Allurar rigakafin zazzabi mai launin rawaya

Allurar rigakafi zazzabi mai launin rawaya Ta kasance wata allurar rigakafi ce da ke karewa daga zazzabi. Yellow fever kamuwa da cuta ce da ke faruwa a Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Yawancin mutane sun fara samun rigakafi a cikin kwanaki goma na allurar rigakafi kuma ana kare kashi 99% a cikin wata daya, kuma wannan ya bayyana dindindin. Ana iya amfani da allurar rigakafin domin hana barkewar cutar. Ana ba da shi ko dai ta hanyar allura a cikin tsoka ko kuma a ƙarƙashin fata.

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar rigakafi na yau da kullun a duk ƙasashe inda cutar ta zama ruwan dare. Wannan yana faruwa ne a tsakanin watanni tara zuwa goma sha biyu. Wadanda ke tafiya zuwa wuraren da cutar ke faruwa domin yin rigakafi. Ba a buƙatar ƙarin allurai bayan na farko ba.

Allurar rigakafin zazzabi mai launin rawaya gabaɗaya tana da aminci. Wannan ya haɗa da waɗanda ke da cutar kanjamau amma ba tare da alamun bayyanar cututtuka ba. Matsakaicin sakamako na iya haɗawa da ciwon kai, ciwon tsoka, ciwo a wurin allurar, zazzabi, da rash. Rashin jituwa mai tsanani yana faruwa a cikin kimanin takwas a cikin miliyan, matsaloli masu tsanani na jijiyoyi suna faruwa a cikin kusan hudu a cikin miliyan ɗaya, kuma gazawar gabobin yana faruwa a kusan uku a cikin miliyan. Yana da aminci a ciki ciki kuma saboda haka ana ba da shawarar tsakanin waɗanda za a iya fallasa su. Bai kamata a ba da shi ga waɗanda ke da ƙarancin aikin rigakafi ba.

An fara amfani da allurar rigakafin zazzabi a shekarar 1938. Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. An yi allurar rigakafin ne daga kwayar cutar zazzabin rawaya. Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar shaidar rigakafin zazzabin rawaya kafin shiga daga ƙasar da cutar ta zama ruwan dare.

 Amfani da kiwon lafiya 
Masana kiwon lafiya suna ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar, kamar masu yankan katako da ke aiki a yankuna masu zafi. Insecticides, tufafi masu kariya, da kuma tantance gidaje suna da taimako, amma ba koyaushe ya isa ga kula da sauro ba; masana kiwon lafiya suna ba da shawarar amfani da allurar kashe kwari ta mutum a yankunan da ba su da yawa. A yankunan da abin ya shafa, hanyoyin Kula da sauro sun tabbatar da tasiri wajen rage yawan masu kamuwa.

Matafiya suna buƙatar samun allurar rigakafi kwanaki goma kafin su kasance a cikin yankin da ke fama da cutar don tabbatar da cikakken rigakafi.

 Tsawon lokaci da tasiri 
Ga yawancin mutane, allurar rigakafin ta kasance mai tasiri har abada. Mutanen da ke da cutar kanjamau a lokacin rigakafin na iya amfana daga mai ƙarfafawa bayan shekaru goma.

A ranar 17 ga Mayu 2013, Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on rigakafi (SAGE) ta ba da sanarwar cewa allurar rigakafin zazzabi mai launin rawaya (YF), shekaru goma bayan allurar farko, ba lallai ba ne. Tun lokacin da aka fara yin allurar rigakafin zazzabi a cikin shekarun 1930, an gano mutane 12 ne kawai da aka sani na zazzabi bayan allurar riguna, bayan an rarraba allurai miliyan 600. Shaidu sun nuna cewa daga cikin wannan karamin adadin "rashin allurar rigakafi", duk masu kamuwa da cutar sun kamu da cutar a cikin shekaru biyar na allurar rigakawa. Wannan ya nuna cewa rigakafin ba ya raguwa tare da lokaci.

 Shirin 
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar rigakafin tsakanin watanni 9 zuwa 12 a yankunan da cutar ta zama ruwan dare. Duk wanda ya wuce watanni tara wanda ba a riga an yi masa rigakafi ba kuma ko dai yana zaune a ciki ko yana tafiya zuwa yankin da cutar ke faruwa ya kamata a yi masa rigata.

 Sakamakon sakamako 
Ana ɗaukar allurar rigakafin zazzabi ta 17D mai aminci, tare da allurai sama da miliyan 500 da aka bayar da kuma ƙananan rubuce-rubuce na cututtukan da suka shafi allurar rigakawa (62 da aka tabbatar da mutuwar 35 a watan Janairun 2019). A kowane hali na rashin lafiya da ke da alaƙa da allurar rigakafi babu shaidar cewa kwayar cutar ta koma ga kwayar cutar.   [<span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (December 2019)">medical citation needed</span>]

Yawancin mummunar halayen rigakafin 17D sun samo asali ne daga rashin lafiyan ƙwai inda aka shuka allurar rigakafin. Mutanen da ke da sanannun rashin lafiyan kwai ya kamata su tattauna wannan tare da likitan su kafin allurar rigakafi. Bugu da kari, akwai karamin haɗarin cututtukan jijiyoyi da encephalitis, musamman a cikin mutanen da ke da Tsarin rigakafi da yara ƙanana. An haramta allurar rigakafin 17D a cikin (cikin wasu) jarirai tsakanin sifili zuwa watanni shida, mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan Thymus da ke da alaƙa da aikin kwayar rigakafi mara kyau, mutanen da ke da ƙarancin rigakafi, da duk wanda ke da ƙwarewar rigakafi gami da waɗanda ke shan magungunan rigakafi.

Akwai karamin haɗari na cututtukan da suka fi tsanani da ke da alaƙa da allurar rigakafin. Wannan martani, wanda aka sani da rigakafin zazzabi mai launin rawaya wanda ke da alaƙa da cututtukan viscerotropic (YEL-AVD),  yana haifar da mummunar cuta mai kama da zazzabi wanda ya haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ba a san abubuwan haɗari na YEL-AVD ba, kodayake an ba da shawarar cewa yana iya zama kwayar halitta. An nuna cewa bangare na 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) na amsawar rigakafin da aka haifa yana da mahimmanci wajen kariya daga kamuwa da cutar Flavivirus. Wani martani ga allurar rigakafin zazzabi mai launin rawaya an san shi da allurar rigakawa ta zazzabi ta zazzabin cizon sauro mai haɗari (YEL-AND).

Kungiyar Likitoci ta Kanada ta buga wani labarin CMAJ na 2001 mai taken "Jin shafawa na zazzabi: tabbatar da cewa mai haƙuri yana bukatarsa". Labarin ya fara ne da bayyana cewa daga cikin mutane bakwai da suka ci gaba da gazawar tsarin a cikin kwanaki biyu zuwa biyar na allurar rigakafin a cikin 1996-2001, shida sun mutu "ciki har da 2 wadanda aka yi musu allurar rigaya duk da cewa suna shirin tafiya zuwa ƙasashe inda ba a taɓa bayar da rahoton zazzabin rawaya ba. Labarin ya nuna cewa "3 ya nuna canje-canje na histopatholic daidai da kwayar cutar zazzabin daji.  Marubucin yana ba da allurar riguna ga matafiya kawai ba (duba jerin labaran) da ke zuwa aikin zazzabin da zazzabin zazzabin ja ba ko a iya samun su ba a ƙasa. Bugu da kari, fitowar kan layi ta 2010 na Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka Yellow Book ya bayyana cewa tsakanin 1970 da 2002 kawai "an bayar da rahoton shari'o'i tara na zazzabin rawaya a cikin matafiya marasa allurar rigakafi daga Amurka da Turai waɗanda suka yi tafiya" zuwa Yammacin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka, kuma 8 daga cikin 9 sun mutu. Koyaya, ya ci gaba da ambaton "kawai 1 da aka rubuta game da zazzabin rawaya a cikin matafiyi mai allurar rigakafi.Wannan lamari ba mai mutuwa ya faru ne a cikin matafiya daga Spain wanda ya ziyarci ƙasashe da yawa na Yammacin Afirka a cikin 1988".

 Tarihi 
Al'adun wurare masu zafi na Afirka sun karɓi al'adun binnewa inda aka binne matattu kusa da mazauninsu, gami da waɗanda suka mutu daga Yellow fever. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa mutane a cikin waɗannan al'adu sun sami rigakafi ta hanyar yanayin yara na zazzabin rawaya ta hanyar samun rigakafi. Wannan ya haifar da kuskuren dindindin, na farko daga hukumomin mulkin mallaka da masana kiwon lafiya na kasashen waje, cewa 'yan Afirka suna da "tsarin rigakafi na halitta" ga cutar. A cikin karni na goma sha tara masu samar da kiwon lafiya sun tilasta watsi da waɗannan al'adun binnewar gargajiya, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar jama'ar yankin daga zazzabin rawaya akai-akai kamar waɗanda ba su da irin waɗannan al'adu na binnewa kamar yawan mazauna.

Kokarin zamani na farko na haɓaka allurar rigakafin zazzabi mai launin rawaya ya biyo bayan buɗewar Canal na Panama a cikin 1912, wanda ya kara yawan bayyanar cutar a duniya. Masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na Japan Hideyo Noguchi ya jagoranci bincike ga Gidauniyar Rockefeller a Ecuador wanda ya haifar da allurar rigakafi bisa ga ka'idarsa cewa kwayar cutar leptospiral ce ta haifar da cutar. Koyaya, wasu masu bincike ba za su iya maimaita sakamakon sa ba kuma an watsar da allurar rigakafin da ba ta da tasiri.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span>]

An kirkiro wani allurar rigakafi daga "faransanci" na kwayar cutar, wanda masana kimiyya na Cibiyar Pasteur suka samu daga wani mutum a Dakar, Senegal, wanda ya tsira daga yaƙin da ya yi da cutar.  Ana iya ba da wannan allurar rigakafi ta hanyar scarification, kamar allurar rigakawa ta kyanda, kuma an ba da ita a hade don samar da rigakafi ga cututtukan biyu, amma kuma tana da matsaloli masu tsanani na tsarin da jijiyoyi a cikin 'yan lokuta. Kokarin rage kwayar cutar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin allurar rigakafin ya gaza. Masana kimiyya a Gidauniyar Rockefeller sun kirkiro wani allurar rigakafi wanda aka samo daga kwayar cutar ta wani dan Afirka mai suna Asibi a 1927, warewar farko ta kwayar cutar daga mutum. Ya fi aminci amma ya haɗa da amfani da adadi mai yawa na serum na mutum, wanda ya iyakance amfani da yaduwa. Dukkanin allurar rigakafin an yi amfani da su na shekaru da yawa, allurar rigar Rockefeller a Yammacin Yamma da Ingila, da allurar rigafin Cibiyar Pasteur a Faransa da yankunanta na Afirka.

A cikin 1937, Max Theiler, yana aiki tare da Hugh Smith da Eugen Haagen a Gidauniyar Rockefeller don inganta allurar rigakafin daga nau'in "Asibi", ya gano cewa sauye-sauye mai kyau a cikin kwayar cutar da aka rage ya samar da wani nau'i mai tasiri sosai wanda ake kira 17D. Bayan aikin Ernest Goodpasture, Theiler ya yi amfani da ƙwai na kaza don al'ada kwayar cutar. Bayan gwaje-gwaje a Brazil, an yi wa mutane sama da miliyan daya allurar rigakafi a 1939, ba tare da matsaloli masu tsanani ba. Sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da wannan allurar rigakafi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Don aikinsa a kan allurar rigakafin zazzabi mai launin rawaya, Theiler ya sami kyautar Nobel ta 1951 a fannin ilimin lissafi ko magani. Sai kawai allurar rigakafin 17D ta kasance ana amfani da ita a yau.

Allurar rigakafin Theiler ce ke da alhakin barkewar cutar Hepatitis B mafi girma a tarihi: kamuwa da sojoji 330,000 da kuma ba da jaundice 50,000 tsakanin 1941 da 1945. A lokacin, ba a san cutar hepatitis mai tsanani ba, don haka lokacin da aka yi amfani da kwayar cutar ta mutum a shirye-shiryen rigakafin, kwayar cutar da aka samo daga kwayar cutar Hepatitis B (HBV) mai dauke da kwayar cuta zazzabin Yellow. A cikin 1941, masu bincike a Rocky Mountain Laboratories sun haɓaka wani zaɓi mafi aminci, sigar "tushen ruwa" na allurar rigakafin 17D ta amfani da ruwa mai narkewa tare da kwayar cutar da aka shuka a cikin ƙwai na kaza. Tun daga shekara ta 1971, ana samun fasahar tantancewa don HBV kuma ana amfani da ita akai-akai a yanayin da gurɓatawar HBV ke yiwuwa ciki har da shirye-shiryen rigakafi.

Har ila yau, a cikin shekarun 1930, ƙungiyar Faransa ta haɓaka allurar rigakafin neurotropic ta Faransa (FNV), wanda aka cire daga ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Tun da yake wannan allurar rigakafin tana da alaƙa da hauhawar cutar encephalitis, ba a ba da shawarar FNV ba bayan 1961. Har yanzu ana amfani da allurar rigakafin 17D, kuma an rarraba allurai sama da miliyan 400. An yi bincike kadan don samar da sabbin allurar rigakafi. Sabbin allurar rigakafi, bisa ga Kwayoyin vero, suna ci gaba (kamar na 2018)..

 Masana'antu da wadata ta duniya 
Karin kamuwa da zazzabin rawaya a yankunan da ke fama da cutar a Afirka da Amurka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1980 an magance su ne ta hanyar WHO Yellow Fever Initiative da aka ƙaddamar a tsakiyar 2000s. Gavi Alliance, hadin gwiwar WHO, UNICEF, masana'antun allurar rigakafi, da masu ba da agaji masu zaman kansu kamar Gidauniyar Bill &amp; Melinda Gates sun goyi bayan shirin. Kamfen ɗin allurar rigakafin da Gavi ke tallafawa tun daga shekara ta 2011 ya rufe mutane miliyan 88 a cikin ƙasashe 14 da aka ɗauka a cikin "babban haɗari" na barkewar zazzabin rawaya (An dauki Angola a matsayin "matsakaiciyar haɗari"). Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, akwai masana'antun da suka cancanta a WHO guda huɗu: Bio-Manguinhos a Brazil (tare da Gidauniyar Oswaldo Cruz), Cibiyar Pasteur a Dakar, Senegal, Cibiyar Kasuwancin Tarayya ta Cibiyar Chumakov a Rasha, da Sanofi Pasteur, kamfanin magunguna na Faransa. Sauran masana'antun biyu suna samar da kasuwannin cikin gida: Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Wuhan a China da Sanofi Pasteur a Amurka.

Bukatar allurar rigakafin zazzabi mai launin rawaya don kamfen ɗin rigakafi ya karu daga kimanin allurai miliyan biyar a kowace shekara zuwa hasashen miliyan 62 a kowace shekara ta 2014. UNICEF ta ruwaito a cikin 2013 cewa kayan aiki ba su isa ba. Masana'antun suna samar da kimanin miliyan 35 daga cikin allurai miliyan 64 da ake buƙata a kowace shekara. Bukatar allurar rigakafin zazzabi mai launin rawaya ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa saboda yawan ƙasashe da ke aiwatar da allurar rigakawa ta zazzabi a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen rigakafin su na yau da kullun.

Yaduwar zazzabin rawaya a Angola da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a cikin 2016 ya haifar da damuwa game da ko samar da allurar rigakafin duniya ya isa ya biya bukatun yayin babban annoba ko annobar cutar. An dakatar da rigakafin yara na yau da kullun a wasu ƙasashen Afirka don tabbatar da isasshen wadata a cikin yakin allurar rigakafin cutar a Angola. Kayan rigakafin gaggawa da aka karkatar zuwa Angola, wanda ya kunshi kimanin allurai miliyan 10 a ƙarshen Maris 2016, ya ƙare, amma ana sake cika shi a Mayu 2016. Koyaya, a watan Agusta an ba da rahoton cewa kimanin allurai miliyan ɗaya na miliyan shida da aka aika a watan Fabrairu an aika su zuwa wurin da ba daidai ba ko kuma ba a kiyaye su da sanyi don tabbatar da inganci ba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin don yaki da yaduwar cutar a DR Congo. A matsayin matakin gaggawa, masana sun ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafi, ta amfani da kashi (1/5 ko 1/10 na allurar da aka saba amfani da ita) don fadada kayan allurar rigakawa da ke akwai. Sauran sun lura cewa sauya hanyoyin masana'antu zuwa fasahar al'adun sel na zamani na iya inganta karancin kayan aikin rigakafi,  kamar yadda kera allurar rigakafin yanzu a cikin kwai na kaza yana da jinkiri da wahala.  A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2016, WHO ta amince da amfani da 1/5 na al'ada a matsayin matakin gaggawa yayin barkewar cutar a Angola da DR Congo. Rashin kashi ba zai cancanci takardar shaidar zazzabin rawaya ba ga matafiya. Bincike na baya ya gano cewa kashi na raguwa ya kasance mai kariya kamar cikakken kashi, har ma da shekaru 10 bayan allurar rigakafi.

Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2021, UNICEF ta ba da rahoton farashin kwangila daga US $  zuwa US $  a kowace kashi a ƙarƙashin kwangila na shekaru da yawa tare da masu samarwa daban-daban.

 Bukatar tafiye-tafiye 
  Duk ƙasashe      
Matafiya da ke son shiga wasu ƙasashe ko yankuna dole ne a yi musu allurar rigakafi game da zazzabin rawaya kwanaki 10 kafin su haye iyaka, kuma su iya gabatar da rikodin allurar rigakawa / takardar shaidar a binciken iyaka.: 45 A mafi yawan lokuta, wannan buƙatar tafiye-tafiye ya dogara da ko ƙasar da suke tafiya daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta sanya ta a matsayin 'ƙasa da ke da haɗarin yaduwar zazzabin rawaya'. A cikin 'yan kasashe, ba kome ba ne daga wace ƙasa matafiyin ya fito: duk wanda yake so ya shiga waɗannan ƙasashe dole ne a yi masa allurar rigakafi game da zazzabin rawaya. Akwai keɓewa ga jarirai; a mafi yawan lokuta, duk wani yaro wanda ke da akalla watanni 9 ko shekara 1 yana buƙatar yin allurar rigakafi.
 Haɗin waje 

 Yellow Fever Vaccinea cikin ɗakin karatu na kasa na AmurkaTakaddun Magunguna (MeSH) 


 Mananzarta 
Rukuni:Magungunan rigakafi
Rukuni:Alurar rigakafi masu rai
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba