Harsunan Mande

Harsunan Mande ( Mandén, Manding ;  ) rukuni ne na harsunan da al'ummar Mandé ke magana a ƙasashe da yawa a Yammacin Afirka . Wadannan sun hada da; Maninka, Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Jula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, and Vai . Akwai kusan harsuna 60 zuwa 75 waɗanda mutane miliyan 30 zuwa 40 ke magana,  musamman a cikin; Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Saliyo, Laberiya, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Ghana da kuma arewa maso yammacin Najeriya da arewacin Benin .

Harsunan Mande sun nuna ƴan kamanceceniya na ƙamus da dangin harshen Atlantika-Congo, don haka tare an gabatar da su a matsayin wani yanki na babban dangin harshen Nijar-Congo tun daga shekarun 1950. Koyaya, yarukan Modes sun rasa ilimin ilimin halittar juna wanda shine babban yanayin gano asalin na Atlantika-Congo. Saboda haka, masana harshe suna ƙara ɗaukar Mande da Atlantic-Congo a matsayin iyalai masu zaman kansu.  

 Tarihi 
Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da shekarun harsunan Mande.

Valentin Vydrin ya kammala cewa " Ƙasar mahaifar Mande a rabi na biyu na karni na 4 BC yana cikin Kudancin Sahara, wani wuri zuwa Arewacin 16 ° ko ma 18 ° na Latitude Arewa kuma tsakanin 3 ° da 12 ° na yammacin Longitude."  Wato yanzu Mauritania da kuma kudancin Saharar yamma .".

Idan dangantakar harshen Mande ta kasance karara wanda zai taimaka wajen sanar da tarihinsa. Misali, Joseph Greenberg ya ba da shawarar cewa kungiyar Niger-Congo, wacce a ra'ayinsa ya hada da dangin harshen Mande, sun fara wargaje a kusan shekaru 7000 BP . Masu iya magana da ita sun yi aiki da al'adun Neolithic, kamar yadda kalmomin Proto-Niger-Congo suka nuna don " saniya", "akuya" da "noma". 

 Ilimin farko 
Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle ne ya fara gane ƙungiyar a cikin 1854 a cikin Polyglotta Africana . Ya ambaci harsuna 13 a ƙarƙashin taken Arewa-Western High-Sudan Family, ko Mandéga Family of Languages . A cikin 1901, Maurice Delafosse ya bambanta ƙungiyoyi biyu.  Ya yi maganar ƙungiyar mandé-tan ta arewa da ƙungiyar mandé-fu ta kudu. Bambancin an yi shi ne kawai saboda harsunan arewa suna amfani da furcin tan na goma, kuma harsunan kudu suna amfani da fu . A cikin 1924, Louis Tauxier ya lura cewa bambancin ba a kafa shi da kyau ba kuma akwai akalla rukuni na uku da ya kira mandé-bu . Sai 1950 André Prost ya goyi bayan wannan ra'ayi kuma ya ba da ƙarin bayani.

A cikin 1958, Welmers ya buga kasida mai suna "The Mande Languages," inda ya raba harsunan zuwa rukuni uku: Arewa maso Yamma, Kudu da Gabas.  Ƙarshensa ya dogara ne akan binciken lexicostatistic . Joseph Greenberg ya bi wannan bambanci a cikin Harsunan Afirka (1963). Dogon (1971) da Gérard Galtier (1980) sun bi bambance-bambancen zuwa rukuni uku amma tare da bambance-bambance masu ban mamaki.

 Rabewa 

 Dangantaka da Niger-Congo 
Mande ba ya raba yanayin halittar mafi yawan dangin Nijar – Kongo, kamar tsarin ajin suna . Haka kuma babu wasu da yawa da aka sani a cikin ainihin ƙamus tsakanin Mande da Niger-Congo. Saboda haka, Dimmendaal (2008) ya yi jayayya cewa shaidar haɗawa ba ta da ƙarfi, kuma a yanzu Mande an fi ɗauka a matsayin dangi mai zaman kansa.   Güldemann (2018) yana da ra'ayi iri ɗaya. 

Ba tare da tabbatar da cewa Mande ba dan Niger-Congo ne ko kuma ba shi ba, Vydrin (2016) ya lura cewa ainihin ƙamus na proto-Mande ya dace da Nijar-Congo, kuma ma'auni na rubutu kamar rashin tsarin suna ya kamata. ba za a dauka a matsayin mai yiwuwa ba; Ya lura cewa "Idan aka tabbatar da matsayin Mande a cikin Niger-Congo ... Mande zai wakilci mafi dadadden reshe na phylum".  Blench yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin reshe na farko wanda ya ɓarke kafin tsarin halittar suna-aji ya haɓaka. Dwyer (1998) ya kwatanta shi da sauran rassan Nijar – Kongo kuma ya gano cewa sun kafa iyali mai dunkulewa, inda Mande ya kasance mafi banbance-banbance na rassan da ya yi la’akari da su.

 Rabewar ciki 
Bambance-bambance da zurfin dangin Mande yana kama da na Indo-Turai. An kusan yarda da rassan Mande guda goma sha ɗaya a duniya: Kudancin Mande (Dan da sauransu), Mande ta Gabas (Bisa, Boko da sauransu), Samogo, Bobo, Soninke – Bozo, Mande Kudu maso Yamma (Mende, Kpelle, Loma da sauransu). Soso–Jalonke, Jogo, Vai–Kono, Mokole and Manding (Bambara, Djula da sauransu). An kuma yarda cewa waɗannan rassa na farko biyu ne, na farko a matsayin Mande Kudu maso Gabas, sauran kuma a matsayin Western Mande. 

Yawancin rarrabuwar Mande na ciki sun dogara ne akan lexicostatistics, alal misali, wanda ya dogara da jerin Swadesh .  Wani madadin rarrabuwa daga Kastenholz (1996) ya dogara ne akan sabbin dabaru da ilimin harshe . Kastenholz yayi kashedin duk da haka cewa wannan baya dogara ne akan ma'auni na haƙiƙa don haka ba rarrabuwa ba ne a cikin kunkuntar ma'ana.  Rarraba mai zuwa tarin duka biyu ne.

Vydrin (2009) ya ɗan bambanta da wannan: ya sanya Soso-Jalonke tare da Kudu maso Yamma (komawa zuwa André Prost 1953); Soninke-Bozo, Samogho da Bobo a matsayin rassa masu zaman kansu na Western Mande, da Mokole tare da Vai-Kono. Yawancin rarrabuwa suna sanya Jo a cikin Samogo.

 Siffofin Morphosyntactic 
Harsunan Mande ba su da tsarin ajin suna ko faɗaɗa magana na harsunan Atlantika-Congo waɗanda harsunan Bantu suka shahara sosai don su, amma Bobo yana da nau'ikan fi'ili da ke haifar da rashin fahimta . Harsunan Mande na Kudu maso Yamma da Soninke suna da maye gurbi na farko. Yawanci yawanci ana yiwa alama da clitic; a wasu harsuna, tare da sautin, misali a cikin Sembla . Sau da yawa karin magana suna da rabe-raben da ba za a iya raba su ba da kuma haɗawa da keɓancewa . Tsarin kalma a cikin juzu'i masu jujjuyawa shine batun - taimako - abu - fi'ili - adverb . Ana amfani da madaidaicin matsayi . A cikin jimlolin sunaye, masu mallaka suna zuwa gaban suna, da sifofi da alamomin jam’i bayan fi’ili; Ana samun nuni tare da umarni biyu. 

 Kwatankwacin ƙamus 
A ƙasa akwai samfurin ƙamus na ƙamus na gyare-gyaren da aka sake ginawa:
Harshe ido kunne hanci hakori harshe baki jini kashi itace ruwa ci suna Proto-Mande  *ɲíŋ *lɛɓ́ Ṽ *yiti  Proto-West Mande  *tuli *sʸún *ɲín **nɛ̌N *da ~ ɗá *jio ~ yi *guri ~ wuri *jio ~ yi *tako Proto- Manding (Mandekan)  *nya *tulo *nun *yin *na (e) *da *joli *kolo *yiri *ji *domin (n) *tɔgu Proto- Gabas Mande (Niger-Volta)  *JɛN (< *gɛN) *toro *N-jẽ *son (-ka) *N-le *lɛ *(N-)wa (-ru) *(N-) gero *li/*da *jin *ba (-le) *tɔ Proto- South Mande  *yũ̀ã́ *tɔɗa *yṹã̄ *sɔ̃̀ɛ̃́ *nã̄nɛ̃́ *Dé *yɔ̃̀mũ̄ *wɔ̃́nɛ̃́ * yi * yi * ɓɪ̀lɪ̀ *tɔ
GLOSSPROTO-MANDÉMandingKono-VaiSusuMandé (SW)SoninkéSemblaBoboSanBusaManoDanGuroMwa'mouth'*dadadadɛlalaqqejodoleleleDilele, di'saliva'*da-yida-jida-sɛ-yela-yilaxan-jijon-fagodibesele-ile-yiDi-lileriliri'water'*yijeyiyiyajijoji, ziomuniyiyiyiyi'breast'*n-koŋsinsususisiŋenikonbekyeɲiŋiɲoɲoɲoŋɲoŋɲoŋɲoŋ'milk'*n-kon-yinɔnɔsusu-jixin-yɛgen-iya -xattikye-n-dyon-yan-niŋin-yo-n-yoŋ-yin-yoŋ-yi'goat'*bo(re)babaɓolisugobigwabweblebɔbɔboribɔ'buck'*bore-gurenba-korodiggehgu-gurable-sabɔ-gonbɔ-gongyagyabɔ-guren'sheep'*sagasagabara-wayexeɓarajaxesegasɛgeseresabaablaberabla'ram'*saga-gurensaga-korojaxampadekekyeresi-gulada-gubla-gonbra-gonbla-gure'head'*Koun-koloyin-kola
Yi la'akari da cewa a cikin waɗannan cognates:

 'saliva' = 'baki'+'ruwa'
 'madara' = 'nono'+'ruwa'
 'Buck (he-goat)' = 'akuya'+'namiji'
 'rago' = 'tumaki'+'namiji'

 Lambobi 
Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya: 
ClassificationLanguage12345678910BissaBissa (Bisa)díípíjàkakʊ́sɪ̀sɔ́ɔ̀sòàtɪ (5 + 1)sáápra (5 + 2)síɲe (2 x 4) ?nɛfʊ̀ (10 -1) ?bʊ̀BusaBokodoplaʔààɔ̃sííɔ̃sɔ́osoolo (5 + 1)sopla (5 + 2)swaàɔ̃ (5 + 3)kɛ̃̀okwi [ litː tear away 1 (from) 10 ]kwiBusaBokobaru (Zogbẽ)dopláaʔààɡɔ̃sííɡɔ̃sɔ́ɔ́roswɛ́ɛ̀do (5 + 1)swɛ́ɛ̀pláa (5 + 2)sɔ́rààɡɔ̃ (5 + 3)kɛ̃́ndo (10–1)kurìBusaIllo Busadopiaʔààkɔ̃ʃííkɔ̃sɔ́osóodo (5 + 1)soopia (5 + 2)swààkɔ̃ (5 + 3)kĩ́ṇdokwi [litː tear away 1 (from) 10]kwiBusaBusadoplaʔààkɔ̃sííkɔ̃sɔ́ɔ́rosúddo (5 + 1)súppla (5 + 2)sɔ́rààkɔ̃ (5 + 3)kɛ̃́ndo (10–1)kurìKyangaKyanga (Kyenga) (1)dúúfʸáāˀāàːʃíísɔ́ɔ́rūsɔ̄ɔ̄dū (5 + 1)sʷāhʸáā (5 + 2)sōōwà (5 + 3)sòòʃí (5 + 4)kōōrìKyangaKyanga (Kyenga) (2)dūːfʲâːʔàːʃíːsɔ̂ːwûsɔ̂ːdū (5 + 1)sɔ̂ːfʲá (5 + 2)sōːuwà (5 + 3)sōwēʃíː (5 + 4)kōːlìKyangaKyenga (3)dohia / fiaʔàʃísɔɔlusɔɔdu (5 + 1)sɔɔhia (5 + 2)soowà (5 + 3)sooʃí (5 + 4)korìKyangaShangadoʍaʔàʃísɔ́ɔsɔbodo (5 + 1)sɔhia (5 + 2)sɔboʔà (5 + 3)sɔdoʃí (5 + 4)wókòìSamoMatya Samoɡɔ̀rɔ́prátjɔwɔsísɔ́rɔ́sɛ̀rɛ́ (5 + 1)tjʊ́sʊ́ (5 + 2)tjisí (2 x 4)ménaŋɡɔrɔ (10–1)flè / fʊ̀SamoMaya Samodɛ́nɛ́fúrákàakúsíirísɔ́ɔrɔ́sɔ̀rɔ̀ (5 + 1)sɔ̀frá (5 + 2)cíɡísí (2 x 4 ) ?sóosí (5 + 4) ?bùGuro-TuraGurodʊfíéyaázĩ̀ɛ̃́sólúsʊɛdʊ / sʊɛlʊ (5 + 1)sʊlàyíé (5 + 2)sʊlaá (5 + 3)sʊlàzĩ̀ɛ̃́ (5 + 4)vuGuro-TuraYaourétʊ̀fli̋yaaɡasĩjɛ̃ = sĩɟɛ̃ or sĩd͡ʒɛ̃sóoluʃɛ́dʊ (5 + 1)sɔ́ravli (5 + 2)sɔ́ra (5 + 3)sɔ́rasiɛ̃ (5 + 4)fùGuro-TuraMann (Mano)doópèèlɛyààkayììsɛsɔ́ɔ́lisáláádo (5 + 1)sálápèèlɛ (5 + 2)sálàka (5 + 3)sɛ́lɛ̀ìsɛ (5 + 4)vũ̀Nwa-BenBengdoplaŋŋaŋsiéŋsɔ́ŋsɔ́do (5 + 1)sɔ́pla (5 + 2)sɔ́wa (5 + 3)sisi (5 + 4)ebuNwa-BenGagudòfɪ́nyíaziésúusɛ́dò (5 + 1)sɛ́fɪ́n (5 + 2)sɛà (5 + 3)tízie (5 + 4)vùNwa-BenMwan (Muan)doplɛyaɡayiziɛsóósrɔádo (5 + 1)srɔáplɛ (5 + 2)srɔ́a (5 + 3)srɔáyiziɛ (5 + 4)vuNwa-BenWandopilɔŋʔã́sijásɔ̀lúwáŋ́séaʔã́ (5 + 2)séjãŋ́ (5 + 3)sɔlásijá (5 + 4)sɔ́jɔlúJogo-JeriJalkunandúlìfìlɑ̀siɡ͡bùnɑ̄ːnīsōːlōmìːlùmɑ̀ɑ́lɑ̀mɑ̀sīɡ͡bū (5 + 3)mɑ́nɑ̄nì (5 + 4)tɑ̄Jogo-JeriLigbidíén / díyéfàlà / fàlásèɡ͡bá / siɡ͡bánáánè / náanisóólò / sóolomɔ̀ɔ̀dó / mooró (5 + 1)màúlà / mafála (5 + 2)másèɡ͡bá / masiɡ͡bá (5 + 3)màdááné / maráni (5 + 4)táàn / táaMandingMarka (Dafing)kyen / kyerenfila / filasaba / sabanɛi / naaniluu / luuruwɔɔ / wɔɔrɔwəna / wonlasii / siɡikonon / kondontan / tanMandingBambarakélen [kélẽ́]fìla [fìlá]sàba [sàbá]náani [náːní]dúuru [dúːrú]wɔ́ɔrɔ [wɔ́ːrɔ́]wólonwula [wólṍwulá]sèɡin [sèɡĩ́]kɔ̀nɔntɔn [kɔ̀nɔ̃̀tɔ̃́]tán [tã́]MandingJula (1)kelen [ké.lẽ́]filà [fì.là] ~ [flà]sàbà [sà.bà]nàànìn [nàːnĩ̀]dùùrù [dù.ɾù]wɔ̀ɔ̀rɔ̀ [wɔ̀ːɾɔ́]wolon fìlà [wò.lṍ.fi.̀là]sieɡi [sí.é.ɡí]kɔ̀nɔ̀ndon [kɔ.̀nɔ̃.ⁿdṍ]tan [tã́]MandingJula (2)kelen [kélẽ́]fila [fìlá] / fla [flá]saba [sàbá]naani [náːní]looru [lóːrú]wɔɔrɔ [wɔ́ːrɔ́]wolonfila [wólṍfìlá] / wolonflaseɡin [sèɡĩ́] / seeɡi [sèːɡí]kɔnɔntɔn [kɔ̀nɔ̃̀tɔ̃́]tan [tã́]MandingSankaran Maninkakɛlɛnfilasawanaaniloolu / looliwɔɔrɔnwɔɔrɔn (fi)lasenkonondotanMandingMahoukéléŋfyààsàwànáánílóówɔ́ɔ́lɔ́wóóŋvyààsɛ́ɲíŋkɔ̀ɔ̀nŋdɔ́ŋtáŋMandingMandinkakíliŋfulasabanáanilúuluwóorowórówulasáyikonóntotáŋMandingXaasongakilinfulasabanaaniluuluwoorowoorowulasaɡixonontotanMokoleKakabekélenfìlasàbanáanilɔ́ɔluwɔ́ɔrɔwɔ́rɔwila (6 + 1)sáɡinkɔ̀nɔntɔtánMokoleKurankokelenfilasawa / sabananiloliwɔrɔwɔrɔnfila (6 + 1) ?seɡinkɔnɔnttanMokoleLelekelɛŋfelasawananiluuliwɔɔrɔwɔrɔŋ kela (6 + 1)seŋkɔnɔndɔtaŋVai-KonoKononcélen / ncéle, dɔ́ndofèasàwanáanidúʔuwɔ́ɔlɔwɔ́nfèa / ɔ́ɱfèaséi / séinkɔ̀nɔ́ntɔntánVai-KonoVailɔ̀ndɔ́fɛ̀(ʔ)ásàk͡pánáánìsóó(ʔ)úsɔ̂ŋ lɔ̀ndɔ́ (5 + 1)sɔ̂ŋ fɛ̀(ʔ)á (5 + 2)sɔ̂ŋ sàk͡pá (5 + 3)sɔ̂ŋ náánì (5 + 4)tâŋSusu-YalunkaSusukérén [kɛ́rɛ̃́]fìrín [fìrĩ́]sàxán [sàxã́]náánísúlísénní [sẽní] (5 + 1)sólófèré (5 + 2)sólómásàxán (5 + 3)sólómánáání (5 + 4)fuúSusu-YalunkaYalunka (1)kèdéfìríŋsàkáŋnànìsùlùsènì (5 + 1)fòlófɛ̀rɛ́ (5 + 2)fòlòmàsàkáŋ (5 + 3)fòlòmànànì (5 + 4)fùSusu-YalunkaYalunka (Jalonke) (2)kedenfidinsaxannaanisuulisɛnni (5 + 1)solofɛdɛ (5 + 2)solomasɛɡɛ (5 + 3)solomanaani (5 + 4)fuuKpelleGuinea Kpelletááŋhvèèlɛ̌ / hvèèlɛ́hààbǎ / hààbánááŋ́lɔ́ɔ́límɛ̀í dà (5 + 1)mɛ̀ì hvéélɛ̀ (5 + 2)mɛ̀ì háábà (5 + 3)mɛ̀ì nááŋ́ (5 + 4)pòǔKpelleLiberia Kpelletaaŋ / tɔnɔ / dɔnɔfeerɛsaaɓanáaŋnɔ́ɔlu / lɔ́ɔlumɛi da (5 + 1)mɛi feerɛ (5 + 2)mɛi saaɓa (5 + 3)mɛi náaŋ (5 + 4)puuMende-LomaLooma (Toma) (1)ɡílàɡfélé(ɡɔ̀)sáwà(ɡɔ̀)náánĩ̀(ɡɔ̀)dɔ́ɔ́lù̀(ɡɔ̀)dòzìtà (5 + 1)dɔ́fèlà (5 + 2)dɔ́sáwà (5 + 3)tàwù̀(ɡɔ̀) (10–1) ?pù̀(ɡɔ̀)Mende-LomaLoma (2)ɡilafeleɡɔsaaɡɔnaaɡɔdooluodɔzita (5 + 1)dɔfela (5 + 2)dɔsava (5 + 3)taawu (10–1) ?puuMende-LomaBandi (1)ìtá(ŋ), hítà(ŋ)fèlé(ŋ)sàwá(ŋ), sàá(ŋ)náánì(ŋ)ndɔ̀ɔ́lú(ŋ)nɡɔ̀hítá(ŋ) (5 + 1)ŋɡɔ̀félà(ŋ) (5 + 2)ŋɡɔ̀hák͡pá(ŋ), ŋɡwahák͡pá(ŋ) (5+ 4)tààwú(ŋ), tààvú(ŋ) (10–1) ?pû(ŋ), púù(ŋ)Mende-LomaBandi (2)iitáfeelésaawánaánindɔɔ́lunɡɔhíta (5 + 1)nɡɔféla (5 + 2)nɡwahák͡pa (5 + 3)taávu (10–1) ?púuMende-LomaLoko (1)íla(ŋ)félé(ŋ), féé(ŋ)sáwá(ŋ), cáwá(ŋ)nááí(ŋ)ńdɔu(ŋ)ŋɡɔhita (5 + 1)ŋɡɔfɛla (5 + 2)ŋɡɔsaak͡pakaraabu, raabupuu(ŋ), kapuu(ŋ)Mende-LomaLoko (2)ilafeleitʃawanaiŋndɔunɡɔita (5 + 1)nɡɔfla (5 + 2)nɡɔsaɡ͡ba (5 + 3)karabu (10–1) ?kapuMende-LomaMendeyilá / itááfelésawánáánilɔ́ɔ́luwɔ́íta (5 + 1)wɔ́fíla (5 + 2)wáyák͡pá (5 + 3)táálú (10–1) ?puúSamogoDuungoomasɔʔifíʔiʒiʔinaainũtũmɛ̃ɲɛ̃ːnũŋaaikleːloceũSamogoDzùùngoosōː ́ / sōːrēfíː / fíːkíʒìːɡī ́nàːlẽ́nũ̀tsũ̀mɛ̃̄ ́ɲɛ̃̀ːnṹŋáːlõ̀kjèːrṍtsjéùSamogoJowulu (Jo)tẽẽnafuulibʒeipʃɪrɛᶦtããtãmãnɪ (5 + 1)dʒɔ̃mpʊn (3 + 4)fulpʊn (2 x 4)tẽmpʊn (5 + 4)bʒĩĩSamogoSeekuswɛ̃̄fĩ́ʃwɛ̀nàànɔ̄tsììɲɛ̀ɛ̀kààkùòmɛ̀tóSoninke-BoboKonabérétálɪ̄pálàsǎnìã̄kʊ̄kʊ̀tã́nɪ̀ (5 + 1)kʊ̀rʊ̀párá (5 + 2)kʊ̀rʊ̀sɔ̄ʊ̀ (5 + 3)kʊ̀rʊ̀nɔ̂ŋ (5 + 4)m̥ḿ̩Soninke-BoboSouthern Bobo Madaretèléplásáànáàkóòkònálá (5 + 1)kòk͡pùrá (5 + 2)kórósɔ̃̌ (5 + 3)kórónɔ̃̌ (5 + 4)fʊ̃̀Soninke-BoboHainyaxo Bozo (Kelenga)sâ:nàfíenùsí:yùná:nàkɔ́lɔ́hɔ̀tú:mìdʒíenìsɛ́kìkáfìtã̄Soninke-BoboTièmà-Cièwè Bozosàn:ápẽ̀ːndésì:yénà:rákɔ̀lɔ́tù:mìdʒiènĩ́tʃèkíkìáwítáSoninke-BoboTiéyaxo Bozo (Tigemaxo) (1)sánáfẽ́:ndèsí:yòkɔ́lɔ̀kɔ́lɔ̀tú:mĩ̀dʒê:nìsɛ̄kīkìáwìtã́Soninke-BoboTiéyaxo Bozo (2)sanna / kuɔnfendeen / pendeensiiyonnaarankɔlɔntuumijeenisekiinkiawitanSoninke-BoboJenaama Bozo (1)sànːápẽ̀ndéːsíkɛ̃̀ũnàtã́kɔ̀ːɡṍtǔːmíyíènísèkːíkàpːítʃɛ́míSoninke-BoboJenaama Bozo (2)sannapendesikɛũ / siɡɛũnataũkɔɡõtuumiyeenisekikapitʃɛmi / tʃamiSoninke-BoboSoninkebàanèfíllò / filːisíkkò / sikːináɣátò / naɣatikáráɡò / karaɡitṹmù / tũmiɲérù / ɲeriséɡù / seɡikábù / kabitã́mú / tãmi

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 Jerin abubuwan sake gina Proto-Mande (Wiktionary)
 Jerin abubuwan sake gina Proto-West Mande (Wiktionary)
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