Nellie McClung

Nellie Letitia McClung (née Mooney; 20 ga Oktoba 1873 - 1 ga Satumba 1951) marubuciya ce ta Kanada, 'yar siyasa, kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun masu fafutukar sufragists na Kanada.  – Ta fara aikinta a rubuce tare da littafin 1908 Sowing Seeds in Danny, kuma daga ƙarshe za ta buga littattafai goma sha shida, gami da tarihin rayuwa guda biyu. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yunkurin mata a Kanada, ta taimaka wajen ba mata kuri'a a Alberta da Manitoba a shekarar 1916. An zabi McClung a Majalisar Dokoki ta Alberta a 1921, inda ta yi aiki har zuwa 1926.

A matsayinta na memba na Famous Five, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyar da suka ɗauki Shari'ar Mutane da farko zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kanada, sannan zuwa Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Privy, don haƙƙin mata su yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijai ta Kanada. McClung ita ce mace ta farko da aka nada a kwamitin Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada a 1936. Ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili a Kungiyar Kasashe a Geneva, Switzerland a 1938.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi McClung Nellie Letitia Mooney a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1873 a Chatsworth, Ontario, ƙarami cikin yara shida na John da Letitia Moony (née McCurdy).  Mahaifinta ya sami kadada 60 (150 acres) na dukiya a Chatsworth, amma ƙasa ba ta da inganci kuma iyalin sun yi ƙoƙari su sami kuɗi. A shekara ta 1880, lokacin da Nellie ke da shekaru bakwai, sun koma kwarin Souris River, kilomita ɗari biyu a yammacin Winnipeg. Nellie ta kammala karatu daga makarantar Manitoba Normal School lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha shida. Bayan ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwarta, ta sami matsayin koyarwa a Hazel, Manitoba, tana samun albashi na $ 40 a wata. Bayan koyarwa na watanni goma sha takwas a Hazel, ta koma Manitou . 

Yayinda take koyarwa a Manitou, ta shiga tare da iyalin McClung. Misis Annie E. McClung, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da shugaban lardin kungiyar mata ta Kirista ta mamaye ta sha'awar ta. Nellie ta bayyana cewa Mrs. McClung ita ce kadai mace da ta sadu da ita da za ta so a matsayin surukarta. Nellie ta auri dan Mrs. McClung, Robert Wesley, a watan Agustan shekara ta 1896. Suna da 'ya'ya biyar tsakanin 1897 da 1911.  Ta shiga cikin kungiyoyi da yawa na gida, ciki har da WCTU, Methodist Ladies' Aid, Epworth League, da Home Economics Association . 

 Ayyuka 
Iyalin McClung sun fuskanci matsalolin kudi tun daga 1905 lokacin da Wesley ya sayar da kasuwancinsa na kantin magani. Don taimakawa wajen kara yawan kudin shiga, Nellie ta nemi aikin rubuce-rubuce da aka biya, rubuta gajerun labaru don mujallu. Ta wallafa littafinta na farko, Sowing Seeds in Danny, a cikin 1908. Littafin ya zama mafi kyawun sayarwa, yana sayar da kwafin 100,000 a Kanada da Amurka kuma yana yin McClung $ 25,000 ($ 642,025 a 2021).  Tare da nasarar littafinta, an gayyaci McClung don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru a duk faɗin Manitoba da Saskatchewan, ta kaddamar da aikinta a matsayin mai magana da jama'a.
Littafin McClung na biyu, A Second Chance, an buga shi a cikin 1910.  A wannan lokacin, sunanta na magana ya kai Ontario, kuma ta fara rangadin lardin, tare da tsayawa a Whitby, Hamilton, Peterborough, Kingston, Waterloo, da Toronto. An karɓi jawabinsa da kyau, tare da Hamilton Herald ta ba da rahoton cewa ta "karɓi masu sauraronta ta hanyar guguwa". McClung zai ci gaba da rubuta wasu littattafai uku a cikin shekarun 1910, gami da In Times Like These, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar sanarwa ta mata ta farko. A cikin aikinta, McClung ta rubuta littattafai goma sha shida, ciki har da tarihin rayuwa guda biyu, da waƙoƙi da yawa, gajerun labaru, da labaran jarida.

A cikin 1911, McClungs sun koma Winnipeg, inda aka ba Wesley matsayi a matsayin dillalin inshora. A shekara mai zuwa, McClung da wasu mata goma sha huɗu sun kafa Kungiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Mata, ƙungiyar da ke mai da hankali kan zaɓen mata. A shekara ta 1914, ƙungiyar ta nemi Firayim Minista na Conservative na Manitoba, Rodmond Roblin, don haƙƙin mata na jefa kuri'a, amma an ƙi roƙonsu. Kashegari, Ƙungiyar Daidaitaccen Siyasa ta shirya "Majalisar Ba'a" a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Walker, tare da membobinta suna kwaikwayon ministocin gwamnati. McClung yana da rawar Roblin, kuma ya sake maimaita yawancin muhawara da Firayim Minista ya yi ranar da ta gabata:An yi mutum don wani abu mafi girma da kyau fiye da jefa kuri'a... An sanya maza don tallafa wa iyalai... Shin zan kira mutum daga amfani da noma da wahala don yin magana da ƙarfi a kusurwoyin titi game da abubuwan da ba su damu da shi ba? Siyasa tana lalata maza, kuma maza marasa zaman kansu suna nufin takardun kudi marasa zaman kansu - kayan ado da aka fashe, da alkawuran da aka faske - da saki. Lokacin da ka nemi kuri'a kuna rokon ni da ka rushe gidaje masu zaman lafiya, masu farin ciki - don lalata rayuka marasa laifi.
alt=Nellie McClung with Emmeline Pankhurst|left|thumb|Nellie McClung tare da Emmeline Pankhurst a Edmonton, Alberta
McClung ya yi yakin neman zabe don Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Manitoba a duka manyan zaben 1914 da 1915.  McClungs sun koma Edmonton, Alberta, bayan an ba Wesley ci gaba. Jam'iyyar Liberal ta lashe zaben 1915 a cikin raguwa, kuma Manitoba ta zama lardin farko a Kanada da ta ba mata damar yin zabe a watan Janairun 1916 a karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin Liberal, daidai shekaru biyu bayan da Kungiyar Daidaitaccen Siyasa ta nemi Firayim Minista Roblin.

A Alberta, McClung ta ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don kamewa, kiwon lafiya, da haƙƙin mata. A cikin Babban zaben 1921, an zabe ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta Alberta don mazabar Edmonton a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal . McClung na ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba, ɗayan kuma Irene Parlby, memba na United Farmers . United Farmers of Alberta ta kafa gwamnati, tare da 38 daga cikin kujeru 61 masu yuwuwa. McClung sau da yawa ya karya matsayi tare da Jam'iyyar Liberal don tallafawa dokokin United Farmers masu ci gaba a cikin al'umma, yana aiki tare da Parlby a kan ƙudurin da suka amfane mata. McClung ya sake tsayawa takara a Babban zaben 1926 na mazabar Calgary, amma ya rasa kuri'u 60.

McClung na ɗaya daga cikin mata biyar, tare da Irene Parlby, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Emily Murphy, da Louise McKinney, waɗanda suka gabatar da takarda a 1927 don bayyana kalmar "mutane" a cikin Dokar Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka ta 1867, da kuma tantance cancantar mata su yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Kanada. An kai karar da ake kira Edwards v Canada (wanda aka fi sani da Shari'ar Mutane), zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kanada, wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa mata ba "masu cancanta" ba ne kuma saboda haka ba su cancanci yin aiki a Majalisar Dattijai ba. An yi kira ga Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Privy, wanda a wannan lokacin shine babbar kotun Kanada. A cikin 1929, Kwamitin Shari'a ya soke hukuncin Kotun Koli, kuma an nada mace ta farko, Cairine Wilson, a Majalisar Dattijai a shekara mai zuwa.

An nada McClung a cikin kwamitin Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada (CBC) a cikin 1936 ta Firayim Minista William Lyon Mackenzie King, mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a cikin kwandon. Sarki ya gayyace ta a 1938 don aiki a matsayin wakili a Kungiyar Al'ummai a Geneva .  McClung ya ji cewa League ta kasance "ta hanyar rikice-rikice mara ma'ana da maganganu marasa ma'ana", kuma cewa wakilai da yawa sun fi damuwa game da samun yabo fiye da yin aiki don cimma burin da ya dace.

 Bayan rayuwa da mutuwa 
McClung ta koma Victoria, British Columbia, a 1933, inda ta zauna har tsawon rayuwarta. Rashin lafiyarta ya kara tabarbarewa a ƙarshen shekarun 1930, kuma ta kamu da ciwon zuciya a 1940 yayin da take halartar taron kwamitin CBC a Ottawa, wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala a yi tafiya. Ta ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga kwamitin ta hanyar wasiƙa har sai da ta yi murabus a shekarar 1942.  Ta wallafa kundi na biyu na tarihin rayuwarta, The Stream Runs Fast, a cikin 1945. McClung ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1951, yana da shekaru 77. 

 Ra'ayoyi 

McClung, kamar sauran mambobin Famous Five, ta kasance mai fafutukar mata. Ta kalli mata a matsayin "mafi girman ɗabi'a" ga maza kuma ba ta jin cewa ya kamata a canza Matsayin jinsi na gargajiya ba. Littafinta In Times Like These (1915) ya yi jayayya cewa mata suna da dabi'ar uwa ta halitta wanda ya sa su fi dacewa da siyasa fiye da maza, yana mai cewa "maza suna yin rauni, kuma mata suna ɗaure su". A shekara ta 1916, ta yi kira ga a ba da izinin zaɓe ga matan Kanada da Ingila da farko, kodayake ta janye shawararta lokacin da Francis Marion Beynon ya soki ra'ayinta a cikin Jagoran Masu Girma . 

McClung ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar eugenics a Alberta . Ta goyi bayan Dokar Sterilization na Jima'i, wanda ya ba da izinin "rashin hankali" don a yi amfani da shi ba tare da yardar kyauta ba (wani lokacin ba tare da sanin su ba, yana ba da gudummawa ga kisan kare dangi na Kanada na 'yan asalin ƙasar) bisa ga shawarar Hukumar Eugenics ta Alberta .  Dokar ta lalata fiye da mutane 2,800 ba tare da son rai da wayar da kan jama'a ba daga lokacin da ta fara aiki a 1928 har sai an soke ta a 1972.
A shekara ta 1954, gwamnatin Kanada ta ba McClung suna Mutumin Muhimmancin Tarihi na Kasa. Wani tambari na tunawa da McClung yana cikin Chatsworth, Ontario .  A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1973, an girmama McClung da sauran mata hudu da ke da hannu a cikin shari'ar mutane da hatimi na 8 cent. Bugu da kari, an amince da Kotu na Mutum a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa a shekarar 1997.  A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, Majalisar Dattijai ta Kanada ta kira Nellie McClung da sauran "sanatoci masu daraja" na farko na Kanada guda biyar.

Gidan McClung a Calgary, Alberta, gidanta daga 1923 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1930, har yanzu yana tsaye kuma an sanya shi wurin tarihi. Sauran gidaje biyu da McClung ya zauna an sake su zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Archibald kusa da La Rivière, Manitoba a cikin Karkara na Pembina, kafin a koma Manitou a cikin 2017 bayan rufe gidan kayan gargajiya. Gidajen suna buɗewa ga jama'a. Gidan dangin McClung a Winnipeg kuma wuri ne na tarihi.

 Bayanan littattafai 

 Labari ne 




 Ba tatsuniyoyi ba 


 Minti na Tarihi: Nellie McClung

 Dubi kuma 

 Mata a Kanada
 Jerin masu goyon bayan mata da mata
 Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata

 Manazarta 

 Tushen 

 Tushen bugawa 


 Ƙarin karantawa 











 Haɗin waje 










 Littattafan lantarki 

 Works by Nellie McClungaShirin Gutenberg
 Works by Nellie Letitia McClungaShafin da ya ɓace (Kanada) 
 Works by or about Nellie McClunga cikinTarihin Intanet
 Works by Nellie McClungaLibriVox (littafan sauti na yankin jama'a) 
Rukuni:Haihuwar 1873
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1951
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba