Odessa

Odesa (wanda ake rubuta shi 'Odessa') ita ce birni na uku mafi yawan jama'a kuma babban gari a Yukren mai dauke da kuma babbar tashar jirgin ruwa da cibiyar sufuri da ke kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, a arewa maso yammacin Bakin Tekun. Har ila yau, birnin shine Cibiyar gudanarwa ta Odesa Raion da Odessa Oblast, kuma itace cibiyar al'adu ta kabilanci. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2021, yawan mutanen Odesa ya kai kusan 1,010,537.  A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2023, an ayyana cibiyar birni ta tarihi a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya kuma an kara ta a cikin Jerin Tarihin Duniya da ke cikin Haɗari ta Kwamitin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO don nuna godiya ga al'adu da yawa da kuma tsara birane na ƙarni na 19.  An yi wannan sanarwar ne don mayar da martani ga fashewar bam a Odesa a lokacin mamayar Rasha a Ukraine, wanda ya lalata ko lalata gine-gine a duk faɗin birnin.

A zamanin d ̄ a babban garin Girka ya wanzu a wurin daga tsakiyar karni na 6 BC ba. An bincika shi a matsayin yiwuwar shafin tsohuwar Girka na Histria. Tarihi na farko da aka ambaci tashar jiragen ruwa ta Slavic na Kotsiubijiv, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania, ya samo asali ne daga 1415, lokacin da aka aika jirgin ruwa daga nan zuwa Constantinople ta teku. Bayan Grand Duchy ya rasa mulkinsa, tashar jiragen ruwan da kewayenta sun zama wani ɓangare na yankin Daular Ottoman a 1529, a ƙarƙashin sunan Hacibey, kuma sun kasance a ciki har sai da aka ci Ottomans a cikin Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792). A cikin shekara ta 1794, Sarauniyar Rasha Catherine II ta bada umurni don kafa tashar jiragen ruwa da wurin kasuwanci a Khadjibey, wanda aka sanya wa suna Odessa ba da daɗewa ba. Daga 1819 zuwa 1858, Odesa tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance tashar kyauta. A Lokacin Soviet, muhimmiyar tashar kasuwanci ce kuma sansanin sojan ruwa. A cikin karni na 19, Odesa ita ce birni na huɗu mafi girma a Daular Rasha, bayan Moscow, Saint Petersburg da Warsaw. Tsarin gine-ginen tarihi ya fi kama da na  Bahar Rum fiye da na Rasha, yana da salo irin na Faransa da Italiya. Wasu gine-ginen suna da tsari daban daban wanda ya hada da Art Nouveau, Renaissance da Classicist.

Odesa tashar jiragen ruwa ce mai dumi. Birnin Odesa yana karbar bakuncin Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Odesa da Port Pivdennyi, wani muhimmin tashar man fetur  na nan a cikin unguwannin birnin. Wani sanannen tashar jiragen ruwa, Chornomorsk, yana cikin wannan yankin, zuwa kudu maso yammacin Odesa. Tare suna wakiltar babban cibiyar sufuri da ke hadewa da layin dogo. An haɗa wuraren sarrafa man fetur da sinadarai na Odesa zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar Rasha da sauran Turai ta hanyar bututun ruwa. A shekara ta 2000, an ayyana Quarantine Pier a Odesa Commercial Sea Port a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa kyauta da kuma Yankin tattalin arziki kyauta na tsawon shekaru 25.
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