Phormio

Phormio (    Phormion, gen .: Φορμίωνος), ɗan Asopius, wani janar ne na Atheniya kuma mai ba da shawara kafin da lokacin Yaƙin Peloponnesia .  Kwamandan sojan ruwa mai hazaka, Phormio ya ba da umarni a manyan nasarorin Athenia a 428 BC, kuma an karrama shi bayan mutuwarsa da wani mutum-mutumi a kan acropolis da jana'izar jaha. Ana la'akari da shi daya daga cikin manyan manyan admirals na Athens, tare da Themistocles da Cimon .

 Umarni na farko 
Phormio ya fara bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi a cikin 440 BC, lokacin da ya raba tare da Thucydides, Hagnon, da sauransu da umarnin jiragen ruwa na Athenia a ƙarshen yakin Samian .  A cikin 432 BC, ya umurci rundunar 1600 hoplites da aka aika don taimakawa a kewayen Potidaea . Phormio ya jagoranci mutanensa a hankali daga gefen birnin da Athens ba su riga sun kewaye su ba kuma suka gina bango don kammala zuba jari na Potidaea.  Bayan da aka kewaye Potidaea da ƙarfi, Phormio ya jagoranci mutanensa cikin nasara a yaƙi da abokan gaba na Athens a cikin Chalcidice,  kuma a cikin shekara ta gaba ya sake jagorantar sojojin da suka kai wa Kaldiyawa hari, a wannan lokacin tare da Perdiccas II, Sarkin Makidoniya . 

 Naupactus 
A cikin hunturu na 429/8 BC, an aika Phormio zuwa Tekun Koranti a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin 20 triremes ; yana kafa tushe a Naupactus, Phormio ya kafa shingen jigilar kayayyaki na Koranti.  A lokacin rani na 429 BC, duk da haka, Sparta ya fara shirya manyan jiragen ruwa da sojoji don kai hari ga abokan Athens a yankin, suna fatan su mamaye Acarnania a ƙasa, kama tsibiran Zacynthus da Cephallenia, kuma watakila ma dauki Naupactus.  An sanar da Phormio game da waɗannan tsare-tsaren ta hanyar Acarnanians da suka damu, amma da farko bai yarda ya bar Naupactus ba tare da kariya ba.  Lokacin da jiragen ruwa na Peloponnesia suka fara tafiya tare da kudancin kudancin kogin Koranti, duk da haka, suna neman hayewa zuwa Acarnania, Athens sun bi ta arewa kuma suka kai musu hari da zarar sun fita daga Gulf zuwa cikin teku kuma suna ƙoƙari su haye daga teku. kudu zuwa arewa. 

A cikin yaƙin da ya biyo baya, Phormio ya yi amfani da wata dabara ta musamman da ba ta dace ba.  Mutanen Peloponnesiya, duk da manyan lambobi (suna da jiragen ruwa 47 zuwa 20 na Atheniya, kodayake yawancin jiragen ruwansu na dauke da manyan sojoji) sun ja jiragensu zuwa wani da'irar tsaro, suna fuskantar waje. Phormio tare da jiragensa sun kewaya a kusa da jiragen ruwa na Peloponnesia, suna tuƙi da'irar koyaushe. Dabarar ta kasance mai haɗari-ya bar gefen Athens gabaɗaya da rauni ga ƙwanƙwasa-amma ta biya lokacin da iska ta buso kuma ta sa ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jirgin da ke kewaye su ɓata dokinsu.  A cikin wannan rudani ne sai mutanen Atina suka ruga suka fatattaki sauran jiragen ruwa na rundunar, inda suka kwace 12 daga cikinsu.

A cikin yaƙi na biyu jim kaɗan bayan wannan, Phormio da ƙananan sojojinsa sun yi nasara a kan wani babban jirgin ruwa na Peloponnesia na jiragen ruwa 77.  An jawo su cikin kunkuntar ruwan Koranti don kare Naupactus, da farko an fatattaki mutanen Atina kuma aka raba su, amma jiragen ruwa 11 na Atheniya da aka bi su zuwa Naupactus sun sami damar juyowa kan masu binsu kuma suka ci nasara da karfin da ke gabansu. Wannan nasara ta kiyaye martabar sojojin ruwa na Athenia a cikin Tekun Fasha tare da kawo karshen yunkurin Peloponnesia na kalubalantarta a wannan lokacin yakin. 

 Gado 
Bayan yaƙin ƙasa guda ɗaya a cikin 428 BC a Acarnania, Phormio ba a rubuta shi azaman ya sake yin umarni ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun aikinsa, duk da haka, ya bar tambari mai zurfi a farkon yakin Peloponnesia. An sha kaye a Tekun Koranti a shekara ta 429/8 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, da Athenia ya sha kashi a yankin arewa maso gabas na kasar Girka, da kuma sunan birnin na rashin cin nasara ga sojojin ruwa.  Bayan rasuwarsa, mutanen Athens sun gudanar da bikin tunawa da hidimar da ya yi wa jihar inda suka kafa mutum-mutuminsa a kan doki tare da binne gawarsa a makabartar jihar. 

Dan Phormio, mai suna Asopius bayan kakansa, shi ma ya ba da umarnin yin balaguro na ruwa a lokacin yakin.  

 Bayani 

 Manazarta 

 Kagan, Donald . Yaƙin Peloponnesia (Littattafan Penguin, 2003). ISBN Saukewa: 0-670-03211-5


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