Himiko

Himiko (卑弥呼, c. 170–247/248 AD), kuma aka sani da Shingi Waō (親魏倭王, "Mai mulkin Wa, Abokin Wei"), [3][a][b] ya kasance abin kunya- Sarauniyar Yamatai-koku in Wakoku (倭国). Tarihin daular Sinawa na farko sun ba da tarihin dangantakar daular tsakanin Sarauniya Himiko da Masarautar Cao Wei (220-265) kuma sun rubuta cewa zamanin Yayoi mutane sun zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba bayan shekaru da yawa na yaƙi tsakanin sarakunan Wa. Tarihin Jafananci na farko ba su ambaci Himiko ba, amma masana tarihi sun danganta ta da manyan mutane irin su Empress Consort Jingū, wadda aka ce ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki daga 201 zuwa 269.[6]

Ta ƙaddamar da masana suka yi dangane da sunan Himiko da kuma wurin da yankin yake, Yamatai, ya barke ne tun a karshen zamanin Edo, inda aka raba ra'ayoyi tsakanin arewacin Kyūshū ko lardin Yamato na gargajiya a Kinki a yau. Keiji Imamura ya rubuta cewa: "Rikicin Yamatai" shi ne "babban muhawara kan tsohon tarihin Japan."[7] Ra'ayi da ya mamaye tsakanin malamai shi ne cewa za a iya binne ta a Hashihaka Kofun da ke lardin Nara[8].

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Nassoshi na tarihi

1.1 Madogararsa na kasar Sin

1.2 Jafananci

1.3 Yaren Koriya

2 Tafsiri

2.1 Sunaye

2.2 Halaye da tarihi

3 Hotunan zamani

3.1 Mascots na gari

3.2 Manga da litattafai masu hoto

3.3 Anime da wasannin bidiyo

3.4 Cinema

3.5 Tallace-tallace

3.6 Gasar Himiko

4 Abubuwan suna

5 Duba kuma

6 Bayanin bayani

7 Nassoshi

7.1 Nassosi

7.2 Gabaɗaya kuma nassoshi da aka ambata

8 Hagu na waje

Nassoshi na tarihi

An rubuta Sarauniyar shaman Himiko a cikin tsoffin tarihi daban-daban, tun daga China a ƙarni na 3, Japan ta 8th, da Koriya ta 12.

￼“Littafin Wei” (Wei Zhi, 魏志), wani ɓangare na  Records of the Three Kingdoms, c. 297. Siffar pinghua (vernacular) ta Sanguozhi, tarihin da ke ɗauke da ambaton Yamatai da Himiko na farko.

Majiyoyin Sinanci

Ana samun bayanan tarihi na farko na Himiko a cikin Rubuce-rubucen Sarautu Uku (Sanguo Zhi, 三國志), rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin da ke zuwa c. 297. Duk da haka, maimakon Records of the Three Kingdoms, malaman Jafananci suna amfani da kalmar Gishi Wajin Den (魏志倭人伝, "Records of Wei: Account of Wajin"), raguwar Jafananci don asusun Wajin a cikin "Biographies". na Wuhuan, Xianbei, da Dongyi' (烏丸鮮卑東夷傳), Juzu'i na 30 na "Littafin Wei" (魏書) na Recod of the Three Kingdoms (三国志)[9] Wannan sashe shine bayanin farko na Himiko (Pimiko) da Yamatai:

Mutanen Japan na Wa [倭人] suna zaune a tsakiyar teku a kan tsibiran tsaunuka kudu maso gabas na [lardin] Tai-fang. A da sun ƙunshi al'ummomi fiye da ɗari. A lokacin daular Han, [Wakilan Wa] sun bayyana a Kotun; yau talatin daga cikinsual'ummomi suna yin mu'amala [da mu] ta hanyar wakilai da marubuta. [10]

Wannan tarihin farko ya bayyana yadda Himiko ya hau karagar mulki:

Kasar a da tana da mutum a matsayin mai mulki. Kimanin shekaru saba'in ko tamanin bayan haka ana tashe-tashen hankula da yaki. Daga nan sai mutane suka amince da mace ga shugabar su. Sunanta Himiko [卑弥呼]. Ta shagaltu da sihiri da sihiri, tana mai da mutane. Ko da yake ta girma, ta kasance ba ta yi aure ba. Tana da ƙane wanda ya taimaka mata wajen mulkin ƙasar. Bayan ta zama mai mulki, kaɗan ne suka gan ta. Tana da mata dubu ɗaya a matsayin masu hidima, amma namiji ɗaya. Ya kai mata abinci da abin sha kuma ya zama hanyar sadarwa. Ta kasance a cikin wani fada da aka kewaye da hasumiyai da tarkace, tare da masu gadi dauke da makamai cikin yanayin tsaro a koda yaushe.[11]

"Records of Wei" kuma ya rubuta wakilai masu tafiya tsakanin kotunan Wa da Wei. Wakilan Himiko sun fara ziyartar kotun sarkin Wei Cao Rui a shekara ta 238, kuma ya amsa da cewa:

Anan muna magana da Himiko, Sarauniyar Wa, wanda a yanzu muke kiran abokin Wei a hukumance. […Manzon ku] sun iso nan da harajin ku, wanda ya kunshi bayi hudu maza da kuyangi mata shida, tare da tufa biyu masu zane, kowane tsayinsa kafa ashirin. Kuna zaune mai nisa a hayin teku; amma duk da haka kun aika da jakadanci da haraji. Amincinku da tsoronku muna godiya matuka. Muna ba ku, don haka, taken "Sarauniyar Wa Friendly zuwa Wei," tare da kayan ado na hatimin zinariya tare da kintinkiri mai launin shuɗi. Na biyun, wanda ke kunshe da kyau, za a aiko muku ne ta hannun Gwamna. Muna sa ran ke sarauniya, ki yi mulkin mutanenki lafiya, ki yi qoqari wajen sadaukar da kai da biyayya[12].

A ƙarshe, "Records of Wei" [13] ya rubuta cewa a cikin 247 lokacin da sabon gwamna ya isa Daifang Kwamandan a Koriya, Sarauniya Himiko a hukumance ta koka game da tashin hankali da Himikuko (卑弥弓呼, ko Pimikuko), sarkin Kuna (ja) (狗奴, a zahiri "bawan kare"), ɗaya daga cikin sauran jihohin Wa. Gwamnan ya aike da "Chang Chêng, mukaddashin sakataren tsaron kan iyaka" tare da "shela mai ba da shawara ga sulhu", sannan daga baya:

Lokacin da Himiko ya rasu, an yi wani babban tudu mai tsayi sama da ɗari. Sama da bayi dari maza da mata ne suka bi ta har lahira. Sai aka naɗa wani sarki a kan karagar mulki, amma jama'a ba su yi masa biyayya ba. Kisa da kisa ya biyo baya; an kashe fiye da dubu daya. Wani dangin Himiko mai suna Iyo [壹與], yarinya 'yar shekara goma sha uku, ta zama sarauniya kuma an maido da tsari. Chêng ya ba da sanarwar cewa Iyo shine mai mulki.[14]

Masu sharhi suna ɗaukar wannan 'Iyo' (壹與, tare da 壹, "ɗaya", wani tsohon bambance-bambancen 一) a matsayin kuskuren Toyo (臺與, tare da 臺 "dandamali; terrace") wanda ke daidaita da Wei Zhi rubuta Yamatai (邪馬臺) ) as Yamaichi (邪馬壹).

Wasu tarihin daular Sinawa guda biyu sun ambaci Himiko. Duk da yake dukansu sun haɗa da rahotannin Wei Zhi a fili, sun yi wasu sauye-sauye, kamar tantance "shekaru saba'in ko tamanin" na yakin Wa tsakanin 146 zuwa 189, a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Han Huan da Ling. Na c. 432 Littafin Daga baya Han (Hou Han Shu 後漢書) ya ce "Sarkin Great Wa yana zaune a ƙasar Yamadai", maimakon Sarauniya:

Wa na zaune ne a tsibiran tsaunuka a kudu maso gabas na Han [Korea] a tsakiyar teku, wanda ya kafa al'ummomi fiye da ɗari. Tun daga lokacin juyin mulkinko Chaoxian [Koriya ta arewa] ta Sarkin sarakuna Wu (BC 140-87), kusan talatin daga cikin waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi mu'amala da kotun Han [daular] ta wakilai ko marubuta. Kowace al'umma tana da sarkinta, wanda ofishinsa na gado ne. Sarkin Great Wa [Yamato] yana zaune a kasar Yamadai.[15]

A lokacin mulkin Huan-di (147-168) da Ling-di (168-189), kasar Wa ta kasance cikin rudani mai yawa, yaki da rikici daga kowane bangare. Shekaru da yawa, babu mai mulki. Sai wata mata mai suna Himiko ta bayyana. Kasancewar ba ta yi aure ba, ta shagaltu da kanta da sihiri da sihiri kuma ta sihirce jama'a. Nan suka dora ta akan karagar mulki. Ta ajiye mata masu hidima dubu ɗaya, amma mutane kaɗan ne suka gan ta. Mutum daya ne kawai wanda ke kula da tufafinta da abinci kuma ya zama hanyar sadarwa. Ta zauna a cikin wani fada da ke kewaye da hasumiyai da tarkace tare da kariya daga masu gadi dauke da makamai. Dokoki da al'adu sun kasance masu tsauri da tsauri.[16]

Littafin Sui na 636 (Sui Shu, 隋書) ya canza adadin mataimakan Himiko:

A zamanin sarakuna Huan da Ling, ƙasar ta kasance cikin rudani sosai, kuma babu wani mai mulki na tsawon shekaru. [Sai] wata mata mai suna Himiko ta jawo hankalin jama'a ta hanyar sihiri. Ƙasar ta zama ɗaya ta zama sarauniya. Wani ƙane ya taimaka wa Himiko a harkokin mulkin ƙasar. Sarauniya [Himiko] tana kula da kuyangi dubu daya. Da kyar mutum ya samu albarka. Maza biyu ne kawai ta kasance. Suka yi mata hidimar abinci da abin sha kuma suka zama masu shiga tsakani. Sarauniyar ta zauna a cikin wani fada, wanda ke kewaye da katanga da ganuwar da masu gadi dauke da makamai suka karewa; horonsu ya kasance mai tsauri sosai[17].

Jafananci kafofin

Babu ɗayan tsoffin tarihin Jafananci guda biyu - c. 712 Kojiki[18] da c. 720 Nihon Shoki[19] - ya ambaci Sarauniya Himiko. Halin da aka rubuta waɗannan littattafan wani batu ne na muhawara mara ƙarewa, kuma ko da an san Himiko ga marubuta, ƙila da gangan sun yanke shawarar kada su haɗa da ita.[20][21]. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da shaman na dangin sarki guda uku waɗanda aka gano tare da ita: Yamatototohimomosohime-no-Mikoto (ja), innar Sarkin sarakuna Sujin (sarkin Jafananci na 10, ya yi sarauta 97-30 BC) da 'yar Sarkin sarakuna Kōrei; Yamatohime-no-mikoto, 'yar Sarkin Suinin (labari na 11, yayi sarauta 29 BC-70 AD); da Empress Jingū (ta yi sarauta c. 209-269 AD), matar Sarkin sarakuna Chūai (sarki na 14 na almara, ya yi sarauta 192-200 AD). Waɗannan kwanakin, duk da haka, ba a tabbatar da tarihi ba.

Wani abin ban mamaki ga tarihin Japan na farko da ke kallon Himiko shine Nihon Shoki, yana ambaton Wei Zhi sau uku. A cikin 239, "Sarauniya [女王] na Wa" ta aika da wakilai zuwa Wei; a cikin 240, sun dawo "ana tuhumar su da rubutun Imperial da hatimi da kintinkiri;" kuma a cikin 243, “mai mulkin [王 “sarkin”] na Wa ya sake aika manyan hafsoshi a matsayin wakilai da haraji”.[22]

Yamato Totohi Momoso himemiko (倭迹迹日百襲媛命), shaman inna ta Sarkin sarakuna Sujin, da ake zaton ta kashe kanta bayan ta san mijinta ya kasance macijin maciji. Kojiki ba ya ambace ta, amma Nihon Shoki ya kwatanta ta da "Goggon Sarkin sarakuna a wajen uba, mai wayo kuma mai hankali, wanda zai iya hango makomar gaba"[23]. Bayan jerin bala'o'i na ƙasa, Sarkin sarakuna "ya tattara dubunnan alloli 80" kuma ya yi tambaya ta wurin duba. Yamato-totohi-momoso ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shiŌmononushi-nushi ("Babban Bautawa na dukan alloli da ruhohi"), [24] ya ce: "Me ya sa Sarkin baƙin ciki a cikin rugujewar yanayin da kasar? " Sarkin sarakuna ya tambaya, ya ce: "Mene ne Allah wanda ya umurce ni?" Amsar ita ce: "Ni ne Allah wanda ke zaune a cikin iyakokin ƙasar Yamato, kuma sunana Oho-mono-nushi no Kami." [25] Yayin da bautar daular wannan allah (daga dutsen Miwa) ta kasance "ba tare da shi ba. sakamako", Yamato-totohi-momoso daga baya ya aure shi.

Bayan wannan Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ya zama matar Oho-mono-nushi no Kami. Wannan Allah kuwa, ba a taɓa ganinsa da rana ba, sai da dare. Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime no Mikoto ta ce wa mijinta: "Kamar yadda Ubangijina ba a taba ganinsa da yini ba, ni ba na iya ganin fuskarsa da kyau; ina rokonsa da ya jinkirta wani lokaci." domin da safe in kalli girman kyawunsa”. Allah mai girma ya amsa ya ce: "Abin da ka fada daidai ne, gobe da safe zan shiga akwatin bandakinka in zauna a can. Ina rokonka kada ka firgita da siffata." Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ta yi mamaki a asirce a cikin zuciyarta akan haka. Tana jira har gari ya waye ta duba akwatin toilet dinta. Akwai wata kyakkyawar macijiya mai kyau, tsawonta da kaurin igiyar riga. Can sai ta tsorata, ta furta. Allah Mai Girma ya ji kunya, sai ya rikide ya zama surar mutum kwatsam, ya yi magana da matarsa, ya ce: "Ba ki dame ki ba, amma kin kunyatar da ni; Don haka yana taka Babban Void, ya hau Dutsen Mimoro. Nan Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ya duba ya yi nadama. Ta fado kan kujera da tsinke ta dabawa kanta wuka a pudenda har ta mutu. An binne ta a Oho-chi. Don haka mutanen wancan lokacin suna kiran kabarinta Hashi no haka [Kabarin Chopstick]. [26]

Hashihaka Kofun (箸墓, "Kabari Chopstick") Kofun a cikin Sakurai, Nara yana da alaƙa da wannan almara.[20]

Yamatohime-no-mikoto (倭姫命), 'yar Emperor Suinin, da ake zaton ta kafa Ise Shrine ga allahn rana Amaterasu. Kojiki ya rubuta ta a matsayin ta huɗu a cikin 'ya'yan Suinin biyar, "Augustness Yamato-hime, (ita ce babbar firist na haikalin Babban Allah na Ise)"[27]. Nihon Shoki shima ya rubuta "Yamato-hime no Mikoto" [28] kuma yana ba da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. Sarki ya sanya Yamato-hime ya nemo wurin zama na dindindin a wurin ibadar Amaterasu, kuma bayan ya yi ta yawo tsawon shekaru, sai baiwar rana ta umurce ta da ta gina shi a Ise “inda ta fara saukowa daga sama”[29].

Empress Consort Jingū (ko Jingō (神功)) da ake zaton ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki bayan mutuwar mijinta Emperor Chūai (c. 200) har zuwa hawan danta Sarkin sarakuna Ōjin (sarki na 15th, r. 270-310). Kojiki[30] da Nihon Shoki[31] suna da irin wannan asusun. Sarki Chūai ya so ya mamaye Kumaso, kuma a lokacin da yake tuntubar ministocinsa, Jingū ya isar da saƙon shamaki cewa ya kamata ya mamaye Silla a maimakon haka. Kwatanta waɗannan:

Gimbiya ta Augustness Okinaga-tarashi, a wancan lokacin, Allah ya mallaka[c] […] ta tuhume shi da wannan umarni da nasiha: “Akwai wata ƙasa zuwa Yamma, kuma a cikin wannan ƙasa akwai tarin dukiya iri-iri masu kyalli da ido. , tun daga zinariya da azurfa zuwa ƙasa yanzu zan ba da wannan ƙasake.”[33] A wannan lokacin ne wani Allah ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Sarauniya kuma ya umurce ta da cewa: “Me zai sa Sarkin ya damu domin Kumaso ba sa biyayya? Kasa ce mai so a kashin baya. Shin yana da daraja yayin tara sojoji don kai hari? Akwai wata ƙasa mafi kyau fiye da wannan, ƙasa mai kayatarwa, wanda za a iya kwatanta shi da yanayin kyakkyawar mace - ƙasar Mukatsu [ma'ana 'kishiya'; 'ko'ina'], kyalli ga idanuwa. A cikin ƙasar akwai zinariya da azurfa da launuka masu haske a yalwace. Ana kiranta Ƙasar Silla ko murfin takarda-mulberry. Idan ka bauta mini da gaskiya, ƙasar za ta yi biyayya da yardar rai, kuma gefen takobinka ba zai ƙasƙanta da jini ba.” [34]

Sarkin ya dauka cewa alloli na karya, ya ce kawai ya ga teku zuwa yamma, sannan ya mutu, ko dai nan da nan (Kojiki) ko kuma bayan ya mamaye Kumaso (Nihon Shoki). An yi zargin Jingū ta gano tana da juna biyu, ita da kanta ta shirya kuma ta jagoranci cin nasara a kan Silla, ta haifi sarki mai zuwa, kuma ta koma mulkin Yamato. Nihon Shoki[35] ya kara da cewa tun da Jingū ya so ya koyi ko wane alloli ne suka tsine wa Chūai, sai ta gina “gidajen ibada” na shamanic, “wanda aka ba shi mukamin firist da kansa”, kuma ta ji alloli suna bayyana kansu daga Ise ( Amaterasu) da Mukatsu (allahntakan Koriya da ba a bayyana sunansa ba). Kodayake tarihin tarihin Kojiki da Nihon Shoki da ake kira Jingū na farko na sarakunan Japan, masana tarihi na zamanin Meiji sun cire ta daga jerin sarakunan Japan, inda suka bar Empress Suiko (r. 593-628) a matsayin mace ta farko da aka tabbatar da tarihin Jafananci.

Majiyoyin Koriya

[gyara tushe]

Rubutun tarihin Koriya mafi dadewa, Samguk Sagi (三國史記, "Tarihi na Sarautu Uku [Korean]", an kammala shi a cikin 1145), ya rubuta cewa Sarauniya Himiko ta aika da manzo zuwa ga Sarki Adalla na Silla a watan Mayu 173.[36].

Tafsiri

Masu bincike sun yi ƙoƙari su daidaita Himiko/Pimiko tsakanin tushen tarihi na Sin da Japan. Yayin da Wei Zhi ya bayyana ta a matsayin muhimmiyar shugaba a Japan na ƙarni na 3, masana tarihi na Japan na farko da gangan sun guje wa suna Himiko, ko da lokacin da Nihon Shoki ya nakalto Wei Zhi game da manzanni daga Wa.

Sunaye

Haruffa na Sinanci guda uku 卑彌呼 (a sauƙaƙe: 卑弥呼) suna rubuta sunan Wa regent ana karanta himiko ko hibiko a Jafananci na zamani da bēimíhū ko bìmíhū a cikin Sinanci na zamani.

Duk da haka, waɗannan karatun na zamani sun bambanta sosai da yadda ake furta 'Himiko' a ƙarni na 3, na masu magana da harshen Wa da ba a san su ba da kuma na malaman China waɗanda suka rubuta shi. Yayin da fassara zuwa haruffan Sinanci na kalmomin waje yana da rikitarwa, zaɓin waɗannan haruffa guda uku yana da daure kai, tare da ma'anoni na zahiri 卑 "ƙananan; maras kyau; tawali'u", 彌 (弥) "cika, rufe; cika; duka, cikakke", da kuma呼 "numfashi; fitar da numfashi; kuka; kira".

Dangane da ilimin sauti na kasar Sin na tarihi, bēimíhū na zamani (卑彌呼) ya fi sauƙi fiye da yadda ake zato na tsohuwar Sinanci a ƙarshen ƙarni na 3 ko farkon kalmar Sinanci ta Tsakiya. Kwatanta wadannan gyare-gyaren sunan a cikin Sinanci na Archaic ko Sinanci na tsakiya (Bernhard Karlgren, Li Fanggui, da William H. Baxter), Sinanci na farko (Edwin G. Pulleyblank), kuma, mafi kusa a tarihi, Late Han Sinanci (Axel)Schuessler).

pjiḙ-mjiḙ-χuo (Karlgren)

pjie-mjie-χwo (Li)

pjie-mjie-xu (Baxter)

pji-mji-χɔ ko pjiə̌-mjiə̌-χɔ (Pulleyblank)

pie-mie-hɑ (Schuessler)

Dangane da ilimin harshe na Jafananci (wanda a tarihi ba shi da baƙar magana /h/ kuma wanda na zamani /h/ ya samo asali daga tarihi /p/),[37] karɓuwar karatun zamani na 'Himiko' zai yi daidai da Tsohon Jafananci *Pimeko. Duk da haka, Roy Andrew Miller ya ce *Pimeko kuskure ne na ƙamus wanda ya samo asali daga rubutun Wei Zhi.

Mafi ruɗani a cikin jerin duka shine sunan sarauniyar al'ummar Yeh-ma-t'ai, Pi-mi-hu, pjiḙ-mjiḙ-χuo ta China. An bayyana wannan a al'ada kuma an fahimta a cikin Japan a matsayin fassarar wani tsohon nau'in Jafananci * Pimeko, wanda aka ce farkon kalmar ma'ana "mace mai girma; gimbiya," da kuma samo daga Tsohon Jafananci Pime [ko Pi1me1] (har ma wani lokaci). Pimë [Fi1me2]), taken yabo ga mata masu tafiya tare da Piko [Fi1ko1] na maza. Daga baya Fime ya zo yana nufin "gimbiya," amma wannan ma'anar ba ta da tushe ga matani na farko. […] Wahalar ta shafi kalmar tsohuwar kalmar Jafananci *Fimeko. Ko da yake irin wannan nau'i ya sami hanyar shiga cikin ƙamus na Jafananci na zamani (misali har ma da Kindaiichi's in ba haka ba gabaɗaya abin dogaro Jikai), a haƙiƙa yana ɗaya daga cikin kalmomin fatalwa na ƙamus na Japan; lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin kamus na zamani, sifa ce ta “sikelin” da aka jera a can kawai bisa asusun Wei chih na farkon Japan. Ba a taɓa samun Tsohon Jafananci *Pimeko; Bugu da ƙari, ƙwaƙƙwaran Sinanci ta Tsakiya χ na rubutun ya nuna cewa kashi na ƙarshe na ainihin kalmar da ba a san shi ba bai dace da Tsohon Jafananci -ko [-ko1] ba, wanda aka fassara a wani wuri - a cikin Piko [Fi1ko1], misali - tare da Sinanci ta Tsakiya. -k- kamar yadda mutum zai yi tsammani. Ƙarshe na ƙarshe na wannan rubutun, ya kasance a ɓoye, ko da yake akwai kyakkyawar dama cewa kashi na farko ya dace da wani nau'i mai alaka da Tsohon Jafananci Pime. Bayan haka, a halin yanzu ba zai yiwu a tafi ba.

-  Roy Andrew Miller, 1967:22

Hime (Tsohuwar Jafananci Pi1me1), (姫, "Yarinya mace mai daraja; gimbiya"), in ji Miller, ta hanyar asali ta samo asali daga hi (Fi1) (日, "rana") da ni (me1) (女, "mace").

Tsunoda[38] ya lura cewa "Pimiko daga babban take na Jafananci ne, himeko, ma'ana 'gimbiya'"; wato, hime da sunan mace suffix -ko (子, "yaro"), wato. Sunan mai suna Himeko. Sauran shawarwarin ƙamus na Amaterasu na sunan Jafananci Himiko sun haɗa da hi (日, "rana") da miko (覡 ko 巫女, "shaman mace, shamaness; budurwar bautar; firist"); ko haduwarsu hime-miko, “princess-pritess”.[citation need]

Bentley [39] ya ɗauki kalmar Baekje * pye, 'yamma', prefix mai daraja * ni da *hɔ, 'magaji', don haka yana fassara 卑彌呼 a matsayin 'magajin daraja na yamma'.

Identity da tarihi

Gano Himiko/Pimiko ko Wa kai tsaye a cikin tarihin kasar Sin, amma matsala ce a cikin tarihin Japan. Wei Zhi na kasar Sin na karni na 3 ("Records of Wei") ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da shaman Sarauniya Himiko da sadarwarta tare da sarakuna Cao Rui da Cao Fang. Kojiki na Jafananci na ƙarni na 8 ("Records of Old Alters") da Nihon Shoki ("Tarihi na Japan", wanda ya ɗauko Wei Zhi) ba su kula da Himiko, sai dai idan ita ce ke bayan bayanansu na Empress Jingū, Yamatohime-no- mikoto, orYamato-toto-hi-momo-so-hime-no-Mikoto.[citation need]

Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan fitattun sarakunan Jafanawa guda uku da suka yi daidai da tarihin kasar Sin da bayanin Himiko. Idan aka yi la'akari da asusun Wei Zhi cewa Himiko ya mutu a shekara ta 248, idan mutum ya yarda da ƙawancen al'adun gargajiya na Japan, to, ta fi kusa da karni na 3 AD Empress Jingū fiye da karni na 1 BC Yamato-hime-no-mikoto da Yamato-toto. -hi-momo-so-hime. A gefe guda, idan mutum ya yarda da gyare-gyaren kwanan wata kafin karni na 4, to Himiko ya kasance kusa da waɗannan shamans masu suna Yamato. Kojiki ko Nihon Shoki ba su ambaci Himiko ba ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci cewa ba ta yi aure ba, mutane sun zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba, tana da ƙane wanda ya taimaka mulki (sai dai idan wannan yana nufin ɗan Jingū), ko yana da yawa (a alamance " 1,000") mata masu hidima.

William Wayne Farris[40] yayi bitar tarihin muhawarar masana game da Himiko da yankinta Yamatai. Masana falsafar zamanin Edo Arai Hakuseki da Motoori Norinaga sun fara cece-kuce kan ko Yamatai yana Arewacin Kyushu ne ko kuma lardin Yamato a yankin Kinki da ke tsakiyar Honshū da kuma ko Wei Zhi ko Nihon Shoki sun fi amintacce a tarihi. Arai na Confucian ya yarda da tarihin kasar Sin a matsayin abin dogaro, kuma da farko ya kwatanta Himiko da Jingū da Yamatai da Yamato. Masanin kokugaku Motoori ya yarda da tarihin tatsuniyar Jafanawa na al'ada a matsayin abin dogaro, kuma ya yi watsi da ambatonsa na Wei Zhi a matsayin abin da ya dace daga baya. Ya yi hasashe cewa wani sarki daga Kumaso ya aika da jakadu wadanda suka yi kama da jami’an Jingū zuwa kotun Wei, wanda hakan ya sa Wei ya kuskure su a matsayin wakilan Himiko. Farris ya bayyana cewa "Hasashen cin zarafin Motoori (gisen setsu) yana da nauyi mai girma na karni na gaba."[41].

Maimakon a haɗa shi da Yamataikoku (ba tare da la'akari da inda Yamataikoku yake ba), ƙila an haɗa Himiko da Nakoku (奴國, "Na state of Wa") (wanda Tsunoda[38] yake a kusa da Hakata na yau a arewacin Kyūshū. ), inda aka aika da tambarin sarauta na zinare, ta Sarkin sarakuna Guangwu na daular Han. An ce Nakoku ya wanzu tun daga karni na 1 zuwa farkon karni na 3, kuma da alama ya kasance mai zaman kansa ko ma abokin hamayyar gidan sarauta na Japan na yanzu, wanda ake zaton a Yamato, Honshū. Hakazalika, duka Kojiki da Nihon Shoki sun rubuta cewa daular sarauta ta yanzu, wacce ta fara da Jimmu, ta samo asali ne daga yankin Kumaso na Takachiho, lardin Hyūga a yankin kudu maso gabashin Kyushu na yau.[42][43][44] Kumaso suna da alaƙa da Kunakoku (狗奴國), wanda abokin hamayyar Himiko, sarki Himikuko ya mulki.

Bayan Meiji Maidowa a cikin 1868, masana tarihi na Jafananci sun karɓi guraben karatu na tarihi na Turai, musamman tushen tushen hanyar Leopold von Ranke. Naka Michiyo ya yi imani cewa tarihin Nihon Shoki bai yi daidai ba kafin karni na 4, don haka [45] "Jingū ta zama sarauniya a karni na hudu wanda mulkinsa ba zai yiwu ya zo daidai da na Himiko ba." Masanin ilimin Sinanci Shiratori Kurakichi ya ba da shawarar cewa masu tara Nihon Shoki an jarabce su da su haɗa Jingū da ikon addini na Himiko. Naitō Torajiró yayi jayayya cewa Himiko shine babban firist na Ise shrine Yamato-hime-no-mikoto kuma sojojin Wa sun sami iko da kudancin Koriya:

Wani masani [Higo Kazuo] ya tabbatar da cewa Himiko ya kasance da gaske Yamato-toto-momo-so-hime-no-mikoto, inna gaShahararren Sarkin sarakuna Sujin a wajen mahaifinsa, domin kabarinta da ake zaton a Hashihaka a Nara ya auna kimanin taki dari, gwargwadon ma'aunin kabarin Himiko. Wannan ka'idar ta sami mabiya a zamanin baya. Wani [Shida Fudomaru] ya ga a cikin Himiko yana nuna ikon mata na siyasa a farkon Japan.[46]

Wasu masana tarihi na Japan daga baya sun sake tsara Himiko ta fuskar tarihin Marxist. Masaaki Ueda ya bayar da hujjar cewa "Himiko's wata kasa ce mai kaushi mai tsarin bawa",[47] yayin da Mitsusada Inoue ya tsara Yamatai a matsayin "daidaita kananan jihohi" tare da kadarorin jama'a da kuma sanannun maganganun siyasa. Bayan ƙarshen shekarun 1960 "Yamatai boom", lokacin da yawancin masana tarihi na Japan, masana harshe, da masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi suka buga sake kimanta Himiko da Yamatai, mahawarar ta samu shiga tsakanin 'yan kishin Jafanawa, marubutan asiri, da masana masu son son gani.

￼Kallon iska na Hasihaka Kofun. An yi shi ne bisa Bayanin Hoton Ƙasa na Ƙasa (Hotunan Launuka Mai launi), Ma'aikatar Filaye, Kayan Aiki, Sufuri da Yawon shakatawa

A cikin tarihin Jafananci da tarihin tarihi, zamanin Sarauniya Himiko na ƙarni na 2 da na 3 ya kasance tsakanin ƙarshen Yayoi da farkon lokacin Kofun. Kofun (古墳, "tsohuwar tumulus") yana nufin halayen tudun binnewa mai siffar maɓalli, kuma Wei Zhi ya lura cewa "An ɗaga babban tudu, fiye da taki ɗari a diamita" don kabarin Pimiko, yana iya kasancewa farkon rubutaccen tarihin. a kofun. Wasu hakoran kayan tarihi na wuraren Yayoi da Kofun a yankin Kinki, sun nuna madubin tagulla irin na kasar Sin, wanda ake kira shinju-kyo (神獣鏡, "dubi da aka yi wa ado da alloli da dabbobi"). Yawancin malaman da ke goyan bayan ka'idar Kinki suna danganta waɗannan shinju-kyo tare da "mudubin tagulla ɗari" wanda Wei Zhi [13] ya rubuta Emperor Cao Rui ya gabatar wa Sarauniya Himiko, yayin da sauran malamai[48] [49] ke adawa da shi. Hashihaka Kofun a cikin Sakurai, Nara an ba shi haɓaka kwanan nan ta hanyar rediyo-carbon mai dangantaka kusan 240-60.[50] Rubuce-rubucen farko na kasar Sin na Himiko/Pimiko da mulkinta na Yamatai sun kasance wani abu na gwajin Rorschach. Ga masu fassara daban-daban, wannan Sarauniyar Shaman ta Jafananci na iya bayyana a matsayin shaida na gurguzu (Marxists), sarakunan firist Jōmon (Tarihin mata), mamayar Japanawa na Koriya, [51] cin nasarar Mongolian na Japan (Ka'idar Namio Egami's "horserider theory" (ee) )), tsarin daular wanda ya samo asali da tsarin mulkin kama-karya ta mace shaman da sarki namiji, [52] "juyin juya hali na uba" ya maye gurbin gumakan mata da firistoci tare da takwarorinsu maza, [53] ko mai ba da shawara na shamaki ga Tarayyar Wa sarakunan Wa wanda " lallai ya zama kamar sarauniya mai mulki ga wakilan kasar Sin”[54].

Hotunan zamani

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Wannan labarin yana iya ƙunsar nassoshi marasa mahimmanci ga sanannun al'adu. Da fatan za a taimaka wa Wikipedia don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar cire abun ciki ko ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe masu zaman kansu. (Mayu 2021)

Hotunan Himiko a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labaru na Japan sun ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwa uku: Himiko a matsayin mai hikima, tsohon mai mulki; Himiko da shaman kyakkyawa kuma mai kuzari; ko kuma Himiko a matsayin boka mai lalata[55][20]. Ana danganta ta da wasu abubuwa na al'ada da suka hada da dotaku - manyan karrarawa guda biyu na tagulla da ake amfani da su a karshen zamanin Yayoi - da kuma reshen sakaki da madubin tagulla na kasar Sin. Wei Zhi ya kwatanta shamanism na Himiko a matsayin guidao, ko kido na Japan, wani nau'in addinin Daoist. Kamar haka, Himiko wani lokaci nemummunan alaƙa da baƙar sihiri ko aljanu. Hukunce-hukuncen lokacin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin zamanin Yayoi da Kofun, hotunan Himiko galibi suna nuna sanye da tufafin da suka samo asali daga lokuta daban-daban, galibi suna kunshe da abubuwa na maza. Wata sarauniya a lokacin marigayi Yayoi, mai yiwuwa Himiko ta saka kosode guda ɗaya mai fadi da hannu a ƙarƙashin riga da sash. Haka kuma ana yawan nuna ta tana sanye da gyalen magatama da diamita. Duk da haka, babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da abin da Himiko ya sa.[20]

Mascots na gari

An yi amfani da tatsuniyar Himiko wajen tallata abubuwa iri-iri.[55] Kananan garuruwa daban-daban na neman yin amfani da Himiko a matsayin matsugunin su, suna masu iƙirarin garinsu a matsayin wurin haifuwarta, kodayake shaidar archaeological ta goyi bayan yankuna a cikin rafin Nara a matsayin babban birninta. Birnin Yoshinogari da birnin Sakurai da ke lardin Nara duk suna amfani da hotunan Himiko don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido, ta yin amfani da hotuna irin su chibi Himiko-chan na maraba da matafiya zuwa yankin.[20]

Manga da litattafan hoto

Himiko ya fito a cikin batutuwan manga daban-daban da ban dariya.

Ubangiji (manga)

Juzu'i na farko na Osamu Tezuka's Phoenix

Murfin Fujiwara Kamui's Himiko: Shūkan manga Nihonshi[20]

Manga Nihon no Rekishi na Gakken na Ōishi Manabu, Takano Kazuhiro, and Himekawa Akira[20]

Bayan makaranta Charisma ta Kumiko Suekane

Dark Horse Comics' 2014 Tomb Raider jerin wasan ban dariya da aka saita bayan abubuwan da suka faru na wasan, Himiko ya dawo cikin makircin don wasu batutuwa.

Anime da wasanni na bidiyo

Himiko wani hali ne wanda ke fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasannin bidiyo.

Himiko ya bayyana a cikin anime Steel Jeeg, jerin Go Nagai daga 1970s.

Jerin wasan anime da wasan PlayStation Legend of Himiko yana da fasalin tafiyar lokaci tsakanin tsohuwar Yamatai da Japan ta zamani, tare da Himiko a ƙarshe yana taimakawa don ceton Yamatai.

Himiko na ɗaya daga cikin jarumai masu goyan baya a wasan bidiyo na Ōkami, wasan da ke zana tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi da dama na Japan don ba da labarin farar kerkeci Amaterasu da ƙoƙarinta na 'yantar da Japan daga duhu.

Himiko yana cikin sake kunnawa Tomb Raider na 2013 azaman na'urar makirci.

Himiko ya bayyana a cikin wasan wayar hannu Fate/Grand Order a matsayin iyakataccen Bawa na aji 5-Star Ruler. Ta yi muhawara yayin taron Super Ancient Shinsengumi History GUDAGUDA Yamatai-koku 2020 taron.

A cikin yanayin Jarumai & Legends na Sid Meier's Civilization VI, Himiko Jarumi ne wanda za'a iya daukar ma'aikata.

A cikin Warriors Orochi 2, halinta ya yi abota da Da Ji. Hakanan ta fito a cikin Musou Orochi Z, Warriors Orochi 3, da Warriors Orochi 4.

A cikin wasan kida/wasan kida Beatmania IIDX 16: Empress, wakar shugabar karshe ta “One More Extra Stage” ana kiranta da sunan Himiko, wanda kuma aka nuna fassarar kamanninta.

A Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4, ita ce mutumiyar Rise Kujikawa.

A cikin Might & Magic Heroes VI, Himiko tsohuwar firist Naga ce.

A cikin Tarihin Jafananci Meow Meow, an nuna Himiko a cikin kashi na farko.

A cikin Danganronpa V3: Kisan Harmony, masihirar jajayen mace mai kama da yaro ana kiranta Himiko

A cikin anime Puella Magi Madoka Magica, an nuna Himiko a takaice a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan matan sihiri na tarihi waɗanda Madoka Kaname ya cece su.

A cikin wayewar Sid Meier na VII, Himiko jagora ne mai iya wasa.

Cinema

A cikin fim ɗin Tomb Raider na 2018 wanda Roar Uthaug ya jagoranta (wanda aka daidaita shi daga wasan bidiyo na 2013 mai suna iri ɗaya), Himiko yana tsakiyar shirin.

Daraktan fina-finan Japan Masahiro Shinoda ne ya shirya wani fimgame da Himiko, mai suna Himiko.

Tallace-tallace

Sanrio ya ƙirƙiri sarƙar maɓalli na Himiko.[20]

Wani mai bincike Laura Miller ya ba da labarin cin abinci mai suna Himiko a Shinobuan Cafe a cikin garin Moriyama, inda da alama sunan ya haifar da shaharar tasa.[55]

Gasar Himiko

Gasar Sarauniya Himiko dai na gudana ne a kananan garuruwa inda ake bayar da kyautuka ga matan da suka haura shekaru sha takwas bisa fara'a da kuma bayyani. Ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗannan gasa ya fara a Yamatokoriyama a Nara. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan gasa, Himikon, yana faruwa a cikin garin Moriyama. Asakura a Kyushu kuma yana gudanar da gasar Himiko a lokacin bikin Yamataikoku na furanni na shekara-shekara.[20]

Suna da mahimmanci

An yi amfani da sunan da ya dace da Himiko daban-daban, ba kawai a cikin al'ummar Japan ba amma har ma a wasu wurare kamar su ilmin taurari. Himiko (卑弥呼) jirgin kasa ne a layin Amagi Railway Amagi da bas na ruwa ko Jirgin Ruwa na Jirgin Ruwa na Tokyo wanda Leiji Matsumoto ya tsara.[20]

An ba da sunan Himiko ga wani Lyman-alpha blob (wani babban taro na hydrogen gas da aka yi imani da cewa protogalaxy ne) wanda aka gano a cikin 2009. Massing kusa da rana biliyan 40 da kuma gano shekaru 12.9 haske daga duniya a cikin ƙungiyar taurari Cetus, kamar yadda na 2014 shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi nisa sananne misali irinsa.

Filly ɗin dala miliyan ɗaya na 2015 ɗan Amurka Triple Crown 2015 Ba'amurke Pharoah da Untouched Talent (mahaifiyar 2012 Kentucky Derby second Bodemeister) an kira shi Himiko.

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Jirgin kasa na Amagi, Himiko, a tashar Kiyama



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Wata motar bas ta ruwa a Tokyo Bay mai suna Himiko