Swami Vivekananda

Swami Vivekananda ˈswɑːmi ˌvɪveɪˈkɑːnəndə/; Bengali: স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ; pronounced [ʃami bibekanɔndo]; ⓘ; IAST: Svāmī Vivekānanda(12 Janairu 1863 - 4 Yuli shekarar alif 1902), an haife shi Narendranath Datta Bengali: নরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত; pronounced [nɔrendronatʰ dɔto]ɗan Hindu ɗan Hindu ne, masanin falsafa, marubuci, malamin addini, kuma babban almajirin maƙiyin Indiyawan Ramakrishna.Swami Vivekananda: A short biography". www.oneindia.com. Retrieved 3 May 2017.Life History & Teachings of Swami Vivekanand". Retrieved 3 May 2017.Ya kasance babban jigo a cikin gabatarwar Vedanta da Yoga zuwa yammacin duniya. An yaba masa da wayar da kan mabiya addinai daban-daban da kuma kawo addinin Hindu zuwa matsayin babban addinin duniya a karshen karni na sha taraClarke 2006, p. 209

An haife shi a cikin dangin Bengali Kayastha na aristocratic a Calcutta, Vivekananda ya kasance mai karkata tun yana matashi zuwa addini da ruhi. Yana da shekaru 18 ya sadu da Ramakrishna, daga baya ya zama mabiyi mai sadaukarwa da sannyasin (renunciate). Bayan mutuwar Ramakrishna, Vivekananda ya zagaya yankin Indiya a matsayin ɗan zuhudu mai yawo kuma ya sami ilimin farko game da mummunan yanayin rayuwa na mutanen Indiya a lokacin Indiya ta Burtaniya. A cikin 1893 ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka inda ya halarci Majalisar Addinai a Chicago. A nan ya gabatar da wani sanannen jawabi da ya fara da kalmomin: “’Yan’uwa mata da ’yan’uwan Amurka ...” yana gabatar da tsohuwar al’adar addinin Hindu ga jama’ar Amirka da kuma yin magana da ƙarfi game da muhimmiyar haɗin kai na dukan hanyoyin ruhaniya, da wajibcin rungumar haƙuri da watsi da tsattsauran ra’ayi. Barrows, John Henry (1893). The World's Parliament of Religions. The Parliament of Religions Publishing Company. p. 10Dutt 2005, p. 121 Jawabin ya yi ban mamaki. Wata jaridar Amurka ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mai magana da hakkin Allah kuma babu shakka babban jigo a majalisar dokoki"Sisters and brothers of America — full text of Swami Vivekananda's iconic Chicago speech". The Print. 4 July 2019.

 Rayuwar farko 
An haifi Vivekananda azaman Narendranath Datta (sunan da aka gajarta zuwa Narendra ko Naren)  a cikin dangin Kayastha na Bengali  a cikin gidan kakanninsa a 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street a Calcutta,babban birnin Burtaniya Indiya, a kan 12 ga Janairu 1863 a lokacin bikin Makar Sankranti. Yana daga cikin ‘yan’uwa guda tara. Mahaifinsa, Vishwanath Datta, lauya ne a Babban Kotun Calcutta.Durgacharan Datta, kakan Narendra wani masani ne na Sanskrit da Marisa wanda ya bar iyalinsa ya zama zuhudu yana da shekaru ashirin da biyar . Mahaifiyarsa, Bhubaneswari Devi, mace ce mai ibada. Halin ci gaba, mai hankali na mahaifin Narendra da yanayin addini na mahaifiyarsa sun taimaka wajen daidaita tunaninsa da halayensa.Narendranath yana sha'awar ruhi tun yana matashi kuma ya kasance yana yin tunani a gaban hotunan alloli kamar Shiva, Rama, Sita, da Mahavir Hanuman. Masu yawo da sufaye ne suka burge shi. Narendra ya kasance mai ɓarna kuma ba shi da natsuwa sa’ad da yake yaro, kuma sau da yawa iyayensa suna fuskantar wahalar sarrafa shi. Mahaifiyarsa ta ce, "Na yi wa Shiva addu'a don ɗa, kuma ya aiko mini da ɗaya daga cikin aljanunsa."

 Aiki 
A cikin 1871, yana ɗan shekara takwas, Narendranath ya yi rajista a Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Institution, inda ya tafi makaranta har danginsa suka ƙaura zuwa Raipur a 1877. A cikin 1879, bayan komawar iyalinsa Calcutta, shi kaɗai ne ɗalibi da ya sami maki na farko a jarrabawar shiga Kwalejin Shugaban Ƙasa. Ya kasance ƙwararren mai karatu a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da falsafa, addini, tarihi, kimiyyar zamantakewa, fasaha da adabi.Ya kuma sha'awar litattafan Hindu, ciki har da Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, Mahabharata da Puranas. An horar da Narendra a cikin kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya,kuma yana shiga cikin motsa jiki akai-akai, wasanni da ayyukan da aka tsara. Ya karanci dabaru na Yamma, falsafar Yammacin Turai da tarihin Turai a Cibiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (yanzu ana kiranta Kwalejin Cocin Scotland). A cikin 1881, ya ci jarrabawar Fine Arts, kuma ya kammala karatun digiri a cikin 1884.Narendra yayi nazarin ayyukan David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Spinoza, Georg W. F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, John Stuart Mill da Charles Darwin.Ya sha'awar juyin halittar Herbert Spencer kuma ya yi daidai da shi. Ya fassara littafin Spencer Education (1861) zuwa Bengali.
Yayin da yake karatun malaman falsafa na Yamma, ya kuma koyi nassosin Sanskrit da adabin Bengali.

William Hastie (shugaban Kwalejin Kirista, Calcutta, daga inda Narendra ya kammala karatunsa) ya rubuta game da shi: “Narendra haziƙi ne da gaske. Na yi tafiya mai nisa amma ban taɓa cin karo da wani yaro mai hazaka da damarsa ba, har ma da Jamusanci. jami'o'i, a cikin daliban falsafa, lallai ne ya yi tasiri a rayuwa". An san shi da ƙwararriyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarsa da saurin karatu, kuma ƙididdiga da dama sun tabbatar da haka.Wasu asusun sun kira Narendra a shrutidhara (mutumin da ke da babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya).

 Haɗuwar Ranakrishna 
Narendra ya fara saduwa da Ramakrishna a shekara ta 1881. Lokacin da mahaifin Narendra ya rasu a shekara ta 1884, Ramakrishna ya zama babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai. Gabatarwar Narendra ga Ramakrishna ya faru ne a cikin darasi na adabi a Cibiyar Taro ta Babban Taro, lokacin da Farfesa William Hastie ke ba da jawabi kan waƙar William Wordsworth, The Excursion. Yayin da yake bayyana kalmar "Trance" a cikin waƙar, Hastie ya ba da shawarar cewa ɗalibansa su ziyarci Ramakrishna na Dakshineswar don fahimtar ainihin ma'anar hangen nesa. Wannan ya sa Narendra, da sauransu a cikin ajin, ziyarci Ramakrishna. Wataƙila sun fara haduwa da kansu a cikin Nuwamba 1881, [bayanin kula  ko da yake Narendra bai yi la'akari da wannan taron na farko ba, kuma babu wani mutum da ya ambaci wannan taron daga baya. A lokacin, Narendra yana shirin jarrabawar F. A. mai zuwa. Ram Chandra Datta ya raka shi zuwa gidan Surendra Nath Mitra inda aka gayyaci Ramakrishna don gabatar da lacca.A cewar Makarand Paranjape, a wannan taron Ramakrishna ya nemi Narendra ya rera waƙa. Da basirarsa ta burge shi, sai ya nemi Narendra ya zo Dakshineshwar.

Narendra ya tafi Dakshineswar a ƙarshen 1881 ko farkon 1882 kuma ya sadu da Ramakrishna.Wannan taron ya zama wani sauyi a rayuwarsa. Ko da yake tun farko bai yarda Ramakrishna a matsayin malaminsa ba kuma ya yi tawaye ga ra'ayinsa, amma halinsa ya burge shi kuma yana yawan ziyartarsa. Da farko ya ga farin ciki da hangen nesa na Ramakrishna a matsayin "kazalika na hasashe"da "hallucinations". A matsayinsa na dan Brahmo Samaj, ya yi adawa da bautar gumaka, shirka, da bautar Ramakrishna na Kali. Har ma ya yi watsi da koyarwar Advaita Vedanta na “gaskiya tare da cikakkiya” a matsayin sabo da hauka, kuma yakan yi ba’a game da ra’ayin.Ramakrishna bai damu ba, ya yi masa nasiha da cewa: “Ka yi qoqari ka ga gaskiya ta kowane vangare. Mutuwar mahaifin Narendra na kwatsam a 1884 ya bar iyalin fatara; masu ba da lamuni sun fara neman a biya su lamuni, kuma ‘yan uwa sun yi barazanar korar dangin daga gidan kakanninsu. Da zarar ɗan gida mai wadata, Narendra ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai mafi talauci a kwalejin sa.Yunkurinsa na neman aiki bai yi nasara ba. Ya yi tambaya game da wanzuwar Allah amma ya sami kwanciyar hankali a Ramakrishna, kuma ziyararsa zuwa Dakshineswar ya karu.

Wata rana, Narendra ya tambayi Ramakrishna ya yi addu'a ga allahiya Kali don jin dadin kuɗin iyalinsa. Ramakrishna a maimakon haka ya ba da shawarar ya je haikalin da kansa ya yi addu'a. Narendra ya tafi haikali sau uku, amma bai yi addu'a don kowane irin buƙatun duniya ba. Daga karshe ya yi addu’ar neman ilimi na gaskiya da ibada daga baiwar Allah. A hankali ya shirya yin watsi da komai don neman sanin Allah, kuma ya karbi Ramakrishna a matsayin Guru's. A cikin 1885, Ramakrishna ya kamu da ciwon daji na makogwaro. An canja shi zuwa Calcutta sannan kuma zuwa wani gidan lambu a Cossipore. Narendra da sauran almajiran Ramakrishna sun kula da shi a lokacin kwanakinsa na ƙarshe, kuma ilimin ruhaniya na Narendra ya ci gaba. A Cossipore, ya fuskanci Nirvikalpa samadhi. Narendra da wasu almajirai da yawa sun sami riguna na ocher daga Ramakrishna, wanda ya kafa tsarin zuhudu na farko. An koya masa cewa hidima ga mutane ita ce bautar Allah mafi inganci. Ramakrishna ya bukace shi da ya kula da sauran almajirai sufaye, haka nan ya bukaci su ga Narendra a matsayin shugabansu. Ramakrishna ya mutu a farkon safiya na 16 Agusta 1886 a Cossipore

 Kafa Ramakrishna Math 
Bayan mutuwar Ramakrishna, goyon bayan masu ibada da masu sha'awar sun ragu. Hayar da ba a biya ba ta tara, ta tilastawa Narendra da sauran almajirai neman sabon wurin zama. Mutane da yawa sun koma gida, suna bin hanyar rayuwa ta Grihastha (mai son iyali).Narendra ya yanke shawarar canza wani rugujewar gida a Baranagar zuwa sabon lissafi (monastery) ga sauran almajirai. Hayar Baranagar Math ba ta da yawa, kuma mādhukarī (roƙo mai tsarki ne ya ɗauke shi). Ya zama farkon ginin Ramakrishna Math, gidan sufi na tsarin zuhudu na Ramakrishna. Narendra da sauran almajirai sun kasance suna ciyar da sa'o'i da yawa suna yin tunani da zurfafa tunani a kowace rana.Narendra ya tuna zamanin farko na aiki a cikin gidan sufi: Mun kasance muna tashi da karfe 3:00 na safe kuma mun shagaltu da japa da tunani. Lallai mu kasance da ruhu mai ƙarfi na ƙwazo a lokacin! Ba mu da tunanin ko duniya ta wanzu ko babu. A cikin 1887, Narendra ya tattara tarihin tarihin waƙar Bengali mai suna Sangeet Kalpataru tare da Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra ya tattara kuma ya tsara yawancin waƙoƙin a cikin wannan harhada, amma yanayi mara kyau ya hana kammala shi.

Mutuwa
A ranar 4 ga Yuli 1902 (ranar mutuwarsa), Vivekananda ya farka da wuri, ya tafi gidan sufi a Belur Math kuma ya yi bimbini na sa'o'i uku. Ya koyar da Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit nahawu da falsafar yoga ga almajirai, daga baya ya tattauna da abokan aikin kwalejin Vedic da aka tsara a cikin Math na Ramakrishna.
. A 7:00 na yamma Vivekananda ya tafi ɗakinsa, yana neman kada ya damu; ya rasu da karfe 9:20 na dare. yayin da yake tadabburi. An ba da rahoton fashewar jini a cikin kwakwalwarsa a matsayin abin da zai iya haifar da mutuwa. A cewaralmajiransa, fashewar ta faru ne saboda brahmarandhra (budi a cikin rawanin kansa) da aka soke shi lokacin da ya kai mahasamādhi. Vivekananda ya cika annabcinsa cewa ba zai rayu shekara arba’in ba. An kona shi ne a kan gawar jana'izar sandalwood a bankin Ganga a Belur, gabanin inda aka kona Ramakrishna shekaru goma sha shida da suka gabata.

 Manazarta 

Category:Haifaffun 1863
Category:Mutuwan 1902