Harsuna na Turai

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Akwai harsuna sama da kimanin 250 na asali na Turai, kuma galibi suna cikin dangin harshen Indo-Turai. Daga cikin jimillar yawan jama'ar Turai kimanin miliyan 744 kamar na 2018, wasu 94% 'yan asalin harshen 0Indo-Turai ne. Manyan phyla uku mafi girma na dangin harshen Indo-Turai a Turai sune Romance, Jamusanci, da Slavic; suna da masu magana sama da miliyan 200 kowanne, kuma tare da kusan kashi 90% na mutanen Turai. 

Ƙananan phyla na Indo-Turai da aka samu a Turai sun hada da Hellenic (Girkanci, c. 13 miliyan), Baltic (kimanin miliyan 7), Albaniya (kimanin miliyan 5), Celtic (kimanin miliyan 4), da Armeniya (c. 4). miliyan). Indo-Aryan, ko da yake babban dangi ne na Indo-Turai, yana da ƙananan adadin harsuna a Turai, da ƙananan adadin masu magana (Romani, c. 1.5 miliyan). Koyaya, yawancin harsunan Indo-Aryan waɗanda ba na asali ba a Turai ana magana da su a Turai a yau.

Daga cikin kusan turawa miliyan 45 da ke magana da yarukan da ba na Indo-Turai ba, yawancinsu suna magana da yarukan cikin dangin Uralic ko Turkawa. Har yanzu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi - irin su Basque (keɓanta harshe), harsunan Semitic (Maltese, miliyan 0.5), da harsuna daban-daban na Caucasus - suna da ƙasa da 1% na yawan jama'ar Turai a cikinsu. Shige da fice ya kara yawan al'ummomin masu magana da harsunan Afirka da Asiya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 4% na yawan jama'a., tare da Larabci da aka fi magana da su.

Harsuna biyar suna da fiye da masu magana da yaren asali miliyan 50 a Turai: Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Jamusanci. Rashanci shine yaren asali da aka fi magana a Turai, kuma Turanci yana da mafi yawan adadin masu magana a cikin duka, ciki har da wasu masu magana da Ingilishi miliyan 200 a matsayin harshe na biyu ko na waje. (Duba harshen Ingilishi a Turai.)

 Harsunan Indo-Turai 

Iyalin harshen Indo-Turai sun fito ne daga Proto-Indo-Turai, wanda aka yi imanin an yi magana da shi shekaru dubbai da suka wuce. Masu iya magana na farko na yaren Indo-Turai da alama sun faɗaɗa cikin Turai tare da farkon shekarun Bronze, kusan shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata (al'adun Bell-Beaker).

 Germanic 
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The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:
North Germanic languages

West Germanic Languages

Dots indicate areas where multilingualism is common.

The Germanic languages make up the predominant language family in Western, Northern and Central Europe. It is estimated that over 500 million Europeans are speakers of Germanic languages, the largest groups being German ( 95 million), English ( 400 million), Dutch ( 24 million), Swedish ( 10 million), Danish ( 6 million), Norwegian ( 5 million) and Limburgish (c. 1.3 million).

There are two extant major sub-divisions: West Germanic and North Germanic. A third group, East Germanic, is now extinct; the only known surviving East Germanic texts are written in the Gothic language. West Germanic is divided into Anglo-Frisian (including English), Low German, Low Franconian (including Dutch) and High German (including Standard German).

Anglo-Frisian

The Anglo-Frisian language family is now mostly represented by English (Anglic), descended from the Old English language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons:

 English, the main language of the United Kingdom and the most widespread language in the Republic of Ireland, also spoken as a second or third language by many Europeans.
 Scots, spoken in Scotland and Ulster, recognized by some as a language and by others as a dialect of English. (Not to be confused with Scots-Gaelic of the Celtic language family.)
The Frisian languages are spoken by about 400,000 () Frisians, who live on the southern coast of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany. These languages include West Frisian, East Frisian (of which the only surviving dialect is Saterlandic) and North Frisian.

Dutch

Dutch is spoken throughout the Netherlands, the northern half of Belgium, as well as the Nord-Pas de Calais region of France. The traditional dialects of the Lower Rhine region of Germany are linguistically more closely related to Dutch than to modern German. In Belgian and French contexts, Dutch is sometimes referred to as Flemish. Dutch dialects are numerous and varied.

German

German is spoken throughout Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, much of Switzerland (including the northeast areas bordering on Germany and Austria), northern Italy (South Tyrol), Luxembourg, the East Cantons of Belgium and the Alsace and Lorraine regions of France.

There are several groups of German dialects:

 High German includes several dialect families:
 Standard German
 Central German dialects, spoken in central Germany and including Luxembourgish
 High Franconian, a family of transitional dialects between Central and Upper High German
 Upper German, including Bavarian and Swiss German
 Yiddish is a Jewish language developed in Germany and Eastern Europe. It shares many features of High German dialects and Hebrew.

Low German 
Low German is spoken in various regions throughout Northern Germany and the northern and eastern parts of the Netherlands. It is an official language in Germany. It may be separated into West Low German and East Low German.

North Germanic (Scandinavian)
The North Germanic languages are spoken in Nordic countries and include 
Swedish (Sweden and parts of Finland), 
Danish (Denmark), 
Norwegian (Norway), 
Icelandic (Iceland),
Faroese (Faroe Islands), 
and Elfdalian (in a small part of central Sweden).

English has a long history of contact with Scandinavian languages, given the immigration of Scandinavians early in the history of Britain, and shares various features with the Scandinavian languages. Even so, especially Dutch and Swedish, but also Danish and Norwegian, have strong vocabulary connections to the German language.

Limburgish
Limburgish (also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic) Is a West Germanic language spoken in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands, Belgium and neighboring regions of Germany. It is distinct from German and Dutch, but originates from areas near where both are spoken.

 Romance 


Roughly 215 million Europeans (primarily in Southern and Western Europe) are native speakers of Romance languages, the largest groups including:

French ( 72 million),
Italian ( 65 million),
Spanish ( 40 million), 
Romanian ( 24 million),
Portuguese ( 10 million),
Catalan ( 7 million),
Sicilian ( 5 million, also subsumed under Italian), 
Venetian ( 4 million),
Galician ( 2 million),
Sardinian ( 1 million),This includes all of the varieties of Sardinian, written with any orthography (the LSC, used for all of Sardinian, or the Logudorese, Nugorese and Campidanese orthographies, only used for some dialects of it) but does not include Gallurese and Sassarese, that even though they have sometimes been included in a supposed Sardinian "macro-language" are actually considered by all Sardinian linguists two different transitional languages between Sardinian and Corsican (or, in the case of Gallurese, are sometimes classified as a variant of Corsican). For Gallurese: ATTI DEL II CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI Ciurrata di la Linga Gadduresa, 2014 , for Sassarese: ). They are legally considered two different languages by the Sardinian Regional Government too ().
Occitan ( 500,000), besides numerous smaller communities.

The Romance languages evolved from varieties of Vulgar Latin spoken in the various parts of the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity. Latin was itself part of the (otherwise extinct) Italic branch of Indo-European.
Romance languages are divided phylogenetically into Italo-Western, Eastern Romance (including Romanian) and Sardinian. The Romance-speaking area of Europe is occasionally referred to as Latin Europe.

Italo-Western can be further broken down into the Italo-Dalmatian languages (sometimes grouped with Eastern Romance), including the Tuscan-derived Italian and numerous local Romance languages in Italy as well as Dalmatian, and the Western Romance languages. The Western Romance languages in turn separate into the Gallo-Romance languages, including Langues d'oïl such as French, the Francoprovencalic languages Arpitan and Faetar, the Rhaeto-Romance languages, and the Gallo-Italic languages; the Occitano-Romance languages, grouped with either Gallo-Romance or East Iberian, including Occitanic languages such as Occitan and Gardiol, and Catalan; Aragonese, grouped in with either Occitano-Romance or West Iberian, and finally the West Iberian languages, including the Astur-Leonese languages, the Galician-Portuguese languages, and the Castilian languages.

 Slavic 


Slavic languages are spoken in large areas of Southern, Central and Eastern Europe. An estimated 315 million people speak of Slavic languages, the largest groups being 
Russian ( 110 million in European Russia and adjacent parts of Eastern Europe, Russian forming the largest linguistic community in Europe),
Polish ( 40.6 million),
Ukrainian ( 33 million), 
Serbo-Croatian ( 21 million),
Czech ( 12 million),
Bulgarian ( 7.7 million), 
Slovak ( 5 million)
Belarusian (c. 3.7 million) and Slovene ( 2.3 million)
and Macedonian ( 2 million).

Phylogenetically, Slavic is divided into three subgroups:

 West Slavic includes Polish, Polabian, Czech, Knaanic, Slovak, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Silesian and Kashubian.
 East Slavic includes Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Ruthenian, and Rusyn.
 South Slavic includes Slovene and Serbo-Croatian in the southwest and Bulgarian, Macedonian and Church Slavonic (a liturgical language) in the southeast, each with numerous distinctive dialects. South Slavic languages constitute a dialect continuum where standard Slovene, Macedonian and Bulgarian are each based on a distinct dialect, whereas pluricentric Serbo-Croatian boasts four mutually intelligible national standard varieties all based on a single dialect, Shtokavian.

 Wasu 
 Greek ( 13 million) is the official language of Greece and Cyprus, and there are Greek-speaking enclaves in Albania, Bulgaria, Italy, North Macedonia, Romania, Georgia, Ukraine, Lebanon, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Turkey, and in Greek communities around the world. Dialects of modern Greek that originate from Attic Greek (through Koine and then Medieval Greek) are Cappadocian, Pontic, Cretan, Cypriot, Katharevousa, and Yevanic.
 Italiot Greek is, debatably, a Doric dialect of Greek. It is spoken in southern Italy only, in the southern Calabria region (as Grecanic)F. Violi, Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico, Apodiafàzzi, Reggio Calabria, 1997.Paolo Martino, L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977Filippo Violi, Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica, C.S.E. Bova (RC), 1992Filippo Condemi, Grammatica Grecanica, Coop. Contezza, Reggio Calabria, 1987; and in the Salento region (as Griko). It was studied by the German linguist Gerhard Rohlfs during the 1930s and 1950s.
 Tsakonian is a Doric dialect of the Greek language spoken in the lower Arcadia region of the Peloponnese around the village of Leonidio


 The Baltic languages are spoken in Lithuania (Lithuanian ( 3 million), Samogitian) and Latvia (Latvian ( 2 million), Latgalian). Samogitian and Latgalian used to be considered dialects of Lithuanian and Latvian respectively.
 There are also several extinct Baltic languages, including: Curonian, Galindian,  Jatvingian,  Old Prussian, Selonian, Semigallian, and Sudovian.
 Albanian ( 5 million) has two major dialects, Tosk Albanian and Gheg Albanian. It is spoken in Albania and Kosovo, neighboring North Macedonia, Serbia, Italy, and Montenegro. It is also widely spoken in the Albanian diaspora.
 Armenian ( 7 million) has two major forms, Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian. It is spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (Samtskhe-Javakheti) and Abkhazia, also Russia, France, Italy, Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus. It is also widely spoken in the Armenian Diaspora. 
 There are six living Celtic languages, spoken in areas of northwestern Europe dubbed the "Celtic nations". All six are members of the Insular Celtic family, which in turn is divided into:
 Brittonic family: Welsh (Wales,  462,000), Cornish (Cornwall,  500) and Breton (Brittany,  206,000)
 Goidelic family: Irish (Ireland,  1.7 million), Scottish Gaelic (Scotland,  57,400), and Manx (Isle of Man, 1,660)
 Continental Celtic languages had previously been spoken across Europe from Iberia and Gaul to Asia Minor, but became extinct in the first millennium CE.
 The Indo-Aryan languages have one major representative: Romani ( 1.5 million speakers), introduced in Europe during the late medieval period. Lacking a nation state, Romani is spoken as a minority language throughout Europe.
 The Iranian languages in Europe are natively represented in the North Caucasus, notably with Ossetian ( 600,000).

 Harsunan da ba Indo-Turai ba 

 Turkic 


 Oghuz languages in Europe include Turkish, spoken in East Thrace and by immigrant communities; Azerbaijani is spoken in Northeast Azerbaijan and parts of Southern Russia and Gagauz is spoken in Gagauzia.
 Kipchak languages in Europe include Karaim, Crimean Tatar and Krymchak, which is spoken mainly in Crimea; Tatar, which is spoken in Tatarstan; Bashkir, which is spoken in Bashkortostan; Karachay-Balkar, which is spoken in the North Caucasus, and Kazakh, which is spoken in Northwest Kazakhstan.
 Oghur languages were historically indigenous to much of Eastern Europe; however, most of them are extinct today, with the exception of Chuvash, which is spoken in Chuvashia.

 Uralic 

alt=|thumb|271x271px|Distribution of Uralic languages in Eurasia

Uralic language family is native to northern Eurasia.
Finnic languages include Finnish ( 5 million) and Estonian ( 1 million), as well as smaller languages such as Kven ( 8,000). Other languages of the Finno-Permic branch of the family include e.g. Mari (c. 400,000), and the Sami languages ( 30,000).

The Ugric branch of the language family is represented in Europe by the Hungarian language ( 13 million), historically introduced with the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin of the 9th century.
The Samoyedic Nenets language is spoken in Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia, located in the far northeastern corner of Europe (as delimited by the Ural Mountains).

 Wasu 
 The Basque language (or Euskara,  750,000) is a language isolate and the ancestral language of the Basque people who inhabit the Basque Country, a region in the western Pyrenees mountains mostly in northeastern Spain and partly in southwestern France of about 3 million inhabitants, where it is spoken fluently by about 750,000 and understood by more than 1.5 million people. Basque is directly related to ancient Aquitanian, and it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages in the area in the Bronze Age.
 North Caucasian languages is a geographical blanket term for two unrelated language families spoken chiefly in the north Caucasus and Turkey—the Northwest Caucasian family (including Abkhaz and Circassian) and the Northeast Caucasian family, spoken mainly in the border area of the southern Russian Federation (including Dagestan, Chechnya, and Ingushetia).
 Kalmyk is a Mongolic language, spoken in the Republic of Kalmykia, part of the Russian Federation. Its speakers entered the Volga region in the early 17th century.
 Kartvelian languages (also known as Southwest Caucasian languages), the most common of which is Georgian ( 3.5 million), others being Mingrelian and Svan, spoken mainly in the Caucasus and Anatolia.
 Maltese ( 500,000) is a Semitic language with Romance and Germanic influences, spoken in Malta. It is based on Sicilian Arabic, with influences from Sicilian, Italian, French and, more recently, English. It is the only Semitic language whose standard form is written in Latin script. It is also the second smallest official language of the EU in terms of speakers (after Irish), and the only official Semitic language within the EU.
 Cypriot Maronite Arabic (also known as Cypriot Arabic) is a variety of Arabic spoken by Maronites in Cyprus. Most speakers live in Nicosia, but others are in the communities of Kormakiti and Lemesos. Brought to the island by Maronites fleeing Lebanon over 700 years ago, this variety of Arabic has been influenced by Greek in both phonology and vocabulary, while retaining certain unusually archaic features in other respects. 
 Dialects of Eastern Aramaic are spoken by Assyrian communities in the Caucasus and southern Russia who fled the Assyrian Genocide during World War I.

 Harsunan alamar 

Harsunan hannu dozin da yawa sun wanzu a duk faɗin Turai, tare da dangin yaren kurame mafi yaɗuwa shine harsunan Francosign, tare da harsunan da ake samu a ƙasashe daga Iberia zuwa Balkans da Baltic. Ingantattun bayanai na tarihi na yarukan alamomi da na tactile yana da wahala a samu, tare da tarihin al'umma da ke lura da wanzuwar al'ummomin da ke sanya hannu a cikin Turai ɗaruruwan shekaru da suka wuce. Harshen Alamar Biritaniya (BSL) da Harshen Alamar Faransanci (LSF) tabbas sune mafi dadewa da aka tabbatar, ana ci gaba da amfani da yarukan kurame. Tare da Harshen Alamar Jamus (DGS) bisa ga Ethnologue, waɗannan ukun suna da mafi yawan adadin masu sa hannun, kodayake ƙananan cibiyoyi kaɗan ne ke ɗaukar ƙididdiga masu dacewa kan yawan sa hannu na zamani, suna sa ingantattun bayanai da wuya a samu. [Ana bukatan hujja]

Musamman ma, ƙananan harsunan alamar turai suna da alaƙa kai tsaye tare da yawancin yarukan gida/na baka, baya ga daidaitaccen tuntuɓar harshe da aro, ma'ana a nahawu da harsunan kurame da na baka na Turai sun bambanta da juna. Saboda bambance-bambancen yanayi (na gani/ji), yawancin harsunan alamar suna suna don babbar ƙabila da ake magana da su, tare da kalmomin "harshen alamar", suna mai da abin da ake magana a yawancin Faransanci, Wallonia da Romandy a matsayin Harshen Alamar Faransanci. ko LSF don: langue des alamun française.

Gane harsunan da ba na baka ba ya bambanta sosai daga yanki zuwa yanki. Wasu ƙasashe suna ba da izini na doka, har ma da hukuma a matakin jiha, yayin da wasu ke ci gaba da danne su.

Ko da yake "akwai imani da yawa - a tsakanin Kurma da masu ilimin harshe - cewa akwai iyalai na harshe," ainihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin harsunan kurame yana da wuyar ganewa. Ka'idoji da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ilimin harshe na tarihi don kwatanta iyalai na harshe don rubuce-rubuce da harsunan magana ba su da sauƙi a tsara su zuwa harsunan sa hannu. Wasu daga cikin fahimtar dangantakar harshen kurame na yanzu, duk da haka, suna ba da wasu ƙididdiga masu ma'ana game da yuwuwar iyalai na yaren kurame:

Harshen Francosign, kamar LSF, ASL, Harshen Alamar Holland, Harshen Alamar Flemish, da Harshen Alamar Italiyanci.

Harshen BANZSL, gami da Harshen Alamar Biritaniya (BSL), Harshen Alamar New Zealand (NZSL), Harshen Alamar Australiya (Auslan), da Harshen Kura na Sweden.

Yaren da ke ware, irin su Harshen Alamar Albaniya, Harshen Kurman Armeniya, Harshen Kurame na Caucasian, Harshen Alamar Sipaniya (LSE), Harshen Alamar Turkiyya (TİD), da wataƙila Harshen Kura na Ghardaia.

Yawancin sauran harsunan alamar, kamar Harshen Alamar Irish (ISL), ba su da tushe
 .

 Tarihin daidaitawa 

 Harshe da ainihi, matakan daidaitawa 
In the Middle Ages the two most important defining elements of Europe were Christianitas and Latinitas.

The earliest dictionaries were glossaries: more or less structured lists of lexical pairs (in alphabetical order or according to conceptual fields). The Latin-German (Latin-Bavarian) Abrogans was among the first. A new wave of lexicography can be seen from the late 15th century onwards (after the introduction of the printing press, with the growing interest in standardisation of languages).

The concept of the nation state began to emerge in the early modern period. Nations adopted particular dialects as their national language. This, together with improved communications, led to official efforts to standardise the national language, and a number of language academies were established: 1582 Accademia della Crusca in Florence, 1617 Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft in Weimar, 1635 Académie française in Paris, 1713 Real Academia Española in Madrid. Language became increasingly linked to nation as opposed to culture, and was also used to promote religious and ethnic identity: e.g. different Bible translations in the same language for Catholics and Protestants.

The first languages whose standardisation was promoted included Italian (questione della lingua: Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian → Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (the standard is based on Parisian), English (the standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German, and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia ("Common German")). But several other nations also began to develop a standard variety in the 16th century.

 Lingua franca 
Europe has had a number of languages that were considered linguae francae over some ranges for some periods according to some historians. Typically in the rise of a national language the new language becomes a lingua franca to peoples in the range of the future nation until the consolidation and unification phases. If the nation becomes internationally influential, its language may become a lingua franca among nations that speak their own national languages. Europe has had no lingua franca ranging over its entire territory spoken by all or most of its populations during any historical period. Some linguae francae of past and present over some of its regions for some of its populations are:

 Classical Greek and then Koine Greek in the Mediterranean Basin from the Athenian Empire to the Eastern Roman Empire, being replaced by Modern Greek.
 Koine Greek and Modern Greek, in the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire and other parts of the Balkans south of the Jireček Line.
 Vulgar Latin and Late Latin among the uneducated and educated populations respectively of the Roman Empire and the states that followed it in the same range no later than 900 AD; Medieval Latin and Renaissance Latin among the educated populations of western, northern, central and part of eastern Europe until the rise of the national languages in that range, beginning with the first language academy in Italy in 1582/83; Neo-Latin written only in scholarly and scientific contexts by a small minority of the educated population at scattered locations over all of Europe; ecclesiastical Latin, in spoken and written contexts of liturgy and church administration only, over the range of the Roman Catholic Church.
 Lingua Franca or Sabir, the original of the name, an Italian-based pidgin language of mixed origins used by maritime commercial interests around the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages and early Modern Age.
 Old French in continental western European countries and in the Crusader states.
 Czech, mainly during the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV (14th century) but also during other periods of Bohemian control over the Holy Roman Empire.
 Middle Low German, around the 14th–16th century, during the heyday of the Hanseatic League, mainly in Northeastern Europe across the Baltic Sea.
 Spanish as Castilian in Spain and New Spain from the times of the Catholic Monarchs and Columbus, c. 1492; that is, after the Reconquista, until established as a national language in the times of Louis XIV, c. 1648; subsequently multinational in all nations in or formerly in the Spanish Empire.
 Polish, due to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (16th–18th centuries).
 Italian due to the Renaissance, the opera, the Italian Empire, the fashion industry and the influence of the Roman Catholic church.
 French from the golden age under Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV c. 1648; i.e., after the Thirty Years' War, in France and the French colonial empire, until established as the national language during the French Revolution of 1789 and subsequently multinational in all nations in or formerly in the various French Empires.
 German in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe.
 English in Great Britain until its consolidation as a national language in the Renaissance and the rise of Modern English; subsequently internationally under the various states in or formerly in the British Empire; globally since the victories of the predominantly English speaking countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and others) and their allies in the two world wars ending in 1918 (World War I) and 1945 (World War II) and the subsequent rise of the United States as a superpower and major cultural influence.
 Russian in the former Soviet Union and Russian Empire including Northern and Central Asia.

 Yan tsirarun harshe 
Historical attitudes towards linguistic diversity are illustrated by two French laws: the Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts (1539), which said that every document in France should be written in French (neither in Latin nor in Occitan) and the Loi Toubon (1994), which aimed to eliminate anglicisms from official documents. States and populations within a state have often resorted to war to settle their differences. There have been attempts to prevent such hostilities: two such initiatives were promoted by the Council of Europe, founded in 1949, which affirms the right of minority language speakers to use their language fully and freely. The Council of Europe is committed to protecting linguistic diversity. Currently all European countries except France, Andorra and Turkey have signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, while Greece, Iceland and Luxembourg have signed it, but have not ratified it; this framework entered into force in 1998. Another European treaty, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, was adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe: it entered into force in 1998, and while it is legally binding for 24 countries, France, Iceland, Italy, North Macedonia, Moldova and Russia have chosen to sign without ratifying the convention.

 Scripts 

The main scripts used in Europe today are the Latin and Cyrillic.

The Greek alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet, and Latin was derived from the Greek via the Old Italic alphabet. In the Early Middle Ages, Ogham was used in Ireland and runes (derived from Old Italic script) in Scandinavia. Both were replaced in general use by the Latin alphabet by the Late Middle Ages. The Cyrillic script was derived from the Greek with the first texts appearing around 940 AD.

Around 1900 there were mainly two typeface variants of the Latin alphabet used in Europe: Antiqua and Fraktur. Fraktur was used most for German, Estonian, Latvian, Norwegian and Danish whereas Antiqua was used for Italian, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese, English, Romanian, Swedish and Finnish. The Fraktur variant was banned by Hitler in 1941, having been described as "Schwabacher Jewish letters".Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum (in German)
The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the NSDAP letterhead is printed in Fraktur."For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement:It is wrong to regard or to describe the so‑called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so‑called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced.Today the Führer, talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools.The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script.On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script". Other scripts have historically been in use in Europe, including Phoenician, from which modern Latin letters descend, Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs on Egyptian artefacts traded during Antiquity, various runic systems used in Northern Europe preceding Christianisation, and Arabic during the era of the Ottoman Empire.

Hungarian rovás was used by the Hungarian people in the early Middle Ages, but it was gradually replaced with the Latin-based Hungarian alphabet when Hungary became a kingdom, though it was revived in the 20th century and has certain marginal, but growing area of usage since then.

 European Union 

The European Union(ya zuwa 2021) yana da ƙasashe mambobi 27 waɗanda ke lissafin yawan jama'a miliyan 447, ko kusan kashi 60% na yawan mutanen Turai. [Ana bukatan hujja]

Tarayyar Turai ta ayyana ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kasashe membobin yaruka 24 a matsayin "hukumance da aiki": Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estoniya, Finnish, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Girkanci, Hungarian, Irish, Italiyanci, Latvia, Lithuanian, Maltese, Yaren mutanen Poland, Fotigal, Romanian, Slovak, Sloveniya, Sifen da Yaren mutanen Sweden. Wannan nadi yana ba ƙasashe membobi “hakkoki” guda biyu: ƙasa memba na iya sadarwa da EU a cikin kowane yaren da aka keɓe, kuma su duba “dokokin EU da sauran takaddun dokoki” a cikin wannan yaren.

Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Turai sun kasance suna haɗin gwiwa a cikin ilimin jama'a a cikin harsuna don "ingancin ilimin harsuna" a tsakanin ƙasashe membobin EU. Daftarin hadin gwiwa, "Tsarin Magana na gama-gari na Turai don Harsuna: Koyo, Koyarwa, Ƙimar (CEFR)", ƙa'idar ilimi ce da ke bayyana "ƙwararrun da ake buƙata don sadarwa" da ilimin da ke da alaƙa don fa'idar malamai wajen kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi. A cikin wani bincike mai zaman kansa na shekara ta 2005 wanda Babban Darakta Janar na Ilimi da Al'adu na EU ya nema dangane da yadda ake magana da manyan harsunan Turai a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. An buga sakamakon a cikin takardar 2006, "Turawa da Harsunansu", ko "Eurobarometer 243". A cikin wannan binciken, ƙididdiga dacewaTemplate:Clarify[Shin kuna nufin "mahimmanci"?] samfurori na yawan jama'a a kowace ƙasa an nemi su cika fom na bincike game da harsunan da suke magana da isassun ƙwarewa "don samun damar yin magana".

 Jerin Harsuna 

The following is a table of European languages. The number of speakers as a first or second language (L1 and L2 speakers) listed are speakers in Europe only; see list of languages by number of native speakers and list of languages by total number of speakers for global estimates on numbers of speakers.

The list is intended to include any language variety with an ISO 639 code. However, it omits sign languages. Because the ISO-639-2 and ISO-639-3 codes have different definitions, this means that some communities of speakers may be listed more than once. For instance, speakers of Bavarian are listed both under "Bavarian" (ISO-639-3 code bar) as well as under "German" (ISO-639-2 code de).

NameISO-639ClassificationSpeakers in EuropeOfficial statusNativeTotalNationalRegional Abaza  abq  Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi  49,800    Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) Adyghe  ady  Northwest Caucasian, Circassian  117,500    Adygea (Russia) Aghul  agx  Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic  29,300    Dagestan (Russia) Akhvakh  akv  Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic  210     Albanian (Shqip)ArbëreshArvanitika  sq  Indo-European     Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia  Italy, Arbëresh dialect: Sicily, Calabria, Apulia, Molise, Basilicata, Abruzzo, Campania  Montenegro (Ulcinj, Tuzi) Andi  ani  Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic  5,800      Aragonese  an  Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian  25,000https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/60448 Report about Census of population 2011 of Aragonese Sociolinguistics Seminar and University of Zaragoza  55,000   Northern Aragon (Spain)   Archi  acq  Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic  970      Aromanian  rup  Indo-European, Romance, Eastern  114,000     North Macedonia (Kruševo) Asturian (Astur-Leonese)  ast  Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian  351,791III Sociolinguistic Study of Asturias (2017). Euskobarometro.  641,502    Asturias Avar  av  Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic  760,000    Dagestan (Russia) Azerbaijani  az  Turkic, Oghuz  500,000c. 130,000 in Dagestan. In addition, there are about 0.5 million speakers in immigrant communities in Russia, see #Immigrant communities.    Azerbaijan  Dagestan (Russia) Bagvalal  kva  Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic  1,500    Bashkir  ba  Turkic, Kipchak  1,221,000    Bashkortostan (Russia) Basque  eu  Basque  750,000 VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord)  (2016).     Basque Country: Basque Autonomous Community, Navarre (Spain), French Basque Country (France)  Bavarianbar Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian 14,000,000German dialect,   Austria (as German)  South Tyrol Belarusian  be  Indo-European, Slavic, East  3,300,000   Belarus  Bezhta  kap  Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic  6,800    Bosnian  bs  Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian 2,500,000   Bosnia and Herzegovina  Kosovo, Montenegro Botlikh  bph  Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic  210    Breton  br  Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic  206,000    None, de facto status in Brittany (France) Bulgarian bg  Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern  7,800,000   Bulgaria  Mount Athos (Greece) Catalan  ca Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance  4,000,000  10,000,000  Andorra  Balearic Islands (Spain), Catalonia (Spain), Valencian Community (Spain), easternmost Aragon (Spain), Pyrénées-Orientales (France), Alghero (Italy) Chamalal  cji  Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic  500    Chechen  ce  Northeast Caucasian, Nakh 1,400,000   Chechnya & Dagestan (Russia) Chuvash  cv  Turkic, Oghur  1,100,000    Chuvashia (Russia) Cimbriancim Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian  400German dialect,      Cornish  kw  Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic  563 (UK 2021 Census)    Cornwall (United Kingdom) Corsican  co  Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian  30,000 125,000   Corsica (France), Sardinia (Italy) Crimean Tatar  crh  Turkic, Kipchak  480,000     Crimea (Ukraine) Croatian  hr  Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian  5,600,000  Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia  Burgenland (Austria), Vojvodina (Serbia) Czech  cs  Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak  10,600,000   Czech Republic  Danish da  Indo-European, Germanic, North  5,500,000  Denmark  Faroe Islands (Denmark), Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)recognized as official language in Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Flensburg, Flensburg and Rendsburg-Eckernförde (§ 82b LVwG ) Dargwa darNortheast Caucasian, Dargin490,000   Dagestan (Russia) Dutch  nl Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian  22,000,000   Belgium, Netherlands  Elfdalian  ovd  Indo-European, Germanic, North  2000     Emilian  egl  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic     English  en  Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic  63,000,000 260,000,000Europeans and their Languages , Data for EU27 , published in 2012.  Ireland, Malta, United Kingdom   Erzya  myv  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic  120,000   Mordovia (Russia) Estonian  et  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic  1,165,400  Estonia  Extremaduran  ext  Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian  200,000   Fala  fax  Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian  11,000    Faroese  fo  Indo-European, Germanic, North  66,150    Faroe Islands (Denmark) Finnish  fi  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic  5,400,000  Finland  Sweden, Norway, Republic of Karelia (Russia) Franco-Provençal (Arpitan)  frp  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance  140,000     Aosta Valley (Italy) French  fr  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl  81,000,000 210,000,000  Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Monaco, Switzerland, Jersey Aosta Valley (Italy Frisian  fryfrr stq  Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian  470,000    Friesland (Netherlands), Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)recognized as official language in the Nordfriesland district and in Helgoland 
 (§ 82b LVwG ). Friulan  fur  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic  600,000e18|fur|Friulan    Friuli (Italy) Gagauz  gag  Turkic, Oghuz  140,000    Gagauzia (Moldova) Galician  gl  Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian  2,400,000     Galicia (Spain), Eo-Navia (Asturias), Bierzo (Province of León) and Western Sanabria (Province of Zamora) German  de  Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German  97,000,000includes:
bar Bavarian,
cim Cimbrian,
ksh Kölsch,
sli Lower Silesian,
vmf Mainfränkisch,
pfl Palatinate German,
swg Swabian German,
gsw Swiss German,
sxu Upper Saxon,
wae Walser German,
wep Westphalian,
wym Wymysorys,
yec Yenish,
yid Yiddish;
see German dialects. 170,000,000  Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Switzerland  South Tyrol,Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige  (1972), Art. 99–101. Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy) Godoberi  gin  Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic  130     Greek  el  Indo-European, Hellenic  13,500,00011 million in Greece, out of 13.4 million in total.   Cyprus, Greece  Albania (Himara, Finiq, Dervican and other southern townships) Hinuq  gin  Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic  350     Hungarian  hu  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Ugric  13,000,000   Hungary  Burgenland (Austria), Vojvodina (Serbia), Romania, Slovakia, Subcarpathia (Ukraine), Prekmurje, (Slovenia) Hunzib  bph  Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic  1,400    Icelandic  is  Indo-European, Germanic, North  330,000   Iceland  Ingrian  izh  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic  120     Ingush  inh  Northeast Caucasian, Nakh  300,000    Ingushetia (Russia) Irish  ga  Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic  240,000 2,000,000  Ireland Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) Istriot  ist  Indo-European, Romance  900    Istro-Romanian  ruo  Indo-European, Romance, Eastern  1,100    Italian  it  Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian  65,000,000 82,000,000  Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City  Istria County (Croatia), Slovenian Istria (Slovenia) Italiot Greek  mis  Indo-European, Hellenic, Greek, Attic-Ionic20,000 native speakers in 1981N. Vincent, Italian, in B. Comrie (ed.) The world's major languages, London, Croom Helm, 1981. pp. 279–302.  50,000    Calabria (Bovesia), Apulia (Salento), (Italy) Judeo-Italian  itk  Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian 250    Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino)  lad  Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian  320,000 fewSIL Ethnologue:
"Not the dominant language for most. Formerly the main language of Sephardic Jewry. Used in literary and music contexts."
ca. 100k speakers in total, most of them in Israel, small communities in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and in Spain.  Bosnia and Herzegovina, France Kabardian  kbd Northwest Caucasian, Circassian  530,000   Kabardino-Balkaria & Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) Kaitag  xdq  Northeast Caucasian, Dargin  30,000     Kalmyk  xal  Mongolic  80,500   Kalmykia (Russia)  Karata  kpt  Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic  260     Karelian  krl  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic  36,000   Republic of Karelia (Russia) Karachay-Balkar  krc  Turkic, Kipchak  300,000   Kabardino-Balkaria & Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) Kashubian  csb  Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic  50,000   Poland Kazakh  kk  Turkic, Kipchak  1,000,000About 10 million in Kazakhstan. . Technically, the westernmost portions of Kazakhstan (Atyrau Region, West Kazakhstan Region) are in Europe, with a total population of less than one million.  Kazakhstan  Astrakhan Oblast (Russia) Khwarshi  khv  Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic  1,700    Komi  kv  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic  220,000220,000 native speakers out of an ethnic population of 550,000. 
Combines Komi-Permyak (koi) with 65,000 speakers and Komi-Zyrian (kpv) with 156,000 speakers.     Komi Republic (Russia) Kubachi  ugh  Northeast Caucasian, Dargin  7,000     Kumyk  kum  Turkic, Kipchak  450,000    Dagestan (Russia) Kven  fkv  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic  2000-8000    Norway Lak  lbe  Northeast Caucasian, Lak  152,050    Dagestan (Russia) Latin  la  Indo-European, Italic, Latino-Faliscan extinct  fewContemporary Latin: People fluent in Latin as a second language are probably in the dozens, not hundreds. Reginald Foster (as of 2013) estimated "no more than 100" according to Robin Banerji, Pope resignation: Who speaks Latin these days?, BBC News, 12 February 2013. Vatican City  Latvian  lv  Indo-European, Baltic  1,750,000  Latvia  Lezgin  lez  Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic  397,000    Dagestan (Russia) Ligurian  lij  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic  500,000  Monaco (Monégasque dialect is the "national language") Liguria (Italy), Carloforte and Calasetta (Sardinia, Italy)Limburgish  lilim  Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian  1,300,000 (2001)    Limburg (Belgium), Limburg (Netherlands) Lithuanian  lt  Indo-European, Baltic  3,000,000  Lithuania  Livonian  liv  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic  1  210 Latvia   Lombard  lmo  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic  3,600,000   Lombardy (Italy) Low German (Low Saxon)  ndswep Indo-European, Germanic, West  1,000,0002.6 million cited as estimate of all Germans who speak Platt "well or very well" (including L2; 4.3 million cited as the number of all speakers including those with "moderate" knowledge) in 2009. Heute in Bremen. „Ohne Zweifel gefährdet". Frerk Möller im Interview, taz, 21. Februar 2009.
However, Wirrer (1998) described Low German as "moribund".Jan Wirrer: Zum Status des Niederdeutschen. In: Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik. 26, 1998, S. 309. The number of native speakers is unknown, estimated at 1 million by SIL Ethnologue. ,  2,600,000   Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)The question whether Low German should be considered as subsumed under "German" as the official language of Germany has a complicated legal history. In the wake of the ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1998), Schleswig-Holstein has explicitly recognized Low German as a regional language with official status (§ 82b LVwG ). Ludic  lud  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic  300     Luxembourgish  lb  Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German  336,000  386,000  Luxembourg  Wallonia (Belgium) Macedonian  mk  Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern  1,400,000   North Macedonia  Mainfränkischvmf Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper  4,900,000German dialect,     Maltese  mt  Semitic, Arabic  520,000    Malta  Manx  gv  Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic  230  2,300    Isle of Man Mari  chmmhrmrj  Uralic, Finno-Ugric  500,000    Mari El (Russia) Megleno-Romanian  ruq  Indo-European, Romance, Eastern  3,000     Minderico  drc  Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian  500     Mirandese  mwl  Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian  15,000   Miranda do Douro (Portugal) Moksha  mdf  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic  2,000   Mordovia (Russia)Montenegrin  cnr  Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian  240,700   Montenegro  Neapolitan  nap  Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian  5,700,000    Campania (Italy)In 2008, law was passed by the Region of Campania, stating that the Neapolitan language was to be legally protected.   Nenets  yrk  Uralic, Samoyedic  4,000total 22,000 native speakers (2010 Russian census) out of an ethnic population of 44,000. Most of these are in Siberia, with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia (2010 census, mostly in Nenets Autonomous Okrug)   Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russia) Nogai  nog  Turkic, Kipchak  87,000    Dagestan (Russia) Norman  nrf  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl  50,000   Guernsey (United Kingdom), Jersey (United Kingdom) Norwegian  no  Indo-European, Germanic, North  5,200,000   Norway  Occitan  oc  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance 500,000.
Includes Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine. Most native speakers are in France; their number is unknown, as varieties of Occitan are treated as French dialects with no official status.    Catalonia (Spain) Ossetian  os  Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern  450,000Total 570,000, of which 450,000 in the Russian Federation.       North Ossetia-Alania (Russia), South Ossetia Palatinate Germanpfl Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central 1,000,000German dialect,      Picard  pcd  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl  200,000    Wallonia (Belgium) Piedmontese  pms  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic  1,600,000   Piedmont (Italy)Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament in 1999. Motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, Approvazione da parte del Senato del Disegno di Legge che tutela le minoranze linguistiche sul territorio nazionale – Approfondimenti, approved unanimously on 15 December 1999, Text of motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte, Ordine del Giorno 1118.  Polish  pl  Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic  38,500,000   Poland  Portuguese  pt  Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian  10,000,000  Portugal  Rhaeto-Romance  furlldroh  Indo-European, Romance, Western  370,000Includes Friulian, Romansh, Ladin.     Switzerland  Veneto Belluno, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, South Tyrol,Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige  (1972), Art. 102. & Trentino (Italy) Ripuarian (Platt)  ksh  Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central  900,000German dialect,     Romagnol  rgn  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic     Romani  rom  Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western  1,500,000     KosovoConstitution of Kosovo, p. 8  Romanian  ro  Indo-European, Romance, Eastern 24,000,000 28,000,000  Moldova, Romania  Mount Athos (Greece), Vojvodina (Serbia) Russian  ru  Indo-European, Slavic, East  106,000,000L1: 119 million in the Russian Federation (of which c. 83 million in European Russia), 14.3 million in Ukraine, 6.67 million in Belarus, 0.67 million in Latvia, 0.38 million in Estonia, 0.38 million in Moldova. 
L1+L2: c. 100 million in European Russia, 39 million in Ukraine, 7 million in Belarus, 7 million in Poland, 2 million in Latvia, c. 2 million in the European portion of Kazakhstan, 1.8 million in Moldova, 1.1 million in Estonia. . 160,000,000  Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia  Mount Athos (Greece), Gagauzia (Moldova), Left Bank of the Dniester (Moldova), Ukraine Rusyn  rue  Indo-European, Slavic, East  70,000   Rutul  rut  Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic  36,400    Dagestan (Russia) Sami  se  Uralic, Finno-Ugric  23,000mostly Northern Sami (sma), ca. 20,000 speakers; smaller communities of Lule Sami (smj, c. 2,000 speakers) and other variants. , 
, , , .  Norway  Sweden, Finland Sardinian  sc  Indo-European, Romance  1,350,000AA. VV. Calendario Atlante De Agostini 2017, Novara, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, 2016, p. 230    Sardinia (Italy) Scots  sco  Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic 110,000   Scotland (United Kingdom), County Donegal (Republic of Ireland), Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) Scottish Gaelic  gd  Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic 57,000   Scotland (United Kingdom) Serbian  sr  Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian 9,000,000   Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Serbia  Croatia, Mount Athos (Greece), North Macedonia, Montenegro Sicilian  scn  Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian 4,700,000    Sicily (Italy) Silesian  szl  Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic 522,000     Silesian Germansli Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central  11,000German dialect,     Slovak  sk  Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak 5,200,000   Slovakia  Vojvodina (Serbia), Czech Republic Slovene  sl  Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western 2,100,000   Slovenia  Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy) Sorbian (Wendish)  wen  Indo-European, Slavic, West20,000   Brandenburg & Sachsen (Germany)GVG § 184 Satz 2; VwVfGBbg § 23 Abs. 5; SächsSorbG § 9, right to use Sorbian in communication with the authorities guaranteed for the "Sorbian settlement area" (Sorbisches Siedlungsgebiet, Lusatia). Spanish  es  Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian 47,000,000 76,000,000  Spain  Gibraltar (United Kingdom) Swabian Germanswg Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic  820,000German dialect,      Swedish  sv  Indo-European, Germanic, North 11,100,000 13,280,000  Sweden, Finland, Åland and Estonia  Swiss Germangsw Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic  5,000,000German dialect,   Switzerland (as German)   Tabasaran  tab  Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic  126,900   Dagestan (Russia) Tat  ttt  Indo-European, Iranian, Western  30,000, 
2,000 speakers in the Russian Federation according to the 2010 census (including Judeo-Tat). About 28,000 speakers in Azerbaijan; most speakers live along or just north of the Caucasus ridge (and are thus technically in Europe), with some also settling just south of the Caucasus ridge, in the South Caucasus.   Dagestan (Russia) Tatar  tt  Turkic, Kipchak 4,300,000    Tatarstan (Russia) Tindi  tin  Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic  2,200    Tsez  ddo  Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic  13,000    Turkish  tr  Turkic, Oghuz15,752,673c. 12 million in European Turkey, 0.6 million in Bulgaria, 0.6 million in Cyprus and Northern Cyprus; and 2,679,765 L1 speakers in other countries in Europe according to a Eurobarometer survey in 2012: https://languageknowledge.eu/languages/turkish  Turkey, Cyprus  Northern Cyprus Udmurt  udm  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic 340,000     Udmurtia (Russia) Ukrainian  uk  Indo-European, Slavic, East32,600,000  Ukraine  Left Bank of the Dniester (Moldova) Upper Saxonsxu Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central  2,000,000German dialect,      Vepsian  vep  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 1,640Russian Census 2010.     Republic of Karelia (Russia) Venetian  vec  Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian 3,800,000   Veneto (Italy)A motion to recognise Venetian as an official regional language has been approved by the Regional Council of Veneto in 2007.  Võro  vro  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic 87,000     Võru County (Estonia) Votic  vot  Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic  21     Walloon  wa  Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl 600,000    Wallonia (Belgium) Walser Germanwae Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic  20,000Highest Alemannic dialects,      Welsh  cy  Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic 562,000 750,000    Wales (United Kingdom) Wymysoryswym Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German  70Moribund German dialect spoken in Wilamowice,
 Poland. 70 speakers recorded in 2006.      Yenishyec Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German  16,000    Switzerland Yiddish  yi  Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German 600,000Total population estimated at 1.5 million as of 1991, of which c. 40% in the Ukraine. , ,     Bosnia and Herzegovina, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Ukraine Zeelandic  zea  Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian	 220,000    

 Harsuna da ake magana da su a Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Jojiya, da Turkiyya 
There are various definitions of Europe, which may or may not include all or parts of Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. For convenience, the languages and associated statistics for all five of these countries are grouped together on this page, as they are usually presented at a national, rather than subnational, level.

NameISO-639Classification Speakers in expanded geopolitical Europe Official statusL1L1+L2NationalRegional Abkhaz  ab  Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi  Abkhazia/Georgia:Abkhazia is a de facto state recognized by Russia and a handful of other states, but considered by Georgia to be ruling over a Georgian region 191,000Turkey: 44,000 AbkhaziaAbkhazia  Adyghe (West Circassian)  ady  Northwest Caucasian, Circassian  Turkey: 316,000    Albanian  sq  Indo-European, Albanian  Turkey: 66,000 (Tosk)     Arabic  ar  Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, West  Turkey: 2,437,000 Not counting post-2014 Syrian refugees     Armenian  hy  Indo-European, Armenian  Armenia: 3 millionAzerbaijan: 145,000 Georgia: around 0.2 million ethnic Armenians (Abkhazia: 44,870)Turkey: 61,000Cyprus: 668   ArmeniaAzerbaijan Cyprus Azerbaijani  az  Turkic, Oghuz  Azerbaijan 9 millionAzeri community in Dagestan excludedTurkey: 540,000Georgia 0.2 million  Azerbaijan  Batsbi  bbl  Northeast Caucasian, Nakh  Georgia: 500     Bulgarian  bg  Indo-European, Slavic, South  Turkey: 351,000     Crimean Tatar  crh  Turkic, Kipchak  Turkey: 100,000    Georgian  ka  Kartvelian, Karto-Zan  Georgia: 3,224,696  Turkey: 151,000  Azerbaijan: 9,192 ethnic GeorgiansCensuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009   Georgia   Greek  el  Indo-European, Hellenic  Cyprus: 679,883  Turkey: 3,600   Cyprus   Juhuri  jdt  Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest  Azerbaijan: 24,000 (1989)     Kurdish  kur  Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest  Turkey: 15 millionSIL Ethnologue gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". Ethnologue estimates for dialect groups:
Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009),
Central: 6.75M (2009),
Southern: 3M (2000),
Laki: 1M (2000).
The Swedish Nationalencyklopedin listed Kurdish in its "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers.Azerbaijan: 9,000    Kurmanji  kmr  Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest  Turkey: 8.13 million Armenia: 33,509Georgia: 14,000      Armenia Laz  lzz  Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan  Turkey: 20,000  Georgia: 2,000     Megleno-Romanian  ruq  Indo-European, Italic, Romance, East  Turkey: 4–5,000Thede Kahl (2006): The islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in present-day Turkey, Nationalities Papers, 34:01, p80-81: "Assuming that nearly the total population of Nânti emigrated, then the number of emigrants must have been around 4,000. If the reported number of people living there today is added, the whole Meglen Vlachs population is c. 5,000. Although that number is only a rough estimate and may be exaggerated by the individual interviewees, it might correspond to reality."    Mingrelian  xmf  Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan  Georgia (including Abkhazia): 344,000     Pontic Greek  pnt  Indo-European, Hellenic  Turkey: greater than 5,000Armenia: 900 ethnic Caucasus GreeksGeorgia: 5,689 Caucasus Greeks    Romani language and Domari language  rom, dmt  Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indic  Turkey: 500,000    Russian  ru  Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic  Armenia: 15,000Azerbaijan: 250,000Georgia: 130,000  Armenia: about 0.9 million  Azerbaijan: about 2.6 million Georgia: about 1 millionCyprus: 20,984  AbkhaziaSouth Ossetia  Armenia  Azerbaijan Svan  sva  Kartvelian, Svan  Georgia (incl. Abkhazia): 30,000    Tat  ttt  Indo-European, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Southwest  Azerbaijan: 10,000John M. Clifton, Gabriela Deckinga, Laura Lucht, Calvin Tiessen, "Sociolinguistic Situation of the Tat and Mountain Jews in Azerbaijan," In Clifton, ed., Studies in Languages of Azerbaijan, vol. 2 (Azerbaijan & St Petersburg, Russia: Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan & SIL International 2005). Page 3.     Turkish  tr  Turkic, Oghuz  Turkey: 66,850,000  Cyprus: 1,405 + 265,100 in the North  Turkey  Cyprus  Northern Cyprus 

 Al'ummomin ƙaura 
Recent (post–1945) immigration to Europe introduced substantial communities of speakers of non-European languages.

The largest such communities include Arabic speakers (see Arabs in Europe)
and Turkish speakers (beyond European Turkey and the historical sphere of influence of the Ottoman Empire, see Turks in Europe).
Armenians, Berbers, and Kurds have diaspora communities of  1–2,000,000 each. The various languages of Africa and languages of India form numerous smaller diaspora communities.

List of the largest immigrant languages 

 Name  ISO 639  Classification  Native  Ethnic diasporaArabic ar Afro-Asiatic, Semitic  5,000,000France: 4,000,000, 
Germany: 500k (2015),
Spain: 200k
UK: 159k (2011 census) 12,000,000Arab diaspora, mostly in France, Italy, Spain, Germany, UK, Sweden, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, 
current size unknown due to the European migrant crisis of 2015–present.Turkish tr  Turkic, Oghuz  3,000,000Germany: 1,510k,
France: 444k,
Netherlands: 388k,
Austria: 197k,
Russia: 146k,
UK: 99k,
Switzerland: 44k,
Sweden: 44.  7,000,000See Turks in Europe: only counting recent (post-Ottoman era) immigration:
Germany: 4,000,000,
France: 1,000,000, 
UK: 500,000,
Netherlands: 500,000,
Austria: 400,000,
Switzerland, Sweden and Russia: 200,000 each. Armenian  hy  Indo-European  1,000,000830k in Russia (2010 census), 100k in Ukraine (SIL Ethnologue 2015). 3,000,0002,000,000 Armenians in Russia.
France 750k,
Ukraine 100k,
Germany 100k,
Greece 60-80k,
Spain 40k,
Belgium 30k,
Czechia 12k,
Sweden 12k,
Bulgaria 10-22k,
Belarus 8k, 
Austria 6k,
Poland 3-50k,
Hungary 3-30k,
Netherlands 3-9k,
Switzerland 3-5k,
Cyprus 3k,
Moldova 1-3k,
UK 1-2k.Kurdish  ku  Indo-European, Iranian, Western  600,000Germany: 541k  1,000,000Kurdish population: mostly Kurds in Germany, Kurds in France, Kurds in Sweden.Bengali–Assamese  bn as syl  Indo-European, Indo-Aryan 600,000Sylheti: 300k in the UK, Bengali: 221k in the UK.  1,000,000see British Indian, Bangladeshi diaspora, Bengali diaspora.Azerbaijani  az  Turkic, Oghuz  500,000515k in Russia (2010 census) 700,000Azerbaijani diaspora: Russia 600k, Ukraine 45k, not counting 400,000 in Azerbajian's Quba-Khachmaz Region (Shabran District, Khachmaz District, Quba District, Qusar District, Siyazan District) technically in Europe (being north of the Caucasus watershed).Kabyle  kab  Afro-Asiatic, Berber  500,000France: 500k  1,000,000Kabyle people in France: 1,000,000.Chinesezh Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic  300,000Germany 120k, Russia: 70k, UK 66k, Spain 20k.  2,000,000Overseas Chinese: France 700,000, UK: 500,000, Russia: 300,000, Italy: 300,000, Germany: 200,000, Spain: 100,000.UrduurIndo-European, Indo-Aryan 300,000UK: 269k (2011 census).1,800,000Pakistani diaspora, the majority Pakistanis in the UK.Uzbek  uz Turkic, Karluk 300,000Russia: 274k (2010 census) 2,000,000see Uzbeks in Russia.Persian  fa  Indo-European, Iranian, Western  300,000UK: 76k, Sweden: 74k, Germany: 72k, France 40k.  400,000Iranian diaspora: Germany: 100k, Sweden: 100k, UK: 50k, Russia: 50k, Netherlands: 35k, Denmark: 20k.Punjabi  pa  Indo-European, Indo-Aryan 300,000UK: 280k 700,000see British PunjabisGujarati  gu Indo-European, Indo-Aryan 200,000UK: 213k 600,000see Gujarati diasporaTamil  ta  Dravidian  200,000UK: 101k, Germany: 35k, Switzerland: 22k. 500,000Tamil diaspora: UK 300k, France 100k, Germany 50k, Switzerland 40k,u Netherlands, 20k, Norway 10k.Somali  so  Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic  200,000UK: 86k, 
Sweden: 53k,
Italy: 50k  400,000Somali diaspora:
UK: 114k, Sweden: 64k, Norway: 42k, Netherlands: 39k, Germany: 34k, Denmark: 21k, Finland: 19k.

 Don Karatu 

 Ethnic groups in Europe
 Eurolinguistics
 European Day of Languages
 Greek East and Latin West
 List of endangered languages in Europe
 List of multilingual countries and regions of Europe
 Standard Average European
 Travellingua

 Duba 

 Manazarta 

 Mahadan Waje 




 Map of Minorities & Regional and Minority Languages of Europe, Language Diversity (2017)