Hubertine Auclert

Hubertine Auclert (; 10 ga Afrilu 1848 - 4 ga Agusta 1914) ta kasance babbar 'yar Faransa kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haife ta ne a cikin sashen Allier a yankin Auvergne na Faransa a cikin dangin matsakaicin matsayi, mahaifin Hubertine Auclert ya mutu lokacin da take da shekaru 13 kuma mahaifiyarta ta tura ta zama da karatu a gidan ibada na Roman Katolika. Yayinda take yarinya ta shirya zama nun amma ta bar gidan ibada tana da shekara 16. Ta rabu da mahaifiyarta, ta zauna tare da kawunta na ɗan lokaci amma dole ne ta koma gidan ibada bayan 'yan shekaru. Ta bar gidan ibada har abada a 1869 kuma ta koma Paris a 1873. A can, korar Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon III da kafa Jamhuriyar ta Uku sun buɗe ƙofar gwagwarmaya daga mata, waɗanda suka fara neman canje-canje ga Dokar Napoleon don samar da ilimi da 'yancin tattalin arziki ga mata da kuma halatta kisan aure.

 Yunkurin siyasa da mata 
Auclert, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar manyan ayyukan Maria Deraismes da Léon Richer, ya shiga cikin aikin mata kuma daga ƙarshe ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin sakataren Richer. Rayuwarta a cikin gidan ibada na Katolika ce ta rinjaye ta, kuma kamar yawancin manyan mata na Jamhuriyar Republican a lokacin, ta kasance mai adawa da malamai. Duk da yake babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar mata ta Faransa ta yi wa canje-canje ga dokokin, Auclert ya ci gaba da matsawa ta hanyar neman a ba mata damar yin takarar mukamin gwamnati kuma yana mai da'awar cewa ba za a taɓa wuce dokokin rashin adalci ba idan an ji ra'ayoyin mata 'yan majalisa. A shekara ta 1876, ta kafa Société le droit des femmes (The Rights of Women) don tallafawa 'yancin mata, kuma a shekara ta 1883, kungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Société le suffrage des femmes (Women's Suffrage Society).

A shekara ta 1878, an gudanar da "Taron Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Mata" a birnin Paris amma abin takaici ga Auclert, bai goyi bayan' yancin mata ba. Da ƙuduri, a cikin 1880, Auclert ya fara tayar da kayar baya, yana jayayya cewa ba tare da wakilci ba, bai kamata a ɗora mata haraji ba. Ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da shawara game da shari'a shi ne lauya Antonin Lévrier, wanda daga baya ta auri. A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1881 ta kaddamar da La Citoyenne, wata-wata   (shafi na 899)  wanda ke jayayya da babbar murya don 'yancin mata. Takardar ta sami goyon bayan murya daga har ma da fitattun mata a cikin ƙungiyar mata, kamar Severin, kuma mai zaman kanta Marie Bashkirtseff ta rubuta labarai da yawa ga jaridar. A cikin rubuce-rubucenta, ta kuma kawo kalmar mata, kalmar da Charles Fourier ya fara kirkira, cikin harshen Ingilishi a cikin shekarun 1890. 

A taron Socialist Workers' Congress a Marseille a 1879, Auclert ya yi roƙo mai zafi don haƙƙin mata, amma ya yi jayayya cewa suna buƙatar 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki saboda mahaifiyarsu ta "al'ada".Auclert ya kasance a cikin kwamitin na musamman don yin la'akari da daidaito na mata kuma an ba shi sa'a daya don yin magana da majalisa a kan batun.Bayan jawabinta, an gayyace ta ta zama shugabar kwamitin don shirya wata sanarwa game da haƙƙin mata. Sanarwar, wacce ta ce ya kamata mata su sami irin wannan zamantakewa, shari'a, siyasa da aiki kamar maza, majalisa ta amince da ita.

A shekara ta 1884, gwamnatin Faransa ta halatta saki, amma Auclert ta yi tir da shi saboda nuna bambanci ga mata waɗanda har yanzu ba su yarda da mace ta ci gaba da biyan albashi ba. Auclert ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a sami yarjejeniyar aure tsakanin ma'aurata tare da rabuwa da dukiya.

 Aljeriya da mata 
Auclert, da mijinta, sun koma Aljeriya a 1888 inda za su kasance na tsawon shekaru hudu har sai ya mutu kuma ta koma Paris. Yayinda yake Aljeriya, Auclert ya yi nazari sosai kuma ya rubuta rayuwar yau da kullun ta matan Larabawa. Auclert ya yi daidai da nuna bambanci na maza ga mata a Faransa tare da nuna bambancin launin fata ga masu mulkin mallaka a Aljeriya a matsayin "Faransa Aljeriya... suna yin duk abin da zai yiwu don kiyaye Larabawa a cikin yanayin jahilci wanda ke haifar da cin zarafi da mamayewa. "

Ayyukanta na kare hakkin mata na Aljeriya sun yi daidai da "iyalai" ko "mahaifiyar" mata da ta yi kira a Faransa. Irin wannan nuna bambanci ya samo asali ne a matsayin makircin Faransa tare da maza Larabawa don hana ilimin mata Larabawa da kuma mutunta ayyukan Islama na auren yara, auren mata da yawa, da cinikin amarya wanda ya hana haƙƙin mace Larabawa.

Auclert ya yi aiki ne daga aikin ɗabi'a don ɗaga matsayin matan Larabawa don ba su damar samun irin wannan mutuncin matan Faransa. A Aljeriya da kuma dawowarta Faransa, Auclert ta bi doka don amincewa da haƙƙin matan Larabawa, kamar buƙatun inganta ilimi, da kuma kawar da auren mata da yawa. Duk da yake tunaninta game da al'adun Islama sun kafu a cikin tunanin mulkin mallaka, ta bayyana mummunar tasirin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a kan al'ummomin da suka zauna. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa zalunci daga dokar Islama ya kara muni ta hanyar makirci tsakanin masu gudanarwa na Faransa da maza Larabawa. Maza Larabawa, a idanunta, sun bayyana a baya a wani bangare saboda tasirin wariyar launin fata daga mazauna Faransa. Saboda zalunci na maza, ta ga matan da aka mallaka a matsayin manyan masu fama da cutar. Ta yi iƙirarin saboda shugabancin Larabawa da Faransanci, matan Aljeriya sun kasance mafi ƙarancin ci gaba a cikin zamantakewa, ɗabi'a, da al'adu.

Ta rubuta game da sakamakon da mata Larabawa suka sha wahala saboda Islama a cikin 'yan jaridar Algeria: Le Radical Algérien, da kuma La Citoyenne . Ba da gangan ba, aikinta a Aljeriya ya zama ƙarin hujja ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa yayin da ya nuna halin da ake ciki na mata Larabawa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Aljeriya. Ba ta iya tallafawa La Citoyenne ta hanyar kudi ba, jaridar ta rufe, amma ta ci gaba da gwagwarmayarta. A cikin 1900, ta ga kafa "National Council of French Women" a matsayin ƙungiyar laima ga kungiyoyin mata a Faransa dukansu nan da nan suka zo don tallafawa zaɓen.

 Rashin amincewa 
Julia Clancy-Smith, marubucin Islama, Jender, da Identities in the Making of French Algeria, ta rubuta cewa, kodayake Auclert ya soki mummunar tasirin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, tana kama da 'yan mata na Burtaniya na zamani ta amfani da magana game da "yan uwa na duniya" wanda ya kasance mai mulkin mallaka da matsayi don kare al'ummar da aka mallaka. Duk da yake Auclert ta zargi mazajen Faransa da kara tsananta "barism" na mazajen Larabawa kuma ta haka ne ta kara tsananta yanayin matan Larabawa, yawancin maganganun da ta yi na ba da shawara ga matan Larabawa sun zana su a matsayin wadanda ke fama da addininsu.

Clancy-Smith ya nakalto cewa Auclert ya yi iƙirarin cewa maza Larabawa sun fassara matan "ƙananan wadanda ke fama da lalata ta Musulmi," kuma dole ne a "yantar da su daga gidajensu, gidajen da aka ganu, da kuma cloisters" don daidaitawa cikin matan Faransa. Rubutun Auclert game da matan Aljeriya ya mayar da hankali, a cikin kalmomin Clancy-Smith, "al'adun jima'i na 'yan asalin. " Misali, ɓangaren da ya fi tayar da hankali na aikin Auclert ya ba da cikakken bayani game da gardamarta cewa "Auren Larabawa fyade ne na yara".  Clancy'Smith ya kuma soki nasarar Auclert a matsayin mai fafutuka: duk korafe-korafen da Auclert ya gabatar a madadin matan Aljariya sun sadu da rashin kulawa, a cewar Auclert. Babu rubuce-rubuce game da wayar da kan mata Musulmai ko martani ga shawararta. Clancy-Smith ya yi jayayya cewa Auclert ya koma Paris a shekara ta 1892 ba tare da "wani sakamako na ainihi ba," ban da tabbatar da mutane da yawa a Faransa cewa 'yan Aljeriya sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma ba su dace da' yancin siyasa ba.

 Bayan gwagwarmaya da kuma mutuwa 
A watan Yulin 1907 an ba mata masu aure a Faransa cikakken iko a kan albashinsu saboda lobbying na ƙungiyar Avant-Courrière (Forerunner) karkashin jagorancin Jeanne Schmahl.

Idan mace ta sayi wani abu da abin da ta samu wanda ba ta cinye kanta ba, kamar wani kayan daki, ya zama mallakar mijinta sai dai idan akwai kwangilar aure da ta bayyana akasin haka, wanda ya faru da ma'aurata masu arziki.A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1907, Babban Majalisar Seine ta mika wuya ga matsin lamba daga Auclert kuma ta ba da goyon bayanta ga lissafin Paul Dussaussoy na 1906 wanda ke ba da shawarar iyakantaccen ikon mata.

Auclert mai shekaru 60 ta ci gaba da turawa don cikakken daidaito. A cikin 1908, ta fashe akwatin zabe a lokacin zaben birni a Paris, kuma a cikin 1910, ita da Marguerite Durand sun kalubalanci hukumomi kuma sun gabatar da kansu a matsayin 'yan takara a zaben mambobin majalisar dokoki.

An dauke ta daya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin ƙungiyar kare hakkin mata ta Faransa, Auclert ta ci gaba da fafutukar ta har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1914, tana da shekaru 66, ranar da Faransa ta ayyana yaƙi da Jamus, ta shiga yakin duniya na farko. An binne ta a Kabari na Père Lachaise a Paris; siffar da ke kan kabarinta tana tunawa da "Suffrage des Femmes".

 Manazarta 

 Tushen 


 Ƙarin karantawa 




 Haɗin waje 


 Works by Hubertine AuclertaShafin da ya ɓace (Kanada) 
Rukuni:Haihuwar 1848
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1914
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba