Gnawa

Gnawa ( / ɡ ( ə ) ˈnɑːwə / ) (ko Gnaoua, Ghanawa, Ghanawi, Gnawi' ; Larabci: ڭناوة ) ƙabila ce da ke zaune a  kasar Maroko, waɗanda aka kawo a matsayin bayi daga Sahel ta Yammacin Afirka.

Tarihin Gnawa yana da alaƙa da ɗan tarihi na Masarautar Maroko mai suna "Baƙaƙen masu gadi", kuma kalmar "Gnawa", jam'in "Gnawi", ta samo asali ne daga harshen Hausa.

An rubuta waƙar Gnawa a cikin shekarar (2019 ) are cikin Jerin Wakilai na Gadon Al'adun ɗan adam mara-girma. 

 Tarihi: 
An yi imanin cewa al'ummar Gnawa sun samo asali ne daga yankin Sahel na yammacin Afirka, wanda ke da dogon lokaci kuma yana da alakar kasuwanci da siyasa da Maroko.   Gnawa ƙabila ce da aka kawo ƙasar Maroko a matsayin bayi, kuma an samo asali ne daga zuriyarsu a sassan yammacin Afirka. Bayan kawar da bauta, sun zama wani bangare na darikar Sufaye a yankin Magrib.  Yayin da suke karbar addinin Musulunci, Gnawa sun ci gaba da yin bikin mallakar al'ada a lokacin bukukuwan da aka sadaukar da su ga yin raye-rayen mallaka da tsoro. Ana kiran wannan ibada ta mallaka Jedba.

 Gnawa da kiɗa: 
Waƙar Gnawa ta haɗu da Sufancin Islama na gargajiya da al'adun mutanen Afirka kafin zuwan Musulunci. Kalmar mawakan Gnawa gabaɗaya tana nufin mutanen da su ma suke gudanar da ayyukan ibada . Ayyukan warkaswa na da alaƙa da alaƙa da al'adun raye-rayen Afirka kafin zuwan Musulunci da aka fi sani da Bori a al'adun Hausawa. A cikin shahararrun al'adun Moroccan, Gnawas, ta wurin bukukuwan su, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ƙwararru a cikin maganin sihiri na tsaurin kunama da tabin hankali . Suna warkar da cututtuka ta hanyar amfani da launuka, ɗimbin hotunan al'adu, turare da tsoro.

Gnawas yana kunna waƙar hypnotic trance mai zurfi da aka yi masa alama da ƙananan sauti, waƙoƙin raye-raye waɗanda aka kunna akan lute mai lulluɓe da fata da ake kira sintir ko guembri . Hanyar da ta yi kama da garaya a waƙar gargajiyar Hausa, ta ƙunshi waƙar kira da amsawa, da tafa hannu, da kuge da ake kira <i id="mwRw">krakeb</i> (jam'in karkaba ). Bukukuwan Gnawa suna amfani da kaɗe-kaɗe da raye-raye don tayar da tsarkaka na kakanni waɗanda aka ce suna yin waraka.

Kiɗa na Gnawa ya sami babban matsayi na ƙasa da ƙasa. Yawancin mawakan Yammacin Turai, ciki har da Bill Laswell, Brian Jones, Randy Weston, Adam Rudolph, Klaus Doldinger, Tucker Martine, Robert Plant, Jacob Collier da Jimmy Page, sun zana tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da mawakan Gnawa kamar 'yan'uwa Mahmoud Guinia da Mokhtar Gania na Essaouira., brothers Mustapha Baqbou & Ahmed Baqbou, Abdelkebir Merchane, Brahim Belkani, duk daga Marrakesh, da Hamid El Kasri da Abdelkader Amlil na Rabat da marigayi Ahmida Boussou da Saïd Oughassal na Casablanca, wadanda duk sun halarci bikin shekara-shekara a Essaouira . Wasu masanan gargajiya suna ɗaukar haɗin gwiwa na zamani a matsayin gauraye albarka, barin ko gyara al'adu masu tsarki don ƙarin manufofin kasuwanci. Mawakan rikodi na duniya irin su Hassan Hakmoun sun gabatar da kaɗe-kaɗe da raye-raye na Gnawa ga jama'ar Yammacin Turai ta hanyar faifan bidiyo da wasan kwaikwayo.

Cibiyoyin kiɗan Gnawa sune Marrakesh, Tangier, Rabat, Casablanca, Fez da Essaouira, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin Maroko inda ake gudanar da bikin kiɗan duniya na Gnaoua kowace shekara. Gnawa na Marrakesh na gudanar da bikinsu na shekara-shekara a haramin Moulay Brahim da ke tsaunukan Atlas da kewayen Moulay Abdullah bin Tsain a kauyen Tamesloht tsakanin Marrakesh da garin Amizmiz . Ana gudanar da bukukuwan ne dangane da ranar haihuwar Muhammadu .

Gnawa na Khamlia suna gudanar da bikinsu na shekara a watan Agusta a ƙauyen Khamlia da ke Erg Chebbi. 

Daga karshe kuma akwai wata kabila ta musamman a cikin Gnawa mai suna Ganga. Ganga sun fito ne daga yankin kudu da sahara na Afirka kuma galibi suna magana Tashelhait, kuma ana samun su a Haha tsakanin Essaouira da Agadir da kuma cikin kwarin Sous kusa da garuruwa kamar Agadir da Taroudant. Ba sa wasan guimbri sai dai kawai suna mai da hankali ne kan raye-rayen da ake kira kouyou, wasan krakeb da manyan ganguna da ake kira tebel ko ganga, wanda kuma yana cikin jerin gwanon bikin gnawa na yau da kullun.

 Manazarta; 

 Gabaɗaya nassoshi 

 Ibiblio.org: Labarun Gnawa: Mawakan Mawaƙin Sufi daga Maroko
 gnawa a gidan yanar gizon ma'aikatar sadarwa ta Morocco
 WorldMusicCentral.org
 PTWMusic.com: gnawa ta Chouki El Hamel a Jami'ar Duke Disamba 1, 2000
 Etymology na "Gnawa" daga Encyclopædia Britannica
 Ben Saidi, A (2003) Amazigh Kateb Yassin ya tattauna Maghreb Blues da Ghanawa Music-wani yaduwar Berber, nau'ikan Larabci.

 Kara karantawa 

 Bernasek, L & Burger, HS (2008) Imazighen! : Kyawawa da Sana'a a Rayuwar Berber, Peabody Museum Press
 Courtney-Clarke, M & Brooks, G. (1996) Imazighen: Al'adun Bacewa na Matan Berber, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London, UK
 El-Ghissassi, H. (2006) Game da sur Le Laroc de Mohamed VI, Michel Lafon
 Ennaji, M (2005) Harsuna da yawa, Alamar Al'adu da Ilimi a Maroko, Springer, New York, Amurka
 Harris, W. (2003) Maroko da Was, Eland Books, London, UK
 Hart, DM (2000) Kabila da Jama'a a Rural Morocco, Frank Cass Publishers
 Howe, M (2005) Maroko: Farkawa ta Islama da Sauran Kalubale, Jami'ar Oxford Press, New York, Amurka
 Hoffman, KE (2008) Muna Raba Ganuwar: Harshe, Ƙasa, da Jinsi a Berber Maroko, Wiley-Blackwell
 Maxwell, G (2000) Ubangijin Atlas, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Illustrated
 Maxwell, G (2002) Iyayen Atlas: Tashi da faduwar Gidan Glaoua 1893-1956, The Lyons Press
 McKissack, F. & McKissack, P. (1995) Masarautar Ghana, Mali, da Songhay: Rayuwa a Afirka ta Tsakiya, Henry Holt da Co. LLC
 Pennell, CR (2003) Maroko: Daga Daular zuwa Independence, OneWorld Publications
 Pennel, CR (2001) Maroko tun 1830: Tarihi, NYU Press, Amurka
 Porch, D (1983) Nasara na Maroko - Babban Tarihi na Babban Kasadar Mulkin Mallaka na Ƙarshe na Faransa, Dogon Gwagwarmaya Don Mallakar Mulkin Tsakanin Ta Hanyar Dabaru da Ƙarfin Makamai 1903 – 1914, Knopf
 Porch, D, 2nd Ed (2005) Ciwon Sahara, Ferrar, Straus & Giroux
 Rogerson, B & Lavington, S Edited by (2004) Marrakech, The Red City: Garin ta wurin Idanun Marubuta, Littattafan Sickle Moon

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Archived Gnawa.net   
 http://www.vodeo.tv/4-33-3982-des-gnawa-dans-le-bocage.html 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102727/http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=video&no=1052
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063425/http://prep-cncfr.seevia.com/idc/data/Cnc/Recherche/fiche2.asp?idf=3313
 Essaouira a WorldMusicCentral.org
 gnawa at brickhaus.com
 Gnawa Music
  - Festival d'Essaouira Gnaoua et Musiques du Monde
Rukuni:Hausawa
Rukuni:Kabilu a Afrika
Rukuni:Mutanen Maroko
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba