Mata masu cin gashin kansu

Mata masu cin gashin kansu wani tsari ne da aka rubuta a rubuce wanda ya bayyana musamman lokacin da ake tattauna Mata na Latin Amurka. name="Falquet-2014"> Babu wani ma'anar da ta dace da mata masu cin gashin kansu, amma a maimakon haka ƙarshen ra'ayoyin da aka warwatsa. Samun ikon cin gashin kai a kanta yana nufin "ra'ayin cewa mutane suna da damar yin amfani da ikon cin gashi a kan rayuwarsu. "  Ka'idodin mata game da cin gashin kansu kai tsaye suna da alaƙa da yadda zalunci na jinsi ke hana ikon mata su kasance "masu yanke shawara" da "masu mulkin kai". Bugu da ƙari, cin gashin kai shine ainihin ra'ayi kuma yana tasowa a cikin mata da kuma asalin mata. Tushen cin gashin kai ya saba da kuma manufar rushe zalunci na jinsi. name="Rivera Berruz-2023"> Wasu daga cikin wadannan zalunci sun hada da rashin haƙƙin zubar da ciki, tashin hankali na jinsi a bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da kuma rashin adalci ga dangi da aka kashe da suka ɓace (yana magana musamman ga waɗanda ke Latin Amurka). Bugu da ƙari, zalunci na jinsi na iya ɗaukar nau'in cin zarafin jima'i / cin zarafi, rashin daidaito na dama, da nuna bambanci na jinsi. Bugu da kari, wasu muhimman bukatun masu cin gashin kansu sun hada da 'yancin jam'iyyar siyasa, zabi a cikin sararin ko shiga abokan maza ko a'a, da kuma sukar "sarkin kudi".

AMace mai cin gashin kansa wani ra'ayi ne na kasa da kasa wanda ke tafiya kafada da kafada da ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da kyamar wariyar launin fata, damuwa game da illar dunkulewar duniya, mai adawa da tilasci mazaje da madigo, da kuma yin Allah wadai da kabilanci .  Tarihin mata masu cin gashin kansu ya samo asali ne a cikin mata na Latin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980 da sakamakon gwagwarmayar wannan zamanin.  name="Rivera Berruz-2023"> Dangane da adawa da 'yan gwagwarmayar mata da kuma shigarsu cikin jam'iyyun siyasa na hagu, "Aikin kai, a wannan mahallin, an bayyana shi a matsayin 'yancin kai daga duk wata kungiya da ta fahimci cewa gwagwarmayar 'yantar da mata a matsayin manufa ta biyu."  An ga wannan tare da haɓakar tunanin neoliberalist a cikin 1990s. Haka kuma an sami wani bullowa a cikin ra'ayoyin da suka shafi mata masu cin gashin kansu a cikin 2000s.

 Fitowa 
Dangane da batun Feminism na Latin Amurka, 1970s masu fafutukar mata sun yi amfani da akidar da ke kewaye da jama'a da na ma'aikata masu zaman kansu don danganta yadda gwamnatocin kama-karya suka samo asali a cikin zalunci na kabilanci/na jinsi. Haka kuma, a cikin wannan lokaci, uwa-uba ya zama fanni na siyasa, yayin da mata suka tashi tsaye don nuna adawa da zaluncin gwamnati da bacewar danginsu da aka kashe. An ga wannan ta hanyar haɗakar ƙungiyoyi kamar Uwargidan Plaza de Mayo da CoMadres. Zubar da ciki ya kasance fitaccen batu don muhawara a wannan lokacin kuma. A cikin 1976, ƙungiyoyi masu cin gashin kansu kamar El Movimiento Nacional de Mujeres, sun yi yaƙi don ƙaddamar da zubar da ciki. Sun tattara daya daga cikin majalissar farko kan batun zubar da ciki tare da tsayawa kan maganar cewa ciki ko kuma karshen daya mace ce ta yanke shawarar da ya kamata a cimma ta dukkanin cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar jama'a. 1970s lokaci ne da mata suka fara samun fahimtar jinsi tare da ƙalubalantar kabilanci a cikin yanayin yanayin siyasar su kuma suna buƙatar canjin zamantakewa.

 Encuentros 
The First Encuentro An gudanar da  a Bogota, Colombia a cikin 1981 a cikin kwanaki huɗu.  name="Rivera Berruz-2023"> Encuentros taron muhawara ne game da motsin mata da siyasar mata a fadin Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Mahalarta taron na farko na Encuentro sun yi niyyar tsara hanya don siyasa mai cin gashin kanta. Wannan ya haɗa da mayar da hankali kan albashi daidai, ƙare kwanakin aiki biyu, samar da 'yancin zubar da ciki lafiya, da 'yancin zama uwa a matsayin zaɓi. 

Encuentro na biyu (1983) a Lima, Peru ya ba da haske game da batutuwa kamar su sarki game da rawar da yake takawa a cikin tsarin jima'i da kuma alaƙar sa da jari-hujja .  name="Rivera Berruz-2023"> Ganin 'yan madigo yana da mahimmanci a cikin wannan Encuentro kuma ya ba da damar mata masu luwaɗi da madigo su fuskanci ƙiyayyar su.  Batun wariyar launin fata kuma shine mabuɗin anan.
Encuentros ya rubuta haɓakar ra'ayoyin 'yan mata masu cin gashin kansu da kuma nuna matsananciyar matsawa don adalci na zamantakewa da manufofin mata. 

 Neoliberalism 
Daidaiton jinsi da manufofin adawa da wariya a cikin tsarin neoliberalism sune mabuɗin ga ƴan matan Latin Amurka a cikin 1990s. Rivera Berruz, Stephanie (2023), "Latin American Feminism", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2023-11-30 Bugu da ƙari, tare da haɓakar haɓakar ra'ayi, ra'ayin mutum mai cin gashin kansa ta fuskar ɗabi'a ya sanya mutane masu kula da rayuwarsu da ci gaban su wanda a zahiri ya dogara ga tattalin arzikin kasuwa.  Da wannan ya zo da kafa ƙungiyoyin mata da kuma ƙaura daga ra'ayoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi game da ubangida, dimokuradiyya, da kuma soja.  Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da ikon cin gashin kan mata na Latin Amurka don kauce wa haɗin gwiwar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar jam'iyyun siyasa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, jihohi, da hukumomin kudade."  Bugu da ƙari, Encuentro na bakwai a cikin 1996 kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar sanarwar mai cin gashin kanta ta farko: Permanencia Voluntaria en la Utopia.  name="Autónomo-2022"> Yunkurin haɗa ƴan tazara, wasu ƙungiyoyi kamar Afro-Latinx, ƴan asalin ƙasar da matan madigo an bayyana a cikin The Eightth Encuentro da aka gudanar a 1999 a Juan Dolio, Jamhuriyar Dominican.  Har ila yau, an ƙara ba da jawabin anti-neoliberal a cikin mata na Latin Amurka a wannan lokacin ban da tattaunawa na mulkin mallaka da na kin jinin uba. 

 Ganawar mata masu cin gashin kai 
A cikin 2009, an gudanar da taron 'yan mata masu cin gashin kansu a birnin Mexico, Mexico inda suka fitar da sanarwa don kalubalantar al'ummar mata masu tasowa.  Sanarwar ta amince da "yawan gogewa da ilimi" na al'ummar mata kuma tana ba da yabo da karramawa ga masu ra'ayin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na 1970s waɗanda suka taimaka wajen haɓaka wayewar kai.  Ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci da aka ambata dangane da samar da ilimi masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da Las Complices, Movimiento Feminista Autonomo, Feminismo Popular de Chile, Mujeres Creando de Bolivia, da Atem de Argentina.  Misali, Mujeres Creando ya yi taro na sama da kwanaki dari don tattara kimanin mutane 15,000 da aka ci riba daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kuma bankuna.  Wannan bayanin kuma ya haɗa da ma'anarta na 'yan mata masu cin gashin kansu kamar, "... wani tsari na ɗabi'a, siyasa, da canji na dukan duniya, ta mata, ga mata, da kuma dukan bil'adama."  Bugu da ƙari kuma, sanarwar ta ci gaba da yin la'akari da ƙaddamar da soja, sakamakon neoliberalism, jari-hujja, patriarchy da cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu na mata a matsayin counter-hegemonic da ƙin daidaitawa. 

 Nicaragua 
Nasarar juyin juya halin Nicaragua a ƙarshen 1970s ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da shawara ga 'yancin mata a Nicaragua .  Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙin iyaye, aure da saki, amincewa da tsayayyen ƙungiyoyi, kula da yara ga iyaye mata, kafa daidaitaccen kariya ga yaran da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba, da hutun haihuwa ga iyaye mata masu aiki.  Yunkurin zuwa mata mai cin gashin kansa ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1990 ciki har da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata masu zaman kansu (MAM) a cikin 1991.  MAM ta nisanta kanta daga FSLN da gwamnatin Chamorro a 1992 tare da sanya hannu kan ayyana cin gashin kai.  Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Arnoldo Aleman na Liberal Alliance ya sami nasara a kan FSLN a 1996, ƙungiyoyin mata sun mayar da hankali kan tabbatar da manufofin adawa da soja da suka yi tsayayya da tsarin jinsi.  A wannan lokacin, 'yan mata sun ci gaba da yin la'akari da Sandinism wanda aka bayyana a cikin " siyasa na cin zarafin jinsi."  Bayan dawowar FSLN, gwamnati ta kai samame ofisoshin MAM a 2008 kuma ta zarge su da " inganta zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma yin mu'amalar kudi ta haramtacciyar hanya."  Ga MAM, FSLN sun ɓace daga buƙatun da suka yi na mata a baya kuma sun zama abokan gaba yayin da suka fara daidaitawa da akidun addini da Katolika na koma baya. 

 Venezuela 
Neoliberalism gaba ɗaya ya haifar da mace-mace na talauci, duk da haka, wannan kuma ya haifar da haɓakar mace na adawar siyasa da sauyin zamantakewa a Venezuela .  Tattaunawar wannan tsarin dangane da gwagwarmayar mata a Venezuela ta taimaka wajen hada da Mataki na 88 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Bolivarian wanda ya gudana a cikin 1999. Labarin ya gane "ayyukan gida a matsayin samar da amfanin zamantakewa da darajar tattalin arziki."  Venezuela ita ce kasa daya tilo a duniya da ta amince da hakan.  Bugu da ƙari, talauci ya kasance babban batu ga mata a Venezuela a cikin 1990s. An ba da rahoton kashi 65 cikin 100 na 'yan ƙasa suna rayuwa cikin talauci gami da tarin talaucin mata a garuruwan ƙauye kamar La Vega.  Marxist Feminist Feminist mai cin gashin kansa yana ba da haske da ƙalubalanci alaƙar da ke tsakanin magabata da jari-hujja. 

 'Yancin 'yan asalin kasar 
Ƙungiyar Zapatista ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ga mata 'yan asalin ƙasar don yin gangami a matsayin ƴan siyasa a Mexico .  Bugu da kari, kungiyoyi irin su CONAMI sun taimaka wajen baiwa mata ‘yan asalin kasar horon jagoranci da horarwa kan yadda ake hada kai a matakin kananan hukumomi .  A gefe guda kuma ƙungiyoyi masu cin gashin kansu kamar AMMOR sun tattauna yanayin mata manoma. Sun ci gaba da sukar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Yanki ta Ƙasa (UNORCA), "rashin takardun fili ya hana su (mata na asali) samun damar yin la'akari da shirye-shirye da kuma karfafa rabon jima'i na aiki."  Mabuɗin yunƙurin samun 'yancin kai na 'yan asalin ya haɗa da 'yancin yin aiki da karɓar albashi mai kyau, rayuwa ba tare da tashin hankali ba, 'yancin zaɓar ciki da abokin tarayya, ilimi, da 'yancin samun matsayi na jagoranci.  Haka kuma, ANIPA, CNI, da UCIZONI a Oaxaca su ne wasu manyan ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke jagorantar cin gashin kansu. 

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba