Yanayi na Subarctic

Sauyin yanayi (wanda kuma ake kira da subpolar weather, ko boreal weather) yanayi ne na nahiyar da ke da tsayi, sanyi (sau da yawa sanyi sosai) lokacin sanyi, da gajere, dumi zuwa lokacin rani. Ana samunsa akan manyan filayen ƙasa, sau da yawa nesa da tasirin yanayin teku, gabaɗaya a latitudes daga 50°N zuwa 70°N, madaidaicin yanayin yanayi mai ɗanɗano. Sauyin yanayi na kasa da kasa ko na boreal sune yankunan tushen sanyin iska wanda ke shafar matsananciyar latitudes zuwa kudu a cikin hunturu. Wadannan yanayi suna wakiltar Köppen yanayin rarrabuwa Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd da Dsd.

 Bayyanawa 
Irin wannan yanayin yana ba da mafi girman bambance-bambancen yanayin yanayin yanayi da ake samu a duniya: a cikin hunturu, yanayin zafi na iya raguwa zuwa ƙasa da -50 °C (-58 °F) kuma a lokacin rani, zafin jiki na iya wuce 26 °C (79 ° F). Duk da haka, lokacin rani gajere ne; bai wuce watanni uku na shekara ba (amma aƙalla wata ɗaya) dole ne ya kasance yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na sa'o'i 24 aƙalla 10 ° C (50 °F) don faɗowa cikin wannan rukunin yanayi, kuma watan mafi sanyi ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da 0 °C (32°F) (ko -3 °C (27 °F)). Yi rikodin ƙananan zafin jiki na iya kusanci -70 ° C (-94 °F).

Tare da watanni 5-7 a jere lokacin da matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kasance ƙasa da daskarewa, duk danshi a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa yana daskarewa sosai zuwa zurfin ƙafafu da yawa. Lokacin zafi na lokacin rani bai isa ya narke fiye da 'yan ƙafafun ƙasa ba, don haka permafrost yana da yawa a ƙarƙashin yawancin yankuna ba kusa da iyakar kudancin wannan yankin yanayi ba. Rashin narkewar yanayi yana shiga daga , dangane da latitude, fasalin, da nau'in ƙasa. Wasu yankunan arewacin da ke kusa da yanayin teku (kudancin Alaska, iyakar arewacin Turai, Sakhalin Oblast da Kamchatka Oblast), suna da hunturu mai sauƙi kuma babu ƙanƙara, kuma sun fi dacewa da noma sai dai idan ruwan sama ya wuce gona da iri. Lokacin sanyi ba shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci, ya bambanta daga kimanin kwanaki 45 zuwa 100 a mafi yawancin, kuma daskarewa na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci a waje da watanni na rani a wurare da yawa.

 Bayyanawa 
D na farko yana nuna nahiyar, tare da wata mafi sanyi ƙasa da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (27 °F)).

Harafin na biyu yana nuna tsarin hazo:

 s: Busasshen lokacin rani—wata mafi bushewa a cikin babban-rana rabin shekara (Afrilu zuwa Satumba a Arewacin Hemisphere, Oktoba zuwa Maris a Kudancin Kudancin) yana da ƙasa da milimita 30 (1.18 in) / milimita 40 (1.57 in ) na ruwan sama kuma yana da daidai ko ƙasa da  1⁄3 hazo na wata mafi sanyi a cikin rabin-rana na shekara (Oktoba zuwa Maris a Arewacin Hemisphere, Afrilu zuwa Satumba a Kudancin Hemisphere),
 w: bushewar hunturu-wata mafi bushewa a cikin ƙananan-rana rabin shekara yana da daidai ko ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin goma na hazo da ake samu a cikin mafi ruwan sanyi a cikin rani rabin shekara,
 f: Babu lokacin rani—bai dace da ɗaya daga cikin madadin takamaiman bayani a sama ba; hazo da zafi sau da yawa suna da girma a duk shekara.

 c: Regular subarctic, only one–three months above , coldest month between  (or ) and .
 d: Severely cold subarctic, only one–three months above , coldest month at or below .

 Ruwan sama 
Yawancin yanayin yanayin ƙasa ba su da ɗan hazo kaɗan, yawanci bai wuce 380 mm (15 in) sama da shekara guda ba saboda ƙarancin yanayin zafi da ƙawance. A nesa daga gaɓar teku, hazo yana faruwa mafi yawa a cikin watanni na rani, yayin da a yankunan bakin teku da ke da yanayin yanayi mafi yawan hazo yawanci a cikin watanni na kaka lokacin da yanayin zafi na teku vis-à-vis ya fi girma. Ƙananan hazo, ta ma'auni na yankuna masu zafi tare da tsawon lokacin rani da lokacin zafi, yawanci ya isa idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin ƙawancen ruwa don ba da izinin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa a yawancin yankunan da ke cikin yanayi mai zurfi da kuma ba da izinin rufe dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu, wanda shine. gabaɗaya na dagewa na tsawon lokaci.

Wani abin lura ga wannan yanayin shine yanayin yanayin da ke faruwa a wurare masu tsayi a cikin in ba haka ba yankuna masu zafi suna da hazo mai tsananin gaske saboda ɗagawa na orographic. Dutsen Washington, wanda ke da yanayin yanayin yanayi mai ma'ana, yana samun matsakaicin ruwan sama-daidai da inci 101.91 (2,588.5 mm) na hazo a kowace shekara. Yankunan bakin teku na Khabarovsk Krai suma suna da hazo mafi girma a lokacin rani saboda tasirin yanayi (har zuwa milimita 175 (6.9 in) a watan Yuli a wasu yankuna), yayin da tsibirin Kamchatka mai tsaunuka da tsibirin Sakhalin sun ma fi ruwa, tunda damshin orographic bai cika ba. An keɓe shi ga watanni masu zafi kuma yana haifar da manyan kankara a Kamchatka. Labrador, a gabashin Kanada, yana da ruwa iri ɗaya a cikin shekara saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin Icelandic kuma yana iya samun ruwan sama har zuwa milimita 1,300 (51 in) na ruwan sama daidai kowace shekara, yana haifar da murfin dusar ƙanƙara har zuwa mita 1.5 (59 in) wanda ba ya narke har sai Yuni.

 Shuke-shuke da amfani da ƙasa 
Tsire-tsire a yankunan da ke da yanayin yanayi gabaɗaya yana da ƙarancin bambance-bambance, saboda kawai nau'ikan bishiya ne kawai za su iya rayuwa cikin dogon lokacin sanyi kuma suna amfani da gajeren lokacin bazara. Bishiyoyi galibi suna iyakance ga conifers, saboda ƴan bishiyoyi masu faɗin ganye suna iya tsira da ƙarancin yanayin zafi a cikin hunturu. Irin wannan dajin kuma ana kiransa da taiga, kalmar da a wasu lokuta ake amfani da ita ga yanayin da ake samu a cikinsa. Ko da yake bambance-bambancen na iya zama ƙasa, yanki da lambobi suna da yawa, kuma gandun daji na taiga (boreal) shine mafi girman gandun daji a duniya, tare da yawancin gandun daji da ke cikin Rasha da Kanada. Tsarin da tsire-tsire ke haɓaka zuwa yanayin sanyi ana kiransa hardening

Matsakaicin noma gabaɗaya yana da rauni, saboda rashin haihuwa na yanayi na ƙasa da yawaitar fadama da tafkunan da ke tashi daga kankara, kuma gajeriyar lokacin noman ya haramta duk sai dai mafi wahalan amfanin gona. Duk da ɗan gajeren lokaci, dogayen kwanakin bazara a irin waɗannan wuraren suna ba da damar noma. A wasu yankuna, kankara ya tokare saman dutse babu komai, yana cire nauyi gaba daya. A wani wuri kuma, an kafa tafkunan dutse kuma an lalata kwasa-kwasan rafi, wanda ya haifar da tafkuna marasa adadi.

