Bincike a cikin dyslexia

Dyslexia cuta ce, ta karatu inda mutum ke fuskantar matsala tare da karatu. Mutanen da ke fama da dyslexia suna da matakan basira na yau da kullun amma suna iya nuna matsaloli tare da rubutun kalmomi, ƙwarewar karatu, furtawa, kalmomi "sauti", rubuta kalmomi, da fahimtar karatu. Yanayin jijiyoyin jiki da abubuwan da ke haifar da dyslexia yanki ne mai aiki na bincike. Koyaya, wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa bambancin dyslexia a matsayin rikicewar karatu daban sabili da haka nakasa da aka gane batun wasu rikice-rikice ne.

 Tarihi 

Oswald Berkhan ne ya fara gano Dyslexia a 1881, BERKHAN O. Neur. Zent 28 1917 kuma kalmar 'dyslexia' daga baya ta kirkiro a 1887 ta Rudolf Berlin,  likitan ido da ke aiki a Stuttgart, Jamus. 

A cikin karni na ashirin, ana ganin dyslexia da farko a matsayin rashi na sauti (musamman wayar da kan jama'a) wanda ya haifar da rashi na karatu. An ga Dyslexia a matsayin matsala tare da nasarar karatu musamman, wanda ya haifar da rashi a nuna bambanci na sautunan kalmomi da aka rubuta kamar yadda ya saba da rikice-rikice na aikin kwakwalwa. Koyaya, bincike mai yawa daga shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba ya mai da hankali kan yiwuwar tushen halittu na dyslexia da fahimtar dyslexia a matsayin rikicewar aikin kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin raunin farko na tsananin raunin sauti na dyslexia shine rashin iya lissafin haɗin kwayar halitta na dyslexía. Musamman, an nuna cewa "An lura da manyan gado don iya karatu da dyslexia wanda ke nuna tasirin kwayar halitta. "  A cikin babban binciken tagwaye (samfurin tagwaye 1031), Gayan da Olson sun tabbatar da cewa dyslexia yana da gado sosai, yayin da binciken iyali na Pennington (samfuni mutane 1698), ya nuna yawan haɗarin iyali na 35-45%.

Ba tare da bayanin halitta don dyslexia ba, wannan gado ba a bayyana shi ba. Ba wai kawai dole ne a bayyana gado ba, har ma da abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke kare yara masu haɗari daga ci gaban dyslexia. Bincike ya fara mayar da hankali kan yiwuwar abubuwan da ke haifar da halittu da kuma ci gaba da nazarin dyslexia a cikin tsarin ci gaba. Babban rauni na biyu na tsananin ra'ayi na ƙarancin sauti shine ma'anar dyslexia a matsayin rikicewar karatu. Sakamakon haka, ba a iya bayyana alamun sakandare daban-daban ba, gami da raunin sarrafa kansa na ƙwarewa da samun ilimi, raunin ma'auni, raunin ƙwarewar mota / rubuce-rubuce, da ƙarancin sautin tsoka. Sabbin ra'ayoyin dyslexia sun fara zama mayar da hankali ga bincike, tare da mafi kyawun da aka kafa shine ka'idar raunin magnocellular Ka'idar rashi ta atomatik, da ra'ayi na rashi sau biyu.   [<span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2018)">page<span typeof="mw:Entity">&nbsp;</span>needed</span>]

 Ka'idoji 
Ka'idojin asalin dyslexia suna da kuma suna tasowa tare da kowane sabon ƙarni na masu binciken dyslexia, kuma ka'idojin dyslexia na baya-bayan nan suna haɓaka ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin tsofaffin ka'idoji yayin da fahimtar yanayin dyslexia ke tasowa.

Bai kamata a kalli ra'ayoyin a matsayin masu gasa ba, amma a matsayin ƙoƙarin bayyana ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da irin wannan alamun daga ra'ayoyi da asali daban-daban.

Ka'idar ƙwaƙwalwa ta dyslexia ta tabbatar da cewa dalilin dyslexia wani abu ne mai banƙyama a cikin Cerebellum (yanki a bayan kwakwalwa), wanda hakan ke haifar da rushewa a ci gaban al'ada, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli tare da sarrafa motsi, daidaitawa, ƙwaƙwalwar aiki, hankali, sarrafa kansa, kuma a ƙarshe, karatu.  Harold Levinson da Jan Frank ne suka fara gabatar da wannan ka'idar a 1973 kuma Levinson da sauran masu bincike sun ci gaba da bunkasa ta. Angela Fawcett da Rod Nicolson daga baya sun ba da shawarar cewa Cerebellum yana ba da gudummawa ga kula da motsi yayin magana, kuma cewa matsalolin magana na iya ba da guddina ga rashi na sarrafa sauti wanda zai iya haifar da dyslexia. Sun kuma yi la'akari da cewa cerebellum yana ba da gudummawa ga sarrafa kansa na halayen da aka koya, wanda zai iya haɗawa da koyon alaƙar grapheme-phoneme yayin karanta rubutun.

A cikin ƙoƙari na bayyana duk alamun da aka sani da karatu da wadanda ba sa karantawa, warkewa da ka'idoji gami da kasancewar kawai cerebellar da alamun neurophysiological masu alaƙa a cikin dyslexics, an yi la'akari da cerebellum don daidaitawa a cikin lokaci da sarari duk sakonni (na gani, na ji, tactile, proprioceptive, motsi) shiga da barin kwakwalwa da kuma alamar haɗin kai. Inganci da tsananin alamomi da yawa da ke nuna kowane dyslexic an yi la'akari da su don dogara da nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da sauran masu sarrafa kwakwalwa da ke karɓar sigina saboda rashin aiki na ƙwaƙwalwa. An yi la'akari da magunguna masu amfani don inganta ingantaccen sautin cerebellar (misali, amfani da magungunan cututtukan cututtukani na cerebellar-vestibular) da / ko inganta decambling da sauran damar biyan kuɗi (misali , koyarwa, biofeedback). Yawancin sauran ra'ayoyin suna daidaita matsalar dyslexia tare da rashin fahimtar karatu don haka ƙoƙarin bayyana ƙarshen kawai. Wani tsari na cerebellar ya nuna cewa matsalolin magana na iya taimakawa ga rashi na phonological wanda zai iya haifar da dyslexia. Cerebellum kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga sarrafa kansa na halayen da aka koya, wanda zai iya haɗawa da koyon alaƙar grapheme-phoneme yayin karanta matani.Stoodley CJ, Stein JF (January 2011). "The cerebellum and dyslexia". Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior. 47 (1): 101–116. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2009.10.005. PMID 20060110. S2CID 22355968.Ramus F, Rosen S, Dakin SC, Day BL, Castellote JM, White S, Frith U (April 2003). "Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults". Brain. 126 (Pt 4): 841–865. doi:10.1093/brain/awg076. PMID 12615643.

Koyaya, wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa dysfunction na cerebellar kadai bazai zama ainihin dalilin dyslexia ba kuma cewa dysarticulation da rashi na phonological sun bayyana ba su da alaƙa.

 Tunanin juyin halitta 
Wannan ka'idar ta yi la'akari da cewa karatu wani abu ne wanda ba na halitta ba ne da aka gudanar na ɗan gajeren lokaci a tarihin juyin halitta na ɗan adam. Ya kasance ne kawai a cikin shekaru ɗari da suka gabata cewa karanta wani nau'i na magana na gani an inganta shi a matsayin babban hanyar sadarwa, kuma daga baya rashin lokaci don halayen karatu don canzawa. A cikin al'ummomi da yawa a duniya yawancin jama'a ba sa amfani da alamar magana ta gani a matsayin hanyar sadarwa kuma ba sa amfani le ƙwarewar karatu, sabili da haka ba su da dyslexia.

Yawancin cututtukan dyslexics na ci gaba suna biyan diyya sosai ga alamun alamun da aka ƙayyade na cerebellar-vestibula a tsawon lokaci kuma yawancin yara ƙanana suna tabbatar da alamun "dyslexic-like" da alamun cerebellar (CV) "marasa girma. " Ta haka ne aka yi la'akari da cewa dyslexia na kwayar halitta na iya wakiltar sake fasalin yanayin da aka riga aka karanta a cikin phylogeny kuma wannan ontogeny ya wuce bayan embryo zuwa ƙuruciya kuma wani lokaci, don haka watakila yana bayyana marigayi har ma da ƙuruciya. Ci gaban karatu da rubuce-rubuce masu alaƙa da aiki, da kuma ma'anar ci gaban ci gaban CV-cerebral na dyslexia, ana tallafawa ta hanyar bincike da ke nuna cewa "cerebellum ya karu tsakanin uku da sau huɗu a cikin [kawai] shekaru miliyan da suka gabata na juyin halitta [tare da daidaitaccen tsinkaye na cerebrum].

 Ka'idar Magnocellular 
Ka'idar magnocellular tana ƙoƙari ta haɗa ka'idar cerebellar, ka'idar phonological, ka'idodin sarrafa saurin ji, da ka'idar gani. Ka'idar magnocellular ta ba da shawarar cewa rashin aiki na magnocel cell ba kawai an ƙuntata shi ga Hanyoyi gani ba har ma ya haɗa da yanayin ji da taɓawa.Ramus F, Rosen S, Dakin SC, Day BL, Castellote JM, White S, Frith U (April 2003). "Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults". Brain. 126 (Pt 4): 841–865. doi:10.1093/brain/awg076. PMID 12615643.

A tarihi, an gudanar da nazarin bambancin bambancin ra'ayi don ya saba da ka'idar magnocellular,  amma tun daga shekara ta 2010, nazarin Abubuwan da aka gani sun goyi bayan shi gaba ɗaya. Shekaru na batutuwa (10-46), bambance-bambance a cikin ƙirar gwaji, ƙananan samfurori (<10 batutuwa masu dyslexic a cikin manyan karatu), da kuma kasancewar, rashin, ko gazawar tantancewa don ADHD na iya bayyana waɗannan binciken da suka sabawa.

 Rashin saurin suna da ra'ayoyin rashi sau biyu 
Saurin da mutum zai iya shiga cikin saurin kiran abubuwa ko haruffa da aka saba da shi shine mai tsinkaya mai karfi na dyslexia. Ana iya gano saurin suna tun da wuri a makarantar sakandare kuma yana ci gaba a cikin manya tare da dyslexia.

Rashin saurin suna ana zaton yana wakiltar rashi wanda ya bambanta da rashi na sarrafa sauti. Wolf [wanda?] ya gano nau'ikan masu karatu guda huɗu: masu karatu ba tare da rashi ba, masu karatu tare da rashin sarrafa sauti, masu karatu da rashi mai saurin suna, da masu karatu tare le rashi sau biyu (, matsaloli tare da sarrafa sauti da saurin suna).   Dalibai da ke da rashi sau biyu suna iya samun wani nau'i na mummunan rauni na karatu.

Bambanci tsakanin waɗannan rashi yana da mahimman bayanai ga shiga tsakani na koyarwa. Idan dalibai da ke da rashi sau biyu suna karɓar umarni ne kawai a cikin aikin sauti, suna karɓar wani ɓangare na abin da suke buƙata.

 Ra'ayi na rashin fahimta da sautin 
Ma'anar raunin cire hayaniya (rashin ingantattun bayanai na gani a cikin dyslexia ko sautin gani) wani ra'ayi ne mai tasowa, wanda bincike ya goyi bayan cewa batutuwan da ke da dyslexia suna fuskantar wahalar yin ayyukan gani (kamar gano motsi a gaban abubuwan da ke jan hankali) amma ba sa nuna irin wannan raunin lokacin da aka cire abubuwan da ke damun hankali a cikin yanayin gwaji. Masu binciken sun kwatanta binciken da suka yi game da ayyukan nuna bambanci na gani zuwa binciken da aka samu a wasu bincike da suka shafi ayyukan nuna bambancin ji. Sun tabbatar da cewa alamun dyslexic sun taso ne saboda rashin ikon tace abubuwan da ke cikin gani da na ji, da kuma rarraba bayanai don rarrabe muhimman bayanan ji daga marasa amfani.

 Ka'idar rashi na sauti 
Ka'idar Rashin sauti ta ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke fama da dyslexia suna da takamaiman raunin sarrafa sauti, wanda ke shafar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar su, tunatarwa, da ƙwarewar haɗin kai yayin sarrafa magana. Ka'idar phonological ta bayyana raunin karatu yayin amfani da tsarin rubuce-rubuce na haruffa wanda ke buƙatar koyon rubutun rubutu / phoneme, alaƙar da ke tsakanin alamomin harafin hoto da sautunan magana waɗanda suke wakilta.Ramus F, Rosen S, Dakin SC, Day BL, Castellote JM, White S, Frith U (April 2003). "Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults". Brain. 126 (Pt 4): 841–865. doi:10.1093/brain/awg076. PMID 12615643.

 Ka'idar sarrafa ji da sauri 
Ka'idar sarrafa ji da sauri ita ce madadin ka'idar rashi na sauti, wanda ke ƙayyade cewa rashi na farko yana cikin fahimtar gajeren sauti ko saurin canzawa. Goyon bayan wannan ka'idar ya samo asali ne daga shaidar cewa mutanen da ke fama da dyslexia suna nuna rashin aiki a kan ayyuka da yawa na sauraro, gami da nuna bambanci da kuma hukunci na lokaci.Ramus F, Rosen S, Dakin SC, Day BL, Castellote JM, White S, Frith U (April 2003). "Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults". Brain. 126 (Pt 4): 841–865. doi:10.1093/brain/awg076. PMID 12615643.

 Ka'idar gani 
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