Harshen Tonga (Zambia da Zimbabwe)

Tonga (Chitonga), wanda aka fi sani da Zambezi, yare ne na Bantu wanda mutanen Tonga (Bantu Batonga) ke magana da shi wanda ke zaune galibi a lardin Kudancin, lardin Lusaka, lardin Tsakiya da lardin Yammacin Zambia, da kuma arewacin Zimbabwe, tare da wasu a arewa maso yammacin Mozambique. Harshen kuma ana magana da shi ta Mutanen Iwe, Toka da Leya da sauransu, da kuma yawancin Zambiya da Zimbabwe. A Zambia ana koyar da Tonga a makarantu a matsayin yare na farko a duk lardin Kudancin, Lusaka da lardunan Tsakiya.

Harshen memba ne na ƙungiyar Bantu Botatwe kuma Guthrie ya ware shi azaman M64. Duk da sunaye iri ɗaya, Tonga na Zambia bashi da alaƙa da Tonga na Malawi (N15) ko yaren Tonga na Mozambique (Gitonga: S62).

Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yare a Zambiya, tare da Bemba, Lozi da Nyanja . Akwai yaruka daban-daban na Tonga guda biyu: Valley Tonga da Plateau Tonga. Kwarin Tonga galibi ana magana ne a cikin kwarin Zambezi da yankunan kudancin Batonga yayin da ake magana da Plateau Tonga a kusa da gundumar Monze da arewacin Batonga. A Practical Introduction to Chitonga, C.R. Hopgood, 1992 Edition, Zambia Educational Publishing House, p. x

Tonga ya ci gaba a matsayin yaren magana kuma ba a rubuta shi ba har sai da masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje suka isa yankin a ƙarni na 19. Ko da yake ana samun karuwar wallafe-wallafe a cikin harshen, ba a daidaita su gaba ɗaya ba, kuma masu magana da yare ɗaya na iya samun nau'ikan haruffa iri ɗaya da zarar an sanya su cikin rubutu a rubuce. Mweenzu Wafwulwe Ulalila Bowa (An Advanced Chitonga Language Course), R.N. Moonga and F.W. Wafer, Zambia Educational Publishing House, 1997, p. v

 Fassarar sauti 

 Consonants 
Bilabial Labio-<br id="mwNA"><br><br><br></br> hakori Alveolar Bayan-<br id="mwOQ"><br><br><br></br> alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal a fili dan uwa Nasal m n ɲ ŋ M /</br> Haɗin kai mara murya p t t͡ʃ ~ c k murya b d d͡ʒ ~ ɟ ɡ prenasal vd. ᵐb ⁿd ⁿd͡ʒ ~ ᶮɟ ᵑɡ prenasal vl. ᵐp ⁿt Mai sassautawa mara murya f s sʲ ʃ h murya β v z zʲ ʒ ɣ ( ɦ ) Ruwa l ~ ɾ Semi wasali murya  j w numfashi  ( j̤ ) w̤ mara murya  ( j̊ ) w̥

 Hakanan ana iya jin /l/ azaman sautin famfo [ɾ] a cikin bambancin kyauta.
 Post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ⁿd͡ʒ/ kuma ana iya jin su kamar yadda palatal ta tsaya [c, ɟ, ᶮɟ] a cikin bambance-bambancen kyauta tsakanin yaruka.
 /w/ kuma ana iya jin shi azaman labio-palatal [ɥ] lokacin faruwa kafin /i/.
 /f, v/ kuma za a iya ji a matsayin glottal fricatives [h, ɦ] a yaren Plateau. 
 /sʲ, zʲ/ ana jin su kamar mara murya da numfashi kusan kusan [j̊, j̤] a cikin yarukan Arewa. 
 Aƙalla wasu masu magana suna da latsa hanci na bilabial inda yarukan maƙwabta ke da /mw/, kamar a cikin 'yaro' mwana da kunwa 'don sha'. Norval Smith, Harry van der Hulst, 1988. Features, Segmental Structure & Harmony Processes, vol. 1 p. 198

 Wasula 
 Gaba Tsakiya Baya Kusa i iː u uː Tsakar e eː o oː Bude a aː

 Kalmomi 
Tonga ko Chitonga suna bin daidaitaccen tsarin harshen Bantu . Kalma ɗaya na iya haɗawa da alamar jigo, alamar tashin hankali, abu kai tsaye, har ma da wani abu kai tsaye, haɗe da tushen fi'ili kanta.
Tashin hankali Tenses taken from Peace Corps Zambia Trainee's Book: Tonga, 2003 Alamar tashin hankali Misali Maudu'i- (alamar alama) - tushen fi'ili (ƙarewa) Mutum na farko "ndi" yana yin wani abu s/bai kamata ya kasance yana yin "kukuta" ba. Gaba Mai Sauƙi (tushen fi'ili) Ndakuta Cikakkun Yanzu -a-(tushen fi'ili) -ide Ndikutide Ci gaba na Yanzu -la- Ndilakuta Halin Halin Hali -la-(tushen fi'ili) -a Ndilakuta Kwanan Baya (Wata Ta Yau) -ali-(tushen fi'ili) -ide ndalikutide Sauƙaƙan Baya -aka- ndakakuta Ci gaba na Kwanan baya -ali-ku- (tushen kalma) ndalikukuta Al'adar da ta gabata ta ci gaba -akali-ku-(tushen fi'ili) Ndakalikukuta Nesa Baya -aka- ndakakuta Kusa Nan Gaba -la- Ndilakuta Sauƙaƙan Nan gaba -ya-ku-(tushen kalma) -a Ndiyakukuta Hali na gaba -niku-(tushen fi'ili) -a ndikukuta Gabatarwa (Gobe ko bayan gobe) -yaku-(fili) -a ndiyakukuta

 Tsarin tonal 
Tonga harshe ne na tonal, tare da manyan maɗaukakin sauti da ƙananan sauti. Sanya sautunan yana da rikitarwa kuma ya bambanta da na sauran harsunan Bantu; misali, harafin da ba shi da ƙarfi a cikin harshen Tonga yana iya zama babba a cikin kalmar ƙima a cikin wasu harsunan Bantu kuma akasin haka. Goldsmith, John (1984) "Tone and Accent in Tonga". In Clements, G. N. and John Goldsmith Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone. Dordrecht, Foris Publications, p. 48. Malamai da yawa, waɗanda suka fara da AE Meeussen a cikin 1963, Meeussen, A.E. (1963) "Morphotonology of the Tonga Verb", Journal of African Linguistics Vol.2, Part I. sun yi ƙoƙarin gano ƙa'idodin inda za a sanya sautunan.

Ɗaya daga cikin sifofin tsarin tonal shi ne cewa manyan sautin sauti suna da alaƙa da rabuwa daga asalinsu kuma suna motsawa zuwa hagu, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin waɗannan misalai: Pulleyblank (1983) Tone in Lexical Phonology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 191.

 i b ú si 'smoke'
 ibusu 'fulawa'

A cikin waɗannan kalmomi, ainihin sautin babban sautin tushen -sí ya ƙaura zuwa prefix ibu-, yayin da ƙananan sautin -su bai shafi prefix ba.

Misalin da ke sama na suna yana da sauƙin bayyanawa. Koyaya, sautunan tsarin magana sun fi rikitarwa. Misali na ɗaya daga cikin wasanin gwada ilimi da Meeussen da Goldsmith suka tattauna za a iya gani a ƙasa:

 ndi-la-lang-a 'Ina kallo'
 nda-lang-a 'Na farka'
 ba-la-lang-a 'suna kallo'
 ndi-la-bon-a 'Zan gani'
 nda-bon-a 'Na gani'
 ba-l á -bon-a 'za su gani'

Maɗaukakin sautin kan ma'auni mai ƙarfi la a cikin fi'ili na huɗu yana da daure kai. Idan ya fito daga fi’ili tushen bon, da wuya a ga dalilin da ya sa ba ya bayyana a cikin mutum na farko ndi-la-bon-a .

Wasu malamai, irin su Carter Carter, Hazel (1971) and (1972). "Morphotonology of Zambian Tonga: Some Developments of Meeussen's System". African Language Studies 12: 1-30 and 14: 36-52. da Goldsmith,  sun yi nazarin Tonga a matsayin suna da sautuna biyu da kuma lafuzza (lafukan da ke cikin Tonga sun kasance a kan ƙananan kalmomi). Wasu, irin su Pulleyblank, suna nazarin bayanai iri ɗaya ne kawai cikin sharuddan ƙa'idodin tonal, ba tare da buƙatar gabatar da lafazin ba.

 Manazarta 

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya a Chitonga
 Kamus na Chitonga, cikin Ingilishi da Jamusanci
 Kalmomin Chitonga
 albarkatun OLAC a ciki da game da harshen Tonga
 albarkatun OLAC a ciki da game da yaren Dombe
 Littattafan harshen Chitonga  Category:Articles with permanently dead external links , Tarin Rubutun Musamman na Lubuto
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