Kyaftin Charles Johnson

Kyaftin Charles Johnson shi ne marubucin Burtaniya na littafin 1724 A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the fitaccen Pyrates, wanda asalinsa ya kasance asiri. Babu wani rikodin da ya wanzu na kyaftin da wannan sunan, kuma "Kyaftin Charles Johnson" ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin sunan alƙalami ga ɗaya daga cikin marubutan London. Wasu malaman sun nuna cewa marubucin shine ainihin Daniel Defoe, amma an yi jayayya da wannan.

Babban tushen tarihin rayuwar ƴan fashin teku da yawa na zamanin,  Johnson ya ba da kusan matsayin tatsuniya ga mafi kyawun haruffa, kuma mai yiwuwa marubucin ya yi amfani da lasisin fasaha mai yawa a cikin asusunsa na tattaunawar ɗan fashi. A general history of the robberies & murders of the most notorious pirates.  Da farko ya bayyana a shagon Charles Rivington a Landan, littafin ya sayar da kyau har zuwa 1726, bugu na hudu ya bayyana.  Masanin tarihin sojan ruwa na Ingila David Cordingly ya rubuta cewa: "An ce, kuma da alama babu wani dalili da zai sa a yi shakkar wannan, cewa Captain Johnson ya kirkiro tunanin zamani na 'yan fashi." 

 Halin marubucin 
Ba a san ko wanene Johnson ba, amma ya nuna masaniyar magana da rayuwar matukin jirgin, yana mai nuni da cewa zai iya kasancewa babban kyaftin na teku. Hakanan zai iya kasancewa ƙwararren marubuci mai amfani da sunan sa wanda ya kware a cikin teku. Idan wannan gaskiya ne, ana iya zaɓar sunan don nuna mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo Charles Johnson, wanda ke da wasan kwaikwayo mai suna The Successful Pyrate da aka yi a 1712. Wasan ya yi magana game da aikin Henry Kowane, kuma ya kasance wani abu na abin kunya don neman yabon mai laifi. Robert Dryden, (Hillyer College, University of Hartford).  Bayan littafin, an buga tarihin rayuwar mutane da yawa da kasida na masu laifi, gami da kasidar ƴan kan hanya da karuwai . Wannan ka'idar ta nuna cewa "Charles Johnson" na kundin tarihin 'yan fashin teku yana shiga cikin masana'antu masu tasowa a cikin tarihin laifuka.

 Asalin marubucin 
Ba a san marubucin ba duk da yunƙurin da masana tarihi suka yi na gano ainihin sa. Babu wani rikodin da aka samu na kowa mai suna Charles Johnson wanda ke aiki a matsayin kyaftin a kowane matsayi, sai dai shekaru arba'in da biyu kafin buga Tarihin Janar . Akwai wani marubucin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna a farkon karni na 18, amma babu wata alaka da satar fasaha da aka samu a cikin ayyukansa. Wasu sun nuna cewa "Kyaftin" a haƙiƙanin ɗan fashin teku ne na kowa, amma kuma, babu wani tarihin wannan mutum. John Robert Moore Defoe in the Pillory, and Other Studies (New York: Octagon Books, 1973). 

 Daniel Defoe 
A cikin 1932, masanin wallafe-wallafen da marubuci John Robert Moore ya nuna cewa Daniel Defoe za a yarda da marubucin A Janar Tarihi . John Robert Moore Defoe in the Pillory, and Other Studies (New York: Octagon Books, 1973).  Bayan shekaru da yawa na bincike dangane da tarin ayyukan Defoe, Moore ya buga wani binciken bincikensa, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da hujjarsa na marubucin Defoe na wannan, da sauran, ayyukan. Moore ya bayyana cewa A Janar Tarihi ya kasance "tabbataccen" aikin Defoe bisa ga salon rubutu (ciki har da yin tunani akai-akai game da halin kirki kamar a cikin aikin Defoe  ) da kuma abun ciki mai kama da sauran sassan da aka danganta ga Defoe. Moore ya bayar da hujjar cewa sha'awar Defoe game da batutuwa irin su "masu safarar ruwa" da masu laifi (ciki har da 'yan fashin teku  ) ya nuna cewa A Janar Tarihi ya faɗi daidai a cikin tarihinsa. Moore ya nuna cewa ba kawai za a iya amfani da wasu ayyuka ba don tabbatar da cewa Defoe ya rubuta A Janar Tarihi, amma za a iya amfani da Tarihin Janar don amincewa da marubucin waɗannan ayyukan. Wani batu da Moore ya ƙidaya don tabbatar da da'awarsa ita ce, yawancin marubuta, ciki har da masana tarihi, sun yi amfani da A General History of the Pyrates a matsayin tushen bayanai don rubutun nasu.  

Nazarin Moore da kuma sunansa a matsayin masanin Defoe ya kasance mai gamsarwa sosai cewa yawancin ɗakunan karatu sun sake rubuta Tarihin Janar a ƙarƙashin sunan Defoe. 

 Suka 
Duk da haka, a cikin 1988, malaman PN Furbank da WR Owens sun kai farmaki kan ka'idar a Canonization of Daniel Defoe, inda suka nuna cewa babu wani takardun shaida da ke danganta Johnson zuwa Defoe, kuma akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin A General History da Defoe's sanannun ayyukan. . 

Bambance-bambance tsakanin mawallafin tarihin Defoe daban-daban sun kira jikin aikinsa cikin tambaya. Dangane da asusun waɗannan masu tarihin rayuwar da yawa, littafin Defoe ya danganta canon ya tashi daga ayyuka daban-daban 101 zuwa 570 tsakanin shekarun 1790 da 1970. Yawancin waɗannan ƙarin an yi su ne bisa tushen shaida na ciki, "stylistic". Buga Moore na Lissafin Rubutunsa na Daniel Defoe ya kara kusan ayyuka 200 kadai. Mutane da yawa sun yi tambaya ba kawai abin da ya sa na Tarihin Janar ga Defoe ba, amma yanayin gaba ɗaya na masu tarihin rayuwa don ci gaba da ƙarawa zuwa canon. Wani mai suka har ma ya ba da shawarar, bisa ga wannan yanayin, cewa duk ayyukan da ba a san su ba tun farkon karni na sha takwas za a sanya su na Defoe. Philip Nicholas Furbank and W. R. Owens, The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988). 

Hujjojin Furbank da Owens game da marubucin Defoe na A General History suna magana da daidaitattun abubuwan da aka zana zuwa wasu ayyuka na lokacin (sau da yawa kuma ana danganta su ga Defoe) da kuma ɓangarorin ma'ana waɗanda suka wajaba don biyan kuɗi zuwa irin wannan babban kasida daban-daban. Yawancin ra'ayoyi da jimlolin da Moore ke nunawa a matsayin daidaici, sabili da haka a matsayin hujja na ci gaba da Defoe a cikin ayyukansa, sun kasance ruwan dare a karni na sha takwas. A cewar Furbank da Owens, ƙimar Moore na A Janar Tarihi ga Defoe ya dogara ne akan babu wata shaida ta waje kuma kawai waɗancan 'yan daidaitattun yanayi. Philip Nicholas Furbank and W. R. Owens, The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988). Sun kuma ambaci rashin daidaituwa a cikin asusun Henry Kowane da John Gow . 

Mawallafin Colin Woodard, a cikin Jamhuriyar Pirates, ya ɗauki nauyin aikin Johnson zuwa Defoe a matsayin kuskure. 

 Nathaniel Mist 
Marubucin zai iya kasancewa mawallafin Nathaniel Mist (ko wani mai aiki a gare shi).   Woodard yayi la'akari da Mist "mai yiwuwa" fiye da Defoe, yana ambaton Bialuschewski ta 2004 takarda Daniel Defoe, Nathaniel Mist, da kuma "General History of Pyrates" . Musamman, dalilin Woodard ya haɗa da cewa Mist tsohon ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa ne wanda ya saba da West Indies, cewa shi ɗan jarida ne kuma mawallafin da ke zaune kusa da shi kuma yana da dangantaka ta aiki tare da Charles Rivington (mawallafin farko na tarihin A General History ), cewa Hazo shi ne mutumin da aka rubuta littafin a cikin sunansa a Ofishin Jakadancin Mai Martaba, da Mist's Jacobitism (wanda watakila ya ba shi dalilin da ya sa ya rubuta ɗan tausayi game da wasu daga cikin 'yan fashi, kamar yadda a cikin Tarihin Janar ). Woodard, Colin (2007). 

 Abubuwan da ke cikin bugu daban-daban 
Mawallafin asali Charles Rivington A general history of the robberies & murders of the most notorious pirates.  ya jaddada gaskiyar cewa kundin ya ƙunshi labarun "Ayyuka masu ban mamaki da KASASHE na Pyrates Mata biyu, Mary Read da Anne Bonny "  Buga na biyu ya fito a cikin ƴan watanni, da girma sosai. kuma mai yiwuwa an tattara su daga rubuce-rubucen wasu marubuta. An buga fassarorin Jamusanci da Dutch a cikin 1725.  Waɗannan nau'ikan yaren Jamusanci da yaren Holland sun taka rawar gani sosai a cikin asusun 'yan fashin teku na Amazon .

 Buga na zamani da ayyuka masu alaƙa 
Ana ci gaba da buga Babban Tarihin Pyrates a bugu daban-daban, sau da yawa tare da ƙarin sharhi, wani lokaci ana buga su ƙarƙashin sunan Charles Johnson wani lokaci kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan Daniel Defoe. Marubucin Nova Scotian William Gilkerson ya buga littafin littafin yara na Pirates Passage (Littattafan ƙaho, 2006) wanda aka yi wahayi daga rayuwa da aikin Charles Johnson, wanda aka sake fitar da shi azaman Brotherhood of Pirates .

 Bayanan kula 

 Manazarta 


 Kara karantawa 

 Charles Johnson (1724), Babban Tarihin Fashi da Kashe-kashen Manyan Pyrates.

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Works by or about Captain Charles Johnson at Wikisource
 Works by Captain Charles Johnson in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
 Works by Captain Charles Johnson at Project Gutenberg
 Works by Captain Charles Johnson at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba