Ilimin harshen uwa a Hong Kong

Tarihi 
cantonese shine babban yaren da ake magana da shi a Hong Kong. An koyar da Ingilishi a makarantun Hong Kong kafin 1997 saboda garin Hong Kong ta kasance karkashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Gwamnati ta farfado da koyarwa a Cantonese a farkon shekarun 1980, amma a karshen  shekarar alif 1994, kashi 20% na makarantun sakandare ne kawai suka dauki Cantonese a matsayin hanyar koyarwa. Daga shekarar makaranta ta 1998-1999, tare da jagoranci daga gwamnati, 75% na makarantu sun fara amfani da Cantonese a cikin azuzuwan su.http://www.inmediahk.net/node/321730#

 Matsakaicin koyarwar da aka sabunta (MOI) 
Bisa manufar MOI da aka yi wa kwaskwarima, an karfafa wa makarantun sakandare kwarin gwiwar yin amfani da hanyoyin koyarwa na Sinanci (CMI), tun daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 1999. Wannan gabatarwar ta CMI ta fara ne a lokacin shan yara na sakandare na 1, kuma yana ci gaba kowace shekara zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙananan matakan sakandare. Ba duka makarantu ne suka amsa wannan shawarar ba, saboda wasu makarantun sun ci gaba da amfani da Ingilishi a matsayin hanyar koyarwa. Waɗannan Makarantun Ingilishi na Matsakaicin Koyarwa (EMI) dole ne su bi ka'idodi masu zuwa:

Dalibai sun sami damar yin karatu cikin Ingilishi

Dole ne malamai su kasance masu iya koyarwa cikin Ingilishi.

Yakamata makarantar ta sami isassun dabarun tallafawa.http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/edu-system/primary-secondary/applicable-to-secondary/moi/support-and-resources-for-moi-policy/policy-support-measures/edbc09006e.pdfMakarantun da suka aiwatar da manufofin CMI ta 2000-01 an ba su izinin canzawa zuwa Turanci a matsayin matsakaicin koyarwa, kamar yadda ya faru ga wasu batutuwa a cikin sassan 4 da 5 na sakandare. Hakanan waɗannan makarantu sun ji daɗin 'yancin kai na yanke shawarar ko wane yare ne za a yi amfani da shi wajen koyar da sakandare 6 da 7.view-source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother-tongue_education_in_Hong_Kong#cite_note-3

 Amfanin koyar da harshen uwa 
Tasiri kan aikin ilimi

Bincike ya nuna cewa koyar da harshen uwa yana taimaka wa ɗalibai su koyi ta hanya mafi inganci, kuma suna samun ingantaccen aikin ilimi gabaɗayaHukumar Ilimi ta gudanar da wani dogon nazari a cikin shekarar makaranta ta 1988-89, don nazarin illolin canjin koyarwa. Makarantu goma sha ɗaya na Anglo-China tare da fiye da rabin darussan da ake koyar da su cikin Sinanci an zaɓi su a matsayin rukunin gwaji, kuma an daidaita su da ƙungiyar kulawa waɗanda ke cikin yanayin Ingilishi. Jimlar ɗalibai 4543 a sakandare 1 ne suka shiga gwajin, kuma an bi diddigin su daga sakandare 1 zuwa 3.

Daliban da ke cikin rukunin kulawa, waɗanda ke cikin yanayin Ingilishi, an gano cewa suna yin aiki mafi kyau cikin Ingilishi fiye da takwarorinsu. Ayyukan da suke yi a cikin Lissafi ya kasance 'rashin fahimta' saboda 'rabin ikon da ba daidai ba' tsakanin ƙungiyar gwaji, da ƙungiyar kulawa. Dalibai a wani yanayi na harshen Sinanci, a daya bangaren, sun nuna kyakykyawan aiki a dukkan sauran fannonin da suka hada da Sinanci, Kimiyya, Tarihi da Geographyhttp://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/edu-system/primary-secondary/applicable-to-secondary/moi/moi-related-research-projects/08._p9401e.pdf.

 Ingancin koyarwa 
Koyarwa cikin Ingilishi yana haifar da ƙalubale ga malamai. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton na 2014 Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority (HKEAA) gaba ɗaya aikin malamai a cikin Harshen Ingilishi bai gamsar da su ba. Matsakaicin ƙwarewar da aka samu a cikin rubuce-rubuce da takaddun magana sun kasance 53% da 52% bi da bi.http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/DocLibrary/Local/Language_Proficiency_Assessment_for_Teachers/LPATE_2014_Assessment_Report.pdf Rashin ƙwarewa a cikin Ingilishi yana iyakance malamai daga bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a fili. Koyarwar harshen uwa kuwa, tana baiwa malamai damar yin bayani dalla-dalla da kuma bayyana ra’ayoyi ta hanya mai ma’ana, wanda hakan ke kara inganta koyarwar.

 Tasirin samun ilimi 
Koyar da Sinanci, harshen uwa ga mazauna yankin Hong Kong, yana da amfani wajen samun ilimi. Gabaɗaya, ɗalibai suna da ƙwarewa mafi girma cikin Sinanci fiye da Ingilishi: ɗalibai na farko na 6 suna da ikon rubuta labaran kalmomi 300 cikin Sinanci, yayin da kawai za su iya yin jimloli masu sauƙi a cikin Ingilishi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙamus na Ingilishi na kusan kalmomi 1000[a buƙatun magana]. Sakamakon haka kai tsaye, ɗalibai suna fuskantar ƙarancin fahimtar abubuwan da ake koyarwa cikin yarensu na uwa, saboda akwai ƙarancin cikas saboda babban bankin ƙamus na Sinanci.https://archive.today/20120630212652/http://home.netvigator.com/~fyw12541/lang_crit/motherton_%20english.htm

Bugu da kari, koyarwa cikin yaren uwa na kara kuzarin dalibi don koyo. Lokacin da suka sami damar fahimtar ra'ayoyin da ake koyar da su cikin sauƙi, ɗalibai suna da kuzari kuma suna shirye su mai da hankali sosai a cikin darussan. Wannan kuma yana inganta ingantaccen harshe.http://std.stheadline.com/archive/fullstory.asp?andor=or&year1=2000&month1=4&day1=1&year2=2000&month2=4&day2=1&category=all&id=20000401g01&keyword1=&keyword2=

 Suka da damuwa 
Koyar da harshen uwa yana rage matakin shiga cikin Ingilishi. An ba da shawarar cewa yayin da ɗalibai za su iya koyan yadda ya kamata game da batutuwan da ba na harshe ba, mummunan tasirin aiki a cikin Harshen Ingilishi ba makawa. Bisa ga ka'idoji guda biyar na ingantacciyar koyarwar ƙamus na Harshe na biyu na Barcroft, gabatar da sabbin kalmomi akai-akai kuma akai-akai yayin darussa na ɗaya daga cikin mabuɗin samun nasara wajen koyon harshe na biyu.https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1944-9720.2004.tb02193.xHakazalika, a cikin koyarwar harshen uwa, ɗalibai ba su cika samun Ingilishi ba, don haka suna samun Ingilishi a matsayin harshe na biyu da ƙarancin tasiri.

Wani abin damuwa shine matsayin Ingilishi a matsayin harshen duniya. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa rage ɗaukar hotuna zuwa Ingilishi da kuma koyan darussan ilimi a cikin yare na asali zai rage ƙimar ɗalibai da ƙwarewa a kasuwannin duniya.http://www.inmediahk.net/node/321730#

 Kyakkyawar koyarwar harshen uwa 
Dangane da cece-kuce na aikin ɗalibai a cikin Ingilishi, akwai wasu gyare-gyare a cikin manufofin MOI da aka sabunta. Ƙarƙashin ingantattun manufofin, jimlar lokacin darasi a cikin Ingilishi an ƙara haɓaka don haɓaka yanayin koyan Ingilishi ga ɗalibai a makarantun CMI. Ana iya ɗaukar EMI a cikin darussan da ba harshe ba har zuwa matsakaicin darussa biyu, la'akari da iyawar harshe na ɗalibai. Bugu da ƙari, an soke rarraba makarantun CMI da EMI. Yanzu an ƙyale makarantu su zaɓi ɗaukar EMI don darasi ɗaya ko fiye, ko bisa iyawar ɗalibai a cikin ayyukan ƙarin koyo. Shirye-shiryen da aka yi a makarantu sun zama masu ban sha'awa da sassauƙa.

 Duba kuma 
Harshen Uwa

Ofishin Ilimi na Hong Kong

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