Mata a Somaliya

Mata a Somaliya sun kasance wani muhimmin sashe na al'ummar Somaliya, tare da fayyace ma'anoni da muhimman ayyuka a cikin iyali da tsari. Wannan ya hada da matan Somaliya a Somaliland, jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta wacce duniya ta amince da ita a matsayin yankin Somaliya mai cin gashin kanta . [internationally Somaliland’s Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor]  Daga lokacin da Ismail Urwayni ya yi wa addinin Musulunci a shekarar 1890, har zuwa lokacin da kasar Derwish ta sha kashi a hannun turawan Ingila a shekarar 1920, matan da ke cikin tudu daga Jidali, yankin Sanaag a arewa, zuwa Beledweyne a kudu, ana kiransu da Darawiishaad. (jam'i) ko Darwiishad (mufuradi). 

 Yawan jama'a 
Yawancin mutane a Somaliya Musulmai ne.  Al'ummar Somaliya na karuwa da kashi 1.67% a duk shekara da kuma yawan haihuwa na haihuwa 41.45/mutane 1,000. Adadin yawan haihuwa na Somaliya a shekarar 2013 ya kasance yara 6.17 da aka haifa kowace mace, wanda shi ne na hudu mafi girma a duniya. 

Yawancin mazauna yankin matasa ne, masu matsakaicin shekaru 17.7. 44.3% na yawan jama'a suna tsakanin shekarun 0-14, 53.5% suna tsakanin shekarun 15-64, kuma 2.3% kawai suna da shekaru 65 ko fiye. Matsakaicin adadin jima'i yana da ma'auni daidai gwargwado, tare da gwargwadon yawan maza kamar mata. 

Sakamakon yakin basasa, ainihin kididdigar yawan al'ummar Somaliya ya yi wuya a iya tantancewa tun shekara ta 1975. A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kusan rabin al'ummar Somaliya, ya zuwa shekarar 2014, mata ne. 

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Afirka akwai karancin ilimi da yawan mace-macen jarirai a Somaliya. 

 Tarihin yancin mata a Somaliya 
A ƙarshen karni na 9 AD, kusan duk mutanen da ke zaune a Somaliya sun musulunta . Haqqoqin mata a qarqashin kur’ani sun haxa da ‘yancin rayuwa, ilimi, mallaka da gadon dukiya, da kuma ‘yancin yin aure da haqqin aure da wanda zai aura.  A lokaci guda, al'adun Somaliya sun kasance a al'ada suna aiki a matsayin uba, inda maza suka yanke shawarar yanke shawara na kudi da na iyali, kuma suka mamaye fagen jama'a.

Bayan da Somaliya ta samu 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1960, an baiwa maza da mata 'yancin kada kuri'a.  Wannan ya haifar da karuwar shigar mata cikin rayuwar jama'a daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980. Shiga makaranta mata da mata a wuraren aiki da shigar mata a fagen siyasa da soja duk sun karu a lokacin.  Dokar Iyali ta 1975 ta ba wa mata da maza haƙƙi daidai gwargwado game da aure, saki, da gadon dukiya da kuma hana auren mata fiye da ɗaya.  Shugaba Siad Barre ya goyi bayan kafa kungiyar mata ta kasar Somaliya (SWDO) a shekarar 1977 domin tunawa da Hawo Tako, mace ce a kungiyar matasan Somaliya masu adawa da mulkin mallaka wacce sojojin Italiya suka kashe a 1948.  Gwamnatin Barre ta kafa SWDO kuma ta nada mata shugabanninta domin ta ci gaba da bin gwamnati mata.  

 Daidaiton jinsi 
Mata a cikin birane sun fi zama shugaban gida.

 Tsarin dangi da dangi 
Ƙungiyoyin dangi na mutanen Somaliya muhimman ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa ne, kuma kasancewa memba na dangi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adu da siyasar Somaliya . Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci ne kuma galibi ana kasu kashi-kashi, wani lokaci tare da rarrabuwa da yawa.

Al'ummar Somaliya al'ada ce ta kabilanci . Matan da suka yi aure ana so su shiga dangin miji. Don tsawaita dangantakar abokantaka, aure sau da yawa yana zuwa ga wani ɗan Somaliya daga wani dangi daban. Misali, wani bincike na 1994 ya nuna cewa a cikin aure 89 da mazajen Dhulbahante suka yi, 55 (62%) suna tare da matan kabilar Dhulbahante ban da na mazajensu; 30 (33.7%) sun kasance tare da mata na dangin dangi na sauran dangin dangi ( Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); kuma 3 (4.3%) suna tare da matan wasu dangin Darod ( Majeerteen 2, Ogaden 1). Ioan M. Lewis, Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society, (Red Sea Press: 1994), p.51

A cikin 1975, fitattun sauye-sauyen gwamnati game da dokokin iyali a cikin ƙasar musulmi an fara aiwatar da su a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Somaliya, wanda ya sanya mata da maza, ciki har da mata da miji, a kan gaba ɗaya. Pg.115 – Women in Muslim family law by John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas Dokar Iyali ta Somaliya ta 1975 ta bai wa maza da mata daidaiton rabon dukiya tsakanin miji da mata a lokacin saki da kuma keɓantaccen haƙƙin mallakar kowane ma'aurata akan dukiyarsa. Pg.75 – Generating employment and incomes in Somalia: report of an inter-disciplinary employment and project-identification mission to Somalia financed by the United Nations Development Programme and executed by ILO/JASPA
A lokacin ayyukan yau da kullun, na yau da kullun, mata a Somaliya kan sa guntiino, doguwar rigar da aka ɗaure a kafaɗa kuma an ɗaure a kugu. Guntiino bisa ga al'ada an yi shi ne da fararen yadudduka na fili wani lokacin da ke nuna iyakoki na ado, ko da yake a zamanin yau ana amfani da su alindi, masaku da aka saba a yankin kahon Afirka da wasu sassan Arewacin Afirka . Ana iya sa tufafin a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban kuma tare da yadudduka daban-daban.

A karkashin mulkin Socialist Barre (1969-1991), mata suna da 'yancin yin sutura yadda suke so, kuma yawancin matan birni ba sa sanya hijabi; duk da haka, bayan barkewar yakin basasar Somaliya a shekarar 1991, akasarin matan Mogadishu sun fara sanya hijabi a karon farko, kuma wadanda ba su yi ba, an tursasa su. Heather M. Ako: The Politics of Dress in Somali Culture, p. 87-89

A lokacin ayyukan yau da kullun, ayyukan yau da kullun, matan Somaliya sukan sa , doguwar rigar riga da aka ɗaure a kafaɗa kuma an ɗaure a kugu. A cikin ƙarin tsari na yau da kullun irin su bukukuwan aure ko bukukuwan addini kamar Idi, mata suna sa , wanda shine doguwar, haske, rigar voile diaphanous da aka yi da auduga ko polyester wanda aka sawa a kan cikakken tsawon rabin zamewa da brassiere. Matan aure suna yawan wasa da gyale da ake kira shash, haka nan kuma sukan rufe saman jikinsu da shawl da aka fi sani da  . Mata marasa aure ko matasa, duk da haka, suna sanya hijabi, kuma  ma an saba sanyawa. Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.117-118.

Don ƙarin saituna na yau da kullun kamar bukukuwan aure ko bukukuwan addini kamar Idi, mata suna sa dirac, doguwar riga, haske, rigar voile mai diaphanous da aka yi da auduga, polyester ko masana'anta. An san shi da gorgorad, an yi shi da siliki na ƙasa kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban ɓangare na kayan gabaɗaya.

Dirac yawanci yana walƙiya kuma yana da launi sosai, mafi shaharar salo shine waɗanda ke da iyakoki ko zare. Ana samun wannan masana'anta ne daga shagunan sayar da tufafi na Somaliya tare da gorgorad . A da, ana siyan masana'anta na dirac akai-akai daga masu sayar da kayayyaki na Kudancin Asiya.
Matan aure suna yawan wasa da gyale da ake kira shash, haka nan kuma sukan rufe saman jikinsu da shawl da aka fi sani da garbasaar . Mata marasa aure ko samari ba sa rufe kawunansu koyaushe. Tufafin gargajiya na larabawa irin su jallabi kuma ana yawan sawa.

Bugu da ƙari, matan Somaliya suna da daɗaɗɗen al'ada na sanya kayan ado na zinariya da na azurfa, musamman ma bangles. A lokutan bukukuwan aure, ana yawan yi wa amarya ado da zinare. Matan Somaliya da yawa bisa al'ada suma suna sanya abin wuya na gwal da sawu. Xirsi, abin wuyan quranic, wanda kuma ake sawa a ƙasashe irin su Habasha da Yemen, ana kuma sawa akai-akai.

Henna wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun Somaliya. Matan Somaliya ne suke sawa a hannayensu, hannaye, ƙafafu da wuyansu yayin bukukuwan aure, Idi, Ramadan, da sauran lokutan bukukuwa. Zane-zanen henna na Somaliya sun yi kama da waɗanda ke cikin yankin Larabawa, galibi suna nuna ƙirar furanni da siffofi uku. Hakanan ana yawan yi wa dabino ado da ɗigon henna kuma ana tsoma ƙafafu a cikin rini. Yawanci ana yin bukukuwan henna kafin a yi bikin aure.

'Yan mata da mata na Somaliya da ke yin addinin Musulunci za su sanya hijabi .  Wannan ya zama salon suturar da aka fi sani ga 'yan mata da mata na Somaliya.

Wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da Face2Face Africa ta fitar ya nuna cewa Somalia ce tafi kowacce mace kyau a Afirka . 

 Adabi 
Somaliya tana da dadadden al'adar wakoki. Siffofin baiti na Somaliya da yawa da suka inganta sun haɗa da buraanbur da mata ke motsawa, da gabay, jiifto, geeraar, wiglo, beercade, afarey da guuraw . Gabay (waƙar almara) galibi maza ne suka tsara ita tana da tsayi da mita mafi rikitarwa, galibi ta wuce layi 100. Ana daukar ta a matsayin alamar samun mawaka ne idan matashin mawaki ya iya tsara irin wannan baiti, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin tsayin waka. Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.75-76

Buraanbur, wanda ke da ma'auni mai sauƙi, da farko mata ne suka haɗa shi. Ƙungiyoyin malamai da masu karantawa ( hafidayaal ) a al'adance sun yada fasahar fasaha mai kyau. Wa}o}i sun ta’allaka ne a kan jigogi da dama, da suka haɗa da baroorodiiq (elegy), amaan (yabo), soyayya (romance), guhaadin (diatribe), digasho (gloating) da guubaabo (shiriya). An yi wannan baroorodiiq ne don tunawa da rasuwar fitaccen mawaki ko jigo. Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.75-76

 Fitattun mata 
Fitattun mata a kasar sun hada da Honourable Fawzia Yusuf H. Adam, ‘yar majalisa kuma tsohuwar mataimakiyar firaministan kasar kuma ministar harkokin waje, a halin yanzu shugabar jam’iyyar National Democratic Party, kuma shugabar HIIGSI a hadakar jam’iyyun siyasa 10 a Somaliya. 'Yar takarar shugaban kasa mace ta farko (Fadumo Dayib  ), Barnet Muslim Women's Network collion Hanan Ibrahim, tsohuwar ministar ci gaban zamantakewa ta tarayya Maryam Qaasim, tsohuwar ministar harkokin waje ta yankin Somaliland Edna Adan Ismail, da kuma mashawarcin majalisa Hodan Ahmed .

 FGM 
Kimanin kashi 97.9% na mata da 'yan mata a Somaliya an yi musu kaciya a wani bincike na 2005. Wannan shi ne a lokacin mafi girman adadin tsarin a duniya.  Rahoton UNICEF na 2010 ya ba da rahoton cewa Somaliya ce ta fi kowacce yawan mace-mace a duniya na Nau'in FGM, inda kashi 79% na dukkan matan Somaliyan aka yi musu wannan aikin. Wani kashi 15% na mata kuma an yi wa Nau'in II FGM. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Data and Trends: UPDATE 2010  UNICEF, Page 7

An samu raguwar yaduwar cutar a yankin arewacin Somaliya. A shekara ta 2013, UNICEF tare da hukumomin Somaliya sun ba da rahoton cewa, yawan mace-macen yara mata masu shekaru 1 zuwa 14 a yankunan arewa masu cin gashin kai na Puntland da Somaliland, ya ragu zuwa kashi 25 cikin 100 bayan wani gangamin wayar da kan jama'a da addini.  Mataki na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayya da aka amince da shi a watan Agustan 2012 ya haramta kaciyar mata. 

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