Harshen Toto

thumb
thumb
thumb
thumb
thumb

Toto (Bengali: , Toto: )Yaren Sino-Tibet ne da ake magana a kan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan, ta kabilar Toto a Totopara, West Bengal tare da iyaka da Bhutan. Hakanan ana magana a Subhapara, Dhunchipara, da Panchayatpara hilllocks akan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan a gundumar Jalpaiguri, West Bengal (Ethnologue).

thumb

 Matsayi 
UNESCO ta jera Toto a matsayin yare mai hatsarin gaske, mai yiwuwa masu magana 1,000. Koyaya, yawancin iyalai a cikin al'umma suna magana Toto a gida. Yawancin yara suna koyon Toto a gida, kodayake suna amfani da Bengali a makaranta.

Cibiyar Nazarin Anthropological na Indiya (AnSI) ta shirya gudanar da bincike a kan harshen kabilar Toto, wanda yawansu ya ragu zuwa 1,536, ba su fahimci cewa harshen ya fi ƙabilanci ba. Masu bincike da kuma membobin al’ummar Toto sun yarda cewa harshen na fuskantar barazana kuma tasirin wasu harsuna, musamman Nepali da Bengali, na karuwa kowace rana.

Aikin Harsunan Himalayan yana aiki akan zanen nahawu na farko na Toto.

 Fassarar sauti 
Toto ya ƙunshi ƙananan wayoyi 25, waɗanda 19 baƙaƙe ne shida kuma wasula ne. Wayoyin wannan harshe sune kamar haka:

Wasula

Akwai wayoyi guda shida a cikin harshen Toto: /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /o/, /u/. Ana iya rarraba su:

 a kwance zuwa rukuni uku a matsayin gaba maras zagaye, na tsakiya mara zagaye da baya;
 a tsaye zuwa kungiyoyi hudu kusa, kusa-tsaki, bude-tsaki da budewa.
 Akwai diphthong guda takwas da aka gane a cikin Toto, waɗannan su ne:
 /eu/ - yana faruwa a matsayi na farko da na tsakiya,
 /au/, /ou/ - yana faruwa ne kawai a matsayi na tsakiya,
 /ei/, /əi/, /ai/, /oi/ - yana faruwa a matsakaici da matsayi na ƙarshe, da
 /ui/ - yana faruwa a kowane matsayi.

Ƙananan nau'i-nau'i masu zuwa suna tabbatar da matsayin sautin wasali:

/i/~/e/

/iŋ/ 'dan'uwan suruki', vs. /eŋ/ 'ginger'

/ciwa/ 'Tear', vs. /cewa/ 'cut' (tufafi)

/i/~/a/

/guJi/ 'mujiya', vs. /guJa/ 'aljihu'

/nico/ 'wuta', vs. /naco/ 'biyu'

/i/~/u/

/Jiya/ 'rat', vs. /Juya/ 'tsuntsu'

/ei/~/əi/

/e/~/a/

/lepa/ 'kwakwalwa', vs. /lapa/ 'Ganye betel na daji'

/kewa/ 'haihuwa', vs. /kawa/ 'sauti'

/e/~/o/

/je/ 'ciyawa', vs. /jo/ 'nono'

bi..

BilabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottalplainaspiratedplainaspiratedStopvoicelessppʰttʰckvoicedbdɟgFricativeshNasalmnŋApproximantljwTrillr

Kamus
A ƙasa akwai wasu kalmomin Toto daga van Driem (1995), wanda ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi don ba da shawarar cewa Toto na iya zama harshen Sal..van Driem, George. 1995. The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28.

 'to drink'
 'shoulder'
 'cooking pot' (second syllable), cf. Dzongkha  'jug'
 'seed'
 'today'
 'moon'
 'fall' (cf. Benedict's PTB  'dive, sink, drown')
 'big' (first syllable)
 'shit'
 'right' (vs. 'left')
 'stomach' (first syllable); the second syllable  is cognate with Toto  'meat'
 'meat'
 'bamboo species' (first syllable), Nepali 
 'paddy'
 'wing'
 'sun'
 'stand'
 'yesterday'
 'navel'
 'bring'
 'to shit'
 'sleep'
 'urine'
 'dog'
 'name'
 'horn'
 'flower'
 'snake'
 'stone'
 'tongue'
 'to dream'
 'ear'
 'eye'
 'fish'
 'body hair'
 'I'
 'sole of the foot'
 'pig'
 'thou'
 'tooth'
 'die'
 'eat'
 'be sweet, taste sweet'
 'mango' (suffix: )
 'jackfruit' (suffix: )
 'kill'
 'dig'
 'egg'
 'sit, stay'
 'water'
 'tear'
 'spit'
 'rain'
 'blood'
 'milk'
 'buffalo'
 'come down, descend'
 'neck'
 'weave'
 'cry'
 'monkey'
 'mouse, rat'

 Karin magana 

 Sunan Toto na sirri sune (van Driem 1995) 
   singular  plural first person   second person   third person  

 Lambobi 

 Lambobin Toto sune (van Driem 1995) 
 English numeral  bare stem for counting  counting humans  counting animals  inanimate objects one     two     three     four        five        six        seven        eight        nine        ten        eleven        twelve        twenty        twenty-one        thirty        forty        fifty        sixty       

Nau'in Rubutu

An buga rubutun haruffan da dattijon al'umma kuma marubuci, Dhaniram Toto ya haɓaka don harshen a cikin 2015, kuma ya ga iyakance amma ana ƙara amfani da shi a cikin adabi, ilimi, da lissafi; Mafi mahimmanci, an ƙara haruffan Toto zuwa ma'auni na Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021. Kafin buga wannan rubutun, Dhaniram Toto da sauran membobin al'umma (waɗanda adadin karatunsu kamar yadda binciken samfurin da aka gudanar a 2003 ya kasance kawai 33.64 bisa dari). ) rubuce-rubucen littattafai da kasidu a cikin rubutun Bengali.

 Unicode 

 Samfura: Babban haruffan Toto an ƙara shi zuwa Matsayin Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021 tare da sakin sigar 14.0. 

 Tushen Unicode na Toto shine U+1E290–U+1E2BF 
:

Duba 
Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)

Don Karatu

Manazarta

Amitabha, S. (1993). Toto, Society and Change: A Sub-Himalayan Tribe of West Bengal. Firma KLM.
Basumatary, C. (2014). The Phonological Study of Toto Language. Language in India, 14:6, 59–84. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf
Chaudhuri, B. (1992). Tribal Transformation in India. New Delhi, India: Inter-India Publications.
Doherty, B. (2012, April 29). India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.smh.com.au/world/indias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xted.html

Mehrotra, R. (1974). Endangered Languages in India. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 105–114. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from https://web.archive.org/web/20111016074549/http://www.degruyter.de/journals/ijsl/detailEn.cfm
Perumalsamy P (2016) "Toto Language" in Linguistic Survey of India West Bengal Volume I by Office of the Registrar General India: New Delhi pp 628–702 https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/34826
Singh, S. (2014, August 1). Toto Language More Endangered Than Tribe. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/toto-language-more-endangered-than-tribe/article6270931.ece
van Driem, G., & Bronkhorst, J. (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the  Greater Himalayan Region Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language (pp. 559–760). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub.
van Driem, G. (2007). South Asia and Middle East. In C. Moseley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages (pp. 289–348). London and New York: Routledge.
van Driem, George. 1995. The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28.

Mahadan Waje
India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words
About Toto People
Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
World Oral Literature Project
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)

Category:Kiranti languages
Category:Languages of India
Category:Languages of Bhutan
Category:Endangered languages of India