Toussaint Louverture

François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture ( French: [fʁɑ̃swa dɔminik tusɛ̃ luvɛʁtyʁ], English:  / ˌ l uː v ər ˈ tj ʊər / ) "Toussaint l'Ouverture".  kuma aka sani da Toussaint L'Ouverture ko Toussaint Bréda ; 20 ga Mayu 1743 - 7 ga Afrilu 1803)Janar ne na Haiti kuma fitaccen jagoran juyin juya halin Haiti .A lokacin rayuwarsa, Louverture ya fara yaƙi da Faransawa,sa'an nan kuma a gare su,sa'an nan kuma a kan Faransa sake don dalilin 'yancin kai Haiti.A matsayinsa na jagoran juyin juya hali,Louverture ya nuna aikin soja da na siyasa wanda ya taimaka wajen canza tawayen bawa zuwa wani yunkuri na juyin juya hali . Louverture yanzu ana kiransa "Uban Haiti".

An haifi Louverture a bauta a yankin Saint-Domingue na Faransa,wanda yanzu ake kira Haiti .Shi dan Katolika ne mai kishin addini wanda ya zama dan yanci kafin juyin juya hali kuma,da zarar an sake shi,an gano shi a matsayin Bafaranshe ga mafi yawan rayuwarsa.A lokacin da yake ’yantacce ya yi ƙoƙari ya haura ƙwaƙƙwaran tsani na zamantakewa a tsibirin,yana yaƙi da wariyar launin fata yayin da yake samun da kuma yin asarar dukiya mai yawa yayin aiki a matsayin mai shuka,mai bawa,koci,muleteer da miller a cikin gonaki da yawa.A farkon juyin juya halin Haiti yana da kusan shekaru 50 kuma ya fara aikinsa na soja a matsayin Laftanar Biassou,jagoran farko na Yaƙin 'Yanci a 1791 a Saint-Domingue.  Da farko yana da alaƙa da Spaniards na makwabciyar Santo Domingo,Louverture ya sauya mubaya'arsa ga Faransawa lokacin da sabuwar gwamnatin Republican ta soke bautar.A hankali Louverture ya kafa iko a kan dukan tsibirin kuma ya yi amfani da tasirin siyasa da na soja don samun rinjaye a kan abokan hamayyarsa.

A cikin shekarunsa na mulki,ya yi aiki don daidaita tattalin arziki da tsaro na Saint-Domingue.Damuwa game da tattalin arziki,wanda ya tsaya cik,ya maido da tsarin shuka ta hanyar amfani da aikin da aka biya;sun yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci da Burtaniya da Amurka tare da kula da manya-manyan dakaru masu horarwa.Cauna, pp. 7–8Ko da yake Louverture bai yanke hulda da Faransa ba a cikin 1800 bayan ya kayar da shugabannin hamayya tsakanin al'ummar juyin juya hali na Haiti,ya kaddamar da kundin tsarin mulki na mulkin mallaka a 1801 wanda ya sanya shi a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na Rayuwa,har ma da burin Napoleon Bonaparte .
A cikin 1802,Janar Janar Jean-Baptiste Brunet na Faransa ya gayyace shi zuwa parley, amma an kama shi da isowarsa.An fitar da shi zuwa Faransa kuma aka daure shi a Fort de Joux . Ya mutu a shekara ta 1803.Ko da yake Louverture ya mutu kafin mataki na karshe da tashin hankali na juyin juya halin Haiti,nasarorin da ya samu sun kafa dalilin nasarar karshe na sojojin Haiti. Wahalar asara mai yawa a fadace-fadace da yawa a hannun sojojin Haiti da kuma rasa dubunnan mutane zuwa zazzabin rawaya,Faransawa sun jajirce suka fice daga Saint-Domingue na dindindin a wannan shekarar.Juyin Juya Halin Haiti ya ci gaba da mulkin Louverture,Jean-Jacques Dessalines, wanda ya ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1804,ta haka ya kafa 'yancin kai na Haiti.

 Rayuwar farko 

 Haihuwa,haihuwa,da kuruciya 
An haifi Louverture a cikin bauta,babban ɗan Hyppolite,bawan Allada daga bakin tekun bawa na Afirka ta Yamma, da matarsa na biyu Pauline,bawa daga ƙabilar Aja,kuma aka ba wa suna Toussaint a lokacin haihuwa.  Dan Louverture Issac daga baya zai kira kakansa,mahaifin Hyppolite,a matsayin Gaou Guinou da ɗan Sarkin Allada,ko da yake akwai ƙaramin shaida na wannan. Wataƙila sunan Gaou ya samo asali ne a cikin lakabin Deguenon,ma'ana "tsoho" ko "mai hikima" a cikin masarautar Allada, wanda ya sa Gaou Guinou da ɗansa Hyppolite su zama membobin hukuma ko manyan mutane,amma ba 'yan gidan sarauta ba.A Afirka,Hyppolite da matarsa ta farko,Catherine, an tilasta musu bautar saboda jerin yakin daular Dahomey ta fadada zuwa cikin yankin Allada.Domin kawar da abokan hamayyarsu na siyasa da kuma samun kayayyakin kasuwanci na Turai, bayin Dahomean sun raba ma'auratan tare da sayar da su ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Faransa Hermione, wanda ya tashi zuwa Indiya ta Yamma .Ba a san ainihin sunayen iyayen Toussaint ba,tun da Code Noir ya ba da umarnin a mayar da bayi a yankunansu zuwa Katolika, a cire sunayensu na Afirka, kuma a ba su wasu sunayen Turawa domin a hade su cikin tsarin shuka na Faransa.Mahaifin Toussaint ya karɓi sunan Hyppolite a kan baftismarsa akan Saint-Domingue,kamar yadda sunayen Latin da Girkanci suka kasance mafi kyawun gaye ga bayi a wannan lokacin,sannan Faransanci,da sunayen Kirista na Littafi Mai-Tsarki . 
An yi tunanin an haifi Louverture a kan shuka na Bréda a Haut-du-Cap a Saint-Domingue, inda iyayensa suka kasance bayi kuma inda zai shafe yawancin rayuwarsa kafin juyin juya halin.Bell (2008) [2007], pp. 59–60, 62.Forsdick & Høgsbjerg (2017), p. 14. Iyayensa za su ci gaba da haifi 'ya'ya da yawa bayansa, tare da yara biyar da suka tsira;Marie-Jean, Paul, Pierre, Jean, da Gaou, mai suna don kakansa.Louverture zai yi girma kusa da ɗan'uwansa Paul,wanda tare da sauran 'yan uwansa suka yi baftisma a cikin Cocin Katolika ta wurin odar Jesuit na gida. Pierre-Baptiste Simon, kafinta kuma mai tsaron ƙofa a kan shukar Bréda,ana ɗaukarsa ya kasance uban Louverture kuma ya ci gaba da zama mahaifa ga dangin Louverture,tare da mahaifiyarsa mai reno Pelage,bayan mutuwar iyayen Toussaint. Korngold, Ralph [1944], 1979.  Lokacin da yake girma, Toussaint ya fara koyon yaren Fon na Afirka na bayin Allada a kan shuka,sannan Haitian Kreyòl na mafi girman mulkin mallaka,kuma a ƙarshe ya koyi Faransanci na Faransanci na Faransa a lokacin juyin juya hali.

Ko da yake daga baya zai zama sananne saboda ƙarfinsa da kuma hawan hawan,Louverture ya sami sunan laƙabi Fatras-Bâton ("sanda marar lafiya"),dangane da ƙaramin siririrsa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa.Bell (2008) [2007], pp. 60, 62. Beard, John Relly. [1863] 2001. An horar da Toussaint da ’yan uwansa don zama bayin gida tare da horar da Louverture a matsayin ’yan wasan dawaki da koci bayan sun nuna hazakar kula da dawakai da shanu a gonar.Hakan ya bai wa ’yan’uwan damar yin aiki a cikin gidan maza da mata,ba tare da wahala ba da kuma azabar jiki da ake yi a gonakin rake.Duk da wannan gata na dangi,akwai tabbacin cewa ko a cikin ƙuruciyarsa Louverture girman kai ya tura shi yin fada tare da membobin Petits-blancs (fararen jama'a),waɗanda suka yi aiki a kan shuka a matsayin taimakon hayar. Akwai rikodin cewa Louverture ya doke wani matashi mai suna Ferere,amma ya sami damar tserewa daga azabtarwa bayan da sabon mai kula da shuka, François Antoine Bayon de Libertat ya kare shi.De Libertat ya zama mai kula da kadarorin Bréda bayan Pantaléon de Bréda Jr., wani babban balaga (fararen fatawa) ya gaji shi,kuma ɗan ɗan'uwan Bréda Count of Nuhu ya sarrafa shi.Bell (2008) [2007], pp. 66, 70, 72. Duk da ko watakila saboda wannan kariyar, Louverture ya ci gaba da yin wasu fadace-fadace. A wani lokaci, ya jefar da lauyan shuka Bergé daga kan doki mallakar gonar Bréda, lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin fitar da shi a waje da iyakokin kadarar ba tare da izini ba. 

 Aure na farko da mantuwa 
Har zuwa 1938,masana tarihi sun gaskata cewa Louverture ya kasance bawa har zuwa farkon juyin juya hali. A cikin karni na 20 na baya,gano takardar shaidar aure na sirri da rikodin baftisma tsakanin 1776 da 1777 sun rubuta cewa Louverture ɗan yanci ne,ma'ana an kashe shi a wani lokaci tsakanin 1772 zuwa 1776,lokacin de Libertat ya zama mai kula.Wannan binciken ya sake fayyace wasiƙar sirri da Louverture ya aika wa gwamnatin Faransa a cikin 1797,inda ya ce ya sami 'yanci fiye da shekaru ashirin. de Cauna, Jacques. 2004.  
Bayan an sake shi, Toussaint ya ɗauki sunan Toussaint de Bréda (Toussaint na Bréda)ko kuma kawai Toussaint Bréda,dangane da shukar da ya girma.Toussaint ya tafi daga zama bawa na shukar Bréda zuwa zama memba na babbar al'umma na gens de couleur libres (' yantattun mutane masu launi ).Wannan rukuni ne daban-daban na Affranchis ('yantattun bayi), 'yan baƙar fata na cikakken ko mafi yawan zuriyar Afirka,da Mulattos (masu kabilanci),waɗanda suka haɗa da 'ya'yan masu shukar Faransa da bayinsu na Afirka,da kuma iyalai daban -daban waɗanda suke da su.gauraye na tsararraki da yawa daga al'ummomi daban-daban a tsibirin.The gens de couleur libres an danganta su da Saint-Domingue, tare da sanannen taken cewa yayin da Faransawa ke jin gida a Faransa,kuma bayi suna jin gida a Afirka, suna jin gida a tsibirin. Yanzu yana jin daɗin mafi girman 'yanci na dangi,Louverture ya sadaukar da kansa don gina dukiya da samun ƙarin motsin zamantakewa ta hanyar yin koyi da ƙirar grands blancs da masu arziki gens de couleur libres ta zama mai shuka.Ya fara ne da hayar ƙaramin gonar kofi, tare da bayi 13,daga surukinsa na gaba. Cauna, pp. 63–65. Daya daga cikin bayi Louverture mallakar a wannan lokaci an yi imani da cewa shi ne Jean-Jacques Dessalines,wanda zai ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin Louverture ta mafi aminci laftanar da kuma memba na sirri tsaro a lokacin juyin juya halin Haiti.