Harshen alamar kauye

Harshen alamar kauye, ko alamar ƙauye, wanda kuma aka sani da yaren kurame, harshe ne na cikin gida na gida wanda kurma da masu ji suke amfani da su a cikin yanki mai yawan kamuwa da kururuwa . Meir et al. ayyana harshen alamar ƙauye a matsayin wanda "taso a cikin wata al'umma mai wanzuwa, wacce ba ta da kyau, inda ake haihuwar yara da dama a cikinta."  Kalmar "harshen alamar karkara" yana nufin kusan ra'ayi ɗaya. Ulrike Zeshan, Cesar Ernesto Escobedo Delgado, Hasan Dikyuva, Sibaji Panda, and Connie de Vos. 2013. Cardinal numerals in rural sign languages: Approaching cross-modal typology. Linguistic Typology 17: 357–396. A lokuta da yawa, yaren kurame ana sanin yaren kurame a ko'ina cikin al'umma ta wani yanki mai yawa na yawan ji. Gabaɗaya waɗannan harsunan sun haɗa da alamomin da aka samo daga ishara da masu saurare suke amfani da su, ta yadda harsunan kurame da ke makwabtaka da ƙauyen za su kasance da kamanceceniya da ƙamus ba tare da suna da alaƙa da gaske ba, saboda kamanceceniya na cikin gida a al'adun gargajiya waɗanda suka gabaci harsunan alamar. Yawancin harsunan kurame na ƙauye suna cikin haɗari saboda yaɗuwar ilimi ga kurame, waɗanda ke amfani da ko samar da harsunan kurame na al'umma, kamar yaren kurame na ƙasa ko na waje.

Lokacin da ba a raba harshe tare da ƙauye ko jama'ar ji gaba ɗaya, amma ana amfani da shi a cikin wasu iyalai da abokansu kawai, ana iya bambanta shi azaman yaren kurame na iyali . A irin waɗannan lokuta, yawancin masu sa hannun sauraron ji na iya zama masu jin yaren, idan sun kasance membobin ɗayan waɗannan iyalai, ko kuma sun sami shi tun suna ƙanana.

 Halaye 
Yanayin yaren kurame na ƙauye ya dogara da yanayin kurma a cikin al'umma. Inda kurame ta kasance mai saurin kamuwa da kwayoyin halitta, yaran kurame ba za su sami dangin kurma ba, amma a maimakon haka suna da dangi kurma masu nisa. Yawancin iyalai masu ji suna da kurma, don haka ɗimbin masu ji suna sa hannu (ko da yake ba koyaushe ba ne). A cikin Desa Kolok a Bali, alal misali, kashi biyu cikin uku na mutanen ƙauyen sun sanya hannu duk da cewa kashi 2% kawai kurame ne; a Adamorobe, Ghana, adadin masu sa hannu ya ninka na kurame sau goma. Wannan yana nufin gabaɗaya ana samun kyakkyawar sadarwa tsakanin kurame da masu ji a wajen iyalansu, don haka yawan auratayya tsakanin kurame da ji. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, kamar tsibirin Providencia na Kolombiya, kusan duk tattaunawar da kurame suke yi tana tare da ji, kuma babu wata hanyar sadarwa ta kai tsaye tsakanin kurame da kansu, kuma kaɗan ne da damar harshe ya haɓaka. Wataƙila a sakamakon haka, Providencia Sign yana da sauƙin sauƙi, mai ji yana magana da kurma kamar wawaye, kuma kurma ba sa shiga cikin al'umma. A mafi yawan lokuta da aka rubuta na alamar ƙauye, yana nuna cewa kurma na kan aiki. 

