Thanaweya Amma

Thanaweya Amma (Arabic) jerin gwaje-gwaje ne na daidaitattun a Misira wanda ke haifar da Takardar shaidar Ilimi na Sakandare don makarantun sakandare na jama'a kuma yana aiki a matsayin jarrabawar shiga ga jami'o'in jama'ar Masar.

Thanaweya Amma na nufin 'Janar Secondary' a cikin Larabci na zamani. A cikin mahallin tsarin ilimi na Masar, yana nufin hanyar karatun sakandare ta gaba ɗaya (kamar yadda ya saba da fasaha ko sana'a), kammala gwaje-gwaje a ƙarshen waƙa, da difloma da ɗalibin ya samu ta hanyar wuce jarrabawar. Wannan labarin game da jarrabawar ne.

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 
A ƙarshen shekara ta ƙarshe ta makarantar sakandare, ɗalibai suna zaune don cikakkun gwaje-gwaje ga kowane ɗayan manyan batutuwa biyar da suka ɗauka a wannan shekarar. Abubuwan da ke cikin jarrabawar da nauyin dangi a cikin ƙuri'a sun dogara da mayar da hankali ga ɗalibai, ko dai adabi, kimiyya, ko kimiyya / lissafi. Wadannan ƙididdigar suna juya zuwa wani abu kuma an sanya su a cikin kowane waƙa. Ana buga manyan ƙididdigar a kan layi.

Thanaweya Amma yana daya daga cikin gwaje-gwaje da yawa da ɗaliban makarantar jama'a ke ɗauka wanda ke aiki da manufa biyu na kammala takardar shaidar da jarrabawar shiga, ƙayyade hanyoyin ilimi ɗalibai za su bi. Dalibai a ƙarshen makarantar firamare suna zaune don jarrabawar qabuul, wanda ke ƙayyade shigarsu cikin makarantar shirye-shiryen gaba ɗaya.Heargraves, Eleanor. (2001). "Assessment in Egypt," in Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice.  8:2  p. 254–5 A ƙarshen makarantar shirye-shirye, ɗalibai suna zaune don jarrabawar Adaadiya Amma (Janar Preparatory) wanda ke aiki a matsayin takardar shaidar kammala makarantar shirye-aikace. Babban maki yana yarda da dalibai zuwa hanyar Janar na Sakandare, yayin da ƙananan maki za su bi ɗalibai zuwa makarantar sakandare ta fasaha ko sana'a. Yawancin ɗalibai sun yi rajista a makarantar fasaha fiye da makarantar sakandare ta gaba ɗaya; a cikin 2005/6 kusan 38.7% na ɗaliban sakandare suna cikin hanyar sakandare ta Gaba ɗaya.Amer, Mona. (2007) “Transition from Education to Work: Egypt Country Report,” EFT Working Document, European Training Foundation. p. 7-8 Daliban da suka kammala karatun sakandare na Janar ne ke gudanar da jarrabawar Thanaweya Amma; daliban da aka bi diddigin su a makarantun sana'a ko fasaha ba sa zama don jarrabawar kuma ba su da damar halartar jami'a.Heargraves, Eleanor. (2001). "Assessment in Egypt," in Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice.  8:2 p. 254–5

Har ila yau, ɗaliban makarantar masu zaman kansu na iya ɗaukar Thanaweya Amma a makarantun karatun ƙasa waɗanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta amince da su. Bugu da ƙari, makarantun harsuna masu zaman kansu na iya koyar da ɗalibai tsarin karatun ƙasa amma tare da wasu mahimman batutuwa da aka koyar da su a cikin harsuna ban da Larabci. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta fassara jarrabawar don karɓar.

Thanaweya Amma ta gwada ilimin da aka samu a tarihi, kodayake sauye-sauye da suka fara a cikin shekarun 1990 sun gabatar da kimantawa na iyawa.Heargraves, Eleanor. (2001). "Assessment in Egypt," in Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice.  8:2  p. 254–5

 Shigar da Jami'ar 
Ofishin Gudanarwa na Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sama (wanda ake kira Tansiq) ne ke gudanar da tsarin shigar da jami'o'in jama'a na Masar. Kowace shekara, ofishin yana buga jerin kwalejoji da cibiyoyi da mafi ƙarancin gwajin da ake buƙata ga kowannensu. Daliban da suka kammala jarrabawarsu suna gabatar da abubuwan da suka fi so kuma Ofishin Gudanarwa ya sanya su a cikin shirin.

A shekara ta 2012, shirye-shiryen da suka fi tsada dangane da ƙimar Thanaweya Amma sune: 
Labaran wallafe-wallafenƘananan SakamakonHanyar KimiyyaƘananan SakamakonTattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa a Alkahira393.5Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya a Qena409.5Kafofin watsa labarai a Alkahira390.5Magunguna a Jami'ar Shebin El Koum Menoufia408.5Harsuna a Ain Shams383.5Magunguna a Mansoura408.5Harsuna a Minia380.0Magunguna a Tanta408.0Kwalejin Harsuna da Fassara a Aswan380.0Magunguna a Souhaj408.0Archaeology a Alkahira378.0Magunguna a Assouit408.0Ilimi a Al-Wadi Al-Jadid378.0Man fetur da hakar ma'adinai a Jami'ar Suez408.0Kwalejin Ilimi a Qena, Jami'ar Al-Wadi Al-Janub377.0Magunguna a Zaqaziq407.5Fasaha da Fasaha a Iskandariya375.0Magunguna a Iskandariya407.5Archaeology a Fayoum374.5Magunguna a Banha407.0Ilimi a Damanhour374.0Magunguna a Minia407.0
A shekara ta 2012, shirye-shiryen da suka fi tsada dangane da ƙimar Thanaweya Amma sune: 
Labaran wallafe-wallafenƘananan SakamakonHanyar KimiyyaƘananan SakamakonCibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Al-Ajami205.0Ilimin Jiki na Yara a Assouit205.0Babban Cibiyar Kwamfuta da Ilimin Bayanai, Sashen Kasuwanci na Duniya a Tanta205.0Harsuna da Fassara a cikin Zaytoun205.0Babban Cibiyar Kula da Baƙi a Luxor (EGOTH) 205.0Nazarin Inganci a Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Kasuwanci ta Giza205.0Babban Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta, Sashen Lissafi a Al-Arish205.0Babban Cibiyar Nazarin Inganci da Harsuna a Giza205.0Babban Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Lissafi, Sashen Tsarin a Ras Al-Bar205.0Babban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya a Gianaclis205.0Babban Cibiyar Yawon Bude Ido da Karɓar Baƙi a Ismailia205.0Babban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya a Tamouh, Giza205.0Babban Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi da Ilimin Bayanai, Sashen Tsarin a Tanta205.0Makarantar Fasaha don Ayyukan Jama'a a Qena205.0Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Birni a Fasaha, Sashen Gudanarwa a Shabramant205.0Ilimin Jiki na Yara a Helwan205.0Kwalejin Ilimi mai inganci a Damietta205.0Ilimin Jiki na 'yan mata a Gazira Helwan205.0Kwalejin Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Duniya (Sashen Gudanar da Kasuwanci205.0Nursing a Alexandria205.0

 Tarihi 

 Hadisin Bincike a lokacin mulkin Ottoman da na Burtaniya 
Eleanor Hargreaves ta yi jayayya cewa Thanaweya Amma ya samo asali ne daga al'adun kimantawa da aka kafa a gabatar da ilimin Turai a Misira ta hanyar tsarin mulkin mallaka.Hargreaves 2001, p. 248. A cikin karni na 19 da rabi na farko na ƙarni na 20, kimantawa ya yi aiki da zabar fitattun mutane don aikin soja ko aikin gwamnati. Wanda ya riga ya fara jarrabawar ya samo asali ne daga mamayar Faransa a Misira daga 1798 zuwa 1801, lokacin da Faransanci suka fara tsarin kimantawa don tantancewa ga 'yan takara masu daraja don kwalejin soja. Bayan ƙarshen mamayar, Mohammed Ali ya ɗauki iko kuma ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don inganta ƙasar Masar, gami da fadada tsarin ilimi. Sauye-sauye na gaba sun kafa tsarin Baccalaureate wanda manyan Mamluk suka halarci makarantar sakandare kuma suka zauna don jarrabawa don halartar ilimi mafi girma da samun shiga aikin soja ko aikin gwamnati na Masar.

A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya daga 1882 zuwa 1952, tsarin kimantawa ya ci gaba da yin wannan aikin. Wannan lokacin ya ga zuwan makarantun firamare wanda, kodayake na musamman ne kuma yana da alaƙa, ya taimaka wajen shirya ɗalibai don makarantar sakandare. Saboda aikin tsarin ilimi gabaɗaya har yanzu shine horar da mashahuran Masarawa don hidima a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, yawan matsayi da ke akwai bayan kammalawar sun iyakance. Don haka, an aiwatar da tsarin kimantawa na makarantar firamare don tantancewa ga 'yan takara masu daraja don yin gasa don matsayi na gwamnati a makarantar sakandare. Shigar da makarantar firamare ya kasance ƙasa.Hargreaves, 2001.

 Juyin Juya Halin 1952 da Lokacin Nasser 
Juyin Juya Halin 1952 da kuma hauhawar Gamal Abdel Nasser zuwa shugabancin ya nuna gagarumin canji a cikin aikin ilimi a Misira, yayin da aka canza shi daga tsarin daukar ma'aikata da horar da ƙwararrun mutane, zuwa tsarin shigar da hadin kan ƙasa da inganta ci gaban ƙasa. Adadin shiga ya fashe yayin da aka sanya makarantar firamare a cikin shekara ta 1953. Cochran, Judith. (2008) Educational Roots of Political Crisis in Egypt. Lexington Books: Lenham, MD. p. 68.Hargreaves 2001, p. 249-250.

Canje-canje na gwamnatin Nasser ga tsarin ilimi sun haifar da jarrabawar Thanaweya Amma a cikin zamani. Ilimi ya zama Arabiya kuma ya daidaita, kuma tare da kawar da yawancin makarantu masu zaman kansu, ya zama kusan gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ikon jihar. Gwajin kansa ya zama batun hadin kan kasa - dalibai a duk faɗin ƙasar sun zauna don jarrabawar iri ɗaya a lokaci guda.Hargreaves 2001, p. 249-250.

Babban mahimmancin da aka sanya wa Thanawey Amma ya fito ne ba kawai daga canje-canje ga gwajin da kansa ba, har ma da yadda sabuwar gwamnati ta sake fasalin aikin ilimi a cikin al'ummar Masar. A matakin maganganu, an ɗaukaka ilimi a matsayin hanyar ci gaban ƙasa; an tsarkake shi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin maganganun ƙasashen Larabawa.Cochran, p.67-70. Don haka, nasarori a ilimi, kuma bi da bi, nasarori akan kimantawa, ya zama hanyar tafiyar jama'a ga Masarawa masu ƙarancin matsayi da matsakaicin matsayi waɗanda aka cire daga tsarin a tarihi.Hargreaves, p. 249–250.

Sabon roƙon magana game da ilimi ya karu da takamaiman manufofi wanda ya sa motsi na zamantakewa ta hanyar ilimi ya fi dacewa ga Masarawa da yawa. Juyin Juya Halin 1952 ya haifar da korar ko cirewa daga rukunin tarihi na fitattun ma'aikatan gwamnati na kasashen waje, yana buɗe mukamai da yawa na gwamnati da suka samu damar samun dama kawai.Hargreaves 2001, p. 249-250. Don haka, kimantawa na al'ada (akalla a bayyane) ya zama babbar hanyar samun mukamai na gwamnati.

Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 1957, Majalisar Masar ta ba da ilimi na makarantar jama'a kyauta har zuwa matakin jami'a (ilimi na firamare kyauta ne tun 1930; kuma ilimin sakandare kyauta ne tun 1950), ma'ana duk wani dalibi da ya wuce jarrabawar Thanaweya Amma za a ba shi wuri a jami'ar jama'a.Richards, Alan et al. (2013) A Political Economy of the Middle East: Third Edition. Westview Press: Boulder, C.O., p. 120. Sa'an nan, tun daga shekara ta 1961-2, gwamnati ta fara ba da tabbacin aikin gwamnati ga masu digiri na manyan makarantu na gwamnati, farawa da jami'o'i, sannan kuma ta kai ga cibiyoyin sakandare da fasaha a 1946 (a karkashin Dokar 14) kuma a ƙarshe duk masu shiga soja a karkashin Dokar 85 ta 1973. Assaad, Ragui. (1997) “The Effects of Public Sector Hiring and Compensation Policies on the Egyptian Labor Market,” The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 11, No. 1: p. 86-87.

Don haka, gwajin Thanaweya Amma ya zama muhimmiyar mataki ga Masarawa da yawa don samun damar abin da ya zama haƙƙin gwamnati (ilimi na jami'a da aiki na gaba). Muhimmancinsa ya kara da gaskiyar cewa motsi na zamantakewa ya dogara da wani bangare na ɗalibin a jarrabawar. Hargreaves ya yi jayayya cewa saboda an tsara ilimi a matsayin hanyar ci gaban kasa, kuma ba lallai ba ne a sami riba ta tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa, an ba da ɗalibai zuwa jami'o'i bisa ga bukatun gwamnati.Hargreaves 2001, p. 249–250. Gwamnati ta yi amfani da ƙididdigar Thanaweya Amma a matsayin hanyar ɗalibai waɗanda za su halarci shirye-shiryen ƙwararru da waɗanda za su ziyarci ƙananan cibiyoyin. Don haka, ɗalibai gabaɗaya sun shiga cikin shirye-shiryen da ƙimarsu ta cancanta.

 Sadat da Mubarak Era 
Ilimi a lokacin Sadat da Mubarak ya kasance alama ce ta manufofi da yawa na gwamnati don kara karkatar da hakkoki da aka tsawaita a zamanin Nasser.

Sannu a hankali gwamnati ta soke tabbacin aiki, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin jira don aikin gwamnati bayan kammala karatun jami'a, ya rage damar samun aiki ga ɗaliban makarantar gwamnati. A cikin shekarun 1980s, an tsawaita lokacin jira daga shekaru biyu zuwa shekaru biyar.Assad 1997, p. 90. A lokacin da aka soke tabbacin gaba ɗaya a cikin shekarun 1990 lokacin jira ya kai shekaru 13. Tare da wannan manufofin (kuma a zahiri, ya kai ga Sadat's Infitah), gwamnati ta karfafa bangarorin masu zaman kansu don fitar da ci gaban aiki.Cochran 2008, p.76-87.

Duk da yake wannan canjin zai iya rage nauyin gwajin Thanaweya Amma, manufofin ilimi na Sadat sun kuma karfafa ci gaban ilimi mai zaman kansa, wanda ke biyan kuɗi; Hargreaves 2001, p. 251. waɗannan manufofi sun ci gaba a zamanin Mubarak, musamman a ƙarshen 1980s a ƙarƙashin Ministan Ilimi Fathi Sorour. Hargraves 2001, p. 255. A sakamakon haka, waɗanda ke da kuɗi sun yi ƙaura zuwa tsarin makarantar masu zaman kansu wanda ya zama mai ciyar da ma'aikata masu zaman kansu, yayin da nasara a makarantar jama'a da Thanaweya Amma ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga motsi na zamantakewa na waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan ɗalibai.

Manufar ta biyu ita ce rage yawan dalibai a cikin Janar Secondary track, sabili da haka yawan daliban da ke zaune don jarrabawar Thanaweya Amma. A cikin shekarun 1980s, gwamnati ta fadada ilimin fasaha na sakandare ta yadda a ƙarshen shekaru goma, yawan ɗaliban sakandare na fasaha sun fi waɗanda ke cikin sakandare gaba ɗaya.Assad 1997, p. 89. Wannan ya ci gaba da kasancewa a yau. Don haka, ana bin diddigin dalibai daga jami'a a baya, a ƙarshen makarantar firamare.

 Rashin amincewa da jayayya 
Tabbatar da abinda ke cikin jarrabawar ya zama batun kowace shekara.Hargreaves ta yi jayayya cewa tsarin da muhimmancin jarrabawar Thanaweya Amma ya haifar da abin da Ronald Dore ya kira 'Cutar Diploma,' wanda 'zaɓin ilimi mafi girma da aiki ya zama ƙarfin motsawa a bayan makarantu. "  Ta yi jayayya da cewa ɗakunan ajiya a Misira sun zama masu daidaitawa da jarrabawa da haddacewa daga matakan farko. Hargreaves, Eleanore. (1997) "The Diploma Disease in Egypt: learning, teaching, and the monster of the secondary leaving certificate" Assessment in Education. Vol. 4 No. 1, p. 162.Hargreaves, Eleanore. (1997) "The Diploma Disease in Egypt: learning, teaching, and the monster of the secondary leaving certificate" Assessment in Education. Vol. 4 No. 1, p. 164-5. A cikin shekara ta ƙarshe ta makaranta, ɗalibai suna fuskantar lokaci mai yawa da matsin jarrabawa.Hargreaves, Eleanore. (1997) "The Diploma Disease in Egypt: learning, teaching, and the monster of the secondary leaving certificate" Assessment in Education. Vol. 4 No. 1, p. 167-8. Ta kuma yi jayayya cewa fashewar Masar a cikin koyarwa mai zaman kansa yana da alaƙa da muhimmancin da aka sanya akan sakamakon jarrabawa.Hargreaves, Eleanore. (1997) "The Diploma Disease in Egypt: learning, teaching, and the monster of the secondary leaving certificate" Assessment in Education. Vol. 4 No. 1, p. 168-9.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

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