Harshen Siwi

Siwi (kuma aka sani da Siwan  ko Siwa Berber ;  sunan asali:  ) shi ne harshen Berber na gabas, wanda aka kiyasta mutane 15,000   zuwa 20,000  ke magana a cikin hamada ta yammacin ƙasar Masar, a cikin tsaunukan Siwa da Gara, kusa da iyakar Libya .

Siwi shi ne harshen da aka saba amfani da shi na sadarwa ta yau da kullun a tsakanin 'yan kabilar Masar na Siwa da Gara, amma saboda ba a koyar da shi a makarantun gida, amfani da shi a kafofin watsa labarai kuma gwamnatin Masar ta amince da shi, zai iya zama barazana ga rayuwa ta dogon lokaci ta hanyar hulɗa da wasu daga waje. da kuma yin amfani da Larabci na Masar wajen yin aure gauraye;  Kusan duk Siwis a yau suna koyon Larabci na Masar a matsayin harshe na biyu tun suna ƙanana. 

Larabci ya rinjayi Siwi sosai, musamman Masarawa da Badawiyya,  amma har da matakan Larabci na farko. 

Siwi shine kawai harshen Berber na asalin ƙasar Masar kuma ana magana da shi gabas fiye da kowane nau'in Berber na Arewacin Afirka. A cikin Berber, ya yi fice ga nau'ikan nau'ikan harshe da ba a saba gani ba, gami da rugujewar bambance-bambancen jinsi a cikin jam'i, rashin kwazo mara kyau na kalmar fi'ili, amfani da cikakkiyar yarjejeniya akan fi'ili a cikin batun dangantawa, amfani da  don rashin fahimta da aro daga Larabci na sigar kwatancen sifa. Siwi kuma yana nuna fasalin nau'in rubutu wanda ke da wuyar gaske, ba kawai na yanki ba har ma a duk duniya: yarjejeniyar adireshi akan nuni.   

 Rabewa 
Siwi a al'adance yana da alaƙa da rukunin Zenati na Berber, yana bin ɗan tarihi na ƙarni na 15 al-Maqrizi,  da Destaing,  waɗanda suka ɗauki duka biyun a matsayin membobin "groupe du Nord", bisa kamanceceniya a cikin magana. tsarin. Vycichl  ya lura cewa yana raba fasalin rage yawan wasali tare da Zenati. Aikhenvald da Militarev,  Ethnologue  ya biyo baya sun sanya Siwi a cikin ƙungiyar Berber ta Gabas, tare da Awjila da Sokna a gabas da tsakiyar Libya . Kossmann  ya danganta shi da Sokna da gungu na yaren Nafusi na yammacin Libya da Tunisiya, amma ba tare da Awjila ba. Haka Souag  ya yi gardama, bisa la’akari da sababbin sababbin abubuwa, cewa Siwi ya fito ne daga yare mai ci gaba tsakanin Nafusi da Sokna wanda ya kebe Awjila, kuma ya ci gaba da yin tasiri a Awjila bayan watsewar wannan yare.

Shirin "Hanyoyin da ke Kashe Ƙarfafawa "  ya ƙirƙira harshen Siwa a matsayin mai rauni ga ƙarewa, yana lissafta tabbacin kashi 20 cikin 100 bisa haddi na shaida.  

 Fassarar sauti 
Kamar yadda Naumann ya bincika,  Siwi yana da jimillar sassa 44 na musamman na sauti, baƙaƙe 38 da wasula 6.

 Consonants 
Harshen Siwa ya ƙunshi baƙaƙe guda 38, kowannensu yana iya fitowa ko gajere ko tsayi. 
Labial Alveolar</br> (Apical) Postalveolar</br> / Palatal</br> (Laminal) Velar Uvula Epiglottal Glottal a fili far. a fili far. a fili lab. a fili lab. Nasal m mˤ n Tsaya mara murya t tˤ t͡ʃ * k kʷ q qʷ ( ʔ ) murya b bˤ d dˤ d͡ʒ ɡ ɡʷ Ƙarfafawa mara murya f fˤ s sˤ ʃ χ χʷ ʜ murya z zˤ ʁ * ʁʷ * ʢ * ɦ Na gefe l lˤ Kusanci j w  Tsayawa ɾ rˤ

 Bayanan kula

  are phonetically affricates, not stops.
  can appear as approximants.
 The geminate counterpart of  is .

Rubutun waɗannan baƙaƙe ya ɗan bambanta daga tushe zuwa tushe. Naumann  yana ba da shawarar ingantaccen rubutun tushen Latin wanda aka yi wahayi ta hanyar al'ada ta gama gari a cikin wasu harsunan Berber: an rubuta baƙaƙe na pharyngealized tare da ƙaranci (misali, ⟨ ṭ ⟩ na  ), ana rubuta wasiƙar wasiƙa da hacek ( ⟨ č ⟩, ⟨ ğ ⟩, ⟨ š ⟩ don  ,  ,  ), ƙaramin wasali  as ⟨ ⟩, uvular fricatives as m velars ( ⟨ x ⟩, ⟨ ɣ ⟩ ) da epiglottals as ⟨ ḥ ⟩, ⟨ ⟩ . Koyaya, yawanci ana rubuta epiglottals azaman pharyngeal masu dacewa ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ʕ ⟩, guje wa haɗarin kuskure ⟨ ɛ ⟩ don wasali, yayin da aka rubuta muryar postalveolar affricate/fricate sau da yawa a matsayin ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ Duk kafofin sun rubuta glottal fricative a matsayin ⟨ ⟩ .

 Wasula 
Siwi yana da wasulan sauti guda shida:  .  Tsakanin wasali  kuma  an cire su daga matsayi na ƙarshe, da  yana da wuya. Kasancewar tsakiyar wasulan ba sabon abu ba ne ga harshen Berber, kuma galibi yana nuna takamaiman canjin sauti na Siwi da kuma aro daga yare na Larabci; kafin waɗannan canje-canjen, an kawar da bambance-bambancen proto-Berber tsakanin *i da *e a kowane yanayi sai dai kafin kalma-ƙarshe  . 

 Nahawu 
Asalin tsarin kalmar Siwi shine batun-fi'ili-abu,  kamar a cikin:

Gabatarwa suna gaba da jimlar suna. A cikin jumlar suna, lambobi (sai dai, wani lokaci, 'daya') suna gaba da ƙididdige suna,  yayin da sauran masu gyara suna bin sunan kai. Nunai ko da yaushe suna bin sifofi ko ma'auni, kuma suna iya bin sashe na dangi,  misali:


 Sunaye 
An kayyade sunaye na Siwi don jinsi (na miji ko na mata) da lamba (na ɗaya ko jam'i; akan faruwar dual lokaci-lokaci, duba tsarin lambobi a ƙasa). Yawancin sunaye sun haɗa da ƙayyadaddun prefix, yawanci a- na namiji guda ɗaya (misali,  'haƙori'), i- na jam'i na maza (misali,  'hakora'), ta- na mace guda ɗaya (misali,  'hanji'), ti- na jam'i na mata (misali,  'hanji').  Lamunin Larabci sau da yawa suna farawa da sabani (ə)l-, yawanci suna kamanta zuwa ga coronal mai zuwa, misali,  'alƙalami',  'man'.  Sunaye da yawa kuma sun haɗa da ƙari, yawanci na mace guda ɗaya -t, jam'i na namiji -ən, jam'in mata -en, kamar yadda aka gani a sama; Lamunin Larabci sau da yawa yana nuna ƙaramar mace guda ɗaya -ət ko -a, da jimlar jimlar mace -at ko , misali,  'hankaka' vs.  'ravens'.  Har ila yau ana yin alama da yawa akan tushen kanta ta canje-canje na ciki, misali,  'jackal' vs.  'jackals',  'tsuntsaye' vs.  'tsuntsaye'. 

A cikin suna ko dai kalmar ƙarshe ko na biyu zuwa na ƙarshe (na ƙarshe) an jaddada, ya danganta da mahallin. Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade damuwa a cikin suna suna zama batun muhawara. A cewar Souag,  damuwa ya dogara da gaske akan ƙayyadaddun kalmomi: takamaiman sunaye suna karɓar damuwa na musamman, yayin da marasa iyaka suna damuwa akan maƙalar ƙarshe. Schiattarella  ya yi jayayya cewa lamarin ya ɗan fi rikitarwa: musamman ma, wuraren da aka ware da kuma sunayen sunaye na dama suna karɓar lafazin a harafin ƙarshe, yayin da sunayen da aka keɓe na hagu suna damƙanta akan na ƙarshe.

Ba kamar yawancin harsunan Berber ba, Siwi ba shi da bambanci na jiha : suna yana ɗaukar nau'i iri ɗaya ko ana amfani da shi azaman batu ko azaman abu.

 Alamomi 
Siwi adjectives sun yarda da kawunansu (ko masu bitarsu) a cikin jinsi da adadi, ta yin amfani da juzu'i na affixes iri ɗaya da aka bayar a sama don suna; misali: 
 karami shiru masc guda ɗaya   jam'i   mace guda ɗaya   jam'i  
Koyaya, yarjejeniya ba koyaushe take cika ba. Sunayen jam'i na mata sukan nuna yarjejeniya jam'i na namiji.  

Ana iya yin alama da sifa da kari -a,   wanda aikinsu, mai yuwuwa na ban mamaki, ba a riga an kafa shi ba.

Kalmomi masu daraja waɗanda ba su wuce tushen baƙaƙe guda uku ba suna samar da kwatancen maras bambanci dangane da samfurin baqin ciki (ə) CCəC, aro asali daga Larabci: don haka  'kananan' yana haifar da  'karamin',  'gajeren' yana haifar  'karamin',  'daci' yana haifar da  'mafi daci'.    Ƙara kari  don haka yana haifar da mafi girma.

 Zanga-zangar 
Masu zanga-zangar sun yarda da mai gabatar da su a lamba kuma, idan guda ɗaya, a cikin jinsi; nuni na tsaka-tsaki kuma sun yarda da mai adireshin, nau'in yarjejeniya mai ban mamaki da ba a saba gani ba.  Abubuwan da aka fi sani da suna kamar haka:

 'wannan' (kusanci): m. , f. , pl. 
 'wannan/wannan' (tsakaici, magana da mutum): m. , f. , pl. 
 'wannan/wannan' (tsakaici, magana da mace): m. , f. , pl. 
 'wannan/wannan' (tsakaici, magana da ƙungiya): m. , f. , pl. 
 'hakan' (distal): m. , f. , pl. 

Lokacin da nuni ya canza jumlar suna, yana ɗaukar prefix da- ( ta- don mata ɗaya). Don samar da gabatarwa ('ana nan...'), maimakon haka yana ɗaukar prefix ɣ- . Masu riƙe wuri ('whatsit', 'whatchamacallit') suna amfani da nau'ikan nisa guda ɗaya da -in ( ,  ).

Sharuɗɗan nuni sun dogara ne akan jeri ɗaya na cire alamomin yarjejeniya: proximal -a / -aya, medial -ok / -om / -erwən, distal -ih . Maganganun lafazi ('nan', 'akwai') prefix ga waɗannan gd- (ko kusan wurin ss- ), yayin da kalmomin magana ('kamar wannan', 'kamar haka') prefix ams- .

 Sunan magana na sirri 
Siwi na sirri suna bambanta lamba da (a cikin mufurai kaɗai) jinsi. Siwi harshe ne mai faɗowa, don haka amfani da siffofin masu zaman kansu yana da iyaka; a maimakon haka, alamomin yarjejeniya ko raƙuman ra'ayi yawanci sun wadatar don yin magana mara ma'ana. Tebur mai zuwa yana ba da tsarin: 
+Siwi karin magana Mai zaman kansa Kai tsaye abu Abu na gaba/ma'abucin lokaci na dangi Abun kai tsaye Mallaka Abun "saboda" Yarjejeniyar batu Yarjejeniyar batu mai mahimmanci 1sg ku.  -i V -ø / C -i -i  -i -ax / -a / -ɣ- / -ʕ- 2sg.m.  -ek -k -aka  - ka - / -ṭ- ø 2s.f.  -em -m -am  - ku - / -ṭ- ø 3sg.m.  -a / Af- t -s -kamar  - ba y- 3sg.f.  -et / Af- tət -s -kamar  - ha t- 1 pl.  - anax - nax - anax  -na na n- (n-...-wata) 2 pl.  - wani - wani - uwa  - kum -m -wata / -m- 3 pl.  -en / Af- tən - zan - ajin  - hm yi -... -n
Wasu alamomin yarjejeniya suna ɗaukar nau'i daban-daban kafin alamun yarjejeniyar abu kai tsaye, wanda aka nuna a sama tare da dashes a bangarorin biyu (misali, -m- ). Mutum na 3 kai tsaye abin kari yana ɗaukar nau'i daban-daban dangane da ko sun bi wani rubutu ko kuma suna bin tushe. Bayan yarjejeniyar jigon 1Sg, ana bayyana abubuwa kai tsaye na mutum na biyu tare da madaidaicin karin magana mai zaman kansa. Jerin na musamman don 'saboda' (  /  ) aro ne daga Larabci.

 Kalmomi 
Siwi fi'ili sun yarda a cikin mutum, lamba, da (lokacin da guda ɗaya) jinsi tare da batutuwan su da abubuwan su kai tsaye,  kuma suna ɗaukar kari da ke nuna alamar abubuwan da aka ambata. Kalmar ‘bude’ misali, tana haɗe cikin kamala kamar haka: 
 guda ɗaya jam'i Mutum na 1  na bude  muka bude Mutum na 2  kai (sg.) ya bude  ka (pl) bude Mutum na 3 masc  ya bude  suka bude mace  ta bude
A wasu lokuta, jam'i suna haifar da yarjejeniya guda ɗaya na mata. 

Tsarin affixes pronominal akan fi'ili shine kamar haka: (maudu'i) -stem-(subject)-(abu mai kaikaice)-( kai tsaye abu), misali,  'ya ba shi (m. ) ga mace'. 

Har ila yau ana yiwa kalmomin Siwi alamar alama da yanayi . Ana amfani da tushe na asali a cikin mahimmanci kuma a cikin irrealis / aorist; na karshen yakan ɗauki prefix ga- (ƙarin yarjejeniyar da ta gabata), ko  don shawarwari. Siga mai kamala yana kama da tushe don yawancin fi'ili, amma a cikin ƴan kaɗan ana yi masa alama da madaidaicin wasali. Ana samun maras kyau daga tushe ta hanyoyi daban-daban na ilimin halittar jiki, gami da gemination na baƙar fata na biyu, t prefixation, da saka wani . Cikakkun /sakamako na musamman (wanda ba a saba ba a cikin Berber) yana samuwa daga kamala ta hanyar suffixing -a zuwa cikakkiyar madaidaicin fi'ili gami da kowane karimi, yana canza ə a cikin harafin ƙarshe zuwa i ; Wannan hanya, da aka yi amfani da ita ga wani aiki mara kyau, yana haifar da ma'anar 'lokacin'.  Don haka, alal misali, daga fi’ili  'tafiya' Siwi ya samo: 

 m  'ya tafi'
 sakamakon  'yayi tafiya'
  'yana tafiya, yana tafiya, yana tafiya'
 ajizanci+a  'lokacin da yake/tafiya'
 ga+aorist  'zai yi tafiya, zai yi tafiya'
 ədda+aorist  'bari ya yi tafiya!'

Ba kamar yawancin harsunan Berber ba, Siwi ba shi da wani nau'i na musamman na magana don ƙi; a cikin kowane fanni da yanayi, fi'ili kawai aka soke tare da preverbal barbashi  . Mai hana ('a'a'), duk da haka, yana amfani da madaidaicin nau'in fi'ili, sabanin abin da ke amfani da tushe na asali.

 Tsarin lambobi 
Tsarin lambobi na Siwi kusan an aro shi ne daga Larabci; Masu magana sun riƙe lambobin Berber na gargajiya guda biyu kawai, ɗaya da biyu, waɗanda ake amfani da su akai-akai don cancantar suna amma suna gogayya da makamancin Larabci don manufar ƙidayar.  Lambobin 3-10 suna da nau'i iri ɗaya ko ana amfani da su don ƙidaya ko don cancantar suna.  Naumann (2009) ya bayyana Lambobi 11-19 a matsayin suna da nau'i daban-daban guda biyu don ƙidaya da cancantar sunaye.  Teburin da ke biye ya fito daga Naumann,  da (biyan tushen) yana amfani da IPA maimakon rubutaccen aiki.
1.  22.  (c. da q.) 2.  23.  (c. da q.) 3.  24.  (c. da q.) 4.  (c. da q.) 25.  (c. da q.) 5.  (c. da q.) 26.  (c. da q.) 6.  (c. da q.) 27.  (c. da q.) 7.  (c. da q.) 28.  (c. da q.) 8.  (c. da q.) 29.  (c. da q.) 9.  (c. da q.) 30.  (c. da q.) 10.  (c. da q.) 40.  (c. da q.) 11.  (ƙidaya),  (qn) 50.  (c. da q.) 12.  (c.),  (qn) 60.  (c. da q.) 13.  (c.),  (qn) 70.  (c. da q.) 14.  (c.),  (qn) 80.  (c. da q.) 15.  (c.),  (qn) 90.  (c. da q.) 16.  (c.),  (qn) 100.  (c. da q.) 17.  (c.),  (qn) 200.  (c. da q.) 18.  (c.),  (qn) 1000.  (c. da q.) 19.  (c.),  (qn) 2000.  ??? * ba shaida
Wasu masu magana suna adana nau'i na mata don gada 'biyu',  . 

Wani ƙarin rikitarwa a cikin tsarin ƙididdigewa shine tsarin amfani da dual da nau'i na musamman na lambobi tare da raka'a na ma'auni aro daga Larabci; haka daga  'shekara' muna samun  'shekara biyu' maimakon amfani da  ko  , kuma daga  'week' muna samun  (da  maimakon  na 'uku'). 

 Adabi 
Siwi ba rubutu ba ne, a ma'anar cewa mutanen Siwi sukan rubuta da Larabci Standard. Shi ne, duk da haka, abin hawa na ƴan rubuce-rubucen rubuce- rubucen baka . Daga cikin 'yan kalibobi da aka buga, iri huɗu suna da ma'ana hudu : Lyrics ko waƙoƙi, tatsuniyoyi, da karin magana .

 Aya 
An rubuta ayar Siwi a cikin waƙa, kuma yawanci ana danganta ta da waƙa. Waƙar waƙa, ko  , ana yinsa ne musamman a taron masu neman ilimi kuma yana da alaƙa da soyayya, yayin da waƙoƙin addini (  ) ana karantawa.  Malam  ya bambanta wakoki, wanda mutum daya ke jagoranta, da wakoki, gajerun ayyukan baituka da kungiyoyi ke karantawa a wajen bikin aure; duka biyun suna tare da kidan ganguna da kaho. A cikin ƙarnin da suka gabata waɗannan waƙoƙin sun kasance suna da muhimmiyar ma'ana ga samarin Siwi: Yaƙin basasa a cikin teku a cikin 1712 da alama an kawo ƙarshen yarjejeniya tare da sharadi cewa:

 "idan daya daga cikin Western </link> [Ma'aikatan gonaki] yana waka a cikin wani lambu, yana yin aikinsa a can, sai ya tsaya, sai daya daga cikin  na Gabas ya kamata ya fara rera waƙa yana gama waƙarsa; Ba a bar Bature ya sake rera waƙa ba sau ɗaya.” 

Waƙoƙin Siwi na farko da za a buga su ne waɗanda Bricchetti-Robetti ya tattara;  an buga wasu a cikin Jawharī  da Souag,  yayin da Abd Allah  da Malim  suka bayar da waqoqi da waqoqi da dama a cikin fassarar. Schiffer ya kuma yi nazarin waƙoƙin ta fuskar kida.  Cire mai zuwa daga waƙar soyayya  na iya ba da ra'ayi na nau'in:
We thought we had born a boy;We dressed him up as a gentleman;Whoever passed by, we would tell him to salute him.How much has happened to me because of him,The mean one with a dark heart!

 Tatsuniyoyi 
A Siwi tale (  ) yana amfani da ƙayyadaddun tsarin buɗewa: 


  'at the door of our courtyard'

kuma ya rufe da dabara:


 'Tale, tale, it has shortened its span.  A bundle of goodness to us, a bundle of badness to them.'

Yawanci tsofaffin mata ne suke gaya musu yara da yamma don su nishadantar da su kuma watakila su ilmantar da su.  Tun da zuwan talabijin a cikin oasis, wannan al'ada ya ɓace.  Baya ga mutane da (magana) dabbobi, halayen da aka saba a cikin irin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi shine ogre (  ) ko ogress (  ). Tatsuniyoyi na farko na Siwi da suka bayyana a rubuce su ne gajerun tatsuniyoyi guda huɗu da aka tattara daga maza ("Jaka da Ewe", "Jaka da hyena", "Kurewa, Jaka, hyena, da Zaki", da "The Jackal and the Ewe", "The Jackal and the Hyena". Magic Ring") a cikin Laoust.  Malim ya ba da tatsuniyoyi biyu na Siwi ("Koren Saniya" da "Yar Sarki da Kyawawan 'Yan Mata Uku") a cikin fassarar Turanci.  Schiattarella ya fassara kuma ya fassara tatsuniyoyi goma sha huɗu, waɗanda aka tattara daga mata. 

 Riddles 
Malim ya bayyana kacici-kacici a matsayin “waɗanda aka fi so a lokacin da matan Siwi suka fi so”, waɗanda za su haɗu da daddare don musanya su, amma ya lura cewa an maye gurbinsu da kallon talabijin.  An buga kacici-kacici na Siwi kadan; Malim ya ba da wasu ashirin,  yayin da Schiattarella ya rubuta hudu,  ciki har da:
It walks in the strawand it doesn't rustle.Answer: The shadow

 Karin Magana 
A cikin wallafe-wallafen da ake da su a kan Siwi, Malim ne kawai ya tattauna karin magana dalla-dalla, ya zana bambanci tsakanin “dabi’u”, nasihar da ba ta dace ba a cikin salon magana, da karin magana mai kyau.  Misalai na farko sun haɗa da "Sa tufafin da wasu suka fi so, amma ku ci ku sha abin da kuka fi so"; na karshen, "Wani wanda ya sayar da saniya, kuma ya nemi ƙarin kuɗi don kwari a kanta" (a cikin fassararsa,  ), yana ba'a damuwa da yawa game da ƙananan kuɗi.

 Samfuran rubutu 
Hoton ɗan yatsa a mahaɗin da ke biyo baya ya ƙunshi jerin karin magana da gaisuwa ta yau da kullun da aka fara rubutawa da Siwi, sannan tare da lafazin Turanci da fassarar, kuma ta ƙare da bayanin kalmar da Larabci.

 Manazarta 

 Ayyukan da aka ambata 





























 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 


 Rukunin Pangloss na rikodin Siwi tare da fassarorin da fassarorin
 Rumbun ELAR na labarin Siwi da rikodin tattaunawa
 Shiga Atlas na Duniya na Tsarin Harshe
 Siwa Shin kun san Siwi yana da rauni?  a shirin Harsuna masu Kashe-kashe
 Yaro mai magana da Siwi Endangered Languages Project - Siwi - Yaro yana magana 

Ci gaba da bincike kan Siwi:

 Christfried Naumann
 Lameen Suga
 Valentina Schiattarella
 Valentina Serreli
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba