Martinho da Costa Lopes

Martinho da Costa Lopes (11 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1918 - 27 ga Fabrairu 1991) ya kasance shugaban addini da siyasa na Gabashin Timor. Ya kasance firist na Cocin Katolika, babban jami'in Cocin a Gabashin Timor dagshekarar a 1977 zuwa 1983, kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki a Lisbon.

 Tarihin rayuwa 
An haifi Martinho da Costa Lopes a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1918 a Gundumar Manatuto ta Timor ta Portugal . Ya kasance a zamanin da cocin Portuguese, a cikin abin da ke Timor ta Portugal a lokacin, ya yi aiki tare da gwamnatin Mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Ya halarci Minor Seminary na Nossa Senhora de Fátima a Soibada dagshekarar a 1935 zuwa 1938 sannan ya shafe shekaru biyu a ƙaramin seminary a Macau da shekaru shida a babban seminary a can. Ya koma Timor ta Gabas a watan Satumbar 1946 don koyarwa a Colégio de S. Francisco Xavier da Colégio-Liceu Dr. Francisco Machado . An naɗa shi firist a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1948. Daga nan sai ya fara aikin fastoci a Bobonaro.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span>]

A shekara ta 1975 ya zama vicar janar na Diocese na Dili,  babban mataimakin bishop, José Joaquim Ribeiro . Su biyun sun shiga cikin adawa da mamayar Indonesiya ta Disamban shekarar 1975 kuma Ribeiro ya nuna ƙarfin hali wajen sanar da ra'ayoyinsa ga manema labarai na ƙasashen waje, amma ya sami kansa kusa da rushewar tsoro a ƙarshen shekara 1977.

Ya kuma san cewa duniyar da ta gabata ta mulkin mallaka ba ta da wani rawar da za ta taka wa bishop na Turai kamar shi. Paparoma Paul VI ya ba da izinin ritaya a ranar 22 ga Oktoban shekarar 1977. Lopes yana da shekaru 58 an naɗa shi mai kula da manzanni na diocese, babban jami'in Ikilisiya a Timor ta Portugal, yana jagorantar diocese kawai na yankin duk da cewa ba a ba shi matsayin bishop ba. Diocese na Díli ya taɓa kasancewa wani ɓangare na matsayi na coci wanda ya yi kama da na yankunan Portugal, amma a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1976 an ba shi matsayi, yana mai da shi kai tsaye ga shugaban Kirista. Kimanin kashi 25-30% na yawan mutanen Timor ta Gabas Katolika ne a shekara ta 1975,  amma Vatican da nuncio a Indonesia sun damu da Katolika waɗanda suka samar da ƙaramin kashi na yawan Musulmi-mafi yawan Indonesia.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, "ya kasance mai sukar cin zarafin bil'adama a asalinsa na Gabashin Timor. Kira da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi na shiga tsakani ko kuma rage taimakon soja na Amurka ga Gwamnatin Indonesia ba a saurare shi ba".

A cikishekarar n 1981, harshen ƙasar, harshen Tetum, an sanya shi harshen hukuma na liturgy na Katolika a Gabashin Timor a maimakon Indonesian.Hodge, Joel (2013). "The Catholic Church in Timor-Leste and the Indonesian Occupation: A Spirituality of Suffering and Resistance". South East Asia Research. 21 (1): 151–70. doi:10.5367/sear.2013.0134. JSTOR 23752590. S2CID 147690391.

Da farko ya gabatar da zarge-zargen zalunci da yunwa tare da Sojojin Indonesiya a cikin sirri ba tare da nasara ba. Da farko a 1981, ya gudanar da kamfen na jama'a ta hanyar rubuta wasiƙu ga abokan hulɗa na ƙasashen waje da kuma ba da damar buga su a cikin jaridu. Musamman, ya soki tilasta wa maza da yara maza 50,000 su kafa sarkar mutum don taimakawa wajen murƙushe adawar Fretilin, kuma ya zargi sojojin Indonesiya da kisan gillar mata da yara 500 a Shrine na St Anthony a Lacluta a watan Satumbar shekarar 1981.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span>]

Sojoji sun tsawatar da shi kuma ya fusata shugaba Suharto . Ba a taɓa samun wani ɗan Timore na Gabas da ya fallasa a bainar jama'a ya wulaƙanta Sojojin Indonesiya ba . Amsar da ya bayar ita ce: "Ina jin bukatar da ba za a iya yankewa ba na gaya wa duniya duka game da kisan kiyashin da ake yi a Timor domin, idan muka mutu, aƙalla duniya za ta san mun mutu a tsaye."

.[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span>]A halin yanzu, ya ci gaba da nuna shaidar yunwa mai yawa a sansanonin sake zama kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga firistocinsa waɗanda suka nemi tsaya tare da mutane. Ya nemi masu sauraro masu zaman kansu tare da Paparoma ba tare da nasara ba

A cikin wata wasika zuwa Ostiraliya, ya zargi sojojin Indonesiya da Kisan kiyashi, kuma ya yi tsammanin yaduwar yunwa sai dai idan an shigo da abinci mai yawa cikin gaggawa. An tabbatar da tsinkayinsa dai-dai.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span>]

Bayan Lopes ya rubuta wa jami'an Australiya a ƙarshen 1981 don gargadi game da yunwa mai zuwa, Gough Whitlam, tsohon Firayim Minista na Australiya, mai ba da shawara na dogon lokaci game da ikon Indonesiya na Timor ta Gabas, ya ziyarci Timor ta Gabay a watan Maris na shekara ta 1982, ya sadu da Lopes, kuma ya yi jayayya da ikirarinsa.

 Yin ritaya da mutuwa 
Jami'an gwamnati sun koka wa Vatican cewa wa'azin Lopes "yana haifar da jin dadin kasa". Wani rahoto na 2006 na gwamnatin Australiya ya ce tsohon Firayim Minista na Australiya Gough Whitlam ya taka rawar gani a yakin neman zaɓen cire Lopes. Paparoma John Paul ya cire Lopes a matsayin mai gudanarwa a watan Mayu 1983.

Tun da yake bai kasance bishop ba, ya yi aiki a cikin wahalar Paparoma kuma ba shi da mafita. Yawancin limaman Timor sun rubuta wa Vatican don nuna rashin amincewa da cire shi.  Ya ci gaba da yin kamfen a madadin Timorese, yana tattara tallafi a duk duniya bisa ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya don daidaita maganganun adawa da mulkin mallaka na 'yan tawaye da ke tsayayya da Indonesian. Ya zauna a Alges, Portugal. Ya mutu a asibitin Lisbon a ranar 27 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1991.[2]

Sunansa ya kasance yana da alaƙa da sake fasalin tarihi na cocin Timorese zuwa al'adun yankin. A cikin shekarun da ya jagoranci diocese, Ikilisiya, wanda aka sake dai-daitawa daga ra'ayi na mulkin mallaka na Portugal zuwa hidimar 'yan asalin ƙasar, ya karu da lambobi da ba a gani ba a cikin ƙarni na aikin mishan na Portugal.Hodge, Joel (2013). "The Catholic Church in Timor-Leste and the Indonesian Occupation: A Spirituality of Suffering and Resistance". South East Asia Research. 21 (1): 151–70. doi:10.5367/sear.2013.0134. JSTOR 23752590. S2CID 147690391.

Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo ne ya gaje Lopes a matsayin mai kula da manzanni a shekarar 1988. 

 Bayani 

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

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Category:Haifaffun 1918
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba