Menes

Mene ( fl.  ; name="Kitchen 1991 201–8"> / ˈ m eɪn eɪ z / ; Ancient Egyptian   , tabbas ana furtawa *  ;  Ancient Greek    da Μήν  ) fir'auna ne na Farkon Zamanin Daular Masarawa, wanda al'adar gargajiya ta ƙididdige shi tare da haɗin kai Sama da Ƙasar Masar, kuma a matsayin wanda ya kafa Daular Farko . 

Asalin Menes shine batun muhawara mai gudana, kodayake babban ra'ayi na Masarautar Masar ba tare da kayyadewa ba ya gano Menes tare da Naqada III mai mulkin Narmer     ko magajinsa, Daular Farko fir'auna Hor-Aha . 

 Suna da ainihi 
An fara rubuta sunan Menes a cikin aikin Manetho, ɗan tarihi na Masar kuma firist na ƙarshen zamanin Ptolemaic . Manetho ya lura da sunan a cikin Hellenanci a matsayin Μήνης ( fassara : Mênês ).  Manetho, Fr. 6, 7a, 7b. Text and translation in Manetho, translated by W.G. Waddell (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1940), pp.26–35 Wani nau'i na Helenanci, Μιν ( wanda aka fassara: Min ), masanin tarihi na karni na biyar-BC Herodotus, Herodotus: 2.4.1, 2.99.1ff. ya kawo shi, amma wannan bambance-bambancen ya bayyana ba shi da alaƙa, sakamakon gurɓata daga sunan allahn Min .  Siffar Masarawa, mnj, an ɗauko ta ne daga Turin da Abydos King Lists, waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan daular sha tara, waɗanda aka sake fasalin lafazin su kamar  . A farkon Sabuwar Mulki, canje-canje a cikin yaren Masar yana nufin an riga an faɗi sunansa .  Sunan mnj yana nufin "Wanda ya jure", wanda, IES Edwards (1971) ya nuna, mai yiwuwa an ƙirƙira shi ne a matsayin "wani kwatanci ne kawai da ke nuni da wani ɗan tarihi na ɗan tarihi [...] wanda sunansa ya ɓace".  A madadin, sunan na iya ɓoye ainihin ainihin sarakunan Naqada III : Ka, Scorpion II da Narmer, ko kuma yana iya komawa ga aikin jagoranci mai aiki kawai. 

 Narmer da Menes 

Kusan cikakkiyar rashi na duk wani ambaton Menes a cikin tarihin archaeological  da kuma kwatankwacin dukiyar shaidar Narmer, adadi mai ƙima da zuriyarsu ta ƙididdige su kuma a cikin bayanan archaeological tare da tabbataccen da'awar  ga haɗin kai na Sama da ƙasa. Masar, ta haifar da ka'idar gano Menes tare da Narmer.

Babban abin da ake magana a kai ga Menes alama ce ta hauren hauren giwa (daga garin Naqada ) wanda ke nuna taken sarauta Aha (fir'auna Hor-Aha ) kusa da wani gini, kuma a cikin wannan akwai taken sarauta mn,  gabaɗaya ana ɗauka don zama. Menes.   Daga wannan, ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da yanayin ginin ( rumfar jana'izar ko wurin bauta ), ma'anar kalmar mn (suna ko fi'ili ya wanzu ) da dangantakar Hor-Aha da Menes ( kamar yadda mutum daya ko kuma a matsayin fir'auna masu zuwa) sun taso. 

Jerin sunayen sarakunan Turin da Abydos, waɗanda aka yarda gabaɗaya su zama daidai,  jera sunayen nesu-bit na fir'auna, ba sunayen Horus-su ba,  kuma suna da mahimmanci ga yuwuwar sasantawa na bayanan daban-daban: nesu -bit - sunayen jerin sunayen sarki, Horus-sunaye na tarihin tarihi da adadin fir'auna a Daular I bisa ga Manetho da sauran kafofin tarihi. 

Flinders Petrie ya fara ƙoƙarin wannan aikin,  yana danganta Iti da Djer a matsayin fir'auna na uku na Daular I, Teti (Turin) (ko wani Iti (Abydos)) tare da Hor-Aha a matsayin fir'auna na biyu, da Menes (sunan nebty ) tare da Narmer (sunan Horus) a matsayin Fir'auna na farko na Daular I.   Lloyd (1994) ya sami wannan magajin "mai yiwuwa mai yiwuwa",  da Cervelló-Autuori (2003) sun bayyana a fili cewa "Menes ne Narmer kuma Daular Farko ta fara da shi".  Duk da haka, Seidlmayer (2004) ya bayyana cewa "wataƙila ce mai aminci" cewa Menes shine Hor-Aha. 

An gabatar da takardu biyu a matsayin hujja ko dai Narmer ko Hor-Aha shine Menes. Na farko shine "Label na Naqada" da aka samo a wurin Naqada, a cikin kabarin Sarauniya Neithhotep, sau da yawa ana zaton ita ce mahaifiyar Horus Aha.  Tambarin yana nuna serekh na Hor-Aha kusa da wani shinge a ciki wanda alamomin da wasu malamai suka fassara da sunan "Menes". Na biyu shine hatimin hatimi daga Abydos wanda ke musanya tsakanin serekh na Narmer da alamar chessboard, " mn ", wanda aka fassara a matsayin gajarta na Menes. An yi gardama maras tushe game da kowane ɗayan waɗannan takaddun don goyon bayan Narmer ko Hor-Aha kasancewar Menes. 

Daftarin aiki na biyu, hatimin hatimi daga Abydos, yana nuna serekh na Narmer yana musanya tare da alamar gameboard ( mn ), tare da madaidaicin sautinsa, alamar n, wanda koyaushe ana nunawa lokacin da aka rubuta cikakken sunan Menes, kuma yana wakiltar suna "Menes". A kallo na farko, wannan zai zama alama mai ƙarfi cewa Narmer shine Menes.  Koyaya, bisa nazarin wasu abubuwan hatimi na Daular Farko na farko, waɗanda ke ɗauke da sunan ɗaya ko fiye da haka, wasu malamai sun fassara alamar hatimin da nuna sunan wani basarake na Narmer mai suna Menes, don haka Menes ya zama magajin Narmer., Hor-Aha, kuma haka Hor-Aha ya kasance Menes.   ya musanta hakan  amma har yanzu ra'ayoyin sun bambanta, kuma ba za a iya cewa hatimin hatimi ya goyi bayan kowace ka'ida ba. 

Herodotus, da ya ambaci Min a matsayin Sarkin Masar na farko, ya rubuta cewa Linus, ko kuma Maneros na Masar, shi ne "ɗan kaɗai na Sarkin Masar na farko" kuma ya mutu ba tare da wani lokaci ba.  

 Kwanan wata 
Masanin ilimin Masar, masu binciken kayan tarihi, da masana daga karni na 19 sun ba da shawarar ranaku daban-daban na zamanin Menes, ko kwanan wata daular farko:  

 John Gardner Wilkinson (1835) - 2320 BC
 Jean-François Champollion (An buga shi bayan mutuwa a 1840) - 5867 BC
 Agusta Böckh (1845) - 5702 BC
 Kirista Charles Josias Bunsen (1848) - 3623 BC
 Reginald Stuart Poole (1851) - 2717 BC
 Karl Richard Lepsius (1856) - 3892 BC
 Heinrich Karl Brugsch (1859) - 4455 BC
 Franz Joseph Lauth (1869) - 4157 BC
 Auguste Mariette (1871) - 5004 BC
 James Strong (1878) - 2515 BC
 Flinders Petrie (1887) - 4777 BC

Modern consensus dates the era of Menes or the start of the first dynasty between c. 3200–3030 BC; some academic literature uses c. 3000 BC.

 Tarihi 

Tsohuwar al'adar ta danganta ga Menes don haɗakar da Sama da Ƙasar Masar zuwa cikin masarauta ɗaya  da zama Fir'auna na farko na Daular Farko.  Ko da yake Menes bai bayyana a kan tsattsauran ra'ayi na Royal Annals (Dutsen Alkahira da Dutsen Palermo ), sunansa ya bayyana a cikin maɓuɓɓuka daga baya a matsayin mai mulkin Masar na farko. Wasu majiyoyin sun ce shi ne ya gaji kursiyin kai tsaye daga gunkin Horus .  Ya kuma bayyana a cikin jerin sunayen sarki na baya, ko da yaushe a matsayin Fir'auna na farko na ɗan adam na Masar. Menes ya bayyana a cikin litattafan demotic na zamanin Hellenistic, yana nuna cewa, har ma da marigayi, an dauke shi a matsayin wani muhimmin adadi. 

Ana ganin Menes a matsayin wanda ya kafa tarihin yawancin tarihin Masar, kama da Romulus a tsohuwar Roma .  Manetho ya rubuta cewa Menes "ya jagoranci sojojin a fadin iyaka kuma ya sami daukaka mai girma". Manetho, Fr. 6, 7a, 7b. Text and translation in Manetho, translated by W.G. Waddell (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1940), pp.26–35 

 Babban birni 
Manetho yana danganta birnin Thinis da Zamanin Farko na Dynastic kuma, musamman, Menes, “Thinite” ko ɗan asalin Thinis. Manetho, Fr. 6, 7a, 7b. Text and translation in Manetho, translated by W.G. Waddell (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1940), pp.26–35  Herodotus ya sabawa Manetho a cikin bayanin cewa Menes ya kafa birnin Memphis a matsayin babban birninsa Herodotus: 2.99.4. bayan ya karkatar da hanyar kogin Nilu ta hanyar gina lefi . Herodotus: 2.109 Manetho ya danganta ginin Memphis ga ɗan Menes, Athothis,  kuma bai kira Fir'auna ba kafin daular Uku "Memphite". 

Labarin Herodotus da Manetho na kafuwar Memphis mai yiwuwa ne daga baya ƙirƙira: a cikin 2012 wani taimako ambaton ziyarar Memphis da Iry-Hor - wani predynastic shugaban Upper Masar sarauta kafin Narmer - an gano a cikin Sinai Peninsula, yana nuna cewa birnin ya kasance. ya riga ya wanzu a farkon karni na 32 BC .

 Tasirin al'adu 
Diodorus Siculus ya bayyana cewa Menes ya gabatar da bautar gumaka da kuma yin hadaya  da kuma salon rayuwa mai kyau da jin daɗi.  Don wannan ƙirƙira ta ƙarshe, daular Ashirin da huɗu ta ƙasƙantar da ƙwaƙwalwar Menes ta Fir'auna Tefnakht da Plutarch ya ambaci wani ginshiƙi a Thebes wanda aka rubuta a kan Menes a matsayin mai gabatar da alatu. 

A cikin Pliny's  asusu, Menes an ba da lamuni da kasancewa wanda ya ƙirƙira rubutu a Masar.

 Labarin kada 
Diodorus Siculus ya rubuta labarin Menes wanda firistoci na allahn kada Sobek suka yi a Crocodilopolis, inda fir'auna Menes, karnukansa suka kai wa hari yayin da yake farauta,  ya tsere ta hanyar tafkin Moeris a bayan wani kada kuma, a cikin godiya, kafa birnin Crocodilopolis.   Diodorus: 45

Gaston Maspero (1910), yayin da yake yarda da yiwuwar al'adun da suka shafi wasu sarakuna na iya zama cuɗanya da wannan labari, ya yi watsi da shawarar wasu masu sharhi  cewa a mayar da labarin zuwa daular goma sha biyu fir'auna Amenemhat III kuma bai ga ba. dalilin shakkun cewa Diodorus bai rubuta al'adar Menes daidai ba.  Daga baya, Edwards (1974) ya bayyana cewa "tatsuniya, wacce a fili take cike da anachronisms, ba ta da kimar tarihi".

 Mutuwa 
A cewar Manetho, Menes ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 30, 60 ko 62, kuma wani ɗan rago ya kashe shi. Manetho, Fr. 6, 7a, 7b. Text and translation in Manetho, translated by W.G. Waddell (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1940), pp.26–35 

 A cikin shahararrun al'adu 
Alexander Dow (1735/6–79), ɗan asalin ƙasar Scotland kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, ya rubuta bala'i Sethona, wanda aka saita a tsohuwar Masar. An kwatanta sashin jagora na Menes a cikin dramatis personæ a matsayin "majibi na gaba da rawani" wanda Seraphis ke sawa yanzu, kuma Samuel Reddish ne ya buga shi a cikin 1774 na David Garrick a gidan wasan kwaikwayo Royal, Drury Lane . 

 Duba kuma 

 Daular Farko ta Masarautar iyali itace
 Hor-Aha
 Min (Allah)
 Minos, Sarkin Crete, ɗan Zeus da Europa
 Mannus, siffa na kakanni a cikin tatsuniyar Jamus
 Manu (Hinduism), Mafarin ɗan adam

 Bayanin bayani 

 Manazarta 

 Gabaɗaya kuma da aka kawo nassoshi 


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