Affad Basin

Affad Basin yanki ne da ke cikin kwarin Nilu ta Tsakiya. Osypińska, Marta; Osypiński, Piotr (2016). "Animal Exploitation and Behaviour of the Latest Middle Stone Age Societies in the Middle Nile Valley: Archaeozoological and Taphonomic Analysis of Late Pleistocene Fauna from the Affad Basin, Sudan". African Archaeological Review. 33: 107–127. doi:10.1007/S10437-016-9220-4. ISSN 0263-0338. JSTOR 43916782. OCLC 6224530721. S2CID 131837745. Affad 23 wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne da ke yankin Affad na kudancin Dongola Reach a arewacin Sudan,Osypiński, Piotr; Osypińska, Marta; Gautier, Achilles (2011). "Affad 23, a Late Middle Palaeolithic Site With Refitted Lithics and Animal Remains in the Southern Dongola Reach, Sudan". Journal of African Archaeology. 9 (2): 177–188. doi:10.3213/2191-5784-10186. ISSN 1612-1651. JSTOR 43135549. OCLC 7787802958. S2CID 161078189. wanda ke daukar nauyin "ragowar sansanonin da aka rigaya kafin tarihi (kayan tarihi na tsohuwar bukkar iska a duniya) da kuma farauta iri-iri. tara loci kimanin shekaru 50,000".Osypiński, Piotr (2020). "Unearthing Pan-African crossroad? Significance of the middle Nile valley in prehistory" (PDF). National Science Centre.PalaeoAffad Project (2016). "Who We Are". PalaeoAffad Project. Osypińska (2021) ya nuna cewa "binciken archaeozoological da aka yi a Affad ya zama babban mahimmanci ga dukan tarihin shanu a nahiyar Afirka. Babban guntun kwanyar da kuma kusan cikakkiyar ƙaho na auroch, kakannin daji na gida. An gano shanu, a wuraren da suka shafe shekaru 50,000 kuma suna da alaƙa da MSA. Waɗannan su ne mafi dadewa da suka rage na auroch a Sudan, kuma suna alama a kudancin iyakar wannan nau'in a duniya."[5] Bisa ga shanu (. Bos) ya kasance a cikin Affad da Letti, Osypiński (2022) ya nuna cewa "ya dace a sake tayar da batun asalin shanu a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Tunanin shanun gida a Afirka da ke fitowa daga Ƙarfafa Ƙwararru na musamman yanzu ana ganin kamar suna da nakasu sosai.”Osypiński, Piotr (December 30, 2022). "Unearthing a Middle Nile crossroads – exploring the prehistory of the Letti Basin (Sudan)" (PDF). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 31: 55-56. doi:10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam31.13. ISSN 1234-5415.

Ilimin Kimiyya Na Kayan Tarihi
Da farko, an yi binciken wuraren da ke Affad tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2003.Osypińska, Marta; Osypiński, Piotr (September 2014). "The Latest Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Middle Nile Valley". Antiquity. 88 (341). A cikin 2012, masu binciken archaeologists daga Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology da Ethnology, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Poland sun fara tono wuraren.Osypińska & Osypiński 2021, p. 187. PalaeoAffad Project (28 March 2013). "After the 2013 field season". PalaeoAffad Project. Bayanan hakowa sun kai kimanin shekaru 70,000 na tarihin wannan yanki a Sudan.Osypińska & Osypiński 2021, p. 187.
Affad 23 wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne da ke cikin tarkacen matsuguni da wata tsohuwar tashar kogin Nilu ta kafa a yankin Affad na kudancin Dongola Reach a arewacin Sudan. Affad 23 ta karbi bakuncin "kyakkyawan abubuwan da aka adana na sansanonin tarihi na tarihi (kasuwa na tsohuwar bukkar iska a duniya) da farauta iri-iri da tattara wuraren kusan shekaru 50,000".Osypiński, Piotr (2020). "Unearthing Pan-African crossroad? Significance of the middle Nile valley in prehistory" (PDF). National Science Centre.PalaeoAffad Project (2016). "Who We Are". PalaeoAffad Project. Osypińska (2021) ya ce:Osypińska & Osypiński 2021, p. 460.
Rukunin rukunonin Paleolithic na Tsakiya da ke kusa da Affad a Kudancin Dongola Reach yana da mahimmanci daga mahangar mafi tsufa matakan tarihin yankin Nilu ta Tsakiya. A wuraren da ke tattare da gawarwakin mafarauta daga kimanin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, an gano gawarwakin dabbobi sama da 10,000. Babban rukunin dabbobin da Marigayi Pleistocene ke farauta a Affad sun kasance marasa ƙarfi. Hanyoyin farauta na al'ummomin Paleolithic na Tsakiya sun bambanta bisa ga kakar. A cikin hunturu, lokacin rani, an yi amfani da yankin gandun daji na bakin teku da kuma gogewa. Babban nau'in da aka farauta shine mai kunya, matsakaicin girman kob antelope (Kobus sp.). Da alama an kama manyan kifi (Siluriformes) a ƙananan matakan ruwa a cikin hunturu. A lokacin rani, lokacin da ruwan kogin Nilu ya mamaye yankunan da ke ƙasa, mutane suna farautar dabbobin da ke zaune a wuri mafi buɗewa na gandun daji na savanna. Babban nau'in da aka kashe a lokacin shine auroch (Bos primigenius). Wani bincike da aka yi a Affad ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci ga dukkan tarihin shanu a nahiyar Afirka. An gano wani babban guntun kokon kai da kusan cikakkiyar ƙaho na auroch, kakan daji na shanun gida, a wuraren da suka shafe shekaru 50,000 kuma suna da alaƙa da MSA. Waɗannan su ne mafi daɗaɗɗen ragowar daular auroch a Sudan, kuma suna nuna alamar kudu mafi tsayin wannan nau'in a duniya.Osypińska & Osypiński 2021, p. 460.

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