Hamengkubuwono IX

Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (Javanese_scriptHanacaraka; 12 ga Afrilu 1912 - 2 ga Oktoba 1988), sau da yawa an taƙaita shi da HB IX, ɗan siyasan Indonesia ne kuma sarauta na Javanese wanda ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Indonesia na biyu, sultan na tara na Yogyakarta, kuma gwamnan farko na Yankin Musamman na Yogy Jakarta . Hamengkubuwono IX ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Scout Movement Quarter ta farko kuma an san shi da Uba na Scouts na Indonesiya.'Yan Sikawut na Indonesiya.

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haife shi a matsayin Gusti Raden Mas Dorodjatun, a Sompilan, Ngasem, Yogyakarta, Hamengkubuwono IX shi ne ɗan tara na Yarima Gusti Pangeran Puruboyo - daga baya aka kira Hamengkuvuwono VIII - tare da matarsa, Raden Ajeng Kustilah . 

Lokacin da yake dan shekara huɗu, an tura shi ya zauna tare da iyalin Mulder, dangin Dutch waɗanda ke zaune a yankin Gondokusuman. Yayinda yake zaune tare da dangin Mulder, an kira Hamengkubuwono IX da sunan Henkie wanda aka ɗauke shi daga sunan Yarima Hendrik na Netherlands.

Ya shafe shekarunsa na makaranta a Yogyakarta, ya fara daga Makarantar Frobel (kindergarten), kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Eerste Europe Lagere wacce daga nan ta koma <i id="mwOg">Makarantar Neutrale Europeesche Lagere</i>. Bayan kammala karatunsa na asali, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Hogere Burgerschool Semarang na shekara guda kafin ya koma Hogere Burgerschool Bandung . 

A cikin 1930, shi da babban ɗan'uwansa, BRM - wanda daga baya aka sani da Prabuningrat, bayan da aka naɗa Hamengkubuwono IX - sun koma Netherlands. Ya fara makaranta a Lyceum Haarlem, Netherlands . Sau da yawa ana kiransa Sultan Henk lokacin da yake karatu a makarantar. Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1934, Hamengkubuwono IX da babban ɗan'uwansa sun koma Leiden, sun shiga kwalejin Rijksuniversiteit Leiden - Jami'ar Leiden a yau - kuma sun fara karatun Indology, nazarin mulkin mallaka a Indiya.

Koyaya, bai gama karatunsa ba kuma dole ne ya koma ƙasarsa a 1939, bayan farawar Yaƙin Duniya na II.

 Komawa Indiya 
Bayan ya isa Batavia daga Netherlands a watan Oktoba 1939, mahaifinsa ya karbe Hamengkubuwono IX kai tsaye a Otal des Indes. Lokacin da mai mulki mai cin gashin kansa yake a Batavia, gabaɗaya akwai jadawalin ayyukan da yawa waɗanda dole ne a cika su. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da dangin sarauta suka halarta tare da Hamengkubuwono IX a Batavia gayyatar cin abincin dare ne a fadar Gwamna Janar na Dutch East Indies .  Yayinda yake shirin halartar gayyatar, Hamengkubuwono IX ya kasance tare da keris na Kyai Jaka Piturun daga mahaifinsa. Wannan keris galibi ana ba da shi ga ɗan mai mulki wanda ake so ya zama yarima. Saboda haka, wannan ya nuna cewa Hamengkubuwono IX zai zama magajin kursiyin Sultanate na Yogyakarta.

Bayan sun halarci ajanda na kwana uku a Batavia, dangin sarauta, da Hamengkubuwono IX sun koma Yogyakarta ta amfani da jirgin Eendaagsche Express. A kan hanya, mahaifinsa ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya zama ba tare da sanin komai ba. Da ya isa Yogyakarta, nan da nan aka kai Sultan asibitin Onder de Bogen kuma aka kula da shi har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1939. Hamengkubuwono IX a matsayin yarima sannan ya tara 'yan uwansa da kawunsa don tattauna wanda zai zama Sultan na gaba. Duk danginsa sun amince da nada Hamengkubuwono IX a matsayin Sultan na gaba.

 Karramawa 
An naɗa Hamengkubuwono IX a matsayin Sri Sultan Hamengkupuwono IX a ranar 18 ga Maris 1940, ranar da aka yi amfani da kwangilar siyasa tare da Gwamnatin Dutch East Indies. Gwamna Lucien Adam ya naɗa shi kambin lakabi biyu a lokaci guda. Taken farko shine taken Yarima Adipati Anom Hamengku Negara Sudibya Raja Putra Narendra Mataram, sunansa a matsayin Yarima. Bayan haka, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX ya lashe kambin da taken Sampéyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuwun Kangjeng Sultan Hamengkubuwana Sénapati ing Ngalaga Abdurrahman Sayidin Panatagama Kalifatullah Ingkang Jumeneng Kaping Sanga . 

A lokacin jawabinsa na na naɗa shi, Hamengkubuwono ya gane asalinsa na Javanese kuma ya ce "Ko da yake na ɗanɗana Ilimi na Yamma, har yanzu ina kuma koyaushe zan kasance Javanese".

 Sarauta 

 Tattaunawa da Dutch 

 Sultan bai yarda da cewa Firayim Ministansa () zai zama ma'aikacin Netherlands don kauce wa rikici na sha'awa ba.
 Sultan bai yarda cewa Netherlands za ta zabi rabin masu ba shi shawara ba.
 Sultan bai yarda da cewa ƙaramin sojojinsa za su sami umarni kai tsaye daga sojojin Dutch ba.

A ƙarshe, Sultan ya amince da shawarar da gwamnatin Netherlands ta bayar, kuma a watan Fabrairun 1942, Netherlands ta mika Indonesia ga sojojin Japan masu mamayewa.

 Yaƙin Duniya na II 
A cikin 1942, Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Holland a Indonesia ta ci nasara a hannun Sojojin Daular Japan. Daga baya Japan ta mamaye Dutch East Indies. Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX an ba shi ikon cin gashin kansa don gudanar da gwamnati a yankinsa a karkashin Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Japan. Matsayin Pepatih Dalem wanda a baya dole ne ya kasance da alhakin Sultan da Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Dutch yanzu ya zama alhakin kawai ga Sultan.

Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX an sake zabarsa a matsayin Sarkin Yogyakarta a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 1942 ta Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Japan a Jakarta kuma Yogyakarta ya zama Kochi (Yankin Musamman). A cikin yawan jama'a da ke shiga Rōmusha, Sultan ya sami damar hana shi ta hanyar sarrafa aikin gona da kididdigar dabbobi. Sultan ya ba da shawarar gina tashar ban ruwa wanda ke haɗa Kogin Progo da Kogin Opak don a iya ban ruwa a cikin shekara, wanda a baya yana da tsarin ruwan sama. An yarda da wannan shawarar har ma da taimakon kudade don gina ta. Wannan tashar ban ruwa daga baya aka kira Mataram Sewer kuma a cikin Jafananci, an kira shi Gunsei Yosuiro (Yosuiro Canal). Bayan an kammala gina Mataram Sewers, yawan aikin gona ya karu don haka yawan mutanen da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin Rōmusha ya ragu sosai, kodayake har yanzu Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kawo wasu.

 Yakin Independence na Indonesia 

 Taimako ga 'yancin kai 
Kai tsaye bayan sanarwar 'yancin Indonesiya a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 1945, Hamengkubuwono IX tare da Paku Alam VIII, Yarima na Pakualaman ya yanke shawarar tallafawa sabuwar Jamhuriyar da aka kafa. Gwamnatin Tsakiya ta amince da goyon bayan Hamengkubuwono IX nan da nan tare da nadin zuwa Gwamnatin Rayuwa ta Yogyakarta tare da Paku Alam VIII a matsayin mataimakin gwamna. An kuma inganta matsayin Yogyakarta zuwa na Yankin Musamman. Bugu da kari, Hamengkubuwono IX ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan soja na Yogyakarta kuma ya kasance ministan jihar daga 1945 zuwa 1949.
Yaren mutanen Holland sun dawo don da'awar tsohuwar mulkin mallaka. Hamengkubuwono IX ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juriya. A farkon 1946, an sake komawa babban birnin Indonesia a hankali zuwa Yogyakarta, kuma Sultan ya ba sabuwar gwamnati wasu kudade. Lokacin da Indonesia ta fara neman mafita ta diflomasiyya tare da Gwamnatin Holland, Hamengkubuwono IX na daga cikin tawagar Indonesia.  A ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1948, 'yan Holland sun samu nasarar mamaye Yogyakarta kuma sun kama Sukarno da Hatta, shugaban farko da mataimakin shugaban Indonesia. Hamengkubuwono IX bai bar Yogyakarta ba kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin gwamna.  Yaren mutanen Holland sun yi niyyar sanya Yogyakarta babban birnin sabuwar jihar tarayya ta Indonesia ta Tsakiyar Java da kuma nada sultan a matsayin shugaban kasa, amma Hamengkubuwono ya ki yin hadin kai. Yaren mutanen Holland sun kalli shi da tuhuma kuma a wani mataki ya fara jin daɗin ra'ayin cewa Hamengkubuwono IX ko dai yana shirin sanya Yogyakarta yanki mai cin gashin kansa gaba ɗaya ko kuma ya sa idanunsa a kan shugabancin Jamhuriyar.

 1 Maris Janar Yakin 
A farkon 1949, Hamengkubuwono IX ya yi tunanin babban hari da za a kaddamar da shi a kan Yogyakarta da sojojin Dutch da ke zaune a ciki. Manufar wannan hari ita ce ta nuna wa duniya cewa Indonesia har yanzu tana nan kuma ba ta shirya don mika wuya ba. An ba da shawarar ra'ayin ga Janar Sudirman, Kwamandan Sojojin Indonesiya, kuma ya sami amincewarsa. A watan Fabrairun 1949, Hamengkubuwono IX ya yi ganawa da Lieutenant Colonel Suharto, mutumin da Sudirman ya zaba ya zama kwamandan filin don kai farmaki. Bayan wannan tattaunawar, an yi shirye-shirye don kai farmaki. Wannan ya haɗa da hare-haren 'yan tawaye a ƙauyuka da garuruwa da ke kusa da Yogyakarta don yin tashar Dutch da yawa a waje da Yogy Jakarta kuma ta rage lambobin a cikin birni kanta.  A ranar 1 ga Maris 1949 da karfe 6 na safe, Suharto da dakarunsa sun kaddamar da Babban Yakin Maris na 1 .  Wannan hari ya kama 'yan Holland da mamaki. A nasa bangaren, Hamengkubuwono IX ya ba da izinin amfani da fadarsa a matsayin mafaka ga sojoji. Har tsawon sa'o'i 6, sojojin Indonesiya sun mallaki Yogyakarta kafin a ƙarshe su janye. Wannan hari ya kasance babban nasara, ya karfafa dakarun da suka lalace a duk faɗin Indonesia. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1949, sojojin Holland da suka janye sun mika iko a kan Yogyakarta ga Hamengkubuwono IX. A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, nan da nan bayan da Sarauniya Juliana ta sanya hannu kan canja wurin ikon mallaka a Fadar Dam a Amsterdam, Babban Kwamishinan A.H.J. Lovink ya canja ikonsa zuwa Hamengkubuwono yayin wani bikin a Jakarta a Fadar Koningsplein, daga baya aka sake masa suna Fadar Merdeka. 

Bayan da 'yancin Indonesia suka amince da ita, Hamengkubuwono IX ya ci gaba da aiki a gwamnati. Baya ga ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin Gwamna na Yogyakarta, Hamengkubuwono IX ya ci gaba da aiki a Gwamnatin Indonesia a matsayin Minista.

Hamengkubuwono IX ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Tsaro da Mai Kula da Tsaro na Gida (1949-1951 da 1953), mataimakin Firayim Minista (1951), shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kayan Jiha (1959), shugaban Hukumar Bincike ta Jiha (1960-1966), da kuma Ministan Gudanar da Ci Gaban yayin da yake rike da matsayin Ministan Yawon Bude Ido (1966).  Baya ga waɗannan mukamai, Hamengkubuwono IX ya rike mukamin shugaban Kwamitin Wasanni na Kasa na Indonesia (KONI) da kuma shugaban kwamitin masu kula da yawon bude ido.

 Canji daga tsohuwar tsari zuwa sabon tsari 
A lokacin G30S Movement, a lokacin da aka sace janar-janar shida daga gidajensu kuma aka kashe su, Hamengkubuwono IX ya kasance a Jakarta. A wannan safiya, tare da inda Shugaba Sukarno yake har yanzu ba a san shi ba, Suharto ya tuntubi Hamengkubuwono, wanda yanzu ya zama babban janar kuma kwamandan Kostrad (Soja Strategic Command) don shawara. Suharto ya ba da shawarar cewa saboda ba a san inda Sukarno yake ba, Hamengkubuwono IX ya kamata ya kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi don taimakawa wajen magance motsi. Hamengkubuwono IX ya ki amincewa da tayin kuma ya tuntubi daya daga cikin matan Sukarno da yawa wadanda suka tabbatar da inda Sukarno yake.

 Naɗa shi 
Tun lokacin da Mohammad Hatta ya yi murabus a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1956, matsayin ya kasance babu kowa ga sauran lokacin Sukarno a matsayin shugaban kasa. Lokacin da aka zabi Suharto a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekarar 1968 ta Majalisar Dattijai ta Jama'a, ya ci gaba da kasancewa babu kowa. A ƙarshe, a watan Maris na shekara ta 1973, an zabi Hamengkubuwono IX a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa tare da Suharto wanda aka sake zabarsa a karo na biyu a matsayin shugaban kasa.  Ya ci gaba da zama Gwamnan Yogyakarta a lokacin mataimakin shugaban kasa.

Zaben Hamengkubuwono IX bai kasance abin mamaki ba saboda ya kasance sanannen mutum a Indonesia. Ya kuma kasance farar hula kuma ana sa ran zabensa na mataimakin shugaban kasa zai kara karfin soja na Suharto. Duk da cewa an zabe shi a hukumance a 1973, ana iya cewa Hamengkubuwono IX ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa a baya yayin da yake jagorantar kasar a kai a kai a duk lokacin da Suharto ya fita daga kasar. A matsayinsa na mataimakin shugaban kasa, an sanya Hamengkubuwono IX a matsayin mai kula da jin dadin jama'a kuma an ba shi aikin kula da ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Ana sa ran cewa za a riƙe Suharto da Hamengkubuwono IX duet don wani lokaci. Koyaya, Hamengkubuwono IX ya yi takaici game da karuwar mulkin mallaka na Suharto da karuwar cin hanci da rashawa.

Suharto ya dauki kin amincewar Hamengkubuwono IX da kansa kuma a cikin tarihin kansa na 1989 zai yi ikirarin yabo don ɗaukar ciki Janar Janar 1 Maris.
Hamengkubuwono IX ya kasance mai aiki tare da Scouts daga zamanin mulkin mallaka na Dutch kuma ya ci gaba da kula da motsi da zarar Indonesia ta sami 'yanci. A shekara ta 1968, an zabi Hamengkubuwono IX a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Scout ta ƙasa. Hamengkubuwono IX ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Bronze Wolf, bambancin da kawai na Ƙungiyar Scout ta Duniya, wanda Kwamitin Scout na Duniya ya ba shi don ayyuka na musamman ga Scouting na duniya, a cikin 1973. 

Tun daga farkon samun 'yancin kai, yana da sha'awar kafa cibiyar wasanni ta kasa don nuna asalin ƙasa, wanda ke da alaƙa da aika' yan wasan Indonesiya a farkon kwanakin Yakin Independence zuwa wasannin Olympics na 1948.  A mafi girma, an amince da shi don jagorantar da kuma zama majagaba ga kafa Kwamitin Wasanni na Kasa na Indonesia kuma ya zama shugaban da ya fi dadewa a tarihi kuma ya samar da nasarorin alfahari ga Indonesia a cikin abubuwan wasanni na duniya.

Bayanan Kula

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba