Ilimin muhalli

Ilimin muhalli na ji wani sabon filin ne wanda ke mai da hankali kan bayanan da kwayoyin ke samu game da mahallinsu. Ya haɗa da tambayoyin abin da aka samu, yadda aka samu (tsarin), da kuma dalilin da ya sa bayani yana da amfani ga kwayoyin (aiki).

Ilimin Muhalli shine nazarin yadda kwayoyin halitta ke samun, sarrafawa, da amsawa ga bayanai daga mahallinsu. Dukkanin kwayoyin suna hulɗa tare da mahallinsu (wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu rai da marasa rai), da musayar kayan, makamashi, da bayanan ji. Ilimin muhalli ya mayar da hankali kan musayar kwayoyin halitta da makamashi, yayin da aka yi nazarin hulɗar ji gabaɗaya a matsayin tasiri ga halayyar da ayyukan wasu tsarin ilimin lissafi (ƙwayoyin ji). Sabon yanki na ilimin muhalli ya fito ne yayin da masu bincike ke mai da hankali kan tambayoyin da suka shafi bayanai a cikin muhalli.Dusenbery, David B. (1992). Sensory Ecology. New York: W.H. Freeman. Barth, F.G. and A. Schmid, eds. (2001). Ecology of Sensing, Ch.1. Springer.  Wannan filin yana rufe batutuwa daga hanyoyin neurobiological na tsarin ji zuwa tsarin halayyar da aka yi amfani da shi wajen samun bayanan ji zuwa rawar da ilimin muhalli ke takawa a cikin manyan hanyoyin juyin halitta kamar su speciation da keɓewar haihuwa. Duk da yake fahimtar ɗan adam galibi na gani ne, wasu nau'o'in na iya dogaro da hanyoyi daban-daban. A zahiri, yadda kwayoyin halitta ke fahimta da tace bayanai daga mahallinsu ya bambanta sosai. Kwayoyin suna fuskantar duniyoyi daban-daban na fahimta, wanda aka fi sani da "umwelten", sakamakon matattarar su. Wadannan ji sun fito ne daga ƙanshi (mai ƙanshi), ɗanɗano (mai ƙamshi), ji (ma'anar ƙunshi), da gani (gani) zuwa gano pheromone, gano ciwo (nociception), electroreception da magnetoreception. Misali, magnetoreception ya kafa compass na magnetic ga nau'o'i daban-daban, yana taimakawa dabbobi kamar tsuntsaye masu ƙaura su motsa a cikin hanyoyin ƙaura, turtles na ruwa suna tafiya daga bakin teku, jagorantar ayyukan ginin ƙudan zuma, da kuma taimakawa salamanders wajen gano iyakoki tsakanin ruwa da ƙasa. Saboda nau'o'i daban-daban sun dogara da hanyoyi daban-daban, masu ilimin muhalli na ji suna neman fahimtar abin da ke cikin muhalli da kuma abubuwan ji suka fi muhimmanci wajen tantance halayyar wasu nau'o-in. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da wannan bayanin a ko'ina a fannonin kiyayewa da gudanarwa.

 Halin kwayoyin halitta ga canje-canjen muhalli 

 Canjin matakin amo 
Sadarwa shine mabuɗin hulɗar jinsuna da yawa. Musamman, nau'o'i da yawa sun dogara da murya don bayanai kamar su abokan aure, masu cin nama da ke kusa, ko wadatar abinci. Canje-canje na ɗan adam a cikin mazaunin suna canza yanayin sauti kuma suna iya sa ya fi wuya ga dabbobi suyi magana. Mutane na iya canza yanayin sauti ta hanyar canza matakan hayaniya, canza mazaunin, ko canza nau'in jinsuna. Wadannan canje-canje a cikin yanayin sauti na iya rufe muryoyin nau'o'i daban-daban. Saboda mutane na iya yin irin waɗannan canje-canje masu ƙarfi a kan mahalli na sauti, masu ilimin muhalli sun kasance suna da sha'awar bincike da fahimtar yadda kwayoyin ke amsawa ga waɗannan canje-canjen.

Canje-canje na Anthropogenic ga mahalli na sauti sun sami watakila mafi mahimmancin tasiri ga jinsunan da suka dogara da alamun ji don neman abinci da sadarwa. Bats, alal misali, sun dogara da ultrasonic echolocation don ganowa da kama ganima. Lokacin da waɗannan alamun ji ke rufe su da sautin bango mai ƙarfi, jemagu sun zama marasa inganci wajen gano ganima. Masana ilimin muhalli sun kuma gano cewa jemagu masu cin abinci suna guje wa wuraren da ke da hayaniya, watakila sakamakon wannan raguwar ingancin cin abinci. A halin yanzu, a cikin al'ummomin tsuntsaye, masu ilimin muhalli sun gano cewa karuwar hayaniya ta haifar da canje-canje a cikin al-ummomin tsuntsu, raguwa a cikin bambancin, har ma da raguwa a nasarar haihuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya nuna cewa don kauce wa gurɓataccen amo, wasu tsuntsaye sun canza mitar kiran su. Don fahimtar matakin sauti wanda ke tasiri ga jinsuna, wani binciken ya gano cewa yawancin nau'ikan tsuntsaye za su canza halayensu gaba ɗaya (sanyawa, yalwa, matakan hormone na damuwa da wadatar jinsuna) a matakan da suka fi ko daidai da decibel 45 kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa na ƙasa sun sami matakan damuwa da ƙarancin ƙwarewar haifuwa a hayaniya tsakanin decibel 52 da 68. Za'a iya nuna hayaniya ta mutum a matsayin da gangan, kamar ta hanyar sonars ko binciken girgizar ƙasa (auna raƙuman girgizar kasa), ko kuma da gangan an samar da su azaman samfur na aikin ɗan adam, kamar gine-gine ko hanyoyin zirga-zirga. Wadannan binciken sun nuna muhimmancin alamun ji kuma sun haifar da kira don adana "sauti", ko sautunan hadin gwiwa na yanayin halittu.

 Karewa ta hanyar rage tarkon muhalli 
Wani tarko na muhalli misali ne inda kwayoyin zasu zaɓi wuraren zama marasa inganci a kan mafi kyawun wuraren zama saboda kimantawar da ba daidai ba game da ingancin mazaunin. Yankunan da mutum ya yi suna gabatar da sababbin yanayi ga kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da kari, kayan aikin mutum na iya kuskuren kayan halitta, wanda ke haifar da wasu kwayoyin don zaɓar wuraren zama marasa inganci a kan wuraren zama masu inganci. Ana iya amfani da ilimin muhalli na ji don rage tasirin waɗannan tarkon muhalli ta hanyar bayyana waɗanne ƙwayoyin bayanai suke amfani da su don yin yanke shawara "mummunan". ty.
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