Alexander Francis

Alexandre François masanin harshe ne na ƙasar Faransa wanda ya kware a cikin bayanin da nazarin harsunan asalin Melanesia . Ya kasance daga Lattice, cibiyar bincike ta CNRS da École Normale Supérieure da aka keɓe ga ilimin harshe.

 Bincike 

 Bayani da takardu 
François ya yi aikin gona na harshe a Vanuatu da Solomon Islands. 

A shekara ta 2002, ya wallafa bayanin ilimin harshe na Araki, yaren da wasu masu magana ke magana a wani tsibiri a kudancin Espiritu Santo (Vanuatu). 

Yawancin bincikensa suna mai da hankali kan Tsibirin arewacin Vanuatu, wanda aka sani da Torres da Banks Islands, wani yanki inda har yanzu ake magana da goma sha shida daga cikin harsuna goma sha bakwai: Hiw, Lo-Toga, Lehali, Löyöp, Mwotlap, Volow (wanda ya ƙare), Lemerig, Vera'a, Vurës, Mwesen, Mota, Nume, Dorig, Koro, Olrat, Lakon, Mwerlap - duk sun fito ne daga Harshen Proto-Torres-Banks, wanda shi ma ya sake gina shi. Bayan ya bayyana Mwotlap,   yaren da yawancin masu magana a wannan yanki, ya wallafa labarai da ke kwatanta harsunan yankin gabaɗaya - duka daga hangen nesa da tarihi. Ya bayyana bayanin zamantakewar harshe na wannan yanki a matsayin daya daga cikin "multilingualism na daidaito".

A shekara ta 2005, François ya shiga cikin balaguron kimiyya zuwa Vanikoro (Solomon Islands), wanda manufarsa ita ce fahimtar fashewar jirgin ruwa na Faransa La Pérouse a shekara ta 1788. A matsayinsa na memba na ƙungiyar ƙwararru da yawa, ya rubuta al'adar baki na mutanen Melanesia da Polynesia na wannan tsibirin, game da shahararrun wakilci na wannan taron tarihi. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma rubuta harsuna uku da ake magana a Vanikoro - Teanu, Lovono da Tanema - biyu daga cikinsu Yana cikin haɗari sosai.

A cikin 2015, ya haɗu da Jean-Michel Charpentier da Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia, wani atlas wanda ke nuna bambancin harshe na ciki na Polynesia ta Faransa. 

A shekarar 2020, an zabe shi memba na Academia Europaea . 

 Takardun harsuna da al'adu a Melanesia 
François ya rubuta matani daga wallafe-wallafen baki - tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi - a cikin al'ummomin harsuna daban-daban na Vanuatu da Solomons.

Ya ba al'ummomin yankin littattafai daban-daban a cikin yarensu, don inganta amfani da harsuna a rubuce.

Tare da masanin ilimin kabilanci Monika Stern da masanin ɗan adam Éric Wittersheim, ya gudanar da aikin da ya shafi kiɗa da shayari na gargajiya a Vanuatu. Wannan ya haifar da buga Music of Vanuatu: Celebrations and Mysteries, kundin CD na waƙoƙi da rawa da aka rubuta a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru a fagen.

 Gudummawa ga nau'ikan harshe da ka'idar 
François ya kirkiro kalmar "colexification". Wannan kalmar tana kama gaskiyar cewa wasu ra'ayoyi, waɗanda wasu harsuna suka bambanta a cikin ƙamus ɗin su, an tsara su ta wannan hanyar ("colexified") a wasu harsunan. Ana amfani da tarin abubuwa a cikin bincike game da nau'ikan ƙamus.

Tare da Siva Kalyan (ANU), ya kuma haɓaka Tarihin Tarihi, hanyar da ba ta da alaƙa da asalin harshe, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar samfurin Wave.

 Manazarta 

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