Duluo

Yaren Dholuo (lafazi: [ d̪ólúô ] Tucker 25 ) ko Nilotic Kavirondo, yare ne na ƙungiyar Luo na harsunan Nilotic, masu magana da kusan mutane miliyan 4.2 na Kenya da Tanzaniya, Ethnologue report for Luo wadanda ke mamaye gabashin gabar tafkin Victoria da yankunan kudu. Ana amfani da shi don watsa shirye-shirye akan Ramogi TV da KBC ( Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, tsohon Muryar Kenya ).

Dholuo yana fahimtar juna tare da Alur, Acholi, Adhola da Lango na Uganda . Dholuo da harsunan Ugandan da aka ambata a baya duk suna da alaƙa da harshe da Dholuo na Sudan ta Kudu da Anuak na Habasha saboda asalin ƙabilar manyan al'ummomin Luo wadanda ke jin harsunan Luo .

An kiyasta cewa Dholuo yana da kamanceceniya 90% na lexical da Leb Alur (Alur), 83% tare da Leb Achol (Acholi), 81% tare da Leb Lango da 93% tare da Dhopadhola (Adhola). Duk da haka, ana lissafta waɗannan a matsayin harsuna daban-daban duk da asalin kabilanci na gama gari saboda canjin yare da motsin yanki ya samu.

 Karatu ( Na Luo daga Nyanza ta Kudu) 
Tushen rubutun harshen Dholuo da al'adar adabin Dholuo na yau, da kuma zamanantar da jama'ar Jaluo a Kenya, sun fara ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da bakwai 1907 tare da zuwan wani dan mishan mai suna Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen dan Kasar Kanada dan kasar Kanada, wanda ya gama aikin mishan. Tsawon shekaru kusan 14 a gefen gabacin tafkin Victoria ya bar gado. (Wannan ya shafi Luo na Kudancin Nyanza kawai, wadanda ke Gabashin tafkin Victoria). Wannan gado yana ci gaba a yau ta hanyar dangin Obama na Kenya da Cocin Adventist na kwana bakwai wanda Obamas da sauran Jaluo da yawa suka tuba a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin mazauna yankin da aka aika Carscallen don yin juyin juya hali. Obamas na Kenya dangin tsohon shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ne . Peter Firstbrook, The Obamas: The Untold Story of an African Family. Crown Publishers, 2011. p. 106.

Daga shekarar alif 1906 zuwa 1921, Carscallen ya kasance mai kula da Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya na Gabashin Afirka na Cocin Ranar Bakwai na Adventist, kuma an tuhume shi da kafa tashoshi na mishan a gabashin Kenya kusa da tafkin Victoria da kuma yin wa'azi a tsakanin al'ummar yankin. Wadannan tashoshi za su hada da Gendia, Wire Hill, Rusinga Island, Kanyadoto, Karungu, Kisii (Nyanchwa), da Kamagambo. A cikin 1913, ya sami dan karamin jarida don Ofishin Jakadancin kuma ya kafa karamin aikin bugawa a Gendia don buga kayan coci, amma kuma ya yi amfani da shi don tasiri ilimi da karatu a yankin.

A cikin kusan shekaru biyar yana gudanar da ikilisiyoyin Jaluo da yawa, Carscallen ya sami kware a yaren Dholuo kuma an yaba shi da kasancewa farkon wanda ya rage yaren zuwa rubutu, yana buga nahawu na Elementary na harshen Nilotic-Kavirondo (Dhö Lwo), tare da wasu kalmomi masu amfani, Turanci-Kavirondo da Kavirondo-Turanci kamus, da wasu atisaye masu maɓalli iri daya a cikin 1910. Sa'an nan, kawai bayan shekaru biyu kawai, mishan ya fassara sassan Sabon Alkawari daga Turanci zuwa Dholuo, wadanda Kungiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Biritaniya da Kasashen waje suka buga daga baya. Firstbrook, Ibid., p. 126; Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, Elementary grammar of the Nilotic-Kavirondo language (Dhö Lwo), together with some useful phrases, English-Kavirondo and Kavirondo-English vocabulary, and some exercises with key to the same. London: St. Joseph's Foreign Missionary Society, 1910.; Dictionary of African Christian Biography — Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen.

A shekara ta 2019, Shaidun Jehobah sun fitar da juyin New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures a yaren Luo. Fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki tana neman bayyananne, magana ta zamani  kuma ana rarraba shi ba tare da caji ba, duka bugu da sigar kan layi .

Littafin nahawu da Carscallen ya samar an yi amfani da shi tsawon shekaru da yawa a duk gabashin Kenya, amma an manta da marubucin littafin. Daga baya aka sake masa suna, Dho-Luo don Farawa, kuma an sake buga shi a cikin 1936. Baya ga rubutun nahawu, Carscallen ya tattara ƙamus na "Kavirondo" (Dholuo) da Ingilishi, wanda ke cikin Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar London, UK. Babu dayan wadannan ayyukan da aka maye gurbinsu, an sabunta su kawai, tare da sabbin nau'ikan tushe na harshe wanda Carscallen ya kafa a 1910. Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, Kavirondo Dictionary. Mimeographed, n.d. 374p. (SOAS Collections). Luo and English; Melvin K. Hendrix, An International Bibliography of African Lexicons. Scarecrow Press, 1982. 

 Fassarar sauti 

 Wasula 
Dholuo yana da nau'i biyu na wasula biyar, wanda aka bambanta da fasalin wanda aka dauka da farko akan tsari na farko. Yayin da ATR ke da sautin sauti a cikin harshe, tsarin dai-daita wasulan sauti daban-daban suna taka muhimmiyar rawa kuma suna iya canza ATR na wasali a wurin fitarwa. Canji na yanzu a wasu yarukan Dholuo shine cewa wasu karin magana suna da alama suna rasa bambancin ATR kuma a maimakon haka suna amfani da [± ATR] a cikin bambance-bambancen kyauta. 
+[-ATR] wasali a cikin DholuoGaba Tsakiya Baya Kusa-kusa ɪ ʊ Tsakar ɛ ɔ Bude ɐ
+[+ATR] wasali a cikin DholuoGaba Tsakiya Baya Kusa i u Tsakar e o Bude a

 Consonants 
A cikin tebur na bakaken da ke kasa, ana hada alamomin rubutu tsakanin maƙallan kusurwa masu bin alamun IPA . Lura musamman masu zuwa: amfani da ⟨ y ⟩ don /j /, gama gari a cikin rubutun Afirka; ⟨ th ⟩, ⟨ ⟩ su ne plosives, ba fricatives ba kamar yadda a cikin rubutun Swahili (amma phoneme /d̪ / yana iya jujjuya tsaka-tsaki). Tucker §1.43
+Ƙirar baƙon sauti a Dholuo Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m ⟨ m ⟩ n ⟨ n ⟩ ɲ ⟨ ny ⟩ ŋ ⟨ ngʼ ⟩ M prenasalized ᵐb ⟨ mb ⟩ ⁿd ⟨ ⟩ ᶮɟ ⟨ nj ⟩ ᵑɡ ⟨ ng ⟩ mara murya p ⟨ p ⟩ t̪ ⟨ ⟩ t ⟨ t ⟩ c ⟨ ch ⟩ k ⟨ ⟩ murya b ⟨ b ⟩ d̪ ⟨ ⟩ d ⟨ d ⟩ ɟ ⟨ ⟩ ɡ ⟨ ⟩ Ƙarfafawa f ⟨ f ⟩ s ⟨ s ⟩ h ⟨ h ⟩ Trill r ⟨ r ⟩  Kusanci w ⟨ w ⟩ l ⟨ l ⟩ j ⟨ y ⟩

 Halayen sauti 
Dholuo harshe ne na tonal . Akwai sautin lexical da na nahawu, misali a cikin samuwar fi'ili. Okoth Okombo §1.3.4 Yana da daidaituwar wasali ta matsayin ATR : wasula a cikin kalmar da ba a haɗa su ba dole ne su kasance duka [+ATR] ko duka [-ATR]. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na ATR-harmony ya miƙe zuwa semivowels /w /, /ɥ / . Tucker §1.3, §1.42 Tsawon wasali ya bambanta.

 Nahawu 
Dholuo ya shahara saboda rikitattun sauye-sauyen furucin sa, wadanda ake amfani da su, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, wajen bambance mallakar da ba za a iya raba ta da ita ba. Misali na farko shi ne yanayin mallaka, kamar yadda kashi ba ya cikin kare.

