Yaren Chewa

Chewa(wanda aka fi sani da Nyanja,  /ˈnjændʒə/) yare ne na Bantu da ake magana a Malawi kuma sanannen 'yan tsiraru ne a Zambia da Mozambique .Ana amfani da prefix na aji chi- don harsuna, cf. Kiswahili for the Swahili language. don haka ana kiran yaren  da  (wanda aka rubuta  a cikin Portuguese). Kishindo (2001), p.265. Malawi, an canza sunan a hukumance daga Chinyanja zuwa Chichewa a shekarar 1968 a kan dagewar Shugaba Hastings Kamuzu Banda (shi kansa daga Mutanen Chewa), kuma wannan har yanzu shine sunan da aka fi amfani dashi a Malawi a yau. For spelling Chinyanja cf. Lehmann (1977). Both spellings are used in Zambia Daily Mail articles. Zambia, an san yaren da Nyanja ko  ' (harshe) na tafkin' (yana nufin Tafkin Malawi). [1]

A cikin tarihin Malawi, Chewa da Tumbuka ne kawai a wani lokaci suka kasance manyan harsunan kasa da jami'an gwamnati ke amfani da su da kuma a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. Koyaya, yaren Tumbuka ya sha wahala sosai a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Hastings Kamuzu Banda, tun daga shekarar 1968 sakamakon manufofinsa na ƙasa ɗaya, harshe ɗaya ya rasa matsayinsa a matsayin harshen hukuma a Malawi. A sakamakon haka, an cire Tumbuka daga tsarin karatun makaranta,  rediyo na kasa, da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamwendo (2004), p.278. Tare See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38–40 for a list of publications. zuwan dimokuradiyya ta jam'iyyun da yawa a cikin 1994, an sake fara shirye-shiryen Tumbuka a rediyo, amma yawan littattafai da sauran wallafe-wallafen a Tumbuka ya kasance ƙasa.

 Rarraba 
Chewa shine sanannen yaren Malawi, wanda ake magana da shi mafi yawa a Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin ƙasar. Mchombo (2006). Hakanan ana magana  shi a Lardin Gabashin Zambia, da kuma Mozambique, musamman a lardunan Tete da Niassa.   [Tushen da aka buga da kansa?] Yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 55 da aka nuna a cikin Jirgin sararin samaniya na Voyager . [1]

 Tarihi 
Newitt (1982).Marwick (1963) Chewa reshe ne na mutanen Maravi waɗanda ke zaune a Lardin Gabashin Zambia da arewacin Mozambique har zuwa kudu kamar Kogin Zambezi daga karni na 16 ko a baya.

António Gamitto ne ya fara rubuta sunan "Chevas" (a cikin nau'in Chévas), wanda a lokacin da yake da shekaru 26 a 1831 aka nada shi a matsayin na biyu a cikin umurni na balaguro daga Tete zuwa kotun Sarki Kazembe a cikin abin da ke yanzu Zambia. Hanyar Marwick (1964). ya yi ta hanyar ƙasar Sarki Undi a yammacin tsaunukan Dzalanyama, a fadin kusurwar Malawi ta yanzu zuwa Zambia. Daga baya, ya rubuta wani asusun da ya hada da wasu bayanan ethnographic da harshe da ƙamus. Marwick (1963), p.383. cewar Gamitto, mutanen Malawi ko Maravi (Maraves) su ne mutanen da Sarki Undi ya mallaka a kudancin kogin Chambwe (ba da nisa a kudancin iyakar Mozambique / Zambia ta yanzu ba), yayin da Chewa ke zaune a arewacin Chambwe.

Wani, mafi girma, jerin kalmomi 263 da jimloli na yaren ya yi da mishan na Jamus Sigismund Koelle wanda, yana aiki a Saliyo a Yammacin Afirka, ya yi hira da wasu tsoffin bayi 160 kuma ya rubuta kalmomin a cikin yarensu. Ya buga sakamakon a cikin littafin da ake kira Polyglotta Africana a 1854. Ɗaya daga cikin bayin da ya yi hira da shi shine Mateke, wanda ke magana da yaren da ya kira 'Maravi'. Harshen Mateke a bayyane yake yaren kudancin wani nau'i ne na farko na Nyanja. Goodson (2011)., kalmar nan "shekaru biyu" a cikin jawabin Mateke, yayin da ga mai ba da labari na Johannes Rebmann Salimini, wanda ya fito daga yankin Lilongwe, shi ne . Bambancin Downing & Mtenje (2017), p. 46. iri ɗaya ya tsira a yau a cikin kalmar  ko  " (zuwa) shuka".

Baya ga 'yan kalmomin da Gamitto da Koelle suka rubuta, Johannes Rebmann ne ya yi rikodin farko na harshen Chewa a cikin Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language, wanda aka buga a 1877 amma an rubuta shi a 1853-4. Rebmann Rebman (1877), preface. kasance mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da ke zaune a kusa da Mombasa a Kenya, kuma ya sami bayaninsa daga wani bawa na Malawi, wanda aka sani da sunan Swahili Salimini, wanda aka kama a Malawi kimanin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Rebmann (1877) s.v. M'ombo., wanda  fito ne daga wani wuri da ake kira Mphande a bayyane yake a yankin Lilongwe, ya kuma lura da wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin yarensa, wanda ya kira , "harshe na tsaunin", da yaren  da ake magana a kudu; alal misali, Maravi ya ba da sunan mombo ga itacen da kansa ya kira .

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