Anna Filosofova

[a] (Russian: Анна Павловна Философова; née Diaghileva; 5 Afrilu 1837 - 17 Maris 1912) babbar 'yar Rasha ce kuma mai fafutuka a karni na 19 da farkon 20. 

An haife ta a cikin iyali mai arziki, mai daraja, ta auri Vladimir Filosofov tun tana karama; suna da 'ya'ya shida. Da farko ta damu da halin da ake ciki na bayi, Filosofova ta zama mai fafutukar mata a karshen shekarun 1850 bayan ta shiga Salon Maria Trubnikova, wanda ya ilimantar da ita kan batun. Tare da Trubnikova da Nadezhda Stasova, Filosofova na ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin farko na ƙungiyar mata ta Rasha. Tare, an kira abokai uku da abokan tarayya da "triumvirate". Sun kafa kuma sun jagoranci kungiyoyin agaji da yawa da aka tsara don inganta 'yancin kai na al'adu da tattalin arziki na mata, kamar Society for Cheap Lodgings and Other Benefits for the Citizens of St. Petersburg . Filosofova ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar wannan kungiyar na shekaru da yawa

Daga baya, nasarar ta matsa wa jami'an gwamnati da su ba da izinin ilimi mafi girma ga mata, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar darussan Vladimirskii da Darussan Bestuzhev. Ci gaba da adawa yana nufin cewa nasarorin da suka samu a wasu lokuta an iyakance su ko kuma an juya su. Filosofova ta kuma kafa makarantar jinsi-jima'i a gidan danginta. Daga 1879 zuwa 1881, an tura Filosofova gudun hijira na ɗan lokaci bisa zargin tausayi na juyin juya hali. Bayan ta dawo Rasha, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka da kuma mai ba da agaji don tallafawa matan Rasha. Ta rayu fiye da Trubnikova da Stasova, ta tsira don shiga cikin Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na 1905 kuma ta jagoranci taron mata na Rasha na farko a 1908, ta zama mace mai daraja. Filosofova ta mutu a shekara ta 1912.

 Rayuwa r farko da ilimi 
An haifi Anna Pavlovna Diaghileva a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1837 a Saint Petersburg ga dangin masu arziki da aristocratic. Diaghileva ita ce babba cikin yara tara. Mahaifinta, Pavel Diaghilev, ya yi ritaya daga aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Kudi a 1850 kuma ya bude gidan giya. Mahaifiyarta, Anna Ivanovna, ta gudanar da gidan giya bayan 1855, yayin da Pavel ya zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.

Kamar yadda ya saba ga 'yan Rasha masu daraja, Diaghileva ta sami ilimi a gida; daga baya ta rubuta cewa duk abin da ta koya shi ne "Faransanci, Jamusanci, da kuma cortseying".   A shekara ta 1855, ta auri Vladimir Dmitryevich Filosofov, babban jami'in Ma'aikatar Yakin da Tsaro wanda ya girme ta da shekaru goma sha bakwai. An haifi ɗansu na farko a shekara ta 1858; daga ƙarshe sun haifi shida, 'yan mata uku da maza uku (ciki har da Dmitry, wanda ya zama sanannen marubuci).  Ruthchild, Rochelle G. (2009). "Reframing Public and Private Space in Mid-nineteenth Century Russia: the Triumvirate of Anna Filosofova, Nadezhda Stasova, and Mariia Trubnikova". In Worobec, Christine D. (ed.). The Human Tradition in Imperial Russia. The Human Tradition Around the World. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-7425-3737-8. Masanin kimiyya Rochelle Ruthchild ya rubuta cewa Filosofova tana da "kusan koyaushe tana da ciki" tsakanin 1858 da 1872, kodayake ba ta bayyana ta shafar lafiyarta ko aikinta ba.  

Mijin Filosofova ya fito ne daga dangin bawa, kuma bayan aurensu ta ziyarci gidan Filosofov kusa da Bezhanitsy a Pskov Oblast. Ziyarar ta yi tasiri sosai ga Filosofova, wanda danginsa ba su da bayi. An bayyana surukin Filosofova a matsayin "mai zalunci" ta hanyar masanin kimiyya Marianna Muravyeva; ya yi lalata da bayi a ƙarƙashin ikonsa.Ruthchild, Rochelle G. (2009). "Reframing Public and Private Space in Mid-nineteenth Century Russia: the Triumvirate of Anna Filosofova, Nadezhda Stasova, and Mariia Trubnikova". In Worobec, Christine D. (ed.). The Human Tradition in Imperial Russia. The Human Tradition Around the World. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-7425-3737-8. Filosofova ta fara yin la'akari da batutuwan zamantakewa, musamman ma matsalar talakawa da bayi. Bayan 'yancin Rasha na bayi a 1861, Filosofova ta rubuta cewa "ranar tsarki ce".

A karshen shekarun 1850, Filosofova ta sadu da Maria Trubnikova ta hanyar Salon na karshe. Trubnikova ta ba da littattafanta game da batutuwan mata kuma Filosofova ta yaba da wannan jagorancin tare da taimakawa wajen bunkasa imanin ta.Ruthchild, Rochelle G. (2009). "Reframing Public and Private Space in Mid-nineteenth Century Russia: the Triumvirate of Anna Filosofova, Nadezhda Stasova, and Mariia Trubnikova". In Worobec, Christine D. (ed.). The Human Tradition in Imperial Russia. The Human Tradition Around the World. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-7425-3737-8. Daga baya ta ce game da Trubnikova cewa "ta kasance mala'ika ce, mai tausayi kuma mai haƙuri. Ta haɓaka ni, ta karanta ni. Wannan ya kasance da wahala, tunda ban san komai ba. "  Su biyun sun zama abokai da abokantaka, tare da Nadezhda Stasova, kuma tsaran su suna kiran su "nasara". Uku sun zama shugabannin ƙungiyar mata a Daular Rasha, kodayake ba su bayyana kansu a matsayin masu fafutuka ba. Masanin tarihi Richard Stites ya bayyana triumvirate a matsayin "manyan mutane uku na mata", wadanda suka sami goyon baya daga manyan kungiyoyi na mata da yawa wadanda suka "shiga ciki da waje" na matsayi daban-daban. Marubucin Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams na baya ya rubuta cewa "[Mambobin Triumvirate] sun cika juna sosai. Shirye-shiryen da za su fito ne daga Trubnikova. Sashe na Stasova shine wasan kwaikwayon, juriya wajen yin aikin. Filosofova ya ƙunshi ruhaniya da ɗabi'a. "

Ya bambanta da motsi na zamani na Rasha, Filosofova da sauran mambobin triumvirate ba su da tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin salon jama'a ko salon, kuma sun riƙe tashoshin su a cikin kyawawan halaye na aji na sama.Ruthchild, Rochelle G. (2009). "Reframing Public and Private Space in Mid-nineteenth Century Russia: the Triumvirate of Anna Filosofova, Nadezhda Stasova, and Mariia Trubnikova". In Worobec, Christine D. (ed.). The Human Tradition in Imperial Russia. The Human Tradition Around the World. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-7425-3737-8. An soki shi daga wani mai bin nihilist don yin ado kamar "ɗan tsana" a wani muhimmin taro, Filosofova ya amsa cewa "tufafi ba sa zama mace", a cewar Ruthchild. Filosofova da mijinta sun kasance da kyakkyawar dangantaka, duk da cewa aikinta wani lokacin yakan haifar da koma baya ga aikinsa na gwamnati. Ba ta so a ƙasƙantar da ita ba, tana rubuta masa cewa "don ba da kai ga kanka ya wuce ikona".  

 Gwagwarmaya da aiki 
Ta hanyar salon Trubnikova, Filosofova ta haɗu da babban rukuni na mata masu arziki da ke damuwa da matsayin tattalin arziki da ilimi na mata a Rasha.Ruthchild, Rochelle G. (2009). "Reframing Public and Private Space in Mid-nineteenth Century Russia: the Triumvirate of Anna Filosofova, Nadezhda Stasova, and Mariia Trubnikova". In Worobec, Christine D. (ed.). The Human Tradition in Imperial Russia. The Human Tradition Around the World. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-7425-3737-8. Triumvirate, tare da wasu mata da yawa, sun kafa Society for Cheap Lodgings and Other Benefits for the Citizens of St. Petersburg a cikin 1859.  Kungiyar, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan taimakawa mata masu bukata da yaransu, tana da ƙungiyoyi biyu, " Jam'iyyar Jamus" da " Jam'idar Rasha", waɗanda suka bambanta da hanyar da suka fi so.Engel, Barbara Alpern (2000). "Searching for a Politics of Personal Life". Mothers and Daughters: Women of the Intelligentsia in Nineteenth-century Russia. Studies in Russian Literature and Theory. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press. pp. 49–61. ISBN 978-0-8101-1740-2.Stites, Richard (1977). The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilsm, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–72. ISBN 978-06910-5254-0. "Jamusanci" sun goyi bayan hanyar gargajiya ta taimakon jama'a wanda ya haɗa da kula da talakawa. "Russians" sun mayar da hankali kan taimakon kai tsaye da taimakon kai tsaye, suna ƙoƙari su guji patronization da kula da sirrin waɗanda aka taimaka.   Al'umma ta sha "shekaru biyu na tsarawa da gwaji" kafin ta fara, a cewar Stites . 

A farkon 1861, sabuwar kungiyar ta rabu kashi biyu, tare da Stasova-Trubnikova-Filosofova triumvirate da ke jagorantar "Russians".Engel, Barbara Alpern (2000). "Searching for a Politics of Personal Life". Mothers and Daughters: Women of the Intelligentsia in Nineteenth-century Russia. Studies in Russian Literature and Theory. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press. pp. 49–61. ISBN 978-0-8101-1740-2. Yarjejeniyar al'ummarsu, yanzu karami, Gwamnatin Tsarist ta amince da ita a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1861.  Ruthchild, Rochelle G. (2009). "Reframing Public and Private Space in Mid-nineteenth Century Russia: the Triumvirate of Anna Filosofova, Nadezhda Stasova, and Mariia Trubnikova". In Worobec, Christine D. (ed.). The Human Tradition in Imperial Russia. The Human Tradition Around the World. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-7425-3737-8. Ba da daɗewa ba al'umma ta sami ginin kanta da babban kwangila don aikin sutura daga soja. Ya samar da gidaje da aiki a matsayin masu sutura ga abokan cinikinsa (musamman gwauraye da matan da mazajensu suka watsar da su). Har ila yau, kungiyar ta gudanar da cibiyar kula da rana da kuma kicin jama'a. Trubnikova ita ce shugaban farko; Filosofova ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar na shekaru da yawa kafin a rufe ta a shekara ta 1879. Filosofova ta bayyana a cikin burinta, wanda ta taɓa bayyana a cikin wata wasika ga Anatoly Koni: "ba mata damar samun hanyar samun aiki mai cin gashin kanta da kuma matsayi mai zaman kanta na ɗabi'a da na zahiri".  Ta kuma ba da tallafi ga babban Society for Women's Labor a 1865, amma ba a taɓa kafa kungiyar ba. Stites, Richard (1977). The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilsm, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–72. ISBN 978-06910-5254-0.

Triumvirate da Anna Engelhardt sun kafa kungiyar buga littattafai ta mata ta Rasha a 1863. Stites, Richard (1977). The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilsm, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–72. ISBN 978-06910-5254-0. Da yake daukar mata sama da talatin, hadin gwiwar ta mayar da hankali kan rubuce-rubuce da fassara. Ya wallafa littattafai iri-iri, gami da litattafai, ayyukan kimiyya da labarun yara, kamar Darwin's On the Origin of Species da Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales.  Kodayake da farko ya ci nasara, hadin gwiwar ba ta taɓa samun amincewar gwamnati ba kuma ta sha wahala daga matsalolin kuɗi bayan Trubnikova da Stasova sun tafi kasashen waje kuma abokin sayar da littattafai ya fadi. Duk da haka, a karkashin jagorancin Filosofova, ya kasance har zuwa 1879. Ruthchild, Rochelle G. (2009). "Reframing Public and Private Space in Mid-nineteenth Century Russia: the Triumvirate of Anna Filosofova, Nadezhda Stasova, and Mariia Trubnikova". In Worobec, Christine D. (ed.). The Human Tradition in Imperial Russia. The Human Tradition Around the World. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-7425-3737-8.

 Ilimi na mata 
A shekara ta 1867, triumvirate ya fara turawa ga jami'o'in Rasha don ƙirƙirar darussan mata. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya fara ne da wani taro a gidan Trubnikova tsakanin mata masu sha'awar da (maza), inda aka amince da shirin aiki.Stites, Richard (1977). The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilsm, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–72. ISBN 978-06910-5254-0. Matan sun rubuta takarda ga Karl Fedorovich Kessler, shugaban Jami'ar St. Petersburg. Tare da takamaiman baiwa don shirya tallafi mai yawa, sun tattara sa hannu sama da 400 tsakanin mata masu matsakaicin matsayi da na sama; Filosofova ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin shirya. Neman kafa jami'ar mata, nasarar ta sami tallafi daga Kessler don ƙirƙirar "koyaswa na yau da kullun, masu tsanani" a buɗe ga mata, a cikin kalmomin masanin tarihi Christine Johanson.

Mataki na gaba shine samun amincewa daga Dmitry Andreyevich Tolstoy, wanda ke da alhakin tsarin ilimi a matsayin Ministan Haskakawa na Kasa.Stites, Richard (1977). The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilsm, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–72. ISBN 978-06910-5254-0. Koyaya, akwai yaduwar adawa da ilimin mata. Tolstoy ya yi jayayya cewa mata za su bar ilimi bayan sun yi aure, kuma ya kori masu sanya hannu ta hanyar bayyana cewa su "tumaki" ne kawai suna bin sabon salon. Ya ki amincewa da karar a ƙarshen 1868, yana mai bayyana a tsakanin wasu dalilai cewa mata ba su shirya don koyarwa mai zurfi ba. Triumvirate ya shawo kan wasu malamai don bayar da laccoci na shirye-shirye, wanda aka sani da Alarchin Courses, tun daga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1869.  Filosofova ta kuma bude makarantar gida a gidan mijinta na Bezhanitsy, wanda ya tsira sosai har zuwa karni na 20.

A cikin Tsarist Rasha, manufofin jihar ba su da daidaituwa kuma ba su dace ba saboda fa'idodin ministocin masu adawa, kuma triumvirate ya nemi wata hanya don tallafawa ilimi mafi girma ga mata. Sun yi kira ga ministan yaki mai sassaucin ra'ayi Dmitry Alekseyevich Milyutin, wanda, matarsa, 'yarsa, da Filosofova suka rinjaye shi, ya amince da karbar bakuncin darussan likita ga mata a Saint Petersburg.Stites, Richard (1977). The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilsm, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–72. ISBN 978-06910-5254-0.Johanson, Christine (1979). "Autocratic Politics, Public Opinion, and Women's Medical Education During the Reign of Alexander II, 1855–1881". Slavic Review. 38 (3): 426–443. doi:10.2307/2496713. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2496713. PMID 11633168. Mijin Filosofova a wannan lokacin yana aiki a matsayin babban mataimakin Milyutin. Tolstoy ya kalubalanci ta hanyar ba da izinin azuzuwan, amma a ɗakinsa, inda zai iya sa ido kan su. Triumvirate ya ci gaba da turawa don ƙarin dama don ilimi mafi girma, kuma a watan Oktoba 1869, gwamnatin Rasha, a matsayin sulhu, ta ba da izinin iyakantaccen laccoci ga mata a kan batutuwa masu ci gaba (ciki har da ilmin sunadarai, tarihi, anatomy, zoology, da wallafe-wallafen Rasha).  An fara laccocin ne a watan Janairun 1870. Mata sama da 700 ne suka halarta, sun zama sanannun laccoci na Vladimirskii, bayan mai karbar bakuncin su, kwalejin Vladimir.

Laccocin Vladimirskii, ko da yake an iyakance shi, duk da haka an rufe shi a cikin 1875 .  Filosofova ta fara kamfen don sake buɗe su. Tolstoy, a halin yanzu, ya damu game da yawan matan Rasha da ke zuwa kasashen waje don ilimi, musamman zuwa Switzerland. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1876, a lokacin da Tolstoy da Filosofova suka bukaci, Alexander II ya ba da izinin kirkirar darussan ilimi mafi girma ga mata, kodayake har yanzu an hana shiga jami'o'in maza. Sakamakon Darussan Bestuzhev (bayan shugaban su, Konstantin Bestuzheov-Ryumin) Stasova da Filosofova ne suka shirya su. Sun fara ne a Saint Petersburg a 1878.   A shekara ta 1881, darussan sun rufe cikakken jadawalin jami'a na shekaru hudu. Tolstoy ya iyakance kudaden da ake da su; tallafin gwamnati ya ba da kashi 7 cikin 100 na kasafin kuɗi, sabili da haka karatun ya kasance mai tsada. Rashin jituwa na wasu daga cikin dalibai ya haifar da zargi, kuma an rufe Darussan Bestuzhev na ɗan lokaci a 1886, kafin a sake buɗewa a ƙarƙashin iko mai tsauri na gwamnati a 1889 . 

 Fitarwa da dawowa 
An san Filosofova da alheri da karimci, kuma a wasu lokuta tana ba da taimako ga iyalai na masu juyin juya hali da aka yi gudun hijira ko daure. Ta'aziyyarta ba ta da mashahuri ga jami'an Rasha. A shekara ta 1879, an tura ta gudun hijira zuwa kasashen waje don tara kuɗi ga kungiyoyin "da ke da alaƙa da Land da Liberty", ta hanyar Stites, tare da wasu laifuka (kamar ba da rigar soja ta mijinta ga wanda aka kwashe zuwa Siberia). Stites, Richard (1977). The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilsm, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930. Princeton University Press. pp. 65–72. ISBN 978-06910-5254-0. Filosofova ta yi tafiya zuwa Wiesbaden a Jamus, kuma an gabatar da ita ga Theosophy a can, ta zama babban mai tallafawa kudi da mai goyon bayan sabon falsafar. An ba ta izinin komawa Rasha ne kawai a shekara ta 1881.  Ruthchild, Rochelle G. (2009). "Reframing Public and Private Space in Mid-nineteenth Century Russia: the Triumvirate of Anna Filosofova, Nadezhda Stasova, and Mariia Trubnikova". In Worobec, Christine D. (ed.). The Human Tradition in Imperial Russia. The Human Tradition Around the World. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-7425-3737-8. Bayan tashin hankali na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya bayan kisan Tsar a wannan shekarar, Filosofova ta kara warewa, kuma matsayin mijinta ya raunana saboda alakar juyin juya hali. An tilasta wa iyalin su zauna a matakin samun kudin shiga.  
alt=Black and white of a seated older woman in profile, her hair up, in a formal dark suit with a lace cloth at the neck|thumb|Filosofova a rayuwarsa ta baya
Filosofova ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a ƙarshen shekarun 1880, tare da aikin sadaka don taimakawa Yankin Volga da ke fama da yunwa. A shekara ta 1892, ta shiga Kwamitin Saint Petersburg don Inganta Karatun Ilimi. A shekara ta 1895, Filosofova, tare da Stasova da sauransu, sun kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Rasha, wacce, a karkashin dokokin da ke hana mulkin mallaka na Tsarist, an iyakance ta ga ayyukan agaji kamar makarantar sakandare, masauki, da sabis na aiki. Tsar Nicholas II ya amince da Filosofova a cikin 1904 saboda aikinta tare da Society for Assistance for Higher Women's Courses .  A cikin 1905, an buɗe jami'o'in Rasha ga mata kuma darussan jami'o-harkokin mata ba su da mahimmanci.

 Juyin Juya Halin 1905 da yabo 
An zabi Filosofova a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Mata ta Duniya a shekara ta 1899, ta halarci taron a London. Ta shiga cikin Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na 1905, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Tsarin Mulki . Bayan juyin juya halin, ta taimaka wajen shirya kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar taron mata na farko na Rasha a shekarar 1908.  Koyaya, burin Filosofova na taron, don haɗa kan ƙungiyar mata ta Rasha, ba a cika shi ba. Bayan taron, Filosofova da wasu daga cikin abokan aikinta sun karbi wasikun ƙiyayya daga mataimakin Duma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Vladimir Purishkevich; ya kira shi "taron karuwanci".   Filosofova ta buga wasikar kuma ta dauki matakin shari'a a kan Purishkevich; an hukunta shi da wata daya a kurkuku.

A wannan lokacin daya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Rasha na ƙungiyar tauhidi, Filosofova ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban tawagar falsafar zuwa Majalisar Masu Ruhaniya ta Rasha a cikin 1906, kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka ya taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar tauhidin Rasha. Shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin 1911, an gudanar da bikin tunawa da shekaru hamsin na farkon aikin Filosofova. Yawancin kungiyoyin mata, daga Rasha da kuma bayan haka, sun sadaukar da jawabai ga Filosofova, yayin da mambobin Duma suka yi bikin ta a Fadar Mariinsky. Muravyeva ya rubuta cewa Filosofova ya zama "labari mai rai" ga ƙarni na mata, a matsayin alama ce ta ci gaba da kuma "mai rai na ƙarshe" na motsi. Ta mutu a Saint Petersburg a ranar 17 ga Maris 1912, kuma jana'izarta ta jawo dubban masu halarta. An binne ta kusa da mijinta a cikin kabarin iyali a gidan su a Bezhanitsy . 

 Bayani 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Haihuwar 1837
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1912
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba