarufi a farashi mai ma'ana.[12]

 Manazarta