Ti-Grace Atkinson

Grace Atkinson (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1938), wacce aka fi sani da Ti-Grace Atkinson, 'yar gwagwarmayar mata ce ta Amurka, marubuciya kuma masanin falsafa.   Ta kasance memba na farko na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa (NOW) kuma ta jagoranci babi na New York a 1967-68, kodayake da sauri ta yi sanyin gwiwa da ƙungiyar. Ta bar ta kafa The Feminists, wanda ta bar bayan 'yan shekaru saboda rikice-rikice na ciki. Atkinson ta kasance memba na Daughters of Bilitis kuma mai ba da shawara ga 'yan mata na siyasa. Atkinson ya kasance ba ya aiki tun daga shekarun 1970s, amma ya sake fitowa a cikin 2013 don yin wani sanarwa mai budewa wanda ke nuna damuwar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi game da abin da suka fahimta a matsayin yin shiru game da tattaunawar "ma'anar jinsi a halin yanzu".

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haifi Atkinson a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1938 a Baton Rouge, Louisiana, a cikin wani shahararren dangin Cajun Republican.  Mahaifinta, Francis Decker Atkinson, injiniyan sinadarai ne na Standard Oil, kuma mahaifiyarta, Thelma Atkinson، mai kula da gida ce. An sanya masa suna ne bayan kakarta, Grace, "Ti" shine Cajun Faransanci don , ma'ana "ƙarami".   Ta yi tafiya sosai tun tana yarinya, kuma ta halarci makarantu da yawa a Turai da Amurka. Atkinson ta auri saurayinta na makarantar sakandare, kyaftin din Sojan Sama Charles Leeds Sharpless, wanda ta sake shi a kusa da 1961 ko 1962. 

Atkinson ta sami digiri na farko na Fine Arts (BFA) daga Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Pennsylvania a shekarar 1964. Yayinda take a Philadelphia, ta taimaka wajen gano Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani, tana aiki a matsayin darakta na farko. Atkinson ya kuma kasance mai sukar zane-zane ga ARTnews na lokaci-lokaci, da kuma mai zane, kuma yana da alaƙa da masu fasaha kamar Elaine na Kooning .  A shekara ta 1969, Diane Arbus ta buga hoto na Atkinson a cikin jerin a cikin London Sunday Times. .  Daga baya ta koma Birnin New York inda, a 1967, ta shiga shirin PhD a fannin falsafar a Jami'ar Columbia, inda ta yi karatu tare da masanin falsafa da mai sukar fasaha Arthur Danto .   Ta sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1990, amma ba ta kammala karatun ta ba.

Atkinson daga baya ya ci gaba da nazarin aikin Gottlob Frege tare da masanin falsafa Charles Parsons . Ta koyar a kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa a tsawon shekaru, gami da Cibiyar Pratt, Jami'ar Case Western Reserve da Jami'ar Tufts . [1]

 Yancin mata 
A matsayinta na dalibi, Atkinson ta karanta littafin Simone de Beauvoir mai suna The Second Sex, kuma ta yi rubutu da Beauvoir, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ta tuntubi Betty Friedan. Atkinson ta zama memba na farko na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa, wanda Friedan ya kafa, yana aiki a kan kwamitin ƙasa, kuma ya zama shugaban reshe na New York a shekarar 1967.  Lokacin da ta kasance tare da kungiyar ya kasance mai rikici, ciki har da rikici tare da jagorancin kasa game da yunkurin da ta yi na karewa da inganta Valerie Solanas da SCUM Manifesto bayan harbi na Andy Warhol.

A shekara ta 1968, ta zama mai sukar rashin iyawar kungiyar don fuskantar batutuwan kamar zubar da ciki da rashin daidaito na aure; ta kuma ji cewa ya sake fasalin tsarin ikon shugabanci, kuma ya yi murabus daga shugabancin ta bayan an kayar da shawararta na soke ofisoshin zartarwa na NOW a cikin kuri'a. Ta kafa kungiyar October 17th Movement, mai suna don ranar da ta yi murabus, wanda daga baya zai zama The Feminists, ƙungiyar mata mai tsattsauran ra'ayi har zuwa 1973; duk da haka, ta bar kungiyar a 1971 lokacin da kungiyar ta hana mambobinta yin magana da manema labarai. A lokacin, ta rubuta litattafai da yawa game da mata, ta kasance memba na Daughters of Bilitis kuma tana ba da shawara musamman game da siyasa. Atkinson ya jagoranci kuma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da Richard Nixon, Ofishin Aure na Manhattan, da tallace-tallace na rarraba jinsi a cikin New York Times. Ta yi kira ga hanyoyin tashin hankali na gwagwarmaya, kuma a fili tana sha'awar Ƙungiyar Unity ta Italiya da Amurka da Weathermen. An buga littafinta Amazon Odyssey a shekara ta 1974. Atkinson ta shiga cikin Sagaris, makarantar bazara ta mata ta gwaji a Lyndonville, Vermont, a cikin shekarun 1970s, amma ta bar kungiyar tare da wasu mambobin kwaleji da yawa bayan makarantar ta karɓi tallafi daga Ms. Magazine.

A shekara ta 1971, Patricia Buckley Bozell, mai fafutukar Katolika da ra'ayin mazan jiya, ta buge ko ta yi ƙoƙari ta buge Atkinson (ba a san ko an yi hulɗa ta jiki ba) bayan wannan ya yi abin da Bozell ya bayyana a matsayin "magana mara ilimi game da jikin Kristi mai ban mamaki".   Lamarin ya faru ne a dandalin taron Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka yayin da Atkinson ke tattauna Budurwa Maryamu.

"Sisterhood", Atkinson ya ce sananne a cikin murabus dinta na 1971 daga 'yan mata, "yana da iko. Yana kashewa. Yawancin' yan'uwa mata. "

A cikin 2013, Atkinson, tare da Carol Hanisch, Kathy Scarbrough, da Kathie Sarachild, sun fara "Forbidden Discourse: The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of 'Gender'", wanda suka bayyana a matsayin "bayyanawa daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi 48 daga kasashe bakwai".[1] A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Michelle Goldberg a cikin The New Yorker ta bayyana shi kamar yadda yake nuna "gargitsi" a "tsoro da hare-hare, wasu daga cikinsu na zahiri, a kan mutane da kungiyoyi da ke da ƙarfin hali don kalubalanci ra'ayin jinsi na yanzu".[2]

 Bayanan littattafai 

 Littattafai 

 Amazon Odyssey (1974) 

 Littattafai da surori na littattafai 

 "The Institution of Sexual Intercourse" (ƙasa, 1968, wanda The Feminists suka buga) 
 "Vaginal orgasm a matsayin martani na rayuwa mai yawa" (lambar, 1968, wanda The Feminists suka buga) 
 "Radical Feminism" (ƙasa, 1969, wanda The Feminists suka buga) 
 "Radical Feminism and Love" (ƙasa, 1969, wanda The Feminists suka buga) 


 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Ti-Grace Atkinson tana magana da shirin Fasaha na Mata a Jami'ar Jihar California da ke Fresno . An samo shi a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2007
 Takardun Ti-Grace Atkinson, 1938-2013. Laburaren Schlesinger, Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard.
Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938