Black-billed gull

Black-billed gull, (Chroicocephalus bulleri), wanda kuma ake  kira da (Māori), wani nau'in  tsutsaye ne na  gull mai barazana a cikin iyalin Laridae .   Ana samun wannan gull ne kawai a kasar  New Zealand, kakanninsa sun zo daga Ostiraliya kimanin shekaru 250,000 da suka gabata.

 Tarihin lissafi 
Asalin sunan Gavia pomare a cikin 1855 da Carl Friedrich Bruch, masanin ilimin tsuntsaye na New Zealand Sir Walter Lawry Buller ya ƙi sunan saboda an riga an yi amfani da shi don wasu nau'o'in.: 58-59 Daga nan sai ya ɗauki sunan "mai wasa" na Yarima Napoléon Bonaparte Bruchigavia (a zahiri, "Bruch's seabird")  a matsayin sunan wucin gadi ga gulls na New Zealand.: 60 Amma saboda sunan jinsin da Buller ya gabatar da shi melanoryncha (a zahiri, "baƙar fata") : an riga an ba da 545 ga wani nau'in gull, Frederick Hutton ya ba da shawarar sunan bulleri, don girmama Buller, a cikin 1871.  : 59 Buller ya yarda da tayin kuma ya bi wasu a karɓar "babban kuma mafi kyawun jinsin" na Larus.: 59 Sauran sunan Buller's gull kuma yana riƙe da haɗin zuwa Buller.

Yanzu ana ɗaukar nau'in a cikin jinsin Chroicocephalus .  holotype yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa . 

 Bayyanawa 
Kyakkyawan ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙanta yawanci 35-38 cm tsawo, tare da fuka-fuki na 81-96 cm, da nauyin kusan 230g.  : Kai, jiki, da sassan fuka-fuki fari ne, tare da launin azurfa a kan gadon da fuka-fuka, da kuma baƙar fata a kan fuka-fukuki.: Gull ɗin kuma yana fuskantar wasu canjin launi na yanayi. Duk da yake yawanci baƙar fata daga Fabrairu zuwa Yuni, zobe na orbital yana da orange-ja, ja, ko ja mai duhu a sauran shekara.: Ƙafafun, ma, suna canzawa daga baƙar fata zuwa ja mai duhu har ma da ja mai haske yayin da lokacin haifuwa ke ci gaba, "watakila ana motsa shi ta wurin kasancewar kaji da yara masu bara. " : Bincike 556 ya nuna cewa gull yana da jima'i, amma akwai rashin bayanan da aka buga don tallafawa wannan.: Hakanan akwai rashin bayanai game da bambancin ƙasa. : 557 

Sauƙin kuskure ga ja-billed gull, black-billed seal ya bambanta da takardar shaidarsa kuma an bayyana shi da "mafi kyawun bayyanar", "mafi girma da kyau" jirgin, kuma "yawanci ba shi da hayaniya", duk da cewa yana da irin wannan kira.: An lura da 546 F1 da F2 hybrids tsakanin gulls guda biyu, duka hybrids suna nuna takardun ja masu duhu.

 Halin da ake ciki 
An kafa yankuna a kusa da biyun farko da suka fara nesting. Inda fiye da nau'i biyu suka samar da gida na farko, taruwa a kusa da waɗannan shafuka yana faruwa a cikin mulkin mallaka. Sau da yawa mazauna suna cike da yawa, tare da "Gulls kadan fiye da tsinkaye nesa daga juna kuma gidaje galibi suna taɓa, suna barin ɗan wuri don tashi da sauka".: Maza na iya nuna halayyar tashin hankali ga wasu a cikin "yanki mara kyau" : na 'yan mintoci kaɗan kafin barin yankin kuma manta da shi. Duk da haka, ba duk tashin hankali na namiji ba ne ke da alaƙa da kare wani yanki, kuma wasu nau'i-nau'i ba tare da kaji ba za su nuna tashin hankali ga waɗanda ke da kaji. Yaƙe-yaƙe ba sa daɗewa, yawanci suna kunshe da hari guda ɗaya daga mai kai farmaki, yin amfani da lissafin don yin ƙwanƙwasawa, fuka-fuki don bugawa, da kafafu don ƙunawa. Abin da aka yi niyya yawanci yakan koma baya nan take. Manya suna zama a wurin kiwo ko wuraren ciyarwa, kodayake ƙarshen ya fi kowa.

Black-billed gulls na iya samun kansu cikin rikici da mutane. A cikin 2024, mutanen yankin sun dauki tsuntsaye masu baki da ke kusa da New Regent Street a Christchurch a matsayin "barazana". Sun kasance suna yin gida a cikin harsashin ambaliyar ruwa na wani ofishin da aka rushe a kusa, kuma sun bazu zuwa yin gida a kan rufin da ke kusa. Tsuntsaye suna haifar da matsala ta hanyar satar abinci daga tebur da lalata yankin. Wani mai gidan cin abinci na gida ya ce, "Suna cinyewa a ko'ina. Ba sa jin tsoron mutane kuma. Za su sauka su sami abinci daga farantin ku. Suna nutsewa da bam. "  Saboda matsayinsu na kariya, babu abin da za a iya yi don cire tsuntsayen.

 Rarraba da mazaunin 
Black-billed gull yana da iyaka a New Zealand. Har zuwa kashi 78% na yawan jama'a an kiyasta suna zaune a yankin Southland, a kudancin Tsibirin Kudancin. A lokacin haifuwa ana samun gull a kan manyan koguna, musamman koguna, tabkuna, da gonaki. Gabaɗaya ya fi son koguna da wuraren bakin teku a waje da lokacin kiwo, kodayake ana iya samun wasu a wuraren kiwo duk shekara. Har ila yau, ana jan hankalin gull zuwa yankunan birane, da kuma "duk inda aka zubar da shara", : kamar zubar da sharar gida da Ayyukan daskarewa. A cikin 2019 wasu gulls sun kafa mazaunin kusan tsuntsaye 300 a Christchurch Central City .  An ga nau'in a wasu lokuta a Tsibirin Stewart da The Snares, da kuma tsawo har zuwa 1700 MASL a kan babban yankin.:-47 Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suna zaune a Tsibirin Arewa, kodayake a baya "baƙo" ne kawai, : 547 na farko da aka rubuta haifuwa da ke faruwa a Tafkin Rotorua a 1932. Wasu tsuntsayen tsibirin Kudancin sun haye Cook Strait bayan lokacin kiwo zuwa hunturu a tsibirin Arewa.

 Yankunan Tsuntsaye masu Muhimmanci 
Shafukan da BirdLife International ta gano a matsayin masu mahimmanci ga kiyayewa na baki sune: 


 Matsayi 
Game da yankunan Southland, Rachel McClellan ta lura cewa "bincike a cikin 1970s ya nuna yawan kimanin tsuntsaye 140,000, yayin da ƙididdigar kwanan nan ta ba da kimantawa na tsuntsaye 15-40,000 kawai".: 13 Wannan yana nuna raguwar 6% a cikin yawan jama'a a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru talatin, daidai da 83.6% a duk lokacin, ko 50% idan an dauki bayanan a hankali.: 26, 174 Yawan jama'a mafi girma a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 sun kasance sakamakon karuwar aikin gona, amma alaƙar ba ta da kyau.: 13 Jama'a a wannan lokacin sun kasance masu daraja, tare da labarai da ke ba da labarin manoma waɗanda "an tilasta musu su sa riguna don kada a rufe su da datti".

Saboda "rugujewar saurin raguwa a kan tsararraki uku" IUCN ta kimanta nau'in a matsayin Kusan Barazana. A baya gull ya sami ƙimar Least Concern a cikin 1994, da kuma ƙimar Vulnerable a cikin 2000.: 13-14 Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta New Zealand ta lissafa gull a matsayin Kasuwanci na Kasa a cikin 2016. An ambaci shi a wasu wallafe-wallafen a matsayin "mai haɗari sosai", : 89   kuma James Westrip ya ba da shawarar a watan Agustan 2018 cewa za a sanya matsayin gull zuwa Critically Endangered a cikin rahoton BirdLife International Red List na gaba, kodayake an rage shi a cikin 2020. Bill Morris ya kira tsuntsu "mafi ƙarancin tsuntsu a duniya". 

 Barazanar 
A cikin bincikenta game da yankunan Southland na black-billed gulls, Rachel McClellan ta gano cewa kashi tamanin cikin dari na mutuwar kaji da aka lura sun haifar da farauta.: Dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka gabatar, wato ferrets, stoats, cats, da hedgehogs, sun zama "babban abin da ke tasiri ga yawan aiki", wato, nasarar gida, a cikin yankuna.: Chick predation daga asalin asalin baƙar fata (Larus dominicanus) kuma yana barazana ga yawan baƙar fata.

Duk da yake "nau'in suna da ɗan haƙuri ga rikice-rikicen ɗan adam", : da suka amfana daga karuwar sauyawar ƙasa don amfani da aikin gona tun zuwan Turawa, aikin ɗan adam ya kuma sami mummunar tasiri ga yawan jama'a. Babban harbe-harbe na black-billed gulls, kamar 2009 "kisan kiyashi" na kimanin tsuntsaye 200 a Arewacin Canterbury,  suna da lahani ga makomar jinsin.: An bayar da rahoton irin wannan taron a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018,  yayin da wani labarin ya ba da labarin cewa an gano gull tare da kibiya a ciki.  Har ila yau, mutane ne suka yi niyya da tsuntsayen a cikin motocin da "wani lokaci suna noma ta hanyar yankuna".: 88 Morris ya ba da shawarar irin waɗannan ayyukan a wani bangare sakamakon rikice-rikice tare da mafi yawanci kuma ba a son ja-billed gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus), wanda duk da haka yana cikin haɗari a New Zealand.: 88, 94-94 Ko da yake ba a gudanar da bincike a wannan yanki ba, amfani da DDT na baya a gonaki na iya shafar nasarar kiwo na black-billed gulls da herbicides waɗanda suka kasance a amfani na iya samun sakamakon da ba a sani ba.

McClellan ya ba da shawarar cewa canjin yanayi na iya samun tasiri mai kyau a kan yawan mutanen da baƙar fata, kamar ƙarfafawa a baya ko tsawaita lokutan kiwo, amma kuma mummunan tasiri wajen kara yawan wadatar abinci, wanda zai haifar da "rashin daidaituwa".: Da yake zama a tsibirin kogi, kaji ma suna da haɗari ga ambaliyar ruwa. A cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta Janairu 2018, wani yanki guda ya rasa kusan kaji 2500. Wani yanki ana zaton ya rasa kusan ƙwai 2200 a cikin ambaliyar ruwa a watan Nuwamba a wannan shekarar.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019, Mike Turner ya amsa wani tsari na kasuwanci a kan Kogin Mataura, yana mai nuna damuwa game da jin daɗin black-billed gulls.

 Kokarin kiyayewa 
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta fara gwajin kashe tsuntsaye masu baƙar fata a gefen Kogin Hurunui don sarrafa farautar tsuntsaye da sauran nau'ikan tsuntsaye. A watan Agustan 2019, bayan nasarar gwaji, sashen ya ba da sanarwar shirin shekaru biyar wanda ya kai ga Kogin Waiau Uwha wanda ke da niyyar rage yawan mutanen da ke da baki a yankunan da akalla kashi tamanin cikin dari.

Black-billed gull ya sanya 30th, tare da kuri'u 441, a cikin Forest &amp; Bird's 2018 Bird of the Year gasar.  

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