Kotunan gargajiya na Malawi

A cikin gasar kasarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_courts_in_Malawi Malawi an yi amfani da tsarin Kotunan Gargajiya (wanda kuma aka sani da Kotunan 'Yan Kasa Kotunan Yanki karkashin dokokin mulkin mallaka) don yawancin na ashirin. karni don sasanta rikice-rikicen jama'a da kuma gurfanar da laifuka, ko da yake a yawancin lokacin mulkin mallaka, ikonsu na aikata laifuka yana da iyaka. Daga cikin shekarar alif 1970, an ƙirƙiri Kotunan Gargajiya ta Yanki kuma aka ba su ikon kusan dukkanin shari'o'in laifuka da suka shafi 'yan Afirka na Malawi, kuma duk wani ƙararrakin da aka kai an kai shi Kotun Koli ta Gargajiya ta Ƙasa maimakon Kotun Koli ta Malawi daga can zuwa Kotun Koli ta daukaka kara. kamar yadda aka yi a Kotunan Kananan Hukumomi kafin shekarar 1970.

Kotunan Gargajiya ya kamata su yi aiki daidai da dokokin Afirka da al'ada, ko da yake sun yi amfani da tsarin mulki, takurawa da ladabtarwa na dokar al'ada, daidai da ra'ayin Hastings Banda, shugaban farko na Malawi. A shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, wadannan kotuna sun yi kaurin suna wajen gurfanar da abokan adawar Banda a siyasance da cin hanci da rashawa. Bayan dawo da siyasar jam’iyyu da yawa, an dakatar da ayyukan kotunan gargajiya na yanki da kotun daukaka kara ta kasa a shekarar 1993.

Yawancin tsoffin Kotunan Gargajiya na ƙasa sun zama kotun majistare, suna iya aiwatar da dokar al'ada, amma ƙarƙashin ƙarar ƙara zuwa Babban Kotun. Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Malawi na shekara ta 1994 ya amince da dokar al’ada a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na tsarin shari’a kuma ya tanadi kotunan gargajiya da ke da hurumin shari’a na farar hula da qananan laifuka, amma ba a gabatar da wata dokar kafa irin wadannan kotuna ba har sai a shekara ta 2011. A watan Fabrairun 2011, Malawi Majalisar ta amince da dokar sake gabatar da kotunan gargajiya na cikin gida da ke kula da yawancin shari'o'in farar hula da wasu kananan laifuka, a matsayin hanyar samar da adalci ga yankunan karkara Malawi.
Ba a aiwatar da wannan dokar ba saboda matsalolin kuɗi har zuwa watan Mayun 2017.

Tarihin dokokin al'ada
A zamanin mulkin mallaka, dokokin Afirka na al'ada sun ƙunshi sassauƙan ƙa'idodi game da ɗabi'a da wajibcin zamantakewa waɗanda al'umma suka yarda da su. An misalta dokar al'adar Afirka ta yadda ta fi damuwa da warware takaddama fiye da hukuncin laifuka. Yawancin tsarin dokokin Afirka na al'ada ba su da ƙarancin sanin laifi s, a ma'anar wani takamaiman laifin da aka aikata a kan, da kuma gurfanar da shi, al'umma sabanin gazawa ko  kuskuren farar hula wanda wanda abin ya shafa zai bi shi a matsayin mai kara. Wasu laifuffukan, misali patricide, inji ko maita sun kasance, duk da haka, suna da girma da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin laifuffukan da suka shafi al'umma da suka shafi mutuwar masu laifi.T O Elias, (1972). The Nature of African Customary Law, Manchester University Press, pp. 110-12, 116 . .
Ko da yake a wasu lokuta an yi iƙirarin cewa, saboda sassauci da tushensa a al'ada, ba doka ba ce da gaske, masana a cikin tsarin shari'ar Afirka irin su [Eugene Cotran] sun nuna hakan. Cotran ya kuma nuna cewa, duk da wasu abubuwan da ba a sani ba, taron jama'a da ke taro don gudanar da dokokin al'ada kotuna ne. Duk da haka, a lokacin mulkin mallaka, an gabatar da dokokin Ingilishi da hanyoyin shari'a kuma an ba su fifiko a kan Dokar al'ada, wadda ke son a lakafta "dokar ƙasa", "dokar gida" ko "dokar gargajiya". Har ila yau, Turawa sun yi ƙoƙari su tsara waɗannan dokoki, wanda a sakamakon haka, ya zama mai tsanani.E Cotran, (1966). The Place and Future of Customary Law in East Africa in East African Law Today, London, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, pp 72, 82-3.

Daga 1902, an kafa dokar Ingilishi a matsayin lambar shari'a da aka amince da ita a cikin Nyasaland Protectorate, kuma an kafa Babbar Kotu akan tsarin Ingilishi. An ba da izinin dokar al'ada (amma ba ta zama tilas ba) a cikin shari'o'in da suka shafi 'yan Afirka, idan wannan doka ko al'ada ta "ƙasa" ba ta da kyau ga ƙa'idodin doka na Turanci. Gabaɗaya an ɗauke ta a matsayin abin ƙyama a wurare uku; maita, amfani da jarabawar guba da kasancewar bauta. Haramcin dokar al’ada a wadannan wurare ya raunana ikon shugabannin gargajiya da ke gudanar da wannan doka.Z. Kadzimira (1971), Constitutional Changes in Malawi, 1891–1965, Zomba, University of Malawi History Conference 1967, pp. 82.
Tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19, an raba kariyar zuwa gundumomi, tare da Mai Tarin Kuɗi (daga baya ake kira Kwamishan Gundumar mai kula da kowane ɗayan, alhakin karɓar haraji da kuma ayyukan shari'a waɗanda suka kasance. a karshe ba a soke shi ba sai 1962.J McCraken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, Woodbridge, James Currey pp. 70, 222-5. .

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