Yaren Proto-Niger-Congo

Proto-Niger–Congo shine hasashe da aka sake ginawa na yaren da aka tsara na dangin yaren Nijar-Congo .

 Tabbatacce 
Ba kamar Nilo-Saharan ba, ƙwararrun harsunan Nijar-Congo na samun karɓuwa daga manyan masana harsuna da ƴan Afirka.  Atlantic–Congo (kusan Nijar – Kongo amma ban da Mande, Kru, Siamou, Kordofanian, Dogon da Harsunan Ijoid ) Glottolog 4.4 ta karbe shi.

 Asalin 

Blench (2006,  2016 Blench, Roger. 2016. Can we visit the graves of the first Niger-Congo speakers? . Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction ", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016. ) ya ba da shawarar cewa Proto-Niger-Congo ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 11-10,000 kafin yanzu a yammacin " Koren Sahara " na Afirka (kusan Sahel da kudancin Sahara ), da kuma cewa Ana iya danganta tarwatsewarta tare da yaduwar baka da kibiya ta hanyar ƙaura mafarauta .

 Fassarar sauti 

 Sautuna 
Larry Hyman (2016) ya sake gina sautunan matakan daidaitawa guda biyu don Proto-Niger – Kongo, waɗanda sune:  Hyman, Larry. 2016. Can we visit the graves of the first Niger-Congo speakers? . Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo ", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.

 *H (sauti mai girma)
 * L (ƙananan sautin)

 Sillabi tsarin 
Proto-Niger–Congo ana ɗauka bisa al'ada cewa yana da tsarin tushen disyllabic kama da na Proto-Bantu, wato (C)V-CVCV  ( Williamson 2000, Williamson, Kay. 2000. Proto-Niger-Congo. In: H. Ekkehard Wolff, Orin D. Gensler (eds). Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, pp.49-70. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. ISBN 9783896451248. da sauransu). Duk da haka, Roger Blench (2016) ya ba da shawarar tsarin trisyllabic (CVCVCV) don tushen Proto-Niger-Congo, Blench, Roger. 2016. Supposing we have been completely wrong about the shape of early Niger-Congo roots? . Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction ", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016. yayin da Konstantin Pozdniakov (2016) ya nuna cewa babban tsarin tsarin Proto-Niger-Congo shine * CVC, tare da shi. tare da disyllabic, trisyllabic, da sauran bambancin. Pozdniakov, Konstantin. 2016. Proto-Niger-Congo root structures. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "On Reconstructing Tone in Proto-Niger-Congo ", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.

 Ilimin Halitta 

 Darasi na suna 
Za a iya sake gina azuzuwan suna don Proto-Niger-Congo. Sunan ajin prefixes a cikin Proto-Niger–Congo sun haɗa da: 

 suna class 1 : prefix for human singular
 suna class 2 : prefix for human plural
 suna class 6A : prefix for liquid and mass nouns ("uncountables")

A ƙasa akwai alamun ajin suna Neja-Congo (Good 2020:145, Good, Jeff. 2020. Niger-Congo, with a special focus on Benue-Congo. In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages, pp. 139-160. Oxford: Oxford University Press. daga Schadeberg 1989:72 Schadeberg, Thilo C. (1989). ‘Kordofanian’, in J. Bendor-Samuel (ed.). The Niger-Congo Languages: A classification and description of Africa's largest language family, 66-80. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. ):
Reshe 1 1 (Kashi na Semantic) 3 4 4 (Kashi na Semantic) 5 6 6 (nau'i na ma'ana) 6 a ba 6a (Kashi na Semantic) Kordofanian *gu- mutane *gu- *j- 'itace' *li- *ku- 'kwai' *ŋ- ruwaye Atlantic *gu- mutane *gʊ- *ci- 'bishiyoyi' *da- *ga- 'kafa, suna' *ma- ruwaye Oti-Volta ( Gur ) * - ʊ mutane *-ba *- Ci 'itace' *- kawo *- a 'kwai, kai' *-ma ruwaye Ghana – Togo ( Kwa ) *o- mutane *o- *i- ' itacen wuta' *li- *a- 'kwai, kai, suna' *N- ruwaye Benue – Kongo *ku- mutane *ku- * (t) da - 'itace' *li- *a- 'kwai, kai, suna' *ma- ruwaye Bantu (suna) *mu- mutane *mu- *mi- 'itace' *i̧- *ma- 'kwai, suna' *ma- ruwaye Bantu (lafazi) * ju- *gu- *gi- *di- *ga- *ga-

 Tsawaita magana 
A ƙasa akwai wasu Proto-Niger-Congo, Proto-Bantu, da Proto- Atlantic ƙwanƙolin magana (Good 2020:146, Good, Jeff. 2020. Niger-Congo, with a special focus on Benue-Congo. In: Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages, pp. 139-160. Oxford: Oxford University Press. daga Hyman 2007:157 Hyman, L. M. (2007). ‘Niger-Congo verb extensions: overview and discussion’, in D. L. Payne and J. Pena (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla, 149-63. ):
Nau'in kari Proto-Nijar-Congo Proto-Bantu Proto-Atlantic m *-da * -d *-ed m *-ci, *-ti *-ci-i *-wani m *- ba *-ƙa-ƙa *-V[+baya] m *- na *-wani *-ad juyawa *-zuwa *-ɗ *-ƙa
Misali, a cikin Swahili :

 tushen kalmar aiki: penda 'to love'
 reciprocal : pendana 'son juna'
 m: pendea 'don son'
 sanadin : pendeza 'don farantawa'

 Karin magana 
Güldemann's (2018) Proto-Niger–Congo pronoun reconstructions, na mutum na farko da na biyu karin magana (mufurai da jam'i), an bayar da su a ƙasa. 
 guda ɗaya jam'i Mutum na 1 *mV gaba * TV rufe Mutum na 2 *mV baya *NV kusa
Babaev (2013) cikakken bincike ne na karin magana a cikin harsunan Nijar–Congo, tare da sake ginawa dalla-dalla. 

 Lambobi 
Konstantin Pozdniakov (2018) ya wallafa cikakken gyare-gyaren lambobi na Proto-Niger – Kongo, da kuma cikakken sake ginawa ga ƙananan ƙananan rassan Niger-Congo phylum. Pozdniakov (2018: 293)  da Güldemann (2018: 147) sun sake gina waɗannan lambobi don Proto-Niger-Congo. 
Lambobi Proto-Niger – Kongo</br> (Pozdniakov 2018) Proto-Niger – Kongo</br> (Güldemann 2018) 1 *ku-(n)-di (> ni/-in), *do, *gbo/*kpo 2 *ba-di *Ri 3 *tat/*ta *ta (C) 4 *na (h) i *na (C) 5 *tan,*nu(n) *NU 6 5+1 7 5+2 8 *na (i) nai (< 4 reduplicated) 9 5+4 10 *pu/*fu 20 <'mutum'
An ƙirƙiri lambobi 6-9 ta hanyar haɗa ƙananan lambobi, yayin da '20' ya samo asali daga 'mutum'.

A halin yanzu babu wani ingantaccen tsarin sake ginawa don tushen ƙamus na Proto-Niger-Congo. Duk da haka, gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare (na farko, na farko, wanda aka yiwa alama ta amfani da alamar lamba #) Roger Blench, wanda a halin yanzu yana tattara ƙamus na Nijar-Congo ya yi ƙoƙari. Wasu misalai daga Blench (2016:
Proto-Niger – Kongo Gloss *keɗeri a raba, yanke, karya *suŋguri wanka ( mai wucewa ) #tokori tauna *siŋguri shafa, shafa *ɗumigbi binne, tona, kabari, shuka #ggbʊ́rɪ́ kai #gbukuru kunkuru, kunkuru #goŋgboro kirji #kpagara kafa, kafa #ku(n)duŋo gwiwa #-bugbulu rami #kVn daya *tunuru biyar
's reconstruction of Proto-Western Nigritic (roughly equivalent to Proto-Atlantic–CongoBlench, Roger. Kordofanian and Niger-Congo: new and revised lexical evidence. Cambrdige: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.) was published in 2 volumes in 1976 and 1977.Mukarovsky, Hans. 1976-1977. A study of Western Nigritic (2 vols). Wien: Institut für Ägyptologie und Afrikanistik, Universität Wien.

 Tsire-tsire 
Blench (2009) ya lissafa wasu gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare na Nijar da Kongo don shuke-shuke masu amfani da tattalin arziki masu mahimmanci (a lura cewa ba lallai ba ne a sake gina su zuwa Proto-Niger-Congo). Waɗannan tushen gabaɗaya nau'ikan yanki ne ( Wanderworts ), tare da wasu daga cikinsu kuma ana samun su cikin yarukan Afroasiatic da Nilo-Saharan. Blench, Roger. 2009. New reconstructions of West African economic plants. In: Jörg Adelberger & Rudolf Leger (eds.): Language, History and Reconstructions. Frankfurter Afrikanistische Blätter 21 (2009) XX-XX. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln. Ana kuma ƙara wasu 'yan fom daga wasu ayyukan Blench (2006, 2012, 2016).
Niger–Congo formCommon nameScientific name(s)Notes#-bal-palm spp.Raphia sudanica; Elaeis guineensis#-kundi-dryzone palmPhoenix reclinata; Borassus aethiopum; Raphia sp.#-bila-oil-palm (?)Elaeis guineensis#-eli-oil-palmElaeis guineensis#-ten-oil-palmElaeis guineensis#(n)gbaŋ-fan-palmBorassus aethiopum#lonalocust bean treeParkia biglobosa#-(g)becola nutCola nitida, Cola acuminata#gorocola nutCola nitida, Cola acuminata#kumsilk-cotton treeCeiba pentandra#kom-African mahoganyKhaya senegalensis#ŋ-kpunushea tree; ‘oil, fat’Vitellaria paradoxa#-parAfrican olive, bush-candleCanarium schweinfurthii#kVN-sorghum, guinea-cornSorghum bicolor#mar(d)apearl milletPennisetum glaucumalso widespread in West Chadic#fundifonioDigitaria exilisin Mande, Atlantic, Gur, etc.#ku; #jiyamDioscorea spp.#-tomaerial yamDioscorea bulbiferawidespread in Nigeria and western Cameroon#kokococoyam, taroColocasia esculenta#zo(ko)cowpeaVigna unguiculatain Central Nigeria; Benue-Congo has *kón (Proto-Manenguba) and *-kʊ́ndè (Proto-Bantu)#-kpaBambara groundnutVigna subterraneaWest Benue-Congo#-gunuBambara groundnutVigna subterraneaEast Benue-Congo#-wiBambara groundnutVigna subterraneaPlateau languages#-koracalabash, gourdLagenaria siceraria; Cucurbita spp.#kom-enset, bananaMusa spp.#kondeplantainMusa paradisiaca#màaló (?)riceOryza glaberrimaProto-Manding reconstruction; widespread form across West Africa
Sauran sunayen tsire-tsire masu yaɗuwar yanki a Afirka ta Yamma:

 Milicia excelsa : odum, iroko (a Ghana da Najeriya) 
 Funtumia elastica (bishiyar roba): o-fruntum (a Ghana) 
 Sesamum indicum (sesame): #-sVwa (Benue-Congo) 
 Abelmoschus esculentus (okra): ɔ́kʊrʊ, ɪkɪabʊ, akɛnɛta (a kudancin Nijeriya) Blench, Roger. 2016. Reconstructing African agrarian prehistory by combining different sources of evidence: methodological considerations and examples for west African economic plants. In: News from the Past; Progress in African Archaeobotany. Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on African Archaeobotany, Vienna, 2-5th July, 2012. U. Thanheiser ed. 13-26. Groningen: Barkhuis.

 Dabbobi 
A ƙasa akwai wasu gyare-gyare na ƙayyadaddun tsarin yanki na Nijar-Congo na sunayen dabbobi da Blench ya bayar (2007 Blench, Roger. 2007. Lexical avoidance taboos and the reconstruction of names for large animals in Niger-Congo, an African language phylum. In: Edmond Dounias, Elisabeth Motte-Florac and Margaret Dunham (eds). Le symbolisme des animaux - l’animal “clef de voûte” dans la tradition orale et les interactions homme-nature. 545-569 + unpaginated appendices. Paris: Editions IRD. ), tare da wasu gyare-gyaren da aka yi akan Blench (2006). 
Niger-Congo form Sunan gama gari Rarrabawa #jata zaki Mande-Congo #guni zaki siffar yanki #-bungu hyena Volta-Congo #-biti hyena Proto-Benue-Kwa #murum hyena Najeriya ta tsakiya #gbali giwa Mande-Congo #-yi giwa Benue-Kwa ? ; yana nufin 'tusk' #-sulu giwa Volta-Congo #- ba kare Proto-Nijar-Congo #kuru  kada Niger-Congo ( Proto-Bantu yana da #-gandu)  #budi  akuya Niger-Congo (Afroasiatic da Nilo-Saharan suna da #kr-)  #-ga  masakar kauye Benue-Congo 

 Duba kuma 

 Harshen Proto-Bantu
 Harshen Proto-Afroasiatic
 Haplogroup E-M2



 Grollemund, Rebecca, Simon Branford, Jean-Marie Hombert & Mark Pagel. 2016. Genetic unity of the Niger-Congo family. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction ", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Zuwa Proto-Niger-Congo: Kwatanta da Sake Ginawa 
 Neja-Congo aikin sake ginawa  a LLACAN
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba