Clarina I. H. Nichols

An haife shi a West Townshend, Vermont a cikin 1810, a cikin dangin New England masu wadata, Clarina Nichols ta fada cikin mawuyacin hali bayan bala'in auren wuri. Tallafawa kanta da 'ya'yanta akan "ladan mata" - rabi zuwa kashi uku na abin da maza suka samu don irin wannan aiki - ta fara rubutawa ga jarida a Brattleboro, Vermont, Windham County Democrat a 1845 . Ta auri edita kuma mai wallafa, George Nichols; lokacin da ya zama mara aiki, ta yi shiru ta karbi aikinsa a takardar. Ta hanyar sabuwar sana'arta, an gabatar da ita ga ƙungiyoyin gyare-gyare daban-daban na wannan rana - tawali'u, 'yancin mata, adawa da bauta, sutura da gyaran abinci - kuma ta rungumi yawancin su.

Ta taimaka wajen shirya mata masu tasowa a Gabas. A watan Oktoban 1852, ta taimaka wajen shirya na farko daga cikin koke-koke da yawa da aka gabatar wa majalisar dokokin Vermont don baiwa mata 'yancin kada kuri'a a tarurrukan makaranta. 

Lokacin da Dokar Kansas-Nebraska ta 1854 ta yi barazanar kafa bauta a wajen Kudu, Clarina Nichols ta kori danginta don zama majagaba kuma mai fafutuka a Kansas . Ƙoƙarin da ta yi ya taimaka wajen sanya jihar da ta karbe a sahun gaba wajen yancin mata, inda ta samu girmamawa da goyon bayan mata irin su Susan B. Anthony da Elizabeth Cady Stanton . A lokacin rayuwar da ta kasance mai cike da shagala, Clarina Nichols ta yi aiki a matsayin malami, malami, edita, marubuci, manomi, likita kuma lauya, magatakardar gwamnati, matron a cikin gida ga yara baƙar fata da matan da mazansu suka mutu, kuma shugabar kan hanyar dogo ta ƙasa. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1885 a California, inda ta yi hidimar majagaba kuma ta yi fushi har ƙarshe.

Ta kasance Babbar Jagorar Tashar Railroad ta Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa kuma Mai Gudanarwa yayin da take zaune a Quindaro, Kansas . Ta bar wasiƙa tana ba da labarin lokacin da aka kawo wata mai neman ‘Yanci mai suna Caroline gidanta. Maigidan bawa Caroline da sauran masu farautar bayi sun yi sansani a gefen garin suna neman ta. Clarina ta ba da labarin ɓoye Caroline a cikin wani rijiyar da babu kowa a cikin dare sannan ta tura ta kan titin Arewa da zarar ta tsira. 

 Duba kuma 

 Aurelius O. Kafinta, danta

 Bayanan kafa 

 Kara karantawa 

 Diane Eickhoff, Zuciyar Juyin Juyi: Clarina Nichols da Crusade na Majagaba don 'Yancin Mata. Kansas City, KS: Quindaro Press, 2006.  Hakanan an sake shi a cikin sigar YA kamar yadda Clarina Nichols: Frontier Crusader for Women's Rights . 
 Marilyn S. Blackwell da Kristen T. Oertel, Frontier Feminist: Clarina Howard Nichols da Siyasar uwa. Lawrence, KS: Jami'ar Jami'ar Kansas, 2010. 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Clarina Nichols, Mai fafutukar kare hakkin Mata kuma yar jarida
 Biography, daga gidan yanar gizon da Jami'ar Kansas da Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Jihar Kansas suka kirkira
 Clarina Irene Howard Nichols Papers. Archived Laburaren Schlesinger   , Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard.

Rukuni:Haihuwan 1810
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1885