Mohamed Choukri

Mohamed Choukri (Arabic, Amazigh) (15 ga Yulin 1935 - 15 ga Nuwamba 2003) marubuci ne kuma marubucin litattafai na Maroko wanda aka fi sani da tarihin kansa na duniya For Bread Alone (al-Khubz al-Hafi), wanda marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Tennessee Williams ya bayyana a matsayin "takardar gaskiya na ɗan adam, yana rushe tasirinsa".

An haifi Choukri a 1935 a Ayt Chiker (Ayt Chiker, saboda haka sunan danginsa: Choukri / Chikri), wani karamin ƙauye a cikin tsaunukan Rif a lardin Nador, Morocco . Ya girma ne a cikin iyali mai talauci sosai. Ya gudu daga mahaifinsa mai zalunci kuma ya zama yaro marar gida wanda ke zaune a unguwanni matalauta na Tangier, kewaye da wahala, karuwanci, tashin hankali da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 20, ya yanke shawarar koyon yadda ake karatu da rubutu kuma daga baya ya zama malamin makaranta. Sunan danginsa Choukri yana da alaƙa da sunan Ayt Chiker wanda shine ƙabilar Amazigh da ya kasance a ciki kafin ya gudu daga yunwa zuwa Tangier. Wataƙila ya ɗauki wannan sunan daga baya a Tangier saboda a cikin ƙauyukan Rif sunayen dangin ba su da yawa.

A cikin shekarun 1960, a cikin Tangier, ya sadu da Paul Bowles, Jean Genet da Tennessee Williams. An buga rubuce-rubucen farko na Choukri a cikin Al Adab (bincike na wata-wata na Beirut) a cikin 1966,  labarin da ake kira "Al-Unf ala al-shati" ("Rashin hankali a kan Rairayin bakin teku"). Nasarar kasa da kasa ta zo ne tare da fassarar Turanci na Al-khoubz Al-Hafi (For Bread Alone, Telegram Books) na Paul Bowles a cikin 1973. Tahar Ben Jelloun ne ya fassara littafin zuwa Faransanci a cikin 1980 (Éditions Maspero), an buga shi a Larabci a cikin 1982 kuma an tantance shi a Maroko daga 1983 zuwa 2000. Daga baya aka fassara littafin cikin harsuna 30.

Babban ayyukansa sune tarihin kansa, wanda ya fara da For Bread Alone, sannan Zaman Al-Akhtaâ aw Al-Shouttar (Lokacin Kuskuren ko Streetwise, Littattafan Telegram) kuma a ƙarshe Faces. Ya kuma rubuta tarin gajerun labaru a cikin shekarun 1960/1970 (Majnoun Al-Ward, The Flower Freak, 1980; Al-Khaima, The Tent, 1985). Hakazalika, an san shi da asusun da ya yi game da haduwarsa da marubutan Paul Bowles, Jean Genet da Tennessee Williams (Jean Genet da Tennessee Williams a Tangier, 1992, Jean Genet a Tangier, 1993, Jean Genet, Suite da End, 1996, Paul Bowles: Le Reclus de Tanger, 1997). Dubi kuma A Tangier, Telegram Books, 2008, don duk ukun a cikin guda ɗaya.

Choukri ya mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2003 a asibitin soja na Rabat . An binne shi a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba a makabartar Marshan a Tangier, tare da masu sauraron ministan al'adu, jami'an gwamnati da yawa, mutane da kakakin sarki na Morocco. Kafin ya mutu, Choukri ya kirkiro tushe, Mohamed Choukri (shugaban, Mohamed Achaâri), mallakar haƙƙin mallaka, rubuce-rubucensa da rubuce-bucen kansa. Kafin mutuwarsa, ya ba da bawansa kusan shekaru 22.

 Shekaru na farko 
An haifi Mohamed Choukri ne a cikin iyali matalauta a Had, Bni Chiker a yankin Rif na Maroko, a lokacin yunwa. Yana daya daga cikin yara da yawa kuma yana da uba mai cin zarafi, mai tashin hankali. Harshen mahaifiyarsa shi ne Riffian, yaren yaren Amazigh . Da yake guje wa talauci, iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa garin Tetuan sannan zuwa Tangier. A cikin shekarunsa na matasa, Choukri ya yi aiki da yawa don ya tsira, gami da yin hidima ga dangin Faransa a Rif na Aljeriya ta Faransa, da kuma jagorantar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da suka isa Tangier, suna sarrafawa don koyon Mutanen Espanya ta wannan hanyar. Ya sami kansa a cikin ƙungiyar karuwai, ɓarayi da masu safarar mutane. Yanayin da ke gida bai inganta ba duk da haka, mahaifinsa mummunan mai mulkin kama karya ne, kuma Choukri ya zarge shi da kashe matarsa da ƙanensa Kader. Bayan jayayya ta iyali, ya bar su yana da shekaru 11, yana zaune a kan titunan Tangier, yana fashi don ya tsira, kuma a wasu lokuta yana komawa ga smuggling da karuwanci. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 20, ya sadu da wani da ke son koya masa karatu da rubutu.

 Koyon yadda ake karatu da rubutu 
Ya sadu da wani da ke son taimaka masa ya koyi karatu da rubutu a cikin Larabci na yau da kullun, wani baƙon yare a gare shi da kuma ga mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su da ilimi a hukumance, saboda abin da ake magana yau da kullun shine Larabci ko Darija na Maroko, wanda ba a fahimta da Larabci ba. A shekara ta 1956 (shekarar samun 'yancin kai na Morocco) ya tafi Larache, ya shiga makarantar firamare yana da shekaru 21. A wani lokaci ya zama malamin makaranta ta hanyar Ecole Normale . Da ya dawo Tangier a cikin shekarun 1960, ya ci gaba da zuwa mashaya da gidajen karuwai akai-akai, kuma ya fara rubuta labarinsa a Larabci, a bayyane kuma ba ya nuna wani ajiya yayin da yake ba da cikakkun bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru na jima'i, wanda ya saba da dabi'un Maroko da duniyar Larabawa a lokacin, yana fuskantar mummunan zargi daga dakarun addini da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Maroko da sauran wurare.

Duk da zargi, halin Choukri da kuma halin da ya dace ya sa ya zama sananne a rubuce-rubuce. Yana da alaƙa da marubuci da mawaƙa Paul Bowles, ɗan ƙasar Amirka wanda ya zauna a Tangier, na shekaru da yawa. Sun yi aiki a kan fassarar aikin Choukri na rabin tarihin kansa For Bread Alone a cikin 1973, kuma Bowles ya shirya don a buga littafin a Ingila ta hanyar Peter Owen .

 Censorship na Don Gurasa Kawai 
Don Bread Alone ya zama nasara ta duniya lokacin da aka buga shi a Turanci, amma littafin ya kuma haifar da fushi a duniyar Larabawa. Lokacin da fitowar Larabci ta fito, an haramta shi a Maroko, a kan ikon Ministan Cikin Gida, Driss Basri, yana bin shawarar hukumomin addini. An ce ya yi fushi da nassoshin da ya yi game da abubuwan da suka faru na jima'i da kuma shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Wannan tantancewa ya ƙare a shekara ta 2000, kuma a ƙarshe an buga For Bread Alone a Maroko. A cikin 1999, an cire For Bread Alone daga tsarin karatun wallafe-wallafen Larabci na zamani a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira da Dokta Samia Mehrez ya koyar saboda wasu sassan jima'i, wanda ya sa wasu masu kallo su soki "ban" kuma su zargi tantancewar gwamnati. An riga an cire littafin Maxime Rodinson Muhammadu ta hanyar umarnin Hosni Mubarak, shugaban Masar. Duk da yake wasu sun zargi "tsoro daga mayakan Islama, wanda gwamnati ba ta yi wani abu don hanawa," a zahiri, gwamnatin Masar ta shiga cikin haramta littattafai a wannan lokacin a sikelin da yawa. Dokta Mehrez an yi masa barazanar cin zarafin jima'i da fitar da shi, majalisar dokoki ta bincika littafin For Bread Alone, kuma masana kimiyya da masu karatu sun goyi bayan amfani da littafin ta hanyar kamfen ɗin rubuce-rubuce.

 Rayuwa ta baya 
Choukri ya yi imanin cewa ya sami abin da ya fi muhimmanci a gare shi: gidan da ya mutu don aikinsa na wallafe-wallafen.

Shaidarsa ta ƙarshe da shaidarsa, inda ya bar dukan dukiyarsa ga tushe wanda shugabanni biyar za su gudanar da shi tare: "Bayan mutuwar Choukri, wannan takardar ta ɓace ba tare da wata alama ba", in ji Roberto de Hollanda, wanda ya kasance wakilin marubucin shekaru da yawa.

Tabbatar da gadonsa na wallafe-wallafen yana da matukar muhimmanci ga Choukri, amma ba a cika alkawuran da aka yi masa ba: "Tsarin shine ya ba da shi ga jami'ar Turai ko Amurka ko kuma ya ba da ita ga ma'aikatar Maroko, "in ji na wallafe'a ya bayyana.

Choukri ya zaɓi na Maroko. Don abu daya, yana tsoron cewa gwamnati na iya dakatar da tallafawa maganin cutar kansa mai tsada idan ya ba da haƙƙin aikinsa ga wata kungiya ta kasashen waje. A gefe guda, da ya zama abin kunya sosai da ya ba su ga ɗayan ƙasashen da suka mallaki Morocco da zalunci.

 Fim din 
For Bread Alone an daidaita shi zuwa fim ta Rachid Benhadj, a cikin samar da Italiyanci-Faransa-Algeria a shekara ta 2004. Ya fito da Said Taghmaoui . Fim din ya fara ne a bikin farko na Casablanca a shekarar 2005.

 Zantuka 

 Ayyuka 

 Don Gurasa Kawai, 1973
 Alfarwa, gajerun labaru, 1985
 Lokaci na Kuskuren, wanda kuma ake kira "Streetwise" 1992
 Jean Genet da Tennessee Williams a Tanger, 1992
 Jean Genet a Tangier, 1993
 Madman of the Roses, gajerun labaru 1993
 [Hasiya]
 Zoco Chico, 1996
 Fuskokin, 1996
 Kasuwar Cikin Gida, 1997
 Paul Bowles, wanda aka tsare shi a Tangier, 1997

 Tarin da aka tattara a Turanci 

 Labaran Tangier, trans. Jonas Elbousty (Yale University Press, 2023) 

 Duba sauran bayanai 


 Littattafan Maroko

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Matattun 2003
Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba