Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan albarkatun shuke-shuke don abinci da aikin gona

Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan albarkatun shuke-shuke da abinci da aikin gona  (wanda kuma aka fi sani da ITPGRFA, Yarjejeniyar Iri ta Duniya ko Yarjejeniyar Shuka  ), cikakkiyar yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa  wacce ta dace da Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halittu, wanda ke da nufin ba da tabbacin abinci tsaro ta hanyar kiyayewa, musaya da kuma amfani da albarkatun tsirrai na duniya don abinci da noma (PGRFA), da adalci da daidaiton fa'ida wanda ya taso daga amfani da shi, da kuma amincewa da hakkin manoma. An sanya hannu a cikin shekarar 2001 a Madrid, kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni 2004.

 Manyan fasalulluka 

 Ƙasashen da ke shiga 
Akwai ɓangarorin kwangila 150 a cikin Yarjejeniyar Shuka (Membobi 149 da ƙungiyar gwamnatoci 1, Tarayyar Turai) har zuwa watan Fabrairu 2024. 

 Hakkokin manoma 
Yarjejeniyar ta amince da haƙƙin manoma, bisa ga dokokin ƙasa don: a) kare ilimin gargajiya wanda ya shafi albarkatun shuka da abinci da noma; b) 'yancin shiga cikin adalci a raba fa'idodin da suka taso daga amfani da albarkatun shuka don abinci da noma; da kuma c) 'yancin shiga cikin yanke shawara, a matakin ƙasa, game da al'amuran da suka shafi kiyayewa da amfani da albarkatun kwayoyin halitta da abinci da noma. Yarjejeniyar ta kafa tsarin samun dama da raba fa'ida don sauƙaƙe mu'amalar ƙwayoyin cuta da fa'ida ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Canja wurin Material (SMTA). 

Duk da haka, kamar yadda Regine Andersen na aikin haƙƙin manoma,  da sauransu, ciki har da Olivier De Schutter, Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Musamman akan Haƙƙin Abinci,  yayi jayayya, fassarar da fahimtar hakkokin manoma yana da rauni kuma yana da rauni. ba iri ɗaya ba a duk ƙasashe. Idan ba tare da daidaito ba, mai karfi na ƙasa da ƙasa mai da hankali kan tabbatar da haƙƙin manoma waɗanda ke kiyayewa da kuma amfani da PGRFA don ɗorewa don adanawa, amfani, musanya da sayar da iri da aka ceto a gonaki, nau'ikan amfanin gona iri-iri da sauran nau'ikan noma za su sha wahala.  Indiya, alal misali, ta haɗa da fassarar haƙƙin manoma a cikin Dokar Kariya da Haƙƙin Manoma (PPV&FR), 2001, ta ba manoma damar takurawa 'yancin adanawa da sayar da iri da suka noma a gona kamar yadda suka saba, har ma idan ya ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in kariya.  

A cikin shekarar 2019, amincewa da sanarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara sun sake tabbatar da hakkin manoman da ke kunshe a cikin yarjejeniyar shuka.

 Tsarin ɓangarori da yawa 
Yarjejeniyar ta aiwatar da tsarin samun dama da fa'ida, a tsakanin ƙasashen da suka amince da yarjejeniyar, a cikin jerin ƙasashe 64 na wasu muhimman kayan abinci da kayan amfanin gona masu muhimmanci don tabbatar da abinci da dogaro da juna. An jera nau'o'in jinsi da nau'in a cikin Annex 1 zuwa yarjejeniyar. 

Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ce ta yi shawarwarin yarjejeniyar kuma tun a shekara ta 2006 tana da Hukumar da ke Mulki a ƙarƙashin Hukumar FAO. Hukumar da ke mulki ita ce mafi girma a cikin yarjejeniyar kamar yadda aka kafa a shafi na 19. Wanda ya kunshi wakilan dukkan ɓangarorin Kwangila, babban aikinsa shi ne inganta cikakken aiwatar da yarjejeniyar, gami da samar da jagorar manufofin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar da ke Mulki tana zabar shugabanta da mataimakanta, bisa ga ka’idojinta. Gaba ɗaya ana kiran su da "Bureau". 

Wasu sun yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar za ta iya zama misali na alhakin gudanar da mulkin duniya don tabbatar da cewa albarkatun halittu masu mahimmanci don samar da abinci a yanzu da kuma nan gaba za a iya isar da su ga duk manoma da sauran jama'a. Babi na 7 na Rahoton Na Biyu kan Halin Albarkatun Jini na Duniya don Abinci da Aikin Noma (SoWPGR-2)  mai taken "Samar da albarkatun Tsirrai, rabon amfanin da ya taso daga amfani da su da kuma fahimtar Manoma" Hakkoki" an sadaukar da shi ne ga yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa.

 Kwamitin Gudanarwa 

 Kwamitin Gudanarwa ya haɗu a karo na farko a Madrid a watan Yunin shekara ta 2006.  Yana da sashi na ministoci kuma an karɓi sanarwar ministoci tare da haɗa shi a cikin Rahoton.GB-1/06/REPORT, Report of the First Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. 
 An gudanar da zaman na biyu na Kwamitin Gudanarwa a Roma a watan Oktoba/Nuwamba 2007.  Wannan taron ya tattauna aiwatar da 'Yancin Manoma, ka'idojin kuɗi; dabarun kuɗaɗe, dangantaka da Global Crop Diversity Trust; aiwatar da Tsarin Multilateral (MLS) don samun dama da raba fa'idodi, da sauran batutuwa.GB-2/07/REPORT, Report of the Second Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. 
 An gudanar da zaman na uku na Hukumar Gudanarwa a Tunis a watan Yunin shekara ta 2009.  Wannan taron ya ci gaba da kasuwancin da ba a gama ba na taron da ya gabata kuma ya tattauna, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa, dabarun kuɗaɗe, bin doka, amfani mai ɗorewa, aiwatar da 'Yancin Manoma, dangantaka da Global Crop Diversity Trust da CGRFA, aiwatar da Tsarin Multilateral (MLS) don samun dama da raba fa'ida.GB-3/09/REPORT, Report of the Third Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. 
 An gudanar da zaman na huɗu na Hukumar Gudanarwa a Bali, Indonesia a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011. Kafin taron Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Ministocin sun amince da Sanarwar Bali a kan Yarjejeniyar  wanda ya ba su alkawarin shiga cikin ci gaba da inganta aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar don taimakawa wajen fuskantar kalubalen lalacewar halittu, rashin tsaro na abinci, matsanancin talauci da tasirin canjin yanayi; da kuma kira ga jam'iyyun da masu ruwa da tsaki da suka dace da ayyukan da suka dace le MLS, amfani mai ɗorewa na PGRFA, da 'Yancin Manoma, da kuma tattara ƙarin kuɗaɗe. Tare da kara hanyoyin 'daidaitawa' da ka'idojin kuɗi, waɗannan batutuwan sun ɗauki mafi yawan lokacin tattaunawa a taron Kwamitin Gudanarwa. Dangantakar Yarjejeniyar tare da CGRFA, Yarjejeniyar Nagoya ta CBD, Global Crop Diversity Trust da Bioversity International an haɗa su cikin ƙuduri.
 An gudanar da zaman na biyar na Hukumar Gudanarwa a Muscat, Oman a watan Satumbar 2013.  An gabatar da zaman ne da kwanaki biyu na shawarwari na yanki. Taron na biyar ya samu:
 ƙuduri game da 'Yancin Manoma (FRs), wanda ya sabunta jajircewar gwamnatoci don aiwatar da' Yancin Manoma;
 kira mai lamba ga UPOV da WIPO don bayar da rahoto game da tasirin su akan 'Yancin Manoma;
 karɓar tayin da kungiyoyin manoma suka bayar don samar da rahoto ga GB6 game da yanayin aiwatar da 'Yancin Manoma;
 Ayyukan da aka tsara don inganta amfanin amfani mai ɗorewa na albarkatun shuke-shuke don abinci da aikin gona, wanda ke da alaƙa da alkawura don cimma 'Yancin Manoma;
 alkawura don sake dubawa da canza tsarin Kasuwanci da Amfani (MLS), don hana fashi na Tsarin ta hanyar takardun shaida akan halaye na asali, misali;
 muhimman sabbin gudummawar kuɗi na son rai daga Norway a Global Crop Diversity Trust da kuma asusun raba fa'idodi da tallafawa kiyaye gonar.
 karɓar bambancin tsakanin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin manoma da kuma buƙatar haɗa wakilan ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin tattaunawar;
 roƙon Sakataren ya ba da rahoto game da tattaunawar da ta dace da ta shafi 'Yancin Manoma a cikin wasu dandamali na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ciki har da Kwamitin Tsaro na Abinci na Duniya. Cibiyar Jama'a ciki har da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (misali CENESTA) da Ƙungiyar Manoma ta Duniya, La Via Campesina, sun kasance masu aiki a duk lokacin zaman.CSO summary of results of GB5 http://www.ukabc.org/gb5.htm

 Jerin amfanin gona da aka rufe a cikin Annex 1 
Hatta abincin da ya kasance wani bangare na al'ada tsawon shekaru aru-aru sau da yawa 'yan asalin yanki ne na wani yanki na duniya. Wannan tarwatsewar duniya ya nuna irin karimcin da manoma da al'ummomin da suke noma a ko da yaushe suke raba iri da kayan gado ga makwabta ko ta hanyar kasuwanci. Yayin da mutane suka fito, suna neman sababbin ƙasashe, tsabansu na cikin ƴan ƙasashen waje. A sakamakon haka, a yanzu muna rayuwa a cikin duniyar da babu wata ƙasa da za a iya ɗaukar kanta ta zama mai dogaro da kanta ta fuskar samun damar rayuwa kawai akan amfanin gona na asali a cikin iyakokinta. Yarjejeniyar ta ba da damar ci gaba da musayar kayan amfanin gona na abinci da kayan gadonsu. 

Jerin abubuwan halittar shuka da aka haɗa a cikin Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Multilateral na Yarjejeniyar an yi su ne da manyan kayan amfanin gona da kayan abinci. Haka kuma ana raba Kayayyakin abinci a cikin kamun kifi da na ciyawa. An zabe su ne bisa la’akari da ka’idojin samar da abinci da dogaro da juna a kasar.

Ximena Flores Palacios, 1998.  

 Manazarta