Duk da haka mai zuwa misali ne na mallakar da ba za a iya raba shi ba, kashi na cikin saniya:


 Misalin jumla 
EnglishLuohellomisawa (ber)How are you?Idhi nade? Intie nade?I'm fine.Adhi maber.What is your name?Nyingi ng'a?My name is…Nyinga en…I am happy to see you.Amor neni.Where do you come from?In jakanye?good morningoyaworegood eveningoimoreGod bless you.Nyasaye ogwedhi.good jobtich maberSalvationresruokgoodbyeoritiI want water.Adwaro pi.I am thirsty.Riyo deya. / Riyo omaka. / Riyo ohinga.thank youerokamanochildnyathistudent (university student)nyathi skul, japuonjre (ja mbalariany)comebigodhiyotakekawreturndwokcome backdwogisitbedistand / stopchung'  / weehungerkechI am starved.Kech kaya.fatherwuoro [Dinka] wurmothermiyo [Dinka] mor merGodNyasaye, Nyakalaga, Were, Obong'o ( Different names associated with different attributes of God)Lord (God)Ruoth (Nyasaye)God is goodNyasaye berhelpkony [Dinka] ba konymandichuowomandhakoboywuoyi (wuowi)girlnyako [Dinka] nyabookbuk, [Alego/Seme] bugeyouthrawerapenrandikishortsonyasatrouserslong'tablemesaplatetaolockrarind, ralorleaderjatelobringkelGo back there.Dog kucha.Come back here.Duog ka.ask / querypenjquestionpenjorunringi [Dinka]walkwuothijumpdum / chikri [Alego/Seme]rainkothsunchieng'moondwe / dueestarssulwetiworkfishrech [Dinka]coldkoyoI want to eat.Adwaro chiemo.I have something to sayAn gi wachgrandfatherkwaro [Dinka] / kwargrandmotherdayo [Dinka] / daywhite manja rachar / ombogo / ja wagundacow / cattledwasi / dhiang'singwer [Dinka]songwergood, beautifulber, jaberbadrachmarriagekend [Dinka], "keny" is the process, "thiek" is the marriagemarrykendotomorrowkinytodaykawuonohereka / kaethere (close by)kacha / kochathere (far)kuchochildnyathimoneyomenda / chung' / oboke / sendi / pesagunbundegun firemaj bundestartchakidreamlekistandchung'abroadlokatalkwuositbedipraisepakeatchiemfiremachI want ugali.Adwaro kuon.maize, cornoduma, bandomaize and beansnyoyotaximatatu (Swahili)farmpuodho (Alego-Ndalo)plough / dig outpur / kunyflying (in the air)fuyofly (insect)lwang'nistream (river)aoralakenamoceanataropleaseasayi

 Nassoshi 

 Littafi Mai Tsarki 

 Gregersen, E. (1961). Luo: Nahawu . Dissertation: Jami'ar Yale.
 Stafford, RL (1965). Nahawun Luo na farko tare da ƙamus . Nairobi: Jami'ar Oxford Press.
 Omondi, Lucia Ndong'a (1982). Babban tsarin haɗin gwiwa na Dhooluo. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
 Tucker, AN (ed. ta Chet A. Creider) (1994). Nahawun Kenya Luo (Dholuo). 2 juzu'i. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
 Okoth Okombo, D. (1997). Nahawun Aiki na Dholuo. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
 Odaga, Asenath Bole (1997). Kamus na Turanci-Dholuo. Lake Publishers & Enterprises, Kisumu. ISBN 9966-48-781-6 .
 Odhiambo, Reenish Acieng' da Aagard-Hansen, Jens (1998). Doluo course book. Nairobi.
 Capen, Carole Jamieson. 1998. Kamus na Dholuo-Turanci, Kenya . Tucson (Arizona): wanda ya buga kansa. Kurasa ix, 322. [  ]

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 Kalmomin Luo da mahimman bayanai 
 Jagora mai dacewa don koyan Luo
 Littafin Jagora na Harshen Kavirondo (1920) - ɗaya daga cikin litattafai na farko akan Dholuo
 Font Lakeside - Nau'in Rubutun Gaskiya don rubutu a cikin Dholuo (an adana)
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