Mahdism

Mahdism (Persian),  Larabci: المهدوية) a cikin reshe Goma sha biyu na Shia Islama, ya samo asali ne daga imani da sake bayyana Imam na goma sha biyu, Muhammad al-Mahdi, a matsayin Mai ceto apocalypse don ceton 'yan adam da kafa zaman lafiya da adalci. Mahdism wani nau'i ne na Almasihu. Daga wannan hangen nesa, an yi imanin cewa Yesu Kristi da Khidr har yanzu suna da rai kuma za su fito tare da Muhammad al-Mahdi don cika aikinsu na kawo zaman lafiya da adalci ga duniya.

 Mahdi a cikin Alkur'ani 
Ayoyi da yawa na Alkur'ani suna da alaƙa da Mahdism,   kamar aya ta 105 na Al-Anbiya Surah:

Masu sharhi sun yi la'akari da cikawar alkawarin da aka ambata a cikin aya a lokacin sake bayyana Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi. Har ila yau, aya ta 5 na Al-Qasas Surah:

Wasu sun yi la'akari da fassarorin wannan ayar da ke da alaƙa da Raj'a-linkid="47" href="./Muhammad_al-Mahdi" id="mwOg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi  kuma wasu sun yi laʼakari da cewa yana da alaƙa ti dawowar (Rajʽa) na Imamai da dawowar gwamnati a gare su.   Aya ta 55 na Surah An-Nur:

Har ila yau an san shi da alaƙa da batutuwan Mahdism. Wasu sun yi la'akari da cikawar alkawarin da aka ambata a cikin aya a lokacin sake bayyana Imam na goma sha biyu, Muhammad al-Mahdi  kuma wasu sun yi laʼakari da al'ummar da aka ambata cikin aya don samun nasara ne kawai a lokacin sake fitowar Muhammad al- Mahdi. 

 Mahdism a cikin reshe na goma sha biyu 
Shi'a na reshe Goma sha biyu na Shia Islama sun yi imanin cewa bisa ga alkawarin Allah, zuriyar Muhammadu, Annabi na Islama ko kuma sunansa, ɗa na tara na zuriyar Husayn ibn Ali, zai bayyana tare da sunan "Mahdi"  kuma zai yada adalci a duk duniya. 

Bisa ga wannan imani, an haifi Mahdi, ɗan Hasan al-Askari (Imam na goma sha ɗaya na Shi'a), a cikin 870 AZ. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, yayin da yake yaro, bayan farkon shekarun Imamate, ya ɓace kuma zai tuntubi mabiyansa ne kawai ta hanyar mataimakansa huɗu da suka biyo baya. Lokacin da ake kira ƙaramin ɓoyewa ko ɓoyewa ta farko, wanda Mahdi ba ya hulɗa kai tsaye da mutane, kawai ta hanyar mataimakansa na musamman,  wanda galibi yana hulɗa da Shi'a. Bisa ga al'adar hukuma, a cikin 940 AZ, wakili na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe ya sami wasika ta ƙarshe da ɓoyayyen Imam ya sanya hannu inda ya bayyana cewa daga nan gaba kuma "har zuwa ƙarshen lokaci," babu wanda zai gan shi ko ya zama wakilin sa, kuma duk wanda ya bayyana in ba haka ba ne mai zamba. Ta haka ne aka fara dogon lokaci, abin da ake kira Babban ɓoyewa ko ɓoyewa ta biyu.

Wasu malaman Shi'a da suka yi tambaya ko ƙin Mahdism sun haɗa da Abolfazl Borqei Qomi,   Heidar Ali Qalmadaran Qomi, da Mohammad Hassan Shariat Sanglaji. 

Daga cikin malaman yanzu da suka yi aiki a kan Mahdism shine Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani . Yana da muhimman ayyuka guda biyu a wannan fagen, Zaɓin Alamar Game da Imam na goma sha biyu  da Imamate da Mahdism   .

 Mahdism a wasu rassan Shi'a 
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka yada ra'ayin Mahdism shine mutuwar kwatsam na Isma'ili, ɗan Ja'far al-Sadiq (Imam na shida na Shi'a), a cikin 762 AZ, wanda, a cewar Isma'il Shi'a, an nada shi a matsayin Imam na bakwai na Shi'i. Kodayake yawancin Shi'a sun taru a kusa da ɗayan ɗan Ja'far al-Sadiq, Musa al-Kadhim, 'yan tsiraru na Shi'a ba su yarda da mutuwar Ismail ba, suna da'awar cewa Ismail yana da rai kuma yana ɓoye kansa. A cewar su, Ismail shine Imam da ba ya nan. Tare da tasowa na Fatimid Caliphate a Misira, an danganta sunan "Mahdi" ga Fatimid na farko da magajinsa, suna ambaton hadisai da Isma'ilists da sauran tushe suka ba da labari. Koyaya, Isma'ilists suna sa ran Imam na Isma'ili na bakwai zai bayyana a ƙarƙashin sunan Qa'im a ƙarshen lokaci.

A cikin ƙungiyar Zaidi Shi'a'ism, waɗanda ba sa la'akari da Imamai suna da iko fiye da na mutum, imani da Mahdism ba shi da tabbas. A cikin tarihi, an dauki mutane da yawa a matsayin "Mahdi" ko kuma an yi iƙirarin suna da rai kuma ba su nan. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne Husayn ibn Qasim Ayani, shugaban wata ƙungiya da ta fito daga Zaidi Shi'a'ism, wanda ake kira ƙungiyar Husaynieh. Wani rukuni ya musanta mutuwarsa kuma ya ce shi "Mahdi" kuma ya yi imanin cewa zai dawowa. Amma wannan imani game da waɗannan mutane ba a yarda da shi ba ta yawancin Zaidi Shi'a'ism.

 Mahdism a reshen Sunni 
A cewar Reza Aslan, tare da ci gaban koyarwar Mahdism tsakanin Shi'a, malaman shari'a Sunni sun yi ƙoƙari su nisanta kansu daga imani da Mahdi. A cewar Wilferd Madelung, duk da goyon bayan imani da Mahdi daga wasu muhimman masu bin al'adun Sunni, imani da Mahidi ba a taɓa la'akari da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan imani na shari'ar Sunni ba. An ambaci Mahdi a cikin imanin Sunni, amma da wuya. Yawancin fitattun malaman Sunni, kamar Al-Ghazali, sun guji tattauna wannan batun. Tabbas, a cewar Madelung, wannan gujewa ba ta da yawa saboda rashin gaskatawa da Mahdi  kuma mafi yawa (a cewar Reza Aslan) saboda son kauce wa rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen jama'a. 

Akwai banbanci kamar Ibn Khaldun a cikin littafin "Muqaddimah" wanda a bayyane yake adawa da imani da Mahdi kuma yana ɗaukar duk hadisai da suka shafi Mahdi don ƙirƙirar su. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban tsakanin masu bin al'ada da malaman da suka magance batun Mahdism. An ambaci sunan "Mahdi" sau da yawa a cikin littafin "Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Musnad" na Ahmad ibn Hanbal (wanda ya kafa makarantar Hanbali ta shari'ar Sunni - ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantun shari'a guda huɗu na Sunni Islama, kuma ɗaya daga cikin Imamai huɗu na Sunni) da kuma hadisai daban-daban game da alamun sake bayyanawar "Mehdi mai alkawari" (da Yesu a cikin hadin gwiwarsa) da aka ambata a can. Ahmad ibn Hanbal ya ba da labari a cikin aikinsa cewa:

Da yake ambaton muhimmancin da ingancin "Musnad" na Ahmad ibn Hanbal a tsakanin Sunnis, ya isa Taqi al-Din al-Subki ya rubuta a shafi na 201 na kundi na farko na "Tabaqat al-Shafeiyah": 

A wasu hadisai a cikin littattafan Sunni, "Mahdi" daidai yake da "Yesu Kristi", yayin da a wasu labaran babu wani ambaton asalin wannan mutumin, ko kuma an ce "ya tashi tare da Yesu. " An kuma ambaci Mahdi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin zuriyar Husayn ibn Ali, zuriyar Hasan ibn Ali ko ɗan Hasan al-Askari, Imam na goma sha biyu na Shi'a.  A cikin tarihi har zuwa yau, an yi muhawara mai tsawo tsakanin malaman Sunni game da rawar "mai ceto" da rawar " siyasa" na Mahdi.

Amma a cewar Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Sunnis sun yi imanin cewa Mahdi ya fito ne daga dangin Muhammadu, Annabi na Islama kuma zai fito tare da Yesu a lokutan ƙarshe. Ya kuma rubuta cewa imani da zuwan Mahdi yana da ƙarfi sosai a tsakanin Musulmai cewa a cikin tarihi, musamman a lokutan matsin lamba da wahala, ya haifar da fitowar masu da'awar "Mahdism". Marubutan Sunni na zamani kamar su Abd al-Muhsin al-Ibad, Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni, da Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz sun kuma ambaci hadisai da aka danganta ga Annabi na Islama game da Mahdi da mai ceton lokutan ƙarshe a cikin littattafansu da jawabai, kuma sun yi la'akari da waɗannan hadisai masu aminci saboda masu ba da labari daban-daban sun ambaci su akai-akai.

A cewar Denise Spellberg, manufar "Mahdism", kodayake ba ɗaya daga cikin manyan addinan Sunni ba, Sunnis sun yi la'akari da shi a cikin tarihi. A shekara ta 1881, Muhammad Ahmad ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne Mahdi a Sudan kuma ya fara tashin hankali wanda sojojin Burtaniya suka murkushe a shekara ta 1898. Bangaskiya da Mahdism ya haifar da tashin hankali a yamma da arewacin Afirka a karni na sha tara. A cikin 1849, wani mutum mai suna Bo Zian ya jagoranci tashin hankali a Aljeriya game da tsarin harajin Faransa da kuma mamaye ƙasarsa da Faransanci a ƙarƙashin sunan Mahdi . 

 Mahdici na Siyasa 
Abdolkarim Soroush yana daya daga cikin 'yan tunani kalilan da suka bincika dangantakar da ke tsakanin Mahdism da siyasa kuma suka gabatar da sabon ra'ayi game da Mahdism. Ya yi imanin cewa Mahdism na siyasa ya bayyana kansa a tarihi a cikin siyasa a kalla hanyoyi huɗu:

 Ka'idar Tsaro na Mai Shari'a na Musulunci: Ka'idar Kula da Mai Shari'ar Musulunci, wanda bai dace da Dimokuradiyya ba, shine ɗan Mahdism na siyasa. Mahdism na siyasa ya tabbatar da gata na musamman na Faqīhs ga gwamnati a cikin ka'idar Tsaro na Mai Shari'a na Musulunci. Mahdism na Siyasa, wanda ya dogara da ka'idar Tsaro na Mai Shari'a na Musulunci, ya nuna "Mafi Girma Faqīh" a matsayin mataimakin Muhammad al-Mahdi kuma ya ba da wannan iko ga "Mafi girman Faqīhi" a cikin iko da mallakar dukiyar yawan Musulmai, wanda Imam da ba ya nan.
 Ka'idar mulkin mallaka a madadin Imam na sarakunan Safavid: Wani nau'i na Mahdism na siyasa a duk tarihin da Abdolkarim Soroush ke nufin shine ka'idar "masarauta a madadin imam na sarakunan safavid". Wannan ka'idar a zahiri ka'idar siyasa ce ta Safavids. Wannan ka'idar kuma a bayyane take da rikici da dimokuradiyya.
 Ka'idar Hojjatieh game da rashin amfani da siyasa: Wani nau'i na Mahdism na siyasa da Abdolkarim Soroush ya ambata shine ka'idar rashin amfani da siyasar a lokacin da ba ta nan kuma ta hukunta dukkan gwamnatoci kafin fitowar "Imam of Time" a matsayin mai cin zarafi. A cikin tarihi, yawancin Shi'a Faqīh sun ba da shawarar wannan ka'idar, kuma kafin juyin juya halin Musulunci, wannan ra'ayi ya yada ta hanyar Hojjatieh Association.
 Ka'idar Musulunci mai juyin juya hali ko "Waiting, makarantar zanga-zanga": A cewar Abdolkarim Soroush, wani nau'i na Mahdism wanda bai dace da dimokuradiyya ba shine ka'idar "Waiting", makarantar zanga-zangar" ta Dokta Ali Shari'a. Shariati ya bayyana a cikin labarin "Waiting, a protest school" a matsayin Utopia da masanin tarihi wanda ya yi imani da ƙaddamar da tarihi, wanda ke da hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita don jiran Mahdism don canza matsayin yanzu da kuma cimma burinsa na Utopia.

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 Haɗin waje 

 Kalmomin - ma'anar Mahdism
 Ma'anar Mahdist - mabiyan al-Mahdī
 Mahdi da Musulunci a Sudan
 Millenniarianism da Mahdism a Lebanon
 Mahdism: addinin Almasihu na Musulunci da Imani a Zuwan Mai Ceto na Duniya
 Daga Mahdism zuwa Neo-Mahdism a Sudan
 Musulunci: Koyarwar Mahdism
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