Hakkin yara a New Zealand

Hakkin Yara a New ZealandAna kiyaye haƙƙin yaran da ke zaune a New Zealand ta hanyar wasu dokoki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Dokar Kwamishinan Yara na 2003, Dokar Oranga Tamariki 1989, Dokar Kula da Yara 2004, Dokar Ilimi ta 1989, Dokar Hakki na New Zealand 1990, Dokar Laifukan 1961, Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam 1993, Dokar Sirri 1993, da Dokar Watsa Labarai ta 1982 . Dokoki da manufofin sun bi Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Yara, wanda New Zealand ta amince da shi a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1993. "Ratification status of New Zealand of United Nations treaties", Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 5/1/14.

A New Zealand ana ɗaukar mutum a matsayin yaro ko "ƙanana" har zuwa shekaru 20. A lokacin da ya kai wannan "shekarun girma" mutum ba yaro ba ne a gaban shari'a, kuma yana da dukkan hakkoki da wajibai na babba. Age of Majority Act 1970, s 4, New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 5/3/14. Akwai dokokin da za su kare matasa daga cutarwa da za a iya yi musu saboda rashin balaga. An ɗaga wasu hane-hane na shekarun shari'a ƙasa da shekarun girma, tare da amincewa cewa ɗan wani ɗan shekaru yana da kayan aikin da zai iya magance cutarwa. Pawson, M. and Peters, L. Youth and the law : a comprehensive guide to the law relating to young people from birth to adulthood. Educational Resources. p. 9. Alal misali, ’yan shekara 16 za su iya barin makaranta, kuma ’yan shekara 18 za su iya sayen barasa.

 Tarihi 

 Karni na 19 
A farkon karni na 19, ba a ba wa yara ƙanana da ke zaune a New Zealand haƙƙin musamman na doka ba, saboda ba a bambanta su da manya. Wannan matsayi ya canza daga baya a cikin karni yayin da ake ganin ƙananan yara a matsayin ƙungiya mai rauni da ke buƙatar kariya; tunanin hakkin yara bai taso ba sai daga baya. Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin karni na 19 suna nuna imani cewa yara suna da hakkin kariya.
Timeline na abubuwan da suka faru a karni na 19 Kwanan wata Jam'iyyu Lamarin 1867 Dokar Kulawa da Laifukan Yara ta 1867 Majalisun larduna da aka amince su ba da kulawa da kula da yaran da aka yi watsi da su ko kuma marayu. 1877 Dokar Ilimi ta 1877 An ba da ilimi kyauta da na wajibi ga duk daidaitattun yaran New Zealand shida (shekara takwas). Hukumomin ilimi na yanki ne suka kafa makarantun gwamnati. "Education Act 1877", Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 5/2/14. 1893 Ƙungiyar New Zealand don Kare Mata da Yara Al'umma kungiya ce ta sa kai da ke da nufin kare yara daga rashin kulawa da cin zarafi. "Society for the Protection of Women and Children", Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 5/2/14.
Haƙƙoƙin ƙanana a New Zealand ya zama ƙara yarda da faɗaɗa a cikin ƙarni na 20. Zuwa ƙarshen karni New Zealand ta fara bin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa don haɓakawa da kare rayuwar yara.
Timeline na abubuwan da suka faru a karni na 20 Kwanan wata Jam'iyyu Lamarin 1907 Royal New Zealand Plunket Society Truby King (1858-1938) ne ya kafa al'umma don taimaka wa iyaye mata da jariransu, waɗanda ke mutuwa daga rashin abinci mai gina jiki da cututtuka.  1919 Edward Hunter (1885-1959) Hunter, ƙwararren ƙwadago ne, ya kafa Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Yaran Yara, wanda ya haɗa ƙungiyoyi masu ra'ayi iri ɗaya don fa'ida don inganta jin daɗin yara. Ya kuma buga wani ɗan littafi mai suna ‘ Rights of Childhood . "The Rights of Childhood", Maoriland Worker, Volume 10, Issue 418, 12 March 1919, p. 1. via Papers Past. Retrieved 5/2/14. 1925 Dokar Kula da Yara 1925 Ƙaddamar da Gwamnatin Gyara, wannan Dokar ta kafa Sashen Kula da Yara, wanda ke da alhakin yara da kuma rashin tausayi. "Welfare rights", Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 5/2/14. 1959 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba mai girma game da haƙƙin yara, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da fadada sigar sanarwar 'yancin yara, wanda wanda ya kafa Save the Children, Eglantyne Jebb ya tsara a 1923. New Zealand mamba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a wannan lokacin. "Declaration on the Rights of the Child", United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1386 [XIV]. 20 November 1959. 1968 Dokar Kulawa 1968 Ƙayyadaddun da tsara ikon iyaye a matsayin masu kulawa. Mafi mahimmanci, ya ba wa yara matsayi mafi girma fiye da sauran la'akari, ciki har da haƙƙin iyaye. Guardianship Act 1968, s 23, LegislationNZ. Retrieved 5/3/14. 1969 Matsayin Dokar Yara 1969 Bayar da matsayi daidai ga ƙananan yara, ba tare da la'akari da ƙasar haihuwarsu ko matsayin auren iyayensu ba. Status of Children Act 1969, s 3 , New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 5/3/14. 1990 New Zealand Bill of Rights 1990 Haramtacciyar wariya bisa dalilai na shekaru (wanda ya shafi waɗanda shekaru 16 ko sama da haka kawai). New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 19 New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 4/2/14. Human Rights Act 1993, s 21, New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 5/2/14. 1993 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya New Zealand ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara.

 Karni na 21 
Hakkokin kananan yara na New Zealand a karni na 21 ana ci gaba da karfafa su ta hanyar samar da doka da sadaukar da kai ga dokokin kasa da kasa kan hakkin yara.
Jadawalin abubuwan da suka faru a karni na 21 Kwanan wata Jam'iyyu Lamarin 2001 Yarjejeniya ta zaɓin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan shigar yara cikin rikicin makamai New Zealand ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Zaɓin kan Shigar Yara a Rikicin Makamai, wanda ya fara aiki a 2002.  2003 Dokar Kwamishinan Yara 2003 Kafa Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara, wanda ke da alhakin kulawa da bayar da rahoto game da ayyukan da aka yi a karkashin Dokar Yara, Matasa, da Iyalansu na 1989, sannan kuma mai ba da shawara ga bukatun da hakkokin yara ta hanyar wayar da kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara. "Our role and purpose", Children's Commissioner. Retrieved 5/4/14. 2004 Dokar Kula da Yara ta 2004 Yana ba da mahimmancin jin daɗin ƙananan yara da mafi kyawun buƙatun lokacin da kotuna ke yanke shawarar kulawa da kulawa. An ba da wannan mahimmancin ƙa'idar nauyi fiye da na Dokar da ta gabata, Dokar Tsaro ta 1968. Care of Children Act 2004, s 4, New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 5/3/14. 2010 Action for Children and Youth Aotearoa Kungiyar Action for Children and Youth Aotearoa ta wallafa rahotonsu na uku na masu zaman kansu ga kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara. "History of ACYA", Action for Children and Youth Aotearoa. Retrieved 5/1/14. 2011 Yarjejeniya ta zaɓin zaɓi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan siyar da yara, karuwancin yara da batsa na yara New Zealand ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓar Kan Siyar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa na Yara, wanda ya fara aiki a cikin 2002. 
Ƙananan yara a New Zealand suna da haƙƙoƙin da suka faɗo cikin nau'i biyu na haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam. Na farko, yara ƙanana suna da haƙƙin ɗan adam gabaɗaya da manya. Duk da haka, akwai wasu iyakoki akan haƙƙoƙin da ƙaramin zai iya amfana da su kawai da zarar sun kai wani takamaiman shekaru. Wasu misalan haƙƙoƙin da suka dogara da shekaru su ne 'yancin yin aure, 'yancin yin zaɓe, 'yancin ɗauka, ko 'yancin yin caca.  Na biyu, yara ƙanana suna da haƙƙin ɗan adam na musamman waɗanda ke kare su kamar yadda suke da buƙatu da damuwa waɗanda suka bambanta da rukunin shekarun su.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙin ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa, kula da lafiya, ilimi, da yancin samun kariya daga wariya, cin zarafi, da sakaci.

Hakkokin yara suna da bangarori da yawa kuma ana iya bayyana su gwargwadon yanayin zamantakewa, al'adu, farar hula, siyasa ko tattalin arziki. Yawanci, haƙƙoƙin yara ya kasu kashi biyu waɗanda ko dai suna ba da shawara ga yara a matsayin wakilai masu cin gashin kansu a ƙarƙashin doka, ko kuma kallon yara a matsayin masu dogaro kuma suna buƙatar kariya daga cutarwa. Wannan tsari mai fuska biyu yana misalta idan aka kwatanta hakkin yara da na matasa. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin ’yancin yara da ’yancin matasa shi ne cewa na farko yana mai da hankali ne kan karewa da jin dadin mutum. Na ƙarshe ya damu da mafi faffadar hanya ga daidaikun mutane waɗanda suka kai takamaiman shekaru ko balaga. Misali, mutum na iya yarda da yin jima'i tare da wani mutum, idan duka mutanen biyu sun kai shekaru 16 ko sama da haka. 

 Ilimi 
Ba a bayyana haƙƙin ilimi musamman a cikin dokar gida na New Zealand, duk da haka yana nunawa a cikin Dokar Ilimi 1989, Dokar Ka'idodin Ilimi 2001 (gyara ga Dokar Ilimi ta 1989), da Dokar Haɗin Kan Makarantu Masu zaman kansu 1975. Education Standards Act 2001, New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 5/3/14. Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975, New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 5/3/14. Dokar game da ilimi a New Zealand tana goyon bayan amincewar duniya na haƙƙin ilimi da aka samu a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 26 na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya game da Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Labaran 13 da 14 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations. Retrieved 5/3/14. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 5/2/14.

Akwai matakai uku zuwa haƙƙin neman ilimi a New Zealand:

 Firamare: Wannan matakin kyauta ne kuma wajibi ne tun yana ɗan shekara 6. Koyaya, yaro ɗan shekara 5 yana iya yin rajista kuma ya halarci makaranta, kodayake ba a buƙata a wannan shekarun ba. Education Act 1989, s 3, New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 5/1/14.
 Secondary : Wannan matakin kuma kyauta ne kuma wajibi ne har sai yaron ya cika shekara 19. Koyaya, yaro na iya barin makaranta yana ɗan shekara 16. Education Act 1989, s 3, New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 5/1/14.
 Makarantu: Wannan matakin ba dole ba ne. Matsakaicin shekarun da ɗalibi zai iya yin rajista a manyan makarantu ana saita shi ne a shekaru 16. Pawson, M. and Peters, L. Youth and the law : a comprehensive guide to the law relating to young people from birth to adulthood. Educational Resources. p. 12

Hakanan akwai hakki da wajibai da yawa waɗanda ke tattare da abubuwan halarta a makarantar firamare. Misali, ana iya ɗaukar yaro mai shekaru shida zuwa ƙasa da 16 aiki, ko da yake ba cikin sa'o'in makaranta ba. Education Act 1989, s 30, New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 5/2/14. Da zarar yaro ya kai shekaru 16 ko sama da haka, suna da 'yancin barin makaranta kuma a ɗauke su aiki a cikin sa'o'in da za su halarci makaranta. Bugu da ƙari, idan yaro bai kai shekara 16 ba, iyayen yaron na iya ƙin halartar wani aji, bisa dalilai na addini ko al'ada. Da zarar yaron ya kai shekara 16, za su iya neman a sake su daga ajin da kansu, ko da yake bukatar ta kasance a rubuce kuma dole ne shugaban makarantar ya gamsu cewa bukatar ta gaskiya ce kuma an ba da kulawa sosai. Education Act 1989, s 25A New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 5/3/14.

 Yara a kotuna 
Dokokin da suka shafi yara ƙanana a kotunan New Zealand suna nuna daidaitaccen aiki tsakanin la'akari da kare yara da ba da shawarar yara a matsayin wakilai masu cin gashin kansu. A gefe guda, dokokin da aka kafa na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa a cikin rigingimu na kulawa ta yau da kullun ko ƙauran iyaye, ana ɗaukar jin daɗin yara da mafi kyawun abin da ke buƙatar kariya. Don haka, haƙƙoƙin yaro yakan ƙetare wasu la'akari, kamar maslaha ko haƙƙin iyaye.  Duk da haka, wasu dokokin sun kafa yara a matsayin masu cin gashin kansu ta hanyar ba da damar yaron da ke tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 14 da za a tuhume shi da manyan laifuka kamar kisan kai ko kisa. 

 Kariyar yara a cikin kotuna 
Dokar Kula da Yara ta 2004 ita ce mafi ƙarancin dokar da ta shafi haƙƙin ƙananan yara a New Zealand. Wanda ya gabace ta ita ce Dokar Kulawa ta 1968, wacce ke sanya ƙarami a matsayin babban abin la'akari.  Sabuwar dokar ta karfafa tsarin da ake bi ga yara kanana ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa duk wani shari'a da aka yi a karkashin dokar dole ne a yi la'akari da babban jigon jindadin kananan yara da mafi kyawun bukatunsu.  Haka kuma, dokar ta ba wa yaro ‘yancin fadin ra’ayinsa, musamman ma a lokuta da ake batun kula da kananan yara na yau da kullum. 

 Cin gashin kan yara a kotuna 
Yayin da yara ƙanana ke buƙatar kariya a cikin doka, New Zealand ta gane cewa a wasu shekaru ƙayyadaddun doka, ƙananan yara suna da balagagge don fahimta da kuma ɗaukar alhakin ayyukansu. Mutanen da ba su kai yawan shekarun girma ba amma sun kai wani takamaiman shekaru ana ganin suna da alhakin laifin da suka aikata a matsayin manya. Misali, ana iya tuhumi yaro aƙalla 14 da kowane laifi a cikin New Zealand. Sai dai ana shari'ar laifukan da suka shafi kananan yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 a kotunan matasa. 

 Duba Sauran bayanai 

 Talauci na yara a New Zealand
 Adalci na matasa a New Zealand

 Manazarta