Gumuz harshe

Gumuz (wanda kuma ake kira Gumaz ) gungu ne na yare da ake magana a kan iyakar Habasha da Sudan . An rarraba shi cikin ɗan lokaci a cikin dangin Nilo-Saharan . Galibin masu magana da harshen Habasha suna zaune ne a shiyyar Kamashi da Metekel na yankin Benishangul-Gumuz, duk da cewa an bayar da rahoton cewa gungun mutane 1,000 suna zaune a wajen garin Welkite (Unseth 1989). Masu magana da Sudan suna zaune a yankin gabashin Er Roseires, kusa da Famaka da Fazoglo a kan kogin Blue Nile, wanda ya ke arewa da kan iyaka.  Dimmendaal et al. (2019) suna zargin cewa nau'ikan da ba a tabbatar da su ba da ake magana a bakin kogin sun ƙunshi yare dabam dabam, Kadallu . Gerrit Dimmendaal, Colleen Ahland & Angelika Jakobi (2019) Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as 'Nilo-Saharan', Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics, p. 6–7

Rubutun farko na wannan harshe jerin kalmomi ne daga yankin Dutsen Guba wanda Juan Maria Schuver ya haɗa a cikin Fabrairu 1883.

 Iri 
Iri-iri ba duka ba ne masu fahimtar juna . Ta wannan ma'auni, akwai harsunan Gumuz guda biyu ko uku. Siffofin nahawu sun bambanta tsakanin arewa da kudancin Gumuz. Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. "Linguistic variation within Gumuz: a study of the relationship between historical change and intelligibility." M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.

Daats'iin, wanda aka gano a cikin 2013, a fili yare ne daban-daban, kodayake ya fi kusa da kudancin Gumuz. Ire-iren da ba a tabbatar da su ba a Sudan, wataƙila yare ne na musamman, Kadallu . (Duba harsunan Bʼaga .)

Ethnologue ya lissafa Guba, Wenbera, Sirba, Agalo, Yaso, Mandura, Dibate, da Metemma a matsayin yarukan Gumuz, tare da Mandura, Dibate, da Metemma suna samar da gungu na yare.

Ahland (2004) Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. Linguistic Variation Within Gumuz: A Study of the Relationship Between Historical Change and Intelligibility (Ethiopia, Sudan). MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington. yana ba da kwatancen bayanan ƙamus na Guba, Mandura, North Dibat'e, Wenbera, Sirba Abay, Agelo Meti, Yaso, da Metemma.

 Fassarar sauti 
Gumuz yana da duka baƙaƙe masu ƙyalli da abubuwan ban mamaki . Ana yin hasarar ƙarancin inganci a madaidaicin magana a wasu yaruka (Unseth 1989). Akwai jerin baƙaƙe na palatal, gami da duka biyun masu fitar da rai da kuma na ban tsoro. A wasu yarukan, misali Sirba, akwai tasha bilatalized palatalized, kamar yadda yake cikin kalmar 'bera'  (Tsarin 1989).

 Consonants 
+Consonants in Northern GumuzLabialAlveolarPost-alv./PalatalVelarUvularGlottalplainlab.plainlab.Nasalmn(ɲ)ŋ(ŋʷ)Stopvoicelessptck(kʷ)ʔvoicedbdɟg(ɡʷ)ejectivepʼtʼcʼkʼ(kʼʷ)implosiveɓɗAffricatevoicelesst͡st͡ʃejectivet͡sʼt͡ʃʼFricativevoicelessfsʃχ(χʷ)voiced(v)zʒTap/Trill(ɾ)(r)LaterallApproximantjw

 Matsa [ɾ] ya fi faruwa a cikin morpheme-matsayi na ciki, kuma ba a matsayi na farko ba. Hakanan yana faruwa azaman allophone na /ɗ/ a cikin tsaka-tsaki da matsayi na ƙarshe.

 Trill [r] na iya fitowa daga wayoyin akida ko kuma sakamakon lamuni daga Amharic. Colleen Ahland, 2012. "A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon.

+Consonants a Kudancin Gumuz Labial Alveolar Bayan alv. /</br> Palatal Velar Glottal a fili lab. Nasal m n (ɲ) ŋ (ŋʷ) Tsaya mara murya p t c k (kʷ) ʔ murya b d Ɗa g (ƙasa) m p' t' c' ku (k'ʷ) m ɓ ɗ (ƙara) Haɗin kai mara murya t s t Ƙ  m Ƙarfafawa Ƙaddamarwa  Ƙarfafawa mara murya f s ʃ h murya (v) z ʒ  Taɓa Ɗa  Na gefe l  Kusanci j w

 Ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarna [ɠ] tana son wanzuwa kawai a cikin yaren Agelo Meti.
 Labialized bilabial plosive [bʷ] yana nufin wanzuwa kawai a cikin yaren Sirba Abay.
 Ƙaƙƙarfan murya [β] na iya faruwa lokacin da /ɓ/ ke ƙoƙarin yin rauni a matsayi na ƙarshe a wasu yarukan.

 Duk yarukan biyu 

 Haƙoran labio [v] yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rarrabawar da ba kasafai ba, kuma galibi yana faruwa a cikin tsaka-tsaki da matsayi na farko. Hakanan ana iya gabatar da shi ta hanyar samowa daga wayoyin akida.
 Palatal [ɲ] yana faruwa ne kawai-ciki-ciki a cikin mahallin tsaka-tsaki, a gaban baƙar magana, ko azaman allophone na /n/ kafin wasalin gaba.
 [ŋʷ] yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rarrabawar da ba kasafai ba, ko lokacin da /ŋ/ ya faru kafin gajeriyar wasali mai rauni.
 Sauran baƙaƙen labialized [kʷ, ɡʷ, kʼʷ, χʷ] suna faruwa ne sakamakon baƙar fata ko uvular da ke gabanin gajeriyar wasula masu rarrafe waɗanda ke gaba da wani wasali. Colleen Ahland, 2012. "A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon.

 Wasula 
 Gaba Tsakiya Baya Kusa iː ku ː Tsakar eː (ə) ku oː Bude da aː

 Gajerun wayoyi na /i, e, a, o, u/ ana iya jin su kamar [ɪ, ɛ, ə, ɔ, ʊ].
 Wani wasali na tsakiya [ɨ] na iya faruwa a wurare daban-daban bayan an gajarta /u/ lokacin laɓɓaka baƙar fata ko uvular. Colleen Ahland, 2012. "A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon.

 Sautin 
Sautuna suna da girma da ƙasa, tare da ƙasa . Colleen Ahland, 2012. "A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon.

 Nahawu 
Tsarin kalma shine AVO, tare da alamar tantancewa, kodayake akwai odar AOV a arewa, mai yiwuwa daga tasirin Amharic.

A cikin juzu'i masu jujjuyawa, batutuwa a cikin odar S-V ba su da alama, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin odar V-S ana yiwa alama alama. Colleen Ahland, 2012. "A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon.

 Bayanan kula 

 Magana 

 Ahland, Colleen Anne. Nahawun Arewa da Kudancin Gumuz. Dissertation na Doctoral, Jami'ar Oregon.
 Dimmendaal, Gerrit J., 2000. "Alamar lamba da rarraba suna a cikin harsunan Nilo- Saharan". Anthrolopological Linguistics 42:214-261.

 Kara karantawa 

 Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. "Bambancin harshe a cikin Gumuz: nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin canjin tarihi da basira." Littafin MA. Jami'ar Texas a Arlington.
 Colleen Ahland. 2011. Haɗin sunan suna da predicate classifiers a cikin Gumuz
 Bender, M. Lionel. 1979. Gumuz: zanen nahawu da kamus. Afrika und Übersee 62: 38-69.
 Mungode, Peter. 1985. "Gumuz: rahoton binciken yare." Jaridar Nazarin Habasha 18: 91-114.
 Mungode, Peter. 1989. "Abubuwan da aka zaɓa na phonology na Gumuz." A cikin Taddese Beyene (ed.), Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron kasa da kasa na takwas kan Nazarin Habasha, vol. 2, 617-32. Addis Ababa: Cibiyar Nazarin Habasha.
 Uzar, Henning. 1993. Nazarin a Gumuz: Sese phonology da tsarin TMA. A cikin Jigogi a cikin Harsunan Nilo-Saharan, editan ML Bender . Hamburg: Helmut Buske: 347-383.
 Duniya Atlas na Tsarin Harshe bayanai akan 
Gumuz
 Gidan yanar gizo wanda al'ummar harshen Gumuz ke kula da shi tare da buga littattafai a cikin harshen

Manazarta
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba