Yaren Izi

Izi (Izii, Izzi) yare ne na Igboid da ake magana a Jihar Ebonyi a Najeriya . Paul Meier, Inge Meier & John Bendor-Samuel, A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language, Summer Institute of Linguistics (1975) Ya samar da Yaren yaren tare da harsunan Ikwo, Ezza, da Mgbo.

Saʼban memba ne na rukunin harsuna na Apo Duat, wanda ya haɗa da Kelabit, Lun Bawang / Sundayeh da Tring .  Gabaɗaya, suna cikin Ƙungiyar Arewacin Sarawak na Iyalin Austronesian. A yau, mutanen Saʼban suna zaune a Long Peluan, Long Banga' da Long Balong a Sarawak, Malaysia. Har ila yau akwai kungiyoyin Saʼban a Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Taswirar da ke wannan shafi suna nuna yankin da masu magana da Izi ke zaune, suna nuna ƙasar Najeriya a cikin nahiyar Afirka da rarrabuwar da ke cikin Najeriya. Kungiyar iyaye ta Izi, Igbo, suna zaune a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Yankin da Igbo ke zaune an kira shi "Igboland". Ko da yake wannan yankin ya kasu kashi da Kogin Neja, mutanen Igbo suna kiyaye hadin kan al'adu, saboda kogin yana ba da hanyar sadarwa mai dacewa.

 Tarihi 
Bincike kan asalin Igbo yana  iyaka, amma babban ra'ayi shine cewa al'ummomi daban-daban sun yi ƙaura a cikin raƙuman ruwa daga Yamma da Arewa zuwa iyakokin tsakiyar yankin Igboland. Wadannan raƙuman shige da fice na iya fara tun farkon karni na 9. Daga wannan yankin na tsakiya, ƙaura a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan ya faru a kowane bangare, wanda ya haifar da al'adun Igbo iri ɗaya. 

Portuguese sun isa Igboland a tsakiyar karni na 15, kuma daga 1434 zuwa 1807, an kafa wuraren hulɗa tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na Turai da Afirka a bakin tekun Najeriya. Bayan an soke bautar a cikin 1807, Birtaniya ta zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin ayyukanta na cinikin masana'antu da mulkin mallaka. Daga bisani Birtaniya ta ci Igboland, kuma Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya lalata al'adun Igbo.

 Rubutun Igbo 
Kafin karni na 16, Igbo suna da nau'in rubutu da ake kira "Nsibidi"."Igbo language and alphabet". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2024-02-16. Wannan fom ɗin ya mutu, mai yiwuwa saboda yawancin masu amfani da shi mambobi ne na ƙungiyoyin sirri kuma ba sa son ya zama na jama'a. A shekara ta 1854, wani masanin ilimin Jamusanci mai suna Karl Richard Lepsius ya yi "Standard Alphabet", wanda ake nufi ga dukkan harsunan duniya. A cikin 1882, Burtaniya ta kafa dokar ilimi don jagorantar koyar da karatu da rubutu kawai a Turanci wanda ya hana ci gaban Igbo tare da sauran harsunan Afirka ta Yamma.

Rikici game da rubutun Igbo ya fara ne a 1927, lokacin da Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna da Al'adu ta Afirka (IIALC) ta buga wata takarda, "Practical Orthography of African Languages". An kara ma'anar /gw/, /kw/, da /nw/ don wakiltar sautunan Igbo. Littafin ya yi amfani da wasu alamomi daga International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), wanda ya fara gardama tare da al'ummar mishan da suka yi amfani da rubutun Lepsius kusan kusan shekaru 70. 

A cikin 1929, Hukumar Ilimi ta Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi ƙoƙari ta maye gurbin Lepsius da rubutun IIALC. Gwamnati, tare da masu wa'azi na Roman Katolika da Methodist, sun yarda kuma sun karɓi sabon rubutun; duk da haka, wasu masu wa'azin Protestant sun yi adawa da shi. Dokta Ida Ward ne ya gabatar da daidaitattun haruffa bisa ga yaren tsakiya a shekarar 1944, amma jayayya ta ci gaba, kuma an yanke shawarar yin amfani da sabon haruffa kawai don wallafe-wallafen gwamnati.

An amince da daidaitattun tsari a shekarar 1962 kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau. A cikin 1972, kwamitin daidaitawa ya haɗu don fadada harshen Igbo, yana karɓar kalmomi daga yare daban-daban ban da na tsakiya, ra'ayin cewa duk masu magana da harshen Igbo za su yi magana da fahimta.

Tsakanin 1973 da 1976, an amince da shawarwarin kwamitin daidaitawa don rubutun Igbo, kuma an yi la'akari da sabbin shawarwari don sake tsara haruffa na Igbo. Matsakaicin rubutun Igbo wanda ake amfani dashi a halin yanzu ya dogara ne akan yarukan Owerri da Umuahia .  Ana nuna haruffa a ƙasa tare da rubutun IPA.

 Kalmomin kalmomi 
Paul Meier, Inge Meier & John Bendor-Samuel, A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language, Summer Institute of Linguistics (1975) Izi, Ezaa, da Ikwo ya nuna cewa waɗannan yarukan suna da kusan 95% na ƙamus. Koyaya, kwatancen da harshen Igbo na Tsakiya ya nuna daidaito na 80% kawai a cikin abubuwan ƙamus. Tun da Izi, Ezaa, da Ikwo suna fahimtar juna amma ba tare da Ibo ta Tsakiya ba, an rarraba su a matsayin yare ɗaya daban daga harshen Ibo ta tsakiya. , wasu daga cikin kalmomin a cikin Izi sune cognates na Tsakiyar Igbo.

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Izi ya ƙunshi 26 consonant phonemes rarraba a ƙarƙashin hanyoyi shida na magana da wurare biyar na magana waɗanda aka nuna a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa. Ana kuma rarrabe ma'anar ta hanyar murya. Dukkanin murya da murya suna faruwa a wuraren labia, alveolar, velar, da labia-velar. Har ila yau, akwai hanci masu dacewa ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan wuraren magana. Fricatives koyaushe suna da labials, alveolars, da velars; affricates koyaushe suna da lips da alveolar. Izi yana da ruwa na gefe da wanda ba na gefe ba, amma wasu masu magana sun maye gurbin wanda ba na gefen ba tare da ruwa na gefen.
+Tebur 1. Inventory na Consonant Paul Meier, Inge Meier & John Bendor-Samuel, A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language, Summer Institute of Linguistics (1975)LabariAlveolarPalatalVelarLabarin-velarHancimnŋŋmTsayawaVlptkkpVdbdɡɡbAfricatesVlpftsVdbvdzRashin jituwaVlSanya ~ fsxVdβ ~ vzɣRuwaHanyar gefenlTsakiyaTunaninSemivowelsjw

 Sautin sautin 
Izi yana da matsakaicin lissafin wasula. Akwai sautunan sautuna tara a cikin Izi, gami da sautunan canonical da wasu sautunan gaba guda biyu da wasu sautin baya guda biyu. Da ke ƙasa akwai teburin wasula da aka raba ta wuraren da suke magana a cikin ramin baki da kuma matsayin tushen harshe:
Tebur 2. Inventory na wasula: Paul Meier, Inge Meier & John Bendor-Samuel, A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language, Summer Institute of Linguistics (1975) (Matsayi na tushen harshe) A gabaTsakiyaKomawaBabbaCi gabaiuAn janye shiɪʊTsakaninCi gabada kumaoAn janye shiɛOwuƘananana

 Abubuwan da ke tattare da magana 
Abubuwan da ke tattare da haɗin kai suna da alaƙa da alaƙar da ke tsakanin sassan morphological ko phonological. A cikin Izi, kowane syllable yana da alama tare da ɗaya ko fiye da siffofi na farar da inganci. Abubuwa uku na inganci a cikin Izi sune palatalization, Labialization, da tsaka-tsaki. Ana ɗaukar Paul Meier, Inge Meier & John Bendor-Samuel, A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language, Summer Institute of Linguistics (1975) a matsayin siffofin syllable don dalilai da yawa amma mafi mahimmanci tunda suna haifar da bambanci tsakanin syllabs maimakon tsakanin phonemes guda.

 gane Palatalization a matsayin tsananin friction palatal ko kuma a matsayin ɗan wasali a gaban syllable kuma yana faruwa idan gefen syllable shine palatal /j / kuma baki lokacin lokacin lokacin lokacin da gefen ya zama alveolar consonant (ban da ruwa) ko bilabial stops. Paul Meier, Inge Meier & John Bendor-Samuel, A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language, Summer Institute of Linguistics (1975),  'don girgiza rattle' da /àpjà/, 'tsuntsu' suna da alama ta fasalin palatalization saboda suna dauke da syllable tare da  gefe.

Fasali na labialization an gane shi ta hanyar sautin  tsakanin gefen sautin da kuma sautin sautin, kamar yadda yake a cikin  'razor'. Hakanan yana iya faruwa lokacin da gefen syllable shine tsayawar velar, hanci ko ruwa. Bambancin ma'anar ya zama misali ta hanyar kwatanta shi da kalmar  'labari'. Gidan da  cikin baki yana faruwa a duk syllable na , wanda ya bambanta shi daga /ákɔ̀/ .

Fasali na tsaka-tsaki shine kawai rashin sauran siffofi biyu na inganci.  ƙuntatawa  gefen ma'ana ban da rashin /w / da /j / gefen da aka samu a cikin sassan da aka yi alama da labialization da palatalization. Misali Paul Meier, Inge Meier & John Bendor-Samuel, A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language, Summer Institute of Linguistics (1975) sashi mai tsaka-tsaki shine /__le____le____le__/ 'tunn'.

 Tsarin sautin 
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan syllable guda biyu a cikin Izi: CVN, wanda farkon sautin sautin sa da hanci na zaɓi ne, da N, wanda ya ƙunshi hanci na syllabic. Don haka, haɗuwa guda biyar masu yuwuwa sune V, CV, VN, CVN, N (V wasali ne, C mai ma'ana, kuma N, hanci na syllabic. Akwai wasu ƙuntatawa a cikin Izi:

 Consonants  da  koyaushe suna cikin syllabs tare da ƙwayoyin da suka kunshi wasula mai zurfi kuma ana nuna su da fasalin tsaka-tsaki.
 Consonant  koyaushe yana tsakanin wasula ,  da  kuma alama ce ta fasalin tsaka-tsaki.
 Sautin da ke gaba ba ya faruwa a cikin sassan tare da labialisation da sassan tare le fasalin tsaka-tsaki da gefen consonant wanda ya kunshi fricatives, velar da labio-velar nasals, da kuma tsayawa (sai dai /ɡb /).
 Sautin baya mai zurfi ba ya faruwa a cikin sassan tare da palatalisation da sassan tare le fasalin tsaka-tsaki da gefen sassan /ŋm / .

 Tsarin sautin 
Izi, kamar yawancin yarukan Nijar-Congo, yana da tsarin sautin biyu, sautin da ya fi sautin. Sautin ƙasa yana da bambance-bambance guda biyu: haɓaka sautin ƙasa (L) da kuma sautin ƙasa (^L). Babban sautin kawai ya ɗaga sama (R). Har ila yau, tsarin sautin yana da siffofi uku: saukowa (!), sama (^) da latent low (' sanya a gaban kalma). Dokoki don aiki na bambancin sauti sune kamar haka:

 Akwai bambancin sauti guda biyu bayan sautin da ya ragu. Don haka, sautin da ba shi da kyau zai iya biye da wani sautin da ya fi dacewa ko sautin da aka fi sani.
 Bambancin sauti guda uku ya wanzu bayan sautin da ya fi girma, wanda zai iya biye da wani sautin da aka fi sani da sautin da ba shi da kyau, sautin da ke ƙasa, ko sautin da yake da sautin sautin da baiwa ba.

Sauti na iya sauya ma'ana sau da yawa. , ana furta shi da sautin da ya biyo baya da sautin mai girma, yana nufin 'hannu'. Koyaya, tare da ƙananan sautuna biyu, yana nufin 'tsuntsu'. Yana sake canzawa don nufin 'alama mai laushi' lokacin da aka furta shi da sautin da ya biyo bayan sautin da ba shi da kyau. A ƙarshe ma'ana ce ta huɗu lokacin da sautin da ya fi girma ya bi sautin da ba shi da kyau, 'wuri'.

 Yanayin Yanayi 
Izi yare ne mai warewa, kuma yana da daidaitattun ƙididdiga da prefixing, kamar yadda yake a cikin misali mai zuwa. 

Maimakon haɗuwa da morphemes don samar da jumla ɗaya, kowane morpheme a cikin jumla ba shi da alaƙa, wanda ke nuna cewa Izi yare ne mai warewa. Har ila yau, jumlar ta nuna cewa tsari na kalma na wannan harshe shine batun-kalma-abu (SVO), kamar Turanci. Hanyar tana nufin 'Mutane ne'.

 Rubuce-rubuce 
Wani fasali da aka kwatanta da jumlar shine tsari na sunaye da genitives, da sunaye da masu nunawa, waɗanda ke da farko, kuma sunan ya zo kafin duka genitive da masu nuna. Misali, a cikin jumlar, 'ƙauye' ya bayyana kafin 'mu', kuma 'taron' ya bayyana a gaban 'wannan'. Adjectives yawanci suna gaba da sunan amma suna iya bin sa.

Tsarin adposition dangane da tsari na abu da aikatau na al'ada ne. Izi, kamar sauran harsuna waɗanda aikatau ke gaba da bayanin abu. Wadannan suna nuna dangantakar preposition-abu:

 Manazarta 

Category:Harsuna 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba