Ruwan Gasa a Najeriya

thumb
Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (2019). Estimates on the use of water, sanitation and hygiene in Nigeria.Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Najeriya ana amfani da shi sosai wajen samar da kayayyaki na gida, noma, da masana'antu. Shirin sa ido na hadin gwiwa na samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ya kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2018 kashi 60% na al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da tushen ruwan karkashin kasa domin babban tushen ruwan sha: Kashi 73% a yankunan karkara da kashi 45% a birane. Biranen Calabar da Fatakwal sun dogara kacokan akan ruwan karkashin kasa wajen samun ruwansu.

FAO (2016). AQUASTAT Main Database. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations

kA

iyasin jimillar albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa da ake sabunta su a Najeriya na da sauyi. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin NomaKua Majalisar An kin Duniya (FAO) ta yi kiyasin cewa Najeriya na da albarkatun ruwan karkashin kasa miliyan 87,000 a kowace shekara. Hukumar Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa ta Japan (JICA) ta kiyasta cewa jimillar cajin ruwan karkashin kasa a shekara shine miliyan 155,800 m3 a kowace shekara. Yin caji yana da sauyi a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma yawancin yanayi ne ke sarrafa shi: cajin ya yi ƙasa sosai a arewacin ƙasar saboda yawan iska da ƙarancin ruwan sama.

 Yankuna masu Ruwa a ƙasa 

 Ilimin ƙasa 
Ilimin kasa a Najeriya ya hada da manya-manyan wuraren da duwatsun kasa na Precambrian ke kasancewa a saman kasa, Da sauran manyan wuraren da duwatsun kasa ke lullube da kananan duwatsu. A yankin arewa maso yamma, wadannan duwatsun da ke rikidewa sun kunshi manyan duwatsun da ke cikin Basin Sokoto (Yankin kudu maso gabas na Basin Iullemmeden), Wadanda aka yi su da duwatsun yashi da yumbu iri-iri, Wadanda ba su da yawa. A arewa maso gabas, manyan duwatsu da na Quaternary na tafkin Chadi sun ƙunshi dutsen yashi, siltstone da shale. A tsakiyar Najeriya, tare da rafin kogin Benuwai da Neja, Akwai tsaunuka na uku da na Cretaceous na Benue da Nupe Basin. Basin na Benue ya ƙunshi duwatsun yashi na nahiyar da aka lulluɓe ta hanyar ruwan teku da estuarine da na limestones, yayin da Basin Nupe ya ƙunshi manyan yashi na nahiyar, dutsen siltstones, dutsen yumbu da dunƙulewa.Tijani M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I (2018). Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Nigeria. British Geological Survey. Accessed 26 August 2019Adelana SMA, Olasehinde PI, Bale RB, Vrbka P, Edet AE and Goni IB (2008). An overview of the geology and hydrogeology of Nigeria. In: Adelana, S.M.A. and MacDonald, A.M. Applied Groundwater Studies in Africa. IAH Selected Papers in Hydrogeology Volume 13. Taylor & Francis, London, UK. 

A gefen tekun, a cikin rafin Neja-Delta, akwai ɗimbin ɓangarorin da ba a haɗa su daga Makarantar Sakandare zuwa Kwata-kwata ba, waɗanda suka haɗa da yashi maras ƙarfi zuwa matsakaici maras ƙarfi da tsakuwa tare da ciyayi masu sirara, daskararru, yumɓu da laka..

 Ginshiƙin aquifers 
Duwatsun da ke ƙasa gabaɗaya suna samar da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu ƙanƙanta zuwa matsakaicin aiki inda ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya ta'allaka ne a cikin karaya, kuma galibi a cikin rigar yanayi, Wanda zai iya tasowa a cikin ƴan sama zuwa dubun mita. Rijiyoyin burtsatse a cikin magudanan ruwa na kasa galibi ana hako su zuwa zurfin mita 10-70, ya danganta da yanayin gida. Ingancin ruwa a cikin waɗannan magudanan ruwa yana da kyau gabaɗaya..Tijani M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I (2018). Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Nigeria. British Geological Survey. Accessed 26 August 2019

 Rashin ruwa 
Duwatsun da ke ƙasa, mafi kusa da kudu, na Kogin Benue suna samar da magudanan ruwa masu matsakaicin ra'ayi inda ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya ta'allaka da karyewa. Abubuwan da ake samu na rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci sun bambanta daga lita 2 zuwa 8 a cikin daƙiƙa guda (l/s), Amma na iya zama mafi girma ko ƙasa da wannan ya danganta da matakin karyewa da yanayin yanayi. Rijiyoyin ruwa suna zama a cikin gida kuma ba a tsare su ba, tare da rijiyoyin burtsatse daga zurfin 40 zuwa 150 m. Ruwan cikin ƙasa daga waɗannan magudanan ruwa na iya zama ma'adinai sosai. Tijani M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I (2018). Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Nigeria. British Geological Survey. Accessed 26 August 2019

Duwatsu a cikin Babban Basin Benue yawanci suna yin ƙasa da matsakaicin magudanan ruwa, Tare da rijiyoyin burtsatse suna bambanta tsakanin 1 zuwa 5 L/s. Ruwan cikin ƙasa ya fi girma intergranular kuma rijiyoyin burtsatse na iya bambanta a zurfin daga 30 zuwa 300 m. Ingancin ruwan ƙasa gabaɗaya yana da kyau.Tijani M, Crane E, Upton K, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ and Bellwood-Howard I (2018). Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Nigeria. British Geological Survey. Accessed 26 August 2019

Duwatsu a cikin Basin Nupe suna yin ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Ruwan cikin ƙasa galibi yana faruwa ne ta ramukan ramuka a cikin duwatsu, waɗanda gabaɗaya suna da ƙima mai kyau da siminti kaɗan, suna iyakance yuwuwar ruwan ƙasa. Inda manyan duwatsun yashi suka mamaye, ana iya samun amfanin 2 zuwa 4 L/s; Basal conglomerate gadaje na iya tallafawa mafi girma yawan amfanin ƙasa..Offodile ME (2002). Groundwater study and development in Nigeria. Mecon Services Ltd, Jos, Nigeria.

Rijiyar burtsatse a cikin duwatsun da ke cikin Basin Sokoto na da sauyin yanayi sosai, amma yana iya zama matsakaici ko kuma mai fa'ida a inda tsakuwar yashi ya mamaye. Za a iya kulle ƙananan duwatsun yashi yayin da manyan yashi na sama ba su da iyaka.

Samuwar Chadi, wanda aka samu a cikin Tekun Chadi, yana samar da matsakaicin matsakaicin ruwa mai wadatar ruwa, tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa har zuwa L/s 30. Gudun ruwan karkashin kasa yana da yawa intergranular kuma magudanan ruwa na iya zama ba a tsare ko a tsare dangane da yanayin gida. Mafi zurfin yadudduka yashi galibi ana tsare. Samuwar Gombe, kuma a cikin Basin Chad, tana da ƙarancin ƙoshin lafiya wanda ke samar da amfanin gona kusan 1 zuwa 5 L/s. Halin ruwa na dabi'a daga waɗannan nau'ikan biyu yana da kyau gabaɗaya.

 Ruwa mai zurfi 
Har ila yau, Dawatsu masu aman wuta na faruwa a Najeriya, inda suke zama ramukan ruwa masu kasa da matsakaici. Rijiyar burtsatse yawanci kasa da 3 l/s kuma ana iya hakowa zuwa zurfin kusan 15 zuwa 50 m.

 Rashin ruwa da ba a haɗa shi ba 
Duwatsu marasa ƙarfi, waɗanda galibi suna faruwa a cikin Tekun Neja-Delta na bakin teku da kuma manyan kwaruruka na kogunan, Suna samar da magudanan ruwa masu yawan gaske. Alluvial aquifers ba su da iyaka da teburan ruwa mara zurfi kuma sun fi kauri (mita 15 – 30) tare da kogunan Nijar da Benue.

A cikin kogin Neja-Delta, Samuwar Delta ta sama ba ta da ƙarfi kuma galibi ba a tsare ta da tebirin ruwa mara zurfi (0-10 m ƙasa da matakin ƙasa). Tsohuwar Ƙasar Benin an haɗa wani bangare. Ba a tsare shi da yawa (a cikin gida an kulle shi ta ƙananan gadaje masu dacewa) tare da tebur na ruwa yawanci tsakanin 3 zuwa 15 m ƙasa matakin ƙasa, amma yana iya kaiwa zurfin 55 m. Rijiyoyin ruwa a cikin Basin Neja Delta na iya samar da amfanin gona daga 3 zuwa 60 L/s tare da zurfin rijiyoyin burtsatse daga 10 zuwa 800 m. Ana yin caji galibi kai tsaye daga ruwan sama. Abubuwan da suka shafi ingancin ruwa sun haɗa da salinity, saboda kutsawar ruwan teku, baƙin ƙarfe, da gurɓata ayyukan ɗan adam, musamman a cikin birane.

 Matsalar Ruwan ƙasa 

 Rashin Ruwa na ƙasa 
Wani bincike da ma’aikatar albarkatun ruwa ta gudanar a shekarar 1996 ya gano kashi 63 cikin 100 na rijiyoyin burtsatse a Najeriya ne kawai ke aiki, inda da yawa ba sa aiki saboda gazawar famfo..JICA (2014). The project for review and update of Nigeria national water resources master plan; Vol.2.

Ministry of Water Resources (2013). National Water Resources Master PlanAkwai batutuwan cikin gida game da wuce gona da iri na ruwan karkashin kasa, yana haifar da raguwar matakan ruwan karkashin kasa kuma, a wasu lokuta, karancin kasa. Wadannan sun fi yawa a cikin magudanan ruwa marasa ƙarfi a cikin biranen da ke gabar teku a kudu, ciki har da Legas da Fatakwal.

.Ministry of Water Resources (2013). National Water Resources Master PlanAkwai matsalolin fari da ke haifar da raguwar matakan ruwan karkashin kasa, duka a lokutan rani, da kuma lokacin da ake dadewa na karancin ruwan sama. Wannan lamari ne na musamman ga magudanan ruwa na cikin gida, ƙananan ma'ajiyar ruwa, duka a arewa inda ruwan sama ya yi ƙasa da kuma a kudu, inda ruwan sama ya yi yawa. Tasirin tasirin sauyin yanayi kan matakan ruwan karkashin kasa, hade da sauya bukatar ruwa, an gane shi a cikin Babban Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa na Kasa. 

 Ingancin Ruwan ƙasa 
Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan ɗan adam (noma, sharar gida, masana'antu) batutuwa ne a cikin magudanan ruwa masu zurfi, musamman ma'adinan da ba a haɗa su ba, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kariya daga ayyukan sama. Hakanan an yi rikodin al'amuran ingancin ruwan ƙasa na halitta. Misalai na wannan sun haɗa da babban salinity a cikin magudanar ruwa marasa zurfi saboda narkar da ma'adanai masu ƙafe da baƙin ƙarfe da yawa na manganese a cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu ƙarancin narkar da iskar oxygen (watau anaerobic). British Geological Survey & WaterAid. 2003. Groundwater Quality: Nigeria. WaterAid Groundwater Quality Factsheets by Country

 Ruwa mai zurfi 
Akwai ruwa da yawa a Najeriya:

 Iullemeden, Taoudeni / Tanesrout Aquifer Systems (ITAS), wanda Aljeriya, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, Nijar da Najeriya suka rab.
 Ruwan ruwa na Chadi Basin Aquifer, wanda Kamaru, Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Nijar da Najeriya ke raba.
 Keta Basin Aquifers, wanda Ghana, Togo, Benin da Najeriya ke rabawa. 
 Rijiyar Benue, Kamaru da Najeriya.
 Gabar kogin Rio Del Rey, wanda Kamaru da Najeriya suka raba a bakin teku.
 Rashin ruwa na Chadi, wanda Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Nijar da Najeriya suka raba.
 Keta Basin Aquifers, wanda Ghana, Togo, Benin da Najeriya suka raba.
 Benue Trough, wanda Kamaru da Najeriya suka raba.
 Kogin Rio Del Rey, wanda Kamaru da Najeriya suka raba a bakin tekun.

Hukumar da ke kula da tafkin Chadi na kula da batutuwan da suka shafi tafkin Chadi kuma ana ci gaba da samar da wani tsarin kula da rafin Iullemeden, biyo bayan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna na kafa hanyar sarrafa albarkatun ruwa mai hade da wannan magudanar ruwa..Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Consultation Mechanism for the Integrated Management of the Water Resources of the Iullemeden Taoudeni/Tanezrouft Aquifer Systems (ITAS) (Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritani, Niger, Nigeria), 2nd Council of Ministers of GICRESAIT Project, Abuja (Nigeria) 28 March 2014

 Gudanarwar Ruwa na ƙawa 
Akwai hukumomi da yawa da ke da alhakin gudanar da ruwan kasa a Najeriya. Sun hada da:

 Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Ruwa ta Najeriya (NIHSA) wacce ke da alhakin albarkatun ruwa (ruwa da ruwa na sama) kimantawa na kasar; yawanta, inganci, samuwa da rarrabawa a lokaci da sarari.
 Hukumar Kula da albarkatun ruwa ta Najeriya (NIWRMC) wacce ke da alhakin tsara amfani da ruwa da rarraba.
 Ma'aikatar albarkatun ruwa ta jihar da hukumomin samar da ruwa da tsabtace gidaje (RUWATSSAN), da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa ga jihohin su daban-daban.
 Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa, wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta Tarayya, tana da alhakin horo, bincike da gudanar da bayanai da suka shafi ruwa gabaɗaya.
 Dukkanin Hukumomin Ci Gaban Kogin, waɗanda su ma ma na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa ta Tarayya ne da ke da hannu wajen samar da ruwa ga yankunan karkara a cikin wuraren da suke da shi.

Kungiyar Likitocin Ruwa ta Najeriya (NAH) ita ce hukuma  wacce ke da alhakin aiwatar da tsari da kyawawan ayyuka a cikin bincike, haɓakawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa na Najeriya. Hukumar ta NAH na yada bayanai kan yanayin albarkatun ruwa na kasar ta hanyar taron shekara-shekara da wata jarida mai suna Water Resources. Ta hanyar zama memba na Kwamitin Kimiyyar Halitta da Hydrogeology na Kwamitin Fasaha na Kasa kan Albarkatun Ruwa (NTCWR), sashin fasaha na Majalisar Albarkatun Ruwa ta kasa (NCWR), NAH tana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka manufofin albarkatun ruwa da dokoki, gami da Ruwa. Dokar Albarkatu ta 100 da ka'idojin ingancin ruwan sha na Najeriya.

Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Ruwa ta Najeriya NIHSA, wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya, tana da alhakin kula da ruwan karkashin kasa. Akwai shirin sa ido kan matakin ruwa na kasa mai dauke da wuraren sa ido guda 43, 32 daga cikinsu na dauke da masu tattara bayanai. Ana ajiye su a cikin ginshiƙan ƙasa da ruwa mai tsafta. Yawan sa ido a shafukan yanar gizo tare da masu tattara bayanai na yau da kullum, kuma wani lokacin sau biyu a kullum.

.Ministry of Water Resources (2013). National Water Resources Master PlanNIHSA ta aiwatar da shirin hako sabbin rijiyoyin sa ido don lura da matakin ruwan karkashin kasa. Sabbin rijiyoyin burtsatse ya zuwa yanzu sun mayar da hankali ne kan magudanar ruwa da ake amfani da su wajen samar da ruwan sha a birane; tare da zurfin rami na 80 zuwa 100 m. Ana adana bayanan kula da ruwan karkashin kasa a hedkwatar NIHSA da ke Abuja.

NIHSA kuma tana da alhakin saka idanu kan ingancin ruwa, amma har yanzu ba ayi cikakken shirin ba saboda rashin kayan aiki.

Babban Tsarin Albarkatun Ruwa na Kasa ya fahimci matsalolin da ake fuskanta a halin yanzu a cikin ingantaccen saye da sarrafa bayanan ruwa na ƙasa, kuma ya ba da shawarar dabarun inganta wannan yanayin..Ministry of Water Resources (2013). National Water Resources Master Plan

 Tushe 

  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyauta aiki.  An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA 3.0. Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaRashin ruwa na ƙasa na Afirka: Hydrogeology na Najeriya__hau____hau____hau__, Tijani M, Crane E, Upton K, O Dochartaigh BE, British Geological Survey.  

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba