Leila Ahmed

Leila Ahmed (Arabic; an haife ta 29 ga Mayu 1940)  masanin ilimin Masar-Amurka ne na karatun mata da addini.  A shekara ta 1992 ta wallafa littafinta Women and Gender in Islam, wanda aka dauka a matsayin bincike na tarihi na farko game da matsayin mata a cikin al'ummomin Musulmai na Larabawa. Ta zama farfesa ta farko ta nazarin mata a cikin addini a Makarantar Divinity ta Harvard a 1999, kuma ta rike Victor S. Thomas Farfesa na Divinity tun 2003. Daga baya aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Victor S. Thomas Research Farfesa na Allahntaka a shekarar 2020.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
An haife shi a cikin gundumar Heliopolis ta Alkahira ga mahaifin Masar na tsakiya da mahaifiyar Turkiyya mai girma a cikin 1940, [1] yarantakar Ahmed ta samo asali ne daga dabi'un Musulmi na Masar da kuma sassaucin ra'ayi na aristocracy na Masar a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar mulkin. Iyalin Ahmed sun zama masu cin zarafin siyasa bayan kungiyar 'yanci a shekarar 1952. Mahaifinta, injiniyan farar hula, ya kasance abokin adawar Gamal Abdel Nasser na gina Babban Dam din Aswan akan ka'idodin muhalli

Ta sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Cambridge a cikin shekarun 1960 kafin ta koma Amurka don koyarwa da rubutu, inda aka nada ta a matsayin farfesa a Nazarin Mata da Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya  a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst, da kuma matsayin darektan a cikin shirye-shiryen da aka ambata  a 1981. Farfesa a Nazarin Mata da Addini a Makarantar Divinity ta Harvard ta biyo baya a 1999, inda a halin yanzu take koyarwa.

 Ra'ayoyi 

 Ƙasashen waje 
Ahmed ya kasance mai sukar kishin kasa na Larabawa a Misira da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ta ba da cikakken babi a cikin tarihin rayuwarta ga batun kishin kasa na Larabawa, da kuma abubuwan siyasa da kokarin da suka shiga cikin gina asalin Larabawa ga Masar bayan juyin mulki sojojin. Dangane da binciken Ahmed, ra'ayin cewa Masarawa "Larabci" kusan ba a ji ba har zuwa karni na 20. Ta bayyana kishin kasa na Larabawa, kamar sauran nau'o'in kishin kasa, a matsayin nau'in mulkin mallaka na al'adu. Wannan mulkin mallaka na al'adu yana cinye bambancin da al'adun al'adu ba kawai yawancin mutanen da ke magana da Larabci ba (waɗanda galibi ke magana da harsuna daban-daban), har ma da 'yan tsiraru da ba na Larabci a duk Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka.

 Rufewa 
A cikin 2013, Ahmed, wacce a baya ta yi adawa da mayafin, ta sami lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Louisville Grawemeyer a Addini saboda bincikenta game da mayafin mata Musulmai a Amurka, inda ta bayyana yadda wasu mata suka sa mayafin a matsayin alama ce ta gwagwarmaya don adalci da canjin zamantakewa. Saboda haka, ba ta yarda da cewa sake farfado da mayafin ya samo asali ne kawai daga shugabanci, ra'ayi da ta rike lokacin da take ƙarama, yayin da ta lura da yawan mata a Amurka suka sa shi a matsayin alama ce ta asalin Islama, adalci na zamantakewa, da kuma wayar da kan wasu mata game da sakonnin jima'i na al'umma game da jikin mata da tufafi. Koyaya, ta yi imanin cewa mayafin ba shi da ma'ana ta duniya kuma har yanzu sojojin shugabanci ne ke motsa shi a wasu wurare a duniya.

Daga bayanin aikin Ahmed da Yale University Press ta bayar: "Ahmed ya lura cewa Islama, tare da alkawurranta na gwagwarmaya a cikin hidimar matalauta da neman adalci na zamantakewa, shine nau'in Islama mafi sauƙin sauyawa da dabi'a tare da al'adun dimokuradiyya na yammacin gwagwarmayar gwagwargwaje ne don haifar da adalci da canjin zamantakewa. Sau da yawa Musulmai masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ke kan batun gwagwarwarmayar zamani kamar yadda 'yanci da' yancin mata suka dace.

 Ayyuka 

 Shige da Fice Ta Iyaka" (1999) 
A cikin littafinta na 1999 A Border Passage, Ahmed ta bayyana yadda ta girma a Cairene da kuma rayuwarta ta girma a matsayin baƙo da baƙo a Turai da Amurka. Ta ba da labarin yadda aka gabatar da ita ga Islama ta hanyar kakarta a lokacin yarinta, kuma ta zo ta rarrabe shi daga "Islama ta hukuma" kamar yadda ake yi da kuma wa'azi da yawancin maza masu addini. Wannan fahimtar daga baya za ta zama tushen littafinta na farko da aka yaba, Mata da Jima'i a cikin Islama (1992), aikin yanzu na gargajiya kan tarihin Islama, mata na Musulunci, da rawar tarihi na mata a cikin Islama da kuma jawabin Musulmi game da mata.

Ahmed ta yi magana game da kwarewarta a Turai da Amurka a matsayin wanda sau da yawa ya cika da tashin hankali da rikice-rikice yayin da ta yi ƙoƙarin sulhunta asalin Musulmi na Masar da dabi'un Yamma. Da yake fuskantar wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci ga Musulmi, kuma bayan da ta rushe imani na gargajiya na maza a cikin al'adunta, ta fara kawar da tatsuniyoyi masu lalacewa da kuskuren da Yamma ke da shi game da Islama da mata Musulmi.

 Mata da Jima'i a cikin Islama (1992) 
A cikin aikinta na asali, Mata da Jima'i a cikin Islama (1992), Ahmed ta yi jayayya cewa ayyukan zalunci da ake fuskanta a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun samo asali ne daga yaduwar fassarorin shugabanci na Islama maimakon Islama kanta. Ta ci gaba da cewa yayin da Islama ta samo asali, muryoyi biyu daban-daban sun fito a cikin addini:

 Tsarin ɗabi'a wanda ke ba da shawarar daidaito na ɗabi'u da na ruhaniya na dukan 'yan adam;
 Tsarin matsayi a matsayin tushen dangantakar namiji / mace; matsayi na jinsi / jima'i.

Koyarwar Islama ta bunkasa a cikin wata al'umma Mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ta Iraki ta Abbasid, al'adun da aka gada daga Daular Sasanian bayan nasarar da ta samu. Wannan al'umma ta jaddada kuma ta kafa muryar matsayi na jinsi kuma ta yi shiru da muryar daidaito da adalci. Musulunci a matsayin addini saboda haka ya zama jawabi na manyan 'yan siyasa, watau; al'ummar maza. Akwai alamun farko na tsayayya da kafa addinin Musulunci. Misali, tunanin kungiyoyin Sufi da Karmatians, masana falsafa kamar Ibn al-Arabi da kuma halin sassaucin ra'ayi na iyalai masu iko da mutane ga 'ya'yansu mata game da aure da ilimi (misali; sanya ma'anar auren aure daya a cikin kwangilar aure ko daya don samar da ilimi mai zaman kansa).  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span>]

Duk da irin wannan juriya, kafa addinin Islama ya fuskanci ƙalubale mai tsanani har zuwa farkon karni na 19 na mamaye mulkin mallaka. Matsayin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya kasance ainihin tattalin arziki; duk da haka, an yi amfani da 'yancin mata a matsayin gardama don tabbatar da mamayewar siyasa. Mata na mulkin mallaka wani jawabi ne na Yammacin Turai wanda, "ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa akwai alaƙa ta ainihi tsakanin batun al'adu da matsayin mata, da kuma ... cewa za'a iya samun ci gaba ga mata ne kawai ta hanyar watsar da al'adun asali. "

Ba za a iya gujewa ba, martani na farko game da wannan shine kin amincewa da dabi'un Yammacin da 'yan Islama na siyasa suka yi. Wannan kin amincewa ya ga haɗuwa da Islama da al'adu inda gaskiyar Islama ta zama an bayyana ta dangane da gaskiyar al'adu kuma, musamman, rawar mata a cikin Islama. Wannan ya haifar da sake tabbatar da al'adun 'yan asalin da suka shafi mata da kuma maido da al'adu da dokokin al'ummomin Islama da suka gabata. Tunanin da ke tattare da shi shi ne cewa akwai ainihin fassarar Islama wanda ya dogara da matani da cibiyoyin da aka haɓaka a cikin Abbasid Iraki. Dangane da irin waɗannan zato, ma'anar jinsi da matsayin mata a cikin Islama "ba a san su ba kuma ana iya tabbatar da su a wasu ma'ana da cikakke".

Tun daga wannan martani na farko, malaman mata Musulmai sun yi jayayya cewa dabi'un zamanin Abbasid a Iraki ba na duniya ba ne ga Islama - maimakon haka sun kasance takamaiman lokaci, al'adu da mutane. Ana buƙatar raba matani da cibiyoyin Musulunci daga al'adun ubanni kuma a sake tantance su dangane da cancanta, da sauraron muryar daidaito da adalci. Ahmed ya kammala ta hanyar gargadi mata, Musulmi da Yamma, su aiwatar da wannan aikin ta hanyar yin amfani da shi, kalubalantarwa da sake bayyana al'adun addini da al'adu daban-daban na yankunan Gabas ta Tsakiya.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span>]

Mata da Jima'i a cikin Islama an sake buga su ta Yale University Press a cikin 2021 a cikin jerin takardun Veritas tare da gabatarwar Kecia Ali.

 Littattafai da surori na littattafai 

 Edward W. Lane: Nazarin rayuwarsa da ayyukansa da kuma ra'ayoyin Burtaniya na Gabas ta Tsakiya a karni na sha tara. London: Longman (1978) 
 "A Traditional Ceremony in a Islamic Milieu in Malaysia", a cikin Muslim Women (1984) 
 "Tsakanin Duniyoyi Biyu: Kafawar Mai Girma na Masar na Ƙarni", a cikin Life / Lines: Theorizing Women's Autobiography (1988) 
 "Mata Larabawa: 1995", a cikin Shekaru goma na Larabawa na gaba: Sauran Makomar (1988) 
 "Feminism da Binciken Al'adu na Halitta: Sharuɗɗan Magana a cikin Islama" A Zuwan Sharuɗawa: Feminism, Theory da Siyasa. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Elizabeth Weed. New York: Routledge (1989) 
 Mata da Jima'i a cikin Islama: Tushen Tarihi na Tattaunawar zamani . New Haven: Yale University Press (1992, 2021) 
 Hanyar iyaka: Daga Alkahira zuwa Amurka - Tafiyar Mace . New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux (1999) 
 A Quiet Revolution: The Veil's Resurgence, daga Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Amurka. New Haven. Yale University Press (2011) 

 Labarai 

 "Mata a cikin tasowa na Islama. " Sabon Muryar Islama: Sake tunani game da Siyasa da zamani: Mai Karatu. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Mehran Kamrava Berkeley, CA: Jami'ar California Press, 2006. 177–200.
 "The Discourse of the Veil. " Post Colonialisms: Anthology of Cultural Theory and Criticism . [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Gaurav Desai da Supriya Nair. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. 315–338.
 "The Veil Debate Again: a View from America in the Early Twenty-first Century". A kan Canjin Duniya: Mata Musulmai a Zamanin Duniya . [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Fereshteh Nourale-Simone. New York: Jaridar Mata a Jami'ar Birnin New York, 2005.
 "Jima'i da karatu da rubutu a cikin Islama. "Babu wani abu mai tsarki: Mata suna amsawa ga Addini da Ta'addanci. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Betsy Reed. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press / Nation Books, 2002.
 "Mata na Islama". Canji 83 (2000): 78-97.
 "Islama ta farko da matsayin Mata: matsalar fassara. " Mata a Tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya: Canjin iyakoki a Jima'i da Jima'a. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Nikki R. Keddie, Beth Baron. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
 "Al'adun Larabawa da Rubuce-rubucen Jikin Mata. " Matsalar Jima'i 9.1 (Maris 1, 1989): 41-55.
 "Mata da Zuwan Islama. " Alamun 11.4 (Summer, 1986): 665-691.
 "Jam'iyyar Mata da Ƙungiyoyin Mata a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Bincike na Farko: Turkiyya, Misira, Aljeriya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jama'ar Yemen". [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Ellen Skinner. Virginia: Pergamon Press: 1982. 153.
 "Yammacin Ethnocentrism da Ra'ayoyi na Harem. " Nazarin Mata 8.3 (Autumn, 1982): 521-534.
 Ahmed, Leila, Krishna Ahooja-Patel, Charlotte Bunch, Nilufer Cagatay, Ursula Funk, Dafna N. Izraeli, Margaret McIntosh, Helen I. Safa, da Aline K. Wong. "Maganar da Tinker's 'A Feminist view of Copenhagen'. Alamomi 6.4 (Summer, 1981): 771-790.
 "Gamuwa da Mata na Amurka: Ra'ayi na Mata Musulmi na Taron Biyu". Labarin Nazarin Mata 8.3 (Summer, 1980): 7-9.

 Hotunan fina-finai 

 Ahmed ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, shirin watsa shirye-shiryen PBS Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet (2002), wanda Gidauniyar Unity Productions ta samar.

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Bayanan ilimin Ahmed a Makarantar Divinity ta Harvard
 Tattaunawa da Ahmed ("Mata Musulmi da Sauran Kuskuren)  An adana 2015-09-24 a  a On Being (wasan rediyo) a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2006
 Farfesa Leila Ahmed, Ph.D., ya yi magana a cikin jerin laccoci na musamman Maris 22, 2010
 A Border Passage: Daga Alkahira zuwa Amurka - Tafiyar Mace, Leila Ahmed, New York: Farrar, Straus da Giroux, 1999.
 Bayanan martaba na Leila Ahmed ta hanyar Julia Lieblich, The Associated Press, Agusta 12, 1999
Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane
Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940
Rukuni:Marubuta daga cairo
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba