Yaren Kate

Kate yaren Papuan ne da kusan mutane kimanin 6,000 ke magana a gundumar Finschhafen na Lardin Morobe, Papua New Guinea . Yana daga cikin reshen Finisterre-Huon na dangin harshen Trans–New Guinea (McElhanon 1975, Ross 2005). An karbe shi don koyarwa da aikin mishan tsakanin masu magana da harsunan Papuan ta Cocin Evangelical Lutheran na Papua New Guinea a farkon shekarun 1900 kuma a lokaci guda yana da masu magana da yare na biyu kusan 80,000.

 Yaruka 
Sunan Kâte yana nufin 'dazuzzuka', almara ga 'yan cikin gida a kan iyakar yankin Huon, ban da mutanen da ke zaune tare da kogin Mape (Flierl da Strauss 1977). Mutanen bakin teku a kudu, galibi suna magana Jabêm, ana kiran su Hâwec 'teku' kuma waɗanda ke arewa, suna magana da Momare da Migabac, ana kiran su Sopâc 'ciyawa'. Waɗannan na yanki ne maimakon sunayen harshe. Kalmomin ƙamus na asali suna magana ne ga ƙananan sassan harsuna waɗanda za a iya kiran su da yare. McElhanon (1974: 16) ya gano yaruka biyar a lokacin tuntuɓar manufa ta farko a 1886, kowannensu mai suna gwargwadon yadda suke furta kalma ko jimla.

 Wana ('ina?'), yare mafi kudu
 Wamorâ ('why?')
 Mâgobineng ('suna cewa') ko Bamotâ ('me yasa?'), kusan bacewa a 1974
 Parec, wanda ya riga ya ƙare ta 1974
 Wemo ('menene?') ko Wena, wanda aka karɓa azaman yare na manufa

Wana da Wemo kusan iri ɗaya ne, amma sun bambanta sosai da Mâgobineng da Wamorâ, ta yadda za a iya ɗaukar waɗannan harsuna guda uku masu alaƙa. Wataƙila Parec ya kasance yare na tsaka-tsaki tsakanin Wemo da Wamorâ. Yarukan Kate sun kafa sarka tare da yarukan Mape makwabta. Wemo ne ke maye gurbin duk yarukan sarkar (Suter 2014: 19).

 Fassarar sauti 

 Wasula 
Kate ya bambanta wasulan guda shida. Ƙarƙashin wasalin baya â (wakiltan /ɔ/)  yayi kama da wasalin dokar Ingilishi ta Burtaniya ko gani (Pilhofer 1933: 14). Tsawon ba ya bambanta.
 Gaba Tsakiya Baya Babban i u Tsakar e o Ƙananan a ɔ

 Ana jin /e/ kamar [ɛ] lokacin da kafin sauti /t͡s ɾ ʔ/ da kuma baƙaƙen hanci.
 /ɔ/ kuma ana iya jin shi a cikin bambance-bambancen lokaci-lokaci kamar [ɒ].

 Consonants 
Tasha glottal, rubuta -c, yana faruwa ne kawai bayan wasali kuma Pilhofer ya fara bayyana shi a matsayin sigar wasalin da ke bambanta, misali, bo 'sugarcane' daga boc 'sosai' da si 'dasa' daga sic 'broth'. Duk da haka, McElhanon (1974) ya lura cewa ƙarshen glottal tasha ba kawai sauti ba ne a cikin yaren Wemo, amma ya yi daidai da nau'ikan baƙaƙe-ƙarshe a cikin harsunan Yammacin Huon ( -p, -t, -k, -m, -n, -ŋ ), waɗanda aka karkatar da su (to -c, -ŋ ) a cikin harsunan Huon na Gabas, gami da Kâte. Pilhofer (1933) ya rubuta harafin gefe da l, amma Schneuker (1962) da Flierl and Strauss (1977) sun rubuta shi da r .

Fricatives f da w duka biyun labiodentals ne, a cewar Pilhofer (1933), amma bilabials, a cewar Flierl and Strauss (1977). Alveopalatal z da ʒ ƴan uwa ne, [ts] da [dz] bi da bi, amma in ba haka ba sun yi kama da tasha, sai dai z kawai yana faruwa ne tsakanin wasulan, yayin da ʒ yana faruwa morpheme-da farko (Flierl da Strauss 1977: xv). Dukansu Pilhofer (1933: 15) da Flierl da Strauss (1977) sun bayyana labiovelars q da ɋ a matsayin haɗin gwiwa kuma a lokaci guda aka sake [kp] da [gb], bi da bi. (Haruffa ɋ mai lanƙwasa q ce mai ɗaure wutsiya wadda ba za a iya yin ta da kyau ba idan ta ɓace daga tsarin rubutu.)
Manazarta

Category:Harsuna
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba