Frank T. Bell

Frank T. Bell (21 ga Satumba, 1883 - 6 ga Oktoba, 1970) ya jagoranci Ofishin Kifi na Amurka a matsayin na takwas kuma na karshe Kwamishinan Kifi da Kifi na United States. Ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin daga 1933 zuwa 1939. A matsayinsa na kwamishinan, ya sami nasara wajen inganta Ofishin da kuma kara haɗin kai kan batutuwan kamun kifi tsakanin hukumomin Gwamnatin Amurka da kuma tsakanin su da gwamnatocin jihohin Amurka.

 Farkon rayuwar mutum 
An haifi Franklin Thomas Bell a Joplin, Missouri, a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1883, ta biyar daga cikin 'ya'ya 11 na William Layfette Bell da Amie Lee Bell née Farrar .  Daga baya ya koma Jihar Washington, inda ya auri Bertha May Hill, 'yar asalin Ephrata, Washington, a Douglas, Washington, ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1908. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Mabel B. Bell da Victor Franklin Bell.

Lokacin da ba ta shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa ko a ofishin gwamnati ba, Bell ta bi aiki a matsayin mai mallakar otal-otal da gidajen cin abinci."Grant County, Washington: Cemeteries and Memorial Sites of Politicians in Grant County". The Political Graveyard, A Database of American History. Retrieved November 10, 2022. Ya kasance memba na Ikilisiyar Methodist, ya kasance memba a cikin Rotary Club, da Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, da Odd Fellows,  kuma ya kasance mai farauta da masunta. Anonymous, "Appointment of Frank T. Bell as Commissioner," Fisheries Service Bulletin, May 1, 1933, p. 1.

 Ayyukan siyasa 
Yayinda yake zaune a garin matarsa na Ephrata, Bell ya shiga cikin siyasar gida a Jam'iyyar Democrat."Grant County, Washington: Cemeteries and Memorial Sites of Politicians in Grant County". The Political Graveyard, A Database of American History. Retrieved November 10, 2022. Daga 1919 zuwa 1923, ya kasance mai ba da kuɗi na Grant County, Washington .  Daga 1922 zuwa 1933, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare mai zaman kansa ga Sanata na Amurka Clarence Dill na Washington .  Bell ya inganta gina madatsar ruwan Grand Coulee da sauran ayyukan madatsar ruwa na Gwamnatin Amurka.

 Kwamishinan Kifi da Kifi na Amurka 
Bell ya nuna sha'awar kiyaye yanayi kuma ya nuna baiwa a matsayin mai gudanarwa na kasuwanci da kuma mai shirya.Anonymous, "Appointment of Frank T. Bell as Commissioner," Fisheries Service Bulletin, May 1, 1933, p. 1. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1933 - lokacin da aka lissafa gidansa a matsayin Seattle, Washington - an nada shi Kwamishinan Kifi da Kifi na Amurka. Ya hau mulki a lokacin da magajinsa, Henry O'Malley, ya tashi a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1933. 

A matsayinsa na kwamishinan, Bell ya kula da Ofishin Kifi na Amurka.Anonymous, "Appointment of Frank T. Bell as Commissioner," Fisheries Service Bulletin, May 1, 1933, p. 1. Kodayake ba shi da ƙwarewa a masana'antar kamun Kifi na kasuwanci kuma bai taɓa shiga cikin kowace ƙungiyar kamun kiɗa ba, Ofishin Kifi a cikin Mayu 1, 1933, fitowar Bulletin na Kifi ya bayyana wannan a matsayin ƙarfi, yana ba shi damar ɗaukar hanyar da ba ta da son kai don magance batutuwan kamun kifi da aka kawo a gabansa a matsayin kwamishinan yayin da yake amfani da baiwar shugabancinsa ga matsayi. Ya fara aikinsa yana rantsuwa da ci gaba da kimiyyar kifi ta Ofishin da sauran ayyukan kimiyya har zuwa mafi girman yiwuwar saboda rage kasafin kudin da ake samu a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, kiyaye yawancin ma'aikatan Ofishin da aka yi amfani da su kamar yadda zai yiwu, da kuma gudanar da cikakken bita game da ka'idojin kifi na Ofishin a cikin lokaci don duk wani canji da ake bukata da za a yi don kakar 1934.

A ci gaba da burin salmon Yarjejeniya Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt, Bell ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya zama kwamishinan ya ɗauki mataki don kara yawan gudanarwar Gwamnatin Amurka game da kamun kifi a Alaska" id="mwWg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Territory of Alaska">Yankin Alaska, babban bangare na tattalin arzikin Alaska wanda Ofishin Kifi ke da iko. Bell ya yi imanin cewa Ofishin yana buƙatar la'akari da tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ka'idojin kamun kifi na salmon ban da tsara girbi na salmon. Ya bincika manyan gundumomin salmon a Alaska kuma ya tabbatar da cewa ka'idojin Ofishin sun ci gaba da mamaye wuraren kifi a cikin kifin kifi na Alaska ba tare da la'akari da bukatun kamun kifi na mutanen yankin ba. Saboda haka ya rage yawan tarkon kifi da aka ba da izini kuma ya saki ka'idoji don ba da izinin amfani da Kayan kamun kifi na net a matsayin hanyar inganta kamun kiɗa mai zaman kansa a Alaska.

A wani taro na sassan kifi da wasanni daga ko'ina cikin Amurka wanda Bell ya kira a St. Louis, Missouri, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1934, mahalarta sun kafa Majalisar Shirye-shiryen Kasuwanci da Kwamishinonin Kifi na Kasa, ƙungiya ta farko da aka nufa don kauce wa maimaita ƙoƙarin da ke tsakanin Ofishin Kifi da sassan Kifi da Wasanni na Amurka.Anonymous, "National Fisheries Planning Council Formed," Fisheries Service Bulletin, May 1, 1934, p. 1. Bambancin batutuwan a yankuna daban-daban na kasar ya hana sabuwar majalisa cimma burinta na asali na bunkasa shirin kamun kifi guda daya ga dukan Amurka, amma majalisa ta kafa yankuna biyar, tare da kowane yanki da shugaban ke kula da shi.Anonymous, "Appointment of Frank T. Bell as Commissioner," Fisheries Service Bulletin, May 1, 1933, p. 1. Wakilan kowace jiha a cikin wani yanki da aka ba su kuma shugaban wannan yanki za su hadu aƙalla sau ɗaya a kowane watanni uku, kuma shugabannin yankin biyar za su hadu da Kwamishinan Kifi da Kifi sau biyu a shekara, duk tare da burin tabbatar da cewa ana gudanar da albarkatun kifi a cikin hanyar da aka daidaita tsakanin jihohi kuma cikin jituwa tare da kokarin Amurka, Ofishin Kifi, gami da ka'idojin kamun kifi na kasuwanci, adana kifi don kauce wa yawan kifi a wasu yankuna da kuma magance matsalolin kiyayewa ba tare da iyakancewar koguna ba.Anonymous, "Bureau Cooperates with Forest Service in Stream Improvement Project," Fisheries Service Bulletin, May 1, 1934, pp. 1–2. A taron shekara-shekara na huɗu a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1938, majalisar ta soke yankuna biyar na asali, wanda ya tabbatar da girma da rashin kulawa, kuma ya maye gurbin su da sabbin yankuna 11, ƙananan yankuna waɗanda suka fi dacewa da jihohi.Anonymous, "National Planning Council Meets in Chicago," Fisheries Service Bulletin, June 2, 1937, p. 4.

A ranar 19 ga Maris, 1935, Ofishin Kifi a karkashin jagorancin Bell ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka da Ofishin Binciken Biological na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka don daidaita ayyukan inganta rafi na Ofishin Kifin Kifi da Sabis ɗin dazuzzuka da kuma tabbatar da jituwa da bukatun wasan a yankunan da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya.Anonymous, "National Fisheries Planning Council Formed," Fisheries Service Bulletin, June 1, 1935, pp. 1–2. Ƙungiyar Kifi ta Amirka ta zabi Bell a matsayin shugabanta na shekara guda a zaman karshe na taron shekara-shekara a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1935. Anonymous, "Commissioner Bell Honored by the American Fisheries Society," Fisheries Service Bulletin, October 1, 1935, p. 1.

Taron da aka yi a Washington, DC a cikin 1927 don magance batutuwan da suka shafi kifi na Amurka ya haifar da rashin kulawa da rashin aiki, don haka Bell ya kira taron farko na Atlantic States a Atlantic City, New Jersey, a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1937, don sake farfado da kokarin ta hanyar la'akari da hanyoyin dawowa da haɓaka kifi.Anonymous, "Shad Conservation Council Meets," Fisheries Service Bulletin, March 1, 1937, p. 1. Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kasuwancin Ruwa da Kifi, Majalisa S. Otis Bland na Virginia, da wakilan Ofishin Kifi da wakilan Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, da Virginia, gami da kwamishinonin Majalisar Shirye-shiryen Kasuwanci da Kayan Kifi na Amurka daga waɗancan jihohin, taron ya tattauna ilmin halitta da yaduwar shad na Amurka, ka'idar girbijin inuwa, da kuma ya ba da kuma ya shafi binciken binciken Amurka na dindindin na Atlantic Coast.

A farkon Nuwamba 1937, Bell da sauran jami'an Ofishin Kifi sun hadu a Knoxville, Tennessee, tare da wakilan Ofishin Binciken Biological na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Hukumar Tennessee Valley (TVA) don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi kare namun daji, musamman kifi da tsuntsaye, a cikin Kogin Tennessee da kwandon ruwa a cikin Kwarin Tennessee daga mummunan tasirin ayyukan TVA a cikin gina madatsun ruwa, riƙe ruwa, da ƙarfafa masana'antu.Anonymous, "Program of Fish Protection in Tennessee River Urged," Fisheries Service Bulletin, December 1, 1937, p. 3. A lokacin taron, Ofishin Kifi ya burge jami'an TVA cewa shirye-shiryen su na canza raƙuman ruwa masu gudana kyauta tare da ruwa mai tsabta a cikin Tafkuna na wucin gadi wanda ke da alamar ruwa mai kyau mai yiwuwa zai lalata yawan mutanen kifin buffalo, carp, catfish, paddlefish, drum na Ruwa mai laushi (wanda aka fi sani da sheepshead), sturgeon, suckers, da sauran masu cin abinci na kasa, kuma aƙalla rayuwa da suka fi dacewa da ruwa, kamar bass, crappie, wani bangare, wanda ke da tattalin arziki na gida. Ofishin Kifi ya bayyana kuma ya ba da shawarar cikakken shirin kula da kifi ga kwarin Tennessee don rage tasirin shirye-shiryen TVA da tabbatar da rayuwar nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana.

Dangane da fitowar Fabrairu 1939 na Bulletin na Kifi, Ofishin Kifi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin Gwamnatin Amurka a lokacin mulkin shekaru shida na Bell a matsayin kwamishinan kuma ya ga karuwar kasafin kuɗi na kashi 67 cikin dari.Anonymous, "Commissioner Frank T. Bell Resigns," Fisheries Service Bulletin, February 1, 1939, p. 1. The Fisheries Service Bulletin ya lissafa wadannan a matsayin nasarorin Ofishin a karkashin jagorancin Bell: Anonymous, "Commissioner Frank T. Bell Resigns," Fisheries Service Bulletin, February 1, 1939, pp. 1–2.

 A Alaska, inda Ofishin ke da iko a kan kamun kifi, kamun kifin salmon ya samar da matsakaicin shari'o'i 8,437,603 na kifi a shekara ta 1936 kuma ya kai matsakaicin 6,500,000 a kowace shekara.
 A cikin Tsibirin Pribilof, inda Ofishin ke da alhakin gudanar da garken hatimi na fata da kuma jin daɗin al'ummar Aleut na gida, garken hatimin fata ya karu da kusan kashi 30, daga dabbobi 1,318,516 zuwa 1,872,438, kuma an ɗauki fata na hatimi 300,000 a cikin tsibirai kuma an sayar da su a asusun Ofishin.
 Da farko a cikin mulkinsa, Bell ya kula da rufe wuraren kifi marasa amfani da kuma fadada aikin kifi na Ofishin ta hanyar gini ko sayen sabbin wuraren kifi 20. Canje-canje sun haifar da rikodin samar da kifi na shekara-shekara na kifi 8,120,000,000 a cikin 1936, wanda ya wuce rikodin da ya gabata da fiye da kifi biliyan.
 Bell ya fadada kokarin kimiyya na Ofishin ta hanyar kafa bincike game da kamun kifi na haddock a Arewacin Tekun Atlantika, kamun kifin shrimp a Tekun Mexico, kamun shad na Amurka tare da Gabashin Gabashin Amurka, da kamun pilchard - mafi girman kamun kiwon kifi na Amurka - tare da Yammacin Amurka.
 Bell ya lura da karuwar rawar da Ofishin ke takawa wajen kiyaye kifin salmon na Kogin Columbia da kuma kula da kifi a cikin koguna a yankunan gandun daji na kasa.
 A karkashin jagorancin Bell, Ofishin ya taka rawar gani wajen tallafawa manoma da masu girbi a Gabashin Amurka da Yammacin Yamma, yana ba su taimakon kimiyya wajen magance kwari da masu cin nama da kuma koyarwa wajen inganta hanyoyin noma.
 Ofishin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara kifi a kan manyan teku a karkashin sharuddan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 1937 don Dokar Kifi.
 A cikin 1938, Ofishin ya kirkiro Sabis ɗin Labaran Kasuwancin Kifi, wanda ke tallafawa masana'antar kamun kifi ta kasuwanci ta Amurka ta hanyar tattara da rarraba bayanai daga cibiyoyin kamun kiɗa da aka warwatsa a Amurka kan samar da kifi, rasit, wadata da buƙata, farashin kasuwa, ajiyar sanyi, da shigo da fitarwa.Galtsoff, Paul S., The Story of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Circular 145, Washington, D.C., 1962, p. 115.
 Bell ya goyi bayan hadin kai tsakanin hukumomin Gwamnatin Amurka da kuma tsakanin Gwamnatin Amurka le hukumomin jihohi don rage yawan kokarin da kuma karfafa ra'ayoyi masu yawa game da tsarin muhalli wanda ya ba da damar adanawa da kyau na gudanar da albarkatun kifi. Halitta Majalisar Shirye-shiryen Kasuwanci da Kwamishinonin Kifi na Kasa da aikin Ofishin tare da Hukumar Tennessee Valley sun kasance misalai ne na musamman na tsarinsa, kuma ya jagoranci Ofishin a ci gaba da kokarin hadin gwiwa tare da Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa da Hukumar Tsaro ta Noma.

Tafiye-tafiyen Bell a kan yawon shakatawa na Ofishin Kifi ya kai shi ko'ina cikin nahiyar Amurka da kuma Yankin Alaska, kuma ya haɗa da ziyara zuwa Tsibirin Pribilof  da Yankin Hawaii. Chute, George Roger, "Commissioner Bell Visits the Pribilof Islands," Fisheries Service Bulletin, October 1, 1938, p. 5.Anonymous, "Hawaiian Fishery Problems Reviewed by the Bureau of Fisheries," Fisheries Service Bulletin, October 1, 1938, pp. 1–3.

Ayyukan karshe na hukuma na Bell a matsayin kwamishinan shine kirkirar makarantar hatchery don ba da umarni ga masu kula da Ofishin Kifi da ma'aikata a cikin sabbin dabarun al'adun kifi. A farkon 1939, ana gina kayan aikin na farko na wannan makarantar a Leetown, West Virginia . Anonymous, "Commissioner Frank T. Bell Resigns," Fisheries Service Bulletin, February 1, 1939, p. 1.

A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 1939, Bell ya sanar da murabus dinsa ba zato ba tsammani.Anonymous, "Commissioner Frank T. Bell Resigns," Fisheries Service Bulletin, February 1, 1939, p. 1. Ya bar Ofishin Kifi a ƙarshen Janairu 1939, kodayake murabus dinsa bai zama mai tasiri ba har zuwa Maris 21, 1939. Shi ne Kwamishinan Kifi da Kifi na karshe; bayan tafiyarsa, Mataimakin Kwamishinan Charles E. Jackson ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan mukaddashin har sai an soke Ofishin Kifi da Kayan daji a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1940, lokacin da sabon Ofishin Kici da Kayan Kayan Kudancin Amurka (wanda daga baya ya zama Ofishin Kifin Amurka da Kayan namun daji a 1956) ya ɗauki nauyinsa, ma'aikata, kayan aiki, da jiragen ruwa.Galtsoff, Paul S., The Story of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Circular 145, Washington, D.C., 1962, p. 115."The United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Its Responsibiliies and Functions," Circular 97, United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., December 1960, p. 9.

 Ayyuka na baya 
Bell ya ci gaba da aiki a siyasa bayan ya tashi daga Ofishin Kifi. Ya kasance mataimakin wakilin daga Washington a duka taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 1948 da 1952. "Grant County, Washington: Cemeteries and Memorial Sites of Politicians in Grant County". The Political Graveyard, A Database of American History. Retrieved November 10, 2022.

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