Magma

Magma (daga tsohuwar Greek μάγμα (mágma) 'kauri unguent')[1]"magma". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2018-10-28 abu ne na halitta ko narkakkar da aka yi daga cikinsa wanda aka samar da dukkan duwatsu8]MCBIRNEY, A. R.; NOYES, R. M. (1979-08-01). "Crystallization and Layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion". Journal of Petrology. 20 (3): 487–554. Bibcode:1979JPet...20..487M. doi:10.1093/petrology/20.3.487. ISSN 0022-3530.n wuta.2]Bowen, Norman L. (1947). "Magmas". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 58 (4): 263. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[263:M]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. Ana samun Magma (wani lokaci a baki amma ba daidai ba ana kiranta lava) ƙarƙashin saman duniya, kuma an gano shaidar magmatism akan sauran taurarin ƙasa da wasu tauraron dan adam.[3]Greeley, Ronald; Schneid, Byron D. (1991-11-15). "Magma Generation on Mars: Amounts, Rates, and Comparisons with Earth, Moon, and Venus". Science. 254 (5034): 996–98. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..996G. doi:10.1126/science.254.5034.996. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17731523  Bayan narkakkar dutsen, magma na iya ƙunsar da lu'ulu'u da aka dakatar da kumfa.[5]Foulger, G. R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0.

Ana iya samun magma a cikin alkyabbar ko narkakken ɓawon burodi.[4]Spera, Frank J. (2000). "Physical Properties of Magma". In Sigurdsson, Haraldur (ed.). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. Academic Press. pp. 171–90. ISBN 978-0126431407.

Ana samar da Magma ta hanyar narkar da alkyabba ko ɓawon burodi a cikin saitunan tectonic daban-daban, waɗanda a duniya sun haɗa da yankuna na ƙasa, yankunan raƙuman nahiya, [6]Detrick, R. S.; Buhl, P.; Vera, E.; Mutter, J.; Orcutt, J.; Madsen, J.; Brocher, T. (1987). "Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise". Nature. 326 (6108): 35–41. Bibcode:1987Natur.326...35D. doi:10.1038/326035a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4311642. tsakiyar teku da wuraren zafi.  Mantle da narkewar ɓawon burodi suna ƙaura zuwa sama ta cikin ɓawon burodi inda ake tunanin ana adana su a cikin ɗakunan magma ko yankunan mush mai wadatar kristal mai trans-crustal.[7]Sparks, R. Stephen J.; Cashman, Katharine V. (2017). "Dynamic Magma Systems: Implications for Forecasting Volcanic Activity". Elements. 13 (1): 35–40. Bibcode:2017Eleme..13...35S. doi:10.2113/gselements.13.1.35. ISSN 1811-5209..  A lokacin ajiyar magma a cikin ɓawon burodi, ana iya gyaggyara abun da ke tattare da shi ta hanyar ɓangarorin crystallization, gurɓata da narkewar ɓawon burodi, haɗaɗɗen magma, da lalata.  Bayan hawansa ta cikin ɓawon burodi, magma na iya ciyar da dutsen mai aman wuta kuma a fitar da shi azaman lava, ko kuma yana iya ƙarfafa ƙarƙashin ƙasa don yin kutse,kamar dik, sill, laccolith, pluton, ko batholith.  9]Marshak, Stephen (2016). Essentials of Geology (5th ed.). W.W. Norton. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-393-26339-8.

Yayin da binciken magma ya dogara da lura da magma bayan canjinsa [18]Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 19, 131.zuwa magudanar ruwa, magma an ci karo da shi a wurin sau uku yayin ayyukan hakowa na geothermal, sau biyu a Iceland (duba Amfani da samar da makamashi) kuma sau ɗaya a Hawaii.[11]Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time. Physorg (December 16, 2008[10]Scientists' Drill Hits Magma: Only Third Time on Record, UC Davis News and Information, June 26, 2009. 13]Teplow, William; Marsh, Bruce; Hulen, Jeff; Spielman, Paul; Kaleikini, Mike; Fitch, David; Rickard, William (2009). "Dacite Melt at the Puna Geothermal Venture Wellfield, Big Island of Hawaii" (PDF). GRC Transactions. 33: 989–994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 8 February 2021.12]Puna Dacite Magma at Kilauea: Unexpected Drilling Into an Active Magma Posters Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, 2008 Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meeting.

 Siffofin jiki da Sinadarai 
Magma ya ƙunshi dutsen ruwa wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi tsayayyen lu'ulu'u.[14]Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20  Yayin da magma ke gabatowa sama kuma nauyin nauyi ya ragu, iskar gas ya narkar da shi daga cikin ruwa, ta yadda magma da ke kusa da farfajiyar ta kunshi abubuwa a cikin daskararru, ruwa, da iskar gas.15]Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). Volcanism. Berlin: Springer. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9783540436508.n

 Abunda ke Ciki 
Dubi kuma: Bambanci mai ban tsoro

Mafi yawan magma suna da wadatar siliki8]MCBIRNEY, A. R.; NOYES, R. M. (1979-08-01). "Crystallization and Layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion". Journal of Petrology. 20 (3): 487–554. Bibcode:1979JPet...20..487M. doi:10.1093/petrology/20.3.487. ISSN 0022-3530..  Rare nonsilicate magma na iya samuwa ta wurin narkar da ma'adinan da ba na silicate ba[ ko kuma ta hanyar rabuwa da magma zuwa silicate maras kyau da maras nauyi.17]Harlov, D.E.; et al. (2002). "Apatite–monazite relations in the Kiirunavaara magnetite–apatite ore, northern Sweden". Chemical Geology. 191 (1–3): 47–72. Bibcode:2002ChGeo.191...47H. doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(02)00148-1

Silicate magmas wani narkakkar da aka samu da oxygen da silicon, mafi yawan sinadarai a cikin ɓawon burodi na duniya, tare da ƙananan adadin aluminium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, da ƙananan abubuwa masu yawa..  Masana harkokin man fetur a kai a kai suna bayyana abin da ke tattare da silicate magma dangane da nauyi ko juzu'in molar mass na oxides na manyan abubuwa (ban da oxygen) da ke cikin magma.19]Philpotts & Ague 2009, pp. 132–133

Saboda yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin magma (kamar danko da zafinsa) ana lura da su don daidaitawa da abun cikin silica, silicate magmas sun kasu zuwa nau'ikan sinadarai guda huɗu dangane da abun ciki na silica: felsic, matsakaici, mafic, da ultramafic.20]Casq, R.A.F.; Wright, J.V. (1987). Volcanic Successions. Unwin Hyman Inc. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-04-552022-0.[16]Guijón, R.; Henríquez, F.; Naranjo, J.A. (2011). "Geological, Geographical and Legal Considerations for the Conservation of Unique Iron Oxide and Sulphur Flows at El Laco and Lastarria Volcanic Complexes, Central Andes, Northern Chile". Geoheritage. 3 (4): 99–315. Bibcode:2011Geohe...3..299G. doi:10.1007/s12371-011-0045-x

 Manazarta