Ziyarar Benin na 1897

Turawan mulkin mallakahttps://amp.dw.com/ha/lamuran-da-suka-biyo-bayan-mulkin-mallaka/a-68788524 sun mamaye kasar Benin, wadda ta mamaye yankin gabar tekun Niger ta Biritaniya,daga karshe kuma ta shiga cikin Najeriya ta turawan mulkin mallaka￼￼.Gaba ɗaya 'yantar da bayi ya biyo bayan mamayar Birtaniyya,kuma da shi ya kawo ƙarshen sadaukarwar ɗan adam.Igbafe, Philip A., "Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945, The Journal of African History Vol. 16, No. 3 (1975), pp. 418.Duk da haka, Birtaniyya ta kafa wani tsari na zayyana mutanen gida don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan tilastawa a yawancin yanayi marasa kyau waɗanda ba su da kyau fiye da yadda aka yi a zamanin daular Benin. Uyilawa Usuanlele and Victor Osaro Edo, "Migrating out of reach: fugitive Benin communities in colonial Nigeria, 1897-1934", in Femi James Kolapo and Kwabena O. Akurang-Parry (eds.), African agency and European colonialism: latitudes of negotiation and containment: essays in honor of A.S. Kanya-Forstner (2007), pp.76-77

 Rigima 
Akwai muhawara mai yawa kan dalilin da ya sa James Phillips ya tashi zuwa Benin ba tare da makami da yawa ba.Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa yana tafiya ne cikin aikin lumana.Irin wadannan masu sharhi suna jayayya cewa sakon da Oba na cewa bikinsa ba zai ba shi damar karbar baƙi na Turai ya shafi halin jin kai na Phillips ba saboda tunanin da ba daidai ba cewa bikin ya hada da sadaukarwa na ɗan adam.https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345, R. H. Bacon, Benin the City of Blood (London, I897), 17, [The assumption here again is that the festival meant a holocaust of human beings. The Oba was celebrating the
Ague festival, which was one of rededication. This did not involve human sacrifices.
See also W. N. M. Geary: Nigeria Under British Rule (London, 1927), II4. ]A cewar Igbafe,wannan bai bayyana dalilin da ya sa Phillips ya tashi ba kafin ya samu amsa daga ma’aikatar harkokin wajen kasar kan bukatarsa inda ya bayyana cewa:FO 2/I02,Phillips zuwa FO no. 105 of i6 Nov 1896.'Babu wani abu a cikin siffar runduna ta tsaye. ...kuma mazaunan suna zama idan ba masu son zaman lafiya ba ko ta yaya mutane marasa kishi ne waɗanda kawai abin da suka yi amfani da su a cikin al'ummomi da yawa sun kasance rigima na lokaci-lokaci tare da maƙwabtansu game da fatauci ko hare-haren bayi kuma ya bayyana aƙalla ba zai yuwu ba.kowane makamai da za a yi magana sai dai adadin bindigogin ciniki da aka saba... Lokacin da Kyaftin Gallwey ya ziyarci birnin,kawai canon da ya gani shine tsofaffin bindigogin Portuguese rabin dozin.Suna kwance akan ciyawar da aka kwance'.Kwatanta wannan da ra'ayin wanda ya gabace shi nan da nan,Ralph Moor,wanda ya tabbata cewa 'mutane a cikin dukan ƙauyuka ba shakka suna da makamai'(FO 2/84, Moor to FO no.39 of I2 Sept. 1895).Igbafe ya kuma yi nuni da shawarar da Phillips ya yi a watan Nuwambar 1896 na rundunar soji dangane da kasar Benin, yana mai cewa hakan bai dace da ra’ayin Phillips a matsayin mai zaman lafiya a watan Janairun 1897 ba.Igbafe ya bayyana cewa,Phillips na gudanar da aikin leken asiri,kuma gaggawar da Phillips ya yi zuwa kasar Benin za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar imani cewa babu wani mummunan abu da zai same shi ko jam'iyyarsa.

Mona Zutshi Opubor ta bayyana tafiyar Phillips a matsayin wani lokaci da aka datse kafin barkewar wata mummunar guguwa da ta shafe shekaru tana taruwa tare da matsin lamba daga ‘yan kasuwa da na jakadanci da wasu ‘yan ziyarar da Turawa dauke da makamai suka kai a daular Benin.Don haka shakku a tsakanin Oba na Benin,ya kara zurfafa ne da manufar Phillips.https://open.conted.ox.ac.uk/sites/open.conted.ox.ac.uk/files/resources/Create%20Document/t.%20Victorian%20punitive%20expeditions_Mona%20Zutshi%20Opubor.pdf , https://www.jstor.org/stable/180345Korar Jaja na Opobo da aka yi a baya a cikin 1887 da Nana Olomu a 1894 a cikin yankuna da ke makwabtaka da Burtaniya na iya sanya Daular Benin ta damu game da amincin Obansu da ainihin manufar Burtaniya.H. L. Gallwey, 'West African fifty years ago', Journal of the Royal African Society, XL (1942), 65A cewar Igbafe,shaidu a shari’ar Oba a watan Satumba na 1897,sun nuna cewa mutanen daular Benin ba su yarda cewa jam’iyyar Phillips na da niyyar zaman lafiya ba,tun bayan da aka kama Nana, an dade ana tsammanin yaki a Benin.

 Motsi don maido da abubuwan da aka sace 
A cikin 2017 an cire wani mutum-mutumi na zakara ko kuma okukor a lokacin balaguron 1897 na Benin daga zauren Kwalejin Jesus,Cambridge,sakamakon zanga-zangar da daliban jami'ar suka yi. Kungiyar daliban Kwalejin Jesus ta gabatar da kudiri inda ta bayyana cewa a dawo da sassaken.Mai magana da yawun jami’ar ya bayyana cewa,“Kwalejin Yesu ta amince da irin gudunmawar da dalibai suka bayar wajen tada muhimman tambayoyi amma masu sarkakiya na inda aka ajiye tagulla na Benin,a matsayin martanin da ta cire Okukor daga zaurenta” kuma jami’ar ta kasance.a shirye don "tattaunawa da kuma tantance mafi kyawun makoma ga okukor,gami da batun komawa gida.A ranar 27 ga Oktoba,2021,hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi ta Najeriya ta karbi okukorin a wani bikin mayar da tagulla na Benin wanda Kwalejin Jesus ta gudanar kuma ta watsa kai tsaye. 

Jami'ar Aberdeen ta zama cibiyar farko da ta amince da dawo da cikakken tagulla na Benin daga gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin Maris 2021 kuma ta mayar da wani sassaka na tagulla,wanda ke nuna shugaban wani Oba,ga hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da tarihi ta Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba.2021.Jami'ar ta siye ta ne a wani gwanjo a shekarar 1957 kuma an gano ta a matsayin tagulla na Benin a wani bita da aka yi na tarin tarin kwanan nan.

Manufofin gwamnatin Najeriya na yau da kullum na ganin cewa duk wani dan kasar Benin Bronzes da aka dawo da shi ya koma mallakin Ewuare II,Oba na Benin na yanzu kuma zuriyar sarkin Benin da turawan Ingila suka hambarar a shekarar 1897.Yawancin zuri'ar 'yantattun bayi na ci gaba da zama a yankin Benin a yau,don haka mayar da tagulla na Benin ga zuriyar mai mulkin da suka wadata ta hanyar cinikin bayi da sadaukarwar ɗan adam ya haifar da cece-kuce a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. 

 Wakilan al'adu 

 Wasannin da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru sun hada da Ovonramwen N' Ogbaisi,wanda Ola Rotimi ya rubuta(1971);da The Trials of Oba Ovonramwen, wanda Ahmed Yerima ya rubuta(1997);

 Martanin masu fasahar gani sun haɗa da jerin bugu na Tony Phillips mai suna History of the Benin Bronzes (1984); Littafin labari mai hoto na Kerry James Marshall mai suna Rythm Mastr ; da nunin balaguron balaguro na Peju Layiwola da littafin da aka tsara mai suna Benin1897.com:Tambayar Fasaha da Sakamako.
 Fina-finan da suka shafi balaguro sun haɗa da The Mask(1979), wanda Eddie Ugbomah ya fito;da Invasion 1897(2014),wanda Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen ya jagoranta.

 Duba kuma 

 Tarihin Najeriya
 Izevbokun Oshodin

 Nassoshi 

 Bayanan kula

 Sources



 European traders in Benin to Major Copland Crawford. Reporting the stoppage of trade by the Benin King 1896 Apr 13, Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu.
 Sir Ralph Moore to Foreign Office. Reporting on the abortive Expedition into Benin. 1895 Sept.12 Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu
 J. R. Phillips to Foreign Office. Advising the deposition of the Benin King. 17 Nov 1896. Despatches to Foreign Office from Consul-General, Catalogue of the Correspondence and Papers of the Niger Coast Protectorate, 268 3/3/3, p. 240. National Archives of Nigeria Enugu.
 Akenzua, Edun (2000). "The Case of Benin". Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix 21, House of Commons, The United Kingdom Parliament, March 2000.
 Ben-Amos, Paula Girshick (1999). Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Benin. Indiana University Press, 1999.  ISBN 0-253-33503-5.



 Kara karantawa 





 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 

 Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya (2000). Labarun sarauta a cikin tagulla . Tarin Multimedia Tsarin Samun Jama'a, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, 2000. An dawo da 6 Satumba 2006
 Gott, Richard (1997). Wasar da aka yi wa Benin . The Independent, 22 Fabrairu 1997. An sake bugawa a Yankan Jarida na ARM. (Dubi kuma hoton GIF mai alaƙa na labarin Battle royal for Benin relics ). An dawo da 9 Oktoba 2006.
 Soni, Darshana (1997). Birtaniya da Benin Bronzes . Takardun Bayanin ARM 4, Gangamin Komawar Bronze na Benin, 1997. An dawo da 9 Oktoba 2006.
 Bayanan haɗin kai yayin rikici ta Reginald Bacon RN