Harshen Shabo

Shabo (ko kuma zai fi dacewa Chabu ; wanda kuma ake kira Mikeyir ) harshe ne da ke cikin hatsari kuma wataƙila yaren keɓe wanda kusan tsoffin mafarauta 400 ke magana a kudu maso yammacin Habasha, a gabashin yankin mutanen Habasha ta Kudu maso Yamma .

Lionel Bender ya fara ba da rahoton cewa yare dabam ne a cikin 1977, Bender 1977, p. 13f bisa bayanan da ɗan mishan Harvey Hoekstra ya tattara. An buga nahawu a cikin 2015 (Kibebe 2015). Wasu jiyya na farko sun rarraba shi a matsayin harshen Nilo-Saharan (Anbessa & Unseth 1989, Fleming 1991, Blench 2010), amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan (Kibebe 2015) bai sami ko ɗaya daga cikin siffofin nahawu na Nilo-Saharan ba, kuma ya nuna cewa Nilo- Abubuwan ƙamus na Saharan lamuni ne daga harsunan Surmic (Dimmendaal don bayyana, Blench 2019).

 Alkaluma 
Masu magana da harshen Shabo suna zaune a wurare uku a shiyyar Keficho Shekicho : Anderaccha, Gecha, da Kaabo .

Yayin da suke komawa daga farauta da tarawa zuwa noma masu zaman kansu da kuma yin aiki a matsayin ƙwadago, yawancin masu magana da shi suna ƙaura zuwa wasu harsunan da ke makwabtaka da su, musamman yaren Majang da Shekkacho (Mocha); Kalmomin lamuni daga waɗannan harsuna biyu suna da tasiri sosai ga ƙamus ɗinsa, musamman Majangir, da kuma Amharic .

 Rabewa 
Da zarar an cire yawancin kalmomin lamuni daga maƙwabtansa na kusa, Majang da Shakicho, jerin kalmomin da aka tattara suna nuna adadi mai yawa na kalmomin Koman gefe da gefe tare da adadi mai yawa na kalmomi ba tare da wata alaƙa ta waje ba. Nahawu na ɗan lokaci da aka tattara ya zuwa yanzu yana ba da kaɗan tabbataccen kamanceceniya na waje. A kan wannan, Fleming (1991) ya sanya Shabo a matsayin Nilo-Saharan kuma, a cikin Nilo-Saharan, a matsayin mafi kusa da Koman . Anbessa & Unseth sunyi la'akari da Nilo-Saharan, amma suna gabatar da kadan ta hanyar muhawara game da matsayinsu, kuma ba su da cikakken bayani game da matsayinsa a cikin iyali. Schnoebelen (2009) a cikin bincikensa na phylogenetic ya ce Shabo ya fi dacewa da shi a matsayin keɓewa, amma bai ware yiwuwar yin karo da shaidar da aka samu daga yin amfani da hanyar kwatanta (wanda har yanzu yana bukatar a yi); Kibebe (2015) ya kimanta Schnoebelen a matsayin mafi tsananin kwatance zuwa yau. Blench (2010) ya tabbatar da cewa Shabo yana yin tsari tare da dangin Nilo-Saharan, kuma bayanan kwanan nan akan Gumuz sun taimaka wajen haɗa harsuna tare. Kwanan nan, Blench (2019) ya rarraba Shabo (Chabu) a matsayin keɓewar harshe, lura da ƙaramin shaida game da kasancewar sa na Nilo-Saharan. 

Blench (2017) ya lissafta kamanceceniya masu zuwa tsakanin Shabo, Gumuz, da kuma Koman siffofin lexical. 
Gloss Shabo Gumuz Koman kai zafi Proto-Common Gumuz *kʷa Proto-Koman *kup nono kowan Proto-Common Gumuz *kúá Proto-Koman *koy kaho kulbe Yaren Guba k'əla Kwama kwaap rana ukʰa, oxa Yaso yare oka Komo kʰaala
Kwatankwacin harsunan da aka sake ginawa na reshen Surmic da Koman da kuma harsuna uku na reshen Gumuz ya nuna ɗan kamanceceniya ta lamuni ga mutum na farko da ya zama na farko na Proto-Southwest Surmic da yuwuwar kakan harsunan Gumuz amma ƙarin bayani ya rasa kuma, in ba haka ba., har ya zuwa yanzu da alama ba ta da kima sosai.
Ma'ana Shabo Proto-Southwest Surmic Proto-Southeast Surmic Proto-Koman Gumuz ta Arewa Kudancin Gumuz Dace'in I tiŋŋ, ta, ti *anenetta *aɲe *Aka aɗa ara aɗa ku, sg. ku, ku  *iɲv *ai; *ina? zama zam uwa shi, ta ji, oŋŋa    za áŋa yaɗam mu jiŋ, jaŋfu *gauta * gaba *Aman, *ana, *min-?    ku, pl. silak, silak, suba *agitta  *uma    daya ikin *koɗoi  *ɗe matata zama mitsi biyu babba *ramma *ramman *suke-   
An kwatanta lambar "iŋki" ("ɗaya") da Lowland Gabas Cushitic "tneki" da Saho "inik".

 Fassarar sauti 
Baƙaƙen su ne:
 Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Plosives ( p ) b t d ( tʃ ) ( dʒ ) k ɡ ʔ Abubuwan ban tsoro ɓ ɗ  Abubuwan da za a iya cirewa pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ Masu saɓo f ( s ) sʼ ( ʃ ) Kimanin w l jNasal m n ŋ Trills r
Baƙaƙe a cikin baƙaƙe ba ƙaƙƙarfan sauti ba ne a cewar Teferra (1995):

  and  are in free variation
  and , and sometimes also  and , are in free variation, as in Majang; Teferra speculatively links this to the traditional practice of removing the lower incisors of men.
  and  occasionally alternate.

Baƙaƙe masu ƙyalli sun zama ruwan dare a cikin harsunan yankin, amma ba a samun baƙaƙen baƙaƙe a Majang.

Ana samun tsayin baƙo a cikin kalmomi da yawa, kamar walla "awaki", kutti "gwiwoyi"; duk da haka, sau da yawa ba shi da kwanciyar hankali.

Teferra yana sanya wasula 9 a hankali:  , maiyuwa tare da ƙarin bambance-bambance dangane da tushen harshe na ci gaba . Biyar daga cikin waɗannan,  , da dogayen takwarorinsu. Lokaci-lokaci ana goge wasula na ƙarshe, suna gajarta tsaka-tsaki wasulan: misali deego ko deg “crocodile”.

Tsarin silsilar shine (C)V(C); duk baƙaƙe sai  da  na iya faruwa sillable-ƙarshe.

Harshen tonal ne, amma tonology ɗinsa ba a bayyana ba. Ƙananan nau'i-nau'i biyu ne Teferra 1995 ya buga, ciki har da há "kill" tare da hà "nama".

 Nahawu 

 Daidaitawa 
Tsarin kalma na asali shine jigo-abu-fi'ili; akwai postposition maimakon prepositions .

 Karin magana 
Shabo yana da tsarin karin magana mai ban mamaki ga Afirka: Kibebe, Tsehay Taye (2015): Documentation and grammatical description of Chabu, Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University doctoral dissertation, p. 161
 Mufuradi Dual Jam'i Mutum na 1 masc. tiŋŋ, ta, ti antʃ jiŋ mace. ta ann jafu Mutum na 2 masc. kukk tʃitʃak silaka, sila mace. kuŋg sijak subak Mutum na 3 masc. ji otʃtʃa odda mace. oŋŋa ojja otala
An kwatanta karin magana "I" da "shi" da harsunan Surmic ; duk da haka, akwai kuma kamanceceniya a cikin karin magana da harsunan Gumuz (Bender 1983). Bambance-bambancen jinsi da aka yi ba sabon abu bane ga Afirka.

 Kalmomi 
Negation ne ta ƙara da barbashi be bayan fi'ili ko suna negated: gumu zama "(shi) ba (a) sanda", ʔam be-gea "he will not come" ("come not-?"). Siffofin da ba su da kyau a cikin b sun yadu a cikin harsunan Nilo-Saharan da Afro-Asiatic .

Da alama akwai maƙasudi -ka : mawo hoop "water Boiled" → upa mawo hoop-ka "(a) mutum dafaffen ruwa".

A barbashi git ( infinitive ? subjunctive ?) yana yiwa kalmar fi'ili a cikin gine-gine da "so": moopa git inɗeet ("sit git want") "Ina so in zauna".

Yawancin ilimin halittar jiki ba shi da tabbas; da alama akwai mutum na 3 maɗaukaki na gaba gaba -g- (misali inɗage t'a-g "zai ci") da kuma mutum na biyu jam'i kariminci -ɗe


 Sunaye 
Jam'i na zaɓi ne; idan aka yi amfani da su, ana yin su da kalmar yɛɛro daga baya.

Akwai suffix -ka wanda wani lokaci ke yiwa abu kai tsaye alama, misali upa kaan-ik ye "mutum ya ga kare" ("man kare ya gani"), amma kuma yana da sauran amfani. Ana samun irin wannan ƙaranci a yawancin harsunan Sudan ta gabas, amma akwai abin zargi na musamman.

 Sakamako 
Shabo yana amfani da matsayi bayan sunaye, misali: upa mana kandami ɗɛpik moi "mutum ya zauna akan dutse" (lit. "man rock on). ? zama").

 Lambobi 
Lamba Na asali Aro da gauraye collocations Majang 1 ikin - umun 2 babba - pej 3 babba eku iŋki d'ita d' da 4 babba eku babba abin abin 5 efi tʃumtʃum - tuːl 6 efi tʃumtʃum eku iŋki tuːl eku iŋki, tula iŋki, tula um tula um 7 efi tʃumtʃum eku bab tuːl eku bab, tula bab, tula peej tula pej 8 efi tʃumtʃum eku bab eku iŋki efi tʃumtʃum eku dʒita, tuːl eku dʒita, tula dʒit. tula da 9 efi tʃumtʃum eku bab eku bab efi tʃumtʃum eku aŋan, tuːl eku aŋan, tula aŋan. tula aŋan 10 babba irin irin
Kibebe, Tsehay Taye (2015): Documentation and grammatical description of Chabu, Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University, pp. 235, 237

 Misalin jimlolin 

 mawo hoop : tafasasshen ruwa
 upa mawo hoop-ka : Wani mutum dafaffen ruwa (lit. "man water Boiled-caus.")
 gumu be : ba itace (lit. "stick not".)
 ma gumu : itace itace (lit. "stick ?")
 dɛrbakan kaal nu ɗe-be : Derbakan ba kare (lit. "Derbakan kare poss.? ?: ba))
 dɛrbakan kaal nu yaaŋk : Derbakan yana da kare (lit. "Derbakan dog poss.? positive?")
 ʔam be-gea : ba zai zo ba (lit. "Ba a zo-?")
 inɗigi am-k : zai zo (lit. "? zo ?")
 tin-ta be-ge : ba zai ci ba (lit. "? ci ba ?")
 inɗage t'a-g : zai ci (lit. "? ci ?")
 paar bap : macizai biyu (lit. "maciji biyu")
 upa kaan-ik ye : wani mutum ya ga kare (lit. "man dog-obj. saw")
 kan upa-k ye : kare ya ga mutum (lit. "dog man-obj. saw")
 koto upa dɛpik ye : mace ta ga namiji (lit. "mace namiji tense? saw")
 gom c'uwa t'a : wuta kone itace (lit. "fire wood ci")
 cu ɗɛpik ibalabiyan-an ɗe (kalma rarraba uncertain): ka (pl.) zo (lit. "you(pl.) ?:? ku-2pl.")
 subuk maakɛle kak t'a-ɗe : ku (pl.) ku ci masara (lit. "you(pl.) corn aux? eat-2pl.")
 wo ka git inɗeet : Ina so in sha (lit. "sha ? infin.? so")
 moopa git inɗeet : Ina so in zauna (lit. "sit ? infin.? so")
 abiyange : sun zo
 upa kakaak jaal kaki ye ʔam : Na ga mutumin da ya zo jiya (lit. ? gani ?")
 upa mana pond ɗɛpik moi : wani mutum ya zauna akan dutse (lit. "man rock on aux.? sat")

 Duba kuma 

 Jerin kalmomin Shabo (Wiktionary)

 Manazarta 

 Littafi Mai Tsarki 

 Ahland, Colleen, da Roger Blench, "Rarraba Harsunan Gumuz da Koman",  da aka gabatar a taron bitar Harshe a Afirka, Lyons, Disamba 4, 2010
 Bender, M. Lionel. 1977. "Rukunin Harshen Surma - Rahoton Farko". Nazarin Harsunan Afirka, Kari na 7 . pp. 11-21.
 Roger Blench (2019), 'Chabu da Kadu: rassan marayu biyu na Nilo-Saharan', Hukuncin taron Vienna Nilo-Saharan
 Gerrit Dimmendaal (zai bayyana) Akan siffofi masu tsayayye kuma marasa ƙarfi a cikin Nilo-Saharan. Jaridar Nairobi na Harsuna da Harsuna
 Fleming, Harold C. 1991. "Shabo: gabatar da bayanai da rarrabuwa na farko", a cikin: M. Lionel Bender (ed.), 1991, Shari'ar taron Nilo-Sahara na Hudu Bayreuth, Agusta 30.
 Kibebe Tshay Taye. 2015. Takardu da bayanin nahawu na Chabu.  Dissertation na Doctoral, Jami'ar Addis Ababa.
 Schnoebelen, Tyler. 2009. "(Un) Rarraba Shabo: Hanyoyin Halittu da Sakamakon". Peter K. Austin, Oliver Bond, Monik Charette, David Nathan & Peter Sells, eds. , Ayyukan Taro akan Takardun Harshe da Ka'idar Harshe 2 . London: SOAS.   (dogon sigar, ba a buga ba  )
 Schnoebelen, Tyler . 2009. Rarraba Shabo . Gabatarwa a taron shekara-shekara na 40 akan Harsunan Afirka (ACAL 40), Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign, Afrilu 9-11, 2009.
 Schnoebelen, Tyler. 2010. Shabo keɓewa . Taron bitar "Language Isolates in Africa", Disamba 3, 2010. Lyon, Faransa.
 Tefera Anbessa da Peter Unseth. 1989. "Wajen Rarraba Shabo (Mikeyir)." A cikin M. Lionel Bender (ed.), Batutuwa a cikin Harsunan Nilo-Saharan, 405-18. Nilo-Sahara, 3. Hamburg: Helmut Buske. ISBN 3-87118-927-8 (NISA 3). (Wannan shine tushen farko na wannan labarin.)
 Tefera Anbessa. 1991. "Sketch na Shabo Grammar". a: M. Lionel Bender (ed.), 1991, Shari'ar Taron Nilo-Sahara na Hudu Bayreuth, Agusta 30.
 Teferra Anbessa. 1995. "Takaitaccen sautin muryar Shabo (Mekeyir)". Robert Nicolaï da Franz Rottland, ed. , Na biyar Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium . Nice, 24-29 ga watan 1992. Gabatarwa, pp. 169-193. Köln: Köppe Verlag. Satumba 2, 1989 (Nilo-Saharan 7), Hamburg: Helmut Buske. pp. 29-38. (Ana amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin.)
 Mungode, Peter. 1984. Shabo (Mekeyr). Tattaunawar farko na rarrabuwa da ƙamus. [Rubutun da ba a buga ba]

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Jajayen Harsunan da ke Kashe Ƙarya
 Gabatarwar bidiyo ta Tyler Schnoebelen akan Shabo azaman ware
 Shabo asali lexicon a Global Lexicostatistical Database

Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba