Kwayar cuta ta jihar

kwayar cuta ce ta jihar da ake amfani da ita azaman alamar hukuma. Jihohi da yawa na Amurka sun girmama microorganisms ta hanyar zabar su don zama alamomin hukuma. Jiha ta farko da ta ayyana Microbe na hukuma ita ce Oregon wanda ya zaɓi Saccharomyces cerevisiae (mai shayarwa ko Yisti na mai yin burodi) a matsayin Microbe na Ofishin Jihar Oregon a cikin 2013 saboda muhimmancinsa ga masana'antar giya a Oregon. Ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan farko na Microbes na Jiha shine masanin ilimin halittu Moselio Schaechter, wanda, a cikin 2010, ya yi sharhi a kan Official Microbes for the American Society for Microbiology's blog "Small Things Considered" da kuma a kan National Public Radio's "All Things Considered".  

 Wisconsin 2009: Lactococcus lactis, wanda aka gabatar, ba a wuce ba 
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009, Majalisar Dokoki 556 wacce ta ba da shawarar sanya Lactococcus lactis a matsayin kwayar cutar jihar Wisconsin ta gabatar da ita ta hanyar Wakilan Hebl, Vruwink, Williams, Pasch, Danou, da Fields; Sanata Taylor ne ya tallafawa. Kodayake dokar ta wuce Majalisar 56 zuwa 41, Majalisar Dattijai ba ta aiwatar da ita ba. AB 556 da aka gabatar kawai ya bayyana cewa Lactococcus lactis shine Microbe na Jiha kuma ya kamata a haɗa shi a cikin Wisconsin Blue Book,  wani almanac wanda ke dauke da bayanai game da jihar Wisconsin, wanda Ofishin Gudanar da Dokokin Wisconsin ya buga.
An gabatar da Lactococcus lactis a matsayin Microbe na Jiha saboda muhimmiyar gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar cuku a Wisconsin. Wisconsin ita ce mafi girma mai samar da cuku a Amurka, tana samar da fam biliyan 3.1 na cuku, 26% na duk cuku a US, a cikin fiye da 600 iri (bayanai na 2017). 

Lactococcus lactis yana da mahimmanci don ƙera cuku kamar Cheddar, Colby, cuku cottage, cuku cream, Camembert, Roquefort, da Brie, da sauran kayan madara kamar man shanu, buttermilk, sour cream, da kefir. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don yisti na kayan lambu kamar cucumber pickles da sauerkraut . 

 Hawai' 2013-14: Flavobacterium akiainvivens da / ko Aliivibrio fischeri 
A watan Janairun 2013, wakilin jihar James Tokioka ne ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta 293; lissafin da aka gabatar ya sanya Flavobacterium akiainvivens a matsayin Microbe na Jihar Hawaii'i'i. An gano kwayar cuta a kan wani shrub na ''Akiya mai lalacewa ta Iris Kuo, dalibi na makarantar sakandare da ke aiki tare da Stuart Donachie a Jami'ar Hawai'i a Manoa. Halin Hawai' yana da ƙarfi a nan saboda shrub din ' (Wikstroemia oahuensis) asalin Hawai' ne, kuma an fara samun kwayar cuta (Flavobacterium akiainvivens)  a Hawai'. Tsohon mutanen Hawaii sun yi amfani da ita don magani, yadi da kuma kama kifi, yayin da kwayar cutar na iya samun kaddarorin maganin rigakafi.
Kodayake majalisar ta fi so, dokar Flavobacterium akiainvivens ta kasa samun sauraro a Kwamitin Fasaha da Fasaha na Majalisar Dattijai (TEC) kuma ba za ta iya ci gaba da jefa kuri'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba.
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, Sanata Glenn Wakai ne ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisar Dattijai 3124; lissafin ya sanya Aliivibrio fischeri a matsayin Microbe na Jihar Hawai'. Sanata Wakai ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha da Fasaha na Majalisar Dattijai wanda ya rushe dokar Flavobacterium. An zaɓi Aliivibrio fischeri saboda yana zaune a cikin dangantaka ta symbiotic tare da asalin Hawai'ian bobtail squid, wanda ke ba da bioluminescence a kan squid, yana ba shi damar farauta da dare. Kodayake wannan misali ne mai ban mamaki na symbiosis, jayayya ta siyasa da kimiyya ta ɓarke saboda duk da cewa ana samun bobtail squid ne kawai a Hawai', ana iya samun Aliivibrio fischeri a wasu wurare.

Majalisar dokokin Hawai' da aka haɗu ba za ta iya yarda da wane kwayar cuta ta fi dacewa da Hawai' ba, kuma an watsar da dokar da aka gabatar.

Dokar da ke ba da shawarar ./Flavobacterium_akiainvivens" id="mwoA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Flavobacterium akiainvivens">Flavobacterium akiainvivens a matsayin kwayar cutar jihar an sake gabatar da ita a cikin 2017 (.

 Oregon 2013: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ya wuce 
Oregon ita ce jiha ta farko da ta ayyana Microbe na Jami'ar Jiha.
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013, Wakilin Mark Johnson ya gabatar da ƙuduri na 12 (HCR-12) a cikin Tsarin majalisa na Oregon; lissafin ya sanya Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yisti na mai shayarwa ko yisti na masu yin burodi) a matsayin Ofishin Microbe na Jihar Oregon. An zartar da lissafin ta hanyar kuri'a ɗaya a cikin House a ranar 11 ga Afrilu; an zartar da shi a Majalisar Dattijai ta hanyar kuriʼun 28 zuwa 2 a ranar 23 ga Mayu. Masu tallafawa matakin sune: Wakilan Dembrow, McLane, Vega Pederson, Whisnant, Williamson, da Sanatoci Hansell, Prozanski, da Thomsen.

HCR-12 ya fahimci tarihin Saccharomyces cerevisiae a cikin yin burodi da yin giya, godiya ga ikonsa na canza sukari mai narkewa zuwa ethanol da carbon dioxide. Mafi mahimmanci ga Oregon shine cewa kwayar cuta tana da mahimmanci ga samar da Abin sha mai barasa kamar Mead, ruwan inabi, giya, da ruhohi. Bugu da ƙari, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ya yi wahayi zuwa ga al'adun giya masu tasowa a Oregon, yana mai da Oregon sanannen cibiyar yin giya ta duniya. Kasuwancin yin giya na sana'a yana kawo Oregon dala biliyan 2.4 a kowace shekara, godiya ga masu yin giya yisti da masu yin giya masu basira.

 New Jersey 2017-2019: Streptomyces griseus, an sanya hannu a cikin doka Mayu 10, 2019 

 Gabatarwa 
An zaɓi Streptomyces griseus don girmamawa na zama New Jersey State Microbe saboda kwayar halitta 'yar asalin New Jersey ce wacce ta ba da gudummawa ta musamman ga kiwon lafiya da bincike na kimiyya a duk duniya. An gano wani nau'in S. griseus wanda ya samar da maganin rigakafi streptomycin a New Jersey a cikin "ƙasa mai cike da turare" daga New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station ta Albert Schatz a cikin 1943. Schatz A, Bugie E, Waksman SE. (1944). "Streptomycin, a Substance Exhibiting Antibiotic Activity Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 55: 66–69. Streptomycin yana da mahimmanci saboda shine: maganin rigakafi na farko da aka gano bayan penicillin; maganin rigakafin rigakafi da aka gano a Amurka; maganin rigakawa na farko da ke aiki akan tarin fuka; magani na farko don annoba. Bugu da ƙari, New Jersey ita ce gidan Selman Waksman, wanda aka ba shi kyautar Nobel a fannin ilimin lissafi ko magani don nazarin tsarinsa na samar da maganin rigakafi ta hanyar S. griseus da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta."The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-11-16.

 Ayyukan Shari'a 
A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2017, New Jersey Senate">Sanata Samuel D. Thompson (R-12) ne ya gabatar da Dokar Majalisar Dattijai 3190 (S3190); lissafin ya sanya Streptomyces griseus a matsayin Microbe na Jihar New Jersey, don a kara shi ga Sauran alamomin jihar. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2017 'yar majalisa Annette Quijano (D-20) ta gabatar da Dokar Majalisar 4900 (A4900); lissafin kuma ya sanya S. griseus a matsayin Microbe na Jihar New Jersey, kuma ita ce takwaransa na Majalisar na S3190. 
A ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2017 (ranar haihuwar Dokta Robert Koch) Gwamnatin Majalisar Dattijai ta Jihar NJ ta amince da S3190. Kwamitin Kula da Tarihi, Yawon Bude Ido da Tarihi. Da yake magana a madadin Microbe na Jiha sune Dokta John Warhol, Douglas Eveleigh,  da Max Haggblom.  A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 2018, cikakken Majalisar Dattijai ta New Jersey ta amince da ita (38 zuwa 0) S3190. Majalisar ba ta yi aiki a kan dokar Microbe ta Jiha ba.

Sanata Samuel Thompson (R-12) ne ya sake gabatar da dokar Microbe ta Jihar a Majalisar Dattijai ta New Jersey a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2018, lambar lissafin ita ce S1729. An sake gabatar da irin wannan doka a Majalisar New Jersey a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2018; lambar lissafin ita ce A3650. Dokar ta dauki nauyin Majalisar Dattijai Annette Quijano (D-20), ASW Patricia Jones (D-5), Majalisar Dattilai Arthur Barclay (D-5). ASM Eric Houghtaling (D-11), da ASW Joann Downey (D-11). 

A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2018, Majalisar Dattijai Bill S1729 ta amince da ita gaba ɗaya daga Gwamnatin Jihar NJ, Wagering, Yawon Bude Ido & Kwamitin Tsaro na Tarihi. A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2018, Majalisar Dattijai ta S1729 ta amince da ita (33 zuwa 0) ta cikakken Majalisar Dattijan New Jersey. Daga rijiyar Majalisar Dattijai, Sanata Thompson ya amince da kokarin masu ba da shawara na Microbe na Jiha John Warhol, Douglas Eveleigh, Jeff Boyd, da Jessica Lisa.

A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2018, Kwamitin Kimiyya, Innovation, da Fasaha na Majalisar ya amince da Dokar Majalisar A3650 tare. Masu ba da shaida a madadin Jihar Microbe sune Dokta John Warhol, Douglas Eveleigh, da Jeff Boyd .  A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Majalisar New Jersey ta amince da S1729/A3650 ta hanyar kuri'un 76 zuwa 0.

Zaben karshe a Majalisar Dattijai ya kasance a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2019.  Dokar ta wuce ta hanyar kuri'un 34 zuwa 0.

A ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2019, Gwamna Murphy ya sanya hannu kan S1729/A3650 don aiki. Wannan ya sanya New Jersey jihar ta biyu da ke da Ofishin Microbe, kuma ta farko da ke da Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin.
Manazarta
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