Fair Use

Fair Use shine kwarin gwiwa  a cikin dokar Amurka wanda ke ba da izinin iyakantaccen amfani da kayan haƙƙin mallaka ba tare da samun izini daga mai haƙƙin mallattecin ba. Amfani mai kyau yana daya daga cikin iyakokin haƙƙin mallaka da aka nufa don dai-daita buƙatun masu riƙe da haƙƙin mallattecin tare da sha'awar jama'a a cikin rarraba da amfani da ayyukan kirkira ta hanyar ba da izini a matsayin kariya ga keta haƙƙin mallaka da'awar wasu iyakokin amfani waɗanda in ba haka ba za a iya la'akari da keta doka. "Koyarwar amfani mai kyau" ta Amurka gabaɗaya ta fi girma fiye da haƙƙin "ma'amala mai kyau" da aka sani a yawancin ƙasashe waɗanda suka gaji Dokar Ingilishi. Hakkin amfani mai kyau shine bambanci na gaba ɗaya wanda ya shafi kowane nau'in amfani tare da kowane nau'i na ayyuka. A cikin Amurka, amfani mai kyau / banbanci ya dogara ne akan gwajin daidaitawa mai sauƙi wanda ke nazarin manufar amfani, adadin da aka yi amfani da shi, da tasirin kasuwa na aikin asali. 

Koyarwar "amfani mai kyau" ta samo asali ne daga doka ta kowa a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19 a matsayin hanyar hana dokar haƙƙin mallaka daga yin amfani da ita sosai da kuma "ƙarfafa ƙwarewar da aka tsara don ingantawa. "  Ko da yake asalin koyarwar doka ce ta kowa, an tsarkake shi cikin dokar doka lokacin da Majalisa ta Amurka ta zartar da Dokar haƙƙin mallatte na 1976.Nimmer on Copyright § 13.05, quoting Iowa State Research Foundation, Inc. v. American Broadcasting Companies, 621 F.2d 57 (2d Cir. 1980). Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka ta ba da manyan yanke shawara da yawa da ke bayyanawa da sake tabbatar da koyarwar amfani mai kyau tun daga shekarun 1980,  mafi kwanan nan shine a cikin shawarar 2021 Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.Nimmer on Copyright § 13.05.

 Tarihi 
Dokar An kafa ta ne a shekara ta 1710, wani aiki na Majalisar Dattijai ta Burtaniya, ta kirkiro dokar haƙƙin mallaka don maye gurbin tsarin umarni na sirri wanda Kamfanin Stationers ya tilasta. Dokar Anne ba ta samar da amfani da kayan da aka kare ta hanyar haƙƙin mallaka ba tare da izini ba. A cikin Gyles da Wilcox,  Kotun Shari'a ta kafa koyarwar "ƙaddamarwa mai kyau", wanda ya ba da izinin raguwa ba tare da izini ba na ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka a wasu yanayi. A tsawon lokaci, wannan rukunan ya samo asali ne a cikin ra'ayoyin zamani na amfani mai kyau da ma'amala mai kyau. Amfani mai kyau shine doka ta kowa (watau wanda alƙalai suka kirkira a matsayin misali na doka) a Amurka har sai an haɗa shi cikin Dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta 1976, 17 U.S.C.  §.

Kalmar "amfani mai kyau" ta samo asali ne a Amurka. Kodayake suna da alaƙa, iyakoki da banbanci ga haƙƙin mallaka don koyarwa da adana ɗakin karatu a Amurka suna cikin wani ɓangare daban na dokar. Irin wannan ƙa'idar, yin aiki mai kyau, ya wanzu a wasu yankuna na doka amma a zahiri ya fi kama da ƙa'idojin da aka lissafa a ƙarƙashin tsarin dokar farar hula. Hukumomin shari'ar farar hula suna da wasu iyakoki da banbanci ga haƙƙin mallaka.

Dangane da fadada haƙƙin mallaka, 'yanci da yawa na lantarki da ƙungiyoyin faɗar albarkacin baki sun fara ne a cikin shekarun 1990s don ƙara shari'o'in amfani mai kyau ga tashoshin su da damuwa. Waɗannan sun hada da Gidauniyar Electronic Frontier ("EFF"), Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Tsayayya da Censorship, Ƙungiyar Laburaren Amirka, shirye-shiryen asibiti da yawa a makarantun shari'a, da sauransu. An kafa tarihin "Chilling Effects" a cikin 2002 a matsayin hadin gwiwar asibitocin makarantar shari'a da yawa da EFF don yin amfani da haruffa na dakatar da dakatar. A shekara ta 2006 Jami'ar Stanford ta fara wani shiri da ake kira "The Fair Use Project" (FUP) don taimakawa masu fasaha, musamman masu shirya fina-finai, suyi yaki da ƙarar da manyan kamfanoni suka kawo musu.

 Abubuwan amfani da adalci na Amurka 
Misalan amfani mai kyau a cikin Dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta Amurka sun haɗa da sharhi, injunan bincike, zargi, parody, rahoto na labarai, bincike, da kuma ilimi. Amfani mai kyau yana ba da izini na doka, ba tare da lasisi ba ko haɗa kayan haƙƙin mallaka a cikin aikin wani marubuci a ƙarƙashin gwaji abubuwa huɗu.

Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta al'ada tana nuna amfani mai kyau a matsayin kariya mai tabbatarwa, amma a cikin Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. (2015) Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 801 F.3d 1126, 1133 (9th Cir. 2015). (lambar " jariri mai rawa"), Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don da'ira ta tara ta kammala cewa amfani mai kyau ba kawai kariya ce ga da'awar keta doka ba, amma haƙƙin mallaka ne, kuma banda ga haƙƙin mallaki da aka ba wa mai haƙƙin mallattecin da aka ba da aka ba shi ta hanyar doka ta haƙƙin mallakki: "am amfani da haƙƙin mallayyar mallaka".

Abubuwa huɗu na bincike don amfani mai kyau da aka tsara a sama sun samo asali ne daga ra'ayin Joseph Story a cikin Folsom v. Marsh,  inda wanda ake tuhuma ya kwafe shafuka 353 daga tarihin rayuwar mai shigar da kara na 12 na George Washington don samar da aikin kansa na biyu.  Kotun ta ki amincewa da kare kare mai tuhuma tare da wannan bayani:
{{Blockquote|[A] [Mai bita] na iya yin la'akari da gaske daga ainihin aikin, idan ƙirarsa ta kasance da gaske kuma da gaske don amfani da sassan don dalilai na gaskiya kuma mai ma'ana.  A daya bangaren kuma, a fili yake cewa, idan ta haka ne ya kawo muhimman sassa na aikin, tare da ra’ayi, ba wai don suka ba, sai dai ya maye gurbin amfani da aikin na asali, ya maye gurbin bita da shi, kamar haka.  amfani da za a lasafta a cikin doka a matsayin fashin teku ... A takaice, dole ne mu sau da yawa ... duba ga yanayi da abubuwan da aka zaba, da yawa da kuma darajar kayan da aka yi amfani da, da kuma matakin da amfani zai iya nuna rashin amincewa da  sayarwa, ko rage riba, ko maye gurbin abubuwan, na ainihin aikin.

Dalili na farko shine "ma'anar da halin amfani, gami da ko irin wannan amfani na kasuwanci ne ko kuma don dalilai na ilimi ba tare da riba ba. " Don tabbatar da amfani a matsayin mai adalci, dole ne mutum ya nuna yadda ko dai yana inganta ilimi ko ci gaban zane-zane ta hanyar ƙara wani sabon abu.

A cikin shari'ar haƙƙin mallaka ta 1841 Folsom v. Marsh, Mai Shari'a Joseph Story ya rubuta:

Wani mahimmin la'akari a lokuta na amfani mai kyau daga baya shine yadda amfani yake canzawa. A cikin shawarar 1994 Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music Inc,  Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke shawarar cewa lokacin da manufar amfani ta canzawa, wannan ya sa dalilin farko ya fi dacewa da amfani mai kyau.  Kafin yanke shawara na Campbell, Alkalin tarayya Pierre Leval ya yi jayayya cewa canji yana da mahimmanci ga nazarin amfani mai kyau a cikin labarinsa na 1990, Toward a Fair Use Standard .  Blanch v. Koons wani misali ne na shari'ar amfani mai kyau wanda ya mayar da hankali kan canji. A shekara ta 2006, Jeff Koons ya yi amfani da hoto da mai ɗaukar hoto na kasuwanci Andrea Blanch ya ɗauka a cikin zane-zane. Koons ta mallaki wani ɓangare na tsakiya na tallan da aka ba ta izinin harba don mujallar. Koons ya yi nasara a wani bangare saboda an sami amfani da shi mai canzawa a ƙarƙashin amfani na farko.

Har ila yau, shari'ar Campbell ta yi magana game da abin da aka ambata a cikin abin da ke sama, "ko irin wannan amfani na kasuwanci ne ko kuma don dalilai na ilimi marasa riba ne. " A cikin shari'ar da ta gabata, Sony Corp. na Amurka v. Universal City Studios, Inc., Kotun Koli ta bayyana cewa "kowane amfani da kasuwanci na kayan haƙƙin mallaka yana da aka ɗauka ... rashin adalci. "A cikin CampbellCampbell ta bayyana cewa wannan ba ta hanyar tabbatar da ita ba ce "mace-karin amfani da ita ce" ma ƙungiyar cin hanci mai kyau ta kasance mai kyau" Kotun nan za ta kasance mai suna da ita ce "maci mai kyau" Kamfanin kamfani mai kyau". Don haka, samun manufar kasuwanci ba ya hana amfani daga samun adalci, duk da cewa yana sa ya zama mai wuya.

Hakazalika, manufar da ba ta kasuwanci ba ta yin amfani da ita tana sa za a iya samun amfani mai kyau, amma ba ta sa ya zama amfani mai kyau ta atomatik.  Misali, a cikin LA Times v. Free Republic, kotun ta gano cewa amfani da abubuwan da ke cikin Los Angeles Times ba na kasuwanci ba ne, tunda ya ba da damar jama'a su sami kayan aiki ba tare da farashi ba wanda in ba haka ba za su biya.  Richard Story ya yi mulki a cikin Hukumar Binciken Dokar da Jihar Georgia v. Jama'a. Tushen. Org, Inc. cewa duk da gaskiyar cewa ba riba ce kuma ba ta sayar da aikin ba, sabis ɗin ya amfana daga bugawa ba tare da izini ba na Dokar Ofishin Georgia Annotated saboda "daida hankali, sanarwa, da gudummawa" da ya samu tare da aikin.[2][3]cewa duk da gaskiyar cewa ba riba ba ce kuma ba ta sayar da aikin ba, sabis ɗin ya amfana daga bugawa ba tare da izini ba na Dokar hukuma ta Georgia Annotated saboda "nakewa, sanarwa, da gudummawa" da ta samu tare da aikin.
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