Fyade a Amurka

Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta bayyana fyade a Amurka a matsayin "Ƙetare, komai yadda yake da ƙanƙanta, na farji ko anus tare da kowane bangare ko abu na jiki, ko shiga baki ta hanyar jima'i na wani mutum, ba tare da yardar wanda aka azabtar ba. " Duk da yake ma'anoni da ƙamus na fyade sun bambanta da iko a Amurka, FBI ta sake fasalin ma'anar don kawar da abin da ake buƙata cewa laifin ya haɗa da wani bangare na karfi.

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2013 ya gano cewa ana iya yin fyade sosai a Amurka.National Research Council. Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013. Bugu da ƙari, binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2014 ya ba da shawarar cewa sassan 'yan sanda na iya kawar da ko rage ƙididdigar fyade daga bayanan hukuma a wani bangare don "halicci mafarki na nasara wajen yaki da aikata laifuka".Yung, C. R. (2014). How to Lie with Rape Statistics: America's Hidden Rape Crisis. Iowa Law Review, 99(1197).

A shekarar da aka ruwaito ta ƙarshe, 2013, yawan yaduwar shekara-shekara ga duk hare-haren jima'i ciki har da fyade ya kasance 0.1% (yawan yaduwar kowace shekara yana wakiltar yawan wadanda abin ya shafa a kowace shekara, maimakon yawan hare-hares tunda wasu sun sha wahala fiye da sau ɗaya a lokacin rahoton). Binciken ya hada da maza da mata masu shekaru 12+. Tunda fyade wani bangare ne na duk hare-haren jima'i, yaduwar fyade ya fi ƙarancin ƙididdigar. Daga cikin waɗannan hare-haren, Ofishin Kididdigar Shari'a ya bayyana cewa an ba da rahoton 34.8% ga 'yan sanda, daga 29.3% a shekara ta 2004. 

 Ma'anar 
A Amurka, a matakin Tarayya, ana amfani da ma'anar rahoton aikata laifuka na FBI (UCR) yayin tattara kididdigar aikata laifukan ƙasa daga jihohi a duk faɗin Amurka. An canza ma'anar UCR game da fyade a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2013 don cire abin da ake buƙata na tilastawa a kan mace da kuma haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan shiga. Sabon ma'anar ya karanta:

Shekaru 80 kafin canjin 2013, ma'anar UCR game da fyade ita ce "sanin jiki na mace da karfi kuma ba tare da son zuciyarta ba".

A matakin jiha, babu wani takamaiman ma'anar fyade;  maimakon haka, kowace jiha tana da nata dokokin.  Waɗannan ma'anoni na iya bambanta da yawa, amma yawancinsu ba sa amfani da kalmar fyade kuma, a maimakon haka ta yin amfani da cin zarafin jima'i, jima'i na laifi, cin zarafin jima'i, batir jima'i, da dai sauransu.

Ɗaya daga cikin ma'anar doka, wanda Sojojin Amurka ke amfani da shi ana samunsa a cikin Dokar Shari'a ta Soja ta Amurka [Title 10, Subtitle A, Babi na 47X, Sashe na 920, Mataki na 120], ya bayyana fyade kamar haka:

 Kididdiga da bayanai 

 Yaduwa da yawan abubuwan da suka faru 
Binciken Tashin hankali na Kasa akan Mata (NVAWS) ya bayyana cewa an yi wa mata 300,000 da maza 93,000 fyade a kowace shekara tsakanin Nuwamba 1995 zuwa Mayu 1996.  Rape yaduwar tsakanin mata a Amurka (kashi na mata da suka fuskanci fyade aƙalla sau ɗaya a rayuwarsu har zuwa yanzu) yana cikin kewayon 15-20% bisa ga binciken daban-daban (Binciken Cin zarafin Kasa akan Mata, 1995, ya sami 17.6%;  binciken ƙasa na 2007 don Ma'aikatar Shari'a akan fyade ya sami 18% yaduwar.  Rashin amfani da shi Dangane da rahoton Maris 2013 daga Ofishin Adalci na Ma'aikatar Shari'a na Amurka, daga 1995 zuwa 2010, ƙididdigar shekara-shekara na fyade mata ko cin zarafin jima'i ya ragu da 58%, daga 5.0 azabtarwa ga kowace 1,000 mata masu shekaru 12 ko sama da haka zuwa 2.1 ga 1,000. Hare-haren da aka yi wa mata matasa masu shekaru 12-17 sun ragu daga 11.3 a kowace 1,000 a 1994-1998 zuwa 4.1 a kowace 1,000 iti 2005-2010; hare-haren a kan mata masu shekaru 18-34 sun ragu a wannan lokacin, daga 7.0 a kowace 1,000 zuwa 3.7 

Rahoton Laifin Uniform na 2018 (UCR), wanda ke auna fyade da aka ruwaito wa 'yan sanda, ya kiyasta cewa akwai fyade 139,380 da aka ruwaitan ga masu tilasta bin doka a cikin 2018. Binciken Laifuka na Kasa na 2016 (NCVS), wanda ke auna hare-haren jima'i da fyade wanda wataƙila ba a ba da rahoton ga 'yan sanda ba, ya kiyasta cewa akwai abubuwan 431,840 na fyade ko fyade a cikin 2015.

Sauran binciken gwamnati, irin su binciken cin zarafin jima'i na mata na kwaleji, suna sukar NCVS bisa ga cewa ya haɗa da kawai waɗancan ayyukan da aka ɗauka a matsayin laifuka ta wanda aka azabtar, kuma suna ba da rahoton yawan cin zarafi mafi girma. Kimanin daga wasu tushe yawanci suna ba da rahoton matakan da suka fi girma na fyade da cin zarafin jima'i fiye da ko dai NCVS ko UCR. Wani binciken da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka suka gudanar a shekarar 2010 ya gano cewa kimanin 1 cikin mata 5 da 1 cikin maza 71 (an 'yi ƙarin 1 cikin maza 21 don shiga' wani) sun sami yunkurin ko kammala fyade a rayuwarsu. Bambance-bambance a cikin samfurori na binciken, ma'anar fyade da cin zarafin jima'i, da kalmomin tambayoyin binciken na iya taimakawa ga waɗannan bambance-bambancen, kuma babu wata yarjejeniya game da hanya mafi kyau don auna fyade da fyade. Dukansu NCVS da UCR an yi imanin cewa sun rage yawan fyade da cin zarafin jima'i da ke faruwa.

Dangane da bayanan da ke akwai, kashi 21.8% na fyade na Amurka na mata da aka azabtar da su fyade ne na ƙungiyoyi.Horvath, Miranda et al. Handbook on the Study of Multiple Perpetrator Rape. Routledge 2013, page 15.RAINN, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, mafi girma a Amurka, ta ruwaito: kowane sakan 68, ana cin zarafin Ba'amurke.

 Canji a cikin nau'in aikata laifuka 
A cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata, fyade yana raguwa. Dangane da Binciken Laifuka na Kasa, an daidaita yawan cin zarafin shekara-shekara na kowane mutum ya ragu daga kusan 2.4 ga kowane mutum 1000 (shekaru 12 da sama) a cikin 1980 (wato, mutane 2.4 daga kowane mutum 1000 12 da haihuwa an yi musu fyade a cikin 1980) zuwa kusan 0.4 ga kowane mutum 1,000 a cikin 2003, raguwar kusan 85%. Akwai dalilai da yawa da za a iya yi game da wannan, gami da dokoki masu tsauri da ilimi game da tsaro ga mata.  

 Yawan jama'a na maharan da wadanda abin ya shafa 
Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya ya kuma tattara shari'o'in bayanai da suka shafi wadanda abin ya shafa da masu aikata laifukan jima'i:
+Masu aikata laifukan jima'i da wadanda abin ya shafa kididdigar (Bayani: FBI) ShekaraMasu laifiWadanda aka azabtarMazaMataBa a sani baMazaMataBa a sani ba201265,071 (Ba a tilasta) 5,859 (Ba a Tilasta) 3,853 (Ba a tilasta) 541 (Ba a Tilasta) 1,517 (Ba a tilasta) 86 (Ba a ba da izini) 11,471 (Na tilasta) 629 (Ba na tilasta) 61,486 (Ba a tilasta) 5,859 (Ba a ba da izini) 175 (Ba a tilasta) 5 (Ba a ba da izini) 201362,280 (Ba a tilasta) 5,396 (Ba a Tilasta) 3,846 (Na tilasta) 530 (Ba na tilasta) 1,486 (Mai tilasta) 77 (Ba Mai tilasta) 10,961 (Ba a tilasta) 643 (Ba a Tilasta) 58,981 (Ba a tilasta) 5,511 (Ba a Tilasta) 202 (Mai tilasta) 9 (Ba Mai tilasta) 201462,393 (Na tilasta) 4,804 (Ba na tilasta) 4,034 (Ba a tilasta) 498 (Ba a ba da izini) 1,678 (Ba a tilasta) 51 (Ba a Tilasta) 10,821 (Ba a tilasta) 590 (Ba a ba da izini) 59,875 (Ba a tilasta) 4,888 (Ba a Tilasta) 232 (Ba a tilasta) 6 (Ba a ba da izini) 201566,545 (Ba a tilasta) 4,712 (Ba a Tilasta) 4,391 (Ba a tilasta) 473 (Ba a Tilasta) 2,069 (Na tilasta) 52 (Ba na tilasta) 11,463 (Na tilasta) 520 (Ba na tilasta) 64,202 (Ba a tilasta) 4,836 (Ba a Tilasta) 225 (Ba a tilasta) 3 (Ba a ba da izini) 201673,249 (Ba a tilasta) 4,588 (Ba a Tilasta) 4,580 (Ba a tilasta) 516 (Ba a ba da izini) 2,174 (Na tilasta) 74 (Ba na tilasta) 12,146 (Ba a tilasta) 637 (Ba a ba da izini) 71,180 (Ba a tilasta) 4,723 (Ba a Tilasta) 285 (Ba a tilasta) 6 (Ba a ba da izini) 201779,635 (Ba a tilasta) 4,859 (Ba a Tilasta) 4,887 (Ba a tilasta) 516 (Ba a Tilasta) 2,448 (Ba a tilasta) 69 (Ba a Tilasta) 12,632 (Ba a tilasta) 682 (Ba a Tilasta) 78,308 (Ba a tilasta) 4,922 (Ba a ba da izini) 268 (Ba a tilasta) 9 (Ba a ba da izini) 201891,8386,0023,02414,36591,2193242019105,0306,9203,23016,263104,720348
Yawancin bincike da bayar da rahoto game da fyade sun mai da hankali kan nau'ikan fyade na namiji da mace. Ba a yi bincike sosai game da fyade na namiji da na mace ba, kuma kusan babu wani bincike da aka yi game da fyaye na mace.

Wani rahoto na 1997 daga Ofishin Kididdiga na Shari'a na Amurka ya gano cewa kashi 91% na wadanda aka yi wa fyade mata ne kuma kashi 9% maza ne, kuma kashi 99% na wadanda aka kama don fyade maza ne.: 10 Koyaya, waɗannan kididdigar sun dogara ne akan rahotanni na "shigawar tilasta". Wannan adadin ya cire lokuta inda aka "sa maza su shiga" wani mutum, wanda aka tantance su daban a karkashin "mugunta na jima'i". Denov (2004) ya bayyana cewa martani na al'umma game da batun mata masu aikata laifin jima'i "ya nuna karkatar da mata a matsayin masu cin zarafin jima'in da za su iya aiki don rufe ainihin girman matsalar".

 Wani bincike na 2014 da Ofishin Kididdigar Shari'a na kwalejin kwalejin kididdigar fyade daga bayanan binciken cin zarafin jama'a na kasa da aka tattara daga 1995 zuwa 2013, kuma ya nuna cewa fyade a koleji ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa daga launin fata.

Binciken Abokin Hulɗa na Kasa da Cin zarafin Jima'i na 2010 ya gano cewa an yi wa 13.1% na 'yan mata mata, 46.1% na mata masu jima'i, da 17.4% na mata masu luwadi fyade, an yi musu fyade, ko kuma an bi su.

Manazarta

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba