Pragmatism

Pragmatism wata al'ada ce ta falsafa da ke kallon harshe da tunani a matsayin kayan aiki don tsinkaya, warware matsala, da aiki, maimakon kwatanta, wakilci, ko kwatanta gaskiya.  Kwararrun masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin batutuwa na falsafa-kamar yanayin ilimi, harshe, ra'ayi, ma'ana, imani, da kimiyya-an fi kyan gani ta fuskar amfaninsu da nasarorinsu.

Pragmatism ya fara a Amurka a cikin 1870s.  Ana danganta asalinsa ga masana falsafa Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, da John Dewey.  A cikin 1878, Peirce ya bayyana shi a cikin mahimmin ma'anarsa: "Ka yi la'akari da tasirin abubuwan da ke cikin tunaninka. Sa'an nan kuma tunaninka na waɗannan tasirin shine dukan tunaninka na abu." [1]Peirce, C.S. (1878), "How to Make Our Ideas Clear", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, 286–302. Reprinted often, including Collected Papers v. 5, paragraphs 388–410 and Essential Peirce v. 1, 124–141. See end of §II for the pragmatic maxim. See third and fourth paragraphs in §IV for the discoverability of truth and the real by sufficient investigation..n

 Asalin pragamtism 

Pragmatism a matsayin motsi na falsafa ya fara a Amurka a kusa da 1870. a[2]Hookway, Christopher (August 16, 2008). "Pragmatism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2010 ed.)An ba Charles Sanders Peirce (da maxim ɗinsa na zahiri) don haɓakarsa, [3] tare da masu ba da gudummawa na ƙarni na 20 daga baya, William James da John Dewey.[4]  Mambobin Ƙungiyar Metaphysical Peirce, Dewey, James, Chauncey Wright da George Herbert Mead ne suka ƙaddara jagorancinsa.

Kalmar pragmatic ta wanzu a cikin Ingilishi tun cikin 1500s, aro daga Faransanci kuma an samo ta daga Girkanci ta Latin.  Kalmar Helenanci pragma, ma'ana kasuwanci, aiki ko aiki, suna ne da aka samo daga fi'ili prassein, yi.[5].  Farkon amfani da sunan pragmatism ya kasance a cikin 1898 na James, wanda ya ba da tabbacin Peirce da tsara kalmar a farkon shekarun 1870.[6]  James ya ɗauki jerin "Misali na Ma'anar Kimiyya" na Peirce - ciki har da "Kayyade Imani" (1877), musamman "Yadda za a Bayyana Ra'ayoyinmu" (1878) - a matsayin tushen pragmatism.[7][8].  Shi kuma Peirce ya rubuta a cikin 1906[9] cewa Nicholas St. John Green ya kasance mai amfani ta hanyar jaddada mahimmancin yin amfani da ma'anar imani na Alexander Bain, wanda shine "abin da mutum ke shirin yin aiki a kansa".  Peirce ya rubuta cewa "daga wannan ma'anar, pragmatism ba shi da wuya fiye da yadda ake yin magana; don haka ina jin dadin tunaninsa a matsayin kakan pragmatism".  John Shook ya ce, "Chauncey Wright shi ma ya cancanci yabo mai yawa, domin kamar yadda Peirce da James suka tuna, Wright ne ya bukaci mai ban mamaki da hasashe a matsayin madadin hasashe na hankali."[10].

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