J. Hector St. John na Crèvecœur

Michel Guillaume Jean de Crèvecœur (Disamba 31, 1735 - Nuwamba 12, 1813), wanda aka haifa a New York a matsayin John Hector St.

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haifi Crèvecœur a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1735, a Caen, Normandy, Faransa, zuwa Comte da Comtesse de Crèvecœur (Count and Countess of Crèvecœur). A 1755 ya yi hijira zuwa New Faransa a Arewacin Amirka. A can, ya yi aiki a cikin Faransanci da Indiya a matsayin mai zane-zane a cikin Sojojin Mulkin Mallaka na Faransa, ya kai matsayi na laftanar. Bayan shan kashin da sojojin Faransa suka yi da Burtaniya a 1759, ya koma lardin New York, inda ya karbi zama dan kasa, ya karbi sunan Ba'amurke Ba'amurke John Hector St. John, kuma a 1770 ya auri wata Ba'amurke Mehitable. Tippet, 'yar wani ɗan kasuwa na New York. Ya sayi babbar gona a yankin Greycourt na Chester, NY, wani ƙaramin gari a gundumar Orange, New York . Ya kira gonarsa "Tudun Pine" kuma ya ci gaba a matsayin manomi. Ya kuma zagaya, yana aikin safiyo. Moore, Andrew. "The American Farmer as French Diplomat", Journal of the Western Society for French History, Vol. 39, 2011 Ya fara rubuce-rubuce game da rayuwa a cikin yankunan Amurka da kuma bullowar al'ummar Amurka.

A cikin 1779, a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka, St. John yayi ƙoƙari ya bar ƙasar don komawa Faransa saboda rashin lafiyar mahaifinsa. Tare da dansa, ya ketare layin Birtaniya da Amurka don shiga birnin New York da Birtaniyya ta mamaye, inda aka daure shi a matsayin dan leken asirin Amurka na tsawon watanni uku ba tare da an saurare shi ba. A ƙarshe, ya sami damar tafiya zuwa Biritaniya, kuma jirgin ya ɓarke a gabar tekun Ireland.  Daga Biritaniya, ya tashi zuwa Faransa, inda ya sake saduwa da mahaifinsa na ɗan lokaci. Bayan ya ɗan lokaci yana murmurewa a gidan dangi, ya ziyarci Paris da salon Sophie d'Houdetot . "Houdetot", Dictionnaire de Rousseau, (ed. Raymond Trousson and Frédéric S. Eigeldinger), Paris: Champion, 1996, p. 421

 Marubuci 
A cikin 1782, a Landan, ya buga juzu'in kasidu na ba da labari mai suna Wasika daga Manomin Ba'amurke . Littafin nan da nan ya zama nasarar adabi na farko da marubucin Ba’amurke ya yi a Turai kuma ya mayar da Crèvecœur ya zama abin farin ciki. Shi ne marubuci na farko da ya bayyana wa Turawa - yin amfani da kalmomin Ingilishi da yawa na Amurka - rayuwa a kan iyakokin Amurka da kuma bincika manufar Mafarkin Amurka, yana kwatanta al'ummar Amurka kamar yadda aka kwatanta da ka'idodin daidaitattun dama da kuma yanke shawara . Ayyukansa sun ba da bayanai masu amfani da fahimtar "Sabuwar Duniya" wanda ya taimaka wajen haifar da asalin Amurka a cikin zukatan Turawa ta hanyar kwatanta wata ƙasa gaba ɗaya maimakon wani yanki na yanki. Rubutun ya yi bikin hazaka na Amurka da salon rayuwa mara wahala. Ya bayyana yarda da bambancin addini a cikin al'umma da aka samar daga kabilanci da al'adu daban-daban. Ya yi amfani da maxim na Latin " Ubi panis ibi patria " (Inda akwai burodi, akwai ƙasata) ga mazauna Amurka na farko. Ya taɓa yaba wa tsakiyar mulkin mallaka don "garuruwan kyawawan ƙauyuka, ƙauyuka masu yawa, filaye masu yawa ... gidaje masu kyau, hanyoyi masu kyau, gonakin gonaki, makiyaya, da gadoji, inda shekaru ɗari da suka wuce duk sun kasance daji, daji, da rashin noma."

Buga na asali, wanda aka buga a kusa da ƙarshen Yaƙin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Amurka, ya kasance mai zaɓi a cikin haruffan da aka haɗa, yana barin waɗanda ba su da kyau ko masu mahimmanci. Norman A. Plotkin yayi jayayya "an yi niyya ne don yin hidima ga hanyar Whig ta Ingilishi ta hanyar inganta yanayin da zai dace da sulhu." Plotkin 1964, p. 391. Littafin ya ware duk wasiƙun da aka rubuta bayan farkon yaƙin sai ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙun da kuma waɗanda suka fi mahimmanci. Crèvecœur da kansa ya tausayawa dalilin Whig. Iyalin matarsa sun kasance masu aminci ga Crown kuma daga baya suka gudu zuwa Nova Scotia . Game da siyasar Faransa, Crèvecœur ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi, mai bin falsafar, kuma ya sadaukar da littafinsa ga Abbé Raynal, wanda ya ce "ya kalli waɗannan lardunan Arewacin Amirka a cikin haskensu na gaskiya, a matsayin mafaka na 'yanci; a matsayin shimfiɗar jariri. kasashe masu zuwa, da kuma mafakar Turawa da ke cikin kunci." Letters from an American Farmer, 1782, Dedication. Plotkin ya lura cewa "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin yankunan Amurka da suka keta wannan ka'ida, sun haifar da zargi mafi tsanani na Crèvecœur, ko da yake mafi girman waɗannan zargi an dauke su ba su dace da bugawa ba a lokacin." Plotkin 1964, p. 392.

A cikin 1883, babban jikansa, Robert de Crèvecoeur, ya buga tarihin rayuwa Saint John de Crèvecoeur : sa vie et ses ouvrages (1735–1813), 1883 (in French) wanda ya yi amfani da wasiƙun da ba a buga a baya ba da rubuce-rubucen da dangi suka yi. Ko da yake an sami ƙaramin sanarwa a Faransa, kasancewarsa ya zo ga WP Trent na Jami'ar Columbia, wanda a cikin 1904 ya buga sake buga wasiƙun Manomi na Amurka . Letters from an American Farmer, 1904, with a prefatory note by W. P. Trent and an introduction by Ludwig Lewisohn. A cikin 1916, marubucin tarihin rayuwar Crèvecœur na farko na Amurka, Julia Post Mitchell,  wanda ke da damar yin amfani da duk rubuce-rubucen, ya sami damar yin ƙima mai ma'ana, yana rubuta cewa Crèvecoeur ya magance "matsalolin tattalin arziƙin siyasa waɗanda gwamnatocin Turai ke ƙoƙarin banza don warwarewa. ." Ya kasance "... yana kwatanta ra'ayoyinsa daga yanayin Amurka," kuma ba kawai "... mai ba da hakuri ga rayuwar Amurkawa ba." Quoted by Plotkin 1964, p. 404. An buga ƙarin rubutun a cikin 1925. Saint-John de Crèvecœur, Sketches of Eighteenth Century America, More "Letters from an American Farmer", edited by Henri L. Bourdin, H. Gabriel, and Stanley T. Williams (New Haven, 1925).

 Jami'in diflomasiyya 
Nasarar da littafinsa ya samu a Faransa ya sa wasu masu tasiri suka ɗauke shi, kuma aka nada shi karamin jakadan Faransa a New York, ciki har da yankunan New Jersey da Connecticut. Crèvecœur ya koma birnin New York a matsayin sabon jakadan Faransa a watan Nuwamba 1783. Da yake cikin kocin ya sake haduwa da iyalinsa, ya samu labarin cewa an lalata gonarsa a wani hari da Indiya ta kai masa, matarsa ta mutu, kuma ‘ya’yansa biyu sun bace. Ya zauna a gidan abokinsa William Seton, De Courcy, Henry. Catholic Church in the United States, T.W. Strong, 1856, p. 354 wanda, a matsayinsa na ƙarshe na sanarwa na jama'a na sarauta na birni da lardin New York, ya taimaka wajen ganin an sake shi a cikin 1780 daga kurkukun Burtaniya a cikin birni. Shugaban kamfanin shigo da fitar da kayayyaki na Kamfanin William Seton, Seton ya taimaka wa Crevecoeur gano 'ya'yansa, wadanda ba su da aminci kuma suna zaune tare da dangi a Boston. Mitchell, Julia Post. St. Jean de Crèvecoeur (New York: Columbia University Press, 1916) Da bazara mai zuwa, ya sami damar haɗuwa da yaransa. Domin yawancin shekarun 1780, Crèvecœur ya zauna a birnin New York.

 St. Peter, New York 
A lokacin, birnin New York shi ne babban birnin ƙasar kuma yawancin Katolika mazaunan suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar diflomasiyya. Da farko sun hadu don hidima a gidan karamin jakadan Spain. Adadin su ya karu tare da masu safarar teku, 'yan kasuwa, masu hijira daga Indiyawan Yamma na Spain, da ƴan Acadians. Daga nan sai suka yi hayar sarari a Lambunan Vauxhall, wani lambun lambu da wurin nishaɗi da ke gefen Kogin Arewa akan titin Greenwich tsakanin Warren da Chambers Streets. Meehan, Thomas F., "a Century of Catholic Laymen in New York", Messenger, 1908, p. 438 A shekara ta 1785, karamin jakadan kasar Portugal Jose Roiz Silva, karamin jakadan kasar Sipaniya Tomas Stoughton da sauransu sun nemi hayar ginin musanya da babu kowa kuma suka dauka Crevecoeur shine mafi kyawun hanyar da za a bi.

Ko da yake Crevecoeur ya kasance mai ban sha'awa ga addini, ya kasance mai tausayi ga ra'ayin 'yanci na lamiri, kuma abokin Lafayette . Lokacin da aka ƙi amincewa, Crevecoeur ya ci mutuncinsa kuma ya kasance mai himma wajen yin aiki don kafa cocin Katolika na farko a birnin. Daga baya ya zama shugaban kwamitin amintattu na cocin St. Peter's Church a kan titin Barclay. 

 Daga baya rayuwa 
A cikin 1784, ya buga juzu'in juzu'i biyu na Wasiƙunsa daga Manomin Ba'amurke, wanda aka faɗaɗa kuma an sake rubuta shi gaba ɗaya cikin Faransanci. Siffar juzu'i uku ta biyo baya a cikin 1787. Dukan littattafansa na Ingilishi da na Faransa an fassara su zuwa wasu harsunan Turai da dama kuma sun yadu a ko'ina cikin Turai. Shekaru da yawa, masu karatu na Turai sun gano Crèvecœur tare da mai ba da labari na almara, James, 'Manomin Ba'amurke', kuma masu karatu da abokan aikin marubuta a duk faɗin Turai suna girmama shi.

A lokacin da ya sake buga wani aikin juzu'i uku a cikin 1801, mai suna Voyage dans la Haute-Pensylvanie et dans l'état de New-York, duk da haka, shahararsa ta dusashe kuma barnar juyin juya halin Faransa da sakamakonsa ya sa mutane sun ragu. sha'awar Amurka. An yi watsi da littafinsa. An gajarta fassarar Jamusanci ta bayyana a shekara ta gaba. Ba a buga fassarar Turanci ba sai 1964. Yawancin mafi kyawun aikin de Crevecoeur an buga shi a baya, kwanan nan kamar Ƙarin Haruffa daga Manoma na Amurka: Buga na Essays a Turanci Hagu Ba a Buga ta Crèvecœur, edited by Dennis D. Moore (Athens, Georgia: Jami'ar Jojiya Press, 1995) ).

Musamman damuwa game da yanayin bayi, ya shiga cikin Société des Amis des Noirs (Ƙungiyar Abokan Baƙar fata), wanda aka kafa a Paris.

An zaɓi Crèvecœur ga Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka a cikin 1789. 

A cikin 1789, a lokacin da yake zama a Faransa, ya shiga cikin tarkon siyasa da ke rikidewa cikin sauri zuwa juyin juya halin Faransa. A cikin haɗari a matsayinsa na aristocrat, ya shiga ɓoye, yayin da yake ƙoƙari ya shiga Amurka a asirce. Daga karshe sabon jakadan Amurka a Faransa James Monroe ya kai masa takardun da suka dace. A ƙarshen rayuwarsa Crèvecœur ya koma Faransa kuma ya zauna na dindindin a ƙasar da ya gada daga mahaifinsa. Ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1813, ya mutu a Sarcelles, Val d'Oise, Faransa .

Garin St. Johnsbury, Vermont, ana kiransa da sunan sa, kamar yadda Ethan Allen ya ba da shawara.

 Ayyukan farko 

 <i id="mwcw">Wasiƙu daga Manomin Ba’amurke: Bayanin Wasu Halittu, Dabi’u, da Kwastam, Ba’a Sani Ba Gabaɗaya; da Isar da Wasu Ra'ayoyin Marigayi da Halin Cikin Gida na Turawan Mulkin Biritaniya na Arewacin Amurka</i>, 1782.
 Wasiku daga Manomi Ba'amurke, da aka rubuta wa WS (William Seton), squire, daga shekara ta 1770 zuwa 1781, fassara daga Turanci ta *** ( Lettres d'un cultivateur américain : ecrites à WS (William Seton), écuyer, depuis l'année 1770 jusqu'à 1781, traduites de l'anglois par *** ), 1784.
 Memoire sur le Commerce Entre la France et les États-Unis D'Amerique, 1784 (rubutun ya tsaya a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Paris).
 Tafiya na Karni na Sha Takwas a Pennsylvania da New York ( Voyage dans la Haute-Pensylvanie et dans l'état de New York ), 1801.
 Zane na Ƙarni na Sha Takwas na Amurka: Ƙarin "Haruffa Daga Manomin Ba'amurke", 1925.

 Manazarta 

 Guy Wilson Allen da Roger Asselineau, Manomi Ba'amurke: Rayuwar St. John de Crevecoeur, New York: Viking Penguin, 1987

 Sukar da aka zaɓa 

 Gay W. Allen, Manomin Ba’amurke, New York: Littattafan Penguin, 1987
 David Eisermann: Crèvecoeur ko Die Erfindung Amerikas, Rheinbach-Merzbach: CMZ-Verlag, 1985
 Thomas Hallock, Daga Bishiyar Faɗo: Bayanan Gabas, Siyasar Muhalli, da Tushen Fastoci na Ƙasa, Chapel Hill: Jami'ar North Carolina Press, 2003
 Daniel Patterson, ed. Marubuta na Farko na Amurka: Encyclopedia Biographical, Westport: Greenwood Press, 2008. "J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur." Thomas Patchell ne adam wata. 96-104.
 Norman A. Plotkin, "Saint-John de Crevecoeur An Sake Gano: Critic ko Paneygyrist?", Nazarin Tarihi na Faransa, vol. 3, ba. 3 (Bazara 1964), shafi. 390-404.  .
 Paul P. Ruben. "Babi na 2: Rubutun Farko na Amirka: 1700-1800 - St. Jean De Crevecoeur", PAL: Hanyoyi a cikin Adabin Amirka - Jagoran Bincike da Bincike https://web.archive.org/web/20091012031553/http://www. .csustan.edu/hausa/reuben/pal/chap2/creve.html )
 Alan Taylor, "Farkon Amurka: Bakin Haruffa Daga Manomin Ba'amurke ," Sabuwar Jamhuriya Yuli 18, 2013

 Tushen farko 

 de Crevecoeur, J. Hector St. John. Wasika Daga Manomin Ba’amurke da Sauran Maƙalolin da Dennis D. Moore ya gyara (Jami'ar Harvard; 2012) shafuka 372; ya haɗu da bugu na shahararren aikin 1782 tare da sauran rubuce-rubucensa

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Works by J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur at Project Gutenberg
 Works by or about J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur at the Internet Archive
 Letters from an American Farmer, American Studies, University of Virginia.
 Saint John de Crèvecoeur : sa vie et ses ouvrages (1735–1813), 1883 biography (in French) by his great grandson Robert de Crèvecœur
 J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur Papers. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
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