OpenVMS

OpenVMS, sau da yawa ana kiranta kawai VMS,  mai amfani da yawa ne, tsarin aiki mai sarrafawa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. An tsara shi don tallafawa raba lokaci, sarrafa rukuni, sarrafa ma'amala da aikace-aikacen tashar aiki. Abokan ciniki da ke amfani da OpenVMS sun haɗa da bankunan da sabis na kuɗi, asibitoci da kiwon lafiya, masu aiki da sadarwa, sabis na bayanai na cibiyar sadarwa, da masana'antun masana'antu. A cikin shekarun 1990s da 2000s, akwai kusan rabin tsarin VMS miliyan da ke aiki a duk duniya.

It was first announced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) as VAX/VMS (Virtual Address eXtension/Virtual Memory System) alongside the VAX-11/780 minicomputer in 1977. OpenVMS has subsequently been ported to run on DEC Alpha systems, the Itanium-based HPE Integrity Servers, and select x86-64 hardware and hypervisors. Since 2014, OpenVMS is developed and supported by VMS Software Inc. (VSI). OpenVMS offers high availability through clustering—the ability to distribute the system over multiple physical machines. This allows clustered applications and data to remain continuously available while operating system software and hardware maintenance and upgrades are performed, or if part of the cluster is destroyed. VMS cluster uptimes of 17 years have been reported.

 Tarihi 

 Asalin da canje-canje na suna 
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1975, Kamfanin Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Dijital ya fara aikin tsara tsawo na 32-bit zuwa layin kwamfutar PDP-11. Sashe na kayan aiki shine lambar da ake kira Star; tsarin aiki shine lambar mai suna Starlet. Roger Gourd shine jagoran aikin VMS. Injiniyoyin software Dave Cutler, Dick Hustvedt, da Peter Lipman sun yi aiki a matsayin shugabannin aikin fasaha. Ayyukan Star da Starlet sun ƙare a cikin kwamfutar VAX-11/780 da tsarin aiki na VAX / VMS. Sunan lambar aikin Starlet ya tsira a cikin VMS da sunan ɗakunan karatu da yawa, gami da STARLET.OLB da STARLET.STARLET.MLB .  An rubuta VMS galibi a cikin VAX MACRO tare da wasu abubuwan da aka rubuta a cikin BLISS.

Ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na asali na VMS shine Jituwa a baya tare da tsarin aiki na RSX-11M na DEC.  Kafin fitowar V3.0, VAX / VMS sun haɗa da Layer mai jituwa mai suna RSX Application Migration Executive (RSX AME) wanda ya ba da damar yanayin mai amfani RSX-11M software don gudana ba tare da canzawa ba a saman VMS. RSX AME ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon nau'ikan VAX / VMS, wanda ya yi amfani da wasu kayan aikin mai amfani na RSX-11M kafin a haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikanVAX.[1] Ta hanyar fitowar V3.0, an maye gurbin duk kayan aikin yanayin jituwa tare da aiwatarwa na asali. A cikin VAX / VMS V4.0, an cire RSX AME daga tsarin tushe, kuma an maye gurbinsa da samfurin zaɓi mai suna VAX-11 RSX . 
An kirkiro rarrabawar VAX / VMS da yawa:

 MicroVMS rarraba ne na VAX / VMS wanda aka tsara don MicroVAX da kayan aikin VAXstation, wanda ke da ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sararin faifai fiye da manyan tsarin VAX na lokacin. MicroVMS ya raba VAX / VMS zuwa kayan aiki da yawa, wanda abokin ciniki zai iya amfani da shi don shigar da wani sashi na VAX / VS wanda aka daidaita zuwa takamaiman bukatun su. An samar da fitowar MicroVMS ga kowane fitowar V4.x na VAX / VMS kuma an dakatar da shi lokacin da aka saki VAX / VS V5.0.
 Desktop-VMS wani ɗan gajeren rarraba ne na VAX / VMS da aka sayar tare da tsarin VAXstation. Ya kunshi CD-ROM guda ɗaya wanda ke dauke da kunshin VMS, DECwindows, DECnet, tallafin VAXcluster, da kuma tsarin saitawa da aka tsara don masu amfani da ba na fasaha ba. Desktop-VMS za a iya gudanar da shi kai tsaye daga CD ko kuma a iya shigar da shi a kan rumbun kwamfutarka. Desktop-VMS yana da nasa tsarin fasalin farawa da V1.0, wanda ya dace da fitowar V5.x na VMS. 
 An kirkiro wani nau na VAX / VMS wanda ba a san shi ba mai suna MOS VP (Russian Multifunctional operational system with virtual memory МОС ВП, lit.  Operating System with Virtual Memory')  a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a cikin shekarun 1980s don layin SM 1700 na kayan aikin clone VAX.   MOS VP ya kara tallafi ga Rubutun Cyrillic kuma ya fassara sassan mai amfani zuwa Rasha. An kuma kirkiro irin wannan kayan MicroVMS da aka sani da MicroMOS VP (Russian) ko MOS-32M (Russan: МОС-32М).:_containing_Russian-language_text" id="mwtQ" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>

Tare da sakin V5.0 a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1988, DEC ta fara komawa VAX / VMS a matsayin kawai VMS a cikin takardun ta. A watan Yulin 1992,  DEC ta sake masa suna VAX / VMS zuwa OpenVMS a matsayin alamar goyon bayanta ga ka'idodin masana'antar bude tsarin kamar POSIX da jituwa na Unix,  da kuma sauke haɗin VAX tun lokacin da aka fara ƙaura zuwa wani gine-gine daban. An fara amfani da sunan OpenVMS tare da fitowar OpenVMS AXP V1.0 a watan Nuwamba 1992. DEC ta fara amfani da sunan OpenVMS VAX tare da sakin V6.0 a watan Yunin 1993. 

Tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Alpha 
A cikin shekarun 1980s, DEC ta shirya maye gurbin dandalin VAX da tsarin aiki na VMS tare da gine-ginen PRISM da tsarin aiki ya MICA.  Lokacin da aka soke waɗannan ayyukan a cikin 1988, an kafa ƙungiyar don tsara sabbin tsarin VAX / VMS na kwatankwacin aikin RISC-based Unix systems. Bayan da aka yi ƙoƙari da yawa don tsara mai sarrafawa mai dacewa da VAX, ƙungiyar ta nuna yiwuwar ɗaukar VMS da aikace-aikacensa zuwa tsarin RISC wanda ya dogara da PRISM. Wannan ya haifar da kirkirar gine-ginen Alfa. Aikin zuwa tashar VMS zuwa Alpha ya fara ne a shekarar 1989, kuma ya fara farawa a kan samfurin Alpha EV3-based Alpha Demonstration Unit a farkon 1991.  [3]

Babban ƙalubalen da ke tattare da VMS zuwa sabon gine-gine shi ne cewa an tsara VMS da VAX tare, ma'ana cewa VMS ya dogara da wasu bayanai game da gine-ginen VAX. Bugu da ƙari, an aiwatar da adadi mai yawa na VMS kernel, samfuran da aka tsara, da aikace-aikacen da aka haɓaka a cikin lambar taron VAX MACRO. Wasu daga cikin canje-canjen da ake buƙata don rarraba VMS daga gine-ginen VAX sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar mai tarawa na MACRO-32, wanda ya bi da VAX MACRO a matsayin harshe mai girma, kuma ya tattara shi zuwa lambar abu ta Alpha,  da kuma kwaikwayon wasu ƙananan bayanai na gine-ginin VAX a cikin PALcode, kamar sarrafawa da umarnin layi na atom.

Tashar jiragen ruwa ta VMS zuwa Alpha ta haifar da kirkirar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga guda biyu - ɗaya don VAX, da kuma Alpha. Laburaren lambar Alpha ya dogara ne akan hoto na tushen lambar VAX / VMS a kusa da V5.4-2 . 1992 ya ga sakin sigar farko ta OpenVMS don tsarin Alpha AXP, wanda aka sanya OpenVMS AXP V1.0. A cikin shekarar 1994, tare da sakin OpenVMS V6.1, fasalin (da lambar sigar) daidaito tsakanin bambance-bambance na VAX da Alpha an cimma shi, wannan shine abin da ake kira Functional Equivalence release.[2] Shawarwarin yin amfani da 1.x version numbering stream don pre-production quality releases na OpenVMS AXP ya haifar da rikicewa ga wasu abokan ciniki, kuma ba a maimaita shi a cikin sakonnin OpenVMS na gaba zuwa sabbin dandamali.

Lokacin da aka canza VMS zuwa Alpha, an fara barin shi azaman tsarin aiki na 32-bit kawai. An yi wannan ne don tabbatar da jituwa da baya tare da software da aka rubuta don VAX 32-bit. An fara ƙara adireshin 64-bit don Alpha a cikin fitowar V7.0. Don ba da damar lambar 64-bit don yin aiki tare da tsohuwar lambar 32-bit, OpenVMS ba ya haifar da bambanci tsakanin 32-bit da 64-bit masu aiwatarwa, amma a maimakon haka yana ba da damar amfani da maɓallan 32-bit da 64bit a cikin wannan lambar. Wannan an san shi da goyon bayan maɓallin maɓallin. Sakamakon 64-bit OpenVMS Alpha yana tallafawa matsakaicin girman sararin adireshin 8TiB (sararin adireshin 43-bit), wanda shine matsakaicin tallafin Alpha 21064 da Alpha 21164. 

Ɗaya daga cikin siffofin Alpha-kawai na OpenVMS shine OpenVMS Galaxy - wanda ya ba da damar rarraba uwar garken SMP guda ɗaya don gudanar da lokuta da yawa na OpenVms. Galaxy ta goyi bayan rarraba albarkatun da ke gudana don rarraba bangarori, da kuma ikon raba ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tsakanin bangarori.

Tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Intel Itanium 
A shekara ta 2001, kafin Hewlett-Packard ta saye shi, Compaq ta sanar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta OpenVMS zuwa gine-ginen Intel Itanium. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Itanium ta kasance sakamakon shawarar da Compaq ta yanke na dakatar da ci gaban gaba na gaba na gine-ginen Alpha don amincewa da sabon gine-ginin Itanium na lokacin. An fara ɗaukar hoto a ƙarshen shekara ta 2001, kuma ta farko ta faru ne a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2003. Farkon farawa ya kunshi farawa da tsarin tsarin tsarin a kan tashar aiki ta HP i2000, shiga a matsayin mai amfani da SYSTEM, da kuma gudanar da umarnin DIRECTORY. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Itanium ta OpenVMS tana tallafawa takamaiman samfuran da saitunan Sabobin Aminci na HPE .  An fara amfani da sakonnin Itanium da sunan HP OpenVMS Industry Standard 64 don Sabobin Aminci, kodayake ana amfani da sunayen OpenVMS I64 ko OpenVMS don Sabobin Aminci.

An kammala tashar jiragen ruwa ta Itanium ta amfani da lambar tushe da aka kiyaye a cikin ɗakin karatu na OpenVMS Alpha, tare da ƙarin lambar da aka ƙayyade da ƙarin ƙididdigar inda ake buƙatar canje-canje na musamman ga Itanium. Wannan ya buƙaci wasu abubuwan da suka dogara da gine-gine na OpenVMS don maye gurbin su, ko kuma a yi koyi da su a cikin software. Wasu daga cikin canje-canjen sun haɗa da amfani da Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) don farawa tsarin aiki, sake aiwatar da aikin da Alpha PALcode ya bayar a baya a cikin kernel, ta amfani da sabbin tsarin fayil ɗin da za'a iya aiwatar da su (Executable and Linkable Format da DWARF), da kuma karɓar IEEE 754 a matsayin tsarin ma'anar iyo.

Kamar yadda yake tare da VAX zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Alpha, an samar da mai fassara na biyu don Alpha zuwa Itanium, yana ba da damar yanayin mai amfani OpenVMS Alpha software don a ɗauka zuwa Itanium a yanayin da ba zai yiwu a sake tara lambar tushe ba. Wannan mai fassara an san shi da Alpha Environment Software Translator (AEST), kuma yana tallafawa fassarar VAX executables wanda ya riga ya fassara tare da VEST.

An fitar da sakonni biyu, OpenVMS I64 V8.0 da V8.1, a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2003, kuma a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2003. Wadannan sakonni an yi su ne don kungiyoyin HP da masu siyarwa na ɓangare na uku da ke da alaƙa da ɗaukar kunshin software zuwa OpenVMS I64. An saki fitowar farko, V8.2, a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2005. An kuma saki V8.2 don Alpha, sakonnin V8.x na gaba na OpenVMS sun ci gaba da daidaita fasalin tsakanin gine-ginen Alpha da Itanium.

 Tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa x86-64 
Lokacin da VMS Software Inc. (VSI) ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun sami haƙƙin haɓaka tsarin aiki na OpenVMS daga HP, sun kuma sanar da niyyar su tashar OpenVMS zuwa gine-ginen x86-64.  Kokarin tashar ya gudana tare da kafa kamfanin, da kuma ci gaban VSI ta Itanium da Alpha na OpenVMS V8.4-x.
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