Mary Latimer McLendon

Mary Latimer McLendon (24 ga Yuni, 1840 - Nuwamba 20, 1921) ta kasance mai fafutuka a cikin haramci da ƙungiyoyin zaɓen mata a jihar Georgia ta Amurka .

An haife ta a cikin aji mai shuka a Kudancin Antebellum, za ta ƙaura zuwa Atlanta kafin yakin basasar Amurka . Bayan yakin, ta shiga cikin motsin fushi, ta kafa wani babi na gida na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kirista (WCTU) a farkon 1880s. Yayin da ta kasance mai fafutuka a cikin motsin fushi, ta fara shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin neman zaɓen mata, ta shiga Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata ta Georgia a 1892 kuma daga baya ta zama shugabanta na shekaru da yawa a ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s. A lokacin rayuwarta, ta ga amincewa da gyare-gyare na goma sha takwas da na sha tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda, bi da bi, ya kafa haramcin barasa a duk faɗin ƙasar da kuma faɗaɗa mata. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1921 tana da shekaru 81. An gina wani marmaro mai ban sha'awa a cikin Capitol na Jihar Georgia a matsayin abin tunawa a 1923.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Mary Latimer a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1840, a gundumar DeKalb, Jojiya .  Iyayenta sune Eleanor Swift da Charles Latimer. Ita ce kanwar Rebecca Latimer .  Dukansu 'yan'uwa mata sun girma a cikin Tsohon Kudu a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin bauta a lokacin zamanin Antebellum wanda daga baya ya goyi bayan Ƙungiya a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka .  A lokacin haihuwar Maryamu, iyalin suna da wadatar kuɗi, suna da wurin shuka, babban kantin sayar da abinci, da gidan abinci a yankin.  A 1845, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Decatur, Jojiya, don ba da damar yaransu su halarci makarantar firamare a can.  A lokacin ƙuruciyarsu, iyalin sun shiga cikin farfaɗowar Kirista da ke faruwa a yankin a lokacin, kuma mata biyu za su zama membobin cocin Methodist .  Bayan kammala karatun firamare, mahaifinsu ya saka su a makarantun mata daban-daban, inda Maryamu ta shiga Kwalejin Mata ta Kudancin Masonic da ke Covington, Georgia .  Ita ‘yar asalin Ingilishi ce, ta samo asali ne daga zuriyar Turawan mulkin mallaka daga ƙarni na 17. 

A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1860, bayan kammala karatunta, ta auri Nicholas A. McLendon, wani mai kasuwanci daga Atlanta, kuma su biyun sun zauna a cikin birni kusa da Titin Peachtree .  A watan Afrilu 1861, ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa na farko, ɗa mai suna Charles Latimer McLendon.  A lokacin barkewar yakin basasa, dangin sun kasance a Atlanta, tare da Nicholas yana aiki a matsayin memba na sashin kwata-kwata tare da Sojan Jihohi . Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa na biyu a wannan lokacin, mai suna Edgar H. McLendon. Yayin da suka kasance a cikin birni a cikin mafi yawan yakin Atlanta, daga ƙarshe sun bar birnin bayan umarnin ƙaura da Janar John Bell Hood ya bayar, suka ƙaura zuwa Crawfordville, Georgia, inda suka zauna har zuwa ƙarshen yakin.  Bayan yakin, dangi sun koma Atlanta a cikin 1868,  inda suka haifi ɗa na uku, diya mai suna Mary Eleanor McLendon. Nicholas, wanda ya yi aiki a fagage da yawa bayan ya koma birnin, daga baya ya sami kwanciyar hankali a matsayin mai kula da kamfanonin motocin titina . 

 Ƙungiyar Mace ta Kirista 
Daga dawowar Atlanta har zuwa kusan 1880, McLendon da farko ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan mata na gargajiya, gami da kula da gida da tarbiyyar yara .  Koyaya, a cikin 1880s, ta kafa babin Frances Willard na WCTU, wanda zai girma ya zama ɗayan manyan babi a cikin ƙungiyar. Bugu da kari, ta matsa kaimi wajen ganin an kafa dokar kasa da za ta kafa koyarwar "lalacewar shan barasa" a makarantu.  McLendon ta kasance mai ba da goyon baya ga ilmantar da yara ƙanana da daliban makaranta game da halin ɗabi'a, kuma a cikin 1890, an nada ta mai kula da gasar lambar yabo ta Demorest na Georgia WCTU, wadda ke ba da kyautar kasidun da dalibai suka rubuta a kowace shekara a kan batu na fushi.  Baya ga ilimin halin ɗabi'a na farko, ta yunƙura ba nasara ga reshen Jojiya na WTCU don tallafawa zaɓen mata, matsayin da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta riga ta amince da shi. Ta ji takaicin matakin da jami’an Methodist a jihar suka dauka na hana a yi amfani da majami’unsu a matsayin wuraren taro na WTCU, saboda sun ki amincewa da matakin kungiyar ta kasa.  Ta yi imanin cewa, yayin da ilimin halin ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci, ƙyale mata ' yancin jefa ƙuri'a yana da mahimmanci ga nasarar motsin fushi . 

A cikin 1907, gwamnatin Jojiya ta kafa haramci a duk fadin jihar, kuma bayan shekaru da yawa, a cikin 1918, jihar ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta Goma Sha Takwas ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, wanda ya kafa haramci a duk fadin kasar.  Ko da bayan waɗannan canje-canjen, WCTU za ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai ƙwazo, tare da matsawa don ƙara aiwatar da haramci da ƙara ƙoƙarin ilimi, a tsakanin sauran manufofi. 

 Zabar mata 
A cikin 1892, McLendon ya shiga Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata ta Georgia (GWSA), wacce ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Mata ta Amurka (NAWSA) kuma Helen Augusta Howard da Claudia Howard sun kafa shekaru biyu a baya a Columbus, Georgia .  Wannan surar Columbus ita ce al'umma ta farko da aka kafa a cikin jihar.  A wannan shekarar da ta shiga, ta zama jami'a a cikin kungiyar,  kuma a cikin 1894, tare da Margaret Chandler,  ta kafa wani babi na Atlanta na GWSA.     Babi na Atlanta shine kawai na biyu a cikin jihar,   kuma tare da membobinsa 40, halittarsa ta ninka girman ƙungiyar jihar.  A cikin Janairu 1895, NAWSA ta gudanar da babban taronta na shekara-shekara a Atlanta, tare da McLendon yana ba da adireshin maraba kafin taron jama'a kawai a DeGive's Opera House . An gabatar da jawabai da Susan B. Anthony da ministar Methodist Anna Howard Shaw suka yi, wannan shi ne babban taron shekara-shekara na farko da NAWSA ta gudanar a wajen Washington, DC, kuma ya ba da kulawa sosai ga motsin zaɓe a Jojiya.  A 1896, ta zama shugabar kungiyar ta jiha, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa 1899. Daga baya za ta sake yin hidima daga 1906 zuwa 1921.   A ranar 25-26 ga Nuwamba, 1901, an gudanar da taron jiha a Atlanta a Cocin Universalist na Farko, tare da McLendon yana ba da jawabi a gaban taron. 

Tun daga shekara ta 1913, McLendon ya fara kamfen na rubuta jarida mai yawa inda ta matsa don samun damar mata, kuma a wannan lokacin, ta jagoranci GWSA wajen yin aiki tare da sauran kungiyoyin mata don gudanar da yakin neman zabe .  A wannan shekarar, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Atlanta ya ba McLendon matsayin editan sabon “sashen zaɓen da aka ƙirƙira”.  A shekara ta gaba, ta yi magana a gaban Majalisar Wakilai ta Jojiya, waɗanda ke gudanar da sauraren ra'ayoyinsu game da batun zaɓe. Ta kasance tare da wasu masu neman zaɓe, ciki har da 'yar uwarta. Sai dai a karshe kwamitin da ke jagorantar sauraren karar ya yanke shawarar kin zaben.  A shekara ta 1919, gwamnatin Atlanta ta ba da damar cin zaɓen mata a matakin ƙaramar hukuma, kuma a wannan shekarar, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta amince da Kwaskwarima na sha tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ke ba da damar samun damar zaɓen mata a matakin ƙasa.  An amince da gyaran gyare-gyaren a cikin watan Agustan 1920, amma gwamnatin jihar ta ki amincewa da aiwatar da sabon gyare-gyaren, tana mai cewa, saboda mata ba su yi rajista a kan lokaci ba, ba za su iya shiga zaben Amurka na 1920 ba .  Duk da kalubalen da McLendon ya fuskanta, mata da yawa ba su sami damar kada kuri'a a zaben na wannan shekarar ba, a maimakon haka sai sun jira har zuwa shekara ta 1921 don kada kuri'a.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan waɗannan sauye-sauye, GWSA za ta wargaje kuma ta ƙarfafa membobin su shiga Ƙungiyar Masu Zaɓen Mata da aka ƙirƙira kwanan nan. 

 Mutuwa da gado 
Ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1921, yana da shekaru 81,  McLendon ya mutu.  An ba da rahoton mutuwarta a shafin farko na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Atlanta .  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwarta, membobin biyu na Georgia WTCU da GWSA sun matsa don ƙirƙirar abin tunawa a cikin girmamawarta,  wanda ya ɗauki nau'in marmara mai shayar da marmara da aka gina a cikin zauren kudu na Jojiya State Capitol .  Maɓuɓɓugan, wanda ke nuna sassaƙa a kamanninta,  an keɓe shi a cikin Oktoba 1923 a matsayin abin tunawa na farko da aka taɓa ginawa a ginin babban ginin don girmama mace.  Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tana ɗauke da rubutun "Uwar Suffrage a Jojiya".  Sabon Encyclopedia na Al'adun Kudancin yana nufin McLendon a matsayin "Jagorancin 'yan takara na Georgia". 

 Bayanan kula 

 Manazarta 

 Littafi Mai Tsarki 

Rukuni:Haihuwar 1840
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1921