Harsunan Kordofanian

Harsunan Kordofanian rukuni ne na yanki na rukunin harsuna biyar da ake magana a cikin tsaunukan Nuba na yankin Kudancin Kordofan na Sudan : harsunan Talodi–Heiban, harsunan Lafofa, harsunan Rashad, harsunan Katla da harsunan Kadu . Ƙungiyoyi huɗu na farko wani lokaci ana ɗaukar su a matsayin rassan dangin Nijar – Kongo, yayin da a yanzu ana kallon Kadu a matsayin reshe na dangin Nilo-Saharan da aka tsara.

 Tarihi 
A cikin 1963, Joseph Greenberg ya ƙara su cikin dangin Nijar – Kongo, ya ƙirƙira shawararsa ta Nijar-Kordofanian. Harsunan Kordofanian ba a nuna suna da alaƙa da juna fiye da sauran rassan Nijar-Congo, amma ba a nuna su sun zama ƙungiya mai inganci ba. A yau, an cire harsunan Kadu, kuma sauran yawanci ana haɗa su cikin Nijar-Congo daidai.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Roger Blench ya lura cewa iyalai Talodi da Heiban suna da tsarin ajin suna na yankin Atlantic-Congo na Nijar-Congo amma harsunan Katla guda biyu ba su da wata alama ta samun irin wannan tsarin. Duk da haka, harsunan Kadu da wasu daga cikin yarukan Rashad sun bayyana sun sami azuzuwan suna a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sprachbund maimakon gada su. Blench ya kammala da cewa Talodi da Heiban su ne ginshiƙan Nijar – Kongo yayin da Katla da Rashad suka kafa reshe na gefe tare da layin Mande .[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Heiban, Katloid, da Talodi kuma an haɗa su tare a cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta atomatik ( ASJP 4) ta Müller et al. (2013). Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela.  Koyaya, tunda an samar da bincike ta atomatik, haɗawar zata iya kasancewa ko dai saboda lamunin ƙamus na juna ko gadon gado.

 Harsuna Talodi-Heiban 
Harsunan Heiban, wanda kuma ake kira Koalib ko Koalib–Moro, da harsunan Talodi, wanda kuma ake kira Talodi–Masakin, suna cikin ƙungiyar Talodi–Heiban . Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. 

 Lafofa harsuna 
Lafofa (Tegem) an ware shi na ɗan lokaci tare da Talodi, amma da alama wani reshe ne na Nijar – Kongo.

 Rashad harsuna 
Adadin harsunan Rashad, wanda kuma ake kira Tegali–Tagoi, ya bambanta tsakanin kwatance, daga biyu (Williamson & Blench 2000), uku (Ethnologue), zuwa takwas (Blench ms ). Tagoi tana da tsarin ajin suna kamar harsunan Atlantika-Congo, wanda da alama an aro, amma Tegali ba ya da shi.

 Harsunan Katla 
Harsunan Katla guda biyu ba su da wata alama ta kasancewa da tsarin ajin suna irin na Nijar-Congo.

 Harsunan Kaduna 
Tun da aikin Thilo C. Schadeberg a cikin 1981, "Tumtum" ko reshe na Kadu yanzu ana gani a matsayin Nilo-Saharan . Duk da haka, shaidun kaɗan ne, kuma rabe-raben ra'ayin mazan jiya zai ɗauke ta a matsayin iyali mai zaman kanta.

 Sake ginawa 
Quint (2020) yana ba da shawarar cewa za a iya sake gina Proto-Kordofanian daga harsunan Heibanian, Talodian, Rashadian, Katloid, da Lafofa . Sake gina Proto-Kordofanian nasa sune kamar haka: Quint, Nicolas (2020). 
GlossProto-KordofanianTalodianHeibanianLafofaKatloid (Tima)Rashadianbark 1 (n.)*-mVk-*t-ə-məkKoalib kìmùukùl [kìmùugùl]Orig kìmbàkɔ́lbark 2 (n.)*k(V)VrE ~ *c(V)VrEc-iírikúúr*g-warebeat / hit*-bV-*-gob- / *kə-bɔ*-bid̪-...biŋOrig bí(r) / pù(ró)belly*-VrVk ~ *-VɽVk*j-+-arag / *ca-rək*g-+-aaret̪-úur-ikúɽúúnbite / eat*-CVk*-gVjog / *kə-ɟɔ*-iy-...jiɛ*yɛkblood*(C)iCPV*ŋ-+-ittsug / *ŋ-ɪccʊkKatla ija ~ iyaRashad wiyabreast*CVmiC*j-+-intsig / *c-ə-mmikTima kɨ̀míndì*d-miɲclothes*kErEC*k-ɛrɛt̪*g-+-ered̪Tagoi kɛr(ɛ́)wdry*-OndV*-an d̪o*-unDo*-uddiear*kVnV*g-+-eenu / *k-ɛnu*g- / n-+-aanikɔ́.nɔ̀Tagoi finin, Tegali (a)nuuelephant*-VŋV(C)*d-+-oŋoryuːŋi*(fV)ŋVneye*?+-git*j-+-igg / *c-itKatla gɨgöt*y-ngidfoot / leg*-AkA(C)*ts-+-agagKoalib káakà [káagà]l-ia-ga*d-ɛgɛngoat*Em(b)iT*w-+-emig / *u-mitɛɛmiTima címìd̪*mbɨtgreen / wet*-iklV ~ *ijlV*-iiglab-ʊ́ɒji-lliTagoi -ijilú, Tegali -rígɛ̂lhair*kaam ~ *gaam*d-+-ʊgaŋ / *NC-ŋən̪Tima káàm*g-aamhead*gaCDP ~ *CPaCDP*j-+-ats, *c-acKatla gas*g-ajleft (side)*-CVul- ~ *-CVur-*-gule / *-gulɛ*-awurkúlɪ*-awwirmud*-ElOKoalib kèlòoTima k-ʌ́ʌ́luOrig ŋí̧lɔ́near*-Et̪t̪OC*-iddu / *-t̪t̪o-tKoalib kɛ́ttɔ̀k [kɛ́t̪t̪ɔ̀k]Tima mɛ̀t̪ɛ́nTagoi gattɔŋ / tɔgɔtone*attV ~ *addV*-aDDeTima àtíínOrig wàttárain*kaw ~ *kal*k-abɪk*g-+-awk-állɔ́-y*(y)aured*-OrdE*-oodeSchadeberg, Thilo C. 1981.  / *-d̪ɛ*-UUreTima -rdí*-arawsheep*kACVAC*t̪ʊ-ŋgat̪Koalib káaŋàlβaːŋi(k)áŋàlOrig kàgóysmoke (n.)*-uCLVBbV*g-+-uluc-oor-íkʊ̀ʊ̀ɽʊ́nTagoi k(ə)rək, Tegali tulɛ́sun*-VCNV*j-+-iŋgi, *c-ə-ŋgiØ-+*-aŋinkínèè*-aanetongue*-d̪Vŋl(V) ~ *-d̪VlVŋ(V)*d̪-+-(V)lVŋe / *tʊ-ləŋɛd̪-+*-ŋelal-íáŋ-ikìlíŋíì*d-aŋil(-ag)vomit*-UdA ~ *-UwA -VddV / *uk-dɛ*-wey-lwâ-d̪aŋ... lwa -húwʌ̀*VdVk

 Lexical isoglosses 
Starostin (2018) ya lissafa waɗannan isoglosses na gama gari na gama gari a cikin yarukan Kordofanian. Ana nuna alamun ƙira masu yuwuwa a cikin m . Starostin, George. 

 Kwatankwacin ƙamus 
Misalin ainihin ƙamus na rassan Heiban, Talodi, Rashad, da Lafofa:

Lura : A cikin sel na tebur tare da slash, ana ba da nau'i guda ɗaya kafin slash, yayin da nau'i na jam'i ya bi slash.
Harshe ido kunne hanci hakori harshe baki jini kashi itace ruwa ci suna Proto- Heiban Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981.  *ay/ g-, j- *-ani *-ad̪alo / g-,j-; g-,n- *-ŋad̪ / li-,j- *-ɗaya; *-iŋla ? /D-,d- *-uuɲu *-win / ŋ- *-uya / li-,ŋu- (WC); *-uɲ / ʔ-, j- (E) *-aaɽe/gu-,j- (WC) *-awa / ŋ- * -id̪d̪ *-iriɲ / j- Proto- Talodi Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki.  *c-da/k- *k-ɛnu / 0- *k-ə-ɲɟɛ / 0-,n- *c-ə-ɲit / k- *tʊ̪ -ləŋɛ / ḷə- *t-̪ ɔn̪ / ḷ- *ŋ-ɪccʊk *c-ə-mma-ɲan̪ / m- *p-ɪda / k- *ŋ-ɪḷ,-ɪḷɪ *ḷə-ɡɔ *k-ə-ḷəŋan / 0- (ko *...n̪) Proto- Katloid Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2019 (in press).  * g-ɗaɗɗe *-ɔnɔ *gɪ-led̪ *-laŋɛd̪ *i-ju (u)*-ʌ-lV- Tagoi Schadeberg, Thilo.  yigət / ŋə́gət fənín / fənédit yídir / ŋə́dər tíɲən / ŋə́ɲən táŋə́lak / yáŋə́lágɒt kajər / hajərət ŋɔ́y ku / ku kafɔ́ / hafɔ́ yayi yik pəŋən / fəŋən Turjok  íŋgət / ŋgət fəniín / fəníínət indər / ŋəndər M. tiɲin / ŋiɲin taŋəlk / yaŋəlak ~ yaŋəlɒgɔt kiɲjɛr / siɲjɛr(g)ɔt ŋɔ́y ku / su kafɔ / safɔ́ yaya pɛŋɛn / sɛŋɛn Tagoma  ŋgə́t̚ / ŋgə́de nu ~ nũũ / núun ~ anuun ndr / ndr ɲin / ɲin aŋa / aŋún ̩ɲjár / (a)ɲjáre óyá / óyo̍n uru/urun las / kasa ega yik ɛŋɛn / ɛŋɛnɛ́ɛn Gaba Blench, Roger.  ṭ-ì, ʤ-ì / m- kә́-ràŋ(ì) / a- ṭ-ɛ̀ɲ(ì) / k- l-iәŋ(ì) k-ɛɲi / ɛɲi ɲɪ̀ ṭ-uɔ̀m(ì) / m- kuwö(ì) / bɔɔ(ì) ɲì kɗaɗ ku-ruwә̀ŋ / a- El Amira  lilaŋ / ɲimaŋ wimu t-aɲ / k- liŋ kiɲ ɲi tuwa kwa ɲi palith

 Lambobi 
Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya: 
ClassificationLanguage12345678910KatlaKatlaʈíʈʌ́kcíkʌ̀t̪ʌ́t̪ʌ̀ɡʌ́lʌ̀mɟɔ́ɡ͡bə́lɪ́nɟɔ́lʈɪ́nɟɔ́lɪ́kt̪ʌ́ŋɡɪ̀lɟʌ́lbʌ̀ʈɪ́nràk͡pácKatlaTimaʌt̪een / at̪ɪɪniheekihwʌyihʌlʌmiduliinɪntədakwalɔŋɪnt̪at̪ɪŋɛɛlɪnt̪ɪŋɛrɛyint̪ʌhʌdʌkunihedʌkúnRashadTagoi (Orig) -wàttá / ùttáwùkkókwìttáwàrʊ̀mwʊ̧ràmɲérérʊ̀mʊ̀rɡʊ́tùppákʊ́mnàsá(n)kʊ́mánRashadTegalim̪t̪arəkkʊ / rʊkkʊd̪akt̪a / d̪at̪t̪aaːrəmʊmməɲeˑɽeʊmmərkʊduˑpˑafəŋɪsanfəŋənHeibanWarnang (Werni/Wernang)ŋɔ̀ʈʈɔ́rŋèrccáccényŋèrrátténŋèlàmlàŋŋera ŋoʈʈorŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋoʈʈor (5+1?)ŋera ŋoʈʈor ŋemabolo ŋèrccáccény (5+2?)ŋelamlaaŋɔ (4 x 2 ?)ŋera ŋoʈʈor wanoe (1- ?)kiccukurrɐHeibanMoroɡóntolə́ɡə́tʃanlə́ɡɪ́tʃɪnmárlonðénə́ŋðénə́ŋ nəɡónto   (5+ 1)ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡə́tʃan  (5+ 2)ðénə́ŋ lə́ɡɪ́tʃan (5+ 3)ðénə́ŋ nəmárlon (5+ 4)rɛ́θHeibanTirakɛ̀nːɛkɪ̀ɽɪcànkɪ̀ɽɪcɪ́nmaɬɽʊ̀ðɛ́nɛ̀ɽɪ̀cín ɽɪ̀cɪ̀n    (3+3)maɬɽʊ kɪ̀ɽɪcɪ̀n (4+3)ɔ́bːɔ̀ðɛ́nɛ̀ n̪maɬɽʊ̀  (5+4)ʊ́rːɪ̀HeibanLarokʷɛ̀tɛ̀rɔ́mtə̀ɽìlkʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́tʊ̀dìníɲə̀rlə̀lkʷɔ̀ɾátə̀ɾìl  (4+3)ɗúbə̀tʊ̀dìní kʷɔ̀ɾɔ̀ŋɔ́ (5+ 4)díHeibanOtorowɛ̀dɔ́ŋkútènt̪èɽelkɔ̀ɽɔŋt̪ɔ̀ðːnɛɲɛ̄ɽɛlkɔ̀ɽɔ t̪eɽel  (4+3)dúbət̪ɔ́ðːnɛ́ kɔ̀ɽɔŋ (5+ 4)dìːHeibanKoalib (1)kwɛ́t:ɛkwiɽíntɛjɪɾkɔɽŋɔntuðníɲiɾlílkunəðɗuβəɗuβaβuŋakunəðɗiɗíHeibanKoalib (2) -ɛ̀t̪t̪ɛ̀ -iɽɐntɔɔɽɔltwaɽŋantoðneɲerlelɗòvɔ̀kkwóɽɔ̀nɗòvɔ̀kkwóppàkwúnɐ̀ttùrrírúiTalodiDagikj-ɜlːʊj-ɛːɽaj-ɜt̪ːɜk̚bɽandɔsi-s-ɜlːʊ (litː one hand)na-j-ɜlːʊ (5 + 1)na j-ɛːɽa (5 + 2)na j-ɜt̪ːɜk̚ (5 + 3)na bɽandɔ (5 + 4)n̪ipɽaTalodiAcheronbullukweɽʌkwʌt̪t̪ʌkbɽandozəɡuŋ zulluk (lit: 'one hand')zəɡuŋ zulluk na bulluk  (5 + 1)zəɡuŋ zulluk na weɽʌk  (5 + 2)zəɡuŋ zulluk na wʌt̪t̪ʌk (5 + 3)zəɡuŋ zulluk na bɽando (5 + 4)ɡurruŋTalodiLumuncʊ́lʊ́kʊ̂mɛ̀ɽámɽaβʊ́ɾʊ̀kmɔ́ʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀nmʊ́ɣʊ́lʊ̀kmɽakʊ́ɾʊ̀kmɛ́ɽɛ̀ɽàβʊ́ɾʊ̂k (  3) ?mámɔ̀ɾmɔ̀ɾ  (2 x 4) ?mʊ́ɣʊ́lláʲɔ̀ɽɪ̀n  (5 + 4)mɑ̀tul

 Duba kuma 

 Harsunan Dutsen Nuba

 Manazarta 

 Littafi Mai Tsarki 

 Herman Bell. 1995. Duwatsun Nuba: Wanene Yayi Magana A 1976? ( hanyar adana kayan tarihi ). Kasancewa binciken sakamakon da aka buga daga babban aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Asiya : Binciken Harshe na tsaunukan Nuba .
 Roger Blench. Ba a buga ba. Shin Kordofanian ya zama ƙungiya kuma idan ba haka ba, ina harsunansa suka dace da Nijar-Congo?
 Roger Blench. Ba a buga ba. Kordofanian da Nijar–Congo: sabbin kuma sabbin shedar kamus .
 Roger Blench, 2011, Ya kamata a raba Kordofanian? , Taron Nuba Hills, Leiden
 PA da DN MacDiarmid. 1931. " Harsunan Dutsen Nuba." Bayanan Sudan da Rubuce-rubucen 14: 149-162.
 Carl Meinhof . 1915-1919. "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan". Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 9-9. "1. Tagoya." 6: 164-161. "2. Tumale". 6:182-205. "11. Tegele." 7:110-131. "12. Rashad." 7:132.
 Thilo C. Schadeberg . 1981 a. Binciken Kordofanian. SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
 Thilo C. Schadeberg . 1981 b. "Das Kordofanische". Ga Sprachen Afrikas. Makada 1: Niger–Kordofanisch, ed. by Bernd Heine, TC Schadeberg, Ekkehard Wolff, shafi. 117–28 SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
 Thilo C. Schadeberg . 1981c. "Rarraba rukunin yaren Kadugli" . Nilo-Sahara, ed. ta TC Schadeberg da M. Lionel Bender, shafi. 291-305. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
 Brenda Z. Seligmann. 1910-11. "Lura akan harshen Nubas na Kudancin Kordofan ." Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 1:167-188.
 Roland C. Stevenson. 1956-57. "Bincike na tsarin sauti da tsarin nahawu na harsunan Dutsen Nuba, tare da yin la'akari da Otoro, Katcha, da Nyimang." Afrika und Übersee 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196.
 Tucker, AN, MA Bryan. 1956. Harsunan Bantu na Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka. (Handbook of African Languages, Part III.) Oxford University Press : London .
 AN Tucker, MA Bryan. 1966. Nazarin Harshe/ Harsunan da ba Bantu ba na Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka. (Handbook of African Languages.) Oxford University Press : London .
 Tutschek, Lorenz. 1848. "Ka mutu Tumale-Sprache." Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedrn der k. bayyar. Akademie der Wissenschaften . Nrs. 91-93; Farashin 729-52. (= Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften . Nrs. 29-31.)
 Tutschek, Lorenz.. 1848-50. "A kan harshen Tumali". Abubuwan da aka gabatar na Philological Society na 1846-47 da 1847-48. Vol 3:239-54. Ayyukan Philological Society na 1848-49 da 1849-50. Vol. 4: 138-9.

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Roger Blench: Kordofanian kayan
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba