Archaeology na Zilum

Zilum wani yanki ne na al'adun Gajiganna da ke cikin tafkin Chadi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya,72. km arewa da Maiduguri a jihar Borno kuma an yi ta ne a tsakanin 600-400 KZ.Wurin da kansa yana da ɗan lebur,yana zaune a kan babban tudun yashi,kuma yana iyaka da kudanci ta bakin ciki.An gano Zilum a cikin 1997 ta hanyar Peter Breunig kuma daga 2000-2002,Carlos Magnavita ya fara tono gwaje-gwaje da yawa a wurin.

Zilum ya ƙunshi yanki mai girman kadada 12 kuma ya fito daga al'ummomin da ke samar da abinci na zamanin Dutse na ƙarshe na al'adun Gajiganna.Yawancin mazaunan Zilum da an shagaltar da su ta hanyar noman amfanin gona da watakila kiwo,yayin da zaɓaɓɓun ƙungiyoyin masu sana'a za su ba da gudummawar samar da kayayyaki kamar tukwane,kayan fata, da yuwuwar beads da/ko maki kashi. Magnavita, Carlos; Breunig, Peter; Ameje, James; Posselt, Martin (June 2006). "Zilum: a mid-first millennium BC fortified settlement near Lake Chad". Journal of African Archaeology. 4 (1): 153–169. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10068. ISSN 1612-1651. Zilum na rukunin rukunin yanar gizon Gajiganna Phase III ne,waɗanda ake tunanin ƙanana ne kuma suna baje kolin al'ummomi masu zaman kansu.Yayin da bincike na yumbu ke yin alaƙa tsakanin tarin tukwane na Zilum da na Ƙarshe na Zamanin Dutse na Gajiganna,ma'auni na radiocarbon akan samfuran halitta tun daga ranar Zilum zuwa tsakanin ƙarni na 7 da 5 KZ,musamman lokacin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin shekarun Dutse da Farkon Ƙarfin Age. a Afirka ta Yamma￼￼.Duk da wannan lokacin zama na wucin gadi, Zilum baya nuna shaidar kai tsaye don aikin ƙarfe ko ƙarfe. Magnavita, Carlos; Schleifer, Norbert (2004-10-25). "A Look into the Earth: Evaluating the Use of Magnetic Survey in African Archaeology". Journal of African Archaeology. 2 (1): 49–63. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10018. ISSN 1612-1651.

Kamar yadda Carlos Magnavita ya zama mai ba da shawara ga binciken magnetic da aikace-aikacen hanyoyin geophysical zuwa aikin archaeological a yankin Saharar Afirka,magnetometry,nazarin shaidar micro-botanical,da bincike na yumbu sun zama tushen ƙarshen ƙarshen archaeological da fassarori a halin yanzu da aka zana daga wannan rukunin yanar gizon..

 Binciken Magnetic 

 Hanyoyin Geophysical a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara 
Kafin farkon shekarun 2000,hanyoyin nazarin yanayin ƙasa don yin taswirar tsarin ƙasa da sifofin archaeological kusan babu su a cikin aikin archaeological na yankin kudu da hamadar sahara￼￼.Tite (1966) da Fagg (1969)su ne farkon da suka yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da magnetometry a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara yayin da suke nazarin Taruga, wurin Al'adun Nok a ￼￼Najeriya.￼￼Magnavita, Carlos; Schleifer, Norbert (2004-10-25). "A Look into the Earth: Evaluating the Use of Magnetic Survey in African Archaeology". Journal of African Archaeology. 2 (1): 49–63. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10018. ISSN 1612-1651.Ko da yake binciken da aka yi daga farkon amfani da magnetometry bai yi daidai da yadda za su kasance a yau ba, aikinsu ya nuna mahimmanci da ingancin magnetometry a cikin mahallin sahara. Carlos Magnavita ya ci gaba da wannan aiki ta hanyar yin amfani da binciken maganadisu a Zilum a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya,inda ya nuna yadda hanyoyin nazarin halittu ke da fa'ida,duk da ƙarin farashi,don aikin binciken archaeological a kudancin Sahara yayin da suke ba da bayanan da ba za a iya samun su ta hanyar binciken gargajiya da hanyoyin hakowa.Muhimmancin hanyoyin geophysical a cikin aikin archaeological na yankin sahara na Magnavita ya kwatanta.Shaidar da binciken maganadisu ya bayyana a Zilum yana da mahimmanci ga binciken fage akan wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na Afirka kudu da hamadar sahara, domin ya nuna cewa yin amfani da hanyoyin binciken gargajiya ne kawai zai iya gurgunta fahimtar yanayin matsugunan da suka gabata. Magnavita, Carlos; Schleifer, Norbert (2004-10-25). "A Look into the Earth: Evaluating the Use of Magnetic Survey in African Archaeology". Journal of African Archaeology. 2 (1): 49–63. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10018. ISSN 1612-1651.

 Magnetometry 
An gudanar da binciken maganadisu na Magnavita a sassan gabas da kudancin wurin ta amfani da Fluxgate- Magnetometer FEREX 4.032.Magnavita, Carlos; Schleifer, Norbert (2004-10-25). "A Look into the Earth: Evaluating the Use of Magnetic Survey in African Archaeology". Journal of African Archaeology. 2 (1): 49–63. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10018. ISSN 1612-1651.An gano gagarumin rarraba ramuka a wannan rukunin ta hanyar magnetometry saboda tukwane da aka jefar da/ko amfani da su a cikin waɗannan ramukan.Wasu ramukan suna bayyane ko kuma ana iya ganewa daga saman saboda yawan kayan al'adu a saman(sau da yawa fashe fashe), amma magnetometry yana ba da izinin yin taswirar waɗannan ramukan.Wannan saboda kayan yumbu da aka kora suna haifar da tashin hankali wanda ya bambanta da abin da ke kewaye da ƙasa, da gaske yana haskaka siffar sifofin da mutum ya yi.Yawancin waɗannan ramukan an haƙa ne don hakar yumbu don yin sana'a,amma sai a yi amfani da su wajen aro,ƙira,da adanawa.

Kasancewar tsarin tsattsauran ra'ayi yana nuna cewa Gajiganna Mataki na III bai kasance mai zaman lafiya ba fiye da matakan da suka gabata kamar yadda matsugunan da suka gabata ba su nuna shaidar kaffara ba.Magnavita, Carlos; Breunig, Peter; Ameje, James; Posselt, Martin (June 2006). "Zilum: a mid-first millennium BC fortified settlement near Lake Chad". Journal of African Archaeology. 4 (1): 153–169. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10068. ISSN 1612-1651.Kasancewar ramukan ajiya da yawa yana nuna sake dawowa da dogaro da amincin abinci, haka kuma yana tallafawa gina gine-gine / tsarin da aka kirkira daga kayan da aka haƙa daga waɗannan ramuka,kamar bukkoki da katanga.Fassarar al'adu da salon rayuwa ba za su yiwu ba tare da amfani da magnetometry ba saboda mafi yawan adadin ramuka,ramuka,da ramuka sun kasance ba a gano su ba. Magnavita, Carlos; Schleifer, Norbert (2004-10-25). "A Look into the Earth: Evaluating the Use of Magnetic Survey in African Archaeology". Journal of African Archaeology. 2 (1): 49–63. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10018. ISSN 1612-1651.

 Micro-Botanical shaida 
Ba kamar ramukan ajiya makamancin haka a yankin ba,an gano wani rami a Zilum babu kowa a cikin kowane irin nau'in kayan lambu,gami da gawarwakin da aka kone.Duk da haka,masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi Ahmed Gamal-El-Din Fahmy da Carlos Magnavita sun sami damar raba wani gungu na phytolith na burbushin halittu daga ramin ta hanyar amfani da ruwa ZnBr 2. / HCl (zinc bromide/hydrogen chloride).Fossil phytoliths yana da fa'ida ga masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi yayin da suke zama wani ɓangare na kyallen tsiro waɗanda suka fi jure wa iska,ma'ana har yanzu ana iya gano alamun shuka ko da bayan ƙarin shaidar gama gari,kamar pollen da gawayi,sun ɓace.Binciken Morphotypical na waɗannan phytoliths,idan aka kwatanta da ilimin paleoethnobotanical na yankin da ke kewaye,ya haifar da fassarar cewa an yi amfani da wannan rami don adana tsire-tsire na dangin Poaceae.Ko da yake nazarin micro-botanical shaida ba zai iya ƙayyade wani nau'i na phytoliths,binciken da shuka macro-remains a wannan shafin ya kammala da cewa Pennisetum glaucum, ko lu'u-lu'u gero,shi ne babban amfanin gona kuma kawai hatsi na mazaunan Zilum..Magnavita, Carlos; Schleifer, Norbert (2004-10-25). "A Look into the Earth: Evaluating the Use of Magnetic Survey in African Archaeology". Journal of African Archaeology. 2 (1): 49–63. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10018. ISSN 1612-1651.

 Binciken yumbura 
Galibin binciken yumbu da aka tono daga Zilum sun ƙunshi ƙananan sifofi na yumbu waɗanda ke nuna sifofin ɗan adam da ￼￼zoomorphic￼￼.Ko da yake kashi na ƙarshe na al'adun Gajiganna(Mataki na III)ya ga sauye-sauyen al'adu, zamantakewa,da tattalin arziƙi waɗanda wataƙila sun shafi al'amuran rayuwa da yawa,al'adar siffa ta yumbu ta Gajiganna ta kasance ko kaɗan.Breunig, Peter; Franke, Gabriele; Nüsse, Michael (2008-06-01). "Early sculptural traditions in West Africa: new evidence from the Chad Basin of north-eastern Nigeria". Antiquity. 82 (316): 423–437. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00096915. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 162580129.Kamar yadda yake a cikin siffofi daga shafukan da aka kwanan watan zuwa Mataki na I da Mataki na II,siffofi na yumbu daga Zilum suna nuna dabbobin dabba(yawancin shanu)kuma suna bin salo iri ɗaya na jikin zagaye, ƙafafu masu kumbura,alamun ƙaho,da kuma wani lokacin da aka haɗe wutsiya.Ba a sani ba ko tsari mai sauƙi yana nuna salon da aka yi niyya ko rashin fasaha.

Shafuka a yankin Walasa na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya,kamar Magaba da Malankari,tun daga ƙarshen karni na farko KZ sun fara nuna canje-canje a al'adar fasaha,musamman a cikin girman nau'in nau'in yumbu na anthropomorphic da ƙarin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi. 

 Tattalin Arziki 

 Abinci 
Shaidar archaeological da paleoethnobotanical sun nuna cewa mazaunan Zilum sun dogara sosai kan noman tsire-tsire masu ci,kamar gero lu'u-lu'u da saniya,fiye da cin nama.Magnavita, Carlos; Schleifer, Norbert (2004-10-25). "A Look into the Earth: Evaluating the Use of Magnetic Survey in African Archaeology". Journal of African Archaeology. 2 (1): 49–63. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10018. ISSN 1612-1651.Yawan ramukan ajiya yana taimakawa a cikin wannan fassarar,haka kuma an sami raguwar adadin dabbobin da aka kwato daga matsugunan Zilum idan aka kwatanta da sauran wuraren Gajiganna na matakan baya a yankin.Sauran al'ummomin da ke cikin al'adun Gajiganna suna da tattalin arzikin da ya ginu bisa kiwo da dabbobi kamar shanu,tumaki,da ￼￼akuya￼￼.Kiwon shuke-shuken daji da kamun kifi su ma sun taka rawa a cikin al'ummomin wannan al'ada.

 Sana'a 
Tattalin arzikin Zilum bai dogara ga samar da abinci kaɗai ba.Ta hanyar taswirar abubuwan da aka samo,an gano nau'ikan kayan tarihi daban-daban guda biyu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ayyukan fasaha. An samo na farko a yankin kudancin wurin kuma yana kunshe da kayan aiki don samar da tukwane,musamman masu tampers.An samo na biyu a sashin gabas na wurin kuma ya ƙunshi duwatsu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi,waɗanda aka ba da shawarar cewa suna da alaƙa da samar da beads na dutse ko maki kashi.Magnavita, Carlos; Breunig, Peter; Ameje, James; Posselt, Martin (June 2006). "Zilum: a mid-first millennium BC fortified settlement near Lake Chad". Journal of African Archaeology. 4 (1): 153–169. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10068. ISSN 1612-1651.

</br>A cikin tsakiyar yankin da aka yi binciken,an sami tarin abubuwan kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi,mai yiwuwa dangane da ayyukan fasaha.An gano jerin ramuka masu girma dabam-dabam da aka yi da yumbu.Binciken sinadarai na wannan Layer ya nuna babban babban taro na sulfur na farko da dimethyltrisulfid,wanda ba wanda ke faruwa a zahiri a cikin yumbu kuma ana tsammanin yana da alaƙa da ayyukan ɗan adam.Wadannan ramukan suna da alaƙa da tanning fata kamar yadda tsarin ramuka za a iya kwatanta shi da kayan zamani a Afirka ta Yamma inda ake amfani da sodium sulphate a matsayin wakili na tawing,wanda zai iya haifar da babban taro a cikin rufin yumbu. Magnavita, Carlos; Breunig, Peter; Ameje, James; Posselt, Martin (June 2006). "Zilum: a mid-first millennium BC fortified settlement near Lake Chad". Journal of African Archaeology. 4 (1): 153–169. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10068. ISSN 1612-1651.

Wannan shaidar da ta danganci sana'a, haɗe tare da binciken yumbu da aka tattauna anan daga baya,ya jagoranci masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi don kammala cewa masu sana'a suna zaune a Zilum kuma wataƙila sun samar da wani yanki mai yawa na al'adun kayan ga al'umma mafi girma.Wannan ƙaddamarwa ta sami ci gaba da yawan yawan jama'a(mutane 1,750-2,500 a yankin hectare 12)saboda da wuya kowane gida ya mallaki fasahar da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar tukunyar tukunyar nasu,musamman dangane da manyan tasoshin ajiya. Magnavita, Carlos; Breunig, Peter; Ameje, James; Posselt, Martin (June 2006). "Zilum: a mid-first millennium BC fortified settlement near Lake Chad". Journal of African Archaeology. 4 (1): 153–169. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10068. ISSN 1612-1651.

 Shaida ga al'umma masu matsayi 
An gano wuraren da suka dace a kusa da kusa da Zilum kuma an bincika su.Tun daga 2006,ƙauyuka daban-daban goma sha huɗu duk an yi kwanan wata ta amfani da kwatankwacin tukwane don zama mai yuwuwar zamani da Zilum. Waɗannan ƙauyuka sun bambanta da girma tare da mafi girma,Galgalkura A, mai yiwuwa sun kasance aƙalla girman Zilum kanta.Ana tunanin cewa bambance-bambancen girman suna nuna matsayi na girman rukunin yanar gizo, wanda ba a gani a cikin matakan Gajiganna da suka gabata.Wannan matsayi na girman rukunin yanar gizon yana bayyana a kusa da Zilum yayin da aka kewaye shi da shafuka tsakanin 2.5 da 4.0 km na ƙaramin girman,tare da alama Zilum ya kasance sama da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sasantawa.A cewar Carlos Magnavita, yana da yuwuwa cewa Zilum ya ƙunshi ƙaƙƙarfan maƙwabta.

 Gallery 

 Nassoshi 

Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba