Bronzino

Agnolo di Cosimo (Italiyanci: [ˈaɲolo di ˈkɔːzimo]; 17 Nuwamba 1503 - 23 Nuwamba 1572), wanda aka fi sani da Bronzino (Italiyanci: Il Bronzino [il bronˈdziːno]) ko Agnolo Bronzino, [a] ɗan ƙasar Italiya ne mai zanen Florence. Sobriquet nasa, Bronzino, na iya nufin fatarsa ​​mai duhu Chilvers, Ian (2017). The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. Oxford University Press. p. 306.ISBN 978-0-19-102417-7.ko kuma jajayen gashi.Haggerty, George; Zimmerman, Bonnie, eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures. Garland. p. 225.ISBN 9781135578718. 
Ya rayu duk rayuwarsa a Florence, kuma daga ƙarshen shekarunsa 30 ya kasance cikin aiki a matsayin mai zanen kotu na Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke na Tuscany. Ya kasance mai zane-zane amma kuma ya zana batutuwan addini da yawa, da wasu batutuwa na ƙasidar, waɗanda suka haɗa da abin da wataƙila sanannen aikinsa ne, Venus, Cupid, Folly da Time, c. 1544-45, yanzu a London. Hotuna da yawa na Medicis sun kasance a cikin nau'o'i da yawa tare da digiri daban-daban na sa hannu Bronzino da kansa, kamar yadda Cosimo ya kasance majagaba na hoton da aka kwafi da aka aika azaman kyautar diflomasiya.

Ya horar da Pontormo, babban mai zanen Florentine na ƙarni na farko na Mannerism, kuma salonsa ya yi tasiri sosai a gare shi, amma kyawawan halayensa da ɗan tsayin daka ko da yaushe suna bayyana a natsuwa da ɗan ɓoyewa, ba su da tada hankali da tunanin waɗanda malaminsa ya yi. Sau da yawa ana samun su sanyi da wucin gadi, kuma sunansa ya sha wahala daga babban rashin jin daɗi da ke tattare da Mannerism a cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th. Shekarun baya-bayan nan sun fi godiya da fasahar sa.

Rayuwa

An haifi Bronzino a Florence, ɗan wani mahauci. A cewar Vasari na zamani, Bronzino almajiri ne na farko na Raffaellino del Garbo, sannan na Pontormo, wanda aka koya masa yana da shekara 14. Ana tunanin Pontormo ya gabatar da hoton Bronzino tun yana yaro (yana zaune a mataki) zuwa daya. na jerin shirye-shiryensa kan Yusufu a Masar a yanzu a cikin National Gallery, London.Elizabeth Pilliod, Pontormo, Bronzino, and Allori: A Genealogy of Florentine Art (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001).Pontormo ya yi tasiri mai mahimmanci akan salon haɓakawa na Bronzino, kuma su biyun za su kasance masu haɗin gwiwa har tsawon rayuwar tsohon. An gano farkon misalin hannun Bronzino sau da yawa a cikin Capponi Chapel a cocin Santa Felicita ta Ponte Vecchio a Florence. Pontormo ya tsara cikin ciki kuma ya aiwatar da bagadin, kyakkyawan Deposition daga Cross da bangon fresco Annunciation. Bronzino a fili an sanya frescoes a kan dome, waɗanda ba su tsira ba. Daga cikin tondi ko zagaye huɗu da ke nuna kowane ɗayan masu shelar bishara, biyu Vasari ya ce Bronzino ne ya zana su. Salon nasa ya yi kama da na ubangijinsa, har malamai suna yin muhawara kan takamaiman sifofinWeb Gallery of Art, image collection, virtual museum, searchable database of European fine arts (1100–1850).

A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Bronzino ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan Florentine Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, wanda ya kasance memba na kafa a 1563.

Mai zane Alessandro Allori shine almajiri da ya fi so, kuma Bronzino yana zaune a gidan gidan Allori a lokacin mutuwarsa a Florence a cikin 1572 (Alessandro kuma shine mahaifin Cristofano Allori)Cecil Gould, The Sixteenth Century Italian Schools, National Gallery Catalogues, (London 1975), ISBN 0-947645-22-5Bronzino ya kashe mafi yawan aikinsa a Florence.

Aiki

Hotuna

Bronzino ya fara karɓar tallafin Medici a cikin 1539, lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin masu fasaha da yawa waɗanda aka zaɓa don aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun kayan ado don bikin auren Cosimo I de' Medici ga Eleonora di Toledo, 'yar Mataimakin Mataimakin Naples. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama, kuma ya kasance mafi yawan aikinsa, mai zanen kotu na Duke da kotunsa. Hotunan hotunansa - galibi ana karanta su a matsayin tsayayyen tsari, kyawawan halaye, kuma kyawawan misalai na girman kai da tabbaci - sun rinjayi yanayin hoton kotunan Turai tsawon ƙarni. Waɗannan sanannun zane-zane suna wanzu a nau'ikan bita da kwafi da yawa. Baya ga hotunan fitattun Florentine, Bronzino ya kuma zana hotunan mawaƙan Dante (c. 1530, yanzu a Washington, D.C.) da kuma Petrarch.

Shahararrun ayyukan Bronzino sun ƙunshi jerin abubuwan da aka ambata na Duke da Duchess, Cosimo da Eleonora, da jiga-jigan kotuna irin su Bartolomeo Panciatichi da matarsa ​​Lucrezia. Wadannan zane-zane, musamman na duchess, an san su da hankali ga ɗan gajeren lokaci ga cikakkun bayanai game da tufafinta, wanda ya kusan ɗaukar wani hali na kansa a cikin hoto a dama. Anan ana hoton Duchess tare da danta na biyu Giovanni, wanda ya mutu sakamakon zazzabin cizon sauro a 1562, tare da mahaifiyarsa; duk da haka, masana'anta ne na suturar da ke ɗaukar sarari a kan zane fiye da ɗaya daga cikin sitters. Lallai ita kanta rigar ta kasance abin muhawarar masana. An yi ta rade-radin cewa babbar rigar duchess ta kasance tana matukar sonta har aka binne ta a ciki; lokacin da aka yi watsi da wannan labari, wasu sun nuna cewa watakila tufafin bai wanzu ba kuma Bronzino ya ƙirƙira dukan abu, watakila yana aiki ne kawai daga masana'anta. A kowane hali, Bronzino da shagonsa sun sake buga wannan hoton akai-akai, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun hotunan duchess. Sigar da aka kwatanta a nan tana cikin Uffizi Gallery, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan rayuwa.Janet Cox-Rearick, Splendors of the Renaissance: reconstructions of historic costumes from King Studio, Italy by Fausto Fornasori, Catalog of an exhibition held at Art Gallery of the Graduate Center, City University of New York, Mar. 10–Apr. 24, 2004, (King Studio, 2004)

Hotunan da ake kira Bronzino da ake kira "hotunan misali", irin su na wani Admiral na Genoese, Hoton Andrea Doria a matsayin Neptune, ba su da yawa amma mai yiwuwa ma sun fi ban sha'awa saboda yanayin sanya wani mutum da aka gane a fili a cikin tsirara a matsayin mutum mai almara. Maurice Brock, Bronzino (Paris: Flammarion; London: Thames & Hudson, 2002).A ƙarshe, ban da kasancewarsa mai zane, Bronzino kuma mawaƙi ne, kuma mafi girman hotunansa watakila na wasu ƴan adabi ne irin na abokinsa mawaƙiya Laura Battiferri.Deborah, Parker, Bronzino: Renaissance Painter as Poet (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Halin batsa na waɗannan hotunan tsiraicin maza, da kuma nassoshi na liwadi a cikin waƙarsa, ya sa masana suka yi imani cewa Bronzino ɗan luwaɗi ne.Haggerty, George; Zimmerman, Bonnie, eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures. Garland. p. 225.ISBN 9781135578718.

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