Yanayin kiwon lafiya

Yanayin kiwon lafiya shine aikace-aikacen bayanan ƙasa, hangen nesa, da hanyoyin nazarin kiwon lafiya, cututtuka, da koma  kiwon lafiya. Yanayin ƙasa na kiwon lafiya, wani yanki na, ko kuma 'yar'uwa na Yanayin kiwon lafiya. Oxford Bibliographies entry of Medical Geography. yana mai da hankali kan fahimtar tsarin sararin samaniya na kiwon daji da cututtuka dangane da yanayin halitta da zamantakewa. Meade MS, Florin JW, Gesler WM. Medical geography. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 1988.Meade, M.S., 2014. Medical geography. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society, pp.1375-1381. A al'ada, akwai manyan fannoni biyu na bincike a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya: na farko yana hulɗa da Rarraba sararin samaniya da abubuwan da ke tattare da cututtukan da Mutuwa, yayin da na biyu ke hulɗa da shirin kiwon lafiya, halayyar neman taimako, da samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya.Mayer, J.D., 1982. Relations between two traditions of medical geography: health systems planning and geographical epidemiology. Progress in Geography, 6(2), pp.216-230.

 Yanayin kiwon lafiya 
Yankin farko na binciken a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya an bayyana shi a matsayin ilimin yaduwar ƙasa ko yanayin cututtuka kuma yana mai da hankali kan alamu da matakai na kiwon lafiya da cututtuka.Mayer, J.D., 1982. Relations between two traditions of medical geography: health systems planning and geographical epidemiology. Progress in Geography, 6(2), pp.216-230. Wannan yanki na bincike za a iya bambanta shi daga ilimin cututtukan cututtuka da ke da alaƙa da shi ta hanyar amfani da ra'ayoyi da hanyoyin daga yanayin ƙasa, yana ba da damar hangen nesa game da kiwon lafiya wanda ke la'akari da yadda hulɗar tsakanin mutane da muhalli ke haifar da sakamakon kiwon lafiya.Glass, G. E. 2000. Update: spatial aspects of epidemiology: the interface with medical geography.  Epidemiologic Reviews 22 (1): 136-139. Yankin binciken na biyu ya mayar da hankali kan tsarawa da samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya, sau da yawa tare da mai da hankali kan tsarin sararin samaniya na tsarin kiwon lafiya da bincike kan yadda wannan tsari ke shafar samun damar kulawa.Meade, M. S. and M. Emch. 2010. Medical Geography.  Guilford Press, New York.

 Yanayin kiwon lafiya 
Nazarin yanayin kiwon lafiya ya rinjayi ta hanyar sake sanya yanayin kiwon lafiyar a cikin fagen Yanayin zamantakewa saboda canji zuwa tsarin zamantakewa a cikin kiwon lafiya, maimakon tsarin kiwon lafiya. Wannan yana ba da shawara don sake fasalin kiwon lafiya da kiwon lafiya daga rigakafi da maganin rashin lafiya kawai zuwa ɗayan inganta jin daɗi gaba ɗaya. A karkashin wannan samfurin, wasu cututtukan da suka gabata (misali, rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa) ana gane su a matsayin rikice-rikice na halayyar kawai, kuma wasu nau'ikan magani (misali., ƙarin ko madadin magani da maganin gargajiya) masu binciken magani suna nazarin su, wani lokacin tare da taimakon masu Ilimin kiwon lafiya ba tare da ilimin likita ba. Wannan canjin ya canza ma'anar kulawa, ba ya iyakance shi ga sarari kamar asibitoci ko ofisoshin likita. Har ila yau, tsarin zamantakewa yana ba da fifiko ga haɗuwa ta kusa da aka yi a wuraren da ba na gargajiya ba na magani da kiwon lafiya da kuma ga mutane a matsayin Masu amfani da kiwon lafiya.Philo, Chris (2009). "Health and Health Care". In Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine et al. The Dictionary of Human Geography (Fifth Edition). Oxford:Blackwell. pp.325-326

Wannan madadin hanya yana nufin cewa an fadada yanayin ilimin likitanci don haɗa falsafanci kamar Tattalin arzikin siyasa na Marxian, tsarin, hulɗar zamantakewa, bil'adama, mata da ka'idar queer.Philo, Chris (2009). "Medical Geography". In Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine et al. The Dictionary of Human Geography (Fifth Edition). Oxford:Blackwell. pp.451-453

 Tarihi 
alt=A black and white map John Snow's cholera map of the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, with houses of infected people marked in black.|thumb|Taswirar kwalara ta John Snow na barkewar kwalara ta Broad Street ta 1854.
Dangantaka tsakanin wuri da kiwon lafiya an daɗe ana gane su a cikin tarihin ɗan adam, kafin Tsarin isar da kiwon lafiya zamani da kuma ba da haske game da watsa magungunan cututtuka, tun kafin canjin Ka'idar kwayar cuta a ƙarshen 1800s. A cikin tarihi, akwai misalai da yawa na wuri da wuri da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara ra'ayoyin kiwon lafiya da haɗari. Haɗin tsakanin halaye na ƙasa da sakamakon kiwon lafiya, wanda ya zama tushen ilimin likitanci na zamani, Hippocrates ya gane su sama da shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata a cikin littafinsa ""On Airs, Waters, and Places"" (kimanin 400 BC).Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu a cikin shekarun 1700 ya kawo tarin sabbin batutuwan kiwon lafiyar jama'a da suka samo asali daga saurin ci gaban birane da rashin tsabta, yanayin da ya haifar da ci gaban Taswirar cututtuka, ko taswirar likita. Wani mai gabatarwa ga yanayin kiwon lafiya, zane-zane na kiwon lafiya ya samo asali ne daga buƙatar sadarwa game da bambance-bambance na sararin samaniya a cikin haɗari ga cututtukan da ba a sani ba, musamman barkewar kwalara da zazzabin rawaya a cikin birane.Welhausen CA. Power and Authority in Disease Maps: Visualizing Medical Cartography Through Yellow Fever Mapping. J Bus Tech Commun. 2015;29: 257–283. doi:10.1177/1050651915573942 Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin ilmin annoba da yanayin kiwon lafiya shine John Snow, likitan da ya gano tushen bayyanar a lokacin barkewar kwalara a Broad Street a 1854. Shahararren taswirar Snow na 1854 na barkewar kwalara ya nuna cewa an taru a kusa da famfo na Broad Street, tushen ruwan da ya gurbata wanda ya haifar da annobar. Wannan taswirar ta sa Snow ya gano famfo mai gurbatawa kuma ya kammala cewa kwalara cuta ce mai dauke da ruwa, wani abu mai ban mamaki da aka ba da cewa ƙwayoyin cuta ba su san kimiyya ba a lokacin. Duk da yake gudummawar Snow ga ilimin likitanci da ilmin annoba ba za a iya musantawa ba, rawar da taswirar ke takawa a cikin wannan binciken ya ɗan wuce gona da iri.McLeod KS. Our Sense of Snow: The Myth of John Snow in Medical Geography. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50: 923–935. Taswirar shari'o'in da aka samar a lokacin masana'antu kayan aiki ne masu ƙarfi wajen sadarwa da binciken matakan cututtukan gargajiya na haɗin kai, amma rawar da suke takawa a matsayin kayan aiki na nazari an ƙuntata shi saboda iyakokin fasaha.Nelson KE, Williams CM, editors. Infectious disease epidemiology: theory and practice. 3rd ed. Burlington, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2014.

Yanayin likitanci na zamani ya tashi a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1950 tare da aikin majagaba na Jacques May, Mark S. Monmonier (1976) Jacques M. May, The Professional Geographer, 28:1, 93, DOI: 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1976.00093.x  wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin likita a Thailand da Vietnam kuma ya lura da bambance-bambance tsakanin abubuwan kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiyarsa a waɗannan wurare da Turai. Meade, M. S. and M. Emch. 2010. Medical Geography.  Guilford Press, New York. Kodayake ra'ayin cewa muhalli na iya rinjayar Lafiyar ɗan adam an fahimci shi tun daga Hippocrates, yanayin kiwon lafiya kamar yadda May ya hango ya gina akan wannan ra'ayin, yana kwatanta yanayin kiwon lafiyar kamar yadda yake aiki don fahimtar yanayin dangantakar da ke tsakanin yaduwar pathogen da abubuwan ƙasa.May, J. M. 1950. Medical geography: Its methods and objectives. Geographical Review 40 (1): 9-41. Ba da daɗewa ba Mayu ta fara tsara taswirar rarraba cututtuka a duniya da kuma bincika abubuwan al'adu da muhalli waɗanda suka rinjayi waɗannan rarraba.

 Yankunan karatu 

 Yanayin cututtuka da rashin lafiya 
Masana ilimin ƙasa na kiwon lafiya suna damuwa da yaduwar cututtuka daban-daban tare da kewayon sikelin sararin samaniya daga yanki zuwa ra'ayi na duniya, kuma suna bincika duniyar halitta, a duk rikitarwa, don alaƙa tsakanin cututtuka da wurare. Wannan ya sanya yanayin kiwon lafiya tare da wasu fannoni na ƙasa waɗanda ke gano alaƙar ɗan adam da muhalli. Masu ilimin ƙasa na kiwon lafiya suna amfani da kayan aikin nazarin sararin samaniya na zamani don tsara taswirar warwatsewar kiwon lafiya,  gami da cututtuka daban-daban, yayin da mutane ke yada su tsakanin kansu, da kuma fadin sarari yayin da suke ƙaura. Philo, Chris (2009). "Medical Geography". In Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine et al. The Dictionary of Human Geography (Fifth Edition). Oxford:Blackwell. pp.451-453 Masu ilimin ƙasa na kiwon lafiya suna la'akari da kowane nau'in sarari kamar yadda ke gabatar da haɗarin kiwon lafiya, daga bala'o'i na halitta, zuwa tashin hankali tsakanin mutane, damuwa, da sauran haɗari masu yuwuwa.Philo, Chris (2009). "Health and Health Care". In Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine et al. The Dictionary of Human Geography (Fifth Edition). Oxford:Blackwell. pp.325-326

 Yanayin samar da kiwon lafiya 
Kodayake kiwon lafiya yana da fa'ida ga jama'a, ba daidai ba ne ga dukkan mutane. Bukatar ayyukan jama'a tana ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Mutane suna buƙatar ilimi na gaba da fasahar tsinkaya ta zamani, wannan yanayin kiwon lafiya yana bayarwa. Misali na baya-bayan nan na irin wannan fasaha shine Telemedicine . Mutane da yawa a Amurka ba sa iya samun damar samun kiwon lafiya mai kyau saboda rashin daidaito a cikin inshorar kiwon lafiya da hanyoyin da za a ba da kulawa ta likita.

Motsawa da Kula da Cututtuka: Tare da zuwan fasahar wayar hannu da yaduwarta, yanzu yana yiwuwa a bi diddigin motsi na mutum. Ta hanyar daidaita motsi na mutane ta hanyar bin diddigin na'urorin ta amfani da hasumiyoyin samun dama ko wasu tsarin bin diddigirinta, yanzu yana yiwuwa a tantance har ma da sarrafa yaduwar cutar. Duk da yake Dokokin sirri suna tambaya game da halattacciyar bin diddigin mutane, masu ba da sabis na wayar hannu na kasuwanci suna amfani da dabarun ɓoye ko samun izinin gwamnati don ba da izini don bin diddigirinta mutane.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span>]

 Hanyoyi 
Ana amfani da Tsarin Bayanai na Yanayi (GIS) sosai a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya don ganin gani da nazarin bayanan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya. Wadannan bayanan sararin samaniya na iya zama vector (ma'ana, layi, ko polygon) ko tsarin raster (ma'auni mai ci gaba) kuma galibi ana gabatar da su a cikin taswirar jigogi masu yawa. Sakamakon cututtuka da halaye na zamantakewar al'umma da aka tattara ta hanyar tsarin sa ido da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ana amfani da su akai-akai azaman tushen bayanai a cikin nazarin ilimin ƙasa na likita. A cikin nazarin muhalli na cututtuka, bayanan yanayi, binciken ƙasa, da hotunan nesa sune misalai na bayanan da aka yi amfani da su don ƙididdige halaye na muhalli game da tsarin cututtuka. Ana amfani da kididdigar sararin samaniya ko bincike don gwada ra'ayoyi game da alamu ko dangantaka a cikin waɗannan bayanan, kamar dukiyar dogaro da sararin samaniya (ƙungiyoyin da ke kusa da sararin ƙasa sun fi kama ko alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin da ke nesa da sararin sama)  ko bambancin sararin samaniya.Sui, D.Z., 2007. Geographic information systems and medical geography: Toward a new synergy. Geography Compass, 1(3), pp.556-582. Wasu misalai na nazarin sararin samaniya da aka yi amfani da su a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da nazarin ma'auni, gwaje-gwaje don daidaitaccen sararin samaniya, koma baya mai nauyi na ƙasa (GWR), ƙirar muhalli, ƙididdigar binciken sararin samaniya.

 Masana ilimin ƙasa na kiwon lafiya 
Shahararrun masu ilimin kiwon lafiya sun hada da:

 Sarah Curtis
 William C. Gorgas
 Kelvyn Jones
 John Snow
 Mei-Po Kwan
 Nadine Schuurman

 Dubi kuma 

 Cluster (epidemiology) 
 Misali na zamantakewa na nakasa
 Yaduwar cututtuka
 Dokar farko ta Tobler ta yanayin ƙasa
 Dokar Tobler ta biyu ta yanayin ƙasa

 manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Rashin daidaito na zamantakewa da na sarari
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