Maidu

Maidu 'Yan asalin kasar Amurka ne na arewacin California. Suna zaune a tsakiyar Sierra Nevada, a cikin yankin ruwa na Feather da Kogin Amurka da kuma Humbug Valley. A cikin yarukan Maidu, maidu na nufin "mutum".

 Rarrabawar yankin 
Mutanen Maidu sun warwatse a cikin ƙasa zuwa ƙananan rukuni ko ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke zaune tsakanin kuma suna nuna kansu tare da kwari daban-daban, da tuddai, da duwatsu a arewa maso gabashin Tsakiyar California. Ƙungiyoyi uku na Maidu su ne kamar haka;

 Nisenan ko Kudancin Maidu sun mamaye dukkan magudanar Amurka, Bear, da Yuba River. Suna zaune a ƙasashen da suka kasance a baya ga Martis.
 Arewa maso gabas ko Mountain Maidu, wanda aka fi sani da Yamani Maidu, ya zauna a saman arewa da tsakiya na Kogin Feather.
 Konkow (Koyom'kawi / Concow) ya mamaye kwarin tsakanin Cherokee na yanzu, da Pulga, tare da arewacin kogin Feather da masu ba da gudummawa. Mechupda suna zaune a yankin Chico, California.

Kimanin yawan mutanen da suka riga sun haɗu da yawancin 'yan asalin California sun bambanta sosai. Alfred L. Kroeber ya kiyasta yawan mutanen 1770 na Maidu (ciki har da Konkow da Nisenan) a matsayin 9,000. Sherburne F. Cook ya ɗaga wannan adadi dan kadan, zuwa 9,500.

Kroeber ya ba da rahoton yawan mutanen Maidu a cikin 1910 a matsayin 1,100. Ƙididdigar 1930 ta ƙidaya 93, biyo bayan ƙarancin cututtukan cututtuka da rikicewar zamantakewa. Ya zuwa 1995, yawan mutanen Maidu ya farfado zuwa kimanin 3,500.

 Al'adu 

 Kwando da yin kwando 
Matan Maidu sun kasance masu zane-zane masu kyau, suna yin cikakkun bayanai da kuma amfani da kwando a cikin girma daga ƙwanƙwasawa zuwa manyan ƙafa 10 ko fiye a diamita. Yin zane a kan wasu daga cikin wadannan kwando suna da kyau sosai cewa ana buƙatar gilashin girma don ganin igiyoyi. Baya ga yin kwando mai laushi, mai ruwa don dafa abinci, sun yi manyan kwando na ajiya, kwano, kwano mai zurfi, tarkuna, shimfiɗa, hular, da masu bugun iri. Sun yi amfani da nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban na tsire-shuke na daji, barks, tushen da ganye. Wasu daga cikin wadanda suka fi dacewa sune tushen fern, ja bark na redbud, fararen rassan willow da tushen tule, rassan hazel, ganye na yucca, launin ruwan kasa, da tushen sedge. Ta hanyar hada wadannan nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban, mata sun yi zane-zane a kan kwando a ja, baki, fari, launin ruwan kasa ko tan.

Tsohon Maidu Marie Potts ya bayyana cewa, "An yi amfani da tsarin da aka rufe da na twining, kuma ana yin kayan ado da kyau a wasu lokuta bisa ga ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar mai saƙa da kayan da ake da su, kamar fuka-fukan tsuntsaye masu haske, harsashi, quills, tsaba ko beads- kusan duk abin da za'a iya haɗewa. "

 Rayuwa 
Kamar sauran kabilun California da yawa, Maidu sun kasance mafarauta da masu tarawa kuma ba su noma ba. Sun yi gyare-gyare a wuraren da suka taru, tare da wuta a matsayin kayan aiki na farko don wannan dalili. Sun kula da itatuwan oak na gida don kara yawan samar da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda sune babban abinci su bayan an sarrafa su kuma an shirya su.

A cewar Maidu dattijo Marie Potts:Shirya ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin abinci tsari ne mai tsawo da wahala wanda mata da yara suka gudanar. Dole ne a kwashe ƙwayoyin, a tsabtace su, sannan a niƙa su cikin abinci. An yi wannan ta hanyar bugawa da pestle a kan wani wuri mai wuya, gabaɗaya dutse mai rami. An fitar da tannic acid a cikin ƙwayoyin ta hanyar yada abincin a hankali a kan gado na allurar pine da aka shimfiɗa a kan yashi. An sanya rassan al'ul ko fir a fadin abincin kuma an zuba ruwa mai dumi a ko'ina, tsari wanda ya ɗauki sa'o'i da yawa, tare da rassan suna rarraba ruwa daidai kuma suna ɗanɗano abincin.Maidu sun yi amfani da yalwar ƙwayoyin cuta don adana adadi mai yawa don lokutan da suka fi wuya. Masu saƙa ne suka halicci hatsi na ƙasa.

Baya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke ba da starch da kitse na abinci, Maidu sun kara yawan abincin su tare da tushen abinci ko tubers (wanda baƙi na Turai suka ba su lakabi da "Digger Indians"), da sauran tsire-tsire da tubers. Mata da yara sun kuma tattara tsaba daga tsire-tsire masu fure da yawa, kuma an tattara corms daga furanni na daji kuma an sarrafa su a matsayin wani ɓangare na abincin su. Mutanen sun farautar deer, elk, antelope, da karamin wasa, a cikin tsarin ruhaniya wanda ke girmama dabbobi. Mutanen sun kama kifi daga koguna da koguna da yawa, saboda su ne tushen furotin. An tattara salmon lokacin da suka zo sama don haifuwa; wasu kifaye suna samuwa a duk shekara.

 Gidaje 
Musamman a cikin tsaunuka da duwatsu, Maidu sun gina gidajensu a wani bangare a karkashin kasa, don samun kariya daga sanyi. Wadannan gidaje sun kasance masu girma, gine-ginen zagaye 12 zuwa 18 feet a diamita, tare da benaye, an haƙa kusan 3 feet a ƙasa. Da zarar an haƙa bene na gidan, an gina tsarin katako. An rufe shi da slabs na pinebark. An sanya wani nau'i mai ƙarfi na ƙasa tare da tushe na tsarin. An shirya wuta ta tsakiya a cikin gidan a matakin ƙasa. Yana da rami mai laushi da dutse don riƙe zafi don shirya abinci.

Don zama a lokacin rani, an gina wani tsari daban daga rassan da aka yanke da aka ɗaure tare kuma an ɗaure su zuwa wuraren tsiro, sannan an rufe su da burbushin da ƙasa. An gina mafaka na rani tare da babban buɗewa da ke fuskantar gabas don kama fitowar rana, da kuma guje wa zafi na rana.

 Tsarin zamantakewa 
Maidu ya zauna a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka ko ƙungiyoyi ba tare da ƙungiyar siyasa ba. Ana zaɓar shugabannin ne daga cikin mazajen da ke jagorantar ƙungiyar Kuksu ta gida. Ba su yi amfani da iko na yau da kullun ba, amma suna da alhakin warware rikice-rikice na cikin gida da tattaunawa kan batutuwan da suka taso tsakanin ƙauyuka.

 Addini 
Al'adar addini ta farko an san ta da addinin Kuksu .  Wannan tsarin addini na tsakiya na California ya dogara ne akan wata ƙungiya ta sirri ta maza. An nuna shi da Kuksu ko rawa na "babban kai". Tsohon Maidu Marie Mason Potts ya ce Maidu al'ada ne masu bin Allah ɗaya: "sun gaishe da fitowar rana da addu'ar godiya; da tsakar rana sun tsaya don yin tunani, kuma da faɗuwar rana, sun yi magana da Kadyapam kuma sun gode wa albarkatu a duk rana. "  Bikin bazara na gargajiya ga Maidu shine Bear Dance lokacin da Maidu ya girmama beyar da ke fitowa daga hibernation. Tsayar da beyar da rayuwa a cikin hunturu alama ce ta juriya ga Maidu, wanda ya haɗa da dabba a ruhaniya.

Tsarin addinin Kuksu ya biyo bayan Pomo da Patwin daga cikin Wintun. Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje daga baya sun tilasta wa mutane su karɓi Kiristanci, amma sau da yawa suna riƙe da abubuwan al'adunsu.

 Labaran gargajiya 
Labaran K'odojapem / World-maker da Wepam / Trickster Coyote sun fi shahara a cikin Labaran gargajiya na Maidu.

 Harsuna 
Maidu suna magana da yaren da wasu masana harsuna suka yi imanin yana da alaƙa da iyalin Penutian. Duk da yake duk Maidu suna magana da wani nau'i na wannan harshe, harshe, haɗin kai, da ƙamus sun bambanta sosai cewa Maidu ya rabu da nisa mai nisa ko ta siffofin ƙasa waɗanda ba su da ƙarfin tafiya na iya magana da yarukan da kusan ba su da fahimta.

Manyan bangarori huɗu na yaren sune Arewa maso gabashin Maidu ko Yamonee Maidu (wanda aka sani kawai da Maidu); Kudancin Maidu ko Nisenan; Arewa maso yammacin Maidu Ko Konkow; da Valley Maidu ko Chico .

 Hotunan dutse 
Maidu sun zauna a yankunan da ke arewa maso gabashin Sierra Nevada. An sami misalai da yawa na fasahar dutse da petroglyphs a nan. Masana ba su da tabbas game da ko waɗannan sun fito ne daga 'yan asalin da suka gabata ko kuma mutanen Maidu ne suka kirkiresu. Maidu sun haɗa waɗannan ayyukan cikin tsarin al'adunsu, kuma sun yi imanin cewa irin waɗannan kayan tarihi na ainihi ne, kuzari masu rai waɗanda ke da mahimmanci na duniyarsu.

 Ƙabilai 

 An amince da shi a cikin tarayya 

 Berry Creek Rancheria na Maidu Indians
 Kamfanin Rancheria na Maidu Indians na California
 Greenville Rancheria na Maidu Indians na California
 Ƙabilar Indiya ta Mechoopda ta Chico Rancheria
 Mooretown Rancheria na Maidu Indians na California
 Shingle Springs Band na Indiyawa Miwok, Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract) 
 Rancheria na Indiya na Susanville
 Ƙungiyar Indiya ta United Auburn Rancheria

 Ba a amince da shi ba a cikin tarayya 

 Ƙabilar Honey Lake Maidu
 KonKow Valley Band na Maidu Indians 
 Nisenan na Nevada City RancheriaRancheria na Birnin Nevada
 Strawberry Valley Band na Pakan'yani Maidu (wanda aka fi sani da Strawberry River Rancheria) 
 Tsi Akim Maidu Ƙabilar Taylorsville Rancheria
 Ƙasar United Maidu
 Ƙabilar Colfax-Todds Valley ta Colfax Rancheria 

 Shahararrun mutanen Maidu 

 Dalbert Castro (Nisenan), mai zane, mai zane 
 Wallace Clark (Koyom'kawi yepom), zane-zane na gargajiya
 Frank Day (Konkow), mai zane
 Harry Fonseca (Nisenan / Miwok), mai zane, mai zane
 Janice Gould (Konkow Maidu), mai zane
 Judith Lowry (Mountain Maidu / Achomawi), mai zane, mai zane
 Jacob A. Meders (Mechoopda-Konkow), mai zane, mai buga takardu, mai zane-zane 
 Marie Mason Potts (Mountain Maidu), 'yar jarida, mai fafutuka
 Frank Tuttle (KonKow Maidu),  mai zane, mai bikin

Manazarta
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