Didwho Welleh Twe

Didwho Welleh Twe (14 ga Afrilu, 1879 – Maris 19, 1961) ɗan siyasan Laberiya ne. Ya zama wakili a majalisar dokokin Laberiya kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa a babban zaben kasar Laberiya a shekarar 1951. Binciken rayuwarsa ya nuna cewa shi mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan asalin Laberiya ne kuma dan Laberiya na farko mai cikakken cikakken asalin kabila don neman shugabancin Laberiya a hukumance da kuma fili. Daga 1847 zuwa 1980, zuriyar 'yantattun mutane masu launin fata da tsoffin bayi daga Amurka da aka fi sani da Americo-Liberian ke mulkin ƙasar. Zuriyar sun kasance ƙasa da kashi goma na yawan jama'a.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Didwho Welleh Twe a Monrovia, Laberiya a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1879, ga iyayen Kru.  Ba a san komai ba game da iyayensa sai dai sun fito ne daga yankin Nana Kru na kabilar Kru a gundumar Sinoe kuma an sa masa sunan mahaifiyarsa Welleh . 

A cikin 1900, ya tafi Amurka don neman ilimi yana da shekaru 21 da centi ashirin da biyar kacal a aljihunsa. Dan majalisa William W. Grout na Vermont, Sanata John T. Morgan na Alabama, da marubuci Ba'amurke, Samuel Langhorne Clement, (Mark Twain), sun taimaka wajen karatunsa. Grout da Morgan daga baya sun mutu. "Ya tallafa wa kansa a lokacin karatunsa ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ma'aikacin banki mai arziki", da kuma taimako daga Twain.

Twe yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Mark Twain, kuma a cewar wasu rahotanni, "Twe ya taimaka wa Mark Twain da littafinsa, King Leopold's Soliloquy". Tattaunawa tsakanin Twe da Twain, sun tattauna "Kasar Kongo Free State, Twe tunanin Mark Twain da wasiƙun da Mark Twain ya rubuta zuwa Twe", an rubuta su.

Mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci na Amurka a Monrovia, Clifton R. Wharton, ya ba da rahoton cewa yayin da Twe yake Amurka, an ruwaito cewa ya ba da gudummawa ga labaran "American Journal of Psychology" wanda Dokta G. Stanley Hall ya shirya da kuma "The Boston Transcript". Twe kuma ya taimaka wa Plenyono Gbe Wolo don samun shiga makarantar Mount Harmon, makarantar kwana a Amurka, kuma ya rubuta abokai don taimakon kuɗi na Wolo a Harmon. Wolo dan kasar Laberiya ne daga Grandcess kuma shine dan Afirka na farko da ya kammala digiri a Jami'ar Harvard.

Bayan ya dawo Laberiya, Twe ya taimaka wa Robert Farmer, injiniyan Amurka, wajen gina tsarin tarho na bakin teku. A 1910, Twe ya koma Laberiya. Shekaru biyu bayan haka a shekara ta 1912, Shugaba Daniel E. Howard ya nada shi hakimin gunduma da ke da hannu a rikicin kan iyaka da Faransa Guinea da Saliyo na Burtaniya. Ya kuma zama hamshakin attajiri mai yawan kadada na gonakin roba a yankin da ake kira Twe farm a tsibirin Bushrod, Monrovia. An ce "ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi kyautar Firestone na tsire-tsire na roba 5000" a farkon shekarun 1920. Sauran manyan mutanen Laberiya da yawa sun amfana daga tayin. Rubber kayan masarufi ne mai zafi a kasuwar duniya a wannan lokacin da kuma bayan haka. Firestone, gwamnatin Laberiya, da manoman roba na Laberiya sun amfana sosai daga wannan samfurin. Wannan damar ta zama mai taimako ga rayuwar siyasa ta Twe.

 Ayyukan siyasa 
A cikin 1927, Twe ya zama wakili a Majalisar Dokokin Laberiya na New Krutown a Monrovia. Sai dai majalisar ta kori shi, kamar yadda rahotanni suka nuna, saboda neman hakkin dan kasa, musamman rikicin Fernando Po. A cikin 1920s, an dauki ’yan asalin ƙasar Laberiya kuma an aika su zuwa Fernando Po, wani yanki na Spain da ke Equatorial Guinea a matsayin ma’aikatan shuka. Binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tabbatar da cewa ma'aikatan sun kasance ma'aikatan da aka tilastawa yin zalunci. Haka kuma, an ce shugaban kasar Laberiya Charles King da mataimakinsa Allen Yancy sun tsunduma cikin safarar mutane kuma sun ci gajiyar wannan dabi'a. An bayar da rahoton cewa, ba a biya iyalansu kudaden inshorar ma’aikatan da suka mutu ba amma King da Yancy ne suka raba su. 

Shawarar Twe tare da na wasu, ciki har da babban Thomas Faulkner, ya kai ga tilasta wa shugaban da mataimakinsa murabus a 1930.  

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta samu Laberiya da laifin cin zarafi da gwamnati ta ci tarar 'yan kasarta. Ko da yake wasu bayanan jama'a sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin Edwin Barclay, wacce ta bi gwamnatin Sarki, ta mayar da martani ga masu fafutuka da 'yan asalin kasar da suka ba da shaida kan gwamnati a binciken kungiyar, wani rahoton da gwamnati ta bayar bai samu wata shaida ba. Koyaya, "Ƙoƙarin Shugaba Edwin Barclay na hana rikicin ya kai shi ga murkushe masu adawa". Twe "rayuwa tana cikin haɗari"; a watan Nuwamba 1932, ya gudu zuwa ƙasar makwabta, Saliyo .  An yi zargin cewa yayin da yake kasar Saliyo, yana shirin yin juyin-juya-hali a Laberiya. Tashin hankali da sauran ayyuka sun haifar da Yaƙin Sasstown na 1931-1936. Sasstown Kru, tare da shugabansu Paramount Chief Juah Nimley, sun yi yaƙi da ta'addancin gwamnati a Sasstown.

Twe ya koma Laberiya a shekara ta 1936. Ya kafa jam'iyyar United People Party (UPP) kuma ya zama mai ba da misali ga zaben shugaban kasa na 1951. Sai dai hukumar zaben ta ki amincewa da rajistar jam’iyyar inda ta ce jam’iyyar ba ta da mambobi da ake bukata domin yin rajista. Daga nan sai UPP ta koma jam’iyyar Reformation Party (RP), jam’iyyar da ta kasance kuma ta tabbata. An kafa RP a cikin 1949 ta Richard Holder, tsohon jami'in gwamnatin Edwin Barclay, kuma ya ƙunshi wasu membobin da suka gabata na True Whip Party.

RP ya hada da Americo-Liberian. Jam'iyyar ta zaɓi Twe a matsayin mai ɗaukar nauyi da Tyson Wood a matsayin mataimakin mai ɗaukar nauyi. Amma ‘yan watanni kafin zaben hukumar ta hana jam’iyyar shiga zaben bisa zargin cewa jam’iyyar FP ta kasa yi wa dan takararta rajista fiye da kwanaki 60 kafin zaben.  Sakamakon haka, jam'iyyar ta rubutawa shugaba William Tubman, shugaban kasa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Amurka, da sauran hukumomin kasa da kasa korafin tauye hakkinsu na shiga zaben a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. Tubman shi ne dan takarar jam'iyyar True Whig Party mai mulki. Gwamnati na kallon korafin a matsayin gayyato tsoma bakin wasu kasashen waje cikin harkokin cikin gida na Laberiya tare da neman a kama shugabannin jam'iyyar. Gwamnati ta yi zargin cewa wannan aiki na cin amanar kasa ne don haka tana da hakkin kamawa a shari'a. Sai dai wasu masu lura da al’amura sun ce Tubman ya ga cewa jam’iyyar ta sha kaye, don haka ya yi amfani da wannan zargi wajen bin jam’iyyar. 

An bayyana cewa mai gadin Twe Wiah Wesseh ya kwashe shi daga wannan gida zuwa wani gida da daddare kuma Twe yana yawan sanya tufafin mata don boye sunan sa. Twe ya yi hijira zuwa Saliyo a karo na biyu.[1] An kama da yawa daga cikin jiga-jigan jam’iyyar tare da daure su. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1951, an gudanar da zaben. Tubman ya ci nasara ba tare da hamayya ba.

Kotun da’ar ma’aikata ta samu ‘yan majalisar da aka daure da laifi kuma ta yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru masu yawa. Mambobin sun hada da shugaban jam'iyyar Thorgues Sie, da manyan magoya bayan jam'iyyar Bo Nimley, da Robert Slewion Karpeh, da kuma Teacher Jugbe. An ce a dakin da suke daure, sun tambayi juna dalilin da yasa aka daure su. Sun daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Laberiya a shekara ta 1954. Amma kotun ta tabbatar da shawarar da kotun ta yanke.

An kuma bayyana cewa mambobin sun ki yin bara a sake su. Amma Tubman ya 'yantar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Bayan shekaru tara a cikin 1960, Tubman ya gafarta wa Twe, yana ba da hanyar dawowar twe. 'Yan Laberiya da dama, ciki har da dangin Twe, sun yaba wa Tubman da wannan karimcin. Twe ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Maris, 1961.  Rubuce-rubuce sun nuna cewa maza biyu abokai ne kafin Twe ya yi niyyar neman shugabancin. Bayan sanarwar niyyar, sun yi adawa da juna.

Yayin da Twe ya yi nasara kan al'ummar Laberiya, a cikin jawabinsa na kasa, ya yaba wa Maltida Newport Day, wani taron tunawa da "kisan kiyashin da Matilda Newport ya yi wa 'yan kasar", wani mazaunin Americo-Liberian.  Wata kila wannan magana ta dame shi har a cikin jawabinsa na murnar ranar samun ‘yancin kai na Laberiya a shekarar 1944, ya nuna nadamar hakan. Yace"A cikin 1926 na gabatar da adireshin ranar Newport na waccan shekarar daidai a cikin wannan zauren, amma a wannan rana na yi adawa da hukuncina. Saboda haka aikin ba shi da daɗi don yin aiki, don koyaushe ina jin cewa ci gaba da bikin halakar mutanen Bassa Tribe ta Matilda Newport wani ɗan gajeren hangen nesa ne don ci gaba. Yana gayyatar rashin lafiya daga ciki da waje kuma yana jin daɗin hakan. Ba daidai ba ne a Laberiya inda wani ɗan'uwa ya kori canon a bikin ranar da ya yi nasarar kashe ɗan'uwan."Duk da haka, Twe kuma ya furta cewa adireshin ranar Newport ya shigar da shi a cikin majalisa. 

Daga baya an tabbatar da ranar Matilda Newport a matsayin tatsuniya da rarraba. Gwamnatin mulkin soja da ta kwace mulki a shekarar 1980 a hukumance ta dakatar da ranar Matilda Newport a matsayin ranar hutu ta kasa. Hakanan, sabuwar gwamnati ta canza sunan makarantar sakandare ta William Tolbert a New Krutown zuwa D. Twe High don girmama Twe. Wata sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa da ta kunno kai a shekarun 1980 a Laberiya ta dauki sunan ta mai suna United People Party (UPP), wadda ita ce jam'iyyar Twe ta farko.

Wasu masu kallo sun yi la'akari da jawabin ranar 'yancin kai na Twe da sun yi annabci cewa jagoranci na gaskiya na Laberiya zai fito daga kudu maso gabashin kasar; inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata Laberiya ta yi amfani da manufar bude kofa ga kamfanonin kasashen waje su zuba jari a Laberiya; cewa ya kamata Laberiya ta mai da hankali kan aikin gona don ci gaban kasa; da kuma cewa “rashin jin dadin al’ummar kasar gado ne da gwamnatocin da suka gabata suka bayar kuma sabuwar gwamnatin Tubman ba abin zargi ba ne, amma aikin gwamnati ne ta inganta yanayin.

Wasu manazarta sun yi nuni da ‘yancin cin gashin kai na Twe, da alakar kasa da kasa, da jajircewarsa ga ka’idarsa da kuma dalilinsa, su ne abubuwan da suka ba shi damar jure jarabawar gwamnati da matsin lamba. Binciken tarihin siyasarsa ya nuna cewa tun daga lokacin da aka kore shi daga majalisar, bai nemi aikin gwamnati ba, bai kuma karbi aikin gwamnati ba, ciki har da nada sakataren harkokin cikin gida da shugaba Edwin Barclay ya yi.

Sauran masu kallo ba su ji daɗin magana ba. Bayan shekaru da yawa a cikin 1951, wani da aka nada Tubman ya yi adawa da wani muhimmin jigo na maganar cewa ba a bai wa 'yan asalin Laberiya mukaman shugabanci ba, musamman shugaban kasa tun bayan samun 'yancin kai na Laberiya a 1847.   (Adireshin Ranar Samun 'Yanci, 26 ga Yuli, 1951, na Honourable Oscar S. Norman, Kwamishinan Lardi, Laberiya Hinterland, Liberiyanobserver.com, Tsarin Tsarin Haɗin Kan Laberiya na Ƙasa) Har ila yau, wasu ba su kalli Twe da kyau ba. Alal misali, a lokacin zaɓe, don mayar da martani ga jawabin karɓar takara na jam'iyyar Twe da sauran furci, Tubman ya kira shi dan kabilanci, mai raba kan jama'a, mai cin amana, "mai hangen nesa, mai girman kai, da kuma mai girman kai mara yarda".

 Ilimi 
Twe ya fara karatun firamare a Laberiya. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa na sakandare a Amurka, inda ya halarci Kwalejin St. Johnsbury da Cushing Academy, duka makarantun allo masu zaman kansu a Vermont da Massachusetts bi da bi. Ya sauke karatu daga St. Johnsbury Academy. Har ila yau, ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Aikin Noma na Rhode Island da Mechanic Arts sannan ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin aikin gona a jami'o'in Harvard da Columbia. An kirkiro kwalejin ne a cikin 1892. A cikin 1951, ya zama wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Rhode Island, wanda aka kafa a wannan shekarar. Rikodin tsofaffin ɗaliban jami'a ya lissafa Twe a matsayin tsofaffin ɗalibai.

 Rayuwar Iyali 
Didwho Welleh Twe ta auri Arminta Dent, tsohuwar matar shugaban kasa Tubman. Twe yana da yara da yawa, ciki har da D. Twe, Jr., da Tarloh Twe Patterson.

 Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya 
Twe ya mutu a Monrovia a ranar 19 ga Maris, 1961. 

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Matattun 1961