Halitta (biology)

Halitta (ko zama ɗan ƙasa) shine abin da ya faru na muhalli wanda jinsin, haraji, ko yawan mutanen da ba a saba gani ba (kamar yadda aka saba 'Yan asalin ƙasar) suka haɗa cikin tsarin halittu da aka ba su, suna iya haifuwa da girma a ciki, kuma suna ci gaba da yadawa ba tare da bata lokaci ba.

 A wasu lokuta, kasancewar jinsin a cikin tsarin halittu da aka ba shi tsoho ne cewa ba za a iya zaton ko asalin ne ko kuma an gabatar da shi ba., duk wani nau'in da aka gabatar na iya (a cikin daji) ko dai ya ƙare ko ya zama na halitta a cikin sabon mahallinsa.

Wasu al'ummomi ba sa kula da kansu ta hanyar haihuwa, amma suna wanzu ne saboda ci gaba da shigowa daga wasu wurare. Irin wannan yawan da ba ya ci gaba, ko kuma mutanen da ke ciki, ana cewa suna da fa'ida. Shuke-shuke da aka noma, wani lokacin ana kiransu nativars, sune babban tushen yawan jama'a.

 Botany 
A cikin ilimin shuke-shuke, zama ɗan ƙasa shine halin da shuka mai banƙyama ke haifuwa da warwatse da kansa a cikin sabon yanayi. Misali, fararen al'ul na arewa ya zama na halitta a Ƙasar Ingila, inda yake haifuwa da kansa, yayin da ba a Faransa ba, inda sa hannun mutum ta hanyar yankan ko tsaba yana da mahimmanci don yaduwa.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]

An bayyana nau'o'i biyu na zama na halitta daga sigogi biyu daban-daban: daya, archaeonaturalised, yana nufin gabatarwa kafin wani lokaci da aka ba shi (wanda aka gabatar sama da shekaru ɗari da suka gabata), yayin da na biyu, amphinaturalised ko Eurynaturalised, ya nuna ra'ayi na fadada sararin samaniya (taxon da aka daidaita da asali kuma yanzu a kan sararin samaniya, akasin stenonaturalised).   [<span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2021)">clarification needed</span>]

 Matsayi na zama ɗan ƙasa 
An bayyana digiri na zama ɗan ƙasa dangane da matsayin haihuwar ko gabatarwa da takaddun ko jinsuna: 

 Haraji na haɗari: haraji wanda ba na asali ba ne ke girma ba tare da saninsa ba, wanda ke bayyana a wasu lokuta sakamakon gabatarwar haɗari saboda ayyukan ɗan adam (kamar yadda ya saba da gabatarwar da gangan) 
 Subspontaneous taxon: taxon halitta bayan gabatarwar asalin haɗari (gabatarwa da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan ɗan adam) ko wanda ba a sani ba, kuma wanda, bayan daidaitawa, zai iya haifuwa kamar tsire-tsire na asali amma har yanzu ba a kafa shi sosai ba
 Haraji na kai tsaye: haraji na asali ko wanda ba na asali ba yana girma da haifuwa ta halitta, ba tare da sa hannun ɗan adam da gangan ba a yankin da aka yi la'akari, kuma an kafa shi sosai (haɗe da tsire-tsire ko fauna na gida) 

 Ilimin dabbobi 
Ana aiwatar da dabi'ar dabbobi ta hanyar kiwo da kuma ta hanyar commensalism bayan ƙaurawar ɗan adam.

Wadannan nau'o'in da suka shafi sune:

 ko dai an gabatar da shi da son rai a cikin yanayin halittu inda ba 'yan asalin su ba ne;
 ko dai an gabatar da shi ba da gangan ba ko kuma ya zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi;
 ko ta hanyar bin ƙaurawar ɗan adam ta hanyar commensalism (misali: isowar tururuwa a Yammacin Turai bayan Huns, kuma a baya a Gabashin Turai daga Asia Minor a zamanin d ̄ a).

Wani lokaci yakan faru cewa jinsin halitta ya haɗu da ɗan asalin.Martin-Albarracin, Valeria L.; Amico, Guillermo C.; Simberloff, Daniel; Nuñez, Martin A. (2015). "Impact of Non-Native Birds on Native Ecosystems: A Global Analysis". PLOS One. 10 (11): e0143070. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1043070M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143070. PMC 4648570. PMID 26576053.

 Gabatarwa da wuraren asali 
shafin gabatarwa ko Yankin gabatarwa shine wurin ko, a hanya mai zurfi, sabon yanayi inda jinsunan 'yan takara don zama na asali suka samo asali. Gabaɗaya yana adawa da asalin yankin, inda wannan nau'in ya kasance asalin.

Har ila yau, akwai wani ra'ayi mai rikitarwa wanda shine "yanki na rarraba na halitta" ko "yanki ya rarraba na yanayi", musamman idan ya zo ga nau'in anthropophilic ko wasu nau'in da ke amfana daga ƙauyen ƙasar anthropogenic (canals, gadoji, sare daji, da dai sauransu) waɗanda suka haɗa yankuna biyu da aka ware a baya (misali Suez Canal, wanda ke haifar da ƙaurawar Lessepsian).

 Tasirin yanayin halittu 
A wasu lokuta ana yin dabi'a tare da taimakon ɗan adam don maye gurbin wasu nau'in da suka sha wahala kai tsaye ko a kaikaice daga ayyukan ɗan adam, ko kuma an dauke su da ƙarancin riba ga amfanin ɗan adam.

Wasu nau'o'in halitta sun zama masu mamayewa. Misali, zomo na Turai, wanda ya fito ne a Turai kuma wanda ke da yawa a Ostiraliya; ko kuma knotweed na Japan wanda ke mamaye Turai da Amurka inda ake la'akari da shi a cikin nau'ikan da suka fi mamayewa a cikin karni na 21. List compiled from the Global Invasive Species Database, compiled by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) group 'IUCN  Baya ga gasa kai tsaye tsakanin 'yan asalin da kuma gabatar da al'ummomi, Gurɓataccen kwayar halitta ta hanyar haɗuwa na iya ƙarawa ga tasirin muhalli wanda ke daidaita kiyaye al'ummomin' yan asalin. 

Wasu nau'o'in halitta, kamar dabino, na iya aiki a matsayin Injiniyoyin yanayin halittu, ta hanyar canza mazaunin da ƙirƙirar sabbin wuraren da wani lokacin zasu iya samun sakamako mai kyau a kan yanayin halittu. Matsakaicin tasiri da / ko ra'ayi mai kyau na nau'in halittu ba a yi nazari sosai ba fiye da yiwuwar da / ko tasirin da ba a fahimta ba.

Koyaya, tasirin a kan nau'in gida ba abu ne mai sauƙi a tantance shi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ba. Misali, Ibis mai tsarki na Afirka (Threskiornis aethiopicus) ya tsere a cikin 1990 daga wurin shakatawa na dabbobi a Morbihan (Faransa), ya haifar da kamfen ɗin kawarwa a cikin 2008. A cikin 2013, duk da haka, CNRS ta bayyana cewa wannan nau'in tsuntsaye ba barazana ba ne a Faransa, kuma yana iya inganta Takardar shaidar Eurasian da kuma iyakance ci gaban kifin Louisiana.

Dabbobi na halitta na iya zama nau'o'in mamayewa idan sun zama masu yawa don samun mummunar tasiri ga nau'o-in halitta (misali ƙwayoyin cuta da tsire-tsire masu mamayewa suka shafa ) ko kuma a kan biotope. 

 Dubi kuma 

 Shuka mai ban sha'awa
 Dabbobi masu faɗakarwa
 Mulkin mallaka (biology) 
 Rarrabawar duniya
 Rashin jituwa
 Hemerochory
 'Yan asalin ƙasar (ecology) 

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