Croatian

Croatian ƙaramin ƙabilar ne 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku na abin da ke yanzu Arewacin Carolina. Wataƙila sun kasance reshe ne na manyan mutanen Roanoke ko kuma sun haɗa kai da su.[1]

Croatan ya rayu a gundumar Dare na yanzu, yanki da ya ƙunshi Kogin Alligator, Croatan Sound, Tsibirin Roanoke, Tsibirin Ocracoke, da kuma sassan Bankunan Waje, gami da Tsibirin Hatteras . Mutanen Croatan da ke wanzuwa a yau suna zama galibi a yankunan Cumberland, Sampson, da Harnett . 

Shugabannin, da ake kira Worowances ("wanda yake da arziki"), kowannensu yana sarrafa har zuwa garuruwa 18. Mafi girma sun sami damar tara mutane 700 ko 800 masu yaƙi.   [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ambaton] Shugabannin da iyalansu an riƙe su cikin matsayi mai girma kuma sun sami girmamawa, amma ba su da iko duka. Don bin burin hadin gwiwa, shugabannin dole ne su shawo kan mabiyan su cewa aikin zai kasance mafi kyawun sha'awar kabilar. Shugaban yana da alhakin yada dukiya ga kabilarsa, kuma, idan ba su iya yin hakan ba, sun sami karamin girmamawa, ko ma sun rasa girmamawa gaba ɗaya. [1]

Phillip W. Evans, masanin harshe, ya ba da shawarar kalmar Croatian tana nufin "birni na majalisa" ko "birni mai magana," wanda mai yiwuwa yana nuna mazaunin wani muhimmin jagora da kuma wurin da aka gudanar da majalisun.

 Bangaskiya 

According to Thomas Harriot, the Native Americans living in coastal North Carolina believed there was "one only chief and great God, which has been from all eternity" and which made petty gods "to be used in the creation and government to follow." They believed in the immortality of the soul. Upon death, the soul either enters heaven to live with the gods or goes to a place near the setting sun called Popogusso, to burn for eternity in a huge pit of fire. The concepts of heaven and hell were impressed upon the common people to encourage them to respect leaders and live a life that would produce rewards in the afterlife. 

Masu sihiri da firistoci sun kasance shugabannin ruhaniya na musamman. An zaɓi firistoci saboda iliminsu da hikima kuma sun kasance shugabannin addinin da aka tsara. A gefe guda, an zaɓi masu sihiri saboda iyawarsu ta sihiri. An yi tunanin masu sihiri suna da iko daga alaƙar mutum da allahntaka (yawanci ruhohi daga duniyar dabbobi). 

 Mulkin mallaka na Turai 
An san cewa isowar mazauna Ingila sun damu da wasu dangantakar kabilanci da suka riga sun kasance. Mutanen Algonquian sun ba da shawarar hadin kai, yayin da wasu (Yamasee, Cherokee da Chickasaw, alal misali) suka yi tsayayya da wannan tsarin. Daga baya, wannan rikici tsakanin kabilun da mazauna zai haifar da Yaƙin Yamasee . Ƙabilun da suka ci gaba da hulɗa da juna tare da mazauna sun sami iko ta hanyar samun dama da sarrafa kayan kasuwanci na Turai. Duk da yake Ingilishi na iya riƙe babban iko na soja a kan Carolina Algonquians, ikon 'yan asalin Amurka akan abinci da albarkatun kasa ya kasance mafi mahimmanci a cikin rikici tare da mazauna farko. Duk da bambancin dangantaka tsakanin kabilun, an yi imanin Roanoke da Croatan sun kasance cikin kyakkyawar dangantaka da masu mulkin mallaka na Ingila na Roanoke Colony. Wanchese, shugaban karshe na Roanoke, ya bi Ingilishi a kan tafiya zuwa Ingila, kodayake bai amince da Ingilishi ba. A shekara ta 1586, Wanchese a ƙarshe ya yanke tsohuwar kyakkyawar dangantakarsa da Ingilishi, ya bar Cif Manteo a matsayin abokin tarayya na masu mulkin mallaka.

 Ƙasar da ta ɓace 
Wasu daga cikin wadanda suka tsira daga Lost Colony na Roanoke na iya shiga Croatan. Gwamna White a ƙarshe ya isa Tsibirin Roanoke a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, 1590, shekaru uku bayan ya gan su na ƙarshe a can, amma ya sami mulkinsa ya daɗe ya bar. Gine-gine sun rushe kuma "an kwashe gidaje". " 'Yan kaɗan game da inda masu mulkin mallaka suke sun haɗa da haruffa "CROATOAN" da aka sassaƙa a cikin itace. Croatoan shine sunan tsibirin da ke kusa (watakila Tsibirin Hatteras na zamani) ban da ƙabilar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka. Tsibirin Roanoke ba shine asalin wurin da aka tsara don mulkin mallaka ba kuma an tattauna ra'ayin ƙaura zuwa wani wuri. Kafin tafiyar Gwamnan, shi da masu mulkin mallaka sun amince cewa za a sassaƙa saƙo a cikin itace idan sun koma kuma zai haɗa da hoton Gicciye na Maltese idan an yanke shawara da karfi. White bai sami irin wannan gicciye ba kuma yana da fatan cewa iyalinsa har yanzu suna da rai.

Croatan, kamar sauran Carolina Algonquians, sun sha wahala daga annobar cututtukan cututtuka irin su kyanda a cikin shekara ta 1598. Wadannan sun rage yawan ƙabilar sosai kuma sun bar su ƙarƙashin matsin mulkin mallaka. An yi imanin cewa sun ƙare a matsayin kabila a farkon karni na 17.  

 Tattaunawa game da makomar "Lost Colony" 
Bisa ga labari, wasu Lumbees, waɗanda ke zaune a Arewacin Carolina, sun bayyana kansu a matsayin zuriyar Croatan da waɗanda suka tsira daga Lost Colony na Tsibirin Roanoke. Fiye da shekaru ɗari, masana tarihi da sauran malamai suna nazarin batun asalin Lumbee. Kodayake akwai bayani da yawa da kuma hasashe, ra'ayoyi biyu sun ci gaba. A cikin 1885, Hamilton McMillan, masanin tarihi na gida kuma dan majalisa na jihar, ya gabatar da ka'idar "Lost Colony". Bisa ga al'adar baki tsakanin Lumbees da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin hujja mai ƙarfi, McMillan ya gabatar da alaƙa tsakanin Lumbee da masu mulkin mallaka na farko na Ingila waɗanda suka zauna a tsibirin Roanoke a cikin 1587 da kabilun Algonquian (Croatan ya haɗa) waɗanda ke zaune a bakin tekun North Carolina a lokaci guda. Maganar McMillan, wanda masanin tarihi Stephen Weeks ya goyi bayan, ya yi jayayya cewa masu mulkin mallaka sun yi ƙaura tare da Indiyawa zuwa cikin Arewacin Carolina kuma a shekara ta 1650 sun zauna a bakin kogin Lumber. An ba da shawarar Lumbees na yanzu su ne zuriyar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi biyu. Koyaya wannan ka'idar ta saba wa rubuce-rubuce da shaidar archaeological cewa masu mulkin mallaka sun koma Croatoan.

Sauran malamai sun yi imanin cewa Lumbees sun fito ne daga ƙungiyar Siouan ta gabashin da ake kira Cheraws. A cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, kabilun da ke magana da Siouan da yawa sun mamaye kudu maso gabashin North Carolina. John R. Swanton, Masanin ilimin kabilanci a Cibiyar Smithsonian, ya rubuta a 1938 cewa Lumbees mai yiwuwa ne daga zuriyar Cheraw, amma kuma wasu kabilun Siouan a yankin sun rinjayi su. Masana tarihi na zamani kamar James Merrell da William Sturtevant sun tabbatar da wannan ka'idar ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa Cheraws, tare da waɗanda suka tsira daga wasu kabilun da suka lalace ta hanyar yaƙi da cututtuka, sun sami mafaka daga mazauna masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da kabilun abokan gaba a cikin tafkin Robeson County a gabashin North Carolina.
Manazarta
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