Ali al-Sistani

ʿAlī Ḥusaynī S Cristānī (Persian; Arabic: علي الحسيني السيستاني; an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1930) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Iran kuma shugaban Hawza na Najaf a Iraki. When Khoei died in 1992, Sistani was selected by his peers to head the most important hawza—or network of schools—in Najaf.  Babban Ayatollah da , Sistani an dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin addinai na Musulmai Shia Goma sha biyu. Sistani ya kasance mai sukar murya game da kasashen waje, tsoma baki a harkokin Iraqi   kuma ya gargadi 'yan wasan kasashen waje game da tilasta nufin su ga mutanen Iraqi. "No person or group, no side with a particular view, no regional or international actor may seize the will of the Iraqi people and impose its will on them," Sistani said in his weekly sermon read by a representative in the Shiite holy city of Karbala. وليس لأي شخص أو مجموعة أو جهة بتوجه معين أو أي طرف اقليمي أو دولي أن يصادر إرادة العراقيين في ذلك ويفرض رأيه عليهم 

An haife shi a Mashhad (tare da mahaifinsa a matsayin Dulan) ga dangin Sayyid, Sistani ya yi karatu a Qom a ƙarƙashin Hossein Borujerdi kuma daga baya a Najaf a ƙarƙashin Abu al-Qasim Khu'i . Wani Usuli, Sistani ya tashi zuwa matsayin Mujtahid a cikin 1960 kuma ya gaji Abd al-A'la Sabziwari a matsayin Babban Ayatollah . An haɗa Sistani a cikin manyan matsayi na The Muslim 500: Musulmai Mafi Muhimmanci a Duniya daga 2004 zuwa 2024 kuma an kira shi ɗaya daga cikin Mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya ta mujallar Time a 2004 da 2005.

 Tarihin rayuwa 

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Sistani a shekara ta 1930  a Mashhad, ga dangin malamai na addini waɗanda ke da'awar zuriyar Husayn ibn Ali, jikan Muhammadu. Mahaifinsa shi ne Mohammad-Baqir Sistani kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Ridha al-Mehrebani al-Sarabi ce.

Sistani ya fara karatunsa na addini tun yana yaro, na farko a Mashhad a cikin  na mahaifinsa, kuma ya ci gaba daga baya a Qom. A Qom ya yi karatu a karkashin Babban Ayatollah Hossein Borujerdi . Daga baya a cikin 1951, Sistani ya yi tafiya zuwa Iraki don yin karatu a Najaf a ƙarƙashin Babban Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim Khoei . Sistani ya tashi zuwa matsayin Mujtahid a cikin 1960 yana da talatin da daya.

 Babban Ayatollah 
Lokacin da Ayatollah Khoei ya mutu a shekarar 1992, Abd al-A'la Sabziwari ya zama jagora a takaice. Koyaya, lokacin da ya mutu a shekara ta 1993, Sistani ya hau matsayin Babban Ayatollah ta hanyar amincewa da ƙwarewarsa. Matsayinsa a matsayin magajin Khoei an tabbatar da shi a alamance lokacin da ya jagoranci addu'o'in jana'izar Khoei, kuma ya gaji mafi yawan cibiyar sadarwa ta Khoei da masu bi.

 Jam'iyyar Ba'a 
A cikin shekarun mulkin Saddam Hussein na Iraki ta hanyar 'yan kasa na Larabawa da Sunni sun mamaye Jam'iyyar Baath, ba a taɓa Sistani ba a lokacin tashin hankali na Baathist da tsanantawa wanda ya kashe malamai da yawa ciki har da Muhammad al-Sadr a 1999, wanda Saddam ya musanta duk wani shiga. An rufe Masallaci Sistani da karfi a 1994 kuma ba a sake buɗe shi ba har sai da Amurka ta mamaye Iraki a shekara ta 2003.

 Matsayi a cikin Iraki na zamani 
Tun lokacin da aka hambarar da Jam'iyyar Baath ta Iraki a shekara ta 2003, Sistani ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin addini da siyasa na yanki kuma an kira shi "mafi tasiri" a bayan mamaye Iraki.

Shortly after the American invasion began, Sistani issued a fatwa advising Shia clergy to become engaged in politics to better guide the Iraqi people toward "clearer decisions" and to fight "media propaganda."[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span>] As the summer of 2003 approached, Sistani and his followers began petitioning the occupying forces for a constitutional convention. Later, Sistani called for a democratic vote of the people to form a transitional government. Observers described the move as being a path leading directly to Shia political dominance over Iraq's government, as Shia Muslims make up approximately 65% of the total Iraqi population.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span>] Subsequently, Sistani criticized plans for an Iraqi government for not being democratic enough.

A farkon watan Agusta na shekara ta 2004, Sistani ya fuskanci matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya da suka danganci yanayin zuciya da aka gano a baya. Ya yi tafiya zuwa London don samun magani. Wannan shi ne, an ruwaito shi, karo na farko da Sistani ya bar Iraki cikin shekaru da yawa, kuma mai yiwuwa ya kasance, a wani bangare, saboda karuwar damuwa game da tsaronsa daga tashin hankali na ɗarika. Ko da yake har yanzu yana murmurewa, Sistani ya dawo daga baya a cikin watan don yin sulhu da sojoji a Masallacin Imam Ali a Najaf inda sojojin Amurka da Iraqi suka kori Muqtada al-Sadr da Mahdi. Sadr, wanda ya tashi da sauri zuwa shahararren ta hanyar jerin ayyukan soja masu zaman kansu tun daga shekara ta 2004, tun daga lokacin ya kalubalanci tasirin Sistani a kan Shia a yankin.

An ruwaito cewa dokokin Sistani sun samar da dalilai da yawa na Shia na Iraqi don shiga cikin Zaben Janairu 2005 - ya bukaci, a cikin wata sanarwa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2004, cewa 'yan Iraqi sun amince da zaben a matsayin "babban al'amari," Bugu da ƙari, Sistani ya nemi zaben ya zama "yanci da adalci ... tare da shiga dukkan' yan Iraqi" bayan nan ba da daɗewa ba, Sistani ta ba da fatwa da ke faɗakar da cewa an tilasta mata Shia su shiga cikin zaben, koda kuwa mazajensu sun hana su yin zabe. A cikin wata sanarwa da aka bayar Sistani ya ce "hakika, matan da ke zuwa cibiyoyin zabe a ranar zabe suna kama da Zaynab, wanda ya tafi Karbala".

Ya ci gaba da roƙon Shia na Iraqi kada su amsa a cikin irin wannan hare-haren daga Sunni Salafists, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a yankunan da Sunni suka mamaye Iraki kamar yankin da aka sani da "Triangle of Death," a kudancin Bagadaza. Ko da bayan rushewar Masallacin Shia Al-Askari a Samarra a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, cibiyar sadarwar malamai da masu wa'azi ta ci gaba da yin kira ga masu zaman lafiya kuma ta gaya wa mabiyan su cewa "ba maƙwabtansu Sunni ba ne ke kashe su amma 'yan kasashen waje Wahhabis. "  Kira na Sistani don hadin kai bayan fashewar masallacin ya taimaka wajen sarrafa yanayin da ke da zai iya zama mai haɗari, yana hana kasar shiga cikin yakin ɗarika mai zubar da jini. Sistani ya yi haka lokacin da aka sake jefa bam a wannan masallacin a shekara ta 2007.

An yi watsi da wani makirci na kisan Sistani a ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, lokacin da aka kama 'yan bindiga uku na Jund al-Samaa a wani otal kusa da ofishinsa. An yi imanin cewa ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban hari kan manufofi da yawa a Najaf.

A cikin wani zabe na kan layi na shekara ta 2005, an zabi Ali Sistani a matsayin mutum na 30 mafi ilimi a duniya a cikin jerin manyan masu ilimi na jama'a 100 ta Prospect (UK) da Manufofin Kasashen Waje (Amurka). 

A ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2014, Sistani ya yi kira da cewa ya kamata 'yan Iraqi su goyi bayan gwamnati a kan kungiyar mayakan Islama ta Iraki da Levant, wadanda suka karbe Mosul da Tikrit kuma suna barazanar Baghdad. Daga baya a watan Yunin 2014, Sistani ya sake fasalin sanarwa kuma ya ba da fatwa yana kira ga "yan ƙasa su kare ƙasar, mutanenta, girmama 'yan ƙasa, da wuraren da suka fi tsarki," a kan ISIL.

Sistani ya ce gwamnatin Iraqi da 'yan sanda suna da alhakin kashe masu zanga-zangar a lokacin zanga-zambe na Iraqi na 2019-2021. Ya bukaci gwamnati ta gurfanar da wadanda suka ba da umarnin harbe masu zanga-zangar. Ayatollah ba ya bayyana ra'ayinsa game da siyasa sai dai a cikin matsanancin tashin hankali. An bayyana zanga-zangar a matsayin mafi munin tashin hankali a Iraki tun lokacin da aka ci ISIL a shekarar 2017.  Wata daya bayan haka a watan Nuwamba 2019, don mayar da martani ga mutuwar masu zanga-zangar Iraqi guda uku, Sistani ya ce "Babu mutum ko rukuni, babu wani bangare da ke da takamaiman ra'ayi, babu wani dan wasan yanki ko na kasa da kasa da zai iya kama nufin mutanen Iraqi kuma ya tilasta musu nufinsa".

 Taimako na Shia 
A matsayinsa na babban malamin addini a Najaf, Sistani yana kula da adadin da ya kai miliyoyin daloli na Amurka. Mabiyansa suna ba shi wani bangare na kudaden da suke samu (Khums), wanda ake amfani da shi don ilimi da sadaka. Ofishin Sistani ya ba da rahoton cewa yana tallafawa dalibai 35,000 a Qom, 10,000 a Mashhad, da 4,000 a Isfahan. Har ila yau, yana kula da cibiyar sadarwa ta wakilci (wakil) "waɗanda ke inganta ra'ayoyinsa a manyan da ƙananan hanyoyi a cikin unguwa, Masallatai, Kasuwanci, da kuma seminaries daga Kirkuk zuwa Basra. "

A Iran, saboda bude biranen Iraqi na Najaf da Karbala ga 'yan Iran, an ce yawancin' yan Iran sun dawo daga aikin hajji a Iraki a matsayin magoya bayan Sistani.

Sistani ya aika da kusan kunshin taimako 1,000, galibi abinci, amma kuma wasu bukatun asali, zuwa Balkhab, Afghanistan a lokacin Tashin hankali na Balkhab a 2022 don taimakawa Hazaras da suka rasa muhallinsu.

Wani mai magana da yawun al-Abbas Shrine ya tabbatar da cewa Sistani yana kula da kamfen ɗin agaji da masallacin ya gudanar ga iyalai na Lebanon da suka rasa muhallinsu a lokacin mamayar Isra'ila a Lebanon a watan Oktoba 2024. Kamfen ɗin agaji ya kawo akalla tan 1,200 na taimako har zuwa 8 ga Oktoba 2024. 

 Ra'ayoyin addini da siyasa 
A cewar masanin Vali Nasr, Sistani, kamar malaminsa Khoei, yana ganin malaman Islama "musamman a matsayin malamai da masu kare bangaskiya". A cikin gwamnati ya ga "aikin Islama kamar samar da dabi'u da jagororin don tsarin zamantakewa" maimakon mulki.

"Ba shi da jin kunya" wajen fuskantar hukumomin mamaye Amurka game da batutuwa kamar wanda ke da ikon rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Iraki kuma ya kiyaye su a cikin iyaka, amma kuma ya guje wa "Komeini-style denunciations" na Amurka a matsayin 'Babban Shaidan'. zanga-zangar magoya bayansa sun kasance "babban gaske amma masu zaman lafiya". Ya yi adawa da ra'ayin addini da ra'ayi na Shi'i.

Ga Iraki, ya "tsaya da tsarin gwamnati mai sauƙi" wanda ya dogara da "ka'idar mulkin mafi rinjaye ... gwamnati mai ba da lissafi da wakilci wanda zai nuna da kuma kare asalin Shia".

A lokaci guda yana da ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin al'amuran dokar addini, "ba a shafar" da ra'ayoyin "modernism".

Kodayake bambance-bambance da makwabcin Iraki mafi girma kuma mafi iko Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran da ka'idarsu ta Velayat-e-faqih suna da "mai zurfi" a cewar Nasr, Sistani ya guje wa "rashin jituwa" da su da kuma rikice-rikicen siyasar Iran, siyasa da malamai a Lebanon,  kuma "ba a taɓa ƙoƙarin inganta kishiya" tsakanin cibiyar addininsa ta Najaf da cibiyar Iran a Qom,  wani tunani, Nasr ya yi imani, game da rashin son shiga siyasa. Yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da gwamnatin Iran.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Sistani ya sadu da Paparoma Francis a ranar 6 ga Maris 2021 yayin ziyarar da ya kai Iraki. Sun hadu na kimanin minti 40 a gidan Sistani a Najaf . 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, a lokacin yakin Isra'ila da Hamas, Sistani ya fitar da wata sanarwa inda ya 'yi Allah wadai da Isra'ila kuma ya yi kira ga duniya da ta tsaya tsayayya da "mummunar zalunci" a Gaza da aka kewaye.'  A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2024, ofishin Sistani ya ba da wata sanannen sanarwa da ke Allah wadai le 'mummunar tashin hankali na Zionist' a Lebanon a cikin yakin da yaƙin neman zafin Isra' a kasar, yana roƙon al'umma na duniya da su tabbatar da kariya ga fararen fararen hula da fararen hula a yankin. A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2024, Sistani ya yi makoki game da mutuwar shugaban Hezbollah Hassan Nasrallah kuma ya yi Allah wadai da kisan da ya yi a wani harin jirgin saman Isra'ila a ranar da ta gabata.

 Rashin amincewa da Sufism 
Ayatollah Sistani ba ya goyon bayan ra'ayi na duniya mai ban mamaki wanda Ibn Arabi ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi.    Ya gargadi matasa dalibai na seminary game da karuwar tasirin addinin Musulunci.

 Ra'ayoyi game da luwadi 
A shekara ta 2005, Sistani ya ba da Fatwa, yana kira ga a kashe masu luwadi a "hanya mafi tsanani". Sistani ya janye kiran a cikin 2011. 

 Kula da Shari'ar Musulunci (Wilayat al-Faqih) 
Wataƙila saboda babban tasirinsa, ainihin matsayin Sistani a kan ka'idar Ayatollah Khomeini game da mulkin lauyan Islama ana jayayya.

Tushen da yawa sun haɗa da shi a matsayin mai adawa da ra'ayin. Ofishin dillancin labarai na Al-Monitor ya lissafa shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "manyan Marja' na Najaf guda huɗu (Bashir al-Najafi, Muhammad al-Fayadh, Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim su ne sauran) wadanda ke adawa da manufar Ruhollah Khomeini" na mulkin shari'ar Musulunci. Mai bincike Hayder Khoei ya rubuta cewa masu fafutukar farfaganda na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran sun shiga cikin matsalar buga littattafai tare da kalaman da Sistani ya kirkira don goyon bayan mulkin da lauyoyi suka yi a matsayin daya daga cikin "kamfen ɗin farfaganda" a Najaf, don ɓoye gaskiyar cewa "Sistani, kamar yawancin malaman Shia da ke zaune a birnin Najaf، sananne ne ga adawarsa da Wilayat al-Faqih".

Jarida Ali Muhammad ya yi nuni da masanin siyasa Abdul Wahhab al-Hussaini game da mabiyan Khomeini kuma magajinsa Ali Khamenei:

Vali Nasr ya kira bambance-bambance da malamai masu mulki a Iran "mai zurfi", da kuma tsarin mulkinsa wanda ya dogara da mulkin mafi rinjaye. Ali Mamouri Medi Khalaji yayi magana game da shi "a bayyane" yana nufin "velayat-e mahaukaci (tsaron jama'a), sabanin velayat-ee faqih (tsaron lauya) ".

Amma a cewar kungiyar Ahl-ul-bayt mai goyon bayan Khomeini, an yi wani "kamfen na Yammacin" don sarrafa "ra'ayin jama'a na Shi'i" game da "halayen Sayed 'Ali Sistāni da lauyoyi na makarantar sakandare ta Najaf" da kuma da'awar "kasancewar al'adar shiru da apolitical na Shi'ism tsakanin masu shari'a".

A kan takamaiman tambaya game da biyayya ga babban jagora, a cewar "Ayatollah Watch", Sistani ya ce duk wani sanarwa da babban jagora ya bayar "ya fi kowa (ciki har da wadanda wasu Maraji suka bayar') sai dai idan an tabbatar da sanarwa ba daidai ba ne ko kuma an tabbatar da cewa sanarwa ta sabawa abin da ke cikin Alkur'ani ko a Hadisin Addini. "

Duk da haka wani fassarar maganganunsa ya fito ne daga Sadegh Zibakalam, wanda ya bayyana cewa Sistani ya ci gaba da guje wa tallafawa fassarar ka'idar velayat-e faqih, musamman na cikakkiyar kulawa, kuma bai ba da tabbacin tabbatar da ka'idar gaba ɗaya ba (gami da iyakantaccen kulawa); ta haka ne ya haifar da "babban rashi" a cikin "babban yanayin akidar" na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran.

 Rashin amincewa da jayayya 

 Al Jazeera 
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007, daruruwan Shi'a sun nuna rashin amincewa da maganganun da mai gabatar da talabijin da ɗan jarida Ahmed Mansour ya yi a lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na Al Jazeera a Qatari. Yayinda yake gabatar da shi, Bela Hodod (a.k.a. Ba tare da iyakoki ba), Mansour ya nuna shakku game da takardun shaidar shugabancin Sistani yayin da yake jagorantar tambayoyi game da malamin Iraki, ga baƙinsa, malamin Shia Jawad al-Khalsi . Mansour ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa Sistani bai san matsalolin zamani a Iraki ba da kuma yanayin da ke faruwa bayan yakin, kuma ya yi zargin cewa umarnin Sistani sun kasance da yawa, an rubuta su kuma an watsa su da mataimakan. A wani lokaci, Mansour ya tambayi Khalsi ko Amurka tana amfani da 'yan siyasa na Iraki, da kuma Sistani, don inganta bukatun Yamma a Iraki.

 Tattaunawar Saudiyya 
A watan Janairun 2010, a lokacin Jumu'ah khutba (Little Addu'a), wani imam da gwamnatin Saudiyya ta yi aiki, Mohamad al-Arefe, ya ce Sistani "mai lalata ne, wanda ba ya yarda da Allah".  Maganganun sun haifar da zanga-zangar mabiyansa a Iraki, Qom da Lebanon. Firayim Ministan Iraqi Nouri al-Maliki ya tsawata wa hukumomin addinin Saudiyya. Kungiyar Islama ta Lebanon Hezbollah ta kuma yi Allah wadai da harin da aka kai wa Sistani, ta kira jawabin "marasa kyau," yayin da take yabon Sistani a matsayin daya daga cikin "mafi mashahuriyar mashahuri na addinin Shia".

 Tashar 14 
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Isra'ila Channel 14 ya watsa jerin sunayen shugabannin "axis of resistance" da aka yi niyya don kisan kai, wanda ya nuna hoton Sistani a karkashin jan giciye tsakanin mambobin Hezbollah da Hamas. Hoton ya haifar da fushi a tsakanin jama'ar Iraki da kuma hukuntawa daga gwamnatin Iraki da jakadan Amurka a Iraki, Alina Romanowski . 
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