Hadrian

Hadrian (/ ˈheɪdriən/ HAY-dree-ən; Latin: Publius Aelius Hadrianus [(h) adriˈjaːnus]; 24 ga Janairu 76 - 10 ga Yuli 138) shi ne sarkin Roma daga 117 zuwa 138. An haifi Hadrian a Italiya, kusa da Seville na zamani. Spain, wurin zama na Italic a cikin Hispania Baetica; reshensa na Aelia gens, Aeli Hadriani, ya fito ne daga garin Hadria a gabashin Italiya. Ya kasance memba na daular Nerva-Antonine.

A farkon aikinsa na siyasa, Hadrian ya auri Vibia Sabina, jikanyar sarki mai mulki, Trajan. Matar Trajan Pompeia Plotina ta inganta auren da Hadrian daga baya a matsayin sarki. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nasa sarauta, Hadrian ya sa aka kashe wasu manyan Sanatoci huɗu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, watakila saboda suna yin barazana ga tsaron mulkinsa; hakan ya sa majalisar dattawa ta kiyayya da shi har tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya sami ƙarin rashin amincewa ta hanyar watsi da manufofin fadada Trajan da ribar yanki a Mesopotamiya, Assuriya, Armeniya, da sassan Dacia. Hadrian ya gwammace ya saka hannun jari a ci gaban tabbatattu, iyakoki masu ƙarewa da haɗewar al'ummomin daular a matsayin batutuwa na Daular panhellenic, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Roma.

Hadrian cikin kuzari ya bi manufofinsa na Imperial da bukatun kansa. Ya ziyarci kusan dukkanin lardunan daular, kuma ya ba da fifiko ga shiga tsakani kai tsaye a cikin harkokin masarautu da na larduna, musamman ayyukan gine-gine. An kuma san shi musamman don gina bangon Hadrian, wanda ke nuna iyakar arewacin Britaniya. A Roma kanta, ya sake gina Pantheon kuma ya gina babban Haikali na Venus da Roma. A Masar, watakila ya sake gina Serapeum na Iskandariya. A matsayinsa na mai sha'awar al'adun Girka, ya tallata Athens a matsayin babban birnin al'adu na Daular. Dangantakarsa mai tsanani da matasan Girka Antinous da kuma mutuwar marigayin ya sa Hadrian ya kafa wata al'ada mai yaduwa. A karshen zamanin Hadrian, ya murkushe tawayen Bar Kokhba; ya ga wannan tawaye a matsayin gazawar manufarsa ta panhellenic.

Shekarun Hadrian na ƙarshe sun lalace da rashin lafiya na yau da kullun. Aurensa ya kasance duka babu dadi da rashin haihuwa. A cikin 138 ya karɓi Antoninus Pius kuma ya zaɓe shi a matsayin magaji, bisa sharadin cewa Antoninus ya karbi Marcus Aurelius da Lucius Verus a matsayin magadansa. Hadrian ya mutu a wannan shekarar a Baiae, kuma Antoninus ya sa aka cire shi, duk da adawa daga Majalisar Dattawa. Daga baya masana tarihi sun ƙidaya shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake kira "sarakuna masu kyau biyar" na Roma, kuma a matsayin "mai mulkin kama-karya". Nasa Majalisar Dattawa ta same shi mai nisa da mulki. An bayyana shi a matsayin mai ban mamaki kuma mai cin karo da juna, tare da iyawa ga babban karimci na mutum da tsananin rashin tausayi da son sani, girman kai, da buri.Ando, Clifford "Hadrian: The Restless Emperor by Anthony R. Birley", Phoenix, 52 (1998), pp. 183–185. JSTOR 1088268

Rayuwar farko=

￼Hadrian's Arch a tsakiyar Athens, Girka. Sha'awar Hadrian ga Girka ta tabbata a irin waɗannan ayyukan da aka ba da umarnin a lokacin mulkinsa.

An haifi Publius Aelius Hadrianus a ranar 24 ga Janairu 76, a Italica (Santiponce na zamani, kusa da Seville), wani garin Romawa wanda mazaunan Italic suka kafa a lardin Hispania Baetica a lokacin Yaƙin Punic na Biyu a yunƙurin Scipio Africanus; Reshen Hadrian na gens Aelia ya fito ne daga Hadria (Atri na zamani), wani tsohon gari a yankin Picenum na Italiya, tushen sunan Hadrianus. Wani marubucin tarihin rayuwar Romawa ya yi iƙirari a maimakon cewa Hadrian an haife shi ne a Roma, amma wannan ra'ayi na wasu tsiraru ne na masana.[Mary T. Boatwright (2008). "From Domitian to Hadrian". In Barrett, Anthony (ed.). Lives of the Caesars. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4051-2755-4. Alicia M. Canto, Itálica, sedes natalis de Adriano. 31 textos históricos y argumentos para una secular polémica, Athenaeum XCII/2, 2004, 367–408. Alicia M. Canto, Itálica, sedes natalis de Adriano. 31 textos históricos y argumentos para una secular polémica, Athenaeum XCII/2, 2004, 367–408.

Mahaifin Hadrian shine Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer, dan majalisar dattijai mai daraja, wanda aka haifa kuma ya girma a Italiya. Mahaifiyar Hadrian ita ce Domitia Paulina, 'yar wani fitaccen gidan majalisar dattijai na Roma da ke Gades Royston Lambert, Beloved And God, pp. 31–32.Royston Lambert, Beloved And God, pp. 31–32. Kanensa tilo ita ce babbar yaya, Aelia Domitia Paulina. Ma'aikaciyar jinyarsa ita ce bawan Germana, mai yiwuwa asalin Jamusanci, wanda ya sadaukar da shi a duk rayuwarsa. Daga baya ta yi aure da shi kuma a ƙarshe ta wuce shi, kamar yadda aka nuna ta rubutun jana'izarta, wanda aka samo a Hadrian's Villa a Tivoli.[CIL VI 10909 ([Text http://www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=book&id_nr=EDR131420&partId=1] on the Epigraphic Database Roma) Morwood 2013, pp. 5 & 43 Opper 2008, p. 34. Babban dan uwan ​​Hadrian, Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator, daga Barcino (Barcelona) zai zama abokin aikin Hadrian a matsayin mai ba da shawara a shekara ta 118. A matsayinsa na dan majalisar dattawa, mahaifin Hadrian zai shafe yawancin lokacinsa a Roma.On the numerous senatorial families from Spain residing at Rome and its vicinity around the time of Hadrian's birth see R. Syme, 'Spaniards at Tivoli', in Roman Papers IV (Oxford, 1988), pp. 96–114. Hadrian went on to build an Imperial villa at Tivoli (Tibu Dangane da aikinsa na baya, babban dangin Hadrian shine Trajan, ɗan uwan ​​mahaifinsa na farko, wanda shi ma ɗan majalisar dattawa ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Italica. Ko da yake an yi la'akari da su, a cikin kalmomin Aurelius Victor, advenae ("baƙi", mutane "daga waje"), duka Trajan da Hadrian sun kasance daga cikin jinsin Italic kuma suna cikin babban aji na al'ummar Romawa. Wani marubuci ya ba da shawarar la'akari da su wani ɓangare na "Daular Ulpio-Aelian" Alicia M. Canto, "La dinastía Ulpio-Aelia (96–192 d.C.): ni tan Buenos, ni tan Adoptivos ni tan Antoninos". Gerión (21.1): 263–305. 2003

Iyayen Hadrian sun mutu a shekara 86 yana da shekaru goma. Shi da 'yar uwarsa sun zama unguwannin Trajan da Publius Acilius Attianus (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban sarakunan Trajan).Royston Lambert, Beloved And God, pp. 31–32 Hadrian yana motsa jiki kuma yana jin daɗin farauta; Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 14, Trajan ya kira shi zuwa Roma kuma ya shirya ƙarin karatunsa a kan batutuwan da suka dace da wani matashin basaraken Romawa.Royston Lambert, Beloved And God, pp. 31–32 Sha'awar Hadrian ga adabi da al'adun Girka ya sa ake masa lakabi da Graeculus ("Greekling"), wanda aka yi niyya a matsayin wani nau'i na "ba'a"Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 24–

Sabis na jama'a

Matsayin farko na Hadrian a Roma ya kasance memba na decemviri stlitibus judicandis, ɗaya daga cikin ofisoshin vigintivate da yawa a matakin mafi ƙasƙanci na darajar karramawa ("Tabbas na girmamawa") wanda zai iya kaiwa ga babban ofishi da aikin majalisar dattijai. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin tribune na soja, na farko tare da Legio II Adiutrix a 95, sannan tare da Legio V Macedonica. A lokacin Hadrian na biyu a matsayin tribune, mai rauni kuma tsoho sarki Nerva ya ɗauki Trajan a matsayin magajinsa; An aika Hadrian don ya ba Trajan labarin - ko kuma tabbas yana ɗaya daga cikin manzanni da yawa da aka tuhume su da wannan.hukumarAnthony Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 37 Sagan nan kuma aka mayar da Hadrian zuwa Legio XXII Primigenia da kuma ta uku.John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96–99. Abingdon: Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-34958-3, p. 109 Kotuna uku na Hadrian sun ba shi wani fa'idar aiki. Yawancin tsofaffin iyalai na majalisar dattijai za su iya yin hidima ɗaya, ko aƙalla biyu, kotunan soja a matsayin abin da ake bukata na babban ofishiThorsten Opper, The Emperor Hadrian. British Museum Press, 2008, p. – 39 Jörg Fündling, Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta (= Antiquitas. Reihe 4: Beiträge zur Historia-Augusta-Forschung, Serie 3: Kommentare, Bände 4.1 und 4.2). Habelt, Bonn 2006, ISBN 3-7749-3390-1, p. 351. Lokacin da Nerva ya rasu a shekara ta 98, an ce Hadrian ya gaggauta zuwa Trajan, domin ya sanar da shi gabanin wakilin hukuma da gwamna, surukin Hadrian kuma abokin hamayyarsa Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus ya aika.John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis, p. 109; Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds. The Cambridge Ancient History – XI. Cambridge U. P.: 2000, ISBN 0-521-26335-2, p. 133.

A cikin shekara ta 101, Hadrian ya dawo Roma; an zaɓe shi quaestor, sannan quaestor imperatoris Traiani, jami’in hulda tsakanin sarki da majalisar dattijai, wanda ya karanta wa sarki sanarwar da jawabai – wadanda watakila ya rubuta a madadin sarki. A matsayinsa na marubucin fatalwa na sarki, Hadrian ya maye gurbin Licinius Sura wanda ya rasu kwanan nan, abokin Trajan kuma mai sarauta.Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 54 Matsayinsa na gaba shine ab actis senatus, yana kiyaye bayanan majalisar dattawa.Boatwright, in Barrett, p. 158 A lokacin Yaƙin Dacian na Farko, Hadrian ya ɗauki filin a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Trajan na sirri, amma an ba shi uzuri daga mukaminsa na soja don ɗaukar ofis a Roma a matsayin tribune na plebs, a cikin 105. Bayan yakin, tabbas an zabe shi praetor. 2The text of Historia Augusta (Vita Hadriani, 3.8) is garbled, stating that Hadrian's election to the praetorship was contemporary "to the second consulate of Suburanus and Servianus" – two characters that had non-simultaneous second consulships – so Hadrian's election could be dated to 102 or 104, the later date being the most accepted A lokacin Yaƙin Dacian na biyu, Hadrian ya sake kasancewa cikin sabis na sirri na Trajan. An sake shi don yin aiki a matsayin wakilin Legio I Minervia, sannan a matsayin gwamnan Lower Pannonia a cikin 107, wanda ke da alhakin "riƙe Sarmatians".Bowman, p. 133  Anthony Everitt, 2013, Chapter XI: "holding back the Sarmatians" may simply have meant maintaining and patrolling the border. 107 da 108, Hadrian ya ci nasara kan mamayewa na Banat da Oltenia da Romawa ke sarrafawa ta Iazyges.[25][26][27] Ba a san takamaiman sharuddan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba. An yi imani da cewa Romawa sun ajiye Oltenia don musanya wani nau'i na rangwame, mai yiwuwa ya haɗa da biyan haraji na lokaci ɗaya.[26] Iazyges kuma sun mallaki Banat a wannan lokacin, wanda watakila yana cikin yarjejeniyar.[28]

Yanzu a tsakiyar shekarunsa talatin, Hadrian ya yi tafiya zuwa Girka; an ba shi zama ɗan ƙasar Atina kuma an nada shi babban magajin garin Athens na ɗan lokaci kaɗan (a cikin 112).[29]. Mutanen Athens sun ba shi wani mutum-mutumi tare da rubutu a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Dionysus (IG II2 3286) yana ba da cikakken bayani game da darajar karramawarsa har zuwa yanzu.[30][31] Bayan haka, ba a ƙara jin labarinsa ba har sai Trajan's Parthian yaƙin neman zaɓe. Yana yiwuwa ya ci gaba da zama a ƙasar Girka har sai da aka tuno da shi zuwa ga ɗan mulkin daular,[23] lokacin da ya shiga balaguron Trajan a kan Parthia a matsayin wakili.[32] Lokacin da aka aika da gwamnan Siriya don magance sabbin matsaloli a Dacia, an nada Hadrian wanda zai maye gurbinsa, tare da umarni mai zaman kansa[33]. Trajan ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani, kuma ya tafi da jirgin ruwa zuwa Roma, yayin da Hadrian ya ci gaba da zama a Siriya, babban kwamandan sojojin Roma na gabas.[34] Trajan ya isa birnin Selinus na bakin teku, a cikin Kilicia, kuma ya mutu a can ranar 8 ga Agusta 117; za a ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Roma da suka fi sha'awar, shahararru kuma mafi kyawun sarakuna.

Dangantaka da Trajan da iyalinsa

Kusan lokacin da yake cikin quaestorship, a cikin 100 ko 101, Hadrian ya auri jikanyar Trajan mai shekaru sha bakwai ko sha takwas, Vibia Sabina. Trajan da kansa ya zama kamar bai cika sha’awar auren ba, kuma da kyakkyawan dalili, domin dangantakar ma’auratan za ta zama mara kyau.[35] Wataƙila ’yar Sarkin Trajan, Plotina ce ta shirya auren. Wannan mace mai matukar al'ada, mai tasiri ta raba yawancin dabi'u da bukatun Hadrian, ciki har da ra'ayin daular Romawa a matsayin gama gari tare da al'adun Hellenic.[36] Idan har za a nada Hadrian a matsayin magajin Trajan, Plotina da danginta za su iya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin zamantakewa da tasirin siyasa bayan mutuwar Trajan.[37] Har ila yau Hadrian na iya dogaro da goyon bayan surukarsa, Salonia Matidia, wacce ita ce 'yar 'yar'uwar Trajan ƙaunatacciyar Ulpia Marciana.[38][39]. Lokacin da Ulpia Marciana ta mutu a shekara ta 112, Trajan ya sa aka cire ta, kuma ya sanya Salonia Matidia.watan Agusta.[40]

￼Bust na Sarkin sarakuna Trajan; Saint-Raymond, Toulouse

Dangantakar Hadrian ta sirri da Trajan ta kasance mai sarkakiya kuma mai yiwuwa ta kasance mai wahala. Hadrian da alama ya nemi tasiri a kan Trajan, ko shawarar Trajan, ta hanyar noman abubuwan da aka fi so; wannan ya haifar da wata rigima da ba a fayyace ba, a daidai lokacin auren Hadrian da Sabina.[41][42] A ƙarshen mulkin Trajan, Hadrian ya kasa samun babban mukami, kasancewar kawai ƙwararren masani na 108; [43] wannan ya ba shi daidaito da sauran membobin majalisar dattawa, [44] amma ba wani bambanci na musamman da ya dace da wanda aka zaba. 45] Idan da Trajan ya so shi, da zai iya inganta tsaronsa zuwa matsayi na patrician da gatansa, wanda ya haɗa da damar da za a yi sauri don yin shawarwari ba tare da kwarewa a matsayin tribune ba; ya zabi kada ya yi[46]. Duk da yake Hadrian da alama an ba shi ofishin tribune na plebs a shekara ko fiye da yadda aka saba, dole ne ya bar Dacia, da Trajan, don ɗaukar alƙawarin; Wataƙila Trajan kawai ya so shi daga hanya.[47] Tarihi Augusta ya bayyana kyautar Trajan ga Hadrian na zoben lu'u-lu'u da Trajan da kansa ya samu daga Nerva, wanda "ya karfafa fatan [Hadrian] na samun nasara a kan karagar mulki".[48][49]. Yayin da Trajan ya himmatu wajen inganta ci gaban Hadrian, ya yi hakan da taka tsantsan.[50]

Nasara

Rashin nada magaji na iya gayyato rudani, kokuwar mulki ta hanyar gasa na masu da'awar - yakin basasa. Da wuri da wuri za a iya ganin naɗin a matsayin watsi da kuma rage damar watsa wutar lantarki cikin tsari.[51] Yayin da Trajan yake mutuwa, matarsa, Plotina ta shayar da shi, kuma Prefect Attianus ya sa ido sosai, zai iya ɗaukar Hadrian a matsayin magaji bisa doka ta hanyar buri mai sauƙi na mutuwa, wanda aka bayyana a gaban shaidu;[52] , ba Trajan ne ya sanya hannu ba amma Plotina ne ya sanya hannu.[53] Cewa Hadrian har yanzu yana cikin Siriya wani ƙarin rashin bin doka ne, kamar yadda dokar riƙon Romawa ta buƙaci kasancewar bangarorin biyu a bikin karɓuwa. Jita-jita, shakku, da hasashe sun halarci riƙon da Hadrian ya gaje shi. An ba da shawarar cewa an kashe matashin bawa Trajan Phaedimus, wanda ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan Trajan, (ko ya kashe kansa) maimakon fuskantar tambayoyi masu banƙyama.[54] An raba tushen daɗaɗɗen kan halaccin ɗaukar Hadrian: Cassius Dio ya gan shi a matsayin na bogi kuma marubucin Tarihi Augusta na gaske ne[55]. Wani aureus da aka yi a farkon zamanin Hadrian yana wakiltar matsayin hukuma; ya gabatar da Hadrian a matsayin "Kaisar" na Trajan (wanda aka nada na gadon Trajan).[56].

Sarki (117)

Tabbatar da iko

￼Daular Rum a shekara ta 125, karkashin mulkin Hadrian

A cewar Historia Augusta, Hadrian ya sanar da majalisar dattijai game da hawansa a cikin wata wasika a matsayin mai yi masa biyayya, yana mai bayanin cewa "rashin gaggawar da sojojin suka yi wajen nada shi sarki ne saboda imanin cewa jihar ba za ta kasance ba tare da sarki ba". [57] Sabon sarkin ya ba wa sojojin da ke biyayya ga rundunonin ne da kari na al'ada, kuma Majalisar Dattawa ta amince da wannan yabo. An shirya tarurrukan jama'a iri-iri a madadin Hadrian, suna murnar "zaɓen Ubangiji" na dukan alloli, waɗanda al'ummarsu a yanzu sun haɗa da Trajan, waɗanda aka ƙasƙanta bisa roƙon Hadrian.[58]

Hadrian ya kasance a gabas na ɗan lokaci, yana murkushe tawayen Yahudawa da ya barke a ƙarƙashin Trajan. Ya sauke gwamnan Yahudiya, fitaccen janar na Moorish Janar Lusius Quietes, ko kuma mai tsaron sa na taimakon Moorish;[59] [60] sannan ya ci gaba da magance tashe-tashen hankula a kan iyakar Danube. A Roma, tsohon majiɓincin Hadrian kuma shugaban praetorian na yanzu, Attianus, ya yi iƙirarin gano wani makirci da ya shafi Lusius Quietus da wasu manyan Sanatoci uku, Lucius Publilius Celsus, Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus da Gaius Avidius Nigrinus.[61] Babushari’ar jama’a ga mutanen hudu – an yi musu shari’a ba sa nan, aka yi farauta da kashe su.[61] Hadrian ya yi iƙirarin cewa, Attianus ya yi aiki da kan sa, kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo ta sanata da kuma matsayin ofishin jakadanci; sa’an nan ya yi masa ritaya, bai wuce 120 ba.[62] Hadrian ya tabbatar wa majalisar dattijai cewa daga yanzu za a mutunta tsohon hakkinsu na gurfanar da nasu.

Dalilan wadannan hukunce-hukuncen kisa sun kasance a boye. Amincewa da Hadrian a hukumance a matsayin halalcin magaji na iya yin latti don ya hana sauran masu da’awa.[63] Manyan abokan hamayyar Hadrian su ne na kusa da Trajan, mafi gogaggen kuma manyan jami'an majalisar daular;[64] kowane daga cikinsu zai iya zama halastaccen dan takara ga ofishin daular (capaces imperii);[65] kuma kowane daga cikinsu zai iya tallafawa. Manufofin fadada Trajan, wanda Hadrian ya yi niyya ya canza.[66] Daya daga cikin adadinsu shi ne Aulus Cornelius Palma wanda a matsayinsa na tsohon mai ci Larabawa Nabatea zai rike hannun jari a Gabas[67]. Tarihi Augusta ya kwatanta Palma da wani dan majalisar dattijai na uku da aka kashe, Lucius Publilius Celsus (jakadi na biyu a shekara ta 113), a matsayin abokan gaban Hadrian, wadanda suka yi magana a gaban jama'a a kansa.[68] Na hudu shi ne Gaius Avidius Nigrinus, tsohon jakada, haziki, abokin Pliny ƙaramin kuma (a takaice) Gwamna na Dacia a farkon mulkin Hadrian. Wataƙila shi ne babban abokin hamayyar Hadrian ga kursiyin; Sanata mai matsayi mafi girma, kiwo, da haɗin kai; A cewar Tarihi Augusta, Hadrian ya yi la’akari da sanya Nigrinus magajinsa kafin ya yanke shawarar kawar da shi.[69][70]

￼Dinari na Hadrian ya bayar a shekara ta 119 miladiyya don matsayinsa na uku. Rubutun: HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS / LIBERALITAS AVG. CO[N]S III, P.P.

Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin shekara ta 125, Hadrian ya nada Quintus Marcius Turbo a matsayin shugaban masarauta.[71] Turbo abokinsa ne na kud-da-kud, babban jigo na odar doki, babban alkalin kotu kuma mai gabatar da kara.[72][73] Kamar yadda Hadrian kuma ya hana ’yan dawaki yin shari’a a kan ‘yan majalisar dattawa, [74] Majalisar dattijai tana da cikakken ikon shari’a kan mambobinta; Hakanan ya kasance babbar kotun daukaka kara, kuma an hana kai kara ga sarki game da hukuncinsa[75]. Idan wannan ƙoƙari ne na gyara barnar da Attianus ya yi, tare da ko ba tare da cikakken ilimin Hadrian ba, bai isa ba; Sunan Hadrian da alakarsa da Majalisar Dattawan sa sun yi tsami sosai, har tsawon mulkinsa[76]. Wasu majiyoyi sun bayyana yadda Hadrian ke yi na lokaci-lokaci zuwa ga hanyar sadarwar masu ba da labari, frumentarii, [77] don bincikar mutanen da ke da matsayi na zamantakewa, ciki har da sanatoci da abokansa[78].

Tafiya

An bayyana wannan mutum-mutumi na Hadrian a cikin tufafin Girkanci a cikin shekara ta 2008 don ƙirƙira a zamanin Victoria ta hanyar haɗa kai tare da shugaban Hadrian da wani jikin da ba a sani ba. Shekaru da dama, masana tarihi sun yi amfani da wannan mutum-mutumi a matsayin hujja na son Hadrian na al'adun Helenawa.[79]
British Museum, London.

Hadrian zai shafe fiye da rabin mulkinsa a wajen Italiya. Ganin cewa sarakunan da suka gabata, galibi, sun dogara da rahotannin wakilansu na daular da ke kewaye da Daular, Hadrian ya so ya ga abubuwa da kansa. Sarakunan da suka gabata sun bar Roma na dogon lokaci, amma galibi don zuwa yaƙi, suna dawowa da zarar an sasanta rikicin. tafiye-tafiye na kusa-kusa na Hadrian na iya wakiltar hutun ƙididdigewa tare da hadisai da ɗabi'u waɗanda daular ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Romawa zalla. Hadrian ya nemi ya haɗa larduna a cikin tsarin gama gari na jama'a masu wayewa da al'adun Helenanci gama gari ƙarƙashin kulawar Romawa.[80] Ya goyi bayan samar da garuruwan larduna (municipia), al'ummomin birane masu cin gashin kansu tare da al'adunsu da dokokinsu, maimakon sanya sabbin yankuna na Romawa tare da tsarin mulkin Romawa.[81].

Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan niyya, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun niyya a bayyane yake a cikin batutuwan tsabar kuɗi na mulkin Hadrian daga baya,nuna wa sarki “dagawa” sunayen larduna daban-daban[82]. Daga baya Aelius Aristides zai rubuta cewa Hadrian "ya mika wa talakawansa hannun kariya, yana tayar da su a matsayin wanda ke taimakawa wadanda suka fadi a kan kafafunsu"[83]. Duk wannan bai yi daidai da ’yan gargajiya na Romawa ba. Sarki Nero mai son kansa ya yi balaguron daɗewa da kwanciyar hankali a ƙasar Girka kuma ’yan Romawa sun soki shi don ya yi watsi da muhimman hakkokinsa na sarki. A cikin lardunan gabas, da kuma a wasu wurare a yamma, Nero ya sami goyon bayan jama'a; iƙirarin dawowar sa ko sake haifuwar sa ta kusa bayyana nan da nan bayan mutuwarsa. Wataƙila Hadrian da sane ya yi amfani da waɗannan ingantattun hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa a lokacin tafiyarsa[84]. A cikin Tarihi Augusta, an kwatanta Hadrian a matsayin "kadan da yawa Girkanci", kuma mai girma ga sarkin Romawa.[85]

Britaniya da Yamma (122)

Babban labarin: bangon Hadrian

￼Bangaren Hadrian, katangar iyakar Roman a arewacin Ingila.
Milecastle yana cikin gaba.

Kafin Hadrian ya isa Britaniya, lardin ya sha fama da babbar tawaye daga 119 zuwa 121.[86] Rubuce-rubucen sun ba da labarin wani balaguro na Britannica wanda ya ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyin sojoji, gami da tura wani runduna (vexillatio), wanda ya ƙunshi sojoji kusan 3,000. Fronto ya rubuta game da asarar sojoji a Biritaniya a lokacin.[87] Tatsuniyoyi na 119-120 sun tabbatar da cewa an aika Quintus Pompeius Falco don maido da tsari. A cikin 122 Hadrian ya ƙaddamar da ginin katanga "don raba Romawa da barasa" [88]. Tunanin cewa an gina katangar ne domin a fuskanci wata barazana ta hakika ko kuma sake farfado da ita, amma mai yiyuwa ne amma duk da haka hasashe ne[89]. Babban sha'awar dakatar da tsawaita daular na iya zama dalili mai kayyadewa. Rage farashin tsaro yana iya taka rawa, saboda bangon ya hana kai hare-hare a yankin Romawa akan farashi mai rahusa fiye da yawan sojojin kan iyaka,[90] da sarrafa cinikin kan iyaka da shige da fice.[91] An gina wani wurin bauta a York zuwa Britaniya a matsayin allahntakar Biritaniya; An buga sulalla masu ɗauke da hotonta, waɗanda aka bayyana da suna Britanniya.[92] A ƙarshen 122, Hadrian ya kammala ziyararsa a Britaniya. Bai taba ganin bangon da aka gama da sunansa ba.

Hadrian da alama ya ci gaba ta hanyar kudancin Gaul. A Nemausus, mai yiwuwa ne ya kula da gina wani Basilica da aka keɓe ga majiɓincinsa Plotina, wanda ya mutu kwanan nan a Roma kuma an ba da shi bisa ga bukatar Hadrian.[93] A daidai wannan lokacin, Hadrian ya kori sakatarensa ab epistulis, [94] marubucin tarihin rayuwar Suetonius, saboda "yawancin saba" game da sarauniya.[95]. Abokin aikin Marcius Turbo a matsayin shugaban kasa, Gaius Septicius Clarus, an kori shi saboda irin wannan dalili da ake zargi, watakila wani dalili na tsige shi daga mukaminsa.[96] Hadrian ya yi lokacin sanyi na 122/123 a Tarraco, a Spain, inda ya maido da Haikali na Augustus.[97]

=Afrika, Parthia (123)

A shekara ta 123, Hadrian ya tsallaka tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Mauretania, inda shi da kansa ya jagoranci wani dan yakin neman zabe kan 'yan tawayen yankin.[98] An katse ziyarar ne sakamakon rahotannin shirye-shiryen yaki da Parthia; Da sauri Hadrian ya nufi gabas. A wani lokaci, ya ziyarci Cyrene, inda da kansa ya ba da kuɗin horar da samari daga iyalai masu kyau ga sojojin Roma. Cyrene ya amfana a baya a zamanin Hadrian (a cikin 119) daga maido da gine-ginen jama'a da aka lalata a farkon, tawayen Yahudawa na Trajanic.[99] Birley ya siffanta irin wannan jarin a matsayin “halayen Hadrian”[100].

Anatoliya; Babban (123-124)

Lokacin da Hadrian ya isa kan Euphrates, shi da kansa ya yi shawarwari tare da Sarkin Parthian Osroes na I, ya duba kariyar Romawa, sannan ya tashi zuwa yamma, tare da bakin tekun Black Sea.[101] Wataƙila ya yi sanyi a Nicomedia, babban birnin Bitiniya. Nicomedia ta sami raunigirgizar ƙasa jim kaɗan kafin zamansa; Hadrian ya ba da kudade don sake gina shi kuma an yaba shi a matsayin mai mayar da lardin[102].

Bust of Antinous daga Patras, (National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

Zai yiwu Hadrian ya ziyarci Claudiopolis kuma ya ga kyakkyawan Antinous, wani saurayi mai tawali'u wanda ya zama mai son Hadrian. Majiyoyin adabi da almara ba su ce komai ba game da lokacin ko inda suka hadu; Hotunan Antinous sun nuna masa yana da shekaru 20 ko sama da haka, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 130. A shekara ta 123 wataƙila ya kasance matashi mai shekaru 13 ko 14.[102] Yana yiwuwa kuma an aika Antinous zuwa Roma don horar da shi a matsayin shafi na hidima ga sarki kuma a hankali ya tashi zuwa matsayin daular fi so.[103]. Ba a san ainihin tarihin dangantakarsu ba.[104]

Tare da ko ba tare da Antinous ba, Hadrian ya bi ta Anatolia. Hadisai daban-daban sun ba da shawarar kasancewarsa a wurare na musamman kuma suna zargin kafa wani birni a cikin Mysia, Hadrianutherae, bayan nasarar farautar boar. A daidai wannan lokaci, an fara aiwatar da shirin kammala Haikali na Zeus a Cyzicus, wanda sarakunan Pergamon suka fara. Haikalin ya sami babban mutum-mutumi na Hadrian. Cyzicus, Pergamon, Smyrna, Afisa da Sardes an inganta su a matsayin yanki na yanki don bautar sarki (neocoros).[105].

Girka (124-125)

Hadrian ya isa Girka a lokacin kaka na 124 kuma ya shiga cikin Eleusinian Mysteries. Yana da wani alƙawari na musamman ga Athens, wanda a baya ya ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa[106] da kuma babban sarki;[107] bisa ga buƙatar Athens, ya sake sake fasalin tsarin mulkin su - a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya ƙara sabon phyle (kabila), wanda shine mai suna bayansa[108]. Hadrian ya haɗu mai aiki, sa hannun hannu-kan tare da kamewa a hankali. Ya ki shiga tsakani a cikin rikicin cikin gida tsakanin masu samar da man zaitun da Majalisar Athens da Majalisar, wadanda suka sanya kason samar da man fetur ga masu samar da mai; [109] amma duk da haka ya ba da tallafin sarauta don wadatar hatsin Athenia.[110] Hadrian ya ƙirƙiri tushe guda biyu don tallafawa wasannin jama'a na Athens, bukukuwa da gasa idan babu wani ɗan ƙasa da ya sami wadata ko kuma yana son ɗaukar nauyinsu a matsayin Gymnasiarch ko Agonothetes[111]. Gabaɗaya Hadrian ya fi son cewa fitattun mutanen Girka, gami da firistoci na ɗabi'ar sarki, suna mai da hankali kan tanadi mafi mahimmanci da dorewa, musamman munera kamar magudanar ruwa da maɓuɓɓugar jama'a (nymphaea).[112]. An ba Athens nymphaea biyu; daya kawo ruwa daga Dutsen Parnes zuwa Athenia Agora ta hanyar hadaddun tsarin ƙalubale da buri na magudanan ruwa da tafkunan ruwa, wanda za a yi shi tsawon shekaru da yawa.[113] An ba da da yawa ga Argos, don magance ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani da tsayin daka wanda "Argos mai ƙishirwa" ya bayyana a cikin almara na Homeric.[114]

Haikali na Olympian Zeus, Athens, an kammala shi a ƙarƙashin Emperor Hadrian a 131.

A lokacin hunturu, Hadrian ya zagaya Peloponnese. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin hanyarsa ba, amma ta kasance a cikin Epidaurus; Pausanias ya kwatanta haikalin da Hadrian ya gina a wurin, da mutum-mutuminsa - cikin jarumtakar tsiraici - da 'yan kasar suka gina[115] saboda godiya ga "mai mayar da su". Antinous da Hadrian sun riga sun kasance masoya a wannan lokacin; Hadrian ya nuna karimci na musamman ga Mantinea, wanda ya raba tsohuwar, almara, alaƙa mai amfani ta siyasa tare da gidan Antinous a Bithynia. Ya maido da Haikali na Mantinea na Poseidon Hippios, [116] [117] kuma a cewar Pausanias, ya maido da asalin sunan garin, na gargajiya. An sake masa suna Antigoneia tun zamanin Hellenistic, bayan Sarkin Macedonia Antigonus III Doson. Hadrian kuma ya sake gina tsoffin wuraren ibada na Abae da Megara, da Heraion of Argos.[118][119]

A lokacin rangadinsa na Peloponnese, Hadrian ya rinjayi kakan Spartan Eurycles Herculanus - shugaban dangin Euryclid wanda ya mulki Sparta tun zamanin Augustus - don shiga majalisar dattawa, tare da babban sarki Athenia Herodes Atticus dattijo. The'Yan aristocrats biyu za su kasance na farko daga "Tsohuwar Girka" don shiga Majalisar Dattijai ta Roma, a matsayin wakilan Sparta da Athens, abokan adawar gargajiya da "manyan iko" na zamanin gargajiya.[120] Wannan wani muhimmin mataki ne na shawo kan ƙin yarda da manyan mutanen Girka su shiga cikin harkokin siyasar Romawa.[121] A cikin Maris 125, Hadrian ya jagoranci bikin Athenia na Dionysia, sanye da riguna na Athens. An gina Haikali na Zeus na Olympian fiye da ƙarni biyar; Hadrian ya sadaukar da albarkatu masu yawa bisa umarninsa don tabbatar da cewa aikin zai ƙare.[113]

Koma Italiya da tafiya zuwa Afirka (126-128)

￼

Babban hoton sarki Hadrian tare da furen ganyen itacen oak (AD 117–138); marmara Pentelic, wanda aka samu a Athens, National Archaeological Museum, Athens

￼

Hadrian sanye da sulke, sanye da gogon a sulke. marmara, zane-zane na Roman, c. 127-128 AD, daga Heraklion, Crete, yanzu a cikin Louvre, Paris

Da ya koma Italiya, Hadrian ya yi rangadi zuwa Sicily. Tsabar kudi suna murna da shi a matsayin mai mayar da tsibirin[122]. Komawa a Roma, ya ga Pantheon da aka sake ginawa tare da kammala gininsa a Tibur kusa, a cikin Sabine Hills. A farkon Maris 127 Hadrian ya tashi yawon shakatawa na Italiya; An sake gina hanyarsa ta hanyar shaidar kyautarsa ​​da gudummawarsa[122]. Ya mayar da wurin ibada na Cupra a Cupra Maritima kuma ya inganta magudanar ruwa na tafkin Fucine. Mafi ƙarancin maraba fiye da irin wannan girman shine shawarar da ya yanke a cikin 127 na raba Italiya zuwa yankuna huɗu a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan da ke da matsayi na ofishin jakadanci, yana aiki a matsayin gwamnoni. An ba su iko a kan dukan Italiya, ban da Roma kanta, don haka suna canza shari'ar Italiyanci daga kotunan Roma.[123] Kasancewar Italiya ta rage yadda ya kamata zuwa matsayin rukuni na larduna kawai bai yi kyau ga Majalisar Dattijai ta Roma ba, [124] kuma sabuwar fasahar ba ta daɗe da wanzuwa a zamanin Hadrian ba.[122]

Hadrian ya kamu da rashin lafiya a daidai wannan lokaci; ko yaya yanayin rashin lafiyarsa, bai hana shi tashi a cikin bazara na 128 don ziyartar Afirka ba. Zuwansa yayi dai-dai da yanayin ruwan sama, wanda ya kawo karshen fari. Tare da aikinsa na yau da kullun na mai ba da taimako da maidowa, ya sami lokaci don duba sojojin; jawabinsa gare su ya tsira.[125] Hadrian ya koma Italiya ne a lokacin rani na shekara ta 128, amma zaman nasa ya kasance a takaice, yayin da ya tashi wani rangadi da zai dauki tsawon shekaru uku.[126]

=Girka, Asiya, da Masar (128-130); Mutuwar Antinous

A cikin watan Satumba na 128, Hadrian ya sake zuwa Eleusinian asirai. A wannan karon ziyararsa zuwa Girka da alama ta ta'allaka ne kan Athens da Sparta - tsoffin abokan hamayyar mamayar Girka. Hadrian ya taka leda tare da ra'ayin mayar da hankali ga farkawa ta Girka a kusa da Ƙungiyar Amphictyonic da ke Delphi, amma a yanzu ya yanke shawarar wani abu mafi girma. Sabon Panhelleon nasa zai zama majalisa da za ta hada garuruwan Girka. Bayan da aka fara shirye-shiryen - yanke shawarar wanda da'awar zama birnin Girka na gaske zai ɗauki lokaci - Hadrian ya tashi zuwa Afisa.[127] Daga Girka, Hadrian ya bi ta hanyar Asiya zuwa Masar, mai yiwuwa wani ɗan kasuwa na Afisawa, Lucius Erastus ya kai shi ta tekun Aegean tare da tawagarsa. Daga baya Hadrian ya aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga Majalisar Afisa, yana mai goyan bayan Erastus a matsayin ɗan takarar da ya cancanci zama ɗan majalisar gari kuma ya ba da kuɗin biyan kuɗin da ake bukata.[128].

￼Kofar Hadrian a Philae

Hadrian ya isa Masar kafin sabuwar shekara ta Masar a ranar 29 ga Agusta 130.[129]. Ya buɗe zamansa a Masar ta hanyar maido da kabarin Babban Pompey a Pelusium, [130] ya miƙa masa hadaya a matsayin jarumi da kuma rubuta almara na kabarin. Kamar yadda aka amince da Pompey a duk duniya a matsayin alhakin kafa ikon Roma a gabas, wannan mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da buƙatar sake tabbatar da mulkin Gabashin Romawa bayan tashe tashen hankula a wurin a lokacin mulkin Trajan.[131] Hadrian da Antinous sun gudanar da farautar zaki a cikinHamadar Libya; waka a kan wannan batu na Pankrates na Girkanci shine farkon shaidar cewa sun yi tafiya tare.[132]

Yayin da Hadrian da tawagarsa ke tafiya a kan kogin Nilu, Antinous ya nutse. Ba a san ainihin yanayin mutuwarsa ba, kuma hatsari, kashe kansa, kisan kai da sadaukarwar addini duk an sanya su. Historia Augusta yana ba da asusun mai zuwa:

A cikin tafiya a kan kogin Nilu ya rasa Antinous, wanda ya fi so, kuma saboda wannan matashi ya yi kuka kamar mace. Dangane da wannan lamari akwai jita-jita daban-daban; don wasu suna da'awar cewa ya sadaukar da kansa ga Hadrian, wasu kuma - abin da duka kyawunsa da sha'awar Hadrian suka nuna. Amma duk da haka wannan ya kasance, Girkawa sun kaskantar da shi bisa ga bukatar Hadrian, kuma sun bayyana cewa, ta hanyar hukumarsa ne ake ba da lafuzza, amma su ne Hadrian da kansa ya tsara su[133].

Hadrian ya kafa birnin Antinoöpolis a Antinous 'girmama a kan 30 Oktoba 130. Daga nan ya ci gaba da gangara kogin Nilu zuwa Thebes, inda ya ziyarci Colossi na Memnon a kan 20 da 21 Nuwamba aka commemorates da hudu epigrams rubuta by Julia Balbilla. Bayan haka, sai ya nufi arewa, ya isa Fayyum a farkon watan Disamba[134].

Girka da Gabas (130-132)

Arch of Hadrian a Jerash, Transjordan, wanda aka gina don girmama ziyarar Hadrian a cikin 130

Yunkurin Hadrian bayan tafiyarsa zuwa kogin Nilu ba shi da tabbas. Ko ya koma Roma ko a'a, ya yi tafiya a Gabas a lokacin 130-131, don tsarawa da buɗe sabon Panhelleon, wanda za a mai da hankali kan Haikali na Athenia zuwa Olympian Zeus. Kamar yadda rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da gazawar shirin da ya gabata na ƙungiyar Hellenic da ke kan Delphi, Hadrian ya yanke shawarar a maimakon babban gasar dukan biranen Girka.[135] Aikace-aikacen da suka yi nasara don zama memba sun haɗa da ƙididdiga ko ƙirƙira da'awar zuwa asalin Girkanci, da tabbatar da aminci ga daular Roma, don gamsar da keɓaɓɓen tunanin Hadrian, ingantaccen ra'ayi na Hellenism.[136][137] Hadrian ya ga kansa a matsayin mai kare al'adun Girka da "'yanci" na Girka - a wannan yanayin, mulkin kai na birni. Ya ba Hadrian damar bayyana a matsayin magajin almara ga Pericles, wanda ake zaton ya kira taron Panhellenic na baya - irin wannan taron an ambaci shi ne kawai a cikin tarihin rayuwar Pericles ta Plutarch, wanda ya mutunta tsarin mulkin Rome.[138]

Shaidu na al'ada sun nuna cewa begen yin amfani da Panhelleniya ba ta da sha'awa kaɗan ga masu arziki, biranen Hellenised na Asiya Ƙarama, waɗanda ke kishin Athenian da Girkanci na Turai a cikin makircin Hadrian.[139] Ra'ayin Hadrian game da Hellenism ya kasance kunkuntar kuma da gangan archaising; ya fassara “Girkanci” a cikin tushen asali na gargajiya, maimakon al’adun Hellenanci mai fadi.[140] Wasu garuruwan da ke da da'awar Girkanci, duk da haka - kamar Side - an yarda da su a matsayin cikakken Hellenic.[141] Masanin zamantakewa na Jamus Georg Simmel ya bayyana cewa Panhelleon ya dogara ne akan "wasanni, bukukuwan tunawa, kiyaye manufa, gabaɗayan Hellenism ba na siyasa ba".[142].

Hadrian ya ba da lakabi na girmamawa ga cibiyoyin yanki da yawa.[143] Palmyra ta sami ziyarar jaha kuma an ba ta sunan jama'a Hadriana Palmyra.[144] Har ila yau Hadrian ya ba da daraja ga manyan sarakunan Palmyrene daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai wani Soados, wanda ya yi aiki da yawa don kare kasuwancin Palmyrene tsakanin Daular Rum da Parthia.[145]

Hadrian ya shafe lokacin hunturu na 131–32 a Athens, inda ya keɓe Haikali na Olympian Zeus, [146] A wani lokaci a cikin 132, ya nufi Gabas, zuwa Yahudiya.

Yaƙin Romawa na uku (132–136)

Babban labarin: Bar Kokhba tawaye

￼An sanya tsabar kuɗi don nuna ziyarar Hadrian a Yahudiya. Rubutun: HADRIANVS AVG. CO[N]S. III, P.P. / ADVENTVI (shigo) AVG. IVDAEAE - S.C.

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An gano wani mutum-mutumi na Hadrian a Tel Shalem don tunawa da nasarar da sojojin Roma suka yi akan Simon bar Kokhba, wanda aka nuna a Isra'ila.Museum, Urushalima

￼

Hoton Porphyry na Hadrian an gano shi a Kaisariya, Isra'ila

Bayanan baya, dalilai

A cikin Yahudiya ta Romawa, Hadrian ya ziyarci Urushalima, wadda har yanzu tana cikin kango bayan Yaƙin Romawa-Yahudawa na Farko na 66–73. Wataƙila ya yi shirin sake gina Urushalima a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Roma - kamar yadda Vespasian ya yi da Caesarea Maritima - tare da wasu gata na daraja da na kuɗi. Mutanen da ba na Romawa ba ba za su sami wani nauyi ba na shiga cikin al'adun addinin Romawa amma ana sa ran za su goyi bayan tsarin mulkin Romawa; An tabbatar da wannan a Kaisariya, inda wasu Yahudawa suka yi hidima a cikin sojojin Roma a lokacin tawaye na 66 da 132.[147] An yi hasashe cewa Hadrian ya yi niyyar haɗa Haikalin Yahudawa zuwa ga al'adun gargajiya na Roman farar hula-addini; An daɗe ana gudanar da irin wannan haɗakarwa a Girka da sauran larduna, kuma a gaba ɗaya, an yi nasara.[148][149] Samariyawa maƙwabta sun riga sun haɗa ayyukansu na addini da na Hellenanci.[150] Tauhidi mai tsauri na yahudawa ya tabbatar da cewa ya fi tsayin daka ga kiyayyar daular, sannan ga bukatun daular[151].

Wata al’ada da ta ginu a kan Tarihi Augusta ta nuna cewa tawaye ya samo asali ne sakamakon kawar da kaciyar Hadrian (brit milah);[152] wanda a matsayinsa na Hellenanci yake kallonsa a matsayin yankan mutum[153]. Masanin ilimin Peter Schäfer ya tabbatar da cewa babu wata shaida ga wannan da'awar, idan aka ba da yanayin matsala mai mahimmanci na Tarihin Augusta a matsayin tushen, "tomfoolery" da marubucin ya nuna a cikin nassi mai dacewa, da kuma gaskiyar cewa dokokin Romawa na zamani akan "al'aurar al'aura". kaciya” da alama yana magana ne game da batun jefa bayi da iyayengijinsu ke yi.[154][155][156] Wasu batutuwa za su iya ba da gudummawa ga barkewar: mulkin Romawa mai nauyi, rashin jin daɗin al'ada; tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin matalautan da ba su da ƙasa da kuma ’yan mulkin mallaka na Roma masu shigowa da ke da gata da bayar da ƙasa; da kuma ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan aƙidar Almasihu, da aka ƙaddara a kan annabcin Irmiya cewa za a sake gina Haikali shekaru saba’in bayan halakar, kamar yadda Haikali na farko ya kasance bayan hijira na Babila.[157]

Tawaye

Wani gagarumin boren yahudawa na kyamar Yahudawa da na Romawa ya barke, wanda Simon bar Kokhba ya jagoranta.[158] Idan aka yi la’akari da rarrabuwar kawuna na shaidun da ke akwai, ba zai yiwu a iya tantance ainihin ranar da za a fara tayar da zaune tsaye ba. Wataƙila ya fara ne tsakanin bazara da faɗuwar shekara ta 132.[159]

Gwamnan Roma Tineius (Tynius) Rufus ya nemi sojoji su murkushe juriya; Bar Kokhba ya hukunta duk wani Bayahude da ya ki shiga sahunsa[158]. A cewar Justin Martyr da Eusebius, hakan ya shafi Kiristoci da suka tuba, waɗanda suka yi adawa da da'awar Almasihu na Bar Kokhba.[160]

Rumawa sun sha kaye da tsantsar tsaurin ra'ayi da aka shirya na boren.[151] Hadrian ya kira Janar Sextus Julius Severus daga Biritaniya ya kawo sojoji daga Danube. Asarar Romawa sun yi yawa; gaba daya runduna ko kwatankwacin adadinsa kusan 4,000.[161] Rahoton Hadrian game da yaƙin ga Majalisar Dattijan Roma ya tsallake gaisuwar al'ada, "Idan kai da 'ya'yanka suna cikin koshin lafiya, yana da kyau; Ni da runduna muna cikin koshin lafiya" [162].

An ruguza tawayen da 135. A cewar Cassius Dio.[163] Beitar, birni mai kagara mai nisan kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) kudu maso yamma da Kudus, ya fado ne bayan da aka yi masa kawanya na tsawon shekaru uku da rabi.[164]

Bayan haka; zalunci=

￼Taimako daga wani abin tunawa na girmamawa na Hadrian (daki-daki), yana nuna sarki yana gaishe da allahn Roma da Genii na Majalisar Dattijai da mutanen Romawa; marmara, zane-zane na Roman, karni na 2 AD, Gidajen tarihi na Capitoline, Birnin Vatican

Yaƙin Romawa a Yahudiya ya yi sanadin mutuwar Yahudawa 580,000 kuma an lalata garuruwa masu garu 50 da ƙauyuka 985.[163]

An bautar da adadin mutanen da ba a sani ba. Girman matakan ladabtarwa kan al'ummar yahudawa ya kasance abin muhawara.[164]

Hadrian ya maye gurbinsunan lardin ta hanyar sake masa suna Syria Palaestina. Ya canza sunan Urushalima Aelia Capitolina bayan kansa da Jupiter Capitolinus kuma ya sake gina ta a cikin salon Girka. A cewar Epiphanius, Hadrian ya nada Akuila daga Sinope a Pontus a matsayin "mai kula da aikin ginin birnin", tun da yake yana da dangantaka da shi ta hanyar aure[165]. An ce Hadrian ya sanya babban taron birnin a mahadar babban Cardo da Decumanus Maximus, yanzu wurin da (ƙaramin) Muristan. Bayan dakushe tawayen yahudawa, Hadrian ya baiwa Samariyawa haikalin da aka keɓe ga Zeus Hypsistos ("Mafi Girman Zeus")[166] akan Dutsen Gerizim.[167] Danniya mai zubar da jini na tawaye ya kawo karshen 'yancin kai na siyasar Yahudawa daga tsarin mulkin daular Roma.[168]

Hanyar Hadrian

Rubuce-rubucen sun bayyana a fili cewa a cikin 133, Hadrian ya tafi filin tare da sojojinsa a kan 'yan tawaye. Daga nan sai ya koma Roma, mai yiwuwa a wannan shekarar kuma kusan tabbas - yana yin hukunci daga rubuce-rubucen - ta hanyar Illyricum.[169]

Shekaru na ƙarshe

￼ rukunin sarakuna kamar Mars da Venus; Siffar namiji hoton Hadrian ne, mai yiwuwa siffar mace ta sake yin aiki a cikin hoton Annia Lucilla; marmara, zane-zane na Roman, c. 120-140 AD, sake yin aiki c. 170-175 AD.

Hadrian ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa a Roma. A cikin 134, ya ɗauki gaisuwar sarauta don ƙarshen Yaƙin Yahudawa na uku (wanda ba a ƙare ba har sai shekara ta gaba). An rage yawan lambobin yabo na tunawa da nasara, yayin da Hadrian ya zo ya ga yakin "a matsayin rashin tausayi da rashin jin dadi na kwatsam ga burinsa" zuwa daular duniya.[170].

Empress Sabina ta mutu, mai yiwuwa a cikin 136, bayan auren rashin jin daɗi wanda Hadrian ya jimre a matsayin larura ta siyasa. Tarihin rayuwar Augusta ya nuna cewa Hadrian da kansa ya bayyana cewa "rashin fushi da fushi" matarsa ​​​​zai zama dalilin rabuwar aure, idan shi dan kasa ne mai zaman kansa.[171]. Wannan ya ba da tabbaci, bayan mutuwar Sabina, ga imanin gama gari cewa Hadrian ya sa ta guba.[172] Dangane da ingantaccen tsarin mulkin daular, Sabina - wacce ta zama Ogusta a wani lokaci a kusa da 128[173] - ta kasance bautãwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwarta.[174]

Shirya magaji

￼Hoton Hadrian bayan mutuwa; tagulla, zane-zane na Roman, c. 140 AD, watakila daga Roman Misira, Louvre, Paris

Auren Hadrian da Sabina bai haihu ba. Yana fama da rashin lafiya, Hadrian ya juya ga batun magaji. A cikin 136, ya karɓi ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jakadu na waccan shekarar, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, wanda, a matsayin sarki mai jiran gado, ya ɗauki sunan Lucius Aelius Kaisar. Shi surukin Gaius Avidius Nigrinus ne, ɗaya daga cikin “jami’an jakadanci huɗu” da aka kashe a shekara ta 118. Lafiyarsa ba ta da kyau, kuma sunansa a fili ya fi na “Ubangiji mai ƙwazo, mai ilimi sosai fiye da na shugaba. "[175] An yi ƙoƙari iri-iri na zamani don bayyana zaɓin Hadrian: Jerome Carcopino ya ba da shawarar cewa Aelius ɗan Hadrian ne.[176] An kuma yi hasashen cewa riƙon da aka yi masa shi ne yunƙurin da Hadrian ya yi na jinkirin yin sulhu da ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci daga cikin iyalai huɗu na majalisar dattawa waɗanda aka kashe manyan membobinsu jim kaɗan bayan Hadrian ya gaje shi.[83] Aelius ya wanke kansa da mutunci a matsayin gwamnan hadin gwiwa na Pannonia Superior da Pannonia Inferior; [177] ya ci gaba da zama a cikin 137 amma ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Janairu 138.[178].

Hadrian na gaba ya karbi Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (sarki mai zuwa Antoninus Pius), wanda ya bauta wa Hadrian a matsayin daya daga cikin wakilai na sarakuna biyar na Italiya, kuma a matsayin mai mulki na Asiya. A cikin sha'awar zaman lafiyar dynastic, Hadrian ya buƙaci Antoninus ya ɗauki Lucius Ceionius Commodus (ɗan marigayi Aelius Kaisar) da Marcus Annius Verus (jikan dan majalisar dattijai mai suna wanda ya kasance abokin Hadrian); An riga an amince da Annius ga Aelius Kaisar'yar Ceionia Fabia.[179][180] Wataƙila ba Hadrian ba ne, amma antoninus Pius - kawun Annius Verus - wanda ya goyi bayan ci gaban Annius Verus; Sakin na karshen na Ceionia Fabia da auren da aka yi da 'yar Antoninus Annia Faustina ya nuna hanya guda. Lokacin da ya zama sarki a ƙarshe, Marcus Aurelius zai zaɓi Ceionius Commodus a matsayin abokin aikinsa, a ƙarƙashin sunan Lucius Verus, a kan kansa [179].

Shekarun Hadrian na ƙarshe sun kasance da rikici da rashin jin daɗi. Ɗaukarsa na Aelius Kaisar ya nuna rashin jin daɗi, ba ko kaɗan ba tare da surukin Hadrian Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus da jikan Servianus Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. Servianus, ko da yake yanzu ya tsufa ya yi yawa, ya tsaya a cikin jerin magaji a farkon mulkin Hadrian; An ce Fuscus yana da zane-zane akan ikon daular don kansa. A cikin 137, mai yiwuwa ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi juyin mulki wanda kakansa ke da hannu a ciki; Hadrian ya yi umarni da a kashe su duka.[181] An ruwaito Servianus ya yi addu'a kafin a kashe shi cewa Hadrian zai yi marmarin mutuwa amma ba zai iya mutuwa ba[182]. A lokacin rashin lafiyarsa ta ƙarshe, ta daɗe, an hana Hadrian kashe kansa a lokuta da dama.[183]

Mutuwa

[gyara tushe]

Mausoleum na Hadrian, wanda Hadrian ya ba da izini a matsayin makabartar kansa da danginsa.

Hadrian ya rasu a shekara ta 138 a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, a gidansa da ke Baiae yana da shekaru 62, ya yi sarauta na tsawon shekaru 21.[184] Dio Cassius da Tarihin Augusta sun rubuta cikakkun bayanai game da rashin lafiyarsa; wasu kafofin zamani suna fassara maƙarƙashiyar kunnuwa akan hotuna daga baya (kamar Townley Hadrian) a matsayin alamun cututtukan jijiyoyin jini.[185].

An binne shi a Puteoli, kusa da Baiae, a wani yanki da ya taɓa zama na Cicero. Ba da da ewa ba, an mayar da gawarsa zuwa Roma kuma aka binne shi a cikin Lambuna na Domitia, kusa da mausoleum kusan cikakke. Bayan kammala Mausoleum na Hadrian a Roma a shekara ta 139 ta magajinsa Antoninus Pius, an kona gawarsa. An ajiye tokarsa a wurin tare da na matarsa ​​Vibia Sabina da ɗansa na fari, Lucius Aelius Kaisar, wanda shi ma ya mutu a shekara ta 138. Majalisar dattijai ta ƙi ba Hadrian girma; amma Antoninus ya lallashe su ta hanyar barazanar kin matsayin Sarkin sarakuna[186][187]. An bai wa Hadrian haikali a sansanin Martius, wanda aka yi masa ado da kayan taimako da ke wakiltar larduna.[188] Majalisar dattijai ta ba Antoninus lakabin “Pius”, don karrama ibadarsa ta neman ladabtar da Hadrian, uban rikonsa[186]. Haka kuma, watakila bisa la’akari da mugun nufi da majalisar dattijai ta yi wa Hadrian, an rage yawan kuɗin tunawa da girmama Allahntakarsa.[189]

Ayyukan soja

Mutum-mutumin Hadrian sanye da rigar soji, sanye da kambin farar hula da tsoka, daga Antalya, Turkiyya.

Yawancin ayyukan soja na Hadrian sun yi daidai da akidarsa ta daula a matsayin al'umma mai son juna da goyon bayan juna. Ya mai da hankali kan kariya daga barazanar waje da na ciki; a kan “kyar da” lardunan da ake da su maimakon cin zarafi na dukiya da ƙasa ta hanyar mallake mutanen “baƙin waje” waɗanda suka siffantu da daular farko.[190] Sauye-sauyen manufofin Hadrian wani bangare ne na tafiyar hawainiya na fadada daular, irin wannan fadadawar ba a rufe bayansa (mafi girman daular ta samu ne kawai a lokacin daular Severan), amma wani muhimmin mataki a wannan shugabanci, idan aka yi la'akari da girman daular. [191] Yayin da daular baki daya ta amfana da hakan, masu aikin soja sun nuna rashin jin dadin yadda aka rasa damammaki.

Masanin tarihi na karni na 4 Aurelius Victor ya ga janyewar Hadrian daga ribar yankin Trajan a Mesopotamiya a matsayin kishin kishin nasarorin Trajan (Traiani gloriae invidens)[192]. Wataƙila, manufar faɗaɗawa ba ta dawwama; daular tana dasun rasa runduna guda biyu, Legio XXII Deiotariana da kuma “batattu legion” IX Hispania, mai yiyuwa ne aka lalata su a cikin marigayi juyin juya halin Trajanic da Brigantes suka yi a Biritaniya.[193] Wataƙila Trajan da kansa ya yi tunanin abin da ya samu a Mesopotamiya ba za a iya karewa ba kuma ya yi watsi da su jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa.[194] Hadrian ya ba da sassan Dacia ga Roxolani Sarmatians; Sarkinsu, Rasparaganus, ya sami ƴan ƙasar Roma, matsayin sarki abokin ciniki, da yuwuwar ƙarin tallafi.[195] Kasancewar Hadrian a gaban Dacian hasashe ne kawai, amma an haɗa Dacia cikin jerin tsabar kuɗinsa tare da kwatancen larduna.[196]. Janyewar dakaru da aka sarrafa daga filayen Dacian zai kasance ƙasa da tsada fiye da kiyaye rukunin sojan doki na Roma da yawa da kuma hanyar sadarwa na kagara.[197]

Hadrian ya ci gaba da kula da Osroene ta hannun abokin ciniki sarki Parthamaspates, wanda ya taba yin aiki a matsayin abokin ciniki na Trajan na Parthia; [199] A ƙarshen mulkinsa (135), Alani ya kai hari kan Kapadokya na Roma tare da goyon bayan faifai na Farisamanes, sarkin Caucasian Iberia. Gwamnan Hadrian, masanin tarihi Arrian, ya kori harin [200] wanda daga baya ya sanya wani "mai ba da shawara" na Romawa a Iberia.[201]. Arrian yana kiyaye Hadrian da kyau game da al'amuran da suka shafi Bahar Black da Caucasus. Tsakanin 131 da 132, ya aika da Hadrian wata doguwar wasiƙa (Periplus na Euxine) a kan balaguron teku a kusa da Bahar Black wanda aka yi niyya don bayar da bayanai masu dacewa idan ana buƙatar sa hannun Romawa.[202]

￼Sardonyx cameo yana kwatanta Hadrian da Romawa suka yi rawa a cikin karusar da gaggafa suka ja a matsayin mai mulkin duniya. Wataƙila an yi wa Claudius a kusa da 50 AZ tare da sake yin aikin kai a cikin hoton Hadrian, Altes Museum.

Har ila yau Hadrian ya samar da garu na dindindin da na soja a kan iyakokin daular (iyaka, sl. limes) don tallafawa manufofinsa na kwanciyar hankali, zaman lafiya da shirye-shirye. Hakan ya taimaka wajen sa sojoji su kasance masu amfani a lokutan zaman lafiya; Dakaru talakawa ne suka gina katangarsa ta Biritaniya. Jerin galibin katangar katako, sanduna, tudu da hasumiyai sun ƙarfafa iyakokin Danube da Rhine. Sojoji sun gudanar da ayyukan motsa jiki na yau da kullun. Ko da yake tsabar kuɗinsa ya nuna hotunan soja kusan sau da yawa a matsayin masu zaman lafiya, manufar Hadrian ta kasance zaman lafiya ta hanyar ƙarfi, har ma da barazana, [203] tare da girmamawa ga horo, wanda shine batun tsarin kuɗi guda biyu. Cassius Dio ya yaba da fifikon Hadrian akan “tofi da goge baki” a matsayin sanadin zaman lafiya gabaɗaya na mulkinsa[204]. Fronto, da bambanci, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Hadrian ya fi son wasanni na yaƙi zuwa yaƙi na ainihi kuma yana jin daɗin "ba da jawabai masu kyau ga sojoji" - kamar jerin adireshi da aka rubuta yayin ziyarar gani da ido, a lokacin 128, a sabon hedkwatar Legio III Augusta. cikin Lambaesis.[205]

Da yake fuskantar karancin sojoji da aka dauka daga Italiya da sauran lardunan Romanis, Hadrian ya tsara yin amfani da lambobi marasa tsada - sojojin kabilanci wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba dauke da makamai na musamman, irin su maharba na Gabas, cikin karamin karfi, ayyukan tsaro na wayar hannu kamar mu'amala da su. masu kutsa kai cikin iyaka da masu fada-a-ji.[206][207] Har ila yau ana ba da labarin Hadrian da shigar da rukunin manyan mayaƙan doki (cataphracts) cikin sojojin Romawa[208]. Daga baya Fronto ya zargi Hadrian da raguwar matsayi a cikin sojojin Romawa na lokacinsa.[209]

Manazarta