Ka'idojin kwayoyin halitta

Ka'idodin dabi'ar halitta (wanda kuma ake kira da'a mai dogaro da rayuwa) wani reshe ne na xa'a wanda ke darajar ba nau'ikan halittu kawai ba, amma rayuwa kanta. A kan wannan, ka'idodin biotic suna bayyana manufar ɗan adam don aminta da yada rayuwa.da alaƙa da ilimin halittu, da ka'idodin muhalli waɗanda ke neman adana nau'ikan da ke akwai. Koyaya, da'a na biotic suna da darajar gabaɗaya kwayoyin halitta/rayuwar sunadaran ita kanta, sifofi da tsarin da duk biota ke rabawa. Waɗannan matakai suna haifar da yaɗa kai, manufa mai tasiri wacce mutane ke rabawa tare da duk rayuwa. Kasancewa cikin rai sannan yana nufin manufar ɗan adam don kiyayewa da yada rayuwa.   Wannan manufar ta bayyana ainihin ɗabi'un ɗabi'a: Ayyukan da ke ƙarfafa rayuwa suna da kyau, kuma ayyukan da ke lalata rayuwa mugaye ne. Ka'idodin Panbiotic sun shimfiɗa waɗannan ka'idodin zuwa sararin samaniya, neman amintaccen da faɗaɗa rayuwa a cikin galaxy.

Bioctical ethics ya bayyana rayuwa a matsayin "tsarin da sakamakon sa shine haihuwar kai na tsarin kwayoyin rikitarwa".  Wannan rayuwar kwayoyin halitta tana da matsayi na musamman a cikin yanayi a cikin rikitarwa da kuma cikin dokokin da ke ba da damar wanzuwa,  a cikin hadin kan halittu na dukan rayuwa,  kuma a cikin son kansa na musamman. Dangane da waɗannan fahimtar kimiyya, ka'idojin halittu na iya samar da tushe ga ka'idoji na duniya, yayin da kuma ya dace da koyarwar addini waɗanda ke darajar rayuwa.

Ka'idojin halittu, da fadada su zuwa sararin samaniya a matsayin ka'idojin panbiotic,   suna da alaƙa da falsafar da aka yi amfani da ita da ka'idoji, da kuma magance batutuwan ka'idozi da Fasahar halittu da aikace-aikacen da za su iya samu a sararin samaniya. 

Wadannan batutuwan sun tayar da tambayoyin ka'idoji na asali. Yaya za mu iya canzawa, kuma har yanzu muna adanawa, rayuwa da mutuntaka? Shin za mu iya canza DNA da sunadarai waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga ilmin halitta? Shin za mu iya ƙirƙirar cyborgs na mutum / na'ura mai ƙarfi, ko kuma waɗannan za su yi barazanar maye gurbin rayuwa ta halitta? Yaya yawan rayuwa da za mu gina a sararin samaniya? Gabaɗaya, ɗabi'ar halittu na iya amincewa da waɗannan ci gaba idan sun taimaka wajen yada rayuwa. Wannan jagorar ɗabi'a na iya zama da mahimmanci yayin da ci gaban fasaha ke sa ƙirar ɗan adam ta cika kanta. Rayuwa za ta iya rayuwa ne kawai idan sha'awar rayuwa kanta koyaushe tana yaduwa.

Biotic ethics (or "life-centered ethics"), and its extension to space as panbiotic ethics, were  developed formally.[<span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2013)">when?</span>]Mautner, Michael N. (2009). "Life-centered ethics, and the human future in space" (PDF). Bioethics. 23 (8): 433–440. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00688.x. PMID 19077128. S2CID 25203457.Mautner, M. N. (1997). "Directed panspermia. 3. Strategies and motivation for seeding star-forming clouds" (PDF). J. British Interplanetary Soc. 50: 93–102. Bibcode:1997JBIS...50...93M. Biotic ethics is consequentialist, with principles that are consistent with environmental ethics, including Deep Ecology, biocentric ethics   and aspects of anthropocentrism, that aim to protect existing species and ecosystems. Biotic ethics is similar but more general, as it values not specific species but the core processes of all gene/protein life, present and future.

 Tattaunawar da ta samo asali daga kimiyya don ka'idojin halittu 

 Haɗin kai na rayuwa 
Ilimin halittu yana amfani da jerin DNA a cikin lambar kwayar halitta don sunadarai waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen haifar da jerin DNA. Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta suna raba waɗannan kwayoyin halitta / furotin, lambar DNA ta yau da kullun, da sunadarai masu rikitarwa, membranes da kayan aikin makamashi na adenosine triphosphate na sel. Wannan rikitarwa, da tushen gama gari, Baldauf, S. L.; Palmer, J. D.; Doolittle, W. F. (1996). "The Root of the Universal Tree and the Origin of Eukaryotic Phylogeny". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93 (15): 7749–7754. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.15.7749. PMC 38819. PMID 8755547. da kuma makomar da aka raba, sun haɗa dukkan rayuwa. 

 Wuri na musamman na rayuwa a cikin yanayi 
Ilimin halittu ya dogara da daidaito na ka'idojin kimiyyar nukiliya, nauyi, ƙarfin lantarki da thermodynamics waɗanda ke ba da damar taurari, taurari masu zama, ilmin sunadarai da ilmin halitta su wanzu. Bugu da ƙari, rayuwa tana da manufa mai tasiri, yaduwar kai. Saboda haka sararin samaniya wanda ya ƙunshi rayuwa, ya ƙunshi manufa. A cikin waɗannan fannoni sararin samaniya ya zo ga wani batu na musamman a rayuwa.

 Aikace-aikacen ka'idojin halittu 

 Yaya za mu iya canzawa, amma har yanzu muna adana, bil'adama da rayuwa? 
Ana iya so a sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin ilmin halitta, musamman don daidaitawa da sararin samaniya, kamar yadda marubuta daga Konstantin Tsiolkovsky zuwa Freeman Dyson suka hango. Futurists kuma sun bincika ka'idojin rayuwar ɗan adam a sararin samaniya da kuma duniya a cikin waɗannan batutuwa.

Daidaitawa zuwa sararin samaniya na iya haɗawa da juriya ga radiation, gaɓoɓin photosynthetic da na hasken rana, gaɓɓoɓen wucin gadi da na robot, da daidaitawa da microgravity. Idan mutane sun canza haka, za su ci gaba da rayuwa? Shin muna da niyyar adana jinsunan mutane, ko kuma taimaka wajen juyin halitta? Ta hanyar ka'idojin halittu, jinsunan ɗan adam ba za su ƙare ba idan an adana kwayoyinmu kuma an faɗaɗa su a cikin mutane masu ci gaba, kamar tasirin juyin halitta.

Ƙarin sauye-sauye na asali suna canza DNA zuwa XNA kuma suna ƙara sabbin tushe na nucleic, da kuma ƙirar sunadarai waɗanda ke ƙunshe da amino acid na roba. Wadannan ci gaba suna shafar tsarin kwayar halitta / furotin. Shin wannan canjin biochemistry har yanzu yana ci gaba da tsarin rayuwarmu na kwayoyin halitta? Ka'idojin kwayoyin halitta na iya amincewa da su idan sun taimaka wajen ci gaba da haihuwar kwayar halitta / furotin.

Koyaya, ka'idojin halittu ba za su iya ba da izinin maye gurbin rayuwar halittu ta hanyar robots ba, koda kuwa sun fi ƙarfin hali da basira fiye da mutane. Ta hanyar ka'idojin halittu, kawar da rayuwa ta halitta saboda kowane dalili shine mafi girman mugunta. Robots na iya zama da amfani, amma iko ya kamata ya kasance tare da kwakwalwa ta halitta tare da sha'awar kai don yada kwayar halitta / rayuwar furotin.

 Biota na gaba, da rayuwa a sararin samaniya 
Biotiki da ka'idojin panbiotic suna ba da shawarar amfani da sarari don kara rayuwa. Lalle ne, gwaje-gwaje na astroecology sun nuna cewa kayan asteroid / meteorite na iya tallafawa dubban tiriliyoyin mutane a cikin tsarin hasken rana, da tiriliyoyin tiriliyoyin a cikin galaxy. Rayuwa na iya fahimtar cikakkiyar damar da take da ita a nan gaba inda duk wani abu ya zama mai rai ko matrix mai tallafawa.Mautner, Michael N. (2005). "Life in the cosmological future: Resources, biomass and populations" (PDF). Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 58: 167–180. Bibcode:2005JBIS...58..167M.

Ka'idojin halittu suna neman kara rayuwa, kuma suna iya tallafawa fadada ta. Don wannan dalili, panspermia mai jagoranta nan da nan zai iya shuka wasu tsarin duniya tare da rayuwa.Mautner, M. N. (1997). "Directed panspermia. 3. Strategies and motivation for seeding star-forming clouds" (PDF). J. British Interplanetary Soc. 50: 93–102. Bibcode:1997JBIS...50...93M. Jirgin hasken rana na iya kaddamar da capsules na microbial zuwa taurari da ke kusa, ko kuma ga tarin sabbin tsarin taurari a cikin girgije mai samar da taurari. Microorganisms daban-daban a cikin kaya na iya cika sabbin mahalli, kuma eukaryotic spores na iya tsalle-tsalle-tsire mafi girma juyin halitta. Za'a iya kauce wa tsangwama tare da rayuwar baƙi, idan akwai, ta hanyar yin niyya ga tsarin matasa na duniya inda rayuwar gida, musamman rayuwa mai ci gaba, ba za ta fara ba tukuna. Ba za mu iya barin rayuwa zuwa mutuwa ta hanyar fashewar Sun ba, don kare baƙi waɗanda zasu iya kasancewa ko bazai wanzu ba.

Ka'idojin halittu sun bayyana jajircewarmu ga danginmu na rayuwar kwayar halitta / furotin. Idan muka kasance kadai,  makomar dukkan rayuwa tana hannunmu. Wasu daga cikin sabon rayuwa da aka fara ta hanyar panspermia mai jagora na iya haifar da wayewar basira waɗanda za su inganta rayuwa a cikin tauraron dan adam, suna cika burin ka'idojin panbiotic.Mautner, M. N. (1997). "Directed panspermia. 3. Strategies and motivation for seeding star-forming clouds" (PDF). J. British Interplanetary Soc. 50: 93–102. Bibcode:1997JBIS...50...93M.

 Dangantaka tsakanin dabi'un biotic, biocentric, anthropocentric da panbiotic 
Biocentrism da Deep Ecology suna neman adana nau'o'in yanzu da tsarin halittu.Bill, D. (2001). "The Deep, Long Ecological Movement 1960 – 2000. A Review". Ethics and the Environment. 6: 18–41. doi:10.1353/een.2001.0004. Wadannan manufofi sun dace da ka'idojin halittu waɗanda ke darajar rayuwar kwayar halitta / furotin a kowane nau'in halitta, gami da nau'ikan rayuwa na gaba.

Tare da wannan ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya, ka'idojin halittu suna yaba amma ba sa buƙatar rayuwar ɗan adam kamar haka, muddin rayuwa kanta ta ci gaba. Koyaya, mutane masu fasaha ne kawai zasu iya tabbatar da rayuwa fiye da lokacin Rana, mai yiwuwa ga tiriliyoyin eons.Mautner, Michael N. (2005). "Life in the cosmological future: Resources, biomass and populations" (PDF). Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 58: 167–180. Bibcode:2005JBIS...58..167M. Sabili da haka, ka'idojin halittu suna buƙatar rayuwar ɗan adam (ko bayan ɗan adam) don tabbatar da rayuwa. Har ila yau, a matsayin mutane, muna so mu ci gaba da rayuwa mai hankali wanda zai iya jin daɗin rayuwa mai hankali, ƙarin motsawa don yada rayuwa. Ka'idojin halittu suna sa mutane su dogara da juna tare da duk rayuwa. Mutane na iya tabbatar da makomar rayuwa, kuma wannan makomar na iya ba da rayuwar ɗan adam manufa ta sararin samaniya.Mautner, Michael N. (2009). "Life-centered ethics, and the human future in space" (PDF). Bioethics. 23 (8): 433–440. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00688.x. PMID 19077128. S2CID 25203457.

 duba koma 

 Da'a
 Ka'idojin muhalli
 Ilimin halittu
 Panspermia mai shiryawa

 manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 http://www.panspermia-society.com/ Society for Life in Space (SOLIS) (Interstellar Panspermia Society), don bincike da ilimi kan panspermia mai jagora. Manufar kaddamar da ayyukan panspermia a cikin wannan karni.
 http://www.astro-ecology.com/ Albarkatun rayuwa a sararin samaniya. Binciken gwaji kan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin asteroids / meteorites, da microorganisms da tsire-tsire da ke girma a kan waɗannan albarkatun sararin samaniya.
 http://www.astroethics.com/ Ka'idodin ka'idojin rayuwa da ka'idoji na rayuwa da kuma abubuwan da ke motsawa don jagorantar panspermia.
 http://www.lunargenebank.com/ aikace-aikacen sararin samaniya don adana bambancin halittu.
Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba