El Paso, Texas

El Paso birni ne, dake garin Texas, Amurka. A shekarar 2020 birnin daga Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka ya kasance yanada yawan mutane 678,815, ya mai dashi birni na 22 mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Amurka, birni mafi yawan jama'a a Yammacin Texas, kuma birni na shida mafi yawan jama'a a Texas. Birnin yana da kaso mafi girma na Hispanic na manyan biranen Amurka a kashi 81%. Yankin ƙididdiga na birni ya ƙunshi dukkan gundumomin El Paso da Hudspeth a Texas, kuma yana da yawan jama'a 868,859 a cikin shekarar 2020.

El Paso yana tsaye a kan Rio Grande a kan iyakar Mexico-Amurka daga Ciudad Juárez, birni mafi yawan jama'a a jihar Chihuahua na Mexico. Yankin Las Cruces, a jihar New Mexico makwabciyar Amurka, yana da yawan jama'a 219,561. A bangaren Amurka, yankin birni na El Paso ya zama wani yanki na babban yankin El Paso-Las Cruces wanda ke da yawan jama'a 1,092,742. Waɗannan biranen uku sun haɗu da haɗin gwiwar babban birni na duniya wani lokaci ana kiran su Paso del Norte ko Borderplex. Yankin na mutane miliyan 2.7 ya kasance mafi girma a cikin harsuna biyu da ma'aikata a cikin Yammacin Hemisphere.

Garin gida ne ga kamfanoni uku da aka siyar da jama'a, kuma tsohon Refining na Yamma, yanzu Marathon Petroleum, da kuma gida ga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka, kawai cibiyar binciken likita da hadaddun masu ba da kulawa a West Texas da Kudancin Amurka. New Mexico, da Jami'ar Texas a El Paso, babbar jami'a ta birni. Garin yana karbar bakuncin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji na shekara-shekara na Sun Bowl bayan kakar wasa, wasan kwano mafi tsufa na biyu a ƙasar. El Paso yana da karfin tarayya da soja. William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Biggs Army Airfield, da Fort Bliss suna cikin yankin. Har ila yau, hedkwatarsa ​​a El Paso ita ce sashin yanki na gida na Dokar Tilasta Magunguna 7, Cibiyar Leken Asiri ta El Paso, Rundunar Haɗin gwiwar Task Force North, Amurka Border Patrol El Paso Sector, da US Border Patrol Special Operations Group.

El Paso shine wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta City City sau biyar, wanda ya ci nasara a cikin shekarata alif 1969, 2010, 2018, 2020, da kuma 2021, da Majalisa Quarterly sun sanya shi a cikin manyan biranen uku mafi aminci a Amurka tsakanin shekarar alif 1997 da kuma shekarata 2014, gami da riƙe taken birni mafi aminci tsakanin shekarar 2011 da kuma shekarata 2014.

Tarihi
Yankin El Paso yana da matsugunan mutane na dubban shekaru, kamar yadda bayanan Folsom suka tabbatar daga mafarauta da aka samu a Hueco Tanks. Wannan yana nuna shekaru 10,000 zuwa 12,000 na mazaunin ɗan adam. Al’adu na farko da aka sani a yankin su ne manoman masara. Lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka isa, kabilun Manso, Suma, da Jumano sun mamaye yankin. An shigar da waɗannan daga baya cikin al'adun mestizo, tare da baƙi daga tsakiyar Mexico, fursuna daga Comanchería, da genízaros na kabilu daban-daban. Mescalero Apache suma sun halarta.
Balaguron Chamuscado da Rodríguez sun yi tattaki ta El Paso na yau kuma suka zarce Rio Grande inda suka ziyarci ƙasar da ke New Mexico a yau a 1581-1582.  Francisco Sánchez ne ya jagoranci balaguron, wanda ake kira "El Chamuscado", da Fray Agustín Rodríguez, 'yan Spain na farko da aka sani sun yi tafiya tare da Rio Grande kuma sun ziyarci Indiyawan Pueblo tun Francisco Vásquez de Coronado shekaru 40 da suka gabata. An haifi ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya Don Juan de Oñate a shekara ta 1550 a Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico, kuma shine sabon mai binciken New Spain (Mexico) na farko da aka sani ya huta kuma ya zauna kwanaki 10 ta Rio Grande kusa da El Paso, a cikin 1598, yana bikin. wani Mass Godiya a can ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1598. Mutane huɗu da suka tsira daga balaguron Narváez, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, da Moor da aka bautar da Estevanico, ana tunanin sun ketare Rio Grande zuwa cikin Rio Grande. Meziko na yanzu kimanin mil 75 kudu da El Paso a cikin 1535.[21] El Paso del Norte (Ciudad Juárez na yanzu) an kafa shi a bankin kudu na Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande), a cikin 1659 ta Fray Garcia de San Francisco. A shekara ta 1680, ƙaramin ƙauyen El Paso ya zama tushe na wucin gadi na mulkin Mutanen Espanya na yankin New Mexico a sakamakon tawayen Pueblo, har zuwa 1692, lokacin da aka sake cin Santa Fe kuma ya sake zama babban birni.

A lokacin yakin basasa, sojojin Confederate sun kasance a yankin har sai da Union California Column ta kama shi a watan Agustan 1862. Daga nan ya kasance hedkwatar rundunar sojojin sa kai ta 5 ta California daga Agusta 1863 har zuwa Disamba 1864.

Taswirar birnin a 1886
Bayan kammala yakin basasa, jama'ar garin sun fara karuwa yayin da Texans suka ci gaba da shiga kauyuka kuma nan da nan suka zama mafi rinjaye. El Paso kanta, wanda aka haɗa a cikin 1873, ya ƙunshi ƙananan yanki na al'ummomin da suka ci gaba a gefen kogin. A cikin 1870s, an ba da rahoton yawan jama'a 23 waɗanda ba na Hispanic ba da 150 'yan Hispanic. Tare da zuwan Kudancin Pacific, Texas da Pacific, da Atchison, Topeka da Santa Fe layin dogo a cikin 1881, yawan jama'a ya karu zuwa 10,000 ta ƙidayar 1890, tare da yawancin Anglo-Amurka, baƙi na kwanan nan, tsoffin mazauna Hispanic, da kuma 'yan kwanan nan daga Mexico. Wurin da El Paso ya kasance da kuma zuwan waɗannan ƙarin sabbin namun daji ya sa birnin ya zama birni mai tashin hankali da ƙazamin daji wanda aka fi sani da "Shida Shooter Capital" saboda rashin bin doka da oda. Lallai, karuwanci da caca sun bunƙasa har zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya lokacin da Sashen Sojoji suka matsa wa hukumomin El Paso lamba don murkushe mugunta (don haka "mai amfani" a cikin maƙwabcin Ciudad Juárez). Tare da dakatar da mataimakin ciniki da kuma la'akari da matsayin birni, birnin ya ci gaba da haɓaka a matsayin babban masana'antu, sufuri, da cibiyar dillalai na Amurka Kudu maso Yamma. 250px|left|thumb|El Paso a karnin 1886

A shekarar 1909, William Howard Taft da Porfirio Díaz sun shirya taron koli a El Paso, Texas, da Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, ganawar farko mai tarihi tsakanin shugaban Amurka da shugaban Mexico da kuma karo na farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya ketare iyaka zuwa Mexico. amma tashin hankali ya tashi a bangarorin biyu na kan iyaka, ciki har da barazanar kisa, don haka Texas Rangers, da sojojin Amurka 4,000 da Mexico, da jami'an leken asirin Amurka, jami'an FBI, da jami'an sojan Amurka duk an kira su don samar da tsaro. Frederick Russell Burnham, wani fitaccen dan leken asiri ne, an dora shi a kan wani jami'in tsaro na sirri 250 da John Hays Hammond ya dauka, wanda baya ga mallakar manyan jari a Mexico, abokin Taft ne daga Yale kuma dan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasar Amurka. a shekara ta 1908. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, ranar taron, Burnham da Private C.R. Moore, dan Texas Ranger, sun gano wani mutum rike da bindigar dabino da ke boye a tsaye a ginin El Paso Chamber of Commerce a kan hanyar. Burnham da Moore sun kama, kwance damara, kuma suka kama wanda ya kashe shi a cikin ƴan ƙafafu kaɗan na Taft da Díaz. A shekara ta 1910, yawancin mutanen da ke cikin birnin sun kasance Amirkawa, suna samar da yanayi mai kyau, amma wannan lokacin bai daɗe ba yayin da juyin juya halin Mexico ya yi tasiri sosai a birnin, yana kawo kwararar 'yan gudun hijira - da babban birnin - zuwa ga gari mai tasowa. An kafa jaridun yaren Mutanen Espanya, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, gidajen fina-finai, da makarantu, yawancin ƙwararrun 'yan gudun hijirar Mexiko suna tallafawa. Limamai da ’yan kasuwa da yawa sun fake a cikin birnin, musamman tsakanin 1913 zuwa 1915. Daga qarshe, tashin hankalin da juyin juya halin Mexiko ya yi ya biyo bayan manyan ’yan gudun hijira na Mexico, da suka gudu zuwa El Paso. A shekarar 1915 da kuma shekarar 1916 da shekarar 1917, ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali na Mexico daban-daban sun shirya, shirya, da kaddamar da hare-haren tashin hankali a kan Texans da abokan adawar siyasar Mexico a El Paso.

Geography
El Paso yana tsakiyar tsakiyar jihohi uku (Chihuahua, New Mexico, da Texas) da kasashe biyu (Mexico da Amurka). Ita ce kawai babban birnin Texas a cikin Yankin Tsawon Lokaci. Ciudad Juarez ya taɓa kasancewa a Yankin Tsakiyar Lokaci, amma biranen biyu yanzu suna kan Lokacin Dutse. El Paso yana kusa da manyan biranen wasu jihohi hudu: Phoenix, Arizona (mil 430 (kilomita 690)); Santa Fe, New Mexico (mil 273 (kilomita 439)); Ciudad Chihuahua, Chihuahua, (kilomita 218 (kilomita 351)) da Hermosillo, Sonora (mil 325 (kilomita 523) - fiye da babban birnin jiharsa, Austin (mil 528 (kilomita 850) )) Ya fi kusa da Los Angeles, California (mil 700 (kilomita 1,100)) fiye da zuwa Orange, Texas (mil 858 (kilomita 1,381)), birni mafi gabas a cikin jiha ɗaya da wannan birni.
El Paso yana cikin hamadar Chihuahuan, yankin gabas na yankin Basin da Range. Dutsen Franklin ya miƙe zuwa El Paso daga arewa kuma ya kusan raba birnin zuwa sassa biyu; gefen yamma shine farkon kwarin Mesilla, kuma gefen gabas ya faɗaɗa cikin hamada da ƙananan kwari. Suna haɗuwa a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci a ƙarshen ƙarshen dutsen.

Tsayin birni ya kai ƙafa 3,740 (m1,140) sama da matakin teku. Dutsen Franklin na Arewa shine kololuwar kololuwa a cikin birni mai tsayin 7,192 ft (2,192m) sama da matakin teku. Ana iya ganin kololuwar daga mil 60 (kilomita 100) a duk kwatance. Bugu da ƙari, wannan kewayon dutsen gida ne ga sanannen nau'in jan yumbu na halitta, Thunderbird, wanda daga ciki makarantar Coronado ta sami sunan mascot. Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, garin yana da jimillar yanki na 256.3 sq mi (663.7 km2).
Gidan shakatawa na 24,000-acre (9,700 ha) Franklin Mountains State Park, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren shakatawa na birane a Amurka, ya ta'allaka ne gaba daya a El Paso, wanda ya tashi daga arewa kuma ya raba birnin zuwa sassa da yawa tare da Fort Bliss da El Paso International Airport.
Rio Grande Rift, wanda ke ratsa kudancin ƙarshen tsaunin Franklin, shine inda Rio Grande ke gudana. Kogin ya bayyana iyakar tsakanin El Paso da Ciudad Juárez zuwa kudu da yamma har sai kogin ya juya arewacin iyakar Mexico, ya raba El Paso daga Doña Ana County, New Mexico. Mt. Cristo Rey, misali na pluton, ya tashi a cikin Rio Grande Rift kawai zuwa yammacin El Paso a gefen New Mexico na Rio Grande. Abubuwan da ke kusa da dutsen mai aman wuta sun haɗa da Kilbourne Hole da Hunt's Hole, waɗanda ke tsaunukan dutsen Maar mai nisan mil 30 (kilomita 50) yamma da tsaunin Franklin.

Yanayi

Birnin El Paso yana da yanayin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin yanayin hamada mai sanyi (Köppen BWk) da yanayin hamada mai zafi (Köppen BWh) wanda ke nuna lokacin zafi mai zafi, tare da ɗan zafi kaɗan, da sanyi zuwa lokacin sanyi mai bushe. Matsakaicin ruwan sama ya kai 8.8 in (220 mm) a kowace shekara, yawancin abin da ke faruwa daga Yuni zuwa Satumba, kuma yawancin damina ta Arewacin Amurka ke haddasawa. A wannan lokacin, iska ta kudu da kudu maso gabas tana ɗaukar danshi daga Tekun Pacific, Gulf of California, da Gulf of Mexico zuwa yankin. Lokacin da wannan danshi ya shiga cikin yankin El Paso da wurare zuwa kudu maso yamma, orographic daga tsaunuka, hade da zafi mai karfi na rana, yana haifar da tsawa, wasu masu tsanani don haifar da ambaliya da ƙanƙara, a fadin yankin.
Rana tana haskaka kwanaki 302 a kowace shekara a matsakaici a El Paso, 83% na sa'o'in hasken rana, bisa ga Sabis ɗin Yanayi na ƙasa; daga nan ake yi wa birnin laqabi da “Birnin Rana”. Saboda yanayin bushewa, iska mai iska, El Paso yakan fuskanci yashi da guguwar ƙura a lokacin rani, musamman a lokacin bazara tsakanin Maris da farkon Mayu. Tare da matsakaitawar saurin iskar da ke wuce mita 30 (kilomita 50/h) da gusts da aka auna sama da 75 mph (120km/h), waɗannan guguwar iska suna harba yashi da ƙura da yawa daga hamada, suna haifar da asarar gani.

Ambaliyar Ruwa
Kodayake matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da kusan 8.8 in (225 mm), yawancin sassan El Paso suna fuskantar ambaliya lokaci-lokaci a lokacin tsawar damina. A karshen watan Yuli da farkon watan Agustan shekarar 2006, ruwan sama sama da kashi 10 cikin dari (250 mm) ya sauka a cikin mako guda, magudanan ruwan da ke kula da ambaliya sun yi ambaliya tare da haddasa babbar ambaliyar ruwa a duk fadin birnin.[64] Ma’aikatan birnin sun kiyasta lalacewar ababen more rayuwa a dala miliyan 21, da kuma kadarori masu zaman kansu (na zama da kasuwanci) a dala miliyan 77. Yawancin barnar da aka yi na da nasaba da ci gaban da aka samu a cikin 'yan shekarun baya-bayan nan a cikin aroyos da ke karkashin kulawar madatsun ruwa da tafkunan ruwa, da kuma rashin wani abin amfani da magudanar ruwa a cikin birnin don kula da kwararar ruwan sama.

Alkaluma
A ƙidayar Amurka ta 2010, mutane 649,121, gidaje 216,694, da iyalai 131,104 suka zauna a cikin birni. Ƙididdiga na Ofishin Ƙididdiga na Amurka na 2019 ya ƙaddara El Paso yana da yawan jama'a 681,728, karuwar 5.2% tun daga ƙidayar 2010. Ya zuwa ƙidayar Amurka ta 2020, akwai mutane 678,815, gidaje 230,905, da iyalai 162,460 da ke zaune a cikin birni.
Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mazauna 2,263.0 a kowace murabba'in mil (873.7/km2) a cikin 2010. Akwai rukunin gidaje 227,605 a matsakaicin yawa na 777.5 a kowace murabba'in mil (300.2/km2). Daga cikin gidaje 216,894 a shekarar 2010, kashi 37.6% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 48.5% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 20.7% na da mace mai gida da babu mijin aure, kuma kashi 25.3 ba iyali ba ne. Kusan kashi 21.5% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 24.9% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.95 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.47. Magidanta 226,787 a cikin 2019 sun kai matsakaicin mutane 2.97 a kowane gida.
A cikin birni, rarraba shekarun ya kasance 29.1% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, 7.5% daga 20 zuwa 24, 26.2% daga 25 zuwa 44, 22.8% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 11.1% waɗanda suka kasance 65 ko fiye. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 32.5 bisa ga ƙididdiga na 2010.
Tun daga 2010, matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin birni shine $44,431, kuma ga dangi shine $50,247. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $28,989 sabanin $21,540 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na birni shine $21,120. Kusan 17.3% na iyalai da 20.3% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 28.5% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 18.4% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Ƙididdiga na ƙidayar 2019 ta tabbatar da cewa birnin yana da adadin gidaje na masu mallaka na 58.9% da matsakaicin darajar rukunin gidajen da aka mamaye a $127,400.[88] Matsakaicin babban hayar daga 2015 zuwa 2019 shine $837. Daga 2015 zuwa 2019, matsakaicin matsakaicin mai gida na kowane wata tare da jinginar gida shine $1,255 kuma ba tare da jinginar gida $429 ba. El Paso yana da matsakaicin kudin shiga na gida na $47,568 kuma kowace mace ta sami $22,734 a cikin 2019. Kusan 19% na yawan jama'a suna rayuwa a ko ƙasa da layin talauci.

Kabilu
Ƙididdigar ƙidayar jama'a daga 2012 zuwa 2013 ta ƙayyade yawan mutanen birnin: Farar fata - 92.0% (fararen mutanen Hispanic: 11.8%), Baƙin Amurka ko Baƙar fata - 3.9%, jinsi biyu ko fiye - 1.5%, Asiya - 1.3%, Ba'amurke - 1.3% 1.0%, da ƴan asalin ƙasar Hawai da sauran tsibirin Pacific - 0.2%.[93] Dangane da kabilanci, birnin ya kasance 82.8% Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabi kamar na 2013. A cikin 2019, 12.8% na yawan jama'ar ba sa zama farar Hispanic, 3.6% Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke, 0.6% Indiyawan Amurka ko Alaska, 1.4% Asiya, 0.2% 'Yan asalin Hawaii da sauran 'yan tsibirin Pacific, 2.7% biyu ko fiye da jinsi, da 81.4% Hispanic ko Latin Amurka na kowace jinsi.!! 1990{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Ce A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020, yawanta ya kasance 12.2% farar mutanen Hispanic, 3.1% Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke, 82.8% Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila, da 1.3% Asiya kaɗai.
A shekara ta 1996, al'ummar Jamusawa sun wanzu a El Paso, kamar yadda hedkwatar sojojin saman Jamus na Arewacin Amirka ke El Paso. Makarantar Jamus a El Paso tana hidima ga duk matakan digiri, kodayake tun daga 1996, yawancin ɗalibanta sun fara zuwa makarantun Amurka a matakin sakandare.[94] Makarantar Jamus tana kan Fort Bliss.<ref name="census1.{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 
Addini
Kiristanci shine addini mafi girma a cikin birni da yankin kididdiga na babban birni. Kusan kashi 45% na yawan jama'arta suna da'awar alaƙa da Cocin Katolika har zuwa 2020, kuma Diocese na Roman Katolika na El Paso ke yi musu hidima. Furotesta sun zama tsirarun Kiristoci a cikin iyakokin birni, kuma sauran waɗanda ba Kirista ba mabiya addinin Yahudanci ne, Islama, ko addinan gabas, gami da Buddha ko Hindu. Marasa addini sun zama na biyu mafi girma na yawan jama'a wadanda ba na Kirista ba.
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