Thesaurus

Thesaurus (pl.: thesauri ko thesauruses), wani lokaci ana kiransa ƙamus na [2]Oxford thesaurus of English. Maurice Waite (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-956081-3. OCLC 321014234.ma'ana ko ƙamus na ma'ana, aikin tunani ne wanda ke tsara kalmomi ta ma'anarsu (ko a cikin sauƙi, littafi inda mutum zai iya samun kalmomi daban-daban masu ma'ana iri ɗaya ga wasu.  kalmomi),[1]"thesaurus, n.", OED Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 2023-01-21 [2]Oxford thesaurus of English. Maurice Waite (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-956081-3. OCLC 321014234.wani lokaci a matsayin matsayi na manyan kalmomi da kunkuntar kalmomi, wani lokaci a matsayin jerin ma'anar 5]American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2011, ISBN 9780547041018, p. xxviima'ana da ma'ana.  Sau da yawa marubuta suna amfani da su don taimakawa nemo mafi kyawun kalma don bayyana ra'ayi:

... don nemo kalmar, ko kalmomi, ta inda [wani] ra'ayi zai iya zama mafi dacewa da bayyana yadda ya kamata

- Peter Mark Roget, 1852[3]Roget, Peter. 1852. Thesaurus of English Language Words and Phrases.

Kamus na ma'ana suna da dogon tarihi.  Peter Mark Roget yayi amfani da kalmar 'thesaurus' a cikin 1852 don Thesaurus na Roget.

Yayin da wasu ayyukan da ake kira "thesauri", irin su Roget's Thesaurus, kalmomi na rukuni a cikin ma'auni na hypernymic na ra'ayi, wasu an tsara su ta hanyar haruffa[4]The Merriam-Webster thesaurus. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. 2005. ISBN 978-0-87779-637-4. OCLC 57506786.  ko kuma ta wata hanya dabam.

Yawancin thesaur[7]"thesaurus". Online Etymologyi ba su haɗa da ma'anoni ba, amma yawancin ƙamus sun haɗa da jeri na ma'ana.

Wasu bayanan thesauri da ƙamus na ma’ana suna nuna bambance-bambancen tsakanin kalmomi iri ɗaya, tare da bayanin kula akan “hassoshinsu da mabanbantan inuwar ma’ana”. we  Wasu ƙamus na ma'ana sun fi damuwa da bambance ma'ana da amfani.  Littattafan amfani irin su Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage ko Garner's Modern English Usage sau da yawa suna tsara amfani da ma'ana daidai.

Marubuta wani lokaci suna amfani da thesauri don guje wa maimaita kalmomi - bambancin yanayi mai kyau - wanda a lokuta da yawa ana suka ta hanyar littattafan amfani: "Marubuta wani lokaci suna amfani da su ba kawai don bambanta ƙamus ba amma don ado da su da yawa" [6]Edwin L. Battistella, "Beware the thesaurus", OUPblog, "Oxford University Press's Academic Insights for the Thinking World", February 11, 2018

 Tarihin Kalma 

Kalmar "thesaurus" ta fito ne daga Latin thēsaurus, wanda kuma ya fito daga Girkanci θησαυρός (thēsauros) 'taska, taska, ma'aji..  Kalmar thēsauros tana da ƙayyadaddun ilmin asali.[8]R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 548.[9]Oxford English Dictionary s.v.[7]"thesaurus". Online Etymology

Har zuwa karni na 19, thesaurus kowane ƙamus ne ko encyclopedia,[9] kamar yadda a cikin Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (Kamus na Harshen Latin, 1532), da Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (Kamus na Harshen Girkanci, 1572).  Roget ne ya gabatar da ma'anar "tarin kalmomin da aka tsara bisa ga ma'ana", a cikin 1852.[7]"thesaurus". Online Etymologyn

 Tarihi 
Peter Mark Roget, marubucin Thesaurus na Roget

A zamanin da, Philo na Byblos ya rubuta rubutu na farko wanda yanzu ana iya kiransa thesaurus.  A cikin Sanskrit, Amarakosha shine thesaurus a sigar aya, wanda aka rubuta a karni na 4.

Nazarin ma'ana ya zama muhimmin jigo a falsafar ƙarni na 18, kuma Condillac ya rubuta, amma ba a taɓa buga shi ba, ƙamus na ma'ana.[10]Embleton11]B. Lafaye, Dictionnaire des synonymes de la langue française, Hachette 1869, 3rd edition

Wasu ƙamus na farko sun haɗa da:

John Wilkins, Maƙala ga Halaye na Haƙiƙa, da Harshen Falsafa da ƙamus na Haruffa (1668) shine "ƙididdigewa na yau da kullun da bayanin duk waɗannan abubuwa da ra'ayoyin waɗanda za a sanya sunayensu".  Ba su zama ƙamus na ma'ana ba - a haƙiƙa, ba sa ma amfani da kalmar " synonym" - amma suna yin ma'anar ma'ana tare.[13]John Wilkins, William Lloyd (anonymously), An Alphabetical Dictionary Wherein all English Words According to their Various Significations, Are either referred to their Places in the Philosophical Tables, Or explained by such Words as are in those Tables, London 1668 full text[14]Natascia Leonardi, "An Analysis of a Seventeenth Century Conceptual Dictionary with an Alphabetical List of Entries and a Network Definition Structure: John Wilkins' and William Lloyd's An Alphabetical Dictionary (1668)" in Historical Dictionaries and Historical Dictionary Research, papers from the International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology, University of Leicester, 2002, Max Niemeyer Verlag 2004, ISBN 3484391235, p. 39-5212]John Wilkins, An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language, London 1668 full text.