Edda

"Edda" (/ˈɛdə/; Tsohon Norse Edda, jam'i Eddur) kalma ce ta Tsohon Norsi wacce masana zamani suka yi amfani da ita ga tarin ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Icelandic guda biyu: abin da yanzu ake kira Prose Edda da tsohuwar tarin waƙoƙi (ba tare da taken asali ba) yanzu da ake kira Poetic Edda . Kalmar a tarihi tana nufin kawai ga Prose Edda, amma wannan amfani ya ɓace saboda rikicewa da sauran aikin. Dukkanin ayyukan an rubuta su a Iceland a cikin karni na 13 a cikin Icelandic, kodayake suna dauke da kayan daga tushen gargajiya na baya, sun koma cikin Viking Age. Littattafan suna ba da manyan tushe ga al'adun skaldic na zamani a Iceland da kuma tatsuniyoyin Norse.

An soki Edda saboda gabatar da ra'ayoyin Kirista na Snorri Sturluson game da tatsuniyoyin Norse. Musamman bayanin tsabta game  abin da ke faruwa ga rai bayan mutuwa kamar yadda aka fahimta a cikin Edda ya sabawa wasu tushe game da mutuwa a cikin tatsuniyoyin Norse.

 Magana 
Akalla an ba da shawarar ra'ayoyi biyar game da asalin kalmar edda:

 Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin yana riƙe da cewa daidai yake da kalmar da ke nufin "kakar" da ke bayyana a cikin waƙar Eddic Rígsþula . Snorri Sturluson.  The Prose Edda: Tales from Norse Mythology, translated by Jean I. Young (University of California Press, 1964), p. 8. Kalmar  iya fitowa daga kalmar Sanskrit veda ("sani").
 Wani ra'ayi ya nuna cewa edda ya samo asali ne daga Tsohon Norse óðr, "waƙoƙi" uku, wanda Eiríkr Magnússon ya gabatar a shekara ta 1895, shi ne cewa ya samo asali ne daga sunan wurin Icelandic Oddi, shafin coci da makaranta inda dalibai, ciki har da Snorri Sturluson, suka sami ilimi.
 Wani 'ayi na huɗu - samo kalmar Edda a matsayin sunan rubutun Snorri Sturluson game da shayari daga Latin Edo, "Na kirkiro (waƙoƙi) ", ta hanyar kwatanci da kredda, "cikin", daga Latin credo, "piyanawa" - yanzu an yarda da shi sosai, kodayake wannan yarda na iya fitowa daga yarjejeniya tare da amfani da zamani maimakon daidaitattun tarihi.
 Tunanin na biyar ya dogara ne akan salon da ya gabata na ba da sunayen tsuntsaye na Icelandic. Irin waɗannan lambobin shari'a ne Grágás 'gashi mai launin toka', Gullfjðr 'gashi na zinariya (quill?) ', da kuma Hryggjar-stykki 'wani nau'in duck'. Wataƙila 'Edda' kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan lakabi: Edda zai zama 'sunan dabba' mai dacewa na æðr (mai suna [æ:ðr] f.) 'duck eider'. 'an nan, Edda na nufin 'ƙaramin duck' (wani kwatankwacin Grágás).Liberman, Anatoly (2016). "The Origin of the Name Edda", in Anatoly Liberman, In Prayer and Laughter. Essays on Medieval Scandinavian and Germanic Mythology, Literature, and Culture. Paleograph Press. .

 Edda mai waka 
Edda mai waka, wanda aka fi sani da Sæmundar Edda ko Elder Edda, tarin waƙoƙin Tsohon Norse ne daga rubutun Icelandic na zamani Codex Regius ("Littafin Sarauta"). Tare da Prose Edda, Edda na Waƙoƙi shine mafi girman tushe a kan tatsuniyoyin Norse. Sashe na farko na Codex Regius ya adana waƙoƙin da ke ba da labarin halitta da annabta lalacewa da sake haihuwar duniyar tsohuwar Norse da kuma tatsuniyoyin mutum game da alloli game da Alloli na Norse. Waƙoƙin da ke cikin ɓangaren na biyu suna ba da labari game da Jarumai da jarumai na Norse, kamar Sigurd, Brynhildr da Gunnar.

Ya ƙunshi sassa biyu. Sashe na farko yana da waƙoƙi 10 game da alloli, kuma na biyu yana da waƙaƙoƙi 19 game da jarumawa.

An rubuta Codex Regius a cikin karni na 13, amma babu wani abu da aka sani game da inda yake har zuwa 1643, lokacin da ya shiga hannun Brynjólfur Sveinsson, sannan Bishop na Iceland na Skálholt. A wannan lokacin, an san sassan Prose Edda sosai a Iceland, amma masana sun yi hasashen cewa akwai wani Edda - Elder Edda - wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin arna da Snorri ya nakalto a cikin littafinsa. Lokacin da aka gano Codex Regius, ya zama kamar wannan hasashe ya tabbatar da gaskiya. Brynjólfur ya danganta rubutun ga Sæmundr the Learned, firist na Icelandic na ƙarni na 12 wanda ya fi rayuwa girma. Duk da yake masana na zamani sun ki amincewa da wannan halayyar, sunan Sæmundar Edda har yanzu ana fuskantar shi a wasu lokuta.

Bishop Brynjólfur ya aika da 'Codex Regius' a matsayin kyauta ga Sarki Christian IV na Denmark, saboda haka sunan Codex Regius . Shekaru da yawa an adana shi a cikin Copenhagen" id="mwcA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Royal Library, Copenhagen">Royal Library a Copenhagen amma a cikin 1971 an mayar da shi zuwa Iceland.

 Edda mai ba da labari 
Prose Edda, wani lokacin ana kiranta Younger Edda ta Snorri's Edda, littafi ne na Icelandic na waka wanda ya ƙunshi labaran almara da yawa. Manufarta ita ce ta ba wa mawaƙa da masu karatu na Icelandic damar fahimtar ƙwarewar aya mai ban sha'awa, da kuma fahimtar abubuwan da ke tattare da tatsuniyoyi a bayan kennings da yawa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin shayari na skaldic.

Masanin Icelandic kuma masanin tarihi Snorri Sturluson ne ya rubuta shi a kusa da 1220.  tsira a cikin rubuce-rubuce huɗu da aka sani da raguwa uku, waɗanda aka rubuta daga kimanin 1300 zuwa kusan 1600.

Prose Edda ya ƙunshi Gabatarwa da littattafai daban-daban guda uku: Gylfaginning, game da Halitta da annabta lalacewa da sake haihuwa duniyar almara ta Norse; Skáldskaparmál, tattaunawa tsakanin Ægir, allahn Norse da ke da alaƙa da teku, da Bragi, allahn skaldic na shayari; da Háttatal, nuna siffofin aya da aka yi amfani da su a cikin almara na Norse.

 Dubi kuma 

 Gesta Danorum
 Heimskringla
 Laufás-Edda
 Saga

 Manazarta 

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Category:Harsunan Igbo
Category:Harsuna