Herbert Brownell Jr.

Herbert Brownell Jr. (Fabrairu 20, 1904 - Mayu 1, 1996) lauyan Amurka ne kuma ɗan siyasan Republican . Daga 1953 zuwa 1957, ya yi aiki a matsayin Atoni-Janar na Amurka a gwamnatin Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower . 

 Rayuwar farko da ilimi 

Brownell, daya daga cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Herbert da May Miller Brownell, an haife shi a Nemaha County, Nebraska, kusa da garin Peru . Mahaifinsa, Herbert Brownell, farfesa ne kuma marubuci a Makarantar Al'ada ta Jihar Peru a fannin ilimi da kimiyyar jiki. Bayan kammala karatunsa na Phi Beta Kappa daga Jami'ar Nebraska a 1924, kuma, a cikin babbar shekararsa, kasancewarsa memba na Society of Innocents, Brownell ya halarci Makarantar Yale Law School, inda ya kasance shugaban Yale Law Journal, inda ya sami digirinsa na shari'a. 1927. Yayin da yake Jami'ar Nebraska, ya shiga ƙungiyar Delta Upsilon .

Ɗan'uwan Brownell, Samuel Brownell, ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Ilimi na Amurka daga 1953 zuwa 1956.

 Aikin shari'a 
An shigar da Brownell a mashaya a New York kuma ya fara aikinsa a birnin New York . A cikin Fabrairu 1929, ya shiga kamfanin lauyoyi na Lord Day &amp; Lord a New York, kuma sai dai lokutan hidimar gwamnati, ya kasance tare da su har ya yi ritaya a 1989. Ya auri Doris McCarter a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1934. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu (Joan Brownell, Ann Brownell, Thomas McCarter Brownell, da James Barker Brownell) kuma sun kasance tare har mutuwar McCarter a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1979. Ya auri matarsa ta biyu Marion Taylor a 1987, amma ma'auratan sun rabu kuma suka sake su a watan Disamba 1989.

Babban abokin cinikinsa shine sanannen hamshakin attajirin jigilar kayayyaki na Girka Aristotle Onassis ; nan da nan bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, Onassis ya yi ɗokin samun hannayensa a kan jiragen ruwa na T2 da aka gina da farko don buƙatun lokacin yaƙi na sojojin ruwan Amurka . A ƙarshe an samar da motocin dakon mai don siyarwa, amma saboda ana ganin suna da ƙimar dabarun soja idan aka sake yin wani yaƙi, ana ba da su ga ƴan ƙasar Amurka kawai.

Brownell ya taimaka wa Onassis aiwatar da wani makirci na kamfanoni na Amurka, don haka ya ba shi damar ƙetare ka'idoji da siyan tankunan ruwa ta hanyar waɗannan kamfanoni masu dumbin yawa .  Daga baya, a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a, Brownell za a tilasta masa sauya sheka a karkashin matsin lamba daga Daraktan FBI J. Edgar Hoover, kuma Sashen Shari'ar sa zai tuhumi Onassis (daga karshe Onassis da gwamnatin Amurka sun cimma matsaya). 

 Sana'ar siyasar jiha 
Bayan aikin shari'a, Brownell yana da dogon lokaci kuma yana da aiki na siyasa a matsayin ɗan Republican . Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Jihar New York (New York Co., gundumar 10th) a cikin 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936 da 1937 .

A cikin 1942, ya kasance manajan yakin neman zaben Thomas Dewey a matsayin gwamnan New York . Ya kuma gudanar da yakin neman zaben Dewey na 1944 da 1948 na shugaban kasa. Daga 1944 zuwa 1946, ya kasance shugaban kwamitin jam'iyyar Republican, inda ya mayar da hankali kan sabunta shi da sabbin hanyoyin zabe da dabarun tara kudade. Mutane da yawa sun yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda ya taimaka wajen taimaka wa 'yan jam'iyyar Republican don samun iko da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a zaben tsakiyar wa'adi na 1946 .

A cikin 1952, Brownell ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shawo kan Janar Dwight Eisenhower, sannan babban kwamandan kawance a Turai, don yin takarar Shugaban Amurka kuma ya yi aiki a yakin Eisenhower. Tare da Dewey, Brownell ya taka rawar gani a zaben Eisenhower na Richard Nixon a matsayin abokin takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa. 

 Babban Lauyan Gwamnati 
Eisenhower ya nada Brownell a matsayin Attorney Janar kuma yayi aiki daga Janairu 21, 1953, zuwa Oktoba 23, 1957. Ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1953, Brownell ya gaya wa mambobin kungiyar zartarwa ta Chicago, " Harry Dexter White ɗan leƙen asiri ne na Rasha .... Ya yi safarar takardun sirri ga jami'an Rasha don watsawa zuwa Moscow ."  A lokaci guda kuma, ya taimaka wa gwamnatin Eisenhower ta ɓoye shigar Tarayyar Soviet a cikin yakin Koriya don hana 'yan siyasar McCarthyist yin amfani da shi don tayar da goyon bayan jama'a ga cikakken yakin duniya da Tarayyar Soviet . 

A farkon wa'adinsa, Brownell ya shiga cikin manyan lamuran 'yancin ɗan adam, gami da Brown v. Board of Education .

Ko da yake Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta raunana shi, ya tsara tsarin doka wanda a ƙarshe ya zama Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1957, dokar 'yancin ɗan adam ta farko da aka kafa tun 1875. Saboda ƙarfinsa na goyon bayan 'yancin ɗan adam, Brownell ya zama wanda ba a san shi ba a Kudancin .

Eisenhower ya yanke shawarar kada ya zabi Brownell zuwa Kotun Koli lokacin da guraben ya faru a 1957 da 1958, saboda yana jin tsoron cewa masu rarrabawa a Majalisar Dattijai za su yi yaƙi da cin nasara.

Brownell ya sauka a matsayin Babban Lauyan Majalisar ne kawai bayan an bi shawararsa a cikin shari'ar raba gardama na Little Rock . Osro Cobb, Babban Lauyan Amurka na Gundumar Gabashin Arkansas, yayi tsokaci kan zaman Brownell:

 Daga baya rayuwa 
A cikin 1965, Brownell ya jagoranci wani kwamiti don nemo farar hula, waɗanda za su yi aiki a kan Kwamitin Bitar Korafe-korafen Farar Hula na farko na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Birnin New York, na farko irin wannan ɗan ƙasa na sa ido kan 'yan sanda a ƙasar.

Brownell ya dauki kansa daga la'akari da nadin da Shugaba Richard Nixon ya yi a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a na Amurka don maye gurbin Earl Warren a 1969, wanda zai maye gurbin shi ne Warren E. Burger . 

Daga baya Brownell ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka a Kotun Dindindin na Shari'a a Hague kuma daga 1972 zuwa 1974, ya kasance wakilin Amurka na musamman a Mexico don yin shawarwari kan kogin Colorado .

Baya ga girmamawa da yawa da sauran ayyuka na jama'a, Brownell kuma ya kasance Shugaban Kungiyar Bar Association of New York City a 1982. Daga 1986 zuwa 1989 ya yi aiki a Hukumar Bicentennial na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka . Ya mutu da ciwon daji a Asibitin New York Cornell-Medical Center a Manhattan, New York, yana da shekara 92.

 Sources 

 Herbert Brownell da John P. Burke; Shawarwari Ike: Abubuwan Tunawa da Babban Atoni Janar Herbert Brownell ; 1993, Jami'ar Kansas Press; Saukewa:  .

 Manazarta 

 Kara karantawa 

 Brownell, Herbert. "Shirin kare hakkin jama'a na Eisenhower: Kima na sirri." Karatun Shugaban Kasa Kwata-kwata 21.2 (1991): 235-242. kan layi
 Lawrence, Albert. "Herbert Brownell, Jr.: The 'Hidden Hand' 1 a cikin Zaɓin Earl Warren da Matsayin Gwamnati a Brown v. Board of Education." Jaridar Tarihin Kotun Koli 37.1 (2012): 75-92.

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Takardun Herbert Brownell Jr., Dwight D. Eisenhower Library President
 Tattaunawar tarihin baka da Herbert Brownell, 1993 Yuli 21 da Agusta 18 daga Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi, New York.
 Appearances  
 " Idanu akan Kyautar ; Tattaunawa da Herbert Brownell ," 1985-11-15, Tarihin Watsa Labarun Jama'a na Amurka
Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba