Juyin Juya Halin Dankali

Juyin juya halin dankalin turawa (a cikin Jamusanci,  ) shine sunan da aka ba da tarzomar abinci da ta faru a babban birnin Prussia Berlin tsakanin Afrilu 21 da Afrilu 22/23, 1847. The end of the potato revolution is dated to either April 22 or 23, 1847. According to the contemporary writer Adolf Streckfuß (1823-1895), rebellious "suburbanites" are said to have entered the city gates on April 23, 1847, but found Berlin already occupied by the military, so that they no longer dared to loot. Cf. on this: Wilfried Löhken: Die Revolution 1848, Berlinerinnen und Berliner auf den Barrikaden. In: Berliner Geschichte(n). Volume 2, Edition Hentrich, Berlin 1991, p. 17. According to the historian Ilja Mieck, the "incidents" of the previous days were "repeated" on April 23. Cf: Ilja Mieck, Preußen von 1807 bis 1850, Reformen, Restauration und Revolution. In: Handbuch der Preußischen Geschichte, ed. by Otto Büsch. Vol. 2. Bern 1992, pp. 3-292, here p. 226. The historian Manfred Gailus, on the other hand, speaks of a "two-day Berlin potato revolution (April 21/22)". Cf: Hungerunruhen in Preußen. In: Manfred Gailus and Heinrich Volkmann (eds.), Der Kampf um das tägliche Brot. Nahrungsmangel, Versorgungspolitik und Protest 1770-1990. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1994, pp. 176-199, here p. 181.

Wannan ya samo asali ne sakamakon gaza girbin  dankalin turawa, wanda kuma ya haifar da tsananin yunwa a Ireland da kuma rikicin yunwa da hauhawar farashin abinci a wasu ƙasashen Turai. Wani dalili kuma shi ne bala'in zamantakewar al'umma da yawa na mazauna birane. Tawagar wacce ita ma aka yi ta nuna adawa da yadda gidajen burodi da mahauta na Berlin ke yaduwa na yaudara da sojoji suka yi. Kamar Majalisar Dattijai ta Farko ta Prussia, wadda ta buɗe ba da daɗewa ba, juyin juya halin dankalin turawa kuma yana cikin prehistory na juyin juya halin Maris na Berlin na 1848 .

 Kalmomi da rarrabawa 
Kalmar "juyin dankalin turawa" ta kasance ta hanyar zamani. Koyaya, an kuma yi amfani da shi don wasu tarzoma kafin da bayan, kamar a cikin 1844 a Newcastle a yankin Limerick ko a cikin 1872 a Tarnow kusa da Lemberg .   A cikin aikinsa  , marubuci Adolf Streckfuß (1823-1895) shi ma ya yi amfani da wannan kalmar don kwatanta tawaye.  Ya dogara ne a kan cewa yunwa da tayar da zaune tsaye sun fara ne da wawashe rumfunan dankalin turawa, amma da kyar suka yi adalci ga abubuwan da suka faru, domin ba wai kawai masu tayar da kayar baya sun kai hari kan rumfunan dankalin turawa ba. Zanga-zangar ta kuma shafi gidajen burodi da mahauta da kuma "wurare da alamun matsayi na 'yan Berlin masu arziki" ( Rüdiger Hachtmann ). 

Juyin juya hali na dankalin turawa na daya daga cikin 193 da aka san tashe tashen hankulan yunwa da suka girgiza Tarayyar Jamus a shekara ta 1847. Kashi 65 cikin 100 na waɗannan boren sun faru ne a ƙasar Prussian; Lardunanta na yamma ne kawai aka tsira.  Manfred Gailus ya ƙiyasta cewa dubun dubatar mutane ne suka taka rawa a tarzomar yunwa a jahohin Jamus a shekara ta 1847. Juyin juya halin dankalin turawa na Berlin ya kasance cakuda nau'ikan zanga-zangar daban-daban: Farkon "hargitsin kasuwa" ya zama babban hari kan shagunan kayan abinci.  A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa Wilhelm Bleek, yayin da zanga-zangar da aka yi a biranen da ke da yawan jama'a (waɗanda ke karuwa cikin sauri saboda ƙaura) irin su Berlin da Stuttgart sun ɗauki fasali na "gwagwarmaya ta iko da hukumomi da masu arziki", abubuwan da ke faruwa a ƙananan garuruwa sun kasance sau da yawa. iyakance ga "sake rarraba" abinci.  A cikin jihohin Jamus, tashin hankalin abinci shine "babban nau'i" na zanga-zangar zamantakewa tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1850. Ana iya samun kwatankwacin rikicin yunwa a cikin 1790s da 1816/1817. 

 Dalilai 
Abubuwa uku ne suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da "juyin juyayin dankalin turawa" na Berlin: na farko, girbin dankalin turawa da hatsi na 1846 a Prussia ya kasance a matsakaicin kashi 30 zuwa 50 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da shekarun baya.  Kwarin dankalin turawa Phytophthora infestans, wanda aka samo a Arewacin Amurka, an riga an gabatar da shi zuwa Turai a cikin 1845. A cikin wannan shekarar, wannan naman gwari ya haifar da babbar illa ga filayen da ke yammacin lardunan Prussia. Lardunan gabas an shafa su ne kawai a wuraren keɓe saboda yanayin yanayi.  A Ireland, wanda ya kasance mai saurin kamuwa da shi musamman saboda ruwan sama na lokacin bazara da lokacin sanyi, naman gwari ya haifar da abin da ake kira Babban Yunwar . Tushen dankalin turawa yakan rube yayin da suke cikin ƙasa. A cikin 1846, gazawar girbin dankalin turawa a Prussia yana tare da rashin amfanin hatsin rai da alkama  saboda yanayin yanayi mara kyau: ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin Afrilu da fari na gaba. A cikin Rhineland, yawan amfanin gona na hatsin rai ya faɗi da kusan kashi 50 a cikin 1846, a Silesia da kusan kashi 60 cikin ɗari. 

Na biyu, gwamnatin Prussian da hukumomin birni sun mayar da martani ga gazawar amfanin gona. Don hana tashe-tashen hankulan jama'a, an sayi hannun jarin hatsi da wuri a duk biranen zama na Jamus - ban da Stuttgart da Berlin.  Sai a watan Janairun 1847 ne gwamnatin Prussia ta ba Liedke, sakatariya mai zaman kansa wanda bai kware a harkar kasuwancin noma ba, ya sayi hatsin Rasha. Sannan ya sayi kayan da suka zama marasa inganci. Lokacin da isa tashar jiragen ruwa na Stettin, ya bayyana a fili cewa hatsi ya lalace. Sashin da ake ci na hatsin Rasha wanda har yanzu ake niƙa an shimfiɗa shi ta hanyar ƙara sha'ir da garin masara. A nata bangaren, majalisar birnin Berlin ta riga ta kai karar Sarkin Prussian Friedrich Wilhelm IV a watan Oktoban 1846 don hana fitar da hatsi, dankali da ruhohi. Duk da haka, Ministan cikin gida na Prussia Ernst von Bodelschwingh, ya amsa cewa an gabatar da koken ba tare da sanin alkali na Berlin ba. Saboda wannan kuskuren na yau da kullun, ba a ba da shi ga sarki ba.  Sakamakon karancin abinci a birnin ya sa farashin hatsin rai ya ninka a watan Afrilun 1847 sannan farashin dankali ya tashi sau uku zuwa biyar. A cikin 1846, fam biyar na dankalin turawa ya kai Silbergroschen ɗaya, a ƙarshen Janairu 1847 ya kasance uku, kuma a cikin Afrilu biyar Silbergroschen. Wannan adadin ya yi daidai da rabin matsakaicin abin da aka samu na yau da kullun na yawancin 'yan Berlin.  Sakamakon haka, yunwa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki sun yi wa kungiyoyin masu rauni a cikin birni illa fiye da da. 

Na uku, wannan yanayin da ake samu a kasuwanni ya fuskanci kalubale saboda da kyar jihar ba ta da wata hanyar da za ta iya sarrafa su. Dokar 'yan sanda daga 1846 ta bukaci masu yin burodi na Berlin su duba jerin farashin su daga wani ɗan sanda. Saboda haka, de jure farashin wasu nau'ikan burodi dole ne a bi su. A zahiri, duk da haka, waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba za su iya aiwatar da 'yan sandan kasuwa a duk faɗin hukumar ba. A lokuta da yawa, masu yin burodi na Berlin don haka sun kauce wa ƙa'idodin ta amfani da ƙananan kayan aiki ko ɓata nauyi. Rashin gamsuwar masu siyayyar kasuwa kan wannan koke-koke na yau da kullun, wanda ya taru tsawon shekaru da dama, a karshe ya barke a cikin "juyin dankwali". 

Matsalolin da aka ambata an haɗa su tare da yanayin zamantakewa na gabaɗaya na manyan sassan jama'a. Iyalai da yawa sun ƙaura daga karkara zuwa babban birni. Sakamakon karancin albashin ma'aikata a Berlin. A lokaci guda, lokacin aiki ya karu, sau da yawa zuwa sa'o'i 17 a rana. Yin aikin yara wani bangare ne na rayuwar yau da kullun. Ko da ƙaramin tashin farashin ya isa ya mayar da yunwa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin birni.  Rikicin kuɗi da masana'antu ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a a sassan masana'anta da injiniya na Berlin a cikin 1847. Yawan marasa aikin yi ya kara karuwa. 

 Rikicin 

 Yadu a cikin birane 
Masu bincike suna jayayya kan inda ainihin "juyin dankalin turawa" ya fara. Matsalolin a nan sun ta'allaka ne kan yawaitar tarzoma a cikin birnin da kuma yawan ayyukan da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke yi. A safiyar ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1847, tarzoma ta barke a kasuwanni guda takwas a cikin birni kusan lokaci guda. Cibiyoyin waɗannan tarzoma na farko sun kasance galibin gundumomi na waje na Berlin, musamman Friedrichstadt, Rosenthaler Vorstadt da yankin da ke gabashin Alexanderplatz . 

A cewar Rüdiger Hachtmann, "juyin juyayin dankalin turawa" a zahiri ya fara a Belle-Alliance-Platz, Mehringplatz na yau. A wani rumfar dankalin turawa, matar wani manomi ta tsokani taron jama’a da “mugunyar amsoshi” har wasu mata da dama suka far mata tare da sace dankwalinta. 

Shi kuwa Manfred Gailus, ya bayyana Gendarmenmarkt a matsayin mafarin tarzoma. Jama'a sun kai hari kan wani mai sayar da dankalin turawa saboda tsadar kayayyaki. Ta gudu zuwa wani gidan burodi a Charlottenstraße, wanda aka kewaye shi daga baya, da yawa kuma suka yi wa ganima.  Yayin da kasuwannin kasuwanni kadai abin ya shafa a safiyar ranar 21 ga Afrilu, tarzomar ta bazu kan tituna da shaguna a tsakiyar birnin da tsakar rana. An kwace yankin da ke kusa da fadar Berlin da titin Unter den Linden .  "Alamomin ikon gwamnati", majami'u da dukiyar bourgeois sun zama abin da masu tayar da kayar baya suka mayar da hankali a yammacin ranar 21 ga Afrilu. Gilashin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Opera, otal-otal na alfarma da yawa, wuraren shakatawa na Kranzler da Spargnapani da kuma kwatsam, an farfasa wasu tagogin fadar Yariman Prussia a  , wanda wasu ‘yan zamanin “watakila kuskure ne” suka gani a matsayin zanga-zangar siyasa ta nuna adawa da mamayarta.  An lalata tagogin majami'u da ke tsakiyar, kamar Cocin Bethlehem, da fitilun iskar gas a Wilhelmstraße da Friedrichstraße, ta yadda masu wucewa - kamar yadda wani ya ce - suna iya "tafiya kawai a kan gilashin da aka karye." 

 Guguwar shaguna 
An kai hari kan shaguna 45 da suka hada da gidajen burodi 30 da na mahauta goma sha daya.  Za a iya sake gina wani misali na tarzoma daga rahoton zaman kotu: Da tsakar rana ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1847, jama'a suka taru a Weberstraße a gaban gidan burodi. A cikin wannan zazzafar yanayi, an ce matar mai kulle-kulle ta ja hankalin jama'a. Ba wai kawai ta yi iƙirarin cewa babban mai yin burodin yana toyawa “mafi ƙanƙantar burodi ba”, ta kuma zarge shi da cewa bai raba burodin ba tukuna. Jama'a daga nan suka tilasta musu shiga gidan burodin kuma mai yin burodin da aka tursasa ya yi asarar burodin da ya kai kusan 50. An kuma sace masa alamar kantin. 

A duk fadin birnin, an kasa daina satar abinci, musamman biredi da tsiran alade. Maharan dai ba wai kawai sun yi sata ba ne saboda yunwa. A wasu lokuta, da gangan sun lalata abincin, misali "ta hanyar tattake shi da jefa shi cikin ramin ruwa". Ta haka ne suka fito fili suka nuna bacin ransu kan hanyoyin da masu shagunan ke bi.  A lokacin da suke kai farmaki kan shagunan, maharan sun kuma lalata ko kuma sun sace “kaya” da “kayan aiki”. An farfasa duk kofofi da tagogi  kuma rayuwar jama'a ta tsaya cik: Kasuwanni sun kasance babu kowa, an toshe kofofin da tagogin shagunan da abubuwa masu nauyi. A ranakun 22 da 23 ga Afrilu, an soke wasannin kwaikwayo a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo. Makarantu sun kasance a rufe. 

 Matsayin 'yan sanda da sojoji 
Yana da wuya ’yan sanda su yi gaggawar shiga tsakani saboda dalilai da yawa: ’yan sandan kasuwa da jami’an Jandarma da aka tura yankin da farko sun yi la’akari da girman tashin hankalin, saboda an bazu wurare daban-daban a cikin wani yanki mai fadi da ke cikin birnin. Don haka da farko ba a tura sojojin da aka jibge a Berlin ba. Duk da cewa wasu sojoji kalilan ne ke bakin aiki da yammacin ranar 21 ga Afrilu, amma girman boren ya lullube su. Babban kwamandan sojojin da ke Berlin, Prince Wilhelm, yana cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wani bangare na maraice. Sai da safiyar ranar 22 ga Afrilu Wilhelm ya gana da jami’ansa inda aka raba birnin Berlin zuwa “gundumomi uku”. Sojojin dawakai daya da runduna guda daya ne ke da alhakin kowace gunduma. Sai dai duk da haka sojojin ba su yi nasarar wargaza zanga-zangar ba sai da tsakar dare.  Sojojin sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jama'a har zuwa Afrilu 25, 1847. Ya tilasta rage farashin abinci a kasuwanni da kuma neman masu shiga cikin tashin hankali. 

Wani masanin tarihin birnin Berlin, Paul Clauswitz, ya ɗauka cewa a lokacin "juyin juyayin dankalin turawa", 'yan sanda 30 ne kawai ya kamata su kiyaye zaman lafiyar jama'a. Wannan mummunan halin da al'amura ke ciki ne ya jawo 'yan burguza suka shiga wurin. Sun bukaci a kafa rundunar 'yan sanda mafi girma ko kuma, a madadin, a kafa kungiyar 'yan banga da za ta iya magance tashe-tashen hankula a cikin al'umma tun da wuri. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1847, alkalin Berlin ya tunkari ma'aikatar cikin gida ta Prussian tare da neman amincewa da kafa "ƙungiyoyin kariya" na soja a lokutan tashin hankali. Ministan cikin gidan kasar Bodelschwingh ya yi watsi da bukatar, saboda kungiyoyin 'yan banga za su yi kasa a gwiwa wajen yin amfani da karfi a jihar . Babu wani yanayi da jihar ta so ta ba wa 'yan adawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi goyon bayan dakarun doka da oda. Jagoranci ya kasance a hannun masu fada aji na kusa da gwamnati kawai.  Duk da haka, juyin juya halin dankalin turawa ya haifar da canje-canje na ma'aikata: Gwamna Karl von Müffling ya bar mukaminsa a watan Oktoba 1847. Friedrich von Wrangel ya maye gurbinsa. Julius von Minutoli ya maye gurbin Eugen von Puttkamer a matsayin shugaban 'yan sanda. 

 Kama 
Gailus ya yi kiyasin cewa jimillar mutane dubu biyar zuwa goma ne suka halarci juyin juya halin dankalin turawa. Idan aka yi la'akari da wannan ma'auni, sojojin sun sami damar kama kadan daga cikin su. Rubutun fursunoni na iya ba da ɗan bayani game da ainihin abin da ke cikin zamantakewa. Sai dai ga dukkan alamu masu sana'a da ma'aikata da ba su da kwarewa sun kasance mafi yawan masu tayar da kayar baya. Kusan mutane dari uku ne aka kama. Amma ko da wannan adadin ya tura karfin gidajen yarin Berlin zuwa iyakarsu. Fursunoni 120 dole ne a ajiye su na wucin gadi a cibiyar tsare sojoji a  . Daga cikin wadanda aka kama, an gurfanar da 107 a gaban kotun daukaka kara ta Berlin, inda 87 daga cikinsu aka yanke musu hukunci. Sai dai alkalan ‘yan sanda sun yanke wa wasu daga cikin maharan hukuncin ba tare da wani dogon shari’a ba. Alkaluman ba su nuna adadin mutanen da wannan ya shafa ba. An shafe makonni shida ana gwajin. An yanke wa wani ma’aikaci dan shekara 32, mahaifin ‘ya’ya biyu, hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari da bulala 30 bisa laifin dukan wani jami’insa da kuma kwace sabin soja. Yawancin wadanda aka yanke wa hukuncin an sake sakin su ne saboda afuwar da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1847, a kan bikin ranar haihuwar Sarki Friedrich Wilhelm IV 

 Girman siyasa 

 Martanin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta Farko 
"Juyin juya halin dankalin turawa" ya faru ne a lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa: Tun daga ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1847, taron wakilai daga dukkanin larduna takwas na Prussia ya kasance a Berlin, abin da ake kira First United Diet. Don haka juyin-juya-halin dankalin turawa ya kasance a bayyane ga wani babban bangare na masu fada aji a kasar, wanda ya jefa gwamnatin sarauta a cikin mafi munin yanayi.  Sai dai majalisar ba ta dauki tarzomar da ake yi a kan tituna da kuma dandalin a matsayin siyasa ba. Ko da yake ana iya samun jawabai na keɓance kan “juyin dankalin turawa” a cikin wasiƙun da wakilan majalisar suka rubuta, Majalisar ba ta mayar da martani ga tarzomar ba sai bayan kwanaki. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu da 17 ga Mayu, 1847, wakilai sun gudanar da "muhawarori na gaggawa", inda aka fi zargi gwamnatin Prussian da tashe-tashen hankula. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1847, majalisar dokokin jihar ta zartar da dokar hana fitar da dankalin turawa na tsawon watanni shida. Ba a ƙara yarda a sayar da waɗannan zuwa ƙasashen da ke wajen Deutsche Zollverein . A wannan rana, majalisar ta haramta sarrafa dankali zuwa schnapps. Ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1847, wakilan sun amince da samar da damar yin aiki na gajeren lokaci. Duk da haka, ba a amince da wani shiri na gyare-gyare na dogon lokaci don rage wahalhalun tattalin arziki na yawancin jama'a ba. 

 Muhimmancin siyasa ga juyin juya halin 1848 
Wata muhimmiyar tambaya ta bincike ita ce ta yaya za a iya ƙidaya "Juyin Dankali" a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin siyasa na juyin juya halin Maris na Berlin na 1848. Wilfried Löhken kai tsaye ya danganta yardan Berliners na yin amfani da tashin hankali ga sojoji da 'yan sanda a cikin gwagwarmayar shinge tare da abubuwan da suka faru a baya kamar juyin juya halin tela na 1830 da juyin juya halin dankalin turawa.  Masanin tarihin Armin Owzar ya kuma yi imanin cewa juyin juya halin dankalin turawa "alama ce ta siyasa ta asali wacce tun da dadewa ta shafi mata", wadanda ke da alhakin siyan abinci.  Masanin tarihi Ilja Mieck ya kuma ga karancin abinci na 1847 a matsayin sanadin "kara siyasantar da jama'a". Duk da haka, a cewar Mieck, "juyin juyayin dankalin turawa" shine "na farko da farkon tashin hankalin yunwa wanda ya taso daga wahala da ba za a iya jurewa ba kuma ba ta da hankali ba, ta hanyar siyasa, ko da an haɗa bukatun siyasa da na tattalin arziki".  Masanin tarihi Rüdiger Hachtmann ya zo ga irin wannan ƙarshe. A cewar Hachtmann, masu tada kayar bayan sun fi neman "gurasa mai arha, ba tsarin siyasa na daban ba". Duk da tarzomar da aka yi a ranar da ta gabata, Sarkin Prussian ya sami damar yin tafiya ta tsakar rana a kan boulevard Unter den Linden ba tare da damuwa ba a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1847.  A cewar Günter Richter, saurin kawar da "juyin dankalin turawa" ya kasance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar gwamnatin Prussian. Wannan abin da ya faru da farko ya kai su ga "kuskure" cewa za su kuma iya tarwatsa zanga-zangar a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1848, tare da taimakon sojoji. 

 liyafar a lokacin 
Fassarar siyasa ta "Juyin Juyin Dankali" ya riga ya zama batu a tarihin tarihin zamani. A cikin tarihinsa na farko na Prussian Reichstag, masanin falsafa kuma marubuci Karl Biedermann (1812-1901) ya zargi sojojin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yin amfani da tayar da hankali don bata sunan Majalisar Dattijai ta Farko: Masu adawa da majalisar sun yada jita-jita cewa gwamnati ta ragu. saukar da Majalisar Estates wajen warware matsalar gaggawa ta zamantakewa, saboda na baya-bayan nan "ba ya yin gaggawa sosai" kuma har ma yana "amfani da wahalar mutane."  Marubucin Adolf Streckfuß (1823 – 1895) ya zargi mazauna unguwannin Berlin da tashe tashen hankula a babban birnin kasar a  .  Ko da yake ya yi la'akari da tayar da hankali a matsayin siyasa, bisa ga fassarar masanin kimiyyar siyasa Claudia von Gélieu, ya gan shi a matsayin "mai haɗari mai haɗari na zamani mai zuwa". Duk da "harshensa na maza", Streckfuß bai ɓoye gaskiyar cewa an fara zanga-zangar ba kuma mata ne suka goyi bayansa. 

 Nassoshi 


 Littafi Mai Tsarki  


 Hanyoyin hadi na waje 

 Wani ɓangare na dogon tarihin juyin juya halin Maris na Berlin na 1848 (A cikin Jamusanci)
 Takaitaccen bayani (A Jamusanci)
Rukuni:Juyin yuya hali na dankali
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba