Harshen Kam

Alkaluma 

 Kudancin Dong 
Kusan masu magana da harshen Kudancin Dong miliyan 1.5 ne aka ƙidaya a cikin ƙidayar harshe na shekara ta 1990, daga jimillar mutane miliyan 2.5 a cikin kabilar Dong. Kudancin Dong yana zaune ne a yankunan Rongjiang, da Jinping, da Liping, da Zhenyuan, da kuma Congjiang na lardin Guizhou; Gundumomin Longsheng, Sanjiang, da Rongshui a arewa maso gabashin Guangxi: da gundumar Tongdao a lardin Hunan. Kauyukan Dong guda biyu kuma suna cikin arewacin Vietnam, kodayake mutum ɗaya ne a Vietnam har yanzu yana iya yin magana Dong. Joshua Project

 Yaruka 
Harshen Kam za a iya raba shi zuwa manyan sassa biyu: Kudancin Kam da Arewacin Kam. Yang Tongyin and Jerold A. Edmondson (2008). "Kam." In Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. The Tai–Kadai Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008. Arewacin Kam yana nuna ƙarin tasirin Sinanci kuma ba shi da bambanci tsakanin tsayin wasali, yayin da Kudancin Kam ya fi mazan jiya. Ire-iren harsunan da ke da alaƙa da ko ɓangaren Kam sun haɗa da Cao Miao da Naxi Yao. Wani nau'in Pinghua na arewacin da ake kira Tongdao Pinghua, wanda ake magana a gundumar Tongdao, Hunan, Kam kuma ya sami tasiri sosai.

 Kudancin Kam

 Yanki na farko: Róngjiāng Zhānglǔ ( ), Líping Hóngzhōu ( ), Jǐnping Qǐméng () in Guizhou; Tōngdào () in Hunan; Longsheng () da Sanjiang Dudong () in Guangxi
 Yanki na biyu: Líping Shuǐkǒu ( ), Cóngjiāng Guàndòng (), Róngjiāng Píngjiāng () in Guizhou: Sānjiāng Hélǐ ( ) in Guangxi
 Yanki na uku: Zhènyuǎn Bàojīng () in Guizhou
 Wuri na huɗu na lectal: Róngshuǐ () in Guangxi

 Arewacin Kam

 Yanki na farko: Tiānzhù Shídòng ( ), Sānsuì Kuǎnchǎng (), Jiànhé Xiǎoguǎng () in Guizhou; kuma Jǐnping Jiǔzhài () in Guizhou
 Yanki na biyu na lacca: Tiānzhù Zhǔxī () in Guizhou
 Yanki na uku: Jǐnping Dàtóng () in Guizhou

Dogon (2012:19-20) Long Yaohong []. 2012. A study of Dong dialectology  [ Dongyu fangyin yanjiu]. Ph.D. dissertation, Shanghai Normal University []. http://www.taodocs.com/p-5926320.html ya karkasa wuraren lectal na Kam (harsuna) kamar haka.

 Kudancin Kam

 Yankin Lectal 1
 Chejiang, gundumar Rongjiang,
 Longcheng, Tongdao County
 Pingdeng, Longsheng County
 Chengyang, gundumar Sanjiang
 Hongzhou, gundumar Liping
 Yankin Lectal 2
 Zhaihao, gundumar Rongjiang
 Shuikou, Liping County
 Guidong, gundumar Congjiang
 Heli, gundumar Sanjiang
 Yankin Lectal 3
 Zhaihuai, gundumar Rongshui
 Yanki na Lectal 4
 Pindong, gundumar Rongshui

 Arewacin Kam

 Yankin Lectal 1 (Highland Dong)
 Shidong, gundumar Tianzhu
 Kuanchang, gundumar Sansui
 Jiuzhai, gundumar Jinping
 Xiaoguang, gundumar Jianhe
 Lectal Area 2 (River Dong)
 Datong, gundumar Jinping
 Sanmentang, gundumar Tianzhu
 Lannichong,  Jingzhou
 Yankin Lectal 3
 Zhuxi, gundumar Tianzhu
 Zhongzhai, gundumar Xinhuang
 Yanki na Lectal 4
 Qimeng, gundumar Jinping
 Yanki na Lectal 5
 Baojing, gundumar Zhenyuan

A gundumar Congjiang, Dong ya ƙunshi yaruka uku: Jiudong(kamar ChejiangDong), Liudong(kamar LipingDong), da wani yare da ake magana a cikin Xishan, Bingmei, da Guandong(kamar SanjiangDong) ( Gazetteer County Congjiang 1999: 109).

A cikin gundumar Suining, Hunan, ana magana da Dong a cikin Lianfeng(ciki har da Duolong), Huangsangping, Le'anpu, da sauran wurare na kusa. Suining County Gazetteer (1997) A gundumar Chengbu, Hunan, ana magana da Dong a cikin Yanzhai, Chang'anying, da Jiangtousi. Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997)

Ana kuma magana da Kam a ƙauyen guda ɗaya na Đồng Mộc, Trung Sơn Commune, Yên Sơn District, Tuyên Quang Province, arewacin Vietnam,  inda akwai kimanin mutane 35 Kam (Edmondson & Gregerson 2001). Edmondson, J.A. and Gregerson, K.J. 2001, "Four Languages of the Vietnam-China Borderlands", in Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, ed. K.L. Adams and T.J. Hudak, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 101-133. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. Kam na Đồng Mộc ya yi hijira zuwa Vietnam daga China kimanin shekaru 150 da suka wuce. Kam iri-iri da ake magana a cikin Đồng Mộc ya fi kama da na Líping Shuǐkǒu ( ) a kudu maso gabashin Guizhou .

A kasar Sin, jimillar kananan hukumomi bakwai da aka ware a matsayin kananan hukumomin Dong masu cin gashin kansu ( ).

 Yuping Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Guizhou
 Gundumar Sanjiang Dong mai cin gashin kanta, Guangxi
 Gundumar Longsheng Daban-daban Masu cin gashin kansu, Guangxi
 Xinhuang Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan
 gundumar Zhijiang Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan
 Jingzhou Miao da Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan
 Tongdao Dong County mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan

 Wasu 
Bisa ga Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997), nau'ikan yare da ke da alaƙa da Kudancin Kam ana magana da su a Naxi, gundumar Dongkou (wanda ke da kabilar Yao 4,280 a 1982 (Chen 2013:39)) da Lianmin, Suining County . Duk da haka, a hukumance gwamnatin kasar Sin ta sanya su a matsayin 'yan kabilar Yao, ba Dong ba. Chen Qiguang (2013:39) Chen, Qiguang [] (2013). Miao and Yao language []. Beijing: China Minzu University Press. ya ruwaito cewa kakannin NaxihuaMasu magana sun yi ƙaura zuwa inda suke a yanzu daga Tianzhhu, Liping, da Yuping na kudu maso gabashin Guizhou a farkon karni na 15.

Sanqiao三锹(三橇) gauraye yaren Dong- Miao ne da ake magana da shi a gundumar Liping da gundumar Jinping ta Guizhou ta kasar Sin kusan mutane 6,000. Yu Dazhong [余达忠]. 2017. "Ethnic Interactions and the Formation of the Sanqiu People in the Borderland of Modern Hunan，Guizhou and Guangxi Provinces [近代湘黔桂边区的族群互动和“三锹人”的形成]". In Journal of Guizhou Education University [贵州师范学院学报], Vol. 33, No. 1 (Jan 2017).

 phonology da rubutu 
Kam yana da manyan litattafai guda biyu: tsarin bunkasa ilimin kasar Sin da tsarin da Ngo Van Lyong ya kirkira na Kudancin Kam kamar yadda yake magana a Rongjiang. Article in Omniglot Tsarin Sinanci galibi masana harshe ne ke amfani da shi kuma yana da kamanceceniya da sauran ƙamus na harshen Kra-Dai na Sinanci (irin su Zhuang ). Tsarin Ngo Van Lyong ya sami wahayi daga haruffan Vietnamanci kuma an yi shi don masu magana da masu koyo.

Yayin da tsarin Sinanci ya fi shahara, yawancin masu magana da Kam ba su da ilimi.

 Na farko 
 Labial Alveolar ( Alveolo- )<br id="mwAXo"><br><br><br></br> palatal Velar Glottal a fili dan uwa a fili lab. Nasal m mʲ n nʲ ŋ ŋʷ Tsaya /</br> Haɗin kai mara murya p pʲ t tɕ k kʷ m pʰ pʲʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ kʷʰ Ƙarfafawa s ɕ h Kusanci tsakiya w wʲ j na gefe l lʲ
Rubutun Sinanci na Kam yana da baƙaƙe na farko 32; bakwai daga cikinsu (  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  kuma  ) kawai yana faruwa a cikin kalmomin lamuni na kwanan nan daga Sinanci.
IPAGaemlIPAGaemlIPAGaemlIPAGaemlIPAGaemlbdjgzhptqkchmnnyngshwllyhrbisxgufpiykuzmingucwi
Rubutun rubutun Ngo Van Lyong na Kudancin Kam yana da haruffa 28-na farko.
IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm IPA Gảm /p / b /t / d /k / g /h / h /j / y /s / s /ts / z /pʰ / p /tʰ / t /kʰ / k /f / f /w / w /ɕ / x /tsʰ / c /tɕ / j /ŋ / ng /ʎ / ly /ɲ / yi /l / l /n / n /m / m /tɕʰ / q /ŋʰ / ngh /ʎʰ / lhy /ɲʰ / nhy /lʰ / lh /nʰ / nh /mʰ / mh

 Gasar karshe 
Rubutun kalmomin kasar Sin na Kam yana da wasannin karshe na silasi 64; 14 daga cikinsu suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin lamunin kasar Sin kuma ba a jera su a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa ba.
IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml IPA Gaeml  a  e  ee  i  o  ku/uu  ai  ei  oi  ui  ao  eeu  iu  ku  am  aem  em  eem  im  om  um  an  ina  en  een  in  kan  un  ang  aeng  Eng  eeng  ing  ong  ung  ab  ab  eb  eb  ib  ob  ub  ad  ad  ed  ed  id  od  ag  ag  misali  misali  ig  og  ug
Ƙimar sautin wasali a wasan ƙarshe da aka rubuta -ab, -ad da -ag, shine [ɐ]</link> a cikin kalmomin da ke da sautunan -l, -p da -c (duba tebur a ƙasa); a cikin harbuwa tare da sautuna -s, -t da -x, [a] ne.</link> . Ƙimar sautin wasali a wasan ƙarshe da aka rubuta -eb, -ed da -misali, shine [ə]</link> a cikin kalmomin da ke da sautunan -l, -p da -c ; a cikin harbuwa tare da sautuna -s, -t da -x, shi ne [e].

Rubutun rubutun Ngo Van Lyong na Kudancin Kam yana da wasan ƙarshe na haruffa 116.
IPAGảmIPAGảmIPAGảmIPAGảmIPAGảmIPAGảmaoeuiăôơưüaioieiơiuiauoueuơuiuiaioieuauoueiaiioiieiiơiiuiiauiouieuiơuuaiuoiueiuauuouueuuơuuiuuơianamangakapatianiamiangiakiapiatuanuamuanguakuapuatănămăngăkăpătiăniămiăngiăkiăpiătuănuămuănguăkuăpuătonomongokopotioniomiongiokiopiotuonuomuonguokuopuotônômôngôkôpôtiôniômiôngiôkiôpiôtuônuômuônguôkuôpuôtenemengekepetieniemiengiekiepietuenuemuenguekuepuetơnơmơngơkơpơtiơniơmiơngiơkiơpiơtuơnuơmuơnguơkuơpuơtunumungukuputiuniumiungiukiupiutinimingikipituinuimuinguikuipuit

 Sautuna 
Kam harshe ne na tonal . Buɗaɗɗen maɗaukaki na iya faruwa a ɗaya daga cikin sautuna daban-daban guda tara, waɗanda aka duba cikin sautuna shida (wanda ake kira shigar sautunan ), ta yadda tsarin al'ada ya ƙidaya sau goma sha biyar. Kamar yadda yake da harafin Hmong, rubutun kalmomin Sinanci suna yin alamar sautuna tare da baƙar magana a ƙarshen kowane saƙo.
kwandon sautin: babba high tashi ƙananan tsomawa low tashi low fadowa babban fadowa kololuwa tsakiyar  (55)  (35)  (11)  (24)  (13)  (31)  (53)  (453)  (33) Rubutun Rubutu: -l -p -c -s -t -x -v -k -h misali</br> (budaddiyar magana) bal pap bac bas qat miax bav pak ba "kifi" "launin toka" "rake" "inna" "haske" "wuka" "leaf" "lalata" "kashi" misali</br> (tabbataccen sila) gadon sedp medc bads pads bagx "duka" "bakwai" "ant" "iya"? "jini" "farar"
Rubutun rubutun Ngô Văn Lương yana alamar sautuna ta hanyar yarukan da aka rubuta a sama ko ƙasa da wasali kamar yadda yake tare da haruffan Vietnam kuma yana fasalta sautuna 6 kawai.
kwandon sautin: babban falo m lebur babban fadowa low fadowa high tashi low tashi  (33)  (11)  (51)  (31)  (45)  (24) Misali: ba ba ba bã bả bã

 Nassoshi 

 Kara karantawa 

 Long, Y., Zheng, G., & Geary, DN (1998). Harshen Dong a lardin Guizhou na kasar Sin . Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna ta bazara da Jami'ar Texas a wallafe-wallafen Arlington a cikin ilimin harshe, ɗaba'a 126. Dallas, TX: Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan bazara. ISBN 1-55671-051-8
 Yang, Tongyin & Edmondson, Jerold A. (2008). Kam . A cikin Anthony VN Diller da Jerold A. Edmondson da Yongxian Luo (eds.), Harsunan Tai-Kadai, 509-584. London & New York: Routledge.

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Lissafin kalmomin Kudancin Dong daga Tushen Bayanan Kalmomi na Australiya 
 Jerin ƙamus na harshen Swadesh na Dong na ainihin kalmomi (daga jerin abubuwan Swadesh na Wiktionary)
Category:Harsuna
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba