Margaret A. Edwards

Margaret Alexander Edwards (Oktoba 23, 1902 - Afrilu 19, 1988) malami Amurka ce kuma mai kula da ɗakin karatu wacce ke kan gaba a cikin motsi don ayyukan matasa a karni na 20.  Ita ce mai suna Margaret Edwards Award don wallafe-wallafen matasa.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Margaret Edwards a cikin ƙaramin al'ummar noma ta Childress, Texas . Ta fara koyon karatu ta amfani da kalandar Wine of Cardui mahaifiyarta da ta karɓa daga likitan magani na gida kuma ta sami ci gaba ta hanyar karanta wurare daga King James Version na Littafi Mai-Tsarki tare da 'yar'uwarta da mahaifiyarta, kowane dare. Yayinda take matashiya, ta halarci Jami'ar Trinity, a Waxahachie, Texas, inda ta sami ilimi da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don zama malamin Latin bayan kammala karatunta a 1922. Bayan koyarwa a Texas na shekaru da yawa, ta koma Birnin New York inda ta halarci Jami'ar Columbia . A shekara ta 1928, ta sami digiri na biyu a Latin. Bayan kusan shekaru 10 na aiki a cikin ɗakunan karatu, ta ci gaba da karɓar digiri na ɗakin karatu daga Jami'ar Columbia a shekara ta 1941.

 Ayyuka 

 Enoch Pratt Free Library 
A cikin 1932, Joseph L. Wheeler, darektan Enoch Pratt Free Library a Baltimore, Maryland, ya hayar Margaret Edwards don fara horo a matsayin mataimakin mai kula da ɗakin karatu. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan ɗakin karatu na matasa sun riga sun samo asali a wasu sassan ƙasar, tare da mata kamar Jean Roos da Mabel Williams suna jagorantar motsi. A Enoch Pratt, matsayi na farko na Edwards, a karkashin kulawar kai tsaye na Pauline McCauley, ya haɗa da kula da ƙananan tarin fiction na matasa da aka ɓoye a bayan sashin kayan mashahuri. A can ne ta fahimci cewa tana buƙatar samun ilimi mafi kyau game da wallafe-wallafen kanta idan tana so ta horar da tunanin matasa, kuma ta fara karatu da ƙwazo. Yayin da ta fara bunkasa kanta a matsayin mai karatu, ta gina kan tarin sunayen sarauta na matasa kuma, a shekara ta 1940, ta kafa sassan YA a kowane reshe na ɗakin karatu tare da taimakon shigarwa daga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare waɗanda ke yawan zuwa ɗakin karatu.

Edwards ya ba da kansa ga inganta sabis ɗin da masu ɗakin karatu ke bayarwa ga matasa da kuma shirya tarin. Ta ji cewa don zama isasshen mai kula da ɗakin karatu na YA, mutum "ya kamata ya karanta ko'ina kuma koyaushe don ya iya ba da shawarar littattafan tabbaci ga masu jinkiri, masu baiwa, waɗanda ke da sha'awa ta musamman da waɗanda ba su da sha'awar. "  Ta haka ne, ta kafa tsarin horo wanda ake buƙatar duk mataimakanta su karanta lakabi goma daga Littattafai don Matasa, jerin da aka haɗa ta New York Public Library. Da zarar an kammala zaɓin farko, za a sami tarurruka na mutum wanda za a tattauna zaɓin kuma za a aiwatar da ƙarin goma. Za a sake maimaita zagaye har sai mataimakin ya karanta littattafai da yawa waɗanda suka gamsu da ƙa'idodinta.

 Tattaunawar littafi 
Edwards ta ƙaddara ta koya wa matasa "muhimmancin ɗakin karatu na jama'a, albarkatun karatunsu, da kusanci da ma'aikatanta".  Wata hanyar yin hakan ita ce ɗaukar aikinta a waje da ɗakin karatu da makarantu, ta amfani da "magana ta littafi" a matsayin hanyar watsa saƙon ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare. Kodayake ba ta ƙirƙiri jawabai na littafi ba, ita da sauran ma'aikatan matasa sun tsara su don samar da kowane aji na ɗaliban da suka ziyarta da jerin sunayen, wanda ake kira Speaking Books, kuma ya ba da damar ɗalibai su tambayi tambayoyi kuma su tattauna sunayen sarauta daga jerin. Kodayake ta gamu da matsaloli da yawa, mafi mahimmanci daga cikinsu ana ba da izinin shiga makarantu, juriya ta biya. Tattaunawar littafin sun ci nasara sosai a tsawon lokaci har sai makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin Baltimore suna neman da karɓar jawabai na littafi.

 Jirgin littafi 
Da farko a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1943, Margaret Edwards ta yi ƙoƙari ta kawo littattafai ga jama'a ta hanyar ƙirƙirar nata sigar wayar hannu. Ta kwashe karusar da aka ja da doki tare da littattafai daga ɗakin karatu, kuma ta kori karusar zuwa yankunan da ke fama da matsalar tattalin arziki na Baltimore. Jirgin littafin ya kasance nasara nan take. Ta gano cewa wadanda ke yawan zuwa karusar suna da sha'awar littattafai, musamman littattafan da za a iya amfani da su ga bangarorin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun, amma wataƙila ba za su shiga cikin ayyukan da ɗakin karatu na tubali da tururi ke bayarwa ba saboda ba su da lokaci ko kuma sha'awar zuwa ɗaya. Edwards ya ci gaba da gudanar da motar littattafai a lokacin bazara har zuwa 1945.

 Ƙungiyar Laburaren Amirka 
Tare da aikinta a Enoch Pratt, Margaret Edwards ta kasance mai aiki sosai tare da Ƙungiyar Laburaren Amirka. Ta dauki matsayinta na farko a matsayin Sakatariyar Tattaunawar Karatu ta Matasa ta ALA a 1935 kuma za a nada ta shugabanta a 1940. Ta kuma shiga cikin kwamitoci da yawa, ciki har da zama shugabar kwamitin BookList a 1938 da 1948 kuma ta zama memba na Kwamitin ALA kan Matsayi don Aiki tare da Matasa a cikin Litattafan Jama'a a cikin 1960. 

 Gidan Aljanna da Gidan Dabbobi 
A shekara ta 1969, an buga littafin Margaret Edwards, mai taken The Fair Garden and the Swarm of Beasts. A cikin shafukanta, ta ba da labarin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwarta da aikinta da kuma yadda suka shafi tsara ra'ayinta na duniya. Ta kuma bayyana yawancin falsafancinta game da matasa, gami da abin da bukatunsu na wallafe-wallafen suke, da kuma yadda za a kusantar su a cikin aikin ɗakin karatu. An sake buga littafin a cikin 1974, a cikin 1994, da kuma a cikin 2002.

 Kyaututtuka da girmamawa 
A shekara ta 1957, aikin Margaret Edwards tare da matasa na al'umma ya ja hankalin ALA kuma an gabatar da ita da kyautar Grolier . 

Bayan mutuwarta a shekara ta 1988, an kara girmama ta, lokacin da kungiyar Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA) ta kafa lambar yabo a cikin sunanta. Ana gabatar da lambar yabo ta Margaret A. Edwards a kowace shekara ga marubucin wanda aikinsa ya ba da "babban gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen matasa".

 Margaret A. Edwards Trust 
An yi amfani da wani ɓangare na dukiyar Edwards don samar da amincewa don taimakawa ci gaba da aikin da zai amfane matasa kai tsaye. An yi amfani da amincewar don tallafawa sake bugawa na littafinta a 1994 da 2002 ta hanyar ALA. Kwamitin amincewa ya kuma "ba da tallafin karɓa a kan ɗakunan karatu hamsin tare da shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa ga matasa" wanda ya haifar da buga Excellence of Library Service to Young Adults: The Nation's Top Programs . Alex Awards, wanda YALSA ta gabatar a kowace shekara ga manyan ayyuka 10 na wallafe-wallafen matasa kuma suna da suna bayan Edwards, wani aikin ne wanda amincewar ta tallafawa.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba