Inganci

Inganci shine ikon da za'a iya auna shi sau dayawa, don kauce wa yin Kuskuren ko ɓata kayan aiki, kuzari, ƙoƙari, kuɗi, da lokaci yayin yin aiki. A cikin ma'anar gaba ɗaya, ikon yin abubuwa ne da kyau, cikin nasara, kuma batare da lalacewa ba. 

A cikin karin ilimin lissafi ko na kimiyya, yana nuna matakin aikin dake amfani da mafi ƙarancin shigarwa ,don cimma mafi girman adadin fitarwa. Sau dayawa musamman ya ƙunshi ikon takamaiman aikace-aikacen ƙoƙari don samar da takamaiman sakamako tare da mafi ƙarancin adadin ko yawan sharar gida, tsada, ko ƙoƙari mara amfani.Sickles, R., and Zelenyuk, V. (2019). "Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Inganci yana nufin shigarwa da fitarwa daban-daban a fannoni da masana'antu daban-daban. A cikin 2019, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ce: "Kyakkyawan albarkatun yana nufin amfani da iyakantaccen albarkatun Duniya a hanyar da ta dace yayin da yake rage tasirin muhalli. Yana bamu damar ƙirƙirar ƙarin tare da ƙasa da kuma isar da ƙima mafi girma tare da ƙarancin shigarwa. "

Marubuciya Deborah Stone ta lura cewa inganci "ba burin bane a cikin kansa, Ba wani abu ne da muke so don kansa ba, amma saboda yana taimaka mana mu sami ƙarin abubuwan da muke daraja wa".

 Inganci da tasiri 
Sau da yawa ana rikitar da inganci tare da tasiri. Gabaɗaya, inganci ra'ayi ne mai auna, wanda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar rabo na fitarwa mai amfani zuwa jimlar shigarwa mai amfani. Tasiri shine ra'ayi mafi sauki na samun damar cimma sakamakon da ake so, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi da yawa amma yawanci baya buƙatar lissafi mai rikitarwa fiye da ƙari. Ana iya bayyana inganci sau dayawa a matsayin kashi na sakamakon da za'a iya sa ran, misali idan babu makamashi da aka rasa saboda rikici ko wasu dalilai, a wannan yanayin za'ayi amfani da 100% na man fetur ko wasu shigarwa don samar da sakamakon da ake so. A wasu lokuta ana iya ƙididdige ingancin kai tsaye tare da ƙimar da bata kashi ba, misali takamaiman motsi.

Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita amma mai rikitarwa don rarrabe tsakanin inganci da tasiri itace cewa "Inganci yana yin abubuwa daidai, yayin da tasiri ke yin abubuwa masu kyau". Wannan magana a kaikaice tana jaddada cewa zaɓin manufofi na tsarin samarwa yanada mahimmanci kamar ingancin wannan tsari. Wannan magana da ta shahara a harkokin kasuwanci, duk da haka, ta rufe ma'anar "tasiri", wanda zai / ya kamata ya samar da wannan mnemonic: "Kwarewa yana yin abubuwa daidai; tasiri yana samun abubuwa". Wannan ya bayyana a fili cewa tasiri, alal misali manyan lambobin samarwa, ana iya cimma su ta hanyar hanyoyin da basu da inganci idan, alal misali, ma'aikata suna shirye ko amfani da su don yin aiki na tsawon sa'o'i ko tare da ƙoƙari na jiki fiye da sauran kamfanoni ko ƙasashe ko idan ana iya tilasta su yin hakan. Hakazalika, kamfani na iya samun tasiri, alal misali manyan lambobin samarwa, ta hanyar hanyoyin da basu da inganci idan zai iya amfani da karin makamashi a kowace samfurin, alal misali idan farashin makamashi, ko farashin ma'aikata ko duka biyu sun fi na masu fafatawa.

 Rashin inganci 
Rashin inganci shine rashin inganci. Ire iren rashin inganci sun hada da:

 Rashin inganci na Allocative yana nufin halin da ake ciki inda rarraba albarkatun tsakanin madadin bai dace da dandano na mabukaci ba (ra'ayi na farashi da fa'idodi). Misali, kamfani na iya samun mafi ƙarancin farashi a cikin sharuddan "mai amfani", amma sakamakon na iya zama mara inganci a cikin sharudda masu rarrabawa saboda "gaskiya" ko farashin zamantakewa ya wuce farashin da masu amfani suke son biyan don ƙarin ɗayan samfurin. Wannan gaskiya ne, alal misali, idan kamfanin ya samar da gurɓataccen yanayi (duba kuma Farashin waje). Abokan ciniki zasu fi son kamfanin da masu fafatawa dashi su samar da ƙasa da samfurin kuma su caji farashi mafi girma, don shigar da farashi na waje.
 Rashin ingancin rarraba yana nufin rashin ingancin rarrabawa na samun kudin shiga da dukiya a cikin al'umma. Rage amfani da dukiya, a ka'idar, yana nuna cewa ƙarin rarraba dukiya na daidaito sun fi dacewa fiye da rarrabawar rashin daidaito. Rashin ingancin rarraba sau dayawa yana da alaƙa da Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki.
 Rashin ingancin tattalin arziki yana nufin halin da ake ciki inda "muna iya yin aiki mafi kyau," watau, cimma burinmu a farashi mai rahusa. Akasin yadda tattalin arziki yake. A cikin wannan yanayin, babu wata hanyar yin aiki mafi kyau, saboda albarkatun da ke akwai da fasaha. Wani lokaci, ana kiran wannan nau'in ingancin tattalin arziki da ingancin Koopmans.Sickles, R., and Zelenyuk, V. (2019). "Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Za'a iya bayyana rashin inganci na Keynesian a matsayin rashin cikakkiyar amfani da albarkatun (aiki, kayan masarufi, albarkatun kasa, da dai sauransu) saboda rashin isasshen buƙata. Bamu samun damar samarwa, yayin da muke fama da rashin aikin yi. Za mu iya yin aiki mafi kyau idan mukayi amfani da kudaden da basu da kuɗi ko kuma manufofin fadada kuɗi.
 Rashin inganci na Pareto yanayi ne wanda baza'a iya inganta mutum ɗaya batare da yasa wani yafi muni ba. A aikace, wannan ma'auni yana da wuyar amfani dashi a cikin duniya mai canzawa koyaushe, don haka mutane da yawa suna jaddada ingancin Kaldor-Hicks da rashin inganci: halin da ake ciki ba shi da inganci idan za'a iya inganta wani ko da bayan ya biya waɗanda suka fi muni, batare da la'akari da ko biyan diyya ya faru ba.
 Rashin inganci na samarwa yace zamu iya samar da fitarwa da aka bayar a farashi mai rahusa - ko kuma za mu iya haifar da karin fitarwa don farashin da aka bayar. Misali, kamfani wanda bashi da inganci zai sami farashi mai yawa kuma zai kasance a cikin rashin fa'ida (ko kuma yana da ƙananan riba fiye da sauran kamfanoni a kasuwa). Dubi Sickles da Zelenyuk (2019, Babi na 3) don ƙarin tattaunawa mai zurfi.
 Rashin ingancin kasuwar albarkatu yana nufin shingen dake hana cikakken gyare-gyare na kasuwannin albarkatu, don haka ba'a amfani da albarkatun ko kuma ba'a amfani dasu ba. Misali, Rashin aikin yi na tsari yana haifar da shingen motsi a kasuwannin aiki wanda ke hana ma'aikata ƙaura zuwa wurare da sana'o'i inda akwai wuraren aiki. Don haka, ma'aikatan da basu da aikin yi na iya kasancewa tare da wuraren aiki da ba'a cika su ba.
 X-rashin inganci yana nufin rashin inganci a cikin "bakin akwatin" na samarwa, haɗa abubuwan shigarwa zuwa fitarwa. Irin wannan rashin inganci yace zamu iya shirya mutane ko hanyoyin samarwa yadda ya kamata. Sau dayawa matsalolin "morale" ko "bureaucratic inertia" suna haifar da X-rashin inganci.

Rashin inganci na samarwa, rashin inganci na kasuwar albarkatu, da rashin inganci da X za'a iya nazarin ta amfani da nazarin bayanan bayanai da makamantansu hanyoyin.

 Magana ta lissafi 
Sau dayawa ana auna inganC a matsayin r na fitarwa mai amfani zuwa jimlar shigarwa, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi tare da tsarin lissafi r = 'P' / C, inda P shine adadin fitarwa mai mahimmanci ("samfurin") da aka samar ta adadin C ("farashin") na albarkatun da aka cinye. Wannan na iya dacewa da kashi idan an ƙididdige samfuran da kayan cinyewa a cikin raka'a masu jituwa, kuma idan an canza kayan cinye zuwa samfuran ta hanyar tsarin ra'ayin mazan jiya. Misali, a C nazarin Ingancin jujjuyawar makamashi na injunan zafi a cikin thermodynamics, samfurin P na iya zama adadin aikin aiki mai amfani, yayin da C mai cinyewa shine adadin shigarwar zafi mai zafi. Saboda C="cx-link" data-linkid="87" hr="./Conservation_of_energy" id="mwTA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Conservation of energy">kiyaye makamashi, P bazai iya zama mafi girma fiye da C ba, don haka ingancin r ba ya fi 100% (kuma a zahiri dole ne ya zama ƙasa da yanayin zafi).

 A cikin kimiyya da fasaha 

 A cikin ilimin lissafi 

 Ayyuka masu amfani da yawa na makamashi, fa'idar inji akan fa'idar injiniya mai kyau, sau da yawa ana nuna shi da ƙananan harafin Girkanci η (Eta):
 Ingancin wutar lantarki
 Ingancin jujjuyawar makamashi
 Kyakkyawan aikin inji
 Ingancin zafi, rabo na aikin da akayi da makamashi mai zafi da aka cinye
 Amfani da makamashi mai inganci, manufar kara inganci
 A cikin thermodynamics:
 Ingancin jujjuyawar makamashi, ma'auni na doka ta biyu ta asarar thermodynamic
 Ingancin radiation, rabo na ƙarfin radiated zuwa ƙarfin da aka sha a tashoshin eriya
 Ingancin ƙira, a cikin ƙirar injin konewa na ciki don RAF
 Rarrabawar ɗagawa zuwa ja
 Faraday yadda ya kamata, electrolysis
 Kyakkyawan ƙididdiga, ma'auni na ƙwarewar hoto
 Gudanar da inganci, ƙaddamar da haskakawa na madubi, wanda aka faɗaɗa zuwa ƙirar diffraction

 A cikin tattalin arziki 

 Inganta fasahar samarwa
 Ingancin tattalin arziki, yadda ake guje wa sharar gida ko wasu siffofi marasa kyau
 Ingancin kasuwa, yadda kasuwar da aka batayi kama da manufa ta ingantaccen kasuwaKasuwanci mai inganci
 Pareto yadda ya kamata, yanayin da bazai yiwu ba don yin mutum daya yafi kyau, ba tare da yin wani mutum yafi muni ba.
 Kaldor-Hicks yadda ya kamata, wani nau'i mai sauƙi na Pareto yadda ya kamata
 Allocative inganci, mafi kyawun rarraba kayayyaki
 Albashi na inganci, biyan ma'aikata fiye da farashin kasuwa don kara yawan aiki
 Kwarewar kasuwanci, kudaden shiga dangane da kudade, da dai sauransu.
 Ƙungiyar Inganci, ta Cigaban  (1890-1932), ta ba da shawarar inganci a cikin tattalin arziki, al'umma da gwamnati

 A wasu kimiyyar 

 A cikin lissafi:
 Algorithmic inganci, inganta saurin da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na shirin kwamfuta.
 Bukatar da ba ta aiki ba (ma'auni don inganci) a cikin tsarin tsarin tsarin da tsarin tsarin dake faɗin wani abu game da amfani da albarkatun don nauyin da aka ba
 Ingancin aiki, a cikin sadarwa ta bayanai
 Ingancin ajiya, tasirin ajiyar bayanan kwamfuta
 Inganci (ƙididdiga) , ma'auni na sha'awar mai kimantawa
 Kyakkyawan kayan aiki, kwatanta bukatun kayan aiki tsakanin ayyukan gini ko matakai na zahiri
 Kwarewar gudanarwa, auna nuna gaskiya a cikin hukumomin gwamnati da sauƙin dokoki da hanyoyin ga 'yan ƙasa da kasuwanci
 A cikin ilmin halitta:
 Kyakkyawan aikin photosynthetic
 Ingancin muhalli

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