Venu

Wurin  (Sanskrit:  ; vēṇu /मुरळि; muraļi ) ɗaya ne daga cikin tsoffin sarewa na kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya .  Wayar iska ce da aka yi ta daga bamboo, wato kayan aikin iska ne da ake hurawa a gefe. Ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a cikin al'adar kiɗan Carnatic ta Kudancin Indiya.  Ana kiransa nadi da tunava a cikin Rigveda da sauran rubutun Vedic na Hindu . A cikin kiɗan arewacin Indiya, ana kiran irin wannan sarewa bansuri .  A kudanci kuma ana kiranta da wasu sunaye daban-daban kamar pullanguḻal ( புல்லாங்குழல்) a Tamil (Tamil Nadu), oodakuḻal (ഓടകുഴൽ) ko kurungu kuḻal (കു൱ുഴപ്) MalaalaKyalam. ಕೊಳಲು (koḷalu) or ಮುರಳಿ (muraļi) in Kannada (Karnataka) . An san shi da pillana grōvi (పిల్లన గ్రోవి) ko vēṇuvu (వేణువు) a Telugu (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana). Ana kuma kiranta da sarewar Carnatic.

Ana tattauna wurin a matsayin muhimmin kayan kida a cikin Natya Shastra, rubutun Hindu na gargajiya akan kiɗa da zane-zane. Tsohon matani na Sanskrit na Indiya sun bayyana wasu waƙoƙi da aka hura kamar Mural da vamsika, amma wani lokacin ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomin a musayar. Wurin yana da ramuka shida, kusan kauri ne na yatsa, da yatsunsu goma sha biyu. Wani Mural mai tsawo yana da ramuka huɗu da tsawon hannaye biyu. vamsika yana da ramuka takwas, tsakanin yatsunsu goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha bakwai.

Wurin wasa wani bangare ne na hoton allahn Hindu shree Krishna.

 Gine-gine da fasaha 
Ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kayan kida na Indiya, kayan aikin shine ƙwanƙwasawa mai ƙwanƙanta wanda aka yi da bamboo. Ana amfani da yatsun hannu biyu don rufewa da buɗe ramuka. Yana da rami mai hurawa kusa da ƙarshen ɗaya, da ramukan yatsun da aka sanya kusa. Kayan ya zo a cikin girma daban-daban. Wurin kuma kayan aiki ne mai daraja sosai kuma ana sa ran waɗanda suka buga shi su fahimci shi, domin ana ɗaukarsa kyauta ce don iya kunna shi.

Wurin yana iya samar da octaves biyu da rabi tare da taimakon wuce gona da iri da kuma giciye. Fitar tana kama da muryar mutum saboda tana da sauti guda ɗaya kuma tana da nau'ikan sauti guda biyu da rabi. Sanya yatsunsu a kan da kuma kashe ramuka yana ba da damar samar da gamakas iri-iri, yana da mahimmanci a cikin aikin kiɗa na raga.

 Tarihi 
Fitar (venu) ta sami babban ambato a cikin tatsuniyoyin Indiya da al'adun gargajiya an jera su a cikin kayan kida na asali guda uku da ake nufi don kiɗa tare da muryar mutum da Veena (vaani-veena-venu). 

Wurin yana da alaƙa da allahn Hindu Krishna, wanda galibi ana nuna shi yana wasa da shi. Ana amfani da irin wannan sarewa a Kudancin Indiya. An nuna Vishnu a matsayin Venugopala, yana wasa da sarewar halitta.

Wurin bai kasance wani ɓangare na kiɗa na gargajiya na Carnatic ba har sai da Shri Sharaba Shastri ya fara bugawa da kuma sake dubawa da sabuntawa a kan ƙirar sa ta Shri T.R. Mahalingam (wanda ake kira Flute Mali). Saboda ilimin lissafi na samar da sauti, flautes suna da "ƙetare" na halitta ko raguwa yayin tafiya daga mafi ƙasƙanci zuwa mafi girma. Wannan raguwa ya bayyana tsakanin bayanin kula "ga" da "ma" a kan sarewa ta Carnatic da kuma tsakanin "Ma" da "Pa" don sarewa ta Hindustani (musamman saboda bambancin fasahar yatsan hannu). Don daidaita kaɗa-kaɗe zuwa Carnatic Music, wasu gyare-gyare sun zama dole kamar ƙara rami na 7, amfani da bamboos mai kauri, dabara ta ɗaga kai don canza kusurwar embouchure yayin canzawa tsakanin "ga" da "ma" bayanin kula. Wadannan sababbin abubuwa sun ba masu zane-zane damar yin ragas na Carnatic tare da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata da kayan ado ba tare da rasa "Bhaava" na raga ba.

 Bambanci tsakanin bansuri da wurinya zo 
Sau da yawa masu farawa a Indiya suna samun kansu cikin matsala game da irin kaɗa-kaɗa don fara wasa kamar yadda Indiya ke da nau'ikan kaɗa- kaɗa-yaɗe guda biyu. Su ne bansuri (Fitar bamboo ta Arewacin Indiya) da kuma wurin (Fitar bambou ta Kudu ta Indiya).Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan biyu sune albarkatun kasa, gini da salon wasa.

Abubuwan da aka fi so don yin wurin Kudancin Indiya yawanci sun fi kauri kuma sun fi yawa kuma suna girma a Kerala ko kudancin Tamil Nadu. Yana da duhu kuma yana samar da sauti mai haske da wadata. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a Bansuri galibi suna da bamboo mai laushi (amma ya fi tsayi da diamita). Yana da haske a launi kuma yana samar da sautin iska mai haske (ana kiransa Jawaari). Wannan bamboo yana girma a Assam (Silchar). Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'ikan da ake amfani da su, gami da bamboos da ke girma a yankin Sirsi, Arewacin Karnataka, Bihar.

An gina Venu tare da ramuka takwas na wasa da rami ɗaya mai hurawa. Daga cikin wadannan ramuka takwas na wasa, ana amfani da bakwai don wasa kuma ana amfani da ramukan yatsa na ƙarshe a cikin sautin. bansuri yana da ramuka shida da rami ɗaya. Akwai wasu masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi gwaji tare da ƙarin rami na pancham (rami na yatsa don cimma bayanin kula Pa) da rami na Teevra ma a ƙarshen. Koyaya, daidaitattun bansuri yawanci suna da ramuka shida kawai. Wadannan bambance-bambance galibi don karɓar nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban da ake kunnawa a ciki.

Ana samun Sa a wurin ta hanyar rufe ramukan yatsunsu biyu na sama. A kan bansuri an rufe ramukan yatsunsu uku na sama don cimma wannan bayanin kula. Hanyar da ake kunna bayanan ma ya ɗan bambanta. Waƙoƙin Carnatic suna jaddada "style gayaki" ko "style na kwaikwayon muryar ɗan adam". Saboda haka amfani da gamakas da andolans suna buƙatar riƙewa da sauri da kuma hanyar da za a karkatar da bayanin kula a hankali a kan Venu. Bansuri ya fi dacewa da salon kiɗa na Hindustani saboda muhimmancinsa a kan bayanan da aka daɗe da kuma taans masu sauri. Wadannan kayan kida guda biyu suna aiki da nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban kuma saboda haka bambancin wasa da gini.

 Girman flauta da kuma farar 
Ana yawan yin alama da flauta a ƙarshen busawa. Ana nuna shi ko dai a cikin lambobi a kan Venu daga 1 zuwa 7 tare da ko ba tare da (1/2, yana nuna sautin daya mafi girma) ko kuma kamar yadda daidaitattun haruffa Pitch a kan Bansuri daga A zuwa G tare da ko babu (#-Sharps / b-Flats). Girman ya bambanta har zuwa girman 12 a tsawon, kowannensu yana ba da filaye daban-daban. Har ila yau, diamita na sarewa ya bambanta bisa ga filin. Tare da ƙananan octaves diamita da tsawon flauta suna ƙaruwa, yayin da idan akwai mafi girman octaves, diamita da tsayin flauta sun fi ƙanƙanta.

Akwai waƙoƙi masu yawa da aka saba amfani da su. Wasu flautes har ma sun wuce tsawon mita 1. Babu iyaka a cikin tunanin irin waɗannan gine-ginen flauta. Misalai kalilan sune Double contrabass flute, Contrabass flute da Anahat Venu, wanda zai iya kaiwa har zuwa ƙafa 12.

Ko da bututun PVC za a iya amfani da shi don gina sarewa a hanya mai sauƙi, kawai ta amfani da takalma na yau da kullun.

 Yin sauti na farko 
Don samun sauti na farko daga cikin sarewa, mutum na iya hura iska a cikin rami. Wannan dabarar ta zama ruwan dare ga duk waƙoƙi masu tsayi kamar waƙoƙin Yamma, Bansuri, waƙoƙen Dizi na kasar Sin da sauransu.

 Bayanan kiɗa 
Yin wasa ya haɗa da Scale na Musical ko Sargam, wanda yawanci yana da bayanin kula 7 Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni; a cikin Kiɗa na gargajiya na Hindustani.A cikin Carnatic Music, ana nuna swaras kamar yadda tsarin Melakarta ya nuna.

Canjin daga Ga zuwa Pa wani muhimmin bangare ne wanda ya kamata a yi shi yadda ya kamata a karkashin Jagoran Malami na Flute.

Ana buƙatar canza ƙarfin busawa a hankali ba tare da karkatar da sauti ba.

Kyakkyawan bugawa yana bawa mai zane damar kunna wasu karin bayanan da suka wuce kewayon flauta (wasu lokuta suna haifar da sauti).

Angling da flauta a kan rami mai hurawa, yana bawa mai zane damar gyarawa da kuma daidaita bayanin kula zuwa asalin farar. Yayin da yake busa iska, mai zane na iya zaɓar ko dai ci gaba da busawa ko kuma ba ci gaba da hurawa ba ko ma amfani da wuya / lips don girgiza iska don kunna kiɗa.

 Rubutun kiɗa na rabin yatsa 
Mai zane na iya amfani da yatsa don rufe rami rabin ko kwata ko uku kwata don yin sauti daban-daban,  duk da cewa sautin bai fada cikin maɓallin maɓallin ba amma ya dace da tunanin mai zane-zane don yin waɗannan sautuna.

Wannan dabarar tana bawa mai zane damar kunna kusan bayanin kula 30+ a cikin sarewa ɗaya. A matsayin misali ana iya yin amfani da maɓallan baki a cikin keyboard a cikin sarewa tare da rabin yatsa da aka rufe a kan rami mai dacewa.

A hankali budewa da sannu a hankali rufe ramin yana ba da damar saurin kiɗa / sautin kiɗa don motsawa tsakanin bayanin kula zuwa wani bayanin kula yayin ci gaba da busawa, har ma yatsunsu biyu / uku na iya zama sannu a rufewa kuma a hankali a buɗe yayin ci gaba. Wannan dabarar murya ta sauti tana samar da halayyar gamak na kiɗa na Carnatic.

Wannan dabarar tana bawa mai zane damar yin wasa kamar Waƙar namiji daga tsuntsu na Asiya. Wannan na iya danganta da matsewar igiyar Veena don samun bayanin karkatarwa / pitching ko amfani da Pitch Wheel a cikin keyboard na lantarki / MIDI.

 'Yan wasan da aka yi 


 Daga baya 

 Palladam Sanjiva Rao (1882-1962), almajirin Sharaba Shastri .
 H. Ramachandra Shastry (1906 - 1992), almajirin Palladam Sanjiva Rao .
 T. R. Mahalingam (1926-1986), wani yaro mai ban mamaki wanda ya fara wasa da sarewa yana da shekaru biyar. An fi saninsa da "Mali" ko kuma wani lokacin "Flute Mali".
 T.A. Hariharan, almajirin T.K. Radhakrishnan
 T.K.Radhakrishnan (1919-2003) 
 Manda Balarama Sharma, almajirin T.R.Mahalingam
 T. Viswanathan (1927-2002), jikan Veena Dhanammal kuma ɗan'uwan Balasaraswati
 Ranganathan na Cochin
 B.N.Suresh, (1946-1990) almajirin T.R.Mahalingam
 Prapancham Sitaram (ya mutu a shekara ta 2014) 
 N. Kesi (1918-2015) 
 Dindigul S.P. Natarajan, almajirin T.R.Mahalingam
 K.S. Narayanaswamy, (Flute) (ya mutu a shekara ta 2003) 
 N Ramani (1934-2015), almajirin T.R.Mahalingam
 A.V.Prakash (1941 - 2016) 
 'Yan uwa mata na Sikkil - Kunjumani &amp; Neela

 Daga yanzu 

 G.Raghuraman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) 
 G. S. Rajan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) 
 K. Bhaskaran (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961) 
 B. Shankar Rao (1922 - 2020) 
 B.M. Sundar Rao (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937) 
 T. S. Sankaran (1930 - 2015) 
 K. S. Gopalakrishnan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948) 
 Guruvayoor Srikishnan (1936 - 2019) 
 Tiruchy L. Saravanan
 Ludwig Pesch
 Thiagarajan Ramani (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) 
 Sikkil Mala Chandrasekar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) 
 Kudamaloor Janardanan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969) 
 Raman Kalyan
 Shashank Subramanyam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) 

 Dubi kuma 


 manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Hoton Fingering na Carnatic 
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba