Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam

Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam Kwakwalwa ita ce sashin tsakiya na tsarin juyayi na mutum, kuma tare da kashin baya yana haifar da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Ya ƙunshi cerebrum, kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da kuma cerebellum. Kwakwalwa ita ce ke sarrafa yawancin ayyukan jiki, sarrafawa, haɗawa, da daidaita bayanan da take karɓa daga gabobin ji, da yanke shawara game da umarnin da aka aika ga sauran sassan jiki. Ƙwaƙwalwar tana ƙunshe a cikin, kuma tana kare ta, ƙasusuwan kwanyar kai. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, mafi girma a cikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam, ya ƙunshi sassan kwakwalwa guda biyu. Kowace hemisphere yana da ainihin ciki wanda ya ƙunshi fararen kwayoyin halitta, da kuma waje na waje - kwakwalwar kwakwalwa - wanda ya hada da launin toka. Cortex yana da Layer na waje, neocortex, da allocortex na ciki. Neocortex yana da yadudduka na neuronal shida, yayin da allocortex yana da uku ko hudu. Kowace hemisphere an raba shi zuwa lobes hudu - gaba, na wucin gadi, parietal, da lobes na occipital. Lobe na gaba yana da alaƙa da ayyuka na zartarwa waɗanda suka haɗa da kamun kai, tsarawa, tunani, da tunani mara kyau, yayin da lobe ɗin occipital ke sadaukar da hangen nesa. A cikin kowane lobe, yankunan cortical suna da alaƙa da takamaiman ayyuka, irin su yanki na hankali, motar motsa jiki, da ƙungiyoyi. Duk da cewa sassan hagu da dama suna da kamanceceniya da siffa da aiki, wasu ayyuka suna da alaƙa da gefe ɗaya, kamar harshe a hagu da ikon gani-spatial a dama. An haɗa hemispheres ta

An haɗa cerebrum ta hanyar kwakwalwa zuwa kashin baya. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta ƙunshi tsakiyar kwakwalwa, pons, da medulla oblongata. An haɗa cerebellum zuwa kwakwalwa ta nau'i-nau'i uku na sassan jijiya da ake kira cerebellar peduncles. A cikin cerebrum akwai tsarin ventricular, wanda ya ƙunshi ventricles guda huɗu masu haɗin kai wanda ake samar da ruwa na cerebrospinal a ciki. Ƙarƙashin ƙwayar cuta ta haifar da thalamus da epithalamus da pineal gland da hypothalamus da pituitary gland. Tsarin limbic, ciki har da amygdalae da hippocampi, claustrum, nau'in tsakiya na basal ganglia, tsarin kwakwalwa na basal, da gabobin dawakai guda uku. Tsarin kwakwalwar da ba a tsakiyar jirgin ya kasance a cikin nau'i-nau'i, misali, akwai hippocampi guda biyu da amygdalae guda biyu. Kwayoyin kwakwalwa sun haɗa da neurons da ƙwayoyin glial masu tallafi. Akwai fiye da nau'ikan jijiyoyi biliyan 86 a cikin kwakwalwa, da ƙari ko žasa daidai adadin sauran ƙwayoyin. Ayyukan kwakwalwa yana yiwuwa ta hanyar haɗin kai na neurons da sakin su na neurotransmitters don mayar da martani ga motsin jijiya. Neurons suna haɗawa don samar da hanyoyin jijiya, da'irar jijiyoyi, da ƙayyadaddun tsarin cibiyar sadarwa. Dukkanin da'irar ana motsa su ta hanyar tsarin neurotransmission.

 Shirin Ƙwayoyin Halitta na Ƙwalwa 
Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam ta girma tana yin nauyi akan matsakaita kusan 1.2-1.4 kg (2.6-3.1 lb) wanda shine kusan 2% na jimlar nauyin jiki, Parent, A.; Carpenter, M.B. (1995). "Ch. 1". Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy. Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-683-06752-1. Bigos, K.L.; Hariri, A.; Weinberger, D. (2015). Neuroimaging Genetics: Principles and Practices. Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-992022-8. tare da ƙarar kusan 1260 cm3 a cikin maza da 1130 cm3 a cikin mata. Cosgrove, K.P.; Mazure, C.M.; Staley, J.K. (2007). "Evolving knowledge of sex differences in brain structure, function, and chemistry". Biol Psychiatry. 62 (8): 847–855. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001. PMC 2711771. PMID 17544382. Akwai bambance-bambancen mutum na musamman, Cosgrove, K.P.; Mazure, C.M.; Staley, J.K. (2007). "Evolving knowledge of sex differences in brain structure, function, and chemistry". Biol Psychiatry. 62 (8): 847–855. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001. PMC 2711771. PMID 17544382. tare da daidaitaccen kewayon ma'anar maza shine 1,180-1,620 g (2.60-3.57 lb) Cosgrove, K.P.; Mazure, C.M.; Staley, J.K. (2007). "Evolving knowledge of sex differences in brain structure, function, and chemistry". Biol Psychiatry. 62 (8): 847–855. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001. PMC 2711771. PMID 17544382. kuma ga mata 1,030-1,400 g (2.27-3.09 lb).Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J. M. (2015). "Normal Organ Weights in Women". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 36 (3): 182–187. doi:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000175. ISSN 0195-7910. PMID 26108038. S2CID 25319215.

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