Waƙoƙi

Busar ƙaho tana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan rawa da waƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ita, ana bugawa da rawa a Burtaniya da Ireland da kuma wasu wurare tun daga ƙarni na 16 har zuwa yau. Har yanzu ana yin rawar a gasa. Busar ƙaho na George Frideric Handel daga Water Music yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun waƙoƙinsa.

 Tarihi 
Bututun ƙaho wani nau'in kayan kida ne na iska. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake so a cikin takamaiman bututun ƙaho wanda wataƙila ya jawo sunansa ga rawa shine masarar pib .  Babu wata hujja bayyananna da ke nuna cewa an sanya wa rawa suna ne bayan wani kayan kida, kuma an gabatar da wasu ma'anoni daban-daban.  

Akwai tarin bayanai game da busa ƙaho a cikin adabi. Fassarar Geoffrey Chaucer ta ƙarni na 14 ta littafin The Romanunt of the Rose ta ambaci busa ƙaho a matsayin kayan kida na Cornish.   A cikin wani ƙasida mai suna Old Meg of Hereford-shire, an bayyana rawar hornpipe a matsayin samfurin Lancashire .  Michael Drayton ya zauna a kan "Lancastrian nymphs" yana rawa hornpipe a cikin Poly-Olbion (1612).   A cikin The King's Entertainment at Welbeck (1633), Ben Jonson ya bayyana ta a matsayin rawar da ta samo asali daga Nottingham da Darbishire .  

Bututun ƙaho ya zama abin da ake yawan gani a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila. Masu rawa za su yi bututun ƙaho tsakanin manyan ayyukan dandamali. An sanya wa waƙoƙi da yawa suna bayan masu rawa da suka yi su: Fishar's Hornpipe, Aldridge's Hornpipe, Richar's Hornpipe, Miss Baker's Hornpipe, West's Hornpipe, Durang's Hornpipe, da sauransu.  Ɗaya daga cikin raye-rayen da aka saba yi shi ne " ƙaron matukin jirgi ", inda mai wasan kwaikwayo zai bayyana a matsayin Jack Tar kuma ya kwaikwayi rayuwar jirgin ruwa.  A ƙarni na 19, ikon rawa ƙaho wani ɓangare ne na kayan aikin mai nishadantarwa. 

Wani tatsuniya ya mamaye wanda ya canza asalin ƙaho. A wasu labaran, matuƙan jirgin ruwa ne suka ƙirƙiro shi.  A gaskiya ma, matuƙan jirgin ruwa kamar Kyaftin Cook sun ɗauki rawar da aka fi so a cikin jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke da ɗan sarari kaɗan.  Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama sanannen abin sha'awa kuma wani ɓangare na horon Royal Navy .  

Charles Dickens ya ambaci bututun ƙaho a cikin Dombey &amp; Son da Martin Chuzzlewit .   Shi ma ƙwararren ɗan rawa ne na bututun ƙaho na matukin jirgin ruwa.  Thomas Hardy ya bayyana rawar ƙauye a cikin babi na bakwai na Under the Greenwood Tree (1872). A cikin wasiƙarsa ta 1926, ya tuna cewa dole ne ya yi la'akari da " College Hornpipe ", da sauran rawa. Ya kuma haɗa da bayanin bututun ƙaho yayin da yake tunawa da shi shekaru sittin bayan haka.  

 Rawa 
Siffar rawa ta ƙauye ta ƙaho ta bambanta da rawar mataki ɗaya.  Ma'aurata suna aiwatar da matakai da juyawa iri-iri marasa iyaka.  A cikin littafin jagorar rawa na 1816, "Kwalejin ƙaho" yana buƙatar, a tsakanin sauran motsi, "manyan ma'aurata su yi lilo da hannun dama a zagaye ma'aurata na biyu, sannan su yi lilo da hannun hagu".  A ƙarni na 18, an yi amfani da ƙwararrun masu rawa sosai don koyar da waɗannan rawa ga al'adun Ingilishi.  Akwai ƙaho a cikin rubutun Beauchamp-Feuillet .  

Yawanci ana rawa da buɗaɗɗen ƙaho da hannuwa a naɗe don nuna ƙarfi. Wani masanin tarihin rawa ya bayyana tsayuwa a matsayin nuni ga ruhin Ingilishi, "Ana ajiye ɓangaren sama na jiki cikin kwanciyar hankali, yayin da ƙananan gaɓoɓi ke aiwatar da motsi mafi rikitarwa, sauri, da wahala. Shin duk wannan ba dabi'ar Turanci ba ce? A bayyana a cikin nutsuwa da taruwa a cikin yanayi da aka ƙididdige don haifar da yanayin tashin hankali na jiki da na hankali." 

Wani mai sharhi kan harkokin tafiye-tafiye a shekarar 1798 ya bayyana yadda ake rawa da busassun ƙaho a wani wasa a Wales, "An kammala wasan ne ta hanyar fafatawa tsakanin 'yan'uwa biyu, waɗanda suka yi rawa da busassun ƙaho guda biyu daban-daban da ƙarfi da tsoka, nau'ikan matakai da juriya marasa sassauci, waɗanda suka wuce duk abin da muka gani."  Amsar da mata suka bayar za ta kasance kamar biliyoyin mutane . 

 Gasar 
A gasar, ƙaho rawa ce ta takalma mai tauri, wadda ke ba wa alkalai damar jin matakan.  A ƙasar Ireland, maza ne ke yin rawa a al'ada. Masu rawa za su yi amfani da ɗan gajeren lokaci don nuna ƙwarewarsu.  An Coimisiún Le Rincí Gaelacha yana buƙatar ƙaramin saurin gudu a gasar bugun 76 a minti ɗaya, kuma matsakaicin saurin gudu shine 113 bpm. 

 Kiɗa 
Ana amfani da bututun ƙaho a matsayin mita uku kamar 3 2, 6 2, 9 4, ko 9 8.  A shekara ta 1776, John Hawkins ya bayyana cewa, "Auna bututun ƙaho sau uku ne na crotchets shida a cikin sandar, waɗanda za a doke huɗu da ƙasa, biyu kuma da hannu sama." 

A shekara ta 1853, William Stenhouse ya yi farin ciki da cewa an buga waƙoƙi kamar "Wee Totum Fogg", "The Dusty Miller", "Go to Berwick, Johnnie", "Mount your Baggage", "Robin Shure in Har'est" a Scotland "time out of mind".  Waƙoƙin da aka jera a ƙarni na 18 a cikin tarin littattafai kamar rubutun William Dixon sun kasance kusan ba su canza ba lokacin da masu aikin ƙarni na 20 kamar Tom Clough suka rubuta su. 

A lokacin da John Playford ke yin amfani da waƙoƙin ƙaho a cikin tarin waƙoƙi kamar Apollo's Banquet (1669), ana iya rarraba waƙoƙin zuwa ƙananan nau'ikan waƙoƙi kamar bagpipe-hornpipes, jig-hornpipes, ko hornpipe-jigs. Wani muhimmin fasali na ƙaho shine rarrabuwa a cikin waƙar da ke ba da damar maimaitawa da bambance-bambance.  A 9 8 hornpipe, ko slip jig, kamar "Mad Moll" ya fuskanci bayyanannu da dama. Ya bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na John Gay mai suna Polly (1729). An sake rubuta shi sau biyu a cikin The Dancing Master, sau ɗaya a matsayin "Mad Moll" sannan kuma a matsayin "The Virgin Queen".  

Sau da yawa ana amfani da busar ƙaho a cikin ɗakunan rawa ta hanyar mawakan Baroque kamar Guillaume de Morlaye, Antony Holborne, William Byrd, da Thomas Arne . Hornepype na Hugh Aston na 1522 yana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko da aka sani na mawaƙi wanda ya rubuta waƙa don rawa. Henry Purcell da George Frideric Handel sun haɗa busar ƙaho kuma sun ɗauki salon a matsayin na musamman na Turanci. :119–20

Waƙar Purcell mai suna "Hornpipe No. 8" daga waƙar Abdelazer (1695) an rubuta ta ne ta Playford.  Waƙar hornpipe ta kuma samar da abin da ya dace da ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun waƙoƙin kiɗan gargajiya a cikin Waƙar Ruwa ta Handel (1717).  An yi wa wannan motsi lakabi da "Alla Hornpipe", alamar Handel da aka yi amfani da ita a Semele (1744).  A wannan lokacin, hornpipes ya zama gajeriyar hanya don rashin kulawa a cikin waƙar gargajiya. 

A ƙarni na 19, ƙahon ya rikide ya zama lokaci na gama gari ( 4 4 ) da nau'ikansa.  " The Sailor's Hornpipe " shine waƙar da aka fi sani da ita daga wannan salon na ƙarshe. Daidai da waƙar ta bambanta da waƙar da aka yi da ƙaho kamar "The Harvest Home". An san wani nau'in waƙar nan biyu da suna "Newcastle Style". 

An rubuta ƙaho da yawa a cikin ƙarni na 19, kamar "The Groves" da "The Boys of Bluehill" a Ireland.  Mai sayar da giya da kuma mai tallata giya James Hill fitaccen mawaƙin Ingila ne mai rubuta ƙaho.  Bayan kisan gillar Shugaba James A. Garfield a shekarar 1881, an rubuta ƙaho don girmama shi. 

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