Menander

Menander (/məˈnændər/; Girkanci na dā: Μένανδρος Menandros; c. 342/41 - c. 290 BC) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Girka kuma sanannen wakilin Athenian New Comedy.[1]Konstan, David (2010). Menander of Athens. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-0199805198. Ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo 108[2]Suidas μ 589kuma ya karɓi kyautar a bikin Lenaia sau takwas.[3]Apollodorus: Chronicle, fr.43  Ba a san tarihinsa a City Dionysia ba.Ya kasance daya daga cikin mashahuran marubuta kuma mafi sha'awar mawaka a zamanin da, amma aikin nasa an dauke shi asara kafin farkon zamanai.  Yanzu yana rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gyare-gyaren yaren Latin da Terence da Plautus suka yi kuma, a cikin ainihin Hellenanci, a cikin nau'i mai banƙyama, yawancin su an gano su a kan papyrus a cikin kaburburan Masar a farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20.  A cikin 1950s, zuwa ga babban farin ciki na Classicists, an sanar da cewa an sake gano wasan Menander, Dyskolos, a ƙarshe a cikin Bodmer Papyri wanda ya isa a yi.n  

 Rayuwa da Aiki 
Menander dan uwa ne masu hali;  Mahaifinsa Diopeithes wasu ne suka gano shi tare da Janar na Athens da kuma gwamnan Thracian Chersonese wanda aka sani daga jawabin Demosthenes De Chersoneso.  Wataƙila ya samo ɗanɗanonsa na wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya daga kawunsa Alexis.[5]'A Short History of Comedy', [1]Prolegomena De Comoedia, 3[4] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Freese, John Henry (1911). "Menander". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 109–110.

Shi aboki ne, abokin tarayya, kuma watakila almajiri na Theophrastus, kuma yana da kusanci da dan kama-karyar Atheniya Demetrius na Phalerum.[6]  Ya kuma ji daɗin goyon bayan Ptolemy Soter, ɗan Lagus, wanda ya gayyace shi zuwa kotunsa.  Amma Menander, ya fi son 'yancin kai na villarsa a cikin Piraeus da kuma kamfanin uwarsa Glycera, ya ƙi.[7]  Bisa ga bayanin wani malami a Ibis na Ovid, ya nutse a lokacin da yake wanka, [8] kuma mutanen kasarsa sun girmama shi da wani kabari a kan hanyar da ke zuwa Athens, inda Pausanias ya gan shi.[9]  Mutane da yawa da ake zaton bust ɗinsa sun tsira, ciki har da wani sanannen mutum-mutumi a cikin Vatican, wanda a da ake tunanin yana wakiltar Gaius Marius.[4]

Abokin hamayyarsa a fasaha mai ban mamaki (kuma ana zaton a cikin sha'awar Glycera) shine Philemon, wanda ya bayyana ya fi shahara.  Menander, duk da haka, ya gaskata kansa a matsayin mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo, kuma, a cewar Aulus Gellius, [10] ya kasance yana tambayar Philemon: "Ba ka jin kunya a duk lokacin da ka sami nasara a kaina?"  A cewar Caecilius na Calacte (Porphyry a cikin Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica[11]) Menander an zarge shi da yin saɓo, kamar yadda aka ɗauke shi The Superstitious Man daga Augur na Antiphanes, [4] amma sake yin aiki da bambancin kan jigo irin wannan ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.  don haka cajin yana da rikitarwa.n

 Asarar Aikinsa 

Yawancin ayyukan Menander ba su tsira a tsakiyar zamanai ba, sai dai gajeru.  Laburaren Federico da Montefeltro da ke Urbino ana kyautata zaton yana da “tutte le opere”, cikakkun ayyuka, amma an yi tambaya game da wanzuwar sa kuma babu wata alama bayan da Cesare Borgia ta kama birnin da kuma canja wurin ɗakin karatu zuwa Vatican.[15]

Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, duk abin da aka sani na Menander gutsutsaye ne da wasu marubuta suka nakalto kuma Augustus Meineke (1855) da Theodor Kock, Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta (1888) suka tattara.  Waɗannan sun ƙunshi wasu ayoyi 1650 ko sassan ayoyi, ban da ɗimbin kalmomi da masana ƙamus na dā suka ɗauko daga Menander.[4]

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