Hypatia

Hypatia[a]/haɪˈpeɪʃə, -ʃiə/ ⓘ hy-PAY-shə, -⁠shee-ə;[2][3] Ancient Greek: Ὑπατία, Koine pronunciation [y.pa.ˈti.a](an haife shi c. 350-370 - Maris 415 AD) [1]O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Hypatia of Alexandria", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews [4]Benedetto, Canio; Isola, Stefano; Russo, Lucio (31 January 2017), "Dating Hypatia's birth : a probabilistic model", Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems, 5 (1): 19–40, doi:10.2140/memocs.2017.5.19, hdl:11581/390549, ISSN 2325-3444 ya kasance masanin falsafa ne na Neoplatonist, masanin taurari, sannan kuma masanin lissafi wanda ya rayu a Alexandria, Masar, sannan wani yanki na Daular Roma ta Gabas.  Ta kasance fitacciyar mai tunani a Alexandria inda ta koyar da falsafa da ilmin taurari.5]Krebs, Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries; The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1999: "Greek Neoplatonist philosopher who lived and taught in Alexandria."Ko da yake Pandrosion ya gabace shi, wata ƴar Iskandariyya ce mai ilimin lissafi,[6]O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Pandrosion of Alexandria", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews ita ce mace ta farko mai ilimin lissafi wacce rayuwarta ta yi kyau sosai.[7]Deakin 2012.  Hypatia ta shahara a rayuwarta a matsayin babban malami kuma mai ba da shawara mai hikima.  Ta rubuta sharhi kan Arithmetica mai juzu'i goma sha uku na Diophantus, wanda zai iya rayuwa a wani ɓangare, bayan an haɗa shi cikin ainihin rubutun Diophantus, da wani sharhi akan Apollonius na littafin Perga akan sassan conic, wanda bai tsira ba.  Yawancin malaman zamani kuma sun yi imanin cewa Hypatia ta iya gyara rubutun rayayye na Ptolemy's Almagest, bisa taken sharhin mahaifinta Theon akan Littafi na III na Almagest. Hypatia ta kera taurarin taurari da na'urorin lantarki, amma ba ta ƙirƙiro ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ba, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su tun kafin a haife ta.  Ta kasance mai haƙuri ga Kiristoci kuma ta koyar da ɗaliban Kirista da yawa, ciki har da Synesius, bishop na Ptolemais na gaba.  Majiyoyi na dā sun rubuta cewa arna da Kirista sun ƙaunaci Hypatia sosai kuma ta kafa babban tasiri tare da jiga-jigan siyasa a Alexandria.  Kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarta, Hypatia ta shawarci Orestes, hakimin Romawa na Iskandariya, wanda ke tsakiyar rikicin siyasa da Cyril, bishop na Iskandariya.  An yada jita-jita ana zarginta da hana Orestes sulhu da Cyril kuma, a cikin watan Maris 415 AD, gungun Kiristoci a karkashin jagorancin wani malami mai suna Peter sun kashe ta.[9]Deakin 1994, p. 147.[8]Edward Jay Watts, (2006), City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria. "Hypatia and pagan philosophical culture in the later fourth century", pp. 197–198. University of California Press 

Kisan Hypatia ya gigita daular kuma ya maida ta ta zama “Shahidi don falsafa”, wanda ke jagorantar Neoplatonists na gaba irin su ɗan tarihi Damascius (c.   458 – c.   538) don ƙara himma wajen adawa da Kiristanci.  A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, an haɗa Hypatia a matsayin alama ta ɗabi'ar Kiristanci kuma masana sun yi imanin cewa tana cikin tushen almara na Saint Catherine na Alexandria.  A lokacin Age of Enlightenment, ta zama alamar adawa ga Katolika.  A karni na sha tara, adabin Turawa, musamman littafin nan na Charles Kingsley na 1853 Hypatia, ya sanya ta a matsayin "karshen Hellene".  A cikin karni na ashirin, Hypatia ya zama abin kallo a matsayin alamar 'yancin mata da kuma mafari ga yunkurin mata.  Tun daga ƙarshen karni na ashirin, wasu hotuna sun danganta mutuwar Hypatia tare da lalata ɗakin karatu na Alexandria, duk da cewa ɗakin karatu ya daina wanzuwa a lokacin rayuwar Hypatia.[10]Theodore 2016, pp. 182–183.n 

 Rayuwarta 

 Hypatia diyar masanin lissafi Theon na Alexandria (c. 335 – c. 405 AD).[15]Watts 2008, pp. 191–192.[14]Deakin, Michael (3 August 1997), Ockham's Razor: Hypatia of Alexandria, ABC Radio, retrieved 10 July 2014[16]Dzielska 1996, pp. 66–70.[15]Watts 2008, pp. 191–192. A cewar masanin tarihi Edward J. Watts, Theon shi ne shugaban wata makaranta da ake kira "Mouseion", wanda aka sanya wa suna a cikin kwaikwayi na Hellenistic Mouseion, [15]Watts 2008, pp. 191–192.wanda kasancewarsa ya ƙare a cikin 260s AD.[17].  Makarantar Theon ta kasance keɓantacce, babbar daraja, kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a koyarwa.  Theon ya ƙi koyarwar Iamblichus kuma mai yiwuwa ya yi girman kai wajen koyar da tsafta, Plotinian Neoplatonism.[18]  Ko da yake an gan shi a matsayin babban masanin lissafi a lokacin,[11] [13] [19] Ayyukan lissafin Theon an ɗauke shi ta hanyar ma'auni na zamani a matsayin ainihin "ƙananan", [11] "marasa hankali", [13] da "gaba daya.  na asali".[19]  Babban nasarar da ya samu shine samar da wani sabon bugu na Euclid's Elements, wanda a cikinsa ya gyara kurakuran rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a cikin kusan shekaru 700 na kwafi.[11][12][13].  Buga Theon na Euclid's Elements ya zama mafi yawan bugu na littafin da aka yi amfani da shi tsawon ƙarni[12][20] kuma kusan gabaɗaya ya maye gurbin duk sauran bugu.[20] 

 Babu wani abu da aka sani game da mahaifiyar Hypatia, wacce ba a taɓa ambatonta ba a cikin kowane tushe.  Theon ya keɓe sharhinsa akan Littafi na IV na Ptolemy's Almagest ga wani mutum mai suna Epiphanius, yana kiransa a matsayin "ɗana ƙaunataccena", [24] [25] yana nuna cewa watakila ya kasance ɗan'uwan Hypatia, [24] amma kalmar Helenanci Theon yana amfani da ita (  teknon) ba koyaushe yana nufin "ɗa" a ma'anar ilimin halitta kuma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa kawai don nuna ƙarfi na alaƙar uba.[24][25]  Har yanzu ana muhawara game da ainihin shekarar haihuwar Hypatia, tare da kwanakin da aka ba da shawarar daga 350 zuwa 370 AD.[26][27][28]  Masana da yawa sun bi Richard Hoche a cikin fahimtar cewa an haifi Hypatia a kusa da 370. Bisa ga asarar aikin Damascius Life of Isidore, wanda aka kiyaye shi a cikin shigarwar Hypatia a cikin Suda, kundin tarihin Byzantine na karni na goma, Hypatia ya bunƙasa a lokacin mulkin Arcadius.  Hoche ya yi nuni da cewa, bayanin da Damascius ya yi game da kyawunta na zahiri zai nuna cewa tana da shekaru 30 a lokacin, kuma shekara ta 370 ta kasance shekaru 30 kafin tsakiyar zamanin Arcadius.[29][30]  Sabanin haka, ka'idodin cewa an haife ta a farkon 350 sun dogara ne akan lafazin marubuci John Malalas (c. 491 - 578), wanda ya kira tsohuwarta a lokacin mutuwarta a 415.[28][31].  Robert Penella ya ba da hujjar cewa duka ra'ayoyin biyu ba su da ƙarfi, kuma ya kamata a bar ranar haihuwarta ba tare da fayyace ba.[29]  

 Aikinta 

Hypatia 'yar Neoplatonist ce, amma, kamar mahaifinta, ta ƙi koyarwar Iamblichus kuma a maimakon haka ta rungumi ainihin Neoplatonism wanda Plotinus ya tsara.[18]Watts 2008, p. 192.Makarantar Iskandariya ta shahara a lokacin saboda falsafarta, kuma ana ɗaukar Alexandria a matsayin ta biyu kawai bayan Athens a matsayin babban birnin falsafa na duniyar Greco-Roman[26].  Hypatia ya koyar da dalibai daga ko'ina cikin Bahar Rum.[32]  A cewar Damascius, ta yi lacca akan rubuce-rubucen Plato da Aristotle.[33][34][35][36]  Ya kuma bayyana cewa ta bi ta Iskandariya a cikin wani tribon, wani nau'in alkyabbar da ke da alaka da masana falsafa, tana ba da laccoci na jama'a da ba su dace ba.[37][38][39]  

 Mutuwarta 
Daga 382 – 412, bishop na Alexandria shine Theophilus.[65]Watts 2008, p. 196.Theophilus ya kasance mai adawa da Iamblichean Neoplatonism [65]Watts 2008, p. 196.kuma, a cikin 391, ya rushe Serapeum.[66][67]  Duk da haka, Theophilus ya jure makarantar Hypatia kuma da alama ya ɗauki Hypatia a matsayin abokinsa.[21][65][68]  Theophilus ya goyi bayan bishopric na ɗalibin Hypatia Synesius, [21][69] wanda ya kwatanta Theophilus a cikin wasiƙunsa da ƙauna da sha'awa.[68][70]  Theophilus kuma ya ƙyale Hypatia ya kulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da sarakunan Romawa da sauran fitattun shugabannin siyasa.[65]  Wani bangare na sakamakon hakurin Theophilus, Hypatia ya zama sananne sosai ga mutanen Iskandariya kuma ya yi tasiri mai zurfi a siyasance.[71]

Theophilus ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a shekara ta 412.[65]  Ya kasance yana horar da ɗan’uwansa Cyril, amma bai bayyana shi a hukumance a matsayin magajinsa ba.[72]  An yi gumurzu mai ƙarfi a kan diocese tsakanin Cyril da abokin hamayyarsa Timotawus.  Cyril ya yi nasara kuma nan da nan ya fara azabtar da bangaren adawa;  ya rufe majami'u na Novatianists, waɗanda suka goyi bayan Timothawus, kuma ya kwashe dukiyoyinsu.[73]  Makarantar Hypatia da alama nan da nan ta ɗauki babban rashin amana ga sabon bishop,[68] [70] kamar yadda shaida ta gaskiyar cewa, a cikin dukkan manyan wasiƙunsa, Synesius ya taɓa rubuta wasiƙa ɗaya kawai ga Cyril, wanda a ciki yake kula da ƙaramin bishop.  a matsayin wanda ba shi da kwarewa kuma batattu[70].  A cikin wata wasika da aka rubuta zuwa Hypatia a cikin 413, Synesius ya bukace ta da ta yi roko a madadin mutane biyu da rikicin cikin gida ya shafa a Alexandria, [74] [75] [76] yana mai dagewa, "Kuna da iko koyaushe, kuma kuna iya kawowa.  mai kyau ta hanyar amfani da wannan ikon." [74] Ya kuma tunatar da ita cewa ta koya masa cewa dole ne masanin falsafa na Neoplatonic ya gabatar da mafi girman matsayi na ɗabi'a ga rayuwar siyasa kuma ya yi aiki don amfanin 'yan uwansu.  ’yan ƙasa[74].

A cewar Socrates Scholasticus, a shekara ta 414, bayan wata musayar wuta da kisan kiyashi da Yahudawa suka yi, Cyril ya rufe dukkan majami’u da ke birnin Iskandariya, ya kwashe dukiyoyin Yahudawa, ya kuma kori Yahudawa da dama daga birnin;  Scholasticus ya nuna cewa an kori Yahudawa duka, yayin da John na Nikiu ya lura cewa wadanda ke da hannu a kisan kiyashin ne kawai.[77][78][73]  Orestes, shugaban Romawa na Alexandria, wanda kuma abokin Hypatia ne [21] kuma sabon tuba zuwa Kiristanci, [21] [79] [80] ya fusata da ayyukan Cyril kuma ya aika da rahoto mai ban tsoro ga sarki.  21][73][81]  Rikicin ya yi ta'azzara, aka yi tashe-tashen hankula inda 'yan parabalani, gungun limaman Kirista da ke karkashin ikon Cyril, suka kusa kashe Orestes[73].  A matsayin hukunci, Orestes ya sa Ammonius, sufanci wanda ya tayar da tarzoma, ya azabtar da shi a bainar jama'a har ya mutu.[73][82][83]  Cyril ya yi ƙoƙari ya shelanta Ammonius shahidi,[73][82][84] amma Kiristoci a Iskandariya sun ɓata,[82][85] tun da aka kashe Ammonius saboda tada tarzoma da ƙoƙarin kashe gwamna, ba don bangaskiyarsa ba.  [82]  Fitattun Kiristocin Iskandariyawa ne suka shiga tsakani suka tilasta wa Cyril ya yi watsi da batun.[73][82][85]  Duk da haka, adawar Cyril da Orestes ta ci gaba.[86]  Orestes akai-akai kan tuntuɓar Hypatia don neman shawara[87] [88] saboda ana sonta sosai a tsakanin arna da Kirista, ba ta shiga cikin kowane matakai na rikice-rikice na baya ba, kuma tana da kyakkyawan suna a matsayin mai ba da shawara mai hikima.  89]

Duk da shaharar Hypatia, Cyril da abokansa sun yi yunkurin bata mata suna da kuma bata mata suna.[90][91]  Socrates Scholasticus ya ambaci jita-jita da ke zargin Hypatia na hana Orestes sulhu da Cyril.[88][91]  Ana iya samun alamun wasu jita-jita da suka bazu tsakanin al'ummar Kiristanci na Iskandariya a cikin rubuce-rubucen bishop ɗan Koftik na Masar na ƙarni na bakwai John na Nikiû, [40] [91] wanda ya yi zargin a cikin Tarihi nasa cewa Hypatia ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan shaidan kuma yana da.  da gangan ya kawo cikas ga tasirin coci akan Orestes:[91][92][93][94]

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