Ƙungiyar Qalawun

Gidan Qalawun (Arabic) babban gini ne mai ibada a Alkahira, Misira, wanda Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun ya gina daga 1284 zuwa 1285. Tana a Bayn al-Qasrayn a kan titin al-Mu'izz kuma kamar sauran gine-ginen ibada sun hada da asibiti (Bimaristan), madrasa da mausoleum. Duk da jayayya da ke kewaye da gininsa, wannan ginin an dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan tunawa na Alkahira ta Musulunci da kuma gine-ginen Mamluk, sananne ne saboda girman da kuma girman gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimin shari'a da ayyukan sadaka da kuma wadatar gine-giginta.

 Tarihi 

 Tarihin tarihi da asali 
An gina Gidan Qalawun a kan rushewar Fadar Yammacin Fatimid, tare da dakuna da yawa a cikin Fadar. Ya ɗauki Qalawun rabin shekaru goma don gina abin tunawa bayan ya karfafa mulkinsa kuma ya yi yaƙi da Mongols a Siriya. Tsarin yana cikin zuciyar Alkahira, a kan babbar titin Bayn al-Qasrayn, kuma ya kasance cibiyar muhimman bukukuwan addinin Islama da kotu da kuma al'adun ƙarni da yawa, daga daular Mamluk ta hanyar Daular Ottoman.

Wannan hadaddun yana daya daga cikin gine-ginen Mamluk da yawa waɗanda suka sanya Alkahira birni mai tasowa a ƙarni na 13 zuwa 16.  Yana daya daga cikin hadaddun ibada da yawa (cikakken hadaddun ayyuka da yawa sau da yawa da ke kewaye da kabarin mutane na addini ko masu tallafawa waɗanda suka haɗa da turbas ko hadaddun jana'iza, Khanqahs, da sauran gine-gine)  wanda ya yi amfani da dalilai da yawa ciki har da ɗaukaka mai kula ta hanyar nuna dukiyarsu, ibada, da halatta.

 Gine-gine da Rikici 
Gidan jana'izar Sultan al-Mansur Sayf al-Din Qalawun, gami da madrasa da mausoleum an ruwaito sun dauki watanni 13 don ginawa, kuma ana ginawa daga 1284 zuwa Agusta 1285.  Wannan gaskiyar tana da ban mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da girman da girman rikitarwa. Asibitin ya dauki kasa da watanni shida don kammalawa, mausoleum da madrasa kowannensu yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni huɗu. Sarkin 'Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Shuja'i al-Mansuri (عَلَمُ الدِّينِ سَنْجَرُ الشَّجَاعِي المَنْصُورِيَّ , Romanised: ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī), wanda saurin kammala wannan babban aikin ta hanyar hanyoyin haramtacciyar hanyar rikice-rikice da kuma haɗin kai mara kyau tare da abin tunawa. A cikin tarihin Al-Maqrīzī na abubuwan tunawa na Alkahira, ya ba da rahoton cewa an kammala ginin ta hanyar tilasta wa masu ginin, masu wucewa a yankin, da fursunonin yaki na Mongol, dukansu da aka ruwaito sun kasance ƙarƙashin "mugunta".  ga yin amfani da ayyukan aiki na zalunci, Sanjar ya kuma sami dukiya ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ya kori mazaunansu don kammala ginin. Hanyar da aka gina wannan hadaddun ta sa wasu malaman addini su yi kira ga kauracewa irin waɗannan hadaddun. Duk da jayayya da ke kewaye da gininsa, bayan an kammala shi, an dauki ginin a matsayin daya daga cikin kyawawan gine-gine a wannan lokacin, inda ya haɗa da makaranta (madrasa), asibiti (Bimaristan) da mausoleum, tare da dome mai rikitarwa. Masana tarihi sun yi iƙirarin cewa ginshiƙan da ke riƙe da tsarin mausoleum an yi su ne da dutse, marmara, da sauran kayan da aka karɓa daga fadar al-Salih (maigidan Qalawun) da kuma birni a Tsibirin Roda .  An gina ginin a matakai uku, inda aka kammala asibitin da farko, Mausoleum sannan a ƙarshe makarantar.Al-Pasha, H., Mawsu'at al-'Emara wa al-Athar wa al-Funun al-Islamiya [Encyclopaedia of the Architecture, Archaeology and the Arts of Islam], Cairo, 1999.

 Maidowa 
Bayan girgizar kasa a cikin 1302 wanda ya lalata gine-gine da yawa a Alkahira, al-Nasir Muhammad, ɗan kuma magajin Qalawun, ya sake gina ginin da minaret dinsa a cikin kamfen don dawo da masallatai da suka lalace. Wani maidowa ya zo ne lokacin da Abdul-Rahman Katkhuda, ya kirkiro Sabil na Ottoman a wancan gefen titin a shekara ta 1776. 

 Karni na 19 
Architect Pascal Coste ya yi amfani da hadaddun a matsayin daya daga cikin tushe don littafinsa Architecture arabe: ou Monuments du Kaire, mesurés et dessinés, daga 1818 zuwa 1825.  Coste ya yi aiki a cikin hadaddun daga Yuli 1817 a matsayin masanin ababen more rayuwa wanda Muhammad Ali ya hayar. Kamar yadda Eva-Maria Troelenberg ta gano, zane-zanen Coste sun nemi daidaitawa da bayyana kusurwoyin tsarin don sake tunanin ginin a matsayin sararin birni na zamani.

 Bayyanawa 

 Bayani na gaba ɗaya 
Ginin ya kunshi kabarin, madrasa, masallaci, da asibiti, an shirya su a kowane bangare na tsakiya mai tsawo. Bayan shiga ta hanyar karamin ƙofar da aka yi da doki, madrasa na gicciye yana gefen hagu tare da Iwans huɗu da aka shirya a kusa da kotun da aka buɗe tare da tafki a tsakiya. Tsawon sashi da ke biyowa yana goyan bayan Minaret da ke sama kuma an rufe shi da rufin katako, yana sa hasken abin tunawa ya yi duhu. Mausoleum, wanda ke da jikin Sultan Qalawun da ɗansa, al-Nasir, yana tsaye a gefen titi na hadaddun tsakanin hanyar shiga da madrasa na Sultan Barquq. Ganuwar qibla na mausoleum da addu'ar iwan dukansu suna kusa da titin. Asibitin ba ya ganuwa daga titin tunda yana bayan dogon sashi.

 Na waje 
Tsarin waje na hadaddun Qalawun yana da abubuwa da yawa na musamman a cikin gine-ginen Mamluk.Doris Behrens-Abouseif: Cairo of the Mamluks. London 2007 pag. 132–142, ISBN 978-1-84511-549-4 Gidan addu'a na madrasa yana aiki a cikin titi, yana tabbatar da muhimmancin hadaddun. Minaret mai hawa uku na Madrasa, wanda aka sanya shi musamman kusa da ƙofar ginin, yana da cornice na papyrus wanda ke komawa ga mulkin Fir'auna, yana aiki don halatta mulkin Mamluk. Gidan da ke da tsawon mita 67 na hadaddun yana nuna kamanceceniya da Gothic ko Crusader styles.   An gina bangon ta amfani da tubalan Ashlar kuma ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bangarori masu kaifi waɗanda suka haɗu don rufe windows guda ɗaya. Ƙofar ƙofar ginin ta ƙunshi ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa wanda ke kewaye da ƙuƙwasawa mai kaifi tare da voussoirs masu laushi, spandrels tare da zane-zane na lissafi, da taga mai laushi biyu tare da oculus. Oculus da taga da aka haɗa abubuwa ne da aka maimaita a ƙofar ƙofar mausoleum, wanda aka yi wa ado da kayan kwalliya. Gilashin wannan hadaddun suna buɗewa kuma an gasa su wanda ke ba da damar yin addu'o'i da karatun Alkur'ani daga ginin a duk rana.Gidan madrasa da mausoleum sun kara haɗawa da rubutun zinariya na wanda ya kafa ginin da kuma muhimman ranakun a lokacin da aka kaddamar da ginin.

 Cikin gida 
Mausoleum da madrasa suna gefen juna a cikin wani gangara yayin da asibitin yake a ƙarshen wannan gangara, wanda ke kaiwa ga kotun rectangular. Akwai iwans da yawa a cikin hadaddun a cikin wannan farfajiyar da kuma farfajiwar asibitin. An yi wa ganuwar ciki ado da marmara mosaic da zane-zane yayin da aka yi wa rufin ado da kayan ado na katako. An yi ado da bene tare da opus sectile, kuma an yi wa mihrab da aka yi wa ado da gilashin mosaic.

 Masallacin 
Mausoleum din yana dauke da gawarwakin Sultan Qalawun da dansa, al-Nasir Mohammed .  Mausoleum ya kunshi babban rectangle wanda ya hada da matakai huɗu da ginshiƙai huɗu, an shirya su don samar da octagon wanda ke da babban drum wanda aka ɗora shi da dome. Axis na mausoleum ya dace da bay mai faɗi kusa da ƙofar wanda ke tsara taga ɗaya kawai kuma ƙananan ɓangaren ya dace da baya na mihrab. Ginshiƙan suna da manyan biranen Koranti kuma sama da su yana gudana a ci gaba da gyaran ogee. Mita a sama da ginshiƙan shine ƙungiyar rubutun da aka rubuta lokacin da aka nada EmĪr Gamāl ad-Dīn Aqqūsh darektan Asibitin. Kowane tashar jiragen ruwa a gefen kudu maso yammacin mausoleum an yi masa ado don ya dace da tashar jiragen sama da kanta. Sama da ginshiƙan manyan birane suna gudana, an raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu. Ƙananan ƙungiyar an ƙawata ta da naɗaɗɗen inabi, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan ganye na pentagonal. Yankin da ke sama ya ƙunshi rubutun Naskhi a cikin manyan haruffa da aka ɗaga da aka yi da stucco. A mihrab na mausoleum sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi wadataccen irin sa. Wannan ya bambanta da mihrab na madrasa, wanda ba shi da girma a girman da kuma kyawawan abubuwa. Bayanan dawakai na mihrab yana gefen ginshiƙai uku da aka yi da marmara.  Doris Behrens-Abouseif: Cairo of the Mamluks. London 2007 pag. 132–142, ISBN 978-1-84511-549-4

Mausoleum na Qalawun yana da mahimmanci saboda dome dinsa ya zama cibiyar bikin don saka hannun jari na sabbin sarakuna. Dome ya zama alama ce ta sabon iko, canjin mai tsaro, don haka yana nuna sabon cibiyar ikon Mamluk, wanda ya ji daɗin wadata mai yawa daga ƙarni na 13 zuwa 16. Gwamnan Ottoman a kan Masar Abdul-Rahman Katkhuda ya rushe rufin masallacin kuma an sake gina shi a cikin gine-ginen Ottoman. Koyaya, Kwamitin ajiyar abubuwan tunawa na Larabawa ya gina wani dome don maye gurbin dome na Abdul-Rahman Katkhuda a cikin 1908.

 Madrasa 
A cikin madrasa ana koyar da makarantun shari'a guda huɗu, ko madhhabs huɗu na dokar Islama a kai a kai. Sauran koyarwar da ke cikin madrasa sun haɗa da Hadisi da koyarwar magani. Madrasa tana da Iwans guda biyu da kuma hutawa guda biyu kamar yadda takardar waqf da ke tare da ita ta tabbatar. A gefen gabas na madrasa akwai hawa uku na ɗakunan ɗalibai, ana samun hawa na sama ta hanyar matakala. Babban farfajiyar madrasa an shimfiɗa shi da marmara mai launi.

Gidan madrasa ya haɗa da ci gaba da rubutun ja da zinariya da aka samu a gaban mausoleum. Akwai bangarori biyu masu tsayi, mai kaifi a kowane gefe da ƙananan arches na tsakiya guda uku waɗanda ke ƙunshe da matakai biyu na windows. Gidan madrasa wanda ke kaiwa ga farfajiyar yana dauke da tsakiya na tsakiya wanda aka raba zuwa hawa biyu na arches uku a jere, wanda tsakiya na tsakiyar shine mafi girma. Kodayake oculi uku da farko sun wanzu a kan bangon, daya ne kawai ya rage a yau. Wannan tsari na gaba ɗaya yana tare da labaru uku na ƙananan arches a kowane gefe.

Mihrab na madrasa yana da takalmin doki mai kama da mausoleum amma ya fi karami kuma ba shi da cikakkun bayanai fiye da na mausoleum kuma an yi masa alama da gilashin gilashi da mahaifiyar lu'u-lu'u, maimakon marmara mosaics. Launi mai zurfi da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin mosaics ya fito fili.Doris Behrens-Abouseif: Cairo of the Mamluks. London 2007 pag. 132–142, ISBN 978-1-84511-549-4 Mosaic ɗin ya ƙunshi kayan ado na halitta da na gungurawa ba kamar mihrab na mausoleum wanda ke nuna mosaic na geometric ba. Amfani da mosaics na gilashi yana nuna al'adar Umayyad kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Dome of the Rock; farfado da wannan matsakaici a wannan lokacin a Alkahira yana aiki don halatta mulkin Mamluk a cikin tarihin Islama.

 Asibitin 
Kodayake ba a ganuwa daga titin asibitin ya taɓa tsayawa a matsayin asibitin da ya fi dacewa da ban sha'awa a lokacinsa. Asibitin ya yi aiki sama da shekaru 500, kuma yana kula da marasa lafiya a ƙarshen zamanin Ottoman kafin a rushe shi a cikin 1910.  Asibitin ya ba da abubuwan more rayuwa da yawa ga marasa lafiya da matalauta ban da maganin likita, gami da kwayoyi, mafaka, abinci, da tufafi. Bayani game da samar da magunguna don maganin likita, bincike,  koyarwar da ta faru a cikin asibitin an tattara su daga takardun waqf daga lokacin. Masanin tarihin Islama na zamani al-Maqrizi yana da nasa ra'ayoyi game da tarihin asibitin. A cewar Maqrizi, Sultan Qalā'ūn ya sami wahayi don gina Asibitin sakamakon alkawarin da ya yi lokacin da yake rashin lafiya a Bimaristan na Nur ad-Din a Damascus, bayan haka ya yi alkawarin kwafa shi. Ƙofar asali ita ce hanyar da ke da siffar L wacce ta raba mausoleum daga madrasa wanda ya auna kimanin mita 21 da 33. Hotunan da Pascal Coste ya zana tsakanin 1815 da 1825 sun nuna cewa an tsara ginin a kan gatari biyu a kusurwoyi madaidaiciya ga juna. An sami Iwans huɗu a asibitin. Tsakanin Iwans guda huɗu akwai ɗakuna, wasu daga cikinsu unguwanni ne marasa lafiya, bayan gida, ɗakunan ajiya, da kuma kaburbura. An yi wa mafi girman iwan ado da kayan ado na stucco mai kama da na masallacin Baybars da mausoleum na Mustafā Pasha . 

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba