Ilimi a Madagaka

Ilimi a Madagascar yana da dogon tarihi mai ban sha'awa.  Makarantar ta yau da kullun ta fara ne tare da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Larabawa na zamani, waɗanda suka kafa wasu makarantun firamare na Islama (kuttabs) kuma suka haɓaka rubutun Harshen Malagasy ta amfani da Rubutun Larabci, wanda aka sani da sorabe.  Wadannan makarantu ba su da tsawo, kuma ilimi na yau da kullun ya dawo ne kawai a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Madagascar na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da goyon bayan sarakuna da sarauniya suka biyo baya suka samar da tsarin makarantar jama'a mafi ci gaba a Afirka ta Kudu ta Sahara.  Koyaya, makarantun da aka tsara sun iyakance ne ga tsaunuka na tsakiya a kusa da babban birnin Antananarivo kuma yara masu daraja na Andriana suna yawan zuwa. Daga cikin sauran sassan yawan jama'ar tsibirin, ilimin gargajiya ya fi yawa a farkon karni na 20.  Wannan watsawar al'ada na ilimin al'umma, ƙwarewa da ka'idoji an tsara su ne don shirya yara don ɗaukar matsayinsu a cikin matsayi na zamantakewa wanda dattawan al'umma suka mamaye kuma musamman kakanninmu (razana), waɗanda aka yi imanin suna kula da tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru a duniya.

Tun lokacin da mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya zo a 1896, tsarin ilimi a Madagascar ya ci gaba da fadada zuwa wasu yankuna masu nisa da kuma yankunan karkara yayin da yake samun karin iko a jihar. Makasudin ilimi na ƙasa sun nuna canjin abubuwan da gwamnati ta sa a gaba cikin lokaci. Makarantun mulkin mallaka sun koyar da dabarun asali da ƙwarewar harshen Faransanci ga yawancin yara, yayin da aka zaɓi ɗalibai masu ƙarfi musamman don samun horon aikin ma'aikatan gwamnati a matakin sakandare... Ilimi bayan samun yancin kai a jamhuriya ta farko (1960 – 1975) karkashin shugaba Philibert Tsiranana ya ci gaba da yin tasiri ga Faransanci mai karfi tare da litattafai da malamai na asalin Faransanci. Rikicin bayan mulkin mallaka wanda ya haifar da Jumhuriya ta Biyu (1975–1992) ya ga makarantu sun zama abin hawa don koyar da ƴan ƙasa cikin akidar gurguzu ta Admiral Didier Ratsiraka . Rushewar Tarayyar Sobiyet a 1991 ya haifar da guguwar dimokuradiyya a fadin Afirka, inda aka kaddamar da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyya ta Uku (1992-2010). Sabunta hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya haifar da gagarumin taimakon kasashen waje ga bangaren ilimi, wanda ya dauki sauye-sauye da dama da kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran abokan hulda a fannin ci gaban kasa da kasa suka gabatar.

An ba da fifiko ga ilimi a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Marc Ravalomanana (2001-2009), wanda ya nemi inganta damar da ingancin ilimi na al'ada da na al'adu. Babban kamfen na gyaran makaranta, fadadawa da gini an haɗa shi da daukar ma'aikata da horar da dubban malamai. Wannan shirin ya sami goyon baya tare da kudade daga kungiyoyin gwamnati kamar Bankin Duniya da UNESCO, da kuma tallafin kasashen biyu daga kasashe da yawa, gami da Faransa, Amurka da Japan. Babban manufar koyarwa na waɗannan gyare-gyare sun haɗa da sauyawa daga al'ada, salon koyarwa na koyarwa zuwa tsarin koyarwa na ɗalibai wanda ya haɗa da aikin rukuni akai-akai. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, Madagascar tana kan manufa don cimma burin Ilimi ga Dukkanin rajista na duniya a matakin firamare. Nasarar dalibai, ingancin malami, karancin kayan aiki da kuma samun damar zuwa makarantar sakandare da sakandare suna ci gaba da zama ƙalubale, kamar yadda matsalolin da suka shafi talauci kamar maimaitawa da raguwa da rashin lafiyar dalibai. Rikicin siyasa na 2009 a Madagascar ya haifar da dakatar da duk abin da ya faru sai dai taimakon gaggawa ga kasar, wanda ya kara tsananta kalubalen da suka shafi talauci da kuma barazanar kawar da ci gaba da yawa a bangaren ilimi.

 Tarihin ilimi a Madagascar 

 Kafin 1820 
A al'ada, ilimi a Madagascar wani al'amari ne na al'ada wanda ya kunshi watsa ka'idojin zamantakewa, ayyuka da ilimi da aka haɓaka kuma aka ba da su a cikin al'umma a cikin tsararraki. Tsarin matsayi na yawancin al'ummomin gargajiya na Malagasy ya sanya dattawa, iyaye da sauran mutane masu daraja a kan matasa ko ƙananan membobin kungiyar, kuma a kan waɗanda kakanninmu (razana) suka yi amfani da iko mafi girma. A cikin mahallin irin wannan al'umma mai rarrabewa, ilimin gargajiya ya jaddada muhimmancin kiyaye wurin mutum da ya dace, horar da mutane a cikin kiyaye al'ada da yawa (taboos) kuma, sama da duka, ya koyar da girmamawa ga kakanninmu.

Koyon matsayin mutum a cikin al'ummar gargajiya ta Malagasy ya wuce matsayi na matasa-manyan-manyan da suka gabata. Daga cikin kabilun Malagasy da yawa, an gano mutane tare da wasu kabilu; a cikin al'ummar Merina ta gargajiya, alal misali, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kabilun guda uku yana da kabilun bakwai. Wadannan rarrabuwar sun mamaye irin waɗannan ƙarin dalilai kamar matsayin jinsi, tare da sakamako ga ilimi na al'ada: ana sa ran yara maza suyi hali kamar yadda ya dace wanda zai zama ray aman-dreny, yayin da ake sa ran 'yan mata su nuna ƙwarewar gida kuma su horar da halaye na mace da uwa mai kyau.

Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Larabawa ne suka gabatar da makarantar farko a Madagascar, wanda tasirin su a kan al'ummomin bakin teku ya kai akalla har zuwa karni na 11. Wadannan matafiya sun yi ƙoƙari su yada Islama ta hanyar kafa iyakantaccen adadin kuttab (makarantu na Alkur'ani waɗanda ke koyar da karatu da lissafi na asali) kuma sun rubuta harshen Malagasy ta amfani da haruffa Larabci a cikin rubutun da ake kira sorabe. Wadannan makarantu ba su ci gaba ba, kuma karatun sorabe ya shiga cikin masarautar ilimin da aka tanada ga masu ilimin taurari, sarakuna da sauran masu daraja.

 1820–1896 
alt=Large wooden rectangular house with steeply peaked roof in thatch|thumb|Besakana, shafin yanar gizon asalin Fadar a filin Rova na Antananarivo
An kafa makarantar farko ta Turai a cikin 1818 a gabashin gabar Madagascar a Toamasina ta membobin London Missionary Society (LMS). Sarki Radama I (1810-1828), mai mulki na farko da ya kawo kusan rabin tsibirin Madagascar a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa, yana da sha'awar ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin kasashen Turai; don wannan dalili, ya gayyaci masu wa'azi na LMS don buɗe makaranta a babban birninsa a Antananarivo a cikin fadar fadar Rova don ya umarci dangin sarauta a cikin karatu da rubutu, lissafi da ilimi na asali. Wannan makarantar ta farko, wacce aka fi sani da Makarantar Fadar, ta kafa ta hanyar mishan na LMS David Jones a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1820, a cikin Besakana, gini mai muhimmancin tarihi da al'adu. A cikin watanni, saboda saurin karuwa a cikin adadin da ke sha'awar karatu a can, an canja azuzuwan zuwa mafi girma, tsarin da aka gina a kan filin Rova. A shekara ta 1822, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na LMS sun sami nasarar rubuta yaren Merina na yaren Malagasy ta amfani da haruffa na Latin. Wannan yaren, wanda ake magana a cikin tsaunuka na tsakiya a kusa da Antananarivo, an ayyana shi a matsayin harshen Malagasy na hukuma a wannan shekarar - matsayin da yaren tsaunuka ya riƙe tun daga lokacin. Littafi Mai-Tsarki, wanda aka fassara shi cikin wannan yaren kuma aka buga shi a kan manema labarai (aikin da aka kammala a 1835),  shine littafi na farko da aka buga a cikin harshen Malagasy kuma ya zama ma'auni na rubutu da aka yi amfani da shi don koyar da karatu da rubutu, don haka yada ka'idodin Kiristanci a Imerina. 

Da yake ya gamsu da cewa makarantar Yamma tana da mahimmanci don bunkasa ƙarfin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Madagascar, a cikin 1825 Radama ya ayyana makarantar firamare ta zama tilas ga Andriana (masu da'riana) a duk faɗin Imerina. An gina makarantu a manyan garuruwa a ko'ina cikin tsaunuka na tsakiya kuma an haɗa su da malamai daga LMS da sauran kungiyoyin mishan. A ƙarshen mulkin Radama a cikin 1829, makarantu 38 suna ba da ilimi na asali ga ɗalibai sama da 4,000 ban da ɗalibai 300 da ke karatu a Makarantar Fadar,  suna koyar da saƙonni biyu na aminci da biyayya ga mulkin Radama da mahimman abubuwan tauhidin Kirista.  Wadannan makarantu sun kuma samar da Radama tare da shirye-shiryen malamai masu ilimi don ayyukan soja; saboda haka, wasu iyalai na Andriana sun aika da 'ya'yansu bayi daga haɗarin rayuwar soja, suna samar da' yan tsiraru masu ilimi tsakanin ƙananan ɗalibai na al'ummar Merina. Ƙarin ɗalibai 600 sun sami horo na sana'a a ƙarƙashin mishan na Scotland James Cameron . Koyaya, magajin Radama kuma gwauruwa, Sarauniya Ranavalona I (1828-1861), ta ƙara yin taka tsantsan game da tasirin kasashen waje a tsibirin a cikin mulkinta na shekaru 33. Ta haramta ilimin bayi a 1834. A shekara mai zuwa, an ba da umarnin rufe dukkan makarantun Radama kuma an kori malaman su na mishan daga kasar.

Firayim Minista Rainilaiarivony (1864-1895), wanda ya auri Queens Rasoherina (1863-1868), Ranavalona II (1868-1883) da Ranavalone III (1883-1897) a jere, ya sake buɗewa kuma ya fadada tsarin makarantu tun daga 1864. An sake dawo da manufofin tilastawa a makaranta tsakanin Andriana a cikin 1872; a shekara ta 1881, an ayyana makaranta a matsayin tilas ga duk yaran Malagasy ba tare da la'akari da kabilanci ko aji ba. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, makarantun mishan 1,155 suna ba da ilimi na asali ga ɗalibai 133,695, suna kafa tsarin makarantar Malagasy a matsayin mafi ci gaba a Afirka ta Kudu ta Sahara.

 1896–1960 
alt=Children tightly packed on benches at desks in a crowded classroom|right|thumb|225x225px|Ilimi a lokacin mulkin mallaka ya nemi ƙirƙirar ma'aikata masu amfani.
A Lokacin mulkin mallaka, Faransanci sun kafa tsarin makarantun jama'a wanda aka raba kashi biyu: makarantun ƙwararrun, waɗanda aka tsara kamar na Faransa kuma aka tanada su ga 'yan ƙasar Faransa (yan asalin Madagascar kaɗan ne suka ji daɗin); da makarantun 'yan asalin ƙasar Madagascar, waɗanda ke ba da ilimi na aiki da sana'a amma ba a tsara su don horar da ɗalibai don matsayi na jagoranci ko alhakin ba. A cikin shekaru bakwai na farko na mulkin mallaka an kafa makarantun 'yan asalin 650, rabin su sun warwatse a yankunan bakin teku inda makarantun Masarautar Madagascar ba su kai ba. Wannan shirin ya fadada yawan dalibai a Madagascar da 50,000, wadanda suka yi nazarin tsarin karatun da aka mayar da hankali kan ilimin Faransanci da ilimin asali a fannoni kamar tsabta da lissafi. Makarantu masu wa'azi da aka kafa da daɗewa sun ci gaba da wakiltar madadin ilimi mai inganci har zuwa 1906, lokacin da dokokin Faransa suka sanya takunkumi mai tsauri a kan ayyukansu, suna tilasta dubban dalibai daga makarantun wa'azi ba tare da isasshen damar karɓar su a cikin tsarin jama'a ba.

An horar da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikata na Madagascar na tsakiya a écoles régionales (makarantu na yanki), mafi mahimmanci daga cikinsu shine École le Myre de Villers a Antananarivo . An fara gyare-gyare na tsarin makarantar jama'a don ba wa Malagasy ƙarin damar ilimi bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II. A lokacin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, kasar tana da tsarin ilimi kusan daidai da na Faransa. Metz, Helen Chapin (1994). "Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar (Education)". Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2011.

 Tsarinsa 
alt=Students grouped around oversized slates in classroom as teacher observes|thumb|Sauye-sauyen ilimi na baya-bayan nan sun nemi sauyawa daga Malami ne hanyoyin koyarwa na malami.
Ilimi wajibi ne ga yara tsakanin shekaru shida zuwa goma sha huɗu. Tsarin ilimi na yanzu yana ba da makarantar firamare na shekaru biyar, daga shekaru shida zuwa goma sha ɗaya. Ilimi na sakandare yana da shekaru bakwai kuma an raba shi zuwa kashi biyu: matakin sakandare na shekaru hudu daga shekaru goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha biyar, da kuma babban matakin sakandare ya shekaru uku daga shekaru goma zuwa goma sha shida. A ƙarshen ƙaramin matakin, masu digiri suna karɓar takardar shaidar, kuma a ƙarshen babban matakin, masu karatun suna karɓar baccalauréat (daidai da difloma na makarantar sakandare). Tsarin makarantar sakandare na sana'a, kwaleji sana'a (kwalejin sana'aa), daidai yake da matakin ƙarami na sakandare; dabarar kwalejin (kwaleji na fasaha), wanda ke ba da fasahar baccalauréat (diploma na fasaha), daidai yake ne da babban matakin.Metz, Helen Chapin (1994). "Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar (Education)". Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
alt=Multi-story, curved modern building of concrete and blue glass|right|thumb|Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Antananarivo
Jami'ar Madagascar, wacce aka kafa a matsayin Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a 1955 a Antananarivo kuma aka sake masa suna a 1961, ita ce babbar cibiyar ilimi mafi girma. Yana riƙe da rassa guda shida masu zaman kansu a Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina, Toliara, da Mahajanga.  (Kafin shekara ta 1988, cibiyoyin biyar na ƙarshe sun kasance fadada lardin babban jami'a a Antananarivo.) Tsarin jami'a ya ƙunshi fannoni da yawa, gami da doka da tattalin arziki, kimiyya, da haruffa da kimiyyar ɗan adam, da makarantu da yawa waɗanda suka ƙware a cikin gudanarwar jama'a, gudanarwa, magani, jin dadin jama'a. Rahotanni na hukuma sun soki yawan ɗalibai a jami'o'i shida: jimlar 40,000 a cikin 1994, yayin da ƙarfin jama'a ya kai 26,000. Ana ci gaba da matakan gyare-gyare don inganta nasarar dalibai - kashi 10 ne kawai suka kammala shirye-shiryen su, kuma matsakaicin shekarun da ake buƙata don samun digiri da aka ba shi ne takwas zuwa goma idan aka kwatanta da shekaru biyar ga ƙasashen Afirka. Ana buƙatar baccalauréat don shiga jami'a.Metz, Helen Chapin (1994). "Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar (Education)". Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2011.

 Ayyuka 

 Bayanan kididdiga 
Shigar da Makarantar firamare kusan na duniya ne, karuwa mai mahimmanci daga ƙananan adadi na kashi 65 cikin dari na rajista a 1965 (Madagascar tana da makarantun firamare na gwamnati 13,000 a 1994); kashi 36 cikin dari na yawan mutanen da suka dace suna halartar makarantar sakandare (akwai makarantun sakandare 700 da lycées na shekara takwas ko cibiyoyin sakandare na gargajiya) kuma kashi 5 cikin dari na mutanen da suka shafi makarantar sakandare suna halartar cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma. Duk da waɗannan kididdigar, rahoton UNICEF na 1993 ya ɗauki tsarin ilimi a matsayin "rashin nasara," yana nuna cewa ya bambanta da farkon shekarun 1980 lokacin da ilimi ya wakilci kusan kashi 33 cikin 100 na kasafin kudin ƙasa, a 1993 ilimi ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 20 cikin 100 na jimlar, kuma kashi 95 cikin 100 na wannan adadin an sadaukar da shi ga albashi. Matsakaicin adadin shekaru da ake buƙata don ɗalibi ya kammala makarantar firamare ya kasance goma sha biyu. 'Yan mata suna da daidaito tare da yara maza zuwa cibiyoyin ilimi.Metz, Helen Chapin (1994). "Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar (Education)". Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2011.

 Sakamakon 
A hankali fadada damar ilimi ya sami tasiri mai ban sha'awa a kan al'ummar Madagascar, musamman a kara yawan ilimin jama'a. Kashi 39 cikin dari na yawan jama'a ne kawai za a iya la'akari da su a shekarar 1966, amma Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya kiyasta cewa wannan adadin ya karu zuwa kashi 50 cikin dari a farkon shekarun 1980 Metz, Helen Chapin (1994). "Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar (Education)". Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2011. da kuma kashi 64 cikin dari a shekarar 2010. 

 Ƙalubale 

 Samun dama 

Tsarin ilimi na kasa sau da yawa ya kasance a tsakiyar muhawara ta siyasa. Kamar yadda yake a duk faɗin Afirka, takardun shaida na ilimi suna ba da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan damar samun aiki a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kuma rarraba albarkatun ilimi ya ci gaba da kasancewa batun da ke da tasirin siyasa mai fashewa.

A tarihi, tsarin ya kasance ana nuna shi ta hanyar rarraba albarkatun ilimi tsakanin yankuna na kasar. Saboda tsaunuka na tsakiya suna da dogon tarihin ilimi na yau da kullun wanda ya fara a farkon karni na sha tara, wannan yankin yana da makarantu da ka'idojin ilimi mafi girma fiye da yankunan bakin teku. Bambancin ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban abin rarrabuwa a rayuwar ƙasa a cikin shekaru bayan samun 'yancin kai. Mutanen Merina da Betsileo, suna da damar shiga makarantu, ba za a iya gujewa ba a cikin gudanarwa da sana'o'i, a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960.

Ƙara ga waɗannan rashin daidaito na ƙasa shine ci gaba da rashin damar ilimi ga ɓangarorin mafi talauci na al'umma. Misali, tashin hankali da ya haifar da faduwar mulkin Tsiranana a shekarar 1972 dalibai ne suka fara shi da ke nuna rashin amincewa da ilimin hukuma da manufofin harshe, gami da yanke shawara don soke sabon tsarin jarrabawar gasa wanda zai ba da damar shiga makarantun sakandare na jama'a bisa ga cancanta maimakon ikon biyan kuɗi. Duk da haka lokacin da gwamnatin Ratsiraka ta yi ƙoƙari a 1978 don gyara rashin daidaito na tarihi da kuma sanya ka'idoji ga baccalauréat a cikin larduna marasa galihu a waje da babban birnin, ɗaliban Merina sun jagoranci tashin hankali game da abin da suka ɗauka a matsayin manufofin kulawa mara adalci.Metz, Helen Chapin (1994). "Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar (Education)". Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2011.

 Tsarin Ilimi na Yanzu 

 Makarantar sakandare 
Ilimi na makarantar sakandare (shekara guda) a Madagascar ya shafi yara na shekaru 4-5, tare da aikin farkawa da buɗewa ga ayyukan zamantakewa da ilimi, ilimin makarantar sakandare yana shirya yaro a ilimin firamare.

Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa ta Madagascar ta kaddamar da kafa makarantun sakandare a makarantun firamare na jama'a a ko'ina cikin tsibirin tun daga shekarar makaranta ta 2010-2011 kuma a halin yanzu, kusan makarantun firimare na jamaʼa 2,500 suna da cibiyar makarantar sakandare. 

 Makarantar firamare 
Wuri ne inda yara na Madagascar ke karatu daga shekaru 6 zuwa 11. An gauraye shi kuma kyauta ga makarantun jama'a kuma ya ƙunshi matakan PCI da PCII 5: Shirye-shiryen Shirin I da II; AC: Matsakaicin Shirin; MC I da MC II: Tsakiyar Shirin I Da II, kuma an ba da izini ta hanyar samun "Certificat d'Études Primaires et Élémentaires" ko CEPE don sauyawa zuwa sakandare. A halin yanzu, yawan ɗalibai daga PC I zuwa MC II ya kai 3,627,380.

 Makarantar Tsakiya 
Kwalejin ita ce makarantar sakandare inda daliban Madagascar ke ƙarfafa samun ilimi na asali. Sun halarci shekaru hudu na makaranta da ake kira: "na shida, na biyar, na huɗu da na uku".

Dukkanin daliban da suka sami "Certificat d'Études Primaires et Élémentaires" (CEPE) kuma wadanda suka wuce jarrabawar shiga aji na shida suna da damar yin rajista a makarantun sakandare.

 Makarantar sakandare 
Makarantar sakandare makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a. Yana maraba da dalibai daga "na biyu, na farko da na ƙarshe" (shekaru 3 na karatu) kuma yana shirya don baccalaureate.

Ana iya samun shiga makarantar sakandare ta hanyar zaɓe, jarrabawar shiga a "na biyu", 'yan takara da ke riƙe da "Brevet d'Étude du Premier Cycle de l'Enseignement Secondaire" (BEPC). Adadin shigarwa zai dogara da damar karɓar kowace makarantar sakandare.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba