Harshen Dinka

Dinka (Na asali  ,  ko kuma kawai  ) gungu ne na yaren Nilotic da ƴan ƙabilar Dinka, wata babbar kabila ce ta Sudan ta Kudu . Akwai manyan nau'ikan iri da yawa, irin su Padang, Rek, Agaar, Ciec, Apaak, Aliep, Bor, Hol, Nyarweng, Twic East da Twic Mayardit,   waɗanda suka bambanta sosai (ko da yake ana fahimtar juna) don buƙatar rarrabewa. matsayin adabi. Ana amfani da Jaang, Jieng ko Muonyjieng azaman jumla gabaɗaya don rufe duk harsunan Dinka. Kwanan nan Akutmɛ̈t Latueŋ Thuɔŋjäŋ (Ƙungiyar Cigaban Harshen Dinka) ta ba da shawarar rubutaccen nahawu na Dinka.

Harshen da ya fi dacewa da Dinka shine yaren Nuer . Harshen Luo ma suna da alaƙa da juna. Kalmomin Dinka suna nuna kusanci sosai  Nubian, wanda mai yiwuwa ne saboda hulɗar zamani tsakanin mutanen Dinka da masarautar Alodia..

Ana samun Dinka galibi a gefen Nilu, musamman a yammacin White Nile, babban kogi da ke gudana a arewa daga Uganda, arewa da kudancin Sudd marsh a jihar Kordofan ta Kudu ta Sudan da kuma yankin Bahr el Ghazal da Upper Nile na Sudan ta Kudu.

 Abubuwan harshe. 

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Akwai alamomi guda 20:
LabariDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarHancimn̪nɲŋDakatar dapbt̪d̪tdcɟkɡFricativeɣKusanci (Lateral) jwlRhoticɾ

 Sautin sautin 
Dinka yana da tsarin wasula mai wadata, tare da goma sha uku na gajerun wasula masu banbanci. Akwai halaye bakwai na wasali tare da bambancin hanyoyi biyu a cikin sauti. Ƙananan, suna nuna jerin muryoyin numfashi, wanda aka wakilta a cikin rubutun Dinka ta hanyar diaereses, . Sautin da ba a san su ba suna da salo ko murya mai ƙarfi.
A gabaKomawafili numfashifilinumfashiKusaiuTsakanin Tsakiyada kumaoBude-tsakiyaɛOwuBudea
An bayyana sauti huɗu a cikin wasula na Dinka: muryar modal, muryar numfashi, muryar faucalized, da murya mai tsanani. Jerin modal yana da murya mai ƙarfi ko murya mai tsanani a wasu mahalli, yayin da wasula masu numfashi suna tsakiya kuma an bayyana su a matsayin murya mai zurfi (mai zurfi). Wannan  shi da alaƙa da sautin.

Remijsen, Bert (2013). "Tonal alignment is contrastive in falling contours in Dinka" (PDF). Language. 89 (2): 297–327. doi:10.1353/lan.2013.0023. hdl:20.500.11820/1a385cb5-78ab-44d7-adec-93744524bc3d. S2CID 144514695. saman wannan, akwai nau'ikan wasula guda uku, fasalin da aka samu a cikin harsuna kalilan.Yawancin tushen aikatau na Dinka guda ɗaya ne, ƙayyadaddun kalmomi tare da gajeren ko dogon wasali. Wasu jujjuyawar suna tsawaita wannan wasali:

  'keɓe\2sg'
  'keɓewa\3sg'
 // 'haɓaka\2sg'
  'haɓaka\3sg'

gajeren lokaciràaan ā-lèl"Kana ware mutum (ràaan)."Tsawon Lokaciràaan ā-léel"Yana ware mutum".Tsawon lokaciLràaan ā-léeel"Yana tayar da mutum".

 Sauti 
Amfani mai yawa da sautin da hulɗarsa da yanayin jiki alama ce ta dukkan yarukan Dinka. Harsunan Bor duk suna Remijsen, Bert (2013). "Tonal alignment is contrastive in falling contours in Dinka" (PDF). Language. 89 (2): 297–327. doi:10.1353/lan.2013.0023. hdl:20.500.11820/1a385cb5-78ab-44d7-adec-93744524bc3d. S2CID 144514695. nau'o'i huɗu a matakin syllable: Low, High, Mid, da Fall.

A cikin Bor da ya dace, sautin da ke fadowa ba a samo shi a kan gajerun wasula sai dai a matsayin juyawa don mai wucewa a cikin halin yanzu.  Nyaarweng da Twïc  ba a samu kwata-kwata ba. A cikin Bor da ya dace, kuma watakila a wasu yaruka, Fall an gane shi ne kawai a ƙarshen kalma. A wani wuri ya zama Babban.

A cikin Bor da ya dace kuma watakila wasu yaruka, sautin Low yana da ƙarancin sauti kawai bayan wani sautin low. A wani wuri yana fadowa, amma ba daidai da Fall ba: Ba ya zama High a tsakiyar jumla, kuma masu magana na iya rarrabe sautunan fadowa guda biyu duk da gaskiyar cewa suna da nau'ikan farar iri ɗaya. Bambancin ya bayyana a cikin lokaci: tare da Fall mutum yana jin sautin matakin da ya fadi, yayin da falling allophone na Low ya fara faduwa sannan ya tashi.  (Wato, daya ya fadi a kan mora na farko na wasali, yayin da ɗayan ya fadi a cikin mora na biyu.) Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne saboda an yi la'akari da cewa irin waɗannan bambance-bambance na lokaci ba su da sauti.

 Yanayin Yanayi 
Wannan harshe yana nuna sautin sautin ko apophony, canjin sautin ciki (kamar Turanci goose / geese): After Bauer 2003:35
Mai banbanciYawancin mutaneglosssauya sautin'Yankin / filayen' () 'Frams/Frams' () 

 Harsuna 
Masana ilimin harshe sun raba Dinka zuwa harsuna biyar ko tarin yaruka daidai da wurin da suke dangane da juna: 

Arewa maso gabas da yamma:

 Padaŋ na Ayuël jiel (Abiliang, Nyiël, Ageer, D Disney).
 Luäc (Akook, Wieu, Aguer) 
 Ŋɔŋ na Jok (Upper Nile) 
 Rut
 Thoi

Yammacin Turai:

 Ŋɔŋ daga Jok Athuorkok (Abiei) 
 Ŋ da Jok de Awet
 Kuel na Ruweeng (Panaru, Aloor ku Paweny) 

Kudancin Tsakiya:

 Aliap
 Ciëc (Jang) 
 Rubuce-rubuce
 Agaar
 Yirol ya yamma.

Kudu maso gabas:

 Bor
 Twic (Biyu) 
 Nyarweng
 Hol

Kudu maso yamma:

 Malual-Jinyaaɛrŋ (Abiëm, Pali %, Aroyo, Paliëupiny ku Pajok) 

 Luänyjäŋ
 Twic Bol

Rek

 Ruwa da kuma
 Apuk
 Awan Cän ku Awan Mɔ̈u
 Kwac Aiki
 Abiëm Mayar
 Abubuwan da suka faru
 Nöi Ayii
 Nyaŋ Aköc
 Atok Buk
 Ler Akën
 Awan Parek
 Lɔn Ariik
 LON LOKWAN
 Kɔŋgör Arop
 Apuk Padɔc
 Muɔk Aköt Wut
 Yär Ayiɛɛi
 Apuk Jurwiir
 Ya yi amfani da shi
 Luäny Malek
 Ya kamata ya zama mai suna "Kyakkyawan"
 Thïïk / Thïŋ Majɔk
 Kɔŋ-ŋör Akuëcbɛ̈ny
 Birni ya kasance
 Adöör Mabior
 Bäc

Wadannan za su kasance masu fahimta da juna idan ba don muhimmancin sautin a cikin juyin halittar ba, kamar yadda aikin sautin ya bambanta daga iri zuwa wani.

Dubi taswirar kan layi na Ethnologue na Sudan don wuraren yaruka.

 Tsarin rubuce-rubuce 
An rubuta Dinka tare da haruffa Latin da yawa tun farkon karni na 20. Harshen haruffa na yanzu shine:

 a ä b c d dh e ë ɛ̈ g ɣ i ï j k l m n nh ny ŋ t th u w o ö ɔ̈ p r y

Bambance-bambance a wasu haruffa sun hada da:
Harafin yanzuSauran hanyoyinė ("e" tare da maɓalli a saman) h, x, qngXi ("o" tare da maɓalli a saman) 
Aleu Majok Aleu  ya kirkiro haruffa na Dinka wanda ya danganci Rubutun Nilerian. 

A cikin 2020 Deng Chol ya gabatar da sabon tsarin rubuce-rubucen Dinka (Nilotic Script), an haɓaka sabon rubutun daga tsohuwar tsarin rubucewar Meroëtic,

 Rubutun samfurin 
Mataki na 1 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights 

Dinka: Rana a cikin N'Abin da ke cikin N'abin da ke da alaƙa da N'afin da ke cikin n'abin. 

Turanci: Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da 'yanci kuma daidai da mutunci da haƙƙoƙi.  Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.

 Dubi kuma 


 Mutanen Dinka
 Harsunan Nilo-Sahara

 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Harshen Dinka na Nilerian
 shafi na kasahorow akan Dinka
 Shafin OpenRoad akan Dinka
 Cibiyar Harshen Dinka (Australia) (DLIA) shafin yanar gizo na harsuna da yawa akan Dinka, gami da Dinka
 Shafin PanAfrican L10n akan Dinka
 Harshen Dinka a kan Answer.com
 Daga 1963 Littafin Addu'a tare da Hymns, a cikin yaren Dinka, Bor (1956) wanda Richard Mammana ya tsara a cikin 2015
 din:Wikipedia:Apam kë ya yi Wikipedia a cikin Dinka
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba