Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli

'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli (HRWS) nau'in ƙa'ida ce da ke bayyana cewa tsaftar shan ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli na duniya ne Haƙƙin ɗan Adam | Haƙƙin ɗan adam saboda babban mahimmancin da suke da shi wajen raya rayuwar kowane mutum.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2010.
An amince da HRWS a cikin dokokin kasa da kasa ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam, sanarwa da sauran ka'idoji. Wasu masu sharhi sun kafa hujja kan wanzuwar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa a duniya bisa dalilai masu zaman kansu ba tare da ƙudurin babban taron shekarar 2010, ba, kamar sashe na 11.1 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR); daga cikin waɗancan masu sharhi, waɗanda suka yarda da kasancewar ius cogens na duniya kuma suna la'akari da shi ya haɗa da tanade-tanaden Alkawari sun ɗauka cewa irin wannan haƙƙin ƙa'idar doka ce ta duniya. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da HRWS a fili sun haɗa da Yarjejeniyar 1979, kan Kawar da Duk Wani nau'i na Wariya ga Matahttps://www.rfi.fr/ha/tag/hakkin-dan-adam/. (CEDAW) da 1989, Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara (CRC).

Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a da Al'adu ne ya fitar da mafi kyawun ma'anar 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin Gabaɗaya Comment 15 da aka tsara a cikin shekarar alif 2002. Fassarar da ba ta ɗaure ba ce cewa samun ruwa ya kasance sharadi ne don jin daɗin haƙƙin madaidaicin yanayin rayuwa. wanda ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin ma'aunin lafiya mafi girma, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya ce: “Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa yana ba kowa damar samun wadatar. lafiyayye, karɓuwa, ruwa mai araha da araha don amfanin mutum da na gida. 

Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne suka zartar da kuduri na farko game da HRWS a shekarar 2010. Sun bayyana cewa akwai haƙƙin tsaftar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tunda rashin tsaftar muhalli yana rage ingancin ruwa a kasa. don haka tattaunawar ta gaba ta ci gaba da jaddada haƙƙoƙin biyu tare. A cikin Yuli 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) Resolution 64/292 ya sake tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam na samun aminci, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da sabis na tsafta. A yayin wancan babban taron, ya bayyana cewa, domin fahimtar jin dadin rayuwa da dukkan hakkokin bil'adama. tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai tsafta da kuma tsafta an amince da shi a matsayin hakkin dan Adam. Kudirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 64/292 na ‘yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli ya tada batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin gwamnati na sarrafawa da alhakin tabbatar da wannan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

Shirin raya kasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cewa, sanin muhimmancin samun dogaro da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta, zai inganta fadada ci gaban rayuwa mai koshin lafiya. Wani kuduri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2015, ya nuna cewa hakokin biyu sun bambanta amma daidai suke.

HRWS ta tilasta wa gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, samuwa, m, m, kuma mai araha ruwa da tsafta. Samar da ruwa yana la'akari da girman abin da farashin ruwa ya zama mai hanawa wanda zai buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da damar samun wasu kayayyaki da ayyuka masu mahimmanci. Samun damar ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, dacewa don isa ga tushen da kuma haɗarin da ke tattare da samun zuwa tushen ruwa. Dole ne ruwa ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana kada ruwa ya wuce mita 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin mintuna 30. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da ko samar da ruwa yana samuwa a cikin adadi mai yawa, abin dogaro kuma mai dorewa. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da ko ruwa yana da aminci don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyuka. Don yarda da ruwa, dole ne kada ya kasance da wani wari kuma kada ya ƙunshi kowane launi. 

ICESCR na buƙatar ƙasashe masu sanya hannu don ci gaba da ci gaba da mutunta duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, ciki har da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Ya kamata su yi aiki cikin sauri da inganci don haɓaka dama da haɓaka sabis.

 Mahallin Kasa da Kasa. 
Shirin hadin gwiwa na WHO/UNICEF mai sa ido kan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya bayar da rahoton cewa, mutane miliyan 663 ba su samu ingantattun hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha ba, yayin da sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da hanyoyin samar da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2015.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-JMP_report_2013-15 Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassan duniya da dama. Hanyoyin da ake yarda da su sun haɗa da "haɗin gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, kariya da aka tona, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu kariya da tarin ruwan sama.”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-ref1-16 Ko da yake kashi 9 cikin 100 na al'ummar duniya ba sa samun ruwan sha, amma akwai "yankuna musamman jinkiri, kamar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara".https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-ref1-16
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sannan kuma ana asarar ranakun makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa da tsafta.”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-ref2-17 A cikin 2022, sama da mutane biliyan 2, kashi 25% na al'ummar duniya, ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-19 Biliyan 4.2 ba su da damar samun amintaccen sabis na tsafta.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-22 Nan da shekarar 2024, sabbin alkaluma sun fi haka, inda mutane biliyan 4.4 a kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaita ba su da isasshen ruwan sha na gida.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation#cite_note-24
Manazarta.