Fasahar noma

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Fasahar noma ko agrotechnology (abbreviated agtech, AgriTech', AgriTech, ko agroTech) shine amfani da fasaha a cikin noma, horticulture, da aquaculture tare da manufar inganta amfanin gona, inganci, da riba. Fasahar noma na iya zama samfurori, ayyuka ko aikace-aikacen da aka samo daga aikin gona waɗanda ke inganta matakai daban-daban na shigarwa da fitarwa.

Ci gaban da aka samu a kimiyyar noma, ilimin noma, da aikin injiniya sun haifar da ci gaban da aka yi amfani da shi a fasahar noma.

 Tarihi 
Tarihin noma ya samo asali ne daga ci gaban fasaha. Fasahar noma ta samo asali ne daga dubban shekaru. Masana tarihi sun bayyana sauye-sauyen noma da yawa, waɗanda ke nuna manyan canje-canje a aikin gona da yawan aiki. Wadannan juyin juya hali suna da alaƙa da ci gaban fasaha.

Kimanin shekaru 10,000, da suka gabata, Juyin Juya Halin Neolithic ya haifar da canjin zamani. Dan Adam ya sauya daga al'ummomin farauta da masu tarawa zuwa al'ummomi masu noma. Wannan canjin ya ba da shaida ga domestication na muhimman tsire-tsire da dabbobi, gami da alkama, sha'ir, da dabbobi. Abinci mai yawa da ya biyo baya ya kara yawan jama'a kuma ya kafa tushe ga wayewar da ke tasowa. Fasahar ban Ruwa ta samo asali ne daga al'adu daban-daban, tare da misalai na farko da aka sani da aka rubuta a karni na 6 KZ a Khuzistan a kudu maso yammacin Iran ta yanzu. Amfani da tsohuwar Masar na Ambaliyar Kogin Nilu, ya nuna wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci. 

Zamanin Romawa ya gabatar da gudummawa ga fasahar noma. Romawa sun gabatar da sabbin kayan aiki, kamar su Roman plough, sanannen ingantawa a cikin noma ƙasa. Tare, sun tattara cikakkun littattafan aikin gona kamar "De Re Rustica," suna aiki a matsayin rikodin da ba su da mahimmanci na dabarun aikin gona na zamani.

Zamanin Tsakiya ya ba da babbar ci gaban noma. Ka'idoji kamar juyawa na amfanin gona da tsarin filaye uku sun inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa da amfanin gona, yayin da gabatar da aikin gona mai nauyi, wanda dabbobi suka fitar, ya sauƙaƙa noman ƙasashe da ba a noma su ba a baya.

Babban canji ga fasahar noma shine Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, wanda ya gabatar da injunan noma don sarrafa aikin noma, yana kara yawan yawan ma'aikatan gona. Abubuwan kirkirar juyin juya hali kamar burodi na iri, mai girbi na inji, da tractors masu amfani da tururi sun sake fasalin yanayin noma. Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga kafa al'ummomin noma da kwalejoji da aka keɓe don inganta hanyoyin noma. A cikin aikin gona na zamani, kayan aikin gona sun maye gurbin ayyukan gona da yawa da aka yi ta hanyar aiki na hannu ko ta hanyar dabbobi masu aiki kamar shanu, dawakai da alfadarai.

Ci gaban da aka samu a karni na 19, ya hada da ci gaban Hasashen yanayi na zamani da kuma kirkirar waya mai kaifi. Ingantawa ga injuna masu ɗaukar hoto da injunan niƙa sun haifar da karɓar su sosai. Guano ya zama sanannen taki a cikin shekarun 1800s kuma an cire shi sosai don wannan dalili. Amfani da Guano ya ragu da sauri bayan shekara ta 1910, tare da ci gaban Tsarin Haber-Bosch don cire nitrogen daga yanayi.

Karni na 20, ya ga manyan ci gaba a cikin fasahar noma, gami da ci gaban taki na roba da magungunan kashe kwari, da sabbin injunan noma gami da taraktocin da aka samar da yawa da Jirgin sama na noma don amfani da magunguna. Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan sun hada da filastik na noma, amfanin gona da aka gyara, ingantaccen ban ruwa, hadadden kula da kwari, da dabarun noma marasa ƙasa kamar hydroponics, aquaponics, da aeroponics.

A cikin shekarun farko na karni na 21, an ƙara amfani da fasahar Information Age ga aikin gona. Robots na noma, drones na noma da Tractor marasa direba sun sami amfani na yau da kullun a gonaki, yayin da aikin gona na dijital da aikin gona mai kyau ke amfani da tattara bayanai da lissafi don inganta aikin gona. Aikin noma na musamman ya haɗa da yankuna kamar kiwon ƙudan zuma na musamman, kiwon dabbobi na musamman, da kuma kiwon ruwan inabi na musamman.

 Kayan aikin gona na zamani 

 Kula da Yanayi. 

 Hasashen yanayi.
 Networks na Sensors na IoT.

 Gudanar da Abinci. 

 Na'urorin Nazarin Kasa na Dijital.
 Sensors na ruwa na ƙasa.

alt=Filiz Agricultural Sensor Station Product Photo|thumb|Tashar Sensor ta Aikin Gona ta Filiz

 Gudanar da ban ruwa. 

 Ruwa ta atomatik.
 Shawarwarin ban ruwa.

 Gudanar da cututtuka da cututtaka. 

 Rashin Tarkan Digital Pheromone.alt=PestTrapp Digital Pest Tracking Station|none|thumb|Tashar Binciken Kwararrun Kwararrun

 Binciken Shuka. 

 Kula da Amfanin gona ta hanyar Satellite.
 Tsarin Bayanai na Yanayi (GIS).

 Gudanar da Gona. 

 Tsarin Gudanar da Noma.

 Hydroponics. 
Hydroponics hanya ce ta noma shuke-shuke ba tare da ƙasa ba. Maimakon haka, ya dogara da maganin ruwa mai gina jiki don isar da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci da abubuwan gina jiki kai tsaye ga tushen shuka. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar daidaitaccen iko akan yanayin girma kuma yana iya haifar da karuwar amfanin gona da saurin girma.

 Aikin noma na tsaye. 
Aikin noma na tsaye shine dabarar aikin gona ta zamani wacce ke noma amfanin gona a cikin yadudduka masu tsayi ko wuraren da aka karkata a cikin saitunan cikin gida. Wannan sabon tsarin yana amfani da fasaha da yanayin sarrafawa don inganta ci gaban amfanin gona.

Ƙarin yawan jama'a na duniya da birane suna haifar da aikin gona na gargajiya, tare da raguwar ƙasar noma ga kowane mutum. Don tabbatar da tsaro na abinci ga mutane biliyan 9.7, da aka tsara nan da shekara ta 2050, mafita kamar aikin gona na birane suna fitowa. Wannan tsarin fasaha mai zurfi yana amfani da yadudduka masu yawa a cikin yanayin cikin gida don haɓaka samar da abinci yayin rage sawun muhalli. Masu goyon baya suna nuna fa'idodi a matsayin tsarin tsabta da sarrafawa, mai yiwuwa ba tare da kwari ba, cututtuka, da bambancin yanayi, yayin da kuma rage bukatun sufuri. Koyaya, cikakken kimantawa game da fa'idodi masu yuwuwa da rashin daidaituwa, tare da ƙarin nazarin tattalin arziki, yana da mahimmanci don sanar da masu tsara manufofi da jagorantar yanke shawara na gaba da suka shafi samar da abinci mai ɗorewa.Benke, Kurt & Tomkins, Bruce. (2017). Future food-production systems: Vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy. 13. 13-26. 10.1080/15487733.2017.1394054. 

 Jirgi mara matuƙi na Aikin Gona. 
Drones na noma, wanda aka fi sani da "ag drones," motoci ne na musamman marasa matuka (UAVs) ko tsarin jirgin sama mai sarrafawa (RPAS) wanda aka tsara don aikace-aikacen noma. Wadannan drones suna da kayan aiki tare da jerin na'urori masu auna sigina, kyamarori, da fasahar ci gaba don taimakawa a aikin gona da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Manufofin su sun haɗa da saka idanu kan amfanin gona, ingantaccen kula da ban ruwa, gano cututtuka da cututtuka na farko, yaduwar amfanin gona daidai, da cikakken taswirar amfanin gona.

 Ginin kayan gona. 
Agro-textiles shine rukuni na Kayan fasaha wanda ke mai da hankali kan bangaren noma, tare da hanyar kare amfanin gona da ci gaban amfanin gona tare da rage haɗarin ayyukan noma. Da farko agro-textiles suna ba da juriya ga yanayi da juriya zuwa ga microorganisms da kariya daga abubuwan da ba a so da abubuwan waje. Agro-textiles yana taimakawa wajen inganta yanayin gabaɗaya wanda amfanin gona zai iya bunkasa kuma a kare shi. Akwai kayayyakin masana'antu daban-daban, siffofin masana'antu, fiber da dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kayan aikin gona waɗanda ke da amfani ga aikin gona galibi don kare amfanin gona da ci gaban amfanin gona misali inuwa, ƙarancin zafi da kayan kare rana, gilashin iska, cibiyoyin rigakafin tsuntsaye, waɗanda ke ba da inuwa kaɗan da zafin jiki mai kyau, iska don kare shuke-shuke daga hasken rana kai tsaye da tsuntsaye. Agrotextiles ya haɗa da mats, cibiyoyin kariya, da murfin amfanin noma, da dai sauransu. Agro-textiles suna da amfani a cikin aikin lambu, aikin kifi, aikin lambu da gandun daji. Ƙarin misalai na amfani da aikace-aikace suna rufe kariya ga dabbobi, hana ciyawa da kula da kwari, da dai sauransu.

 Ƙarin fasahohi da aikace-aikace. 

 Kula da tsuntsaye.
 Ruwa na tsuntsaye.
 Hotunan tauraron dan adam da na'urori masu auna sigina.
 Binciken Mataki.
 Haske da sarrafa zafi.
 Gudanar da ƙasa da sauran ayyukan bincike da suka shafi.
 Biotech.

 Manazarta 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba