Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh

Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh, (Arabic) sau da yawa ana rubuta shi da Zikrawayh a cikin kafofin zamani,  ya kasance shugaban Isma'ili da Karmatian a Iraki wanda ya jagoranci jerin tawaye a kan Khalifancin Abbasid a cikin 900s, har zuwa nasararsa da mutuwarsa a watan Janairun 907.

 Rayuwa ta farko da aiki 
An haife shi a ƙauyen al-Maysaniyya, kusa da garin Saw'ar a yankin Kufa, kusa da tashar Hadd. Mahaifinsa yana Da'ī daga cikin mabiyan farko na mishan na Isma'ili (dā'ī) Abu Muhammad Abdan . Tun a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, an nada Zakarawayh a matsayin dā'ī don gundumar Saylahin ta asali. A can ya kasance mai aiki a tsakanin Banu Tamim, ƙabilar Bedouin da ke zaune tsakanin ƙasashe masu kyau na Yufiretis da hamadar Siriya.

A cikin shekara ta 899, babban rikici ya faru a cikin ƙungiyar Isma'ili, lokacin da Abu Muhammad Abdan da surukinsa Hamdan Qarmat suka yi tir da jagorancin sirri na ƙungiyar a Salamiya, wanda Sa'id ibn al-Husayn, wanda ya kafa Khalifancin Fatimid na gaba ya karbe shi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Hamdan Qarmat ya ɓace, yayin da aka kashe Abu Muhammad a wannan shekarar a kan shawarar Zakarawayh, a bayyane yake bisa umarnin Salamiya.   Bayan bacewar Hamdan, kalmar "Qarmatians" ta kasance ta hannun dukkan Isma'ilis waɗanda suka ki amincewa da ikirarin Sa'id, kuma daga baya na daular Fatimid. Mabiyan Hamdan da Abu Muhammad sun yi barazanar kashe Zakarawayh, wanda aka tilasta masa ya ɓoye.

 Tashin hankali na 'ya'yan Zakarawayh a Siriya 
alt=Geophysical map of the Levant, with major cities and boundaries of the early Islamic provinces marked|right|thumb|Taswirar Siriya tare da larduna da manyan ƙauyuka a ƙarni na 9/10
Daga 900, daga mafakarsa a Saw'ar, ya ci gaba da aikin mishan a tsakanin kabilun Bedouin na hamadar Siriya na Asad, Tayy, da Tamim. Kokarinta a can bai yi nasara ba, don haka a cikin 901 ya aika ɗansa al-Husayn, wanda ake kira ṣāḥib al-shāma ("Mutum tare da Mole"), zuwa yammacin hamadar Siriya, don aikin mishan tsakanin babban ƙungiyar ƙabilar Banu Kalb. Husayn ya yi nasara wajen juyar da dangin Kalbi na Banu'l-Ulays da wasu daga cikin Banu' l-Asbagh, yana da'awar yin wa'azi a madadin wani imam wanda ya fito daga Muhammad ibn Isma'il. Nasarar ta kasance irin wannan cewa Zakarawayh ya aika da dan uwan sannan kuma wani ɗa, Yahaya, wanda aka sani da ṣāḥib al-nāqa ("Maigidan She-kamel"), kuma wanda ya ɗauki jagorancin motsi. Mabiyan 'yan uwan sun karbi sunan al-Fāṭimiyyūn ("Fatimids").    Nasarar da suka samu na Bedouin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ya ba su karfi na soja, amma wanda ke da iyaka: Bedouin sun fi damuwa da cire ganima daga al'ummomin da suka zauna, kuma ba su dace da kamfen na cin nasara da riƙe yankuna ba. 'Yan uwan sun kaddamar da hare-hare kan lardunan Abbasid da Tulunid na Levant, har ma da ke kewaye Damascus daga Disamba 902 zuwa Yuli 903, inda aka kashe ṣāḥib al-nāqa. Sa'an nan ṣāḥib al-shāma ya karbe mulki, har sai an ci shi kuma an kama shi a Yaƙin Hama a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 903.  

Dalilin Zakarawayh da 'ya'yansa maza an fassara su daban-daban ta hanyar malaman zamani. A al'adance an dauki wannan motsi a matsayin cikakkiyar Qarmatian a cikin hali, kuma barazana ga Sa'id, wanda ya sa ya gudu daga Salamiya; wani tushen Fatimid ya ruwaito cewa ṣāḥib al-shāma ya kashe mazaunan Salamiya kuma ya lalata gidan Sa'ids lokacin da ya zo can. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, duk da haka, gardamar Heinz Halm ta yi nasara,  bisa ga abin da Zakarawayh da' ya'yansa maza suka kasance masu aminci ga Sa'id, kuma ayyukansu sun yi niyyar tabbatar da mallakar Siriya da haifar da tawaye gaba ɗaya a kan Abbasids. A cikin fassarar Halm, Sa'id ya ɗauki tashin hankali a matsayin mara kyau, kuma ya ji cewa ya lalata tsaron kansa yayin da 'yan uwan suka kira magoya bayansu su ziyarci wanda ake zaton "ɓoye" shugaban a Salamiya. Ba wai kawai bai shiga cikin 'yan uwan ba, amma ya bar Salamiya tare da ɗansa da wasu magoya bayansa na kusa, na farko ga Ramla a Falasdinu, sannan daga nan zuwa Masar da Maghreb, inda zai kafa Khalifancin Fatimid a cikin 909. Idan motsi na Zakarawayh da 'ya'yansa maza sun musanta gaba ɗaya daga bayanan Fatimid daga baya, saboda gazawarsa ne; Halm har ma yana magana game da damnatio memoriae a kansu. Halakar Salamiya wani fansa ne da ya yi wa Saḥib al-shāma takaici kuma mai fushi bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa. A sakamakon haka, bayan guduwar Sa'id da cin nasarar Bedouin a Hama, ƙungiyar da Zakarawayh ke jagoranta "ta sami halaye na masu adawa da Qarmatism".

 Rikicin Zakarawayh a Iraki 
alt=Geophysical map of Lower Mesopotamia, with major cities marked|right|thumb|Taswirar kudancin Iraki tare da larduna da manyan ƙauyuka a ƙarni na 9/10
Ba tare da ya damu ba, a cikin 906 Zakarawayh ya aika da wani daga cikin mabiyansa, Abu Ghanim Nasr, zuwa Banu Kalb. A karkashin jagorancinsa, Bedouin sun kori Bosra, Dara'a, Tiberiya da yankin Hawran, kuma sun kai hari Damascus da Hīt. Wannan aikin ya ci gaba har sai wasu daga cikin Bedouin suka kashe Nasr, wadanda suke fatan samun afuwa daga hukumomin Abbasid, a watan Yulin 906.  

Zakarawayh ya aika da wani Da'ī cikin dā'īs, al-Qasim ibn Ahmad, don ya jagoranci Bedouin wanda ya kasance mai aminci, yana alkawarin cewa ranar bayyanarsa, da nasarar su ta ƙarshe, tana kusa. Ta haka ne aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su, Bedouin sun koma yankunan karkara (sawād) na Kufa kuma magoya bayan Zakarawayh sun haɗu da su a can. A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 906, wasu mahayan dawakai 800 na Isma'ili sun kai hari ga mutanen garin, wadanda suka yi bikin Eid al-Adha a waje da ganuwarta; sun sace Kufans, amma yunkurin su na karbar birnin bai yi nasara ba.

Qarmatians sun janye zuwa kewayen al-Qadisiya; a Saw'ar, Zakarawayh da kansa ya sadu da su, wanda yanzu ya fito daga ɓoye don ya jagoranci mabiyansa a bayyane. A tsakiyar watan Oktoba, sun kayar da sojojin Abbasid da aka aiko don fuskantar su, kuma sun fara kai hari kan majami'un Hajji da ke dawowa daga Makka. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 906 Zakarawayh da mutanensa sun sace daya daga cikin motocin Farisa da Khurasani a al-Aqaba (a kan iyakar Iraqi da Saudiyya ta zamani), inda suka kashe mafi yawansu a cikin aikin. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, duk da haka, sojojin Abbasid a karkashin Wasif sun ci nasara kuma sun watsar da mutanensa a cikin yakin kwana biyu a Wadi Dhi Qar, kusa da "Ruins of Iram". Zakarawayh da kansa ya ji rauni, kuma ya mutu a cikin bauta bayan 'yan kwanaki daga raunukansa.   Yawancin mabiyansa ma sun fadi a wannan yaƙin, kuma an kama wasu kuma an kashe su. Tambayar da suka yi game da surukin Zakarawayh da Muhammad ibn Da'ud al-Jarrah ya kama ta baiwa hukumomin gwamnatin Abbasid "bayani na farko da za a iya dogara da shi game da kungiyar Isma'ili da'wa ta sirri", kuma ya zama ainihin rahoton masanin tarihi na zamani al-Tabari game da asalin ƙungiyar Qarmatian a Iraki.

Wasu daga cikin mabiyan Zakarawayh a cikin sawād sun ki yarda da mutuwarsa kuma sun yi imani da dawowarsa, amma mutuwarsa ta kawo karshen babban tashin hankali na Qarmatian a Mashriq, kodayake ƙungiyar Qarmatian, da aka sani da Baqliyya, ta tsira a cikin sawadhi.   Kamar yadda Daftary ya rubuta, akwai dalilai da yawa na gazawar Zakarawayh: motsi ya kai hari ga Sunnis da sauran ƙungiyoyin Shi'a kuma ya yi adawa da mutanen gari da manoma; bangaren soja ya dogara ne akan Bedouin da ba a dogara da shi ba, wanda ba shi da daidaito na manufa; kuma yana aiki kusa da tsakiyar yankin Abbasid Caliphate, wani abu da ya hallaka tawaye da yawa na Shi'a da suka gabata.

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