Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantic

thumb
Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantic Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika ko cinikin bayi na transatlantic ya haɗa da jigilar masu cinikin bayi na mutanen yamkin Afirka waɗanda aka bautar, galibi zuwa Amurka. Jiragen ruwan bayi na Turai masu kayatarwa a kai a kai suna yin amfani da hanyar kasuwanci ta uku-uku da kuma hanyarta ta tsakiya, kuma ta wanzu tun daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa na 19. Galibin wadanda aka yi safarar su a cinikin bayin da ake yi a tekun Atlantika sun fito ne daga Afirka ta Tsakiya da yammacin Afirka wadanda ’yan kasuwar bayi na Afirka ta Yamma suka sayar da su ga ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turawa, yayin da wasu ‘yan kasuwar bayi suka kama su kai tsaye a farmakin da suka kai a gabar teku: Masu fataucin bayi na Turawa sun taru suka daure bayi a garu a gabar tekun Afirka sannan suka kai su Amurka. Ban da Portuguese, masu cinikin bayi na Turai gabaɗaya ba su shiga cikin hare-haren ba saboda tsawon rayuwar Turawa a yankin Saharar Afirka bai wuce shekara ɗaya ba a lokacin cinikin bayi (wanda ya kasance kafin yaduwar quinine a matsayin magani). don malaria). Maharan gabar tekun Portuguese sun gano cewa harin bayi yana da tsada sosai kuma galibi ba shi da tasiri kuma sun zaɓi kafa dangantakar kasuwanci.
Tarihi
Tafiya Atlantika
Cinikin bayin Atlantika ya bunƙasa ne bayan an kafa hulɗar kasuwanci tsakanin “Tsohuwar Duniya” (Afro-Eurasia) da “Sabuwar Duniya” (Amurka). Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, igiyoyin igiyar ruwa sun sa tafiye-tafiyen teku da wahala musamman da haɗari ga jiragen da suke a lokacin. Don haka, an sami ɗan ɗanɗana dangantakar ruwa a tsakanin al'ummomin da ke zaune a waɗannan nahiyoyin. A cikin karni na 15, duk da haka, sabon ci gaban da Turai ta samu a cikin fasahohin teku, irin su ƙirƙirar ayari, ya sa jiragen ruwa sun fi dacewa don magance magudanan ruwa, kuma za su iya fara ratsa tekun Atlantika; Portuguese sun kafa Makarantar Navigator (ko da yake akwai muhawara da yawa game da ko akwai kuma idan ya kasance, kawai abin da yake). Tsakanin 1600 zuwa 1800, kusan ma'aikatan ruwa 300,000 da ke cinikin bayi sun ziyarci Afirka ta Yamma. A cikin haka ne suka yi mu'amala da al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka da kuma Amurka da ba su taba haduwa da su a baya ba. Masanin tarihi Pierre Chaunu ya kira sakamakon zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar Turai "raguwa", tare da nuna ƙarshen keɓancewa ga wasu al'ummomi da haɓaka hulɗar tsakanin al'umma ga yawancin wasu.

Masanin tarihi John Thornton ya lura da cewa, "Abubuwan fasaha da dama da suka hade suka sanya Turawa su kasance mafi kusantar mutanen da za su binciko tekun Atlantika da bunkasa kasuwancinsa". Ya bayyana waɗannan a matsayin yunƙurin nemo sabbin damar kasuwanci da riba a wajen Turai. Bugu da kari, akwai sha'awar samar da wata hanyar sadarwa ta kasuwanci zuwa wacce daular Musulmin Ottoman ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ke iko da ita, wacce ake kallonta a matsayin barazana ta kasuwanci, siyasa da addini ga Kiristendam na Turai. Musamman ’yan kasuwa na Turai sun so yin cinikin zinari, wanda za a iya samu a yammacin Afirka, da kuma neman hanyar ruwa zuwa “Indiya” (Indiya), inda za su yi ciniki da kayan alatu kamar kayan yaji ba tare da samun waɗannan kayayyaki ba. daga ’yan kasuwan Musulunci na Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Bautar Turai a Portugal da Spain
A karni na 15, bauta ta wanzu a yankin Iberian Peninsula (Portugal da Spain) na Yammacin Turai a cikin tarihin da aka rubuta. Daular Roma ta kafa tsarin bauta a zamanin da. Tun bayan faduwar Daular Rum ta Yamma, tsarin bauta iri-iri ya ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin daular Musulunci da na Kirista wadanda suka gaje shi a cikin teku ta farkon zamanin cinikin bayi na Atlantic. A cikin 1441-1444, 'yan kasuwa na Portugal sun fara kame 'yan Afirka a gabar tekun Atlantic na Afirka (a halin yanzu Mauritania), suna kwashe su zuwa bauta a Turai, kuma sun kafa sansanin cinikin bayi a Bay of Arguin.

Taswirar Daular Sipaniya (ja) da Daular Fotigal (blue) a cikin lokacin haɗin kansu (1581-1640)
A tsakiyar zamanai, addini da ba kabilanci ba ya kasance abin da ke tabbatar da wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin halaltacciyar manufa ta bauta. Yayin da Kiristoci ba su bautar da Kirista ba, Musulmi kuma ba su bautar da Musulmi ba, dukansu biyu sun yarda da bautar da mutanen da suke ganin ‘yan bidi’a ne ko kuma ba su isa ba a cikin addininsu, wanda ya bai wa Kiristocin Katolika damar bautar da Kiristocin Orthodox, Musulmin Sunni kuma su bautar da Musulmi Shi’a; kamar haka duka Kiristoci da Musulmai sun yarda da bautar Maguzawa, waɗanda suka zama abin da aka fi so kuma a kwatanta su da cinikin bayi a tsakiyar zamanai: Mutanen Espanya da Portugal an ba su bayin Katolika daga Gabashin Turai ta hanyar Bawan Balkan. ciniki da cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya.
Bautar Afirka
Bautar ya zama ruwan dare a sassa da yawa na Afirka[75] tsawon ƙarni da yawa kafin fara cinikin bayi na Atlantic. An fitar da miliyoyin bayi daga wasu sassan Afirka zuwa jihohi a Afirka, Turai, da Asiya kafin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Amurka. Kasuwancin bayi na Trans-Sahara a fadin Sahara yana aiki tun zamanin da, kuma ya ci gaba da yin haka har zuwa karni na 20; a cikin 652, Halifancin Rashidun a Misira ya tilasta wa 400 haraji na shekara-shekara na bayi 400 daga Masarautar Kirista ta Makuria ta yarjejeniyar Baqt, wadda za ta yi aiki tsawon ƙarni.

Ba cinikin bayin Atlantika ba ne kawai cinikin bayi daga Afirka; kamar yadda Elikia M'bokolo ya rubuta a Le Monde diplomatique:

An zubar da jinin nahiyar Afirka daga albarkatun ɗan adam ta kowace hanya. Ketare Sahara, ta hanyar Bahar Maliya, daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Tekun Indiya da ketare Tekun Atlantika. Akalla shekaru goma na bautar da ake yi domin amfanin kasashen musulmi (daga na tara zuwa na goma sha tara) ... mutane miliyan hudu da ake bautar da su aka fitar da su ta tekun Bahar Maliya, wasu miliyan hudu[79] ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa na Swahili na Tekun Indiya, watakila. kusan miliyan tara a kan hanyar ayari mai wucewa ta sahara, da miliyan goma sha ɗaya zuwa ashirin (ya danganta da marubucin) a cikin Tekun Atlantika.
Manazarta
The history of the transatlantic slave trade". National Museums Liverpool. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
 "Atlantic Slave Trade". Library of Congress Research Guides. Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
 "Researching Slavery and the Slave Trade". Brown University Library. Brown University. Retrieved 17 January 2024.