Ashura

Ashura ( Arabic   , ,  ) ranar tunawa ce a  Musulunci . Yana faruwa kowace shekara a ranar goma ga watan Muharram, watan farko na kalandar Musulunci . Ga musulman Sunni, Ashura ita ce ke nuna rabuwar Teku da Musa ya yi da kuma ceton Isra'ilawa . Haka kuma a wannan rana, Nuhu ya sauka daga jirgin, Allah ya gafarta wa Adamu, kuma an sako Yusufu daga kurkuku, da dai sauran abubuwa masu kyau da suka faru a ranar Ashura bisa al’adar Sunna. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan Ashura a Musulunci Ahlus-Sunnah ta hanyar azumin nafila da sauran abubuwan jin dadi. A wasu daga cikin al'ummar Sunna, bukukuwan Ashura da ake yi duk shekara sun hada da bukukuwan bukukuwan murnar cika shekaru da bukukuwan sallah, da cin abinci na musamman, duk kuwa da cewa wasu malaman Sunna sun soki irin wadannan ayyuka.

Sabanin haka, ga Musulmai Shia, Ashura ranar makoki ce yayin da suke tunawa da mutuwar Husayn ibn Ali a kowace shekara, jikan annabin Musulunci Muhammadu da kuma Shia imam na uku. Husayn ya ki aminCE da shi a kan dalilan ɗabi'a don yin rantsuwa da amincinsa ga Khalifa Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680-683) kuma daga baya aka kashe shi, tare da yawancin danginsa maza da ƙananan ma'aikatansa, ta sojojin Umayyad a Yaƙin Karbala a Ashura 61 AH (680 AZ). Daga cikin Shia, ana kallon makoki ga Husayn a matsayin zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da zalunci, gwagwarmaya ga Allah, da kuma hanyar tabbatar da ceto na Husayn a bayan rayuwa. Ana kiyaye Ashura ta hanyar tarurruka na makoki, processions, da kuma sakewa mai ban mamaki. A cikin irin waɗannan bukukuwan, masu makoki na Shia suna buga akwati don raba cikin wahalar Husayn. Kyakkyawan cin zarafin kai, sau da yawa ya haɗa da zubar da jini, ya kasance mai kawo rigima tsakanin Shia, wanda yawancin malamai na Shia suka hukunta, kuma an haramta shi a wasu al'ummomin Shia. Ashura wani lokaci ya kasance wani lokaci ne na tashin hankali na ɗarika, musamman a kan 'yan tsiraru na Shia.

 Magana 
 kalma ce ta Aramaic da ke nufin 'na goma'. Wataƙila an samo shi ne daga kalmomin Syriac  ko  .  Yana da tushe iri ɗaya da kalmar Ibrananci 'āsōr .  A cikin Larabci, Ashura yana nufin rana ta goma ta Muharram, watan farko na kalandar Islama, wata da aka haramta fada tun kafin zuwan Islama.

 Wataƙila asalin 
Yin Azumi a kan Ashura wataƙila al'ada CE ta Yahudawa da annabin Musulunci Muhammadu ya karɓa bayan isowarsa birnin Madina a cikin 622 AZ,  watakila yana nuna ma'anar Muhammadu na aikin annabci tare da Musa.  Kodayake ya kasance zaɓi, azumi a kan Ashura ya daina zama wajibi ne na addini bayan kimanin shekara guda lokacin da dangantakar da Yahudawa na Medinan ta lalace. Wannan canjin sau da yawa ana danganta shi da ayoyi 2:183-5 na Alkur'ani, rubutun addini na tsakiya a cikin Islama, wanda ke nuna Ramadan a bayyane a matsayin watan azumi. Har ila yau, da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa Ashura da farko ya yi daidai da na goma na Muharram .   Maimakon haka, mai yiwuwa an kiyaye Ashura da farko a ranar goma ta watan Yahudawa na farko na Tishrei, wanda aka sani da Yom Kippur (lit. ' '). Haɗin Ashura tare da na goma na Muharram ya faru daga baya, wani lokaci bayan kalandar Yahudawa da Musulmi sun rabu.   Hakanan, kalandar ta fara bambanta lokacin da Muhammadu ya haramta gyare-gyaren kalandar Yahudawa dangane da aya 9:37 na Alkur'ani.

 A cikin Musulunci na Sunni 
Irin wannan labarin asalin Ashura ya bayyana a wasu al'adun Sunni. A madadin haka, akwai hadisai a cikin tarin Sunni waɗanda ke bayyana azumi a kan Ashura a matsayin al'ada ta kafin Islama tsakanin kabilar Quraysh, wanda Muhammadu ya shiga yayin da yake Makka. Wasu al'adun Sunni na farko, da yawa an rarraba su a matsayin marasa aminci,  mai yiwuwa Umayyawa (r. 661-750),  sun haɗa Ashura da abubuwan da suka faru: A wannan rana, Musa ya rabu da Bahar Maliya,  Nuhu ya sauka daga Akwatin,  Allah ya gafarta wa Adamu, an saki Yusufu daga kurkuku, an haifi Yesu, Ibrahim, da Adamu, an haife shi,  kuma an 'Yannah daga kifin da ya haɗiye shi. Yin azumi a ranar tara ta Muharram, wanda aka fi sani da Tasu'a, wani ƙari ne daga baya, mai yiwuwa don rarrabe Musulmai daga Yahudawa.  

 Al'adu 
A cikin addinin Sunni, na tara da na goma na Muharram kwanaki ne don azumi na son rai, wanda masu shari'a na Sunni suka karfafa shi sosai. Duk da yake duk malaman Sunni ba su amince da shi ba,   Ashura ana ci gaba da kallon shi a matsayin ranar godiya () ga Allah, wani lokaci mai farin ciki, wanda aka yi bikin ta hanyar ayyukan ibada da kuma maganganun farin ciki. Ashura ta zama muhimmiyar biki ga yawancin Sunnis, sabanin Shia, waɗanda ke makoki a wannan rana game da kisan jikan Muhammadu, Husayn ibn Ali, da ƙananan ma'aikatansa a Yaƙin Karbala a cikin 680. Irin waɗannan bukukuwan Sunni ko dai sun samo asali ne don mayar da martani ga al'adun Shia a Ashura ko kuma tare da tasirin al'adun pre-Islamic. Dangane da ra'ayi na baya, a ƙarƙashin Khalifa Umayyad Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685-705), an yi bikin Ashura a matsayin hutun jama'a don magance tunawa da Husayn. Khalifa al-Qadir (r. 991-1031) ya yi haka ma a Bagadaza, Iraki. Wani misali shine sakewa da wani taron Sunni na yakin Kamara (656) da Ali ibn Abi Talib, imam na farko na Shia, a zamanin Buyid a Baghdad a kan Ashura 973.

Duk abin da lamarin yake game da asalin su, irin waɗannan bukukuwan an kafa su sosai a lokacin lauyan Sunni Ibn Taymiyya (d.d. 1328), wanda mai tambaya ya rubuta masa, yana lura cewa mutane suna farin ciki a kan Ashura; suna wanka, suna yin ado da kansu, suna girgiza hannu da juna, kuma suna dafa hatsi. A cikin Maghreb, alal misali, ana yin bikin Ashura a yau ta hanyar azumi, bayar da sadaka, girmama matattu, jita-jita na musamman, tsalle a kan wuta, da kuma carnivals. Duk da haka, musamman a Kudancin Asiya, wasu Sunnis sun shiga cikin bukukuwan Shia a kan Ashura, aƙalla har zuwa zamanin yau. Sufis kuma galibi suna tunawa da mutuwar Husayn, musamman a lokutan da suka gabata, duk da bambancin da ya yi da ra'ayoyin Sunni. Ga Sufis, maimakon bala'i, Ashura yana murna da rayuwar har abada ta Husayn da sahabbansa, waɗanda suka hallaka kansu a cikin Allah tare da shahadarsu.

 Ibn Taymiyya 
A mayar da martani ga wani bincike game da tushen shari'arsu, Ibn Taymiyya ya ki amincewa da makoki da murna a kan Ashura saboda, ya yi jayayya, Muhammad bai yi ba. Ibn Taymiyya, duk da haka, yana ƙarfafa azumi a kan Ashura don yin koyi da Muhammadu. Mai bin addinin Musulunci M. Katz ya yi tambaya game da hukuncin Ibn Taymiyya saboda rashin la'akari da rahotanni na Sunni cewa Muhammadu ya yi azumi don yin bikin Ashura, yana nuna cewa Ibn Taymiya ya cire azumi daga ma'anarsa mafi girma.

 A cikin Musulunci na Shia 

 Yaƙin Karbala 
A cikin Islama ta Shia, Ashura tana tunawa da mutuwar Husayn ibn Ali, jikan Muhammad kuma imam na uku na Shia. An kashe Husayn, tare da mafi yawan danginsa maza da ƙananan ma'aikatansa, a ranar 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 Oktoba 680) a yakin Karbala da sojojin Umayyad Khalifa Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680-683), bayan an kewaye su na wasu kwanaki kuma an hana su ruwan sha na Kogin Yufiretis da ke kusa. Bayan yakin, an kama mata da yara a sansanin Husayn kuma suka yi tafiya zuwa babban birnin Damascus a Siriya. Yaƙin ya biyo bayan tattaunawar da ta gaza da kuma ƙin Husayn ya yi alkawarin amincinsa ga Yazid, wanda masana tarihi Musulmi ke nuna shi sau da yawa a matsayin marar tsoron Allah da lalata. Yaƙin ya faru ne a ƙasar hamada ta Karbala, a kan hanyar zuwa Kufa da ke kusa, wanda mazaunanta suka gayyaci Husayn ya jagoranci su a kan Yazid.

 Ma'anar 
Ashura rana ce ta makoki da baƙin ciki ga Musulmai Shia. Imamai sun lura da hakan, wadanda kuma sau da yawa suke ƙarfafa al'ummar Shia su bi su. Misali, wata al'adar da aka danganta ga Shia imam Ali al-Rida (d.d. 818) ya bayyana Ashura a matsayin ranar baƙin ciki da murabus mai banƙyama daga al'amuran kayan aiki. Har ila yau, al'adar Shia ta watsar da waɗannan hadisai na Sunni waɗanda ke nuna Ashura a matsayin lokaci mai farin ciki. Lalle ne, al'adun da aka danganta ga Shia Imams sun haramta azumi a wannan rana, kuma sun yi alkawarin azabtarwa ta har abada ga waɗanda ke bikin Ashura a matsayin ranar albarka.

A cikin Islama ta Shia, Karbala alama ce ta gwagwarmaya ta har abada tsakanin nagarta da mugunta,   mafi girman sadaukar da kai,  da kuma mummunar lalacewar aikin annabcin Muhammadu. A tarihi, taron ya yi aiki don kirkirar al'ummar Shia a cikin wata ƙungiya ta musamman kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na asalin addininsu har zuwa yau. A gefe guda, masu makoki suna da alaƙa da baƙin ciki na Husayn da fatan amfana daga ceto a Ranar Shari'a. A gefe guda, suna kallon makoki ga Husayn a matsayin aikin nuna rashin amincewa da zalunci, gwagwarmaya ga Allah (), kuma saboda haka aikin ibada.

 Al'adu 

Baya ga aikin hajji zuwa masallacin Husayn, wanda ke Karbala, Iraki, Musulmai Shia a kowace shekara suna tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru a Karbala a cikin watanni na Muharram da Safar. Yawancin bukukuwan suna faruwa a cikin kwanaki goma na farko na Muharram, wanda ya ƙare a Ashura tare da processions a manyan biranen Shia. Babban bangare na bukukuwan al'ada (, sg. ) shine ba da labarin labarun Karbala (, ),    da kuma karatun elegies da dirges (, , ),  duk an yi niyyar tada tausayi na masu sauraro da kuma motsa su zuwa hawaye. Sau da yawa ana gudanar da  a cikin wani gini ko tsari, wanda aka sani da , , , ko . Wani bangare na tarurrukan makoki shine flagellation na mahalarta zuwa rhythm na Karbala elegies. Tushen a cikin tsoffin ayyukan Larabawa, nau'ikan nau'ikan kai-flakellation, wato, buga fuskar mutum da kirji cikin baƙin ciki (, , ), sun zama ruwan dare a yau a cikin al'ummomin Shia. Amma kuma akwai nau'o'in kai-flagellation (, , ), inda mahalarta ke kaiwa kansu, yawanci a goshi ko baya, tare da wuƙaƙe, takobi, ko sarƙoƙi waɗanda aka haɗa da razor blacks. An haramta shi a Iran da al'ummomin Shia na Lebanon tun daga tsakiyar 90s,  yawancin malamai na Shia sun yi Allah wadai da yin amfani da kai,  kuma ya kasance sau da yawa ana yin jayayya tsakanin Shia.
Wani al'ada na makoki shine sake nuna labaran Karbala (, ), wanda ake yi a yau a Iran, a yammacin Tekun Gulf, da kuma Lebanon. A kan Ashura, koyaushe ana sake yin "shahadar Husayn" a cikin irin waɗannan wasan kwaikwayon. A Karbala, wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara a kan Ashura ya sake nuna ƙone alfarwan Husayn bayan yaƙin da Umayyads suka yi da kuma bautar mata da yara. A lokacin Muharram, musamman a kan Ashura, processions na masu makoki (, ) suna tafiya a kan tituna, suna raira waƙoƙi da waƙoƙoƙi, wani lokacin tare da kai-flagellation. Misali, a cikin tafiyar  a Karbala, maza da mata masu makoki suna tafiya tsirara zuwa masallacin Husayn da yammacin Ashura. Dangane da yankin, processions suna ɗauke da abubuwa na , kamar alam (lit. 'flag'),   (lit. "damba ta kwanan wata"),  ,  da tadjah..[64]  yana wakiltar tutar Husayn a Karbala, yayin da abubuwa uku na ƙarshe ke nuna alamar akwatinsa ko kabarinsa.

 Hare-haren ta'addanci a lokacin Ashura 
Ashura wani lokaci ya kasance wani lokaci ne na tashin hankali na Sunni a kan Musulmai Shia, waɗanda galibi 'yan tsiraru ne a cikin al'ummomin Musulmai. A Indiya, alal misali, mai fafutukar Sunni Ahmad Barelvi (d.d. 1831) ya yi wa'azi game da al'adun Ashura kuma, mai yiwuwa tare da wasu wuce gona da iri, ya yi alfahari da lalata dubban imambargahs, waɗanda gine-gine ne da aka keɓe don makoki na al'ada. Wasu hare-haren ta'addanci a kan ayyukan Ashura an jera su a ƙasa.

 1940: An jefa bam a wani procession na Ashura, Delhi, Indiya, 21 ga Fabrairu.
 1994: Fashewar bam a masallacin Imam Reza, Mashhad, Iran, 20 Yuni, mutane 20 sun mutu.
 2004: Fashewar bam, Karbala da Najaf, Iraki, 2 ga Maris, sama da masu bauta Shia 180 sun mutu kuma 5000 sun ji rauni.
 2008: Hare-hare biyu daban-daban a kan jerin Ashura, Iraki, 19 Janairu, mutane 9 sun mutu.
 2009: Fashewar bam a cikin wani procession na Ashura, Karachi, Pakistan, 28 Disamba, mutane 43 sun mutu kuma 60 sun ji rauni.
 2011: Fashewar bama-bamai da yawa a cikin jerin Ashura, Tsakiyar Iraki, 6 ga Disamba, mutane 30 sun mutu.
 2011: Afghanistan_Ashura_bombings" id="mwAeA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings">Fashewar bama-bamai guda biyu tsakanin masu makoki na Ashura, Kabul, Afghanistan, 6 ga Disamba, mutane 80 sun mutu kuma 160 sun ji rauni.  
 2015: Fashewar bam a wani masallaci, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 24 ga Oktoba, mai bauta daya ya mutu kuma 80 suka ji rauni.

 A cikin kalandar Gregorian 
Ashura, na goma na Muharram a cikin kalandar Islama, ya dace da rana daban-daban a kowace shekara a cikin Kalandar Gregorian.
Kalandar Musulunci144714481449Kalandar Gregorian5 ga Yulin 2025 25 Yuni 2026 15 Yuni 2027 

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