Léon M'ba

Gabriel Léon M'ba His surname is also written as M'Ba and Mba (9 Fabrairu 1902 - 28 Nuwamba 1967)"Leon M'Ba, President of Gabon, Dies", Chicago Tribune, 29 November 1967, p2-6 ɗan siyasan Gabon ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na farko (1959 – 1961) kuma daga baya, Shugaban Gabon, daga 1961 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1967.

Memba na kabilar Fang, M'ba an haife shi a cikin dangin ƙauye masu gata. Bayan ya yi karatu a makarantar hauza, ya rike kananan ayyuka kafin ya shiga mulkin mallaka a matsayin wakilin kwastam. Yunkurinsa na siyasa na goyon bayan bakar fata ya damu gwamnatin Faransa, kuma a matsayin hukunci na ayyukansa, an yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari bayan ya aikata wani dan karamin laifi wanda a ka'ida zai iya haifar da dan karamin tara. A shekara ta 1924, gwamnatin ta ba M'ba dama ta biyu kuma ta zabe shi ya zama shugaban karamar hukumar a lardin Estuaire. Bayan da aka zarge shi da hannu wajen kisan wata mata a kusa da Libreville, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari a shekara ta 1931 da kuma gudun hijira na shekaru 10. Yayin da yake gudun hijira a Oubangui-Chari, ya buga ayyukan da ke rubuta dokar al'adar kabilanci ta mutanen Fang. Ma’aikatan yankin ne suka dauke shi aiki, kuma ya samu yabo daga manyansa kan aikin da ya yi. Ya kasance mutumin da ba shi da grata ga Gabon har sai lokacin da mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya ba wa M'ba damar komawa ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a 1946.

Bayan ya dawo daga gudun hijira, ya fara hawan siyasarsa ta hanyar kafa kwamitin gauraya na Gabon. Bayan da jam'iyyarsa ta yanke hulda da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Faransa a shekarar 1951, an ba ta damar tsayawa takara a zabukan kasar Gabon ta Faransa kuma aka zabe shi a majalisar dokokin kasar a shekarar 1952. Bayan ya zama magajin garin Libreville, babban birnin kasar, a 1956, M'ba ya yi fice cikin sauri kuma aka nada shi mataimakin shugaban majalisar gwamna a ranar 51 ga watan Mayun 19 ga Faransa. A cikin 1958, ya ba da umarnin shigar da Gabon cikin al'ummar Franco-Afirka fiye da da.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, ya zama Fira Ministan Gabon na farko daga 27 ga Fabrairu 1959 har zuwa 21 ga Fabrairu 1961. Ya zama shugaban Gabon na farko a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1960. Jean-Hilaire Aubame dan siyasa a takaice ya karbi mukamin shugaban kasa ta hanyar juyin mulki a watan Fabrairun 1964, amma daga baya Faransa ta dawo da oda. An sake zaben M'ba a watan Maris 1967, amma ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a watan Nuwamba 1967 kuma mataimakinsa Albert-Bernard Bongo ya gaje shi.

 Rayuwar baya 
An haifi ɗan kabilar FangBiteghe 1990, p. 24 M'ba a ranar 9 ga Fabrairun 1902 a Libreville, Gabon.Bernault 1996, p. 215 Mahaifinsa, ƙaramin manajan kasuwanci kuma shugaban ƙauye,  ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin mai gyaran gashi ga mai binciken Franco-Italiyanci Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza.Appiah & Gates 1999, p. 1278 Mahaifiyarsa, Louise Bendome, ma'aikaciyar dinki ce. Dukansu sun sami ilimi Bernault 1996, p. 216 kuma suna daga cikin "ma'auratan da suka samo asali" na farko a Libreville. Shi ma ɗan'uwan M'ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka; shi ne limamin Roman Katolika na farko a Gabon.Biteghe 1990, p. 25

A cikin 1909, M'ba ya shiga makarantar hauza [5] don samun ilimin firamare. Daga 1920, an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin manajan kantin sayar da kaya, ɗan katako da kuma ɗan kasuwa kafin ya shiga mulkin mallaka na Faransa a matsayin wakilin kwastam.[9] Duk da kyakkyawan aikin da ya yi, yunƙurin M'ba na taimaka wa baƙi Gabon, musamman ga Fangs, ya damu da manyansa. A cikin Satumba 1922, M'ba ya rubuta wa Edmond Cadier, Laftanar-Gwamnan Gabon:

"Idan a daya bangaren, muhimmin aikin ilmantar da Fangs ya dace da abubuwan da Gabon ta bayyana a fannin tattalin arziki, soja, har ma da siyasa, a gefe guda, girma a cikin mutuncin ɗan adam da kuma karuwar abin da suke da shi ya zauna, Mista Gwamna, farkon halatta ikon Faransanci a kansu."Si d'un côté le devoir fondamental d'instruire les Pahouins concorde par su[r]croît avec les intérêts économiques, militaires et même politiques les plus évidents du Gabon, de l'autre côté leur accroissement en dignité humaine et l'augmentation de leur bien-être matériel, demeurent, Monsieur le Gouverneur, la légitimation première de l'autorité française sur eux.

Kalaman nasa sun harzuka hukumomi, kuma ya sha wahala a cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 1922, lokacin da aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai bayan ya aikata wani karamin laifi na bai wa abokin aikinsa takardun bogi.Keese 2004, p. 144

 Karkashin mulkin mallaka 

 Chef de canton 
A cikin ko dai 1924 ko 1926, M'ba ya sulhunta da hukumomin mulkin mallaka kuma an zaɓi shi don ya gaji marigayi shugaba chef de canton (mai kama da wani sarkin ƙauye) na unguwar Fang na Libreville. A matsayinsa na jagoran gungun matasa masu ilimi na Libreville, ya yi watsi da shawarar dattijo Fangs kuma cikin sauri ya sami suna a matsayin mutum mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfin zuciya, kuma mai hankali. Ya taba rubuta a cikin wata wasika cewa an ba shi “ don aiwatar da tsarin jama’a da kare muradun jama’a” kuma bai yarda cewa mutane suna keta umarnin da aka samu daga hukumar da nake wakilta ba.Keese 2004, p. 145

M'ba ba shi da hangen nesa na aikinsa; ya gan ta a matsayin hanyar samun arziki. Tare da abokin aikinsa Ambamamy, ya tilasta wa mazauna canton aiki don amfanin kansa, don biyan manyan abubuwan da yake kashewa. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka tana sane da wannan almubazzaranci, amma sai suka yi watsi da shi. Sai dai kuma tun daga shekarar 1929, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta fara gudanar da bincike kan ayyukansa bayan da suka kama daya daga cikin wasikunsa zuwa ga Kouyaté, sakataren kungiyar Ligue des droits de l'homme, wanda ake zargi da kasancewa abokin hadin gwiwar Comintern. Duk da wannan kawancen da ake zargin na gurguzu, hukumomin Faransa ba su yi adawa da nadin M'ba a matsayin shugaban lardin Estuaire da abokan aikinsa suka yi ba.Keese 2004, p. 146

A cikin waɗannan shekarun, M'ba, memba na Ligue,  ya nisanta kansa daga Roman Katolika, amma bai karya gaba ɗaya da bangaskiyarsa ba. A maimakon haka ya zama mabiyin darikar addini na Bwiti, wanda Fangs ke karbewa musamman. Ya yi imanin cewa hakan zai taimaka wajen farfado da al’ummar da yake ganin cewa mulkin mallaka ya lalata shi. A cikin 1931, an zargi ƙungiyar da kashe wata mata da aka gano gawarwakinta a wajen wata kasuwa a Libreville. An zarge shi da hada baki, ko da yake ba a tabbatar da shigarsa cikin laifin ba, an cire M'ba daga mulki[13] aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari da kuma gudun hijira na shekaru goma. A hukumance hakan ya kasance saboda almubazzaranci da kudaden haraji da kuma cin zarafin da ya yi wa ma’aikatan cikin gida.Keese 2004, p. 146

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