Dennis Brutus

Dennis Vincent Brutus, an haife shie (28 Nuwamba 1924 - 26 Disamban shekarar 2009) ya kasance mai fafutuka na Afirka ta Kudu, malami, ɗan jarida kuma mawaƙi wanda aka fi sani da kamfen dinsa na dakatar da Afirka ta Kudu daga Wasannin Olympics saboda manufofin wariyar launin fata na wariyar launin fatar.  

 Rayuwa da aiki 
An haife shi a Salisbury, Kudancin Rhodesia a 1924  ga iyayen Afirka ta Kudu, Brutus ya fito ne daga asalin Khoi, Dutch, Faransanci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci da Malaysian. Iyayensa sun koma gida zuwa Port Elizabeth lokacin da yake da shekaru huɗu, kuma an rarraba matashi Brutus a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin "launi"."The Dennis Brutus Tapes: Essays at Autobiography", The Dennis Brutus Tapes: Essays at Autobiography

Brutus ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Fort Hare (BA, 1946) da Jami'ar Witwatersrand, inda ya yi karatun shari'a. Ya koyar da Turanci da Afrikaans a makarantun sakandare da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu bayan 1948, amma daga bisani aka kore shi saboda sukar da ya yi game da wariyar launin fata.Keith A. P. Sandiford, A Black Studies Primer: Heroes and Heroines of the African Diaspora, Hansib Publications, 2008, p. 108. Ya yi aiki a bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Denver, Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma Northwestern University Course Bulletin, 1982. da Jami'ar Pittsburgh,  kuma ya kasance Farfesa Emeritus daga ma'aikatar karshe.

A shekara ta 2008, Ma'aikatar Fasaha da Al'adu ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba Brutus lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta rayuwa saboda sadaukarwar rayuwarsa ga shayari da zane-zane na Afirka da na duniya.Poetry and Protest: A Dennis Brutus Reader. Publisher's page includes video of Brutus and a remembrance by Amy Goodman.

 Mai fafutuka 
Brutus ya kasance mai fafutuka a kan gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ya koyi siyasa a cikin ƙungiyar Trotskyist na Gabashin Cape . 

Kodayake ba ƙwararren ɗan wasa ba ne a kansa, rashin adalci na zaɓin ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa ne ya motsa shi. Ya shiga ƙungiyar Anti-Coloured Affairs Department (Anti-CAD), ƙungiyar Trotskyist da ta shirya a kan Ma'aikatar Coloured Affairs, wanda shine ƙoƙari na gwamnati don kafa rarrabuwa tsakanin baki da masu launi.
A shekara ta 1958, ya kafa Ƙungiyar Wasanni ta Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a matsayin Sakatare ya yi tsayayya da yawon shakatawa na West Indies na Frank Worrell zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1959, wanda ya jagoranci kamfen ɗin da ya ci nasara don soke shi. A shekara ta 1962 Brutus ya kasance co-kafa kwamitin wasannin Olympic na Afirka ta Kudu (SANROC), kungiyar da za ta kasance da tasiri sosai wajen haramta Afirka ta Kudu ta zamanin wariyar launin fata daga wasannin Olympics a shekarar 1964. A shekara ta 1961, an dakatar da Brutus saboda ayyukansa na siyasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na SANROC . Kamar yadda Afirka ta Kudu ta yi ƙoƙari, a 1968, don komawa cikin wasannin Olympics ta hanyar jayayya cewa za su gabatar da ƙungiyoyi masu launin fata da yawa, SANROC ta sami nasarar nuna cewa an zaɓi waɗancan ƙungiyoyi ne bisa ga rarrabewa, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da haramta Afirka ta Kudu daga 1968 har zuwa 1992.George Houser, No One Can Stop the Rain: Glimpses of Africa's Freedom Struggle (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1989), 273–276.

 Kamawa da kurkuku 
A shekara ta 1963, an kama Brutus saboda ƙoƙarin saduwa da wani jami'in kwamitin Olympic na kasa da kasa (IOC); an zarge shi da karya ka'idojin "banning" wanda ya kasance cewa ba zai iya saduwa da mutane fiye da biyu a waje da iyalinsa ba, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin watanni 18 a kurkuku. Koyaya, ya "yi sallami" ta hanyar ƙoƙarin barin Afirka ta Kudu don halartar taron IOC a Baden-Baden, Jamus ta Yamma, a madadin SANROC kuma yayin da yake Mozambique, a kan fasfo na Rhodesian, 'Yan sanda na sirri na mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun kama shi kuma sun mayar da shi Afirka ta Kudu. A can, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tserewa, an harbe shi a baya a bayyane. Bayan ya warke daga raunin, an tura Brutus zuwa Tsibirin Robben na watanni 16, biyar a matsayin shi kaɗai. Ya kasance a cikin tantanin da ke kusa da Nelson Mandela. Brutus yana cikin kurkuku lokacin da labarai game da dakatar da kasar daga Wasannin Olympics na Tokyo na 1964, wanda ya yi kamfen don shi, ya fashe.George Houser, No One Can Stop the Rain: Glimpses of Africa's Freedom Struggle (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1989), 273–276.
An haramta Brutus ya koyar, ya rubuta kuma ya buga a Afirka ta Kudu. An buga tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Sirens, Knuckles and Boots (1963), a Najeriya yayin da yake kurkuku. Littafin ya sami lambar yabo ta Mbari Poetry, wanda aka ba wa wani mawaki baƙar fata mai banbanci, amma Brutus ya ƙi shi saboda bambancin launin fata.Josh MacPhee, "242: Mbari Publishing", Justseeds, 20 September 2016.Dennis Brutus, The Dennis Brutus Tapes: Essays at Autobiography (edited by Bernth Lindfors), James Currey, 2011, p. 23. Shi ne marubucin littattafai 14.Douglas Martin, "Dennis Brutus Dies at 85; Fought Apartheid With Sports", The New York Times, 2 January 2010 (3 January 2009, p. A22 NY ed.). Retrieved 3 January 2010.

 Saki daga kurkuku 
Bayan an sake shi, a shekarar 1965, Brutus ya bar Afirka ta Kudu a kan izinin fita, wanda ke nufin ba zai iya komawa gida ba yayin da mulkin wariyar launin fata ya kasance a mulki. Ya tafi gudun hijira a Burtaniya, inda ya fara saduwa da George Houser, babban darakta na Kwamitin Amurka kan Afirka (ACOA). Afirka ta Kudu ta yi ƙoƙari sosai don sake dawo da ita zuwa wasannin Olympics a Birnin Mexico a shekarar 1968. Firayim Ministansa John Vorster ya tsara sabon manufofin samar da ƙungiyar launin fata da yawa. Da farko IOC ta yarda da wannan sabon manufa kuma za ta ba da damar Afirka ta Kudu ta yi gasa, amma SANROC ta nuna cewa ba za a sami abubuwan wasanni ba a cikin Afirka ta Kudu sabili da haka duk 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu da aka zaba don Wasannin za a zaba a ƙarƙashin tsarin rarrabewa. A shekara ta 1967, Brutus ya zo Amurka a karkashin jagorancin ACOA a kan yawon shakatawa na magana, inda ya saba da Amurkawa sosai game da halin da ake ciki a Afirka ta Kudu, ya sanar da kungiyoyin wasanni na Amurka game da yanayin rarrabewar da 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu dole ne su jimre, kuma ya tara kuɗi don tallafawa Asusun Tsaro da Taimako na Afirka na ACOA don tallafawa kare wadanda ake tuhuma a karkashin dokokin wariyar launin fata. Babban Majalisar Wasanni a Afirka wacce ke wakiltar kasashe masu zaman kansu na Afirka a IOC ta yi barazanar kauracewa idan aka haɗa Afirka ta Kudu a cikin Wasannin 1968. Tare da hadin gwiwa tare da SANROC, ACOA ta shirya kauracewa 'yan wasan Amurka a watan Fabrairun 1968. Jackie Robinson, dan wasan Afirka na farko da ya karya shingen launi a cikin manyan wasannin baseball, ya wallafa wata sanarwa da ke kira ga ci gaba da dakatar da Afirka ta Kudu daga wasannin Olympics. A sakamakon matsin lamba na kasa da kasa, IOC ta sauƙaƙe kuma ta hana Afirka ta Kudu daga wasannin Olympics daga 1968 har zuwa 1992. Dennis Brutus, "Poet, teacher, sportsman speaking on: I was a prisoner on Robben Island and topics related to apartheid", American Committee on Africa. Undated, late 1966 or early 1967. Retrieved 10 January 2021.

 Rayuwa a Amurka 
Brutus ya zauna a Amurka a 1971 inda zai yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na wallafe-wallafen Afirka a Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma. 

Lokacin da aka soke fasfo dinsa na Burtaniya bayan samun 'yancin Zimbabwe a shekarar 1980, an yi masa barazanar korar shi kuma ya yi yaƙi na dogon lokaci har zuwa 1983 lokacin da aka ba shi mafaka a Amurka.Dudley Clendenin, "Black poet, an exile for 10 years, battles U.S. Deportation to Africa", The New York Times, 14 January 1982. Retrieved 3 January 2010. One of a number of articles. The fight was extensively covered. This Times article and others only accessible with subscription, or by pay."Dennis Brutus had earned a place in America". Letter to the editor by Anne Edwards, President, Authors Guild, The New York Times, 31 January 1982. Retrieved 3 January 2010. An illustration of the fight against extradition. Ya ci gaba da shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata yayin da yake koyarwa a Amurka. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta "ba a hana shi ba" a shekarar 1990 kuma a shekarar 1991 ya zama daya daga cikin masu tallafawa Kwamitin 'Yancin Ilimi a Afirka.

Brutus ya koyar a Kwalejin Amherst, Jami'ar Cornell, da Kwalejin Swarthmore  kafin ya tafi, a 1986, zuwa Jami'ar Pittsburgh, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na wallafe-wallafen Afirka har sai da ya yi ritaya. Griffiths, Ross, and Bridgette Woodall, "The Dennis Brutus Collection", 10 November 2020, Worcester State University Libguides. Retrieved 10 January 2021.

 Komawa Afirka ta Kudu, waka da gwagwarmaya 
Ya koma Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya kasance a Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal, inda sau da yawa ya ba da gudummawa ga bikin waka na Afirka na shekara-shekara wanda jami'ar ta shirya kuma ya goyi bayan gwagwarmaya game da manufofin neo-liberal a Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani ta hanyar aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, za a shigar da Brutus cikin Hall of Fame na Wasannin Afirka ta Kudu. A bikin shigarwa, ya ki amincewa da zabensa a bainar jama'a, yana mai cewa:

A cewar ɗan'uwan marubucin Olu Oguibe, Darakta na wucin gadi na Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Amirka a Jami'ar Connecticut, "Brutus ya kasance mai shakka mafi girma kuma mafi tasiri na zamani na Afirka bayan Leopold Sedar Senghor da Christopher Okigbo, tabbas mafi yawan karantawa, kuma babu shakka daga cikin mawaƙa mafi kyau na duniya a kowane lokaci. Fiye da haka, ya kasance mai fafutukar adalci, mai shirya ba tare da jinkiri ba, mai soyayya mai girma da kuma malami".

Brutus ya mutu a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, a gidansa a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, daga ciwon daji na prostate. Ya sami 'yan'uwa mata biyu, yara takwas ciki har da ɗansa Anthony, jikoki tara, da jikoki huɗu.

The Dennis Brutus Tapes: Essays at Autobiography, wanda Bernth Lindfors ya shirya, an buga shi a cikin 2011, gami da rubutun kaset da aka rubuta lokacin da yake farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Texas a Austin a cikin 1974-75, yana tunani game da rayuwarsa da aikinsa. 

 Bayanan littattafai 

 Sirens, Knuckles da Boots (Mbari Productions, 1963).
 Wasiƙu zuwa ga Martha da Sauran Waƙoƙi daga Kurkukun Afirka ta Kudu (Heinemann, 1968).
 Waƙoƙi daga Algiers (Afirka da Nazarin Afirka da Afirka da Amurka, 1970).
 A Simple Lust (Heinemann, 1973).
 China Poems (Afirka da Afirka-Amurka Nazarin da Cibiyar Bincike, 1975).
 Stubborn Hope (Kasuwanci Uku Press / Heinemann, 1978).
 Salutes da Censures (Dimension na huɗu, 1982).
 Airs & Tributes (Whirlwind Press, 1989).
 Har yanzu Sirens (Pennywhistle Press, 1993).
 Tunawa da Soweto, ed. Lamont B. Steptoe (Whirlwind Press, 2004).
 [Hasiya] Lamont B. Steptoe (Whirlwind Press, 2005).
 Sustar, Lee da Karim, Aisha (eds), Waƙoƙi da zanga-zanga: Dennis Brutus Reader (Haymarket Books, 2006).
 Shi ne Hoton Kasuwancinka: Dennis Brutus Reader (2008).
 Brown, Geoff da Hogsbjerg, Kirista. wariyar launin fata ba wasa ba ne: Tunawa da kamfen ɗin Dakatar da yawon shakatawa na saba'in. London: Redwords, 2020.  . 

 Dubi kuma 

 Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramta a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata

 manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Dennis Brutus takardu, 1960-1984 , Tarihin Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma, Evanston, Illinois
 Dennis Brutus Takardun Jami'ar Jihar Worcester, Worcester
 Dennis Brutus Takardun kan wasanni, ayyukan adawa da wariyar launin fata da adabi, 1958-1971, Cibiyar Borthwick, Jami'ar York

 "Dennis Brutus ya karanta daga aikinsa" don jerin WGBH, Ten O'clock NewsLabaran Ranar Goma
 Kwamitin Tsaro na Dennis Brutus
 Kwamitin Tsaro na Yammacin Massachusetts Dennis Brutus
 Dennis BrutusaIMDb
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