Thangata

Thangatahttps://books.google.com/books?id=-y01f6nH1sgC&pg=PA87 Thangata kalma ce da ta samo asali daga yaren Chewa na Malawi wacce ta sauya ma'anarta sau da yawa, kodayake dukkan ma'anar suna da alaƙa da noma. Asalinsa, amfani da shi kafin mulkin mallaka da ke da alaƙa da taimakon juna da aka bayar a filayen maƙwabta ko aikin noma da aka ba shi kyauta don godiya ga fa'ida. A zamanin mulkin mallaka, tsakanin 1891 zuwa 1962, gabaɗaya yana nufin aikin noma da ake bayarwa a madadin kuɗin hayar kuɗi, kuma gabaɗaya ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, ta mai haya a wani kadara mallakar Bature. Sau da yawa ana amfani da Thangata, kuma ana iya tilasta wa masu haya yin aiki a kan amfanin gonakin masu shi na tsawon watanni huɗu zuwa shida a shekara lokacin da za su iya noma nasu amfanin gona. Daga shekarun 1920, an tsawaita sunan thangata zuwa yanayin da ake baiwa masu haya iri don shuka kaso na amfanin gona da aka keɓe maimakon samar da kuɗi ko aiki. Dukansu nau'o'in thangata an soke su a cikin 1962, amma duka kafin da kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai har zuwa yau, an yi amfani da kalmar don ayyukan yau da kullun na ƙauye na ɗan gajeren lokaci, sau da yawa akan wuraren shan sigari, wanda ma'aikata ke ɗauka a matsayin cin zarafi.https://books.google.com/books?id=-y01f6nH1sgC&pg=PA79

 Thangata a kasar Malawi 

 Tarihi da ma'ana 
Kalmar "thangata" tana da ma'anoni da dama a Malawi a cikin shekaru 120 da suka wuce, kuma amfani da shi na gargajiya ko kafin mulkin mallaka ya sha bamban da yadda ake amfani da shi a lokacin mulkin mallaka da na zamani. Kalmar ta wanzu a cikin Chewa da harsunan Mang'anja masu alaƙa, kuma ma'anarta ta farko kafin mulkin mallaka ita ce "taimako" ko "taimako", a ma'anar taimako na amsawa cikin 'yanci kamar makwabta na iya ba wa juna ginin bukkoki ko filayen sharewa. Hakanan yana da ma'anar aikin noma da ɗan ƙauyen ya yi wa basaraken sa.Nyasaland Superintendent of the Census, (1946). Report on the Census, 1945, Zomba, Government Printer, pp. 15-17. Mallakar filaye a yawancin ƙasar Malawi ta al'umma ce ba ta ɗaiɗaikun mutane ba. Shugabannin gargajiya sun yi aiki a matsayin amintattu a kan filaye na tarayya, kuma sun ba da damar yin amfani da shi ga daidaikun mutane a cikin al'ummominsu. Bisa ga al'ada, waɗannan shugabannin sun karɓi kyauta ta iri ko aiki daga waɗanda suka amfana daga al'ummarsu. Wannan kuma ana kiransa thangata: ko da yake an fara rubuta kalmar da wannan ma'ana a cikin 1921, an yi imanin cewa al'adar ta wanzu shekaru da yawa kafin lokacin. Lokacin da ƙasar al'umma ta yi yawa, shugabannin al'umma ba za su iya neman thangata ba, amma da zarar ya yi karanci a lokacin mulkin mallaka, musamman bayan gabatar da mulkin kai tsaye a 1933, sarakuna na iya sanya sharadi na aikin thangata akan kowane tallafi. A cikin shekaru biyu ko talatin da suka gabata, sarakunan sun fara buƙatar kudade ko haya don ba da damar yin amfani da filayen jama'a, amma waɗannan kuɗin kuɗi ba a kiran su thangata.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(journal)

 A farkon mulkin mallaka Nyasaland 
Shekaru 1870 da 1880 a Malawi ba su da kwanciyar hankali, kuma sarakunan yankin sun nemi samun kariya daga Turawa daga abokan gabansu ta hanyar bai wa mazauna yankin abin da watakila suke ganin hakki ne kawai na noman fili.^ Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka shelanta Ƙaddamar da Biritaniya ta Tsakiyar Afirka a shekara ta 1891, waɗannan Turawa sun sami ikon mallakar wannan ƙasa ta hanyar doka daga hukumar ba da kariya. Sabbin masu gidajen sun kuma dau alhakin duk wani hakki da shugabannin gargajiya ke da su ko kuma ake tunanin suna da su, inda suka bayyana cewa aikin katafaren aiki wajibi ne da mai gidan zai iya dorawa masu haya. A farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka, thangata ya ɗauki sabon ma'anar yin aiki a madadin haya. A farkon shekarun kariyar, wuraren da aka kafa a yankunan da ba su da yawa suna buƙatar ma'aikata don kafa gonaki. 'Yan Afirka kaɗan ne ke zama a filayen gidaje, kuma wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka ragu lokacin da aka gabatar da hayar ma'aikata. Sabbin ma'aikata, wadanda galibi 'yan ci-rani ne daga Mozambique, an karfafa su su koma gonaki su noma nasu amfanin gona, amma ana bukatar biyan hayar haya da harajin buhu, yawanci suna biyan albashin watanni biyu a shekara a wannan lokaci.https://books.google.com/books?id=-y01f6nH1sgC&pg=PA87

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