Carol P. Kristi

Carol Patrice Christ (Disamba 20, 1945  - Yuli 14, 2021  ) ɗan tarihi ne na mata, masanin ilimin tauhidi, marubuci kuma tsohuwar ƙungiyar baiwar Allah . Ta sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar Yale kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a jami'o'i kamar Jami'ar Columbia da Harvard Divinity School. Shahararriyar littafinta shine "Me yasa mata ke buƙatar baiwar Allah". name=":0"> Da farko dai wani muhimmin jawabi ne a taron "Babban Goddess Re-emerging" a Jami'ar Santa Cruz a shekara ta 1978. Wannan maƙala ta taimaka wajen ƙaddamar da motsin Allah a Amurka da sauran ƙasashe. Ya tattauna muhimmancin alamomin addini a gaba ɗaya, da kuma tasirin alamar Allah na namiji ga mata musamman. Kristi ya kira kanta a "mafi mahimmanci, mai ba da gudummawar da kuma bayar da gudunmawa ga irin wannan horo, da kuma bayar da gudunmawa ga ilimin kimiyya." Wurin  za a iya haɗa shi da mata fiye da yadda a tarihi ya kasance al'amarin ( , "allah") + -logy. 

Kristi ya rubuta litattafai biyar masu tasiri a kan ruhaniyar mata da tauhidin mata kuma shi ne mawallafin tarihin tarihi guda biyu: " Saƙa Ra'ayoyi: Sabbin Alamu a Ruhaniya ta Mata" (1989); da kuma " Mata Ruhaniya Tashi" (1979/1989). Daga karshe ta hada da makalarta Dalilin da yasa mata ke bukatar baiwar Allah .  Dukansu tarihin sun haɗa da rubuce-rubucen addini na mata daga marubuta daga sassa daban-daban na addini. Ta yi digiri na uku a Jami'ar Yale . Carol P. Christ ya koyar a manyan jami'o'i a Amurka, ciki har da Jami'ar Columbia, Harvard Divinity School, Kwalejin Pomona, San Jose State, da Cibiyar Nazarin Haɗin Kai ta California . A matsayinta na darektan Cibiyar Ariadne, ta gudanar da aikin hajji zuwa wurare masu tsarki a Girka da ke dauke da kayan tarihi na addinin mata .  Shekaru da yawa ta kasance mazaunin tsibirin Lesbos na Girka, gidan mawaƙin Sappho .  

 Ilimin ilimin mata 
Taron farko na masana ilimin tauhidi mata ya gudana a cikin 1971 a Kwalejin Alverno da ke jihar Wisconsin ta Amurka. A cewar Kristi, ma'anar tiyoloji a gare ta shine ra'ayin alamomin addini suna da tasiri a kan 'yan adam amma kuma fahimtar yanke shawara na ɗabi'a. Yana da tsarin tashin hankali inda mata suka dace tare. Ta dau hanyarta tana tunanin baiwar Allah a al'adar uba.  Ta bayyana ra'ayoyinta na addini a matsayin " tauhidi da panentheism maras muhimmanci ".  Ta bambanta kanta da abokin aikinta Judith Plaskow domin ba ta kallon wannan baiwar Allah a matsayin mai iko duka. 

 "Me yasa Mata ke Bukatar baiwar Allah" 
Tun da rubutun nata ya yi tasiri ga mata da yawa ta fuskar bude hanyoyin fahimtar yadda addini ke matukar tasiri a rayuwarmu. Kristi ya kuma yi magana game da yadda Addinin da ke mai da hankali ga ikon wakilcin Allah kawai na maza yana tasiri yadda bangarorin siyasa da tunanin ɗan adam ke aiki. Addinin da ya haifar da wakilcin Allah na maza yana taimakon ikon al'umma da kuma a fagen siyasa kamar yadda ake ba su gata kai tsaye. Kristi ya ambata musamman a cikin maƙalarta cewa “addini da ya dogara ga bautar namiji Allah yana haifar da “hanyoyi” da “ƙarfafa” da ke sa mata su kasance cikin yanayin dogaro da hankali ga maza da ikon maza,” Christ, Carol. "Why Women Need Goddess". Goddessariadne. Wix. Retrieved 8 December 2019. wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda tasirin namiji da aka ba wa wakilcin Allah yana rinjayar yanayi da kuma dalili na dalilin da ya sa mata da gata suke. Akwai hane-hane da yawa da mace za ta bi ta bi a addinin Kiristanci da Yahudanci da sauran addinai saboda yadda wadannan addinan suka tsara ma’auni (da maza ke rike da komai da mata suna karkashinsu). Saboda yadda maza ke sarrafa addini, masu ra’ayin mata ba sa son su bar shi yadda yake, su yi gyara don a daraja mata su ma.

Har ila yau rubutun ya yi magana game da wasu muhimman mutane a tarihi don tallafawa ra'ayin neman wakilcin mace na Goddess kamar Philosopher Simone de Beauvoir, kamar yadda ta ce "Mutum yana jin daɗin samun babban abin da Allah ya yarda da lambar da ya rubuta; kuma tun da mutum yana da ikon mallaka a kan mata yana da sa'a musamman cewa wannan ikon ya kasance a gare shi ta hanyar koli."

Carol ta tattauna abubuwa huɗu na alamar allahntaka waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a tattauna don fahimtar matakinta na buƙatar baiwar Allah a rayuwar mata don rage girman wakilcin Allah. Tayi maganar

 baiwar Allah a matsayin tabbatar da ikon mace
 jikin mace
 mace za
 alakar mata da gado

A cewar Kristi, mafi sauƙi kuma ainihin ra'ayi a bayan mace baiwar Allah "shine amincewa da halaccin ikon mace a matsayin iko mai kyau kuma mai zaman kanta" ma'ana cewa ikon mace ya kamata a saka hannun jari a hanyar da ta fi dacewa da kansu kuma suna da iko mai zaman kansa ga kansu da kuma ci gaba da ikon da kansu don kada ta sake dogara ga maza ko maza a matsayin masu ceto ga yanayi. Christ, Carol. "Why Women Need Goddess". Goddessariadne. Wix. Retrieved 8 December 2019. Firist na mata Starhawk ya kuma ce alamar allahntaka a gare ta yana nufin ya dogara ne akan yadda mace take ji kuma fiye da haka "Lokacin da na ji rauni, ita ce wadda za ta iya taimaka min kuma ta kare ni. Lokacin da na ji karfi, ita ce alamar ikon kaina".  Wani fannin da ke da alaƙa da jikin mace shine Kristi ya kwatanta mata a matsayin halitta na musamman. Mata masu haila ne, masu haihuwa kuma alakar mata da jikinsu yana da alaka da yanayi da duniyar da ke kewaye da mu.  An dade ana kallon mata masu haila daban-daban kuma haramun da wannan lamari ya yi kama da shi. Sau da yawa ana kallon lamarin a matsayin wani lamari da ya shafi aikin jikin mace kuma an hana mata da yawa shiga wurare masu tsarki na addinai daban-daban saboda ganin haila a matsayin wata hanya mara kyau ta jikin mace. Kristi ya kuma yi magana game da yadda wata baiwar Allah ita ma wakilci ce ga mai haihuwa wanda shine inda mata suke da gata kuma iko ne na ba da rai da mata ke ɗauka. Tun da ana ganin baiwar Allah a matsayin mahaliccin sararin samaniya da rayuwa, ra'ayin Carol game da mata a matsayin mai ba da haihuwa kai tsaye yana taimakon ra'ayin ikon mata na ƙirƙirar sabuwar rayuwa da kawo cikin rayuwa a matsayin aikin baiwar Allah. Sa'an nan kuma, nufin mace yana da mahimmanci a gane da kuma kima, har ma da kasancewa a cikin al'ummar uba. Dole ne mace ta fahimci cewa ra'ayoyinta suna da inganci kuma ba ta bukatar ta raina kanta yayin ƙoƙarin faranta wa wasu rai saboda kasancewarta a cikin al'ummar uba. A }arshe, mahimmancin ala}a da gadon mata domin shi ma maza ne ke kula da shi a matsayin babban tushe. Kristi ya ce "Bikin haɗin gwiwar mata da juna, kamar yadda uwa da 'ya'ya mata, abokan aiki da abokan aiki, 'yan'uwa, abokai, da masoya, ya fara faruwa a cikin sababbin wallafe-wallafe da al'adun da mata suka kirkiro a cikin motsi na mata"  yana nufin cewa mata suna ƙarfafa juna da kuma yin motsi don rayuwa mai kyau yana yiwuwa ne kawai lokacin da mace ɗaya ta fara tallafawa wata. An san zumuncin uwa da diya zumunci ne na musamman domin uwar da ta kasance mahaliccin danta, ta riga ta nuna kanta a matsayin wata baiwar Allah ta haihuwa. Simone de Beauvoir ta kuma ambata cewa "'Yar uwa ta karkata a cikin tsarin sarauta saboda dole ne uwa ta ba da 'yarta ga maza a cikin al'adun da aka bayyana na maza wanda mata ke kallon kasa". 

 Muhimmanci 
A cewar majiyar masana, Carol ta gaskanta cewa "ya zama dole a dauki kasadar rubutawa da kanmu domin ta wannan hanyar za mu kasance da gaskiya ga abin da muka sani a mafi zurfin matakan kasancewarmu da kuma fahimtar da muke ƙirƙirar tauhidin mata".  Akidar Kristi ba ta sakaci ko tambayar addini ba, ta dogara ne kawai akan adalci mai iko da bautar mazaje da ke wulakanta mata. Kristi ya sake rubuta wani bibiyar "Me yasa mata ke buƙatar baiwar Allah" zuwa "Me yasa mata, maza, da sauran abubuwa masu rai suke buƙatar baiwar Allah".  Yana jayayya cewa har yanzu har yau, kowa yana buƙatar siffa ta baiwar Allah don sarrafa ikon matsayi da na sarauta. Kristi ya rubuta littattafai guda shida a fannin nazarin mata kuma an ambaci waɗannan. 

 Ita Ta Canja ( Palgrave Macmillan, 2003)
 Sake Haihuwar Allah (Routledge, 1998)
 Odyssey tare da baiwar Allah (Ci gaba, 1995)
 Saƙar hangen nesa (mai gyara tare da Judith Plaskow, 1989)
 Dariyar Aphrodite (Harper, 1987)
 Diving Deep and Surfacing (Beacon, 1980/1986/1995)
 Womanspirit Tashi (mai tsarawa tare da Judith Plaskow ) ( Harper &amp; Row, 1979, 1989)

 Kasidu 





 Mutuwa 
Ƙungiyar Nazarin Mata da Tatsuniyoyi ta sanar da mutuwar Kristi daga cutar kansa a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2021.  Za a iya samun bikin tunawa da gudummawar da ta bayar ga ilimin tauhidi na mata a shafin "The Girl God".  Cibiyar Nazarin Addini ta Amurka ta tuna da ita saboda hidimar da ta yi wa kungiyar, da kuma daukakar kungiyar baiwar Allah. 

 Duba kuma 

 Dionic Wicca
 Tauhidin mata
 Marija Gimbutas

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Matattun 2021
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945