Harsunan Kwa

Harsunan Kwa, waɗanda galibi ana kiransu da Sabon Kwa, shirin iyali ne amma har yanzu ba a nuna shi ba na harsunan da ake magana a yankin kudu maso gabashin Ivory Coast, a kudancin Ghana, da kuma tsakiyar Togo . Iyalin Kwa na cikin yankin Neja-Congo ne. Gottlob Krause ne ya gabatar da sunan a shekara ta 1895 kuma ya samo asali ne daga kalmar 'mutane' ( Kwa ) a yawancin waɗannan harsuna, kamar yadda sunayen Akan suka kwatanta. Wannan reshe ya ƙunshi harsuna kusan 50 da kusan mutane miliyan 25 ke magana. Wasu manyan yarukan Kwa sune Ewe, Akan da Baule .

 Harsuna 
Duba akwatin da ke hannun dama don rarrabuwa na yanzu.

Rukunin harsuna daban-daban da aka haɗa a cikin Kwa suna da alaƙa da juna, kuma ba a nuna cewa sun fi kusanci da juna ba fiye da harsunan Nijar-Congo makwabta. 

Stewart 1989, slightly revised in Blench & Williamson 2000:29 ya bambanta manyan rassa masu zuwa, waɗanda binciken kwatancen tarihi ya goyi bayan ƙungiyoyi masu inganci:

 Potou-Tano (ciki har da Akan )
 Ga – Dangme
 Na-Togo
 [tsohon] Gbe (cikin shakku, yayin da suke nuna ƙarin fasalulluka na Kwa mafi kusanci zuwa Akan)

Harsunan Lagoon na kudancin Ivory Coast ba su da kusanci da ɗayan waɗannan, ko kuma ga juna, don haka an bar su ba tare da rukuni ba:

Harshen Esuma, bacewa ca. 1800, ya rage ba a tantance shi ba.

Tun da Stewart, an cire Ega da gangan, an canza harsunan Gbe zuwa Volta – Niger, kuma Apro ya kara da cewa. An sanya wasu daga cikin harsunan Na-Togo da Ka-Togo zuwa rassa daban-daban na Kwa. Williamson & Blench 2000:29 Duba akwatin info a dama don rassan da aka samu.

Ethnologue ya raba harsunan Kwa zuwa manyan rukunoni guda biyu: Nyo da bankin hagu, amma wannan ba rabe-rabe ba ne. Kungiyar Nyo ta rushe reshen Potou-Tano da Ga-Dangme na Stewart sannan kuma sun hada da harsunan kudancin Ivory Coast da ba a hada su ba, yayin da ake kiran harsunan Ka/Na-Togo da Gbe da bankin hagu saboda ana magana da su a gabashin kogin Volta .

 Tarihin shawarwarin 
Gottlob Krause yayi amfani da kalmar 'Kwa' a cikin 1885 don harsunan Akan (ko watakila Tano ), Gã, da Gbe, waɗanda ke da kwa ko kua a matsayin kalmarsu na 'dan Adam'. Tun daga wannan lokacin an faɗaɗa shawarar sosai, kawai don komawa ga wani abu da ke gabatowa tunaninsa na farko.

A cikin 1952 Westermann da Bryan sun faɗaɗa Kwa zuwa harsuna daban-daban na Lagoon na kudancin Ivory Coast da kuma abin da a yanzu ake kira harsunan Volta-Niger na kudancin Najeriya. Greenberg (1963) ya kara da harsunan Kru na Laberiya, da harsunan tsaunin Ghana-Togo wanda Westermann da Bryan suka cire musamman, da Ijaw na yankin Niger Delta; Yammacin Kwa ya haɗa da harsuna daga Laberiya zuwa Dahomey (Jamhuriyar Benin), da Gabashin Kwa harsunan Najeriya. Bennett & Sterk (1977) ya ba da shawarar cewa harsunan Yoruboid da Igboid sun kasance a cikin Benue–Congo maimakon Kwa. Stewart (1989) ya cire Kru, Ijaw, da Volta–Niger (Gabas Kwa), amma ya kiyaye harsunan Ghana – Togo Mountain da Lagoon, da kuma ƙara wasu ƴan gaɓoɓin, sabbin harsunan da aka kwatanta. Rabe-raben Stewart shine ginshikin sabbin ra'ayoyin kwanan nan. Don warware wannan daga rabe-raben tasiri na Greenberg, dangin da aka rage wani lokaci ana kiransa "Sabon Kwa".

 Kwatankwacin ƙamus 
Misalin ainihin ƙamus na Kwa da harsuna masu alaƙa daga Dumestre (1971) da sauran tushe: Dumestre, Gérard. 1971. Atlas linguistique de Côte-d'Ivoire: les langues de la région lagunaire. Abidjan: Institut de Linguistique Appliquée (ILA).
ClassificationLanguageeyeeartoothtonguemouthbloodbonetreewaterGhana-TogoProto-Central Togo*ki-nu-bí /bi-*ku-túe /a-*li-nía /a-; *li-lúma /a-*ki-níé-bí /bi-*ka-niána /ku-; *o- núí /i-*li-kúpá /a-*ku-wyéu /a-*n-tûGa–DangmeGahiŋmɛitoi¹nyanyɔŋlilɛi²daa⁴la⁵wu⁴tso³nu⁵Ga–DangmeGahi-ŋmɛitoíɲaɲɔɔlíʔlɛ́ídáʔáláwútʃonuGa–DangmeDangmehí-ŋmɛ́túêlúŋùlílɛ́ɲâàmùɔ̀wûtʃôɲùPotou-TanoProto-Potou–Tano*-ɲĩ*-tʊ̃*-nʊ̃*-juPotou-TanoProto-Akanic*-ɲĩ*-sʊ̃*-nʊ̃*-cuPotou-TanoAkanɜ-nĩa-sʊ̃a-nʊ̃n-suPotou-TanoProto-Guang*kω-sω*kɔ-nɔ̃*ŋ-kalωŋ*o-yi*ɲ-čuPotou-TanoBaouléɲimasuɟetaama, tãflãnwãmoɟaoɥjewaken̥zɥePotou-TanoEbriém̥mɛ-ɓin̥ɟɛn̥nɔallɛm̥mɛn̥kan̥eʔweajan̥duPotou-TanoKrobouɲɛ-bisun̥ɲɛdandren̥nɔ̃n̥krãm̥rɔɲamɛn̥zɔPotou-TanoAboureɛɲɛɔwɔn̥ɲɛnãnɛɔblɔn̥nlaeboɛ̃eliben̥tʃwɛPotou-TanoEotileɛjimaɔhoannaannɛãton̥nan̥tɔwuedwɔn̥suPotou-TanoMbattoõɲɛ̃muoõdʒoɔ̃nɔ̃gõolɛẽmẽõglɔ̃õtʃɥiojokuõduLagoonAdioukrouɲamalɔrunɛnanmnɛɲmeblluwl-ikŋmidʒLagoonAbbeyaɛ̃mɔ̃rɔkɔejilɛtɛejimbum̥pjesfjetimidʒiLagoonAttiehimbɛtehɛ̃nũmɛvø̃fedzakwɛsøLagoonAlladianɛrɛnukun̥ɲiɛwɛ̃ɛmwãn̥krɛn̥wiɛtɛn̥ʃiLagoonAvikameŋwaɓaɛzjɛɓaɛɲrãazraɓaenɔ̃ɛvɛ̃ɛwuezibaɛsɔ̃LagoonAbidjinɔnɔwɛrɛteɛɲiinenimitim̥bwoluvutʰimindiKruAizizrolokɔɲɪmrɔmuɲrekrakenrɪ̃EgaEgaefí /eelowá /a-ɛnʊmà /a-eno /i-ɔ̀mààsɔ̀ìkùote /a-aɗúPerePereHeath, Jeffrey. 2019. Pere lexicon [Data set]. Zenodo. jísì-kéénɛ́ɛ́(ⁿ)ɲòŋòmùjèŋgéyúgúɲààmúkóógbèè-tííⁿtúmúMpraMpraanisiatenchumanchumueyiankaw; nkwõDompoDomponyisisepenyìdandulokanunklawuuyinsuGbeProto-Gbe*-tó*aɖú*-ɖɛ́*-ɖũ; *-ɖũkpá*-ʁʷũ*-χʷú*-tĩ́*-tsĩ
Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya: 
ClassificationLanguage12345678910Left Bank, Avatime-NyangboAvatimeólèɔ́βàɔ́tàónéót͡ʃùóɡlòɡlóelèɡɔ́tɔ́βàɡɔ́tólélíɔfɔLeft Bank, Avatime-NyangboNyangbo (1)olíɛbʰaɛtáɛlɛ́itíholoɡeneansɛʒitakɛfɔLeft Bank, Avatime-NyangboNyangbo (2)oliéɛbʰaɛtaéɛlɛetiéholōɡěneéansɛʒitaékɛfɔLeft Bank, Avatime-NyangboTafi (1)olíɛbʰaɛtáẽlɛitíholōɡénéasuɛ̄ʒitákɛfɔ̄Left Bank, Avatime-NyangboTafi (2)olíɪbʰaɪtáĩlĩ́itíholōɡénéasʊīʒitákífɔ̄Left Bank, GbeÉwéèɖéèvèètɔ̃ènèàtɔ̃àdẽ́adrẽ́èɲíaʃíekéèwóLeft Bank, GbeKotafon-Gbeɖok͡poàwèàtɔ̃̂ènɛ̀àtɔ̃́aɲizɛ̃tsĩ́ã̀wè (litː hand+ 2)tsĩ́ã̀tɔ̃̂   (litː hand+ 3)tsĩ́ɛ̀nɛ̀  (litː hand+ 4)emewóLeft Bank, GbeSaxwe-Gbeɑ̀ɖé / ɖók͡póòwêɑ̀tɔ̃̂ɛ̀nɛ̃̂ɑ̀tṹɑ̀dɛ̃́ɑ̀tʃówê (5 + 2)ɑ̀tɾótɔ̃̂ (5 + 3)ɑ̀tʃɛ̃́nɛ̃̂  (5 + 5)òwōLeft Bank, GbeWaci-Gbe (Gen-Gbe)ɖeka(e)ve(e)tɔn(e)ne(a)tɔ́n(a)dén(á)dlén(e)nyí(e)asiɖeka (10 -1) ?(e)woLeft Bank, GbeWestern Xwla-Gbelók͡póɔ̀wèɔ̀tɔ̃̀ɛ̀nɛ̀àtɔ̃́àtroók͡pó  (5 + 1)àcówèàtsítɔ̃̀àtsíɛ̀ɔ̀síɔsí  (litː hand hand)Left Bank, GbeXwla-Gbeòɖě(lók͡pō)ōwèōtɔ̃̀ēnɛ̀àtɔ̃̄ɔ̃̄ātrók͡pōācíòwèàtĩ́tɔ̃̀àcíɛ̀nɛ̀ōwóéLeft Bank, Gbe, AjaAja-Gbe (Aja)eɖé / ɖekaèvè / amɛ̃veetɔ̃̂ / amɛ̃tɔ̃enɛ̀ / amɛ̃nɛ̃atɔ̃ / amãtɔ̃adɛ̃ / amãdɛ̃adɾɛ / amãdɾɛeɲĩ / amɛ̃ɲĩɲíɖe / aʃiɖekɛ / amãʃíɖekɛ (10 -1)ewóLeft Bank, Gbe, AjaGun-Gbeòɖè / ɖòk͡póàweàtɔnɛnɛ̀nàtɔ́nt͡ʃíɖòk͡pó (?+1)t͡ʃiánwè (?+2)t͡ʃíantɔ̀n  (?+3)t͡ʃíɛ́nnɛ̀n (?+4)àwòLeft Bank, Gbe, FonFon-Gbe (Fon)ɖěweatɔnɛnɛatɔ́ɔ́nayizɛ́ntɛ́nwe (5 + 2)tántɔn (5 + 3)tɛ́nnɛ  (5 + 5)wǒLeft Bank, Gbe, FonMaxi-Gbeɖèéòwèɔ̀tɔ̃̀ɛ̀nɛ̀àtɔ̃́ayizɛ̃tɛ́ɛwè (5 + 2)tã́tɔ̃̀   (5 + 3)tɛ̃ɛ̃nɛ̀  (5 + 5)òwóLeft Bank, Gbe, MinaGen-Gbe (Gen)èɖěèvèētɔ̃̀ēnɛ̀àtɔ̃́ɔ̃ādɛ̃́ǎdrɛ̃́ēɲíēɲíɖé (10 -1)ēwóLeft Bank, Kebu-AnimereAkebu (1)ʈɛ́ìjítānìə̀ə̀tʊ̄ʊ̀kʊ̀rã̀ŋpīrìmātānɛ̀ĩ̀ŋfã̀ŋt͡ʃẽ̄ŋt͡ʃẽ̄ŋtə̀Left Bank, Kebu-AnimereAkebu (2)dɛiyitaːniətuwturaŋprimatanɛŋfant͡ʃet͡ʃeŋ (10 - 1) ?təLeft Bank, Kebu-AnimereAnimerebɛɹidintʰaaɳeatʰuŋakʰuɹuŋɳotʰaɳoɳafʊɳetʰiLeft Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-BowiliIgo (Ahlon)iliìwàìtãàlã̀ùtɔuɡoùzòniùmàlàúkàliɔ̀wúLeft Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-BowiliIkposo-uwiɛ̀dɪɛ̀fʷàɛ̀laɛ̀naɛ̀tʊɛ̀wlʊɛ̀wlʊdɪ (6 + 1) ?ɛ̀lɛɛ̀lɛdɪ   (8 + 1) ?ìd͡ʒoLeft Bank, Kposo-Ahlo-BowiliTuwuri (Bowiri)kédìkɛ́ɛ́yákààlɛ̀kɛ́ɛ́nákùùlókévũ̀kɛ́kɔ̀nɔ̀kɛ̀ɛ̀lɛ̃̀kàvèdí (10 - 1) ?kùwàNyo, AgnebyAbé (Abbey)ŋ̀k͡pɔ̄āɲʊ̃́āɾíàlɛ́ōnílɔ̀hɔ̃̀lɔ̀hʍ̃ã̄ɾíèpʲèɲāàkóǹnɛ̀Nyo, AgnebyAbidjiń̩nɔ̀áānʊ̄ɛ̃́ɛ̃̄tɪ̄ã́ã̄lāéēnēnáhʊ̃̀ã̀nɔ̃́ᵐbʊ̀nówònɛ̃́ᵐbrɛ̀ń̩díɔ̀Nyo, AgnebyAdioukrouɲâmɲóɲɲâhǹjârjênnɔ̂hǹlɔ́bŋ̀níwǹlíbárm̀lɛ̂wNyo, AttieAttiéèkkɛ́mwʌ̃́kɛ́hã́kɛ́dʒíkɛ̋bʌ̃́kɛ̋mũ̄n̩sőmɔ̃̀kɥɛ́ŋ̩ɡʷãkɛ̃̋ŋNyo, AttieGaékòmééɲɔ̀étɛ̃éɟwɛ̀énùmɔ̃ék͡pàak͡pàwo  (6 + 1) ?k͡pàaɲɔ̃  (6 + 2) ?nɛ̀ɛhṹɲɔ̀ŋmáNyo, Ga-DangmeDangmekákēéɲɔ̃̀étɛ̃̄éywɛ̀ / éwìɛ̀énũ̄ɔ̃̄ék͡pàk͡pààɡō  (6 + 1) ?k͡pàaɲɔ̃̄  (6 + 2) ?nɛ̃̀ɛ̃́ɲɔ̃̀ŋ͡mã́  (plural formː ɲĩ̀ŋ͡mĩ́)Nyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-AdeleAdeleɛ̀kíɛ̀nyɔ̀ɔ̀nàsìɛ̀nààtònkòòrònkɔ̀rɔ̀nkí (6 + 1) ?nìyɛ̀yɛ̀kí (10 - 1) ?fòNyo, Potou-Tano, Basila-AdeleAniidɨ̄ŋ, ɡādɨ̄ŋ,  ɡīdɨ̄ŋ,  ɡūdɨ̄ŋīɲīʊ̄, bʊ̄ɲīʊ̄, bāɲīʊ̄,īrīū, īrīū, īrīūīnāŋ, īnāŋ, īnāŋīnʊ̄ŋ, īnʊ̄ŋ, īnʊ̄ŋīkōlōŋ,  īkōlōŋ, īkōlōŋkūlūmīɡánáánátʃīīnītɘ̄bNyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Lelemi-AkpafuLelemiùnwìíɲɔ́ɛ̀tɛ̀ínɛ́ɛ̀lɔ́ɛ̀kúmáátɛ̀  (4 + 3) ?máánɛ́ (4 + 4) ?lɛ́yàlìnwì (10 - 1) ?lèèvùNyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Lelemi-AkpafuSiwu (Akpafu)ɔ̀wɛ̃̂íɲɔ̂ìtɛ́ínâírùíkùɔ̀ìkɔ́dzɛ̂  (4 + 3) ?fàráfánà (4 + 4) ?káiwɛ̃̂  (10 - 1) ?ìwéóNyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-SantrokofiSekpele (1)nʊ̀ɛ́ (lɛ̀wɛ́)núə̀ǹtsyə́ńnàǹnɔ́ǹkùákùánsèyènínàsélèfòsìNyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-SantrokofiSekpele (2)nùɛ́núə̀ǹtsyə́ǹnáǹnɔ́ǹkúakúansèyènínàsélèfósìNyo, Potou-Tano, Lelemi, Likpe-SantrokofiSelee (Santrokofi)ònwíìɔ̀ɲɔ́òtìɛ́ɔ́nàɔ̀nɔ́ɔ̀òkúɔ́kùɛ́nsĩ́ɔ̀nɛ́nàásĩ́lèfósìNyo, Potou-Tano, LogbaLogba (1)ik͡pɛinyɔitainainúiɡlóɡlaŋk͡pemlamináɡɔkwaɖuuɖúNyo, Potou-Tano, LogbaLogba (2)ik͡pɛiɲɔitainainúiɡlóɡlaŋk͡pemlamináɡɔkwaɖuuɖúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, AkanBono Twibaakó̃mienumiensánainnumnsiãnsɔŋɔt͡ʃwieŋkrɔŋduNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, AkanAkan (Akuapem Twi) (1)baakó~ə̀bìéńə̀bìèsá~ànáńə̀núḿə̀sìá~ə̀sɔ́ńàwòtɕɥé /tw/àkróńdúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, AkanAkan (2)baakó̃mmienúmmeɛnsã́(ɛ)náń(e)núḿ(e)nsĩã́(ɛ)nsóńnwɔtwé(ɛ)nkróń(e)dúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, NorthernAnufokũɲ̀ɲɔ̀ǹzã̀ǹnáǹnúǹʒɛ̃́ǹzômɔ̀cᵘɛ́ŋ̀ɡɔ̀nábúɾúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, NorthernAnyinɛ̀kʊ̃ (in counting)/ kʊ̃ (after a noun)ɲɲṹãnsɑ̃nnɑ̃́nnṹnsĩ́ã́nsʊ̂mɔcuɛ́ŋɡʊ̃ɑ̃lɑ̃́búlúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, NorthernBaule (Baoulé)kùnǹɲɔ̀nǹsànǹnánǹnúnǹsiɛ́nǹsôǹmɔ̀cuɛ́ǹɡwlànblúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, NorthernSehwikʊ̃̀ɲɔ̀ǹzã̀ǹnáǹnúǹziã́ǹzɔ́ːmɔ̀tʃwɛ́ǹɡɔ̃̀lã̀bʊ́lʊ́Nyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, SouthernAhantaɔ̀kʊ́nàɥɪ̀nàsànànlàə̀nlùə̀ʃiə̀ə̀súŋwààwɔ̀twɛ̀àhɔ́nlàbùnlùNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, SouthernNzemaɛ̀kʊ̃ (in counting)/ kʊ̃ (after a noun)ɲ́ɲʊ̃ (tone reversals after nouns)ńsɑ̃ńnɑ̃ńnṹńsĩ́ãńsṹũmɔ́cʊɛŋɡʊ̃lɑ̃́bulúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Central, Bia, SouthernJwira-Pepesakońwiańsańnańnuńsiãńsuwmɔ́twɛnɡhoaláeburúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North GuangChumburungkɔ́ɪ̀ɲɔ́ɪ̀sáɪ̀náɪ̀núːìsíyéìsúnóːìbùrùwáɪ̀kpánɔ́ːkúdúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North GuangDwang (Bekye)kɔ́ɔ́aɲóasáanáanúasíéasʊ́nɔat͡ʃwéak͡pɔ́nɔídúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North GuangFoodoǹkɔ́ /ɔkʊlamǹɲʸɔ́ǹsáǹnáàŋǹnṹũ̀ / ǹnúŋǹséèǹsínōdùkwéè / dùkoiǹk͡pánɔ̀dúduNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North GuangGinyangaokouiɡnoissainainounissisonoɡuikoesonʔouɡuidouNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North GuangGonjaà-kôà-ɲɔ́à-sáà-náà-núà-ʃéà-ʃúnùà-bùrùwáà-k͡pánàkùdúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North GuangKplang (Prang)kɔ̃ / ɛkʊ́nkɔ́áɲɔasaanáɛnʊ́eséɛsʊ́nʊ́ɛkwéapʊ́nɔ́ídúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North GuangKrache (Kaakyi)kɔ́ɔ́aɲɔ́asáanáɛnʊ̂ɛsíɛ́asʊ́nɔ́kukwéak͡pʊ́nɔ́kúdúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North GuangNawurikʊ́ːʔaɲɔ́asáanáanûasíjéasúnɔ̂abᵘɾuwáakpʌ́nɔ̂ɡúdúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, North GuangNkonyaɛ̀-kʊ̃̀ (ɔ̀-kʊ̀ Northern Dialect) / ɪ̀-kʊ̀lɛ̀à-ɲɔ̀à-sàà-nàà-nùà-sìèà-sìènɔ́ɪ̀-kʷèɪ̀-kʷèbáɪ̀-dúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South GuangAwutu (Awutu-Efutu)kòméìɲɔ́èsã́ènaː́  ̀ènúìsɛ̃́ː  ̀ìsɔ̃́itʃwéɛ̀pánìdùNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South GuangChereponàkʊ́ìɲɔ́ìsã́ìnɛ̂ìnîìsíɛ̃̀ìsúnɔ̋ìtwîìk͡púnɔ̋ìdûNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South GuangGuaákònyɔ́sã́nɛ̃̀nĩ́sĩ̀ɛ̀sùnɔ̃́twík͡plɔ̃́ìdúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South GuangLarteh (1)kɔ́ɲyɔ́sánɛ́núsíɛ̀súnɔ́tɕɥík͡pʋ́nɔ́dúNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, Guang, South GuangLarteh (2)kõɲɔ̃sãnɛ̃nũsĩɛ̃sũnɔ̃cuik͡plɔ̃duNyo, Potou-Tano, Tano, WesternAbouré (Abure)okuèaɲùnɳànnànnnúncɪɛ̀ncʋ̀nmɔ̀kʋ̀ɛ́puálɛ́hʋ̀nóblún

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Category:Harsunan Kwa