Harshen Kabiye

KabiyeKafinYankinBenin, Ghana, TogoƘabilarKabyeMasu magana da asali (1.0 miliyan da aka ambata 1991-2012) Kabiye at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Iyalin harsheNijar-Congo? 

 Atlantic-Congo
 Harsunan Volta-Congo
 Savannas
 Gur
 Kudancin
 Gurunsi
 Gabas
 KabiyeTsarin rubuce-rubuceLatin (Kabiye haruffa) Rubutun makafi na GhanaMatsayi na hukumaHarshen 'yan tsiraru da aka sani a cikin link=|alt=|border|23x23px BeninLambobin harsheISO 639-3kbpGlottologkabi1261
KabiyeKafinYankinBenin, Ghana, TogoƘabilarKabyeMasu magana da asali (1.0 miliyan da aka ambata 1991-2012) Iyalin harsheNijar-Congo? 

 Atlantic-Congo
 Harsunan Volta-Congo
 Savannas
 Gur
 Kudancin
 Gurunsi
 Gabas
 KabiyeTsarin rubuce-rubuceLatin (Kabiye haruffa) Rubutun makafi na GhanaMatsayi na hukumaHarshen 'yan tsiraru da aka sani a cikin link=|alt=|border|23x23px BeninLambobin harsheISO 639-3kbpGlottologkabi1261
[]Kabiye ([kàbɪ̀jɛ]; wanda aka fi sani da Kabiyé, Kabiyè, Kabye, Kabyé, Kabyè, Cabrai ko Cabrais) yare ne na Gabashin Gurunsi Gur wanda ake magana da farko a arewacin Togo. A cikin karni na 20, an yi ƙaura mai yawa zuwa tsakiya da kudancin Togo da kuma Ghana da Benin. Masu magana  Kabiye sun kai sama da kashi 23% na yawan mutanen Togo a shekarar 1999.

 Matsayi 
Kabiye yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna biyu na ƙasar Togo (tare da Ewe).  cikin mahallin Togolese, harshen ƙasa a halin yanzu yana nufin cewa ana inganta harshen a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa kuma, a cikin bangaren ilimi na yau da kullun, a matsayin batun jarrabawar zaɓi a cikin maki 9 da 10.

 Binciken harshe 
Masanin mishan-harshe Jacques Delord ya buga rubutun farko na Kabiye a shekara ta 1976.  Wannan  biyo bayan ƙamus na Kezié Lébikaza a cikin 1999, [1] wanda ya kasance babban aikin bincike a cikin ilimin harshe na Kabiye.  ila yau akwai ƙamus na Kabiye-Faransanci.  batutuwan  suka kasance masu mayar da hankali ga bincike sun haɗa da: Nazarin harshe, [1] [2] [3] Nazarin magana,   Litattafan harshe, [4] Lexicology, [4] Morphology, [4] Sociolinguistics, [5] Syntax, [4] Tone orthography, [5] Tonology, [5] da kuma tsarin aikatau. [5]

 Littattafai 
Littattafan farko  aka sani a Kabiye sun bayyana a cikin shekarun 1930. Gabaɗaya akwai kusan wallafe-wallafe 200 a Kabiye, kodayake ba duk waɗannan ba ne har yanzu ana bugawa ko sauƙin sayarwa.  lissafi har zuwa farkon karni duba Pouwili, 1999. AFASA (1999). KabɩyɛAFASA (1996). ABC kabɩyɛ tɔm masɩ. In Abcédaire en langue kabiyè. Kabiye ABC booklet. Kara: Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.MAS (1984). Nakaa nɛ Kpacaa : takayaɣ kɩkɛlaɣ (Naka et Kpatcha : syllabaire kabiyè, 2e livre. Naka and Kpacha : kabiye primer, book 2). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère de la santé publique, des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.MAS (1995). Nakaa tɛ : Kɔɔnaɣ takayaɣ (Chez Naka : syllabaire kabiyè, 1e volume. At Naka's house : kabiyè primer, part 1). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè et SIL.Azoti, S.B. (2008). Paamaala : suye maɖʊ sɔsɔ. Kara: AFASA (Association des Femmes pour Alphabétisation, la Santé et les Activités génératrices de revenus).ABT (2005). Ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ taa (Apprenons dans la Bible. Let's learn about the Bible) Lomé: Editions cité, Alliance biblique du Togo.ABT (1988). Anɩ lɛ Yeesu ? (Qui est Jésus ? Who is Jesus?) Lomé: Alliance Biblique du Togo. sun haɗa  littattafai biyu na karin magana, [1]  tatsuniyoyi,  shayari, [4] litattafan kiwon lafiya, [4] fassarorin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, Adjola, R.N. (1997). Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖea (Bible en kabiyè). Kinshasa: Verbum Bible. ABT (1997). Nɔɔ haʊ kɩfam takayaɣ (Nouveau testament en kabiyè. Kabiye New Testament). Lomé: Alliance Biblique du Togo. litattafai na siyasa, [4] [5] [6] litasho na addini, [4] [5] wani ɗan gajeren labari, [5] [6] primers, [4] [5] [5] [6] da sauran kayan koyarwa.

 Kabiye Wikipedia 
Kabiye Wikipedia ya fara ne a watan Yunin 2014 ta hanyar Gnasse Atinèdi, sakataren Académie Kabiye. :kbp:Talɩ ɖeu halin yanzu (Yuli 2017) yana da labarai 1185 a kan batutuwa daban-daban na duniya.   [circular reference]

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
LabariAlveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarLabar da ke cikin bakiGishiriDakatar da / AfricateRashin lafiyaba tare da murya baptSanyatʃkk͡pmuryabd (ɖ) dʒɡɡ͡bFricativeba tare da murya bafshmuryavzKusanciljwHancimnɲŋ
  murya guda biyar  kawai suna faruwa ko dai kalma-tsakiya ko kuma a matsayin allophones.

retroflex  iya faruwa a matsayin muryar allophones na , [[[],  a matsayi na tsakiya.

 Sautin sautin 

 Gajerun sautin 
A gabaKomawaBa a kewaye shi baGidan da aka yi-ATR+ATR-ATR+ATRKusaɪiʊuTsakaninɛda kumaOwuoBudea

 Tsawon sautin 
A gabaKomawaBa a kewaye shi baGidan da aka yiBa a kewaye shi ba-ATR+ATR-ATR+ATR-ATR+ATRKusaɪːiːʊːuːAn tsara shi ne:An tsara shi ne:TsakaninɛːeːɔːoːʌːBayani:BudeaːAn samo asali ne daga wannan
sautin da ba a zagaye ba na baya suna faruwa ne kawai a iyakokin morpheme.

 Sauti 
Kabiye yare ne na sauti, ma'ana ana amfani da bambance-bambance don rarrabe kalma ɗaya daga wani. Wadanɛ́́́́ŋ bambance-bambance na iya zama lexical (misali ɖálʊ́ "babban ɗan'uwa" ~ ɖálʊ̀ "tsuntsu na hanji") ko kuma nahawu (misali, "ba ya zuwa" ~ "lokacin da) ya zo" ~ ɛ́kɔ́ŋ "idan bai zo ba).

Akwai sautuna biyu, high (H) da low (L). sautin shida suna yiwuwa a kan sunaye mono- da disyllabic (H, L, HL, LH, HLH, LHL) da uku a kan nau'in aikatau (H, l, HL).

Kabiye kuma yana da Saukowa ta atomatik, inda H da ke bin L koyaushe ana furta shi a kan ƙananan farar fiye da H da ya gabata a cikin wannan Magana ta sauti. Hanyoyin sauti da yawa suna faruwa da zarar an sanya kalmomi a cikin mahallin.

Tsarin HLH koyaushe yana fitowa a matsayin HH ~ HH (dangane da Tsarin sautin-sautin da yake haɗawa da shi). Wannan tsari ne na postlexical wanda ke faruwa a duk inda mahallin ya ba da izini, a cikin kalmomi da kuma fadin iyakokin kalmomi.

Akwai sautin L na ƙamus da ke yadawa a cikin kalmar aikatau da kalmar haɗin kai.

 Harkokin sauti 
Kabiye yana da jituwa na wasali, ma'ana cewa ingancin wasali a cikin wani affix an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar sautin tushen. Akwai nau'o'i biyu:

 Harkokin wasula na ATR, wanda kalmomi ke dauke da ko dai wasula na -ATR  (misali ɛ-ñ__yw____yw____w____y____y____w____w__) ko kuma wasula na +ATR // (e-kalími-yé "kwakinsa"). Ba a bayyana wasula  ba don ATR kuma yana iya faruwa a kowane saiti.

 Harkokin sautin da ba a zagaye ba, wanda wasu affixes sun ƙunshi ko dai sautin da aka zagaye ba // ko sautin da zagaye  . Wannan tsari ya fi iyakancewa, yana faruwa a wasu ƙididdiga TAM (misali è-kpéz-íɣ́ "yana tari" / è-ɖóz-ù "yana mafarki") da wasu ƙididdiga (misali, 工藝- 工藝 工藝 - ʊ̀ "baƙar fata", kʊ́-hʊ̀lʊ̀m-ʊ́ʊ́ʊ̀ "farar fata"). Har ila yau, wasula  ba a bayyana shi ba don ATR kuma yana iya faruwa a kowane saiti.

Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddden suna fuskantar matakai biyu na jituwa, misali, mutum na farko jam'i suna: pà-kpàzá-à "sun tari", pɛ̀-wɛ̀ɛ́tà-à "suna murmushi", pè-wèlìsàá "sun saurara", pɔ̀- jay-à "su sun kalli", pò-ɖzà-á "sun yi mafarki".

 Rubutun kalmomi 
fara rubuta Kabiye a cikin shekarun 1930,   amma a farkon shekarun 1980 ne Kwamitin Langue Nationale Kabiyè (yanzu Académie Kabiyè), wani bangare na Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Togo, ya daidaita rubutun. Kabiye an rubuta shi a cikin Rubutun Roman da aka gyara bisa ga lissafin halayen haruffa na Afirka.  madadin orthography, wanda R.P. Adjola Raphaël ya tsara kuma ya inganta, ana amfani dashi sosai tsakanin Katolikawa; yana amfani da haruffa iri ɗaya amma tare da ka'idojin rubutun daban-daban. Tebur masu zuwa suna nuna takaddun rubutu-phoneme a cikin Standard orthography.

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
LabariAlveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarLabar da ke cikin bakiGishiriDakatar daba tare da murya baP pT tC cK kKP kpmuryaB bD d<i id="mwAig">Abin da ya faru</i>J jG gGB gbFricativeba tare da murya baF fS sH hmuryaV vZ zKusanciLKuma daW wFlapR rHanciM mN n<i id="mwAm8">Ñ ñ</i><i id="mwAnI">Ŋ ŋ</i>
Rub ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na ov, tunda 5 muryoyin da aka bayyana b, g, gb, v, j ba su da amfani daga ra'ayi mai sauti.

An adana rubutun ne don kalmomin aro.

 Sautin sautin 

 Gajerun sautin 
A gabaKomawaBa a kewaye shi baGidan da aka yi-ATR+ATR-ATR+ATRKusa<i id="mwAqM">Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi</i>I da<i id="mwAqg">Sanya</i>U uTsakanin<i id="mwArA">Ɛ ɛ</i>E da<i id="mwArU">O O O O</i>Ya oBudeA a

 Tsawon sautin 
A gabaKomawaBa a kewaye shi baGidan da aka yiBa a kewaye shi ba-ATR+ATR-ATR+ATR-ATR+ATRKusaSunan da aka yi amfani da suNa biyu na biyuYankin da ya fiUU wani<i id="mwAuw">Jiwa ta farko</i><i id="mwAu8">Ta yaya</i>TsakaninE ne, eh neEE eeWuri'aukiOO oo<i id="mwAv0">Ɛ 20:2</i><i id="mwAwA">E 20:2 da kuma</i>BudeAA aa<i id="mwAws">A cikin ci gaba da</i>

 Sauti 
Matsakaicin rubutun Kabiye ba ya nuna sautin gaba ɗaya. Abinda ya rage shi ne rubutun sunayen sunaye guda biyu waɗanda suke da ƙananan nau'i-nau'i:
MaganaRubuce-rubuceMa'anarmutum na ukuna musammanɛ ~ dada kuma"shi"mutum na biyu jam'iSa'ad da za a yi amfani da shi"ku (ƙasa) "

 Rubuce-rubuce 
Ana amfani da hyphen a cikin daidaitattun orthography don rarrabe homophones. Ya bayyana tsakanin wakilin mallaka da sunan a cikin kalmar magana, kuma tsakanin Tushen aikatau da sunan abu a cikin kalmar aikatau, misali: 

 Harshen harshe 
Kabiye yare ne na SVO . Mai mallaka yana gaba da sunan kai. Adjectives, lambobi, demonstratives, locatives da sassan dangi suna bin sunan shugaban.

 Nau'o'in suna 
Kabiye yana da nau'o'i goma. Na farko takwas an haɗa su a cikin nau'i-nau'i na mutane da yawa waɗanda wani lokacin ake kira jinsi. Wasu iyakantaccen giciye yana faruwa. Class 9 ya ƙunshi abubuwan da Ba a iya lissafawa ba (shafuka, ƙura, sauro...), yayin da aji 10 ya ƙunshi ruwa (madara, jini, mai...). Akwai wasu halaye na ma'ana (misali, mutane a cikin aji 1 da 2, kayan aiki a cikin aji 3 da 4), amma waɗannan ba su da tsari. Ana iya gano aji na kowane sunan ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun aji da kuma yarjejeniya wasu abubuwa masu yuwuwa a cikin jumla tare da shi, kamar sunaye, masu nunawa, Tambayoyi, adjectives, masu ƙayyadewa da lambobi ɗaya zuwa biyar. Tebur mai zuwa yana ba da misali na tsarin ƙayyade sunan daga kowane aji. A kowane hali, an raba ƙayyadaddun aji daga tushen tare da hyphen:
ajiMisalifassarar1Halin da ya dace"wani mace"2Halin da aka yi amfani da shi"wasu mata"3Hauka-Wauka na'uka"wani shinge"4__hau__ Hanyar da ta dace da shi"wasu ƙuƙwalwa"5sùmɑ́-ɑ́ nàkɛ́yɛ́"wani tsuntsu"6Yarjejeniyar da za ta kasance"wasu tsuntsaye"7Ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin da aka haifa"wani suna"8H̀ɩ-lá nàáyɛ̀"wasu sunaye"9Akwai kuma a nan da nan"wasu ganye"10Tun da za a iya zuwa gaisuwa"wani jini"

 Magana da aka haɗa 
Maganar aikatau ta ƙunshi tushen tilas da TAM (tsarin-tsarin-mutumi). baya-linkid="658" href="./Tense–aspect–mood" id="mwA88" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tense–aspect–mood">TAM suffix na iya nuna imperative (ɛ́hàɣ́ "sweeper!"), aorist (ɛ́há__yue____yue____wue____yure____yue__), perfective (ɛ̀ɛ́hàzàá "sweepe"), imperfective present (ɛ̀há__yure____wure____yure__), imperfective past (ɛ̀ habzàɣ́ "sweep") ko infinitive (hàzʊ́̀ "soupe").

Kabiye baƙon abu ne kuma yana da nau'o'i biyu da aka tsara don bayyana kwatance-kwatance a cikin wani sashi na ƙasa: nau'i mara cikakke (ɛ̀__yue____yue____wue____yuke____yue__) da kuma nau'i mai cikakke (á̀__yuke____wue__).

cikakke yana da nau'o'i biyu: wanda ba a ɗaure shi ba (ba a bi shi da kari ba: ɛ̀ɛ́hàzàá "ya shafe shi") da kuma ɗaure (wanda ya biyo bayan kari: ɛ̀ habzá Casey "ya shafe jiya").

Maganar aikatau na iya haɗawa da prefixes na modal wanda ke ƙara nuances na ma'ana: mai adawa (ɛ̀__l____l____l__) "ya shafe duk da haka"), al'ada (ɛɛɛɛ__l____s____l____s__) "Ya saba da shi"), mai sa ran (ɛ́vvvv__l____n__) "yana shi a cikin yanzu"), nan da nan (ɛvvvatic (yavatic) "yabe" (yabe). Wasu daga cikin wadannan prefixes na modal na iya bayyana a hade tare da juna don haka, alal misali, mummunan + adawa yana nuna ma'anar ma'ana mara kyau (ɛ̀tà__que____que____que__) "bai shafe ko kaɗan ba").

Maganar aikatau na iya ƙara ma'anar ma'anar batun (rubuce-rubuce da aka haɗa da tushen ko ma'anar modal kamar yadda yake a cikin misalai da ke sama) da / ko ma'auni na abu (rubucen da aka haɗa zuwa tushen tare da hyphen: ɛ̀hàzá-kɛ́ "ya shafe shi").

Akwai ma'anar ma'anar guda ɗaya. Ana amfani da shi tare da prefix na modal mara kyau don nuna ma'anar wucin gadi. An rubuta shi tare da tushen aikatau (ɛ̀tàhà__hau____hau____hau__ "bai riga ya shafe shi ba").

Hakanan -naʊ̀'a iya fadada kalmar aikatau ta hanyar -náʊ̀ don nuna kayan aiki, haɗin kai, hanya, daidaituwa ko daidaituwa (ɛ̀hà́__hau____hau____hau__ "ya shafe tare da").

Dukkanin Tushen aikatau za a iya sanya su a matsayin wakilai (a nan da "sweeper"), adjectives ("kɪ̀hàzʊ́" "swept") ko locatives (a nan ne "sweeeping place").

 Rubutun samfurin 
Man-kab ya yi amfani da shi a cikin wani nau'i na'ura mai laushi. Ya zama haka, ya zama haka, sai dai ya zama haka. Ta hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita a cikin hanyar da za ta yi amfani da ta yi amfani le ta hanyar da za su yi amfani da da ita a hanyar da za ku yi amfani da su a hanyar da ta yi. Za a iya yin amfani da shi a hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita a hanyar da ta dace da ita a cikin hanyar da ta yi amfani da ta dace. Sai kuma ya yi magana game da wannan hanyar, ya yi magana ne game da wannan batun.  Abin da ya faru a lokacin da ya faru. A cikin wannan yanayin, a cikin wannan yanayin akwai 'yan wasa da yawa. Fitar da kʊnʊŋ, ña- ン ne za a iya samun damar yin amfani da shi, kuma za a iya yin amfani da su. and reprinted in (1997) no. 22, p.33."Harshe na Kabiye, kuna da kyau sosai! Lokacin da kowa ya furta ku kuma wani ya saurara, kai kamar waƙa ce. Amma duk wanda bai yi tunani sosai ba zai fahimci kyakkyawa ba. Duk wanda ke sauraron kai tsaye lokacin da ake magana da kai dole ne, kamar yadda yake, ya tono zurfi don gano halin ku. Saboda wannan nauyin da ba za mu iya barin ku ba. Daga ina ne wannan halin da ba a fahimta ba ya fito? Za mu iya amsa wannan tambayar nan take. Halinku na musamman ne, saboda tun lokacin da ka kasance, ba ka taɓa sha wahala daga wani tasiri na waje wanda zai iya juya ka cikin wani abu ba. Harshen Kabiye, ɗanka yana farin ciki da ku, yana girmama ku kuma yana yabon ku, saboda ƙarfinku, kyakkyawa da jin daɗinku.

 Manazarta 

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Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba