Kamose

Kamose shine Fir'auna na ƙarshe na daular Theban ta goma sha bakwai. Wataƙila shi ɗan Seqenenre Tao ne da Ahhotep I kuma ɗan'uwan Ahmose I, wanda ya kafa daular sha takwas . Mulkinsa ya faɗi a ƙarshen tsaka-tsakin lokaci na biyu . Yawancin lokaci ana danganta Kamose sarauta na shekaru uku (shekarar da aka tabbatar da shi mafi girma na sarauta), kodayake wasu malaman yanzu sun yarda da ba shi tsawon mulki na kusan shekaru biyar. 

Mulkinsa yana da mahimmanci ga yunƙurin sojan da ya ɗauka a kan Hyksos, waɗanda suka zo ya mallaki yawancin ƙasar Masar ta dā . Ryholt, p.273 Mahaifinsa ya fara shirye-shiryen kuma ya rasa ransa a yaƙi da Hyksos. An yi tunanin cewa mahaifiyarsa, a matsayin mai mulki, ta ci gaba da yakin bayan mutuwar Kamose, kuma cewa cikakken ɗan'uwansa ya yi nasara a kansu kuma ya haɗa dukan Masar.

 Yakin neman zabe 

 Kasus Belli 
Kamose shine sarki na ƙarshe a cikin jerin sarakunan Masarawa na asali a Thebes . Asalinsu, sarakunan daular Theban na goma sha bakwai suna zaman lafiya da masarautar Hyksos a arewacin su kafin mulkin Seqenenre Tao. Grimal, Nicolas.  Sun mallaki Masar ta sama har zuwa Elephantine kuma sun mallaki Masar ta Tsakiya har zuwa arewa har zuwa Kusa . James, T.G.H. Egypt: From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I. in The Cambridge Ancient History, vol.  Kamose ya nemi ya tsawaita mulkinsa zuwa arewa a kan dukkan Masarautar Masar. Wannan da alama ya fuskanci adawa sosai daga fadawansa. Ya bayyana cewa a wani lokaci, waɗannan sarakunan a Thebes sun sami kyakkyawan tsari tare da sarakunan Hyksos na baya, waɗanda suka haɗa da haƙƙin wucewa ta hanyar Hyksos ta Tsakiya da Ƙasar Masar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hyksos da haƙƙin makiyaya a cikin Delta mai albarka. "Cambridge 2:1 290" Rubuce-rubucen Kamose akan Tablet na Carnarvon (a cikin rubutun kuma ya yi daidai da shi a cikin stelae na Kamose na Thebes) ya danganta rashin jin daɗin wannan majalisar sarki game da begen yaƙi da Hyksos:

Koyaya, gabatar da Kamose a nan yana iya zama farfaganda da aka tsara don ƙawata sunansa tun lokacin da magabacinsa, Seqenenre Tao, ya riga ya shiga rikici da Hyksos (saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba), amma ya faɗi cikin yaƙi. Kamose ya nemi ya maido da karfi da karfin da yake ganin damansa ne, wato sarautar Masarautar Kasa da Sama. "Cambridge 2:1 290" Don haka Sarkin ya mayar wa majalisarsa martani:

Babu wata shaida da za ta goyi bayan ikirari na Pierre Montet cewa matakin da Kamose ya yi a kan Hyksos ya kasance karkashin jagorancin firist na Amun a matsayin kai hari kan masu bautar Seth a arewa (watau dalili na addini na yakin 'yanci). Tablet na Carnarvon ya bayyana cewa Kamose ya tafi arewa don kai hari ga Hyksos da umarnin Amun, amma wannan ya zama ruwan dare ga duk rubutun sarauta na tarihin Masar, kuma bai kamata a fahimci takamaiman umarni daga wannan allahntaka ba.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">ya</span> ] dalilinsa na kai hari kan Hyksos girman kai ne na kasa.

 Yakin Arewa 
A cikin shekara ta uku ta Kamose, ya fara yaƙin yaƙi da Hyksos ta hanyar tafiya arewa daga Thebes akan Kogin Nilu . Ya fara isa Nefrusy, wanda ke arewa da Kusae kuma sojojin Masar masu biyayya ga Hyksos ne suka tsare shi. James, T.G.H. Egypt: From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I. in The Cambridge Ancient History, vol.  Tawagar sojojin Medjay sun kai hari ga sansanin tare da mamaye ta.  The Carnarvon Tablet ya ba da labarin wannan yawancin yakin, amma ya ƙare a can. Duk da haka, ƙila ana iya fahimtar dabarun yaƙin Kamose. Yayin da Kamose ya koma arewa, cikin sauki yana iya daukar kananan kauyuka ya shafe kananan sansanin Hyksos, amma idan wani birni ya yi tsayin daka, zai iya yanke shi daga sauran masarautar Hyksos ta hanyar mamaye garin kai tsaye zuwa arewa. Irin wannan dabarar mai yiwuwa ta ba shi damar yin tafiya da sauri ta haura kogin Nilu. Spalinger, Anthony J. War in Ancient Egypt.  Na biyu stele na Kamose (samuwa a Thebes) ya ci gaba da labarin Kamose tare da wani hari a kan Avaris . Domin bai ambaci Memphis ko wasu manyan biranen arewa ba, an dade ana zargin cewa Kamose bai taba kai wa Avaris hari ba, sai dai ya rubuta abin da ya yi niyyar yi.  Kim Ryholt kwanan nan ya yi jayayya cewa Kamose mai yiwuwa bai taɓa yin nisa ba fiye da Anpu ko Cynopolis Nome a Masar ta Tsakiya (a kusa da Faiyum da birnin Saka) kuma bai shiga ko dai kogin Nilu ba, ko kuma ƙasan Masar daidai. Ryholt, pp.172–175
A cewar stele na biyu, bayan ƙaura zuwa arewacin Nefrusy, sojojin Kamose sun kama wani masinja mai ɗauke da sako daga Sarkin Hyksos Awoserre Apopi a Avaris zuwa ga abokinsa, mai mulkin Kush, yana neman goyon bayan na ƙarshe a kan Kamose. Nan take Kamose ya ba da umarnin wani rukunin sojojinsa da su mamaye tare da lalata Oasis na Bahariya a cikin hamada ta yamma, wanda ke kula da hanyar hamadar arewa zuwa kudu. Kamose, wanda ake kira "Ƙarfin" a cikin wannan rubutu, ya ba da umarnin wannan mataki don kare lafiyarsa. Daga nan sai Kamose ya tashi zuwa kudu, ya haura kogin Nilu zuwa Thebes, don bikin farin ciki na nasara bayan nasarar da ya samu na soja a kan Hyksos wajen tura iyakokin masarautarsa zuwa arewa daga Kusae ya wuce Hermopolis zuwa Sako, wanda a yanzu ya kafa sabuwar iyaka tsakanin daular goma sha bakwai. na Thebes da daular Hyksos ta goma sha biyar. Ryholt, pp.173–175

Ryholt ya lura cewa Kamose bai taɓa yin iƙirari a cikin stela na biyu don kai hari kan wani abu a Avaris kanta ba, kawai "duk wani abu na Avaris ( nkt hwt-w'rt, kai tsaye genitive ) watau ganima [yakin] da sojojinsa suka yi" kamar yadda Layukan 7-8 da 15 na Kamose's stela - kawai nassoshi ga Avaris a nan - sun nuna:

Layi na 7–8: Na sanya jarumin mai gadi-flotilla don yin sintiri har zuwa gefen hamada tare da sauran (na jiragen ruwa) a bayansa, kamar dai kyan gani yana farautar yankin Avaris.

Layin 15: Ban yi watsi da duk wani abu na Avaris ba, domin shi (yankin da Kamose yake wawashewa) babu kowa. Ryholt, pp.173–174

The Second Stela of Kamose is well known for recounting that a Hyksos messenger was captured with a letter from Apophis—appealing for aid from the king of Kush against Kamose—while travelling through the western desert roads to Nubia. The final evidence that this king's military activities affected only the Cynopolite nome, and not the city of Avaris itself, is the fact that when Kamose returned the letter to Apophis, he dispatched it to Atfih which is about a hundred miles south of Avaris. Atfih, hence, formed either the new border or a no-man's land between the now shrunken Hyksos kingdom and Kamose's expanding seventeenth dynasty state. Furthermore, Kamose states in his second stele that his intention in returning the letter was for the Hyksos messenger to inform Apophis of the Theban king's victories "in the area of Cynopolis which used to be in his possession." This information confirms that Kamose confined his activities to this Egyptian nome and never approached the city of Avaris itself in his Year 3.

 Yakin Nubian na Farko 
An dai san Kamose ya yi kamfen din yaki da Kushiwa kafin shekara ta uku tun da Sarkin Hyksos ya yi kira kai tsaye ga takwaransa na Kushit da ya kai wa abokin karawarsa Theban hari tare da daukar fansa kan barnar da Kamose ya yi wa jihohinsu biyu. Da wuya Kamose ya sami albarkatun da zai yi galaba a kan Kush a kudanci a lokaci guda sannan ya haifar da koma baya ga Hyksos na arewa a cikin shekara guda kawai a kan layin gaba wanda ya wuce kilomita dari da yawa. Ryholt, pp.182–83

 Tsawon mulki 
Shekararsa ta 3 ita ce kaɗai aka tabbatar da ranar Kamose kuma an taɓa tunanin alamar ƙarshen mulkinsa. Koyaya, yanzu ya bayyana tabbas cewa Kamose ya yi sarauta na shekara ɗaya ko biyu fiye da wannan lokacin saboda ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu akan Nubians . Shaidar da ke nuna cewa Kamose ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na farko a kan Kushiwa yana da tabbaci daga abin da ke cikin wasiƙar da aka kama Apophis inda aka ba da labarin roƙon sarki Hyksos na neman taimako daga sarkin Kush a cikin shekara ta 3 ta Kamose:

Rubuce-rubucen dutse guda biyu da aka samo a Arminna da Toshka, mai zurfi a cikin Nubia, suna ba da prenomen da sunayen Kamose da Ahmose gefe da gefe kuma an rubuta su a lokaci guda — mai yiwuwa ta mai zane iri ɗaya — bisa ga bayanan almara.  A cikin duka rubuce-rubucen biyu "sunayen Ahmose suna bin su kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin na Kamose kuma kowane sarki an ba shi alamar di-ˁnḫ, Ba da Rai, wanda aka saba amfani da shi na sarakuna masu mulki kawai. Wannan yana nuna cewa Kamose da Ahmose duka suna yin mulki lokacin da aka yanke rubutun kuma saboda haka sun kasance ainihin asali. Ryholt, p.273 Tunda sunan Kamose aka fara rubutawa, da zai zama babban jigo. Koyaya, babu ambato ko ambaton Ahmose a matsayin sarki da ya bayyana a cikin stela na Shekarar Kamose 3 wanda a kaikaice ya rubuta yakin farko na Kamose akan Nubians; wannan na iya nufin cewa Kamose ya nada matashin Ahmose a matsayin ƙaramin ɗan sa bayan shekara ta uku kafin ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu a kan Nubians. Ryholt, p.274 Sakamakon haka, yakin Nubian na biyu na Kamose tabbas ya faru a cikin Shekara ta 4 ko 5. Makasudin yakin Nubian na biyu na Kamose na iya kasancewa sansanin Buhen wanda Nubians suka kwato daga hannun sojojin Kamose tun da gangan aka goge wani tata mai dauke da cartonsa kuma gobara ta yi barna a sansanin. Ryholt, pp.181–182

A yanzu Ryholt ya ƙididdige ɗan ƙaramin mulki na shekaru biyar na Kamose kuma an ƙididdige lokacin wannan mai mulki daga 1554 BC zuwa 1549 BC don la'akari da tsawon shekara guda na daidaito tsakanin Ahmose da Kamose. Ryholt, p.204 Donald Redford ya lura cewa an binne Kamose cikin ladabi, a cikin akwatin gawar da ba a taɓa gani ba wanda ba shi da ko da uraeus na sarauta. Redford, Donald B. History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies.  Wannan yana iya nufin cewa sarkin ya mutu kafin ya sami isasshen lokaci don kammala kayan jana'izarsa ana tsammanin saboda yana yaƙi da maƙwabtansa na Kushite da Hyksos.

 Mummy 
An ambaci mummy na Kamose a cikin Abbott Papyrus, wanda ya rubuta wani bincike game da fashin kabari a lokacin mulkin Ramesses IX, kimanin shekaru 400 bayan da Ahmose ya shiga. Yayin da aka ambaci kabarinsa a matsayin "yana cikin yanayi mai kyau",  a bayyane yake cewa an motsa mummy a wani lokaci bayan haka, kamar yadda aka gano a cikin 1857 a Dra' Abu el-Naga', da alama da gangan aka ɓoye a cikin wani wuri. tarin tarkace. An gano akwatin gawar da aka zana da stuccod daga farkon masanan Masarautar Masarautar Auguste Mariette da Heinrich Brugsch, waɗanda suka lura cewa mummy ba ta da kyau sosai. An binne mummy da wuka na zinariya da azurfa, da layu, da scarab, da madubi na tagulla, da wani pectoral mai siffar cartouche mai ɗauke da sunan magajinsa kuma ƙanensa, Ahmose. Brier, Bob. 

Akwatin gawar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a Masar, yayin da wukar ke Brussels kuma pectoral da madubi suna cikin Louvre, Paris. Sunan fir'auna da aka rubuta akan akwatin gawar an gane shi ne shekaru hamsin bayan gano asalinsa, wanda a lokacin ne mummy da aka bari da tarkacen tarkacen da aka gano a ciki, kusan an dade da bata. Brier, Bob. 

 Stelae 
Kamose ya kafa dunƙule guda biyu a cikin Thebes waɗanda da alama suna ba da labari a jere na shan kashin da ya yi na Hyksos. stele na farko ya bata part dinsa na karshe.

The Carnarvon Tablet kuma yana adana wasu daga cikin rubutun stelae. James B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 

 Ganewa 
Tun farkon 1916, Sir Alan Gardiner ya ɗauka cewa kwamfutar hannu ta Carnarvon ta farko dole ne ta zama kwafin wasu tatsuniyoyi na tunawa da Fir'auna Kamose. An tabbatar da hakan daga baya lokacin da Faransawa masanin ilmin Masar Lacau da Chévrier ke aiki a Karnak, kuma sun yi wani muhimmin bincike na gutsuttsura stela guda biyu. An samo mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin 1932. Kuma a cikin 1935, babban guntu ya bayyana. Don haka, ya bayyana cewa an kwafi rubutun Carnarvon Tablet daga stelas na Kamose. James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament.  An buga waɗannan sababbin rubutun a cikin 1939.  P. Lacau, ASAE, xxxix (1939)

 Sauran binciken 
Kwanan nan, an sami wasu rubuce-rubucen Kamose.

 "Sai dai guda biyu na Kamose da aka sani har zuwa kwanan nan [2016], ɗayan kuma an kwafi shi zuwa teburin rubuce-rubuce na daular 18 [Carnarvon Tablet] (Redford 1997: nos. 68-69) A cikin 2004 wani gungumen rubutu tare da Matan Biyu . An samo sunan Kamose a Karnak kuma an lakafta ta uku na Kamose (Van Siclen 2010), kuma a cikin 2008 an sami ƙarin rubutun Kamose a cikin Armant (Thiers 2009)." Ilin-Tomich, Alexander, 2016, Second Intermediate Period. 

 Manazarta 

 Littafi Mai Tsarki 

 Gardiner, Sir Alan. Masar na Fir'auna . Oxford: Jami'ar Press, 1964, 1961.
 Montet, Pierre. Misira Madawwami, wanda Doreen Weightman ya fassara daga Faransanci. London, 1964
 Pritchard, James B. (Edita). Tsohuwar Rubutun Gabas Na Farko Game da Tsohon Alkawari (bugu na uku). Princeton, 1969.
 Redford, Donald B. Tarihi da Tarihi na Daular Sha Takwas na Masar: Nazarin Bakwai . Toronto, 1967.
 Ryholt, Kim SB, Halin Siyasa a Masar a lokacin Tsakanin Tsakanin Lokaci na Biyu (Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, Copenhagen, (Museum Tusculanum Press: 1997) 
 Simpson, William Kelly (Edita). Littattafan Tsohuwar Masar: Anthology na Labarai, Umarni, Stelae, Tarihin Rayuwa, da Waka (bugu na 3). New Haven, 2003, shafi na 345–50 (fassarar rubutun Kamose).

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