Iri-iri na Harshen kuramen Amurka

Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL) ya bunkasa a Amurka, ya fara ne a matsayin cakuda yarukan kurame na gida da Harshen Kurame na Faransanci (FSL).  Hanyoyin gida sun bunkasa a kasashe da yawa, amma akwai karancin bincike kan abin da ya kamata a yi la'akari da yarukan ASL (kamar Harshen Kurame na Bolivia) kuma wadanda suka rabu har zuwa kasancewa harsuna daban-daban (kamar Harshe na Kurame na Malaysia).

Wadannan sune nau'ikan yaren kurame na ASL a cikin ƙasashe ban da Amurka da Kanada, harsuna da suka danganci ASL tare da tasirin substratum daga yarukan kurame na gida, da kuma harsuna masu gauraye wanda ASL wani bangare ne. Bambanci yana bin iyakokin siyasa, wanda bazai dace da iyakokin harshe ba.

 Harshen Kurame na Jamaica 
Harshen Kurame na Jamaica (JSL) wani nau'i ne na Harshen Kurame na Amurka da aka yi amfani da shi a Jamaica . Yana maye gurbin Harshen Kurame na Ƙasar Jamaica.

 Tarihi 
cikin 1973, Eleanor da Lloyd Powlison, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje daga Amurka ne suka kawo Harshen Kurame na Amurka zuwa Bolivia. Harshen kurame  asali (ko watakila harsunan kurame) ya wanzu kafin gabatarwa da karɓar Harshen Kurame na Amurka, kodayake ba a san yadda ya yadu ko ya haɗa kai ba.

buga littafi na farko na LSB a cikin 1992, amma fiye da 90% na alamun sun fito ne daga ASL. Saboda aikin bincike a cikin 1990s da 2000s yawancin maganganu a cikin LSB sun tattara kurame na Bolivia, kuma an buga kayan ilimi don ilmantarwa LSB ko koyarwa a cikin LS B. An rage dogaro da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ASL, amma amfani da kalmomin ASL har yanzu yana sama da 70%.

A yau LSB tana amfani da wasu kurame Bolivians fiye da 400 da aka ruwaito a cikin 1988 a cikin rahoton Ethnologue,  saboda gabatar da ilimin harsuna biyu (LSB a matsayin harshen farko da Mutanen Espanya a matsayin harshen sakandare) asali a Riberalta da kuma karɓar ta ga wasu makarantu a Bolivia tare da goyon bayan Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Bolivia da kuma karuwar musayar zamantakewar kurame.

shekara ta 1988, akwai jimlar cibiyoyin kurame 9 a kasar da kuma kurame 46,800 Bolivians.  shekara ta 2002 akwai kimanin makarantun kurame 25.

 Harshen Kurame na Malaysia 

 Harshen Kurame na Costa Rica 
Harshen kurame na Costa Rica, wanda aka fi sani da Harshen Kurama na Costa Ric ko Harshen Kurma na zamani, shine yaren kurame na kasa na Al'ummar kurame na costa Rica. Ana amfani da shi da farko ga mutanen da aka haifa bayan 1960, kuma kusan kashi 60% ne tare da Harshen Kurame na Amurka (Woodward 1991, 1992). Gaurav Mathur & Donna Jo Napoli, 2010, Deaf around the World: The Impact of Language, Oxford University Press, page 43 shi da alaƙa da sanannun yarukan kurame guda biyu na ƙauyen Costa Rica, Harshe na Kurame na Bribri da Harshe na kurame na Brunca . James Woodward, 1991, "Sign Language Varieties in Costa Rica", in Sign Language Studies 73, p. 329-346


 Harshen Kurame na Maroko 
Harshen Kurame na Dominican wani nau'i ne na Harshen Kurama na Amurka da aka yi amfani da shi a Jamhuriyar Dominica . Yawancin kurame Dominicans suna amfani da alamar gida, kuma ba su da ƙwarewa a cikin harshen kurame na Dominican.

 Harshen Kurame na Afirka na Faransanci 

Harshen Alamar Afirka ta Francophone (Langue des signes d'Afrique francophone, ko LSAF) iri-iri ne, ko iri-iri, na Harshen Alamun Amurka (ASL) da aka yi amfani da shi a kasashe da yawa na Afirka. Ilimi  kurame a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ya dogara ne akan ASL da rubuce-rubucen Faransanci; saboda haka akwai tasirin Faransanci a kan harshen aji.

Baya ga Harshen Kurame na Aljeriya, yarukan kurame na Afirka ba su da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Faransanci, sai dai a kaikaice ta hanyar samo asali daga ASL. Wannan shi ne saboda yawancin makarantu na kurame a yankin an kafa su ne ta hanyar mishan na Amurka Andrew Foster ko kuma ɗalibansa, tun daga shekara ta 1974. Harshen Kurame na Chadi na iya zama mafi kusa da Harshen Kurame na Najeriya. Wasu kasashe suna da harsuna da ba su da alaƙa da ko dai: Harshen Kurame na Madagascar ya samo asali ne daga Norwegian SL, kuma Harshen Kurame na Tunisiya a bayyane yake harshe ne mai zaman kansa.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span>]

ASL at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall a tantance dangantakar LSAF da harshen kurame na Amurka ba. Misali, Harshen Kurame na Gabon ya rabu kuma yana iya zama yare daban,  kuma Harshen Kurama na Togo ba ya fahimtar juna tare da harshen Kurame na Amurka.

 Halaye 
Kamar yadda yake a wasu nau'ikan Afirka na ASL, harshe ya shafi alamomi da tarurruka na gida. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga batutuwan da ba a yarda da su ba kamar jima'i (Dalle 1996).

A matsayin misali na tasirin Faransanci a kan ASL na Faransanci, kalmar 'ta' an yi ta hanyar nunawa da hannun L-shaped, maimakon da yatsan ma'ana mai sauƙi, saboda sunan wasikar el daidai yake da elle ('ta') a Faransanci. Ba a bayyana yadda irin wannan tasirin ke ci gaba a waje da aji ba.

 Wurin da yake 
Kasashen Afirka masu magana da harshen Faransanci waɗanda ke amfani da ASL a matsayin harshen koyarwar kurma sune:

 Senegal
 Mauritania
 Mali
 Guinea
 Ivory Coast
 Burkina Faso
 Togo
 Benin
 Nijar
 Chadi (daga Najeriya) 
 Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
 Gabon
 Jamhuriyar Kongo (Brazzaville; daga Najeriya) 
 Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (Kinshasa; Ana amfani da Harshen Kurame na Faransanci) 
 Burundi
 Maroko

 Harshen Kurame na Panama 

Duk da yake ana amfani da Harshen Kurame na Amurka a wasu lokuta a cikin al'ummar Kurame na Haiti, ba shine mafi shahara a Haiti ba. Bambancin yankin, Harshen Kurame na Haitian, ko LSH (Langue des Signes Haïtienne), shine bambancin yaren kurame da aka fi amfani da shi. Akwai makarantu 5 da gwamnati ke gudanarwa don yara kurame, kuma ana amfani da LSH kuma ana yada shi ta hanyar waɗannan makarantu da sauran wuraren zamantakewa ga al'ummar kurame. A tarihi, ba a rubuta LSH ko kuma a gane shi ba, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar LSHDoP, aikin Rubuce-rubucen Harshen Kurame na Haiti. Wannan aikin yana gudana ne daga Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Haiti, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Gallaudet . 

 Harshen Kurame na Bolivia 

Edward, Mary. 2014. The Phonology and Morphology of Ghanaian Sign Language. Atelier International sign language workshop at the Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire on 24th July. 2014 Kurame  Ghana shine yaren kurame na kasa a Ghana, wanda ya fito ne daga Harshen Kurame na Amurka. Andrew Foster ne ya gabatar da shi a shekara ta 1957, wani makãho dan kasar Afirka na Amurka, saboda babu ilimi ko kungiyoyi ga kurame a baya. Foster ya ci gaba da kafa makarantar farko ga kurame a Najeriya bayan 'yan shekaru, kuma Harshen Kurame na Najeriya ya nuna tasirin daga GSL. GSL ba shi da alaƙa da yarukan kurame na asalin Ghana kamar Adamorobe Sign Language da Nanabin Sign Language. 

halin yanzu akwai makarantu goma sha huɗu don kurame a Ghana, makarantun firamare goma sha uku da makarantun sakandare biyu a Ghana, ɗaya a Akuapim-Mampong, ɗayan a Navrongo. GSL tana samun goyon baya daga Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Ghana wacce ke da hedikwatarsu a Accra. Ƙungiyar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta Ghana ta fara fassara Littafi Mai-Msarki zuwa yaren kurame na Ghana.

 Harshen Kurame na Burundi 
Harshen Kurame na Afirka na Faransanci'Yan asalin ƙasar Ivory Coast, Benin, Kamaru, Gabon, da sauran yankuna na Yammacin Afirka da TsakiyaMasu magana da asali12,500 a Benin (2008), 100,000 / gabas. 60,000-120,000 a Burkina Faso (2021), gabas. 14,000-28,000 a cikin CAR (2021), gabas. 16,000-32,000 a Kongo (2021), 2,000 (2008) zuwa 7,000 (2021) a Gabon, est. 38,000-76,000 a Guinea (2021), Varieties of American Sign Language at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall gabas. 77,000-155,000 a Ivory Coast (2021), gabas. 20,000-,000 a Mali (2021), gabas. ASL at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall,000-48,000 a Togo (2021), babu bayanai a wasu wurare [1]Iyalin harsheAlamar Faransanci
 Alamar Amurka
 Harshen Kurame na Afirka na FaransanciLambobin harsheISO 639-3<mis>Babu (kuskuren) Koda na mutum:gus - Harshe na Kurame na Guinea  Glottologguin1250 Alamar Guinea Languagelang1335 Harshe na Alamar Zairoise  

 Harsunan kurame na Indonesiya 

 Harshen Kurame na Dominican 

Harshen Kurame na Bolivia (Lengua de Señas Bolivianas, LSB) yare ne na Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL) wanda Kurame suka fi amfani da shi a Bolivia.

 Harshen Kurame na Haiti 

 Harshen Kurame na Ghana 
Harshen Kurame na Maroko (MSL) yare ne na kurame na Tetouan da wasu biranen Maroko.

Masu sa kai na Peace Corps na Amurka sun kirkiro Harshen Kurame na Maroko a cikin 1987 a cikin Tetouan daga Harshen Kurama na Amurka (ASL) da alamun da ke akwai; akwai kasa da 50% na kamanceceniya da ASL. Ba a bayyana ba idan 'alamu da ke akwai' alama ce ta gida ko kuma yaren kurame na ƙauye. Ana amfani da yaren a cikin shirye-shirye uku don kurame, amma ba a duk faɗin ƙasar ba: Ba a amfani da shi a manyan biranen Rabat, Tangier, ko Casablanca, misali. A Oujda, kusa da iyakar Aljeriya, ana amfani da Harshen Kurame na Aljeriya. Aƙalla yaren kurame na yankin ya sami rinjaye sosai.

 Harshe na Girkanci 
Harshen kurame na Najeriya, NSL shine yaren kurame na kasa a Najeriya, duk da haka, Najeriya ba ta da yaren kurama na kasa har yanzu. ASL (tare da yiwuwar haɗuwa da Turanci mai sa hannu) an gabatar da shi a cikin 1960, 'yan shekaru bayan harshen sa hannu na Ghana, ta hanyar Andrew Foster, wani saurayi mai wa'azi na Afirka, ta haka ne ya ɗaga tsarin sa hannu wasu masana sun kira shi yaren ASL. Ilimi na kurame a Najeriya ya dogara ne akan hanyar magana kuma ana ɗaukar yarukan kurame na asali a matsayin sadarwa ta alama kafin zuwan Andrew Foster. An bayyana "Harshe na sigina na Najeriya" a yau a matsayin "Harshe ta Sigina ta Makarantar" kuma an tsara shi azaman nsi a kan ajiyar harsuna na duniya ta SIL International. Akwai tasirin Ghana a cikin NSL; duka biyun sun dogara ne akan Harshen Kurame na Amurka. Harshen Kurame na Makarantar ba shi da wata alaƙa da harsunan kurame na 'yan asalin Najeriya kamar Harshen Kurkuku na Hausa, Harshen Kurame na Yoruba, da Harshen Kurama na Bura. The Save the Deaf and Endangered Languages Initiative  da kuma Nigerian National Association of the Deaf  suna aiki don yin rikodin nau'ikan asali da na kasa na NSL duka don bincike da kuma ambaton yawan kurame na Najeriya.

Ana horar da malamai na Chadi da Kongo don kurame a Najeriya. Akwai makarantun kurame a Chadi a N'Djamena, Sarh, da Moundou.  [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span>]

 Harshen Kurame na Panama 

Harshen Kurame na Panama (Lengua de señas panameñas, LSP) yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan kurame guda biyu na Panama .  samo asali ne daga Harshen Kurame na Amurka kuma ya rinjayi Harshen Kurame na El Salvador.

Dubi kuma Harshe na Kurame na Chiriqui .

 Harshen Kurame na Philippines 

 Harshen Kurame na Puerto Rican 

Harshen Kurame na Puerto Rican (PRSL) iri-iri ne ko zuriyar Harshen Kurame na Amurka, wanda aka gabatar da shi a Puerto Rico a cikin 1907. a bayyana yadda PRSL zai iya rabu da ASL ba, amma Ethnologue yana magana ne game da harsuna biyu a cikin ASL da kuma masu magana da suka san PRSL kawai.

 Harshen Kurame na Saliyo 

Harshen Kurame na Saliyo iri-iri ne ko zuriyar Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL) da ake amfani da shi a makarantu don kurame a Saliyo, ko aƙalla a babban Birnin Freetown . Kamar yadda yake a yawancin Yammacin Afirka, makarantun farko na kurame sun kafa ta hanyar mishan na Amurka Andrew Foster ko ɗalibansa.

 Harshe na Kurame na Selangor 

Harshen Kurame na Selangor (SSL), wanda aka fi sani da Harshen Kurama na Kuala Lumpur (KLSL), yaren kurame ne da ake amfani da shi a Malaysia . Da farko ya dogara ne akan Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL) amma ya rabu sosai don yanzu a dauke shi harshe a kansa. Kuala Lumpur ta kasance a cikin jihar Selangor kafin ta zama yankin tarayya a shekara ta 1974.

Kamar Harshen Kurame na Penang (PSL), yanzu galibi tsofaffi ne ke amfani da shi, kodayake matasa da yawa zasu iya fahimtar shi.

 Harshe na Kurame na Singapore 

 Harshen Kurame na Thai 

 Dubi kuma 

 Harshen Kurame na Baƙar fata na Amurka - Harshe na Harshen Kurame na Amurka

 Haɗin waje 

 Sophie Dalle, 1996-1997, Rahoton Mataki: Harshen kurame a Kongo (a Faransanci) 

 Bayanan littattafai 

 [Hasiya] 2008. Harshen Alamun Afirka mai magana da Faransanci (LSAF) (DVD). Fuchu: Cibiyar Bincike don Harsuna da Al'adu na Asiya da Afirka, Jami'ar Tokyo ta Nazarin Kasashen Waje.
 Tamomo, Serge. 1994. Harshen alamun kurma na Afirka mai magana da Faransanci. Cotonou, Benin: PEFISS.
 [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Fahimtar Al'ummar Kurame da Harshen Kurame na Panama: Harshe na Kurameñas Panameñas .  (Instructional CD) Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Panama.
 —— (1990). Ƙamus na yaren kurame na Panama: Lengua de señas panameñas . Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Panama.

 Manazarta 

Category:Harsunan Mali
Category:Harsunan Nijeriya
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba