Abd al-Mu'min

Abd al Mu'min (c. 1094-1163) ( ; cikakken suna: ’Abd al-Mu’min ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Alwi ibn Ya’lā al-Kumi Abu Muḥammad )  ya kasance fitaccen memba ne a harkar Almohad . Duk da cewa ita kanta kungiyar Almohad Ibn Tumart ne ya kafa ta, Abd al-Mu'min shi ne ya kafa daular mulki kuma ya kirkiro daular Almohad. The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy - Cambridge University PressBy Cambridge companion to philosophy Oye, Ogun Journal of Arts, Volume 4 Faculty of Arts, Ogun State University The Encyclopaedia of Islam: NED-SAMHamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography: An International Reference Work, Volume 1 The Religious Traditions of Africa: A History - Elizabeth Isichei Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia: knowledge in depth.  A matsayinsa na jagoran kungiyar Almohad ya zama Khalifan farko na Daular Almohad a shekara ta 1133, bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1130 na wanda ya kafa kungiyar Ibn Tumart, ya kuma yi mulki har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1163. Abd al-Mu'min ya yi amfani da koyarwar Almohadism na magabata a aikace, ya yi galaba a kan Almoravids, kuma ya tsawaita mulkinsa a faɗin Al-Andalus (a yankin Iberian Peninsula) har zuwa Tunis a cikin Ifriqiya (Tunisiya a yau), ta haka ne ya kawo mulkin. Maghreb a Arewacin Afirka da Al-Andalus a Turai a karkashin akida ɗaya da gwamnati ɗaya. Kojiro Nakamura, "Ibn Mada's Criticism of Arab Grammarians." Orient, v. 10, pgs.  

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Abd al-Mu'min a ƙauyen Tagra, Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages - Page 4 Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities kusa da Tlemcen, a cikin daular Hammadid, Aljeriya a yau,   a cikin kabilar Kumiya, wani yanki na Larabawa. kungiyar kabilar Berber Zenata.   Wannan ƙabila ta zauna a arewacin lardin Oran da ke kusa da Nedroma.  Mahaifinsa maginin tukwane ne daga Nedroma. The Muslims: Encyclopaedia of Islam : Including Entries Prepared by a Number of Leading Orientalists and Modern Islamic Scholars, Volume 1 - Page 255

Lokacin matashi, Abd al-Mu'min ya tafi Tlemcen don koyon Fiqhu. Malaminsa ya rasu kafin ya kammala karatunsa. Daga nan sai aka sanar da shi wani Faqih mai ilimi kuma salihai mai suna Feqih Soussi (wanda aka fi sani da Ibn Tumart) wanda ya taso daga gabas akan hanyarsa ta zuwa ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a Tinmel, ƙasar Morocco a yau. Abd al-Mu’min da takwarorinsa sun so su shawo kan Ibn Tumart ya zauna a Tlemcen, don haka aka aika shi zuwa ga Ibn Tumart da wasiƙa daga ɗalibai suna gayyatarsa ya zo ƙasarsu. Su biyun sun haɗu a Mellala kusa da Bejaïa.  Ibn Tumart ya ki amsa gayyatar, amma Abd al-Mu'min ya zauna tare da shi, suka ci gaba da tafiya tare zuwa Maroko. 

 Rayuwar Siyasa 
Wani lokaci wajen shekara ta 1117, Abd al-Mu'min ya zama mabiyin Ibn Tumart  shugaban Masmudas (kabilar Berber na yammacin Maroko a yau  ), shugaban addini da soja na shahararriyar ibada wanda ya samu ya kafa Almohad a matsayin tsari na addini da nufin maido da tsarki a Musulunci. Ƙungiyarsa ta daɗe da rashin jituwa da Almoravids kuma an tilasta musu yin gudun hijira a cikin tsaunuka. Abd al-Mu'min ya zauna tare da Ibn Tumart yayin da yake tafiya a hankali zuwa Marrakesh. A nan ne jagoransa ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Mahadi (Shiryuwa) kuma yana adawa da daular Almoravid.  Bayan wannan furci, ƙungiyar ta ƙaura zuwa tsaunin Atlas kuma ta tara mabiya a can. A lokaci guda suka kirkiro karamar jihar Almohad. A yayin wani hari da aka kai birnin Marrakesh, an kashe al-Bashir na biyu a matsayin kwamanda, sannan aka sanya sunan Abd al-Mu'min don maye gurbinsa. 

Lokacin da Ibn Tumart ya rasu a shekara ta 1130 a Ribat dinsa a Tinmel,   bayan ya sha kashi mai tsanani a hannun Almorawida, Abd al-Mu'min da majalisar goma sun boye wafatin Ibn Tumart har tsawon 3. shekaru,  tun lokacin da Almohad suka shiga tsaka mai wuya a yakinsu da Almoravids. Abd al-Mu’min kuma ya ji tsoron kada Masmuda (kabilar Berber ta Ibn Tumart) su karbe shi a matsayin shugabansu tunda shi bare ne. A karshe ya jagoranci Almohad a lokacin da aka kulla alaka ta iyali tsakaninsa da Cheikh Abu Hafs, shugaban Masmuda. Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377).  Sannan ya fito a matsayin Laftanar Ibn Tumart, ya zama shugaban kungiyar, ya kafa rundunar soji mai karfi. Ya shelanta kansa Halifa, yana da laƙabin  ('Wakilin Mahdi') sannan kuma - watakila bayan cin Marrakesh - na Amir al-Mu'minin ('Yariman/Kwamandan Muminai').   Daga karshe ya karbi zuriyar Qaysi na larabawa wanda ya hada da annabi Muhammad.    A ƙarƙashinsa, Almohads sun sauko daga tsaunuka, a ƙarshe sun lalata ikon daular Almoravid da ta 1147.

Abd al-Mu'min ya ƙirƙiro daularsa ta hanyar samun nasarar mallakar manyan tsaunukan Atlas, sannan Middle Atlas, zuwa yankin Rif, daga ƙarshe ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a arewacin Tlemcen.  A cikin shekarar 1145, bayan da Almoravids suka rasa jagoran 'yan amshin shata na Catalan, Reveter, Almohads sun ci su da yaƙi a fili. Daga wannan lokacin Almohads suka koma yamma zuwa gabar tekun Atlantika. Bayan sun yi wa Marrakesh kawanya, daga karshe suka kwace shi a shekara ta 1147.  Bayanan gargajiya sun bayyana cewa, bayan ya kafa babban birninsa a Marrakesh, Abd al-Mu'min ya haifar da rudani ta yadda Almohad suka ɗauke shi a matsayin birnin 'yan bidi'a. Ya gamsu da rugujewar fadarsu da masallatai, ko da yake ba a bayyana ko an ruguza wadannan ba ne ko kuma an yi watsi da su ne kawai. 

Shigowar Almohad a Al-Andalus ya fara ne tun a shekara ta 1145, lokacin da Ali ibn Isa ibn Maymun, kwamandan sojojin ruwa na Almoravid na Cadiz, ya koma 'Abd al-Mu'min.    A wannan shekarar ne, Ibn Qasi, sarkin Silves, yana daya daga cikin shugabannin Andalus na farko da suka yi kira ga Almohad ya shiga cikin Al-Andalus domin ya dakatar da ci gaban daular Kiristanci, wanda Almoravids masu rugujewa suka kasa shawo kan su. A cikin shekara ta 1147 Abd al-Mu'min ya aika da rundunar soji karkashin jagorancin wani ɗan tawaye na Almoravid, Abu Ishaq Barraz, wanda ya kame Algeciras da Tarifa kafin ya wuce yamma zuwa Niebla, Badajoz, da Algarve. An kewaye Almoravids a Seville a cikin shekara ta 1147 har sai da aka kama birnin a 1148 tare da goyon bayan gida.   

A daidai wannan lokaci wata babbar tawaye da ta taru a cikin kwarin Sous, karkashin jagorancin Muhammad bn 'Abd Allah al-Massi, ta girgiza daular Almohad tare da ɗaukar nauyin addini, tare da haɗa kabilu daban-daban don yakar Almohad. Wasu muhimman garuruwa irin su Ceuta, Salé, da Sijilmassa sun hambarar da hakimansu na Almohad. An ayyana wani Almoravid, Yahya ibn al-Sahrawiyya, a matsayin sarkin Ceuta. Bayan koma baya na farko na Almohad, daga karshe an dakile tawayen saboda godiya ga laftanar Abd al-Mu'min, Umar al-Hintati, wanda ya jagoranci rundunar da ta kashe al-Massi. An ce Abd al-Mu'min ya ɗauki wasu tsauraran matakai bayan haka kuma ya kaddamar da kawar da mutanen da ya yi tunanin za su iya zama marasa aminci a tsakanin kabilun Berber, wanda ya yi sanadin kashe mutane kusan 30,000.   

Tawayen sun yi wa Almohad haraji kuma ya haifar da koma baya na wucin gadi a cikin Al-Andalus kuma, amma ba da jimawa ba Almohad suka sake kai farmaki. Da yake amsa kiraye-kirayen da jami'an musulmi suka yi, sun karbe iko da Cordoba a shekara ta 1149, inda suka ceci birnin daga hannun dakarun Alfonso VII.  Sauran Almoravids a Al-Andalus, karkashin jagorancin Yahya ibn Ghaniya, a lokacin sun kasance a cikin Granada. A shekara ta 1150 ko 1151 Abd al-Mu'min ya kira shuwagabanni da jiga-jigan Al-Andalus da ke karkashin ikonsa zuwa Ribat al-Fath ( Rabat ), inda ya sanya su yi masa mubaya'a, ga alama a matsayin nunin ikonsa na siyasa.   An ci Almoravids a Granada a shekara ta 1155 kuma suka koma tsibirin Balearic, inda suka shafe shekaru da yawa. 

A cikin shekarun 1150, duk da haka, Abd al-Mu'min ya mayar da hankalinsa wajen faɗaɗa gabas a arewacin Afirka zuwa Ifriqiya.   A shekara ta 1151, ya isa Constantine inda ya fuskanci kawancen kabilun Larabawa da suka yi ta ratsa kasar Berber. Maimakon halaka waɗannan kabilu, sai ya yi amfani da su wajen yakin Andalus kuma sun taimaka wajen dakile duk wata adawa ta cikin gida daga iyalan Ibn Tumart.  Abd al-Mu'min ya jagoranci dakarunsa suka mamaye birnin Tunis a shekara ta 1159, inda suka ci gaba da kafa iko a kan Ifriqiya ta hanyar mamaye garuruwan Mahdia (a lokacin Roger II na Sicily ), Kairouan, da sauran garuruwan bakin teku har zuwa Tripoli ( a Libya ta zamani). Daga nan sai ya koma Marrakesh ya tafi yawo zuwa Al-Andalus a shekara ta 1161. Abd al-Mu'min ya ba da umarnin gina sabon kagara a Gibraltar, inda ya kafa kansa a lokacin zamansa a Al-Andalus.  

 Shekaru na ƙarshe 
Abd al-Mu'min ne ya gina daular Almohad kuma danginsa (wanda aka fi sani da Mu'uminina) ne suka yi mulki mai inganci. Wannan da ayyukan soji da yake ci gaba da yi ya fusata masu ɗaukar kansu a matsayin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar Almohad. Waɗannan waɗanda suka kafa sun yi yunkurin kashe Abd al-Mu’min a shekara ta 1160 bai yi nasara ba.Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages

Abd al-Mu'min ya dawo daga Al-Andalus zuwa Magrib a shekara ta 1162. A cikin shekara ta gaba ya zauna a Ribat al-Fath kuma ya fara tattara sojoji a cikin katangarta da nufin sake kaddamar da wani balaguro zuwa Al-Andalus. Sai dai ya kamu da rashin lafiya, bayan ya daɗe yana jinya, ya rasu a can a watan Mayu 1163 (Jumada II 558H ).   An kai gawarsa Tinmel, inda aka binne shi, bayan wani biki, kusa da Ibn Tumart a rukunin addini (wanda ke kewaye da Babban Masallacin Tinmel) da ya gina a can shekarun baya. Ɗansa Abu Ya'akub Yusuf ya gaje shi. 

 Martaba 
Abd al-Mu'min ya kafa gwamnatin tsakiya da za ta mallaki Arewacin Afirka fiye da rabin ƙarni bayan mutuwarsa. Ya kafa daular da iyalansa, Mu'uminina suka sarrafa. Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages Ya ƙara wa ƙungiyoyin dangi na gargajiya na Berbers manufar Makhzan, gwamnatin tsakiya da musulmin Spain ke aiki. Don ci gaba da samun kuɗaɗen shiga na Masarautar, ya kirkiro rajistar filaye. Shi ma Abd al-Mu’min ya goyi bayan sana’o’i, amma bisa ga abin da masu kafa suka yi, lokacin da aka gina masallatai ya sanya su cikin sauki kuma a fili idan aka kwatanta da sauran gine-gine na wancan lokacin.  Ana yi masa kallon gwarzon ƙasa a Aljeriya. 

Ya kuma kasance ƙwararren maginin gine-gine da fadoji. Ya kafa Masallacin Kutubiyya a Marrakesh da Masallacin Tinmel.   A cikin shekarar 1150 ya gina Kasbah na Udayas, hayin kogin daga Salé, kuma ya kafa ƙauye kusa. Ya ba wa sabon sansanin suna al-Mahdiyya ko Ribat al-Fath, ya yi niyyar amfani da shi a matsayin wurin shirya kamfen na gaba a yankin Iberian Peninsula.  Yaqub al-Mansur ya ƙara ƙawata shi tare da ƙarfafa shi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 12, kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama Rabat na zamani. 

 Daular Almohad 

 Manazarta 

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