 Harsunan alamar iyali

Inda kurma ke mamaye kwayoyin halitta, a daya bangaren kuma, kurame ta ta’allaka ne ga iyalai na musamman, kamar dangin Mardin na Turkiyya da kuma dangin da Harshen Alamun Taurus na Turkiyya ya bayyana a ciki. Kurame sukan haifi ’ya’ya kurame, don haka suna tura yaren kai tsaye. Tare da yalwar tuntuɓar juna kai tsaye tsakanin kurame masu sa hannu, harsunan sun kasance suna haɓaka da kyau. Tare da ƙarancin masu ji da dangin kurma, akwai kuma ƙarancin masu ji waɗanda ke sa hannu, da ƙarancin auratayya; iyalai sukan kasance suna da nasu ƙamus (kuma watakila yare), kamar yadda akan Amami Oshima a Japan. Akwai keɓancewa, duk da haka: A Ban Khor a Tailandia kurame ta yi yawa, kuma tana iyakance ga dangi ɗaya kawai, amma gidajen iyalai daban-daban suna cikin ƙauyen, don haka kusan duk masu ji suna da maƙwabta kurame, kuma sanya hannu ya yadu a tsakanin kowa. - iyalai masu ji. Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy; Padden, Carol; Aronoff, Mark (2010). "Chapter 18: Emerging sign languages" (PDF). In Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.). Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539003-2. OCLC 779907637. Retrieved 2016-11-05.

Alamar ƙauye ta bambanta da harsunan kurame, waɗanda ke tasowa inda kurame ke taruwa don kafa al'ummominsu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da alamar makaranta, irin su Harshen Alamar Nicaragua, Harshen Alamar Penang, da harsunan alamar Tanzaniya da Sri Lanka daban-daban, waɗanda ke haɓaka a cikin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai na makarantun kurame waɗanda ba sa amfani da alamar a matsayin harshen koyarwa, da kuma harsunan al'umma. irin su Harshen Kurma na Bamako (Mali), Harshen Alamar Hausa (Nigeria), Saigon, Haiphong, da Harshen Kurame Hanoi (Vietnam), Bangkok da Harshen Kurame na Chiangmai (Thailand), waɗanda suka taso inda kurame da ba su da ilimi suke taruwa a birane don yin aiki. . Harsunan kurame na al'umma ba su da masaniya ga yawan jama'a.

Da alama akwai bambance-bambancen nahawu tsakanin harsunan ƙauye da kurame, waɗanda za su iya yin daidai da bullowar nahawu da haɓakar nahawu a lokacin haɓakawa. Wurin alamar yana nuna girman girma. Yaren kurayen ƙauye kaɗan ne ke amfani da sararin alamar don ƙayyadaddun misalai ko ayyuka na nahawu, alal misali, taƙaita shi zuwa ga kwatance, kamar nuni zuwa wurare ko inda rana take a sararin sama a wani lokaci. Ana tunanin cewa irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya kasancewa aƙalla saboda yanayin zamantakewar harsunan. Game da alamar ƙauye, masu magana sun yi kama da al'ada. Suna raba mahallin zamantakewa guda ɗaya, tarihi, da gogewa, kuma sun san juna da kansu. Wannan na iya ba su damar yin magana ba tare da sun fayyace kamar yadda ake buƙata ga al'umma mafi girma, ƙarancin kusanci ba. Sakamakon haka, nahawu da sauran tsarin harshe na iya haɓaka a hankali. Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy; Padden, Carol; Aronoff, Mark (2010). "Chapter 18: Emerging sign languages" (PDF). In Marschark, Marc; Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth (eds.). Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539003-2. OCLC 779907637. Retrieved 2016-11-05. Akwai keɓancewa, duk da haka. An ba da rahoton Harshen Alamar Kailge yana amfani da siminti da ma'ana, da kuma amfani da sararin sa hannu a nahawu don yarjejeniyar magana. 

Domin, aƙalla a yanayin rashin kurma na kwayoyin halitta, yawancin masu ji da kuma amfani da harsunan magana suna amfani da harsunan alamar ƙauye, tsarin tsarin harsunan da ake magana zai iya tasiri sosai ga tsarin alamar ƙauyen. Alal misali, Harshen kurame na Adamorobe na Ghana yana da jerin fi'ili, ginin harshe da ake samu a cikin yaren da masu sauraron al'umma ke magana, yaren Twi . Connie De Vos and Ulrike Zeshan. 2012. Introduction: Demographic, sociocultural, and linguistic variation across rural signing communities. Sign Languages in Village Communities: Subtitle: Anthropological and Linguistic Insights, edited by Connie De Vos and Ulrike Zeshan, pp. 2-24. (Series Title: Sign Language Typology 4). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

Harsunan kurame sun bambanta da harsunan magana-taboo irin su harsunan Alama na Aboriginal Australiya, waɗanda aka haɓaka a matsayin harsunan taimako ta wurin jama'ar ji kuma kurame ne kawai ke amfani da su na biyu, idan kurame suna amfani da su (maimakon alamar gida ). duka, kuma (aƙalla asali) ba harsuna masu zaman kansu ba ne.

 Harsuna 
Harsunan alamar ƙauye sun bayyana a tarihi kuma sun ɓace yayin da al'ummomi suka canza, kuma da yawa ba a sani ba ko ba a bayyana su ba. Misalai da aka tabbatar sun haɗa da: 

 Harshen Alamar Adamorobe, Harshen Alamar Nanabin (Ghana)
 Harshen Alamar Alipur, Harshen Alamar Naga (Indiya)
 Harshen Alamar Al-Sayyid Bedouin (Isra'ila)
 Harshen Alamar Tsibirin Amami (Japan; watakila yaruka da yawa)
 Harshen Alamar Ban Khor, Harshen Alama na Huay Hai, Harshen Kura na Na Sai (Thailand, wataƙila yare ɗaya)
 Harshen Alamun Bay Islands
 Harshen Alamar Bouakako (LaSiBo, Ivory Coast)
 yiwu Harshen Alamar Bribri, Harshen Alamar Brunca (Costa Rica)
 Harshen Alamar Bura (Nigeria)
 Harshen Alamar Taurus ta Tsakiya (Turkiyya)
 Harshen Alamar Chatino (Mexico)
 Harshen Alamar Ghardaia (Algeria → Isra'ila)
 Harshen Alamar Henniker, Harshen Alamar Kwarin Sandy (US)
 Harshen Alamar Inuit (Kanada)
 Harshen Alamar Jumla, Harshen Alamar Jhankot, Harshen Alamar Ghandruk (Nepal)
 Harshen Alamar Ka'apor (Brazil)
 Harshen Alamar Kafr Qasem (Isra'ila)
 Harshen Alamar Kailge (Papua New Guinea, wataƙila yana da alaƙa da SSD) 
 Kata Kolok (Bali, Indonesia)
 Harshen Alamar Mardin (Turkiyya)
 Harshen Alamar Maritime (Kanada, ɓangaren dangin BANZSL )
 Harshen Alamar Martha's Vineyard (Amurka)
 Harshen Alamar Maunabudhuk-Bodhe (Nepal)
 Harshen Alamar Mayan (Mexico, Guatemala)
 Tsohon Harshen Alamar Kent (Ingila)
 Harshen Alamar Providence (Colombia)
 ? Harshen Alamar Sinasina (Papua New Guinea) 
 Harshen Alamar Tebul (Mali)
 Harshen Alamar Terena (Brazil)

Harshen kurame na Renellese na tsibirin Sulemanu alama ce ta gida . Ba a bayyana ba idan Harshen Alamar Marajo da aka ruwaito a Brazil harshe ne na haɗin kai ko kuma alamar gida a cikin iyalai daban-daban;  Hakazalika da Harshen Kurame na Maxakali, kuma a Brazil, wanda aƙalla matashi ne.  Tare da Harshen Alamar Mehek (Papua New Guinea), alamomin suna da bambanci sosai, suna ba da shawarar aƙalla yaren ƙauyen da ya dace kawai tare da alamun gida da yawa.
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