Yaren Laz

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Harshen Laz ko kuma auren Lazuri (Laz: ლაზური ნენა, romanized: lazuri nena; Mingrelian: ლაზური ნზიინა: Georgia, romanized: lazuri nena. ი ენა/ჭანური ენა, romanized: lazuri ena/ch'anuri ena; Baturke: Lazca) Harshen Kartvelian da mutanen Laz ke magana a kudu maso gabas ga bakin tekun Black Sea.https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA21A cikin 2007, an kiyasta cewa akwai kusan masu magana da asali na 20,000 a Turkiyya, a cikin wani yanki mai nisa daga Melyat zuwa kan iyakar Jojiya (wanda ake kira Lazistan har zuwa 1925), da kuma kusan masu magana na 1,000 a kusa da Adjara a Jojiya. Hakanan akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Laz kusan 1,000 a Jamus.

Laz a tarihi ba rubutaccen harshe ba ne ko kuma yaren adabi. Tun daga 1989, Benninghaus zai iya rubuta cewa Laz da kansu ba su da sha'awar rubuta Laz.

 Rabewa 
Laz yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan Kartvelian guda huɗu wanda kuma aka sani da harsunan Kudancin Caucasian. Tare da Mingrelian, yana samar da reshen Zan na wannan dangin harshen Kartvelian. Harsunan biyu suna da dangantaka ta kut-da-kut, ta yadda wasu masana harsuna ke kiran Mingrelian da Laz a matsayin yare ko bambance-bambancen yanki na yaren Zan guda ɗaya, ra'ayin da aka gudanar a hukumance a zamanin Soviet da kuma har yanzu a Jojiya. Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, ana ɗaukar Mingrelian da Laz a matsayin harsuna daban-daban, saboda daɗaɗɗen rabuwar al'ummominsu na masu magana (shekaru 500) da kuma rashin fahimtar juna.

 Tarihi 
Ko da yake an rubuta mutanen Laz a rubuce-rubuce akai-akai tun daga zamanin da, amma farkon rubutaccen shaidar harshensu tun daga 1787. Akwai wata waka a cikin Seyahatnâme na Evliya Çelebi (ƙarni na 17) da aka fassara da Laz, amma ana iya yin hakan. wakiltar Pontic Greek. Tabbataccen tarihin Laz na farko a cikin 1787 ya fito ne daga Masanin harshen Jesuit na Spain Lorenzo Hervás. An yi watsi da shi sosai saboda Hervás ya haɗa sunan harshen tare da na harshen Lezgian, yana kiransa linga Lasga, detta ancora Laza, e Lassa. A cikin 1823, Julius Heinrich von Klaproth ya wallafa jerin kalmomi Sitin da Bakwai ( 67 ) na Laz tare da fassarar Jamusanci a cikin Polyglotta na Asiya. Ya gano yaruka uku. A cikin 1844, Georg Rosen ya buga a cikin Jamusanci littafin farko na Laz, Über die Sprache der Lazen. A cikin 1887, jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya Demetrius Rudolph Peacock ya haɗa da Laz a cikin harsuna biyar na yammacin Caucasus a cikin takarda da aka tsara don amfani da jami'an diflomasiyya masu magana da Ingilishi.

 Rarraba yanki 
Harshen Jojin, tare da danginsa Mingrelian, Laz, da Svan, sun ƙunshi dangin harshen Kartvelian. Farkon rabuwar Proto-Kartvelian an kiyasta ya kasance kusan 2500-2000 BC, tare da bambance-bambancen Svan daga Proto-Kartvelian (Nichols, 1998). Takardun Assuriyawa, Urartian, Girkanci, da na Romawa sun bayyana cewa a farkon lokutan tarihi (2nd-1st millennia BC), yawancin kabilun Kartvelian suna cikin ƙaura zuwa cikin Caucasus daga kudu maso yamma. Mutanen Kartveliya sun mamaye gabar tekun arewa da tsaunukan bakin teku na Asiya Ƙarama aƙalla zuwa yamma har zuwa Samsun. Ƙauransu na gabas mai yiwuwa an saita motsi ta faɗuwar Troy (wanda Eratosthenes ya rubuta zuwa 1183 K.Z.). Don haka ya bayyana cewa Kartvelians suna wakiltar kutsawa cikin filin Georgian daga arewa maso gabashin Anatoliya, suna korar magabatansu, mutanen Caucasian Arewa maso Yamma da Vainakh da ba su da alaƙa, cikin tsaunukan Caucasian (Tuite, 1996; Nichols, 2004).http://timothygrove.blogspot.com/2012/07/materials-for-comprehensive-history-of.html

Babban sanannen mazaunin Lazoi shine garin Lazos ko "tsohuwar Lazik" wanda Arrian ya sanya filin wasa 680 (kimanin mil 80) kudu da tashar Alfarma (Novorossiisk) da filin wasa 1,020 (mil 100) arewacin Pityus, watau wani wuri a cikin unguwar Tuapse. Kiessling ya ga a cikin Lazoi wani sashe na Kerketai, wanda a ƙarni na farko na zamanin Kirista ya yi ƙaura zuwa kudu a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Zygoi. Marubucin ɗaya yana ɗaukar Kerketai a matsayin ƙabilar "Georgian". Gaskiyar ita ce, a lokacin Arrian (ƙarni na biyu AD), Lazoi sun riga sun zauna a kudancin Um. Tsarin mutanen da ke zaune a bakin teku a gabashin Trebizond ya kasance kamar haka: Colchi (da Sanni); Machelones; Heniochi; Zydritae; Lazai, batutuwa na Sarki Malassus, wanda ya mallaki suzerainty na Roma; Apsilae; Abacsi; Sanigae kusa da Sebastopolis.http://colchianstudies.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/47-laz-minorsky.pdf

 Matsayin Zamantakewa da Al'adu 
Laz ba shi da matsayi na hukuma a cikin Turkiyya ko Jojiya, kuma ba shi da ma'aunin rubutu. A halin yanzu ana amfani dashi kawai don saba da hulɗar yau da kullun; don adabi, kasuwanci, da sauran dalilai, masu magana da Laz suna amfani da yaren ƙasarsu (Turanci ko Jojiya).

Laz na musamman ne a cikin harsunan Kartvelian domin yawancin masu magana da shi suna zaune a Turkiyya maimakon Jojiya. Yayin da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin yaruka daban-daban ba su da yawa, masu magana da su suna jin cewa matakin fahimtar juna ya ragu. Ganin cewa babu wani ma'auni na gama gari na Laz, masu magana da yarukansa daban-daban suna amfani da Turanci don sadarwa da juna.

Tsakanin 1930 zuwa 1938, Zan (Laz da Mingrelian) sun ji daɗin cin gashin kan al'adu a Jojiya kuma an yi amfani da su azaman yaren adabi, amma ba a taɓa kafa tsarin daidaitaccen harshe na hukuma ba. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar rubutaccen al'ada a Zan ya ci tura, duk da cewa yawancin masu hankali suna amfani da shi a matsayin harshen adabi.

A Turkiyya, Laz ya kasance harshen da aka rubuta tun 1984, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri haruffa da aka dogara da haruffan Turkiyya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana amfani da wannan tsarin a yawancin ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen da suka bayyana a cikin Laz. An ƙirƙira shi musamman don harsunan Kartvelian, haruffan Jojiyanci sun fi dacewa da sautin Laz, amma kasancewar yawancin masu magana da yaren suna zaune a Turkiyya, inda ake amfani da haruffan Latin, ya sa karɓin tsohon ba zai yiwu ba. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1991 an buga wani littafi mai suna Nana-nena ('Yaren uwa'), wanda aka yi nufin dukan masu magana da Laz kuma ana amfani da haruffan Latin da Jojiya. An buga ƙamus na Laz-Turkish na farko a cikin 1999.

An haramta yin magana Laz a Turkiyya tsakanin 1980 zuwa 1991 saboda ana kallon hakan a matsayin barazana ta siyasa ga hadin kan kasar. A wannan zamanin, wasu daga cikin malaman ilimi suna nadamar kasancewar kabilar Laz. Domin an hana yin magana da Laz a wuraren da jama’a ke taruwa, yara da yawa sun rasa yarensu na asali sakamakon rashin sadarwa da iyayensu. Yawancin mutanen Laz suna da lafazin Turanci mai nauyi saboda ba za su iya yin yarensu na asali ba.

 Siffofin Harshe 
Kamar yawancin yarukan Caucasus, Laz yana da tsarin baƙon abu amma wasula biyar kawai (a, e, i, o, u). Sunayen suna da aka yi da suffixes na agglutinative don nuna aikin nahawu (harkoki huɗu zuwa bakwai, dangane da yare) da lamba (maɗaukaki ko jam'i), amma ba ta jinsi ba. Ana fassara kalmar Laz tare da kari bisa ga mutum da lamba, haka kuma don yanayin nahawu, al'amari, yanayi, da (a wasu yarukan) hujja. Har zuwa 50 prefixes na magana ana amfani da su don nuna daidaitaccen wuri/manufa. An bayar da bayanan mutum da lamba don batun da kuma abubuwa ɗaya ko biyu da ke cikin aikin, misali. gimpulam = "Na boye muku".

 Nahawu 
Wasu fitattun siffofi na Laz a cikin danginsa sune:

Duk sunaye suna ƙarewa da wasali.

Ƙarin juzu'in fi'ili mai faɗi, ta amfani da prefixes na jagora.

Wasu lamuni na lexical daga harsunan Girkanci da Turkawa

 Manazarta