Neithhotep

Neithhotep ko Neith-hotep ( fl. c. 3050 BC ) tsohuwar uwargidan sarauniya ce ta Masar wacce ta rayu kuma ta yi mulki a zamanin Daular Farko . An taɓa tunaninta a matsayin namiji mai mulki: babban mastabanta mai girma da kuma sarautar sarautar da ke kewaye da sunanta a kan hatimi da yawa a baya sun jagoranci masana ilimin Masar da masana tarihi zuwa ga kuskuren imani cewa ta kasance sarki da ba a sani ba. Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt - Strategy, Security and Society.  Yayin da fahimtar rubuce-rubucen Masarawa na farko suka haɓaka, masana sun koyi cewa Neithhotep mace ce mai daraja ta musamman. Daga baya an ɗauke ta a matsayin matar Fir'auna na farko na Masar, Narmer, kuma mahaifiyar Hor-Aha . 

Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Neithhotep mai yiwuwa a maimakon haka ya kasance matar Hor-Aha, kuma mahaifiyar da kuma mai mulki na Djer . Har ila yau, shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa ta yiwu ta yi sarauta a matsayin fir'auna a matsayinta na kanta, kuma don haka ta kasance tsohuwar sarki mace ta farko a tarihi. Owen Jarus: Name of queen Neith-hotep found at Wadj Ameyra. 

 Shaida 

 Suna 
Sunan Neithhotep yana da alaƙa da Neith, allahn yaƙi da farauta. Wannan ya biyo bayan al'adar da aka yi musamman a lokacin daular farko: da yawa sarauniya (kamar Merneith / Meritneith, wata mace mai yiwuwa Fir'auna da zuriyar Neithhotep) da sarakuna (irin su Aha-Neith, Her-Neith, Nakht-Neith da Qa'-Neith). ) kuma yana da sunaye masu nuni ga abin bautawa. Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt - Strategy, Security and Society. 

 Lakabi 
A matsayinsa na sarauniya, Neithhotep ta sami manyan laƙabi da yawa: Joyce A. Tyldesley: Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic Times to the Death of Cleopatra. 

 Manyan Mata (Masar Khenty wat )
 Consort na Mata Biyu (Masar Semat Nebty )

Zai yiwu Neithhotep ya sami ƙarin sunayen sarauta, amma ba a gano waɗannan ba tukuna. A lokacin Neithhotep ya yi sarauta, ba a riga an gabatar da sunayen sarauta da yawa na sarakuna da sarauniya ba. A wannan farkon yanayin ci gaban rubutu, ƙila Masarawa na farko ba su san yadda ake bayyana wasu laƙabi ba. A madadin haka, imani da ayyukan sarauniya ya bambanta da abin da yake a lokacin Meritneith. Ludwig David Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen: die Herausbildung der Schrift in der hohen Kultur Altägyptens (Orbis biblicus et orientalis, vol. 205).  Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt - Strategy, Security and Society. 

An samo sunan Neithhotep a Helwan, Abydos da Naqada . Yana bayyana akan hatimin yumbu, akan tambarin hauren giwa, da kuma kamar yadda aka rubuta akan kwanonin dutse. Yawancin abubuwan an same su ne a cikin kabarinta da kuma cikin kaburburan Aha da Djer. A kan hatimi da yawa na yumbu, an rubuta sunan Neithhotep a cikin nau'i biyu na serekh, kuma tsakanin haɗin gwiwar serekhs ya dace da mizanin Allah na Neith. Joyce A. Tyldesley: Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic Times to the Death of Cleopatra.  Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt - Strategy, Security and Society.  Wani hatimi da ba a saba gani ba ya ba da sunan Hetepjw . Walter Bryan Emery: Ägypten – Geschichte und Kultur der Frühzeit. 

 Sabbin binciken 
Wani sabon wurin gano sunan Neithhotep yana cikin Wadi Ameyra a Tsibirin Sinai . A wurin, da yawa sassa na dutse kwanan wata zuwa ga sarakuna Iry-Hor, Narmer, Djer da Nebra . Rubutun Sarki Djer yana nuna a hagunsa jerin jerin gwanon jiragen ruwa na sarauta, a hannun dama wani gidan sarauta mai suna Djer a ciki. Horus-falcon da ke saman serekh yana riƙe da sandar yaƙi, yana ƙulla maƙiyi durƙushe. Sunan Neithhotep yana bayyana a gefen hagu a diagonal sama da serekh. Owen Jarus: Name of queen Neith-hotep found at Wadj Ameyra. 

 Ƙimar tarihi 
Bayan gano mastaba, Neithhotep an yi zaton namiji ne mai mulki: babban kabarinta mai girma da kuma sarauniyar sarauta da ke ɗauke da sunanta a kan hatimi da dama ya jagoranci masana kimiyyar Masar da masana tarihi zuwa ga kuskuren imani cewa ta kasance sarki ne wanda ba a san shi ba tukuna. Koyaya, yayin da fahimtar rubuce-rubucen Masarawa na farko suka haɓaka, masana sun fahimci cewa Neithhotep mace ce mai daraja ta musamman. Tare da wannan fahimtar, malamai suna kallonta yanzu a matsayin matar sarki Narmer kuma mahaifiyar Hor-Aha . Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt - Strategy, Security and Society.  An inganta wannan ra'ayi ta hanyar hatimin yumbu da aka samu a cikin kabarinta da ke nuna sifar Narmer da Aha. Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt - Strategy, Security and Society. 

Sunan Neithhotep ya bayyana akan hatimin yumbu da yawa a cikin serekh - salon da aka keɓe don masu mulki maza kawai. Na biyu, kabarinta na da girman gaske kuma yana da nasa shingen addini. Irin wannan shari'ar ba a san shi ba ne kawai daga Sarauniya Meritneith. Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt - Strategy, Security and Society.  Na uku su ne rubutun Wadi Ameyra da kansu: waɗannan sun nuna cewa Neithhotep ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarnin tafiya ta cikin Wadi a ƙoƙarin haƙar ma'adinai da girbin abinci. Amma irin wannan aikin yawanci yana buƙatar ikon sarauta wanda uwargidan sarauniya ba ta da shi - ba sai dai idan ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta, mai cikakken izini. Joachim Willeitner: Die erste Frau auf dem Pharaonenthron. 

Batun sarauniya Neithhotep ya nuna kamanceceniya mai ban mamaki da na sarauniya Meritneith, wacce ta rike mukamin sarauta ga danta har yanzu, sarki Hor Den . Wannan fahimtar ya kai masana ilimin Masar a yanzu zuwa ga ka'idar cewa watakila Sarauniya Neithhotep ta rike mukamin sarauta ga jariri jariri a matsayin wani nau'i na sarki. Irin wannan aiki a yanzu an san ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a farkon zamanin Masar. An kafa daular sarauta tun farko daga iyayen sarauta, ba ta gado daga uba zuwa ɗa ba. Joyce A. Tyldesley: Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic Times to the Death of Cleopatra.  Silke Roth: Die Königsmütter des Alten Ägypten von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende der 12. 

Wasu malaman ma sun yi imanin cewa Neithhotep na iya zama daidai da sarki Teti da aka jera a cikin jerin sarakunan Ramesside kuma an ambata a kaikaice akan sanannen Dutsen Palermo . Dutsen Palermo yana ba da tsaka-tsaki tsakanin sarki Aha da Djer ta hanyar ambaton "kwanakin mutuwa sau biyu" a shafi na I na shekaru abubuwan. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin ranar mutuwar Hor-Aha da bayanin mutuwa na biyu ya kai kusan shekara 1, wata 1 da kwanaki 15. Irin wannan lokacin yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci ga mai mulki na "ainihin" kamar Hor-Aha, Djer ko Wadj. Zai fi dacewa da wanda ya yi mulki a madadin fir'auna na asali. Kuma wannan, bi da bi, yanzu an tabbatar da Sarauniya Neithhotep. Don haka, shigarwa akan Dutsen Palermo na iya zama nuni ga interregnum na Sarauniya Neithhotep. Wannan kuma zai bayyana dalilin da ya sa babu wani kayan tarihi na zamani daga Daular 1st da ya ambaci sunan sarauta Teti, amma sauran ( Itetj da Ita ). Joachim Willeitner: Die erste Frau auf dem Pharaonenthron.  Werner Kaiser: Zum Siegel mit frühen Königsnamen von Umm el-Qaab. 

Ba a yarda da daidaita Sarauniya Neithhotep da Teti I ba. Masana ilimin Masar irin su Werner Kaiser da Walter B. Emery sun yi nuni da gaɓoɓin hatimin yumbu da yawa tare da sunayen Horus na duk sarakuna daga Narmer zuwa Den. An gano irin waɗannan hatimai a cikin kaburburan Den da Sarauniya Meritneith kuma duk sun fara jerin sunayensu tare da Narmer, wanda shi ne mijin Neithhotep. Kaiser da Emery suna ganin wannan a matsayin shaida cewa Narmer ne, ba Hor-Aha ba, wanda ya fara daular Farko. Bugu da kari, Kaiser yana nuni ga hatimin gutsuttsura wadanda suka ambaci sunan Menj kusa da serekh na Narmer. Don haka, aƙalla yana yiwuwa Narmer yayi kama da sarki Menes . Wannan, bi da bi, yana nufin cewa sunan cartouche "Teti" na Hor-Aha ne, ba na Sarauniya Neithhotep ba. Werner Kaiser: Zum Siegel mit frühen Königsnamen von Umm el-Qaab. 

 Kabarin 
An gano kabarin Neithhotep a shekara ta 1897 daga masanin kayan tarihi na Faransa Jacques de Morgan a wurin Naqada, wanda ya kwashe kwanaki 15 kacal yana tono ginin. Masanin ilimin tarihi na Jamus Ludwig Borchardt ya sake bincikar kabarin a shekara ta 1898. John Garstang ya sake tono kabarin a shekarar 1904 kuma ya gano daruruwan abubuwan da aka tona a baya, kusan dari biyu daga cikinsu yanzu haka suna cikin gidan adana kayan tarihi na Garstang a Jami'ar Liverpool .

Babban ginin ya ƙunshi katon mastaba da aka yi da taurin tubalin laka, wanda bangon waje ya keɓe. Yanzu an lalata shi gaba daya saboda yazawar yanayi. Saboda girman girman kabarin an taba yarda cewa na Sarki Menes ne . Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt - Strategy, Security and Society.  Zaɓin wurin kabarin na iya nuna cewa Neithhotep yana da alaƙa da masu mulki na cibiyar wutar lantarki da ke Naqada, maimakon zuwa daga Ƙasar Masar, kamar yadda aka saba gani. An taba yarda cewa Neithhotep ya auri Narmer a yunƙurin sauƙaƙe haɗin kan Narmer na Masar. Joyce A. Tyldesley: Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic Times to the Death of Cleopatra.  Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt - Strategy, Security and Society. 

 Manazarta 

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