Senusret na II

Senusret II ko Sesostris II shine Fir'auna na huɗu na daular sha biyu ta Masar . Ya yi mulki daga 1897 BC zuwa 1878 BC. An gina dalansa a El-Lahun . Senusret II ya ɗauki sha'awa sosai a yankin Faiyum oasis kuma ya fara aiki akan tsarin ban ruwa mai yawa daga Bahr Yussef har zuwa tafkin Moeris ta hanyar gina dik a El-Lahun da ƙari na hanyar sadarwa na magudanar ruwa. Manufar aikin nasa shine kara yawan filayen noma a yankin.  An jaddada muhimmancin wannan aikin ta hanyar shawarar Senusret II na mayar da gidan sarauta daga Dahshur zuwa El-Lahun inda ya gina dala . Wannan wurin zai kasance babban birnin siyasa na daular 12th da 13th na Masar. Senusret II sananne ne ta wurin prenomen Khakheperre, wanda ke nufin "The Ka of Re ya zo cikin kasancewa". Sarkin ya kuma kafa rukunin ma'aikata na farko a garin Senusrethotep ( Kahun ). 

Ba kamar magajinsa ba, Senusret II ya ci gaba da kyautata dangantaka da sarakuna ko kuma gwamnonin larduna daban-daban na Masar waɗanda kusan sun kai na Fir'auna.  Shekararsa ta 6 an tabbatar da shi a wani zanen bango daga kabarin wani magidanci mai suna Khnumhotep II a Beni Hasan .

 Mulki 

 Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa 
Haɗin kai babban batu ne ga fahimtar Masarautar Masarautar tarihin Masarautar Tsakiya da Daular Sha Biyu.   Masanin ilimin Masar Claude Obsomer gabaɗaya ya ki yarda da yuwuwar haɗin gwiwa a cikin daular sha biyu.  Masanin ilimin Masar Karl Jansen-Winkeln  bayan ya binciki ayyukan Obsomer ya ƙare don goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa.  Jansen-Winkeln ya buga wani stele na dutse da aka samu a Konosso a matsayin shedar da ba za ta iya murmurewa ba don goyon bayan tsarin mulki tsakanin Senusret II da Amenemhat II, da kuma ta hanyar ƙarin tabbacin haɗin gwiwar daular a daular sha biyu.  Masanin ilimin Masar William J. Murnane ya bayyana cewa "haɗin gwiwa na lokacin duk an san su ... daga takardun  sau biyu".  Masanin ilimin Masar Thomas Schneider ya kammala da cewa takaddun da aka gano kwanan nan da kuma shaidar archaeological tabbaci ne mai inganci na tsarin haɗin gwiwa a wannan lokacin. 

Wasu majiyoyi sun danganta lokacin haɗin gwiwa ga mulkin Senusret II, tare da mahaifinsa Amenemhat II a matsayin mataimakinsa. Masanin ilimin Masar Peter Clayton ya danganta aƙalla shekaru uku na haɗin gwiwa ga mulkin Senusret II.  Masanin ilimin Masar Nicolas Grimal ya ba da kusan shekaru biyar na gudanar da mulki kafin ya hau gadon sarauta. 

 Tsawon mulki 
Tsawon mulkin Senusret II da Senusret III na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan la'akari don fahimtar tarihin daular sha biyu.  An yi imanin cewa Turin Canon zai ba da mulkin shekaru 19 ga Senusret II da shekaru 30 na sarauta ga Senusret III.  An ƙalubalanci wannan ra'ayi na al'ada a cikin 1972 lokacin da masanin ilimin Masar William Kelly Simpson ya lura cewa sabuwar shekara ta mulkin Senusret II ita ce ta 7th, kuma haka ma Senusret III na 19th. 

Kim Ryholt, farfesa na Egiptology a Jami'ar Copenhagen, ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar cewa sunayen da ke kan canon ba a yi kuskure ba kuma yana ba da tsawon lokaci biyu na mulkin Senusret II: 10 + shekaru, ko 19 shekaru.  Yawancin masana Masarautar Masar, irin su Thomas Schneider, sun buga labarin Mark C. Stone na 1997 a cikin Göttinger Miszellen kamar yadda suka tabbatar da cewa Senusret II mafi girma da aka rubuta na mulkin shekara shine 8th, bisa Stela Cairo JE 59485. 

Wasu malaman sun gwammace su ba shi sarautar shekaru 10 kacal kuma su ba wa Senusret III mulkin shekaru 19 a maimakon haka. Sauran masana ilimin Masar, irin su Jürgen von Beckerath da Frank Yurco, sun kiyaye ra'ayin gargajiya na tsawon shekaru 19 na mulkin Senusret II idan aka yi la'akari da irin ayyukan da sarki ya yi a lokacin mulkinsa.cewa rage tsawon mulkin Senusret II zuwa shekaru 6 yana haifar da matsaloli saboda:

A halin yanzu, matsalar da ta shafi tsawon mulkin Senusret II ba za a iya warwarewa ba amma yawancin masana Masarautar a yau sun gwammace su ba shi mulkin shekaru 9 ko 10 kawai idan aka yi la'akari da rashin wasu manyan kwanakin da aka tabbatar masa fiye da shekararsa ta 8. Wannan zai haifar da gyara mutum mai shekaru 19 wanda Turin Canon ya ba wa mai mulkin daular 12th a matsayinsa zuwa shekaru 9 a maimakon haka. Koyaya, ana iya tabbatar da adadi na kowane wata na Senusret II akan karagar mulki. A cewar Jürgen von Beckerath, takardun haikali na El-Lahun, birnin dala na Sesostris / Senusret II yakan ambaci bikin "Fitowa zuwa sama" wanda zai iya zama ranar mutuwar wannan mai mulki.  Wadannan takardun sun nuna cewa wannan bikin ya faru ne a ranar IV Peret ranar 14.    Duk da haka, Rita Gautschy ta ce wannan ranar bikin ba ta nuna ainihin ranar mutuwar Senusret II ba, amma na jana'izarsa ko binne shi. Rita Gautschy, "Monddaten aus dem Archiv von Illahun: Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches." ZÄS 138 (2011), p.17 Lisa Saladino Haney lura. bisa ga fassarar Gautschy na wannan kwanan wata, "Saboda haka, idan mutum ya ɗauki kwanaki saba'in daga ranar idi IV Peret 14, wanda ya sami II Peret 4 a matsayin kimanin ranar mutuwar Senwosret / [Senusret II]. Haney, Lisa Saladino. Visualizing Coregency: An Exploration of the Link between Royal Image and Co-Rule during the Reign of Senwosret III and Amenemhet III. Brill: Leiden/Boston, 2020, p.55

 Ayyukan cikin gida 
Faiyum Oasis, yanki ne a Masar ta Tsakiya, mutane suna zaune sama da shekaru 8000.  Ya zama muhimmiyar cibiya a Masar a lokacin daular tsakiya.  A tsawon lokacin, masu mulki sun gudanar da ayyukan raya kasa da suka mayar da Faiyum cibiyar noma, addini, da wurin shakatawa.  Oasis ya kasance  kudu maso yamma na Memphis yana ba da ƙasar noma  da ke kewaye da tafkin Moeris, jikin ruwa na halitta. 

Senusret II ya qaddamar da wani aiki na yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa na ɓangarorin don farauta da kamun kifi, aikin da magajinsa ya ci gaba da "balaga" a zamanin mulkin jikansa Amenemhat III .  Don ƙaddamar da wannan aikin, Senusret II ya haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa tare da dyke da hanyar sadarwa na magudanar ruwa wanda ya kwashe ruwa daga tafkin Moeris.   Sannan an noma filayen da aka kwato a wannan aikin. 

Ƙungiyoyin da ke girmama allahn kada Sobek sun shahara a lokacin. 

 Ayyuka a wajen Masar 
Mulkin Senusret II ya haifar da zaman lafiya da wadata, ba tare da rubuce-rubucen yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja ba da yaɗuwar kasuwanci tsakanin Masar da Gabas-Gabas. 

Kusan lokaci guda, an rubuta ƙungiyoyin baƙi na Yammacin Asiya da suka ziyarci Fir'auna tare da kyaututtuka, kamar yadda a cikin zane-zanen kabarin daular 12th Khnumhotep II, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Senusret III. Waɗannan baƙin, wataƙila Kan'aniyawa ko Badawiyya, ana yi musu lakabi da Aamu (  ), ciki har da babban mutum mai Nubian ibex da aka yiwa lakabi da Abisha the Hyksos ( 🋾𓈎    


 Nasara 
Babu wata babbar shaida don haɗin kai tsakanin Senusret II da Senusret III .  Murnane ya gano cewa kawai shaidar da ke akwai na ainihin Senusret II da III shine abin kunya da aka rubuta sunayen sarakuna biyu a kai.  Ana iya bayyana ƙungiyar a matsayin sakamakon sake komawa baya inda Senusret II na ƙarshe na mulkin shekara ya shiga cikin Senusret III na farko, kamar yadda za a sami goyan bayan shaidun zamani daga Turin Canon wanda ya ba Senusret II tsawon lokaci na tsawon shekaru 19 na mulki wani bangare.  Rubutun sadaukarwa da ke nuna murnar dawowar al'ada da Senusret II da III suka fara, da takarda mai dauke da abubuwan da aka shigar da ke nuna Senusret II na shekara ta sha tara da kuma shekarar farko ta mulkin Senusret III, shaida ne kadan kuma baya bukatar daidaito.  Murnane ya yi jayayya cewa da a ce akwai sahihanci, ba zai iya wuce wasu watanni ba. 

Shaida daga takardan papyrus yanzu an kawar da ita ta gaskiyar cewa an tabbatar da takaddun zuwa shekara ta 19 na Senusret III da shekara ta 1 na Amenemhet III .A halin yanzu, babu wani takarda daga zamanin  aka gano daga Lahun, sabon babban birnin sarki.

 Taskar kabari 
A cikin 1889, Masanin Masanin ilimin Masar Flinders Petrie ya sami "wani zinari mai ban sha'awa da uraeus na sarauta" wanda dole ne ya kasance wani ɓangare na kayan aikin binne Senusret II da aka sace a cikin wani ɗakin da aka ambaliya na kabarin dala na sarki.  Yanzu yana cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Alkahira. Masanin ilimin Masar kuma sun gano kabarin Gimbiya Siththorinet, 'yar Senusret II, a wani wurin binne na daban. An sami wasu kayan ado da dama daga cikin kabarinta da suka haɗa da pectoral biyu da kambi ko diamita a wurin. Yanzu ana nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan na New York ko Gidan Tarihi na Alkahira a Masar.

A shekara ta 2009, masu binciken kayan tarihi na Masar sun ba da sanarwar sakamakon sabbin binciken da wani masani masanin Masar Abdul Rahman Al-Ayedi ya jagoranta. Sun bayyana yadda aka gano tarin muminai na zamanin Fir'auna a cikin akwatunan katako masu haske a kusa da dala na Lahun. An ba da rahoton cewa, mummyn su ne na farko da aka samu a cikin dutsen hamada da ya lullube da dala. See El-Lahun recent discoveries and online Cache of mummies unearthed at Egypt's Lahun pyramid.

 Dala 

An gina dala a kusa da wani tsari na radial makamai, kama da tsarin da Senusret I ya yi amfani da shi. Maimakon yin amfani da ciko na duwatsu, laka da turmi, Senusret II ya yi amfani da bulo na laka kafin ya rufe ginin tare da Layer na farar ƙasa. veneer. Duwatsun da aka rufe na waje an kulle su tare ta amfani da abin da ake saka dovetail, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna nan. An haƙa rami a kusa da tsakiyar tsakiya wanda ke cike da duwatsu don yin aiki azaman magudanar ruwa na Faransa . Gilashin dutse ya tsaya a cikin wannan magudanar ruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa Senusret II ya damu da lalacewar ruwa.

Akwai mastabas takwas da ƙaramin dala ɗaya a arewacin rukunin Senusret kuma duk suna cikin bangon shingen. An lullube bangon a cikin dutsen farar ƙasa wanda aka yi masa ado da kayan kwalliya, wataƙila a matsayin kwafin rukunin Djoser a Saqqara. Mastabas sun kasance masu ƙarfi kuma babu ɗakuna da aka samu a ciki ko ƙasa, wanda ke nuna cewa sun kasance cenotaphs kuma mai yiyuwa ne alama a yanayi. Flinders Petrie ya binciki dala na taimako kuma bai sami ɗakuna ba.
Ƙofofin shiga ɗakunan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna gefen kudu na dala, wanda ya rikitar da Flinders Petrie na wasu watanni yayin da yake neman ƙofar a gefen arewa na gargajiya.

An cika maginin maginin a tsaye bayan an yi ginin kuma ɗakin ya zama kamar ɗakin binnewa. Wannan ko shakka babu yunƙuri ne na shawo kan ƴan fashin kabari kada su duba.

Wurin shiga na biyu ya kai ga wani ɗaki mai ɓarna da rami mai zurfi mai zurfi. Wannan na iya zama wani bangare na al'adar Osiris, ko da yake yana iya zama don nemo teburin ruwa. Wata hanya ta nufi arewa, ta wuce wani ɗakin gefe ta juya zuwa yamma. Wannan ya kai ga wani ɗakin antechamber da rumbun ɗakin binnewa, tare da ɗakin gefe zuwa kudu. An kewaye ɗakin binnewa ta hanyar jerin sassa na musamman waɗanda zasu iya yin nuni ga haihuwar Osiris. An sami babban sarcophagus a cikin ɗakin binne; ya fi ƙofa da ramukan girma girma, yana nuna cewa an sanya shi a wuri lokacin da ake ginin ɗakin kuma yana buɗewa zuwa sama. Rameses II ya cire dutsen dutsen dala a waje don ya sake amfani da dutsen don amfanin kansa. Ya bar rubuce-rubucen cewa ya yi haka.

 Duba kuma 

 Daular Goma sha biyu na bishiyar iyali ta Masar
 Jerin dala na Masar
 Jerin rukunin yanar gizo na megalithic

 Bayanan kula 
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 Manazarta 

 Tushen 


 Kara karantawa 

 W. Grajetzki, Masarautar Tsakiyar Tsohuwar Masar: Tarihi, Archaeology da Society, Duckworth, London 2006 , 48-51

 Senusret (II) Khakheperre

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba