Free Senior High School

Manufar Makarantar Sakandare ta kyauta (Free SHS) a Ghana wani shiri ne na gwamnati da aka gabatar a cikin Gwamnatin Shugaban kasa ta Nana Akufo-Addo wanda aka gabatar acikin watan Satumban shekara ta 2017. Asalin manufofin ya fara ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa a Lokacin zaben Ghana na 2016, kuma ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin ilimi na Ghana.Kyeremanteng, Harriet. (2016). Assessing stakeholder participation in policy formulation and implementation: The case study of the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana. (PDF). The University of Ghana, Legon: pp.1-80. Retrieved 15 April 2020, from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/30912/ Assessing Stakeholder Participation in Policy Formulation and Implementation- The Case Study of the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Babban jigogi na manufofin na samun dama, daidaito da daidaito sun cika burin ci gaba mai ɗorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, inda kasashe membobin suka haɗa waɗannan jigogi a cikin tsarin iliminsu don tabbatar da isasshen ƙwarewar ilmantarwa ga ɗalibai.United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) | Education within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. (2020). Retrieved 22 April 2020, from https://sdg4education2030.org/the-goal An ba da 'yan siyasa da ma'aikatan zamantakewa aikin tabbatar da ingancin manufofin, yawan aiki da ci gaba. Wadannan shugabannin sun fito ne daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban ciki har da Ma'aikatar Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki ta Ghana da Ma'aikatan Ilimi ta Ghana.

 Dalilin manufofin 
Binciken manufofi da ayyukan tsoffin makarantar sakandare ta Ghana ya haifar da mahimmancin kirkirar Free SHS. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ghana, ta lura da rashin inganci a manyan fannoni; samun dama ga ilimi, ingancin ilimi, da gudanar da ilimi.Ministry of Education. (2012). Education Strategic Plan 2010 to 2020. Government of Ghana. Retrieved 26 March 2020, from https://www.globalpartnership.org/content/government-ghana-education-strategic-plan-2010-2020-volume-1-policies-strategies-delivery  pp.1-15 Shirin dabarun ilimi na biyar da aka yi niyya don 2010 zuwa 2020 , ya tsara mahimman manufofin ilimi na gwamnati.Aheto-Tsegah, C. (2012). Education in Ghana – status and challenges. Retrieved 23 March 2020, from http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Charles-Aheto-Tsegah-article.pdf Wadannan manufofi da Dokar Ilimi ta Ghana ta 2008 ta rinjayi, ana aiwatar da su a cikin manufofin don tsara waɗannan hanyoyin majalisa.

Tun lokacin da Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1957, an yi jerin gyare-gyare ga tsarin ilimi don sake fasalin tsarin mulkin mallaka da na kasashen waje don dacewa da mutanen Ghana, al'adu da al'adu.Adu-Gyamfi, Samuel; Donkoh, Wilhemina Joselyn; Addo, Anim Adinkrah (September 2016). Educational Reforms in Ghana: Past and Present. Journal of Education and Human Development. Vol. 5: pp. 158-172. Retrieved 20 April, from  Wadannan gyare-gyare sune abin da aka dauka a matsayin misali na ilimi mai dacewa ga sabuwar jihar da aka sake mulkin mallaka. An kafa Shirin Ci Gaban Hanzari na 1961 (ADP) don cimma ra'ayin 'Ilimi na firamare na duniya' tare da matakai don kawar da kudaden karatu da kara yawan shiga.Akyeampong, K. (2009). Revisiting Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE) in Ghana. Comparative Education, 45(2), 175-195.  Ba a cire matsalar kudi a kan gidaje gaba ɗaya ba saboda kuɗin kayan makaranta kamar littattafai da kayan aiki alhakin iyaye ne da masu kula. Rashin samun malamai da aka horar da su da kuma karancin kudade na kayan aikin makaranta da suka dace ya haifar da rashin iyawar ADP don tsayayya da shi a matsayin shirin na dogon lokaci.

Ƙarin ci gaban ilimi sun haɗa da dokar Ilimi na Firamare na Duniya a cikin 'Dokar Ilimi ta 1961', gyare-gyare na 'National Liberation Council', 'Sabon Tsarin da Abun Ilimi na 1974', da Sabon Gyaran Ilimi na 2007. Adu-Gyamfi, Samuel; Donkoh, Wilhemina Joselyn; Addo, Anim Adinkrah (September 2016). Educational Reforms in Ghana: Past and Present. Journal of Education and Human Development. Vol. 5: pp. 158-172. Retrieved 20 April, from doi:10.15640/jehd.v5n3a17

 Manufofin Jama'a 
Kodayake karfafawa yana samuwa ga dukkan daliban makarantar sakandare, yawan jama'a da manufofin da aka yi niyyar amfana da mafi girma sune wadanda ke cikin yankunan karkara da marasa galihu. Manufar ta goyi bayan wasu gudummawar gwamnati ga rayuwar dalibai marasa talauci da iyalansu. Da farko, an ba da ɗalibai masu nasara a waɗannan yankuna kawai tare da tallafi da damar horarwa. Manufar a cikin samun dama ta samar da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don inganta rabo na kudaden da aka kashe a cikin kudaden ilimi na makarantar sakandare da kuma damar ilimi.Duflo, Esther; Dupas, Pascaline; Kremer, Michael (October 14, 2019). The Impact of Free Secondary Education: Experimental Evidence from Ghana (PDF). The American Economic Association: pp. 1-105. Received 18 April 2020, from https://web.stanford.edu/~pdupas/DDK_GhanaScholarships.pdf 

 Amsoshin 

 Amsa 
A cikin gabatarwar farko ta manufofin a cikin jama'a, an sami rashin amincewa saboda rashin fahimtar yanayin ta. Rikicin da ya shafi karuwar haraji na sama da kuma kara matsin lamba a kan ɗaliban aji na tsakiya da ƙananan ɗalibai don cimma maki mafi girma fiye da waɗanda aka riga aka sa ran. Tsoron gazawar rarraba albarkatu da kudade yadda ya kamata zai iya haifar da ƙarin haɗarin rashin amfani ga ɗalibai da suka riga sun fuskanci matsaloli. Free SHS kara yawan matakan karatu da rubutu ya kara ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Ya saki bukatun iyaye na kudaden ilimi don canzawa zuwa mayar da hankali kan gina juriya da jin dadin jama'a. Sakamakon farko mara kyau na zamantakewar al'umma ya canza zuwa goyon baya mai yawa, musamman don ikonsa na hana matasa daga mugunta na zamantakewa don ba da gudummawa mai tasiri ga al'ummominsu.

 Amsa ta Siyasa 
cibiyoyin Gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da kuma goyon bayan majalisa, dole ne su sauƙaƙa ra'ayoyin siyasa a lokacin ƙirƙirar da kuma canza manufofin. Ilimi a matsayin al'ada da aka raba tsakanin jam'iyyun shine mayar da hankali tsakanin muhawara ta zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na manufofin.Animah, G. (2018). The Impact of Free Senior High School (FSHS) on Rural Areas in Ghana. University of Birmingham International Development Department. pp.1-74. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://www.academia.edu/40117244/The_Impact_of_Free_ Senior_High_School_FSHS_on_Rural_Areas_in_Ghana?email_work_card=interaction-paper An kirkiro wani muhimmin mayar da hankali tsakanin 'yan wasan siyasa da masu tasiri don samar da inganci da yawa a gabatar da manufofin ilimi a Ghana. Bukatar ilimi mai inganci a baya ya fi ƙarfin bukatun siyasa na jam'iyyun siyasa.Asumadu , E. (2019). Challenges and Prospects of the Ghana Free Senior High School (SHS) Policy: The case of SHS in Denkyembour District. pp. 1-25. Retrieved 7 May 2020, from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/30956/  Challenges and Prospects of the Ghana Free Senior High School %28SHS%29  Policy The Case of SHS in Denkyembour District..pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Jam'iyyun da suka dace a cikin kafa manufofin SHS sun yi kira ga imani da hanyoyin gurguzu don tabbatar da cewa za a samar da manufofin gaba ɗaya kuma a gudanar da su ba tare da nuna bambanci na siyasa ba game da manufofi na baya.

 Amsar Ilimi 
Cibiyoyin ilimi sun samar da nasu bincike kan albarkatun, makarantu, malamai, da dalibai don tantance tasirin manufofin. Yawan dalibai da suka shiga makarantar sakandare a yanzu idan aka kwatanta da kafin aiwatar da manufofin inda kudaden shiga suka kasance masu mahimmanci don karɓa ya karu sosai. A cikin shekarun 2017 da 2018 kowane dalibi, musamman wadanda ke cikin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na makarantun gwamnati da ke yankunan karkara sun amfana daga manufofin. An ba dalibai litattafai kyauta da sauran kayan ilmantarwa waɗanda za a yi amfani da su ga masu karɓar tallafin karatu.Adu-Ababio, K., & Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, , pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) 

 Tasirin 

 Tasirin Tattalin Arziki 
Za'a iya karfafa tsammanin daliban makarantar sakandare su shiga fannonin aiki a bangaren gwamnati wanda ke buƙatar ilimi na sakandare, yanzu. An samu raguwar rata a cikin masu karatun jami'a waɗanda ke samun digiri ba tare da samun nasarar karatun sakandare ba. A baya, kashi 70% na daliban makarantar sakandare da ke son matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati tun suna da shekaru 25 an samu kashi 6% kawai na wannan kashi. Ta hanyar manufofin kasuwar ma'aikata ta fadada a fannoni daban-daban tare da mutane masu ilimi don ci gaba da ci gaban kasar,  Nazarin ya nuna cewa ɗalibai da ke da babban kuɗin tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu marasa galihu ana ba su damar ilimi da yawa. Akyeampong, K. (2009). Revisiting Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE) in Ghana. Comparative Education, 45(2), 175-195. doi:10.1080/03050060902920534 Inganta ilimin makarantar sakandare kyauta ya zama gardama cewa zai bunkasa Ci gaban tattalin arziki Ghana.  Manufar SHS kyauta tana fadada cancanta da nasarar waɗannan damar ilimi tare da manufar mutum ya bunkasa cikin dukiyar al'umma.Adu-Ababio, K., & Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, ISBN 978-92-9256-589-3, pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) doi:10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3

 Tasirin Siyasa 
Manufofin da ke ba da fifiko ga jin daɗin ɗalibai, suna ƙarfafa matasa su kasance masu hankali ga siyasa kuma su shiga cikin harkokin siyasa. Ya gina amincewar masu jefa kuri'a ga yawancin manyan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da iyalansu inda goyon baya ga jam'iyyun siyasa yanzu ya dogara da sakamakon jam'iyya da aka amince da shi ba a kan falsafar jam'iyya ba. Yanayin rashin nuna bambanci na manufofin Free SHS ya inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da siyasa da aiki a cikin Ghana, ta hanyar ikonsa na zama alkawarin siyasa ga al'umma kuma a ƙarshe ya zama samfurin nasara. Ya karfafa fahimtar ɗan ƙasa da amintaccen haraji a cikin imanin cewa harajin zai ba da gudummawa kai tsaye don tallafawa manufofin.Adu-Ababio, K., & Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, ISBN 978-92-9256-589-3, pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) doi:10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3 Manufar Free SHS wata shaida ce ga siyasar dimokuradiyya ta zamani inda niyyar farko ta haifar da tasiri na siyasa, inda ake aiwatar da manufofi da dokoki don tallafawa ci gaban 'yan ƙasa da al'ummarsu.

 Tasirin Jama'a 
Manufar ta ɗaga nauyin kuɗi ga yawancin iyaye, waɗanda yanzu zasu iya zama masu tallafawa a cikin ilimin yaransu ba tare da jin dogaro da tallafin karatu ko fa'idodi masu zaman kansu ba. Don biyan kuɗin ilimi na dogon lokaci, ƙananan gidaje suna watsi da farashin ilimi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Saboda haka biyan kuɗin karatu ga iyaye da masu kula da su wajibi ne kuma sayen kayan makaranta ya zama bukatun sakandare. Manufar SHS ta kyauta ta rufe kudaden farko da na biyu da masu kulawa suka ɗauka don samarwa duk da rashin iyawar tattalin arziki don yin hakan.Adu-Ababio, K., & Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, ISBN 978-92-9256-589-3, pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) doi:10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3 Da farko yawancin iyaye za su biya kuɗin karatun sakandare bisa ga ikon kansu na fahimtar ƙwarewar yaransu, amma yanzu an cire su daga matsalar zamantakewa na zabar wasu yara akan wasu don samun ilimi.

 Sakatariyar SHS kyauta 
Gwamnatin Ghana ce ta kafa sakatariyar don ba da damar gudanar da shirin Free SHS,  bayan da The Ghana National Education Campaign Coalition ta yi kira game da kafa ta. Ayyukan da sakatariyar ke fara sun haɗa da: Ayyukan Harkokin Harkokin Makarantar Sakandare (SHSIPs),  Ƙarin ciyar da Makaranta.  

 Kudin 
Gwamnati ta kashe GH¢212 miliyan daga Kudin Kudin Kasafin Kudin Shekara (ABFA) a cikin shekara ta farko ta aiwatar da shirin. Yanzu an cire shirin daga jerin ayyukan da aka tallafawa tare da Kudin Kudin Kasafin Shekara (ABFA). 

Yanzu Sakatariyar Scholarship ce ke tallafawa.

 Rikici na kudi 
Dubi kuma (Yin amfani da Asusun Tarihi don aiwatar da manufofin ilimi na SHS kyauta) 

Samun manufofin bai zo ba tare da nuna rashin amincewar siyasa da zamantakewa ba game da yadda za a tattara kudade don manufofin kuma a yi aiki. Shugaba Nana Afuffo-Addo da farko ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin tsarin ta hanyar sake daidaita kasafin kuɗin kasa. Cibiyar IMANI ta kalubalanci irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren wadanda ke da ƙungiyar 'tunanin' waɗanda ke ba da bincike da shawarwari ga gwamnatoci da cibiyoyin gwamnati. Ma'aikatar ta yi imanin cewa shawarar Shugaban kasa za ta sanya isasshen kudade ga sauran sassan gwamnati da shirye-shiryen siyasa cikin hadari. Babban Ministan Asusun Tarihi, Mista Yaw Osafo Marfo ya goyi bayan Shugaban kasa ta amfani da kashi 9% na kuɗin ajiyar mai na gwamnati don tallafawa 'yan shekarun farko na manufofin don ya zama shirin mai ɗorewa. Shugaban 'yan tsiraru na Asusun Tarihi, Mista Haruna Iddrisu ya goyi bayan shawarar Cibiyar IMANI don Manufofin da Ilimi, ta hanyar son wannan kuɗin ajiya don yiwuwar, tattalin arziki ko rikicin zamantakewa wanda zai iya faruwa a Ghana. Shugaban ya biyo baya tare da shawarar da ya yanke na amfani da man fetur.

 Aiwatar da tsarin waƙoƙi biyu 
A cikin 2018, Nana Akuffo Addo da tawagarsa ta gudanar da mulki sun gabatar da wani shiri a matsayin wani ɓangare na Manufofin Ilimi na SHS kyauta wanda shine Tsarin Hanya Biyu. 
gwamnati ta gabatar da tsarin waƙoƙi biyu don ba da damar manyan makarantun sakandare daban-daban don karɓar ƙarin ɗalibai da kuma tabbatar da cewa duk ɗalibai suna da damar samun ilimi na makarantar sakandare. Tsarin Hanya Biyu yana cikin zaman biyu, don haka Green Track da Gold Track . Green Track yana wakiltar rukunin farko na ɗalibai waɗanda za su je makaranta don semester kuma daga baya ɗaliban Gold Track waɗanda za su ci gaba bayan ɗaliban zaman kore sun bar aikin a cikin kalandar ilimi.

Tsarin waƙoƙi biyu misali ne na fadada manufofin tun lokacin da aka ci gaba. An gabatar da tsarin ne don yaki da yawan adadin masu shiga makarantar sakandare waɗanda suka kasance sakamakon yada manufofin.Mensah, D. (2019). Teachers’ Perspective on Implementation of the Double Track Senior High School System in Ghana. International Journal Of Emerging Trends In Social Sciences, 5(2), 47-56. pp. 47-56.  Babban zargi game da tsarin shine yadda ba a tuntubi malamai da masu mallakar makarantu gaba ɗaya game da tsare-tsaren gwamnati ba, wanda ya haɗa da lokacin da za a gyara makarantun su da kuma samun damar su ga kudade masu zaman kansu. 
Sabili da haka, wasu ci gaba da aka yi ba za su iya amfana da yankunan da aka kafa tsarin musamman ba, yayin da wasu har yanzu ba su da kayan aiki masu dacewa wasu suna da yalwar hakan.Mensah, D. (2019). Teachers’ Perspective on Implementation of the Double Track Senior High School System in Ghana. International Journal Of Emerging Trends In Social Sciences, 5(2), 47-56. pp. 47-56. doi:10.20448/2001.52.47.56 Aiwatar da shi duk da haka ya ga ingancin albarkatun ilimi kamar inganta yanayin ɗakunan ajiya na zahiri, rage tarwatsa ɗakunan aji, da kuma taƙaita lokutan makaranta, suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ilimi da zamantakewa na ɗalibai. An gabatar da tsarin wucin gadi da nufin ƙirƙirar ingantaccen makarantar da ke aiki daidai da manufa ta SDG 4.

 Ƙara yawan rajista tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da tsarin Double Track 
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Tasirin Rikicin COVID-19 akan SHS kyauta

Don rage yaduwar kwayar cutar SARS-CoV2, Ma'aikatar Ilimi (MoE) ta haɓaka rufewa da komawa makarantu bayan umarnin zartarwa na Shugaba Nana Kufo Addo, wanda ya umarci makarantu a kowane mataki su rufe a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020.  Da farko za a ba wasu daliban SHS3 damar ci gaba da shirya don jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka, amma jim kadan bayan an rufe dukkan makarantu gaba daya. Bugu da kari MoE ta ba da umarnin cewa, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na shekara ta biyu ne kawai suka koma makaranta don kammala shekara ta biyu ta karatunsu, farawa daga 5 ga Oktoba 2020.   [ana buƙatar hujja]An aiwatar da dabaru da yawa don ci gaba da ilimi a duk matakan duk da rufewa, gami da darussan da aka watsa ta hanyar talabijin da rediyo a duk fadin Ghana, da kuma ci gaban wasu iyakantaccen nesa ko dandamali na e-learning.

A watan Janairun 2021 (bayan rufewar watanni 10), ta hanyar umarnin shugaban kasa an sake buɗe makarantun a Ghana tare da buƙatar cewa makarantu suna sa ido kan yanayin kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar binciken zafin jiki kuma duk ɗalibai suna sa abin rufe fuska a kowane lokaci.

 Bayanan da aka ambata