Harshen Karaja

Kasashen gargajiya na Jicarilla Apache (Tinde) suna cikin yankunan arewa maso gabas da gabashin New Mexico. Jicarilla Apache ya faɗaɗa kan Texas da Oklahoma panhandles zuwa cikin yankin kudu maso gabas na Colorado da kusurwar kudu maso yamma na Kansas. Yankin ya goyi bayan Jicarilla Apache tare da salon rayuwar Indiya ta Plains. An raba ƙabilar a cikin wannan ƙasar ta gidauniya biyu: White Clan da Red Clan. Jicarilla Apache sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa waɗanda suka kai su barin wannan ƙasar kuma an tilasta musu ƙaura a kan ajiyar a yau Dulce, NM.

, wanda aka fi sani da Iny rybè, Mutanen Karajá ne ke magana da shi a cikin ƙauyuka talatin a tsakiyar Brazil.

Karaja harshe ne na fi'ili-ƙarshe, Rodrigues (1999), pp. 187–88 tare da sauƙaƙan suna da ƙarin hadaddun yanayin halittar fi'ili wanda ya haɗa da haɗa suna . Kalmomi suna jujjuyawa don shugabanci da kuma mutum, yanayi, abu, da murya.

 Yaruka 
Yaruka sune Arewacin Karajá, Kudancin Karajá, Xambioá, da Javaé .  Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília. 

Karajá daidai ana magana ne akan babban hanyar kogin Araguaia a ciki da wajen tsibirin Banana . A tsarin sauti, an keɓance shi da sauran yarukan (Javaé da Xambioá) ta hanyar faruwar wasalin /ə/ (ba a wakilta a cikin rubutun waƙa), wanda ya dace da cikakken wasali a Javaé da Xambioá wanda ingancinsa kwafin wasalin ne. na gaba syllable. Misali, Karajá  /  / 'zuma',  /  /' ƴar ƙaranci ',  /  / 'daure',  /  / ' banzeiro ',  /  / 'karami',  /  / 'Gourd' yayi daidai da Javaé da Xambioá  /  /,  /  /,  /  /,  /  /,  /  /,  /  /.  Wani fasalin salon sauti na musamman ga Karajá daidai shine ci gaba da haɓakar  kuma  (zuwa  da  ) bin  : kwatanta Karajá  'zuriya',  'fox',  ' Ritxoko lãka tsana',  ' arowana ' and Javaé/Xambioá  ,  ,  ,  .   Misalan bambance-bambance na lexical tsakanin Karajá daidai da sauran yaruka sun haɗa da  'anaconda',  'kayan itace',  'Sukari', daidai da Javaé da Xambioá  ,  ,  .  

Karajá dacewa an ƙara raba shi zuwa Arewa da Kudancin Karajá. Kudancin Karajá ana magana a cikin Fontoura (  ) ƙauye da kuma gaba zuwa kudu, yayin da arewacin Karajá ake magana a cikin São Domingos (  . ) kauye da kuma kara zuwa arewa.  Akwai 'yan bambance-bambance tsakanin Arewa da Kudancin Karajá. Misalan bambance-bambancen lexical sun haɗa da N (orthern)  / S (na waje)  'I',  N  / S  'waka.♂',  N  / S  'karuwa', N  / S  ' pirarucu kifi', N  / S  ' tukunyar yumbu', N  / S  'curassow',  da sauran kalmomi nau'i-nau'i. Arewacin Karajá kuma ya bambanta da Kudancin Karajá wajen amfani da alamomin al'ada daban-daban ga mutane daban-daban (mutum na farko  . , mutum na biyu  , mutum na uku  ), yayin da Kudancin Karajá ke amfani da  ga dukan mutane uku.  Bugu da ƙari, akwai bambanci game da abin da ya faru na prefix na centripetal ( n- ko d-, phonologically / d-/) a cikin mutum na farko na ainihin yanayi . A Arewacin Karajá (kamar a cikin Javaé da Xambioá), yana faruwa sau ɗaya kawai, bayan prefix na mutum na farko:  'Na kawo shi'. A Kudancin Karajá, yana faruwa sau biyu, kafin da kuma bayan mutumin da ke gaba:  'Na kawo shi'.  

Javaé a halin yanzu yana magana da Kogin Javaés, ƙaramin reshe na Araguaia, kodayake a tarihi Javaé yana zaune a cikin tsibirin Bananal, har zuwa aƙalla rabin farkon karni na 20.  Karajá yana kiran Javaé daidai da  , kalmar in ba haka ba ana amfani da ita ga mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar da ba Karajá ba irin su Xavante, amma a fili suna magana iri-iri na Karajá. Javaé yana da ƙarin lamunin Apyãwa fiye da sauran yarukan Karajá.  A tsarin sauti, Javaé ana siffanta shi da faruwar /e/ daidai da Karajá  da Xambioá  gabanin harafi wanda ya ƙunshi  : Javaé  'don kiwo, don ciyarwa',  'kasa, gindi',  'laushi',  'don saka' daidai da Karajá  ,  ,  ,  ; Hambioá  ,  , , .  Bugu da ƙari, Javaé yana da ƙarancin bambance-bambancen jinsi fiye da Karajá da Xambioá, kamar yadda a yawancin lokuta matan Javaé suna amfani da tsari da tsari waɗanda ke iyakance ga jinsin maza a wasu yarukan.  

 Manazarta 
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba