Yaren Komo

Komo yare ne na Nilo-Sahara wanda Mutanen Kwama (Komo)  na Habasha, Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu ke magana. Yana daga cikin yarukan Koman. Harshen kuma ana kiransa Madiin, Koma, Kudancin Koma, Koma ta Tsakiya, Gokwom da Hayahaya . Komo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Mutane da yawa daga Komo suna da Harsuna da yawa saboda suna kusa da Mao, Kwama da Oromo masu magana. Komo yana da alaƙa da Kwama, yaren da ƙungiyar da ke zaune a wannan yankin na Habasha ke magana kuma waɗanda suka nuna kansu a matsayin kabilanci na Komo. Wasu masu magana  Komo da Kwama sun fahimci bambancin da ke tsakanin harsuna biyu da al'adu, yayin da wasu mutane ke ganin shi a matsayin al'umma ɗaya ta "ƙabilar harshe". Ƙididdigar Habasha ta 2007 ba ta ambaci Kwama ba, kuma saboda wannan dalili ƙididdigar masu magana da Komo 8,000 na iya zama ba daidai ba. Wani kimantawa Otero, Manuel A. "Dual Number in Ethiopian Komo." Nilo-Saharan: Models and Descriptions. By Angelika Mietzner and Anne Storch. Cologne: Rudiger Koppe Verlag, 2015. 123-34. Print. tsofaffi daga 1971 ya sanya yawan masu magana da Komo a Habasha a 1,500. Harshen Komo ba a yi nazari sosai ba; ana bayyana ƙarin bayani yayin da masu bincike ke gano ƙarin bayanai game da wasu harsuna a cikin iyalin Koman.

 Tarihi 
Mutane da yawa daga Komo suna da harsuna da yawa saboda suna kusa da Mao, Kwama, da masu magana da Oromo. "Komo da Mao" sun kasance kabilanci da harshe masu rikitarwa har sai sun zama kalmomin hukuma da aka yi amfani da su a Yankin Asosa a Benishangul Gummuz .  Kodayake  gane Komo da Kwama a ƙarƙashin rassa daban-daban guda biyu na Proto-Koman, an ci gaba da muhawara da rikicewa game da asalin kabilanci na nau'ikan magana guda biyu.

 Yanayin ƙasa 
A Habasha, yawancin masu magana suna cikin Yankin Benishangul-Gumuz, musamman a cikin woreda na musamman na Mao-Komo Otero, Manuel A. (2014). "Notes from the Komo language Discover your Grammar Workshop." duk da haka akwai wasu a Yankin Gambela. Otero, Manuel A. 2015. Nominal morphology and ‘topic’ in Ethiopian Komo. In Osamu Hieda (ed.), Information Structure and Nilotic Languages, 19-35. Tokyo, Japan: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. "Komo." Ethnologue. N.p., n.d. Web. Sudan ana iya samun sa a jihar An Nil al Azraq kuma a Sudan ta Kudu, Jihar Upper Nile. Killian, Don. Gender in Koman Languages. N.p., n.d. Web. Harsunan Koman, waɗanda duk ake Magana da su a kan iyakokin Habasha, Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu, sune Uduk, Opuo, da Gwama, da kuma yiwuwar harshen Koman, Gule . [1] Kuspert, Klaus-Christian. "The Mao and Komo Languages in the Begi-Tongo Area in Western Ethiopia: Classification, Designations, and Distribution." Linguistic Discovery13.1 (2015): n. pag. Web.Yehualashet, Teshome. "Remarks on the Phonology of Kwama/Komo (Nilo-Saharan)."Lissan: Journal of African Languages & Linguistics XX (2006): 141-48. Web., akwai wasu muhawara ko Gwama da Komo harsuna biyu ne daban-daban ko yare biyu na yare ɗaya, [1] wannan rikice-rikice ya fito ne daga gaskiyar cewa ana iya sanin Gwama da "Kwama" ko kalmar na iya zama kalmar yaren Gwama da ke nufin harshen Komo; yayin da masu bincike ba su yarda da wannan batu ba, sun yarda da cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike akan wannan batun.

Yawancin bincike kan Komo yana faruwa ne a Habasha.

 Fasahar sauti 
An buga binciken sauti guda biyu na Komo, tare da wasu rashin jituwa tsakanin su biyu. Bayanan da ke ƙasa sun fito ne daga kwanan nan na biyun, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2006.

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
Tebur mai zuwa yana Yehualashet, Teshome. "Remarks on the Phonology of Kwama/Komo (Nilo-Saharan)."Lissan: Journal of African Languages & Linguistics XX (2006): 141-48. Web. da taƙaitaccen ma'anar da aka samu a Komo.
BiyuwaAlveolarPalatalVelarGishiriDakatar dapp"tt"kk"ʔbdgɗFricativefss"ʃhzHancimn (Ra'ayi) ŋRhoticrKusancijwl
Maganar alveolar implosive [ɗ] ba ta fito da kalma a ƙarshe a cikin Komo, kuma hanci na velar [ŋ] ba ta bayyana kalma da farko ba. Akwai lokuta Yehualashet, Teshome. "Remarks on the Phonology of Kwama/Komo (Nilo-Saharan)."Lissan: Journal of African Languages & Linguistics XX (2006): 141-48. Web. hanci na baki [ɲ] da kuma alveolar trill [r] da ke faruwa a matsakaici, duk da haka waɗannan ba a la'akari da sauti daban-daban ba amma sakamakon matakai na phonological.

Gemination na ma'ana kalma ce ta yau da kullun a cikin Komo, duk da haka ba ta da mahimmanci kuma sabili da haka zaɓi. Yehualashet, Teshome. "Remarks on the Phonology of Kwama/Komo (Nilo-Saharan)."Lissan: Journal of African Languages & Linguistics XX (2006): 141-48. Web. a yarda da kalma da farko ko a ƙarshe ba.

Ana Yehualashet, Teshome. "Remarks on the Phonology of Kwama/Komo (Nilo-Saharan)."Lissan: Journal of African Languages & Linguistics XX (2006): 141-48. Web. da izinin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ne kawai a cikin Komo, kuma yana iya haɗawa da matsakaicin ƙididdiga biyu.

 Sautin sautin 
Tebur mai zuwa yana Yehualashet, Teshome. "Remarks on the Phonology of Kwama/Komo (Nilo-Saharan)."Lissan: Journal of African Languages & Linguistics XX (2006): 141-48. Web. da taƙaitaccen sautin sauti da aka samu a Komo.
A gabaTsakiyaKomawaBabbaI, ɪu, ʊTsakaninɛOwuƘananana
Otero, Manuel A. 2015. [+ATR] dominant vowel harmony except when it’s not? Evidence from Ethiopian Komo. In Ruth Kramer, Elizabeth C. Zsiga, & One Tlale Boyer (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 212-220. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.  yana nuna bambancin sautin bakwai /i, ɪ, ɛ, a, ɔ, u/ tare da Advanced Tongue Root [ATR] bambanci a cikin manyan sautin da kuma tsarin jituwa na ATR wanda ba a saba gani ba. Tsarin farko shine tsinkaya, sautin [+high, +ATR] /i, u/ yana haifar da sautin [-high, -ATR] na gaba /ɛ, a, ɔ/ don daidaitawa da [+ATR] da kuma farfajiyar a matsayin allophones [e, ə, o] bi da bi. Tsarin na biyu yana ci gaba kuma wasula [+high, -ATR] /ɪ, ʊ/ yana haifar da wasula mai zuwa [+high, +ATR] zuwa farfajiya kamar [+ATR]. Tsawon wasula ba shi da mahimmanci a cikin Komo.

 Sauti 
Tone kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Komo . Otero, Manuel A. (2014). "Notes from the Komo language Discover your Grammar Workshop." Akwai matakan sautin 3 a cikin Komo, ƙasa (L), matsakaici (M) da kuma sama (H). Sauti yana taka rawa a cikin yanayin magana. Yawancin tushen magana a cikin Komo suna da ma'ana a ɗaya daga cikin sautuna uku, kuma idan aka jujjuya su da gardama ɗaya suna nuna alamar sautin sauti. Otero, Manuel A. "Dual Number in Ethiopian Komo." Nilo-Saharan: Models and Descriptions. By Angelika Mietzner and Anne Storch. Cologne: Rudiger Koppe Verlag, 2015. 123-34. Print. da ajin aikatau, sautin tushen aikatau na iya canzawa dangane da sautin morphemes da ke haɗe da shi dangane da ajin sa [1]

 Kalmomin 
Dukkanin codas da farawa suna da zaɓi a cikin Komo, saboda haka Komo yana ba da damar nau'ikan syllable masu zuwa: Yehualashet, Teshome. "Remarks on the Phonology of Kwama/Komo (Nilo-Saharan)."Lissan: Journal of African Languages & Linguistics XX (2006): 141-48. Web.

 V
 CV
 VC
 CVC

 Rubutun kalmomi 
An orthography for the Komo language has been conclusively constructed. It is based on the Latin alphabet.

Sautin: a, e, i, ɨ, o, u, ʉ Otero, Manuel A. (2014). "Notes from the Komo language Discover your Grammar Workshop."

Consonants: p, b, pp, m, w, t, d, tt, dd, ss, z, n, r, l, sh, y, k, g, kk, h Otero, Manuel A. (2014). "Notes from the Komo language Discover your Grammar Workshop."

A cikin orthography, ma'anar ma'anar biyu suna nuna sautunan fitarwa ko sautunan implosive. Otero, Manuel A. (2014). "Notes from the Komo language Discover your Grammar Workshop." harafin "sh" yana nuna fricative na baki.

 Harshen harshe 
Abubuwan da ke biyowa sune bayyani game da zane-zane na Komo. An tsara shi ta hanyar da ta bi tsarin harshe.

 Sunaye 
Ana kiran sunan a matsayin "zaga". Yawancin sunaye a cikin harshen Komo ba sa bayyana lamba. Yawancin sunaye suna Otero, M. (2015). Nominal morphology and ‘topic’in Ethiopian Komo. Information Structure and Nilotic languages. p. 3. ma'anar ma'ana ɗaya ko jam'i. Misali:

 karnuka / karnuka= k'áw
 kai/kai= K'up

Sa'an nan kuma akwai wasu sunayen da ke da ma'ana ko jam'i:

 Mutum = yiba
 Yarinya = bamit
 Mutane = giba

Sunayen Komo galibi suna rarrabe jinsi dangane da namiji da mace.

 Adadin 
Adadin a cikin harshen Komo yana da alaƙa da jinsi na sunan. Ka yadda aka nuna a cikin ginshiƙi, sunaye guda ɗaya suna gaba da "a". Hanyar jam'i na waɗannan sunayen a wasu lokuta ana gabatar da "gu".
AlamarMisalina musammanaa wagha, a ton, iyajam'igugu wagana, gu ton, guuman

 Kalmomin suna 
Tsarin abubuwa a cikin kalma mai suna yana tafiya kamar haka: suna - canzawa - adadi - nunawa. Ba za a iya canza wannan tsari ba, musamman saboda lambobi bai kamata su zo ba kafin a canza maganganu. Wannan jumlar da ke gaba tana ba da misali na cikakkiyar kalma:

 gʉ giba bbissina a dish ba (waɗannan maza uku masu ƙarfi) 

 Adjectives 
Adjectives a cikin harshen Komo, kamar yadda aka sani da gyaran maganganu, kalmomi ne masu bayyanawa waɗanda za a iya ƙarawa don ƙara bayyana sunan. Adjectives suna bayyana wasu halaye, kamar su kallo, siffar, sauti, dandano, ko girman, na sunan. Otero, M. A. (2014). Notes from the Komo Language Discover Your Grammar Workshop. Addis Ababa: Benishangul-Gumuz Language Development and Multilingual Education Project. p. 14. cikin harshen Komo, adjectives sun bayyana bayan sunan da suke gyarawa kuma sun yarda da jinsi da lambar sunan. Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu misalai na adjectives tare da sunan da yake canzawa:

 paarsha basara- kyakkyawan doki
 ta ppatana- farin haƙori
 yi gwaz tʉlira- wani yaro mai tsayi

Wakilan kalmomi ne ko jimloli waɗanda ke maye gurbin sunaye. A cikin harshen Komo, akwai sunayen mutum guda takwas daban-daban tare da sunayen mutum huɗu da sunayen jam'i huɗu. Shafin da ke ƙasa yana nuna sunayen mutum guda 8: Otero, M. A. (2014). Notes from the Komo Language Discover Your Grammar Workshop. Addis Ababa: Benishangul-Gumuz Language Development and Multilingual Education Project. p. 14.
Mai banbanciYawancin mutaneaka (bayarwa) Na (ran) Ana/amʉn (ƙarshe, payan) mu (tsere) ay (payi) kai (ka gudu) ʉm (bayar biyan kuɗi) kai (ka gudu) har/happ (bayar, payipp) shi/ta (ta gudu) hʉn (bayani) su gudu
Harshen Komo kuma yana amfani da sunayen sarauta don nuna mallaka. Yawanci a cikin tsari na jumla, kalmar "ba" ta zo tsakanin sunan da aka mallaka da sunan mai mallaka. Wannan kalma Otero, M. A. (2014). Notes from the Komo Language Discover Your Grammar Workshop. Addis Ababa: Benishangul-Gumuz Language Development and Multilingual Education Project. p. 14. musamman tana nuna wa mai karatu cewa ana bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin sunaye biyu. Misali:

 gubi ba bbamit (gidan mace) 
 Gʉ kura ba Asadik (Jikilai na Asadik) 

 Kalmomin 
A cikin harshen Komo, aikatau ko "kam yay" shine tushe ko tushe na samar da jumla mai kyau. Aikatau yana bayyana wani aiki, jihar, tsari, taron, ko inganci. A cikin jumla, aikatau ya yarda da batutuwa. Misali, batun da ke cikin mutum na farko yana buƙatar aikatau ya biyo baya a cikin mutum na 1 .

Shafin da ke ƙasa yana nuna aikatau tare da alamomi ga dukan mutane: Otero, M. A. (2014). Notes from the Komo Language Discover Your Grammar Workshop. Addis Ababa: Benishangul-Gumuz Language Development and Multilingual Education Project. p. 22.
An biya shiZan gudu.Ana ta biyaZa mu gudu.Ya biyaZa ku gudu.Amun unam ya biyaZa mu gudu.Har ur biyaZai gudu.Ɗaya daga cikin albashiZa ku gudu.  (pl) Farin ciki da biyan kuɗiZa ta gudu.Hun ya biyaZa su gudu.
Game da tsarin aikatau na harshen Komo, duk kalmomin ƙayyadaddun kalmomi, ko kalmomin da ke nuna aiki, dole ne a tsara su tare da Aspect-Directional (AD). AD yana biye da ƙayyadaddun Bound Pronominal (BP) wanda ke rarraba mutum, lamba, da jinsi

Hoton da ke biyowa yana nuna zane-zane na aji don sassan sassan da ke kunshe da aikatau na Komo: Otero, M. (2015). Dual Number in Ethiopian Komo. Nilo-Saharan:     Models and Descriptions. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. p. 124.
STEM -AD -BP (1)  -BP (2)  -BP (3) 

 Yanayin Yanayi 
Harshen Komo ya dogara da yanayin shugabanci. Wadannan nau'ikan shugabanci da aka haɗe da aikatau a cikin tsarin jumla ba a amfani da su, amma sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin yarukan Nilo-Sahara. Wadannan morphemes suna tsara zaɓin ayyuka masu yawa fiye da hanyar motsi. AD morphemes yana taimakawa wajen tsara lokaci da kuma jagorancin motsi kamar kalmomin "zuwa" da "daga waje". Otero, M. (2015). Nominal morphology and ‘topic’in Ethiopian Komo. Information Structure and Nilotic languages. p. 3. morphemes na iya kuma tsara wurin.

 __hau__ Sa'ad da ake kira "Sad da"
 PROG abin sha.SG-AD1-3SG.F ruwa a can
 Tana shan ruwa a can.  (Ta kasance a can = a wurin shan ruwa) 

 Ilimin zamantakewa da harshe 
Yankin Yammacin Habasha da Gabashin Sudan suna da kabilanci da kungiyoyin harshe da yawa, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da juna, saboda haka yawancin nazarin zamantakewa da harshe na yankin sun sabawa juna. Babban bangare na rikice-rikice ya samo asali ne daga asalin kabilanci da asalin harshe, wanda zai iya amfani da kalmomi iri ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, akwai bambanci tsakanin ganewar kai da ganewar baƙo. Masu magana da Komo suna nuna kansu a matsayin kabilanci na Komo kuma wasu suna nuna su a matsayin kabalanci na Koma; duk da haka masu magana da Gwama na iya nuna kansu a cikin kabilanci Komo ko kabilanci Mao, kuma gwamnati ta gano su a matsayin Komo. Gwama  Komo harsuna ne masu alaƙa, suna da kusan kashi 30% tare da juna, duk da haka ba su da fahimtar juna..

An ambaci yaren Komo a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jihar Benishangul-Gumuz na Habasha, sabili da haka an tabbatar da shi mafi girma fiye da sauran harsunan da ke kewaye. Bugu da ƙari, saboda wannan an haɗa shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin ilimi na harsuna da yawa a yankin. Yawancin ilimi suna cikin yankin suna cikin Amharic, harshen hukuma na jihar da ƙasa, duk da haka ƙabilar Komo tana da damar samun ilimi a Komo. An gudanar da wasu bita na rubuce-rubuce a cikin yaren Komo, kuma an yanke shawarar rubutun kalmomi,  kodayake yawancin masu magana da Komo sun kasance marasa ilimi.  Ko Komo yana da alama ya fi girma a siyasa, gabaɗaya yare ne na 'yan tsiraru a ƙauyuka tare da yawancin masu magana da Gwama kuma yawancin masu magana na Komo suna da harsuna biyu a Gwama. Yana  mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan halin ya bayyana a Sudan, inda masu magana da Komo suka fi masu magana da Gwama.

Yawancin masu magana da Komo suna da harsuna biyu, saboda suna zaune kusa da sauran kungiyoyin harsuna da yawa kuma, aƙalla inda aka gudanar da bincike a Habasha, babu aljihun ƙasa wanda ake magana da Komi kawai. Gabaɗaya, yarukan da masu magana da Komo na iya kasancewa harsuna biyu a ciki sune: Gwama, Oromo, ko Amharic, kodayake wannan na ƙarshe yana iya kasancewa ne kawai ga mutanen da suka sami ilimi mai kyau. Amharic da Ingilishi suna da matsayi mai girma daga masu magana da Komo, da kuma masu magana da wasu yarukan 'yan tsiraru a yankin. Mata suna iya zama harshe ɗaya fiye  maza, kuma matasa suna iya zama yare biyu. Kungiyar harshe Otero, Manuel A. 2015. Nominal morphology and ‘topic’ in Ethiopian Komo. In Osamu Hieda (ed.), Information Structure and Nilotic Languages, 19-35. Tokyo, Japan: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Komo ba ta da wata matsala game da auren tare da mutane daga wasu kungiyoyin harshe.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Manazarta 

 Siebert, Ralph (2007): Harshen Komo. a cikin: Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 3. Wiesbaden. shafi na 420-421.
 Tucker, A. N. da Bryan, M. A. (1956), Harsunan da ba Bantu ba na Arewa maso gabashin Afirka
 Tucker, A. N. da Bryan, M. A. (1966), Nazarin Harshe: Harsunan da ba Bantu ba na Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka

 Haɗin waje 

 Bayanan Tsarin Harshe na Duniya akan Komo
 ELAR ajiyar takardu da Bayani na Komo
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba