Clementina Black

Clementina Maria Black (27 ga Yulin 1853 - 19 ga Disamba 1922) marubuciya ce ta Ingilishi, mai fafutukar mata kuma mai fafutuka, tana da alaka da Marxist da Fabian socialists. Ta yi aiki don kare hakkin mata a wurin aiki da kuma kare hakkin mata.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Clementina Black a Brighton, daya daga cikin 'ya'ya takwas na lauya, magatakarda na gari kuma mai binciken shari'a na Brighton, David Black (1817-1892), dan masanin gine-ginen jirgin ruwa ga Czar Nicholas I na Rasha,  da matarsa, Clara Maria Patten (1825-1875), 'yar mai zane-zane na kotu.  Black ta yi karatu a gida, a 58 Ship Street, Brighton  galibi ta mahaifiyarta, kuma ta zama mai iya magana da Faransanci da Jamusanci. 

A shekara ta 1875, mahaifiyar Clementina ta mutu ne sakamakon fashewar da ta haifar da tayar da mijinta mara lafiya, wanda ya rasa amfani da kafafu biyu. Clementina, a matsayin 'yar fari, an bar ta kula da mahaifin da ba shi da lafiya da 'yan'uwa maza da mata bakwai, tare da yin aikin koyarwa. 'Yan uwanta sun hada da masanin lissafi Arthur Black da mai fassara Constance Garnett . [1] Ita da 'yan uwanta mata sun koma Fitzroy Square a London, inda ta yi amfani da lokacinta wajen nazarin matsalolin zamantakewa, yin aikin wallafe-wallafen, da kuma ba da lacca kan wallafe-wallocin karni na 18.

 Siyasa 
Black ya saba da Marxist da Fabian socialists, kamar Olive Shreiner, Dollie Radford, da Richard Garnett na Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. Ta kuma zama abokiyar iyalin Marx, musamman Eleanor Marx. Ta shiga cikin dogon lokaci tare da matsalolin mata masu aiki da kungiyar kwadago masu tasowa. A shekara ta 1886, ta zama sakatariyar girmamawa ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Mata kuma ta gabatar da yunkurin biyan kudi daidai a Taron Kwadago na 1888 . A shekara ta 1889, ta taimaka wajen kafa Kungiyar Kwadago ta Mata, wacce daga baya ta zama Majalisar Masana'antu ta Mata.

Black na daga cikin masu shirya yajin aikin Bryant da Mayu a 1888. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin Fabian Society . A shekara ta 1895 ta zama edita na Labaran Masana'antu na Mata, mujallar Majalisar Masana'antar Mata, wacce ke ƙarfafa mata masu matsakaicin matsayi su yi bincike da bayar da rahoto game da yanayin aiki ga mata mafi talauci, kuma a shekara ta 1914 ta bincika kusan kasuwanci 120.  A shekara ta 1896 ta fara kamfen don mafi karancin albashi na doka a matsayin wani bangare na Kungiyar Masu Amfani kuma an lasafta ta da hannu a cikin rikice-rikicen masana'antu na Bryant & May  inda ma'aikatan mata suka yi amfani da su suka dauki mataki.

A farkon shekarun 1900 Black ta kasance mai aiki a cikin yakin neman izinin mata, ta zama sakatare mai daraja na Kwamitin Bayyanawa na Mata, wanda ya tattara takardar neman izini 257,000. Black ta shiga kungiyar National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) da London Society of Women'n Suffrage . A shekara ta 1912-1913, Black ta kasance mukaddashin edita na The Common Cause  "sashin kungiyar mata don sake fasalin", ta amfani da rubuce-rubucenta maimakon aiki kai tsaye (ba kamar masu fafutuka ba) don rinjayar canji.

 Rubuce-rubuce 
Littafin Black na farko na bakwai, A Sussex Idyl [sic], an buga shi a 1877. An Agitator (1894) ya shafi shugaban yajin aiki na gurguzu. Eleanor Marx ta bayyana shi a matsayin "labari na gaskiya game da kungiyar ma'aikata ta Burtaniya". Sauran ta ba na siyasa ba ne, na karshe, The Linleys na Bath (1911), yana daga cikin mafi nasara.

Ayyukan siyasa guda biyu na Black, Sweated Industry da Minimum Wage (1907) da Makers of our Clothes: a Case for Trade Boards (tare da C. Meyer, 1909) an kira su "ayyukan farfaganda masu ƙarfi". 

 Bayanan littattafai 
Bayani daga kundin ɗakin karatu na Burtaniya.

 A Sussex Idyl (littafi, London: Samuel Tinsley, 1877) 
 Orlando (littafi, London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1879) 
 Mericas da sauran labaru (London: W. Satchell & Co., 1880) 
 Miss Falkland da sauran labaru (London: Lawrence & Bullen, 1892) 
 Wani Agitator (London: Bliss, Sands & Co., 1894) 
 Tare da Stephen N. Fox. Ayyukan Jirgin: abin da suke yi, da abin da ya kamata su yi (London: Kungiyar Kwadago ta Mata, 1894) 
 Gimbiya Desirée (London: Longmans, 1896) 
 Binciken Camilla (London: Pearson, 1899) 
 Frederick Walker (London: Duckworth & Co.; New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1902) 
 Wasanni na Kindergarten (aini, London: R. B. Johnson, 1903) 
 Masana'antu da Mafi Girma (London: Duckworth, 1907) 
 Caroline (London, John Murray, 1908) 
 Shari'a ga Kwamitin Ciniki (1909) 
 Tare da Adele Meier.  Masu yin tufafinmu: lamari ne ga allon kasuwanci. Kasancewa sakamakon binciken shekara guda game da aikin mata a Landan a cikin gyaran tufafi, gyaran tufafa, da kasuwancin tufafi  (London: Duckworth, 1909)  
 Lindleys na Bath (London: Secker, 1911) 
 Ayyukan Mata Masu Aure, tare da wasu daga Majalisar Masana'antu ta Mata (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1915) 
 Sabuwar Hanyar Kula da Gida (London: Collins, 1918) 

 Bayani na sirri 
Clementina Black ta kasance ba ta da aure. Ta dauki dan uwanta Gertrude Speedwell a gidanta, bayan mahaifin yarinyar, ɗan'uwan Clementina Arthur, ya kashe matarsa da ɗansa, sannan ya kashe kansa. Ta mutu a gidanta a Barnes, Surrey a ranar 19 ga Disamba 1922 kuma an binne ta a Kabari na East Sheen, London. Rubutun Littafi Mai-Tsarki a kan kabarinta daga Filistiyawa 4:8 ya karanta:A ƙarshe 'yan uwa, duk wani abu gaskiya ne, duk wani abubuwa gaskiya ne, kowane abu mai adalci ne, duk abin da ke da tsarki, duk wani abin da ke cikin kyau, duk wani yanayi yana da rahoto mai kyau; idan akwai wani nagarta kuma idan akwai wani yabo, yi tunani akan waɗannan abubuwa.

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Works by Clementina BlackaShirin Gutenberg
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1853
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1922
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba