Yaƙin Saint-Mihiel

Yakin Saint-Mihiel babban yakin duniya na daya ne da aka gwabza daga 12 – 15 ga Satumba 1918, wanda ya hada da Sojojin Amurka (AEF) da sojojin Faransa 110,000 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar John J. Pershing na Amurka akan matsayi na Jamus . Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta taka rawar gani a wannan aikin. Hanlon (1998) History of War (2007)

Wannan yaƙi ya nuna farkon amfani da kalmomin "D-Day" da " H-Hour " ta Amirkawa.

Harin da aka kai a Saint-Mihiel salient wani shiri ne na Pershing wanda a cikinsa yake fatan Amurkawa za su bi ta layukan Jamus tare da kwace birnin Metz mai kagara. Wannan dai shi ne babban hari na farko da sojojin Amurka suka ƙaddamar a yakin duniya na daya, kuma harin ya kama Jamusawan suna ja da baya. History of War (2007) Wannan yana nufin cewa makaman nasu ba ya nan, kuma harin da Amurka ta kai wa sojojin Jamus da ba su da tsari, ya samu nasara fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Harin na Saint-Mihiel ya tabbatar da girman sojojin Amurka a idon sojojin Faransa da na Biritaniya, sannan ya sake nuna irin rawar da manyan bindigogi ke takawa a lokacin yakin duniya na daya da kuma wahalar samar da irin waɗannan manya-manyan dakaru a yayin da suke kan tafiya. Harin na Amurka ya ragu yayin da aka bar makaman atilari da kayan abinci a kan titunan laka. Giese (2004) Harin da aka kai a Metz bai gane ba, kamar yadda Babban Kwamandan Allied Ferdinand Foch ya umarci sojojin Amurka da su yi tafiya zuwa Sedan da Mézières, wanda zai kai ga harin Meuse-Argonne.Weigley, R.F., 1977. The American way of war : a history of United States military strategy and policy Indiana University Press paperback., Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 203.

 Bayani: Saint-Mihiel salient 
Saint-Mihiel birni ne, da ke cikin sashen Meuse a arewa maso gabashin Faransa . Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Franco-Prussian na 1870-71, an daina ɗaukar garin da mahimmanci da dabaru, kuma Faransa ba ta haɓaka kayan aikin soja ba. Hakan ya canza a farkon yakin duniya na daya, sa’ad da garin yake cikin fagen fama.

A cikin 1914, umarnin Jamus ya yi fatan ɗaukar katangar Verdun, wanda ya kafa maƙasudi mai ƙarfi a cikin layin Faransanci. Yunkurin farko, a Bois-le-Pretre ( Priesterwald a Jamusanci), ya ci tura, duk da tashin hankali. A yayin wasu yunƙuri guda biyu ( Yaƙin Flirey ), sojojin Jamus sun ɗauki Saint-Mihiel da Fort du Camp-des-Romains, amma daga ƙarshe an dakatar da su a Fort de Troyon a kudancin Verdu
:A lokacin yakin, gaba ba ta canza ba a wannan yanki. Saint-Mihiel ya kafa kwararre a cikin layin Faransanci, yana toshe hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin Nancy da Verdun. Wurin da ke kusa da St. Mihiel ya sha fama da yaƙe-yaƙe: 

 Crête des Éparges ( Les Éparges crest): Fabrairu-Afrilu 1915.  
 A Bois d'Ailly ( Ailly Wood) da Tranchée de la Soif (Trench of Kishirwa): keɓe bayan layin Jamus, mutanen Kwamanda d'André sun yi yaƙi kwana uku ba tare da abinci ko ruwa ba kafin su mika wuya a watan Mayu 1915. 
 A Bois Brûlé (The Burned Forest), Faransawa sun sha wahala da yawa lokacin da Jamus ta ci nasara a cikin Disamba 1914. A nan ne ƙaramin jami'in Jacques Péricard ya furta shahararrun kalmomin: " Debout les morts! " (Matattu, tashi!) a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1915. 
 The forêt d'Apremont ( Apremont dajin), Tête à vache (kan saniya) ramuka, Calonne ramuka ...

Duk da hare-haren na Faransa, sojojin Jamus sun sami damar ci gaba da rike wannan wuri mai mahimmanci har zuwa watannin karshe na yakin.

 Gabatarwa 
Janar John Pershing ya yi tunanin cewa cin nasarar harin da aka kai a yankin St. Mihiel, Metz, da Verdun zai yi tasiri sosai ga sojojin Jamus . History of War (2007) Janar Pershing kuma yana sane da cewa yanayin yankin ya fara ba da shawarar cewa an kawar da ƙuntataccen layin dogo da hanyoyin sadarwa zuwa cikin Verdun (ƙananan takunkumin da Jamus ta sanya a lokacin Yaƙin Flirey ), da kuma ci gaba da kai harin don kama Cibiyar layin dogo ta Jamus a Metz za ta yi illa ga Jamusawa. Don wannan, ya ba da amincewarsa ga wani matashi na farko na soja na farko Major, George Marshall, don motsa sojoji da kayan aiki yadda ya kamata a cikin yakin. Bayan an cim ma waɗannan manufofin, Amurkawa za su iya ƙaddamar da hare-hare a cikin Jamus dai-dai. Hanlon (1998) An kunna Sojan Farko na Amurka a cikin watan Agusta kuma an karbe sashin Allied line. Pershing dole ne ya rinjayi Marshal Foch (babban kwamandan sojojin Allied) don ba da izinin kai hari kan Amurkawa. Matthias Strohn p204

Hukumar kula da yanayi ta Corps I Operation Order ta bayyana cewa: "Bayyana: Iska mai tsananin tuki da ruwan sama a sassan dare da rana. Hanyoyi: Laka sosai." Hanlon (1998) Wannan zai haifar da kalubale ga Amurkawa lokacin da aka ba da odar ci gaba. A wasu sassan hanyar, mutanen sun kusan durƙusa cikin laka da ruwa. Bayan an kwashe kwanaki biyar ana ruwan sama, kaysa ta kusa wucewa ga tankunan Amurka da na sojoji . Giese (2004) Da yawa daga cikin tankunan sun lalace ne sakamakon ruwan da ya zubo a cikin injinansu, yayin da wasu kuma suka makale a cikin ruwan laka. Wasu daga cikin sojojin sun fara kafa ƙafar rami tun ƙarfin a tona ramukan. Spartacus (2002)

 Matsayin tsaron Jamus 
Kafin aikin na Amurka, Jamusawa sun girka ɗimbin zurfafan ramuka, shingen waya, da gidaje masu amfani da na'ura . History of War (2007) [ Ba a tantance ba ] Filin fagen fama ya haɗa da wuraren da ke kusa da ƙauyuka uku: Vigneulles, Thiaucourt, da Hannonville-sous-les-Cotes . Kame su zai ƙara haɓaka ruɓaɓɓen sassan Jamus kusa da St. Mihiel. Sojojin Amurka sun yi shirin keta ramuka sannan su yi gaba tare da hanyoyin sadarwa na makiya. Hanlon (1998)

Jamusawa sun san cikakkun bayanai game da yaƙin neman zaɓe na kawancen da ke zuwa a kansu. Wata jarida ta Switzerland ta buga kwanan wata, lokaci, da tsawon lokacin shirin shirin . Sai dai sojojin Jamus da ke a yankin St. Mihiel ba su da isassun ƙarfin aiki, da wutar lantarki da kuma ingantaccen jagoranci da za su iya kai wa nasu farmakin yaƙi da ƙawance. Giese (2004) Tare da hare-haren Allied zuwa arewa, Jamusawa sun yanke shawarar janye daga St. Mihiel Salient da kuma ƙarfafa sojojin su kusa da Layin Hindenburg. An bayar da umarnin ficewa daga yankin ne a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba. Matthias Strohn World War I Companion, Osprey Publishing p204 Sojojin da ke kawance sun gano bayanan kan rubutaccen umarni zuwa ga Rukunin Sojan Gallwitz . Spartacus (2002)

 Allied tanki goyon baya 
Ko da yake AEF ta kasance sabon zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa, ta horar da kusan shekara guda a shirye-shiryen yaki da sojojin Jamus. A cikin Yuni 1917 Pershing ya ba da umarnin ƙirƙirar rundunar tanki don tallafawa sojojin AEF. Samuel D. Rockenbach, "The Rockenbach Report: Operations of the Tank Corps, A.E.F. (Silver Spring, MD: Dale Street Books, 2016), pp. 10, 11, 13. A sakamakon haka, a watan Satumba na 1918, Laftanar Kanar George S. Patton Jr. ya gama horar da bataliyoyin tanka biyu - tankunan hasken Renault FT 144 da Faransa ta gina a matsayin bataliyoyin 344th da 345 na Amurka Tank Corps - a Langres, Faransa don wani hari mai zuwa a St. Mihiel salient. Hofmann, page 7 “Saboda matsananciyar tsayin daka da makiya suka yi, musamman a gabar gabashin FORET d’ARGONNE da kuma kusa da CHEPPY da VARENNES, da kuma rashin goyon bayan da sojojin suka yi, duk tankunan sun saba wa shirin da suka shiga. Bataliya ta 344 ta bar wuraren tashi da saukar jiragen sama a H-hour (5:30 na safe) A safiyar ranar 26 ga wata, Colonel GS Patton, Jr., ya jagoranci Brigade na An raunata tankunan tankuna yayin da suke ci gaba da hada-hadar dakaru masu tayar da kayar baya don kai farmaki ga abokan gaba. Samuel D. Rockenbach, "The Rockenbach Report: Operations of the Tank Corps A.E.F." (Silver Spring, MD: Dale Street Books, 2016), p. 48. Patton an ba shi lambar yabo ta Hidimar Hidimar Hidima saboda "babban jaruntakarsa" a wannan rana.  Baya ga tankunan yaki na AEF 144, harin ya hada da tankokin Faransa 275 (216 FTs da 59 Schneider CA1 da tankunan Saint-Chamond ) na Brigade na Faransa 1st Assault Artillery Brigade; jimillar tankuna 419. Hofmann, page 11

 Tallafin iska mai haɗin gwiwa 
Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama na Amurka Mason Patrick ne ya jagoranci hada rundunonin sojan sama 28 don yakin, tare da Faransawa, Burtaniya, da Italiya sun ba da gudummawar ƙarin rukunin don kawo jimlar adadin sojojin zuwa jiragen sama 701, jirage masu lura da 366, masu tayar da bama-bamai na kwanaki 323., da kuma masu tayar da bama-bamai na dare 91. Jimillar jirage 1,481 ya sanya ya zama mafi girma a cikin yakin.   Sojojin Faransa sun tsunduma cikin sabuwar ƙungiyar Aérienne (Air Division), ƙarƙashin kwamandan Janar Duval, tare da ƙarfin jiragen sama 717 (24 yaƙi squadron / 432 SPAD VII, 15 Close Air Support Squadron / 225 BREGUET XIV, 4 tawagar leken asiri 600) CAUDRON R XI). Ƙungiyoyin mayaka na Faransa guda biyar da kuma gungun mayakan sojan Amurka 3 ma sun shiga hannu.  
Harin na Saint-Mihiel ya fara ne a ranar 12 ga Satumba tare da kai hari sau uku kan masu fada aji. Wasu gawarwakin Amurka guda biyu ne suka kai harin a kan fuskar kudu. A hannun dama shine I Corps (daga dama zuwa hagu na 82, 90th, 5th, da 2nd Divisions daidai da 78th a ajiye) wanda ke rufe gaba daga Pont-à-Mousson a kan Moselle yamma zuwa Limey; a gefen hagu, Rundunar IV (daga dama zuwa hagu na 89th, 42d, da 1st Divisions a layi tare da na 3 a ajiye) suna shimfida gaba daga Limey yamma zuwa Marvoisin. Kungiyar V Corps (daga dama zuwa hagu na 26th Division, Faransa 15th Colonial Division, da 8th Brigade, 4th Division a) an aiwatar da matsananciyar matsananciyar gaba a kan fuskar yamma tare da tsayin Meuse, daga Mouilly arewa zuwa Haudimont. layi tare da sauran na 4 a ajiye). Wani harin da aka kai kan koli, don kiyaye abokan gaba a cikin sahihanci, Faransanci na II Colonial Corps (daga dama zuwa hagu na Faransa 39th Colonial Division, Faransa 26th Division, da Faransanci na 2nd na doki a layi). A cikin ajiyar Sojoji na Farko akwai rukunin 35th, 80th, da 91st na Amurka.

Matsayin V Corps na Amurka ya kasance a gefen arewa maso yamma, Rundunar Mulkin Mallaka ta Faransa ta II a kudancin koli, da Amurkawa IV da I Corps a ƙarshen kudu maso gabas na salient. Giese (2004) Bugu da ƙari, manufar Janar Pershing a fili take; don lulluɓe ƙwaƙƙwaran ta hanyar amfani da babban rufaffen yunƙurin harin a kan madaidaitan madaidaicin. Sauran rundunonin za su ci gaba a kan gaba mai faɗi zuwa Metz. Wannan aikin da aka yi, ta IV da V Corps, shine ya kai harin a cikin masu hankali da kuma danganta sojojin abokantaka a ƙauyen Faransanci na Vigneulles, yayin da Rundunar Mulkin Faransa ta II ta ci gaba da daure sauran Jamusawa. Hanlon (1998) Sojojin Faransa na II na mulkin mallaka sun yi nasara a harin da aka kai kan koli kuma suka shiga Saint-Mihiel a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1918, inda suka kama fursunoni 4000. Daga nan suka tura cikin filin Woëvre har zuwa Haumont-Woël-Doncourt.

Kawancen sun hada jiragen sama 1,481 don samar da fifikon iska da kuma kusa da tallafin iska akan gaba. Kusan kashi 40% na Amurkawa ne a cikin sassan Amurka, ragowar Birtaniyya, Faransanci, da Italiyanci. Tawagar bama-bamai tara na rundunar RAF ta Burtaniya, duk da cewa an tanadar da yakin, ba su karkashin ikon Pershing. Maurer, Preface p.v, Appendix C p717

Kare ƙwararren shine Jamusanci "Army Detachment C", wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi takwas da brigade a cikin layi da kuma kimanin sassan biyu a ajiyar. Yanzu da rashin karfin ma'aikata, sun fara janye mataki-mataki daga masu fada-a-ji kwana guda kafin a fara farmakin.

Shirin Pershing yana da tankuna masu tallafawa sojojin da ke ci gaba, tare da kamfanonin tankuna biyu sun shiga cikin zurfin akalla layi uku, da kuma kamfanin tanki na uku a ajiye. Sakamakon cikakken shirin ya kasance kusan hari ba tare da hamayya ba a cikin salient. Spartacus (2002) [ ba tabbatacciyar tabbatarwa ba ] Ƙungiyar I Corps ta Amurka ta kai ranar farko ta haƙiƙa kafin la'asar, da kuma ranar ta biyu da yammacin rana ta biyu. Harin ya yi kyau sosai a ranar 12 ga Satumba wanda Pershing ya ba da umarnin a hanzarta kai harin. Da safiyar ranar 13 ga Satumba, runduna ta 1, wadda ta taso daga gabas, ta shiga runduna ta 26, ta shiga daga yamma, kuma kafin maraice, an kame duk wata manufa ta fitattun mutane. A wannan gaba, Pershing ya dakatar da ƙarin ci gaba don a iya janye raka'a na Amurka don zuwan Meuse-Argonne Offensive .

 Order of Battle, First Army, 12 Satumba 1918 

 Tushen sashi: OAFH 

Sojojin Amurka na farko - Janar John J Pershing

 I Corps : Maj Gen Hunter Liggett
 Ƙungiyar Kula da hedkwatar
 Kamfanin Balloon na 2
 Kamfanin Balloon na 5
 Division 82 – Maj Gen William P. Burnham
 50th Aero Squadron (Raba aiki)
 42nd Balloon Company (Raba aiki)
 Division 90 - Maj Gen Henry Tureman Allen
 50th Aero Squadron (Raba aiki)
 42nd Balloon Company (Raba aiki)
 Runduna ta biyar – Maj Gen John E. McMahon
 12th Aero Squadron
 Kamfanin Balloon na 1st
 Runduna ta biyu – Maj Gen John A. Lejeune
 1st Aero Squadron
 Kamfanin Balloon na 1st
 Rukunin 78th (Kwafi na Corps) - Maj Gen James H McRae
 IV Corps - Maj Gen Joseph T. Dickman
 Kungiyar Kula da hedkwatar
 Kamfanin Balloon na 69
 Division 89 – Maj Gen William M. Wright
 135th Aero Squadron
 Kamfanin Balloon na 43
 Division 42 – Maj Gen Charles T. Menoher
 90th Aero Squadron
 Kamfanin Balloon na 3
 1st Division – Maj Gen Charles Pelot Summerall
 8th Aero Squadron
 Kamfanin Balloon na 9
 Rukuni na uku (Reserve Corps) – Maj Gen Beaumont B. Buck
 V Corps - Maj Gen George H. Cameron
 Kungiyar Kula da hedkwatar
 99th Aero Squadron
 Kamfanin Balloon na 7
 Sashi na 26 - Manjo Janar Clarence Ransom Edwards
 88th Aero Squadron
 104th Aero Squadron
 Kamfanin Balloon na 6
 Sashen Mulkin Mallaka na 15 (Faransa)
 Kamfanin Balloon na 8
 Runduna ta hudu – Maj Gen John L. Hines
 Brigadi ta 8
 4th Field Artillery Brigade
 ragowar Division a ajiye
 Kamfanin Balloon na 12
 Rundunar Sojojin Amurka
 Division 35 – Maj Gen Peter E. Traub
 Division 80 - Maj Gen Adelbert Cronkite
 Runduna ta 91 - Maj Gen William H. Johnston
 Ƙungiya ta 2d a ƙarƙashin umarnin Sojojin Amurka na Farko
 13th Aero Squadron 

 Umurnin Yakin, Sojojin Faransa, 12 Satumba 1918 

 Rundunar Sojojin mulkin mallaka ta 2  (2nd CAC) - Janar Ernest Joseph Blondlat 2nd division of cavalry on foot (2nd DCP) - Janara Hennocque 26th division of infantry - Janar de Belenet 39th division of infanterie - Janar Pougin
 Rukunin sojan doki na 2 (2nd DCP) - Janar Hennocque
 Rundunar sojan ƙasa ta 26 - Janar de Belenet
 Rukunin sojan ƙasa na 39 - Janar Pougin
 Rundunar Jirgin Sama (Faransa)  - Janar Duval 
 Brigade na 1 na Air
 Brigade na Jirgin Sama na 2

 Bayan haka 
Ɗayan dalili na nasarar sojojin Amurka a St. Mihiel shine cikakken cikakken oda na Janar Pershing. Ayyukan Pershing sun haɗa da cikakkun tsare-tsare na kutsawa ramukan Jamusawa, ta hanyar amfani da tsarin yaƙi da makamai . History of War (2007) Wani dalili kuma shi ne jajircewar kananan kwamandojin da ke fagen daga. Ba kamar sauran jami’an da ke ba da umurni ga sojojinsu na baya ba, Kanar George S. Patton da Birgediya Janar Douglas MacArthur da mukarrabansu za su jagoranci mutanensu daga fagen daga. Giese (2004) Sun yi imanin cewa yadda wani kwamanda ke kula da lamarin zai taimaka wajen rage rudani a fagen fama. Hanlon (1998)

Kyaftin din Amurka Harry Truman, wanda ya jagoranci Battery D na runduna ta 129 ta artillery Regiment a lokacin yakin, daga baya ya zama shugaban kasar Amurka .

 Duba kuma 

 Makabartar Amurka St. Mihiel da Tunawa

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 Taswirar Harin St. Mihiel .
 Yau a cikin Tarihi: Laifin Saint-Mihiel
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