Harshen Burunge

Burunge (kuma Bulunge, Burunga Iso, Burungee, Burungi, Kiburunge, Mbulungi, Mbulungwe) yare ne na Afro-Asiatic da ake magana a Tanzania a Yankin Dodoma, ta Mutanen Burunge, ƙaramin al'umma na kimanin masu magana da asali 28,000 da ke zaune a yankin Arewa maso gabashin Tanzania .  Burunge Lamberti, M. (1991). Cushitic and its classifications. Anthropos, (H. 4./6), 552–561. cikin rukuni na kungiyoyin Tanzanian da aka sani da Southern Cushites, wanda kuma ya rarraba Burunge a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin yaren Cushitic na Kudu. Burunge suna zaune kusa da wasu harsuna kamar Rangi, Gogo da Sandawe, kuma a ƙarshe, yarensu da al'adunsu suna cikin haɗari ta hanyar raguwar yawan masu magana da kuma shawo kan manyan kabilun.

 Sunan 
Burunge yare ne da dangin mutane masu suna iri ɗaya ke magana, kuma yana cikin dangin yaren "Cushtic" mafi girma wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci a Gabashin Afirka. MutLamberti, M. (1991). Cushitic and its classifications. Anthropos, (H. 4./6), 552–561. miliyan talatin a yankin sun gano yarensu na asali zuwa dangin yaren Cushitic. Burunge ba shi da sanannun yaruka, amma yana da kamanceceniya da yaren Alagwa  wani yare daban na Cushitic da ake magana a cikin wannan yankin Dodoma kamar Burunge.

 Tarihi 
Ana amfani da kalmar "Cushite" ta zamani don bayyana zuriyar al'adu na al'adun gargajiya a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Ana gano al'adun waɗannan zuriyar ta hanyar harsunan da suka fito daga kakanninsu na dā.  haka, kalmar "Cushite" ƙungiya ce ta harshe maimakon launin fata ko al'adu. Wannan hanyar halayyar tana ba da damar bayyana tarihin tarihi fiye da ganowa kawai ta ƙungiyoyin al'adu. Sabili da haka, mutanen al'adun Cushite sune waɗanda ke magana da harsuna na ƙungiyar Cushite na dangin Afro-Asiatic, kuma sakamakon wannan rarrabuwa ko tarawa bisa ga harshe, mutanen Cushitic na iya nuna siffofi daban-daban na jiki da launin fata.

Burunge na Kudancin Cushites ne a Tanzania; an yi imanin cewa kakanninsu sun samo asali ne daga Kudancin Habasha kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin arewa maso gabashin Tanzania a kusa da 1000 BC. Bayan ƙaura zuwa Tanzania, tsohuwar al'adun Burunge ta kasance a kan noma da kiwon shanu. Kodayake Burunge da farko ya fito ne daga yankin abin da ke yanzu Habasha, akwai bambanci tsakanin harsunan Kudancin Cushites a Tanzania da Cushites na Kudancin Habasha wanda ke nuna cewa dogon lokaci na warewa da bambancin harshe ya faru tsakanin ƙaurawar Burunge da yau.

 Ranar yanzu 
Burunge duka a matsayin harshe da kuma bambancin sunan mutane suna cikin haɗarin ɓacewa sakamakon rinjayar Swahili a Tanzania, ƙananan mutanen da ke magana da Burunge, da kuma dangin Burunge na kusan dubu goma sha uku da ke shiga cikin dangin da suka fi karfi, mafi yawan jama'a. Rangi yana daya daga cikin irin wannan dangi; su dangin makwabta ne tare da nasu takamaiman harshe, kuma ba wai kawai suna da yawan jama'a fiye da Burunge ba, suna da fa'ida ta tattalin arziki. Rangi suna da ƙananan "kungiyoyi" a cikin danginsu, waɗanda mazajen Burungee za su iya shiga cikin hukuma don zama memba na dangin Rangi. Stegen, O. (2003, June). How does their language survive?. In talk presented at the meeting of the Language in Context Research Group, University of Edinburgh. zarar wani ya zama memba, dole ne su watsar da asalin su a matsayin Burunge kuma su zama Rangi gaba ɗaya ta hanyar auren mace Rangi da kuma tayar da 'ya'yansu a matsayin Rangi. Yawancin Burunge sun shiga Rangi ta wannan hanyar a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, don haka ba a san ko Burunge a matsayin mutane da ƙungiyar harshe za su ci gaba da wanzuwa a matsayin al'ada ta musamman da ta bambanta, kamar yadda za a ga sabbin tsararraki da aka haifa daga al'adun Burunge da Rangi kawai kuma za a koya musu yaren Rangi da al'adu.

 Bayanan da aka ambata 

 Bayanan littattafai 

 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Cushitic da rarrabuwa. An samo asali ne daga littafin nan Anthropos (H. 4./6), 552-561.
 Stegen, O. (2003, Yuni). Ta yaya yarensu ya tsira?. A cikin jawabin da aka gabatar a taron Kungiyar Binciken Harshe a cikin Yanayi, Jami'ar Edinburgh.
 [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ikon daidaitawa a cikin Maasailand na Tanzania: Canja dabarun don magance fari a cikin shimfidar wurare. Canjin Muhalli na Duniya, 23 (3), 588-597.
 http://strategyleader.org/articles/cushite.html 
 Roland Kiessling. 2000. Eine Grammatik na Burunge. Afrikanistische Forschungen Band 13. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
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