Harshen Girkanci

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Harshen Girkanci yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci a tarihin yammacin duniya. Da farko da almara na Homer, wallafe-wallafen Girka na dā sun haɗa da ayyuka da yawa masu mahimmanci na dindindin a cikin kundin Turai. Har ila yau Girkanci shine yaren da yawancin rubutun tushe na kimiyya da falsafa aka rubuta su a asali. Sabon Alkawari na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista kuma asalinsa an rubuta shi da Hellenanci.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language#cite_ref-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language#cite_ref-12

 Tarihi 
Ana magana da Girkanci a cikin yankin Balkan tun kusan karni na 3 BC, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language#CITEREFRenfrew2003 ko wataƙila a baya.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language#CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003 Shaidar farko da aka rubuta ita ce kwamfutar hannu ta Linear B lãka da aka samo a Messenia wacce ta kasance tsakanin 1450 zuwa 1350 BC, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725055018/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/110330-oldest-writing-europe-tablet-greece-science-mycenae-greekwanda ya sa yaren Girka ya zama yaren rayuwa mafi tsufa a duniya.https://books.google.com/books?id=h7YjEAAAQBAJ Daga cikin harsunan Indo-Turai, kwanan wata rubutaccen shaidar sa ya dace da harsunan Anatoliya da ba a yanzu ba.

 Daidaitawa 
Yawancin al'amuran haɗin gwiwar Girkanci sun kasance masu tsayi: fi'ili sun yarda da batun su kawai, yin amfani da maganganun da suka tsira ba su da yawa (nau'i na batutuwa da tsinkaya, zargi ga abubuwa na mafi yawan fi'ili da yawa prepositions, genitive ga ma'abuta), articles. precede nouns, adpositions are mostly prepositional, dangi clauses bin sunan da suka gyara da dangi karin magana juzu'i-farko. Duk da haka, sauye-sauyen ilimin halittar jiki suma suna da takwarorinsu a cikin ma'auni, haka nan kuma akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin ma'auni na tsohon da na zamani na harshen. Tsohon Girkanci ya yi amfani da yawa na gine-ginen haɗin gwiwa da na gine-ginen da suka shafi ƙarewa, kuma nau'ikan zamani ba su da iyaka gabaɗaya (yin amfani da sabon ginin gine-gine a maimakon) kuma yana amfani da ɓangarori mafi ƙuntatawa. Asarar dat ɗin ya haifar da haɓakar abubuwan da ba kai tsaye ba (da kuma amfani da genitive don yiwa waɗannan alama kai tsaye). Tsohuwar Hellenanci ya kasance ya zama fi'ili-na ƙarshe, amma tsarin kalmar tsaka tsaki a cikin yaren zamani shine VSO ko SVO.

 Kalmomi 
Hellenanci na zamani ya gaji yawancin ƙamus ɗinsa daga tsohuwar Girkanci, wanda kuma yaren Indo-Turai ne, amma kuma ya haɗa da adadin lamuni daga harsunan al'ummomin da suka zauna Girka kafin zuwan Proto-Greeks, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language#CITEREFBeekes2009wasu an rubuta su. a cikin rubutun Mycenaean; sun haɗa da babban adadin toponyms na Girkanci. Siffa da ma'anar kalmomi da yawa sun canza. Kalmomin lamuni (kalmomin asalin ƙasashen waje) sun shiga yaren, galibi daga Latin, Venetian, da Baturke. A cikin tsofaffin lokutan Girkanci, kalmomin lamuni a cikin Hellenanci sun sami ɓatanci na Girkanci, don haka barin kalmar tushen waje kawai. Lamuni na zamani (daga ƙarni na 20 zuwa gaba), musamman daga Faransanci da Ingilishi, yawanci ba a haɗa su ba; sauran rance na zamani an samo su daga Albaniya, Slavic ta Kudu (Macedonian/Bulgarian) da harsunan Romance na Gabas (Aromaniya da Megleno-Romanian).

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