Paula Gunn Allen

Paula Gunn Allen (Oktoba 24, 1939 - Mayu 29, 2008) mawaƙiya ce Ba'amurkiya, mawallafiyar adabi, mai fafutuka,  farfesa, kuma marubuciya . Na gauraye-kabilanci Bature-Ba-Amurke, Balarabe-Amurka, da kuma ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka, ta gano tare da mutanen mahaifiyarta, Laguna Pueblo .  Gunn Allen ya rubuta kasidu da yawa, labarai da wakoki tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da jigogi na mata, da tarihin rayuwar matan Amirkawa guda biyu. Ta shirya tarin labarai na al'adar Amirkawa guda huɗu da rubuce-rubuce na zamani.

Baya ga waƙarta da almara, a cikin 1986 ta buga littafin, The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions,   a cikin abin da ta nuna cewa Turawa sun dena matsayin mata a cikin asusunsu na al'adun ' yan asalin Amirka saboda son zuciya, kamar yadda suka kasance daga dangin dangi . 

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
Paula Marie Francis an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1939 a Cubero, New Mexico, ƙauyen bayar da tallafin ƙasar Sipaniya-Mexica mai iyaka da wurin ajiyar Laguna Pueblo .   Daga cikin gauraye na Scottish American, Lebanon -American, da kuma zuriyar Laguna, Allen koyaushe ya fi dacewa da Laguna, wanda ta shafe wani ɓangare na ƙuruciyarta.  Ba a shigar da ita cikin kowace ƙasa ba. 

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar da Ethel Gottlieb Francis, wanda ya fito daga mutanen Keres Pueblo, da Elias Lee Francis II .   name=":1"> Mahaifinta Ba-Amurke ɗan Lebanon ya mallaki kantin sayar da gida, Kamfanin Kasuwancin Cubero, kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Laftanar Gwamnan New Mexico daga 1967 zuwa 1970.  Iyayenta duka mawaƙa ne, kuma ɗan'uwanta, Lee Francis, ya ci gaba da zama mawaƙiya, mai ba da labari, da kuma malami.

Allen ya fara zuwa makarantar mishan kuma ya sauke karatu a 1957 daga makarantar kwana da ake kira "Sisters of Charity" da ke Albuquerque.  name=":2"> Ta fara sha'awar rubutu a makarantar sakandare bayan gano aikin Gertrude Stein . 

Ta halarci Kwalejin Mata na Colorado a takaice, sannan ta sami BA a Turanci a cikin 1966 da MFA a cikin rubuce-rubucen ƙirƙira a 1968 daga Jami'ar Oregon .  A Jami'ar Oregon, ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin mawallafin Ralph Salisbury, wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama Cherokee kuma zai yi tasiri mai yawa akan Allen.   Allen ya kuma yabawa Gidan N. Scott Momaday 's Made of Dawn tare da maido da hankalinta na asalin asalinta da kuma rage mummunan yanayin damuwa yayin da take aiki akan digiri na biyu. 

A cikin 1975, ta sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar New Mexico, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa kuma ta fara bincike kan addinan kabilanci. A matsayin dalibi a Jami'ar New Mexico, Allen ya kai ga wani farfesa na shayari, Robert Creeley, don shawarwarin shayari. Ya jagoranci ta zuwa aikin Charles Olson, Allen Ginsberg, da Denise Levertov, waɗanda duk suna da tasiri mai karfi akan aikinta.

A cikin 1980s, Allen ta kasance abokin aiki a Stanford Humanities Institute, inda ta taimaka wajen daidaita taron mata na mako-mako. 

Allen ya koyar a Kwalejin Fort Lewis a Colorado, Kwalejin San Mateo, Jami'ar Jihar San Diego, Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco, Jami'ar New Mexico, Albuquerque, Jami'ar California, Berkeley, da Jami'ar California, Los Angeles. Ta koyar a UCLA daga 1990 zuwa 1999 a matsayin farfesa na sashen Ingilishi da Cibiyar Nazarin Indiya ta UCLA.

 Rubutun ɗan adam 
Dangane da abubuwan da ta samu da kuma nazarinta na al'adun ' yan asalin, Paula Gunn Allen ya rubuta The Sacred Hoop: Mai da Mata a cikin Al'adun Indiyawan Indiya (1986), wanda aka buga a Beacon Press . Littafin ya ba da hujjar cewa babban ra'ayi na al'adu na al'ummomin Amirkawa ba su da son rai kuma masu bincike da masu mulkin mallaka na Turai sun fahimci 'yan asalin ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na uba . Gunn ya bayyana muhimmiyar rawar da mata suka taka a yawancin al'adun ƴan asalin Amirkawa, gami da rawar da suka taka a shugabancin siyasa, waɗanda masu bincike da masana daga al'adun Turai maza suka mamaye ko dai sun yi watsi da su ko kuma suka rasa su gaba ɗaya. Allen ya gabatar da hujjar cewa yawancin ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a lokacin hulɗar Turai sun kasance matrifocal da daidaito tare da ƙaramin kaso kawai wanda ke nuna tsarin ubangida na Turai. 

Abubuwan da Allen ya yi da bincike sun soki wasu manyan malamai, da kuma marubuci kuma mai sukar Gerald Vizenor, wanda ya zarge ta da "sauƙaƙa mai sauƙi na mahimmanci".Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka ("AIM") da kanta ta  masu ra'ayin mata a matsayin masu jima'i.  Duk da haka, littafin Allen da aikin da ya biyo baya ya kasance mai tasiri a cikin karatun mata da na mata, yana ƙarfafa sauran karatun mata na al'adu da wallafe-wallafen 'yan asalin Amirka, duka ta hanyar mata masu mahimmanci, ko kuma a cikin rafukan da ke da alaƙa irin su 'yan asalin mata .   

 Aikin adabi 
Allen sananne ne a matsayin marubuci, mawaƙi kuma marubuci gajere . Ayyukanta sun zana sosai akan tatsuniyoyi na Pueblo na Grandmother Spider da Maiden Masara . An lura da shi don ƙaƙƙarfan ma'anar siyasa. Masu sukar sun lura cewa Leslie Marmon Silko, kuma na Laguna, kuma ya zana wadannan tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya.

Littafinta, Matar da ta mallaki Inuwa (1983), ya ƙunshi mace Ephanie Atencio, ɗiyar jini mai gauraye na uwa mai gauraye da ke fama da wariyar al'umma da kuma shafe kai.

A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, Allen ya buga tarin fiye da shekaru 30 na aiki: Life Is a Fatal Disease: Collected Poems 1962-1995, yanke hukunci a matsayin mafi nasara. Ayyukan Allen galibi ana rarraba su azaman na Renaissance na Asalin Amurka, amma marubucin ya ƙi alamar.

 Kyauta 

 1967: Kyautar Julia Burgess don Waƙa, Jami'ar Oregon 
 1978: Kyautar Rubutun Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar Rubuce-Rubuce, Kyauta ta Ƙasa don Fasaha 
 1984-1985: Tallafin Fellowship, Ford Foundation  name=":2">
 1990: Kyautar Susan Koppelman, Shahararrun Ƙungiyoyin Al'adun Amurka
 1990: Kyautar Adabin Ba'amurke, Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz 
 1990: Kyautar Littafin Amurka, Kafin Gidauniyar Columbus
 1991: Kyautar Vesta don Rubutun Essay, Gina Mace 
 1992: Kyauta don Adabi, Matan Kudancin California don Fahimta
 1999: Lambar yabo ta Hubbell don Ci gaban Rayuwa, Ƙungiyar Harshen Zamani   name="Los Angeles Times">
 2001: Kyautar Nasara ta Rayuwa, Da'irar Marubuta ta Ƙasar Amirka 
 2007: Rubutu Fellowship, Lannan Adabin Kyauta

 Rayuwa ta sirri 
Mahaifin Allen, E. Lee Francis, Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ne kuma mahaifiyarta, Ba'amurke ce ɗan Scotland da Laguna Pueblo . cikin 'yan'uwan Allen, Carol Lee Sanchez, marubucin Laguna ne. Hakanan tana da alaƙa da Leslie Marmon Silko . 

Allen ya kasance a cikin aure biyu daban-daban kuma ya sake saki biyu.  Daga 1981-1986, ta rayu a cikin dangantaka mai mahimmanci tare da mawaƙin Amurka kuma marubuci Judy Grahn .  

Biyu daga cikin yaran Allen sun riga ta rasu, Fuad Ali Allen, da Eugene John Brown. Son Fuad Ali Allen ya rasu a shekarar 1972 sannan dansa Eugene John Brown ya rasu a shekara ta 2001. Ta rasu ta bar ‘ya’ya biyu, Lauralee Brown da Suleiman Allen.  "Archives - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 7 June 2008.

 Littafi Mai Tsarki 

 Matar Da Ta Mallakar Inuwa (1983), novel

 Waka 

 Amurka Mafi Kyawun: Waƙoƙin Karshe na Paula Gunn Allen (2010)
 Rayuwa cuta ce mai kisa: Waƙoƙin da aka tattara 1962-1995 (1997)
 Fata da Kasusuwa: Wakoki 1979-1987 (1988)
 Kasar Inuwa (1982)
 Cannon Tsakanin gwiwoyi na (1981)
 Yaron Tauraro: Wakoki (1981)
 Tafiya Hasken Rana na Coyote (1978)
 Waqoqin Zaki Makaho ( Zaki Makaho ) (1974)

 Ilimi 

 Kashe Wurin Adana: Tunani akan Iyakoki-Busting Border-Crossing Loose Canons (1998)
 Aikin Mata: Gada: Littattafan Al'adu McGraw–Hill (1994)
 Kakanin Haske: Littafin Tushen Magungunan Mata (1991)
 Ƙaƙƙarfan Ƙaƙwalwa: Maido da Mata a cikin Al'adun Indiyawan Amurka (1986)
 Nazari a cikin Adabin Indiyawan Amurka: Mahimman Rubuce-rubuce da Tsare-tsare (1983)

 Tarihin Rayuwa 

 Pocahontas: Mace mai magani, ɗan leƙen asiri, ɗan kasuwa, jami'in diflomasiyya (2004)
 Muddin koguna suna gudana: Labarun ƴan ƙasar Amirka tara (1996)

 Tarin da aka gyara da tarihin tarihi 

 Hozho: Tafiya cikin Kyau: Gajerun Labarai na Marubutan Indiyawan Amurka (2001)
 Waƙar Kunkuru: Adabin Indiyawan Amurka, 1974-1994 (1996)
 Muryar Kunkuru: Adabin Indiyawan Amurka, 1900-1970 (1994)
 Jikokin Mata Spider: Tatsuniyoyi na Gargajiya da Rubuce-rubucen Zamani ta Matan 'Yan Asalin Amurka (1989)

 Gudunmawar anthology 

 Harshen Maciji: Littattafai, Shayari, da Fasaha na Sabon Mexican Pueblos, ed. Nancy Wood. (1997)
 Rayuwar Ruhu: Liwadi na Indiyawan Indiyawa, ed. Zan Roscoe. (1988)

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba