Ellen Churchill Semple

Ellen Churchill Semple (Janairu 8, 1863 - Mayu 8, 1932) yar asalin ƙasar Amurka ce kuma shugabar mata ta farko ta Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers ta Amurka.  Ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga farkon haɓakar ilimin yanayin ƙasa a Amurka, musamman nazarin yanayin yanayin ɗan adam.  An fi danganta ta da aikin anthropogeography da muhalli, da kuma muhawara game da "ƙaddamar da muhalli".

 Iliminta 
Semple's early education was guided by her mother, Emerine Semple, as well as private tutors. Semple followed her sister, Patty Semple, to Vassar where she graduated as valedictorian and was the youngest member of her graduating class.[1]James, Edward (1971). Notable American Women: Volume III. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Bellnap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 260.Semple graduated in 1882 with an A.B. in History from Vassar College at the age of 19, and continued on at Vassar to earn an M.A. in History in (1891). She became interested in geography while visiting London, where she encountered the works of Friedrich Ratzel. She went to Germany to seek out Ratzel and study with him at the University of Leipzig. As a woman, she was prohibited from matriculating, but she was able to gain permission to attend Ratzel's lectures, the only woman in a class of five hundred male students.[2]Brown, Nina. Ellen Churchill Semple: The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains, 1901. Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science. Accessed 2015-3-12. [1] Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback MachineShe continued to work with Ratzel and produced several academic papers in American and European journals, but was never conferred a degree.[3]Edwards, Everett Eugene (July 1933). "Ellen Churchill Semple". Agricultural History. 7 (3): 150–152. JSTOR 3739708.

 Aikinta 

Semple ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers na Amurka.  Semple ya kasance majagaba a tarihin ƙasar Amurka, yana taimakawa wajen faɗaɗa mayar da hankali ga horon fiye da sifofin zahiri na duniya da kuma kawo hankali ga ɓangarori na ɗan adam na labarin ƙasa.  Ƙirƙirar hanyoyinta da ka'idodinta sun yi tasiri ga haɓakar yanayin yanayin ɗan adam a matsayin babban filin ƙasa kuma ya yi tasiri ga ilimin zamantakewa a cikin fannonin ilimi, gami da tarihi da ilimin ɗan adam.[2]Brown, Nina. Ellen Churchill Semple: The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains, 1901. Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science. Accessed 2015-3-12. [1] Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machinen 

 Gudummuwa 

Semple ta kasance babban jigo a ka'idar kayyade muhalli, tare da Ellsworth Huntington da Griffith Taylor.  Tasirin ayyukan Charles Darwin kuma mai ba ta shawara Freidrich Ratzel ya yi tasiri, Semple ta yi hasashen cewa yanayin jiki ne ya ƙaddara aikin ɗan adam.  Kodayake kayyade muhalli a yau ana suka sosai kuma ya rasa tagomashi a ka'idar zamantakewa, an yarda da shi sosai a cikin ilimin kimiyya a ƙarshen 19th-farkon 20th ƙarni.[4]Cresswell, Tim (2013) Geographic Thought: A Critical Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA.  Duk da haka, ana iya ganin tasirin Semple a cikin ayyukan masana ilimin ƙasa na zamani, gami da Jared Diamond.

A cikin jerin littattafai da takardu ta sanar da wasu al'amura na aikin ɗan ƙasar Jamus Friedrich Ratzel ga al'ummar Anglophone.  Matsakaicin asusun ladabtarwa sau da yawa suna danganta ga Semple babban sha'awar ƙayyadaddun muhalli, ka'idar cewa yanayin jiki, maimakon yanayin zamantakewa, yana ƙayyade al'ada;  duk da haka aikinta daga baya ya jaddada tasirin muhalli sabanin yadda muhalli ke da tasiri akan al'ada, yana nuna rashin gamsuwar ilimi tare da kayyade muhalli bayan yakin duniya na farko.

A cikin aikinta Tasirin Muhalli na Geographic akan Tushen Ratzel's System of Anthropo-Geography (1911), ta bayyana mutane da shimfidar wurare masu alaƙa, ta rarraba duniya zuwa manyan nau'ikan muhalli.  Semple yana gano mahimman hanyoyi guda huɗu waɗanda yanayin yanayi ya shafi: 1) tasirin jiki kai tsaye (yanayin yanayi, tsayi);  2) tasirin tunani (al'adu, fasaha, addini);  3) ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (albarkatu da rayuwa);  4) motsin mutane (shingayen dabi'a da hanyoyi, kamar tsaunuka da koguna).

Ayyukan Semple kuma yana nuna tattaunawa da rikice-rikice a cikin labarin kasa da ka'idar zamantakewa game da ƙaddara da kabilanci.  Hakika, a wasu ayyukan ta kalubalanci ra'ayoyin da suka shahara a zamaninta game da launin fata don ƙayyade bambancin zamantakewa da al'adu, yana nuna cewa yanayi ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen bunkasa al'adu.  An soki ka'idodin Semple na ƙayyadaddun muhalli a matsayin mai sauƙin sauƙi kuma galibi suna maimaita jigogi iri ɗaya na ƙayyadaddun kabilanci ta hanyar "yanayi".  Koyaya, kwanan nan an sake duba aikin Semple don fara binciken al'amuran da yanzu ke tsakiyar ilimin kimiyyar siyasa.

Semple tayi  imanin cewa ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga wurare masu zafi amma ya sami cikakkiyar balaga a cikin yankuna masu zafi na duniya." Inda mutum ya kasance a cikin wurare masu zafi, in banda kaɗan, ya fuskanci ci gaban kama. Gidan gandun daji ya sa shi yaro."n 

 Lambar Yabo da Karramawa 
A cikin 1914 Semple ta sami lambar yabo ta Cullum Geographic Medal daga American Geographical Society, "don sanin irin gudunmawar da ta ba da gudummawa ga kimiyyar anthropogeography".  Ita ce Shugabar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers na Amurka (yanzu Ƙungiyar Masu Tattalin Arziki ta Amirka) daga 1921 zuwa 1922 kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Helen Culver Gold Medal ta Geographic Society of Chicago, don amincewa da jagorancinta a Geography na Amurka.

Makarantar firamare ta Semple a garin Semple na Louisville an ba ta suna don girmamawarta.

 Rayuwa daga Baya 

Semple continued to teach geography until her death in 1932.[3]Edwards, Everett Eugene (July 1933). "Ellen Churchill Semple". Agricultural History. 7 (3): 150–152. JSTOR 3739708.She died in West Palm Beach, Florida, and is buried in the Cave Hill National Cemetery in Louisville.n 

 Koyarwa 

Semple ta ci gaba da koyar da labarin kasa har zuwa rasuwarta a shekara ta 1932.[3]Edwards, Everett Eugene (July 1933). "Ellen Churchill Semple". Agricultural History. 7 (3): 150–152. JSTOR 3739708.Ta mutu a West Palm Beach, Florida, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Cave Hill National Cemetery a Louisville.

 Manazarta 

Category:Mutuwan 1932