Shirin Tsakiyar Rio Grande

Shirin Rio Grande' ya  na Tsakiya yana sarrafa ruwa a cikin tekon  Albuquerque Basin na New Mexico,  kasar Amurka.Ya haɗa da manyan haɓakawa da faɗaɗa ga wuraren ban ruwa da aka gina ta Rio Grande Conservancy District">Gundumar Tsakiyar Rio Grande da gyare-gyare ga tashar Rio Grande don sarrafa lalacewa da ambaliyar ruwa. Yawancin aikin an yi shi ne ta Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da Injiniyoyin Sojojin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1950, amma aikin ya ci gaba zuwa cikin shekara ta 1970 kuma ana ci gaba da kiyayewa. Aikin ya dace da aikin San Juan-Chama, wanda ke canja wurin ruwa daga Kogin San Juan a cikin Kogin Colorado zuwa Rio Grande. Kodayake ana rarraba ruwa daga ayyukan biyu ta hanyar rabon rabon rabawa da kwangila, akwai wasu rabawa na kayan aiki ciki har da kogin da kansa. Tasirin muhalli a kan kogi da Yankin kogin shine batun da aka tsawaita shari'a bayan wani rukuni na masu kula da muhalli sun shigar da Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v. Ofishin Reclamation a cikin shekara ta 1999.

 Tarihi 
Kwarin Rio Grande daga Taos Pueblo zuwa Socorro an ci gaba da zama fiye da kowane ɓangare na Amurka. Indiyawa Pueblo sun karkatar da ruwa daga kogi don ban ruwa. Mutanen Mutanen Espanya da suka isa a karni na 17 sun kafa tsarin da ya fi girma na acequias, ko kuma hanyoyin ban ruwa. Ƙarin mazauna sun isa bayan an ba da yankin ga Amurka acikin shekara ta 1848, musamman bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka acikin shekara ta(1861 zuwa cikin shekara ta 1865). Ruwa ya kai kololuwa a cikin shekara 1880 tare da kadada 1,248,000 (505,000  na ƙasar noma a cikin kwarin daga Cochiti zuwa San Marcial. Matsayin noma ya fara raguwa bayan wannan saboda ƙarancin ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa da ruwa da aka haifar da karuwar kogin, teburin ruwa mai tasowa da rashin ruwa.

An kafa Gundumar Tsakiyar Rio Grande ne acikin shekara ta 1925 don magance waɗannan matsalolin. Ya shiga cikin matsalolin kudi kuma ya nemi Ofishin Amincewa da ya taimaka wajen binciken matsalolin da kuma farfado da wuraren ban ruwa. Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar ruwa ta 30 Yuni 1948 ta amince da cikakken shirin don aikin, kuma ta ba da umarnin Ofishin Amincewa da ya bincika hanyoyin rage amfani da ruwa ba tare da amfani ba ta hanyar ciyayi a cikin filayen ambaliyar Rio Grande da manyan masu ba da gudummawa a sama da tafkin Caballo. Ofishin Ma'aikata da Corps of Engineers sun yi aiki tare don tsara aikin. Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar ruwa ta 17 ga Mayu 1950 ta amince da kammala shirin. Ofishin Reclamation yana da alhakin sake gina madatsar ruwan El Vado, aikin ban ruwa da magudanar ruwa da tashar kogi. Corps of Engineers ne ke da alhakin gina tafkunan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma kariya ga ambaliyar.

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 
Shirin Rio Grande na Tsakiya ya haɗa da kogi, madatsun ruwa, ban ruwa da tashoshin magudanar ruwa daga Velarde kudu zuwa inda kogi ya shiga tafkin Elephant Butte. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da kula da kogi kusa da Gaskiya ko Sakamakon, New Mexico.Ginin ban ruwa, wanda aka gina ta gundumar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, yana ban ruwa har zuwa  , kuma ya haɗa da kadada 30,000 (12,000  na ƙasashen haƙƙin ruwa na Indiya.Ofishin Reclamation yana aiki kuma yana kula da madatsar ruwan El Vado da kogi daga Velarde zuwa Narrows of Elephant Butte Reservoir. Gundumar Tsakiyar Rio Grande tana gudanar da wuraren ban ruwa, gami da madatsar ruwa guda uku. Kungiyar Injiniyoyi tana aiki da kuma kula da madatsar ruwan Cochiti . 

 Gine-gine 

 Adanawa 
A cikin shekara ta 1934 zuwa cikin shekara ta 1935 gundumar kiyayewa ta gina madatsar ruwan El Vado a kan Rio Chama kimanin mil 160 (260  arewacin Albuquerque don adana ruwan ban ruwa don amfani a lokutan bushe. A cikin shekara ta 1954 zuwa cikin shekara ta 1955 Ofishin Reclamation ya sake gyara madatsar ruwan, wani dutse mai laushi tare da membrane na ƙarfe a kan fuskar sama,   tare da tsawon mita 1,326 (404). A cikin shekara ta 1965 zuwa cikin shekara ta 1968 Ofishin Reclamation ya gina sabon tashar aiki don kula da ƙarin ruwa da aka kawo ta San Juan-Chama Project. Wannan tafkin yana da da 196,500 acre-feet (ƙafa ɗaya acre daidai da  m3).Dam din yana ciyar da tashar wutar lantarki ta kilowatt 8,000 da Los Alamos County ke sarrafawa.

A cikin shekara ta 1974 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1975 rundunar injiniyoyi ta gina madatsar ruwan Cochiti don kula da ambaliyar ruwa, ta mamaye tsohon madatsar ruwa ta Cochiti.Hakanan yana ba da ruwan ban ruwa ga Sashen Cochiti . 

 Wasanni 
Ofishin Ma'aikatar ta gyara madatsar ruwan guda hudu. Angostura Diversion Dam, wanda aka gyara a 1958, yana aiki da Albuquerque Division. Sashe ne na kankare   tsawo da 800 feet (240  tsawon. Isleta Diversion Dam, wanda aka gyara a shekarar 1955, yana aiki da Belen Division. Tsarin ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfi   tsawo da 674 feet (205  tsawon tare da ƙofofin radial 30.San Acacia Diversion Dam, wanda aka gyara a shekara ta 1957, yana aiki da Socorro Division. Yana da   tsawo da   tsawon, tare da ƙofofin radial 29. Cochiti Division ya kasance yana aiki ne daga Cochiti Diversion Dam, wanda aka gyara a 1958, amma yanzu ana ba da shi kai tsaye daga Cochini Dam.

 Ruwa da magudanar ruwa 
Tsarin rarraba da magudanar ruwa ya haɗa da mil 202 (kilomita 325) na canals, wanda kusan (kilomitara 9.7) an shimfiɗa su; mil 580 (kilomitha 930) na gefen, wanda kusan kilomita 4 (kilominta 6.4) an shimfiɗar su; da mil 405 (kilomira 652) na bututun bututun bututu, mafi yawansu sashi ne na buɗewa. Daga cikin shekara ta 1953 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1961 Ofishin Reclamation ya gudanar da gyare-gyare mai yawa na canals, gefe, drains, da acequias a duk lokacin aikin.A cikin shekara ta 1951 Ofishin Reclamation ya fara gina tashar jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin San Acacia Diversion Dam da Narrows of Elephant Butte, ya kammala aikin a cikin 1959.A cikin 1961 Ofishin Reclamation ya kammala gyare-gyare na kayan aikin Socorro Main Canal arewa a San Acacia Diversion Dam.A shekara ta 1975 an ɗaure tashar a cikin Ruwa na Ruwa No. 7 Extension sannan kuma zuwa Ruwa na Nuwa No. 7. 

 Kogin 
Tsakanin shekara ta 1954 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1962 Ofishin Amincewa ya gudanar da sake daidaita kogin da ingantawa tsakanin Velarde da bakin Rio Puerco. Kulawa tare da tsawon kilomita 149 (240  na kogi don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa da rage amfani da ruwa ba tare da amfani ba ta hanyar evapotranspiration abin da ake buƙata ne mai gudana. Tsawon kogin da aka kiyaye shine   a yankin Espanola, mil 8 (13  a cikin yankin Cochiti, mil 24 (39  A cikin yankin Albuquerque,   a ƙarƙashin yankin Belen, (60  a matsayin yankin Socorro, (53  a ƙarshen yankin San Marcial da mil 1 (1.6  a wuraren Gaskiya ko Sakamakon. Ayyukan kulawa sun haɗa da share matattarar datti, tashar matukin jirgi, shigar da tashar jiragen ruwa, da kuma kula da tashar low-flow. Ofishin Reclamation yana amfani da wasu hanyoyin kula da tashar tun daga ƙarshen 1980s a kokarin inganta ingancin kogin da wuraren zama na riparian.

 Fa'idodi 
Gyara tsarin ban ruwa a duk lokacin aikin ya haifar da samar da ruwa mai ɗorewa zuwa kimanin kadada 90,000 (ha 36,000) na ƙasar ban ruwa, gami da ruwa ga ƙauyuka shida na kudancin Indiya na Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Sandia, da Isleta, dukansu suna aiki da Gundumar Tsakiyar Rio Grande Conservancy.Wannan yana tallafawa noman alfalfa, sha'ir, alkama, oats, masara, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu. Shirin kula da kogi, haɗe da madatsar ruwan da ke kula da ambaliyar ruwa ta Injiniyoyi da tsarin dicks, ya rage barazanar ambaliyar da ba a sarrafa ta ba a cikin kwarin Rio Grande na Tsakiya.

 Tambayoyi 
Daidaitawar tashar kogi ta hanyar sharewa, tashoshin matukin jirgi, da filayen tashar jiragen ruwa sun haifar da kafa manyan wuraren da ake kira bosque. A baya, an lalata manyan itatuwa a cikin shekaru masu nauyi saboda kogin ya koma baya da gaba a fadin tashar daga dam zuwa dam. Yankunan da ke tsakanin hanyar ambaliyar ruwa da kogin kogin yanzu sun cika da dindindin na manyan bishiyoyi da sauran tsiro masu tsayi. Rashin mamayewar jinsunan da ba na asali ba, da kuma rashin sake farfado da bishiyoyi na asali, yana da damuwa game da muhalli.

 Dubi kuma 

 Ruwa na Rio Grande da kuma karkatarwa

 manazarta 
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