Yaren Mamaindê

Mamaindê, wanda kuma aka sani da Northern Nambikwara, Yaren Nambikwaran ne da ake magana da shi a cikin jihar Mato grosso ta ƙasarBrazil, a arewacin yankin ƴan asalin ƙasar, Terra Indígena Vale do Guaporé, tsakanin kogin Pardo da Cabixi . A kudancin yankin ajiyar, ana samun masu magana da Sabanê da Kudancin Nambikwara . 

 Tarihi 
A farkon shekarun 1900, an yi kiyasin membobin Mamaindê 3000. Hatsarinsu ya taso ne sakamakon yake-yake tsakanin kabilu daban-daban da kisan kiyashi a cikin shekaru 30 zuwa 40 da kuma barkewar cutar kyanda, wanda ya bar su da mambobi 50 kawai na Mamaindê nan da 1965 a cewar ma’aikatan SIL Peter da Shirley Kingston.  Yawan su ya fara sake ginawa a cikin 90s, a cewar ma'aikatan SIL Dave da Julie Eberhard, lokacin da suka gano karuwar yawan jama'a kuma sun gano cewa al'ummarsu sun karu zuwa 136 a 1999. 

A al'adance a yankin kogin Cabixi, mutanen Mamaindê na cikin dangin harshen Nambikwara. An yi nazarin wannan dangin harshe da yawa daga Masanin ilimin Anthropology da Ethnologist na Amurka, David Price, wanda ya kwatanta gano zinare a cikin kogin Coxipo a 1719 a matsayin tushen farkon kasancewar Portuguese da sauran mutanen da ba 'yan asalin yankin Mato Grosso ba. Kasancewa iri-iri na Arewacin Nambikwara, ƙungiyar ƴan asalin ƙasar Mamaindê, musamman, sun yi hulɗa da al'ummar Brazil kusan ƙarni uku da suka wuce.  Sai a shekara ta 1911 ne Turawan Portugal suka fara zama a yankin Nambikwara, bayan yaɗuwar layin telegraph a duk faɗin Brazil.  Ko da yake tuntuɓar ƴan asalin ƙasar da waɗanda ba na asali ba ta kasance ta tashin hankali da zaman lafiya, cutar kyanda da kisan kiyashi a ƙarshe sun fara halaka yawancin kabilun Nambiwaran. Wannan kisan kiyashi, wanda ya faru a cikin shekaru 30, ya ba da hanya don haɗawa da waɗanda suka tsira zuwa mutanen Brazil na gida (musamman bayan sun rasa ƙasarsu), kuma a ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙirƙirar pidgins / yaruka tsakanin harsunan asalinsu da Portuguese.

Tare da aiki mai wuyar gaske, Mamaindê na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙabilun da suka sami damar samun "lakabin doka na ƙasarsu".  Kasancewa da farko an ba da wurin zama mai tsananin talauci a cikin 1961, rayuwa ta kasance mai wahala musamman. Sun yanke shawarar komawa ƙasarsu ta asali suna tsammanin ingantacciyar yanayin rayuwa, kodayake sun rasa kashi 30% na al'ummarsu da suka riga sun ruɓe a tafiyarsu mai tsawon kilomita 400.  A lokacin da ake cikin damuwa da kuma fatan baiwa 'ya'yansu damar rayuwa, iyayen Mamaindê ma za su yi tafiya zuwa babbar hanyar Cuiaba - Porto Velho don ba da jarirai ga direbobin manyan motoci da masu wucewa.  A cikin waɗannan lokuta masu wahala lokacin da yawansu ya ragu zuwa mutane 50 kuma a kan hanyar halaka, SIL International, ƙungiyar ci gaban harshe mai zaman kanta, ta shiga cikin al'ummominsu. Wannan ƙungiyar ta kawo masu wa’azin bishara na Furotesta zuwa cikin al’ummomin Mamaindê, wanda ya bambanta da yawancin ƙungiyoyin Nambikwaran waɗanda galibi suna hulɗa da masu wa’azi na Katolika .  Ƙwarar sanin Littafi Mai Tsarki ya sa aka fassara ɓangarensa zuwa harshen Mamaindê. Sau da yawa ana ƙarfafa matasa su yi karatu a makarantun mishan da ke nesa da ƙauyensu inda aka koya musu ilimin addini a ƙauyukansu da ƙa'idodin "hanyar rayuwa ta fararen fata".  Yunkurin dorewa da aiki don ci gaban al'umma, SIL sun sami damar fara ci gabansu wajen kiyaye al'adun Mamaindê, harshe da yawan jama'a.

 Iyalin Harshe 
Iyalin harshen da Mamaindê ke cikin su shine Nambikwara (wanda kuma ake rubuta Nambicuara ko Nambiquara). Masu magana da harsuna daga wannan iyali sun taɓa zama sau ɗaya ko a halin yanzu a cikin Chapada dos Parecis, kwarin Guaporé da yankin arewa tsakanin Kogin Iquê da kogin Cabixi da Piolho.  Harsunan Nambikwara ana iya raba su gida uku: Sabanê, Northern Nambikwara da Kudancin Nambikwara.  Harsuna a cikin kowane yanki suna fahimtar juna,  ganin cewa ana ɗaukar su yare ko bambancin. Yawan harsuna ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Nambikwara da ke zaune a yankunan arewa saboda yawan cudanya da harsunan Nambikwara daban-daban da kuma Fotigal.  Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, a cewar David Price, tuntuɓar masu magana da harshen Fotigal da masu magana da harsunan Nambikwara sun fara faruwa ne lokacin da Fotigal suka fara tafiya yankin Nambikwara don neman zinariya. 

 Aiki a Nambikwara 
David Price ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen bincike kan al'ummar Nambikwara tare da mayar da hankali kan aikin sa a kansu don karatun digirinsa na digiri na uku a fannin nazarin halittu (1967-1970). Ya yi aiki tare da / don "Hukumar gwamnati mai kula da ƴan asalin ƙasar", FUNAI, don taimakawa al'ummar Nambikwara. Bugu da kari, Price ya rubuta "The Nambiquara Linguistic Family" wanda ya rarraba 6 daga cikin harsunan iyali.  Gudunmawarsa ga takardun Nambikwara ba ta ƙare a nan ba, domin shi ma ya rubuta labarin da aka buga “Pareci, Cabixi, Nambikwara: a Case study in the Western classification of native peoples” (Journal de la Societe des Americanistes. 69:129-48)., 1983). Littafin da ya nutse cikin kowace kungiya ta Nambikwara ta musamman da tarihinta mai suna "Kafin Bulldozer", shi ma Price ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1989.

Nambikwara yana da sauran adabin harshe iri-iri ma. Ana iya samun nahawu mai siffantawa ga Nambikwara; Menno Kroeker ya rubuta labarin mujallar "A Descriptive Grammar of Nambikuara" a cikin 2001 wanda Jami'ar Chicago Press ta buga. Wannan aikin ya kunshi bayanai kan harsunan da ke cikin gidan Nambikwara ta fannin Nahawu, Fi’ili, Sunaye, Wasika, Jumloli, Harsuna, Kalmomi, Harsuna, da sauransu.  A cewar Klein da Stark a cikin littafin da suka shirya mai suna "South American Indian Languages: Retrospect and Prospect", Nambikwara kuma yana da kwatancin lamuni da nahawu na koyarwa,  da kuma takarda kan cikakkun bayanai na sautin harsunan.

 Yi aiki akan Mamaindê 
Da farko a cikin 60s, SIL International (tsohuwar Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna ta Summer, Inc. ) ta yi aiki a tsakanin Mamaindê wanda za a iya la'akari da aikin takardun harshe. Takardun su a kan Mamaindê musamman sun haɗa da masu zuwa: Babban karatun Peter Kingston da ba a buga ba akan maimaitawa Mamaindê da sauran fasalulluka na magana (Jami'ar Karatu, 1974), Kingston's "Sufixos referenciais eo elemento nominal na linga Mamaindê" akan fi'ili da yanayin halittar suna (an buga shi a cikin Serie Lin5). : 31-81, Brasilia, SIL), Littafin David Price "Kafin Bulldozer" wanda aka rufe tarihin Mamaindê a cikin sashe ɗaya (1989), littafin Paul Aspelin akan musayar abinci na Mamaindê (1979), littafin Dave Eberhard da aka buga akan phonology akan Mamaindê stress (1995) da kuma labarinsa guda biyu game da sifofin prosodic; takarda a kan Mamaindê nasals (a kan Rutgers Optimality Archives website) da takarda a kan sautin Mamaindê (a cikin ayyukan Taro kan Harsuna da Al'adu na Andean da Amazonian, 2004, Vrije Universitieit, Amsterdam).
Manazarta
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba