María Jesús Alvarado Rivera

María Jesús Alvarado Rivera (27 ga watan Mayu 1878 - 6 ga Mayu 1971) 'yar adawa ce ta Peruvian, malama, 'yar jarida, marubuciya kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa.  – Majalisar Mata ta Kasa ta Peru ta lura da ita a shekarar 1969 a matsayin "mai gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ta zamani ta farko a Peru".[1]

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Alvarado Rivera a Chincha Alta a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1878. Iyayenta sune Cayetano Alvarado Arciniega, mai shi kuma mai kula da gidan Chacrabajo, da kuma Yesu Rivera Martinez; dukansu 'yan asalin Lardin Chincha ne. Ita ce ta goma cikin yara goma sha uku. Saboda Yaƙin Pacific, an tilasta wa iyalinta sayar da dukiyarsu kuma su zauna a Lima. Kamar yadda ya saba a wannan lokacin karatunta ya tafi ne kawai har zuwa makarantar firamare. Koyaya, a cikin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci, ta koyi karatu da rubutu da kyau. Nazarinta na gaba ya koyar da kansa. Daga nan sai ta halarci makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta da Elvira García da García (shugaban ƙungiyar mata a Peru) ke gudanarwa, bayan haka ta zama malama. Da yake ta damu da tsarin ilimi na dā, ta yi nazarin ilimin zamantakewa da kanta kuma ta taimaka wajen gabatar da hanyoyin ci gaba na "ilimi na sana'a, euthanasia, kiwon lafiya da kula da aure na yara a makaranta da kuma kula da cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i. " Ta kuma yi imani da rawar mata a matsayin uwa.

 Ayyuka 
Tare da taimakon ɗan'uwanta, Lorenzo Antonino, wanda ya kasance Farfesa na Geology a Jami'ar San Marcos ta Kasa, ta sami aiki a matsayin marubuciya ga jaridar El Comercio . Ta kuma sami aiki a El Diario (1908), kuma shekaru bayan haka, don La Prensa . Ta yi gabatarwar farko game da batutuwan mata a Taron Mata na Duniya a shekara ta 1910. A shekara mai zuwa, ta ba da lacca game da mata a Geographical Society of Lima, ta bayyana mahimman abubuwan mata a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin zamantakewar duniya na yanzu wanda ya haifar da buƙatar samar da daidaitattun 'yanci da na siyasa ga mata."  A wannan taron ne Alvarado Rivera  ya haifar da sha'awar jama'a game da ra'ayin mata, kodayake tare da amsoshi masu rikitarwa. The Daughters of Palma , Angelica, da Augusta sun yi iƙirarin "A ƙarshe mace ta bayyana wacce za ta 'yantar da mu daga zalunci da muke rayuwa, " bayan sun ji lacca.  Wasu sun yi tunanin cewa ra'ayinta sun yi tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma za su haifar da rikici da lalacewar dabi'un iyali yayin da mata suka watsar da matsayinsu na gargajiya 

Alvarado Rivera ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa, a shekara ta 1914, Evolución Femenina a Lima . Ta kuma gabatar da shawarwari don aiwatar da ka'idojin farar hula da kuma shigar da mata cikin ayyukan gwamnati. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na tsawon shekaru tara a wannan hanyar ya haifar da Majalisar Wakilai ta ba mata damar zama membobin ƙungiyoyin jin dadin jama'a (1915), wanda daga ƙarshe aka kafa shi a matsayin doka (1922).  Juyin Halitta na Femenina ya kuma jawo zargi daga al'umma. Ƙananan mata ne kawai suka amince da sanya sunayensu a kan matsayin membobin, kuma La Cronica na Lima ta buga hoto a ƙarshen 1924 na jawabin da Alvarado Rivera ya bayar inda yawancin masu halarta suka cire hularsu don rufe fuskokinsu daga mai daukar hoto.

A cikin 1923, bayan ziyarar da Carrie Chapman Catt, shugaban kungiyar International Suffrage Alliance, ya kai Peru, Alvarado Rivera ya kafa Majalisar Mata ta Kasa. Wannan kungiya ta sha wahala da matsaloli masu tsanani da suka taso tsakanin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da Katolika. Abin takaici, Majalisar Mata ta Kasa ta fara fuskantar rikice-rikice tun da wuri, akwai rarrabuwa game da ko ya kamata su yi kira ga fiye da kawai 'yancin mata. Lokacin da ta ba da shawarar cewa majalisa ta yi la'akari da sake fasalin dokar farar hula don ba mata, musamman mata masu aure, daidaito a gaban doka, akwai tsayayya mai ƙarfi da shakku daga jaridu da masu alaƙa da majalisa.Duk da haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsi kan 'yancin mata, ta kafa "Labor and Moral School Workshop" don ilimantar da karuwanci da dawo da su ga al'umma.

Saboda goyon bayanta mai karfi ga karfafa mata da 'yancin jefa kuri'a da cikakken daidaito a Taron Mata na Pan-American da aka gudanar a Lima, an daure ta kuma daga baya aka tura ta gudun hijira. Kungiyar Mata ta Katolika ce ta jagoranci 'yan adawa, wanda Shugaban Peru na lokacin, Augusto B. Leguía ya goyi bayan. Ta kwashe watanni uku a gidan yarin mata na Santo Tomas a lokacin Kirsimeti 1924 sannan ta kwashe shekaru 12 a gudun hijira a Argentina. A Argentina, ta koyar da makaranta kuma ta ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ta rubuta a kan batutuwan zamantakewa da ɗabi'a a cikin al'umma.

Bayan dawowa daga gudun hijira, ta ba da lokacinta ga rediyo, wasan kwaikwayo, da sinima, tare da babban manufar samun 'yancin jefa kuri'a ga mata a Peru. Ta kuma rubuta wasan kwaikwayo, The Perricholi, wanda Rediyon Nacional del Perú ya watsa. Ta kafa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dramatic, "Ollanta", tare da kuɗin kanta wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta karɓa yayin da ta taimaka wajen kirkirar Daraktan Al'adu da Fasaha a Peru. A cikin 1938, ta gabatar da "Code of Rights" ga mata, a cikin 1940, ta rubuta a kan batun "Eugenics da Child" a cikin Semana de la Salud . A shekara ta 1945, gwamnati ta amince da shawararta ta kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa. Ta kuma zama Mai ba da shawara na Majalisa ta Lima . 

Yunkurin mata da Alvarado Rivera ya ƙaddamar ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo don samun tsari, kuma a cikin 1955 ne kawai mata suka sami damar yin zabe a Peru. Ta mutu a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1971, tana da shekaru 92, mace ce mai matukar takaici saboda kokarin da ta yi a cikin ƙungiyar mata bai sami yabo ba a lokacin rayuwarta.

 Kyauta 
A ranar 8 ga Maris 2021, Gwamnatin Peru ta ayyana aikin Alvarado Rivera a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun ƙasa.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haihuwar 1878
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1918
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba