Arthropod

Arthropods (/ˈɑːrθrəpɒd/ ARTH-rə-pod)  sune invertebrates a cikin phylum Arthropoda . Suna da wani exoskeleton tare da cuticle da aka yi da Chitin, sau da yawa ma'adinai tare da calcium carbonate, jiki tare da bambance-bambance (metameric), da kuma haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Don ci gaba da girma, dole ne su shiga cikin matakai na moulting, tsari wanda suke zubar da ƙashin su don bayyana sabon. Sun samar da rukuni daban-daban na nau'o'i miliyan goma.

Haemolymph shine kwatankwacin jini ga yawancin arthropods. Arthropod yana da tsarin yaduwar jini, tare da rami na jiki da ake kira haemocoel wanda haemolymph ke yaduwa zuwa gabobin jiki. Kamar yadda suke waje, gabobin ciki na arthropods galibi ana gina su ne daga bangarori masu maimaitawa. Suna da tsarin juyayi mai kama da tsani, tare da igiyoyin jijiyoyi ventral da ke gudana ta duk sassan kuma suna samar da ganglia a kowane sashi. An kafa kawunansu ta hanyar haɗuwa da nau'ikan ɓangarori daban-daban, kuma an kafa kwakwalwa ta hanyar haɗakar ganglia na waɗannan ɓangarorin kuma suna kewaye da esophagus. Tsarin numfashi da na fitarwa na arthropods sun bambanta, dangane da yanayin su kamar yadda yake a kan subphylum wanda suke ciki.

Arthropods suna amfani da haɗuwa da idanu masu haɗuwa da ocelli na pigment-pit don hangen nesa. A cikin mafi yawan jinsuna, ocelli na iya gano hanyar da haske ke fitowa ne kawai, kuma idanu masu haɗari sune babban tushen bayanai, amma manyan idanun gizo-gizo sune ocelli waɗanda zasu iya samar da hotuna kuma, a wasu lokuta, zasu iya juyawa don bin diddigin ganima. Arthropods kuma suna da nau'ikan sinadarai da na'urori masu auna sigina, galibi sun dogara ne akan gyare-gyare na bristles da yawa da aka sani da setae waɗanda ke aiki ta hanyar cuticles. Hakazalika, haihuwarsu da ci gaban su sun bambanta; duk jinsunan Duniya suna amfani da taki na ciki, amma wannan wani lokacin ta hanyar canja wurin maniyyi ta hanyar kayan aiki ko ƙasa, maimakon ta hanyar allura kai tsaye. Dabbobi na ruwa suna amfani da taki na ciki ko na waje. Kusan dukkanin arthropods suna sa qwai, tare da nau'o'i da yawa da ke haihuwar yara masu rai bayan qwai sun fito a cikin mahaifiyar; amma wasu kalilan suna da gaske, kamar aphids. Yaran Arthropod sun bambanta daga ƙananan manya zuwa grubs da caterpillars waɗanda ba su da haɗin gwiwa kuma a ƙarshe suna fuskantar cikakkiyar metamorphosis don samar da nau'in manya. Matsayin kulawar uwa ga yara ya bambanta daga wanda ba ya wanzu zuwa kulawa mai tsawo da kwari na zamantakewa ke bayarwa.

Halin juyin halitta na arthropods ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Cambrian. Ana ɗaukar rukuni gabaɗaya a matsayin monophyletic, kuma bincike da yawa suna tallafawa sanya arthropods tare da Cycloneuralians (ko ƙwayoyin su) a cikin superphylum Ecdysozoa. Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, dangantakar dabbobi ba a warware ta sosai ba. Hakazalika, dangantakar da ke tsakanin kungiyoyin arthropod daban-daban har yanzu ana muhawara sosai. A yau, arthropods suna ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci na mutum kai tsaye a matsayin abinci, kuma mafi mahimmanci, a kaikaice a matsayin masu shuka amfanin gona. An san wasu nau'o'in suna yada mummunar cuta ga mutane, dabbobi, da amfanin gona.

 Magana 
Kalmar arthropod ta fito ne daga Girkanci ♡ἄρθρον  'haɗin kai', da πούς  (Gen.  ) '' ko 'ƙafafa', wanda tare yana nufin "ƙafafu da aka haɗa",  tare da kalmar "arthropodes" da aka fara amfani da ita a cikin bayanin jikin mutum ta Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier wanda aka buga a 1832.  Sunan "Arthropoda" ya bayyana cewa masanin ilimin dabbobi na Jamus Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst (1777-1857) ne ya fara amfani da shi a 1843.   Asalin sunan ya kasance batun rikice-rikice mai yawa, tare da yabo sau da yawa da aka ba da kuskure ga Pierre André Latreille ko Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold a maimakon haka, da sauransu.

Arthropods na ƙasa galibi ana kiransu kwari.[Lura 1] Ana kuma ƙara kalmar a wasu lokuta zuwa sunayen da ake amfani da su don ruwa mai laushi ko ƙwayoyin ruwa (misali, kwari na Balmain, kwari ya Moreton Bay, Mudbug) kuma likitoci da masu ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta suna amfani da su ga ƙwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da cuta (misali., superbugs),  amma masu ilimin ƙudancin ƙwayoyin halitta suna ajiye wannan kalmar don ƙarancin "kwari na gaskiya", kwari na tsari Hemiptera.

 Bayyanawa 
Arthropods sune invertebrates tare da sassan jiki da gaɓoɓin haɗin gwiwa. exoskeleton ko cuticles ya ƙunshi Chitin, polymer na N-Acetylglucosamine. Cutilic na yawancin crustaceans, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, clades Penetini da Archaeoglenini a cikin iyalin ƙwayoyin Phrenapatinae,  da millipedes (sai dai ga bristly millipedes) suma ana biomineralized tare da calcium carbonate. Calcification na endosternite, tsarin ciki da aka yi amfani da shi don haɗe-haɗe na tsoka, yana faruwa a wasu opiliones, kuma pupal cuticle na kwari Bactrocera dorsalis ya ƙunshi calcium phosphate.

 Bambancin 
Arthropoda ita ce mafi girman nau'in dabba tare da kimantawa na yawan nau'in arthropod wanda ya bambanta daga 1,170,000 zuwa 5~ 10 miliyan kuma yana da asusun sama da kashi 80 cikin dari na dukkan nau'in dabbobin da aka sani.   Ɗaya daga cikin rukuni na arthropod, kwari, ya haɗa da nau'in da aka bayyana fiye da kowane ɗayan lissafi. Adadin jinsunan ya kasance da wuya a tantance. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙididdigar ƙididdigal da aka tsara a wasu yankuna don haɓaka daga ƙididdiga a takamaiman wurare da aka yi amfani da su a duk duniya. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1992 ya kiyasta cewa akwai nau'in dabbobi da tsire-tsire 500,000 a Costa Rica kadai, daga cikinsu 365,000 sune arthropods. 

Su ne muhimman mambobi na yanayin ruwa, ruwa mai laushi, ƙasa da iska kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin dabbobi guda biyu da suka saba da rayuwa a cikin yanayin bushe; ɗayan amniotes ne, waɗanda membobinsu masu rai sune dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Dukansu ƙananan kuma mafi girma arthropods sune crustaceans. mafi ƙanƙanta suna cikin aji Tantulocarida, wasu daga cikinsu ƙasa da 100 micrometers (0.0039 in) tsawo. mafi girma sune nau'o'in a cikin aji Malacostraca, tare da kafafu na gizo-gizo na Japan wanda zai iya kaiwa har zuwa mita 4 (13   kuma Lobster na Amurka ya kai nauyin sama da 20 kg (44 lbs).  

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