 Yankunan makwabta 
Idan mutum ya tafi arewa ko ma zuwa tekun polar, mutum ya ga cewa watan mafi zafi yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na ƙasa da 10 ° C (50 °F), kuma yanayin yanayin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya zama yanayin tundra ko kaɗan bai dace da bishiyoyi ba. Kudanci, wannan yanayin yana shiga cikin yanayi mai ɗanɗano na nahiyar da ke da tsayin lokacin bazara (kuma yawanci lokacin sanyi ba ya da ƙarfi) yana ba da damar bishiyoyi; a ƴan wurare da ke kusa da teku mai zafi (kamar a arewacin Norway da kudancin Alaska), wannan yanayin zai iya zama ɗan gajeren lokacin rani na yanayin teku, yanayin tekun subpolar, yayin da tekun ke gabatowa inda yanayin sanyi na kusa kusa ko kusa. sama da daskarewa duk da kiyaye gajeriyar lokacin bazara mai sanyi. A kasar Sin da Mongoliya, yayin da mutum ya matsa zuwa kudu maso yamma ko zuwa kasa mai tsayi, yanayin zafi yana karuwa amma yanayin hazo ya yi kasa sosai har yanayin da ke karkashin kasa ya kai ga yanayin sanyi mara kyau.

 Rarraba 

 Rarrabawar Dfc da Dfd 
Yanayin Dfc, wanda shine mafi yawan nau'in subarctic, ana samunsa a cikin yankuna masu zuwa: 

 Northern Eurasia
 The majority of Siberia
 The Kamchatka Peninsula and the northern and central parts of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island
 The northern half of Fennoscandia (milder winters in coastal areas) and higher elevations further south.
 The Western Alps between , and the Eastern Alps between 
 Central Romania
 Some parts of central Germany
 The Tatra Mountains in Poland and Slovakia, above .
 The Pyrenees, between 
 The Northeastern Anatolia Region and the Pontic Alps, between 
 Mountain summits in Scotland, most notably in the Cairngorms and the Nevis Range
 The far northeast of Turkey

Gabas da arewa da gabas a Siberiya, nahiyoyin nahiya suna ƙaruwa sosai ta yadda lokacin sanyi na iya zama na musamman mai tsanani, matsakaicin ƙasa da -38 °C (-36 °F), duk da cewa mafi zafi har yanzu watan yana kaiwa sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Wannan yana haifar da yanayin Dfd, waɗanda galibi ana samun su a cikin Jamhuriyar Sakha:

 Taiga na Arewa maso gabashin Siberia
 Yankin Yakutian na Tsakiya
 Yakutsk
 Oymyakon
 Verkhoyansk


 Arewacin Amurka
 Yawancin Cikin gida, Yamma da Kudu maso Tsakiyar AlaskaKudancin tsakiyar Alaska
 Babban Dutsen Rocky a Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Montana da New Hampshire)">White Mountains na New Hampshire
 Yawancin Kanada daga kimanin 53-55 ° N zuwa layin itace, gami da:
 Kudancin Labrador
 Wasu yankuna a cikin Newfoundland da kuma bakin tekun arewa
 Quebec: Jamésie, Cote-Nord da kudancin Nunavik
 Arewacin Ontario
 Yankunan Prairie na arewaYankunan da ke cikin filayen
 Dutsen Rocky a Alberta da British Columbia
 Yawancin Yukon
 Yawancin Yankin Arewa maso Yamma
 Kudu maso yammacin Nunavut

A cikin Kudancin Ƙasar, ana samun yanayin Dfc ne kawai a cikin ƙananan ƙananan aljihuna a cikin Duwatsun Snowy na Ostiraliya, Kudancin Alps na New Zealand, da Lesotho Highlands. A Kudancin Amirka, wannan yanayin yana faruwa ne a kan gangaren yammacin Andes ta tsakiya a Chile da Argentina, inda yanayin yanayi ya fi zafi idan aka kwatanta da gangaren gabas. Kasancewar tsaunin Andes yana ba da gudummawa ga yanayin damina a gangaren yamma ta hanyar ɗaukar danshi daga Tekun Pasifik, wanda ke haifar da hazo musamman a lokacin sanyi. Wannan yankin yanayi yana tallafawa kasancewar dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzuka, galibi akan mafi girman wuraren dajin Valdivian da ke Chile da dajin subantarctic a Argentina.

 Dsc da rarraba Dsd 
Yanayi da aka ware kamar Dsc ko Dsd, tare da bushewar lokacin rani, ba safai ba ne, suna faruwa a cikin ƙananan yankuna masu tsayi a kusa da Basin Bahar Rum, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Alaska da sauran sassan arewa maso yammacin Amurka ( Gabashin Washington, Gabashin Oregon, Kudancin Idaho, California ta Gabashin Saliyo), Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Rasha, Seneca, Oregon, da Atlin, British Columbia. Turkiyya da Afganistan sun kebe; Yanayin Dsc ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Arewa maso Gabashin Anatoliya, a cikin tsaunin Taurus da Köroğlu, da tsaunukan tsakiyar Afganistan.

A cikin Kudancin Kudancin, yanayin Dsc yana nan a Kudancin Amurka a matsayin yanayin subbarctic wanda ke da tasiri daga halaye na Bahar Rum, sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa bambancin tsawo na yanayin Bahar Rum. Tana kan gangaren gabashin tsakiyar Andes na Argentina kuma a wasu sassan a gefen Chilean. Duk da yake babu manyan ƙauyuka da ke nuna wannan yanayi, yankuna da yawa a kusa da shi suna fuskantar shi, kamar San Carlos na Bariloche, Villa La Angostura, San Martín de los Andes, Balmaceda, Punta de Vacas, da Termas del Flaco . 

 è da rarraba Dwd 
Yanayin da aka rarraba a matsayin Dwc ko Dwd, tare da hunturu mai bushe, ana samun su a wasu sassan Gabashin Asiya, kamar China, inda Siberian High ke sanya hunturu ya fi sanyi fiye da wurare kamar Scandinavia ko Alaska ciki amma ya bushe sosai (yawanci tare da kusan  in) na ruwan sama daidai da kowane wata), ma'ana cewa rufe dusar ƙanƙara ta hunturu yana da iyakance sosai. Ana iya samun yanayin Dwc a cikin:

 Much of northern Mongolia
 Russia:
 Most of Khabarovsk Krai except the south
 Southeastern Sakha Republic
 Southern Magadan Oblast
 Northern Amur Oblast
 Northern Buryatia
 Zabaykalsky Krai
 Irkutsk Oblast
 China:
 Tahe County and Mohe County in Heilongjiang
 Northern Hulunbuir in Inner Mongolia
 Gannan in Gansu (due to extreme elevation)
 Huangnan, eastern Hainan and eastern Guoluo in Qinghai (due to extreme elevation)
 Most of Garzê and Ngawa Autonomous Prefectures (due to extreme elevation) in Sichuan
 Most of Qamdo Prefecture (due to extreme elevation) in the Tibet Autonomous Region
 Parts of Ladakh (including Siachen Glacier) and Spiti regions of India
 Middle reaches of the Himalayas in Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Northeast India.
 Parts of Kaema Plateau (including Mount Baekdu, Samjiyon, Musan) in North Korea

A cikin Kudancin Ƙasar, ƙananan Aljihuna na tsaunukan Lesotho da tsaunin Drakensberg suna da rarrabuwar Dwc.

 Shafukan wuraren da aka zaɓa 

 Dubi kuma 

 Ilimin muhalli na boreal
 Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen
 Subantarctic
 Taiga

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba