Louise Blanchard Bethune

Louise Blanchard Bethune (Yuli 21, 1856 - Disamba 18, 1913) 1]Helen., Searing (1998). Equal partners : men and women principals in contemporary architectural practice. Smith College. Museum of Art., Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art., Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. Northampton, Mass.: Smith College Museum of Art. ISBN 0873910508. OCLC 39903039.ita ce mace Ba'amurke ta farko da aka sani da ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararriyar ƙirar ƙirƙira.  An haife ta a Waterloo, New York.  Blanchard ta yi aiki da farko a Buffalo, New York kuma ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da mijinta a Bethune, Bethune & Fuchs.Babban aikinta shi ne Otal ɗin Lafayette, gami da aikin faɗaɗa shi, amma kuma ta yi aiki a kan sauran ayyukan zama da na kasuwanci, gami da gine-ginen makarantun gwamnati da yawa.  Ginin Kamfanin Buffalo Meter an sake masa suna Bethune Hall don girmamawa ta Jami'ar a Buffalo.[2]Byrnes, Mark (June 21, 2013). "Remembering America's First Female Architect". CityLab (web magazine). The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 22, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2017.  

 Rayuwarta 
An haifi Bethune Jennie Louise Blanchard a Waterloo, New York a shekara ta 1856. Iyalin Blanchard sun ƙaura zuwa Buffalo, New York lokacin tana ƙarami, wanda ke kusa da Seneca Falls, wurin haifuwar ƙungiyar neman zaɓen mata a Amurka.[3]"Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved November 1, 2022.Ta sauke karatu daga Buffalo Central High School a shekara ta 1874. Ta yi wani jawabi inda ta bayyana yadda sha'awarta ga gine-g[17]"Heritage Moments: Louise Blanchard Bethune, Buffalo's gift to architecture and women's rights". WBFO. February 29, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2022.ine ta fara wasa amma nan da nan ta zama abin sha'awa.[3]"Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved November 1, 2022.

A shekara ta 1881, ta auri ɗan ƙasar Kanada Robert A. Bethune (1855-1915), kuma masanin gine-gine.  Tare suna da ɗa ɗaya, Charles William Bethune, a cikin 1883.[4]Fox, Austin. "Louise Blanchard Bethune: Buffalo Feminist and America's First Woman Architect". No. Summer 1986. Buffalo Spree. Retrieved June 23, 2018.

Rahotanni sun ce Bethune ya sayi keken mace ta farko da za ta fara siyarwa a Buffalo.  Ta kasance memba mai ƙwaƙƙwaran Ƙungiyar Mata da Ƙwallon Ƙwallon ƙafa.[5]Ladies of the Wheel, Buffalo Morning Express, August 14, 1892. Reproduced online by fultonhistory.com. Retrieved 2012-03-10. A cewar Buffalo Spree, Bethune yana da ra'ayin mata.[4]Fox, Austin. "Louise Blanchard Bethune: Buffalo Feminist and America's First Woman Architect". No. Summer 1986. Buffalo Spree. Retrieved June 23, 2018.

Bethune ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1908 kuma ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1913, yana da shekaru 57.[6]Franklin, Sydney (November 4, 2021). "Overlooked No More: Louise Blanchard Bethune, Who Changed the Face of Buffalo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021. 

 Aikinta 
Bethune ya shirya zuwa makarantar gine-gine a Cornell.  Maimakon haka, a cikin 1876, ta ɗauki aiki tana aiki a matsayin mai tsara zane a ofishin Richard A. Waite da F.W. Caulkins, sanannun masu gine-gine a Buffalo, New York.  A lokacin, ya fi kowa sanin gine-gine yayin aiki da kamfani maimakon a cikin aji.

A cikin 1881, bayan shekaru biyar a ofishin Waite, ta buɗe wani ofishi mai zaman kansa tare da mijinta, Robert Bethune, a Buffalo, [7]"Louise Blanchard Bethune (1856-1913) America's First Female Professional Architect". Women in Architecture. University of Illinois. Archived from the original on July 6, 2004. Retrieved November 14, 2011.ta sami kanta a matsayin ƙwararriyar mace ta farko ta ƙasar, wanda ta sanar a Majalisa ta tara na  Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Mata[8]"Heritage Moments: Louise Blanchard Bethune, Buffalo's gift to architecture and women's rights". WBFO. February 29, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2022..  A cikin 1891, William Fuchs ya zama abokin haɗin gwiwa na uku, kuma su ukun sun yi komai daga ƙananan gidaje zuwa manyan gine-ginen hukumomi.[9]"Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved November 1, 2022[7]"Louise Blanchard Bethune (1856-1913) America's First Female Professional Architect". Women in Architecture. University of Illinois. Archived from the original on July 6, 2004. Retrieved November 14, 2011.

An zabi Bethune mamba a kungiyar Western Association of Architects (WAA) a 1885. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar W.A.A.  An nada ta abokiyar zama mace ta farko ta Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amurka (A.I.A.) a cikin 1888 kuma a cikin 1889, ta zama mace ta farko.[10]Maureen Meister (November 4, 2014). Arts and Crafts Architecture: History and Heritage in New England. University Press of New England. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-1-61168-664-7.[7]"Louise Blanchard Bethune (1856-1913) America's First Female Professional Architect". Women in Architecture. University of Illinois. Archived from the original on July 6, 2004. Retrieved November 14, 2011.

A shekara ta 1891, ta ki shiga gasar zane-zane na ginin mata a baje kolin Columbian na duniya a Chicago saboda an biya maza dala 10,000 don tsara gine-gine don baje kolin yayin da matan suka samu $1,000 kacal.[7]"Louise Blanchard Bethune (1856-1913) America's First Female Professional Architect". Women in Architecture. University of Illinois. Archived from the original on July 6, 2004. Retrieved November 14, 2011..  Ta yi imanin cewa cikakken 'yanci yana nufin daidaitaccen albashi ga aiki daidai, kuma ba ta son tallafa wa ayyukan da ba su goyi bayan ra'ayoyinta ko dabi'u ba, amma ta kuma bayyana yadda ta fahimci cewa a matsayinta na 'yar kasuwa, ba za ta samu kudi ba idan  ta zo ne a matsayin mai adawa da zaɓe.[9]"Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved November 1, 2022.

Bethune ya tsara galibin gine-ginen masana'antu da na jama'a.  Ta ƙi yin aiki a kan ayyukan zama saboda suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan.Shahararriyar ƙirarta da ƙwararrunta ita ce Otal ɗin Neoclassical Lafayette, wanda aka ba da izini na dala miliyan 1 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1904. Tun daga lokacin an sake gyara dala miliyan 35, wanda mai haɓaka Rocco Termini ya kammala a 2012.[11]Cantillon, Sharon (January 23, 2018). "A Closer Look: Hotel @ the Lafayette". The Buffalo News. Retrieved June 23, 2018. Kamfanin Bethune ya kuma kera kantin sayar da kiɗa na Denton, Cottier & Daniels, ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen farko a Amurka don amfani da firam ɗin ƙarfe tare da zubar da shingen kankare.  Wasu gine-gine uku na Bethune har yanzu suna tsaye a yau: ɗakin ajiyar Iroquois Door Plant Company;  babban titin Chandler na Kamfanin Saƙar Buffalo;  da hedkwatar Witkop da Holmes (1901), wanda aka jera a cikin National Register of Historic Places a 2014.[12]"National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 7/07/14 through 7/11/14. National Park Service. July 18, 2014.Ta kasance cikin ƙirar gine-gine ɗari da hamsin a cikin Buffalo da New England lokacin aikinta.[9]"Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved November 1, 2022. 

 Tasirinta ga Mata 
Louise Bethune, kasancewarta mace ta farko da ta fara zane-zane, ta fahimci matsayinta na mace da kuma matsayinta na 'yar kasuwa.  Ko da yake Bethune, Bethune & Fuchs sun yi aiki a kan ayyukan zama da yawa, ta yi imanin cewa bai kamata mata masu ginin gine-gine su ci gaba da waɗannan ayyukan ba saboda ya iyakance su daga zabar su don manyan ayyuka, kasuwanci, kuma maza sun fi dacewa da za a zab[18]Cerkkila (February 15, 2022). "Hidden Power: Louise Bethune in Plain Sight". SAH ARCHIPEDIA. Retrieved November 3, 2022.a don waɗannan.  Ba ta son mata su zama tsintsiya madaurinki daya don yin zanen wurin zama kawai.  Har ila yau, ta yi imani da daidaiton albashi na aiki daidai kuma yawancin ayyukan zama ba su biya ba da kuma ayyukan kasuwanci.[16]"Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved November 1, 2022.

Matsakaicin albashi na daidaitaccen aiki wani abu ne da ta ba da kwarin gwiwa ga mata masu ginin gine-gine, kuma ba ta ɗauki ayyuka kawai don daraja ba.  Wannan ita ce ka'idarta ta jagora, kuma ta ba da jawabi ga babin Buffalo na Ƙungiyar Ilimin Mata da Masana'antu a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1891, inda ta bayyana dabi'unta game da dalilin da ya sa ta ki yin gasa don tsara rumfar mata a 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.  a Chicago.  Bethune kawai ta ga kanta a matsayin aikin injiniya mai kyau, kuma ta yi imanin cewa jinsinta bai kamata ya bayyana abubuwan da ta samu ba.  Duk da cewa ba ta ayyana kanta a matsayin mai son mata ba, amma ta dogara da shi tare da kyakkyawan ra'ayinta cewa yawancin mata za su zama masu zane-zane a cikin lokaci.  Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga sana'ar gine-gine da ke samuwa ga mata maimakon neman uzuri kan iyakokin da mata suka sha.[14]Hays, Johanna (2014). Louise Blanchard Bethune: America's First Female Professional Architect. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7676-3. OCLC 853310488.  Ƙaƙƙarwarta ita ce zayyana kanta.[18]Cerkkila (February 15, 2022). "Hidden Power: Louise Bethune in Plain Sight". SAH ARCHIPEDIA. Retrieved November 3, 2022.

Bethune ya kasance memba na 'yan matan juyin juya halin Amurka.[16]"Pioneering Women of American Architecture". Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved November 1, 2022.

Ayyukanta da shawarwari ga mata a cikin gine-gine sun taimaka wajen samar da hanya ga tsararrun mata masu gine-gine ciki har da Lois Lilley Howe, Josephine Wright Chapman, Sophia Hayden, Mary Nevan Gannon, Alice Hands, Julia Morgan, da Beverly Greene.  A lokacin da Bethune ya mutu a watan Disamba 1915, kusan mata 200 ne ke aikin gine-gine a Amurka.n 

 Gado 

Tsohon ginin Kamfanin Buffalo Meter an sake masa suna Bethune Hall don girmamawarta, lokacin da yake da Sashen Fasaha tare da Makarantar Gine-gine da Tsare-tsare na Jami'ar a Buffalo.[19]Jennifer Walkowski (April 2010). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Buffalo Meter Company Building". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013. See also: "Accompanying 16 photos". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Kamfanin Ciminelli Real Estate Corporation ya sayi wannan ginin a watan Yuni 2011, wanda ya sake gina ginin zuwa gidaje 87 tare da Carmina Wood Morris, PC.  Mazaunan sun fara ƙaura zuwa ginin a watan Yulin 2013, kuma aka sake masa suna Bethune Lofts.[19]Jennifer Walkowski (April 2010). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Buffalo Meter Company Building". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013. See also: "Accompanying 16 photos". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. An jera ginin a kan National Register of Historic Places, ya sami takardar shedar Azurfa ta LEED, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Preservation League of NYS Excellence in Historic Preservation Award a 2014.[21]"Bethune Lofts". Carmina Wood Morris, DPC. Retrieved June 23, 2018.

A cikin 2013, an ba da kabarin Bethune sabon alamar, wanda ya ce,

"JENNIE LOUISE

BLANCHARD BETHUNE

21 ga Yuli, 1856

DISAMBA 18, 1915" [22]"Bethune Ceremony - UB Reporter: Need to know news and views for UB faculty and staff". Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014.

An haɗa ta a makabartar daji ta Buffalo.[23]HSU, Charlotte (December 19, 2013). "Remembering Louise Bethune". University at Buffalo School of Architecture and Planning. Retrieved June 23, 2018.

 Manazarta 

Category:Haifaffun 1856
Category:Mutuwan 1913