Yis

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Yis Wasu abubuwa ne da ake kira Eukaryotic. Yan kananan halittu ne masu sel guda daya. Halittar yis halitta ce wadda take cikin jerin rukunin kungiyar Fungus. Yis na farkovan kirkiro shi ne shekaru Miliyoyi da suka gabata. Yis kala kala ne inda aka gano kusan kala 1500 a yanzu haka. An kididde cewa kaso daya ne aka gano daga cikin masarautar Fungus.Piškur, Jure; Compagno, Concetta (2014). Molecular Mechanisms in Yeast Carbon Metabolism. Springer. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-642-55013-3. The second completely sequenced yeast genome came 6 years later from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which diverged from S. cerevisiae probably more than 300 million years ago.

Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (2006). "Yeast Systematics and Phylogeny—Implications of Molecular Identification Methods for Studies in Ecology". Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts, The Yeast Handbook. Springer.

Hoffman CS, Wood V, Fantes PA (October 2015). "An Ancient Yeast for Young Geneticists: A Primer on the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Model System". Genetics. 201 (2): 403–23. doi:10.1534/genetics.115.181503. PMC 4596657. PMID 26447128.

Kurtzman CP, Piškur J (2006). "Taxonomy and phylogenetic diversity among the yeasts". In Sunnerhagen P, Piskur J (eds.). Comparative Genomics: Using Fungi as Models. Topics in Current Genetics. Vol. 15. Berlin: Springer. pp. 29–46. doi:10.1007/b106654. ISBN 978-3-540-31480-6.

 Tarihi 
Kalmar “yiast” ta fito ne daga Tsohon Turanci gist, gyst, kuma daga tushen Indo-Turai yes-, ma’ana “tafasa”, “kumfa”, ko “kumfa”.Appendix I". Indo-European Roots (4th ed.). American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2000. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008. Yisti microbes mai yiwuwa ɗaya daga cikin halittun gida na farko. Masu binciken kayan tarihi da ke tona kango a Masar sun gano da wuri suna nika duwatsu da dakunan toya burodin da aka yi da yisti, da kuma zane-zanen gidajen burodi da wuraren sayar da giya na shekaru 4,000. Tasoshin da aka yi nazari daga wurare da yawa na archaeological a Isra'ila (wanda ke kusa da 5,000, 3,000 da 2,500 shekaru da suka wuce), waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa sun ƙunshi abubuwan sha (giya da mead), sun ƙunshi yankunan yisti da suka tsira a cikin shekaru millennia, samar da shaida ta farko kai tsaye ta nazarin halittu na yin amfani da yisti a cikin al'adun farko. A cikin 1680, masanin halitta dan kasar Holland Anton van Leeuwenhoek ya fara ganin yisti ta hanyar microscopically, amma a lokacin bai dauke su a matsayin rayayyun halittu ba, sai dai tsarin duniya kamar yadda masu bincike ke shakkar ko yisti algae ne ko fungi. Theodor Schwann ya gane su a matsayin fungi a cikin 1837.Schwann T (1837). "Vorläufige Mittheilung, bettreffend Versuche über die Weingährung und Fäulniss". Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German). 41 (5): 184–193. Bibcode:1837AnP...117..184S. doi:10.1002/andp.18371170517.

A shekara ta 1857, masanin ilimin halittu na Faransa Louis Pasteur ya nuna cewa ta hanyar kumfa iskar oxygen a cikin broth yisti, ana iya haɓaka haɓakar tantanin halitta, amma an hana fermentation - abin lura daga baya da ake kira "Pasteur sakamako". A cikin takarda "Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique," Pasteur ya tabbatar da cewa fermentation na giya ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar yisti mai rai ba ta hanyar sinadarai ba.Phillips T. "Planets in a bottle: more about yeast". Science@NASA. Retrieved 3 October 2016.Barnett JA (2003). "Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research". Microbiology. 149 (3): 557–567. doi:10.1099/mic.0.26089-0. PMID 12634325. S2CID 15986927.

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