Pythogoras

Pythagoras na Samos [a]/paɪˈθæɡərəs/ py-THAG-ər-əs,[311] also US: /pɪˈθæɡərəs/ pih-.[312] Ancient Greek: Πυθαγόρας ὁ Σάμιος, romanized: Pythagóras ho Sámios, lit. 'Pythagoras the Samian', or Πυθαγόρης, Pythagórēs in Ionian Greek. (Tsohon Girkanci: Πυθαγόρας; c. 570 – c. 495 BC) [b]"The dates of his life cannot be fixed exactly, but assuming the approximate correctness of the statement of Aristoxenus (Porphyry, Vit. Pyth, §9) that he left Samos to escape the tyranny of Polycrates at the age of forty, we may put his birth round about 570 BC, or a few years earlier. The length of his life was variously estimated in antiquity, but it is agreed that he lived to a fairly ripe old age, and most probably he died at about seventy-five or eighty." Guthrie (1967), p. 173, wanda aka fi sani da sunan Pythagoras, ya kasance tsohon masanin falsafa ne na Ionian Girka, polymath, kuma wanda ya kafa Pyth.  Koyarwarsa ta siyasa da addini sun shahara a Magna Graecia kuma sun rinjayi falsafar Plato, Aristotle, da, ta hanyarsu, yamma gabaɗaya.  Ilimin rayuwarsa yana cike da almara;  Masana zamani sun yi sabani game da ilimin Pythagoras da tasirinsa, amma sun yarda cewa, a kusa da 530 BC, ya yi tafiya zuwa Croton a kudancin Italiya, inda ya kafa makarantar da aka rantsar da masu farawa zuwa asiri kuma sun yi rayuwa ta zamantakewa, salon rayuwa.A zamanin da, Pythagoras an ba da lamuni da yawa na ilimin lissafi da binciken kimiyya, ciki har da ka'idar Pythagorean, Pythagorean tuning, daskararru biyar na yau da kullun, Theory of Proportions, sphericity na Duniya, da asalin taurarin safiya da maraice kamar duniyar Venus.  .  An ce shi ne mutum na farko da ya kira kansa masanin falsafa ("masoyi hikima") [c]Cicero, Tusc. Qu, pp. 431–433, §5.3.8–§5.3.9 (citing Heraclides Ponticus fr. 88 Wehrli), Diog I, 1.12, Diog VIII, §8.8, Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth, §58. Burkert attempted to discredit this ancient tradition Burkert (1960) but it has been defended by De Vogel (1966), pp. 97–102 and Riedweg (2005), p. 92kuma shi ne ya fara raba duniya zuwa yankuna biyar na yanayi.  Masana tarihi na gargajiya sun yi muhawara kan ko Pythagoras ya yi waɗannan binciken, kuma yawancin abubuwan da aka ba shi tabbas sun samo asali ne a baya ko kuma abokan aikinsa ko magajinsa ne suka yi.  Wasu asusun sun ambaci cewa falsafar da ke da alaƙa da Pythagoras tana da alaƙa da ilimin lissafi kuma adadin yana da mahimmanci, amma ana yin muhawara har ta yaya, idan a zahiri ya ba da gudummawa ga ilimin lissafi ko falsafar halitta. 

Koyarwar da aka fi dacewa da Pythagoras ita ce "masu hijirar rayuka" ko metempsychosis, wanda ke riƙe da cewa kowane rai ba ya mutuwa kuma, a kan mutuwa, ya shiga cikin sabon jiki.  Wataƙila ya ƙirƙiri koyaswar musica universalis, wanda ya ɗauka cewa taurari suna motsawa bisa ga lissafin lissafi kuma don haka suna sake yin sautin kade-kade na kiɗan da ba za a ji ba.  Masana sun yi muhawara kan ko Pythagoras ya ci gaba da koyaswar numerological da kaɗe-kaɗe da aka jingina masa, ko kuwa mabiyansa ne suka haɓaka waɗannan koyarwar, musamman Philolaus na Croton.  Bayan gagarumin nasarar da Croton ya samu akan Sybaris a kusan shekara ta 510 BC, mabiyan Pythagoras sun shiga rikici da masu goyon bayan dimokuradiyya, kuma an kona gidajen taron Pythagorean.  Wataƙila an kashe Pythagoras a lokacin wannan zalunci, ko kuma ya tsere zuwa Metapontum kuma ya mutu a can.

Pythagoras ya rinjayi Plato, wanda tattaunawarsa, musamman Timaeus, ya nuna koyarwar Pythagorean.  Ra'ayoyin Pythagorean akan kamalar lissafi kuma sun yi tasiri ga fasahar Girka ta dā.  Koyarwarsa ta sami babban farfaɗo a ƙarni na farko BC a tsakanin ƴan Plato na tsakiya, wanda yayi daidai da haɓakar Neopythagoreanism.  Pythagoras ya ci gaba da daukarsa a matsayin babban masanin falsafa a tsawon tsakiyar zamanai kuma falsafarsa ta yi tasiri sosai ga masana kimiyya irin su Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, da Isaac Newton.  An kuma yi amfani da alamar Pythagorean a ko'ina cikin farkon esotericism na Turai na zamani, kuma koyarwarsa kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin Metamorphoses na Ovid zai iya tasiri ga yunkurin cin ganyayyaki na zamani.

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