Makarantar Firamare

Makarantar firamare (a Ireland, Indiya, United Kingdom,  Australia,  New Zealand,  Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, da Afirka ta Kudu), makarantar firamare, ko makarantar digiri (a Arewacin Afirka da Philippines) makaranta ce don ilimin firamare na yara masu shekaru biyar ( 5 ) zuwa 10 (kuma) a yawancin lokuta, shekaru 11). Makarantar firamari ta biyo bayan preschool da gaba da sakandare.

Matsayin Matsayi na Ilimi na Duniya yana ɗaukar ilimin firamare a matsayin lokaci ɗaya inda aka tsara shirye-shirye don samar da mahimman ƙwarewar karatu, rubutu, natsuwa,da lissafi da kuma kafa tushe mai ƙarfi don koyo. Wannan shine ISCED Level 1 : Ilimin firamare ko matakin farko na ilimi, asalin waje ne na koyan   darasi a matakin fari.  

 Matakan ilimi 

 Kwatanta ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi 
A cikin duniyar Ingilishi, akwai tsarin da ake amfani da su sosai guda uku don kwatanta shekarun yaron. Na farko shi ne "daidaitan shekarun", sannan kasashen da suka kafa tsarin iliminsu a kan "samfurin Ingilishi" suna amfani da daya daga cikin hanyoyi guda biyu don gano rukunin shekara, yayin da kasashen da suka kafa tsarinsu a kan " K-12 na Amurka" suna nufin. kungiyoyin shekara su a matsayin "maki". Kanada kuma tana bin tsarin Amurka, kodayake ana sanya sunayen kungiyoyin shekara a matsayin lambobi bayan darasi: Misali, "Grade 1" a Kanada, maimakon "First Grade" a Amurka. Wannan ƙamus ya ƙara zuwa wallafe-wallafen bincike. 

A Kanada, ilimi Lardi ne, ba alhakin Tarayya ba. Misali, lardin Ontario kuma yana da " Grade 13 ", wanda aka tsara don taimaka wa ɗalibai shiga aikin ma'aikata ko karatun gaba da sakandare, amma an kawar da wannan a cikin shekara ta 2003.
Daidaitan shekaru 4–5 5–6 6–7 7-8 8–9 9-10 10-11 Amurka (maki) Pre-K K 1 2 3 4 5 Ireland Yara Jarirai Manyan Jarirai Darasi na 1 Darasi na 2 Darasi na 3 Darasi na 4 Darasi na 5 Ingila (forms) liyafar Jarirai Manyan jarirai Junior 1 Junior 2 Junior 3 Junior 4 Ingila (shekara) R 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ingila (keystage) EYFS/FS KS1 KS1 KS2 KS2 KS2 KS2 Scotland P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 Jamaica Pre-K K-1 Darasi na 1 Darasi na 2 Darasi na 3 Darasi na 4 Darasi na 5 Babban darajar ISCED 0 1 1 1 1 1 1  Indonesia TK A TK B SD Kela 1 SD Kela 2 SD Kela 3 SD Kela 4 SD Kela 5
Daidaitan shekaru 11-12 12–13 13–14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 Amurka (maki) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ireland Darasi na 6 Shekara ta 1 Shekara ta 2 Shekara ta 3 Shekara ta 4 Shekara ta 5 Shekara ta 6 Ingila (forms) Na farko Na biyu Na uku Na hudu Na biyar Kasa ta Shida Babban Na Shida Ingila (shekara) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ingila (keystage) KS3 KS3 KS3 KS4 KS4 KS5 KS5 Scotland S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Jamaica (forms) Na farko Na biyu Na uku Na hudu Na biyar Kasa ta Shida Babban Na Shida Jamaica (maki) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Babban darajar ISCED 2 2 2 3 3 3 3  Indonesia SD Kela 6 Farashin SMP7 Farashin SMP8 Farashin SMP9 Farashin SMA10 Farashin SMA11 Farashin SMA12

 Makarantun Firamare 
A yawancin sassan duniya, ilimin firamare shine matakin farko na ilimin dole, kuma yawanci ana samunsa ba tare da caji ba, amma kuma ana iya ba da shi ta hanyar biyan kuɗi ta makarantu masu zaman kansu . A wasu lokuta ana amfani da kalmar makarantar aji a cikin Amurka, kodayake duka wannan zangon da makarantar firamare na iya nufin maki takwas na farko, a wasu kalmomi duka na firamare da sakandare .   

Kalmar makarantar firamare ta samo asali ne daga harshen Faransanci école primaire, wanda aka fara amfani da shi a cikin rubutun Ingilishi a cikin 1802.  A kasar Ingila, ana koyar da "ilimin firamare" a "makarantun firamare" har zuwa shekarar 1944, lokacin da aka ba da shawarar yin karatun firamare kyauta ga daliban da suka haura shekaru 11: za a yi makarantun firamare da sakandare;  waɗannan sun zama sanannun makarantun firamare da sakandare.

 Makarantar firamare ita ce kalmar da aka fi so a cikin Burtaniya, Ireland da ƙasashen Commonwealth da yawa, kuma a yawancin wallafe-wallafen Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ( UNESCO ). 
 Har yanzu an fi son makarantar firamare a wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Amurka da Kanada.

A wasu sassan Amurka, "makarantar firamare" tana nufin makarantar da ke rufe kindergarten zuwa aji na biyu ko na uku (K zuwa 2 ko 3); "makarantar firamare" ta hada da aji uku zuwa biyar ko aji hudu zuwa shida.

 A Afirka ta Kudu, makarantar firamare tana farawa daga Grade R (shekaru 5-6) har zuwa Grade 7 (shekaru 12-13). Yawanci yana zuwa bayan preschool da kuma kafin makarantar sakandare .

 Makarantun Elementary 
Ko da yake sau da yawa ana amfani da su azaman ma'ana, "makarantar firamare" tana da takamaiman ma'ana a wurare daban-daban.

 Makarantun firamare, waɗanda kuma aka sani da Makarantun Board, an fara kafa su a Ingila da Wales a cikin 1870 ta Dokar Forster (Dokar Ilimin Elementary 1870) .  Yawancin waɗannan makarantu sun zama makarantun firamare a ƙarshen 1940s, bayan sasantawa mai tarihi a cikin Dokar Ilimi ta 1944 .
 Makarantun firamare a Amurka an fara inganta su a cikin 1647 a cikin Massachusetts Bay Colony .  A yau, a halin yanzu akwai kusan makarantun firamare 92,858 (68,173 jama'a, 24,685 masu zaman kansu).  A Amurka, makarantun firamare yawanci suna da maki shida tare da ɗalibai masu shekaru tsakanin 5 zuwa 11.  An tsara dokar ilimin firamare da sakandare ta 1965 don tallafawa karatun firamare da sakandare .  Har ila yau, ta jaddada daidaiton samun ilimi tare da kafa ma'auni masu kyau da kuma rikon amana. 
 An fara kafa makarantun firamare a Japan a shekara ta 1875.  A Japan, shekarun yara a makarantar firamare tsakanin 6 zuwa 12, daga baya yaran suna shiga ƙaramar sakandare .

 Tsarin ka'idar ƙirar makarantar firamare 
Tsarin ginin makaranta ba ya faruwa a ware. Ginin (ko harabar makarantar) yana buƙatar ɗaukar abubuwa:

 Abubuwan da ke cikin manhaja
 Hanyoyin koyarwa
 Farashin
 Ilimi a cikin tsarin siyasa
 Amfani da ginin makaranta (kuma a cikin yanayin al'umma)
 Matsalolin da shafin ya sanya
 Zane falsafa

Kowace ƙasa za ta sami tsarin ilimi daban-daban da fifiko.  Makarantu suna buƙatar ɗaukar ɗalibai, ma'aikata, ajiya, tsarin injina da lantarki, ajiya, ma'aikatan tallafi, ƙarin ma'aikatan da gudanarwa. Ana iya tantance adadin ɗakunan da ake buƙata daga lissafin da aka annabta na makarantar da yankin da ake buƙata.

Dangane da ƙa'idodin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Burtaniya, babban aji na aji na liyafar 30 ko jarirai (Kystage 1) ɗalibai yana buƙatar zama 62 m 2, ko 55 m 2 ga yara masu tasowa (Keystage 2).  An ba da misalan yadda za a iya daidaita wannan don makarantar firamare 210 tare da maƙala 26 wurin gandun daji  da bene mai hawa 420 (shigarwa biyu) makarantar firamare tare da haɗe da wurin gandun daji 26. 

 Ƙididdigar ƙirar gini 
Ginin da ke ba da ilimi dole ne ya biya bukatun: Dalibai, malamai, ma'aikatan tallafawa marasa koyarwa, masu gudanarwa da sauran al'umma. Dole ne ta cika jagororin ginin gwamnati na gabaɗaya, buƙatun kiwon lafiya, ƙananan buƙatun aiki don azuzuwa, bayan gida da shawa, wutar lantarki da ayyuka, shirye-shirye da adana littattafan karatu da kayan koyarwa na asali.  Makaranta mafi kyau za ta cika mafi ƙarancin sharuɗɗa kuma tana da:

 isassun azuzuwa-inda 60 m 2 a cikin la'akari mafi kyau amma 80 m 2 don ajin liyafar
 wuraren koyarwa na musamman
 dakin shiri na ma'aikata
 wuraren jin dadin ma'aikata
 toshe gwamnati
 ajujuwa iri-iri
 kayan aikin bayan gida na dalibi
 zauren makarantar gaba daya
 isassun kayan aiki
 ajiya
 ɗakin karatu ko ɗakin karatu wanda ake sabuntawa akai-akai
 dakunan kwamfuta ko cibiyoyin watsa labarai
 nasiha, marasa lafiya da dakunan gwajin likita 

Akawun gwamnati bayan sun karanta shawarar sannan su buga mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi akan makarantu. Waɗannan suna ba da damar ƙirar muhalli da tabbatar da farashin gini. Ana duba tsare-tsaren ƙira na gaba don tabbatar da cewa waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun cika amma ba a wuce su ba. Ma'aikatun gwamnati na ci gaba da matsa lamba don rage 'mafi ƙarancin' sarari da ƙimar farashi.

Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta buga wannan dabarar sararin samaniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima ga makarantun firamare a cikin 2014. Ya ce yankin kasa ya zama 350 m 2 + 4.1 m 2 / wurin almajiri. Ƙarshen waje za a rage darajar su don biyan kuɗin gini na £ 1113/m 2 . 

 Mulki da kudade 
Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda uku na samar da kudade a makaranta: ta gwamnati ta hanyar haraji na gaba ɗaya, ta ƙungiyar matsi kamar masallaci ko coci, ta hanyar agaji, ta hanyar gudummawar iyaye, ko ta hanyar haɗin waɗannan hanyoyin. Kula da makarantar na yau da kullun na iya ta hanyar kwamitin gwamnoni, kungiyar matsa lamba, ko mai shi.

Ƙasar Ingila ta ba da izinin ba da ilimin firamare a makarantun coci, yayin da a Faransa hakan ya sabawa doka domin akwai tsananin rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin majami'u da ƙasa .

 Yin lissafi 
Wannan na iya zama ta hanyar tantancewa na yau da kullun ta ma'aikata da gwamnoni kamar a Finland, ko ta hanyar tsarin gwaji na jiha kamar Ofsted a Burtaniya. 

 Manazarta 
Category:Makaranta
Category:Ilimi
Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba