Harsunan Benue-Congo

Benue–Congo (wani lokaci ana kiransa Gabashin Benue – Kongo ) babban reshe ne na harsunan Volta-Congo wanda ya mamaye galibin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.

 Rarraba 
Central Nigerian (or Platoid) contains the Plateau, Jukunoid and Kainji families, and Bantoid–Cross combines the Bantoid and Cross River groups.

Bantoid kalma ce ta gama gari ga kowane dangi na Bantoid–Cross sai Cross River, kuma wannan ba a ganinsa a matsayin kafa reshe mai inganci, duk da haka ɗayan dangin, Southern Bantoid, ana ɗaukarsa yana aiki. Kudancin Bantoid ne wanda ya ƙunshi yarukan Bantu, waɗanda ake magana da su a cikin mafi yawan cin yankin Saharar Afirka. Wannan ya sa Benue–Congo ta zama yanki mafi girma na dangin harshen Nijar – Kongo, duka a yawan harsuna, wanda Ethnologue ya ƙidaya 976 (2017), kuma a cikin masu magana, ƙila miliyan 350. Har ila yau, Benue-Congo ta hada da wasu ƴan ƴan tsiraru a yankin Najeriya da Kamaru, to amma ainihin dangantakarsu ba ta da tabbas.

Makwabciyarta Volta – Niger reshen Najeriya da Benin wani lokaci ana kiranta "West Benue–Congo", amma ba ta kafa reshen hadin gwiwa da Benue-Congo. Lokacin da Joseph Greenberg ya fara ba da shawarar Benue–Congo (1963), ta haɗa da Volta – Niger (a matsayin West Benue–Congo); An yi ta muhawara akai-akai kan iyakar tsakanin Volta-Nijar da Kwa . Blench (2012) ya bayyana cewa, idan aka ɗauki Benue–Congo a matsayin “harsunan suna gabas da arewacin Nijar”, mai yiyuwa ne ƙungiyar da ta dace, duk da cewa ba a yi nuni da hakan a rubuce ba. Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view

Ana tunanin rassan dangin Benue-Congo kamar haka:

 Bantoid-Cross harsuna
 Cross River
 Arewa Bantoid
 Kudancin Bantoid
 Harsunan Tsakiyar Najeriya, wanda kuma aka sani da Platoid
 Jukunoid
 Kainji
 Plateau

Ukaan kuma yana da alaka da Benue–Congo; Roger Blench yana zargin yana iya zama ko dai yaren Benue-Congo mafi bambanta (Gabas) ko kuma dangi mafi kusa da Benue-Congo.

Fali na Baissa da Tita su ma Benue–Congo ne amma ba a tantance su ba.

 rassa da wurare (Nijeriya) 
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin manyan rassan Benue – Kongo da wurarensu na farko (cibiyoyin bambancin) a cikin Najeriya dangane da Blench (2019).

+Rarraba rassan Benue-Congo a Najeriya  Reshe Wurare na farko Cross River Cross River, Akwa Ibom, da Jihohin Rivers Bendi Kananan Hukumomin Obudu da Ogoja, Jihar Kuros Riba Mambiloid Sardauna LGA, Taraba State ; Kamaru Dakoid Karamar Hukumar Mayo Belwa, Jihar Taraba da wasu unguwanni Jukunoid Jihar Taraba Yukubenic Takum LGA, Taraba State Kainji Kauru LGA, Kaduna State and Bassa LGA, Plateau State ; Yankin Lake Kainji Plateau Plateau, Kaduna, Nasarawa State Tivoid karamar hukumar Obudu, jihar Cross River da karamar hukumar Sardauna, jihar Taraba ; Kamaru Beboid Takum LGA, Taraba State ; Kamaru Ekoid Ikom da Ogoja LGAs, Jihar Cross River ; Kamaru Filin ciyawa Sardauna LGA, Taraba State ; Kamaru Jarwan Bauchi, Plateau, Adamawa, and Taraba

 Kwatankwacin ƙamus 
Misalin ainihin ƙamus don sake gina proto-harshen na rassan Benue-Congo daban-daban:
BranchLanguageeyeearnosetoothtonguemouthbloodbonetreewatereatnameBenue-CongoProto-Benue-Congo*-lito*-tuŋi*-zua*-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo*-lemi; *-lake*-zi; *-luŋ*-kupe*-titi; *-kwon*-izi; *-ni*-zinaKainjiProto-Northern Jos**iji (lì-/à-)*toŋ (ù-/tì-)*nyimu (bì-/ì-)*ʔini (lì-/à-)*lelem (lì-/à-)*nua (ù-/tì-)*nyì(aw) (mà-)*ti (with reduplication) (ù-/tì-)*nyi (mà-)*lia*ji(a) (lì-/sì-)PlateauProto-Jukunoid*giP (ri-/a-)*tóŋ (ku-/a-)*wíǹ (ri-/a-)*baŋ (ku-/a-); *gyín (ri-/a-)*déma (ri-/a-)*ndut (u-/i-)*yíŋ (ma-)*kup (ku-/a-)*kun (ku-/i-)*mbyed*dyi*gyin (ri-/a-)PlateauProto-Kagoro*-gi*-two*nii[ŋ]*-dyam*-nu[ŋ]*-suok*-kup*-kwan*-siiPlateauProto-Jaba*gu-su*gu-to[ŋ]*-gi[ŋ]*ga-lem*ga-nyu*ba-zi*gu-kupPlateauProto-Beromic*-gis*-toŋ*-ɣiŋ*-lyam*-nu*nì-ji*-kup*-kon*-siiPlateauProto-Ninzic*ki-sị́*ku-tóŋ*ki-Nyin / *-Nyir*ì-rem*-nuŋ / *-n[y]uŋ*ma-ɣì*kù-kụp*ù-kon*a-ma-sitCrossProto-Upper Cross*dyèná*-ttóŋ(ì)*dyòná*-ttân*-dák*-mà*-dè; *-yìŋ*-kúpà*-tté*-nì*dyá*-dínàCrossProto-Lower Cross*ɛ́-ɲɛ̀n / *a-*ú-tɔ́ŋ / *a-*í-búkó*é-dɛ̀t / *a-*ɛ́-lɛ́mɛ̀ / *a-*í-núà*-ɟìːp*ɔ́-kpɔ́*é-tíé*ˊ-mɔ́ːŋ*líá*ɛ́-ɟɛ́nCrossProto-Ogoni*adɛ́ɛ̃*ɔ̀tɔ́̃*m̀ bĩɔ́̃*àdáNa*àdídɛ́Nɛ́*m̀ miNi, *m̀ muNu*ákpogó*ètém̀ mṹṹ*dè*àbéeGrassfieldsProto-Grassfields*Ít`*túŋ-li*L(u)Í`*sòŋ´*lím`*cùl`*lém`; *cÌ´*gÚp; *kúi(n)´*tí´*LÍb; *kÌ´; *mò´*lÍa*lÍn`; *kúmGrassfieldsProto-Ring*túɛ̀*túndé*dúì, *tɔ́ŋ*túŋɔ̀, *góìk*dɔ́mì, *dídè*dúɔ̀*dúŋá, *káŋù*gúpɛ́*kák`, *tíɛ́*múɔ̀*dúɛ̀*dítɔ́, *gíd'BantuProto-Bantu*i=jíco*kʊ=tʊ́i*i=jʊ́lʊ*i=jíno; *i=gego*lʊ=lɪ́mi*ka=nʊa; *mʊ=lomo*ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí; *mʊ=lopa; *ma=ɲínga*i=kúpa*mʊ=tɪ́*ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?)*=lɪ́ -a*i=jínaBantuSwahilijichosikiopuajinoulimikinywadamu (Ar.)mfupamtimajilajina

 Magana 

 Wolf, Paul Polydoor de (1971) Tsarin Ajin Suna na Proto-Benue-Congo (Thesis, Jami'ar Leiden). Hague/Paris: Mouton.
 Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Bayyanawar Benue–Congo', shafi. 248–274 a cikin Bendor-Samuel, John & Rhonda L. Hartell (eds.) Harsunan Nijar–Congo – Rarrabawa da bayanin dangin harshe mafi girma a Afirka . Lanham, Maryland: Jami'ar Press na Amurka.

 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 ComparaLex, database tare da jerin kalmomin Benue-Congo
 Abubuwan yanar gizo don harsunan Benue-Congo
 Jaridar Harsunan Yammacin Afirka: Benue-Congo
 Archived Jerin Proto-Benue-Congo Swadesh    (da Wolf 1971)

 Manazarta 
Category:Harsunan Nijeriya
Category:Harsuna