Attenuator

Attenuator na'urar lantarki ce mai ɗaukar nauyi wacce ke rage ƙarfin siginar ba tare da karkatar da tsarin kalaman sa ba. Attenuator daidai yake da kishiyar amplifier, kodayake biyun suna aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Yayin da amplifier yana ba da riba, mai kunnawa yana ba da asara, ko samun ƙasa da haɗin kai (Unity). Ana yawan kiran mai kunnawa a matsayin "pad" a cikin kayan lantarki mai jiwuwa.The Oxford English Dictionary offers no etymology for the term, but notes its use in the Electronics magazine of February 1931.

 Hadawa da amfani 
Attenuators yawanci na'urori ne masu wucewa daga hanyoyin sadarwa masu sauƙi masu rarraba wutar lantarki. Canja tsakanin juriya daban-daban yana samar da matakan daidaitawa masu takowa da masu ci gaba da daidaitawa ta amfani da potentimeters. Don mafi girma mitoci daidai madaidaicin ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwar juriya na VSWR ana amfani da su. Ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun masu attenuators a cikin da'irori don rage ƙarfin lantarki, ɓatar da wutar lantarki, da haɓaka daidaitawar rashin ƙarfi. A cikin auna sigina, ana amfani da pads ko adaftan don rage girman siginar sanannen adadin don ba da damar ma'auni, ko don kare na'urar aunawa daga matakan sigina wanda zai iya lalata ta. Hakanan ana amfani da masu sa ido don 'madaidaita' impedance ta hanyar rage SWR (Standing Wave Ratio).

 Fai-fan Attenuator 
Mahimman hanyoyin da'irori da ake amfani da su a cikin attenuators sune pi pads (π-type) da T pads. Ana iya buƙatar waɗannan su zama ma'auni ko cibiyoyin sadarwa marasa daidaituwa dangane da ko ginshiƙan layin da za a yi amfani da su da shi daidai ne ko rashin daidaituwa. Misali, attenuators da aka yi amfani da layukan coaxial za su zama sigar mara daidaituwa yayin da ake buƙatar masu sa ido don amfani tare da karkatattun nau'i-nau'i don zama daidaitaccen tsari. An ba da zane-zanen da'ira na asali huɗu na attenuator a cikin adadi na hagu. Tunda da'irar attenuator ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kawai, na layi ne da kuma matsawa. Idan da'irar kuma an sanya ta ta simmetric (wannan shine al'amarin tun da yawanci ana buƙatar shigar da shigarwa da fitarwa Z1 da Z2 daidai suke), to ba a bambanta shigarwar da tashoshin fitarwa ba, amma ta hanyar al'ada gefen hagu da dama na Ana kiran da'irori a matsayin shigarwa da fitarwa, bi da bi. Akwai teburi daban-daban da ƙididdiga waɗanda ke ba da hanyar tantance madaidaitan ƙimar ƙima don cimma ƙimar hasara ta musamman, kamar wadda NAB ta buga a cikin 1960 don asarar da ke tsakanin 1/2 zuwa 40 dB, don amfani a cikin da'irori 600 ohm.NAB Engineering Handbook, Table 9-3 Resistive Pads (PDF) (5th ed.). National Association of Broadcasters. 1960. pp. 9–10.

 Rabe-raben Attenuator 
Mahimmin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai don masu sa ido su ne:"Attenuators, Fixed | Keysight (formerly Agilent's Electronic Measurement)". www.keysight.com. Retrieved 2018-08-31. Attenuation bayyana a decibel na ikon dangi. Kunshin 3 dB yana rage wuta zuwa rabi, 6 dB zuwa ɗaya na huɗu, 10 dB zuwa goma ɗaya, 20 dB zuwa ɗari, 30 dB zuwa dubu ɗaya da sauransu. Lokacin da abubuwan shigarwa da fitarwa suka kasance iri ɗaya, ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki zai zama tushen murabba'in tushen ƙarfin wutar lantarki, don haka, alal misali, 6 dB attenuator wanda ke rage wuta zuwa kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu zai rage ƙarfin lantarki (da na yanzu) da rabi. 

•Impedence na ƙima, misali 50 ohm 

•Yawan bandwidth, misali DC-18 GHz 

•Rushewar wutar  ya dogara da yawa da kuma saman yanki na kayan juriya da kuma yuwuwar ƙarin filaye masu sanyaya.

•SWR shine  madaidaicin raƙuman ruwa  don shigarwa da tashar jiragen ruwa masu fitarwa 

•Daidaito

•Maimaituwa


 RF Attenuator 
Attenuators mitar rediyo yawanci coaxial ne a cikin tsari tare da madaidaitan masu haɗin kai azaman tashar jiragen ruwa da coaxial, ƙaramin tsiri ko tsarin ciki na bakin ciki. Sama SHF ana buƙatar tsari na musamman na jagorar raƙuman ruwa. An ƙirƙiri fala mai ɗagawa don amfani a jagogin raƙuman ruwa don rage siginar. 

Muhimman halaye sune:

•daidaito, 

•low SWR, 

•lebur mitar-amsa da 

•maimaitawa.

Girma da siffar attenuator ya dogara da ikonsa na watsar da iko. Ana amfani da attenuators na RF azaman lodi don kuma kamar yadda aka sani attenuation da rarrabuwar kariyar wuta a cikin auna siginar RF.About RF attenuators Archived October 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine – Herley General Microwave

 AF Attenuator 
Attenuator matakin-layi a cikin preamp ko attenuator wuta bayan amplifier yana amfani da juriyar wutar lantarki don rage girman siginar da ta kai ga lasifikar, yana rage ƙarar fitarwa. Attenuator matakin-layi yana da ƙananan sarrafa wutar lantarki, kamar 1/2-watt potentiometer ko mai rarraba wutar lantarki  kuma yana sarrafa siginonin matakin farko, yayin da mai sarrafa wutar lantarki yana da mafi girman ƙarfin sarrafa ƙarfi, kamar watts 10 ko fiye, kuma ana amfani dashi tsakanin amplifier da lasifikar.

 Ƙimar ɓangarori don gammaye masu tsayayya da attenuators 

Wannan sashe ya shafi pi-pads, T-pads da L-pads da aka yi gaba ɗaya daga resistors kuma an ƙare akan kowace tashar jiragen ruwa tare da juriya na gaske.

•Duk impedance, igiyoyin ruwa, ƙarfin lantarki da sigogin tashar jiragen ruwa biyu za a ɗauka su zama na gaske. Don aikace-aikace masu amfani, wannan zato sau da yawa yana kusa isa.

•An ƙera kushin don wani ƙayyadaddun nauyin kaya, ZLoad, da kuma takamaiman tushen tushen, Zs.

•Wurin da aka gani yana kallon tashar shigarwar zai zama ZS idan tashar fitarwa ta ƙare ta ZLoad.

•Wurin da aka gani yana kallon tashar fitarwa zai zama ZLoad idan tashar shigarwar ta ƙare ta ZS.

 Ƙididdiga masu ƙididdiga don lissafin bangaren attenuator 
Attenuator mai bangare biyu gabaɗaya bidirectional ne. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan sashe za a bi da shi kamar dai hanya ɗaya ce. Gabaɗaya, ɗayan lambobi biyun sun shafi, amma adadi na farko (wanda ke kwatanta tushen hagu) za a ɗauka a hankali a mafi yawan lokuta. A cikin yanayin L-pad, za a yi amfani da adadi na biyu idan nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyi ya fi girma. Kowane resistor a cikin kowane nau'in kushin da aka tattauna ana ba shi suna na musamman don rage rudani. Lissafin ƙimar ɓangaren L-pad yana ɗauka cewa ƙirar ƙira don tashar jiragen ruwa 1 (a hagu) daidai yake ko sama da ƙirar ƙira don ɓangare 2.

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