Harsunan Mali

Mali ƙasa ce mai yare da bandaban yawa mai kimanin mutane miliyan 21.9. Harsunan da ake magana a can suna nuna tsarin zama na dā, ƙaura, da dogon tarihinta. Ethnologue ya ƙidaya fiye da harsuna 80.  cikin wadannan, Bambara, Bobo, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Hassaniya, Kassonke, Maninke, Minyanka, Senufo, Songhay, Soninke da Tamasheq sune harsunan hukuma. Faransanci shine harshen aiki.

 Amfani da harshe 
Faransanci, wanda aka gabatar a lokacin mulkin mallaka, an riƙe shi a matsayin harshen hukuma a lokacin samun 'yancin kai har zuwa 2023. A matsayin harshe na aiki,  ana amfani dashi a cikin gwamnati da ilimi na yau da kullun. Kimanin yawan mutanen Mali da ke magana da Faransanci a zahiri ba su da yawa, kuma kusan dukansu suna magana da Faransi a matsayin yare na biyu. 1ethnologue.com, cites: Johnstone (1993) kimantawa cewa akwai kusan 9,000 Malian masu magana da Faransanci a matsayin yare na farko.

An samo shi daga yawan masu halartar makaranta,  an kiyasta a 1986 cewa kusan kashi 21% na yawan jama'a suna magana da Faransanci, adadi da ya fi ƙasa da waɗanda ke magana da Bambara. 386,000 in a population of ~ 8.2 Million in 1986, according to Data faostat, year 2005 : http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/help-copyright/copyright-e.htm  (last updated 11 February 2005) Faransanci ya fi fahimta a cikin birane, tare da adadi na 1976 wanda ke nuna kashi 36.7% na "Francophone" a cikin biranen birane, amma kawai kashi 8.2% a yankunan karkara. Amfani Anne Lafage (1993), p. 219, citing Perrot: 1985 for both 1974 and 1984 figures. Faransanci yana da nauyin jinsi, tare da adadi na 1984 wanda ke nuna kashi 17.5% na maza da ke magana da Faransaniya, amma kawai kashi 4.9% na mata.

Bambara ( Bambara   ), harshen Manding (a cikin dangin Mande ) an ce kashi 80% na yawan jama'a suna magana a matsayin harshe na farko ko na biyu. a tsakiya da Kudancin Mali. Bambara da wasu harsunan Manding guda biyu Malinke ko Maninkakan a kudu maso yamma da Kassonke (a yankin Kayes a yamma), suna cikin harsuna 13 na ƙasa. Ana amfani da shi azaman harshen ciniki a Mali tsakanin ƙungiyoyin harsuna.

(Bambara kuma yana kusa da yaren Dyula, ana magana da shi a Cote d'Ivoire da Burkina Faso . Sunan "Jula" shine ainihin kalmar Manding ma'anar "dan kasuwa.")

Sauran harsunan Mande (ba a cikin ƙungiyar Manding ba) sun haɗa da Soninke (a yankin Kayes a yammacin Mali) da Harsunan Bozo (a tsakiyar Nijar).

Sauran harsuna sun haɗa da Senufo a yankin Sikasso (kudu), Fula (    ;    ) a matsayin yaren kasuwanci da ya yaɗu a yankin Mopti da ma bayansa, harsunan Songhay tare da Nijar, harsunan Dogon na Pays Dogon ko "Ƙasar Dogon" a tsakiyar Mali, Tamasheq a gabashin Saharar Mali da Larabci a yammacinsa.

Goma sha uku daga cikin harsunan asali da aka fi magana da su ana daukar su "Harsunan ƙasa".

Yawancin ilimi na yau da kullun ga kurame a Mali suna amfani da Harshen Kurame na Amurka, wanda kurma na Amurka mai wa'azi Andrew Foster ya gabatar a Afirka ta Yamma. Akwai wasu yarukan kurame guda biyu a Mali. Ɗaya, Harshe na Kurame na Tebul, ana samunsa a ƙauyen da ke da ƙarancin kurma. Wani, Bamako Sign Language, ya bunkasa a cikin al'ummomin shayi na birane; ana barazanar amfani da ASL a ilimi.

 Bayanan harshe 
Yawancin harsunan Mali suna daga cikin Harsunan Mande, wanda aka yarda da shi gabaɗaya a matsayin reshe na Nijar-Congo, dangin harshe mafi girma a Afirka. Harsunan da ba na Mande ba sun haɗa da yarukan Dogon, watakila wani reshe na Nijar-Congo, da yarukan Senufo, waɗanda ba shakka suna cikin wannan iyali. 

Mande, Senufo, da Dogon sun fito fili a tsakanin Nijar-Congo saboda bambancin tsarin kalmomin SOV. Harsunan Gur suna wakiltar Bomu a Kogin Bani na Mali da Burkina Faso. Fulfulde, wanda ake magana a duk faɗin Yammacin Afirka, memba ne na reshen Senegambian.

Sauran iyalai na harsuna sun haɗa da Afro-Asiatic, wanda harshen Berber Tamasheq da Larabci ke wakilta, da kuma Harsunan Songhay, waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin Nilo-Saharan amma suna iya zama dangin harshe mai zaman kansa.

 Harsunan da ake magana 
Tebur mai zuwa yana ba da taƙaitaccen harsuna 63 da Ethnologue ta ruwaito (akwai kuma harsunan kurame 3:
Harshe (Ethnologue) RukuninIyalin harsheMatsayi na Shari'aMasu magana da L1 a Mali*Masu magana da L2 a Mali**Babban yankiHassaniya LarabciLarabciAfro-Asiatic: SemiticJami'i106,000? NWBambara, BamanankanGudanarwaMandeJami'i4,000,00010,000,000DukkaninBomuNijar-Congo / GurJami'i102,000? SEBozo, TiéyaxoBozoMandeJami'i118,000? TsakiyaDogon, Toro SoDogonJami'i50,000? Tsakiyar GabasFulfulde, MaasinaFulaNijar-Congo / SenegambianJami'i1,000,000?   (wasu masu magana da L2) TsakiyaManinkakan, KitaGudanarwaMandeJami'i434,000? WSenoufo, Mamara (Miniyanka) SenufoNijar da KongoJami'i738,000? SSenoufo, SyenaraSenufoNijar da KongoJami'i155,000? SSonghay, Koyraboro SenniSonghay (Kudancin) Jami'i430,000?   (harshe na kasuwanci) NSoninke (& Marka/Maraka) MandeJami'i1,280,000? NWTamasheqTamashekAfro-Asiatic / BerberJami'i250,000? N[Hasiya]GudanarwaMandeJami'i700,000? NWBankagoomaMandeBabu ko ɗaya?6,000? SBobo Madaré, ArewaMandeBabu ko ɗaya?18,400? SEBozo, HainyaxoBozoMandeBabu ko ɗaya?30,000? TsakiyaBozo, JenaamaBozoMandeBabu ko ɗaya?197,000? TsakiyaBozo, Tièma CièwèBozoMandeBabu ko ɗaya?2,500? TsakiyaBangerimeDogon ne?Babu ko ɗaya?2,000? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, AmpariDogonBabu ko ɗaya?5,200? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Ana TingaDogonBabu ko ɗaya?500? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Bankan TeyDogonBabu ko ɗaya?1,320? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Ben TeyDogonBabu ko ɗaya?3,000? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Bondum DomDogonBabu ko ɗaya?24,700? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, BunogeDogonBabu ko ɗaya?1,000? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Dogul DomDogonBabu ko ɗaya?15,700? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Donno hakaDogonBabu ko ɗaya?45,300? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, JamsayDogonBabu ko ɗaya?130,000? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Kolum SoDogonBabu ko ɗaya?19,000? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Nanga DamaDogonBabu ko ɗaya?3,000? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Tebul UreDogonBabu ko ɗaya?3,000? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Tene KanDogonBabu ko ɗaya?127,000? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Tiranige DigaDogonBabu ko ɗaya?4,200? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Tommo Don hakaDogonBabu ko ɗaya?60,000? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Tomo KanDogonBabu ko ɗaya?133,000? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Toro TeguDogonBabu ko ɗaya?2,900? Tsakiyar GabasDogon, Yanda DomDogonBabu ko ɗaya?2,000? Tsakiyar GabasDuungoomaMandeBabu ko ɗaya?70,000? SJahankaMandeBabu ko ɗaya?500? SWJalunga, DyalonkeMandeBabu ko ɗaya?9,000? SWJowuluMandeBabu ko ɗaya?10,000? SEJula, DioulaGudanarwaMandeBabu ko ɗaya?50,000278,000Shin, duk?KagoroGudanarwaMandeBabu ko ɗaya?15,000? WKonabéréMandeBabu ko ɗaya?25,000? SEKoromféNijar-Congo / GurBabu ko ɗaya?6,000? SEManinkakan, GabasGudanarwaMandeBabu ko ɗaya?390,000? SWManinkakan, YammaGudanarwaMandeBabu ko ɗaya?100,000? SWMarkaMandeBabu ko ɗaya?25,000? SEMòoréNijar-Congo / GurBabu ko ɗaya?17,000? SEPanaNijar-Congo / GurBabu ko ɗaya?2,800? Tsakiyar GabasPulaarFulaNijar-Congo / SenegambianBabu ko ɗaya?175,000? WPularFulaNijar-Congo / SenegambianBabu ko ɗaya?50,000? SWSammaNijar-Congo / GurBabu ko ɗaya?2,500? SESenoufo, ShempireSenufoNijar da KongoBabu ko ɗaya?14,800? SESannuwa, lokacin da yakeSenufoNijar da KongoBabu ko ɗaya?3,000? SESenoufo, Mai TsarkiSenufoNijar da KongoBabu ko ɗaya?350,000? SSonghay, Humburi SenniSonghay (Kudancin) Babu ko ɗaya?15,000? NSonghay, Koyra ChiiniSonghay (Kudancin) Babu ko ɗaya?200,000? NTadaksahakSonghay (Arewa) Babu ko ɗaya?100,000? NTamajaqTamashekAfro-Asiatic / BerberBabu ko ɗaya?190,000? NTondi Songway KiiniSonghay (Kudancin) Babu ko ɗaya?3,000? NZarmaciSonghay (Kudancin) Babu ko ɗaya?1,700? NE

 Masu magana da harshe na farko / yaren uwa. Adadin daga Ethnologue. 
 Masu magana da harshe Na biyu ko ƙarin. Yana da wahala a sami daidaitattun adadi don wannan rukuni.

 Manufofin Harshe da Shirye-shiryen 
Faransanci shine harshen aiki. Loi 96-049 Portant modalités de promotion des langues nationales da Loi 96-049 na 1996 harsuna goma sha uku na asali sun amince da gwamnati a matsayin Harsunan ƙasa: Bamanankan, Bomu, Bozo, D фанsɔ, Fulfulde, Hassaniya Larabci, Mamara, Maninkakan, Soninke, Soŋoy, Syenara, Tamasheq, Xaasongaxanŋ . Leclerc, Jacques. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, "Mali," Laval University, Canada .  Citing: GAUTHIER, François, Jacques LECLERC et Jacques MAURAIS. Langues et constitutions, Montréal/Paris, Office de la langue française / Conseil international de la langue française, 1993, 131 p Wannan ya maye gurbin Dokar 159 PG-RM na 19 ga Yulin 1982 (Mataki na 1).

 Ilimi 
Faransanci wani bangare ne na tsarin karatun makaranta. Akwai sabuwar manufa don amfani da harsunan Mali a cikin maki na farko da kuma sauyawa zuwa Faransanci. Masu fafutuka suna koyar  karatu da rubutu ga masu magana da harsunan Manding (Bambara, Malinke, Maninkakan, Dyula) a cikin daidaitaccen nau'in N'Ko.

 Manazarta 

 Jerin Ethnologue na Mali
 Shafin PanAfrican L10n a kan Mali
 Yanayin harshe a Mali 

Category:Harsunan Mali
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba