Howqua

Wu Bingjian (Chananci: 伍秉鑑; 1769 – 4 September 1843) Hunt, Freeman; Dana, William B. (1844). The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review. Volume 10. p. 459., yana kasuwanci da suna "Houqua" Wong, JDO (2016). Global Trade in the Nineteenth Century: The House of Houqua and the Canton System. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9781107150669.kuma an fi sanin shi a  Turai da suna "Howqua" ko "Howqua II", [a] Grant 2014, p. 128ɗan kasuwa ne na Hong a cikin masana'antu goma sha uku (Thirteen Factories), shugaban Ewo (hong) kuma shugaban Canton Cohong. Ya taba zama wanda yafi kowa arziki a duniya.The Rich And How They Got That Way By Cynthia Crossen Publisher: Crown Publishing Group Pub. Date: 2000 ISBN 0-8129-3267-6中國評論新聞網". Chinareviewnews.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2018.晚清的財富精英：1834年的世界首富-閱讀-新浪新聞中心". News.sina.com.tw. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October2018.The Rich and How They Got That Way: How the Wealthiest People of All Time—from Genghis Khan to Bill Gates—Made Their Fortunes. 2 October 2018. ASIN 0812932676.

 Tarihin Rayuwa 

Hokkien daga zuriyar mahaifinsa da zuriyarsa daga Quanzhou, Wu an san shi a yankunan Turai da suna Howqua, kamar yadda mahaifinsa, Wu Guorong, wanda ya kafa kasuwancin iyali ko hong. Sunan "Howqua" romanization ne, a cikin harshensa na Hokkien, na sunan kasuwancin da ya yi ciniki a ƙarƙashinsa, "浩官" (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō-koaⁿ)Parkes, Douglas (2022-04-29). "Who was 19th-century merchant Howqua, the 'Chinese Bill Gates of his day'?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2023-06-30. Ya samu arziƙin kasuwanci tsakanin Sin da daular Burtaniya a tsakiyar karni na 19 a lokacin yakin Opium na farko. Watakila mutumin da ya fi kowa arziki a kasar Sin a karni na goma sha tara, Howqua shi ne babban jami'in dillalan hong a Canton, daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da aka ba da izinin yin cinikin siliki da lankwasa da baki. A cikin wata gobara ta 1822 wadda ta kone da yawa daga cikin gungun, 3". 觸藩始末 (The Start and End of Upsetting The Foreigners). 1885azurfar da ta narke da ake zargin ta yi wani ɗan rafi kusan mil biyu a tsayi.中國評論新聞網". Chinareviewnews.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2018.晚清的財富精英：1834年的世界首富-閱讀-新浪新聞中心". News.sina.com.tw. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October2018.

Bayan Yaƙin Opium, dangin Howqua da layin kasuwanci sun ragu da sauri. A cikin 1891, gidan kasuwancin Amurka wanda ke kula da zuba jari na duniya na Howqua, Russell & Company, ya rushe. Zuriyar Howqua yanzu sun zama gama gariParkes, Douglas (April 29, 2022). "Who was 19th-century merchant Howqua, the 'Chinese Bill Gates of his day'?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 February 2024.. Abin da ya kasance babban katafaren gida mai kyau ga dangin Howqua yanzu ba shi da wata alama a wata unguwa matalauta a yankin Honam.Absolute History (22 November 2023). "How The Opium Trade Destroyed China's Greatest Empire". YouTube. Retrieved 2 February 2024

Wadanda suka kafa manyan kamfanoni a lokacin da suka hada da James Matheson, William Jardine, Samuel Russell da Abiel Abbot Low duk suna da kusanci da Howqua. Hotunan Howqua da aka sanye a cikin rigunansa har yanzu suna rataye a gidajen Salem da Newport da 'yan kasuwar Amurka suka gina suna godiya da taimakonsa.

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