Apollo 8

Apollo 8 (Disemba 21–27, 1968) ya kasance jirgin duniyar sama na farko da ya fara barin sararin duniya da ke da tasirin gravity, kuma jirgin mutum mai tashi a duniyar sama na farko da ya fara sauka a duniyar Wata. Ayarin jirgin sun zagaye duniyar wata sau goma ba tare da sun sauka ba kuma suka juyo zuwa duniya. Matuka jirgin guda uku —Frank Borman, James Lovell, da kuma William Anders— su ne 'yan-Adam na farko da suka fara ganin duniyar wata daga nesa kuma suka yi mata hoto, da kuma tasowar duniyar wata.   

A lancha Apollo 8 a ranar 21 ga watan Disemba 1968, kuma shine ayarin jirgin duniyar sama na biyu da ya tashi a cikin shirin Apollo na Kasar Amurka, (na farkon,  Apollo 7, ya tsaya ne a obit na duniya). Apollo 8 shine jirgi na uku kuma ayarin jirgi na biyu da aka lanca da Roket din Saturn V. Shine jirgin duniyar sama na farko daga Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Kennedy, daura da Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, a Florida.      

Tun asali an shirya shi a matsayin ayarin jirgi na biyu na gwajin Apollo Lunar Module, da kuma command module, wanda zai tashi a cikin sararin zagayen duniya a farko shekarun 1969, an canza mishan din zuwa babban kudiri command-module-only na zagaye duniyar wata wanda jiragen zasu tashi a cikin watan Disemba, kasancewa ba'a gama shiryawa  jirgin duniyar wata ba don yin tashin sa na farko.         
Fage
A karshen shekarun 1950 zuwa farkon shekarun 1960, Amurka ta shiga yakin cold war, hamayyar siyasa da Tarayyar Soviet.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976134-12 A ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif 1957, Tarayyar Soviet ta harba Sputnik 1, tauraron dan adam na farko. Wannan nasarar da ba zato ba tsammani ta haifar da tsoro da tunani a duniya. Ba wai kawai ya nuna cewa Tarayyar Soviet tana da ikon isar da makaman kare dangi ta nisa tsakanin nahiyoyi ba, ta kalubalanci ikirarin Amurka na fifikon soja, tattalin arziki, da fasahahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon197613%E2%80%9315-13. Ƙaddamarwar ta haifar da rikicin Sputnik kuma ya haifar da tseren sararin samaniya.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson19791-14

Shugaba John F. Kennedy ya yi imanin cewa, ba wai kawai yana cikin maslahar kasa ta Amurka ta zama fifiko fiye da sauran kasashe ba, amma tunanin ikon Amurka yana da matukar muhimmanci kamar yadda yake a zahiri. Don haka bai hakura a gare shi ba Tarayyar Soviet ta samu ci gaba a fannin binciken sararin samaniya. Ya kuduri aniyar cewa Amurka ta yi takara, kuma ya nemi kalubalen da ya kara karfin damar samun nasara.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976134-12


Tsarin tsari
Babban ma'aikatan jirgin
Matsayin 'Yan sama jannati
Kwamandan Frank F. Borman II
Jirgin sama na biyu da na karshe
Pilot Module Command James A. Lovell Jr.
Jirgin sama na uku
Matukin Lunar Module [n 2] William A. Anders
Jirgin sama kawai
Aikin farko na ma'aikatan jirgin na Frank Borman a matsayin Kwamanda, Michael Collins a matsayin Pilot Module Pilot (CMP) da William Anders a matsayin Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) don jirgin Apollo na uku da aka ba da sanarwar bisa hukuma a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1967.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979374-20[n 3] ] Jim Lovell ya maye gurbin Collins a watan Yuli 1968, bayan ya sha fama da ɓacin rai na mahaifa wanda ya buƙaci tiyata don gyarawa.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001288%E2%80%93294-22Wannan ma'aikatan ya kasance na musamman a cikin ayyukan zamanin Shuttle na Pre-Space a cikin cewa kwamandan ba shine mafi kwarewa a cikin ma'aikatan ba: Lovell ya tashi sau biyu a baya, a kan Gemini VII da Gemini XII. Wannan kuma zai zama lamari na farko na kwamandan wata manufa ta baya (Lovell, Gemini XII) da ke tashi a matsayin wanda ba kwamanda ba.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackerGrimwood1977533-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200033-24 Wannan kuma shine manufa ta farko don haɗa abokan aiki daga aikin da ya gabata (Lovell da Borman, Gemini VII).

Tun daga watan Yuni 2024, James Lovell shine ɗan sama jannati na Apollo 8 na ƙarshe da ya tsira. Frank Borman da William Anders sun mutu a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8#cite_note-25da kuma Yuni 7, 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8#cite_note-26 bi da bi.

Manazarta