Hanna Lindmark

Hanna Lindmark (24 Nuwamba 1860 - 15 Nuwamba 1941) yar kasuwa ce ta Sweden, malami, kuma wacce ta kafa makarantun tattalin arzikin gida da ake kira Margaretaskolan. Ewonne Winblad: Frälst, förmögen, förskingrad, Stockholm, Bonniers förlag 2008 An ƙirƙira don ba wa ’yan mata ilimi kan shirya inganci, abinci da ake dafawa a gida da kuma abinci mai gina jiki, tsafta, da Kiristanci, makarantunta sun zama jerin gidajen abinci, shaguna, da wuraren liyafa. Don ƙoƙarinta na malami, Sarkin Sweden ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Illis a cikin 1927.

 Tarihin Rayuwa 
An haife shi a Arnäs, Ångermanland, Sweden, Lindmark ya girma a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Mahaifiyarta, Cajsa Brita Persdotter, ta mutu a lokacin haihuwa a cikin 1869, a wannan shekarar da Sweden ta fuskanci rashin nasarar amfanin gona da yunwa a lokacin yunwar Sweden na 1867-1869 . Iyalin sun zama matalauta har tana da shekaru tara, an sayar da ita a gwanjon yaro ga wani mutum a cikin Ikklesiya ta gida na Arnäs wanda ya dauke ta a farashi mafi ƙasƙanci. Har sai da ta cika shekaru 15, ana yin gwanjonta a duk shekara ga iyaye masu goyo daban-daban. Mahaifinta Nils Olofsson, wani matalauci ne, ya yi aure sau uku kuma yana da ’ya’ya 22, goma daga cikinsu sun tsira. 

Lindmark ta yanke shawarar tun da wuri don yin hanyarta ta fita daga talauci.  Wani muhimmin wahayi shine Anna Johansdotter Norbäck, wanda aka sani da Uwar Anna. Norbäck shine wanda ya kafa  coci a Arnäs da ikilisiyar ta na kyauta sau da yawa suna ziyartar Lindmark. Wannan ya kafa tushen bangaskiya mai ƙarfi ga Lindmark ga Allah da kuma burinta na zama ’yar mishan. A wani gida ta koyi karatu da rubutu, kuma a matsayinta na kuyanga a gidajen reno ita ma an bar ta ta yi girki kuma cikin sauri ta zama mai godiya sosai. Daga ƙarshe, manoma masu arziki, firistoci da 'yan kasuwa sun ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci da kuma ma'aikaciyar gida ga mai ɗaukar hoto Adele Kindlund a Östersund, Sweden. Winblad, Ewonne (2018-03-08). "Sara Johanna (Hanna) Lindmark". Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon. Archived from the original on 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2023-03-17. Ta isa can tana da shekaru 36 kuma ta sami Kindlund a matsayin abin koyi. Lindmark ta fahimci cewa mace za ta iya sarrafa rayuwarta kuma an yi wahayi zuwa ga yin sana'a.  A shekara ta 1898, ta yi amfani da ajiyarta don halartar wani kwas a gidan mata na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Elsa Borg a Vita Bergen, Stockholm. Duk da haka, ajiyarta ya wuce semester ɗaya kawai kuma dole ne ta mayar da hankali kan girki maimakon. 

 aikii 
A cikin 1899, Lindmark ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai sarrafa sabon gidan cin abinci na YMCA a Östersund. Winblad, Ewonne (2018-03-08). "Sara Johanna (Hanna) Lindmark". Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon. Archived from the original on 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2023-03-17. Hazakarta a matsayinta na mai shiryawa da mai ba da abinci ya haifar da nasarar gidan abincin, wanda ita ma ta karɓi ragamar aiki.  Bayan shekara guda kawai, ta sami damar faɗaɗawa, hayar sabbin ma'aikata kuma ta buƙaci ingantattun kayan aiki. Ɗaya daga cikin baƙin shine matar Axel Lindmark, mai bincike a sashin taswirar sojojin Sweden, wanda ya zo gidan abincin tare da 'ya'yansa Oscar, Aimee da Robert. Su biyun sun yi aure a shekara ta 1904 kuma suka fara aure mai daɗi da kuma ƙungiyar aiki mai albarka.  Hanna Lindmark ta fito da sauri da ra'ayin kasuwancinta, wanda ya dogara akan ginshiƙai huɗu kuma ya yi nasara sama da shekaru 70. Bangare na farko ya samu kwarin gwiwar abin da ta koya a matsayinta na kuyanga yar shekara tara. Manufar ita ce a koya wa matasa, ’yan mata Kirista yadda ake shirya girkin gida mai inganci na Sweden.  Haka kuma an koyar da ‘yan matan kan addinin Kiristanci, da’a, tsafta da abinci mai gina jiki. Wadanda suka kware sosai an yi musu alkawarin aiki tare da Lindmark bayan horon. Tunani na biyu na Lindmark shine cewa yakamata a siyar da abinci sabo ne yau da kullun a cikin shaguna, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama farkon wanda ya fara gabatar da kayan abinci a Sweden, tun kafin wannan ra'ayi ya wanzu. Ra'ayi na uku na asali shi ne gidan cin abinci na iyalai Kirista waɗanda suke so su ci abinci ba tare da damuwa da baƙi buguwa a ɗakuna masu hayaƙi ba. Ra'ayi na hudu shi ne gidan liyafa inda mutane za su yi bikin ranar haihuwa, bukukuwan aure, jana'izar da sauran bukukuwa. 

 Margaretaskolan 
A cikin 1905, Lindmarks ya koma Norrköping kuma ya buɗe Margaretaskolan na farko ('Makarantar Margareta'), makarantar tattalin arziki ta gida mai suna Princess (daga baya Gimbiya Crown) Margaret . Margaretaskolan yayi nasara. Lokaci ya yi daidai da babban nunin fasaha da masana'antu na Norrköping a cikin 1906, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar wuraren cin abinci. Winblad, Ewonne (2018-03-08). "Sara Johanna (Hanna) Lindmark". Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon. Archived from the original on 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2023-03-17. Hakan ya biyo bayan bude wani wuri a Stockholm a daidai lokacin gasar Olympics ta 1912 da kuma a Gothenburg a 1923 a lokacin nunin Jubilee . "Hanna Lindmark - pionjär bland kvinnliga entreprenörer". Företagskällan (in Swedish). 2020-04-09. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) Ta mataki-mataki, ta kafa kanta a cikin ƙasar, ciki har da Malmö, Linköping, Borås, Jönköping, Västerås . Örebro, Lund, Helsingborg da Tranås . Margaretaskolan ta zama jerin kantuna, gidajen abinci da wuraren liyafa na ƙasa baki ɗaya.  Lindmark ta dauki hayar matan da ba su yi aure ba sai kuma ’yan matan Kirista da suka yi layi don shiga makarantar. Kadaitattun maza sun zo cin abinci a gidan cin abinci inda su ma za su iya siyan kabeji rolls da ƙwallan namun daji su kai gida. Davila, Anahi (2020-04-13). "Margaretaskolans grundare". Företagskällan (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2022-10-14. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

A cikin shekaru da yawa, Margaretaskolan ya kiyaye ingancinsa, musamman saboda yadda ma'auratan suka haɗu da juna. Axel, mai taka tsantsan da kulawa, ya kula da lissafin kudi da gudanarwa, yayin da Hanna ta kasance mai fita da kuzari, tana duba kicin, tsafta da ɗanɗano abinci. Ta kuma kara sabbin abubuwa a cikin manhaja, kamar su abinci mai gina jiki, kuma ita ce ginshikin tafiyar da harkar gaba daya. 

 Zuba jari 
Yayin da kasuwancin ya girma kuma ya zama mai riba, Lindmark ya fara zuba jari a cikin gidaje. A cikin 1922, ta sayi fadar Steninge a Märsta kusa da Stockholm, ta ba ta babban filin ƙasa. Barn ya kasance mafi girma a cikin irinsa a Sweden kuma yana da shanu 170 waɗanda ke ba Lindmark kayan kiwo; 28 greenhouses girma strawberries, tumatir da inabi.

A 1923, Lindmark ya sayi Dickson Palace a Gothenburg. Birnin yana shirin wani babban baje kolin masana'antu kuma tana son bude makarantar Margaretaskolan a cikin birnin. Lokacin da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Illis quorum a 1927, an daɗe ana girmama ta a cikin al'umman kasuwanci na Kirista. "Hanna Lindmark - pionjär bland kvinnliga entreprenörer". Företagskällan (in Swedish). 2020-04-09. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) Ta sami lambar yabo ta "saboda kokarinta na malami", wanda ya kasance nasara don ita kanta ba ta taba zuwa makaranta ba. Winblad, Ewonne (2018-03-08). "Sara Johanna (Hanna) Lindmark". Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon. Archived from the original on 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2023-03-17. A cikin 1933, ma'auratan sun sayi Gidan Mauritzberg a Vikbolandet . Kayayyakin da ta ke samarwa a cikin gida akan duk kadarorin sun sa kasuwancin ya zama mai rauni ga ƙarancin kayayyaki a cikin 1930s.  Wani dalili kuma da ya sa Lindmark ta fito kusan ba tare da lamunta ba daga rikicin tattalin arziki na shekarun 1930 shine, a cikin kalmominta, cewa ba ta taɓa saka hannun jari ba. 
A lokacin da take da shekaru 71, ta so ta ci gaba da fadadawa kuma an sayar da Steninge don yantar da jari don kayan ado na daularta. Davila, Anahi (2020-04-13). "Margaretaskolans grundare". Företagskällan (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2022-10-14. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) A cikin 1933, ta zama ɗan haya na farko na Torsten Kreuger a ginin Citypalatset a Norrmalmstorg a Stockholm, yana nuna ƙarfin hali da ra'ayoyin zamani. "Hanna Lindmark - pionjär bland kvinnliga entreprenörer". Företagskällan (in Swedish). 2020-04-09. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) Bugu da kari ga saba ra'ayi na Margaretaskolan, Lindmark kafa wani hotel kasuwanci a can.  Tare da tsayayyen tunanin kasuwancinta da tunaninta na gaba amma sassauƙan gudanarwa, koyaushe tana iya daidaita kasuwancinta. Winblad, Ewonne (2018-03-08). "Sara Johanna (Hanna) Lindmark". Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon. Archived from the original on 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2023-03-17. Idan dakunan liyafa sun lalace sakamakon raguwar buƙatu, sai ta ƙara haɓaka kasuwancinta maimakon. 

 Bayan rasuwarta 
Tarbiyar Ikklisiya ta Hanna da kuma asalin Axel a cikin Cocin Sweden sun ba da gudummawa ga sha'awar ma'auratan wajen haɗa ƙungiyoyin Kirista daban-daban. Ta taka rawar gani sosai a cikin ecumenism ta hanyar tattara wakilai daga sansani daban-daban don taro. Kowace shekara, Margaretaskolan tana ba da gudummawar kashi goma na ribar da ta samu ga ƙungiyoyin mishan huɗu. Wannan ita ce hanyarta ta rama don rashin zama ’yar mishan da kanta.

Bayan mutuwar mijinta a 1935, Lindmark ya ci gaba da aiki kuma, yana da shekaru 80, ya jagoranci Margaretaskolan har zuwa 1941, lokacin da ta mutu daga ciwon huhu. Ta bar sana’a mai inganci da riba. Asalin shirinta shine ta sami shugabar kowace makaranta ta sami gado, Winblad, Ewonne (2018-03-08). "Sara Johanna (Hanna) Lindmark". Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon. Archived from the original on 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2023-03-17. amma a maimakon haka ta ba da arziƙinta mai yawa, kadarorin da duk Makarantun Margareta ga Ofishin Jakadancin Ikilisiya na Sweden, Ofishin Jakadancin Baftisma na Sweden, Ikilisiyar Alkawari ta Sweden. da Ofishin Jakadancin Sweden a China. "Hanna Lindmark - pionjär bland kvinnliga entreprenörer". Företagskällan (in Swedish). 2020-04-09. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) Hakan ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar daya daga cikin shuwagabannin kungiyar da wawure kudaden kungiyar, wanda ya yi sanadin rasuwar Margaretaskolan. A cikin 1977, an rufe makarantar ƙarshe kuma kamfanin ya rushe. Davila, Anahi (2020-04-13). "Margaretaskolans grundare". Företagskällan (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2022-10-14. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) An binne Lindmarks a Norra begravningsplatsen a wajen Stockholm. 

 Manazarta 

 Kara karantawa 



Rukuni:Haihuwar 1860
Rukuni:Mutuwar 1941
Rukuni:Yan adam
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba