Hurricane Bret

Guguwar Bret ita ce ta farko cikin rukuni biyar Guguwa 4 da suka taso a lokacin guguwar Atlantika a shekarar 1999 da kuma guguwar farko tun bayan guguwar Jerry a shekarar 1989 da ta yi kasa a Texas da karfin guguwa. Samuwar daga igiyar ruwa na wurare masu zafi a watan Agusta 18, Bret a hankali ya shirya cikin raƙuman tuƙi a cikin Bay na Campeche . Zuwa watan Agusta Ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, guguwar ta fara zuwa arewa kuma ta yi saurin tsananta a watan Agusta 21. Bayan wannan lokaci na ƙarfafawa, Bret ya sami ƙarfin ƙarfinsa tare da iskar  da kuma matsa lamba barometric na 944 mbar (hPa;  ). Daga baya a ranar, guguwar ta yi rauni zuwa rukuni Guguwa 3 kuma ta afkawa tsibirin Tsibirin Padre, Texas. Ba da daɗewa ba, guguwar ta ƙara yin rauni, ta zama baƙin ciki na wurare masu zafi 24 sa'o'i bayan ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa. Ragowar guguwar daga karshe ta bace a farkon watan Agusta 26 a kan arewacin Mexico.

Tare da bakin tekun Texas, Bret ya yi barazanar birane da yawa, wanda ya haifar da 180,000 mazauna wurin su kwashe. An bude matsugunai da dama a duk faɗin yankin kuma an kwashe gidajen yari. Kwanaki da yawa kafin guguwar ta iso, NHC ta ba da agogon guguwa, da kuma gargadi ga yankunan da ke kusa da iyakar Texas-Mexico. An rufe manyan tituna da dama da ke kaiwa ga garuruwan tsibirai masu shinge don hana jama'a tsallake gadoji a lokacin guguwar. A Mexico kusa, kusan 7,000 mutane sun bar yankunan bakin teku kafin guguwar. Jami'ai sun kuma kafa daruruwan matsugunai a yankunan arewacin kasar idan aka samu ambaliyar ruwa.

Bret ya yi faɗuwar ƙasa a wani yanki da ba kowa ba ne, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin lalacewa idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfinsa. Duk da haka, mutane bakwai ne suka mutu dangane da guguwar, hudu a Texas da uku a Mexico. Galibin wadanda suka mutun dai na faruwa ne a sanadiyyar haɗurran mota da suka yi sanadiyyar salwantar rayuka. Lokacin da guguwar ta yi faɗuwar ƙasa, guguwar ta haifar da matsananciyar guguwar da ta kai  a tsibirin Matagorda, Texas. Ruwan sama mai nauyi da Bret ya samar ya kai  a Texas kuma an kiyasta sama da  a Mexico. Gidaje da dama a yankunan da abin ya shafa sun lalace ko kuma sun lalace, inda mutane kusan 150 suka rasa matsuguni. Gabaɗaya, guguwar ta haifar da dala 15 miliyan (1999 USD) a cikin lalacewa

 Tarihin yanayi 
Bret ya samo asali ne daga igiyar ruwa mai zafi da ta tashi daga yammacin gabar tekun Afirka a watan Agusta 5. Tashin ɗin ya bi gabaɗaya zuwa yamma, yana mu'amala tare da ƙaramin matakin ƙasa a watan Agusta 15 a yammacin Tekun Caribbean, kuma ya haifar da wani yanki mara ƙarfi. Ayyukan convective sun haɓaka a kusa da ƙananan, kuma zuwa Agusta 18 tsarin ya wuce Yucatán Peninsula. Daga baya a wannan ranar, tashin hankali ya bayyana a cikin Bay na Campeche kuma wani bincike na Hurricane Hunter a cikin tsarin ya nuna cewa ya girma a cikin yanayin zafi a kusa da 1:00. pm Lokacin Tsakar rana (18:00 UTC), na uku na kakar 1999 .  Da farko, matsakaiciyar iska ta hana baƙin ciki daga ƙarfafawa yayin da yake motsawa a hankali da kuskure don mayar da martani ga raunin tuƙi akan tsarin. Zuwa watan Agusta 19, da iska da aka bayar, ba da izinin zama mai zurfi don ci gaba a tsakiyar; daga baya a wannan rana, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa (NHC) ta inganta tsarin zuwa hadari mai zafi, inda aka sanya masa suna Bret.  Karamin guguwa mai zafi, Bret ya kara karfi a hankali na tsawon kwanaki yayin da yake binsa zuwa arewa. Zuwa safiyar watan Agusta 20, ruwan sama ya fara yi. https://web.archive.org/web/20090507164250/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999bret.html

Zuwa yammacin watan Agusta 20, Bret an sanya shi guguwa biyo bayan rahotannin  iskoki yayin aikin Hurricane Hunter. A lokaci guda, Bret ya kafa waƙar arewa-maso-maso-maso - yamma ƙarƙashin tasirin tudun tsakiyar matakin. Kashegari, Bret ya fara samun saurin haɓakawa, kamar yadda ingantaccen ido ya haɓaka.  A safiyar watan Agusta 22, guguwar ta kai kololuwar tsananinta a matsayin rukuni Guguwa 4 tare da iskar  da kuma matsa lamba barometric na 944 mbar (hPa;  ). Jarvinen (August 20, 1999). "Tropical Storm Bret Discussion Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 21, 2009 Jim kadan bayan haka, wani babban tudu da ke yammacin guguwar ya fara ɓata yanayin girgijensa.

A ƙarshen  Agusta 22, Bret ya juya arewa maso yamma don mayar da martani ga tsakiyar-tropospheric tudun kan Gulf of Mexico da tsakiyar-tropospheric wurare dabam dabam a kan Rio Grande Valley .  Sa'o'i da yawa kafin faɗuwar ƙasa, guguwar ta yi rauni zuwa Nau'i 3 tsanani kuma motsinsa na gaba ya ragu.  Da misalin karfe 7:00 pm CDT (00:00 UTC; Agusta 23), Guguwar Bret ta wuce tsibirin Padre Island, Texas, tare da iskar  da kuma matsa lamba barometric na 951 mbar (hPa;  ), wanda ke nuna alamar faɗuwar sa. Guguwar ta yi rauni da sauri yayin da take tafiya cikin ƙasa, kuma kusan sa'o'i 12 bayan faɗuwar ƙasa, Bret ya raunana zuwa guguwa mai zafi. Ya kara rikidewa zuwa cikin yanayin zafi da yammacin watan Agusta 23. Ragowar Bret ya ci gaba har zuwa Agusta 26, lokacin da suka bazu a kan tsaunukan arewacin Mexico. 

 Shirye-shirye 
A watan Agusta 21, lokacin da aka fara sa ran Bret zai kusanci Tekun Texas, NHC ta ba da agogon guguwa don yankunan bakin teku tsakanin iyakar Mexico da Baffin Bay, Texas . Sa'o'i kadan bayan haka, an daga agogon zuwa gargadi yayin da guguwar ta tsananta tare da yin barazana kai tsaye ga yankin. Daga baya aka buga gargadin guguwa mai zafi da agogon guguwa daga Baffin Bay zuwa Port Aransas . Kashegari, an tsawaita gargaɗin guguwa don haɗawa da wurare ta hanyar Port O'Connor kuma an ba da shawarwarin zuwa Freeport . Yayin da Bret ke gab da faɗuwar ƙasa, agogon guguwa tsakanin Port O'Connor da Freeport ya daina. An dakatar da gargadin guguwa na Port Aransas zuwa Port O'Connor sa'o'i bayan Bret ya yi ƙasa kuma ya fara rauni. Zuwa karshen watan Agusta 23, an dakatar da duk agogo da gargadi dangane da guguwar. Staff Writer (August 23, 1999). "Bret drenches South Texas". The Corpus Christi Caller-Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2009

Zuwa watan Agusta 22, jami'an birni a Corpus Christi, Texas, sun ayyana dokar ta-baci yayin da ake ɗaukar Bret a matsayin babbar barazana ga yankin. An buƙaci dubun-dubatar mazauna yankin da su kaurace wa yankunan da ke gabar tekun kuma su nemi mafaka a matsugunan yankin ko tare da 'yan uwa da ke can cikin kasa.  Kimanin mutane 180,000 ne a jihar suka bar matsugunansu gabanin guguwar.  An rufe filin jirgin sama na Corpus Christi da tsakar rana ranar 22 ga watan Agusta. Daga baya wannan ranar, Hanyar Jihar Texas 361 da docks a Port Aransas an rufe su.  Manyan tituna a fadin yankin sun kasance cikin cunkoso saboda yawan kwashe mutane da kuma dogayen layukan iskar gas da na gaggawa da aka samar. An rufe makarantu uku, jami'o'i biyu da kwaleji a watan Agusta 23 kuma ya kasance a rufe na kwanaki da yawa. 

An buɗe matsugunai 11 a yankin San Antonio, tare da iya daukar mutane 3,525. Kimanin fursunoni 325 ne aka kwashe daga gidan yari na gundumar Nueces yayin da ake ganin ginin da suke ciki ba shi da tsaro a lokacin da guguwar ta taso. Kimanin ma'aikatan ruwa 1,000 da ke aiki a yankin an kwashe su zuwa USS Inchon kafin hadari. Da farko dai, ana nufin jirgin ne don fitar da guguwar a teku; duk da haka, rashin isasshen aikin gyara ya hana jirgin barin tashar jiragen ruwa. An ba da rahoton cewa jirgin yana da isassun kayayyaki don kula da ma’aikatan jirgin na kusan kwanaki 45. Da karfe 12:00 na dare CDT a ranar 22 ga Agusta, tsibirin Mustang da tsibirin Padre an kwashe gaba ɗaya kuma jami'ai sun rufe hanyoyin da ke shiga da wajen tsibiran don hana kowa sake shiga su kafin a dauki yankin a cikin hadari. Jami'an birnin Corpus Christi sun sanya wani tsauraran oda a kan karin farashin . 

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 Mexico 
A Mexico, jami'ai sun rufe tashoshin jiragen ruwa 18 a mashigin tekun Mexico zuwa kanana da matsakaitan motoci a shirye-shiryen guguwar.  A arewacin Mexico, an bude matsugunai sama da 500 yayin da aka shawarci dubban mazauna garin da su kaura daga yankunan da ba su da kwari. Sojojin Mexico, Red Cross, da ma'aikatan kashe gobara sun kasance cikin shirye-shiryen tunkarar kiran gaggawa a lokacin guguwar.  A watan Agusta 22, an ayyana dokar ta-baci ga Tamaulipas .  Washegari, an aika aƙalla ma’aikatan kashe gobara 120 zuwa Monterrey, Nuevo León, don yin gaggawar amsa ga gaggawa. Gwamnatin Mexico ta jaddada tsaron lafiyar mazauna birnin, wanda ake sa ran zai dauki nauyin guguwar.  Kimanin masunta 7,000 ne suka ƙauracewa yankunan bakin ruwa kusa da iyakar Texas. A cikin Matamoros an buɗe ƙarin matsuguni 31. Vive Matamoros alerta permanente". El Norte (in Spanish). August 24, 1999. p. 16. An rufe makarantu a duk arewacin Mexico na kwanaki da yawa. 

Kafin tasowa zuwa cikin yanayin zafi, tashin hankali ya haifar da ruwan sama mai tarwatse a cikin Yucatán Peninsula, a cikin gida ya wuce  . .  Kamar yadda tsarin ya tsaya a cikin Bay na Campeche,  yankunan bakin teku sun sami ƙaramin ruwan sama daga tsaunukan tsarin.  Kodayake Bret ya yi ƙasa kusa da iyakar Texas-Mexico, ƙananan girman tsarin ya haifar da iyakancewar tasiri a Mexico. A cikin Nuevo León, an kiyasta  ruwan sama ya faɗi a cikin sa'o'i 24 kuma ana iya faɗi irin wannan adadin a cikin Tamaulipas na kusa.  A cikin Tamaulipas, Nuevo León da Coahuila, ƙauyuka goma ne suka keɓanta saboda ambaliyar ruwa da ta wanke hanyoyi.  Mutane 10, dukkansu 'yan gida daya ne suka jikkata a wata arangama da suka yi. Lluvias 'ahogan' vialidad". El Norte (in Spanish). August 25, 1999. p. 2. A Nogales, ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya sa ruwa ya taru a kan tituna, lamarin da ya janyo cunkoson ababen hawa; Iska mai karfi kuma ya sauke layukan wutar lantarki.  A lokacin ƙaura kafin Bret, an tattake mutum ɗaya har ya mutu. Bayan fadowar ƙasa, wutar lantarki ta kama wani mutum sakamakon rugujewar layukan wutar lantarki, wani kuma ya nutse a cikin ruwa.   Akalla iyalai 150 ne suka rasa matsuguni sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a garin Cadereyta da ta mamaye galibin garin. "Pierden todo en una hora". El Norte (in Spanish). August 27, 1999. p. 18

 Texas 
Bayan yin faɗuwar ƙasa, Bret ya haifar da guguwa mai ƙarfi har zuwa  a tsibirin Matagorda, Texas . A kusa da Galveston, an yi rikodin ƙaramar zaizayar rairayin bakin teku saboda manyan kumbura da guguwar ta haifar.  An ƙirƙiri sabbin mashigai goma sha biyu akan tsibirin Padre, ɗayan wanda ya isa ya yi kuskure a matsayin Mansfield Pass .  Hazo mai nauyi, ya kai  a tsakiyar Kenedy County, an killace shi zuwa wani ƙaramin yanki.  Matsakaicin matsi na barometric mafi ƙanƙanci da aka rubuta a kan ƙasa ya kasance a filin jirgin sama na Brooks County a 976 mbar (hPa;  ).  Kogin Aransas cikin hanzari ya kai matakin ambaliya saboda ruwan sama mai yawa kuma Rio Grande ya haifar da ƙaramin ambaliya kusa da Tekun Mexico . A cikin rairayin bakin teku masu kusa da Corpus Christi, sama da    yashi ya ɓace.  Kimanin     guguwar ta lalata gonakin noma. 

 Bayan haka 
A watan Agusta Ranar 23 ga wata, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) ta tura ma'aikata 717, galibi daga tawagar masu ba da agajin bala'i, zuwa yankunan da abin ya shafa a Amurka.  Washegari, an jibge sojoji 564 [na National Guard a jihar.  A kwanakin bayan guguwar, sauro da wasu kwari da dama sun yi kwan a wuraren da ke da ruwa, lamarin da ya sa adadinsu ya karu. Hukumomi sun fesa maganin kashe kwari don rage yiwuwar barkewar cututtuka. https://web.archive.org/web/20060903122357/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/hgx/projects/bret99/pshhou.txt Zuwa watan Agusta 25, duk matsugunan da aka buɗe kafin Bret an rufe su yayin da aka bar mazauna gida su koma gida. A watan Agusta 26, shugaba Bill Clinton ya kara da gundumomin Brooks, Duval, Jim Wells da Webb zuwa babban yankin sanarwar bala'i. Hakan ya baiwa mazauna waɗancan kananan hukumomin damar samun tallafin tarayya. 

Sake gina wuraren jama'a, tituna, da bututun ruwa sun sami ƙarin kudade a watan Satumba 3 don hanzarta shirin.  Washegari, an buɗe cibiyoyin dawo da bala'i goma sha biyu a cikin ƙananan hukumomin da abin ya shafa don mazauna yankin su nemi tallafin tarayya.  A watan Satumba 9, an buɗe ƙarin cibiyoyin dawo da bala'i guda biyu ga mazauna kudancin Texas.  Daga baya wannan ranar, $831,593.28 (1999 USD) a cikin tallafin gidaje na bala'i an rarraba wa mazauna da abin ya shafa.  A watan Satumba 15, kusan mutane 10,200 sun nemi lamunin bala'i, adadin da ya kai $3.1 miliyan (1999 USD). Jimillar 167 kuma sun sami shiga tsakani daga FEMA.  A cikin Corpus Christi, iska da ruwan sama sun rufe birnin cikin tarkace da goga, wanda farashinsa ya kai $200,000 (1999). USD) don tsaftacewa.

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