Susan Brownmiller

Susan Brownmiller (an haife su Susan Warhaftig ; Fabrairu 15, 1935 kuma ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2025)  yar jaridar Amurka ce, marubuciya kuma mai fafutukar mata da aka fi sani da littafinta na 1975 Against Our Will: Maza, Mata, da Fyade, wanda Laburaren Jama'a na New York ya zaba a matsayin ɗayan manyan littattafai 100 na ƙarni na 20.

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 
An haifi Brownmiller a Brooklyn, New York, ga Mae da Samuel Warhaftig, ma'auratan Yahudawa masu matsakaicin matsakaici. An girma ta a Brooklyn kuma ita ce ɗiya tilo ga iyayenta. Mahaifinta ya yi hijira daga shtetl na Poland  kuma ya zama mai siyarwa a Cibiyar Tufafi kuma daga baya mai siyarwa a kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Macy, kuma mahaifiyarta ta kasance sakatariya a Ginin Daular .   Daga baya ta ɗauki sunan alkalami Brownmiller, ta canza sunanta bisa doka a 1961.

Lokacin yana yaro an aika Brownmiller zuwa Cibiyar Yahudawa ta Gabas ta Midwood na rana biyu a mako don koyon tarihin Ibrananci da Yahudawa. Daga baya za ta yi sharhi, "Duk abin ya sami matsala a cikin kwakwalwata sai dai guda ɗaya: yawancin mutane a cikin ƙarni sun kasance suna so su cutar da Yahudawa. ... Zan iya jayayya cewa hanyar da na zaɓa - don yaki da cutar da jiki, musamman ta'addanci na cin zarafi ga mata - ya samo asali ne a cikin abin da na koya a makarantar Ibrananci game da pogroms da Holocaust ."

Ta na da "tsohon kuruciya",  tana halartar Jami'ar Cornell na tsawon shekaru biyu (1952 zuwa 1954) akan tallafin karatu, amma ba ta kammala karatun ba. Daga baya ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a birnin New York . Ta fito a cikin shirye-shiryen Off-Broadway guda biyu.

 Ayyukan aiki 
Brownmiller kuma ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar yancin ɗan adam, yana shiga CORE da SNCC yayin motsi a cikin 1964. Brownmiller ta ba da gudummawa don Summer Summer a 1964, inda ta yi aiki a kan rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a a Meridian, Mississippi . A cewar nata asusun:

 Ni da Jan Goodman muna cikin rukuni na biyu na masu aikin sa kai don bazarar 'Yancin Mississippi.... Lokacin da babu wani a taron fuskantar Memphis da ya ba da kansa don Meridian, ni da Jan mun karɓi aikin. Tsakanin mu, muna da shekaru goma masu kyau na shirya gwaninta, nata a cikin firamare na Democrat da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa, mine a CORE, Congress of Racial Equality, da mu duka tare a cikin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a a Gabashin Harlem. Da daddare muka isa Meridian, wani sakatare na fili ya kira taro, yana neman ganin sabbin ’yan agaji. Cikin alfahari muka daga hannayenmu. 'Shit!' ya fashe. 'Na nemi masu sa kai kuma sun aiko mini da mata farar fata.' 

Ta fara shiga cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata a Birnin New York a cikin 1968, ta hanyar shiga cikin ƙungiyar wayar da kan jama'a a cikin sabuwar ƙungiyar mata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta New York,  inda ta ce 'Na yi zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba har guda uku'. 

Brownmiller ya ci gaba da daidaita zaman-in da Ladies' Home Journal a cikin 1970.   Ta fara aiki a kan littafinta Against Our Will bayan New York Radical Feminists sun yi magana game da fyade a 1971, sannan ta shafe shekaru hudu tana bincike da rubutu a cikin Laburaren Jama'a na New York . 

A cikin 1972, Brownmiller ya sanya hannu kan sunanta ga <i id="mwfQ">Ms.</i> yaƙin neman zaɓe “Mun yi Zubar da ciki” wanda ya yi kira da a kawo ƙarshen “dokokin archaic” da ke iyakance ‘yancin haihuwa; sun kwadaitar da mata da su rika ba da labarinsu tare da daukar mataki. 

A cikin 1977, Brownmiller ya zama abokin Cibiyar Mata don 'Yancin Jarida (WIFP).  WIFP ƙungiyar wallafe-wallafen sa-kai ce ta Amurka. Kungiyar tana aiki don haɓaka sadarwa tsakanin mata da kuma haɗa jama'a da nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai na mata. Ta halarci taron yaki da batsa na mata a cikin 1978.  Ta haɗu da kafa mata masu yaƙi da batsa a cikin 1979. 

 Sana'a 
Hanyar Brownmiller zuwa aikin jarida ta fara ne da matsayin edita a "mujallar ikirari". Ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar editan gudanarwa a Coronet (1959-60), a matsayin editan Rahoton Albany, bita na mako-mako na majalisar dokokin jihar New York (1961-1962), kuma a matsayin mai binciken al'amuran ƙasa a Newsweek (1963-1964). A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, Brownmiller ta ci gaba da aikinta a aikin jarida tare da matsayi a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga NBC -TV a Philadelphia (1965), marubucin ma'aikaci don Muryar Village (1965), kuma a matsayin marubucin labarai na cibiyar sadarwa don ABC-TV a New York City (1966-68).

Tun daga shekarar 1968, ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuci mai zaman kansa ; bita na littafinta, kasidu, da labarai sun bayyana akai-akai a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka hada da The New York Times , Newsday , The New York Daily News , Vogue , da The Nation .  A cikin 1968, ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar " Marubuta da Editoci War Zanga-zangar Haraji ", ta sha alwashin ƙin biyan haraji don nuna adawa da Yaƙin Vietnam . 

A New York, ta fara rubuta wa The Village Voice kuma ta zama marubucin labarai na gidan talabijin na cibiyar sadarwa a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Amurka, aikin da ta yi har zuwa 1968. Ta ci gaba  don rubutawa da yin magana a kan batutuwan mata, ciki har da abin tunawa da tarihin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na biyu mai suna A Lokacin Mu: Memoir of a Revolution (1999). An adana takardunta a Harvard, a cikin ɗakin karatu na Arthur da Elizabeth Schlesinger akan Tarihin Mata a Amurka . 

 Sabanin Nufin Mu 
Against Our Will (1975)  littafi ne na mata wanda Brownmiller yayi jayayya cewa fyade "ba wani abu ba ne ko žasa fiye da tsari mai hankali na tsoratarwa wanda dukan maza ke kiyaye dukan mata a cikin yanayin tsoro."  Domin rubuta littafin, bayan da ta taimaka wajen tsara New York Radical Feminists Speak-Out on Rape on Janairu 24, 1971, da New York Radical Feminists Conference on Rape on Afrilu 17, 1971, ta shafe shekaru hudu tana binciken fyade.  Ta yi karatun fyade a tsawon tarihi, tun daga farkon ka'idojin dokokin dan adam har zuwa zamani. Ta tattara zane-zane don nemo alamu na yadda ake ba da rahoton fyade a jaridu daban-daban, ta yi nazarin hotunan fyade a cikin adabi, fina-finai, da kade-kade da suka shahara, da kuma kimanta kididdigar laifuka.  [ mafi kyau tushe ake bukata ]

Brownmiller ta asali jigo da aka hamayya da wasu sassa na hagu reshe, wanda ya yi la'akari da cewa ba gaskiya ba ne cewa "duk maza suna amfana" daga al'adar fyade, kuma suka yi imani maimakon cewa zai yiwu a tsara duka mata da maza tare don adawa da cin zarafin jima'i. littafin ya sami zargi daga masu ra'ayin mata, ciki har da ƙugiya mai kararrawa da Angela Davis, wanda ya rubuta tattaunawar Brownmiller game da fyade da launin fata ya zama "bangaranci marar tunani wanda ke iyaka da wariyar launin fata".   

Bayan da aka buga littafin, an ba ta suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutanen mujallar Time na shekara.  A cikin 1995, Laburaren Jama'a na New York ya zaɓi Against Our Will a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin littattafai 100 mafi muhimmanci na ƙarni na 20.

 Littattafai 

 Shirley Chisholm: Tarihin Rayuwa (Doubleday, 1970)
 Against Our Will: Maza, Mata, da Fyade (Simon da Schuster, 1975/Fawcett Columbine 1993)
 Femininity (Linden Press/Simon & Schuster, 1984)  
 Wurin Waverly (Grove Press, 1989)
 Ganin Vietnam: Haɗu da Hanya da Zuciya (HarperCollins, 1994)
 A Lokacin Mu: Memoir of Juyin Juya Hali (Dial Press, 1999)  
 Lambuna Mai Girma na City (Rutgers University Press, 2017)  

Brownmiller ya sami nasarar Fellowship Fellowship na Alicia Patterson  a cikin 1973 don yin bincike da rubutu game da laifin fyade. An nada ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 12 Women of the Year ta mujallar Time a 1975. 

An nuna ta a cikin fim ɗin tarihin mata ta Kyakkyawar Lokacin da Tayi Fushi (2014).  

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "Mace mara aure", duk da cewa "Na kasance babban mai imani a cikin soyayya da haɗin gwiwa."  "Ina so in kasance cikin kusanci da mutumin da nake girmama aikinsa," in ji ta ga wani mai tambayoyin a cikin 1976, tana mai da matsayinta na rashin aure ga gaskiyar cewa "ba ta son yin sulhu."  Har zuwa 2018, ba ta yi aure ba. 

 Bayanan kula 

 Manazarta 

 Susan Brownmiller.com: Halin da ba na yau da kullun ba
 A Zamanin Mu: Memoir of Juyin Juya Hali , 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Susan Brownmiller a Taskar Matan Yahudawa
 Wani zargi na Against Our Will by Baƙar fata mata (1976)
Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba