Archaeology na Igbo-Ukwu

Ilimin tarihi na Igbo-Ukwu' shine nazarin wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi da ke cikin wani gari mai suna:Igbo-Ukwu,garin Igbo a jihar Anambra a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya . Binciken kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi ya nuna kayan tarihi na tagulla da aka rubuta tun karni na 9 AD.Isiah Anozie ne ya fara gano wurin a shekarar 1939 yayin da yake tona rijiya a gidansa.Sakamakon wadannan binciken,Charles Thurstan Shaw ya bude wuraren tona uku a Igbo-Ukwu a 1959 da 1964: Igbo Richard,Igbo Isaiah,da Igbo Jonah. Abubuwan da aka tona sun nuna fiye da 700 kayan tarihi masu inganci na tagulla,tagulla da ƙarfe,da kuma gilasai kusan 165,000,ƙwanƙolin carnelian da dutse,tukwane,kayan sakawa da ƙullun hauren giwa,kofuna,da ƙaho.Abubuwan da Igbo-Ukwu suka gano sune tsofaffin kayan tarihi na tagulla da aka sani a Afirka ta Yamma kuma an yi su ne shekaru aru-aru kafin bullar wasu sanannun cibiyoyin samar da tagulla kamar na Ife da Benin.Tagulla sun haɗa da tasoshin al'ada da yawa,pendants, rawani,farantin ƙirji,kayan ado na ma'aikata, takuba, da hannaye -ƙuda.

 Tasiri kan tarihin fasaha 
Peter Garlake ya kwatanta tagulla na Igbo-Ukwu "zuwa mafi kyawun kayan ado na rococo Turai ko na Carl Faberge ,"  da William Buller Fagg ya ce an halicce su da "bakon rococo kusan Faberge nau'in virtuosity".Frank Willett ya ce tagulla na Igbo-Ukwu na nuna ma'auni da ya yi daidai da wanda Benvenuto Cellini ya kafa bayan shekaru dari biyar a Turai. Denis Williams ya kira su "kyakkyawan fashewa ba tare da wani labari ko wani abu ba".Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka samo, tukunyar ruwa da aka saita a cikin ragar igiya da aka kwatanta da Hugh Honor da John Fleming suka bayyana a matsayin

Ƙwarewar fasaha da kuma rashin sanannun samfurori na tagulla na Igbo-Ukwu ya haifar da hasashe na farko a cikin al'ummar ilimi cewa lallai ne an ƙirƙira su bayan an yi hulɗa da Turawa da masu safarar balaguro.Duk da haka bincike da bincike na isotope sun tabbatar da cewa tushen karafa na asali ne kuma gidan rediyon carbon dating ya tabbatar da kwanan watan karni na 9,tun kafin tuntuɓar farko da Turai.Abubuwan tarihi na Igbo-Ukwu sun kawar da ra'ayoyin zamanin mulkin mallaka a cikin da'irori na archaeological cewa irin wadannan kyawawan ayyukan fasaha da fasaha ba za su iya samo asali ne kawai daga yankunan da ke hulɗa da Turai ba,ko kuma ba za a iya yin su a cikin al'umma mai banƙyama ko daidaito ba. kamar na Igbo.An gano wasu daga cikin gilashin gilashin da ƙwanƙwasa carnelian da aka kera a Old Alkahira a taron bita na Fustat don haka ya tabbatar da cewa tsarin kasuwanci mai nisa daga Igbo Ukwu zuwa zamanin Byzantine Masar ya wanzu.An tono wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da ke dauke da tanderun narkar karfe da tukwane tun shekara ta 2000 BC a Lejja da kuma 750 BC a Opi,duka a yankin Nsukka mai tazarar kilomita 100 gabas da Igbo-Ukwu.

 Ganowa 
Ishaya Anozie ne ya fara binciken farko yayin da yake tona a cikin gidansa a 1938.Bai san ma'anar abubuwan da ya samo ba ya ba abokansa da makwabta wasu daga cikinsu,da kuma amfani da wasu tasoshin wajen shayar da akuyarsa.Bayan watanni da yawa,JO Field, jami'in gunduman mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya na yankin,ya sami labarin abubuwan da aka gano kuma ya sayi da yawa daga cikinsu,ya buga abubuwan da aka gano a cikin mujallar nazarin ɗan adam.A shekarar 1946,ya mika kayayyakin tarihi ga Sashen adana kayan tarihi na Najeriya.Sauran kayan tarihi na tagulla da aka samu a cikin fili na Anozie an tattara su ta hanyar Surveyor of Antiquities Kenneth Murray a 1954.Daga 1959 zuwa 1964,a karkashin amincewar Sashen Tarihi na Najeriya da Jami'ar Ibadan,Thurstan Shaw tare da tawagarsa sun tono yankuna uku:Igbo Isaiah,a kusa da ainihin gano,da Igbo Richard da Igbo Jonah.Abubuwan da aka tono kayan tarihi sun nuna ɗaruruwan tagulla da tagulla na al'ada da kuma takuba na ƙarfe,mashin ƙarfe,reza ƙarfe da sauran kayan tarihi da aka yi kwanan watan shekaru dubu da suka gabata.
Bayan bikin tunawa da Shaw na 2014,Igwe na Igbo-Ukwu Martin E. Ezeh ya ba da izinin sabon aikin filin a Igbo-Ukwu. Matar Shaw,Pamela Jane Smith Shaw ne ta tsara sabbin tsare-tsare na binciken rukunin yanar gizon a cikin 2019 da 2021. Aikin fage akan wannan aikin da nufin faɗaɗa tarihin ɗan lokaci da sararin samaniya na tsohon wurin zama.Masu binciken kayan tarihi sun kara tono Ibo Richard, Ibo Isaiah, da Igbo Jonah,inda suka gano tarin manyan tukwane na yumbu da kuma shaidar tarin al'adu.

 Bayanin Tsarin Yanar Gizo da Bincike 
Gidan Igbo-Ukwu yana da kimanin mita 366 sama da matakin teku a kan wani lungu na Nanka yashi na halittar Ameki wanda ke dauke da hoton yashi da karafa;Yankin dai galibi ba ya samun ruwan karkashin kasa kuma kogin Aghomili ne a gabas da kuma kogin Obizi a yamma.Daraojimba, Kingsley Chinedu; Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde; Brittain, Marcus; Adeyemo, Elizabeth; Champion, Louis; Shaw, Pamela Jane Smith; Sulas, Federica (1 December 2022). "Expanding Space and Time at Igbo-Ukwu: Insights from Recent Fieldwork". African Archaeological Review. 39 (4): 437–459. doi:10.1007/s10437-022-09499-1.Abubuwan tarihi da aka bayyana a cikin tonowar Thurstan Shaw na 1960-1964 suna cikin 40-70. cm ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin Igbo Isaiah,da 1.75-2.5 m a cikin Igbo Richard. Nau'i na uku kuma na ƙarshe da aka tono,Igbo Jonah,shine mafi girma (19 x 11m),duk da haka ya samar da mafi ƙarancin adadin kayan tarihi.Zurfin kayan tarihi a Igbo Jonah sun bambanta; ramukan sun cika a zamanin da,wanda ya haifar da tarihin ƙaddamarwa mai rikitarwa.McIntosh, Susan Keech (2022-12-01). "Igbo-Ukwu at 50: A Symposium on Recent Archaeological Research and Analysis". African Archaeological Review. 39 (4): 369–385. doi:10.1007/s10437-022-09495-5. ISSN 1572-9842. PMC 9640786. PMID 36405395.Zurfin kayan tarihi a Igbo Jonah sun bambanta;ramukan sun cika da gangan wanda ya haifar da nau'i daban-daban na ajiya.Kayayyakin tagulla,tagulla da gilasai a Igbo Isaiah sun kwanta a ƙarƙashin wani katangar da aka yi ta cirewa kafin a tono.Bugu da ƙari,akwai fasali (wataƙila kututturen itace) cike da ƙananan tukwane.Wurin na Igbo Richard ya ƙunshi gawar mutane daga mutane da yawa,ƙwanƙolin wuyan hannu da ƙafafu, da kuma stool na katako wanda aka danganta da saiti guda ɗaya na ragowar kwarangwal na ɗan adam (wataƙila na wani sarki ne).Gidan Yunusa na Ibo (wanda ya samar da mafi ƙarancin adadin kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi)ya samar da wani muhimmin misali na tukwane na al'ada,da gawayi,kasusuwan dabbobi,da wasu sassaka na tagulla.Haka kuma a shekarar 2019 da 2021 zuwa yammacin Ibo Richard an samar da tukwane,tagulla,tagulla, na ƙarfe da sulke, alli,kashi,da dabino.