Robert Campbell (mai mulkin mallaka)

Robert Campbell (Mayu 7, 182919 Janairu 1884) ɗan ƙasar Jamaica ne ɗan gudun hijira daga Amurka zuwa Najeriya. Da farko ya koyi firintar ya horar da shi a matsayin malami a cikin Garin Mutanen Espanya . Ganin cewa albashinsa bai isa ba a cikin rudanin tattalin arziki na bayan kawar da Jamaica sai ya yi hijira zuwa Nicaragua da Panama kafin ya zauna a birnin New York a 1853. Ya sami aiki a matsayin mawallafi kafin a ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin malamin kimiyya sannan kuma mataimakin shugaban makaranta a Cibiyar Matasa masu launi a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania .

A cikin 1858 Campbell ya shiga Martin R. Delany a Jam'iyyar Neman Kwarin Neja don nemo wurin da ya dace don matsugunan bakaken fata Amurkawa a yammacin Afirka. An zaɓi wani wuri a Abeokuta (a Najeriya ta zamani) kuma balaguron ya koma Amurka. Campbell ya koma Afirka a shekara ta 1862, amma ya gano cewa, saboda yakin basasar Amurka da kuma adawar da shugabannin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya suka yi a Legas da kuma takaddama tsakanin mutanen Egba da Ingila, shirinsa na sasantawa ya ƙasa ci gaba. A maimakon haka Campbell ya zauna a Legas, ya kafa jaridar Anglo-African . Gwamnan Birtaniya Henry Stanhope Freeman ya yi adawa da wannan, wanda ya yi tunanin hakan zai haifar da rashin lafiya tsakanin bangarori daban-daban a cikin mulkin mallaka. Jaridar ta daina a 1865 kuma Campbell daga baya ya yi aiki don bunkasa mulkin mallaka ta kasuwanci.

 Rayuwar farko da aiki 
An haifi Robert Campbell a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1829, a Kingston, Jamaica.  An bayyana shi a matsayin " mulatto ", ɗan uba farar fata dan ƙasar Scotland kuma mahaifiyar jinsi mai gauraye. Shekaru bayan haihuwar Campbell sun kasance cikin tashin hankali a Jamaica, tare da tasirin tattalin arziki daga 1833 kawar da bautar da annoba na kwalara.  Campbell ya sami matsayi a matsayin mai koyo a kantin buga littattafai kafin horo a matsayin malami a sabuwar makarantar al'ada da aka kafa a garin Mutanen Espanya .  

Campbell daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta a Kingston . Blackett, R. J. M. (1975). "Return to the Motherland: Robert Campbell, a Jamaican in Early Colonial Lagos". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 8 (1): 133–143. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41971239. Karancin albashi da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki ya sa ya nemi aiki a kasashen waje. Ya kai iyalinsa zuwa Amurka ta tsakiya, yana aiki a Nicaragua da Panama a 1852. Gano yanayin can kadan fiye da na Jamaica sai ya koma birnin New York a 1853.   Campbell ya bayyana gano halayen wariyar launin fata a New York mafi muni fiye da waɗanda ya fuskanta a wani wuri. Aikin da ya iya samu shi ne, kamar a wani shagon buga littattafai da ɗan ƙasar Ingila, John Gray, abokin ƙwararren Lewis Tappan, ke gudanarwa.  Daga 1855 ya zama malamin kimiyya sannan kuma mataimakin shugaban makaranta a Cibiyar Matasa masu launi a Philadelphia.   

 Tsarin mulkin mallaka na yammacin Afirka 
A cikin 1858 Martin R. Delany ya gayyaci Campbell don shiga jam'iyyar Neja Valley Exploring Party, balaguro don duba filaye a kusa da Abeokuta (a Najeriya ta zamani) don yuwuwar sasantawa da bakaken fata Amurkawa wadanda ba su yarda da matakin wariyar launin fata a Amurka ba.  Blackett, R. J. M. (1975). "Return to the Motherland: Robert Campbell, a Jamaican in Early Colonial Lagos". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 8 (1): 133–143. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41971239. Mai zane Robert Douglass Jr.  ya ba da shawarar Campbell ga Delany Campbell da balaguro sun yi balaguro a yankin a cikin 1859-60, suna rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da shugabannin yankin don tabbatar da ƙasa don daidaitawa.  Ya koma Amurka a 1860. Ya rubuta Kadan Facts Relating to Lagos, Abeokuta and Other Sections of Central Africa, which was published in Philadelphia in 1861, and A Pilgrimage to the Motherland: An Account of a Journey among the Egbas and Yorubas of Central Africa, in 1859–60, wanda aka buga a New York a 1861 (an sake buga wannan aikin a 1971).  A cikin rubuce-rubucensa Campbell ya rubuta cewa masu son hijirarsa sun kasance "suna shirye su nemi gida a cikin ƙasar kakanninsu inda ba tare da ƙuntatawa na rashin adalci ba za su iya samun hanyar ba kawai don bunkasa tunaninsu da halin kirki ba, amma suna inganta kasuwancin halal da kuma samar da kayayyaki. wadancan kayan masarufi, musamman auduga, wanda a yanzu ake samar wa duniya musamman ta aikin bauta” da fatan zagon kasa ga bauta da cinikin bayi. Ya kuma yi fatan bakin hauren za su yi aiki a matsayin masu wa’azi a Afirka, tare da kawo “bakar ƙasa” zuwa aikin mishan na al’ada na Turai.  
Campbell ya shirya komawa Najeriya kuma ya shafe shekaru biyu a Amurka yana shiri. Ya siyi gin auduga da Biritaniya ta yi, da injin bugu da sauran injuna don mulkin mallaka. Ya dawo Najeriya tare da matarsa da ’ya’yansa hudu a watan Maris na shekarar 1862, ya isa Legas, wadda tun daga lokacin ta zama ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya . Blackett, R. J. M. (1975). "Return to the Motherland: Robert Campbell, a Jamaican in Early Colonial Lagos". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 8 (1): 133–143. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41971239. Campbell ya gano cewa barkewar yakin basasa na Amurka ya haifar da asarar sha'awar zama a kasashen waje da bakaken fata Amurkawa suka yi, kuma sun yi adawa da mishan na Burtaniya da suka rigaya a Abeokuta da Sir Richard Burton mai binciken kuma jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya. Dangantaka mara kyau a tsakanin Turawan Ingila da mutanen Egba, wanda ya samo asali daga kafuwar yankin Legas da tabarbarewar yunkurin Birtaniya na kafa karamin jakadanci a Abeokuta a watan Mayun 1862, shi ma ya kawo cikas ga Campbell. Bayan Mayu 1862 Campbell ya watsar da shirinsa na kafa mulkin mallaka kuma ya zauna a Legas maimakon haka.  

 Anglo-Afirka 
Campbell ya gano jim kadan bayan isowarsa cewa bai iya yin amfani da gin auduga ba amma ya kuduri aniyar fara jarida. Blackett, R. J. M. (1975). "Return to the Motherland: Robert Campbell, a Jamaican in Early Colonial Lagos". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 8 (1): 133–143. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41971239. Ya kafa The Anglo-African a matsayin jarida ta farko da aka buga a Legas.   Bugu na farko ya bayyana a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1863, kuma ana buga takarda a mako-mako har zuwa Disamba 1865. Takardar ta yi nasara sosai amma gwamnan Burtaniya Henry Stanhope Freeman ya yi hamayya da shi wanda ya yi ƙoƙari, bai yi nasara ba, don sanya haraji a kanta.  

 Daga baya ayyuka 
Campbell ya kasance mai himma a fannin adabi da kimiyya na Legas kuma daga 1865 ya shiga cikin kasuwanci da dama.  Ya yi fatan bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci a Legas amma yaki ci gaba da yi tsakanin kabilun yankin ya kawo cikas ga ci gaban kasuwanci a gefen koguna. Campbell na daya daga cikin wasu mazauna Legas da suka koka kan Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka da su kafa wani kakkarfan gwamna don gudanar da harkokin cikin gida, in ji Captain John Hawley Glover . Blackett, R. J. M. (1975). "Return to the Motherland: Robert Campbell, a Jamaican in Early Colonial Lagos". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 8 (1): 133–143. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41971239. Campbell ya mutu a Legas a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1884. 

 Nassoshi 

 Kara karantawa 

 Tattaunawa akan alakar Campbell da mahaifinsa da asalin launin fata:  Yin bimbini a kan Adabin Afirka . Ƙungiyar Bugawa ta Greenwood. pp. 109-110. ISBN <bdi>978-0-313-29866-0</bdi> .