Jane Austen

Jane Austen (/ ˈɒstɪn, ˈɔːstɪn/ OST-in, AW-stin; 16 Disamba 1775 - 18 Yuli 1817) marubuciya ce 'yar Ingila wacce aka fi saninta da litattafanta guda shida, wanda ayyukanta gabaki daya sunyi fassara, sharhi, da suka a kan ƙasar Ingila. karshen karni na 18. Labaran Austen sau da yawa yana bayyanawa akan dogaron mata akan aure don neman kyakkyawan yanayin zamantakewa da tsaro na tattalin arziki. Ayyukanta sunyi cikakken suka a kan litattafan basira na rabin karni na 18 kuma wani bangare ne na sauyawa zuwa adabin hakikanin gaskiya na karni na 19.Grundy (2014), 195–197 Ta samu yabo a wajen masu suka da malamai.Sense da Sensibility (1811), girman kai da son zuciya (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), da Emma (1816) sun sami nasarori masu sauƙi, amma sun kawo mata ƙarami a rayuwarta. Ta rubuta wasu litattafai guda biyu-Northanger Abbey da Lallashi, dukansu sun buga bayan mutuwa a 1817-kuma sun fara wani, a ƙarshe mai suna Sanditon, amma an bar shi ba a ƙare ba bayan mutuwarta. Ta kuma bar litattafai uku na rubuce-rubucen yara a cikin rubutun hannu, ɗan gajeren labari mai suna Lady Susan, da kuma littafin nan The Watsons wanda ba a gama ba.Grundy (2014), 195–197

Madogaran tarihin rayuwa

Shafi na ƙarshe na wasiƙar daga Austen zuwa ga 'yar uwarta, Cassandra, mai kwanan wata 11 ga Yuni 1799
Ƙananan bayanan tarihin rayuwar Austen sun fito ne daga wasu wasiƙun da suka tsira da kuma zane-zane da danginta suka rubuta game da ita.Fergus (2005), 3–4 Kusan 160 daga cikin kusan haruffa 3,000 Austen ya rubuta sun tsira kuma an buga su. Cassandra Austen ta lalata yawancin wasikun da ta samu daga 'yar uwarta, ta kona su ko kuma ta lalata su.Le Faye (2005), 33 Ta so ta tabbatar da cewa "ƙananan yayan ba su karanta ko ɗaya daga cikin maganganun Jane na wani lokaci acid ko maganganun kai tsaye kan maƙwabta ko 'yan uwa ba".wlh.Domin kare suna daga tunanin Jane na gaskiya da gaskiya, Cassandra ta tsallake cikakkun bayanai game da cututtuka, rashin jin daɗi da duk wani abu da ta ɗauka mara kyau.Nokes (1998) Muhimmiyar bayanai game da dangin Austen an shafe su da niyya, kamar duk wani ambaton ɗan'uwan Austen George, wanda ƙalubalen ci gaban da ba a gano shi ba ya sa dangi su kore shi daga gida; ’yan’uwan biyu sun aika zuwa rundunar sojojin ruwa tun suna ƙanana; ko kuma inna Leigh-Perrot mai arziki, an kama shi kuma aka yi masa shari’a bisa zargin yin lalata.Nokes (1998), 1–2; Fergus (2005),
Rayuwa
Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na Jane Austen.
Iyali
An haifi Jane Austen a Steventon, Hampshire a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1775.Nokes (1998), 2–4; Fergus (2005), 3–4; Le Faye (2004), 279 Mahaifinta ya rubuta game da zuwanta a cikin wata wasika cewa mahaifiyarta "tabbas ana sa ran an kawo ta gado wata daya da ya wuce". Ya kara da cewa jaririn da aka haifa "abin wasa ne na Cassy kuma abokin gaba"Le Faye (2004), 27 Lokacin hunturu na 1775-1776 ya kasance mai tsanani sosai kuma sai a ranar 5 ga Afrilu aka yi mata baftisma a cocin gida kuma aka yi wa Jane baftisma. 
Le Faye (2004), 27 Mahaifinta, George Austen (1731 – 1805), ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ikklesiya na Anglican na Steventon da Deane. Yayin da kowane tsara na manyan ’ya’ya maza ke samun gādo, reshen iyalin George ya faɗa cikin talauci. Shi da ’yan’uwansa mata guda biyu sun kasance marayu tun suna yara,Todd (2015), 2 sai ’yan uwa suka kai su. A cikin 1745, tana ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, 'yar'uwar George Austen Philadelphia ta sami horo ga injin miliner a Covent Garden.Philadelphia Austen Hancock: Eliza de Feuillide's Mother". Geri Walton. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2022.

Mawallafin da aka buga
Ƙarin bayani: Salo da jigogi na Jane Austen
Kamar yawancin marubuta mata a lokacin, Austen ta buga littattafanta ba tare da sunanta ba.Irvine, 2005 15. A lokacin, mafi kyawun matsayin mace a matsayin mata da uwa, kuma ana ɗaukar rubutu ga mata a matsayin mafi kyawun nau'in aiki na biyu; macen da take son zama cikakken marubuci, ana jin tana bata mata suna, don haka ana buga litattafai na mata ne ba tare da sanin sunanta ba, domin a ci gaba da tunanin cewa marubuciya ce kawai ta buga a matsayin wani aiki na lokaci-lokaci, kuma ba yana neman ya zama “zakin adabi” (watau mashahuri ba)Irvine, 2005 10–15 Wani dalili da aka lura shi ne, har yanzu ana kallon littafin a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin nau'in adabi a lokacin idan aka kwatanta da waƙa, kuma yawancin marubuta mata da maza sun buga litattafai ba tare da saninsu ba, yayin da ayyukan waƙa, na marubuta mata da maza kusan koyaushe ana danganta su ga littafin. marubuci.R. Feldman, Paula (2002). "Women Poets and Anonymity in the Romantic Era". New Literary History. 33 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 282–283. doi:10.1353/nlh.2002.0014. JSTOR 20057724.

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