Batavia Kill (Schoharie Creek tributary)

Batavia Kill mai nisan kilomita 31 ne na Schoharie Creek, wanda ke gudana a fadin garuruwan Windham, Ashland da Prattsville a jihar New York ta Amurka. Ruwansa ya kai Kogin Hudson ta hanyar Schoharie Creek da Kogin Mohawk . Tun da yake yana gudana cikin Schoharie a saman kogin Schoharie Reservoir, yana daga cikin Tsarin samar da ruwa na Birnin New York. Daga tushe zuwa Maplecrest, Batavia Kill yana zubar da gangaren arewacin Dutsen BlackheadDutsen Blackhead da Dutsen Thomas Cole, Black Dome, da Dutsen Black Head, na huɗu, na uku, da na biyar mafi girma a cikin Catskills, bi da bi.

Yankin ruwa na Batavia Kill mai murabba'in kilomita 73. (190 )  yana da kashi 7.9 cikin dari na ruwa na Schoharie Creek, da kuma kusan kashi 30 cikin dari na ruwan Schoharie Reservoir.

 Hanyar da ake ciki 
Batavia Kill ya fara ne a kan gangaren arewa maso gabashin Blackhead Mountain kuma ya fara tafiya a arewa maso yamma yayin da yake samun wani ba a san shi ba wanda ke zubar da gangaren arewacin Black Dome. Kashewar ta ci gaba da arewa maso yamma kuma ta sami wani ba a san sunansa ba wanda ke zubar da gangaren kudu maso yammacin Acra Point. A hankali yana juyawa kudu maso yamma yayin da yake saukowa da Black Dome Valley kuma ya shiga ƙauyen Maplecrest, inda ya juya zuwa arewa maso yamma. Kogin ya ratsa Hensonville, ya wuce karkashin Hanyar Jihar New York 23 yayin da yake juyawa zuwa yamma, kuma ya fara daidaita Hanyar Jihare ta New York 23. Daga nan sai ya shiga ƙauyen Windham, inda ya karɓi Mitchell Hollow Brook daga arewa. Yana ci gaba da daidaitawa da Hanyar Jihar New York 23 yayin da yake shiga garin Ashland. Ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga ƙauyen Ashland, inda ya karɓi Sutton Hollow Brook daga arewa. Kashewar ta ci gaba zuwa yamma kuma nan da nan ta karɓi Lewis Creek daga arewa. Kashewar ta shiga garin Prattsville kuma nan da nan ta gudana a kan Red Falls ta ƙauyen da ake kira da wannan sunan. Batavia Kill sa'an nan kuma ya karkata zuwa kudu maso yamma, ya haye a ƙarƙashin Hanyar Jihar New York 23A, sannan ya haɗu da Schoharie Creek kudu maso gabashin ƙauyen Prattsville.

 Rashin ruwa 
Yankin ruwa na Batavia Kill mai murabba'in kilomita 73.,  yana gudana mil 21 (kilomita 34) ta cikin garuruwan Windham, Ashland da Prattsville zuwa haɗuwa da Schoharie Creek, kusa da ƙauyen Prattsvila. Daga Big Hollow inda kisan ya samo asali, yana sauka daga kimanin ƙafa 3,600 (1,100  zuwa ƙafa 1,158 (353  a bakin,  saukowa na kimanin ƙafa 2,440 (740 . 

Rashin ruwa kuma ba daidai ba ne, tare da babban Batavia Kill da ke gefen kudu na ruwa. Yawancin yankin da ke cikin ruwa yana arewacin kisan. Rashin ruwa yana da kimanin kilomita 17 (27  kuma ya bambanta daga kilomita 5 zuwa 7 (8.0 zuwa 11.3  a fadin.

Ruwa da aka cire daga kisan yana da kusan galan 286,000,000 na A (1,080,000 m) a kowace shekara, wanda ya haɗa da ruwan da aka ɗauka daga ƙasa da kuma tushen ruwa na sama. Kimanin kashi 55 cikin dari na ruwan da aka janye shi ne ta hanyar Ski Windham. Rijiyoyin zama suna janye kusan kashi 12 cikin 100 na ruwan da aka fitar. Ski Windham na iya ɗaukar matsakaicin lita 3,142 a minti daya daga kashewa, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar izinin NYSDEC.

A cikin ruwa, mafi yawan ƙasar da ba a inganta ba, a kashi 80 cikin dari. Haɗe-haɗe ciyawa da shrubs shine na biyu mafi yawan ƙasa, tare da sama da kashi 1 cikin dari na kasancewa wuraren da ba su da ruwa da amfani da aikin gona. Wannan ba koyaushe ba ne a baya, kamar yadda aka cire yawancin ruwan da ke cikin itatuwan a cikin shekarun 1700 da 1800. Yayin da ruwa ya koma cikin gandun daji, jimlar ruwan sama da haskakawa yana raguwa. National Wetlands Inventory wanda Hukumar Kifi da namun daji ta Amurka ke kula da shi ya sanya kashi 1.9 cikin dari, ko kadada 902 (1.409 sq , na ruwa a matsayin wuraren da ke da ruwa.

 Ilimin ƙasa 
Duk da yake Catskills ya samo asali ne a lokacin Devonian, kimanin shekaru miliyan 375 da suka gabata, yayin da tsohon kogi ya tashi kuma ya zama tudu mai laushi, an kafa kwarin Batavia Kill a lokacin tasirin da aka samu kwanan nan na Wisconsin glaciation, wanda ya ƙare kimanin shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata.

Tasirin geological na baya-bayan nan akan kisan shine Wisconsin Glaciation na baya-shekara, wanda ya faru kusan shekaru 16,000 da suka gabata. An raba kankara na Wisconsin zuwa manyan lobes guda uku na kankara mai motsi zuwa kudu. Gabashin gabashin kankara, wanda aka sani da Labrador lobe, shine wanda ya shafi ruwa na Batavia Kill. Shaidar ilimin ƙasa a cikin yankin ta nuna cewa kankara ta rinjayi ruwa na Batavia Kill daga wurare huɗu ko fiye. Gilashin sun koma cikin kwarin Batavia Kill kusan zuwa Schoharie Creek, tare da kankara kuma yana turawa cikin ruwa na Batavia Kill. Har ila yau, a wannan lokacin, Grand Gorge glacier yana ci gaba zuwa kwarin Schoharie kuma wasu daga cikin wannan kankara sun tura zuwa kwarin Batavia Kill, kusan haɗuwa da shi. Yayin da kankara suka koma baya, kwarin Schoharie ya toshe ta hanyar kankara a kusa da Grand Gorge, wanda ya samar da babban tafki. Sassan tafkin sun kai zurfi cikin ruwa na Batavia Kill. Shaidar yau ta nuna cewa wannan tafkin na dā ya kai har zuwa Big Hollow. Yayin da kankara suka koma baya, sun bar yadudduka na yumɓu mai kyau da laka. Wadannan ajiyar yumɓu iri ɗaya suna tasiri ga ingancin ruwa har zuwa yau, yayin da rafin ke raguwa a hankali cikin waɗannan yadudduka.

A cikin ruwa na kisan dutsen da aka fallasa mafi yawa a cikin tsaunuka mafi girma, tare da ƙasa da sauran ajiya da ke rufe dutsen a cikin ƙananan tsaunuka. Yawancin dutsen da ke cikin ruwa na Batavia Kill ya karye, wanda ke amfana da riƙe ruwa da sake caji. Kimanin kashi 91 cikin dari na ƙasa da ke rufe dutsen da ke cikin ruwa na Batavia Kill sun fi dacewa da matsakaici zuwa mara kyau. A sakamakon haka, ruwan yana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin ruwan sama saboda karancin ruwan sama da ke shiga cikin ƙasa. Irin ƙasa a cikin ruwa yana da saukin lalacewa, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yawan laka don shiga cikin tsarin rafi.

 Ilimin ruwa 
Rashin ruwa na Batavia Kill yana karɓar matsakaicin inci 42.5 (1,080  na hazo a kowace shekara. Binciken Geological na Amurka (USGS) yana kula da ma'auni ɗaya tare da Batavia Kill a cikin aiki tun 1997. Tashar tana cikin , mil 1.9 (.1  sama da bakin, tana da matsakaicin fitarwa na  m3) a kowace dakika a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 2011, yayin da Guguwar Irene ta wuce ta yankin, da kuma mafi ƙarancin fitarwa na  m3) a kowane dakika a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2007, da 26 ga Satumba.  A baya akwai ma'aunin rafi da ke Maplecrest wanda ke aiki daga Oktoba 1997 zuwa Yuni 2009.

In late August 2011, Tropical Storm Irene caused extensive flooding and devastation in the eastern New York. peaked at this location at 44,200 cfs. FEMA Flood Insurance Study predicts the 100-year flood by the Red Falls stream gauge to be  per second, and the 500-year flood to be  per second, therefore flows during Irene surpassed the projected 500-year level. Bank erosion and flood-related damages to buildings occurred in Maplecrest. A barn was destroyed in Maplecrest and the creek channel between Maplecrest and Hensonville changed and pushed multiple houses off of their foundations. Multiple farmers' crops were destroyed where it overflowed its bank.

 Ingancin ruwa 
Jirgin ruwa daga Batavia Kill, tare da West Kill da East Kill, sun kasance manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga sediment da turbidity a cikin Schoharie Reservoir. Saboda wannan, NYCDEP ta zaɓi kashewar don sake gina tashar rafi a wasu yankuna da kuma aiwatar da shirin gudanar da rafi. A cikin kisan akwai yawan mutanen Japan knotweed, wanda ke da tsarin hanya mai zurfi. Itacen knotwood na Japan yana gasa da tsire-tsire masu karfi, wanda kuma ke taimakawa ga rushewar ruwa.

DEC tana kimanta ingancin ruwa na Batavia Kill a sassa daban-daban guda uku. Sashe na sama daga tushe zuwa Maplecrest kuma sashe na ƙasa daga Windham zuwa baki an kiyasta shi a matsayin Class C, wanda ya dace da kamun kifi da kuma nishaɗin ɗan adam ba tare da tuntuɓar ba. Sashe daga Maplecrest zuwa Windham an kiyasta shi a matsayin Class A, wanda ya dace da amfani da shi azaman ruwan sha. Har ila yau, hukumar ta kara da " (TS) " a saman da sassan tsakiya, yana nuna cewa ruwan rafin yana da kyau ga tsiro. DEC ya kara da " (T) " zuwa ƙananan da sassan tsakiya, wanda ke nufin ya dace da yawan trout. Ruwan kisan yana da tsabta don zama wani ɓangare na Tsarin samar da ruwa na Birnin New York; bayan sun shiga cikin Schoharie an tsare su a Schoharie Reservoir a ƙasa, inda za a iya isar da su ta hanyar Shandaken Tunnel zuwa Esopus Creek a Shandaken. Daga can suna zuwa tafkin Ashokan, wanda ke samar da kashi 10 cikin 100 na ruwan birni, sannan, ta hanyar Catskill Aqueduct, ga abokan ciniki, ba tare da buƙatar tacewa ba.

 Kula da ambaliyar ruwa 
Ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani ta faru daga Guguwar Connie a 1955 da Guguwar Donna a 1960 tare da kisan, wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Bayan ambaliyar ta 1960, Greene County ta kirkiro Gundumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Greene County, don ba da damar samun damar samun kudaden kariya na ambaliyar tarayya. Sa'an nan a watan Yulin 1965, Hukumar Kula da Kula da Kasa ta USDA, wacce yanzu ake kira Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Halitta, ta buga shirin kariya na ruwa. Shirin ya ba da shawarar cewa a gina gine-ginen kula da ambaliyar ruwa guda huɗu a cikin ruwa. An gina na farko a cikin 1967 kuma yana kan Mitchell Hollow Creek 1.7 mil (2.7  daga sama daga bakin. An gina wani a cikin 1970 kuma yana kan tashar Lake Heloise, kimanin mil daya a arewacin haɗinta da Batavia. An gina madatsar ruwan CD Lane Park a shekara ta 1974  tana da kusan mil 3.5 (kilomita 5.6) a saman Hensonville. Kowace madatsar ruwa an yi ta ne da gefen ƙasa, bututun ruwa mai ƙarancin matakin, da kuma hanyar zubar da ciyawa ta gaggawa. Dukkanin hanyoyin gaggawa sun kasance masu aiki a lokacin Guguwar Tropical Irene.

A cikin 1999, an sake gina wani sashi na   na rafin a kan gonar Maier. Kafin aikin bankunan kisan suna rushewa kusan ƙafa 20 (6.1  a kowace shekara. Har ila yau, a cikin 1999, an mayar da wani sashi na   na rafin bayan gidan cin abinci na Brandywine a Ashland, duka biyu kafin Tropical Storm Floyd ya haifar da ruwa. Sa'an nan a cikin shekara ta 2002, an mayar da wani sashi na mita 5,600 (1,700  na rafin sama da CD Lane Park. Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da ƙara tsarin dutse da dasa shuke-shuke na asali a kan koguna da ambaliyar ruwa don rage lalacewa. Har ila yau ganye da rassa daga ciyayi suna sanyaya ruwa ta hanyar samar da inuwa, wanda ke inganta mazaunin dabbobin daji.

Yankunan da suka fi damuwa da ambaliyar ruwa sun kasance isa ga rafin da ke kusa da ƙauyukan Maplecrest, Hensonville, da Windham. Har ila yau, ɓangaren tsakanin Hensonville da Maplecrest yana da haɗari sosai.

 Karewa da gudanarwa 
Shirin kariya na farko na ingancin ruwa shine Shirin Aikin Gona na Ruwa (WAP), wanda NYCDEP ta kirkira a cikin 1990. Da farko ya ba da shawarar cewa kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na gonaki masu aiki za a kawar da su. Wannan ya sa New York State Soil & Water Conservation ta ilimantar da birnin kan fa'idodin noma. A sakamakon haka, manoma sun inganta ayyukan gudanarwa don inganta ingancin ruwa, maimakon fita daga samarwa. Sa'an nan a cikin 1994, an kafa Shirin Kula da dazuzzuka na Ruwa (WFP) bisa ga nasarar WAP. Tun daga shekara ta 1997, WFP ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka, Kungiyar Kula da dazubbuka ta Catskill, SUNY-ESF da sauran hukumomi. WFP ta sami kudade na birni, jihohi da tarayya don shirye-shirye don inganta ingancin ruwa. WFP kuma tana ba da albarkatu don horar da masu katako da takaddun shaida. Har ila yau, GCSWCD ta taimaka wa WFP a cikin 2000, kuma hukumomin biyu sun sayi gada ta wucin gadi mai tsawon mita 6.1, wanda ke samuwa a kan rance don ayyukan katako ba tare da farashi ba.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 1997, aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta NYC (MOA) tsakanin matakan gwamnati daban-daban, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da hukumomin cikin gida sun ba da tushe don shirin kariya na ruwa. MOA ya haɗa da sabuntawa ga ka'idojin ruwa da ka'idoji, shirin sayen ƙasa mai zurfi, da ci gaban shirye-shirye don taimakawa al'ummomin yankin da masu mallakar ƙasa tare da ayyukan kariya na ingancin ruwa. MOA ta kuma haɗa da albarkatu don gina matsayin tattalin arziki na al'ummomi tare da kashewa. An kafa Kamfanin Ruwa na Catskill (CWC), wanda ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen MOA. CWC tana ba da tallafi ga mazauna da al'ummomi a cikin ruwa don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin maye gurbin tsarin ruwan sama, inganta wuraren ajiyar gishiri, da inganta tsarin maganin ruwa.

 MANAZARTA 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba