Ida Henrietta Hyde

Ida Henrietta Hyde (8 ga Satumba, 1857 - 22 ga Agusta, 1945) masanin ilimin lissafi ne na Amurka wanda aka sani da haɓaka ƙaramin lantarki mai ƙarfi don motsa nama ta hanyar sunadarai ko lantarki, duk da haka ƙarami don yin allura ko cire nama daga tantanin halitta. Ida ta kasance agnostic a cikin matsayinta na addini. Ta yi ritaya tana da shekaru 63 a shekara ta 1920. Bayan ta yi ritaya, Ida ta yi tafiya zuwa wurare da yawa, ciki har da Switzerland, Austria, Masar, Indiya, da wurare da yawa a Jamus. A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, 1945, Ida Hyde ta mutu daga zubar da jini a kwakwalwa. Ida Hyde ita ce tsohuwar mahaifiyar masanin kimiyyar halittu Arthur Pardee .

 Yarinta 
An haife ta a Iowa" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport, Iowa, Ida tana ɗaya daga cikin yara huɗu ga Meyer da Babette (Lowenthal) Heidenheimer, baƙi na Jamus daga Württemberg . An dauki sunan Hyde bayan isowarsu a Amurka. Mahaifin Ida dan kasuwa ne wanda ke aiki a waje da gida kuma wanda ya bar iyalin a daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyensa, ya bar Babette don kula da yara. Don kiyaye iyalin a kan ruwa, sun koma Chicago, inda Babette ta dauki ayyukan tsaftacewa da gyara har sai ta sami damar fara kasuwanci mai wadata. Dukkanin yaran sun sami damar kuma an tura su makarantar jama'a kuma sun zama masu ilimi na tsakiya, tare da niyyar ɗan'uwan Ida guda Ben, don halartar jami'a.

A shekara ta 1871, an lalata gidan iyali a cikin Babban Wutar Chicago, wanda ya lalata kasuwancin iyali. Ba tare da wani nau'i na samun kudin shiga ba, Ida a matsayin 'yarta mafi tsufa ta shiga aikin aiki tana da shekaru 14 a matsayin Mai koyo. Saboda shekarunta, wanda ya fi na 'yan uwanta girma, yawancin nauyin tallafawa iyalin ya fadi a kanta. Ta kawo babban bangare na kudin shiga na iyali, har ma ta biya kudin karatun ɗan'uwanta a Jami'ar Illinois. Bayan lokaci, ta tashi a cikin aikinta zuwa aikin mai siyarwa. Kwarewarta a cikin kantin sayar da tufafi ya zama mai mahimmanci daga baya a rayuwa saboda ikonta na tsara tufafinta tare da kayan aiki kaɗan.

 Ilimi 
A shagon da ta yi aiki, Hyde ta sami damar yin amfani da Turanci na Ansichten der Natur (Ganin Halitta) na Alexander von Humboldt . Daga wannan aikin ne aka haifi ƙaunarta ga ilmin halitta. Bugu da kari, ya motsa ta ta ci gaba da karatunta, wanda ta yi ta hanyar halartar darussan dare a Chicago Athenaeum a lokacin 1875-76 duk da rashin amincewar iyayenta. Ci gaba da karatunta na ilimi ya zo mata yayin da take ziyartar dan uwanta a jami'arsa kuma ta haɗu da mata da yawa da ke aiki a ilimi. Ta sami damar wuce jarrabawar shiga makarantar Kwalejin Kwalejin kuma daga baya ta shiga jami'a ɗaya da ɗan'uwanta.

Ida ta fara karatu a Jami'ar Illinois tana da shekaru 24, amma an yanke karatunta lokacin da ɗan'uwanta ya yi rashin lafiya a 1882 kuma dole ne ta halarta da shi. Ta kuma yi amfani da duk kuɗin da ta tanada don shekara guda kawai na ilimi. Koyaya, ta wuce jarrabawar malami na gundumar kuma, shekaru uku bayan haka, jarrabawar malamin Chicago, kuma a cikin shekaru bakwai masu zuwa ta yi aiki a matsayin malami na ɗalibai na biyu da na uku a cikin tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Chicago. Har yanzu ana nuna ayyukanta na halitta a cikin yunkurin da ta yi na yin nazarin yanayi a cikin Tsarin makarantar jama'a. Ta adana kudi don sakawa don karatun ta, ta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan burinta na samun digiri na kwaleji.

A shekara ta 1888 ta sami damar komawa fagen kwaleji tana da shekaru 31. Ta shiga Jami'ar Cornell kuma ta sami digiri na farko a cikin shekaru uku kawai. Daga nan aka ba ta tallafin ilimin halittu a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr . Ta yarda kuma ta fara ne a karkashin kulawar Jacques Loeb da Thomas Hunt Morgan .  A matsayinta na mataimakiyar ta halarci Woods Hole Biological Laboratory, ta gudanar da bincike kan tsarin juyayi na jellyfish. Ta samar da cikakkun zane-zane da yawa da kuma bayanin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi. A shekara ta 1893, Hyde ta sami Kyautar Turai daga Ƙungiyar Kwalejin Kwalejin, wanda daga baya zai zama Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jami'ar Amirka.

Sakamakon Ida daga binciken da aka yi a Woods Hole an ce ya taimaka wajen motsa Dokta Goette wajen gayyatar ta zuwa Jami'ar Strasbourg a 1893, don yin aiki tare da shi kamar yadda babu wata mace da ta yi a baya. Hyde, a lokacin da ta halarci Strasbourg, ita ce mace ta farko a Jamus da ta taɓa yin takardar neman digiri na gaba a kimiyyar halitta ko lissafi. A lokacin ya zama dole a nemi gwamnati kuma a sami izini daga bangaren. Kafin wannan tsari ya fara aiki sosai Ida ta janye yunkurin ta. An ce yawan mutanen da suka yi magana game da Ida da ke cikin korafin shine dalilin wannan yanke shawara, kuma Jami'ar Heidelberg za ta zama wuri mafi kyau don samun digiri.

Ida ta sami Ph.D. a Jami'ar Heidelberg, Jamus tana da shekaru 39 bayan da aka gabatar da matsaloli masu yawa saboda jinsi. Ba a yarda ta halarci wasu laccoci ba, kuma dole ne ta karanta bayanan ɗaliban maza. An buƙaci ta wuce aikin matsakaicin ɗalibi don samun digiri, kuma ta zama mace ta uku da ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a can. Babban matsalar samun digiri ita ce farfesa, Wilhelm Kühne, ba ta son tunanin barin mace ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashinsa. Amma nasarorin da ta samu sun shawo kan adawarsa kuma ta wuce jarrabawar digiri tare da girmamawa a watan Fabrairun 1896 kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta sami digiri na biyu daga wannan ma'aikata. Shirin rubutunta ya bincika ci gaban ilimin lissafi na jellyfish (Hydromedusa).

Ida ta yi bincike a wasu cibiyoyi da yawa kafin ta tafi Jami'ar Kansas (KU) ciki har da Jami'ar Berne 1896, da Kwalejin Radcliffe 1897. Bayan ta fara aiki a KU, Hyde ta kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Rush a kan bazara da yawa don karɓar MD a shekarar 1911. 

 Ayyuka 
A cikin shekaru bakwai na koyarwa ta Ida ta shiga cikin kafa shirin "Science in the Schools" a cikin tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Chicago. Wannan shirin ya taimaka wajen gabatar da nazarin yanayi a cikin waɗannan makarantun, inda aka san Ida da raba hanyoyin koyarwarta tare da sauran malamai.

Bayan kammala karatunta na digiri, an gayyace ta zuwa Naples, Italiya a matsayin mai bincike na zama a tashar Zoological ta Naples, wani matsayi mai daraja. Ta ci gaba da aiki a kan ilimin lissafi na dabbobi masu rai, har sai da ta koma Jami'ar Bern, Switzerland don aiki tare da Dokta Kronecker a kan ilimin kimiyyar tsoka. Ta zama mace ta farko da aka yarda da ita don yin bincike a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard a karkashin W.T. Porter . Yayinda take ci gaba da bincikenta, ta kuma ci gaba da karatunta da horo na likita a Harvard. Hyde ya kasance malami, yana koyar da azuzuwan a makarantun shirye-shirye da kuma Woods Hole a lokacin rani.

Jami'ar Kansas ta hayar ta a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa a 1899 kuma ta kafa Sashen Physiology, kuma tana aiki a matsayin Shugaban farko na Sashen Phyciology, inda ta yi aiki na shekaru 22.

A cikin aikinta, binciken Hyde ya rufe tsarin juyayi, zagayawa, kuma ta tsarin numfashi na vertebrates da invertebrates, kuma ta bincika tasirin narcotics, caffeine, da barasa a jiki. Har ila yau, a cikin aikinta ta lura da bambance-bambance a cikin tasirin kiɗa akan tsarin zuciya a cikin 'yan wasa, mawaƙa, da manoma da caffeine kasancewa dalilin rage inganci a cikin aikin jiki. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a cikin American Society of Physiologists a cikin 1902, kuma ita ce kawai mace memba har zuwa 1913. 

 Microelectrode 
Hyde mai bincike ne kuma farfesa, amma kuma mai kirkiro ne kuma mai kirkire-kirkire. Ta kirkiro kayan aiki don saka idanu kan sigogi na jiki a cikin dabba ta ruwa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a cikin ruwan teku. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da ita sune micropipette electrode na intracellular. Dokta Hyde ya lura cewa electrolytes a cikin babban taro yana shafar hanyoyin rarraba tantanin halitta, wanda ke haifar da lura da ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙarfin lantarki a cikin sel. Don fahimtar yadda waɗannan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi da ƙwayoyin tsoka ke aiki, tana buƙatar samun damar motsa ƙwayoyin yadda ya kamata kuma ta iya yin rikodin sakamakon canji a cikin hanyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ke faruwa. Ana iya amfani da microelectrode na Ida don motsa sel a matakin micro yayin yin rikodin aikin lantarki a cikin tantanin halitta ba tare da tayar da bango na tantanin halitta bane. Wannan na'urar ta kasance kirkirar juyin juya hali a cikin neurophysiology da nazarin ƙwayoyin jijiya, duk da haka, ba a taɓa danganta micro electrode a hukumance ga Ida a matsayin mai kirkirarsa na farko ba.Johnson, Elsie (1981). "Ida Henrietta Hyde: Early Experiments" (PDF). Physiologist. 24 (6): 1–2. PMID 7043502. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2009-04-26.

Kodayake an bayar da rahoton yiwuwar kirkirar microelectrode na Dr. Hyde a 1921, wasu da yawa sun kirkiro electrodes kamar na Ida, yayin da masana tarihi na kimiyya, kamar G. Kass-Simon suka amince da kirkirar Hyde a matsayin asali da juyin juya hali. Wani microelectrode an yi zaton an ƙirƙira shi a wani lokaci, kimanin shekaru ashirin bayan an ce Ida ta yi ta wannan kirkirar, ta Judith Graham da Ralph W. Gerard daga Jami'ar Chicago. Sa'an nan a cikin shekarun 1950, an zabi Gerard don kyautar Nobel, saboda ci gabansa na microelectrode.

 Littattafan da aka zaɓa 

 Bayani game da Zuciya na Wasu Dabbobi masu shayarwa. The American Naturalist 25 (298) 1891. shafi na 861-863.  
 Tsarin jijiyoyi a cikin Goneomea Murbachii . Biological Bulletin 4 (1) 1902. shafi na 40-45.  
 Kaiser da Devilfish. Jaridar New York Evening Post, Mayu 25, 1918.
 Micro-electrode da motsawar kwayar halitta.  Biol. Bull. 40:130–133, 1921.
 Tasirin kiɗa akan electrocardiograms da hawan jini. J. Exp. Psychol. 7:213–224 1924.

 Gudummawar lafiyar ɗan adam 
Ida Hyde ta ba da lacca a lokuta da yawa a ciki da waje da Jami'ar Kansas. Tare da taimakon likitocin yankin, ta kafa shirin gwajin likitancin jama'a na yara a makaranta don cututtukan da ke yaduwa kamar tarin fuka da meningitis na kashin baya. Kodayake ba ƙwararren likita ba ne na gaskiya, an zabe ta a matsayin memba a cikin Kansas Medical Society saboda ƙwarewarta a cikin ilimin da sarrafa cututtukan cututtuka. Kuma a cikin 1918 an nada ta Shugabar Jiha ta Kwamitin Mata na Kansas kan Lafiya, Sanitation da Tsaro na Kasa. Wani sanannen rabo na laccocin da Ida ta gudanar a cikin aikinta ya kasance kan tsabta da cututtukan da za a iya yaduwa. Dokta Hyde ya yi magana a bayyane game da jima'i na ɗan adam da kuma sa hannu a cikin yaduwar cuta, da kuma kasancewa mai gabatar da ilimin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.Tucker, G. S. (December 1, 1981). "Ida Henrietta Hyde: The First Woman Member of the Society" (PDF). The Physiologist. 24 (6): 10–11. PMID 7043503. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2017.

 Kokarin yaki da nuna bambanci 

 Ba har sai da na yi aiki na kwanaki da yawa a cikin kyakkyawan dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka ba ni amfani da shi ba sai ya zubo a kaina cewa ina da matsayi na musamman. A cikin jami'ar jami'a labarai sun bazu da sauri cewa "yancin mata" na Amurka ya zama abin tsoro. ya sami ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin hali don tilasta shiga cikin dakunan kwaleji.  - Ida H. Hyde, "Kafin Mata su kasance 'yan Adam".

Hyde ta gamu da shingen ilimi da aikinta akai-akai saboda jinsi, kuma ta matsa don samun daidaito da kuma kula da mata a cikin ilimi a duk rayuwarta. Lokacin da aka hana ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Strassburg saboda jinsi, sai ta tafi Jami'ar Heidelberg. Kodayake an ba ta izinin yin karatu, makarantar likitancin jami'ar ba ta ba da izinin mata ba, kuma bangaren ya hana ta shiga cikin laccoci na ilimin lissafi ko dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Abin farin ciki, abokan aikinta maza sun raba bayanan lacca, kuma bayan nazari mai zurfi ta wuce jarrabawar digirin digirin ta da girmamawa.Sloan, Jan Butin (1978) The Foundation of the Naples Table Association for Promoting Scientific Research by Women, 1897. Signs, 4(1) 208–216. University of Chicago Press.  Ta rubuta game da matsalolinta a cikin wani labari mai bayyanawa a cikin Jaridar AAUW mai taken "Kafin Mata su kasance Mutane".Hyde, Ida H (1938). "Before Women Were Human Beings... Adventures of an American Fellow in German Universities of the '90's". AAUW Journal. 31 (4): 226–236.

Bayan dawowa Amurka, Hyde ta nemi taimakon 'yan mata masu ilimi da mata masu arziki don ƙirƙirar asusun don tallafawa mata a kimiyya. Kungiyar Tebur ta Naples ta zama tushen taimakon kudi da tallafin kwararru ga mata a cikin binciken kimiyya, tare da mata 36 da ke amfana daga shirin.Sloan, Jan Butin (1978) The Foundation of the Naples Table Association for Promoting Scientific Research by Women, 1897. Signs, 4(1) 208–216. University of Chicago Press.  A shekara ta 1927, ta kafa tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Kansas don mata da ke neman aiki a fannin kimiyya, kuma ta ba da Ida H. Hyde International Fellowship tare da Association of American University Women (AAUW).  A harabar KU, ta tura don wuraren wanka a cikin gine-ginen kimiyya; an gina waɗannan gine-ginan tare da dakunan wanka kawai da aka ba maza, suna zaton babu buƙatar wuraren mata. Ta ci gaba da matsawa jami'ar don daidaita albashi kuma ta yi aiki a cikin al'umma don kara damar mata a cikin sana'o'i daban-daban.

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Encyclopedia na Tarihin Duniya akan Ida Henrietta Hyde
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