Morphology

A cikin ilimin harshe, ilimin halittar jiki shine nazarin kalmomi, gami da ka'idodin da aka samar da su, da yadda suke da alaƙa da juna a cikin harshe.[2]Aronoff, Mark; Fudeman, Kirsten (n.d.). "Morphology and Morphological Analysis" (PDF). What is Morphology?. Blackwell Publishing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2016.[1]Anderson, Stephen R. (n.d.). "Morphology". Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Macmillan Reference, Ltd., Yale University. Retrieved 30 July 2016..  Mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake bi na ilimin halittar jiki suna bincikar tsarin kalmomi dangane da nau'in halittar jiki, waɗanda su ne mafi ƙanƙanta raka'a a cikin harshe mai ma'ana mai zaman kanta.  Morphemes sun haɗa da tushen da za su iya kasancewa a matsayin kalmomi ta kansu, amma kuma nau'o'i irin su affixes waɗanda kawai za su iya bayyana a matsayin wani ɓangare na babbar kalma.  Misali, a turance tushen kamawa da suffix -ing dukkansu kwayoyin halitta ne;  kama yana iya bayyana a matsayin kalmar kansa, ko kuma a haɗa shi da -ing don samar da sabuwar kalmar kama.  Ilimin ilmin halitta yana kuma nazarin yadda kalmomi ke kasancewa a matsayin sassan magana, da kuma yadda za a iya jujjuya su don bayyana nau'ikan nahawu da suka hada da lamba, lokaci, da al'amari.  Ra'ayoyi irin su haɓakawa sun shafi yadda masu magana ke ƙirƙirar kalmomi a cikin takamaiman yanayi, waɗanda ke tasowa akan tarihin harshe.

Asalin fannonin ilimin harshe sun fi mayar da hankali kan tsarin harshe a “ma’auni”.  An yi la'akari da ilimin halittar jiki da yin aiki a ma'aunin da ya fi girma fiye da phonology, wanda ke bincika nau'ikan sautin magana waɗanda aka bambanta a cikin harshen da ake magana, don haka yana iya zama bambanci tsakanin morpheme da wani.  Sabanin haka, ma'auni ya shafi ma'auni mafi girma na gaba, kuma yana nazarin yadda kalmomi ke bi da bi da bi da jumloli da jimloli.  Nau'in ilimin dabi'a wani fanni ne na musamman wanda ke rarraba harsuna bisa ga fasalin halittar da suke nunawa.   

 Tarihi 

Tarihin binciken ilimin halittar ɗan adam na Indiya ya samo asali ne daga masanin ilimin harshe Pāṇini, wanda ya tsara dokoki 3,959 na ilimin halittar Sanskrit a cikin rubutun Aṣṭādhyāyī ta hanyar amfani da nahawun mazaɓa.  Har ila yau, al'adar nahawu na Greco-Roman ta tsunduma cikin nazarin yanayin halitta.[3]Beard, Robert (1995). Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology: A General Theory of Inflection and Word Formation. Albany: NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 2, 3. ISBN 0-7914-2471-5.  Nazarin ilimin halittar Larabci, gami da Marāḥ Al-Arwāḥ na Ahmad b.  ‘Ali Mas’ūd, ya koma aƙalla shekara ta 1200 Miladiyya[4]Åkesson 2001..

An gabatar da kalmar "kwayoyin halittar jiki" a cikin ilimin harshe ta August Schleicher a cikin 1859.[a]Für die lere von der wortform wäle ich das wort « morphologie», nach dem vorgange der naturwißenschaften [...] "Für die Lehre von der Wortform wähle ich das Wort "Morphologie", nach dem Vorgange der Naturwissenschaften [...]", "For the science of word-formation, I choose the term 'morphology' [...]) [5]Schleicher, August (1859). "Zur Morphologie der Sprache". Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. VII°. Vol. I, N.7. St. Petersburg. p. 35.


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