Harshen Maasai

'Maa' (wanda a baya aka rubuta Masai) ko Maa (Turanci: /ˈmɑːsaɪ/; Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh mai zaman kansa: Owl Maa) yare ne na Gabashin Nilotic da ake magana a Kudancin Kenya da Arewacin Tanzania da Mutanen Maasai, wanda ya kai kimanin miliyan 1.5. Yana da alaƙa da sauran Nau'ikan Maa: Samburu (ko Sampur), yaren Mutanen Samburu na tsakiyar Kenya, Chamus, ana magana da su a kudu da kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Baringo (wani lokacin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yaren Samburu); da Parakuyu na Tanzania. Mutanen Maasai, Samburu, il-Chamus da Parakuyu suna da alaƙa da tarihi kuma duk suna magana da yarensu a matsayin  . A zahiri, "Maa" yana nufin yaren da al'adu kuma "Maasai" yana nufin mutanen "waɗanda ke magana da Maa".

 Fasahar sauti 
yywwwuwp">Owuo">n<m">i il">d="mwk">a' Maas na b="#mwt" data-mw='{"par":[{"template":{"Ƙarig":{"wt":"lang","h":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"mas"},"2":{"wt":"ɔl Maa"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwj" title="Masai-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Owl Maa kamar yadda ake magana a kudancin [./Ke<i id= ny" id="mwKQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kenya">Kenya] da Tanzania yana da sauti 30 daban-daban, wanda za'a iya wakilta 'sh' kuma a tsara shi kamar haka: a, b, 'ch' (wani bambancin sh), d, e, ɛ, g, h, i, ɨ, j, k, l, m, n, ny, o, ɔ, p, r, rr, s, sh (tare da bambancin ch), ŋ, u, ʉ, w, y (ko y, yi), 'da kuma' dakatar da (ko ʔ).

sautin yana da matukar muhimmanci don isar da ma'anar daidai.

 Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi 
A cikin teburin phonemes da ke ƙasa, ana wakiltar phonemes tare da alamomin IPA. Lokacin da tarurrukan IPA suka bambanta da alamomin da aka saba amfani da su a rubuce-rubuce masu amfani, ana ba da ƙarshen a cikin kusurwar kusurwa.

Ga wasu masu magana, sautin da aka bayyana ba su da mahimmanci (misali IlKeekonyokie Maa), amma ga wasu, suna da sauƙi ko suna da fasalin glottalic (misali Parakuyo Maa). A cikin Arusha Maa,  yawanci [[Sanya]] gane shi azaman fricative mara murya, amma a wasu kalmomi, yana iya zama murya mai murya. Akalla a cikin kalmomin Maa na asali, [tʃ] da [ʃ] suna faruwa a cikin rarraba mai dacewa, tare da tsohon yana faruwa kai tsaye bayan consonants kuma na ƙarshe a wasu wurare.
LabariAlveolarAlveopalatal / palatalbakiVelarGishiriHancimnSunan ɲ aka yiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanyaŋ ~Yanayi ~SanyaPlosiveptkSunan ʔ aka yi amfani da suSiffar ~SanyaɓɗSanyaChina ta gaba daSanyaFricativesʃhRhoticɾ yi amfani da shi a matsayinSanyaRuwaYa kasance a cikiSanyaHanyar gefenlGlidewj zama hakaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya SinanciYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya SanyaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya

 Sautin sautin 
Kamar sauran yarukan Maa, Maasai yana da jituwa ta tushen harshe.  wasula guda tara masu banbanci, tare da wasula /a/ kasancewa "mai tsaka-tsaki" don jituwa.
A gabaTsakiyaKomawaBabbaiuɪ tsara shi neYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanyaSunan ʊ aka yiAn tsara shiSanyaTsakaninda kumaoɛ tsara shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanyaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanyaƘananana

 Rubuce-rubuce 
Tsarin kalma yawanci kalma-subject-abu ne, amma yana iya bambanta saboda sautin shine mafi mahimmancin alamar batun da abu. Abin da ke ƙayyade tsari a cikin sashi shine topicality tun lokacin da tsari, a cikin sassan mafi sauki, ana iya hango shi bisa ga tsarin tsarin bayanai: [Verb - Most.Topical - Less.Topical]. Don haka, idan abu yana da mahimmanci sosai a cikin magana (misali wakilin mutum na farko), kuma batun ba shi da mahimmanci, abu yana faruwa bayan aikatau kuma kafin batun.

Harshen Maasai yana da cikakkun maganganu guda biyu kawai amma yana iya amfani da "sunayen dangantaka", tare da mafi yawan maganganu, don tsara takamaiman ra'ayoyin wuri. Kalmomin suna farawa da prefix na nunawa ko prefix na lambar jinsi, sannan kuma suna ko wani suna na kai. Sauran masu gyara suna bin sunan kai, gami da jimloli masu mallaka.

A cikin Maasai, yawancin morphemes sune alamu na sauti. Tsarin sautin yana shafar shari'ar, murya da kuma bangaren kalmomi, kamar yadda yake a cikin misalin da ke ƙasa:
 Har ila yau, ya zama sananne

ɛ́-ɛ́t-a

3P-remove.one.by.one-IPFV.MIDSarauniya

Kasancewa da Muntaka

DEF.FEM.SG-pot (NOM) (Fasali na Yankin) 

(Masu amfani da su) 

 Sarauniya

ɛ́-ɛ́t-a ɛn-mʊ́ti (HL) 

3P-remove.one.by.one-IPFV.MID DEF.FEM.SG-pot (NOM) 

"English - Maa". darkwing.uoregon.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-26.Payne, Thomas E. (1997). Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20–21"An cire tukunya. "Harshen Maasai yana ɗauke da nau'o'i uku na sunayen jinsi; mata, namiji, da wuri. Masu magana da harshe na asali suna haɗa prefix na jinsi zuwa sunan. Ma'anar sunan a cikin mahallin yana nufin jinsi. Sunayen suna sanya jinsi kamar haka:

"Wane ne ya zo?" za a tambayi idan an san jinsi na baƙo. Za a gabatar da sunan ta hanyar prefix na jinsi. Idan  a san jinsi na baƙo ba, "Wane ne ya zo?" zai zama tambaya ta zahiri [Fassarar Turanci].

Adjectives a Maa suna aiki ne kawai don bayyana sunan, kuma suna canza lokutan dangane da sunan da suke bayyanawa. 

Wakilan a Maa yawanci suna ba da jinsi (maza, mace, ko wuri); idan ba a san jinsi ba, ma'anar sunan a cikin mahallin yawanci yana nufin jinsi. Misali, mahallin mace na iya haɗawa da aiki a cikin gida, kuma za a nuna jinsi na namiji idan aikin ya shafi aiki a waje da gida. Maasai yana amfani da wuri a matsayin wakilin mutum saboda wuri na iya taimakawa wajen gano namiji ko mace (watau aikin da ke faruwa a cikin gidan kusan koyaushe mace za ta yi).

Sauti yana taimakawa wajen nuna yarjejeniyar kalma-batutuwa-tsarin.

Yanayin yanzu a cikin Maasai ya haɗa da ayyukan al'ada, kamar "Ina farkawa" ko "Ina dafa karin kumallo". Lokacin  ya gabata yana nufin kawai wani aiki da ya gabata, ba takamaiman lokaci ko wuri ba.

 Amfani da shi 
Maasai sun yi tsayayya da wasu nau'o'in mulkin mallaka da fadada Yamma, kuma tsarin sadarwa da musayar su ya fi mayar da hankali kan kasuwanci tsakanin kansu. Koyaya, wasu asarar yaren Maasai, yayin da ba sa da sauri, yana faruwa ne sakamakon Turanci da wasu kabilun Gabashin Afirka da kuma hauhawar Swahili da Ingilishi a matsayin manyan harsuna.  Tanzania, tsohon shugaban kasar Nyerere ya karfafa karbar yaren Swahili a matsayin harshen hukuma don haɗa kan kabilun daban-daban a Tanzania, da Ingilishi don yin gasa a duniya.  yaren Maasai, wanda galibi ake kira Maa, ya tsira duk da yawan jama'a na tsarin ilimin Ingilishi da Swahili, tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki, da sauransu, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da mutanen Maasai ke fuskanta a Gabashin Afirka yana kiyaye su, da yarensu, a matsayin 'yan tsiraru marasa wakilci.

Hanyar rayuwa ta Maasai ta shiga cikin yarensu. Musamman, tsarin tattalin arziki na kasuwanci wanda Maasai suka dogara da shi don kula da hanyar rayuwarsu ta nomadic, sun dogara da rayuwar harshen Maasai, har ma a cikin matsayinsa na 'yan tsiraru. Tare  haɗarin harshe, mutanen Maasai za su ci gaba da fuskantar barazana kuma ana barazanar amincinsu na al'adu. Matsayin 'yan tsiraru da yaren ke fuskanta a halin yanzu ya riga ya yi barazanar al'adun gargajiya na Maasai. Ƙa ƙungiyoyi na Maasai suna ci gaba da zama makiyaya a yankin, suna zaɓar zama a maimakon haka a cikin al'ummomin da ke kusa don kiyaye yarensu da sauran al'adunsu.

 Dubi kuma 

 Yaren Kwavi
 Harshen Sonjo, yaren yankin Bantu a yankin Maasai
 Yaaku, mutanen da kusan sun watsar da yarensu gaba ɗaya don goyon bayan Maasai
 Asa, mutanen da suka watsar da yarensu gaba ɗaya don goyon bayan Maasai

 Manazarta 

 Bayanan littattafai 


 Haɗin waje 

 Shirin yaren Maa
 Doris L. Payne & Leonard Ole-Kotikash: ƙamus na Turanci-Maasai da Maasai-Ingilishi
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba