Bioclogging

Bioclogging ko clogging na halitta yana nufin toshe sararin samaniya a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar microbial biomass, gami da sel masu aiki da kayan su kamar su extracellular polymeric abu (EPS). Kwayoyin halittu masu ƙwayoyin cuta suna toshe sararin samaniya, suna haifar da wani nau'i mai hana ruwa a cikin ƙasa kuma suna rage yawan ruwa.

Bioclogging yana faruwa ne a karkashin ci gaba da shiga cikin tafki a yanayi daban-daban na filin kamar tafkuna na wucin gadi, ramuka na ruwa, tashoshin ban ruwa, tsarin kula da datti, wuraren da aka gina, wuraren zubar da shara da tsarin halitta kamar kogin da ƙasa. Har ila yau, yana shafar kwararar ruwa a cikin ruwa, kamar famfo na zafi na ƙasa, shingen da ke iya shiga, da haɓaka man fetur. Bioclogging babbar matsala ce inda aka hana shigar da ruwa kuma matakan da suka dace kamar bushewa na yau da kullun na tsarin na iya rage matakan bioclogging. Koyaya, bioclogging na iya ba da amfanin dalilai a takamaiman yanayi. Misali, ana iya amfani da bioclogging don yin wani nau'i mai hana ruwa don rage yawan shiga ko don inganta kayan aikin injiniya na ƙasa.

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya. 

 Canji a cikin permeability tare da lokaci. 
Ana lura da ƙuntataccen ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin raguwar ƙimar shiga. An lura da raguwar shigarwa a ƙarƙashin shigarwa a cikin shekarun 1940 don nazarin shigar da tafkuna na wucin gadi da ruwa ke yaduwa a kan ƙasa. Allison ya bayyana  cewa lokacin da ake ci gaba da nutsewa a cikin ruwa, permeability ko saturated hydraulic conductivity canzawa a cikin matakai masu mahimmanci 3:

 Bayan fara gwajin filin ko dakin gwaje-gwaje, ƙarancin ƙarancin ya ragu zuwa mafi ƙaranci. A kan ƙasa mai zurfi wannan raguwa na farko karami ne, ko babu shi, amma ga ƙasa mai zurfin ruwa, ƙarancin ruwa yana raguwa na kwanaki 10 zuwa 20 mai yiwuwa saboda canje-canje na jiki a cikin tsarin ƙasa.
 Permeability yana ƙaruwa saboda narkar da iska da aka kama a cikin ƙasa a cikin ruwa mai narkewa.
 Permeability yana raguwa na makonni 2 zuwa 4 saboda rushewar aggregates da ƙuƙwalwar halittu na ƙwayoyin ƙasa tare da ƙwayoyin microbial da samfuran su, slimes, ko polysaccharides.

Wannan bayanin ya dogara ne akan gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar a wannan lokacin, kuma ainihin tsarin bioclogging ya dogara da yanayin tsarin, kamar wadatar mai karɓar abinci mai gina jiki da na lantarki, ƙaddamar da ƙirar microbial biofilm, yanayin farko, da dai sauransu. Musamman, matakai 3 ba lallai bane su bambanta a kowane yanayin filin bioclogging; lokacin da mataki na biyu bai bayyana ba, kuma permeability kawai yana ci gaba da raguwa.

 Nau'o'i daban-daban na bioclogging 
Canjin a cikin permeability tare da lokaci ya dogara da yanayin filin kuma akwai dalilai daban-daban don canji a cikin hydraulic conductivity,  gami da jiki (tsayawa mai ƙarfi, rushewar tsari, da dai sauransu), sunadarai (rugujewa da kumburi na barbashi na yumɓu), da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da halittu (kamar yadda aka jera a ƙasa). Yawancin lokaci bioclogging yana nufin na farko daga cikin masu zuwa, yayin da bioclogging a cikin ma'anar da ta fi girma yana nufin duk abubuwan da ke biyowa.

 Bioclogging ta jikin kwayoyin halitta (kamar ƙwayoyin cutaƙwayoyin cuta="#mwt27" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" algae  da fungus  [5]) da kuma kayan aikin su kamar su extracellular polymeric abu (EPS)  (wanda ake kira slime), wanda ke samar da biofilm [4] [5] ko microcolony aggregation [5] a kan barbashi na ƙasa sune abubuwan da ke haifar da kai tsaye na raguwar ruwa.
 Rashin kumfa na gas kamar methane  wanda aka samar da kwayoyin cuta masu samar da methane sun toshe ramin ƙasa kuma suna taimakawa wajen rage hawan ruwa. Kamar yadda iskar gas kuma samfurin microbial ne, ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin bioclogging.
 Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙarfe suna motsa sa aka ajiye ferric oxyhydroxide wanda zai iya haifar da toshewar ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa. Wannan wani dalili ne na halitta na kai tsaye na raguwar hydraulic conductivity.

Bioclogging galibi ana lura da shi a cikin yanayi mai cike da abubuwa, amma ana nazarin bioclogging a cikin yanayin da ba a cika ba.

 Binciken filin. 

 Matsalar filin da matakan da za a iya magance su 
Bioclogging wani muhimmin batu ne a cikin tsarin muhalli da ruwa na wucin gadi. Ga wasu takamaiman matsalolin filin da suka shafi bioclogging da kuma yiwuwar matakan da suka dace.

 Bioclogging yawanci yana faruwa ne yayin ci gaba da shiga ciki tafkuna a wurare kamar tafkunan sake caji na wucin gadi  da rami.  Rage yawan shigarwa saboda bioclogging a cikin shigarwa yana rage ingancin irin waɗannan tsarin. Don rage tasirin bioclogging, gyaran ruwa don rage Abubuwan da aka dakatar, abubuwan gina jiki, da carbon na halitta na iya zama dole. Kashewa na yau da kullun da cirewa ta jiki na Layer na toshewa na iya zama ingantaccen matsakaici.
 Hakazalika, filayen magudanar ruwa suna da saukin kamuwa da bioclogging da farko saboda ci gaba da gudana na Ruwa mai guba jiki. Abubuwan kwayoyin da ke haifar da bioclogging a cikin tankin septic wani lokacin ana kiransu biomat. Shirya ruwa ta hanyar tacewa ko rage nauyin tsarin na iya jinkirta gazawar tsarin ta hanyar bioclogging. Tsarin tace yashi mai saurin gudu yana fama da bioclogging. Baya ga matakan da aka ambata a sama, ana iya yin aiki da tsaftacewa ko wanke yashi don cire fim ɗin biofilm da dawo da yashi.
 A cikin tsarin kogin, bioclogging na iya yin tasiri sosai ga sake caji, musamman a yankuna masu bushe inda koguna suka rasa sun zama ruwan dare. A sakamakon bioclogging, haɗin tsakanin ruwa na sama da ruwa na ƙasa a cikin tsarin kogi yana da tasiri. Ci gaban wani biofilm-induced clogging layer na iya haifar da disconnection, canza yanayin ruwa na halitta tsakanin koguna da aquifers.
 Bioclogging kuma damuwa ne a cikin aquifers, musamman lokacin da aka cire ruwa ta hanyar rijiyoyin ruwa a ƙasa da teburin ruwa. A cikin watanni da shekaru na ci gaba da aiki na rijiyoyin ruwa, suna iya nuna raguwa a hankali a cikin aikin saboda bioclogging ko wasu hanyoyin toshewa. Bioclogging na iya shafar aiki mai ɗorewa na famfo na zafi na ƙasa. Hanyoyi na yau da kullun don magance bioclogging sun haɗa da amfani da phosphate, wani abu mai mahimmanci don biofilms na ƙarfe-bacteria, da kuma amfani da chlorine da fungicides don magance matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta. Backwashing wata hanya ce ta yau da kullun don magance toshewa gabaɗaya, gami da bioclogging.[11]

 Fa'idodi 
A wasu mahalli, bioclogging yana da tasiri sosai ga tsarin ruwa. Ga wasu misalai.

 Bioclogging yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rufe ƙasan tafkunan daidaitawa don maganin ruwan sharar gida. Hakazalika, ana iya yin allurar rigakafin hanyoyin ban ruwa don kula da ruwa tare da algae da ƙwayoyin cuta don inganta bioclogging don rage asarar ruwa.
 Juyawa zuwa kayan kwalliya, kamar kayan kwalliya na yumɓu, bioclogging ya fito ne a matsayin wani abu mai fa'ida. Ana amfani da layin yumɓu a cikin zubar da shara don rage gurɓataccen yanayi daga zubar da ƙasa zuwa yanayin ƙasa da ke kewaye. Gudanar da ruwa na yumbu ya zama ƙasa da ƙimar asali saboda ƙarancin halittu, wanda ke haifar da microorganism a cikin leachate da sararin samaniya a cikin yumbu.
 Bioclogging abu ne na yau da kullun a cikin wuraren da aka gina  waɗanda aka tsara don magance ruwa daban-daban da aka gurbata., Musamman, a cikin wuraren da ke da ruwa tare da kwarara a kwance, hanyoyin kwarara da suka fi dacewa da guje wa ɓangaren da aka toshe na iya inganta ingancin tsarin magani.
 Tsarin biofilm yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bioremediation,  musamman a cikin kula da gurɓataccen ruwa mai zurfi. An kafa shingen da ke iya shiga  don ƙunshe da kwararar ruwa ta hanyar bioclogging da kuma lalata gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta.  Ya kamata a bincika kwararar gurbataccen abu a hankali saboda hanyar da ta fi dacewa a cikin shingen na iya rage ingancin gyaran.
 A cikin hakar man fetur, ana amfani da ingantaccen fasahar dawo da man fetur don kara yawan hakar man daga filayen mai. Ruwan da aka yi wa allura yana kawar da mai a cikin tafkin wanda ake kaiwa ga rijiyoyin dawowa. Kamar yadda tafkin ba daidai ba ne a cikin permeability, ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi yana wucewa ta cikin wani yanki mai zurfi kuma ba ya wucewa ta yankin da mai ya kasance. A cikin wannan halin, ana iya amfani da fasahar gyaran bayanan ƙwayoyin cuta,  wanda ke yin allurar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin babban yanki mai shiga don inganta bioclogging. Wani nau'i ne na ingantaccen man fetur na microbial.
 Halin da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin aikin injiniya na geotechnical  yana ƙarƙashin bincike, musamman don inganta kayan aikin ƙasa. Wannan ya haɗa da dabarun kamar rage porosity da hydraulic conductivity, da haɓaka ƙarfin shear ta hanyar biocementation, don haka inganta ƙasa don gini da aikace-aikacen muhalli.

 Dubi kuma. 

 Biofilm
 Gudanar da ruwa
 Jirgin zubar da shara
 Karfafa dawo da man fetur na ƙwayoyin cuta
 Tankin Septic
 Matar yashi mai saurin gudu

 Manazarta 
An gabatar da wannan labarin zuwaWikiJournal na Kimiyyadon wajeBinciken takwarorinsu na ilimia cikin 2023 (rahotanni na mai bitaRashin amfani da shi An sake sabunta abubuwan da ke cikin shafin Wikipedia a ƙarƙashinCC-BY-SA-3.0lasisi (2024Rashin amfani da shi Sashe na rikodin kamar yadda aka sake dubawa shine:.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}Katsutoshi Seki; da sauransu (14 Fabrairu 2024).  "Bioclogging"  (PDF) . WikiJournal na Kimiyya. 7 (1): 1. Rubuce-rubuce na 10.15347/WJS/2024.002. ISSN 2470-6345.  Wikidata Q116782181. 20x20px
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