Harsunan Senegambian

Senegambian, da aka fi sani da Arewacin Yammacin Atlantic, ko kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan wani lokacin rikice-rikice kamar harsunan Atlantic, reshe ne na harsunan Atlantika-Congo da ke tsakiyar Senegal, tare da yawancin harsuna da ake magana a can da kuma makwabta kudancin Mauritania, Gambiya, Guinea-Bissau" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau, da Guinea. Duk da haka, mutanen Fula sun bazu tare da yarensu daga Senegal a fadin yamma da tsakiyar Sahel. Harshen da ya fi yawan jama'a shi ne Wolof, harshen ƙasa na Senegal, tare da masu magana da asali miliyan huɗu da miliyoyin masu amfani da harshe na biyu. Akwai watakila masu magana da miliyan 13 na nau'ikan Fula daban-daban, kuma sama da masu magana da Serer miliyan daya. Babban fasalin harsunan Senegambian shine cewa ba su da sautin, ba kamar yawancin Harsunan Atlantic-Congo ba.

 Rarraba 
David Sapir (1971) ya ba da shawarar reshen Yammacin Atlantic na yarukan Nijar-Congo wanda ya haɗa da reshen Arewa wanda ya fi dacewa da Senegambian. Koyaya, Yammacin Atlantic na Sapir da rassansa sun zama na ƙasa da na al'ada maimakon ƙungiyoyin asali. Binciken da aka yi tun daga wannan lokacin, Segerer & Pozdniakov (2010, 2017), ya cire harsunan Kudancin Atlantic. Sauran harsunan (Arewa ko Senegambian) suna da alamar rashin sautin. Rashin Serer-Fulani-Wolof yana da halayyar maye gurbi.

Haɗakar da yarukan Nalu da ba a tabbatar da su ba tabbas ba ne.

Yawancin rarrabuwa, gami da wanda Ethnologue 20 ya yi amfani da shi, ya nuna Fula yana da alaƙa da Wolof fiye da Serer, saboda kuskuren kwafin a cikin wallafe-wallafen.  

Cibiyar Max Planck don ilimin Juyin Halitta ta rarraba harsunan Senegambian a ƙarƙashin sunan Arewa-Central Atlantic a cikin bayanan Glottolog.


 Canjin ma'ana 
Harsunan Senegambian sanannu ne saboda maye gurbin su, wani abu wanda ma'anar farko ta kalma ta canza dangane da yanayin sa da / ko yanayin sa. A cikin Fula, alal misali, ma'anar farko ta sunaye da yawa tana canzawa dangane da ko tana da mutum ɗaya ko jam'i:

An bayyana harsunan Yammacin Atlantic ta hanyar tsarin su na suna, wanda yayi kama da waɗanda ke cikin wasu harsunan Nijar-Congo, mafi shahara Harsunan Bantu. Yawancin Yammacin Atlantic, kuma hakika Nijar-Congo, tsarin suna da alamomi tare da prefixes, kuma masana harsuna gabaɗaya sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana nuna tsarin proto-Niger-Congo. Harsunan reshen Fula-Serer na Senegambian, duk da haka, suna da ƙididdiga ƙididdiga ko haɗuwa da ƙididdiga da ƙididdigewa. Joseph Greenberg ya yi jayayya cewa siffofin da aka haɗa sun fito ne daga masu ƙayyadewa masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka yarda da ajin suna:

 CL-Noun CL-Det → CL-Noon-CL → Noun-CL

 Kalmomin kwatankwacin 
Kwatanta kalmomin ƙamus na asali na harsunan Senegambian: Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Harsheidokunnehancihakoraharshebakijinikasusuwaitaceruwasuna; sunan mahaifiWolofBət / gətSa'ad da aka yi amfani da shibakkanbəny / gamsulambugemminyYa kasanceƘarƙashin ƙashiGarabndɔxtur; mai tsarkiSereerA cikin damuwaNayifOnyisAnyíìny (PL) ɗélémYankin da aka yi amfani da shifo ʔɔl ɔlao hij ola / a kij akai ndaxar na / taxar kahoton hoto:SineRashin jituwaYana da kyauɲisSalansaɗelɛmYa kasance mai laushifoʔyeʔkiʔyndaxarFuskarRashin hankaliFula / Pularyiit-ere / git-eyanzu-ru / saukadangi-al / dangi-enyii-re / nyi"-etafiyar da -ɗehundu-ko / kundu-le; kara-hoʔyii ʔy-anʔyi-ʔ-al / ʔyiʔ-elegal / legalA gaban / di'ein-nde / in-ɗe; yettoo-re / gettoo-jeNdutTushenma'auniHarkokin KasuwancisashiƘananan ƙwayoyinɓukɲifʔyokɪlɪlYa kasance a cikinkaːSiliTushennufHarkokin KasuwancisashiƘananan ƙwayoyinɓuqɲifʔyoxkilikƙwayoyin cutathiːSafiyajima'aunikiɲinsashiƘananan ƙwayoyin cutaGaddafiɲifʔjɔxkidikmazuptikLalaGiraArewakumunsashipeɾimkuːɲifʔyɔxƙanƙarasuRashin jin daɗiBabukuasArewaKunnensiːsƘananan ƙwayoyinkuɲifʎohƙanƙaraA cikin shekaratekBanhumci-gil / i-ci-nuf / xa-Nayan zamba / -əŋgu-rul / xa-bu-lemuc / i-bu-rul / i-Mu-leengu-xuun / xa- / ba-, ku-ci-nɔ / mu-nnmu-nd / +-əŋgu-rɛt / xa-; ci-ram / nya-Cobianasi-ggih / nyi-idan-nuf / ŋa-gu-nyikin / ŋa-bu-gees / ja-jaarum / a-a-cis / ga-sbu-heehgu-maab / ŋa-u-doʔ / t-ma-leemgi-sɛh / ŋa-; gu-mantiinya / ŋa-Cassangaidan-gir / ga-, nyi-gu-nuf / makirci-gu-nyikən / ŋa-gu-gees / ŋa-Yarda da kuma a-a-cis / ga-sBi-lɛrgu-maab / ŋa-gu-rien / ŋa-ma-yaabgu-sɛr / ŋa-; si-mbur / nyi-Konyagiì-ŋkə́ræ̀-nə̀f / væ̀-ì-cə̀l / wæ̀-sØ-bènyə́ / wæ̀-Ø-ryə̀w̃ / wæ̀-Ø-w̃ə̀s / wæ̀-Ya zama hakaØ-ỹə̀c / wæ̀-æ̀-tə́x / væ̀-wə-̀ŋkàù-w̃æcə́ / wæ̀-mTendaa-ŋgəz / b+a-nəv / b+ɛ-cən / o-zyiŋga / ɔ-liw / o-de-tey / o-zɔ-zata-capar / b+ɛ-təɣ / ɔ-maza (o-class) ɔ-wac / ɔ-m; лиrc / o-cBedikngəsga-nəf / ba-e-cəl / ma-sgi-nyaŋga / ma-I-ɗem / mə-bə-məš / ma-Ma-yelɛ-bɛʔy / Ø-mga-t / ba-tYa kasance mai sunaŋgayatsePajadem-aasako-nufaNya-Sɛnɛpe-nnyape-deemapa-mməsp-wadon yanzupe-jeereMa-tteMa-MbemiccBiafadaGəräYara-nəfanya-sin / ba+cede / maa-sbu-deemamməsə / maa-mbwa-hannabu-jedäbu-r / maa-rma-mbiyaRashin amfani da shi

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