Tarihin ilimi a Chadi

Kafa makarantun mishan na Furotesta a kudancin Chadi a cikin shekarun 1920, sannan kuma Roman Katolika da cibiyoyin mulkin mallaka a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, sun nuna farkon ilimin Yamma a Chadi. 

 Zamanin mulkin mallaka 
Tun daga farko, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta buƙaci cewa duk koyarwar ta kasance a Faransanci, ban da azuzuwan addini, waɗanda za a iya koyar da su a cikin harsunan gida. Tun a farkon 1925, jihar ta sanya tsarin karatu na yau da kullun a kan dukkan cibiyoyin da ke son amincewa da hukuma da tallafin gwamnati. Jiha ta fadada tasirin ta ga ilimi, duk da cewa yawancin ɗaliban Chadi sun halarci makarantun mishan masu zaman kansu kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II.Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Ilimi a Chadi ya mayar da hankali kan koyarwar firamare. Har zuwa 1942, ɗaliban da ke son karatun sakandare na duniya dole ne su je makarantu a Brazzaville, babban birnin AEF. Wannan ƙuntatawa ya iyakance yawan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare. Tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na II da Yaƙin Duniya ya II, 'yan Chadi goma sha biyu ne kawai suka yi karatu a Brazzaville. Da zarar a Brazzaville, ɗalibai sun sami koyarwar fasaha maimakon ilimin zane-zane, suna shiga shirye-shiryen shekaru uku da aka tsara don samar da mataimakan likita, ma'aikata, ko masu fasaha masu ƙarancin matakin. An bude makarantun sakandare na jihar a Chadi a cikin 1942, amma shirye-shiryen takardar shaidar da aka amince da su ba su fara ba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1950.Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

 'Yancin kai 
A lokacin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, gwamnati ta kafa burin ilimin firamare na duniya, kuma an tilasta halartar makaranta har zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu. Duk da haka, ci gaban daidaitattun tsarin karatun ya sami cikas saboda iyakantaccen adadin makarantu, kasancewar cibiyoyin shekaru biyu da uku tare da daidaitattun kwalejoji da makarantun sakandare na shekaru biyar da bakwai, da kuma fifiko na Musulmi don ilimin Alkur'ani. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 kashi 17 cikin 100 na dalibai tsakanin shekaru shida zuwa takwas suna makaranta. Wannan adadi ya wakilci karuwa mai yawa a kan kashi 8 cikin 100 da ke halartar makaranta a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 da kuma kashi 1.4 cikin 100 nan da nan bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Kodayake shekarar ilimi a Chadi ta yi daidai da jadawalin Faransanci, wanda ke gudana daga Oktoba zuwa Yuni, bai dace da ƙasa inda mafi yawan sashi na Afrilu da Mayu ba.Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Makarantu na Alkur'ani a duk yankunan Sahara da Sahel suna koya wa ɗalibai karanta Larabci da karanta ayar Alkur'an. Kodayake ilimin gargajiya na Islama a matakin sakandare ya wanzu tun daga karni na sha tara, ɗalibai da ke neman ilmantarwa mai zurfi gabaɗaya sun yi karatu a arewacin Kamaru, Najeriya, Sudan, ko Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Chadi, makarantun sakandare na Islama na zamani sun haɗa da Ecole Mohamed Illech, wanda aka kafa a 1918 kuma an tsara shi bayan cibiyoyin ilimi na Masar. Sauran makarantu sun hada da Lycée Franco-Arabe, wanda gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa a Abéché a shekarar 1952. Makarantar ta ba da cakuda Larabci, Alkur'ani, da ilimin Faransanci. Masu lura da yawa sun yi imanin cewa kodayake kirkirar shirin nazarin Faransanci da Islama ya zama abin yabo, babban burin gwamnati shine ya kalubalanci tasirin Islama na kasashen waje maimakon bayar da wani tsari mai inganci.Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Duk da kokarin gwamnati, matakan ilimi gabaɗaya sun kasance ƙasa a ƙarshen shekaru goma na farko na 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1971 kimanin kashi 88 cikin dari na maza da kashi 99 cikin dari na mata da suka wuce shekaru goma sha biyar ba za su iya karatu, rubutu, ko magana da Faransanci ba, a lokacin kawai harshen ƙasa na hukuma; karatu da rubutu a Larabci ya tsaya a kashi 7.8. A shekara ta 1982 yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu ya kai kusan kashi 15.Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Manyan matsaloli sun hana ci gaban ilimin Chadi tun bayan samun 'yancin kai. Kudin ya kasance iyakance sosai. Kudin jama'a don ilimi ya kai kashi 14 cikin 100 na kasafin kudin kasa a 1963. Kudin ya karu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa amma ya ragu a ƙarshen shekaru goma. A shekara ta 1969 kudade don ilimi ya sauka zuwa kashi 11 cikin 100 na kasafin kuɗi; a shekara mai zuwa ya ragu har yanzu zuwa kashi 9. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta ba da kusan kashi 7 cikin 100 na kasafin kuɗin ta ga ilimi, adadi da ya fi haka ga duka sai dai 'yan kasashen Afirka.

Ƙananan wurare da ma'aikata sun kuma sa ya zama da wahala ga tsarin ilimi don samar da isasshen koyarwa. Yawan jama'a babbar matsala ce; wasu azuzuwan suna da ɗalibai 100, da yawa daga cikinsu masu maimaitawa ne. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan samun 'yancin kai, yawancin malamai na makarantar firamare suna da ƙwarewa kaɗan. A matakin sakandare, halin da ake ciki ya fi muni; a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, alal misali, Lycée Ahmad Mangué a Sarh (tsohon Fort-Archambault) yana da 'yan Chadians kaɗan daga cikin' yan uwanta da yawa. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Chadi ba ta da isasshen kayan aiki don ilimin fasaha da sana'a don horar da masu fasaha na matsakaici, kuma babu jami'a.Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

A cikin 1970s da 1980s, Chadi ta sami ci gaba sosai wajen magance matsalolin kayan aiki da ma'aikata. Don inganta koyarwa, an kafa zaman bita da shirye-shiryen sabuntawa ga malamai na makarantar firamare. A matakin sakandare, karuwar adadin Chadians sun dauki matsayinsu a cikin ma'aikatan. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin shekara ta 1971-72, Jami'ar Tchad ta buɗe ƙofofinta.Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Wani matsala a lokacin samun 'yancin kai shi ne cewa tsarin karatun Faransanci na makarantun Chadi ya iyakance tasirin su. Koyarwar firamare ta kasance a Faransanci, kodayake yawancin ɗalibai ba sa magana da wannan yaren lokacin da suka shiga makaranta, kuma hanyoyin koyarwa da kayan aiki galibi ba su dace da saitunan karkara na yawancin makarantu ba. Bugu da kari, shirin ilimi da aka gada daga Faransanci bai shirya dalibai don zaɓuɓɓukan aiki a Chadi ba. Da farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari ta magance waɗannan matsalolin. Yawancin makarantun misali sun watsar da salon Faransanci na al'ada, ilimi na gargajiya don tallafawa sabon tsarin da ya koya wa yara su sake fassara da canza yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Maimakon koyar da Faransanci kamar yadda aka koyar da shi a makarantun Faransanci ga yara Faransanci, makarantun misali sun koyar da shi yadda ya fi dacewa a matsayin harshen waje. Wadannan sabbin makarantu sun kuma gabatar da darussan ƙwarewa na asali a shekara ta huɗu ta makarantar firamare. Daliban da wataƙila ba za su ci gaba da zuwa makarantar sakandare ba an ba su damar halartar cibiyoyin horar da aikin gona.Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Dukkanin matsalolin da suka gabata sun kasance masu rikitarwa ta hanyar wahala ta huɗu: Yaƙin basasar Chadi . Ba a rubuta komai ba musamman game da yadda wannan rikici ya rushe ilimi, amma ana iya yin la'akari da sakamako da yawa. Rashin tsaro a manyan sassan kasar tabbas ya sa ya zama da wahala a aika malamai zuwa wuraren aikinsu da kuma kula da su a can, wanda ya kasance matsala musamman saboda a matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati, ana gano malamai sau da yawa tare da manufofin gwamnati. Bugu da kari, motsi da yaƙin ya haifar ya haifar da rikici tare da ƙoƙarin samun yara su halarci azuzuwan a kai a kai. Karkatar da albarkatun zuwa rikici ya kuma hana gwamnati ci gaba da kula da matakan kashewa da aka samu a lokacin 'yancin kai, da yawa da yawa kara kudaden da ake samu. A ƙarshe, tashin hankali ya yi tasiri tsakanin malamai, ɗalibai, da wuraren. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ban mamaki game da wannan shine lalacewa da fashi na makarantun firamare, lycées, har ma da tarihin ƙasa da ke haɗe da Jami'ar Tchad a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na N'Djamena a cikin 1979 da 1980. Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Gwamnati ta yi babban ƙoƙari don shawo kan waɗannan matsalolin. A shekara ta 1983 Ma'aikatar Shirye-shirye da sake ginawa ta ba da rahoton cewa bude shekarar makaranta ta 1982-83 ita ce mafi nasara tun lokacin tashin hankali na 1979. A shekara ta 1984 Jami'ar Tchad, Ecole Nationale d'Administration, da Ecole National des Travaux Publics sun sake buɗe ƙofofin su.Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

 Ma'aikatar Ilimi 
A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Ma'aikatar Ilimi tana da alhakin gudanarwa don duk makarantar sakandare. Saboda shekaru na rikice-rikicen basasa, duk da haka, al'ummomin yankin sun ɗauki yawancin ayyukan ma'aikatar, gami da gina da kula da makarantu, da biyan albashin malamai.Chad country study. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba