Sneferu

Sneferu ko Soris (kimanin 2600 BC) tsohon sarkin Masar ne kuma Fir'auna na farko na Daular Hudu ta Masar, a farkon rabin zamanin Tsohon Mulkin (ƙarni na 26 BC). Ya gabatar da manyan sabbin abubuwa a cikin ƙira da gina dala, kuma aƙalla uku daga cikin pyramids ɗinsa suna rayuwa har yau.

Ƙididdiga na mulkinsa ya bambanta, tare da misali Tarihin Oxford na Tsohon Misira yana ba da shawarar sarauta daga kusan 2613 zuwa 2589 BC, Jaromir Malek in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, p. 87 mulkin shekaru 24, yayin da Rolf Krauss ya ba da shawarar sarauta na shekaru 30,  da Rainer Stadelmann. mulki na shekaru 48. Rainer Stadelmann: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Alten Reiches: Die Länge der Regierung des Snofru. 

 Sunan mahaifi Sneferu 
Sunansa yana nufin "Ya kammala ni", daga Ḥr-nb-mʹt-snfr-wj "Horus, Ubangiji na Maat, ya kammala ni", kuma wani lokacin ana karanta shi Snefru ko Snofru . An kuma san shi da sunan Helenanci Soris (Koinē Girkanci:  by Manetho).

 Tsawon Sarautar 
An dauki adadi na Canon na Turin na shekaru 24 na mulkin Sneferu a yau a matsayin wanda ba a san shi ba tun lokacin da aka fi sani da wannan sarki shine rubutun da aka gano a Red Pyramid na Dahshur kuma ya ambaci ƙididdigar shanu na 24 na Sneferú, wanda ya dace da akalla shekaru 24.<ref>Miroslav Verner, Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology", Archiv Orientální'''. </ref> Sneferu, duk da haka, an san shi yana da akalla shekaru uku bayan kwanakin ƙididdigar shanu: shekarunsa bayan 10th, 13th da 18th ƙidaya an tabbatar da su a dala ta Meidum.Verner, pp. 367 Wannan yana nufin cewa Sneferu ya mallaki Masar aƙalla shekaru 27.

Koyaya, a cikin Dutsen Palermo, madaidaiciya 6 a kasan ɓangaren yana nuna shekarar ƙididdigar 7 na Sneferu yayin da madaidaiciya 7 a wannan jere mai zuwa ke nuna shekarar ƙidayar 8 na Snefferu.H. Schäfer, Ein Bruchstück altägyptischer Annalen, 1902 (APAW: Phil.-hist Kl. 4) 30–31 Abu mai mahimmanci, akwai wani shafi na baya mafi yawa ga Sneferu a cikin layi na 5 wanda kuma ya ambaci abubuwan da suka faru a cikin mulkin wannan sarki a cikin takamaiman shekara amma bai ambaci shekarar da ta gabata ba (6th).see Christine Hobson, Exploring the World of the Pharaohs:A Complete Guide to Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson paperback, 1993, p. 15 Saboda haka, wannan shafi dole ne a rubuta shi zuwa shekara bayan ƙididdigar Sneferu ta 6. Saboda haka, mulkin Sneferu zai kasance akalla shekaru 28. Tun da yake akwai lokuta da yawa a cikin mulkin Sneferu wanda masana kimiyyar Masar ke da kwanakin kaɗan - kawai shekarun 2nd, 7th, 8th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 23rd da 24th an san Sneferú kafin mutum ya yi la'akari da shekaru bayan ƙididdigar shanu Verner, pp. 365–367 - wannan Fir'auna mai yiwuwa ya sami mulki sama da shekaru 30 don gudanar da gina pyramids uku a cikin mulkinsa na dogon lokaci amma ba shekaru 48 ba ne ba tare da ƙididdigarsa ba tun lokacin da shanu ba.  (Akwai ƙananan shekaru bayan kwanakin ƙididdigar da aka sani ga Sneferu idan aka kwatanta da shekarar ƙididdiga ko kwanakin ƙidaya.) 

 Iyali da maye gurbin 
Sneferu shine sarki na farko na Daular ta huɗu na tsohuwar Misira, wanda bisa ga Manetho ya yi sarauta na shekaru 24 (2613-2589 BC). Manetho firist ne na Masar, yana zaune a ƙarni na uku KZ, wanda ya rarraba Fir'auna na daular Masar zuwa sarakuna talatin da ɗaya.An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, p. 36 Kodayake tsarinsa yana da kuskuren sa, malaman zamani suna bin hanyar da yake rarraba. Papyrus Prisse, tushen Masarautar Tsakiya, ya goyi bayan gaskiyar cewa Sarki Huni shine ainihin magajin Sneferu. Ya bayyana cewa "mashahurin sarkin Upper da Lower Egypt, Huni, ya zo wurin saukowa (watau, ya mutu), kuma mashahurin saririn Upper da Low Egypt, Sneferu, an tashe shi a matsayin sarki mai alheri a duk wannan ƙasar... "  Baya ga maye gurbin Sneferus, mun koyi daga wannan rubutun cewa ƙarni na baya sun dauke shi a matsayin mai mulki "mai kyau"."The Instructions of Kagemni," Papyrus Prisse Wannan ra'ayin na iya samo asali ne daga asalin sunan sarki, domin ana iya fassara shi azaman "don yin kyau".The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, p. 93 Ba a tabbatar da ko Huni shine mahaifin Sneferu ba; duk da haka, Dutsen Tarihin Alkahira ya nuna cewa mahaifiyarsa wata mace ce mai suna Meresankh . The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 51

Hetepheres na kasance babban matar Sneferu kuma mahaifiyar Khufu, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 57 wanda ya gina Babban Pyramid a kan Giza Plateau.

 Yara 
'Ya'yan Sneferu:

 Khufu - ɗan Sneferu da Hetepheres I, magajin Sneferun.
 Ankhhaf - Ɗan Sarki na Jikinsa, mai kula da Sarki (a ƙarƙashin ɗan'uwansa Khafre). An binne shi a cikin G 7510. Wani sanannen bust na Ankhhaf yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Boston. Ankhhaf ta auri 'yar Sarki Hetepheres . Porter and Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings; Part III.
 Kanefer - Babban ɗan Sarki kuma Ɗan Jikinsa. An binne shi a kabarin 28 a Dashur . Vizier na biyu na Sneferu, wanda ya ci gaba da aiki a ƙarƙashin Khufu.Nicolas-Christophe Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, p. 68
 Nefermaat I - ɗan fari na Sneferu kuma mijin Itet. Takardun sun hada da: Firist na Bastet, Yarima mai gadon gado, mai kula da Nekhen, babban daya daga cikin biyar a gidan Thoth. Vizier na farko na Sneferu . 
 Netjeraperef, an binne shi a Dashur . The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 61
 Re="./Prince_Rahotep" id="mwAXA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Prince Rahotep">Rahotep - Ɗan Sarki na Jikinsa, Babban Firist na Re a Heliopolis . An binne shi a Meidum tare da matarsa Nofret . Mai mallakar sanannun siffofi yanzu a Gidan Tarihin Alkahira.
 Ranefer. An binne shi a Meidum . 
 Iynefer I. An binne shi a Dashur . The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 58

'Ya'ya mata na Sneferu:

 Hetepheres A, ta auri Ankhhaf. An sanya mata suna ne bayan mahaifiyarta, Sarauniya Hetepheres .
 Nefertkau I - Yarinyar Sarki ta Jikinsa, 'yar fari ta Sneferu. An binne shi a mastaba G 7050 a Giza . Kabarin ta ya kasance a lokacin Khafra . A cikin kabarin an ambaci Sneferu da kuma dan Nefertkau Nefermaat II da jikanta Sneferukhaf . The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 60Porter and Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings; Part III;
 Nefertnesu - 'Yar Sarki, 'Yar Allah. Yana da ɗa mai suna Kaemqed wanda aka sani daga Ƙofar ƙarya. An binne shi a Dashur a lokacin Daular ta 5. 
 Meritites I, Great of Sceptre da Sarki's Wife, ta auri ɗan'uwanta Khufu.
 Henutsen - 'Yar Sarki'', ta auri Khufu . The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 57

 Ayyukan gini 
Abubuwan da aka fi sani da su daga mulkin Sneferu sune pyramids guda uku da aka yi la'akari da shi. A cikin Dahshur: Bent Pyramid da Red Pyramid kuma a cikin Meidum pyramid na Meidum. A karkashin Sneferu, akwai babban juyin halitta a cikin gine-ginen dala, wanda zai haifar da Babban Pyramid na Khufu, wanda za a gani a matsayin mafi girman girman tsohuwar Masarautar Masar, kuma a matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki bakwai na Tsohon Duniya.

Na farko daga cikin manyan ayyukan Sneferu shine Pyramid a Meidum . Akwai wasu muhawara tsakanin malamai game da da'awar Sneferu game da dala ta Meidum, kuma mutane da yawa sun ba da asalinsa ga Sarki Huni. Duk da haka, dala misali ne mai ban mamaki na ci gaban fasaha da akidar da ke kewaye da wurin binne sarki. Babban tsarin dutse yana aiki ne a matsayin shaida ta zahiri ga sauyawa daga tsarin dala zuwa na tsarin dala na "gaskiya". Binciken archaeological na dala ya nuna cewa an fara tunaninsa ne a matsayin tsari mai matakai bakwai, wanda aka gina ta hanyar da ta yi kama da Djoser complex a Saqqara. Daga baya an yi gyare-gyare don ƙara wani dandamali, kuma a wani mataki na baya an kara dutse mai laushi don ƙirƙirar mai santsi, mai kusurwa wanda ke nuna alamar dala "gaskiya".An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, pg.134 Cikakken tare da hanyar da ke saukowa ta arewa, ɗakuna biyu na karkashin kasa, da kuma wurin binnewa, dala galibi tana bin tarurrukan kaburbura da suka gabata a mafi yawan fannoni ban da ɗaya: maimakon kasancewa a ƙarƙashin babban tsari, an gina ɗakin binnewa kai tsaye a cikin babban jiki duk da cewa kusa da matakin ƙasa.The Egyptian Pyramids... 
Bent Pyramid, wanda aka fi sani da Rhomboidal ko Blunted Pyramid, ya tabbatar da karuwar sababbin gine-gine. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, kusurwar karkatawar tana canzawa daga 55 ° zuwa kusan 43 ° a matakan sama na dala. Wataƙila ba a tsara dala da farko don a gina ta wannan hanyar ba, amma an gyara shi yayin gini saboda matakan haɓaka marasa daidaituwa. A matsayin hanyar daidaita tsarin, an shimfiɗa saman yadudduka a kwance, suna nuna watsi da manufar dala.An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, p. 135 Abubuwan da ke ciki na dala na Rhomboidal suma sun samo asali. Akwai ƙofofi biyu, ɗaya daga arewa ɗayan kuma daga yamma. Gidajen da ke karkashin kasa sun fi girma, kuma an rarrabe su da bangon corbel da rufin da ke da tsarin portcullis mai rikitarwa a wurin. J.P Lepre ya ce:

Gidan tauraron dan adam da ke kusa da Gidan Bent na Sneferu ya gabatar da ƙarin canji a cikin gine-ginen lokacin, lokacin da aka gina hanyar da ke hawa zuwa yamma (kamar yadda ya saba da hanyar da ke saukowa zuwa arewa na hanyoyin da aka gina a baya) zuwa ga ɗakunan binnewa.The Egyptian Pyramids... 

Masar ta yanke shawarar buɗe Bent Pyramid don yawon bude ido a watan Yulin 2019 a karo na farko tun 1965. Masu yawon bude ido za su iya isa ɗakuna biyu masu shekaru 4600 ta hanyar wani karamin rami mai mita 79 da aka gina daga ƙofar arewacin dala. "Pyramid na gefe" mai tsayi 18 mita, wanda aka ɗauka cewa an gina shi ga matar Sneferu Hetepheres zai kasance mai sauƙi. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da wannan dala da ke kusa da shi ya buɗe wa jama'a bayan an tono shi a shekarar 1956.   
Duk da kasancewa dala ta ƙarshe ta Sneferu, Red Pyramid yana da ƙirar da ta fi sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da wanda ya riga shi, tare da wasu sababbin abubuwan da suka gabata na ciki sun ɓace. Kodayake ɗakunan da wuraren binnewa duk suna cikin babban jikin abin tunawa, ba a tono hanyar hawa ba, kuma babu wata shaida ta ƙofar yamma ko diagonal portcullis. Kodayake rashin waɗannan fasalulluka sun hana masu binciken tarihi da yawa daga ci gaba da nazarin Red Pyramid, Lepre ya gamsu cewa akwai ɗakunan sirri da ke jiran a gano su a cikin ginin dutse.

A cikin 1950, an gano raguwar gawar mutum a cikin hanyar Red Pyramid kuma Dokta Ahmed Mahmud el Batrawi ya bincika shi. An gano ragowar da murfin sun dace da dabarun mummification na daular 4. Ko waɗannan ragowar mutane na Sneferu ba a tabbatar da su ba.

Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa ba a gano ragowar Sarki Sneferu ba ko kuma an gano shi da kyau, har yanzu yana yiwuwa sarcophagus dinsa da ainihin mummy ya ɓoye a cikin Red Pyramid dinsa a cikin ɗakin da aka ɓoye. Lepre ya yi iƙirarin cewa: "Red pyramid ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan pyramids waɗanda ƙila ƙunshe da ɗakunan sirri, ba mafi ƙanƙanta ba wanda zai iya zama ɗakin binne Sarki Sneferu da kansa. "The Egyptian Pyramids... 

Sabbin gine-ginen Sneferu ya zama abin da ya haifar da masu ginin dala daga baya don ginawa. Sarkin farko na daular ta huɗu ya kafa kalubale ga magajinsa su dace, kuma kawai Babban Pyramid na Khufu zai iya yin gasa da nasarorin Sneferu. Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba kuma akidar ta canza a Tsohon Misira, abubuwan tunawa na sarakuna sun ragu sosai. Kamar yadda Ra_of_Menkaure" Pyramid na Menkaure wani bangare ne kawai na girman pyramids na baya, mai da hankali ga akidar Masar na iya canzawa daga bautar sarki zuwa bautar kai tsaye ga allahn rana, Ra . An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, p. 144

 Dangantaka da kasashen waje 
Don ba Sneferu damar aiwatar da irin waɗannan manyan ayyukan gini, dole ne ya sami babban ajiyar ma'aikata da kayan aiki. A cewar Guillemette Andreu, a nan ne manufofin kasashen waje na sarki suka taka muhimmiyar rawa. Nasarar Sneferu a cikin Libya da Nubia ta yi amfani da dalilai biyu: burin farko shine kafa ma'aikata masu yawa, kuma burin na biyu shine samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun kasa da kayayyaki na musamman da ke samuwa a waɗannan ƙasashe.An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, p. 144 An ambaci wannan a cikin Dutsen Palermo:

 "[Sarakuna na] Sneferu. Shekara ...
 Gine-ginen jiragen ruwa na Tuataua na itace
 na iyawa ɗari, da jiragen ruwa na sarauta 60 na iyawa goma sha shida.
 Raid a cikin Land of the Blacks, da kuma kawo dubu bakwai
 fursunoni, maza da mata, da shanu dubu ashirin, tumaki, da
 Goats...
 kawo jirage arba'in na itacen al'ul (ko watakila "cikin al'ul"
 itace")..."  The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 100 (emphasis added)

A cewar wannan rubutun, Sneferu ya sami damar kama mutane da yawa daga wasu kasashe, ya sanya su fursunoninsa sannan ya kara su cikin ma'aikatansa. A lokacin da ya kai hari zuwa Nubia da Libya, ya kuma kama shanu don ciyar da ma'aikatansa masu yawa. Irin waɗannan hare-haren dole ne su kasance masu banƙyama ga yawan mutanen ƙasashen da aka kai hari, kuma an ba da shawarar cewa kamfen ɗin zuwa Nubia na iya ba da gudummawa ga yada al'adun A-Group na wannan yankin.

Kokarin soja na Sneferu a tsohuwar Libya ya haifar da kama fursunoni 11,000 da shanu 13,100.Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, p. 107 Baya ga shigo da itacen al'ul mai yawa (watakila daga Lebanon) da aka bayyana a sama, akwai shaidar aiki a cikin ma'adinan turquoise a Yankin Sinai.The Complete Royal Families, p. 50 Har ila yau, akwai manyan ayyukan dutse don samar da Sneferu da dutsen da yake bukata don pyramids dinsa.

Tsohon jirgin ruwan katako na Sneferu Praise of the Two Lands shine farkon sanannen misali na jirgin da ake kira da suna.Anzovin, item # 5393, p. 385 "Reference to a ship with a name appears in an inscription of 2613 BCE that recounts the shipbuilding achievements of the fourth-dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Sneferu. He was recorded as the builder of a cedarwood vessel called 'Praise of the Two Lands.'"

 Dubi kuma 

 Jerin pyramids na Masar
 Jerin wuraren megalithic
 4906 Seneferu, ƙaramar duniyar da ake kira da Fir'auna

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba