Ilimin Magunguna

Ilimin Magunguna ko Pharmacology shine kimiyyar magunguna da magunguna,  ciki har da asalin abu, abun da ke ciki, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, amfani da warkewa, da toxicology . Musamman, binciken mu'amalar da ke faruwa tsakanin wata halitta mai rai da sinadarai da ke shafar aiki na yau da kullun ko na dabi'a .  Idan abubuwa suna da kaddarorin magani, ana ɗaukar su magunguna .

Filin ya ƙunshi abun da ke tattare da miyagun ƙwayoyi da kaddarorin, ayyuka, maɓuɓɓuka, haɓakawa da ƙirar ƙwayoyi, tsarin kwayoyin halitta da salon salula, tsarin tsarin jiki / tsarin tsarin, siginar siginar / sadarwar salula, binciken kwayoyin halitta, hulɗar, ilimin kimiyyar halitta, farfadowa, da aikace-aikacen likita da kuma damar antipathogenic. Manyan bangarorin biyu na ilimin harhada magunguna sune pharmacodynamics da pharmacokinetics . Pharmacodynamics yana nazarin tasirin magani akan tsarin halittu, kuma pharmacokinetics yana nazarin tasirin tsarin halittu akan magani. A cikin m sharuddan, pharmacodynamics tattauna sunadarai tare da nazarin halittu receptors, da pharmacokinetics tattauna sha, rarraba, metabolism, da kuma excretion (ADME) na sunadarai daga nazarin halittu tsarin.

Ilimin harhada magunguna baya kamance da kantin magani kuma sharuɗɗan biyu suna yawan rikicewa. Pharmacology, kimiyyar ilimin halittu, yana hulɗar bincike, ganowa, da halayyar sinadarai waɗanda ke nuna tasirin ilimin halitta da haɓaka aikin salon salula da kwayoyin halitta dangane da waɗannan sinadarai. Sabanin haka, kantin magani, ƙwararren sabis na kiwon lafiya, ya damu da aiwatar da ka'idodin da aka koya daga ilimin harhada magunguna a cikin saitunan asibiti; ko yana cikin aikin rarrabawa ko aikin kulawa na asibiti. A kowane fanni, babban bambanci tsakanin su biyun shine bambance-bambancen su tsakanin kulawa da marasa lafiya kai tsaye, aikin kantin magani, da fannin binciken kimiyya, wanda ilimin harhada magunguna ke gudanarwa.

Kalmar ilimin harhada magunguna ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci  , pharmakon, ma'ana "magunguna" ko " guba ", tare da wata kalmar Helenanci  , logia tare da ma'anar "nazarin" ko "ilimin"   (cf. etymology na <i id="mwOw">kantin magani</i> ). Pharmakon yana da alaƙa da pharmakos, sadaukarwar al'ada ko gudun hijira na ɗan adam ko wanda aka azabtar a cikin addinin Girka na dā .

Kalmar zamani pharmacon ana amfani da ita fiye da kalmar magani saboda ya haɗa da sinadarai na endogenous, da abubuwa masu aiki da ilimin halitta waɗanda ba a amfani da su azaman magunguna. Yawanci ya haɗa da agonists na pharmacological da antagonists, amma kuma masu hana enzyme (irin su masu hana masu hana oxidase monoamine ). 

 Tarihi 
 <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage">link=|alt=|200x200px</div> Ana amfani da opium na dabi'a daga opium poppies azaman magani tun kafin 1100 KZ. </div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage">link=|alt=|200x200px</div> Babban abin da ke aiki na Opium, morphine, an fara keɓe shi a cikin 1804 kuma yanzu an san shi yana aiki azaman agonist na opioid .  </div></div></div></div>Asalin ilimin harhada magunguna na asibiti ya koma tsakiyar zamanai, tare da pharmacognosy da Avicenna 's Canon of Medicine, Sharhin Bitrus na Spain akan Ishaku, da John na St Amand Sharhin kan Antedotary na Nicholas .  Ilimin harhada magunguna na farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan herbalism da abubuwan halitta, galibi tsiro. An tattara magunguna a cikin littattafan da ake kira pharmacopoeias . An yi amfani da magungunan danye tun kafin tarihi a matsayin shiri na abubuwa daga tushen halitta. Koyaya, kayan aikin ɗanyen kwayoyi ba a tsarkake su ba kuma an lalatar da abun da wasu abubuwa.

Maganin gargajiya ya bambanta tsakanin al'adu kuma yana iya zama takamaiman ga wata al'ada ta musamman, kamar a cikin gargajiyar Sinawa, Mongoliya, Tibet da likitancin Koriya . Duk da haka yawancin wannan tun lokacin ana ɗaukarsa azaman pseudoscience . Abubuwan harhada magunguna da aka sani da entheogens na iya samun amfani na ruhaniya da na addini da mahallin tarihi.

A cikin karni na 17, likitan Ingilishi Nicholas Culpeper ya fassara kuma ya yi amfani da rubutun magunguna. Culpeper yayi cikakken bayani game da tsire-tsire da yanayin da zasu iya bi da su. A cikin karni na 18, yawancin ilimin likitanci an kafa shi ta aikin William Withering .  Ilimin harhada magunguna a matsayin ilimin kimiyya bai ci gaba ba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19 a cikin babban farfadowar ilimin halittu na wancan lokacin.  Kafin rabin na biyu na karni na goma sha tara, an yi bayanin gagarumin ƙarfi da ƙayyadaddun ayyukan kwayoyi kamar morphine, quinine da digitalis a ɓoye kuma tare da la'akari da ƙarfin sinadarai na ban mamaki da alaƙa ga wasu gabobin ko kyallen takarda.  Rudolf Buchheim ne ya kafa sashen koyar da harhada magunguna na farko a shekarar 1847, a Jami’ar Tartu, domin sanin bukatar fahimtar yadda magungunan warkewa da guba ke haifar da illa.  Daga baya, an kafa sashen ilimin harhada magunguna na farko a Ingila a cikin 1905 a Kwalejin Jami'ar London .

Pharmacology ya haɓaka a cikin karni na 19 a matsayin kimiyyar ilimin halittu wanda ya yi amfani da ka'idodin gwajin kimiyya zuwa yanayin warkewa.  Ci gaban dabarun bincike ya haifar da bincike da fahimtar magunguna. Ci gaba da shirye-shiryen wanka na gabobin jiki, inda aka haɗa samfurori na nama zuwa na'urorin rikodi, irin su myograph, da kuma amsawar ilimin lissafin jiki bayan aikace-aikacen miyagun ƙwayoyi, an ba da izinin nazarin magungunan kwayoyi akan kyallen takarda. Haɓaka gwajin ɗaurin ligand a cikin 1945 ya ba da izinin ƙididdige alaƙar daurin kwayoyi a makasudin sinadarai.  Masana ilimin harhada magunguna na zamani suna amfani da dabaru daga kwayoyin halitta, ilmin kwayoyin halitta, biochemistry, da sauran kayan aikin ci gaba don canza bayanai game da hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta da makasudi cikin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali da aka tsara akan cutar, lahani ko ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin don rigakafin rigakafi, bincike, da kuma kyakkyawan keɓaɓɓen magani .

 Rarraba 
manazarta