Rosetta

Rosetta (/ roʊˈzɛtə/ roh-ZET-ə) [a] ko Rashid (Larabci: رشيد, romanized: Rašīd, IPA: [ɾɑˈʃiːd]; Coptic: ϯⲣⲁϣⲓⲧ, romanized: ti-Rashit tashar jiragen ruwa) na birni ne. Nile Delta, kilomita 65 (mita 40) gabas da Alexandria, a cikin lardin Beheira na Masar. An gano Dutsen Rosetta a can a shekarar 1799.

An kafa shi a kusan karni na 9 a wurin tsohon garin Bolbitine, Rosetta ya bunkasa tare da raguwar Alexandria bayan daular Ottoman ta Masar a shekara ta 1517, sai dai ta ragu sosai bayan farfado da Alexandria. A cikin karni na 19, sanannen wurin yawon shakatawa ne na Biritaniya, wanda aka san shi da gidajen Ottoman, itatuwan citrus da tsaftar dangi.James Talboys Wheeler, The geography of Herodotus, 1854, p. 363

Asali
Wataƙila sunan garin ya fito ne daga sunan Larabci Rašīd (ma'ana "jagora") kuma an rubuta shi kuma an lalata shi ta hanyoyi da yawa - 'Yan Salibiyya ne suka yi amfani da sunan Rexi a Tsakiyar Zamani da Rosetta ko Rosette ( "Little Rose" a cikin Italiyanci da Faransanci) Faransawa sun yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin Napoleon Bonaparte a Masar. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ba da sunansa ga Dutsen Rosetta (Faransanci: Pierre de Rosette), wanda sojojin Faransa suka same shi a kusa da Fort Julien a shekarar 1799.)

Wasu malaman sun yi imanin cewa, babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa sunan birnin ya fito daga Masar, kuma sigar 'yan Koftik ϯⲣⲁϣⲓⲧ shi ne kawai rubutaccen sunan Larabci. Wasu suna jayayya cewa ana iya samo shi daga tsohuwar Masarawa: rꜣ-šdı͗, lit. 'bakin da aka tona (na Kogin Nilu)' da kuma cewa sunan tsohon ne.

Tarihi
A cikin Antiquity an yi bikin Bolbitine don kera karusai.

Iban Haqal ya ambace shi kuma ya ce birni ne da ke kan kogin Nilu, kusa da tekun gishiri daga wani rami da ake kira Ashtum (Ancient Greek: Στόμα “baki, estuary”). Haka nan kuma an ambace shi a cikin yawon shakatawa na Al-Mushtaq, an bayyana shi a matsayin gari mai wayewa mai kasuwa, 'yan kasuwa da ma'aikata, kuma yana da gonaki, amfanin gona, alkama da sha'ir, kuma yana da kalmomi masu kyau, kuma yana da dabino da jika da yawa. 'ya'yan itatuwa, kuma yana da nau'in kifin kifi da nau'in kifi daga teku mai gishiri da yawancin kifi indigo.

Duk da kamanceceniya da Rashid da Damietta suke da shi a matsayinsu na yanki da gudanarwa a tsawon shekaru kuma a matsayinsu na muhimmin birni na bakin teku,سعيد عبد الفناح عاشور، مصر في العصور الوسطى، ـــــ، القاهرة، 1970، صـ: 404. Rashid bai taka rawar gani ba, mai tasiri idan aka kwatanta da rawar da Damietta ta taka a farkon mulkin Musulunci na Larabawa, musamman ga kusancin Rashid da wurin Alexandria, wanda shine birni na farko na bakin teku a Masar kuma ya shafi Rashid da matsayinsa. Haka nan yankin noma a Rashid yana da iyaka sosai, kuma yaduwar yashi zuwa yammacin birnin da biranensa na da matukar tasiri ga birnin da noma; A sakamakon haka, Rashid ya rabu da shi sau da yawa daga mazaunansa kuma suka nemi mafaka a Fuwwah, a kudu.محمد طاهر الصادق ومحمد حسام إسماعيل، مرجع سابق، صـ: 39.

Abin da a yanzu aka fi sani da Rosetta shi ne tungar Banu Umayyawa a shekara ta 749, lokacin da aka kore shi a lokacin tawayen Bashmuric..جمال الدين أبي المحاسن يوسف بن تغري بردي الأتابكي، النجوم الزاهرة في ملوك مصر والقاهرة: الجزء 15، الهيئة العامة لقصور الثقافة، القاهرة، صـ: 334. A cikin shekarun 850 ne khalifan Abbasiyawa Al-Mutawakkil ya ba da umarnin a gina katafaren katafaren gini a wurin birnin Ptolemaic na Bolbitine, kuma birnin na tsakiyar zamani ya girma a kewayen wannan katanga..

Bayan kafuwar daular Fatimid a shekara ta 969, da kuma kafa birnin Alkahira a matsayin sabuwar hedkwatar kasar, kasuwancin kasashen ketare ya fara aiki wanda ba ya takaita ga Iskandariya kawai. Maimakon haka, Rashid da Damietta sun shiga cikinsa, musamman a farkon daular Fatimid, wanda ya sa al’ummar birni ta sake farawa.Peter Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254: Sources and Documents, Volume 16 of Crusade Texts in Translation, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009, p. 72

A zamanin daular Ayyubid, makwabciyarta Iskandariyya ta shaidi ayyukan kasuwanci da yawa sakamakon rangwamen da Ayyubid suka yi wa ’yan kasuwar Italiya, kuma kafin a sake share fage na Iskandariyya a shekara ta 1013 a zamanin Fatimid bisa umarnin Al-Hakim. bi-Amr Allah, wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɗa Alexandria zuwa birnin Fuwwah, kudu da Rashid da kuma kallon kogin Nilu. Kuma daga ta zuwa birnin Alkahira da sauran garuruwan Masar, kuma hakan ya haifar da bunkasuwar harkokin kasuwanci na Fuwwah, wanda ya shafi harkar kasuwanci ta Rashid, ta yadda a zamanin Mamluks Fuwwah ya zama ginshikin ciniki. cibiyoyin sadarwa a yankin.

A lokacin yakin Crusade na bakwai, Louis na IX na Faransa ya mamaye garin a takaice a cikin 1249. Bayan rugujewar Damietta a lokacin yakin ‘yan Salibiyya, Al-Zahir Baybars ya sake gina ta a shekara ta 1250. Duk da haka, saboda tsadar tsadar da ake kashewa wajen kare shi da katanga mai karfi da katangar da ba za a iya shiga ba, ya gina katanga a shekara ta 1262 don sa ido kan duk wani hari da zai iya zuwa. A zamanin mulkin Al-Nasir Muhammad, an sake tono mashigin tekun Iskandariya, don haka harkar kasuwanci ta kara habaka a Iskandariyya, har ta kai ga zama bakin babban birnin kasuwanci na Masar bayan Alkahira. Wannan ya fi yin mummunan tasiri ga Rashid, har Abu al-Fidaa ya lura a karni na sha uku cewa birnin ya fi bakinsa karami.

Rashid ya ba da gudummawa wajen kaddamar da yakin ruwa a lokacin mulkin Sultan Barbsay don mamaye tsibirin Cyprus kuma ya mai da shi karkashin ikon Masar a shekara ta 1426. Rashid kuma ya sha fama da hare-haren mayakan kiristoci da ke zaune a tsibirin Rhodes a zamanin mulkin sultan Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq. Sultan Jaqamq ya aika da wani katafaren runduna domin kare gabar ruwan Rashid. kuma ya ba da umarnin ƙarfafa ta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Sa'an nan kuma kursiyin ya zo Qaitbay kuma ya sabunta Rashid Towers a cikin 1479 kuma ya sabunta ginin, wanda aka sanya masa suna ya zuwa yanzu, ya gina katanga don kare birnin daga hare-haren. Gabaɗaya, Rashid yana da rawar tsaro tare da ɗan kasuwa.'

A karkashin Mamelukes, birnin ya zama cibiyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci, kuma ya kasance a duk tsawon mulkin Ottoman, har zuwa lokacin da aka sake farfado da muhimmancin Alexandria bayan gina tashar Mahmoudiyah a 1820. yakin, ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1807.

Geography
Birnin yana da tazarar kilomita 65 (mil 40) gabas da Alexandria, a cikin lardin Beheira na Masar.

Yanayi
Tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen-Geiger yana rarraba yanayinsa a matsayin hamada mai zafi (BWh), amma iska mai ƙarfi daga Tekun Bahar Rum yana daidaita yanayin zafi sosai, wanda ya saba da gaɓar tekun arewacin Masar, yana mai da lokacin bazara ya zama matsakaici da ɗanɗano, tare da lokacin sanyi mai laushi da matsakaici. jika lokacin da guguwa da ƙanƙara su ma suka zama ruwan dare.

Rafah, Alexandria, Abu Qir, Rosetta, Baltim, Kafr el-Dawwar da Mersa Matruh sune wuraren da suka fi ruwan sanyi a Masar.
Rafah, Alexandria, Abu Qir, Rosetta, Baltim, Kafr el-Dawwar and Mersa Matruh are the wettest places in Egypt.

Adadin Mutane
Yawan mutanen Rosetta ya karu tun a shekarun 1980, kamar haka:

 1983: 36,711 (kimanin)
 1986: 51,789
 1996: 58,432

Hotuna

Manazarta