Herod the Great

Hirudus Mai Girma

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

Wannan labarin game da Sarkin Yahudiya ne da Romawa suka naɗa. Don wasu amfani, duba Hirudus, Hirudus Mai Girma (fim), da Hirudus Mai Girma (wasa).

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Hirudus Peters, Francis E. (2005). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition: The Words and Will of God The Words And Will of God. Vol. II. Princeton University Press.Jacobs & Broydé 1906 /ˈhɛrəd/; Hebrew: הוֹרְדוֹס, romanized: Hōrəḏōs; Ancient Greek: Ἡρῴδης, romanized: Hērṓidēsko Hirudus Mai Girma (c. 72 KZ – c. 4 KZ) wani abokin ciniki Bayahude na Roma ne na masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya. An san shi da manyan gine-ginen da yake yi a Yahudiya. Daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan akwai sake gina Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da kuma faɗaɗa tushensaCf. Babylonian Talmud (Ta'anit 23a). Herod the Great rebuilt the Temple sanctuary and expanded the Temple Mount at its north side around the older Temple courts, and "enclosed an area double the former size." Formerly, according to the Mishnah (Middot 2:1), the Temple Mount had measured 500 × 500 cubits square, and its expansion was done to accommodate the pilgrims. Perowne 2003, pp. 92–93 Kasher, Aryeh; Witztum, Eliezer (2007). King Herod: a persecuted persecutor: a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography. Translated by Gold, Karen. Walter de Gruyter.Antiquities of the Jews — bangon Yamma yana cikin sa. An rubuta muhimman bayanai game da rayuwarsa a cikin ayyukan ƙarni na 1 AD Ɗariari Perowne 2003, pp. 92–93na Roman-Yahudawa Josephus.Cohen 1999

Duk da nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu, gami da ƙirƙira wani sabon sarki da hannu ɗaya ba tare da komai ba,[11] har yanzu ya sha suka daga masana tarihi daban-daban. Mulkinsa ya daidaita ra'ayi a tsakanin masana tarihi, wasu na kallon abin da ya gada a matsayin shaida ta nasara, wasu kuma suna kallonsa a matsayin abin tunawa da mulkinsa na zalunciSchwartz, Seth (2014). "Herod to Florus". The Ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–62. ISBN 978-1-107-04127-1..

Yayin da aka kwatanta Hirudus Mai Girma a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista a matsayin marubucin Kisan Kisa na marasa laifi, ragowar nassoshi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da "Hirudu biyu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki" duk an danganta su ga Hirudus Antipas, ɗan Hirudus Mai Girma. Bayan mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 K.Z., Romawa sun raba mulkinsa tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku da ’yar’uwarsa: ɗansa Hirudus Antipas ya karɓi sarautar Galili da Farisa.

Sauran dangin Hirudus Mai Girma sun haɗa da ɗan Hirudus Archelaus wanda ya zama ɗan ƙabilar Yahudiya, Samariya, da Idumea; Ɗan Hirudus Filibus wanda ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Kogin Urdun; da ’yar’uwar Hirudus, Salome I, wadda aka ba wa sarauta har da garuruwan Jabne, da Ashdod, da Fasaelis.

Tarihin Rayuwa

￼Herod the Great medallion daga Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum, karni na 16

An haifi Hirudus a kusan 72 KZSteinmann, Andrew (2009). "When Did Herod the Great Reign?". Novum Testamentum. 51 (1): 1–29 [12]. doi:10.1163/156853608X245953.Filmer, W. E. (1966). "The Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great". Journal of Theological Studies. 17 (2): 283–298 [293]. doi:10.1093/jts/XVII.2.283. Steinmann 2011 a Idumea, kudancin Yahudiya. Shi ne ɗa na biyu na Antipater the Idumaean, babban jami'i a ƙarƙashin ethnoarch Hyrcanus II, da Cypros, wata ƴar Balaraba ta Nabatean daga Petra, a ƙasar Jordan ta yau. Mahaifin Hirudus ɗan Edom ne. kakanninsa sun koma addinin Yahudanci. Hirudus ya tashi a matsayin Bayahude.Britannica, "Thus, Herod was of Arab origin, although he was a practicing Jew".Aryeh Kasher and Eliezer Witztum, King Herod: A Persecuted Persecutor: A Case Study in Psychohistory, pp. 19–23Retsö, Jan (2013). The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge. p. 374.Losch 2008 Strabo, wanda ya yi zamani da Hirudus, ya ɗauka cewa Idumaeans, waɗanda ya ce ’yan asalin Nabataean ne, su ne mafi yawan al’ummar Yahudiya ta Yamma, inda suka yi tarayya da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adunsu.Losch 2008 Wannan ra'ayi ne kuma wasu ayyukan masana na zamani suka yi tarayya da su waɗanda ke ɗaukar Idumaean a matsayin asalin Larabawa ko Nabataean.BritannicaRetsö 2013, p. 487Chancey, Mark A. (2002). The Myth of a Gentile Galilee. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-139-43465-2.Shahid, Irfan; Shahîd, Irfan (1984). Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs. Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-115-5.Britannica, "Thus, Herod was of Arab origin, although he was a practicing Jew". Don haka asalin kabilar Hirudus Balarabe ne daga bangarorin danginsa.[14] In ji Josephus, Hirudus zuriyar Eleazar Maccabeus ne(Auran) na HasmonawaJosephus. Antiquities of the Jews (Loeb ed.). pp. Antiquity of the Jews Book XII/Chapter 9/Section 4, Book XII/Chapter 10/Section 6, Book XIII/Chapter 5/Section 8, Book XIV/Chapter 1/Section 3..

Hirudus ya hau kan karagar mulki ne ta hanyar kyakkyawar alakar mahaifinsa da Janar Janar na Roma kuma mai mulkin kama-karya Julius Kaisar, wanda ya damka wa Antipater al’amuran jama’a na Yahudiya Antiquities of the Jews. An nada Hirudus gwamnan lardin Galili a c. 47 KZ, lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 25 ko 28 (Asali na Hellenanci: "shekaru 15").Schürer, Emil, T. Alec. Burkill, Geza Vermes, and Fergus Millar. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.–A.D. 135). Edinburgh: Clark, 1973. pp. 270–275.. A wurin ya yi noma da aminci ga Majalisar Dattawan Roma harajin yankin, kuma ya yi nasara wajen kawar da wannan yanki daga ‘yan fashi.J. H. Hayes & S. Mandell, The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: From Alexander to Bar Kochba, Westminster John Knox Press: Louisville 1998, p. 118. ISBN 978-0-664-25727-9Antiquities of the Jews Babban ɗan Antipater, Phasael, ya yi hidima a matsayin gwamnan Urushalima. A wannan lokacin matashin Hirudus ya ƙulla dangantaka mai kyau da Sextus Kaisar, gwamnan Roma na rikon kwarya na Siriya, wanda ya naɗa Hirudus a matsayin janar na Coelesyria da Samariya, yana faɗaɗa ikonsa sosaiThe Jewish War. Ya ji daɗin goyon bayan Roma, amma Majalisar Sanhedrin ta yi Allah wadai da zaluncinsa.Jacobs & Broydé 1906, "He was of commanding presence; he excelled in physical exercises; he was a skillful diplomatist; and, above all, he was prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition.". Sa’ad da Hirudus ke zaman kansa, ya ƙudurta ya hukunta Hyrcanus Sarkin Hasmon, wanda ya taɓa kiran Hirudus don a yi masa shari’a don kisan kai, amma mahaifinsa da kuma babban ɗan’uwansa sun hana Hirudus yin haka.

A shekara ta 41 K.Z., shugaban Roma Mark Antony ya kira Hirudus da ɗan’uwansa Fasa’ilu a matsayin masu sarauta. An sanya su cikin wannan rawar don tallafawa Hyrcanus II. A shekara ta 40 K.Z., Antigonus, ɗan’uwan Hyrcanus, ya ɗauki kursiyin Yahudiya daga kawunsa da taimakon ’yan Parthia. Hirudus ya gudu zuwa Roma don ya roƙi Romawa su mai da Hyrcanus II kan mulki. Romawa suna da sha’awa ta musamman ga Yahudiya domin babbansu Pompey Mai Girma ya ci Urushalima a shekara ta 63 K.Z., da haka ya sa yankin ya kasance cikin yankin Romawa. A Roma, ba zato ba tsammani Majalisar Dattawa ta Roma ta naɗa Hirudus Sarkin Yahudawa.The Jewish War, 1.14.4: "[Mark Antony] then resolved to get him made king of the Jews...told them that it was for their advantage in the Parthian war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and Caesar went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign". Josephus ya sanya wannan a cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Calvinus da Pollio (40 KZ), amma Appian ya sanya shi a shekara ta 39 KZ.Antiquities of the Jews Hirudus ya koma Yahudiya don ya ci mulkinsa daga Antigonus. A ƙarshen yaƙin da Antigonus, Hirudus ya auri jikar Hyrcanus II, Mariamne (wanda aka sani da Mariamne I), wadda ita ma ƴar Antigonus ce. Hirudus ya yi hakan ne domin ya sami nasarar da’awar sarautarsa ​​kuma ya sami tagomashin Yahudawa. Duk da haka, Hirudus ya riga ya sami mata Doris, da ƙaramin ɗa, Antipater, saboda haka ya zaɓi ya kori Doris da ɗanta.

Hirudus da Sosius, gwamnan Siriya, bisa ga umarnin Mark Antony, sun tashi da dakaru masu yawa a shekara ta 37 KZ, suka kama Urushalima, sai Hirudus ya aika Antigonus don a kashe shi wurin Mark Antony.The Jewish WarDio, Roman History 49.23.1–2. Daga wannan lokacin, Hirudus ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin mai mulkin Yahudiya kaɗai da kuma lakabin basileus (Βασιλεύς, "sarki") don kansa, ya shigar da daular Hirudus kuma ya kawo ƙarshen daular Hasmonean. Josephus ya ba da rahoton cewa yana cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Agrippa da Gallus (37 K.Z.), amma kuma ya ce shekara 27 ke nan bayan da Urushalima ta faɗi a hannun Pompey, wanda zai nuna shekara ta 36 K.Z.. Cassius Dio kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 37 "Romawa ba su yi wani abin da ya dace a lura ba" a yankin.Atkinson, Kenneth (October 1996). "Herod the Great, Sosius, and the Siege of Jerusalem (37 B.C.) in Psalm of Solomon 17". Novum Testamentum. 38 (4). Brill: 312–322. doi:10.1163/1568536962613216. JSTOR 1560892. In ji Josephus, Hirudus ya yi sarauta na shekaru 37, 34 daga cikinsu bayan ya kama Urushalima.

Kamar yadda wasu ke ganin dangin Hirudus sun koma addinin Yahudanci, wasu al’ummar Yahudawa sun yi tambaya game da sadaukarwar da ya yi na addini.[33] Sa’ad da John Hyrcanus ya ci yankin Idumaea (Edom na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci) a shekara ta 140–130 K.Z., ya bukaci dukan Idumaean su yi biyayya da dokar Yahudawa ko kuma su fita; Da haka yawancin mutanen Idumiya suka koma addinin Yahudanci, wanda ke nufin cewa dole ne a yi musu kaciya, Bayer kuma da yawa sun yi aure da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adarsu.Hirsch, Emil G.; Kohler, Kaufmann; Jacobs, Joseph; Friedenwald, Aaron; Broydé, Isaac (1906). "Circumcision Necessary or Not?". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). Circumcision. The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls – via JewishEncyclopedia.com. The rigorous Shammaite view, voiced in the Book of Jubilees (l.c.), prevailed in the time of King John Hyrcanus, who forced the Abrahamic rite upon the Idumeans, and in that of King Aristobulus, who made the Itureans undergo circumcision, citing Antiquities of the Jews, 13.314. Yayin da Hirudus ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Bayahude, kuma wasu suna kallonsa a matsayin haka,Jacobs & Broydé 1906, Opposition of the Pious: "All the worldly pomp and splendor which made Herod popular among the pagans, however, rendered him abhorrent to the Jews, who could not forgive him for insulting their religious feelings by forcing upon them heathen games and combats with wild animals". wannan sunan addini ya lalace ta hanyar rashin kyawun salon rayuwar Hirudu, wanda da zai sa su kyamaci Yahudawa masu lura.Losch 2008

Daga baya Hirudus ya kashe wasu daga cikin danginsa, ciki har da matarsa ​​Mariamne I.[17]

Mulki a Yahudiya

￼Daular Herodiya ta Yahudiya a tamafi girma

Mulkin Hirudus ya nuna sabon mafari a tarihin Yahudiya. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun yi mulkin Yahudiya mai cin gashin kai daga shekara ta 140 zuwa 63 K.Z.. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun riƙe mukamansu, amma sun zama abokan cinikin Roma bayan cin nasara da Pompey ya yi a 63 KZ. Hirudus ya hambarar da Hasmonean Antigonus a cikin yaƙi na tsawon shekaru uku tsakanin 37 da 34 KZ, ya yi mulki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa har zuwa mutuwarsa c. 4 KZ, kuma ya ba ’ya’yansa bisa karagar mulki, ta haka ya kafa nasa, abin da ake kira daular Hirudiya.

Copper tsabar kudin Hirudus, dauke da almara "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ" ("Basileōs Hērōdou") a kan obverse.

Majalisar dattijan Roma ta ba Hirudus lakabin “Sarkin Yahudiya” The Jewish War, 1.14.4: "...Antony then resolved to get him made king of the Jews ... told them that it was for their advantage in the Parthian war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated[clarification needed], Antony and Caesar went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign.".. Don haka, shi ma'aikaci ne na Daular Rum, wanda ake tsammanin zai goyi bayan muradun ma'abotansa na Romawa. Duk da haka, sa’ad da Hirudus ya sami shugabanci a Yahudiya, sarautarsa ​​ta fuskanci barazana biyu. Barazana ta farko ta fito ne daga surukarsa Alexandra, wadda ta nemi ta maido da mulki ga danginta, Hasmoniyawa, Perowne 2003 wanda daular Hirudus ya hambarar da su a shekara ta 37 KZ (duba Siege na Urushalima).[39] A wannan shekarar, Cleopatra ya auri shugaban Roma Antony.[40] Gane tasirin Cleopatra akan Antony, Alexandra ya nemi Cleopatra ya taimaka wajen mai da Aristobulus na uku Babban Firist.Perowne 2003 A matsayinsa na memba na dangin Hasmonean, Aristobulus III na iya ɗan gyara dukiyar Hasmon idan ya zama Babban Firist.Cohen 1999 An yi bukatar Alexandra, amma Cleopatra ya bukaci Alexandra ya bar Yahudiya tare da Aristobulus III ya ziyarci Antony.[41] Hirudus ya sami labarin wannan makirci, kuma yana tsoron cewa idan Antony ya sadu da Aristobolus na uku da kansa zai iya kiran Aristobulus na uku Sarkin Yahudiya.[41] Wannan damuwa ta sa Hirudus, a shekara ta 35 K.Z., ya ba da umarnin a kashe Aristobulus, ya kawo ƙarshen wannan barazana ta farko ga kursiyin Hirudus.[42] Auren da aka yi a shekara ta 37 K.Z., ya kuma haifar da gwagwarmaya tsakanin shugabannin Romawa Octavian, wanda daga baya za a kira Augustus da Antony.[40] Hirudus, saboda kursiyinsa na Roma, dole ne ya ɗauki gefe, kuma ya zaɓi Antony.[43] A cikin 31 a Actium, Antony ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Octavian, yana haifar da barazana ta biyu ga mulkin Hirudus.[44] Hirudus ya sake samun goyon bayan Octavian idan zai ci gaba da sarautarsa.[43] A Rhodes a shekara ta 31 K.Z., Hirudus, ta wurin ikonsa na buɗe Yahudiya zuwa Roma a matsayin hanyar haɗi zuwa dukiyar Siriya da Masar, da kuma ikon kare iyaka, ya tabbatar da Octavian cewa zai kasance da aminci a gare shi.[45] Hirudus ya ci gaba da mulkin talakawansa yadda ya ga dama. Duk da ikon da Hirudus ya ba shi a cikin mulkinsa na Yahudiya, an sanya masa takunkumi a dangantakarsa da wasu masarautu.[43]

Taimakon da Hirudus ya samu daga Daular Roma shi ne babban dalilin da ya sa ya ci gaba da riƙe ikonsa bisa Yahudiya. Akwai fassarori dabam-dabam game da shaharar Hirudus a lokacin mulkinsa. A cikin Yaƙin Yahudawa, Josephus ya kwatanta sarautar Hirudus a cikin sharuddan da suka dace, kuma ya ba Hirudus amfanin shakku ga mugayen abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkinsa. Duk da haka, a cikin littafinsa na baya, Yahudawa Antiquities, Josephus ya nanata ikon azzalumi da masana da yawa suka yi tarayya da sarautar Hirudus.[46]

Yawancin matakan tsaron da Hirudus ya nuna ya nuna cewa ya kawar da raini da mutanensa, musamman Yahudawa, suke yi masa. Alal misali, an ba da shawarar (wane ne?) cewa Hirudus ya yi amfani da ’yan sanda na ɓoye don sa ido da kuma ba da rahoton yadda jama’a ke ji game da shi. Ya nemi ya haramta zanga-zanga, kuma ya sa aka cire ‘yan adawa da karfi[46]. Yana da mai gadin sojoji 2,000.[47] Josephus ya kwatanta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masu gadin Hirudus da ke halartar jana'izar Hirudus, ciki har da Doryphnoroi, da Thracian, Celtic (wataƙila Gallic) da ƙungiyar Jamus.[47]. Yayin da kalmar Doryphnoroi ba ta da ma'ana ta kabilanci, watakila rukunin ya ƙunshi fitattun sojoji da samari daga Yahudawa masu tasiri.iyalai.[47] Thracians sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Yahudawa tun daga daular Hasmon, yayin da tawagar Celtic tsoffin masu gadin Cleopatra ne wanda Augustus ya ba Hirudus kyauta bayan yakin Actium.[47] Tawagar Jamus an tsara ta ne a kan wani mai tsaron sirri na Augustus, Germani Corporis Custodes, wanda ke da alhakin gadin fadar.[47]

￼Haikali na Hirudus kamar yadda aka kwatanta a Tsarin Mulkin Urushalima. Fadada Haikali shine babban aikin Hirudus.

Hirudus ya yi manyan ayyuka na gine-gine. Kusan 19 KZ, ya fara babban aikin fadadawa a kan Dutsen Haikali. Ƙari ga cikakken sake ginawa da faɗaɗa Haikali na Yahudawa na Biyu, ya faɗaɗa dandalin da yake tsaye a kai, ya ninka girmansa. Katangar Yamma ta yau ta zama wani yanki na bangon bangon wannan dandali. Bugu da kari, Hirudus ya kuma yi amfani da sabuwar fasaha ta siminti na ruwa da kuma ginin karkashin ruwa don gina tashar jiragen ruwa a Caesarea Maritima.[46] Yayin da himmar Hirudus na gini ya canja Yahudiya, muradinsa ba son kai ba ne. Ko da yake ya gina kagara (Masada, Herodium, Iskandariyya, Hyrcania, da Machaerus) da shi da iyalinsa za su iya fakewa idan aka yi tawaye, an kuma yi niyya don samun goyon bayan Yahudawa da kuma kyautata masa suna a matsayin shugaba. [48] Har ila yau Hirudus ya gina Sebaste da sauran garuruwan arna domin yana so ya yi kira ga yawan arna na ƙasar.[46] Domin ya ba da kuɗin waɗannan ayyuka, Hirudus ya yi amfani da tsarin biyan haraji na Hasmon da ya yi wa mutanen Yahudiya nauyi. Duk da haka, waɗannan kamfanoni sun kawo ayyukan yi da kuma damar da mutane ke samarwa.[49] A wasu lokatai, Hirudus ya ɗora wa kansa tanadin abin da zai yi wa mutanensa a lokatai da bukata, kamar a lokacin yunwa mai tsanani da ta faru a shekara ta 25 K.Z.[50].

Ko da yake ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don bin dokokin Yahudawa na gargajiya, akwai ƙarin wuraren da Hirudus ba shi da hankali, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan korafe-korafen Yahudawa na Hirudus kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Antiquities na Yahudawa na Josephus. A Urushalima, Hirudus ya gabatar da nau'ikan nishaɗi na waje, kuma ya kafa gaggafa na zinariya a ƙofar Haikali, [51] wanda ya nuna sha'awar jin daɗin Roma fiye da Yahudawa.[49] Harajin Hirudus ya jawo mummunar suna: kullum damuwarsa ga sunansa ya sa shi yin kyauta akai-akai, masu tsada, yana ƙara zubar da dukiyar mulkin, kuma irin wannan kashe-kashen da ake kashewa ya ɓata wa talakawansa Yahudawa rai.[48] Manyan ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa biyu na lokacin, Farisawa da Sadukiyawa, dukansu sun nuna hamayya da Hirudus. Farisawa sun ɓata rai domin Hirudus ya ƙi kula da yawancin bukatunsu game da ginin Haikali. Sadukiyawa, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da haƙƙin firistoci a cikin Haikali, sun yi hamayya da Hirudus domin ya maye gurbin manyan firistocinsu da ’yan Babila da Iskandariya, a ƙoƙarin samun goyon baya daga Yahudawan Yahudanci.[52] Ƙoƙarin kai wa Hirudus bai samu ba kaɗan, kuma a ƙarshen mulkinsa fushi da rashin gamsuwa sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin Yahudawa. Barkewar tashin hankali da tarzoma ya biyo bayan mutuwar Hirudus a birane da yawa, ciki har da Urushalima, yayin da baƙin ciki ya tashi. Yakin tashin hankalin ya haifar da bege cewa wata rana Yahudawan Yahudiya za su iya hambarar da sarakunan Romawa, bege ya sake farfaɗowa shekaru da yawa bayan barkewar yakin Yahudawa da Romawa na farko a shekara ta 66 AD.[48].

Hirudus da Augustus

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hirudus da Augustus ta nuna siyasa marar ƙarfi ta wani sarki da ya yi sarauta bisa Yahudawa da ƙasashensu masu tsarki. Yayin da suke hulɗa, sha'awar Hirudus na gamsar da Yahudawa da mutanen da ba Yahudawa ba na mulkinsa dole ne ya daidaita tare da gamsar da burin Augustus na yada al'adu, gine-gine da dabi'un Roma a cikin daularsa. Tsawon watan Agustada kuma daular Romawa a kan manufofin ya kai ga yin amfani da gine-ginen Romanized a cikin Mulkin Hirudus. Misali na fadada gine-ginen Hirudus na Yahudiya cikin sadaukarwa ga Roma ana iya ganin haikali na uku da ya ba da umarni, wato Augusteum, haikalin da aka keɓe ga Augustus.[53]

Nasarorin gine-gine

Babban labarin: Gine-ginen Hirudus

￼Masananciyar katangar Hirudus a bangon Yamma a Urushalima

Babban aikin da Hirudus ya yi shi ne faɗaɗa Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da aka yi domin ya kasance “ya sami babban birnin da ya cancanci darajarsa da ɗaukakarsa,” kuma da wannan sake gina Hirudus ya yi fatan samun ƙarin goyon baya daga Yahudawa. 43] Sakamakon binciken na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa bangon Dutsen Haikali da Robinson's Arch mai yiwuwa ba a kammala su ba sai aƙalla shekaru 20 bayan mutuwarsa, lokacin mulkin Hirudus Agrippa na II.[54]

A cikin shekara ta 18 ta sarautarsa ​​(20-19 KZ), Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali a kan “ma’auni mafi girma”[55]. Ko da yake an ci gaba da aikin gine-gine da kotuna har tsawon shekaru 80, an gama gina sabon Haikali a cikin shekara guda da rabi.[56] Domin ya bi dokar addini, Hirudus ya yi amfani da firistoci 1,000 a matsayin magina da kafintoci a ginin.[55] Haikalin da aka gama, wanda aka lalatar a shekara ta 70 A.Z., wani lokaci ana kiransa Haikali Hirudus. A yau, bangon bango huɗu ne kawai suka rage a tsaye, gami da bangon Yamma. Wadannan ganuwar sun gina wani fili mai lebur (Tuni na Haikali) wanda aka gina Haikali a kansa.

Sauran nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu sun hada da samar da ruwan sha ga Urushalima, gina kagara irin su Masada da Herodium, da kafa sabbin garuruwa irin su Kaisariya Maritima da kewayen Kogon sarakuna da Mamre a Hebron. Shi da Cleopatra sun mallaki abin da ke kan hako kwalta daga Tekun Dead, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera jiragen ruwa. Ya yi hayar ma’adinan tagulla a Cyprus daga hannun Sarkin Roma.

Nassoshi Sabon Alkawari

Babban labarin: Kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa marasa laifi

￼Kisan kiyashi na marasa laifi, hoton karni na 10. Hirudus a hagu.￼Mambobin daular Hirudus da aka ambata a cikin Sabon Alkawari

An rubuta sarautar Hirudus bisa Yahudiya a cikin Bisharar Matta, [57] wanda ke kwatanta wani abin da ya faru da aka sani da Kisan Kisan Marasa laifi. Bisa ga wannan labarin, bayan haifuwar Yesu, wasu majuna daga Gabas sun ziyarci Hirudus don su tambayi inda “wanda aka haifa Sarkin Yahudawa” yake, domin sun ga tauraronsa a gabas (ko kuma a cewarsa). zuwa wasu fassarori, a lokacin tashi) don haka ya so ya girmama shi. Hirudus, da yake Sarkin Yahudawa, ya firgita sa’ad da begen mai ƙwace. Hirudus ya tara manyan firistoci da malaman Attaura na jama’a ya tambaye su inda za a haifi “Shafaffe” (Masihu, Hellenanci: Ὁ Χριστός, ho Christos). Suka amsa, a Baitalami, suna ambaton Mikah 5:2. Don haka Hirudus ya aika majajanu zuwa Bai’talami, ya umarce su su nemo yaron, bayan sun same shi, su yi mini rahoto, domin ni ma in je in yi masa sujada. Amma, bayan da suka sami Yesu, an gargaɗe su a mafarki cewa kada su faɗa wa Hirudus. Hakazalika, an gargaɗi Yusufu a mafarki cewa Hirudus yana so ya kashe Yesu, shi da iyalinsa suka gudu zuwa Masar. Sa’ad da Hirudus ya gane cewa an yi masa wayo, sai ya ba da umarni a kashe dukan yara masu shekara biyu zuwa ƙasa a Bai’talami da kewaye. Yusufu da iyalinsa sun zauna a Masar har mutuwar Hirudus, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Nazarat a ƙasar Galili don su guji zama ƙarƙashin ɗan Hirudus Arkelus.

Yawancin masu tarihin Hirudus na zamani, da wasu malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki, sun yi watsi da labarin Matta a matsayin na’urar adabi.[58] Mabuɗan da ba na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na zamani ba, gami da Josephus da rubuce-rubucen da suka tsira na Nikolaus na Dimashƙu (wanda ya san Hirudus da kansa), ba su ba da tabbaci ga labarin Matta na kisan kiyashin ba, [59] kuma ba a ambace shi a cikin Bisharar Luka ba. Masanin tarihin gargajiya MichaelGrant ya ce "tatsuniya ba tarihi ba ce amma tatsuniya ko tatsuniyoyi", [60] yayin da Peter Richardson ya lura cewa rashin labarin daga Linjilar Luka da asusun Josephus "aiki [s] ya saba da daidaiton asusun" [61] Richardson ya ba da shawarar cewa abin da ya faru a cikin bisharar Matta ya samo asali ne daga kisan da Hirudus ya yi wa nasa ’ya’yansa[62]. Jodi Magness ta ce “malamai da yawa sun yi imanin cewa kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa wadanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba bai taba faruwa ba, sai dai suna da kwarjini daga sunan Hirudus[63]. Wasu, irin su Paul Maier, sun nuna cewa tun da yake Bai’talami ƙaramin gari ne, kisan da aka yi wa yara kusan rabin dozin ba zai sa a ambaci sunan Josephus ba.[58]

Mutuwa
￼Rabin Mulkin Hirudus:
  Territory karkashin Herod Archelaus
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Herod Antipas
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Philip the Tetrarch
  Yanki karkashin Salome I

Hirudus ya mutu a Jericho, [19] bayan wani rashin lafiya da ba a gane shi ba amma mai raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi, rashin lafiya, wanda aka sani ga zuriya a matsayin "Mugunta Hirudus". da wuka, da kuma cewa dan uwansa ya dakile yunkurin[67]. A wasu hikayoyi da bayanai da yawa daga baya, yunkurin ya yi nasara; misali, a cikin Eadwine Psalter na ƙarni na 12.[68] Sauran wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, irin su Ordo Rachelis, suna bin asusun Josephus.[69]

Josephus ya ce Hirudus ya damu ƙwarai da cewa babu wanda zai yi baƙin ciki da mutuwarsa, har ya umurci babban rukuni na manyan mutane su zo Jericho, kuma ya ba da umurni cewa a kashe su sa’ad da ya mutu don a nuna baƙin ciki. cewa yana sha'awar ya faru;[70] surukinsa Alexas da 'yar uwarsa Salome ba su aiwatar da wannan buri ba.[71]

saduwa

Yawancin guraben karatu game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus sun biyo bayan lissafin Emil Schürer, wanda ke nuna cewa kwanan watan yana cikin ko kuma kusan 4 KZ; wannan shekara uku ne gabanin ijma’i da al’adar da ta gabata (1 KZ).[72][73][13][74][75][76] Biyu daga cikin ’ya’yan Hirudus, Archelaus da Filibus mai mulki, sun yi kwanan watan mulkinsu daga 4 KZ, [77] ko da yake Archelaus yana da ikon sarauta a zamanin Hirudus.[78] Mulkin Filibus zai kasance na shekaru 37, har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 20 ta Tiberius (34 CE), wanda ke nuni da hawansa a shekara ta 4 KZ.

Wasu malamai sun goyi bayan ranar al'ada ta 1 KZ don mutuwar Hirudus.[80][81][82][83] Duk da haka wasu sun goyi bayan 1 AZ don yuwuwar ranar mutuwar Hirudus.[84][85] Mai yin fim, alal misali, ya ba da shawarar cewa Hirudus ya mutu a shekara ta 1 KZ, kuma magadansa sun mayar da mulkinsu zuwa 4 ko 3 KZ don tabbatar da cikas da mulkin Hirudus, kuma su ƙarfafa nasu halacci.[86][73] Bisa ga tsabar kuɗin ’ya’yan Hirudus Steinmann da Young sun yi jayayya cewa ’ya’yan Hirudus sun ƙi yin sarauta har zuwa shekara ta 6 K.Z. kafin mutuwar Hirudus don kada a yi amfani da mulkinsu don yin gardama game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 KZ.[87].

A cikin asusun Josephus, mutuwar Hirudus ta kasance farkon ranar azumin Yahudawa (10 Tevet 3761/Sun 24 Dec 1 KZ), husufin wata (29 Dec 1 KZ) sai kuma Idin Ƙetarewa (27 Maris 1 A.Z.).[88] Abubuwan da ake adawa da ranar 4 KZ sun haɗa da tabbatar da cewa babu kusan isasshen lokaci tsakanin husufin ranar 13 ga Maris da Idin Ƙetarewa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu don abubuwan da aka rubuta game da mutuwar Hirudus sun faru.[86][89][73] A cikin 66 AZ, Eleazar ben Hanania ya tattara Megillat Taanit, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu waɗanda ba a san su ba don dalilin bikin: 7 Kislev da 2 Shevat. Daga baya Scholion (sharhin sharhi) akan Megillat Taanit ya danganta bikin Kislev na 7 ga mutuwar sarki Hirudus mai girma (ba a ambaci shekara ba).[90] Wasu malaman sun yi watsi da Scholion kuma suna danganta kwanan watan Shevat 2 maimakon mutuwar Hirudus.

Magaji

Augustus ya mutunta sharuɗɗan nufin Hirudus, wanda ya nuna cewa an raba mulkin Hirudus tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku.[91] Augustus ya gane ɗan Hirudus Archelaus a matsayin ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya,da Idumea daga c. 4 KZ - c. 6 A.Z. Augustus ya hukunta Archelaus bai iya yin sarauta ba, ya cire shi daga mulki, ya haɗa lardunan Samariya, da Yahudiya, da Idumeya zuwa lardin Yahudiya.[92] Wannan lardi mai girma ya kasance mai mulki har zuwa shekara ta 41 AD. Game da sauran ’ya’yan Hirudus, Hirudus Antipas shi ne tetrarch na Galili da Peraea daga mutuwar Hirudus zuwa 39 A.Z. sa’ad da aka kore shi kuma aka kai shi zaman bauta; Filibus ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Urdun, wato Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis da Paneas, [93] [94] [95] kuma ya yi mulki har zuwa mutuwarsa a 34 AZ.

kabarin Hirudus

Babban labarin: Herodium

Josephus ya rubuta wurin da kabarin Hirudus yake, wanda ya rubuta cewa, “An kai gawar tsawon furlong ɗari biyu, zuwa Herodium, inda ya ba da umarni a binne shi.”[96] Farfesa Ehud Netzer, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga Jami’ar Ibrananci. ya karanta rubuce-rubucen Josephus kuma ya mai da hankali ga bincikensa a kusa da tafkin da kuma kewayensa. Wani labari a cikin New York Times ya ce,

Ƙananan Herodium ya ƙunshi ragowar babban fada, tseren tsere, wuraren hidima, da wani babban gini wanda aikinsa har yanzu asiri ne. Wataƙila, in ji Ehud Netzer, wanda ya tona wurin, makabartar Hirudus ce. Kusa da ita akwai wani tafkin, wanda ya ninka girman tafkunan zamani masu girman girman na Olympics[97].

￼Hoton iska na Herodium daga kudu maso yamma

A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2007, ƙungiyar Isra’ila ta masu binciken kayan tarihi na Jami’ar Ibrananci, karkashin jagorancin Netzer, sun sanar da gano kabarin.[98][99][100] Wurin yana a daidai wurin da Josephus ya ba da, a saman ramuka da tafkunan ruwa, a wani fili mai cike da hamada, da ke tsakiyar tsaunin zuwa Herodium, kilomita 12 (7.5 mi) kudu da Urushalima.[102] Kabarin ya ƙunshi karyewar sarcophagus amma babu ragowar jiki.

Ba duk malaman sun yarda da Netzer ba: a cikin labarin da aka yi wa Falasdinu Exploration Quarterly , masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi David Jacobson (Jami'ar Oxford) ya rubuta cewa "wadannan binciken ba su ƙare da kansu ba kuma suna tayar da sababbin tambayoyi." [103] A cikin Oktoba 2013. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi Joseph Patrich da Benjamin Arubas su ma sun ƙalubalanci sanin kabarin na Hirudus. A cewar Patrich da Arubas, kabarin ya yi ƙanƙantar da kai don ya zama na Hirudus kuma yana da abubuwa da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba. Roi Porat, wanda ya maye gurbin Netzer a matsayin jagoran tono bayan mutuwar na ƙarshe, ya tsaya a kan ganowa.[104]

Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na Isra'ila da majalisar yankin Gush Etzion sun yi niyyar sake gina kabarin daga wani abu mai haske na filastik, shawarar da ta samu kakkausar suka daga manyan masu binciken kayan tarihi na Isra'ila.[105]

Ra'ayin mulkinsa

Macrobius (a shekara ta 400 A.Z.), ɗaya daga cikin marubutan arna na ƙarshe a Roma, a cikin littafinsa Saturnalia, ya rubuta: “Sa’ad da aka ji cewa Hirudus, Sarkin Yahudawa, sashe na kashe yara maza da suke ’yan shekara biyu da haihuwa. , ya ba da umarnin a kashe ɗansa, [Sarki Augustus] ya ce, ‘Gr. Wannan yana nufin yadda Hirudus, a matsayin Bayahude, ba zai kashe aladu ba, amma ya sa aka kashe ’ya’yansa uku, da wasu da yawa.[106]

￼Tsabar Hirudus Mai Girma

A cewar masana tarihi na wannan zamani, Hirudus Mai Girma “watakila shi ne mutum ɗaya tilo a cikin tarihin Yahudawa na dā wanda zuriyar Yahudawa da Kirista suka ƙi su”[10] da Yahudawa da Kirista suka kwatanta a matsayin azzalumi kuma mai kishir jini.[10] Nazarin zamanin Hirudus ya haɗa da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da mutumin da kansa. Masu suka na zamani sun siffanta shi da “mugun hazaka na al’ummar Yahudiya” [107] kuma a matsayin wanda zai “shirya ya aikata kowane irin laifi domin ya biya bukatarsa ​​marar iyaka.”[108] daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da tsananin talaucin mutanen da yake mulka, ya kara da cewa mulkinsa ba shi da kyau[109]. Manufofin addini Hirudus sun sami amsa dabam-dabam daga Yahudawayawan jama'a. Ko da yake Hirudus yana ɗaukan kansa sarkin Yahudawa, ya sanar da cewa shi ma yana wakiltar waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba ne da suke zaune a Yahudiya, yana gina haikali na wasu addinai a waje da yankunan Yahudawa na mulkinsa. Yahudawa da yawa sun yi shakkar sahihancin addinin Yahudanci Hirudus saboda asalinsa ɗan Idume da kuma kisan gillar da ya yi wa ’yan iyalinsa. Koyaya, gabaɗaya yana mutunta al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta jama'a. Alal misali, ya haƙa tsabar kuɗi da ba su da siffofi na mutum da za a yi amfani da su a yankunan Yahudawa kuma ya yarda da tsarkin Haikali na Biyu ta wajen ɗaukar firistoci a matsayin masu sana'a a gininsa.[110]

￼Magaji a gidan Hirudus. James Tissot, ƙarshen karni na 19

Tare da girmama al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwar jama'a, akwai kuma shaida na kulawar Hirudus game da al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri: kusan 40 wanka na al'ada ko mikveh an same su a da yawa daga cikin fadarsa.[111] An san waɗannan mikveh da yin amfani da su a wannan lokacin a cikin ayyukan tsaftar Yahudawa waɗanda Yahudawa za su iya nutsar da kansu da tsarkake jikinsu ba tare da kasancewar firist ba.[112] Akwai wasu hasashe kan ko waɗannan wankan sun kasance ainihin mikvehs kamar yadda kuma aka gano su a matsayin frigidaria mai tako ko wankan ruwan sanyi na Romawa; duk da haka, masana tarihi da yawa sun gano waɗannan wanka a matsayin haɗuwa da nau'i biyu.[113]. Yayin da aka tabbatar da cewa Hirudus ya nuna rashin girmamawa ga addinin Yahudawa, manazarci Eyal Regev ya nuna cewa kasancewar waɗannan wankan na al’ada ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya sami tsaftar al’ada da ta isa a rayuwarsa ta keɓanta don sanya adadi mai yawa na waɗannan wanka a Fadojinsa duk da yawan alakarsa da al'ummai da arna.[113] Wadannan wanka kuma sun nuna, Regev ya ci gaba da cewa, hadewar frigidaria na Roman da mikvehs na Yahudawa ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya nemi wani nau'i na haɗuwa tsakanin al'adun Romawa da Yahudawa, kamar yadda ya ji daɗin tsabtar al'adar Yahudawa da ta'aziyyar alatu na Romawa a lokaci guda. [114]

Duk da haka, an kuma yaba masa saboda aikinsa, ana la'akari da shi mafi girma a cikin tarihin Yahudawa, da wanda ya "san wurinsa kuma ya bi dokokinsa." shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[116]

Tarihi

￼

Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin ambato don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su.
Nemo tushe: "Herod the Great" - labarai · jaridu · littattafai · masani · JSTOR (Mayu 2017) (Koyi yadda da kuma lokacin da za a cire wannan sakon)

Ƙarin bayani: Masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya

39-20 KZ

[gyara tushe]

39-37 KZ - Yaƙi da Antigonus the Hasmonean ya fara. Bayan cin Urushalima da nasara akan Antigonus, Mark Antony ya kashe shi.

36 KZ – Hirudus ya naɗa surukinsa mai shekara 17 Aristobulus na uku babban firist, yana tsoron kada Yahudawa su naɗa shi Sarkin Yahudawa a maimakonsa.

35 KZ – An nutsar da Aristobulus III a wurin liyafa bisa umarnin Hirudus.

32 KZ - Yaƙin Nabatean ya fara, tare da nasara bayan shekara guda.

31 KZ – Yahudiya ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai muni. Octavian ya ci Mark Antony, kuma Hirudus ya canza masa mubaya'a.

30 KZ – Octavian ya nuna masa tagomashi sosai, wanda ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin Sarkin Yahudiya a Rhodes.

￼ Tsabar tagulla ta Hirudus ta haƙa a Samariya

29 KZ – In ji Josephus, a cikin tsananin kishi da kishi Hirudus game da matarsa ​​Mariamne I, ta sami labarin shirin Hirudus na kashe ta kuma ta daina kwana da shi. Hirudus ya tuhume ta da yin zina kuma ya kai ta kotu. 'Yar uwarsa Salome I ce ta farko a gabanta. Mahaifiyar Mariamne Alexandra ta fito don ƙara cin zarafin 'yarta. Masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa Alexandra na gaba a jerin Hirudus da za a kashe,kuma ta yi hakan ne don ceton ranta. An kashe Mariamne, kuma Alexandra ta bayyana kanta Sarauniya, tana mai cewa Hirudus bai cancanci yin hidima ba. Josephus ya ce wannan kuskure ne na dabara, kuma Hirudus ya kashe ta ba tare da yi masa shari’a ba.

28 KZ - Hirudus ya kashe surukinsa Kostobar, [117] mijin Salome kuma uba ga Berenice, saboda makirci. Akwai babban biki a Urushalima, kamar yadda Hirudus ya gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo.

27 KZ – An ci nasara yunƙurin kashe Hirudus. Don girmama Sarki Augustus na yanzu, Hirudus ya sake gina Samariya, ya sake masa suna Sebaste.

25 KZ – Hirudus ya shigo da hatsi daga Masar kuma ya fara shirin taimako don yaƙar yunwa da cututtuka bayan babban fari. Ya kuma yafe kashi uku na harajin da ya kamata. Ya fara gini a Caesarea Maritima da tashar jiragen ruwa da ke kusa.

23 KZ - Hirudus ya gina fada a Urushalima da kuma kagara na Herodion. Ya auri matarsa ​​ta uku Mariamne II, 'yar firist Simon Boethus. Nan da nan, Hirudus ya hana Yesu ɗan Fabus na babban firist, kuma ya ba wa Saminu wannan daraja a maimakon haka.[118]

22 KZ - Augustus ya ba Hirudus yankuna na Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Auranitis a arewa maso gabas.

c. 20 KZ - Fadada farawa a kan Dutsen Haikali; Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali na Biyu.

19-4 KZ

Kabarin Hirudus

c. 18 KZ – Hirudus ya yi tafiya zuwa Roma a karo na biyu.

14 KZ – Hirudus ya goyi bayan Yahudawa a Anatoliya da Sairina. Domin ya sami wadata a Yahudiya, ya ba da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na haraji.

13 KZ - Hirudus ya sa ɗansa na fari Antipater, ta Doris, magaji na farko a cikin nufinsa.

12 KZ – Hirudus yana zargin ’ya’yansa Alexander da Aristobulus, daga aurensa da Mariamne, da yin barazana ga rayuwarsa. Ya kai su Aquileia domin a yi masa shari’a. A ƙarshe Augustus ya sulhunta su ukun. Hirudus yana goyan bayan wasannin Olympics na kudi kuma yana tabbatar da makomarsu. Ya gyara nufinsa don Alexander da Aristobulus su tashi a cikin tsare-tsaren maye gurbin, amma Antipater ya kasance magajin farko.

c. 10 KZ – An buɗe sabon haikali da aka faɗaɗa a Urushalima. Yaƙi ya barke da Nabateans.

9 KZ - An ƙaddamar da Caesarea Maritima. Domin yaƙin Nabatean, Hirudus ya yi nasara da Augustus. Ya sake zargin Alexander da yunkurin kashe shi.

8 KZ - Hirudus ya zargi 'ya'yansa Alexander da Aristobulus da cin amana. Ya sulhunta da Augustus, wanda kuma ya ba shi izinin gurfanar da 'ya'yansa maza.

7 KZ – An yi zaman kotu a Beirut a gaban kotun Roma. An samu Alexander da Aristobulus da laifi kuma aka kashe su. Ana gyara magajin ta yadda Antipater ya zama keɓaɓɓen magajin sarauta. Hirudus Filibus, ɗansa na Mariamne II, yanzu shine na biyu a layin magaji.[bayyana bukatar]

6 KZ – Hirudus ya ɗauki mataki a kan Farisawa.

5 KZ – An gabatar da Antipater a gaban kotu, an tuhume shi da yunkurin kashe Hirudus. Yanzu yana fama da rashin lafiya, Hirudus ya ba wa ɗansa Hirudus Antipas daga aurensa na huɗu da Malthace a matsayin magaji.

4 KZ – Matasa almajiran Farisawa sun farfasa gaggafa ta zinariya a kan babbar ƙofar Haikali bayan da malamansu suka lakafta ta a matsayin alamar bautar gumaka. Hirudus ya kama su, ya kai su kotu kuma ya yanke musu hukunci. Augustus ya amince da hukuncin kisa ga Antipater. Hirudus ya kashe ɗansa, kuma ya sake canza nufinsa: yanzu Hirudus Archelaus, daga auren Malthace, zai yi sarauta a matsayin mai mulkin ƙasar Yahudiya, yayin da Hirudus Antipas ta Maltace da Filibus daga auren Hirudus na biyar da Cleopatra na Urushalima za su yi sarauta a matsayin tetrarch. a kan Galili da Perea, da kuma kan Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Panias. An kuma ba wa Salome I ƙaramar sarauta a yankin Gaza. Idan Augustus bai tabbatar da wannan bita ba, babu wanda ya sami lakabin Sarki. Duk da haka, a ƙarshe an ba 'ya'yan ukun mulkin yankunan da aka bayyana.

Mata dayara=

Matan Hirudus da 'ya'yan Matan Doris

ɗan Antipater II, wanda aka kashe 4 KZ

Mariamne I, ɗiyar Hasmonean Alexandros da Alexandra Maccabee, an kashe shi a shekara ta 29 K.Z.

ɗan Alexander, wanda aka kashe 7 KZ

ɗan Aristobulus IV, wanda aka kashe a shekara ta 7 KZ

'yar Salampsio

'yar Cyprus

Mariamne II, 'yar Babban Firist Simon

son Herod II

Malthace

ɗa Herod Archelaus - ethnarch

da Herod Antipas - tetrarch

'yar Olympias

Cleopatra na Urushalima

ɗa Philip the Tetrarch

ɗa Hirudus

Pallas

ina Fasael

Phaedra

yar Roxanne

Elpis

'yar Salome

dan uwan ​​(sunan da ba a san shi ba)

ba san yara ba

wata 'yar uwa (wanda ba a san sunansa ba)

ba san yara ba

Yana yiwuwa Hirudus yana da ’ya’ya da yawa, musamman tare da matan ƙarshe, har ma yana da ’ya’ya mata da yawa, domin ba a rubuta haihuwar mata a lokacin. Idan auren mata fiye da daya (al'adar auren mata da yawa a lokaci daya) ya halatta a karkashin dokar Yahudawa, auren Hirudus ya kasance kusan auren mata fiye da daya.[119]

Bishiyoyin iyali

A wani bangare dangane da bishiyar Rick Swartzentrover.[α]

Magabata

[gyara tushe]

Antipater
Idumaean Cyprus
(Nabatean) PhasaelHerod
Babban Salome Ipheroras JosephAristobulus IVBerenice

Aure da zuriya

[gyara tushe]

Hirudus
Babban1.DorisAntipater II
d. 4 BCAlexanderAlexanderHerod
Babban 2. Mariamne I
d. 29 KZ Aristobulus III
d. 35 KZ Aristobulus IV
d. 7 BCBerenice Alexander
d. 7 BECphasael IISAlampsioAntipater[β] Cypros II[β] Mariamne IIIHerod ArchelausHerod VHerodia1. Hirudus II [mai ban sha'awa - tattaunawa]
2. Hirudus AntipasHerod Agrippa IAristobulus MinorHerod Agrippa IIBereniceMariamneDrusillaSimon Boethus
(Babban Firist) Hirudus
mai girma3.Mariamne IIHerod
babba4.Malthace
(Samariyan) Aretas IV
sarkin larabawa

Manazarta