George Balanchine

George Balanchine  an haife shi Georgiy Melitonovich Balanchivadze;  Janairu 22, 1904 [ ] - Afrilu 30, 1983) ya kasance mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo na Georgia-Amurka, wanda aka gane shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu tsara wasan kwaikwayo masu tasiri na ƙarni na 20. An sanya shi a matsayin mahaifin ballet na Amurka,  ya kafa New York City Ballet kuma ya kasance darektan fasaha sama da shekaru 35.  Ayyukansa suna da alamun ballets marasa ma'ana tare da ƙananan kayan ado da kayan ado, waɗanda aka yi wa kiɗa na gargajiya da na gargajiya.

An haife shi a St. Petersburg, Rasha, Balanchine ya ɗauki ƙa'idodi da fasaha daga lokacinsa a Makarantar Ballet ta Imperial kuma ya haɗa shi da wasu makarantun motsi da ya karɓa a lokacin da yake aiki a Broadway da Hollywood, ya kirkiro sa hannun sa "style neoclassical".  

Ya kasance mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka sani da kiɗa; ya bayyana kiɗa tare da rawa kuma ya yi aiki sosai tare da manyan mawaƙa na lokacinsa kamar Igor Stravinsky .  An gayyaci Balanchine zuwa Amurka a cikin 1933 daga wani matashi mai kula da zane-zane mai suna Lincoln Kirstein, kuma tare suka kafa Makarantar Ballet ta Amurka a cikin 1934 da kuma New York City Ballet a cikin 1948.

 Rayuwa ta farko 
An haifi Balanchine Georgiy Melitonovich Balanchivadze a Saint Petersburg, Daular Rasha, ɗan mawaƙin wasan kwaikwayo na Georgia kuma mawaƙi Meliton Balanchivadze, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tbilisi Opera da Ballet kuma daga baya ministan al'adu na ɗan gajeren Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Georgia, wanda ya zama mai zaman kansa a 1918 amma daga baya aka haɗa shi cikin Tarayyar Soviet.

Sauran ɓangaren Georgian na dangin Balanchine sun ƙunshi mafi yawa daga masu fasaha da sojoji. Ba a san komai game da Rasha ta Balanchine ba, ɓangaren uwa. Mahaifiyarsa, matar Meliton ta biyu, Maria Nikolayevna Vasilyeva, an ce 'yar Nikolai von Almedingen ce, ɗan Jamus, wanda daga baya ya bar Rasha kuma ya watsar da iyalinsa, wanda ya sa Maria ta ɗauki sunan mahaifiyarta. Tana son wasan ballet kuma tana kallon shi a matsayin hanyar ci gaban zamantakewa daga ƙananan al'ummar Saint Petersburg.: 23 Ta kasance ƙarama da shekara goma sha ɗaya fiye da Meliton kuma an yi jita-jita cewa ita ce tsohuwar mai kula da gidansa, kodayake "tana da akalla wasu al'adu a cikin asalinta" kamar yadda za ta iya buga piano sosai. Mahaifiyar Balanchine ta kuma yi aiki a banki. Ko da yake tana son ballet, tana son ɗanta ya shiga soja. Wannan batu ne mai wahala don tilastawa a cikin iyali saboda ba wai kawai mahaifiyar ta kasance mai fasaha ba, mahaifin George yana da ƙwarewa sosai wajen kunna piano. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa saboda mahaifinsa ya zuba jari sosai a cikin zane-zane, aikin Balanchine na zama dan kasuwa ya gaza. Balanchine yana da wasu 'yan uwa uku. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Andrei Balanchivadze, wanda ya zama sanannen mawaƙi na Georgia kamar mahaifinsa.

 Jarabawar farko da horo 
Yayinda yake yaro, Balanchine ba shi da sha'awar ballet, amma mahaifiyarsa ta nace cewa ya saurari 'yar'uwarsa Tamara, wacce ta raba sha'awar mahaifiyarta ga fasaha. Dan uwan Balanchine Andria Balanchivadze a maimakon haka ya bi ƙaunar mahaifinsa ga kiɗa kuma ya zama mawaƙi a Soviet Georgia. Ayyukan Tamara, duk da haka, za a yanke su ta hanyar mutuwarta a cikin yanayi da ba a sani ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin tserewa a cikin jirgin ƙasa daga Leningrad da aka kewaye zuwa Georgia.[1]:248

Dangane da sauraron sa, a cikin shekara ta 1913 (yana da shekaru tara), Balanchine ya koma daga yankunan karkara na Finland zuwa Saint Petersburg kuma an yarda da shi a cikin Makarantar Ballet ta Imperial, babban makarantar Imperial Ballet, inda ya kasance ɗalibi na Pavel Gerdt da Samuil Andrianov (surukin Gerdt).  

Balanchine ya shafe shekaru na yakin duniya na a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariinsky har sai an rufe shi a 1917 saboda dokar gwamnati. Za a iya kallon wasan ballet a nan a matsayin abin da ya dace da dangin Balanchivadze saboda a nan ne mahaifinsa ya kirkiro kiɗa. An canja wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayon zuwa Kwamishinan Haskakawa na Jama'a kuma ya zama mallakar jihar. An sake buɗe gidan wasan kwaikwayon a 1918, sannan shekaru biyu bayan haka an kira gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jihar Opera da Ballet. Ya kafa wasu sabbin ballets na gwaji don gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mikhailovsky a Petrograd. Daga cikinsu akwai Le Boeuf sur le toit (1920) na Jean Cocteau da Darius Milhaud, da kuma wani yanayi na Kaisar da Cleopatra na George Bernard Shaw.

Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1921, Balanchine ya shiga makarantar Conservatory ta Petrograd yayin da yake aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar ballet a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Opera da Ballet (tsohon gidan wasan kwaikwayo da Ballet na Opera da kuma Mariinsky Ballet). Nazarinsa a conservatory ya hada da piano mai ci gaba, ka'idar kiɗa, counterpoint, jituwa, da abun da ke ciki. Balanchine ya kammala karatu daga conservatory a 1923, kuma ya yi rawa a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar har zuwa 1924. Yayinda Dare matashi, Balanchine ya tsara aikinsa na farko, wani abu mai suna La Nuit (1920, kiɗa na Anton Rubinstein), wani yanki wanda makarantar daraktoci ba ta amince da shi ba ko kuma kamar shi. George Balanchine ya tafi game da wasan kwaikwayonsa a hanyar gwaji a lokacin maraice. Shi da abokan aikinsa sun yi wannan yanki a Makarantar Ballet ta Jiha. Wannan ya biyo bayan wani duet, Enigma, tare da masu rawa a ƙafafu maimakon Takalma na ballet. Yayinda yake koyarwa a Mariinsky Ballet, ya sadu da Tamara Geva, matarsa ta gaba. A cikin 1923, tare da Geva da abokan rawa, Balanchine sun kafa ƙaramin rukuni, Young Ballet . 

 Ballets na Rasha 
A cikin 1924, Young Ballet ta sami izinin barin Rasha da yawon shakatawa a Turai. Balanchine tare da matarsa, Tamara Geva, da wasu masu rawa da yawa (Alexandra Danilova, Nicholas Efimov) sun tafi Jamus, amma duk wasan kwaikwayon a Berlin sun sadu da sanyi. Young Ballet dole ne ya yi a ƙananan biranen Lardin Rhine kamar Wiesbaden, Bad Ems, da Moselle. Geva ya rubuta daga baya, cewa a wannan lokacin dole ne su yi rawa 'a cikin ƙananan wurare masu duhu, a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na rani da ɗakunan rawa masu zaman kansu, a cikin lambunan giya da kuma gaban marasa lafiya na hankali'. Ba za su iya biyan otal-otal ba kuma galibi suna shan shayi ne kawai don abinci. A Landan, suna da makonni biyu na wasan kwaikwayon da ba su yi nasara ba, lokacin da masu sauraro suka sadu da su da shiru. Tare da biza ta ƙare, ba a maraba da su a kowace ƙasa ta Turai ba. Sun koma Paris, inda akwai babban al'ummar Rasha. A wannan lokacin, mai ba da labari Sergei Diaghilev ya gayyaci Balanchine don shiga Ballets Russes a matsayin mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo.

Balanchine yana da shekaru 21 a lokacin kuma ya zama babban mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo na sanannen kamfanin ballet. Sergei Diaghilev ya nace cewa Balanchine ya canza sunansa daga Balanchivadze zuwa Balanchine . Diaghilev nan da nan ya inganta Balanchine zuwa masanin wasan kwaikwayo na kamfanin kuma ya karfafa wasan kwaikwayo. Tsakanin 1924 da mutuwar Diaghilev a 1929, Balanchine ya ƙirƙiro ballets goma, da kuma ƙananan ayyuka. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ya yi aiki tare da mawaƙa kamar Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, Erik Satie, da Maurice Ravel, da masu zane-zane waɗanda suka tsara saiti da kayan ado, kamar Pablo Picasso, Georges Rouault, da Henri Matisse, suna ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyukan da suka haɗu da dukkan zane-zane.
Daga cikin sabbin ayyukansa, a cikin 1928 a Paris, Balanchine ya fara gabatar da Apollon Musagete (Apollo da muses) a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Stravinsky; yana ɗaya daga cikin ballets mafi ban sha'awa, yana haɗakar ballet na gargajiya da tarihin Girka na gargajiya da hotuna tare da motsi na jazz. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin "maɓallin juyawa a rayuwata". Ana ɗaukar Apollo a matsayin asalin ballet neoclassical. Apollo ya kawo dan wasan namiji a gaba, ya ba shi solo biyu a cikin ballet. An san Apollo da minimalism, ta amfani da kayan ado da saiti masu sauƙi. Wannan ya ba masu sauraro damar janye hankalinsu daga motsi. Balanchine ya yi la'akari da kiɗa a matsayin babban tasiri a kan wasan kwaikwayo, sabanin labarin.

Saboda mummunan rauni a gwiwa, Balanchine ya iyakance rawa, yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen aikinsa. Don haka ya yanke shawarar mayar da hankali ga wasan kwaikwayo.

Bayan mutuwar Diaghilev, Ballets Russes sun fadi. Don samun kuɗi, Balanchine ya fara shirya rawa don sake dubawa na Charles B. Cochran da kuma nunawa iri-iri na Sir Oswald Stoll a London. Royal Danish Ballet ne ya riƙe shi a Copenhagen a matsayin mai kula da ballet. Daga cikin sabbin ayyukansa ga kamfanin akwai Danses Concertantes, wani rawa mai tsabta ga kiɗa na Stravinsky, da Night Shadow, wanda aka farfado a ƙarƙashin taken La Sonambula .

A cikin 1931, tare da taimakon mai ba da kuɗi Serge Denham, René Blum da Colonel Wassily na Basil sun kafa Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo,  wanda ya gaji Ballets Russs . Sabuwar kamfanin ta hayar Leonide Massine da Balanchine a matsayin masu tsara wasan kwaikwayo. Masu rawa sun hada da David Lichine da Tatiana Riabouchinska . A cikin 1933, ba tare da tuntuɓar Blum ba, Col. de Basil ya bar Balanchine bayan shekara guda - saboda ya yi tunanin cewa masu sauraro sun fi son ayyukan da Massine ya tsara. An kuma bar mai ba da littattafai Boris Kochno, yayin da mai rawa Tamara Toumanova (mai sha'awar Balanchine) ya bar kamfanin lokacin da aka kori Balanchine.

Balanchine da Kochno nan da nan suka kafa Les Ballets 1933, tare da Kochno, tsohon sakataren Diaghilev da abokin tarayya, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha. Kamfanin ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga Edward James, mawaki na Burtaniya kuma mai kula da ballet. Kamfanin ya kasance na watanni biyu kawai a cikin 1933, yana yin kawai a Paris da London, lokacin da Babban Mawuyacin ya sa zane-zane ya fi wuya a tallafawa. Balanchine ya ƙirƙiro sabbin ayyuka da yawa, gami da haɗin gwiwa tare da mawaƙa Kurt Weill, Darius Milhaud, Henri Sauguet da mai zanen Pavel Tchelitchew.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba