Kisan kwayar halitta

Kisan kwayar halitta Ya kasance wani abu ne na hana haihuwa wanda ke lalata maniyyi, ana saka shi a cikin farji kafin saduwa don hana ciki . A matsayin maganin hana haihuwa, ana iya amfani da maniyyi shi kaɗai. Duk da haka, yawan ciki da ma'aurata ke fuskanta ta yin amfani da maganin maniyyi kawai ya fi na ma'auratan da ke amfani da wasu hanyoyin. Yawanci, ana haɗe ƙwayoyin maniyyi tare da hanyoyin hana haifuwa kamar diaphragms, kwaroron roba, hular mahaifa, da soso . Hanyoyin da aka haɗa an yi imanin suna haifar da ƙananan ƙimar ciki fiye da kowace hanya kadai. 

Maniyyi yawanci marasa ƙamshi ne, bayyananne, marasa daɗi, marasa tabo, da mai mai.

 Nau'i da tasiri 
Mafi yawan kayan aiki na spermicides shine nonoxynol-9 . Maniyyi masu dauke da nonoxynol-9 suna samuwa ta nau'i-nau'i da yawa, kamar jelly (gel), fina-finai, da kumfa. Amfani da shi kadai, maniyyi suna da cikakkiyar gazawar amfani da kashi 6% a kowace shekara idan aka yi amfani da su daidai kuma akai-akai, da kashi 16% na gazawar kowace shekara a cikin amfani na yau da kullun. Grimes, David A; Lopez, Laureen M; Raymond, Elizabeth G.; Halpern, Vera; Nanda, Kavita; Schulz, Kenneth F (30 September 2013). Halpern, Vera (ed.). "Spermicide used alone for contraception". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD005218.pub3. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005218.pub4. PMID 24307556.

 Alamar maniyyi 
Mayo Clinic ne ya bayar da wannan jerin misalan: 

 VCF Fim ɗin Maganin Ciwon Farji
 VCF Maganin hana daukar ciki na Farji
 VCF Kumfa Maganin Haihuwa
 Conceptrol
 Crinone
 Kulawa
 Endometrin
 Farko-Progesterone VGS
 Gynol II
 Yi nasara
 Yau Sponge
 Vagi-Gard Douche Rashin Tabo

Nonoxynol-9 shine sinadari na farko a cikin maniyyi don hana motsin maniyyi. Abubuwan da ke aiki na spermicidal na biyu na iya haɗawa da octoxynol-9, benzalkonium chloride da menfegol .  Wadannan sinadarai na biyu ba na al'ada ba ne a Amurka, inda nonoxynol-9 kadai ke da hali. Hana motsin maniyyi zai hana maniyyi tafiya zuwa ga kwai yana motsa gangaren tubes zuwa mahaifa. Zurfin da ya dace na shigar da maniyyi ya kamata ya toshe mahaifar mahaifa yadda ya kamata ta yadda maniyyi ba zai iya sa ta wuce mahaifar mahaifa zuwa mahaifa ko tubes na fallopian ba. Wani binciken da ke lura da rarraba maniyyi mai dauke da nonoxynol-9 a cikin farji ya nuna "Bayan minti 10 gel ya bazu a cikin magudanar farji yana samar da suturar epithelium mai kauri."  Babban burin maniyyi shine hana hadi.

Menfegol maganin maniyyi ne da aka ƙera azaman kwamfutar hannu mai kumfa.  Yana samuwa ne kawai a Turai.

Octoxynol-9 ya kasance a baya maniyyi na yau da kullun, amma an cire shi daga kasuwar Amurka a cikin 2002 bayan masana'antun sun kasa yin sabon binciken da FDA ke buƙata. 

Ana amfani da spermicides benzalkonium chloride da sodium cholate a wasu soso na hana haihuwa .  Benzalkonium chloride kuma yana iya kasancewa a Kanada azaman abin sha. 

2008 Ig Nobel Prize (a parody of the Nobel Prizes ) a Chemistry aka bayar ga Sheree Umpierre, Joseph Hill, da Deborah Anderson, don gano cewa Coca-Cola ne mai tasiri maniyyi,  da kuma CY Hong, CC Shieh, P. Wu, da BN Chiang don tabbatar da hakan ba haka bane. 

An nuna maganin ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami don hana maniyyi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kamar yadda Krest Bitter Lemon ya sha.  Yayin da marubutan binciken na Krest Bitter Lemon suka ba da shawarar yin amfani da shi azaman doche na bayan gida, wannan ba shi yiwuwa ya yi tasiri, yayin da maniyyi ya fara barin maniyyi (ba za a iya isa ga kowane douche ba) a cikin mintuna 1.5 na ajiyewa. Ga dukkan alamu ba a yi wani bincike da aka buga kan ingancin shirye-shiryen ruwan lemun tsami wajen hana daukar ciki ba, duk da cewa wasu na ganin cewa maganin ‘na halitta’ ne. 

Shirye-shiryen lactic acid kuma an nuna yana da wasu tasirin maniyyi, kuma ana samun magungunan lactic acid na tushen kasuwanci.   An yarda da maganin hana haihuwa wanda ya ƙunshi lactic acid, citric acid, da potassium bitartrate (Phexxi) don amfani a Amurka a watan Mayu 2020.

Hakanan an gabatar da abubuwan da ake cirewa na shukar neem kamar man neem a matsayin maganin maniyyi dangane da binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje.  Nazarin dabbobi na creams da pessaries da aka samu daga neem sun nuna cewa suna da tasirin hana haihuwa;  duk da haka, gwaji a cikin mutane don sanin tasirinsa wajen hana ciki ba a riga an gudanar da shi ba.

 Yi amfani da kwaroron roba 
An yi imanin magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta na kara tasirin hana daukar ciki na kwaroron roba. 

Duk da haka, kwaroron roba da masana'anta ke shafa maniyyi suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa  kuma suna iya haifar da cututtukan urinary fili a cikin mata.  Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta ce bai kamata a ci gaba da inganta kwaroron roba mai man maniyi ba. Duk da haka, suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da robar roba mai laushi na nonoxynol-9 akan babu kwaroron roba kwata-kwata. 

Maganin da ake amfani da shi kadai yana da tasiri kusan kashi 91 cikin ɗari kawai.  Lokacin da ake amfani da maniyyi tare da kwaroron roba da sauran hanyoyin shinge akwai kashi 97 cikin 100 masu tasiri don rigakafin ciki.

 Illolin da yake dashi 
Haushin fata na wucin gadi wanda ya shafi farji, farji, ko azzakari shine mafi yawan matsalar da ke tattare da amfani da maniyyi. 

Yin amfani da shi akai-akai (sau biyu ko fiye a rana) na nonoxynol-9 mai ɗauke da maniyyi bai kamata ba idan akwai yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar ta STI/HIV, saboda a cikin wannan yanayin akwai ƙara rushewar epithelial na vulvovaginal da ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV. 

A cikin 2007, Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta ba da umarnin cewa alamun samfuran rigakafin hana haihuwa na nonoxynol-9 kan-da-counter (OTC) suna ɗauke da sabon gargaɗin da ke cewa ba sa kariya daga STDs da HIV/AIDS.  

 Tarihi 
Rubutun farko da aka rubuta na amfani da maniyyi yana samuwa a cikin Kahun Papyrus, takardan Masarawa tun daga 1850 KZ. Ya kwatanta takin kada da kullu mai ganyaye.  An yi imani da cewa ƙananan pH na dung na iya samun tasiri na spermicidal. 

Ana samun ƙarin tsari a cikin Ebers Papyrus daga kusan 1500 KZ. Ya ba da shawarar a hada ulun iri, da acacia, dabino da zuma, sannan a zuba ruwan a cikin farji. Wataƙila yana da ɗan tasiri, a wani ɓangare a matsayin shinge na jiki saboda kauri, daidaiton tsayi, da kuma saboda lactic acid (wanda aka sani da maniyyi) da aka samo daga acacia. 

Rubuce-rubucen da Soranus, wani likitan Girka na ƙarni na 2, ya ƙunshi ƙididdiga don adadin adadin acidic concoctions da'awar zama spermicidal. Umarnin nasa shine ya jiƙa ulu a ɗaya daga cikin gaurayawan, sannan a sanya shi kusa da cervix. 

Gwajin gwaje-gwaje na abubuwa don ganin ko sun hana motsin maniyyi ya fara a cikin 1800s. Maniyyi na zamani nonoxynol-9 da menfegol an haɓaka su daga wannan layin bincike.  Koyaya, an inganta wasu abubuwa da yawa masu darajar maganin hana haihuwa. Musamman bayan haramcin hana haifuwa a Amurka ta hanyar Dokar Comstock ta 1873, spermicides-mafi shaharar su shine Lysol - an sayar da su ne kawai a matsayin samfuran "tsaftar mata" kuma ba a kiyaye su ga kowane ma'auni na tasiri. Mafi muni, masana'antun da yawa sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da samfuran azaman douche bayan jima'i, latti don shafar duk maniyyi. Kididdigar likitanci a cikin shekarun 1930s sun sanya adadin masu juna biyu na mata masu amfani da maniyyi masu yawa a kan kashi saba'in a kowace shekara. 

Rashin fahimta game da maniyyi ya wanzu a cikin 1980s da 1990s. Wani labarin bita na wallafe-wallafen na 1988 ya lura cewa binciken a cikin vitro na nonoxynol-9 da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta sun nuna rashin kunna ƙwayoyin cuta na STI, gami da HIV.  Amma nazarin tsarin 2002 da meta-bincike na gwaje-gwajen da bazuwar bazuwar gwaji na nonoxynol-9 na farji don rigakafin HIV da STI da suka shafi mata sama da 5,000 (mafi yawan ma'aikatan jima'i) ba su sami raguwar ƙididdiga ba cikin haɗarin HIV da STIs, amma an sami ɗan ƙaramin karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin raunin al'aura tsakanin masu amfani da nonoxynol-9 masu amfani da maniyyi.  Kuma a cikin yawan haɗari masu haɗari ta amfani da gel na nonoxynol-9 na farji fiye da aikace-aikace uku a kowace rana a matsakaici, haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV ya karu. 

 Duba kuma 

 Man shafawa na sirri
 Soso na hana daukar ciki

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Kwayoyin Halitta
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba