Mahasweta Devi

Mahasweta Devi (14 ga watan Janairun 1926 - 28 ga watan Yulin 2016)   marubuci ne na kasar  Indiya a Bengali kuma mai fafutuka. Shahararrun ayyukanta na wallafe-wallafen sun hada da Hajar Churashir Maa, Rudali, da Aranyer Adhikar . Ta kasance mai hagu wanda ya yi aiki don haƙƙoƙi da karfafawa ga mutanen ƙabilar (Lodha da Shabar) na West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh da Chhattisgarh jihohin Indiya. An girmama ta da kyaututtuka daban-daban na wallafe-wallafen kamar Sahitya Akademi Award (a cikin Bengali), Jnanpith Award da Ramon Magsay Award tare da kyautattun farar hula na Indiya Padma Shri da Padma Vibhushan . 

 Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi 
An haifi Mahasweta Devi a cikin iyalin Brahmin  a ranar 14 ga Janairun 1926 a Dacca, Indiya ta Burtaniya (yanzu Dhaka, Bangladesh). Mahaifinta, Manish Ghatak, mawaki ne kuma marubuci  na ƙungiyar Kallol, wanda ya yi amfani da sunan Jubanashwa (Bengali: যুbonaশ্ব).  Ɗan'uwan Ghatak shi ne mai shirya fina-finai Ritwik Ghatak .  Mahaifiyar Devi, Dharitri Devi, ita ma marubuciya ce kuma ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa  wanda 'yan uwansa suka hada da masanin zane-zane Sankha Chaudhury da wanda ya kafa editan Tattalin Arziki da Siyasa na Indiya, Sachin Chaudhuryan .

Makarantar farko ta Devi ta kasance a Dhaka,  Eden Montessori School (1930). Bayan haka, ta koma West Bengal (yanzu a Indiya).  Daga nan sai ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta mata, Midnapore (1935). Bayan haka an shigar da ita a Santiniketan (1936 zuwa 1938). Bayan haka, ta yi karatu a makarantar 'yan mata ta Beltala (1939-1941) inda ta kammala karatun ta. Sa'an nan a cikin 1944 ta sami I.A. daga Kwalejin Asutosh . Ta halarci Jami'ar Visva-Bharati da Rabindranath Tagore ta kafa kuma ta kammala B.A. (Hons) a Turanci, sannan ta kammala MA a Turanci a Jami'ar Calcutta.

 Ayyuka 

 Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen 
Devi ta rubuta litattafai sama da 100 da tarin gajerun labaru sama da 20  da farko an rubuta su a cikin Bengali amma sau da yawa ana fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna.  Littafinta na farko, mai taken Jhansir Rani, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tarihin rayuwar Rani na Jhansi a shekarar 1956.  Ta zagaya yankin Jhansi don yin rikodin bayanai da waƙoƙin gargajiya daga mutanen yankin don littafin.

Nazarin Mahasweta Devi ya kasance a cikin nazarin Adivasi, Dalit da Marginalized Citizens tare da mai da hankali kan matansu. An haɗa su a matsayin masu zanga-zangar a fuskar Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, Mahajanas da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin adalci. Ta zauna a ƙauyukan Adivasi a West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh shekaru bayan shekaru, ta yi abota da su kuma ta koyi daga gare su. Ta nuna gwagwarmayarsu da sadaukarwa a cikin kalmominta da haruffa. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa labaranta ba halittarta ba ne, labaran mutanen ƙasarsu ne. Irin wannan misali shine aikinta "Chotti Mundi Ebong Tar Tir".

A shekara ta 1964, ta fara koyarwa  a Kwalejin Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray (kwalejin da ke da alaƙa da tsarin Jami'ar Calcutta). A waɗancan kwanakin Kwalejin Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray wata cibiya ce ga ɗaliban mata masu aiki. A wannan lokacin ta kuma yi aiki - a matsayin 'yar jarida  kuma a matsayin marubuciya mai kirkira. Ta yi nazarin Lodhas da Shabars, al'ummomin kabilun West Bengal, mata da Dalits. A cikin almara mai zurfi na Bengali, sau da yawa tana nuna zalunci a kan mutanen kabilanci da waɗanda ba za a iya taɓa su ba ta hanyar masu iko masu iko, masu ba da kuɗi, da jami'an gwamnati. Ta rubuta game da tushen wahayi:

Masanin postcolonial Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak ya fassara gajerun labarun Devi zuwa Turanci kuma ya buga littattafai uku Imaginary Maps (1995, Routledge), Old Woman (1997, Seagull), The Breast Stories (1997, Seapull). 

 Ayyukan zamantakewa 
Mahasweta Devi ta ɗaga muryarta sau da yawa game da nuna bambanci da mutanen kabilanci suka sha a Indiya. Littafin Devi na 1977 Aranyer Adhikar (Haka zuwa Forest) game da rayuwar Birsa Munda ce. Kuma a watan Yunin 2016, sakamakon gwagwarmayar Devi, Gwamnatin Jihar Jharkhand a ƙarshe ta ga cire yatsun daga adadi na Munda, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na zane-zane na tunawa da sanannen matashiyar shugaban kabilanci saboda an kafa shi ne akan hoto daga zamanin mulkin Burtaniya.

Devi ta jagoranci yunkurin adawa da manufofin masana'antu na gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya (Marxist) ta West Bengal. Musamman, ta soki kwacewar manoma na manyan filayen noma masu kyau da gwamnati ta yi wanda daga bisani ya ba da shi ga gidajen masana'antu a farashin da aka zubar. Ta goyi bayan takarar Mamata Banarjee a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Bengal ta Yammacin 2011 wanda ya haifar da ƙarshen mulkin shekaru 34 na CPI (M).  Ta haɗa manufofin da kasuwancin Santiniketan na Rabindranath Tagore, inda ta shafe shekarunta na farko. Jagorarta a cikin tashin hankali na Nandigram ya haifar da wasu masu ilimi, masu zane-zane, marubuta da ma'aikatan gidan wasan kwaikwayo da suka shiga don nuna rashin amincewa da manufofin da ake jayayya da kuma musamman aiwatar da shi a Singur da Nandigram.

An san ta da taimaka wa sanannen marubucin Manoranjan Bypari ya zama sananne yayin da aka buga rubuce-rubucensa na farko a cikin mujallarta kuma kamar yadda ta motsa shi.

A Frankfurt Book Fair 2006, lokacin da Indiya ta kasance ƙasa ta farko da ta zama ƙasar baƙo a karo na biyu na Fair, ta yi jawabi mai ban sha'awa inda ta motsa masu sauraro su yi hawaye tare da layin da aka karɓa daga sanannen waƙar fim din "Mera Joota Hai Japan" na Raj Kapoor.

A shekara ta 1997, shugaban kasar Shankar Dayal Sharma ya sauya hukuncin kisa biyu bayan Devi ta jagoranci yakin neman zabe. A shekara ta 2012, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu sa hannu sama da 215, tare da Nandita Das, Aamir Bashir, da Anusha Rizvi, ga wata takarda da aka gabatar wa shugaban kasar Pranab Mukherjee wanda ya yi adawa da hukuncin kisa bayan da aka yanke wa Ajmal Kasab hukunci bayan Hare-haren Mumbai na 2008 kuma a maimakon haka ya goyi bayan ɗaurin rai da rai. Wasikar ta ce, "A ƙasar Buddha, Mahavira da Gandhiji, kada a ce babu wani wuri a cikin zukatanmu don jinƙai".

 Rayuwa ta mutum 
A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1947, ta auri sanannen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Bijon Bhattacharya, wanda yake daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Indiya. A shekara ta 1948, ta haifi Nabarun Bhattacharya, wanda ya zama marubuci kuma mai sukar siyasa. Ta yi aiki a ofishin gidan waya amma an kore ta saboda goyon bayan kwaminisanci. Ta ci gaba da yin ayyuka daban-daban, kamar sayar da sabulu da rubuta wasiƙu a Turanci ga marasa ilimi. A shekara ta 1962, ta auri marubucin Asit Gupta bayan ta saki Bhattacharya. A shekara ta 1976, dangantakar da Gupta ta ƙare.

 Mutuwa 
A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin 2016, Devi ta kamu da babban ciwon zuciya kuma an shigar da ita a asibitin Belle Vue, Kolkata. Devi ta mutu ne sakamakon gazawar gabobin jiki a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2016, tana da shekaru 90.  Ta sha wahala daga Ciwon sukari, sepsis da cututtukan fitsari.

A kan mutuwarta, Mamata Banerjee, Babban Ministan Yammacin Bengal ya wallafa a shafin Twitter cewa "India ta rasa babban marubuci. Bengal ta rasa mahaifiyar da take da daraja. Na rasa jagora na sirri. Mahasweta Di ya huta cikin salama. "  Firayim Minista Narendra Modi ya wallafa a Twitter cewa "Mahashweta Devi ya kwatanta da ban mamaki ikon alkalami. Muryar tausayi, daidaito & adalci, ta bar mu cikin bakin ciki sosai. RIP. "

 Kyaututtuka da karbuwa 

 1979: Sahitya Akademi Award (Bengali): - Aranyer Adhikar (littafi) 
 Padma Shri Awards (1980-1989)">1986: Padma Shri don Ayyukan Jama'a 
 1996: Kyautar Jnanpith - babbar lambar yabo ta wallafe-wallafen daga Bharatiya Jnanpith 
 1997: Kyautar Ramon Magsaysay - Jarida, Littattafai, da Kwarewar Sadarwa don "ƙaddamar da tausayi ta hanyar fasaha da gwagwarmaya don da'awar ga mutanen kabilanci wuri mai adalci da girmamawa a rayuwar ƙasar Indiya".
 2003: Jami'in Order of Arts and Letters 
 2006: Padma Vibhushan - lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma ta farar hula daga Gwamnatin Indiya 
 2007: Kyautar wallafe-wallafen SAARC 
 2009: An ƙaddamar da shi don Kyautar Man Booker ta Duniya 
 2010: Kyautar Yashwantrao Chavan ta Kasa 
 2011: Banga Bibhushan - babbar lambar yabo ta farar hula daga Gwamnatin West Bengal 
 2012: An zabi shi don Kyautar Nobel ta LittattafaiKyautar Nobel ta wallafe-wallafen
 2014: Kyautar Kasa ta Mamoni Raisom Goswami don Littattafai wanda Asam Sahitya Sabha ta kafa kuma Numaligarh Refinery Ltd., Assam ta dauki nauyinta 
 A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2018, Google ta girmama Mahasweta Devi a ranar cika shekaru 92 da haihuwa, tana murna da aikinta ta hanyar kirkirar doodle a kanta.

 Manyan ayyukan 
Babban ayyukan Devi sun hada da:

 Jhansi Rani (1956, tarihin rayuwa) 
 Sarauniyar Jhansi, ta Mahasweta Devi (wanda Sagaree da Mandira Sengupta suka fassara). Wannan littafi sake gina rayuwar Rani Lakshmi Bai ne daga bincike mai zurfi na takardun tarihi (wanda G. C. Tambe, jikan Sarauniya ya tattara mafi yawa) da labarun gargajiya, shayari da al'adun baki; an buga asali a cikin Bengali a 1956; fassarar Turanci ta Seagull Books, Calcutta, 2000,   
 Mastar Saab wanda aka fi sani da Massaheb (Malamin Makarantar), wanda ya dogara ne akan juyin juya halin kwaminisanci na Bihar don sake fasalin ƙasa. An ce wannan labari ya dogara ne akan rayuwar Jagdish Mahto, wanda ya zama sanannen mutum a Bhojpur saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga gwagwarmayar matalauta da masu mallakar gidaje.
 Hajar Churashir Maa (1974, littafin, Uwar 1084) 
 Aranyer Adhikar (1979, littafin, Dama zuwa Dajin) 
 Agnigarbha (1978, tarin gajerun labaru) 
 Murti (1979, tarin gajerun labaru) 
 Neerete Megh (1979, tarin gajerun labaru) 
 Stanyadayani (1980, tarin gajerun labaru) 
 Chotti Munda Ebong Tar Tir (1980, littafin, Chotti Munda da Arrow dinsa) 

 Fim din 

 Sunghursh (1968), fim din Hindi wanda ya samo asali ne daga gajeren labari Layli Asmaner Ayna 
 Rudaali (1993)  
 Bayen (Hindi) (1993) fim ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga gajeren labari wanda Gul Bahar singh ya jagoranta
 Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa (1998)  
 Maati Maay (2006), fim din Marathi wanda ya samo asali ne daga gajeren labarin BAayen 
 Gangor (2010), fim din Italiyanci wanda ya samo asali ne daga gajeren labari Choli Ke Peeche 
 <i id="mwAfU">Ullas</i> (fim na Bengali wanda ya samo asali ne daga gajerun labaru guda uku - Daur, Mahadu Ekti Rupkatha da Anna Aranya) wanda Ishwar Chakraborty ya jagoranta, wanda aka saki a shekarar 2012.

 A cikin al'adun gargajiya 
Mahananda, fim din Bengali wanda ya danganci rayuwarta da ayyukanta, wanda aka fitar da shi a shekarar 2022. Gargi Roychowdhury ya yi rubutun rawar da ya taka a fim din.

 Dubi kuma 

 Jerin marubutan Indiya


 manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba