Tithonia diversifolia

Tithonia diversifolia, wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin dangin shuke shuke na  Asteraceae wanda aka fi sani da itace marigold,   da turanci [Mexican tournesol], Mexican sunflower, Japanese sunflower ko Nitobe chrysanthemum . Yana da asali a Mexico da Amurka ta tsakiya amma yana da kusan rarrabawar pantropical a matsayin nau'in da aka gabatar."Tithonia diversifolia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-05-19. Dangane da yankin suna iya zama ko dai shekara-shekara ko na dindindin. Ya nuna babban damar haɓaka amfanin ƙasa a cikin ƙasa da aka ƙazanta a cikin abubuwan gina jiki.Achieng, J. O., Ouma, G., Odhiambo, G., & and Muyekho, F. (2007). 

Ya samo asali ne a Mexico; bincike ya nuna damar da zai iya amfana da manoma matalauta na Afirka.Jama, B., Palm, C. A., Buresh, R. J., Niang, A., Gachengo, C., Nziguheba, G., et al. (2000).  Wannan shuka ciyawa ce da ke girma da sauri kuma ta zama zaɓi a matsayin madadin da za a iya amfani da shi ga taki mai tsada.Jama et al. 2000, p.202 Ya nuna cewa yana ƙara yawan amfanin shuke-shuke da abubuwan gina jiki na nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), da potassium (K). 

 Bayyanawa 

furanni masu ƙanshi masu ƙanshi Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray.  suna da launin rawaya zuwa orange, 5-15 cm a fadin kuma 10-30 cm a tsawon. Orwa, C., Mutua, A., Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R. & Anthony, S. (2009).    Fure yana faruwa a lokacin bazara, kodayake ya fi yawa a lokacin kaka da farkon hunturu.Tithonia diversifolia Weeds of Australia.  Ana yada tsaba ta hanyar iska, ruwa, da dabbobi.Jama et al. 2000.  Tsuntsaye sune Achenes, 4-angled, da 5mm tsawo.Lalith Gunasekera, Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka, Colombo 2009, p.109.

 Tarihi da yanayin ƙasa 
Wannan shuka an samo asali ne a Mexico kuma ya bazu zuwa wasu sassan Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin da arewa zuwa Amurka.Orwa 2009, p.2. An kawo shi zuwa wasu sassan Afirka da Asiya a matsayin shuka mai ban sha'awa kuma ya zama ciyawa mai mamayewa wanda ya bazu ko'ina.Jama et al. 2000, p.202. Ana yawan samun sa a yankunan da ke da tsawo tsakanin 550m da 1950m.Orwa et al. 2009, p.2 Ana yawan samun sa a warwatse tsakanin koguna da gefen hanyoyi.Achieng et al. 2007, p.259 A Asiya da Latin Amurka ana kiran wannan shuka da kembang bulan (Indonesian da Javanese), jalacate (Spanish), SMEN (Thai) da kuma dã quỳ (Vietnamese). Orwa et al. 2009, p.1.

Duk da yake T. diversifolia yana da matsakaiciyar juriya ga fari, yawan ruwan sama da Afirka ke samu bazai isa ya goyi bayan girma na wannan biomass ba.Thor Smestad, B., Tiessen, H., & Buresh, R. J. (2002).  T. diversifolia a halin yanzu yana girma a wurare masu zafi da tsaka-tsaki a Afirka.Jama et al. 2000, p. 202. Koyaya, babu wata hujja da aka samu da za ta nuna cewa an yi ƙoƙari a yanayin hamada.

 Shuka 
Tithonia diversifolia na iya girma a cikin yanayi daban-daban na muhalli. Yana da matsakaiciyar juriya ga fari.Orwa et al. 2009, p.2 An inganta shi a yankunan da ke da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara daga 1000-2000 mm da zafin jiki na digiri 15-31 Celsius. 

Wannan shuka ba ta buƙatar adadi mai yawa na abubuwan gina jiki saboda yana iya ƙara adadin abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙasa kanta.Olabode et al. 2007, p.504. A matsayin ciyawa yana yaduwa da sauri wanda ke bawa manoma damar samun adadi mai yawa don amfani da taki.Jama et al. 2000, p.204.

 Tattalin Arziki 
Bincike kan amfani da wannan taki mai kore a kan tsire-tsire na tumatir ya nuna cewa wannan hanya ce mai amfani don kara yawan amfanin gona don amfanin arzikin manomi.Wanjiku, J., & Kimenye, L. N. (2006).  Koyaya, wannan ba tare da la'akari da buƙatun ma'aikata ba. Wani bincike daban ya gano cewa, tare da masara, yawan ma'aikata da ake buƙata da kuma yiwuwar kudi ba su da amfani, musamman a yankunan ruwan sama da ba a iya tsammani ba.Nziguheba, G., Merckx, R., Palm, C. A., & Mutuo, P. (2002). 

Wannan binciken ya kuma gano cewa girma T. diversifolia a kan ƙasar manoma ba shi da fa'ida daga ra'ayi na tattalin arziki. Maimakon haka, ya fi kyau a girbe daga wani wuri kuma a kai shi filayen.Nziguheba et al. 2002, p.171 Daga wannan binciken, filayen da suka karɓi taki na P kawai sun ba da kuɗin shiga ga manomi na $ 50USD / ha. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da T. diversifolia kawai, wannan kudin shiga ya tashi zuwa $ 494USD / ha. Sakamakon na ƙarshe yana da yawa, kamar yadda wani binciken ya nuna karuwar kawai zuwa $ 116USD / ha.Wanjiku et al. 2006, p.144

Girbi da rarraba wannan taki a kan ƙasa da hannu yana da matukar aiki.Achieng et al. 2007, p.265. Mafi kyawun amfanin gona ya zo ne lokacin da aka shuka T. diversifolia daga ƙasa don kada ya ɗauki sararin samaniya. Saboda wannan dalili, lokacin da aka yi amfani da lokacin aiki, wannan hanyar bazai amfana ga manomi ba.Jama et al. 2000, p.216.

 Biomass 
Ana iya amfani da Tithonia diversifolia azaman sinadarin sinadarai. Biomass yana nufin kayan da aka samo daga shuka, kamar ganye, ana aiki a cikin ƙasa a matsayin taki mai bushewa.Liasu et al. 2007, p.336. Tun da amfani da shi azaman taki yana buƙatar aiki mai yawa, ana ba da shawarar amfani da shi tare da amfanin gona mai daraja kamar tumatir, kale, carrot, da masara.Wanjiku et al. 2006, p.137 Don wannan amfani, an fara shuka a cikin shinge a gefen gefen gonar girbi.Jama et al. 2000, p. 202 Yana da mahimmanci duk da cewa adana iyakar yankin da manomi yake da shi. Za'a iya cire tsokoki masu kore (ba tsokoki ba), ganye, da furanni daga shuka a lokacin da manomi ya zaɓa, kodayake ana ba da shawarar cewa yanka kowane watanni 5 zai ba da adadi mai yawa na abubuwan gina jiki a cikin biomass.Jama et al. 2000, p.205 Hakanan ana iya amfani da biomass a matsayin mulch kuma ana iya barin shi a saman ƙasa don ya lalace cikin ƙasa.Liasu et al. 2007, p.336 An gano cewa biomass daga T. diversifolia yana rushewa da sauri kuma yana saki abubuwan gina jiki da sauri.Jama et al. 2000, p. 208.

Lokacin amfani da mulch ko biomass a cikin ƙasa, ya kamata a yi amfani da shi a mafi ƙarancin tan ɗaya ga kowane hekta na ƙasa. Koyaya, ana ba da mafi kyawun amfanin gona lokacin da aka yi amfani da tan 5 / hekta.Orwa et al. 2009, p.3. Abinda ke da illa a nan shi ne cewa ana buƙatar ganye da yawa don rufe karamin yanki na ƙasa saboda yana da babban ruwa.Jama et al. 2000, p.215. Haɗakar da wannan biomass tare da taki na roba zai kawo amfanin gona mafi girma. Wani binciken ya gano cewa lokacin da ake amfani da tithonia tare da sau uku superphosphate (TSP) cewa amfanin ya karu da 220% idan aka kwatanta da gwajin sarrafawa wanda ke dauke da taki na nitrogen (Urea) kawai.Opala, P. A., Othineno, C. O., Okalebo, J. R., & Kisinyo, P. O. (2009).  Lokacin amfani da T. diversifolia ya kamata a kara shi da taki na Mg saboda wannan abinci mai gina jiki ba shi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran taki na kore.Olabode et al. 2007, p.506.

 Alamar da amfani 

 A Japan, zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Meiji, an shigo da su azaman tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa kodayake ba a noma su a can ba. Da yake suna da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, an yi amfani da su don haifar da zazzabi don taimakawa wajen yaki da guba, kodayake ba a yi amfani da shi don dalilai na magani kai tsaye ba. Har ila yau, akwai labarin nau'in da Nitobe Inazo ya gabatar a Japan, saboda haka sunansa na Jafananci, Nitobe chrysanthemum (ニトベギク; Nitobegiku).
 Ita ce alamar hukuma ta birnin Da Lat, Vietnam.
 Ana sayar da su a kasuwannin maganin ganye a Taiwan.
 Ita ce furen Lardin Mae Hong Son, Thailand .
 Ana iya amfani da T. diversifolia azaman taki mai kore ga manoma. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi azaman abincin kaza, man fetur, kula da rushewar ƙasa, da kayan gini.Olabode, O. S., Sola, O., Akanbi, W. B., Adesina, G. O., & Babajide, P. A. (2007).  Don taki, ana amfani dashi azaman mulch wanda za'a iya yada shi a saman ƙasa ko binne shi a ƙarƙashinsa.Liasu, M. O., & Achakazi, A. (2007).  Fa'idodin a nan shine cewa amfani da shuka a matsayin taki ya tabbatar da kara yawan amfanin gona.Jama et al. 2000, p.202 T. diversifolia yana da ikon dawo da phosphorus a cikin adadi mai yawa zuwa ƙasa.Nziguheba, G., Merckx, R., Palm, C. A., & Mutuo, P. (2002).  T. diversifolia a matsayin taki ya ƙunshi 1.76% N, 0.82% P, da 3.92% K. Dukkanin kadarorin uku sun fi ƙasa a cikin turaren shanu, kuma P ya fi girma a cikin turare na kaji da alade.Olabode et al. 2007, p.505.

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