Dolores Alexander

Dolores Alexander (10 ga Agusta, 1931 - 13 ga Mayu, 2008)  ta kasance 'yar jarida ce kuma 'yar mata da aka fi sani da aikinta a matsayin Babban Darakta a cikin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa (NOW) daga 1969-1970, a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwar gidan cin abinci na mata Mother Courage daga 1972-1977, kuma co-kafa Women Against Pornography (WAP) a 1979. Har zuwa mutuwarta, a shekara ta 2008, ta ci gaba da yin imani da bukatar yunkurin kare hakkin mata a zamanin yau, tana mai cewa "Yana da tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma ban san idan za ku iya kawar da shi ba".

 Rayuwar farko da aiki 
An haifi Dolores Alexander a Newark, New Jersey ga ma'aikatan masana'antu Dominick DeCarlo da Sally née Koraleski . [1] Ta halarci makarantun Roman Katolika a New Jersey kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na ofishin Equitable bayan kammala karatun sakandare.

Duk da sha'awar mahaifinta, Alexander ta shiga Jami'ar New York, inda ta sadu da Aaron Alexander, wanda ya shiga cikin shirin masanin ilimi. Sun yi aure a 1950, amma sun sake aure bayan shekaru 5.[1]

A shekara ta 1961 ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Birnin New York tare da digiri na farko a fannin Harshe da Littattafai. A Lokaci da ta fi girma a cikin shekara ta yi aiki a The New York Times a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na watanni 10, tana samun kwarewa a aikin jarida da kuma ɗanɗano na farko na jima'i a cikin fagen labarai: yayin da take neman matsayi a Times, ma'aikacin namiji bai hayar ta a matsayin "yarinya" ba saboda hakan zai "ya haifar da juyin juya hali a cikin gidan labarai". Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto, edita mai kwafi da kuma Shugaban ofishin a Newark Evening News daga 1961 zuwa 1964. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto, edita mai kwafi da mataimakin edita mata a Newsday, kuma tana aiki a matsayin marubuciya mai mahimmanci ga mujallar karshen mako ta wallafe-wallafen har zuwa 1969."Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved April 1, 2024.

 Yancin mata 
Har zuwa wannan lokacin koyaushe ina jin kamar weirdo, mutumin da kawai ya ji ba daidai ba ne da duniya da ke kewaye da ita. Na san muna bukatar ƙungiyar mata. Wannan shi ne abin da nake jira. - Dolores Alexander, 2007.A cikin 1966, yayin da yake aiki a Newsday, Alexander ya haɗu da Sanarwar manema labarai da ke sanar da kirkirar sabuwar kungiyar kare hakkin mata: Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa (NOW). Ta yi hira da Betty Friedan  kuma tare da kwarewarta ta kafofin watsa labarai, ta zama shugabar Kwamitin Kula da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa kan Hoton Mata a cikin Mass Media . Bayan dawowa zuwa Newsday, Alexander ya sanya hannu kan kowace mace a cikin ɗakin labarai, har ma ya ba da damar biyan kuɗin $ 5 ga mata waɗanda ba za su iya zama mambobi ba."Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved April 1, 2024.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1968, Alexander ya ba da shawarar sabon matsayi a NOW, Babban Darakta, wanda zai kafa ofishin New York don amsa wasika, ya fitar da wata takarda, kuma ya yi wasu ayyukan ƙungiya ga NOW. Alexander ta bar aikinta a Newsday kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta a hukumance a watan Fabrairun 1969. Alexander ya yi niyyar matsayin Babban Darakta ya zama aikin ɗan lokaci don ta iya aiki a kan rubuce-rubuce masu zaman kansu don ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga, amma aikin ya ƙare yana ɗaukar duk lokacinta."Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved April 1, 2024.

A wannan lokacin, kasancewar 'yan mata a cikin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa ta zama mafi bayyane ga membobinta da manema labarai. Alexander da sauran mambobin NOW sun tuna Rita Mae Brown ta halarci taron New York City a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1968 kuma tana magana da kanta a matsayin "mazabarku ta gida", wanda ya ba kungiyar mamaki. Bayan 'yan watanni, Ivy Bottini, a lokacin Shugaban Birnin New York NOW, ya gaya wa Alexander dalilin da ya sa ta bar mijinta shi ne cewa ita 'yar luwaɗi ce. Bottini ya kuma karfafa Alexander ya dauki Rita Mae Brown a matsayin budewa a ofishin kasa na NOW. Alexander ya hayar Brown kuma ya tabbatar da Bottini cewa har yanzu za su zama abokai ba tare da warware ra'ayinta game da lesbianism ba."Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved April 1, 2024.

Bayan dawowa daga wani biki a Fadar White House a Washington, DC, Alexander ya yi magana da Brown game da dangantakarta da Jean Faust, wani fitaccen memba na New York City NOW. A lokacin tattaunawarsu, Alexander ya ƙare da ɗaukar Brown a gado, amma dangantakarsu ta ƙare ba da daɗewa ba lokacin da Alexander ya ji Brown tana tattauna shirye-shiryenta tare da Anselma Dell"Olio don yaudari Betty Friedan da Muriel Fox. Manufar ita ce idan Friedan da Fox suna da kwarewar lesbian, za su kasance a buɗe don tattauna lesbianism a cikin ƙungiyar mata."Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved April 1, 2024.

Har zuwa wannan lokacin, Alexander da Friedan abokai ne kamar abokan aiki, don haka Alexander ta yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata ta gaya wa Friedan game da abin da ta ji. Alexander ya bayyana cewa kisan auren Friedan na baya-bayan nan tare da ƙaunar da take yi na yaudara zai sauƙaƙa ga Anselma Dell"Olio don yaudarar. Da farko, Friedan ya ɗan yi fushi amma ya yi farin ciki da jin game da tattaunawar amma, bayan ya sami kira da yawa daga Dell "Olio, ta ƙara damuwa game da lesbians a NOW. Brown nan da nan ta yi murabus daga matsayinta."Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved April 1, 2024.

Bayan wadannan abubuwan, dangantakar Alexander da Friedan ta kara tsanantawa har sai sun kasa aiki tare da juna ba tare da Friedan ya yi ihu ba. A watan Fabrairun 1970, Hukumar NOW ta rage ayyukan aikin Alexander a matsayin hanyar iyakance hulɗarta da Friedan. Koyaya, Alexander ya fahimci wannan a matsayin abin da ya haifar da korar ta bayan 'yan watanni saboda dagewar Friedan cewa a kori Alexander saboda ita 'yar luwaɗi ce. A watan Maris, a taron kasa an cire Alexander daga ayyukanta kuma an tura Ofishin Kasa na NOW zuwa Chicago, kodayake Alexander ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta har zuwa Mayu lokacin da ta yi murabus a hukumance."Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved April 1, 2024.

Alexander ya ci gaba da yin lacca game da haƙƙin mata kuma ya yi aiki tare da New Feminist Talent Collective, wanda Jacqueline Ceballos ta kafa don samar da sabis na masu magana game da ƙungiyar mata. Ta kafa kuma ta shirya Mata da Batsa kuma ta yi aiki tare da New York Radical Feminists . Alexander ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kungiyar National Association for Repeal of Abortion Laws, memba na kwaminisanci na New York NOW kuma memba ne na New York Newspaper Women's Club. Alexander ya kasance sanannen mutum a cikin abubuwan da suka faru da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar mata. Ta taimaka wajen kawo karshen aikin tallace-tallace na wariyar jinsi a cikin The New York Times,  ta kasance shaida ga tsarkakewar 'yan mata na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa, "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved April 1, 2024. ta shiga cikin Taron Mata na Kasa na 1977 a Houston, da Taron Duniya na huɗu kan Mata a Beijing a 1995 

 Jarumtar uwa 
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1972, Alexander da Jill Ward sun bude gidan cin abinci na mata na farko a Amurka a Greenwich Village, New York. Da yake a kan 342 West 11th Street, an sanya sunan gidan cin abinci ne bayan jarumar mace, Mother Courage, daga wasan kwaikwayo na Bertolt Brecht. Tun da yake matan biyu ba su da kwarewar gidan cin abinci a baya, sun ranta kudi daga abokai da abokan aiki da yawa don gyara tsohuwar Abincin rana da ake kira Benny's Soda Luncheonette da Delicatessen. Tare da taimakon abokai da yawa da mahaifin Ward, Alexander da Ward sun sake fasalin wurin gaba ɗaya kuma sun juya shi zuwa sabon gidan cin abinci gaba ɗaya.

Kowace dare a cikin makonni biyu na farko na buɗewar Uwar Courage, Ward da Alexander sun bayyana cewa gidan cin abincin su yana kusa da cin abincin dare. Sun bayyana a cikin sanarwar manema labarai cewa, "...Mother Courage ta zama wurin shakatawa da taruwa na mata a kusa da birni. Mata sun ji daɗi suna zuwa cin abincin dare kadai, tabbas za su shiga cikin akalla wani mutum da suka sani kuma za su iya cin abinci tare da shi. " [1] Wannan ta'aziyya ta kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa yayin da gidan cin abinci ya kasance tare da fasaha, mata sun fi fifiko. Bayan an ba Mother Courage lasisin giya da ruwan inabi a 1973, Joyce Vinson (ɗaya daga cikin manajojin gidan cin abinci na baya), ya bayyana cewa a matsayin mai fafutukar mata, za ta ba da ruwan inafi na farko ga mata koda kuwa baƙi maza ne kawai.[1] An kuma sanya takardun shaida a cikin daidaitattun nesa da masu cin abinci don kada a yi wani zato game da wanda zai biya abincin. Masu cin abinci, duk da haka, ba su ne kawai mutanen da suka fuskanci wannan tsarin ka'idojin mata ba. Uwar Courage ta tabbatar da biyan kowane ma'aikaci albashi iri ɗaya kuma tana da kowane matsayi yana juyawa tsakanin ma'aikata don haka, "kowace mace godiya ga matsalolin kowane mace".[had][1]

A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1975, Uwar Courage ta yi bikin ranar haihuwarta ta uku ta hanyar karbar bakuncin abincin champagne tare da cake a cikin siffar alamar Venus. An gayyaci baƙi sama da 100 (da yawa daga cikinsu sanannun mata ne), ciki har da Gloria Steinem, Audre Lorde, Kate Millett, da sauransu. Kodayake Mother Courage ta buɗe ne kawai har zuwa 1977, ta yi wahayi zuwa ga wasu gidajen cin abinci na mata da yawa don buɗewa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Mawallafi Lucy Komisar sau ɗaya ta bayyana Uwar Courage a matsayin "fiye da gidan cin abinci, wannan wani ɓangare ne na motsi na zamantakewa".

 Rayuwa da gado na baya 
Ana gudanar da takardun Alexander a cikin Tarin Sophia Smith a Kwalejin Smith "Collection: Dolores Alexander papers | Smith College Finding Aids". findingaids.smith.edu. Retrieved April 1, 2024. da kuma ɗakin karatu na Schlesinger a Jami'ar Harvard.  Yayin da lafiyarta ta ragu, ta koma baya daga hasken motsi, ta fi son kallon sabon tsara na masu gwagwarmaya "suna jagorantar canji". A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2008, Alexander ya mutu a Palm Harbor, Florida.

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Dolores Alexander tarihin baki daga Shirin Tarihin Magana
 Takardun jami'an NOW, 1960-1973: Taimako na Bincike. Laburaren Schlesinger, Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard.
 Takardun Dolores Alexander a Tarin Sophia Smith, tarin musamman na Kwalejin Smith
Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931
Rukuni:Mutuwar 2008
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba