Harshen Turkana

Turkana /tɜːrˈkɑːnə/ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh shine harshen Mutanen Turkana na Kenya da Habasha. Ana magana da shi a arewa maso yammacin Kenya, da farko a cikin Turkana , wanda ke yammacin Tafkin Turkana. Yana daya daga cikin Harsunan Nilotic na Gabas, kuma yana da alaƙa da Karamojong, Jie da Teso na Uganda, zuwa Toposa da ake magana a kudu maso gabashin Sudan ta Kudu, da kuma Nyangatom a yankin kudancin Sudan / Habasha Omo; waɗannan harsuna tare sun samar da tarin Harsunan Ateker.

Sunan rukuni na waɗannan mutanen da ke da alaƙa shine Ateker .

 Fasahar sauti 

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
LabariAlveolarPalatalVelarHancimnɲŋPlosive / AfricateRashin lafiyaba tare da murya bapttʃkmuryabddʒɡFricativesHanyar gefenlTrillrKusancijw

  kuma na iya faruwa a matsayin mai son rai lokacin da yake cikin matsayi na farko.
 Sautunan da aka fi sani da  ana iya jin su a matsayin tsayawar baki .
 Tsayar da murya  na iya faruwa a matsayin ƙayyadaddun [ɓ ɗ 1958 ♡] lokacin da yake cikin matsayi na farko. A cikin matsayi na ƙarshe, an gane su a matsayin waɗanda ba a sake su ba.
 [JIYA] nowrap" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"/k/"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwgA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">/k/ an gane shi azaman tashar uvular [q] lokacin da yake faruwa tsakanin wasula  . Lokacin da aka riga shi kuma ya biyo baya da wasula na baya, sai a yi amfani da shi kuma a ji shi kamar sautuna masu zuwa [χ], [ʁ] ko [ʀ].
  yana cikin bambancin kyauta tare da [θ]. Wadannan sautunan ba su da murya a ƙarshen syllable. Lokacin da syllable-farko, ana bayyana su a maimakon haka, sau da yawa tare da farawa mara murya:  ko .
  sau da yawa ana gane shi azaman tsawo na wasula na baya lokacin da ya biyo bayan  a ƙarshen kalma.
 Kafin sautin  ba su da murya waɗanda ke gaba da dakatarwa, ana cire sautin kuma ana neman sautin.

 Sautin sautin 
Akwai bambancin sauti tare da wasula marasa murya, wanda ke faruwa ne kawai a ƙarshe, kuma wanda aka fahimta ne kawai a matsayin marasa murya kafin a dakata:
A gabaTsakiyaKomawaKusaiuKusa da kusaɪʊTsakanin Tsakiyada kumaoBude-tsakiyaɛOwuBudea
Turkana yana da ci-gaba da daidaita tushen wasalin harshe.  Wasulan  kuma ana samar da takwarorinsu marasa murya tare da tushen harshe mai ci gaba, yayin da  kuma ana samar da takwarorinsu marasa murya da tushen harshe mai ja da baya. Babban tushen wasulan harshe yawanci suna ɗan numfashi ta fuskar murya. A mafi yawan yanayi, wasula a kowace kalma dole ne ko dai su kasance duk sun ci gaba ko kuma duk a ja da baya a matsayin tushen harshensu. An keɓance don wasulan da ke zuwa bayan  , wanda zai iya zama ko dai ci gaba ko ja da baya (yayin da wasulan ke zuwa kafin  dole ne a janye). A layi daya da wannan, wasulan da ke biye da ƙananan wasali  da  na iya zama ko dai ci gaba ko ja da baya, amma wasulan da ke gabansu dole ne a ci gaba. Koyaya, ƙananan wasula da  kada ku shafi juna: ko dai na iya faruwa a gaban juna, duk da sabani a matsayin tushen harshensu.

Harkokin sautin yawanci ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar tushen kalma, don sautin wasu nau'ikan su dace da matsayin tushen sautin sautin. Koyaya, wasu ƙididdigar suna da "ƙarfi" kuma a maimakon haka suna daidaita tushen tare da duk wani ƙididdigari da ya gabata. Prefixes koyaushe suna da rauni kuma ba sa sarrafa wasu wasula. Sautin da aka haɗa a cikin irin wannan daidaitawa sune /i/ vs. /ɪ/, /e/ vs./, /o/ (daga baya /ə/) vs. /a/, / o/ vs. -ɔ/, da /u/ vs. *ʊ/; ko dai kashi na kowane nau'i zai juya cikin ɗayan don ya dace da matsayin tushen harshe na sarrafawa. Harkokin sautin ba ya ƙetare iyakokin kalma, kuma ana iya bayyana kalmar phonological a matsayin ɗayan da jituwa ke aiki. Har ila yau, ana toshe jituwa ta sautin a kan iyaka tsakanin tushen a cikin fili.

Tsawon wasula suna faruwa a cikin sauti, amma an fi nazarin su a matsayin jerin gajerun wasula maimakon phonemes a cikin kansu. A cikin tushen, /ɔ/ da /ɛ/ ana iya gane su a matsayin [wa] da [ja], bi da bi. Ana share sautunan gaba masu tsawo tsakanin sautin baki da wani saut. Sautin da ba su da murya kafin dakatarwa sun ɓace bayan glides da hanci (bayan an cire su). Sautin da ba su da babbar murya kafin dakatarwa sau da yawa sun ɓace gabaɗaya.

 Sauti 
Turkana yana da tonemes guda biyu, sama da ƙasa, kuma ɗayan ko ɗayan ana ɗaukar shi ta kowane wasali. Yawancin sassan suna ɗauke da sautin da ya fi girma, don haka sautin da ba shi da kyau. Wasu sautunan suna "tsalle-tsalle" kuma ba a ɗauke su da syllable kwata-kwata. Ƙananan nau'i-nau'i don sautin ba su da yawa, don haka ba su da mahimmanci wajen rarrabe kalmomi, amma ana amfani da su don rarrabe kalmomin aikatau da lokuta masu suna, don haka yana da mahimmanci dangane da harshe.

 Halitta da haɗin kai 
Turkana yare  na farko tare da ma'anar ma'anar-abu (VSO) da ma'ana-abu (VOS) a matsayin asali, umarnin kalma mara alama. Abubuwa guda ɗaya na kalmomin da ke wucewa da abubuwa biyu na kalmomin da ba su da alama, yayin da batun ke nuna alamar canji a cikin sautin lokacin da yake bayan aikatau, kuma galibi ana cire shi gaba ɗaya. Batutuwa na kalmomin da ba su wucewa da masu wucewa suna karɓar alamar shari'a iri ɗaya. Don haka, dangane da daidaitawar morphosyntactic, Turkana harshe ne mai alama da kuma harshe mai abu biyu. Tare da maganganu masu rarrabewa, ana buƙatar mai karɓa / abu mara kai tsaye don zama mai rai, kuma koyaushe yana gaba da taken / abu kai tsaye. Babu wani abu da za a iya inganta shi ya zama batun jumla ta asali, don haka Turkana ba shi da ainihin gini.

Turkana yana  shari'o'i shida: mai suna, cikakke, mai suna, kayan aiki, mai suna locative, da kuma vocative. Wannan ya sa ya zama abin mamaki a matsayin daya daga cikin harsunan farko da aka tabbatar da cewa suna da fiye da biyu ko uku.

 Kalmomin kalmomi 
TuranciHanyar Turkana guda ɗayaTsarin Turkana da yawafuskaTsayawangiReetinjikiakwaanngaWattufafieworungiWoruiabinciakimujngaMujataba sigarietabangiTabGoatakinengaKineishanuaitengaAtukjakiEsikiriangiSikiriaraƙumimai suna ekaalngiKaalaruwangakipingaKipi

 Bayanan littattafai 


 Manazarta 

 Haɗin waje 

 Shafin PanAfriL10n akan Teso & Turkana